U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS Washington 25, D. C. November 3, 1952 HISTORICAL STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1789-1945* ERRATA SHEET NO. 2 This errata sheet replaces Errata Sheet No. 1, issued March 31, discrepancies which may be corrected in a revised edition or in 1950, and includes all errata discovered to date which are appli- future errata sheets. Historical Statisty the United States, 1789-1945. figs was v . wable to Historiend Statistics of the Unite oe 4 Users wishing to be added to the mailing list to receive future Many of the corrections shown here have been submitted by errata sheets, if and when issued, should address a request in users of the earlier printings of the volume. Since certain types writing to the Director, United States Bureau of the Census. of errors may be discovered only by use of the data, all users are Washington 25, D. C. urged to cooperate with the Bureau of the Census by reporting FIGURE CHANGES ON TABULAR PAGES Page Series No. [Year| Now reads— | Should read— Dag Series No. |Year| Now reads— | Should read— Page Series No. |Year| Now reads— | Should read— 14 1929 58,872 68, 872 263 N31... 1944 | 316,059,164 | 316,059,734 265 | N 39—Con___|1919 3,438, 058 3,885, 444 - 1,364 1,264 1931 4,933,636 4,995,195 1918 2,924, 218 3,143, 220 , 706 4,7 1930 5,344, 075 5,415, 339 1917 3,125, 810 3,313,430 50. 055 50.055 1929 4,212, 052 4, 282, 147 1916 2,730, 037 2,933,722 15 8.9 9.8 1928 4,517,428 4,617,795 1915 2,339, 149 2,371,498 5.01 10.5 1927 4,787,726 4,877, 206 1914 2,008, 178 2, 261, 292 1926 4,721, 050 4, 790, 366 N40.___.____._[1931 5,847, 846 6,075, 349 27 24,132, 314 24,132, 214 1930 6,132, 036 6, 305, 350 112 31, 601 31, 061 1925 4,722,411 4,791, 928 1929 5,912,131 5,992, 782 126 179, 483, 970 179, 438, 970 1924 4, 387, 505 4,457,192 1, 362, 831 1, 462, 831 1923 3, 591, 045 3,662, 623 266 | N46._______. [1938 | 25,715,715 25,700, 048 579, 266 679, 266 1922 3,905, 967 3,970, 895 1937 | 26, 154, 156 26. 146.109 132 761, 218 761, 281 1921 3,475,644 3, 536, 882 1936 | 25,355. 515 25, 351, 258 152 556, 659 56, 659 1920 4,416,117 4,495, 378 19351 22,442,641 22,411,039 1919 4,325 187 4,398,132 1934 | 20,660, 593 20, 659, 630 180 108 110 1918 3,515,335 3,573,033 1933 | 19,427,361 19, 424, 277 186 612 602 1917 3,703, 900 3,740, 931 1932] 23, 687, 860 23, 640, 020 1, 440, 534 1, 400, 534 1916 3,313,062 3,354, 946 1931 31,292,518 31,008, 610 223 95,118 94, 151 264 | N 31—Con___| 1015 2, 676, 151 2, 697,021 224 12,794 12, 804 2,771, 621 2,771, 620 1930 34,493, 671 34, 180,023 233 56.8 56.5 1929 | 34,569,335 34, 280, 375 56.3 56. 1 263 3,625,131 3,755,730 1928 | 33,229,096 33,020, 355 3.881. 186 3.976. 148 1927 32, 375, 282 32,275,773 245 65, 074 64, 974 3,593, 931 3,674, 763 1926 | 30,981,279 30, 874, 639 +2, 489 +2, 389 1925 | 29,637,912 29, 566, 216 54, 596 54,496 264 9,476 9,479 1924 | 27,063, 172 27, 033, 748 10, 924 10, 824 265 42, 566, 451 42,282,543 || 1923 | 25,452,804 25,371,108 +75 —25 44, 903, 585 44, 589, 937 1922 | 23,182,178 23, 116, 145 44,732,277 44,443,317 1921 | 22,938,101 22, 886, 299 262 7,763, 245 8, 283, 576 © 43,066,089 42,857, 348 1920 | 23,836, 212 23,720, 347 6, 439, 553 6, 716, 253 41, 550, 615 41,451,106 6,829, 710 7,054, 361 39, 577,738 39, 471,098 267 7,421 7,427 6, 043, 099 6, 288, 668 —9.9 -49.8 5,015, 300 5,068, 519 37,706, 174 37,634,478 10. 5 10. 2 4, 869, 799 5,032, 912 34,578, 771 34, 549, 347 272 | Nib... 1915 32, 200 32, 300 1,483, 319 1,473,319 32,523,145 32, 441,449 273 | N140_________ 1924 578 615 29,719, 357 29, 653, 324 263 206, 172 260, 172 29, 153, 528 29,101,726 HM Nile 1938 10, 532 13, 012 27, 642, 698 27, 474, 561 29, 667, 855 29, 551, 990 1933 3, 596, 698 3, 598, 975 29, 116, 539 28, 872, 439 1932 706, 188 715, 626 27, 440, 228 27, 275, 362 24,437, 341 24, 228, 600 1931 1,690, 232 1, 690, 669 28, 508, 239 28, 280, 494 23,348, 344 23,248,835 1930 837, 096 853, 363 26. 581, 943 26, 470, 933 22,623, 107 22, 516, 467 is 12 386 142, 580 19, 359, 419 19, 329, 995 NMS ) ; 1% 24 iy oe 2 2 > 18, 459, 327 18, 377, 631 Nue.... ... 1938 10, 285 12, 765 IT "463 16, 501, 393 16, 435, 360 1933 1,202, 750 1, 205, 027 1923 | 21,511, 766 21, 463, 844 1922 | 20.706. 010 20, 641, 569 16, 761, 088 16, 709, 286 WI PY inn 1789 11 10 1921 20, 517, 862 20, 483, 062 17, 263, 796 17, 147, 931 805 | P 186..cmmninn 1941 47, 387, 400 48, 387, 400 1920 | 23,411, 253 23, 276, 257 264 | 15,832. 888 15,832, 882 n|ei........ 1945 178, 848 171, 445 Nw | 1028 15,155,133 14, 927, 388 265 4,098, 021 4,745,396 1944 169, 269 163, 316 2 | 4,342,323 5.212, 259 1943 160, 789 155, 404 10971 - 35.985, 45 13 854,41 4,253,162 5,012,776 1942 182, 232 175, 070 1926 13, 427, 393 13, 326, 741 1941 180. 647 173, 495 1925| 12,683,419 12, 596, 212 4,310, 954 5,114,887 1918 106. 628 106. 728 1924 | 11, 988, 803 11, 958, 323 1924 | © 3,838,374 4,567,771 ’ ’ 1923 | 11,828,101 11, 780, 179 1923 3,518,079 3,927,703 S15 P16. 1840 459 468 1922 | 11,257,412 11, 192, 971 | 1922 3,332,154 3,847,846 312 | P17 ccennnns 1928 42, 356 42, 376 1921 12,014,485 11, 979, 685 | 1921 3,375,113 3,491, 557 1918 35, 569 38, 569 1920 | 13,637,115 13, 502, 119 | 1920 3,421, 762 3,872,019 PI80.crecnn 1932 7,374 7, 376 *For a continuation of the time series shown in Historical Statistics, see annual issues of the Statistical Abstract of the United States, where the historical appendix, first shown in the 1949 issue, each year presents the latest available data, including revisions for earlier years. CORRECTIONS IN TEXT, BOXHEADS, STUBS, AND TABULAR NOTES Page 1 (text), series A 3-99, general note, line 11, should read “was 321 billion dollars” and “was 353 billion dollars,” not “million dollars.” Page 6 (text), series A 101-144, footnote 4, line 2, should read “. . . through 1947, with 1944-45 . . .” Page 12 (table), series A 101-116 and A 117-133, footnote 1 should read “Less than $50,000,000,” not “Less than $500,000.” Page 12 (table), series A 124, column head should read “Total proprietors’ income,” not “Total,” since it is a summation of only A 125 and A 126. : Page 26 (table), series B 31, the stub captions for “1847” and “1848” should be transposed so they are in order, as “1848” and “1847.” The figure entries will then be correct without trans- position. Page 29 (table), B 167, B 170, omit footnote 1 from figures for 1930 and apply to.1920. Page 50 (table), series C 81, omit footnote 1 from 1945 figure, and also delete it from bottom of table. Page 55 (text), series D 11-31, line 3, should read “. .. Series P-50, No. 2,” not “. . . Series P-50, No. 20.” Page 57 (text), series D 117-119, line 4, should read “Bulletin 916, p. 54,” not “p. 57.” Page 57 (text), series D 120, source should read “For 1939- 1945, see Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Handbook of Labor Statistics, 1947 edition, Bulletin 916, p. 21; for earlier years, see various issues of Monthly Labor Review.” Page 99 (table), series E 88-104, stub line 3 should read “1943,” not “1843.” Page 109 (table), series E 228-230, data entered for 1866 should be for 1868. Page 110 (table), series E 232, footnote 1 should read “Esti- mates of the commercial crop refer to total production of apples in commercial apple areas of each State.” Page 110 (table), series E 239, column head should read “Returns per ton,” not “Returns per bushel.” Page 110 (table), E 240, E 242, footnote 3 should apply to production of both oranges and grapefruit and should read “Season begins with the bloom of the year shown and ends with the completion of harvest the following year. In Cali- fornia picking usually extends from about Oct. 1 to Dec. 31 of the following year. In other States, the season begins about Oct. 1 and ends in early summer.” Page 118 (text), series F 200-211, lines 9-10, weight of standard case of salmon should read “48 pounds,” not “45 pounds.” Page 123 (table), series F 84, insert the following footnote against the column head: “Figures are for calendar years.” Page 145 (table), series G 53-56, spanner should read “Total value at plant,” not “Total value of plant.” Page 174 (table), series H 117 and H 124, footnote 1 should read ‘“Excludes loans . . .,” not “Includes loans . . .” Page 179 (table), series J 3, column head should read “Salaried officers and employees,” not “. . . employers.” Pages 186-187 (table), series J 172, footnote 2 should read “Barrels of 31 wine gallons. For years ending June 30. Includes data for Alaska and Hawaii. For 1921-33, only cereal beverages were permitted to be produced.” Pages 186-187 (table), series J 173, add to footnote 3: “For years ending June 30. Includes ethyl alcohol. Includes data iz Hawaii and beginning August 1928, alcohol for Puerto “Rico. Page 202 (table), series K 387, column head should read “Freight-carrying cars,” not “Freight-train cars.” (Repre- sents freight-train cars, excluding cabooses.) Page 207 (table), series K 104, figures shown for 1937-1945 exclude mackerel. Page 220 (table), series K 174-176, title at top of page should be “Series K 174-176,” not “Series K 174-175.” Page 221 (table), series K 191-191b, add to footnote 3: “..., and since 1938, includes Federal-aid secondary highways.” Page 225 (table), series K 269, footnote 2 should read “Rates computed on basis of total passenger fatalities and passenger miles flown (revenue and nonrevenue).” Page 239 (text), series M 42-44. Add new paragraph at end of statement: “Figures for 1821 for series M 42 and M 44 have been corrected, after investigation, to agree with those in the 1821 issue of Commerce and Navigation.” Page 240 (text), series M 51-55. Add new paragraph after source statement: “Figures for 1821 for series M 51, M 53, and M 55 have been corrected, after investigation, to agree with those in the 1821 issue of Commerce and Navigation.” Page 240 (text), series M 56-67. Add new paragraph after source statement: “Figures for 1820 for export series M 56-61 have been incorrectly identified in official sources since 1910 as being for 1821. Investigation has established that these figures are for 1820 and they are so identified here. Import series M 62-67 are correctly identified as 1821 here and in the sources. (See Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance, Sept. 1906, p. 442.)” Page 243 (table), series M 38, column head should read “Gold stock net increase (—) or decrease (4),” not “Gold stock net increase (+) or decrease (—).” Page 247 (table), series M 56-67, stub entry “1821” should be footnoted as follows: “Figures for export series M 56-61 are for 1820.” (Import series, M 62-67 are not affected.) Page 250 (table), series M 88, M 91, M 96, and M 99, 1942— 1945 figures should carry a footnote: “Northern North America includes Iceland; prior to 1942 Iceland included with Europe.” Page 254 (text), series N 19-26, beginning with line 8, source should read “For data for 1834-1913, see Annual Report for 1931, tables 94-96, pp. 1018-25; for 1914-1919, see Annual Report for 1938, tables 80-82, pp. 722-24; for 1920-1935, see Annual Report for 1941, tables 69-71, pp. 298-300; for 1936- 1945, see . . . .” NOTE: Source citations as corrected here refer to revised figures (see table above). Page 255 (text), series N 45-46, line 3, should read “. . . Currency and unpublished corrections.” Page 256 (text), series N 86-89, line 18, should read “For 1920-1936, series N 86 . . .,”” not “series N 88 . . .” Page 257 (text), series N 135-147, line 5, should read “. . . tables 66 and 72, pp. 283 and 292,” not “. . . table 66, p. 283.” Add to the end of the paragraph: “Statistics cover commercial banks and mutual savings banks.” Page 264 (table), series N 30 and N 34, add footnote to 1863— 1865 figures: “Includes State bank circulation outstanding.” Page 268 (table), series N 60-67, footnote 4, line 3, should read ‘separately, were $17,338,000 . . .,”” not “separately, were $17,388,000 , . .” Page 273 (table), series N 124-130, headnote should read “In dollars,” not “In thousands of dollars.” Page 273 (table), series N 131-134, footnote 1 should read “Demand deposits subject to reserve requirements, i. e., total demand deposits minus (a) cash items in process of collection, (b) demand balances due from domestic banks, and (¢) war loan and Series E bond accounts during the period April 13, 1943, to June 30, 1947, and all U. S. Government demand ac- counts April 24, 1917, to August 23, 1935.” Page 273 (table), series N 137, omit footnote 1 from 1944, 1943, and 1942 figures, and also delete it from bottom of table. Page 274 (table), series N 143, omit footnote 1 from 1944. 1943, and 1942 figures, and also delete it from bottom of table. Page 280 (table), series N 205, footnote 4, should read “Standard and Poor’s high-grade series. Based on 20 stocks from 1919-Jan. 1928; 15 stocks from February 1928-1945.” Page 283 (text), series P 32-39, line 7, should read “. . . 79th Congress,” not “. . . 49th Congress.” Page 288 (table), series P 22, State name in stub should read “Alabama,” not “Oklahoma.” Page 311 (table), series P 170, insert the following footnote against the column head: “Figures for 1941-1945 include renewals (small number) for commercial prints and labels; those for earlier years exclude them; figures for all years in- clude renewals for other than commercial prints and labels.” Page 311 (table), series P 175, insert the following footnote against the column head: “Figures for 1941-1945 exclude re- newals; those for earlier years include renewals.” Pages 312-3 (table), series P 181-184, add the following foot- note to the heading “Applications for Patents Filed”: “In- cludes applications without fees, from 1918 to date.” Page 314 (table), series P 188-201, stub for E series, delete footnote reference against 1932, and insert it against 1913. Page 314 (table), series P 197, column head should read “Aid paid to local governments,” not “Aid paid to other govern- ments.” Page 316 (table), series P 224-234, C spanner should read “Aid paid to local governments,” not “Aid paid to other govern- ments.” Historical Statistics OF THE UNITED STATES 1789-1945 A Supplement to the Statistical Abstract of the United States PREPARED BY THE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL United States Department of Commerce, CHARLES S4WYER, Secretary Bureau of the Census, J. C. Capt, Director w Ww For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. 8. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. - - - - - Price $3.25 (Buckram) DOCUMENTS DEPARTMENT MAR <7 1958 LIBRARY INV T A> Ic UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BUREAU OF THE CENSUS J. C. Carr, Director Paiute M. Hauser, Deputy Director A. Ross EckLEr, Assistant Director Howarp C. Grieves, Assistant Director Morris H. Hansen, Statistical Assistant to the Director Rosert Y. PriLuies, Executive Assistant to the Director Cavverr L. Deprick, Coordinator, International Statistics Frank R. WiLson, Information Assistant to the Director While this volume has been planned, assembled, and edited in the Bureau of the Census, with the advice and assistance of the Social Science Research Council, many other individuals and agencies contributed to its preparation, directly and indirectly. In some instances, individuals devoted themselves full-time for the period necessary to complete their phase of the project. In other instances, contributions were prepared by individuals while they maintained heavy responsibilities in their own offices. A number of private publishers, authors, and research organizations gen- erously granted permission to use their materials. In some cases, they also made additional contributions in time and energy. General acknowledgments for each chapter are given on p. IV; other specific acknowledgments appear within the text in the various sections of the volume. This volume was prepared in the office of Morris H. Hansen, Statistical Assistant to the Director of the Bureau of the Census, under the supervision of Morris B. Ullman, Chief, Statistical Re- ports Section, by Bruce L. Jenkinson, A. Benjamin Handler, and William Lerner. Mr. Jenkinson, Chief, Statistical Abstract Unit, was primarily responsible for the planning and preparation of the report; Mr. Handler, Executive Secretary of the Social Science Research Council Committee on the Source Book of Historical Statistics, was primarily responsible for procurement of data and relationships with the agencies and individuals who contributed to the publication; and Mr. Lerner, Statistician, Statistical Ab- stract Unit, was primarily responsible for the review and editing of the materials as to content, adequacy, and coverage. Dorothy M. Belzer acted as staff assistant, particularly with respect to tabular presentation, and was responsible for prepara- tion of the materials for the printer. Claire F. Cahill checked all citations by reference to the original published sources and offered many constructive suggestions as to the content of the book. Social Science Research Council The Social Science Research Council Committee on the Source Book of Historical Statistics, Advisory to the Bureau of the Cen- sus, played an important role in the preparation of this volume. The Chairman of the Committee and its members gave consider- able time and thought to the review of plans, to advising on proper courses of action, and contributed in other ways. In particular, J. Frederic Dewhurst, Chairman, was in a large measure responsible for the initiation of the project. The completed volume owes much to his original outline of purpose, coverage, and arrangement. For a detailed statement of the origins of this historical volume, see introductory text. Through a grant by the Committee on Research in Economic History (Arthur H. Cole, Chairman) of the Social Science Research Council, the full-time services of the Executive Secretary of the Advisory Committee were made available to the Bureau of the Census. Shepard Clough Columbia University Arthur H. Cole Harvard University Morris A. Copeland National Bureau of Economic Research ! Ernest S. Griffith The Library of Congress Edward P. Hutchinson University of Pennsylvania . The Social Science Research Council Committee on the Source Book of Historical Statistics (Advisory to the Bureau of the Census) J. Frederic Dewhurst (Chairman), The Twentieth Century Fund R. H. Coats, University of Toronto, attended meetings of the Committee as a representative of the Social Science Research Council of Canada Stacy May International Basic Economy Corp. Walter Mitchell, Jr. Controllers Institute of America Amos E. Taylor Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce Harold Williamson Northwestern University A. Benjamin Handler (Executive Secretary) Social Science Research Council Suggested brief citation: U. S. Bureau of the Census, Hislorical Statistics of the United Staies, 1789-1945, Washington, D. C., 1949. II CONTENTS (The numbers following subjects are series numbers) Chapter INIPOAMCHION a... i vie mien simi nim mie rbot a mire wi i mt A. Wealth and Income ______________________________________ National wealth (A 1-100) including early and more recent estimates. Income (A 101-207) including national product, national income, and income distribution. Population Characteristics and Migration_____________________________ Population characteristics: Decennial summaries (B 1-23), area and population (B 24-30), sex, age, and race (B 31-144), urban-rural and farm residence (B 145-181). Migration: Internal migration (B 182-236), citizenship status and country of birth (B 237-303), immigration, emigration, and naturalization (B 304-352). Vital Statistics, Health, and Nutrition_ _ ______________________________ Vital statistics, including births, deaths, marriage, and divorce (C 1-78). Health (C 79-119). Nutrition (C 120-155). Labor Force, Wages, and Working Conditions_________________________ Labor force (D 1-106). Hours, wages, and earnings (D 107-212). Productivity (D 213-217). Union membership and work stoppages (D 218-238). AGPICRIUITE...... oo isos os 5 ii fi i is sist Ss Sh General statisties (BE 1-116). Livestock, meat, dairying, and poultry (E 117-180). Crop statistics (E 181-243). Farm credit (E 244-269). Land, Forestry, and Fisheries_______________________________________ Public lands of the United States (F 1-24). Land utilization (F 25-68). Forestry (F 69-154). Fisheries (F 155-219). Minerals and Power_ ______ eee Value of minerals and production indexes (G 1-12). Fuels (G 13-64). Nonmetals (G 65-92). Metals (G 93-130). Mining employment and injuries (G 131-158). Power (G 159-233). Construction and Housing___________________________________________ Construction expenditures (H 1-39). Other construction data (H 40-80). Housing units (H 81-112). Nonfarm housing credit (H 113-135). Manufactures _ _ _ _ eee General statistics (J 1-12). Production indexes (J 13-48). Value of output (J 49-148). Capital expenditures (J 149-151). Physical output of specific com- modities (J 152-180). IPEAMBPOTIRIRON. ... «occ on ogi sms is oi tm i i Se Railroads (K 1-93). Shipping and water traffic (K 94-173). Road transportation (K 174-238). Air transport (K 239-273). PCE INABRES oc coco cio seis sii iin i Se i rt mr STi General price index (L 1). Wholesale price indexes (L 2-35). Cost of living, con- sumers’ price, and retail price indexes (L 36-52). Balance of Payments and Foreign Trade______________________________ International balance of payments (M 1-41). Foreign trade including imports and exports of gold, silver, and merchandise (M 42-112). Banking and Finance _____________________________________________._ Banking statistics (N 1-147). Currency and gold (N 148-184). Money rates and security markets (N 185-232). Government_______________ A I eb a Fe mn RT Elections and polities (P 1-61). Government civilian employment (P 62-88). Fed- eral government finances (P 89-169). Copyrights, patents and trade-marks (P 170-187). State and local government finances (P 188-277). Appendix I. Monthly and Quarterly Indicators of Business Conditions__._.________________ Appendix II. Basic Premises for Data Selection Time-period-and AIDBADCLICA] INAERON. ... «co cio sie mimi iim ms ms mis ms so ion som ed Ea 16 39 55 74 113 133 160 176 188 226 237 253 283 320 350 432 Fublic Health Libra III “1 Acknowledgments for Chapter or Section Contributions (Acknowledgments for single or small groups of series are included in the text for those series) Chapter A. Wealth and Income Chapter prepared by Harlow D. Osborne, Economic Analyst, National Income Division, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Com- merce, Department of Commerce. Chapter B. Population and Migration Material on population, internal migration, citizenship, and country of birth prepared by Bureau of the Census staff. Basic text and series for immigration, emigration, and naturali- zation supplied by Mrs. Helen F. Eckerson, Supervisor of the Statistics Section, Division of Research and Education, Immigra- tion and Naturalization Service, Department of Justice. Chapter C. Vital Statistics, Health, and Nutrition Basic text and series on vital statistics supplied by National Office of Vital Statistics, Public Health Service, Federal Security Agency. Basic text and series on health supplied by Division of Public Health Methods, Office of the Surgeon General, Public Health Service, Federal Security Agency. Basic text and series on nutrition supplied by Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics and Bureau of Agricultural Eco- nomics, Department of Agriculture. Chapter D. Labor Force, Wages, and Working Conditions Material on labor force prepared by Bureau of the Census staff. Basic text and series on wages and working conditions largely supplied by Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor, Margaret H. Schoenfeld, Economic Editor, coordinating. Chapter E. Agriculture Basic text and series supplied by Bureau of Agricultural Eco- nomics and Farm Credit Administration, Department of Agricul- ture, Robert M. Walsh, Special Assistant to the Chief of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, coordinating. Chapter F. Land, Forestry, and Fisheries Basic text and series on public lands supplied largely by Branch of Research, Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior. Basic text and series on land utilization supplied by Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Department of Agriculture. Series on forestry supplied by Division of Forest Economics, Forest Service, Department of Agriculture. Series on fisheries supplied by Statistical Section, Division of Commercial Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior. Chapter G. Minerals and Power Basic text and series on minerals supplied by Economies and Statistics Branch, Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior, Hubert D. Keiser and Allan F. Matthews, former and present editors of the Minerals Yearbook, coordinating. Basic text and series on power supplied by Division of Finance and Statistics, Bureau of Accounts, Finance, and Rates, Federal Power Commission. Chapter H. Construction and Housing Basic text and series on construction supplied by Keith W. Johnson, Economic Analyst, Samuel J. Dennis, Chief, Construc- tion Economics Unit, and William H. Shaw, Chief, Construction Statistics Unit, Construction Division, in the Bureau of Foreign Iv .and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce. Material was also supplied by: H. E. Riley, Chief, Construction and Public Em- ployment Division, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor; and Fred E. Schnepfe, Chief, Liaison Division, Public Roads Administration, Federal Works Agency. Material on housing prepared by Bureau of the Census staff. Chapter J. Manufactures Material on manufactures prepared by Bureau of the Census staff. Chapter K. Transportation List of series on railroads suggested by: Bureau of Transport Economics and Statistics, Interstate Commerce Commission; and Bureau of Railway Economics, Association of American Railroads. Material on water transportation prepared by staff of Bureau of the Census. : Series on road transportation supplied by Division of Research Reports and Statistics, Public Roads Administration, Federal Works Agency. List of series on air transport suggested by J. Parker Van Zandt, Brookings Institution, and by Civil Aeronautics Administration, Department of Commerce. Data supplied by Civil Aeronautics Administration. Chapter L. Price Indexes Basic text and series supplied by Prices and Cost of Living Branch, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor. Chapter M. Balance of Payments and Foreign Trade Basic text and series for balance of payments supplied by In- ternational Economies Division, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce. Material on foreign trade prepared by Bureau of the Census staff. Chapter N. Banking and Finance Data reviewed and basic text supplied by Division of Research and Statistics, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Chapter P. Government Series and basic text on elections and State and local finance and employment were supplied by the Governments Division of the Bureau of the Census. Data on Federal Government finance were prepared in the “Bureau of the Census with the cooperation of the Office of the Technical Staff, Treasury Department. Series and basic text on copyrights, patents, and trade-marks were supplied by P. J. Federico, Examiner-in-Chief, Patent Office, Department of Commerce. Monthly and Quarterly Indicators of Business Conditions Chapter prepared by Geoffrey H. Moore, National Bureau of Economic Research. In transmitting the manuscript, Mr. Moore stated: “In preparing this chapter I have had the expert assistance of several members of thestaff of the National Bureau of Economic Research. I am especially indebted to Arthur F. Burns for his critical advice on selection of series, and to Millard Hastay for preparing a number of the descriptive notes. Hanna Stern was mainly responsible for compiling the data and verifying sources. The F. W. Dodge Corporation and Business Statistics Organiza- tion, Inc., have kindly given permission to publish certain of their series.” Appendix I. HISTORICAL STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES Introduction This historical supplement to the Statistical Abstract of the United States presents, in compact form for ready reference, ap- proximately 3,000 statistical time series which cover various periods from 1789 to 1945. In a very few instances, figures are shown for the colonial period and the years under the Continental Congress. These statistics reflect economic, social, and political aspects of the development of the Nation since the Federal Govern- ment was formally established. The present edition is not intended as a final product. In terms of the objectives of the compilers it is preliminary in character and comprises, in effect, a working manuscript. As such, it estab- lishes a pattern and provides a preliminary selection of materials. Gaps and weaknesses are thereby disclosed and problems crys- tallized. On the basis of the experience thus gained, and the sug- gestions and criticisms of users of this edition, the process of revi- sion will make possible a more useful future edition. This volume is designed to serve two irhmediate needs. First, to bring together for the convenience of users of statistics the historical series of wide general interest; and second, to provide, through brief descriptive text and precise source notes, a guide to the types of historical data available, so as to inform the user where further data can be obtained. These objectives are similar to those of the annual Statistical Abstract of the United States, except that in the annual volume the emphasis is on current data with limited historical data as background. The historical statistics selected for presentation here consist primarily of data readily available in Federal agencies and in a few additional quarters. In the compilation task, the Bureau of the Census has not engaged in new research for the purpose of establishing new series, revising existent series, or interpreting the comparability through time of the statistics presented. Furthermore, the conditions of compilation, particularly the time factor, made it impracticable to take full advantage of the research already performed by others. To locate and bring to- gether for initial inspection any significant proportion of the con- tributions to historical statistics which may be found in govern- ment and other reports would be a formidable task in itself, exclusive of the evaluation necessary as a prelude to publication. Even the selection and preparation for publication of 3,000 sta- tistical time series out of those most ready of access would have proved impracticable without the cooperation of the many govern- ment bureaus whose materials are shown. In particular, it is felt that so-called “lapsed” series are not sufficiently represented here. These are series once compiled an- nually but abandoned at some time in the past. The reason for abandonment varies: A new and more adequate measure of the given phenomena may have become possible; the phenomena being measured may have ceased to exist, as in the instance of the statistics on slavery; the subject field may have been one in which the Federal Government ceased to collect data; or the phenomena may have receded to a position of minor import in our national life. A careful selection and presentation of such series would go far to provide a more complete statistical picture of the early and middle periods of the Nation's existence. Major objectives of a future revision of this volume should in- clude presentation of additional series less readily available, a selection of some of the more significant lapsed series which offer light on early American history, and series in a few additional subject fields for which statistics could not be presented in this first edition. It is hoped also that the present volume will stimu- late research by others leading to filling in of gaps in historical knowledge—research that will afford materials for inclusion in future revisions. The Problem of Historical Statistics The statistics of the Nation are an important and even indis- pensable tool in the proper portrayal of the status of the United States in various subject fields at various periods in time. There are surprisingly few general fields in which existent figures cannot supplement or clarify the qualitative historical records—figures which were compiled year by year during the course of events, or were reconstructed later on the basis of existent statistical evi- dence. The extent to which statistical data are cited or taken into account in historical writings is frequently dependent upon the ready availability of the needed data to the writers. An under- standable lack of knowledge as to the existence of historical sta- tistics in a given field, and the relative inaccessibility of the volumes in which they may be found, combine to prevent their more widespread and effective use. True, in some subject fields statistical time series are entirely lacking, particularly figures already arranged year by year. In many important fields, however, the past publications of the Nation, public and private, contain a wealth of data periodically compiled which reflect the fact that “a strong passion for statis- tics early developed itself in the life of our people...” ! Sources of data. Among the numerous sources of historical sta- tistics of the United States are the annual reports of the execu- tive heads of the various Departments, Bureaus, and other agen- cies of the Federal Government, reports of special Federal com- missions established from time to time, the volumes of the various censuses of the United States, the printed debates of the Congress, the published reports of Committees of the Congress and the transcripts of hearings conducted by them on important legisla- tive measures, the published reports and documents of State Governments, the statistical publications of private research foun- dations and organizations and of the universities and colleges of the Nation, and the great mass of statistical and other volumes printed privately by other organizations and individuals. Difficulty of accessibility. The accessibility of these great masses of historical data to those who wish to use them is another matter. As matters stand, Senators and Congressmen, public officials, economic, social, and political historians, research workers, teach- ers, students, journalists, and authors, to mention only a few groups, who wish to consult the historical statistics “available” in published form on a given subject are faced with three major difficulties: First, the determination of the existence of the data and the identification of the exact public or private document or volume in which the data may be found. Frequently, this requires a knowledge of the responsibilities of government bureaus in years long past, and the scope, coverage, and formal description or title of their official reports. The exact material which is desired may already have been compiled, but it may well be buried in an obscure special report or in the published documents of an early Congress—publications which few libraries may have on their shelves. Furthermore, the present staff of the Government Bureau now responsible for the given subject field may have only a meager 1 From a speech by Francis A. Walker, Superintendent of the Ninth and Tenth Censuses of the United States (1870 and 1880), delivered before the International Statistical Institute, Chicago, 1893. Vv HISTORICAL STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES knowledge of the detailed statistics contained in the early reports and published documents of their own and predecessor agencies. Second, once an exact published source has been determined, the data may not be found already arranged in the form of a time series. . In some historical fields, such as banking, merchant vessel tonnage, and the fiscal affairs of the government, current or fairly recent government documents carry extensive statistical summary tables which provide the more important data carried far back in time year by year. In other fields, the annual reports and other documents present figures only for the most recent year. Accordingly, historical tables must be constructed labo- riously by reference to as many volumes as there are years to be considered. This requires access to a collection of such volumes possessed by few libraries. Even in Washington, D. C., at the seat of Government, where the extensive collections of the Library of Congress may be supplemented by reference to Bureau and Departmental libra- ries and records, the compilation of long-term time series by reference to individual annual reports is a laborious and time- consuming task. Third, identification of changes in concept and coverage over a period of time is important since such changes may affect vitally the interpretation of the statistics for a span of years. Coupled with this is the. need for definitions of terms employed in published historical tables, definitions which may be in a separate publication or may never have been published. A ready “solution” of the first two difficulties by location of a previously compiled time series may prove deceptive. As a general rule, historical tables in government documents repre- sent compilations of figures with a minimum of text and tabular notes. Definitions, where given, are usually for the current year; qualifications of data, particularly warnings as to changes in concepts and collection methods over the years, are often inadequate. Grave risks are entailed in attempts to compile long-term time series of annual data by reference to successive issues of the Sta- tistical Abstract of the United States. In each issue, many revised figures appear. Generally, these are for the immediately preced- ing year or years, but revisions in the more historical data are not uncommon. Statistics for the specific years for which data are shown in the most recent issue of the Statistical Abstract may be used with no greater precaution than is necessary when making use of any highly abbreviated presentation of historical statistics. However, the attempt to fill in data for omitted years by refer- ence to earlier issues may well result in serious lack of compara- bility through time. In view of the broad difficulties outlined above, it is appar- ent that no single reference volume can offer a complete solution to the problem of historical statistics, as such. At best, it can pro- vide a selection of statistics in a number of broad subject fields and constitute a guide to the more basic and detailed sources of data—functions which comprise the objectives of Historical Sta- tistics of the United States. Origins of This Volume This volume stems directly from a resolution of the Committee on: Problems and Policy of the Social Science Research Council which was transmitted to the Secretary of Commerce. That reso- lution urged that the Secretary give consideration to the compila- tion and publication by the Bureau of the Census of a source book of economic statistics. The idea had been originated by J. Frederic Dewhurst who, in a memorandum dated April 12, 1945, outlined the need for a volume which would bring together within a single cover the most important of the comprehensive statistical series measuring the economic development of the United States over the past century or more. Dr. Dewhurst submitted his proposal, which included illustrative materials, to the American Statistical Association and the American Economic Association which, the same year, set up a Joint Committee to explore the practical problems of preparing such a volume. The Economic History Association, VI which also expressed an interest, was invited by the Joint Com- mittee to send representatives to its meetings. The proposal was discussed by the Committee on Problems and Policy of the Social Science Research Council on July 28, 1945, which adopted and transmitted to the Secretary of Commerce the resolution referred to above. In his reply to the Social Science Research Council, dated August 9, 1945, the Secretary of Commerce wrote “The Bureau of the Census is prepared to cooperate to the fullest extent possible in the preparation of this volume and is including in its budget re- quest for next year (fiscal year 1947) the necessary funds for com- pilation and printing.” The Bureau of the Census was particularly interested in this proposal because of the growing belief of staff members responsible for preparation of the annual Statistical Ab- stract of the United States that a historical supplement to that volume was needed. Such a supplement would provide users of the Statistical Abstract with needed historical compilations which some users now attempt to obtain by referencé to successive back issues, frequently with unfortunate results as indicated above. Also, additional current statistics could be included in the annual issues of the Statistical Abstract if some reduction could be made in the space devoted to historical data. Funds were made available for this purpose in the appropriations for 1947 and compilation work was begun. With the formal acceptance by the Bureau of the Census of re- sponsibility for compilation of the volume, the Joint Committee was reconstituted and it became the Social Science Research Council Committee on the Source Book of Historical Statistics, Advisory to the Bureau of the Census. The Committee on Research in Economic History of the Social Science Research Council made additional funds available so that the Committee on the Source Book of Historical Statistics could appoint a full-time executive secretary to work with the Bureau of the Census in the joint effort to insure that this book meet the widest possible needs. Planning and Compilation As a first step in the actual preparation of this volume, the Bureau of the Census staff, with the advice and cooperation of the Advisory Committee, prepared a working outline and statement of basic premises to guide the selection of material. It was neces- sary to set up a procedure for reviewing and sifting the many series available in an effort to select for presentation in the limited space of a single volume those series that would be most widely useful. After agreement on a basic framework, a number of agencies and persons were approached to prepare lists of significant avail- able historical series for specific subjects which they would recom- mend for inclusion or to review and supplement lists prepared by the editorial staff of the volume. Since it was realized that there were many questions and much room for judgment in the prepa- ration of these lists, it was intended that the lists be given a further broad review throughout the field of possible users in government, in business, and in the academic world. Most of these first lists were prepared or edited by persons in Federal govern- ment agencies since such persons were more readily available for consultation. It soon became evident that the broader review process would be of limited value unless the data themselves could be made available to those who were to be asked to review the lists. This need led to the preparation of this edition without such a broad review. Comments and suggestions. It is the intention of the Bureau of the Census to review this material systematically in the next few years. To this end, users of this volume are encouraged to send in any comments or any information they have which they believe INTRODUCTION will make this volume more complete and more useful. The state- ment of “Basic Premises for Data Selection,” which comprised the basic considerations for the project, is reproduced without significant change in Appendix II. This provides the criteria against which contributions and suggestions for future editions should be measured. In itself, the statement of premises is subject to change, and criticisms and suggestions leading to its improve- ment will be welcomed. TECHNICAL NOTES Arrangement of the data. Data finally selected for inclusion in this volume are arranged by subject in lettered chapters and num- bered series. The chapter titles are of necessity somewhat arbi- trarily chosen and certain materials could have been classified under several of them. On the whole, however, it is felt that subject matter of interest can readily be found by reference either to the subject-listing under the chapter titles in the table of contents or to the index on the last pages of the book. Because of the possi- ble confusion of capital letter I and Roman numeral I and of capital letter O with zero (0), these two letters have been omitted in identifying the chapters. Each series or tabular column is assigned a number, the first series in each chapter beginning with 1. Each series is further identified in the table titles and cross-references by prefixing the chapter letter. Thus, the 44th series in the chapter on Agriculture is designated as E 44 to distinguish it from the 44th series in the chapter on Transportation designated as K 44. All series begin with the most recent year for which data have been obtained and run backward in time. Insofar as possible, there are uniformly placed spaces above every year ending in 0 or 5. No data are shown for yéars subsequent to 1945; this was done partly because it facilitated the space arrangement, but primarily because a considerable body of 1946 figures were still preliminary at the time this volume was in preparation. Basic premises. When preparing a volume of this type, certain basic premises must be established to guide the staff and consult- ants in the selection and preparation of the material. These prem- ises are subject to modification in accordance with the problems encountered during the course of operations. A statement on the basic premises for Historical Statistics of the United States is pre- sented as appendix II on page 350. The extent to which it has been possible, or impracticable, to adhere to the objectives and premises described will be apparent to the user of this edition. The following specific observations relate to the limitations of the tabular ma- terials and descriptive text as found in this preliminary edition. Area coverage. Data shown in this volume are for continental United States as a whole, unless otherwise specified in table titles, tabular notes, or descriptive text. In some instances, however, the source material used failed to specify clearly the exact area covered. Where practicable, the matter was investigated and the appro- priate qualification added. Time coverage. Three major problems of identification of time- periods were encountered: (1) The sources occasionally did not state whether the data were for a calendar or fiscal year; (2) if for a fiscal year, it was not always clear whether the data were for a fiscal year ending June 30, September 30, or some other date; (3) shifts in time coverage, as from calendar to fiscal year, during the period covered by the series, were not always clear in the source. In all three instances, particularly where time shifts seemed likely to have occurred, an effort was made to determine the exact situation so far as practicable. Series linkage. No formal attempt has been made in this edition to extend a single series farther through time by linking it to another series which terminated at or near the date on which the first series began, or stopped, as the case may be. However, in a num- ber of instances, notably in the chapter on agriculture, such series have been presented in adjoining columns, with an overlap for a period of years when available. In spite of this, some series which are presented here as continuous through the years are comprised of distinet segments. These series are shown thus in this volume for the following reasons: 1. The series have been transcribed as shown in the source ma- terials. The volumes from which data were taken frequently present historical summaries in a given field for the purpose of permitting broad comparisons, or to bring out certain particular attributes for which the data shown are comparable, with tabular notes se- lected in terms of the particular presentation purpose. It is possible that notations vital to other types of interpretation were omitted. Thus, a series showing data from 1789 to the present may be adequately noted for use of those who wish to measure the extent to which certain present-day phenomena have their antecedentsin past time; the same notes may well be useless, and the omitted notes vital, to a person whose interest is confined to the period 1820-1860. Actually, the problem of omitted qualifications is inherent in virtually every time-series of any length. The series presented here are no exceptions to that rule. In general, where the sources used provided tabular notes, qualifying the data, such notes have been included here. 2. In some instances, the linkage of series had already been per- formed and published by competent research workers who had made a careful study of the factors involved. Such series have, of course, been presented here, citing the source. Even here, how- ever, it should be noted that the research may have been carried on in terms of specific objectives. Consequently, the data are subject to increased qualifications when used for purposes other than those contemplated by the original responsible analyst. Omissions of data, “blank” cells. The significance of dashes in tabular cells requires explanation, since their meaning tendsto vary from series to series, and even within the same series. In general, the presence of cell “leaders” or “dashes” indicates merely that no information was provided for this volume. In respect to possible significance, dash entries may mean that (1) no information exists for the given year, (2) that the entry, if shown, would be zero (0), (3) the information was not available, whether because it was never requested, or whether it was requested but was not forth- coming, or (4) the information is believed to exist in published form but it was not practicable to do the research necessary to locate the appropriate source. Further, the practices of the several government agencies and private sources of information differ as to the meaning of dashes in cells, the extent to which they label material as “not available,” the meaning of the term “not available,” the use of the zero (0) entry, ete. In general, the policy adopted in preparing this volume, was to retain “not available” notations where they appeared for inter- mediate years in the series; to change them to dashes where they appeared at the beginning or end of the series. Where cells were left blank in the sources, they were filled with dashes in this volume. Finally, since series of varying length taken from different sources are frequently found in adjoining columns, the stub list- ings for years necessarily encompass the earliest and latest date for which any of the series are shown. In itself, this tends to create many additional blank cells, as in the case where a series for 1885 to 1926 is placed next to the same stub as a series for 1880 to 1945. VII HISTORICAL STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES Here again, the “blank” cells have been filled by dashes in order to make it easier for the user’s eye to trace the entries for a given year across the entire table, through the otherwise blank columns. The presence of dashes in the cells may thus have several meanings—it does not necessarily mean that the value is zero, not obtainable, or nonexistent. The user will have to judge from the context which meaning is appropriate in each particular instance. . Responsibility. Because of the multitude of sources and the varied subject matter covered, the Bureau of the Census cannot accept responsibility for the accuracy or limitations of data other than those which it collects. Every attempt has been made insofar as time and personnel permitted to verify and label properly the material included here. The places where this was not always possi- ble are indicated in the remarks, just preceding this section. Final responsibility for selection of the material, for accurate transmittal, and for proper presentation, rests with the Bureau of the Census, even though carried out with the cooperation of many individuals and agencies who devoted much time and energy in providing data and descriptions of series for this publication. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON DATA PRESENTED write to the agency indicated in the source note in the descriptive text for the given statistical series. SUGGESTIONS AND COMMENTS should be sent to: The Director Bureau of the Census Washington 25, D. C. VIII Chapter A. Wealth and Income (Series A 1-207) National Wealth: Series A 1-100 EARLY ESTIMATES OF NATIONAL WEALTH (A 1-2) A 1. Total valuation of all the real and personal property in the United States, 1774-1807. SOURCE: For 1774-1805, see Blodget, Samuel, Jr., Economica; A Statistical Manual for the United States of America, 1806 edition, p. 68; for 1806, 1807, see article signed “S. B.” and entitled “Thoughts on a Plan of Economy (Suited to the Census of 1808) for the United States of America’ in Colvin’s Weekly Register, vol. I (Washington City, 1808), p. 285. Note: The Library of Congress file of Colvin’s Weekly Register is incomplete. However, the copy of Blodget’s Economica found in the Depart- ment of Commerce library (Washington, D. C.) includes, within the same binding, a copy of the article cited above. For a detailed statement for 1805, see Economica, p. 196, and table 1, below. Interest in the national wealth of the United States arose long before interest in national income, just as modern balance-sheet concepts developed earlier than the concepts of the income account. The first serious attempt to estimate the wealth of this country appears to have been made by Samuel Blodget, Jr., the compiler of an early collection of statistics of the United States. His Eco- nomica; A Statistical Manual for the United States of America (1806 edition) includes a detailed statement of the estimated value of all the real and personal property in the United States for the year 1805 and also a series of national totals (series A 1), unsup- ported by details, extending back to 1774. No statement is made by Blodget as to the source material under- lying either of these two tabulations. It seems likely that the totals given for 1774-1804 were derived in much the same way as the 1805 figure, since the details of the latter are presented as being related to the former, and since most of the material which would be needed for estimating prior-year values on the same plan as for 1805 is actually included in the table which shows the prior-year wealth totals. The 1805 classification given by Blodget (Economica, 1806 edition, p. 196) is shown below in table 1. According to Blod- get, “Slaves are rated too high till they are better managed; every- thing else is below the mark.” TABLE 1.—AN ESTIMATE OF ALL THE REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY IN THE UNITED STATES (EXCLUSIVE OF LOUISI- ANA TERRITORY): 1805 Millions of dollars 2,603.5 ITEM Total valuation for 1808. . «vous ver smy spin enon nm wens wowinm 1 million of habitations and apparel for 6 millions of persons, with shops, barns, implements, tools, furniture, etec., each 360 dollars _.. 360 39 million acres of lands averaged at 6 dollars. ___________.__...__. 234 150 million acres adjoining and near the cultivated lands averaged at BL GONE 2 can hr a ail sm mire ws wnt SA ee mcm hE lrg es i 525 451 million acres, the residue of all the lands in the United States aver- aged ati dOHAIS. . on wm mas sawn ew = 902 Carriages and all livestock @ 70 dollars each family _____________.__ 70 ‘Turnpike, canal, and toll bridge stock... oocecunrreenrenmdzmennnn 15 10,000 flour, grist, saw, iron, and other mills, value not less than 400 QoNars Gaol 1... Cod le Sl sme Ale mm mi a 4 1 million slaves, average value 200 dollars. __ oceans 200 Country produce on hand for export, manufacturing, etc... .____ 26 Stock in trade: 1,000,000 tons shipping; European, India merchan- dise, etec.; specie; bank stock, insurance stock, and all incorpor- EL NE oem eat LG 150 Public buildings, churches, Wash. city lots, arsenals, naval and mili- tary stores, arms, ammunition, frigates, dock yards, timber, etc___ 15.5 The second group of wealth statistics to be considered begins with the year 18183, when the Congress laid a direct tax on property. The valuations required for the administration of this tax were not tabulated, but were used in part as the base for a subsequent tax levied in 1815, when the valuations were tabulated. The total so derived for the value of “houses, lands, and slaves” was 1,902 mil- lion dollars (the Louisiana Territory was excluded as its returns were incomplete), according to Timothy Pitkin’s A Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States (1835 edition), p. 313 Of this total, Pitkin estimates the value of slaves included at roughly 300 million dollars. Since under-assessment has been the rule rather than the excep- tion in property tax administration, the total given by Pitkin is probably an underestimate. It is, moreover, too low to be consis- tent with Blodget’s figure. But it is important partly because it illustrates the crude beginning of the method later developed by the Census, and partly because it was used by another nineteenth- century statistican (Burchard, see series A 2) as the starting point for a series of annual interpolations extending from 1825 to 1880. A 2. Estimated national wealth, 1825-1880. SOURCE: Annual Report of the Director of the Mint, 1881, p. 71. Horatio C. Burchard included in his Annual Report of the Direc- tor of the Mint, 1881, a historical table of price fluctuations over this 56-year period, and added series of annual estimates of the Nation’s wealth and population for comparative purposes. These wealth estimates (series A 2), purport to be based for 1825-1850 on Pitkin’s figure for 1815 and the Census total for 1850. The deri- vation of the 1851-1880 estimates is not explained, but was appar- ently the result of interpolation between the decennial census totals.! Burchard’s estimates include taxable property only, and prob- ably exclude a good share of that in 1849 and prior years. His fig- ures for 1850-1879 share the characteristics of the census totals of the period, described below. MORE RECENT ESTIMATES OF NATIONAL WEALTH (A 3 100) A 3-99. General note. During the period 1850-1922, that is, from the Seventh Decennial Census to the date of estimates included in the Federal Trade Commission report? on national wealth and in- come, there was a rapid development, both in technique and in basic data for statistics of wealth. The Bureau of the Census pre- pared estimates of national wealth for selected years, from 1850 to 1922 (see table 2 and series A 42-74). The Federal Trade Com- mission estimates for 1922, however, were considerably broader in scope than the Census estimates, covering items not included in the Census total. In consequence, where the Census total for 1922 was 321 million dollars, the Commission estimate was 353 million dollars.? These figures are not presented in detail here since this investigation was not repeated. After 1922 the Bureau of the Census discontinued making esti- mates of wealth, but the series were ultimately carried forward to 1937 by the National Industrial Conference Board in the same general form (see series A 75-99). Also, a revision and extension of some of the census estimates was made by Simon Kuznets (see series A 3-41). 1 A footnote in the 1880 Census Report on Valuation . . . reads as follows: “Since the above [statement of Census estimate as being $43,642,000,0001 was written I have discovered in the report of the Director of the Mint for 1881 (Table XXVIII), an estimate of $43,300,000,000 as the true valuation. The slight difference between these two estimates, amounting to only 8/10 of 1 per cent., is remarkable, when it is considered that they were made by very different methods; the estimate above quoted [Burchard’s] having been deduced from the estimates at earlier censuses, by using the rates of increase.” See Gannet, Henry, “The True Valuation of Real and Personal Property in the United States,” comprising the introduction to Part I: Valuation and Taxation, in Report on Valuation, Tavation, and Public Indebtedness in the United States as Returned at the Tenth Census (June 1, 1880), U. S. Department of the Interior, Census Office, Washington, D. C., 1884, footnote p- 11. 2 Federal Trade Commission, National Wealth and Income, 69th Cong., 1st sess Senate Document No. 126, Washington, D. C., 1926, p. 28. 1 Text: A 3-41 WEALTH AND INCOME The material based on these sources embraces the bulk of the statistics available on trends in national wealth and its components for the United States as a whole. An attempt has been made to arrange the data of the National Industrial Conference Board and the Bureau of the Census in such a way as to bring out such ele- ments of comparability through time as exist, and to facilitate the linking together of discontinuous component series. Certain char- acteristics of the data are thus made very evident: (1) The National Industrial Conference Board series (series A 75-99) are compara- ble for 1922-37 but are clearly not in full agreement with the cor- responding 1922 Census figures; (2) the Census components for 1900-1922 are fairly comparable from year to year in most cases, but many of the components disappear into other broader cate- gories for 1880 and 1890 (series A 42-74); and (38) further disap- pearance of details for years back of 1880 leaves only enough of a breakdown for 1850-70 (see table 2) to serve as a reminder that the estimates are at least partly built up from components rather than global. Perhaps the basic weakness of the 19th century figures is that important types of wealth were covered incompletely or not at all. The outstanding gap of this sort is the omission of tax- exempt property in years prior to 1880, but there are many minor gaps as well. On the other hand, the Census total of personalty in 1870 included the value of mortgages secured by real estate which was also included as such. The census totals for 1850-1870 were actually compiled as meas- ures of the “value of taxable property’ rather than of the national wealth. These totals represented the values as assessed for tax purposes, adjusted by the. estimated ratio of “true” to assessed value. During this period there was a growing belief that personal property should not be taxed like realty. As a result, the States began to exempt various classes of personal property, and the public conscience became increasingly lenient toward the conceal- ment of personalty from the tax assessors. In consequence, the aggregate value of assessed personalty declined decade by decade. Available details for 1850-1870 are shown in table 2, below, to- gether with figures for 1880 for purposes of comparison. Because of these differences in scope, the 1880 data shown in table 2, except in some instances, disagree with data presented in series A 42-74. TABLE 2.—VALUATION OF PROPERTY AND RELATED DATA: 1850 To 1880 {In millions of dollars. Figures are as shown in sources cited; they differ at times rom figures in the original Census reports] 1870 ITEM 1880 (currency 1860 1850 basis) VALUATION DATA Property assessed for taxation: Estimated true value. ._______.____ 43,642 30,069 16,160 7,136 Assessed value_.__.____._.._._._._. 16,903 14,179 12,088 fo ccuucee Real estate or property .__.._____ 13,037 9,915 8,978 l.cuacass Personal estate or property...__.. 3,866 4,264 5,312 [ccnceess RELATED DATA Manufacturing: Capital invested! ____ 22 781 32,118 1,010 533 Agriculture: Value of— Form Imes. .. ween ccanammwinai 10,197 9,263 6,645 3,272 Machinery and implements_________ 407 337 246 152 Farm Hvestock.... coccacncsenunees 1,500 1,525 1,089 544 1 Figures are as shown in the 1870 and 1890 Census Reports on Manufactures; figures for 1880 and 1890 include adjustments for comparability through time. 3 Modified figure. 1880 published total was 2,790 million dollars. * Subsequent Census reports give 1,695 as the gold equivalent. Sources: Reports of Bureau of the Census and predecessor offices. For figures on property assessed for taxation, 1850-1880, see Tenth Census (1880), Report on Valuation, Taxation, and Public Indebtedness . . ., part I, pp. 8-12. For figures on capital invested in manufacturing, 1850-1880, see Eleventh Census (1890), Report on Manufacturing Industries . . ., part I, p. 4. For figures on agriculture, 1850-1880, see Eleventh Census (1890), Report on Statistics of Agriculture, p. 84-85. By 1880, it was recognized (1) that valuations made for tax purposes were not a satisfactory basis for determining trends in national wealth, and (2) that the decennial valuation totals were coming to be used more and more as measures of the Nation’s prog- ress rather than of its taxable capacity. Accordingly the plans for the Tenth Census (1880) provided for ‘a more searching exami- 2 nation into the true value of property.” A broader base was there- upon adopted and the 1880 ‘‘estimated true value” was derived by making use, for the first time in this connection, of data from the Census of Agriculture, Manufactures, and Mining; from the Bureau of Customs; and from nongovernmental sources, particu- larly the Bradstreet Company. The national wealth in 1880 was estimated as the sum of a dozen component types of goods instead of as an adjusted total value of taxable property. In addition, the value of churches, schools, asylums, public buildings of all kinds, and other exempt realty were specifically included for the first time. The general statistical approach was a compromise between the comparative firmness of estimates for later years and the uncritical global adjusting process formerly used. Firm bases were not available for estimating most com- ponents, but such data as were obtainable were exhaustively sifted, analyzed, and compared. For example, the estimate for household belongings was based on rough averages for each individual item in the hands of families classified by socio-economic group and by State of residence; the results were checked against a second estimate derived by assigning average periods of useful life to the items annually produced or imported. The Census estimates for 1890 showed further improvement both in the technical quality of the report and in source data. Full use was made of data from various census reports. Terms and methods were defined in specific rather than in general terms. For instance, in 1890, tax-exempt realty was explicitly stated to include the public domain for the first time, whereas the 1880 report was silent on this point.} The 1900 Census, authorized by the 1899 law, provided for direct investigation into the value of property employed in agriculture and manufacturing. The 1902 law_establishing the Census Office on a permanent basis also authorized a report on “public indebted- ness, valuation, taxation, and expenditures,” and these laws re- sulted in two compilations of national wealth only 4 years apart, one as of 1900 and another as of 1904. Most of the basic data used related to the year 1900, and estimates for that year were extra- polated to 1904 by use of figures for 1900 and 1905 from the Cen- suses of Manufactures, of estimates by the Department of Agricul- ture, and other information. There were some major exceptions to this order of procedure. Thus, in the derivation of estimates for both years, 1902 Census of Mining data were used as were 1900 and 1904 valuations made in connection with State and local real property tax administration. A 1904 bench mark was used in esti- mating both the 1900 and 1904 values of railroad property. The 1904 estimates are notable in that the method of bringing prior-year values up to date by use of production figures for the interim was employed extensively for the first time. This method was used in deriving or in testing a number of estimates at later censuses, and it was used extensively for the annual estimates of 1928-37, prepared by the National Industrial Conference Board. The estimates for 1912 and 1922 differ from those for 1904, pri- marily as a result of progressive improvement in methods of esti- mating component details. These are indicated in the detailed text presented for the individual series, below. A 3-41. Value of land, real estate improvements, and equipment, Census dates, 1880-1922. SOURCE: Kuznets, Simon, National Product Since 1869, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1946. For series A 3-37, see pp. 201, 202, and 218; and for series A 38-41 (data in 1929 prices), see p. 231 of the source volume. Part IV of the source volume analyzes and recalculates national wealth estimates since 1880, “primarily in order to allocate capi- tal formation by categories of users.” The data shown are derived from a number of sources, particularly Census reports. Kuznets 3 The 1922 report (Bureau of the Census, Estimated Natural Wealth: 1922, p. 17) has confused the issue by listing “value of public domain” as one of a number of items which were included in the estimates for 1880 and later years. The reference to 1880 is probably an error. This points up a general problem with respect to the early Census Bureau reports on wealth or valuation; statements made concerning reports or estimates of previous years need to be checked carefully to the reports of the years in question. NATIONAL WEALTH provides a detailed discussion of the adjustments and the sources of data. For the area which they cover, these figures are far more satisfactory for comparative purposes than the Census figures. They are designed, as the Census estimates are not, to meet the exacting modern standards of statistical research. A 42-74. Items of national wealth, 1880-1922. SOURCES: Re- ports of the Bureau of the Census and predecessor offices. In particular, see Wealth, Debt, and Taxation, 1907; Wealth, «Debt, and Taxation, 1913, vol. 1; and Wealth, Public Debt, and Taxa- tion: 1922, section entitled “Estimated National Wealth.” These volumes are the primary sources of data gathered in the investi- gations of 1900 and 1904, 1913, and 1922, respectively. Each provides a historical summary of the statistics for the decennial inquiries of 1880 and 1890. The sources for the 1880 and 1890 investigations are Report on Wealth, Debt, and Taxation at the Eleventh Census: 1890, Part II, “Valuation and Taxation’; and Report on Valuation, Taxation, and Public Indebtedness . . . Tenth Census (June 1, 1880). In addition, as indicated in specific listings below, certain details of distribution have been derived from the Census reports on manufactures, agriculture, ete., of the several censuses. A 42. Total national wealth. SOURCE: See text for series A 42-74. Represents the summation of statistics shown for series A 43-74. A 43-46. Real property and improvements, taxed. SOURCE: See text for series A 42-74, above. These are estimates of true value based on ratios of true to assessed values. The ratios have usually been derived from State reports and from mail questionnaires addressed to tax assessors and others familiar with property valua- tion. A 47. Real property and improvements, exempt. SOURCE: See text for series A 42-74, above. These figures have been derived from inquiries addressed to the owners of the property, in most years. Coverage was markedly incomplete in 1880 and 1890, and the 1912 estimate was calculated by applying to the value of tax- able realty the ratio of exempt to taxable property approximated by extrapolation on the 1900-1904 trend and by reference to figures for four States for which figures on both types were available. A 48-49. Livestock, etc. SOURCE: See text for series A 42-74, above. These series are based largely on estimates by the Depart- ment of Agriculture, supplemented for stock not on farms by ref- erence to Census of Agriculture reports. For 1880 and 1890, prin- cipal reliance was placed on the Censuses of Agriculture. The 1880 national wealth tabulation showed the value of livestock combined with that of farming tools and machinery; the livestock figure (2,000 million dollars) has been obtained by deducting from the combined total the value of farming implements and machinery (407 million dollars) as shown in the 1880 Agriculture Census report (p. 4). The result differs conceptually from the 1880 figure for farm livestock shown in table 2, above, in that the latter makes no allowance for livestock not on farms. The implied estimate for nonfarm livestock is, of course, subject to a wide margin of error. For 1890, the amount of 394 million dollars for livestock not on farms has been deducted from “Miscellaneous” and added here, making series A 49 larger and series A 73 smaller by this amount than indicated in the published reports. See Wealth, Debt, and Taxation, 1907, p. 25, and Wealth of the United States, Census Office Bulletin No. 879 (March 19, 1894), p. 2. A 50. Farm implements and machinery. SOURCE: See text for series A 42-74, above. The Censuses of Agriculture were the chief sources of data for this series, with adjustments for intercensal years made by use of Census of Manufactures data on production. A 51. Manufacturing machinery, tools, and equipment. SOURCE: See text for series A 42-74, above. These estimates are based mainly on the capital investment items reported to the manufactures cen- sus, interpolations for intercensal years having been made by use of straight-line trends in the earlier period and sample data for 1922. The 1890 figure shown is an arbitrary estimate representing half the combined value of machinery and products reported as Text: A 3-60 capital to the manufactures census. (See Wealth, Debt, and Tazxa- tion, 1907, p. 25.) The value of this item for 1880 is probably con- cealed in the figures for realty and stocks of goods. A 52. Railroads and their equipment. SOURCE: See text forseries A 42-74, above. Reports to the Interstate Commerce Commission were the chief basis of the estimates for 1912 and 1922. The figures for 1900 and 1904 were derived by capitalizing earnings. The figure for 1890 (8,296 million dollars) constitutes the remainder after subtracting the street railway item (see series A 53) from the 1890 Valuation report figure of 8,685 million dollars which was de- scribed as ‘‘Railroads and equipment, including $389,357,289 for street railroads.” According to the 1890 Valuation report (p. 8), this represents the cost of construction and equipment, “about 7,000 miles being estimated.” In contrast the 1880 figure was derived from the combined balance sheet of ‘all railroads,” representing total assets minus “profit and loss account.” (See 1880 Transportation Census re- port, pp. 4 and 5.) A 53. Street railways. SOURCE: Seestext for series A 42-74. The series as far back as 1912 is based on reports of the Census of Elec- trical Industries. Values for 1900 and 1904 were obtained by capi- talizing earnings. The 1890 figure is described merely as based on the reported cost of construction and equipment, and was de- rived from the Street Railways Section of the 1890 Transporta- tion Census report, p. 690. The item is not mentioned in 1880. A 54. Telegraph and telephone systems, shipping and canals. SOURCE: See text for series A 42-74 and for series A 55-56 and A 57-58. The 1890 figure represents capitalized earnings. The 1880 total (of 419 million dollars), which excludes telephone sys- tems, appears to represent the summation of figures appearing in the 1880 Transportation Census report as follows: For telegraphs, 93 million dollars; for merchant tonnage, all draft steam and sail, 156 million dollars; and for operating canals, 170 million dollars. A 55-56. Telegraph and telephone systems. SOURCE: See text for series A 42-74. Estimates for these were derived from the same sources and by the same methods as those for street railways. A 57-58. Shipping and canals. SOURCE: See text forseries A 42-74, above. The values for government vessels, particularly those of the Navy, represent cost figures supplied by the departments con- cerned. Estimates for mercantile shipping have usually been de- rived by applying cost-per-ton ratios (from the manufactures cen- sus and other sources) to tonnages reported by the Commerce Department, and allowing for depreciation. Census reports (either of the Census of Waterways or of Transportation) also were available for 1880, 1890, 1906, and 1916, and were utilized in vary- ing degrees. Values for canals and investment in canalized rivers for 1922 were taken from the Census of Waterways report of 1916; those for 1912 were based chiefly on State reports and figures from the U. S. War Department; those for 1890 were from the Trans- portation Census report of that year and were used again without change in 1900 and 1904; those for 1880 were from the 1880 Trans- portation Census report. The 1890 figure represented earnings capitalized at 5 percent; the 1880 figures were values set by owners. A 59. Pullman and other cars not owned by railroads. SOURCE: See text for series A 42-74, above. ICC reports were the primary source for the 1912 and 1922 estimates. Values for 1900 and 1904 were approximated from the number of cars reported by the-car- riers. This item is not mentioned in the reports for 1890. In 1880, the Transportation report (see Statistics of Railroads, p. 4) makes clear that the value of Pullman and other cars not owned by the railroads is not included in the total shown for railroads and equip- ment, but provides no estimate. A 60. Pipe lines. SOURCE: See text for series A 42-74, above. The 1922 figure is an unofficial general-purpose estimate supplied by the Bureau of Mines. No estimate was made for this item in tabu- lations for earlier years; it may well be included with real property and improvements. Text: A 61-86 WEALTH AND INCOME A 61. Privately owned waterworks. SOURCE: See text for series A 42-74, above. This series is based on a figure supplied by the Bureau of Internal Revenue for 1522, a Bureau of Labor report for 1900, and a constant arbitrary rate of increase from 1900 through 1912. The item was not mentioned in the 1880-90 tabulations, but is probably included under one of the general headings for these years. A 62. Central electric light and power stations. SOURCE: See text for series A 42-74, above. Dataare from the Census of Electri- cal Industries. A 63. Agricultural, manufactured, and imported commodities, total. SOURCE: The 1880 figure is from the 1880 report on Valu- ation, p. 11, where it is described as ‘““Three-quarters of the annual product of agriculture and manufactures, and of the annual im- portation of foreign goods assumed to be the average supply in the hands of producers or dealers.” A 64. Stocks of goods: Agricultural products. SOURCE: See text for series A 42-74, above. The 1922 estimate was based for the most part on inventory figures from Agriculture Department and Census Bureau surveys; for certain minor crops, it was assumed that stocks on hand would represent 40 percent of the year’s pro- duction. The approach based on carry over as a percentage of pro- duction was used in deriving the figures included in tabulations for the earlier years, output figures being derived from agricultural census data. It should be noted that the Census Bureau series for stocks of products differ from the National Industrial Conference Board series, being defined in terms of nature of products rather than of nature of holder. A 65-66. Stocks of goods: Manufactured products. SOURCE: See text for series A 42-74. These figures, like those for farm prod- ucts before 1922, are based chiefly on production data from the Bureau of the Census. The 1890 figure shown here is the estimate given in Wealth, Debt, and Taxation, 1907. It was designated in that volume as the value of products in the hands of the factory owners. A 67. Stocks of goods: Imported merchandise. SOURCE: See text for series A 42-74. This series represents a fixed proportion of the total value of imports into the continental United States. The item was included in “Miscellaneous” and in “Mill stocks” in 1890. A 68. Stocks of goods: Mining products. SOURCE: See text for series A 42-74. The 1922 value of coal stocks is estimated from a survey of commercial stocks; and for 1890 stocks of mining prod- ucts are as reported to the Census of Mineral Industries in the case of mine stocks and the Census of Manufactures in the case of mill stocks. With these two exceptions the figures are based on produc- tion data which were obtained either from the Geological Survey or from the Bureau of the Census. A 69-73. Personal and miscellaneous property. SOURCE: See text for series A 42-74. The 1922 value is based on a mail ques- tionnaire for components other than vehicles. The estimate for motor vehicles was derived from production and average price and life data, and that for animal-drawn vehicles was computed from the reported numbers of horses and mules. For earlier years, esti- mates were based chiefly on statistics of imports and manufactur- ing production, usually without allowance for wholesale and retail markups. The 1890 method relied on a study of insurance policies on houses and contents, and the 1880 figure is based partly on assumed average values per family in each socio-economic group. The 1890 value of 7,894 million dollars given for “Miscellaneous” in the source has here been reduced by reclassification of nonfarm livestock to series A 49. A 74. Gold and silver coin and bullion. SOURCE: See text for series A 42-74. These figures are taken from official government reports. The 1922 figure is from the Treasury Department; those for previous years are from the Director of the Mint. A 75-99. Classification of wealth in the United States, 1922-1937. SOURCE: Adapted by permission from National Industrial Con- 4 ference Board. Figures are from Enterprise and Social Progress, New York, 1939, p. 60; text is from Economic Record, Oct. 5, 1939, p. 131. A 76. Real property and improvements, taxed, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. A continuous record is found in the assessments of property in the various States for the general property tax. In some instances, the sum of county assessments was ysed. In some instances real estate had to be separated from a record of all taxable property. When the assessment was biennial, or when the figures for 1936 had not been published, missing years had to be estimated. For each State and year, a ratio was found expressing the probable relation of actual to assessed valuation and the true value calculated. A 77. Real property and improvements, exempt, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. For seven States, official appraisals by the assessors of the value of exempt property are available, and from them true value was computed in the same way as for taxed real estate. The annual change for these States was applied to the Census record of 1922 for other States. A 78. Livestock, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. Based on the records of the Bureau of the Census and other infor- mation, the Department of Agriculture has prepared estimates for each year of the value of the principal forms of livestock. These were supplemented by figures for minor forms of livestock com- piled by the Bureau of the Census in its five-year Census of Agri- culture with interpolations for the intervening years. A 79. Farm implements and machinery, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. Based on reports of the Bureau of the Census, the Department of Agriculture has prepared annual esti- mates. They include motor vehicles, and since such motor vehi- cles figure elsewhere in the wealth estimate, it was necessary to compute for each year the value of farm motor vehicles and deduct it from the total estimate of the Department of Agriculture. A 80. Manufacturing machinery, tools, and equipment, 1922— 1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. The basis of the esti- mate is the value of capital assets (land, buildings, and equipment) reported by manufacturing corporations in the annual Statistics of Income for the years 1926-1936. It was adjusted to cover non- reporting corporations and non-corporate enterprises. A study of a large number of corporations reporting in Moody’s Industrial Manual for 1936 their machinery separately from land and build- ings yielded a proportion which was applied to the total capital assets. For the years 1922 to 1925, the value of machinery ob- tained, as above noted, was carried back on the basis of change during this period in horsepower equipment reported in the Census of Manufactures. A 81. Railroads and their equipment, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. The value of railroads less depreciation is given annually in the report on Statistics of Railways of the Inter- state Commerce Commission. A 82. Street railways, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. Plant investment less depreciation was obtained for the years 1922, 1927, and 1932 from the Census of Electrical Industries. Interpolation was made for intervening dates, and for the years 1933 and 1936 change was computed at the same rate as observed. in the preceding four years. A 83-84. Telegraph systems, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. The data for investment less depreciation from the Census of Electrical Industries for the years 1922, 1927, 1932, and 1937 were supplemented by interpolations which took into account the changes noted in the annual reports of a large group of com- panies to the Interstate Commerce Commission. A 85. Telephone systems, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. Data for the years 1922, 1927, 1932, and 1937 were from the same source as those for telegraph companies and inter- polations were made in the same manner. A 86. Pullman and other cars not owned by railroads, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. Data for cars of the Pullman NATIONAL WEALTH Text: A 86-101 Company and of the express companies were obtained from the annual report on Statistics of Railways of the Interstate Commerce Commission. The number of freight cars owned by shippers was furnished by the American Railway Car Institute. This organiza- tion computed the total value of such cars for two years and, on the basis of average values and number of cars, interpolations vere made for other years. A 87. Pipe lines, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. Annual data are available in the report on Statistics of Railways of the Interstate Commerce Commission. A 88-89. Shipping and canals, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. The value of ships of the United States Navy is reported annually by the Navy Department. Value of other ship- ping and canals was based on data for capital assets (lands, build- ings, and equipment) for 1930 to 1936 for corporations engaged in “Water Transportation,” defined as “ocean and fresh-water lines, canals, docking, drawbridge -operating, lighterage, salvaging, piloting, wharfing, and lessors.” The information was drawn from its work sheets by the Bureau of Internal Revenue and furnished the National Industrial Conference Board. For earlier years figures were computed in proportion to changes in the documented shipping of the United States and with consideration of changes in the prevailing price levels. A 90. Privately owned waterworks, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. Data for the years 1930 to 1936 were fur- nished from unpublished records by the Bureau of Internal Rev- enue. For earlier years, population changes of towns supplied by private waterworks were taken into account in computing the investment. A 91. Privately owned central electric light and power stations, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. The data for the years 1922, 1927, 1932, and 1937 were obtained from the Census of Electrical Industries. The interpolation for the intervening years was made on a straight-line basis for each State individually, and the results added to obtain the totals. A 92. Stocks in the hands of producers: Farmers, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. For a few of the principal crops, the Department of Agriculture has computed the value of crops remaining in farmers’ hands unsold at the end of the year. For other crops, holdings expressed in bushels can be converted into values. For other important crops, figures are available for production and farm value, but not for stocks, and these were computed in the same ratio as for the group of crops for which figures were available. The crops for which values were given or computed represent practically all the important crops of which an appreciable amount remains unsold in farmers’ hands at the end of the year. A 93. Stocks in the hands of producers: Manufacturers, 1922- 1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. For the years 1926 to 19386, the inventories of manufacturing corporations given in the Statistics of Income were supplemented by proper allowances for nonreporting corporations and noncorporate enterprises. For the earlier years’ inventories were computed in the same ratio to gross sales (data for which are available) as in the later years. A 94. Stocks in the hands of producers: Mine operators, 1922— 1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. For the years 1926 to 1936, data for the inventories of mining and quarrying corporations are available in the Statistics of Income, and they were extended backward to 1922 in the same ratio that these inventories bore in the later period to the total value of all mineral production. A 95. Stocks in the hands of dealers: Wholesalers, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. Information regarding stocks and sales of dealers is available in the Census of Distribution for 1929, 1938, and 1935. By means of a sample census in 1937, esti- mates may be made for 1936. Official estimates for sales in other years have been made by the Department of Commerce and in- ventories may be computed. For the years before 1929, total sales were computed as a percentage of the total value of movable goods produced in the United States as computed by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce for census years with interpola- tions for other years. Inventories were then computed as a per- centage of such estimated sales. A 96. Stocks in the hands of dealers: Retailers, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. Data for stocks and sales of retailers parallel to those for wholesalers are available in the Cen- sus of Distribution. It was observed that retail sales were an almost constant proportion of the estimated national income, and this ratio was used to estimate retail sales before 1929, from which sales estimates, the inventory estimates were computed. A 97 Stocks of goods in the hands of consumers, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. These figures are a projection of those found in the Bureau of the Census estimate for 1922. A study of the production, exports, and imports of a large number of articles of personal consumption was made and an index of change since 1932 was computed. The application of this index to the Cen- sus estimates provided the estimates used by the Board. A 98. Motor vehicles, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. A complex study of motor vehicle production, registra- tion, mortality, prices, and depreciation was required. From regis- tration figures the number of vehicles in use was obtained; from pro- duction and mortality figures, the number of each age in each year; from the original price of each year’s product and the amount of depreciation, the value of cars of each age in each year was deter- mined, and the sum of the latter gave the total value of all cars in use. A 99. Gold and silver coin and bullion, 1922-1937. SOURCE: See text for series A 75-99. Monetary gold was figured at official rates; monetary silver, at the New York price for fine silver. A 100. Value of land and buildings on Manhattan Island, 1833- 1945. SOURCE: Lawyers Title Corporation of New York. These amounts represent totals for which all land and buildings on Man- hattan Island might have sold under price levels prevailing at the time. They are computed from total assessed valuation of all land and buildings at the percentage above or below assessments shown by considerations paid in all sales at the time of sale. Income: Series A 101-207 A 101-207. General note. The general idea underlying the vary- ing definitions of national income is clearest in the hypothetical case of a nation populated solely by subsistence farmers, each farm family being self-sufficient. In such a nation, the income of each farmer would be the produce of his farm. As a producer, he could be thought of as earning wages, profits, rent, and interest from his farm in the form of produce. As a consumer, he could be thought of as “buying” from his farm all the goods and services needed for his family’s living, and “investing” the remainder of his output to maintain and improve the farm. The national income of this hypothetical nation would be the value of the aggregate produce of all farms, classified into wages, profits, rent, and interest received in kind by farmers as producers. The national product would also be the value of the aggregate produce of all farms, classified into output “purchased” by farmers as consumers plus the output “invested.” In order to summarize these national aggregates, of course, it would be necessary to place values on the various items of output and then to total up the values. For different purposes, different bases of valuation are appropriate. For example, it may be felt that the contribution of a given item of output to the national wel- fare is measured in some sense by the market value of that item. To obtain a national aggregate related to welfare, then, output would be valued at market prices. On the other hand, the use of labor and capital required to produce a good may be measured in some sense by the labor and capital costs of producing it. To ob- tain a national aggregate measuring cost or input of economic effort, then, output would be valued at the labor and capital costs (“factor cost’) of production. Text: A 101-117 WEALTH AND INCOME The logic underlying this is that the market prices of goods are proportional to the marginal utilities (or marginal substitution ratios) of those goods, so that a deflated series of estimates of na- tional income at market prices is a composite index of physical quantities each weighted by its marginal utility; similarly, factor costs of goods tend to be proportional to the marginal costs of those goods, so that a deflated series of estimates of national income valued at factor cost is a composite index of physical quantities each weighted by its marginal cost. (See J. R. Hicks, “Valuation of the Social Income” in Economica, vol. VII (new series), No. 26, May 1940.) For different purposes, different bases for classifying the items of output are appropriate. Those interested in marketing want dif- ferent classifications than those interested in utilization of available resources, or in human welfare. The data are presented in the tab- ular pages in such a way as to reflect these and other interests. Extensive discussions of national income and product theory and statistics are found in the following: National Income and Product Statistics of the United States, 1929-46, comprising the National Income Supplement to Survey of Current Business, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washing- ton, D. C., July 1947 Hicks, J. R., and Albert Gaylord Hart, The Social Framework of the American Economy, Oxford University Press, New York, 1945 Kuznets, Simon, National Income and Its Composition, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1941 Kuznets, Simon, National Income: A Summary of Findings, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1946 Kuznets, Simon, Commodity Flow and Capital Formation, Na- tional Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1938 Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, Studies in In- come and Wealth, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1937 and annually thereafter Fabricant, Solomon, Capital Consumption and Adjustment, Na- tional Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1938 Shaw, W. H., “The Gross Flow of Finished Commodities and New Construction, 1929-41,” Survey of Current Business, XXII, Washington, D. C., April 1942, pp. 13-20 Merwin, Charles L., “National Income. What It Is; How It Is Measured,” Dun’s Review, vol. 50, No. 2172, August 1942, Dun and Bradstreet, Inc., New York, pp. 16-19 and 32-33 Merwin, Charles L., ‘National Income, a Practical Yardstick,” Dun’s Review, vol. 50, No. 2175, November 1942, pp. 12-15 and 32-33 Gilbert, Milton, and Jaszi, George, ‘National Product and In- come Statistics as an Aid in Economic Problems,” Dun’s Review, vol. 52, No. 2190, February 1944, pp. 9-11 and 30-38 Gilbert, Milton, and Jaszi, George, ‘National Product Statistics Help Interpret Wartime Economy,” Dun’s Review, vol. 52, No. 2191, March 1944, pp. 12-14 and 26-37 National Resources Committee, Consumer Purchases Study: Consumer Incomes in the United States, Washington, D. C., United States Government Printing Office, 1938 A 101-144. Estimates of gross national product, national in- come, and personal income (revised, July 1947), 1929-1945. SOURCE: Department of Commerce, Office of Business Economics, National Income and Product Statistics of the United States, 1929- 16, comprising the National Income Supplement to Survey of Cur- rent Business, July 1947, p. 19. In 1948 the Office of Business Economics was preparing a detailed explanation of the analyti- cal significance of these series and the statistical methodology underlying them. The definitions for specific series given below are abridged fromthe National Income Supplement, pp. 8-10. For an explanation of the concept of national income, see general note for series A 101-207, akove. For earlier unrevised time series in these fields, carried back to 1909 for some categories, see Basic Facts on Employment and Production, comprising a Report to the Committee on Banking and Currency, Senate Committee Print No. 4, 79th Congress, 1st Session, Washington, D. C., 1945. A 101-116. Gross national product or expenditure (revised, July 1947), 1929-1945. SOURCE: See text for series A 101-144, above. Estimates are presented by categories designed to answer ¢ These series are brought to date regularly in month'y Survey of Current Busi- ness. For figures through 1947, with 1947, with 1944-45 revised, see July 1948 issue. 6 the questions: “Who purchases the output?” and ‘‘How is the out- put used?’ These questions are salient from the marketing stand- point. The values are at market prices which are more suitable than factor costs for dealing with problems of marketing and con- sumption. A 101. Gross national product (revised, July 1947). SOURCE: See text for series A 101-144, above. Gross national product or expenditure is here defined as the market value of the output of goods and services produced by the Nation’s economy, before de- duction of depreciation charges and other allowances for business and institutional consumption of durable capital goods. Other business products used up by business in the accounting period are excluded. The Nation’s. economy in this context refers to the labor and property supplied by residents of the Nation. Gross national product comprises the purchases of goods and services by consumers and government, gross private domestic invest- ment, and net foreign investment. A 102-105. Personal consumption expenditures (revised, July 1947). SOURCE: See text for series A 101-144, above. These con- sist of the market value of purchases of goods and services by indi- viduals and nonprofit institutions and the value of food, clothing, housing, and financial services received by them as income in kind. They include the rental value of owner-occupied houses but ex- clude purchases of dwellings, which are classed as capital goods. A 106-111. Gross private domestic investment (revised, July 1947). SOURCE: See text for series A 101-144, above. This consists of acquisitions of newly produced capital goods by private business and nonprofit institutions and of the value of the change in the volume of inventories held by them. A 112. Net foreign investment (revised, July 1947). SOURCE: See text for series A 101-144, above. Net foreign investment is the net change in international assets and liabilities, including the monetary gold stock, arising out of the current international flows of goods and services, factor incomes, and cash gifts and contri- butions. A 113-116. Government purchases of goods and services (re- vised, July 1947). SOURCE: See text for series A 101-144, above. The total measures purchases of goods and services by government bodies, exclusive of acquisitions of land and used depreciable as- sets and of current outlays of government enterprises. It excludes government interest, subsidies, social insurance and veterans’ benefits, direct relief, etc. Sales to abroad and domestic sales of consumption goods and materials (series A 115) are netted out. A 117-133. National income by distributive shares (revised, July 1947), 1929-1945. SOURCE: See text for series A 101-144, above. From the standpoint of producers and others interested primarily in the productive process, the salient questions to be answered relate to the utilization of available resources or to the distribution of returns. The utilization of available resources may occasionally, as in wartime, become of immediate interest to con- sumers. Normally, however, those primarily concerned are the producers who are making the resources available, because such utilization represents the demand for their services and hence the source of their income. These series illustrate one of the classifi- cations most frequently used in this connection. The relationship of utilization to personal income is brought out by a comparison with series A 169-175 which shows aggregate payments of income similarly classified. The two groups of series differ only superficially in the items shown. The essential difference is that the total in series A 117 represents use of resources—income earned by the factors of production—while the total of series A 169- 175 represents income received as a reward for such use. Some parts of income earned, such as corporate savings, have definitely not been received by the individuals concerned and indeed may never be received by them. Such items are deliberately excluded from series A 169-175. On the other hand, individuals frequently re- ceive personal income which does not appear to reflect any use of resources. INCOME Text: A 117-168 A 117. National income (revised, July 1947). SOURCE: See text for series A 101-144, above. This series is defined as the aggregate earnings of labor and property which arise from the current pro- duction of goods and services by the Nation’s economy. The Nation’s economy in this context refers to the labor and property supplied by residents of the Nation. Earnings are recorded in the forms in which they accrue to residents of the Nation, inclusive of taxes on those earnings. As such they consist of the compensation of employees, the profits of corporate and unincorporated enter- prises, net interest, and the rental income flowing to persons. A 118-123. Compensation of employees (revised, July 1947). SOURCE: See text for series A 101-144, above. This is the income accruing to persons in an employee status as remuneration for their work. From the employer’s standpoint, it is the direct cost of employing labor. A 123. Supplements to wages and salaries (revised, July 1947). SOURCE: See text for series A 101-144, above. Supplements in- clude employer contributions for social insurance and to private pension and welfare funds, compensation for injuries, directors’ fees, pay of the military reserve, etc. ’ A 124-127. Proprietors’ and rental income (revised, July 1947). SOURCE: See text for series A 101-144, above. Proprietors’ income measures the monetary earnings and income in kind of sole proprietorships, partnerships, and producers’ cooperatives from their current business operations. Rental income of persons is similar but is supplementary rather than occupational income for the most part. An inventory valuation adjustment has been made in series A 124-125 corresponding to that described in text for series A 132. No valuation adjustment is required for farm inven- tories because farm income, unlike other business income, is measured exclusive of inventory profits. A 127. Rental income of persons (revised, July 1947). SOURCE: See text for series A 101-144, above. This consists of the monetary earnings of persons from the rental of real property, except those of persons primarily engaged in the real estate business; the im- puted net rental returns to owner-occupants of nonfarm dwellings; and royalties received by persons. A 128-131. Corporate profits (revised, July 1947). SOURCE: See text for series A 101-144, above. The corporate profits com- ponent of national income measures the earnings of.corporations organized for profit which accrue to residents of the Nation, measured before Federal and State profit taxes, without deduction of depletion charges and exclusive of capital gains and losses. A 132. Inventory valuation adjustment. SOURCE: See text for series A 101-144, above. In estimating the corporate profits com- ponent of national income (series A 128) an adjustment is made to series A 129 to approximate the same measure of profits that would be obtained if businesses valued their cost of goods sold at average cost-prices current during the year rather than at historical or book costs. The common accounting procedure is to calculate cost of goods sold as equal to Beginning inventory plus Purchases minus Ending inventory. The unit cost-prices reflected in the book value of the Beginning and Ending inventories may differ from the average cost-prices of the year, and an adjustment is then needed to re- move the effect of the difference. This adjustment entails repricing the Beginning and Ending inventories in terms of the year’s average cost-prices. Substitution of these repriced inventories in the above common accounting formula, B plus P minus E, yields cost of goods sold valued at average cost-prices current during the year. When average current costs so computed exceed book costs, the latter should theoretically be adjusted upward to.the former for national income purposes; this requires an equal downward ad- justment in profits, and series A 132 is then negative. Contrari- wise, when average current costs are less than book costs, the latter should be adjusted downward and profits upward by the amount of the difference, and series A 132 is then positive. To generalize, any difference between the current costs and the book costs calls 373374 O- 56 - 2 for a correction in the latter and for an equal but opposite correction in book profits. A negative inventory valuation adjustment, nu- merically, is the amount by which book costs are an understate- ment of average current costs, and a positive adjustment measures a corresponding relative overstatement in book costs. A 133. Net interest (revised, July 1947). SOURCE: See text for series A 101-144, above. This measures the monetary interest and the imputed interest accruing to the Nation’s residents from pri- vate business and from abroad, minus government interest dis- bursements to corporations. Imputed interest consists of the value of financial services received by persons without explicit payment and property income withheld by life insurance companies and mutual financial intermediaries on the account of persons. A 134-144. Personal income and disposition of personal income (revised, July 1947), 1929-1945. SOURCE: See text for series A 101-144, above. Personal income is the current income received by persons from all sources, inclusive of transfers from govern- ment and business but exclusive of transfers among persons. Not only individuals (including owners of unincorporated enterprises), but nonprofit institutions, private trust funds, and private pension and welfare funds are classified as ‘‘persons.” Personal income is measured as the sum of wage and salary receipts, other labor in- come, proprietors’ and rental income, interest and dividends, and transfer payments. It is equal to national income minus such un- realized items as corporate-profits taxes and undistributed profits, and plus such items not currently earned as public debt interest and transfer payments. The total is conceptually similar to that distributed in series A 169-175. The income series shown here are now kept current on a monthly basis in the Survey of Current Business. For 1944-45 revisions, see July 1948 issue. A 145-153. Estimates of national income and aggregate pay- ments (Kuznets), percentage distribution by industry, 1869-1938. SOURCE: Simon Kuznets, National Income: A Summary of Find- ings, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1946, p. 40. See text for series A 154-164, below. These series are sug- gestive of trends in the industrial structure of the economy, de- spite limitations due to imperfect interperiod comparability and to weaknesses in the basic data for the earlier years. Figures indicated as ‘based on NBER estimates. . .”” are noted in the source as averages of annual estimates appearing in Kuznets, Simon, National Income and Its Composition, cited above, vol. 1, table 59. Figures indicated as ‘‘based on Martin’s estimates. . .”” are noted in the source as based on estimates in Martin, R. F., National Income in the United States, 1799-1938, National Industrial Con- ference Board, New York, 1939. See also general note for series A 101-207, above. A 154-164. Estimates of realized private production income, by industries (National Industrial Conference Board), 1799-1938. SOURCE: The National Industrial Conference Board, Enterprise and Social Progress, New York, 1939, p. 95. A form of classification of considerable interest in connection with resource utilization emphasizes the relative importance of various industries as users of resources. The income and product estimates in these and other tables presented here are more reliable for the 20th than for the 19th century, and more reliable for the years after 1869 than before. See also general note for series A 101- 207, above. A 165-168. Percent of population with purchasing power equiv- alent to specified number of 1929 dollars (Tucker), selected years, 1863-1935. SOURCE: Rufus S. Tucker, “The Distribution of In« come Among Income Taxpayers in the United States, 1863-1935,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, August 1938, pp. 574-575. See also general note for series A 101-207, above. One additional classification system used in income statistics deserves attention. This is the classification of personal incomes according to size. Series A 165-168 present the longest time series of this nature available for the United States. The distribution shown is based on income tax statistics and shows, for selected years since 1863, the percentages of the population with “middle- 7 Text: A 165-207 WEALTH AND INCOME class” and with “upper-class’ personal incomes. The dollar limits of these two classes are arbitrarily assigned. The “middle class” is represented by three series corresponding to three alternative defi- nitions which place the lower limit for incomes in this class at $2,000, $3,000, and $4,000, respectively. The population series used as base for the percentages shown includes housewives, children, the aged, and other, non-income-earning groups; most of these in- dividuals were undoubtedly supported by the income recipients counted. Consequently, this table does not imply the tremendous inequality of incomes which an uncritical examination of it might suggest. It was rather designed to bring out changes over time in the size of the middle and wealthy classes. Because of limitations in the basic data available alike for the determination of incomes and for the conversion of these incomes into dollars of 1929 purchasing power, these estimates are inevitably subject to a substantial margin of error. They are given here be- cause they are believed to represent the best statistical approxima- tion ever made to the facts concerned. A 169-175. Estimates of aggregate payments (Kuznets), per- centage distribution by type. 1870-1938. SOURCE: Simon Kuznets, National Income: A Summary of Findings, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1946, p. 50. The primary sources of these data are as follows: NBER estimates from Kuznets, Na- tional Income and Its Composition, vol. 1, table 22; Martin’s esti- mates from Martin, R. F., National Income in the United States, 1799-1938, National Industrial Conference Board, New York, 1939, tables 4, 41-44, and 46; King’s estimates from King, W. IL., The Wealth and Income of the People of the United States, New York, 1919, table XXXI, p. 160. See also general note for series A 101-207, above. The temporal shifts indicated in series A 165-168 are the result- ants of many economic forces working together. Most of these forces operate through the industry and share classifications of national income discussed above, to impinge on the size distribu- tion through the relationship of resource utilization to personal income. Series A 169-175 are presented to suggest one type of shift in resource utilization patterns which is particularly significant in determining cyclical changes in the size distribution. Its signifi- cance is analyzed on pp. 49-52 and 97-106 of National Income: A Summary of Findings. The same subject is considered on pages 124-132 of the National Industrial Conference Board, Enterprise and Social Progress (see text to series A 176-194, below). The limitations indicated for series A 145-153, above, also apply here. A 176-194. Estimates of percent of national income in the United States received by specified proportion of recipients arranged ac- cording to size of income (National Industrial Conference Board), selected years, 1910-1937. SOURCE: National Industrial Confer- ence Board, Enterprise and Social Progress, 1939, p. 125. See also general note for series A 101-207, above. These series attempt to avoid the problem of price fluctuations by classifying income recipients according to their rank in size of income rather than by dollar amounts of income received. In series A 185-194, recipients are divided into ten numerically equal classes distinguished according to the relative size of the members’ in- comes, and the proportionate share of each class in total personal income is tabulated for selected years. In series A 176- 184, these shares are cumulated from the top class down to indicate the share of the most prosperous 10 percent, 20 percent, ete., of the popula- tion. All these percentages are based on estimates by Spahr, King, Macaulay, Leven, and the National Industrial Conference Board, varying in concepts and reliability. They have been adjusted to make them comparable from year to year by means of rough statis- tical techniques involving compensatory shifts in class limits, and cannot pretend to exactness. Series A 176-194 are included here because this presentation utilizes estimates representing complete distributions and therefore provides otherwise unobtainable data on income shifts in the lower income classes over a long period. A 195-197. Estimates of annual changes in percentage shares of total income payments received by upper and lower income groups 8 (Kuznets), 1919-1938. SOURCE: Simon Kuznets, National Income: A Summary of Findings, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1946, p. 99. See also general note for series A 101-207, above. These series employ the same general mode of analysis as series A 176-194, distribution being divided into groups based on the size rank of the personal incomes, and the percentage share of each group being tabulated for each year. The existence of income tax and other data for the top income classes in these years has made possible a high degree of conceptual refinement; the definition of income payments in these series excludes capital gains, gifts, and other such transfers, while it was impossible to exclude these items from series A 176-194. A 198-207. Estimates of gross and net national product, aver- ages per year by decades, 1869-1938. SOURCE: Simon Kuznets, Na- tional Product Since 1869, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1946, p. 119. See also general note for series A 101— 207, above. Data reflect a peacetime concept. ‘‘In the peacetime concept of national product, war goods are treated as a species of capital . ,” and “‘capital formation is the sum of new construction, whether for war or other purposes (both excluding maintenance repairs); flow of producers’ durable equipment to final users, in- cluding war types; net flow into all inventories, except final con- sumers’; net changes in claims against foreign countries, no matter how originated in the production process.” See source volume, pp. 13-14. As has been pointed out above, the appropriate basis of valu- ation and of classification varies with the purpose to be served by the estimates. One further variation according to purpose should be noted—variation in degree of ‘‘grossness.” In the hypothetical nation of subsistence farmers, the aggregate produce of all farms could be taken to include feed, seed, and fertilizer subsequently used up in the process of raising crops and livestock for consump- tion. It could be taken, exclusive of these, to include only the out- put actually available for human consumption and for maintain- ing and improving the farm. Alternatively it could be taken to in- clude only produce available for human consumption and farm improvement, or it could be taken to include only produce avail- able for human consumption. That is, output could be defined exclusive of producers’ nondur- able goods, of producers’ nondurable and durable replacement goods, or of all producers’ goods. The two alternatives most com- monly adopted are the first and second of these three. Series A 201 and A 202 illustrate these two alternatives and the manner in which they are derived. Capital formation here is defined in both variants to exclude output of producers’ nondurable goods. “Gross” capital formation (series A 199) includes producers’ durable goods whether for replacement or expansion, and ‘‘net’ capital formation (series A 200) includes only the output of such goods representing expansion in the productive assets of the economy. These notes also apply to the corresponding series in 1929 prices (A 203-207). For most purposes the gross capital formation and gross national product figures are the more appropriate. From the viewpoint of the sales manager, an order is an order regardless of whether the buyer plans to use the goods for replacement or for expansion. From the viewpoint of ‘the business forecaster, the contribution of the producers’ goods industries to the Nation’s purchasing power is dependent upon the level, rather than upon the nature, of the demand for producers’ goods. Finally, the economic factors which determine the level of this demand operate so that replacement and expansion purchases rise and fall together. From the standpoint of objective welfare, however, the using up of goods in the productive process is an offset to the gross output. On the subjective side, too, product which the owner considers it necessary to set aside for replacement needs is scarcely on a par with product which he considers available for improving his con- sumption or increasing his assets. When considerations like these are dominant, it is appropriate to exclude all capital consumption, Series A 1.—NarionaL WEALTH— ToraL VaLuvartioNn of ALL THE REean anp Personal PROPERTY IN THE UNITED States (Brop- GET): 1774 To 1807 NATIONAL WEALTH (BurcHARD): 1825 To 1880 Data: A 1-41 Series A 2.—NationaL WeaLTH—EstimaTED Narionar WEeaLTa Estimated for 1825 to 1850 from census returns of 1850 and official valuation of houses, lands, and slaves in 1815, according to Pitkins Statistics (1835 edition), p. 313. For estimating method, 1851-1880, see text Millions 0! YEAR dollars YEAR or ov ov oo Millions Millions Millions Millions 0! of of of YEAR dollars YEAR dollars YEAR dollars YEAR dollars 2 2 2 2 Millions of dollars 20,820 4,900 19,809 4,759 1 18,838 4,612 17,906 17,013 4,470 4,333 16,160 4,200 15,200 4,071 14,252 3,946 13,318 12,396 3,825 3,708 11,488 3,594 10,591 3,484 9,708 3,377 8,838 3,273 1 The Census valuation of the wealth of the United States in 1870, which is $30,068,518.000, has been reduced to a gold basis (Burchard). Bureau of Census Report, Est mated Nat onal Wealth (compiled as part of the Decennial Report on Wealth, Public Debt, and Taxation), Washington, D. C., 1924, p. 27, gives 24,055 million dollars as 1870 total on gold basis. Series A 3-41.—NATIONAL WEALTH—VALUE OF LAND, REAL ESTATE IMPROVEMENTS, AND EQUIPMENT: 1880 TO 1922 [In millions of dollars. Series A 3-37 are based on reported valuations. Valuation base: M=Market; B=Book] TAXABLE INDUSTRIAL Agriculture (M) Mining (B) Manufacturing (B) Other industrial (M) YEAR : Improve- Equip- Improve- Equip- Improve- Equip- Improve- Equip- Land ments ment Land ments ment Land ments ment Land ments ment 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 41,541 11,169 2,292 3,362 1,120 2,001 4,328 8,772 15,949 9,382 8,320 5,901 31,574 6,889 1,392 2,109 644 980 1,700 3,450 6,091 5,382 6,044 3,809 13,058 3,557 750 1,189 325 399 1,027 1,450 2,543 3,507 3,173 2,227 10,623 2,656 494 818 201 202 776 879 1,584 2,844 2,491 1,778 ,15 2,039 407 364 91 143 320 363 670 1,293 1,374 889 TAXABLE PUBLIC UTILITY Steam railroads (B) Street railways (B) Telephone and telegraph (B) Shipping and canals YEAR < Improve- Equip- Improve- Equip- Improve- Equip- Improve- Equip- Land ments ment Land ments ment Land ments ment Land (B) ments (B) | ment (M) 15 16 17 18" 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26, 3,202 13,220 4,905 455 3,339 1,265 7 1,026 1,463 511 511 1,022 2,602 10,672 3,134 434 3,156 1,007 41 549 714 454 454 785 1,741 7,054 1,468 157 1,131 288 20 250 292 2317 237 343 1,494 5,794 846 41 288 60 9 103 113 176 176 221 886 3,376 418 15 104 19 5 52 55 145 145 156 TAXABLE PUBLIC UTILITY—con. TAX EXEMPT (B) on 3% RESIDENTIAL Electric light and power (B) Other taxable public utility (B) NON:RESIDRNTIAN YEAR Improve- Equip- Improve- Equip- Improve- Equip- Improve- Land ments ment Land ments ment Land ments ment Lend ments 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 2,113 1,692 109 1,314 534 11,065 7,164 2,536 36,011 31,904 1,100 iid 59 919 154 6,689 4,258 1,507 18,455 20,676 228 134 34 489 108 3,307 2,061 730 10,513 9,627 44 23 24 334 81 2,170 1,237 438 7,687 6,736 meme A RE 17 250 51 1,152 626 222 3,170 3,361 REAL ESTATE IMPROVEMENTS AND EQUIPMENT REAL ESTATE IMPROVEMENTS AND EQUIPMENT (1929 PRICES) (1929 PRICES) YEAR Taxable Taxable YEAR Taxable Taxable (DECEMBER 1) private public Tax exempt | Residential (JUNE 1) private public Tax exempt | Residential industrial utility industrial utility 38 39 40 41 38 39 40 41 60,452 58,000 25,127 40,682 32,639 27,032 6,292 22,522 64,088 45,413 13,996 34,603 23,088 17,362 3,558 16,271 56,252 46,882 11,578 39,685 12,524 9,953 1,749 7,964 Data: A 42-74 WEALTH AND INCOME Series A 42-74.—NATIONAL WEALTH—ITEMS OF NATIONAL WEALTH, CENSUS BUREAU VALUATIONS: 1880 TO 1922 [In millions of dollars. This table is intended to bring together, in broadly related groupings, the actual observations shown in the source volumes, with minimum dis- turbance of values and descriptions. The column headings are artificial since they represent composites of the descriptions employed at the various censuses of valua- tion and wealth. Since total and subtotal series have been treated independently of detail series, details do not always add to totals. Leaders (....) indicate that the source volume did not report the specified item separately for the given year] REAL PROPERTY AND IMPROVEMENTS LIVESTOCK, FARM MACHINERY, TOOLS, Taxed AND EQUIPMENT Manufactur- Total i i jue YEAR national Mines and ivestoc! machinery, Real 3 Tax ’ Farm wealth Other than : quarries, farm ; tools, and propertyand | io0 ang | Mines and including SXempL machinery, | Livestock implements equipment improve- : quarries ducts tools nd an thouts quarries produc ools, aj machinery on hand equipment 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 1922 (Dee. 31)... Lard 8 eben Total ¢ Citrus STA Jlrs, fruit 1 Fresh Canned weight) 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 143.8 70.7 65.9 7.2 39.5 11.5 4.0 143.8 1065.4 114.7 10.3 6.1 265 1143.2 152.8 66.0 80.2 6.6 41.2 12.6 3.9 143.8 1067.8 1 9.3 9.9 6.4 254 1134.6 138.6 57.7 74.5 6.4 41.8 13.1 3.9 120.4 1059.7 112.9 6.9 6.0 237 1134.5 139.8 69.4 62.7 7.2 44.4 13.1 2.1 129.7 1057.0 16.4 8.2 4.5 254 38.7 141.9 67.8 67.3 6.8 47.4 13.7 2.7 147.8 157.1 11.9 8.4 4.0 241 38.8 141.7 62.1 73.0 6.6 46.3 14.8 2.4 143.3 56.8 19.0 6.9 6.4 240 35.2 132.8 61.9 64.3 6.6 , 46.2 12.6 2.3 152.5 60.9 15.9 6.1 6.2 243 81.6 126.2 61.6 57.8 6.8 44.9 11.0 2.9 134.1 48.8 15.3 4.8 5.4 247 31.8 125.4 63.4 55.4 6.6 44.7 10.5 3.1 141.7 44.1 18.4 4.5 5.5 235 82.9 127.4 66.0 54.8 6.6 44.8 12.2 3.0 128.1 45.8 16.6 2.4 5.4 219 29.4 12 115.9 61.0 48.1 6.8 43.1 9.5 3.0 136.0 44.3 13.3 2.0 5.8 231 30.2 12 146.0 74.6 65.0 6.4 43.9 12.9 2.1 118.5 39.5 12.4 0.6 5.4 218 25.2 134.6 58.3 69.6 8.7 42.5 13.9 1.9 126.4 39.1 11.7 0.4 5.2 213 21.5 130.3 53.0 70.3 7.0 42.2 14.3 1.6 128.3 36.5 10.2 0.4 5.4 227 21.4 130.0 54.9 68.0 7.1 43.6 13.5 1.8 163.2 42.0 10.8 0.4 4.7 222 22.8 128.3 55.1 66.6 6.6 44.3 12.6 2.6 134.2 31.0 12.8 0.3 5.3 213 29.0 131.3 56.0 69.7 5.6 44.5 12.7 2.9 144.3 39.8 12.3 0.3 5.2 223 28.4 131.6 55.2 70.9 5.5 43.6 13.2 2.6 150.4 29.5 12.6 0.1 5.9 207 24.3 134.8 61.8 67.7 5.8 43.1 12.7 2.3 180.5 32.2 12.6 0.3 6.1 215 22.8 138.0 68.5 64.1 5.4 43.6 12.2 2.0 165.9 31.4 12.0 0.2 6.0 203 22.9 140.0 68.0 66.8 5.2 42.9 12.2 2.0 136.2 28.9 1n.1 0.2 6.2 202 28.8 147.3 68.1 74.0 5.2 41.3 14.2 2.0 151.5 33.8 8.9 0.1 6.3 208 22.5 147.3 67.8 74.2 5.8 41.7 14.3 2.0 147.7 32.5 9.0 0.3 5.4 191 23.8 137.8 66.9 65.8 5.1 39.7 13.2 1.7 147.9 24.6 7.5 0.2 6.4 211 20.6 134.0 63.1 64.8 6.1 36.1 10.8 2.0 115.7 30.5 8.2 0.8 5.4 194 14.8 136.1 67.1 63.6 5.4 36.2 12.0 3.4 145.3 26.0 9.4 0.6 6.5 220 19.2 138.9 69.3 63.9 5.7 39.9 10.7 3.4 124.8 23.5 9.7 0.3 6.7 194 18.3 141.7 75.8 61.1 4.8 40.0 11.9 3.8 121.9 16.4 7.5 0.4 4.3 190 24.0 135.38 1.9 58.9 4.5 36.7 10.1 2.7 132.2 22.0 1:7 0.3 6.1 186 21. 140.2 65.3 69.0 5.9 38.5 11.7 1.8 136.0 22.0 7.1 0.4 5.0 188 17.8 134.9 62.3 66.5 6:1 39.6 11.6 1.4 158.6 23.1 5.6 0.6 4.9 195 15.6 140.0 67.8 65.1 7.3 40.1 10.7 1.4 164.5 24.1 5.7 0.1 4.0 187 20.2 148.7 69.6 66.9 1.2 36.8 10.8 1.5 134.9 16.6 4.2 0.8 3.4 187 18.5 145.8 1.4 66.7 7.17 35.3 11.8 1.5 159.6 18.5 4.2 0.4 4.4 197 20.8 152.0 75.6 69.1 i 1 — 11.8 1.1 156.5 19.8 3.9 0.2 4.1 181 16.9 146.4 77.6 62.3 6.5 12.3 1.6 137.9 17.8 3.6 0.5 3.3 194 14.6 155.2 81.5 67.0 6.7 12.2 1.2 137.9 16.1 a i Mt 4.0 202 14.5 163.3 79.3 77.7 6.3 14.4 131.0 158.2 77.8 74.1 6.3 13.2 30.9 155.6 78.3 71.0 6.3 1.7 130.8 155.1 71.9 70.9 6. 11.8 130.6 152.7 75.6 70.6 6. 12.5 130.6 152.1 76.9 68.2 Ts 11.8 130.6 144.9 71.0 66.8 7. 12.1 130.9 151.2 73.3 70.8 7. 12.9 131.6 150.7 72.8 71.9 6.8 Io owwwsase 13.2 151.8) Jeu ave dut]svinruivals ens dsmmsl smn sen] suse tes nny enn st) SE emi 150.7 72.4 71.8 88 [or eee Be BE | EE SE DAIRY PRODUCTS v ite 28s, icken Su Con- farm and ugar, Coffee Total cane Wheat | Peanuts ( i : densed Butter, and turkey 2 green Sweet~ y milk for Fluid ’ and beet | flour 2 | shelled 3 bi YEAR! Potatoes | potatoes Dre human | milk and 228 Cheese 17 tar and dome Sax od, (refined) on consump-| cream 13 ) aig tion 1 mille 16 sry 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 129 19.7 7.7 794 433 18.3 5.9 10.9 397 33.2 73.6 164.2 6.8 16.7 127 19.4 7.8 780 412 16.1 4.9 12.0 350 80.1 89.1 162.2 6.3 15.8 133 21.6 9.0 769 393 18.6 5.0 11.7 346 33.9 80.4 162.7 6.8 18.0 125 20.9 11.1 837 372 18.3 6.3 15.7 316 27.1 86.3 155.7 4.8 13.4 128 20.2 8.8 806 350 18.3 6.0 15.9 311 23.8 103.7 152.2 5.0 15.6 130 19.3 8.3 821 343 19.2 6.0 16.9 317 22.2 95.2 147.4 4.3 15.6 121 21.0 9.2 824 344 17.7 5.9 17.3 311 21.7 98.0 151.4 4.6 14.9 132 22.9 9.6 794 338 17.1 5.8 16.4 308 19.5 95.0 153.4 4.4 14.8 126 22.5 7.8 797 342 16.6 5.5 16.4 306 20.7 95.8 152.8 4.5 13.3 132 22.8 8.9 791 340 15.8 5.3 16.4 287 20.8 97.2 157.5 4.1 18.7 144 28.6 8.4 799 335 16.1 5.2 17.1 278 20.2 96.4 150.3 3.7 18.4 138 27.4 9.0 813 333 14.9 4.8 18.2 287 21.0 93.5 153.3 4.5 12.3 137 28.2 7.0 812 349 13.7 4.5 17.8 295 22.7 93.1 152.6 4.1 12.7 139 28.9 7.4 830 350 13.9 4.3 18.1 311 21.8 94.1 157.4 4.7 12.4 140 21.7 8.8 835 348 13.3 4.4 18.0 331 21.1 99.9 159.9 3.0 12.9 136 20.7 9.5 815 351 13.5 4.6 17.2 329 23.3 109.1 168.9 4.1 12.5 155 23.8 7.8 812 356 13.6 4.6 17.4 334 21.5 97.0 172.6 4.0 12.2 155 23.7 8.6 805 354 12.2 4.4 17.5 338 20.2 103.7 177.1 4.3 12.0 142 26.6 8.7 813 353 11.6 4.4 18.1 342 21.0 102.4 173.3 3.4 12.1 130 21.8 7.6 818 354 11.8 4.7 18.5 339 19.7 104.5 177.5 3.7 12.3 See footnotes on next page. 53 Data: C 128-155 VITAL STATISTICS, HEALTH, AND NUTRITION Series C 128-155.—NUTRITION—FOCDS, APPARENT CIVILIAN PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION: 1849 TO 1945—Con. [In‘pounds, except eggs] DAIRY PRODUCTS Chicken Eggs. Sugar Coff Total Con- 28s, and gar, olLee : : : farm and cane and | Wheat | Peanuts, reen SEAR 1 Potatoes Kish Dee nilke for Fluid densed doen, nonfarm if beet flour 2 | shelled # ree: hm milk and evepo- Cheese 17 cream. |(@umber) weight) 19| (refined) basis) sump- ergam rated ery 18 tion 4 milk 16 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 4 7. 11.7 4.6 18.0 318 19.8 104.2 176.7 4.2 10.5 0 7. 11.8 4.5 18.0 324 19.2 99.5 174.9 3.1 12.1 .0 5. 11.5 4.3 17.8 327 19.4 90.6 176.1 2.8 12.5 +9 5. 10.9 4.2 17.0 316 18.9 104.4 181.2 3.0 11.6 .3 4. 9.8 4.1 16.2 299 17.8 87.3 177.5 3.5 11.7 .4 5. 8.6 4.0 14.8 299 18.3 85.6 186.3 4.7 11.4 4 5. 9.4 4.1 15.8 303 19.0 86.6 196.0 | -wnzreins 11.6 al Xe 10.3 3.8 13.8 284 17.8 74.7 Yo Tle tne 9.7 2 7. 9.5 4.2 15.8 281 17.7 78.0 198.2]. ein 11.7 .5 5. 9.6 4.0 17.3 299 18.4 76.9 204.9 |3 | 12,924,951 44 4 6,075,179 6,849,772 100.0 47.0 53.0 22,429,625 | 10,532,750 47.0 4,325,116 6,207,634 100.0 41.1 58.9 16,452,835 7,697,196 46.8 2,795,314 4,901,882 100.0 36.3 63.7 111,629,006 5,420,000 46.6 1,700,049 3,719,951 100.0 31.4 68.6 -| 58,639,412 3,931,537 45.5 1,159,084 2,772,453 100.0 29.5 70.5 66,487,815 2,881,000 44 4 812,042 2,068,958 100.0 28.2 71.8 I Figures for 1940 are revised estimates of labor force 14 years old and over; see Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-50, No. 2. Figures for prior years are for gainfully occupied 15 years old and over. 2 See text for explanation of derivation of this figure. 3 Excludes persons in Indian Territory and on Indian reservations, areas speci- ally enumerated at that census, but for which areas no occupation statistics are available. Figures for the remaining area are the corrected figures; for explanation, see analysis of occupation returns for 1890 in Twelfth Census (1900) Special Re- ports, “Occupations,” pp. Ixvi-Ixxiii. 4 Final figures, after reenumeration of Montgomery County, Maryland, in 1841. 5 Includes 9,419 out of 11,130 persons for whom age was not ascertained. 8 See U.S. Bureau of the Census, Supplementary Analysis of Twelfth Census, p. 408. Series D 11-31.—LABOR FORCE—TOTAL IN LABOR FORCE AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS: 1940 TO 1945 {In thousands of persons 14 years old and over. Excludes institutional population. Figures are revised. See Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-50, No. 2] ! TOTAL LABOR FORCE i (INCLUDING ARMED FORCES) CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE i a Total civilian labor force Total employed AVERAGE FOR THE YEAR Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 65,140 45,870 19,270 53,860 34,830 19,030 52,820 34,210 18,610 65,890 46,520 19,370 54,630 35,460 19,170 53,960 35,110 18,850 64,410 45,600 18,810 55,540 36,840 18,700 54,470 36,270 18,200 60,230 44,110 16,120 56,410 40,300 16,110 53,750 38,580 15,170 57,380 42,740 14,640 55,910 41,270 14,640 50,350 37,350 13,000 56,030 41,870 14,160 55,640 41,480 14,160 47,520 35,550 11,970 CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE—continued NOT IN LABOR FORCE AVERAGE Nonagricultural employment Agricultural employment Unemployed FOR THE YEAR Both sexes Male Female | Both sexes Male Female | Both sexes Male Female |Both sexes Male Female 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 44,240 27,600 16,640 8,580 6,610 1,970 1,040 620 420 40,230 6,250 33,980 45,010 28,090 16,920 8,950 7,020 1,930 670 350 320 38,590 5,310 33,280 45,390 29,170 16,220 9,080 7,100 1,980 1,070 570 500 39,100 5,790 33,310 44,500 30,980 13,520 9,250 7,600 1,650 2,660 1,720 940 42,230 6,800 35,430 41,250 29,520 11,730 9,100 7,830 1,270 5,560 3,920 1,640 43,990 7,680 36,310 37,980 27,100 10,880 9,540 8,450 1,090 8,120 5,930 2,190 44,200 8,060 36,140 63 79 Series D 32-46.—LABOR FORCE—SEX AND AGE OF PERSONS 16 YEARS OLD AND OVER IN LABOR FORCE, 1940, AND GAINFUL WORKERS, 1890 TO 1930 BOTH SEXES MALE FEMALE YEAR Total, 16 to 44 45 to 64 65 and Un- Total, 16 to 44 45 to 64 65 and Un- Total, 16 to 44 45 to 64 65 and Un- 16 and over years years over known 16 and over years years over known 16 and over years years over known 32 33 34 35 36 37 . 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 10401. ___ 54,410,000 37,850,000 | 14,840,000 2,220,000 |.-c.-cnn- 40,640,000 26,640,000 12,090,000 14910,000 7c... ..5 13,770,000 | 10,710,000 2,750,000 810,000 cot 1980. ..... 48,162,802 33,491,651 | 12,421,753 2,204,967 44,431 37,617,062 25,140,635 | 10,506,649 1,938,749 31,029 | 10,545,740 8,351,016 1,915,104 266,218 13,402 1920... ...- 41,016,851 29,338,834 9,913,601 1,690,957 73,459 32,738,950 22,626,094 8,561,122 1,494,057 57,677 8,277,901 6,712,740 1,352,479 196,900 15,782 100... ... 35,749,068 26,620,049 7,606,392 1,439,845 82,782 28,738,425 20,808,560 6,595,038 1,265,555 69,272 7,010,643 5,811,489 1,011,354 174,290 13,510 1900_......... 27,323,055 20,222,999 5,803,970 1,202,443 93,643 22,489,425 16,243,180 5,106,440 1,063,856 75,949 4,833,630 3,979,819 697,530 138,587 17,694 1890... 21,814,412 16,161,989 4,546,824 1,009,053 96,546 18,217,797 13,175,321 4,053,074 910,895 78,507 3,596,615 2,986,668 493,750 98,158 18,039 Figures for 1940 are revised. See Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-50, No. 2. Series D 47-61.— LABOR FORCE—INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION OF GAINFUL WORKERS (NBER): 1820 TO 1940 [In thousands of persons| Manufac- Transpor- % - Other Govern- All gainful Agri- Forestry Mining turing Construc- | tation and Trade Finenes i profes- Domestic | personal | ment, not Not YEAR workers culture and and hand tion other public estate service sional service service elsewhere | allocated fisheries trades utilities service classified 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 53,300 9,000 140 1,110 11,940 3,510 4,150 7,180 1,550 1,680 2,320 2,610 3,100 1,690 3,330 47,400 10,180 120 1,160 10,770 3,030 4,810 6,190 1,470 1,630 1,720 2,550 2,500 1,130 145 48,830 10,480 270 1,150 10,990 3,030 4,850 6,030 1,420 1,650 1,760 2,330 2,490 1,050 1,340 41,610 10,680 280 1,230 10,890 2,190 4,200 4,140 800 1,170 1,080 1,700 1,670 920 670 36,720 11,350 250 1,060 8,250 2,310 3,200 3,520 520 900 780 2,150 1,590 540 310 29,070 10,950 210 750 %,250 1,640 2,020 2,870 650 510 1,740 1,020 300 160 23,720 10,170 180 470 4,620 1,400 1,470 2,060 510 350 1,510 680 190 100 17,390 8,570 95 320 3,210 850 1,280 330 200 1,080 390 140 ~100 12,920 6,730 60 190 2,130 700 580 850 190 140 94 270 100 40 12,920 6,850 60 180 2,750 1,350 1,700 30 10,530 6,210 40 170 1,930 780 1,310 90 7,700 4,900 25 90 1,260 420 940 65 5,420 790 895 B80 1 RO ha SSE I he ES ad 1,160 2,880 350 460 ! Comparable with 1940. ? Comparable with data for earlier years. 3 Comparable with data for later years. ej 19-c¢ A SNOILIANOD ONIMYOM ANV ‘SHOVM ‘@0Y0d J0dV1 LABOR FORCE Data: D 62-89 Series D 62-76.—LABOR FORCE—INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED (NICB): 1900 TO 1945 [In thousands of persons. Series D 62, D 64, and D 74 include all persons in military forces] GAINFUL WORKERS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE EMPLOYED Service industries Pyresnt Forestry| Extrac Con Trans Trade, Number 1 Of POPu- Un- Agri- p A ~ |Manufac- 4 "| Public | distribu- Exclud- | Miscel- YEAR mm Employed employed?| culture $ Rd g Lon of turing Sime bares utilities yon, and Total nh Eason and over forces 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 56,769 53.2 61,653 | —4,909 9,833 162 590 13,288 1,360 3,200 960 7,584 23,270 11,953 1,408 56,184 53.1 63,308 | —7,141 10,030 173 642 15,437 1,369 2,932 946 7,484 22,849 11,474 1,447 55,564 53.0 62,026 | —6,472 10,264 188 702 16,205 1,764 2,476 1,021 7,479 20,523 11,594 1,406 54,859 52.9 55,762 —925 10,392 209 780 14,632 2,624 2,27 1,037 7,633 14,947 11,217 1,231 54,156 52.8 51,434 2,699 10,355 215 758 13,198 2,612 2,135 1,015 7,843 12,190 10, 1476 1,114 453,466 52.7 46,683 6,995 10,580 208 756 11,288 1,907 1,948 956 7,631 10,432 9,859 978 53,811 49.1 44,993 8,786 10,739 198 707 10,517 1,610 1,871 934 7,511 9,978 9,609 928 53,229 49.0 43,416 9,796 10,794 201 750 9,538 1,875 1,799 942 7,317 9,316 8,981 884 52,692 49.0 46,279 6,403 10,884 227 865 11,361 1,924 2,016 975 7,549 9,518 9,196 958 52,237 49.1 44,830 7,386 11,037 212 825 10,485 2,014 1,905 922 7,349 9,165 8,864 915 51,769 49.2 42,653 9,092 11,130 192 798 9,757 1,344 1,757 885 7,167 8,770 8,501 854 51,267 49.3 41,474 9,761 10,855 177 794 9,179 1,518 1,724 883 7,097 8,416 8,158 830 50,691 49.3 38,827 11,842 11,027 157 677 7.979 1,114 1,656 858 6,728 7,877 7,625 758 50,132 49.3 38,727 11,385 11,068 138 668 7,348 1,312 1,719 932 6,779 8,014 7,760 750 49,597 49.4 42,530 7,037 11,157 160 825 8,423 2,225 2,006 1,041 7,300 8,543 8,283 851 49,006 49.4 46,081 2,896 11,172 221 973 9,770 2,842 2,287 1,151 7,802 8,917 8,654 945 48,354 49.6 47,925 429 10,539 267 1,067 11,059 3,340 2,465 1,167 8,007 Sar, 012 47,914 49.8 46,057 1,857 10,552 252 1,053 10,312 3,438 2,431 1,143 7,444 961 46,939 49.5 45,319 1,620 10,519 253 1,122 10,164 3,468 2,508 1,126 7,105 942 45,962 49.2 45,498 464 10,801 260 1,198 10,386 3,497 2,523 1,104 7,054 939 45,009 49.0 44,192 817 10,725 266 1,120 10,222 3,279 2,453 1,066 6,892 905 44,549 49.4 42,515 2,034 10,662 255 1,135 9,896 2,897 2,413 1,040 6,400 861 43,760 49.5 43,011 749 10,697 262 1,251 10,592 2,591 2,479 1,004 6,377 874 42,966 49.6 40,049 2,917 .0,766 233 954 9,391 2,311 2,232 940 5,935 792 42,445 49.9 37,691 4,754 10,751 202 959 8,599 1,704 2,265 913 5,360 729 41,897 50.3 41,339 558 10,718 236 1,232 11,013 1,582 2,603 932 5,643 828 41,159 50.2 42,029 —870 10,489 229 1,131 10,989 1,808 2,432 877 5,847 854 41,088 50.8 44,187 | —3,099 10,731 214 1,341 11,446 1,767 2,311 851 5,731 906 40,752 51.2 42,685 | —1,933 11,161 228 1,357 11,436 1,722 2,172 831 5,808 853 40,314 51.4 40,127 187 11,382 239 1,270 10,184 1,694 2,072 799 5,463 77 40,083 51.8 37,728 2,355 11,371 225 1,144 8,911 1,644 2,035 755 4,962 712 39,789 52.2 37,575 2,214 11,404 228 1,132 8,769 1,801 2,061 744 4,742 707 39,500 52.6 38,482 1,018 11,451 233 1,253 9,099 2,126 2,123 729 4,797 731 39,089 52.9 38,169 920 11,473 230 1,181 8,909 2,374 2,112 697 4,726 722 38,668 53.2 37,097 1,571 11,493 216 1,144 8,628 2,131 2,029 659 4,588 692 38,133 53.3 37,580 553 11,610 214 1,168 8,990 2.111 2,015 615 4,622 702 37,454 53.3 36,735 719 11,599 211 1,103 8,446 2,333 1,933 569 4,522 680 36,580 53.1 34,284 2,296 11,413 199 994 7,431 2,143 1,800 538 4,170 618 35,631 52.8 34,875 756 11,064 209 1,100 7,935 2,332 1,876 512 4,184 643 34,647 52.5 34,790 —143 11,246 207 971 7,666 2,567 1,918 482 4,172 636 33,653 52.0 33,032 621 10,795 197 949 7,278 2,285 1,772 437 3,978 601 32,605 51.5 31,175 1,430 10,587 195 840 6,754 1,954 1,659 392 3,730 556 31,842 51.4 30,319 1,523 10,117 188 834 6,714 1,962 1,624 359 3,580 546 30,905 51.1 30,405 500 10,145 183 734 6,503 2,614 1,570 324 3,520 547 29,959 50.6 28,238 1,72% 9,481 175 703 6,212 1,954 1,448 300 3,373 507 29,025 50.2 27,378 1,647 9,552 166 653 6,090 1,639 1,355 276 3,224 481 1 Estimates beginning in 1980 are for midyear rather than annual average. Be- cause of this, from 1980 on, employment plus unemployment, shown in series D 64, D 65 will not exactly equal the number of gainful workers shown in series D 62. ? Unemployment is derived as the difference between the employment estimate and the estimated labor force or total number of gainful workers shown in series D 62. Negative unemployment in the estimates shown in this table arises during periods of high industrial activity when the number of persons actually employed is 2 excess of the projected estimate of the labor force or total number of gainful workers. 3 Data for 1900 to 1929 not directly comparable with series for later years. 4 This figure and those of subsequent years are based on the 1940 Census labor- force concept and therefore are not comparable with those for prior years which are based on the gainful-worker concept. The 1940 figure based on the gainful- worker concept is 54,808,000. Figures for years prior to 1940 are all based on the gainful-worker concept. (See text for series D 1-7 for discussion of these concepts.) Series D 77-89.—LABOR FORCE—SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GROUP OF THE EXPERIENCED LABOR FORCE, 1940, AND GAINFUL WORKERS, 1910 TO 1930 [For persons 14 years old and over] PROPRIETORS, MANAGERS, AND OFFICIALS UNSKILLED WORKERS Other Clerks Skilled Sori Profes- Farmers | Wholesale | proprie- and workers Tillod Lab Total sional Total (owners and tors, kindred and - To Farm a lil Servant YEAR persons and retail managers, | workers foremen orkers Total laborers ol classes tenants) dealers and arm officials 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 1940 '____|52,020,023! 3,381,993 9,233,643| 5,274,706 2,037,900( 1,921,037| 8,923,939 6,104,985(10,918,312/13,457,151| 3,708,191| 5,566,493| 4,182,467 1930. ... 48,594,592| 2,945,605| 9,665,489| 6,012,012| 1,786,996| 1,866,481| 7,936,285| 6,282,665 7,972,711|13,791,837| 4,187,201| 6,272,700| 3,331,936 1920..... 41,236,185| 2,049,919| 9,180,483 6,387,358| 1,401,751| 1,391,374{ 5,682,150, 5,570,533| 6,631,733(12,121,367| 3,857,833| 6,018,944 2,244,590 1910... 37,271,360 1,632,185| 8,579,458] 6,132,368| 1,245,801| 1,201,289] 3,804,474| 4,363,984] 5,489,315|13,401,944| 5,407,102| 5,461,957| 2,532,885 1 Unrevised. 65 Data: D 90-116 LABOR FORCE, WAGES, AND WORKING CONDITIONS Series D 90-106.—LABOR FORCE—SELECTED OCCUPATIONS OF THE EXPERIENCED LABOR FORCE, 1940, AND GAINFUL WORKERS, 1870 TO 1930 [Classification is according to the 1940 occupation-classification system] Book- : Bar- Elec- ._ | Brick- : Mine 5 so Plum- ._ | Musi- Board- | Practi- Farmers | | Horm | Teachers, a opera- ra Jani- Trained trigine bers, Phys cians Sony Design-|ing and | cal {owners (paid a nok coant- | Hves Car- tons, tors and | power- and gas and and Masons, ersand | lodg- | nurses YEAR an elsewhere | © 10 and |penters aad and vadent] stats and music dq drafts- | ing- and tenants) ; classified ’ | labor- | sextong| Student) station | o,.,., | Sur- | peach. | 2B men | house | mid- unpaid) and oe mani- nurses | opera- | gi... | geons tile k : cashiers curists tors ford Li setters SeDSrS | F1ves 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 Experienced labor force, 14 years old and over 100 LL 5,265,211[8,505.275 1,065,280(931,308|824,093|766,213|440,111(377,684(371,066(249,447|210,815|165,629(161,536{141,690(111,805 {111,609 |109,287 Gainful workers, 14 years old and over ¥930:. Sua. 6,012,012]4,078,617|1,044,016/939,954|887,434|920,132|374,215|306,529|294 ,189(277 ,514(235,436/153 ,803(166 ,694(170,903| 98,032 |142,927 [146,018 1020... 6,387,358|3,765,447 52,055|742,035|982,470|878,505|216,095(176 ,446|149,128(210,834|204,651|144,977|131,467|131,264| 66,689 (132,058 [145,795 1910. ____..|6,132,368|5,296,320| 595,285(491,517|882,587|808,949(195,124(111,739| 82,327|119,039|146,821|151,132(140,503(169,402| 44,103 [163,797 |123,534 Gainful workers, 10 years old and over 5,772,610(5,036,600| 435,642|257,429|656,687|594,249|132,826( 56,011| 11,804| 50,210( 96,807(132,002| 93,096/160.805| 18,754 | 70,568 {101,511 5,382,0387|4,465,209| 339,421|160,968|422,130(612,060| 85,848| 26,273| 4,589| 14,850| 60,619|104,805| 62,777|160,845 ,297| 43,906] 39,987 4,301,412(4,197,730| 226,032| 75,668|287,167|386,689| 45,412 9,120 1,537| 1,188] 19,189| 85,671| 30,782|102,473| 2,792| 18,867 | 13,080 3,127,715(3,647,616| 128,265| 39,164|180,455|362,143| 24,660 2,920] 1,204 396| 11,090] 64,414| 16,332| 90,775 1,278 12,765| 10,569 1 Unrevised. Series D 107-110.—HOURS AND WAGES—AVERAGE HOURS PER DAY, AND INDEX OF AVER- AGE WAGES PER DAY, IN ALL NONAGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENTS AND IN BUILDING TRADES: 1860 TO 1891 ALL NONAGRICULTURAL ALL NONAGRICULTURAL ay BUILDING TRADES a BUILDING TRADES Average Index Average Index Average Index Average Index YEAR number of of average number of of average YEAR number of of average number of of average hours per wages per day hours per wages per day hours per wages per day hours per wages per day day (1860=100) day (1860=100) day (1860=100) day (1860=100) 107 168 109 110 107 108 109 110 10.0 160.7 9.4 172.5 10.3 168.4 9.9 169.2 10.5 161.5 9.9 178.1 10.0 158.9 9.6 172.7 10.5 167.1 9.9 179.4 10.0 156.7 9.6 170.1 10.5 166.0 9.9 183.3 10.0 155.4 9.7 170.9 10.5 163.6 10.0 182.7 10.0 153.7 9.7 170.1 10.2 150.9 9.8 170.3 10.5 162.2 10.0 185.5 10.6 162.0 10.0 189.2 10.3 150.7 9.9 169.9 10.6 159.2 10.0 185.5 10.3 152.7 9.9 168.5 10.8 157.6 10.0 185.1 10.3 152.7 9.9 166.0 10.8 152.4 10.0 170.0 10.3 149.9 9.9 165.1 10.3 146.5 9.9 160.1 10.7 143.1 10.0 161.1 10.8 125.6 10.1 143.7 10.3 141.5 9.9 142.7 10.8 110.5 10.1 119.7 10.3 139.9 9.9 137.9 10.8 102.9 10.1 106.3 10.3 142.5 9.9 140.7 10.9 100.8 10.1 100.4 10.3 144.9 9.9 146.3 10.3 152.5 9.9 158.6 11.0 100.0 10.1 100.0 1 Restricted coverage, especially for earlier years; see text. Series D 111-116.—HOURS, WAGES, AND EARNINGS—INDEXES OF AVERAGE WAGES, HOURS, AND EARNINGS IN MANUFACTURING: 1890 TO 1907 [1890-1899=100] ALL MANUFACTURING ! BUILDING TRADES ALL MANUFACTURING ! BUILDING TRADES Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Average vear | Average | fulitime | full-time | AVEr38€ | fulltime | full-time || year | AVerge | fulltime | full-time | gver®8¢ | full-time | full-time Wee Der weekly weekly 3 nll weekly weekly Wages Per | weekly weekly b ay weekly weekly 0 hours earnings hours earnings our hours earnings hours earnings 111 112 113 114 r 115 116 111 112 113 114 115 116 128.8 95.0 122.4 144.6 90.6 131.0 100.2 99.7 99.9 102.8 98.1 100.8 124.2 95.4 118.5 140.2 90.9 127.4 99.6 99.6 99.2 101.3 98.6 99.9 99.7 99.8 99.5 99.9 99.2 99.1 118.9 95.9 114.0 132.2 91.2 120.6 117.0 95.9 112.2 129.7 91.3 118.4 98.3 100.1 98.4 98.4 100.3 98.7 116.3 96.6 112.3 126.8 91.8 116.4 97.9 99.8 97.7%, 97.6 100.7 98.3 112.2 97.3 109.2 121.1 92.6 122.1 100.9 100.3 101.2 100.0 100.5 100.5 108.0 98.1 105.9 114.5 94.4 108.1 100.8 100.5 101.3 99.9 100.7 100.6 100.3 100.5 100.8 97.9 101.8 99.7 105.5 98.7 104.1 109.9 95.5 105.0 : 102.0 99.2 101.2 105.3 97.5 102.7 100.3 100.7 101.0 97.0 102.5 99.4 1 Includes building trades and other “hand and neighborhood industries.” 66 HOURS, WAGES, AND EARNINGS Data: D 117-133 Series D 117-120.—HOURS, EARNINGS, AND PAY ROLLS—AVERAGE EARNINGS AND HOURS, AND INDEX OF PAY ROLLS, FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN MANUPACTURING: 1909 TO 1945 Average | Avegage | Average Index 4% Average | Average | Average Indes 0 Average | Average | Average hii hourly weekly weekly ao s YEAR hourly weekly weekly {i989 av YEAR hourly weekly weekly (1939 av YEAR earnings hours earnings ( 100) earnings hours earnings =100) z earnings hours earnings =100) « 117 118 119 120 117 118 119 120 117 118 119 120 $1.023 43.4 $44.39 293.4 |] 1935... $0.550 36.6 $20.13 78.0 || 1925..__ 1.019 45.2 46.08 345.7 || 1934..... 0.532 34.6 18.40 67.8 (| 1924____ 0.961 44.9 43.14 334.4 || 1933... 0.442 38.1 16.73 52.8 [| 1923... 0.853 42.9 36.65 245.2 | 1982.-<-- 0.446 38.3 17.05 49.2 11922. 0.729 40.6 29.58 167.5 || 1931. ---= 0.515 40.5 20.87 71.2 jf 1921..-- 0.661 38.1 25.20 114.5 || 1930_____ 0.552 42.1 23.25 94.1 || 1920... 0.633 37.7 23.86 100.0 |] 1929. .... 0.566 44.2 25.03 116.4 || 1919... 0.627 35.6 22.30 84.2 {i 1928... 0.562 44.4 24.97 109.1 0.624 38.6 24.05 108.2 1] 1927... 0.550 45.0 24.74 107.9 || 1914____ 0.556 39.2 21.78 90.5 || 1926..... 0.548 45.0 24.65 109.9 |] 1909... Series D 121-133. —HOURS, WAGES, AND EARNINGS—ALL INDUSTRY, MANUFACTURING, AND FOR SKILLED, UNSKILLED, AND FARM LABOR (DOUGLAS): 1890 TO 1926 ALL INDUSTRY ALL A TAT Rea BUILDING TRADES UNSKILLED LABOR FARM LABOR Average weekly earn- Average Average Average | Probable | Average |. ail Average Average YEAR hours per Average Average Average hours per hourly hours per | full-time ings as computed by Probable weekly monthly hourly hours per hourly : hourly week wi Gok eatain week earnings week weekly Coombs rates rate of rate of (standard)| ©2" ngs gs (union) (union) [(standard)!| earnings Hurlin? (mig.)® wages wages 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 49.8 $0.712 50.3 $0.647 43.8 $1.313 53.6 $28.21 10 nies enn enanesnmen $0.433 $11.42 $49.44 49.9 0.696 50.3 0.645 43.9 1.229 53.7 0.427 11.30 48.91 50.0 0.683 50.4 0.636 43.8 1.188 53.7 0.413 11.06 47.87 50.4 0.662 51.0 0.620 43.9 1.107 53.9 0.407 11.00 47.64 50.5 0.608 51.2 0.574 43.8 1.006 53.8 0.360 9.79 42.37 50.3 0.640 50.7 0.607 43.8 1.076 53.7 0.370 10.05 43.51 50.4 0.688 51.0 0.663 43.8 1.052 53.7 0.475 15.59 67.51 51.3 0.558 52.3 0.529 44.0 0.780 54.0 0.440 13.59 58.86 52.2 0.482 53.6 0.448 44.1 0.684 54.5 0.395 11.63 50.36 53.0 0.394 54.6 0.364 44.4 0.624 55.0 0.286 9.26 40.11 53.3 0.348 54.9 0.320 44.5 0.587 55.2 0.237 7.47 32.35 53.5 0.319 55.0 0.287 44.8 0.569 55.7 11.94 11.94 10.65 0.214 6.83 29.58 53.5 0.316 55.2 0.287 44.7 0.567 55.7 11.52 11.52 10.78 0.207 6.76 29.27 53.8 0.313 55.5 0.285 44.9 0.557 56.1 11.46 11.46 10.84 0.204 6.92 29.97 54.2 0.302 56.0 0.274 45.0 0.544 56.3 10.98 10.98 10.32 0.195 6.70 29.00 54.4 0.293 56.4 0.263 45.0 0.531 56.3 10.74 10.74 10.13 0.191 6.51 28.20 54.6 0.288 56.6 0.260 45.2 0.520 56.7 10.68 10.68 | 10.65 0.188 6.47 28.02 54.9 0.282 56.8 0.252 45.6 0.510 57.2 10.68 10.68 10.37 0.187 6.31 27.33 54.9 0.279 56.8 0.250 45.6 0.505 57.2 10.38 10.38 10.22 0.181 46.23 $26.98 55.3 0.281 57.3 0.257 45.7 0.498 57.4 10.44 10.44 10.76 0.182 46.14 426.62 55.8 0.272 57.3 0.248 45.9 0.481 57.5 10.08 10.08 10.34 0.175 6.07 26.27 55.7 0.261 57.7 0.239 46.1 0.454 57.9 9.78 9.78 9.91 0.169 45.82 425.20 55.7 0.257 57.7 0.236 46.1 0.443 58.0 9.66 9.66 9.84 0.167 45.57 424.18 55.9 0.255 57.9 0.236 46.3 0.436 58.1 9.60 9.60 9.64 0.165 45.32 423.06 56.3 0.244 58.3 0.227 46.7 0.413 58.3 9.36 9.36 9.25 0.161 5.08 21.99 56.8 0.235 58.7 0.219 47.5 0.391 58.8 9.24 9.24 9.05 0.157 14.91 421.29 57.3 0.228 59.0 0.216 48.3 0.374 59.3 8.94 8.94 8.83 0.151 $4.75 420.59 57.5 0.220 59.1 0.209 48.9 0.361 59.5 8.88 8.88 8.70 0.149 4.60 19.90 57.6 0.215 59.3 0.204 49.5 0.348 59.3 8.82 8.82 8.53 0.149 4.39 19.02 57.7 0.212 59.1 0.203 49.8 0.346 59.3 8.76 8.176 8.40 0.148 44.32 418.70 57.9 0.213 59.2 0.205 50.1 0.343 59.6 8.76 8.76 8.46 0.147 44.24 418.387 58.1 0.210 59.5 0.200 50.3 0.341 59.7 8.70 8.70 7.45 0.146 4.17 18.04 57.8 0.211 59.1 0.200 50.5 0.339 59.6 8.76 8.176 8.34 0.147 4.12 17.86 58.2 0.216 59.7 0.205 50.4 0.347 59.7 8.88 8.88 8.73 0.149 4.47 19.34 58.2 0.215 59.8 0.203 50.6 0.348 59.7 8.88 8.88 8.75 0.149 4.58 19.85 58.2 0.213 59.7 0.202 51.0 0.341 59.7 8.94 8.94 9.74 0.150 44.53 419.64 58.4 0.211 60.0 0.199 51.3 0.341 59.7 8.82 8.71 8.71 0.148 4.49 19.43 1 Extrapolated after 1907 on basis of relative movement of union hours. 4 Interpolated on the assumption of even units of change during years between 3 Ralph G. Hurlin, Russel Sage Foundation. those for which direct quotations were collected. 3 Whitney Coombs, The Wages of Unskilled Labor in the Manufacturing In- dustries in the United States, New York, 1926, p. 162. 67 Data: D 134-151 LABOR FORCE, WAGES, AND WORKING CONDITIONS Series D 134-144.—EARNINGS—AVERAGE ANNUAL EARNINGS IN ALL INDUSTRIES AND IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES (DOUGLAS): 1890 TO 1926 ALL INDUSTRIES Wage Wage Ligtieal earners, earners, Street Gas and s Coal Farm Including | Excluding manu- steam railways Telephones | Telegraphs electricity | mig. and miners labor YEAR farm farm facturing railroad steam labor labor railroad 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 $1,376 $1,473 $1,309 $1,613 $1,566 $1,117 $1,215 $1,477 $2,310 $1,332 $593 1,336 1,434 1,280 1,597 1,565 1,108 1,161 1,448 2,239 1,173 587 1,303 1,402 1,240 1,570 1,544 1,104 1,150 1,436 2,196 1,251 574 1,299 1,393 1,254 1,585 1,493 1,069 1,133 1,355 2,126 1,339 572 1,201 1,305 1,149 1,591 1,436 1,064 1,110 1,343 2,067 965 508 1,233 1,349 1,180 1,632 1,539 1,038 1,159 1,364 2,134 1,137 522 1,407 1,489 1,358 1,817 1,608 980 1,145 1,432 2,160 1,435 810 1,201 1,272 1,158 1,509 1,387 844 967 1,291 1,914 1,150 706 1,047 1,115 980 1,424 3,111 690 831 1,092 1,697 1,227 604 830 887 774 989 872 616 769 853 1,471 966 481 708 765 651 867 798 567 806 679 1,359 725 388 633 687 568 815 748 529 792 644 1,267 591 355 627 682 580 795 737 476 742 651 1,257 549 351 621 675 578 760 704 438 717 661 1,236 621 360 592 646 550 721 674 438 669 641 1,209 600 348 575 629 537 705 685 419 670 648 1,213 556 338 574 630 558 677 1,156 555 336 543 594 518 644 1,136 518 328 516 563 475 667 1,111 490 324 542 595 522 661 1,091 578 319 520 569 506 607 1,074 527 315 503 554 494 589 1,076 507 302 490 540 477 600 1,056 499 290 489 543 486 593 1,037 515 277 467 519 473 562 1,025 425 264 454 508 456 549 1,009 454 255 438 490 435 548 1,011 419 247 428 480 426 543 1,004 379 239 417 468 412 542 1,010 316 228 411 462 408 543 970 270 224 411 462 406 544 954 282 220 415 468 416 546 941 307 216 400 448 386 546 928 292 214 430 480 420 563 923 383 232 445 495 446 563 885 393 238 438 487 442 554 882 377 236 438 486 439 560 848 406 233 Series D 145-151.—HOURS AND EARNINGS—BITUMINOUS COAL AND CLASS I STEAM RAILROADS: 1909 TO 1945 BITUMINOUS COAL MINES CLASS I STEAM RAILROADS BITUMINOUS COAL MINES CLASS I STEAM RAILROADS Straight-| Straight- Average | Average | Average | Average | Average | Average | time Average | Average | Average| Average | Average | Average | time YEAR weekly | weekly | hourly | weekly | weekly | hourly | average YEAR weekly | weekly | hourly | weekly | weekly | hourly | average earnings| hours |earnings |earnings!| hours ? |earnings3| hourly earnings| hours |earnings |earnings!| hours 2 |earnings?| hourly earnings earnings 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 1045... at $52.25 42.3 | $1.240 | $45.69 48.5 | $0.942 | $0.899 33.5 | $0.684 | $27.76 43.1 | $0.644 | $0.635 1944... 51.27 43.4 1.186 46.06 49.1 0.938 | 0.898 38.4 | 0.681 28.49 44.8 0.636 | 0.625 1948... 41.58 36.6 1.139 43.68 48.7 | 0.897 0.862 35.6 | 0.716 | 27.71 44.4 0.624 | 0.613 1942. ain 35.02 32.9 1.059 38.65 46.9 | 0.824 0.804 33.5 | 0.751 27.43 44.6 0.615 | 0.598 19x oo 30.86 31.1 0.993 34.25 45.6 0.751 0.736 87.7) 0.786 | 27.12 44.9 | 0.604 0.587 1940... lo. 24.71 28.1 0.883 31.55 44.0 | 0.717 0.706 34.2 ( 0.800 | 26.91 44.4 | 0.606 | 0.584 1039... 23.88 27.1 0.886 | 30.99 43.4 0.714 0.714 30.0 [ 0.813 | 26.37 44.1 0.598 | 0.577 10838... oo. 20.80 23.5 | 0.878 30.26 42.5 0.712 0.703 31.3 0.845 | 26.65 45.4 0.587 | 0.565 1937. enn 23.84 27.9 0.856 | 29.20 48.2 1'"0.676 | “0.886% 19284. ul ccnsec|asi ctor lanmndnes 26.70 45.4 | 0.588 0.560 1936... 22.71 28.8 0.794 | 28.01 42.5 0.659 | 0.648 SY ema mn ae 25.87 43.4 | 0.596 | 0.580 1088 et 19.58 26.4 0.745 | 26.76 41.1 0.651 0.643 BEB ROITB0 [evan edi dl ares 1984, __ o-oo 18.10 27.0 0.673 | 24.32 40.4 | 0.602 0.594 35.2 BD msm meer Ee Tons os 14.47 29.5 0.501 23.09 38.8 0.595 | 0.587 37.8 OBE Lo ene 1952... .. 13.91 27.2 0.520 | 23.34 38.9 0.600 | 0.593 198). cae 17.69 28.3 0.647 26.76 41.1 0.651 0.643 ! The average of those on the pay rolls during the month. Computed by multi- plying average weekly hours by average hourly earnings. ? Total man-hours paid for, reduced to a weekly basis (7/365, 7/366, 7/31, 7/30, 7/28, or 7/29), divided by the number of employees on the pay rolls during the month. For the years before 1933, the full month count was computed by ratio adjustment of the middle-of-the-month count (a virtually constant ratio after 1932). 68 3 Total pay rolls divided by total man-hours paid for. 4 Railroads include Class I switching and terminal companies. The Interstate averages for the industry as a whole. Commerce Commission published detailed data for the various groups of em- ployees up to 1927 only for Class I railroads including switching and terminal companies and thereafter only for these roads excluding switching and terminal companies. The exclusion of these companies makes virtually no difference in the HOURS, WAGES, AND EARNINGS Data: D 152-171 Series D 152-163. —HOURS AND WAGE RATES—INDEXES OF UNION HOURLY WAGE RATES AND WEEKLY HOURS, BUILDING AND PRINTING TRADES: 1907 TO 1945 [1939=100] BUILDING TRADES PRINTING TRADES All workers Journeymen Helpers and laborers All printing Book and job Newspaper YEAR Wage Weekly Wage Weekly Wage Weekly Wage Weekly Wage Weekly Wage Weekly rate hours rate hours rate hours rate hours rate hours rate hours 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 116.0 101.2 114.4 102.2 125.9 98.1 114.6 99.8 113.7 100.1 116.7 99.2 113.6 101.2 112.4 102.2 120.3 98.1 113.1 99.8 112.2 100.1 115.1 99.2 112.7 101.0 111.5 102.0 118.9 98.1 110.4 99.8 109.3 100.1 112.6 99.2 111.9 101.1 110.9 101.8 117.5 98.8 107.0 99.5 106.4 99.8 108.1 99.2 105.3 100.3 105.0 100.5 106.8 99.7 102.6 99,8 102.0 99.8 103.6 99.3 101.6 99.9 101.4 100.0 102.0 99.4 101.4 99.8 100.9 99.8 102.2 99.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.3 100.2 99.3 100.1 99.2 100.2 99.1 100.3 99.2 100.3 98.8 100.5 91.2 101.9 91.4 101.9 90.1 101.8 96.0 100.8 96.0 100.8 96.3 101.0 85.3 101.5 85.5 101.5 82.9 101.4 92.9 101.3 93.0 101.0 92.8 101.9 82.3 101.5 82.8 101.5 78.8 101.2 90.8 101.7 90.4 100.9 91.5 103.2 81.4 102.3 81.8 102.3 717.9 101.9 87.5 103.4 88.5 102.4 86.2 105.0 80.8 106.2 81.4 106.2 75.7 105.2 85.7 109.0 86.1 106.1 85.1 114.0 83.1 106.5 83.6 106.6 79.2 105.7 91.1 109.9 91.2 107.2 91.0 114.6 97.3 108.5 97.8 108.5 92.8 108.1 91.8 113.7 92.1 111.5 91.2 117.6 97.0 109.8 97.5 110.0 93.3 109.0 91.3 113.8 91.5 111.5 90.9 117.6 93.1 113.0 93.6 113.3 88.8 111.5 89.9 113.9 89.9 111.6 90.0 117.8 91.9 114.0 92.4 114.0 87.3 113.8 88.6 114.0 88.7 111.7 88.5 118.0 01.3 114.7 91.7 114.8 86.4 113.9 87.0 114.0 87.5 111.7 86.3 118.3 88.3 114.9 88.7 115.1 84.9 113.9 84.5 114.1 85.4 111.7 83.8 118.6 82.9 115.1 83.1 115.3 1.9 114.2 82.7 114.2 83.5 1119 82.0 118.4 79.8 115.1 - 80.1 115.3 75.4 114.4 81.5 114.2 82.7 111.8 80.6 118.7 73.9 115.1 74.2 115.3 69.7 114.4 7.1 114.7 79.4 111.8 76.0 120.4 66.9 115.0 67.3 115.2 65.7 114.2 75.4 115.2 76.4 112.5 75.2 120.6 71.3 115.0 71.4 115.1 72.2 114.5 74.6 115.6 76.1 113.9 74.5 118.3 70.0 115.1 70.1 115.2 n.5 114.5 68.1 123.1 69.1 123.8 68.5 118.6 51.9 115.7 52.4 115.7 49.3 115.2 53.1 126.8 53.0 128.6 56.0 118.7 45.3 116.3 45.9 116.2 42.6 116.3 43.4 126.8 43.0 128.7 46.4 118.5 40.8 116.9 41.5 116.9 36.8 116.7 39.9 126.8 38.8 128.7 44.3 118.5 38.4 117.2 39.3 117.1 33.5 117.2 38.6 126.8 37.5 128.7 43.2 118.5 37.2 117.6 38.0 117.6 32.4 117.5 38.2 126.8 36.9 128.7 43.0 118.6 36.9 117.7 37.7 117.7 32.1 117.6 38.0 126.8 36.8 128.7 42.7 118.7 36.1 118.2 36.9 118.0 31.8 118.3 37.3 126.9 36.0 128.7 42.3 119.0 35.3 118.4 36.0 118.3 30.9 118.3 36.6 127.0 35.3 128.7 41.4 110.1 34.5 118.8 35.2 118.7 30.6 118.6 36.0 127.0 34.7 128.8 40.7 119.3 34.0 119.2 34.6 119.1 30.5 118.8 Mm 1 33.8 128.8 40.1 119.3 32.7 120.7 33.2 120.5 29.5 121.0 (1 1 32.1 129.2 38.8 119.6 31.2 122.4 31.6 122.0 28.5 123.5 ol (1 29.9 130.3 37.2 119.9 29.3 124.3 29.7 123.8 27.3 126.1 ® [©] 27.0 136.6 35.3 120.5 1 Data not available. Series D 164-171.— HOURS AND EARNINGS—ALL OCCUPATIONS AND COMMON LABOR IN BLAST FURNACES, STEEL WORKS, AND ROLLING MILLS: 1918 TO 1931 ALL OCCUPATIONS COMMON LABOR (AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS) Average Average Average Great Lakes YEAR hourly full-time full-time All districts Eastern Pittsburgh and Southern earnings weekly hours |weekly earnings Middle West 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 $0.663 52.4 $34.58 $0.419 $0.351 $0.459 $0.441 $0.283 0.674 54.6 36.48 0.414 0.375 0.453 0.456 0.279 0.637 54.4 34.41 0.419 0.374 0.452 0.458 0.281 0.644 55.2 35.22 0.417 0.386 0.451 0.443 0.282 0.513 63.2 31.67 0.336 0.322 0.360 0.363 0.253 0.745 63.1 45.65 0.508 0.451 0.530 0.541 0.396 m 8 Mm 0.461 0.398 0.480 0.469 0.331 ®) 1) Mm) 0.298 0.278 0.301 0.313 0.222 0.297 65.5 18.65 0.180 0.155 0.190 0.188 0.141 0.301 64.9 18.60 0.181 0.156 0.190 0.189 0.146 0.301 66.1 18.89 0.181 0.157 0.190 0.189 0.140 1 Not available. 69 Data: D 172-188 LABOR FORCE, WAGES, AND WORKING CONDITIONS Series D 172-176.—WAGES—FARM WAGES: 1866 TO 1945 [Annual averages are weighted averages of wage rates as reported quarterly by crop reporters] PER MONTH PER DAY Index PER MONTH PER DAY Index numbers of numbers of YEAR : . : + composite YEAR % : % composite With Without With ‘Without With Without With Without board board board board farm Wage board board board board farm wage rates rates 172 173 174 175 176 172 173 174 175 176 $82.30 $95.40 $3.80 $4.34 350 $22.97 $30.06 $1.18 $1.44 103 74.00 85.70 3.46 .93 315 22.62 29.74 1.17 1.43 101 61.91 72.51 2.87 3.27 264 22.89 30.21 1.20 1.46 103 46.64 55.91 2.19 2.49 201 22.23 29.34 1.18 1.43 101 34.85 43.64 1.69 1.93 154 21.49 28.54 1:13 1.39 98 28.05 36.68 1.36 1.59 126 21.22 28.08 1.12 1.39 97 27.39 35.82 1.30 1.56 123 22.21 28.10 1.09 1.30 96 27.73 36.18 1.31 1.58 125 28.00 36.32 1.33 1.61 126 18.173 26.19 1.03 1.32 89 24.53 32.28 1.15 1.42 111 15.51 22.12 0.83 1.09 73 22.42 30.24 1.07 1.38 103 13.90 19.97 0.75 0.99 66 20.24 28.19 0.98 1.26 95 13.29 19.16 0.71 0.94 63 18.07 25.67 0.85 LL.B 85 20.85 28.88 0.94 1.20 96 12.75 18.74 0.65 0.85 59 28.77 38.38 1.32 1.62 130 12.70 18.57 0.65 0.84 59 13.85 19.97 0.72 0.92 64 37.59 18.10 1.76 2.08 167 40.61 51.22 1.96 2.25 180 || 1891 or 1892 13.48 20.02 0.73 0.98 65 40.11 50.72 1.98 2.27 179 || 1889 or 1890 13.29 19.45 0.72 0.97 64 40.11 50.85 1.98 2.28 179 || 1887 or 1888 13.29 19.67 0.72 0.98 64 39.87 50.83 1.98 2.81 179 || 1884 or 1885__ 13.08 19.22 0.71 0.96 63 1881 or 1882 12.88 19.11 0.70 0.97 63 38.77 49.90 1.97 2.29 176 37.92 49.32 1.94 2.29 173 12.32 18.52 0.67 0.92 60 37.24 48.25 1.89 2.25 169 11.70 17.53 0.64 0.89 57 32.75 43.33 1.78 2.07 151 || 1877, 1878, 1879 2 3_ 10.86 16.79 0.61 0.84 54 33.62 44.67 1.77 2.12 155 || 1874 or 18753 ________. 11.16 17.10 0.68 0.94 57 51.73 65.40 2.98 3.46 242 || 1869 3___ 9.97 15.50 0.63 0.87 52 43.29 56.63 2.54 3.03 207 || 1866 3__ 10.09 15.50 0.64 0.90 53 37.96 48.80 2.15 2.64 Viv 31.11 40.52 1.65 1.98 141 25.17 32.84 1.31 1.58 113 11910-1914=100. 3 Years 1866 to 1878 in gold. 2 1877 or 1878, 1873 or 1879 (combined). Series D 177-188.—HOURS AND EARNINGS—SELECTED TEXTILE INDUSTRIES AND BOOT AND SHOE INDUSTRY: 1910 TO 1932 WOOLEN AND WORSTED HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR BOOT AND SHOE COTTON GOODE NNDISTRY GOODS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES INDUSTRY Average Average Average Average Average | Average Average Average YEAR Average | full.tie | full-time | 4Yer2€¢ | full-time | full-time | AVer3€° | fulltime | full-time | 4Ver3® | fulltime | full-time oury weekly weekly © i y weekly weekly a weekly weekly co ny weekly weekly earnings hours earnings | ©2TmINgs hours earnings gs hours earnings gs hours earnings 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 A a ES Ee $0.394 50.3 $19.82 $0.355 51.6 $18.32 $0.412 48.9 $20.15 a A Te penn 0.460 49.6 BD em Sim is hm mY mim i oo $0.325 53.4 $17.36 0.473 49.3 23.32 0.455 51.7 23.52 0.510 48.9 24.94 0. 4 . 0.514 49.3 25.34 0.444 51.3 22.78 0.530 49.1 26.02 0. .3 0.491 49.3 24.21 0.443 51.8 22.73 0.528 49.0 25.87 0. .0 0.533 49.1 26.17 0.409 50.7 20.74 0.516 49.0 25.28 0. .8 0.474 48.8 23.13 0.354 51.0 18.05 0.501 48.7 24.45 0. .8 0.628 48.3 80:88 |. cram wres | reer len ma Er 0.559 48.6 26.97 1 Woolen and worsted goods manufacturing includes Southern mills. Data for previous years exclude Southern mills; their relative importance in the industry was small, especially in the earlier part of the period. 3 For hosiery and underwear industries in the years 1910-1918 and 1919, “selected occupations” only were included; in 1914, the averages for the “selected occupa- tions” did not differ significantly from the averages for “all occupations.” 70 HOURS, WAGES, AND EARNINGS Data: D 189-217 Series D 189-200.—HOURS AND EARNINGS—WOOLEN AND WORSTED GOODS MANU- FACTURES, FRAME SPINNERS AND WEAVERS, BY SEX: 1910 TO 1932 FRAME SPINNERS WEAVERS Male Female Male Female YEAR Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Average full-time | full-time Aran full-time | full-time Average full-time | full-time go full-time | full-time : weekly weekly : weekly weekly 3 weekly weekly : weekly weekly earnings hours earnings earnings hours earnings | ©3rnings hours earnings earmngs hours earnings 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 $0.327 52.8 $17.27 $0.340 49.4 $16.80 $0.497 51.4 $25.55 $0.440 52.4 $23.06 0.365 48.5 17.70 0.380 49.4 18.77 0.611 49.8 30.43 0.544 49.6 26.98 0.403 48.0 19.34 0.387 49.1 19.00 0.636 49.3 31.35 0.579 49.2 28.49 (2) 2 0.383 49.7 19.04 0.658 48.9 32.18 0.605 48.8 29.52 ® ?) (2) 0.362 49.8 18.03 0.652 48.9 31.88 0.600 49.2 29.52 0.421 50.0 21.05 0.417 48.9 20.39 0.701 48.8 34.21 0.654 48.9 31.98 0.357 48.0 17.14 0.345 48.4 16.70 0.616 48.3 29.75 0.576 48.4 27.85 0.558 48.0 26.78 0.481 48.2 23.18 0.807 48.3 38.98 0.747 48.3 36.08 0.316 53.0 16.74 0.278 52.4 14.62 0.470 54.5 25.52 0.406 54.1 21.96 0.191 53.9 10.30 0.180 53.9 9.68 0.304 54.9 15.95 0.271 54.5 14.76 0.145 53.9 7.80 0.147 54.2 7.99 0.238 55.2 13.10 0.203 54.7 11.08 0.136 54.0 7.33 0.140 55.5 7.78 0.232 56.3 13.06 0.197 56.0 11.038 0.158 54.0 8.53 0.144 55.2 7.92 0.237 56.3 13.30 0.206 55.9 11.48 0.132 56.0 7.87 0.126 56.4 7.07 0.210 57.1 11.97 0.184 56.8 10.47 0.125 56.0 7.01 0.122 56.0 6.85 0.207 57.1 11.78 0.180 56.3 10.14 1 Includes Southern mills. Data for the previous years exclude Southern mills; 2 Not available. their relative importance in the industry was small especially in the earlier part of the period. Series D 201-212.—HOURS AND EARNINGS—COTTON GOODS INDUSTRY, FRAME SPINNERS AND WEAVERS, BY SEX: 1910 TO 1930 FRAME SPINNERS WEAVERS Male Female Male Female YEAR Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Average Arete full-time | full-time gg full-time | full-time Average full-time | full-time Aven full-time | full-time : weekly weekly : weekly weekly : weekly weekly 3 weekly weekly earnings hours earnings earnings hours earnings earnings hours earnings earnings hours earnings 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 | 211 212 $0.322 55.5 $17.87 $0.266 53.5 $14.23 $0.400 52.7 $21.08 $0.381 52.0 $19.81 0.339 57.8 19.59 0.276 52.9 14.60 0.392 53.4 20.93 0.371 52.2 19.37 0.289 55.1 15.92 0.282 53.5 15.09 0.396 53.2 21.07 0.375 51.9 19.46 0.369 53.2 19.63 0.319 53.1 16.94 0.449 52.8 23.71 0.429 51.8 22.22 0.292 53.4 15.59 0.301 52.6 15.83 0.389 52.6 20.44 0.380 51.6 19.59 0.475 50.7 24.08 0.427 51.8 22.12 0.573 51.8 29.68 0.528 50.3 26.56 0.248 54.3 13.48 0.233 56.1 12.89 0.301 56.2 16.78 0.285 55.4 15.62 0.164 56.6 9.21 0.149 57.2 8.24 0.205 56.7 11.54 0.201 55.7 11.12 0.150 54.7 8.19 0.132 56.9 7.45 0.176 56.8 9.93 0.167 55.8 9.30 0.143 56.9 8.07 0.128 57.8 7.33 0.170 57.6 9.73 0.164 56.7 9.80 0.144 56.7 8.14 0.124 58.0 6.98 0.169 57.5 9.67 0.163 56.9 9.26 0.126 57.2 7.18 0.111 59.1 6.51 0.156 58.6 9.08 0.148 57.9 8.54 0.120 57.2 6.83 0.108 59.0 6.33 0.151 58.8 8.83 0.147 57.8 8.47 Series D 213-217.—PRODUCTIVITY—INDEXES FOR SELECTED INDUSTRIES: 1880 TO 1945 [1939=100] OUTPUT PER MAN-HOUR Output per OUTPUT PER MAN-HOUR Output per worker in - WO i All Railroad Electric agri- All Railroad ] Electric agri- YEAR manu- transpor- Mining light and culture YEAR manu- transpor- Mining light and culture facturing tation power facturing tation power 213 214 215 216 217 213 214 215 216 217 139.5 104.1 182.5 120.7 90.8 87.6 84.9 82.5 87.5 148.1 102.3 191.1 128.6 85.9 83.7 81.4 7.4 76.6 150.9 100.1 182.7 116.8 81.9 83.0 78.8 68.1 89.2 189.6 103.0 145.8 118.9 77.8 73.7 77.6 58.3 93.4 115.5 104.3 128.2 107.5 83.5 75.6 71.2 51.9 99.0 105.2 103.8 108.6 108.5 80.0 75.1 72.9 50.1 89.8 100.0 1 100.0 100.0 78.1 75.1 69.9 54.1 91.6 94.7 90.1 89.0 97 75.1 73.7 G8 OL es 91.8 95.2 88.0 89.6 105.3 71.3 70.2 65.3 52.7 88.3 93.5 86.6 87.8 81.6 69.5 70.4 63.4 53.1 91.5 373374 O- 56 - 6 1 Data: D 213-223 LABOR FORCE, WAGES, AND WORKING CONDITIONS Series D 213-217.—PRODUCTIVITY—INDEXES FOR SELECTED INDUSTRIES: 1880 TO 1945—Con. [1939=100] OUTPUT PER MAN-HOUR Output per OUTPUT PER MAN-HOUR Output per » - worker in worker in All Railroad Electric agri- All Railroad Electric agri- YEAR manu- transpor- Mining light and culture YEAR manu- transpor- Mining light and culture facturing tation power facturing tation power 213 214 215 216 217 213 214 215 216 217 68.2 62.6 50.4 88.6 64.6 60.7 49.1 83.8 62.9 59.0 51.0 81.8 60.9 57.5 46.0 19.1 58.5 54.2 l--siucocus 73.7 57.6 86.5 56.7 81.2 53.5 81.3 54.2 78.2 51.6 73.4 Series D 218-223.—UNION MEMBERSHIP—LABOR UNION MEMBERSHIP: 1897 TO 1945 AMERICAN FEDERATION CONGRESS OF INDUSTRIAL | Independent AMERICAN FEDERATION Independent All unions, OF LABOR ORGANIZATIONS or unaffiliated All unions, OF LABOR or unaffiliated in ni Tor a Thions, iotal 5 SE vhiohs, YEAR membership umber Total umber Total otal YEAR membership umber Total total of affiliated : of affiliated : | membership of affiliated : | membershi ations membership Sion membership Sons membership p 218 219 220 221 222 223 218 219 220 223 1,000 members| Number [1,000 members| Number |1,000members|1,000 members| 1,000 members| Number (1,000 members|1,000 members 14,796 102 6,931 40 6,000 1,865 5,034 110 4,079 955 14,621 100 6,807 41 5,935 1,879 4,046 111 3,260 786 13,642 99 6,564 40 5,285 1,793 3,368 111 2,726 642 10,762 102 5,483 39 4,195 1,084 2,976 111 2,371 605 10,489 106 4,569 41 5,000 920 2,722 mn 2,073 649 8,944 105 4,247 42 3,625 1,072 2,560 110 1,946 614 8,980 104 4,006 45 4,000 974 2,647 110 2,021 626 8,265 102 3,623 42 4,038 604 2,661 111 1,996 665 7,218 100 2,861 32 3,718 639 2,405 112 1,710 635 4,164 111 B22 |e et cnn mm jmp msm me 742 2,318 115 1,762 556 3,728 109 3,045 683 2,116 120 1,562 554 3,249 109 2,608 641 1,965 119 1,483 482 2,857 108 2,127 730 2,092 116 1,587 505 3,226 106 2,532 694 2,077 117 1,539 538 3,526 106 2,890 636 1,892 119 1,454 438 3,632 104 2,961 671 1,918 118 1,494 424 ,625 105 2,934 691 2,067 120 1,676 391 3,567 107 2,896 671 1,824 113 1,466 358 3,600 106 2,813 787 1,335 97 1,024 311 3,592 107 2,804 788 1,058 87 788 270 3,566 107 2,877 689 791 82 548 243 3,549 107 2,866 683 550 73 349 201 3,629 108 2,926 703 467 67 278 189 3,950 112 3,196 754 440 58 265 175 4,722 110 3,907 815 «3 No UNION MEMBERSHIP AND WORK STOPPAGES Data: D 224-238 Series D 224-238.—WORK STOPPAGES—WORKERS INVOLVED, MAN-DAYS IDLE, MAJOR ISSUES, AVERAGE DURATION: 1881 TO 1945 [Figures in series D 236-238 do not always add to series D 235 because of rounding] WORK STOPPAGES AND MAN-DAYS IDLE MAJOR ISSUES AND AVERAGE DURATION Stoppages beginning in year Man-days idle Number of stoppages 3 Thousands of workers involved ‘Workers involved Major issues Average Major issues Percent dura- Percent | Number| of esti- Per tion of YEAR Number| Number| of em- | (thou- | mated | worker | Total Wages | Union Other stop- Total Wages Union Other (thou- | ployed | sands) | working [involved and organi- | and not | pages and organi- | and not sands) wage time ? hours zation [reported | (days) hours zation! | reported earners ! 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 3,470 12.2 | 38,000 0.47 11.0 4,616 1,956 946 1,714 9.9 3,070 1,340 671 1,060 2,120 7.0 8,720 0.09 4:1 4,958 2,146 808 2,004 5.6 2,130 10 395 2 1,980 6.9 | 13,500 0.15 6.8 3,734 1,906 585 1,243 5.0 1,970 1,220 226 523 840 2.8 4,18 0.05 5.0 3,026 1,423 943 670 11.7 852 29 191 232 2,360 8.4 | 23,000 0.32 9.8 4,314 1,535 2,138 641 18.3 2,360 1,110 744 512 577 2.3 6,700 0.10 11.6 | 2,493 753 1,243 497 20.9 573 235 190 148 1,170 4.7 | 17,800 0.28 15.2 2,639 699 1,411 529 23.4 1,180 352 641 185 688 2.8 9,150 0.15 13.3 2,772 776 1,385 611 23.6 252 224 211 1,860 7.2 | 28,400 0.43 15.3 4,720 1,410 2,728 582 20.3 1,950 436 1,160 347 789 3.1 | 13,900 0.21 17.6 2,156 1,083 317 23.3 710 251 365 94 1,120 5.2 | 15,500 0.29 13.8 2,003 760 945 298 23.8 1,102 663 288 151 1,470 7.2 | 19,600 0.38 13.4 1,817 717 835 265 19.5 1,480 346 762 372 1,170 6.3 | 16,900 0.36 14.4 1,672 926 533 213 16.9 1,144 544 465 135 324 1.8 | 10,500 0.23 32.4 852 560 162 130 19.6 325 234 73 18 342 1.6 ,89 0.11 20.2 796 447 221 128 18.8 346 155 116 74 183 0.8 3,320 0.05 18.1 651 284 207 160 22.3 182 73 76 33 289 1.2 5,350 0.07 18.5 924 373 382 169 22.6 286 104 102 80 314 1.3 | 12,600 0.17 40.2 620 222 226 172 27.6 323 140 95 88 330 1.4 | 26,200 0.37 79.5 666 273 240 153 26.5 319 232 45 43 5330 1.5 : . 5428 2.0 5 655 8.1 5757 3.5 51,610 8.7 51,100 6.4 51,460 7.2 54,160 20.8 51,240 6. 51,230 6. 51,600 8. 1 “Employed wage earners” includes all workers except those in occupations and professions in which strikes rarely if ever occur. 3 Estimated working time computed by multiplying the average number of tomployed wage earners’’ each year by the days worked by most employees during the year. 3 Figures are based on stoppages beginning each year prior to 1927; for 1927 and subsequent years, stoppages ending in each calendar year. 4 Wages and hours were important issues in many of these stoppages also. 5 The number of workers involved in some strikes which occurred from 1916 to 1926 is not known. However, the missing information is for the smaller disputes, and it is believed that the totals given above are fairly accurate. Numbers of stop- pages to which workers’ data relate are as follows: 1916, 2,667; 1917, 2,325; 1918, 2,151; 1919, 2,665; 1920, 2,226; 1921, 1,785; 1922, 899; 1923, 1,199; 1924, 898; 1925, 1,012; 1926, 783. 73 Chapter E. Agriculture (Series E 1-269) General Statistics: Series E 1-116 E 1-269. General note. In this chapter, series E 1-60 relate to farm real estate, farms and tenure; series E 61-71 provide data on farm employment, wages, and productivity; series E 72-75 present a few production measures; series E 76-104 are concerned with farm taxes, insurance and income; series E 105-116 constitute data on farm machinery and equipment, and fertilizer consumption; series E 117-180 show statistics on livestock, meat, dairying, and poultry; series E 181-243 relate to crop statistics; and series E 244 269 provide summary series on farm credit. Basic statistics on agriculture are, for the most part, prepared by the Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, which con- ducts the Census of Agriculture, and by the Department of Agri- culture which prepares current estimates. Annual agricultural statistics of a wide variety have been issued currently by the United States Department of Agriculture for over 80 years—the first being as of May 1, 1863. Statistics compiled by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics on crops, livestock and live- stock products, agricultural prices, farm employment, and other related subjects are based mainly on data obtained through mail questionnaires. The basic information is obtained from nearly three-quarters of a million reporters, located in every agricultural county in the United States, who report on one or more items during a year. These reporters, mostly farmers, report for their own and nearby farms on some 80 crops and scores of other items pertaining to agricultural production and farm-family living. Beginning with 1840 a Census of Agriculture has been taken every 10 years in conjunction with the Decennial Census of Popu- lation. In 1925, 1935, and 1945 a mid-decennial Census of Agri- culture has also been taken. Information at each census has been obtained by a personal canvass of individual farms by census enumerators. The first Census of Agriculture, that of 1840, was limited in scope. It included such items as an inventory of the principal classes of domestic animals, the production of wool, the value of poultry, the value of products of the dairy, and the pro- duction of the principal crops. The number of farms and the acreage and value of farm land were first included in the Census of 1850. In 1880 information was first secured as to the tenure under which the farms were operated. A detailed classification of farm land according to use was first obtained in 1925; in earlier censuses, farm land was classified only as improved land, woodland, and other unimproved land. For brief discussions of the compara- bility of various agricultural data, census to census, see United States Bureau of the Census, 1945, Census of Agriculture Reports, vol. II. For each decade from 1840 through 1900, the Census of Agricul- ture was taken as of June 1. The four decennial censuses since then have been taken as of April 15, 1910; January 1, 1920; April 1, 1980; and April 1, 1940. The 1925, 1985, and 1945 quinquennial Censuses of Agriculture were taken as of January 1. FARM REAL ESTATE, FARMS, AND TENURE (E 1-60) E 1-4. Number and value of farms, decennial 1850-1900, annual 1910-1945. SOURCE: For 1850-1900, data from Bureau of the Census reports; for 1910-1945, see Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Net Farm Income and Parity Report: 1943, July 1944 (processed); and The Farm Income Situation, June-July 1947 (processed). The first Census of Agriculture was taken in 1840, but the Cen- sus of 1850 was the first in which data on the number, acreage, and value of farms was secured. Prior to 1850, early tax records are available in some counties giving the number, acreage, and 4 value of farms listed for assessment purposes. Information on farm land values in scattered local areas is referred to by Bidwell, P. W., and Falconer, J. I., History of Agriculture in the Northern United States, 1620 to 1860, pp. 70-71, 242 and 328. Similar in- formation for Southern States is found in Gray, L. C., History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, vol. I, pp. 403 406, and vol. II, pp. 640-645. Definitions.—Instructions accompanying the 1945 Census schedule gave the following definition for farms to be enumerated: A farm, for census purposes, is all the land on which some agricultural operations are performed by one person, either by his own labor alone or with the assistance of members of his household, or hired employees. The land operated by a partnership is likewise considered a farm. A‘farm’ may consist of a single tract of land, or a number of separate tracts, and the several tracts of land may be held under different tenures, as when one tract is owned by the farmer and another tract is rented by him. When a landowner has one or more tenants, renters, croppers, or managers, the land operated by each is considered a farm. Thus, on a plantation the land operated by each cropper, renter, or tenant should be reported as a separate farm, and the land operated by the owner or man- ager by means of wage hands should likewise be reported as a separate farm. * * * Do not report as a farm any tract of land of less than 8 acres, unless its agricultural products in 1944 were valued at $250 or more. * * * (See 1945 Census of Agriculture Reports, vol. II, p. 871ff.) The 1945 Census of Agriculture Report (vol. II, pp. 4-5) carried the following statement of explanation regarding the census data on number of farms: The definition of a farm used in the 1945 Census of Agri- culture was essentially the same as that used in the 1940, 1935, 1930, and 1925 censuses. That used for the 1920 and 1910 censuses was similarly worded but was somewhat more in- clusive. In those years farms of less than 3 acres with less than $250 worth of products were to be included, provided they required the continuous services of at least one person. In the definition for 1900, there was no acreage limit. Market, truck, and fruit gardens, orchards, nurseries, cran- berry marshes, green houses, and city dairies were to be in- cluded, provided the entire time of at least one individual was devoted to their care. For 1890, 1880, and 1870, no tract of less than 3 acres was to be reported as a farm unless $500 worth of produce was actually sold from it during the year. For 1860, no definition was given the enumerators. In the Census of 1850, there was no acreage qualification given in the definition, but there was a lower limit of $100 for value of produce. The value of farm real estate and other specified items of farm property obtained by the census was the current market value. Data for the census years are published in Bureau of Census re- ports, and are obtained from complete census enumerations. The number of farms between census years is estimated by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics on the basis of estimates of changes in farm population. The value of farm land and buildings between census years is estimated on basis of changes in the Bureau of Agricultural Economics index of land values per acre and adjusted for changes of acreage of land in farms. E 5. Index of estimated value of farms per acre, 1912-1945. Base: 1912-14 =100. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture, The Farm Real Estate Situation, circular No. 754, and earlier circulars bearing the same title. These index numbers cover farm land, together with buildings and other permanent improvements. Estimates of average value per acre of farm real estate, within relatively small communities, are made by crop reporters of the United States Department of Agri- culture on March 1 of each year. They are not averages of market GENERAL STATISTICS Text: E 5-60 transactions or sales prices, although it is thought that such trans- actions as do occur tend to influence the reporters in formulating their estimate for the community. About 20,000 estimates of average value per acre are obtained from the crop reporters. In addition, approximately 9,000 reports from a special list of reporters (farm real estate dealers, country bankers, and appraisers) are used as a check. Data from both sources are summarized for crop reporting district averages and are combined into State, regional, and national weighted averages. The weights used are fixed on the basis of area of land in farms according to the 1925 Census of Agriculture. Index numbers of the State, geographic division, and United States estimates are then computed, using as a base 1912-1914=100. E 6-11. Estimated number of farms changing ownership per 1,000 farms, 1926-1945. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture, annual circular, The Farm Real Estate Situation. Basic data for these estimates are supplied by crop reporters. Farms are defined broadly as properties used primarily for farm- ing and exclude ranches, plantations, and orchards. The reporters are instructed that if ownership of a farm has changed more than once in the last 12 months, then each transfer should be counted separately. Voluntary sales and trades (series E 7) indicates bona fide sales, straight sales, etc.; contracts to purchase are included, but not options. Forced sales (series E 8-10) are divided between those resulting from difficulties in meeting payments on indebted- ness and those resulting from delinquency in payment of taxes. Foreclosures of mortgages, bankrupicies, etc., (series E 9) includes loss of title by default of contract, sales to avoid foreclosure, and surrender of title or other transfers to avoid foreclosure. Other transfers (series E 11) ineludes transfers of title as a result of in- heritance and gift, administrator and executor sales in settlement of estates, and a small group of miscellaneous and unclassified sales. The data refer to the number of transfers that occurred during the 12 months ended March 15. The reports are summarized by crop reporting districts and are combined to yield State ratios, using the number of farms reported in the 1925 Census as a basis for the weights, except in the Southern States where the weights are based on the number of farms minus the number of croppers. A processed release by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, “Transfers of Farm Real Estate,” August 1939, gave data on transfers for 485 selected counties, for 1935 or earlier years. In a number of counties, data on recorded transfers are shown in that report for a period of years extending back to 1900. The county record data on transfers have been used as a basis for extending back to 1912 the regular series of estimates of frequency of voluntary sales, and foreclosures and assignments, for the United States as a whole (see series E 17-18). The county record data for earlier years were in terms of tracts and acreages, rather than farms, and by calendar years; hence they were not exactly com- parable with the regularly computed series. The total acreage was used in preference to the number of parcels in extending back the transfer volume series. For the period since 1926, transfer data for the 12 months ended March 15 were used to represent the previous calendar year’s transfers. The estimates for the earlier years are shown in series E 17 and 18. E 12-16. Percentage of voluntary sales and trade by specified classes of residents, 1928-1945. SOURCE: Department of Agri- culture, annual circular, The Farm Real Estate Situation. Data on the character of farm buying are computed annually from reports of individually listed actual sales furnished by co- operating farm real estate dealers and similar correspondents. For the purpose of this classification a local resident (series E 12) was defined as one ‘‘from the same county, or a county adjoining that in which the farm bought is located.” Purpose of purchase (series E 13) was determined from ‘“Yes” or ‘“No” answers to the ques- tion: ““As far as you know, did the buyer buy to actually work the plage himself or to turn it over to some of his children to own or operate?’”’ Occupation status of buyer (series E 14-16) was deter- mined on the basis of answers to the question: ‘‘At the time he bought was the buyer (1) an active farmer, or (2) a retired farmer, or (3) mainly in some other occupation?” The percentage distributions are based on simple totals of all reports received. The distributions indicated for the United States as a whole have checked closely with those obtained in selected county surveys during recent years. The data published in The Farm Real Estate Situation also give comparable classifications by geographic divisions. E 17-18. Transfers per 1,000 farms, 1912-1924. SOURCE: See text of series E 6-11. E 19-60. General note. Farm tenure, census years, 1880-1945. SOURCE: For 1880-1940, see Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census of the United States, Agriculture, vol. III. Data for 1945 are from Bureau of the Census records. Before the Census of 1880 no general study of operator status had been conducted in this country, although it had been the national policy from the first to be liberal with the public lands in the encouragement of owner operatorship of farms. Studies in the history of agriculture prior to 1860 contain chapters on land ten- ure but these, necessarily, are based upon fragments of inform- ation on the tenure situation. See Bidwell, P. W., and Falconer, J. 1., History of Agriculture in the Northern United States, 1620— 1860, and Gray, L. C., History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860. The 1900 Census of Agriculture reported the results of a study of the ownership of rented farms in the United States. This report had particular reference to the questions of absentee ownership and the concentration of ownership of rented farms. On a sample basis, the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the Department of Agriculture has made subsequent studies of the ownership of rented farms as of 1920 and 1945. The results of the 1920 study were published in 1926 as Department of Agriculture Bulletins 1432 and 1433, and the results of the 1945 study are now being tabulated. The findings of a census of plantations for 1910 were published in 1916 by the Bureau of the Census under the title Plantations in the South. This report covered 325 selected counties in 11 Southern States. In the selected plantation area, 39,073 plantations were reported as using 5 ar more tenants. In connection with the 1940 census, the Bureau made another study of plantations but has not published the results. The findings, in connection with the 1945 Census of Agriculture inquiries into the so-called multiple farm units, were published in 1947 by the Bureau of the Census under the title Multiple Unit Operations. The Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the Department of Agriculture issued in 1924 as Department Bulletin 1269 the results of a study made by C. O. Brannen into the Relation of Land Tenure to Plantation Organi- zalion. For the Census of 1880 and that of 1890 only the number of farms was classified by tenure. Classifications by color of the farm operator and interclassifications by color and tenure were first made in the Census of 1900. Definitions of terms (series E 19-60).—A farm operator, accord- to the census definition, is a person who operates a farm, either performing the labor himself or directly supervising it. The cen- sus definition of a farm is on the basis of operating units, rather than ownership tracts. A farm may consist of a number of separate tracts and these may be held under different tenures, as when one tract is owned and another tract is rented by the farm operator. Similarly, when a landowner has several tenants, renters, or crop- pers, the land operated by each is considered a separate farm. Therefore, the number of farm operators, for all practical pur- poses is identical with the number of farms (series E 19) and these items are used interchangeably. The color classification of farm operators includes the Mexicans with the whites. The nonwhite group (series E 45, E 54-60) in- 75 Text: E 19-68 AGRICULTURE cludes Negroes, Indians, Chinese, Japanese, and other nonwhite races. Each farm was classified according to the tenure under which the operator controlled the land, on the basis of replies to the following three inquiries on the schedule: Item 9. Do you operate this farm for others as hired manager? (Yes or no); Item 10. How many acres in this farm do you own?; Item 11. How many acres in this farm do you rent from others? The enumerator was instructed to consider as owned, land which the operator or his wife held under title, homestead law, purchase contract, or as one of the heirs or as trustee of an un- divided estate. If both an owned and a rented tract were farmed by the same operator, these were to be considered as one farm even though the tracts were not contiguous and each was locally called a farm. Farm operators were classified into four major ten- ure groups: (1) Full owners (series E 20, E 32, E 38, E 49, E 56) who own all the land they operate; (2) Part owners (series E 21, E 33, E 39, E 50, E 57) who own a part and rent from others the rest of the land they operate; (3) Managers (series E 22, E 34, E 40, E 51, E 58) who operate farms for others and receive wages or salaries for their services. Persons acting merely as caretakers or hired laborers were not classed as managers. Farms operated for institutions or corporations were considered to be managed even where no person was specifically indicated as being employed as the farm manager; (4) Tenants (series E 23, E 35, E 41, E 52, E 59) operate hired or rented land only. Croppers (series E 36, E 42, E 53, E 60) have been defined by the 1945 Census as share tenants to whom their land- lords furnish all of the work animals, or tractor power in lieu of work animals. Croppers were classified separately for the first time in the 1920 Census and data for this class Lave been secured at each succeeding census. In the censuses of 1920, 1925, and 1930 croppers were defined as share tenants whose landlords furnished the work animals. For the census of 1935, the schedule carried no inquiry in regard to the method of paying rent and, therefore, croppers for that year included all tenants whose landlords furnished the work animals. The furnishing of tractor power was not taken into account in classifying croppers until the census of 1940. The greatest difficulties in making a classification by tenure re- sult from the sharecropper system. Briefly, the question involved is whether the sharecropper should be considered merely a type of laborer or a farm operator. In reality, croppers have some of the characteristics of both laborers and tenants. Crop-sharing con- tracts, by John H. Graves, Bureau of the Census, 1943, is a mem- orandum regarding legal relations and rights of parties when land owned by one is cultivated by the other under agreement to share the crops. The memorandum covers 14 Southern States. Speaking of the situation as of 1940 the author of the memorandum finds “4f croppers were included with landowners as a single farm, it would make a difference [reduction] for the United States of about 567,675 in the number of farms . . . and for the South a difference [reduction] of 541,291 in the number of farms...” FARM EMPLOYMENT, WAGES, PRODUCTIVITY (E 61-71) E 61-63. Farm employment, 1909-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. For 1909-1942, see Farm Wage Rates, Farm Employment, and Related Data, January 1943, p. 155 (pro- cessed); for 1942-1945, see Agricultural Statistics, 1946, p. 533. Current farm employment data are collected by the crop-re- porting service operated by the United States Department of Agriculture. About 70,000 crop reporters are on a list of general crop and livestock farmers who are sent questionnaires on farm employment and wages paid hired farm workers. From these re- porters, about 20,000 returns are received each month. Crop reporters are asked to report the number of persons em- ployed 2 or more days on their farms in the last week, excluding persons doing housework. The reporting period from 1935 to 1941 76 was designated as 7 days prior to the first of the month. Since 1941, the respondent has been asked for the number of persons em- ployed during the past week, which varies according to the day the crop reporter receives the questionnaire. Before 1935, the time period was not designated. Family workers include operators and members of their families who worked on the farm without pay. Hired farm workers include all persons paid wages for farm work on the reporter’s farm, whether paid monthly, daily, piece, or other type of wage rate. The average number of hired and family workers per farm for States are computed for the reporting farms. The averages are then adjusted by factors which are based on extrapolations from the last census level, labor requirements data, and the estimated seasonal pattern of employment based on the 1940 Census and studies in selected States. The adjusted averages are then multi- plied by the estimated number of full-time farms in each State to obtain the estimates of the number of family and hired workers employed. Full-time farms are defined as those on which the oper- ator worked less than 250 days at off-farm work during the year. Data from the Census, State assessors’ reports, and Agricultural Adjustment Administration records are used in estimating the num- ber of farms. Annual averages of employment are simple averages of first-of-month employment estimates. Collection of monthly farm-employment data through crop re- porters was started in October 1923. In 1938, the National Re- search Project of the Works Progress Administration developed and published monthly farm-employment estimates for 1925-1936, from the crop reporter data. See Shaw, E. E., and Hopkins, J. A., Trends in Employment in Agriculture, 1909-36, Works Progress Administration, National Research Project, Report No. A-8, Phil- adelphia, Pennsylvania, November 1938. Current monthly esti- mates have been made by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics from crop reporter data from 1939 to the present time, using the methods developed in the Works Progress Administration project. The series was adjusted to the 1940 census bench mark data and monthly estimates were made for January 1937 to 1939. Thus, monthly data are available for the United States and nine geo- graphic divisions from 1925 to the present time. Estimates of annual average employment and monthly employment by 10 type- of-farming areas are also available from 1925 to the present. Un- published State estimates are used as weights in computing wage rate estimates from crop-reporter data. In the National Research Project study annual estimates of farm employment from 1909 to 1924 were also published. These estimates were based on census data and on data such as acreage and farm production and farm population changes. In addition to the farm-employment estimates, monthly indexes of farm employment are available, both unadjusted and adjusted for seasonal variation. The adjustment factors for seasonality are revised each year. The employment index is based on the 1910-14 period; the base is a simple average of the five annual figures. E 64-68. Farm wage rates, 1866-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agri- cultural Economics. For 1866-1941, see Farm Wage Rates, Farm Employment, and Related Data, January 1943, pp. 3—4 (processed); for 1942-1945, see Agricultural Statistics, 1946, p. 538. Information on farm wages prior to 1866 is scattered, and is on a State basis or consists of individual records rather than data for the country as a whole. For farm wage data before 1866, see Wages of Farm Labor in the United States, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Statistics, Miscellaneous Series, Report No. 4, Wash- ington, D. C., 1892; Holmes, George K., Wages of Farm Labor, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Statistics, Bulletin 99, Washington, D. C., 1912; and Adams, T. M., Prices Paid by Ver- mont Farmers for Goods and Services and Received by Them for Farm Products, 1790-1940; see also Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 507, Wages of Vermont Farm Labor, 1780-1940, Burlington, Vermont, February 1944. GENERAL STATISTICS The first investigations made by the Department of Agriculture of the wage rates farmers paid hired workers in the United States was in 1866. It was followed by 18 similar studies made at irregular intervals in the following 44 years. Then from 1909 to 1923, in- quiries were made annually. Since 1923, they have been on a quarterly basis. In all these surveys, questionnaires were sent to the voluntary crop correspondents. Information was requested on the average monthly and daily wage rates, with and without board, paid by farmers in the locality. From 1866 to 1909 an estimate of the average wages in the locality for the year was requested of the crop reporters. During this period, the time of year when the inquiry was made varied considerably; sometimes it was in-the spring, sometimes in the fall or winter. For those years in which the investigation was made in the spring, there is some uncertainty as to which year the annual average refers. For this reason, a dual-date is designated in the series as, for example, “1874 or 1875.” In each of these 19 investi- gations, wage rates per day were obtained separately for harvest work and for work other than harvest work. The data published here for these years are the day rates for “other than harvest work.” The monthly wage rates reported are not strictly comparable throughout this period. From 1866 to 1890, monthly wage rates were reported for workers hired by the year. These are the rates shown here. In addition, in the first three of these inquiries, crop reporters were asked for monthly rates paid to workers hired for the season, which are published in Holmes (see above). From 1891 to 1909, the monthly rate requested was on a combined annual and seasonal basis. In 1909, the distinction was again made, but the two types of monthly rates were averaged. The weighted average (re- vised) is published here. For the original averages of the monthly rates for workers hired by the year and those hired by the season, see Holmes, Wages of Farm Labor, referred to above. Throughout this period from 1866 to 1909, wage rates requested were those paid to men doing outdoor work. In 1902, 1906, and 1909, rates paid women for domestic work on farms were also requested. Data from the 19 wage inquiries were published in four bulletins by the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Agriculture— No. 4, 22, and 26 of the miscellaneous series, which were published in 1892, 1901, and 1908; and Bulletin 99 of the Bureau of Statistics series published in 1912. In the first three of the bulletins the rates were published without reducing currency to gold values, since the monetary system of this country was not on a gold basis, but in Holmes’ bulletin (No. 99) and in subsequent reports the wage rates for the period of inflated ¢urrency values during and follow- ing the Civil War were reduced to gold values. In Holmes’ bulletin the weighting system, which was not uniform for all previous sur- veys, was revised and wage-rate data for all 19 surveys were re- computed. The number of male agricultural laborers, as reported by census of occupations, in each State was used as the weight in obtaining United States and major region averages from State average wage rates. From 1909 to 1923, annual inquiries as to farm wage rates in their localities were made of crop reporters. As previously, they were asked about monthly rates with and without board; and about daily rates, with and without board, “at harvest” and for “other than harvest labor.” In 1928, to give an overlap for linking pur- poses, a quarterly inquiry was initiated as well as the annual sur- vey. The new quarterly series changed the time reference of day rates to “average wage rates being paid to hired labor at the present time in your locality,” with an additional instruction to include in the estimates of day rates “average daily earnings of piece workers.” Thus the distinction between day rates for harvest work and for non-harvest work was no longer made. For compar- ative purposes, the daily wage rates “for other than harvest work’ in the period before 1923 are probably more comparable with the rates obtained after the 1928 shift in definition of daily rates than Text: E 64-68 are the daily rates for harvest work or a combination of the two types of daily rates obtained before 1923. From 1923 to the present time, the questions asked crop re- porters on wage rates have continued in almost exactly the same form. A more detailed discussion of the method of collecting wage rate data through crop reporter questionnaires is given in Hale, R. F., and Gastineau, R. L., Reliability and Adequacy of Farm Wage Rate Data, Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Market- ing Service, Washington, D. C., February 1940 (processed). Because the return of these questionnaires is on a voluntary basis and because the crop reporter list is made up of those willing to cooperate, the group of farmers reporting on wage rates in their locality is not representative of all farmers or all farming com- munities. Most of the returns are from operators of general crop and livestock farms. It is doubtful whether rates on specialized farms are adequately covered. The rates reported probably pro- vide a fairly accurate picture of average rates paid regular hired men in the general crop-producing regions. Average rates based on data reported by crop reporters have been published quarterly in the Bureau of Agricultural Economics’ Farm Labor and annually in the Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Statistics. Both quarterly rates and annual average rates are published for States, nine major geographic divisions, and the United States. The annual average rates are weighted averages of the quarterly averages, using data on the number of hired farm workers employed each quarter as the weight. The number of hired farm workers employed is also used to weight State averages to geographic divisions and Uuited States averages. Up to 1938, census data on the number of male hired workers were used as weights. In 1938 the weighting system was revised and average rates for the United States and the geographic divisions for 1909-1938 were also revised. State rates were unchanged. These new rates were based on data compiled by the Works Progress Administration and published in Shaw, E. E., and Hopkins, J. A., Trends in Employment in Agriculture, 1909-86, Works Progress Administration, Natl. Res. Proj. Rpt. No. A-8, Philadelphia, No- vember 1938. Since 1938, the current employment estimates have been used. A more detailed statement on the current weighting system is given in Hale, R. F., and Gastineau, R. L., (see above), and in Farm Wage Rates, Employment, and Related Data (also cited above). Index numbers of the composite farm wage rates (series E 64) are published for geographic regions and for the United States. In obtaining this index, the day rates are multiplied by 20 to ob- tain their monthly equivalents. A constant set of percentages of the workers receiving each type of rate, based on a 1927 survey, have been used in weighting rates in each geographic region be- ginning 1925. The resulting composite wage rate is converted to an index based on the period 1910-1914. The base is a simple average of the five annual figures. The quarterly wage-rate index, which is also available, is published both unadjusted and adjusted to remove seasonal variation. Seasonal adjustment factors are based on the relationship of monthly levels to annual averages for 1923 to 1939. In the absence of direct information in the past, the difference between the average monthly rate with board and the average monthly rate without board, as reported by crop reporters, has often been estimated as the monthly value of board which has never been explicitly defined. The value thus obtained by sub- traction of the two series for July 1945, however, is considerably lower than the average value of room and meals furnished as per- quisites which was reported by the farmer for a similar period. A more detailed discussion of the value of perquisites furnished by farmers is given in ‘“Perquisites Furnished Hired Farm Workers, United States and Major Regions, 1945,” Bureau of Agricultural Economics Report No. 18 of the series Surveys of Wages and Wage Rates in Agriculture, December 1946 (processed). 77 Text: E 69-73 E 69. Farmers’ expenditures for hired labor, 1909-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. For 1909-1929, see Income Parity for Agriculture, part II, sec. 1, “The Cost of Hired Farm Labor, 1909-38,” April 1939, p. 5; for 1930-1945, see Agricultural Statistics, 1946, p. 564. Data for census years are from Bureau of the Census; intercensal years are BAE estimates. Current esti- mates are published in Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Farm Income Situation, for June and July of each year. For a detailed statement of the methods used in estimating the farm labor bill, see “The Cost of Hired Farm Labor, 1909-38,” cited above; and “Net Income and Production Expenses of Farm Operators by States, Calendar Years 1929, 1939-44,” part VI, sec. 2 of the series Income Parity for Agriculture, October 1945. Annual estimates of farmers’ total expenditures for hired labor since 1909 are available for the United States; and for 1929 and annually, beginning in 1939, for individual States. The total farm labor bill is divided between cash wages and the value of per- quisites farmers furnished hired workers. It is also divided between the wage bill paid to workers living on farms and those not living on farms. The annual estimates of the cash expenditures for hired labor for census years were taken from the Census of Agriculture. Esti- mates for intercensal years were interpolated on the basis of changes in the product of hired farm employment and average wage rates, with the latter appropriately weighted by quarters for each type of employment. The estimates of board and lodging furnished hired farm work- ers as perquisites for the United States as a whole were based on totals from the 1910 and 1920 Censuses of Agriculture. Estimates for intervening and subsequent years were based on the percentage change in the product of the number of hired farm workers paid monthly and daily wage rates with board and the value of board and lodging. This value was estimated as the difference between wage rates with board and wage rates without board, as estimated from crop reporter data. In addition, the value of perquisites other than board and lodging for 1925 was derived from a special study of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. (Folsom, J. C., Perquisites and Wages of Hired Farm Laborers, Department of Agriculture, Tech. Bul. 213, 1931.) Estimates of the value of per- quisites other than board and lodging for other years were based on the 1925 data and on the change in hired farm employment and changes in farm prices of the major perquisite items. And finally, the two perquisite series combined have been adjusted to the levels shown by the May 1945 survey of wages and wage rates in agriculture, made by the Bureau of Agricultural Econom- ies. (“Perquisites Furnished Hired Farm Workers, United States and Major Regions, 1945,” Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Report No. 18 of the series, Surveys of Wages and Wage Rates in Agriculture, December 1946.) Basic data on the number of hired farm workers living on farms and those not living on farms were from the 1930 and 1940 Censuses of Population. The series as a whole is tied to census enumerations, which may under-estimate to some extent the total cash-wage bill. The data are comparable from year to year, and should closely approximate the variations in the total farm-labor bill. E 70-71. Productivity of farm labor, 1910-1945. SOURCE: See Barton, Glen T., and Cooper, Martin R., Farm Production in War and Peace, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Dec. 1945, and BAE records. The two indexes of farm production per worker were construc- ted by dividing the index of production for sale and home con- sumption (series E 72), and the index of gross farm production (series E 73), by the index of average annual farm employment (based on series E 61). The two series of production per farm worker have quite differ- ent long-time trends, particularly since 1918 when the number of 78 AGRICULTURE horses and mules on farms was at the peak. The replacement of farm horses and mules by mechanical power in the form of trac- tors, trucks, and automobiles had two broad effects on production per farm worker. Mechanical power and associated labor-saving equipment enabled fewer farm workers to produce more products. And, as farm horses and mules declined in number, the cropland formerly used for raising their feed was diverted to production of farm products for human use. The shift in composition of farm power thus was a force in the downward trend in farm employment and in the upward trend in farm production for the market. The result was a sharp upward trend in production for sale and home consumption per farm worker. The trend in gross production per farm worker was not so sharply upward. This is the result of the inclusion of the value of farm-produced power as an item of gross farm production. The index of gross production per worker thus more nearly measures the change in the total production contribution of farm labor than does the index of production for sale and home consumption per worker. Part of the increase in production for sale and home consumption is attributable to the nonfarm workers who manu- factured the motor vehicles and fuel for them. Another index of agricultural production per worker was de- veloped in Bressler, R. G., Jr., and Hopkins, J. A., Trends in Size and Production of the Aggregate Farm Enterprise, 1909-1936, Works Progress Administration, National Research Project, Report A-6, July 1938, and has been kept current by the Bureau of Labor Statis- ties. In this index of farm production the commodities are weighted by labor requirements rather than by prices in the base period as is the case for both of the indexes shown here. (See chapter D, series D 217.) PRODUCTION MEASURES (E 72-75) E 72-73. Agricultural production indexes, 1909-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Series E 72: For 1909-1944, see Agricultural Statistics, 1946, p. 560; for 1945, see Farm Income Situation, December 1947 (processed). Series E 73: For 1910-1918 and 1940-1945, data are from BAE records; for 1919-1939, see Barton, Glen T., and Martin R. Cooper, Farm Production in War and Peace, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, December 1945. The volume of agricultural production for sale and farm house- hold use (series E 72) is a fixed-weight aggregative index of pro- duction of 86 agricultural products. Because of inadequate data, some of the items that are included in the index at present are omitted in the earlier years, leaving only 41 items in 1909, the first year for which the index is available. The base period is 1935- 39, and 1935-39 average prices are used as weights. This index was developed in connection with the farm-income estimates and the concepts used parallel those used in the income estimate: (series E 91-94). Group indexes are calculated for two major groups—crops, and livestock and products. Subgroups of the crops are calculated for food grains, feed crops, cotton lint and seed, oil-bearing crops, tobacco, fruits and tree nuts, truck crops, vegetable and sugar crops. The crops group includes cowpeas and hops in addition to the subgroups listed. Subgroups in livestock and products are calcu- lated for meat animals, poultry and eggs, and dairy products. Wool and mohair are included in livestock and products group. The data on crops are total crop-year production for sale and for farm home consumption. Data on meat animals and livestock products are total calendar-year liveweight or products sales and home consumption. Home consumption includes only farm house- hold consumption and does not include feed and seed used on farms where grown. The index of gross agricultural production (series E 73) for each calendar year covers total crop production, pasture consumed by livestock, and the product added in the conversion of feed and GENERAL STATISTICS Text: E 72-81 pasture into livestock and livestock products for human use and into farm-produced power. Indexes have been constructed for each of the 9 census geographic divisions from 1919 to date and the United States from 1909 to date. Sub-indexes of gross farm production are available for product added by all livestock and by meat animal products. The total crops and pasture component has subgroups for feed grains, hay and pasture, food grains, truck crops, vegetables except truck, fruits and tree nuts, sugar crops, cotton, tobacco and oil crops. Cowpeas, hops, and hay seeds are included in the crop and pasture index. In addition, the quantity- price aggregates of farm-produced power of horses and mules are subtracted from the total quantity-price aggregates of gross farm production to obtain regional and national indexes of farm output for human use. The decreasing importance of horses and mules as a source of farm power is reflected in the difference in the trends of the in- dexes of production for sale and home consumption (series E 72) and gross farm production (series E 73). Neither of these indexes is available for years earlier than 1909. Department of Agriculture, Tech. Bulletin 703, Gross Farm Income and Indices of Farm Production and Prices in the United States, 1869-1937, by Strauss and Bean contains several indexes of farm production for the years 1869-1937. These indexes are not com- parable with those appearing here but they probably provide the best available measure of changes in farm production prior to 1909. E 74-75. Aggregate acreage of 52 crops, 1909-1945. SOURCE: For 1909-1928, data are from records of Bureau of Agricultural Economics; for 1929-1945, see BAE, Crop Production, 19,7 Annual Summary, December 1947 (processed). Estimates of harvested acre- ages of principal crops in the United States appear in the records of the Crop Reporting Board of the Bureau of Agricultural Eco- nomics for the period beginning with 1866. For purposes of com- parison with current totals, the estimates for 52 principal crops have been aggregated for the years since 1909. The 52 crops selected for this treatment include the 4 feed grains—ecorn, oats, barley, and sorghum grain; the 4 food grains— wheat, rye, buckwheat and rice; the 5 annual legumes—dry edible beans, dry field peas, soybeans for beans, cowpeas for peas, pea- nuts picked and threshed; all hay; cotton, tobacco, flaxseed, pota- toes, sweetpotatoes, broomcorn, sorghum silage and forage; 3 sugar crops—sugar cane for all purposes, sugar beets, and sorgo sirup; 6 field seeds—alfalfa, red clover, alsike clover, sweetclover, lespedeza, and timothy; and 21 vegetables. Of the 21 vegetables 11 are for processing and 19 for fresh market, some of which appear in both categories. Among crops not included are sweet corn for market and some of the less important commercial vegetables, most market gardens, hops, spelt, hemp, velvetbeans, minor crops, and fruits and nuts. In aggregating these acreages it is necessary to allow for some duplications. The aggregate acreage shown for any particular year is a net acreage, excluding most duplications, excluding some annual legume acreages which may be harvested by grazing, but including small acreages of succession crops, mostly vegetables, which may be grown on the same acreage in the same year. The effect of these is more or less offsetting and the extent is probably not sufficient to affect more than the fourth significant digit. Planted acreages of most crops have been estimated by the Crop Reporting Board only since 1929. For the same 52 crops for which harvested acreages are aggregated, a total of estimated acreages planted or grown is prepared. The difference between the aggre- gate of acreage planted or grown and the aggregate acreage harvested in any year represents acreage losses. These losses are published for specific crops and in total in the December issue of Crop Production. These series are comparable throughout. both within each series and between the two series. The expression acreage planted or grown (series E 74) is descrip- tive of the data contained. For most crops the acreage is that estimated as planted, and thus includes some acreage that was not harvested for various reasons. For such crops as field seeds and hay, which are harvested from fields not sown or planted annually, the term “acreage grown’’ is more realistic. FARM TAXES, INSURANCE, AND INCOME (E 76-104) E 76-79. Taxes levied on farm property, 1890-1945. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Finance Review issues. These series cover all ad val- orem taxes levied upon farm property by State and local govern- ments. They do not cover special assessments such as those levied on a per acre or other benefit basis, by drainage, irrigation, or other special districts. Farm real estate (series E 76-78) is all land that falls within the Bureau of the Census definition of land in farms (see series E 1-4). Farm personal property (series E 79) covers all livestock, machinery, automobiles, trucks, produce, and household and personal effects. Much personal property on farms is not taxed because some States provide a flat dollar exemption or they exempt certain classes of personal property entirely. The taxes shown include those levied upon farm property whether owned by the operator or not. To the extent that nonfarm landlords pay the taxes on farm property, the figures are greater than the taxes paid by farmers. “Levies” rather than ‘payments’ are shown partly because data for payments are not available for many States. For short periods and in particular States, levies and payments may differ widely. Over long periods and for the country as a whole, however, levies and payments probably are about equal. The figures, therefore, can be said to represent the property-tax charges against the agricultural industry. The several real estate tax series (E 76-78) are developed by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics from data for sample farms obtained from local tax officials or from farmers themselves, and from farm real estate tax data reported by the Agricultural Cen- suses of 1930 and 1940. The acreages used in computing taxes per acre are census enumerations of land in farms with interpolations forintercensal years. The values used in computing taxes per $100 of value are based on census enumerations of operator estimates of value with interpolations for intercensal years based on the Bureau of Agricultural Economics index of farm land values. For a more detailed discussion of the method used in constructing these series, see Farm Property Taxes and Their Relation to Parity Determinations, issued in November 1941 by the Bureau of Agri- cultural Economics. The personal property tax series (series E 79) is developed by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics from the annual figures for total real estate taxes and the ratios between the amounts of farm real and farm personal property on the tax rolls as shown in pub- lished reports of State tax commissions, boards of equalization, or similar bodies. A discussion of this series appears in the article, “Personal Property Taxation and the Farmer,” in the Agricul- tural Finance Review, vol. 3, No. 2, November 1940, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. E 80-81. State automotive taxes paid by farmers, 1910-1945. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Eco- nomics, Agricultural Finance Review issues. The series for State motor-vehicle licenses and permits (series E 80) includes payments of all registration and ‘tag’ fees for automobiles and trucks on farms and for drivers’ permits by farmers. Estimates have not been made for years prior to 1910 as the number of vehicles on farms was very small and registration charges were low. The increase in the amount paid by farmers since 1910 reflects both the increase in the number of vehicles on farms and the increase in the average charge per vehicle. The latter increase resulted partly from a long-time trend toward increasing the tax contribution of motor vehicle own- ers and partly from a tendency to simplify administration by ad- justing license fees upward and then exempting motor vehicles from the property tax. The license and permit series is derived from 79 Text: E 80-94 AGRICULTURE Bureau of Agricultural Economics estimates of vehicles on farms and average charges per vehicle. The latter is the average charge for all vehicles registered, adjusted to the level of charges for vehicles on farms as determined from special surveys. State motor-fuel taxes (series E 81) are those arising out of the use of automobiles and trucks by farmers. For practical purposes they may be considered as paid by farmers, although in many States these taxes technically are levied upon the distributors or dealers. The taxation of motor fuel began in 1919 when four States adopted gallonage taxes on gasoline. By 1929 all States had such taxes. The motor-fuel series is derived from Bureau of Agricul- tural Economics estimates of fuel consumption of farm vehicles and the average tax rate on such fuel as developed from special surveys. Further discussion of these series appears in an article, ‘‘Auto- motive Taxes and the Farmer,” in the Agricultural Finance Review, vol. 4, No. 2, November 1941, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. E 82-87. Farmers’ mutual fire insurance, 1914-1945. SOURCE: Compiled by Bureau of Agricultural Economics from published State reports and from data supplied by State insurance officials, company officials, and others. The data presented here are for farmers’ mutual fire insurance companies, and include insurance against fire and lightning but, in most cases, not against windstorm, hail on growing crops, or other hazards. For 1914-1933, farmer com- panies were defined as those which had more than 65 percent of their insurance on farm property. Since 1933, farmer companies have been defined as those which had more than 50 percent of their business on farm property. During both periods, however, all business of such companies was considered farm business, al- though only about 88 percent of the total insurance was on farm property. On the other hand, general-writing mutual and stock fire insurance eompanies also write insurance on farm property; but the business of such companies is not included, as they do not come within the definition of a farmer company. The number of companies indicated (series E 82) are those for which data were obtained and may not be entirely complete for any year. The amount of surplus and reserves shown represents merely the excess of assets over liabilities. Most of the farmers’ mutuals. are assessment companies and as such are not required to set up unearned-premium reserves. ‘“Cost per $100 of insurance” (series E 84-86) does not include any amounts collected from mem- bers which have been added directly to surplus or reserve funds (series E 87). Such funds are, of course, available for payment of future losses and operating expenses. The average increase in these surplus funds during the 10-year period 1935-44 suggests that, on the average, annual assessments collected from members amounted to about 27.5 cents per $100 of insurance, compared with amounts actually paid out for losses and operating expenses of about 24.8 cents. E 88-94. Cash receipts from farm marketing, and farm income, 1910-1945. SOURCE: For 1910-1939, see Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Net Farm Income and Parity Report, 1943, and Sum- mary for 1910-42, July 1944; for 1940-1945, see BAE, The Farm Income Situation, June-July 1947. The estimates, assembled in the last 10 years by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, are designed primarily to meet the specifications of the legislative formula for determining income parity for agriculture; but they, have also pro- vided for the first time a systematic set of general-purpose statistics on farm income and expenditures. As finally revised in 1938, the formula for income parity for agriculture provides in general that the net income of persons on farms from farming is at parity when it bears the same per capita relationship to nonfarm income as in the 1910-14 base period. In 1936, the Bureau of Agricultural Economics launched an ex- tensive project of research and estimation in the field of farm- income statistics. This project was designed to extend the estimates back to 1910 as required by the income-parity formula, to revise 80 the data to a full calendar-year basis comparable with similar estimates of nonagricultural income, and to improve and expand the data in other respects. Partial results were published by the Bureau, as completed, in a series of reports under the general heading of Income Parity for Agriculture; and all of the results in preliminary form were assembled and published in Material Bearing on Parity Prices, USDA, BAE, July 1941. The various series have been revised and brought up to date every year since then. Estimates for individual States are also available for some of the more recent years. Data on cash receipts appear in Cash Re- ceipts from Farming, by States and Commodities, Calendar Years 1924-194), USDA, BAE, January 1946, and are brought up to date in the May issues of The Farm Income Situation. Estimates of net income appear in Net Income and Production Expenses of Farm Operators by States, Calendar Years 1929 and 1939-14, part VI, section 1 of Income Parity for Agriculture, USDA, BAE, Oc- tober 1945; and are usually brought up to date in the July issues of The Farm Income Situation. No adequate statistics are available on farm income and ex- penses before 1910. Willford I. King’s early estimates of the total value produced in agriculture go back to 1850, but for census years only (The Wealth and Income of the People of the United States, Macmillan Co., 1915). They were based on inadequate in- formation and are not comparable with any of the current series. With no data available for intercensal years, the decennial figures may bé misleading even as an indication of the long-term trend in farm income. The decennial projections back to 1800 prepared by the National Industrial Conference Board, National Income in the United States, 1799-1938, 1939, are in much the same category, and must be regarded only as very rough approximations. Annual esti- mates of gross farm income extending back to 1869, and covering a substantial part of total farm production, are given in Gross Farm Income and Indices of Farm Production and Prices in the United States, 1869-1937, USDA, Tech. Bul. No. 703, December 1940. Although not comparable with any of the current series, these esti- mates are probably fairly reliable as an indication of trends in the gross value of farm production. In the absence of any direct reporting of farm income on an adequate scale, it has been necessary to develop the estimates by indirect methods using the available data on production, dis- position, prices, and costs. The procedure followed in the Bureau of Agricultural Economics has been to treat agriculture as though it were one tremendous enterprise, and to derive its net income by first computing “gross income,” as defined below, and then de- ducting aggregate expenses of production. Series E 88-91, presented here, are estimates of gross farm in- come and its principal components. These estimates are ‘‘gross” in the sense that they represent the total value of commodities and services produced by farms in the United States, without any deduction for costs incurred in their production, and without any consideration as to who reaps the ultimate benefit from their sale or use, whether he be a farm operator, a landlord, a farm laborer, or a bank. Cash receipts from farm marketings, in the case of crops, include all sales of crops by farmers; purchases by other farmers for use as feed or seed are later deducted as production expenses. Similarly, in the case of livestock and products, the esti- mates include all sales by farmers, with purchases of livestock by other farmers included as a production expense in series E 92. Farm sales of firewood and other forest products are included in the crop totals. Series E 88 represents total cash receipts from all farm market- ings, and for the period from 1933 to 1945 includes Government payments to farmers. The latter include rental and benefit, con- servation, price adjustment, parity, and production payments— in short, all money paid directly to farmers by the Government in connection with its various farm programs. Indirect financial aid transmitted to farmers through commodity prices or loan values is GENERAL STATISTICS Text: E 88-97 covered in cash receipts from marketings. Government payments to landlords are included, as well as those to farm operators; but the former are also included in series E 92 as a part of total rental payments to nonfarm landlords. Gross farm income (series E 91) represents total cash farm in- come, the value of farm-produced food and fuel consumed in farm households, and an imputed rental value for all farm dwellings. Farm-household consumption of farm products is valued at prices received for the sale of similar products. It includes food and fuel furnished to hired farm laborers, later deducted as a part of total labor costs to farm operators. The rental value of dwellings is on a gross basis; later deductions of rent, interest, taxes, insurance, maintenance, and depreciation are for farms as a whole with their buildings and equipment, and include shares allocable to farm dwellings. Gross farm income has been built up commodity by commodity from the estimates of production, disposition, price, and value of the various farm products released periodically by the Crop Re- porting Board of the Department of Agriculture. These estimates in turn are generally based on periodic census enumerations supple- mented by regular reports from a long list of field statisticians, farmers, and special crop, livestock, and price correspondents, and by records and reports of a wide variety of public and private agencies concerned with the inspection, storage, marketing, trans- portation, or processing of farm products. The series on total farm-production expenses (series E 92) com- prises the aggregate cost to farm operators, or all of that part of gross farm income which is not retained by farm operators. It includes: (1) Wages paid for hired labor, both in cash and in kind; (2) purchases of feed, livestock, fertilizer, and lime; (3) outlays for the operation of tractors, trucks, and automobiles (excluding the portion assigned to family use); and (4) a large number of other current farm operating expenses. It also includes: (5) Charges for maintenance and depreciation of farm buildings, motor vehicles, machinery and equipment; (6) taxes levied on farm property; (7) interest paid on farm-mortgage loans; and (8) net rents paid to landlords not living on farms, including that part of Gov- ernment payments that goes to such landlords and not to farm operators. Other farm rents, paid to landlords who are also farm operators, are not included as they constitute offsetting items of income and cost for farm operators as a group. The estimates of production expenses are generally based on enumerations in the quinquennial Census of Agriculture, supple- mented by special surveys. Estimates for years other than census or survey years have for the most part been derived on the basis of relative changes in available series that are similar or related to the expense items in question. A combination of two series is frequently used, one representing or indicative of changes in quantity and the other of changes in price. For a few types of costs, however, the records of public or private agencies provide the basis for direct annual estimates. The realized net income of farm operators (series E 93) is ob- tained by subtracting total production expenses from gross farm income. The term “realized” is used because the estimates include the value of farm products only as they are sold, with no allowance for commodities produced but not sold during the year. In other words, the estimates do not include changes during the year in farm inventories of crops and livestock. This series should not be confused with net income from agriculture, or agriculture’s contribution to the total national income. The latter would include farm wages, rent, and interest in addition to inventory changes and the realized net income of farm operators. Series E 94, the net income to persons on farms from farming, is the one used, together with corresponding estimates of the in- come of persons not on farms, in the legislative formula for com- puting income parity for agriculture. It includes: (1) The realized net income of farm operators; (2) the value, at year-end prices, of the net change during the year in crop and livestock inventories on farms; and (8) wages, in cash or in kind, paid to farm laborers who live on farms. Inventory changes are included in order to achieve comparability with the net income of nonfarm business enterprise as ordinarily reported. Only about two-thirds of all hired farm workers live on farms; and in compliance with the res- idence criterion in the income-parity formula, only their wages are included in this series. The series are constructed on a generally comparable basis throughout the period shown, and are believed to be fairly com- plete and reliable despite the indirect methods of estimation. A more detailed discussion of coverage and methods may be found in the various publications of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics on Income Parity for Agriculture. E 95-104. Index numbers of prices received and paid by farmers, interest and taxes, and parity ratio, 1910-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics, records and Crops and Markets, April 1944, pp. 91 and 95. See also detailed listings below. E 95-97. Index numbers of prices received by farmers, 1910- 1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. For 1910-1943, see Crops and Markets, April 1944; for 1944-1945, see Agricultural Outlook Charts, 1947, book II, p. 12. Data on prices received and paid by farmers in their local markets are collected by the Depart- ment of Agriculture and are published as ‘local market prices” as distinguished from ‘‘wholesale prices” of farm products at the cen- tral markets. Three distinct types of price series are collected by the Department: (1) Annual estimates of December 1 prices of crops and January 1 farm values of livestock which constitute the oldest series, beginning in 1867; (2) mid-month prices of com- modities sold by farmers, which were first collected in 1908 for crops, and in 1910 for livestock and livestock products; and (3) the prices of articles bought by farmers, beginning in 1910. During and before the first World War, summarization of com- posite price movements in the Department of Agriculture was con- fined to some rather simple percentage comparisons and index numbers of prices received and paid by farmers. The first com- prehensive index-number series of prices of farm products was constructed and published in 1921 as Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 999, Prices of Farm Products in the United States. Considerable research on this subject in 1923-24 resulted in the development of the aggregative type of index-number series as first published in Crops and Markets in August 1924. Later re- visions of the prices received index numbers have been published at 10-year intervals in 1934 and January 1944. From the time of the first publication in 1921, the base period for index numbers of prices received by farmers has been the 60-month period, August 1909-July 1914. The primary consideration in the original decision to accept this base was that these prewar years constituted a period in which the prices of farm products were relatively stable and it was assumed that there was a more nearly normal relationship with other price series during this period than in any other period during the short term of years for which data were then available. The series of prices received by farmers that are used in the construction of the index of the general level of farm-product prices are based on reports from a group of voluntary respondents, most of whom are buyers of, or dealers in, farm products at coun- try shipping points, and a few of whom are well-informed farmers. These reporters have increased in number with developments and needs of the work in the field of prices; at present (1947), reports are based upon returns from about 9,000 respondents. Before December 1928, prices of the major crops were reported on the first of the month by county reporters in connection with monthly crop reports. Beginning with December 1923 all monthly prices relate to the 15th of the month. The 1st-of-the-month prices for the period before December 1923 have been adjusted to approxi- 81 Text: E 95-107 mate 15th-of-the-month prices by taking the average of previously estimated prices for the first of 2 consecutive months. The monthly prices of livestock have related to the 15th of the month since the beginning of the series in January 1910. The current construction of index numbers of farm-product prices is based upon local market prices for 48 important agricul- tural commodities sold by farmers. The commodities are arranged into two major groups, crops and livestock. There are seven crop subdivisions: (1) Food grains, (2) feed grains and hay, (3) cotton, (4) tobacco, (5) oil-bearing crops, (6) fruits, and (7) truck crops. The three livestock subdivisions are (1) meat animals, (2) dairy products, (3) poultry and eggs. The weights currently used in computing the index numbers are annual averages of sales during the period 1935-1939. Price series for individual commodities are weighted by the quantity of the commodity sold, with minor ad- justments to give some representation in the subgroups to com- m odties not included in the index. Since 1921, the index numbers have been issued on an August 1909-July 1914 base, but the weights (based on the volume of marketings)- have been shifted from those of 1918-1923 to 1924-1929, and later to marketings during the most recent prewar years, 1935-1939. E 98-100. Index numbers of prices paid by farmers, 1910-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. For 1910-1943, see Crops and Markets, April 1944; for 1944-1945, see Agricultural Out- look Charts, 1947, book II, p. 13. Prices of commodities bought by farmers are reported by approximately 17,000 voluntary reporters, composed in the main of independent retail merchants serving the farm population of the United States. The series of estimates of prices paid by farmers used in the construction of the rural retail price index were obtained only on an annual basis from 1910 to 1922. Since that time most items have been priced quarterly in March, June, September, and December. Feed prices have been gathered monthly in recent years. The index of prices paid by farmers is based upon 179 individual items farmers buy; 86 items used for farm family living and 93 commodities used in farm production. The broad category of items bought for maintenance of the farm family is classified into the following groups: Food (22 items), clothing (17 items), sup- plies (11 items), furniture and furnishings (21 items), motor ve- hicles (1 item), and building materials for houses (14 items). The group of commodities used in production is also broken down into subgroups: Feed (12 items), farm machinery (30 items), motor vehicles (8 items), fertilizer (7 items), building materials (19 items), equipment and supplies (15 items), and seed (7 items). The weights used in computing State and national averages of prices paid are estimated quantities hought by farm families. For most cost-of-living commodities these estimates were obtained by multiplying the number of farms by the average purchases per farm family for each item as shown by the reports on Family In- come and Expenditures from the Consumer Purchases Study, 1935— 86, Bureau of Human Nutrition and Home Economics, United States Department of Agriculture. For production goods, weight- ing factors are based on indicators of volume of purchases derived from data compiled by the Bureau of the Census, the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, and other official and trade source ma- terials. E 101-103. Index numbers of prices paid, including interest and taxes payable per acre, 1910-1945. SOURCE: See text for series E 95-104, above. National averages of prices paid for items farmers buy are combined into the index of prices paid by farmers by weighting each according to its relative importance with regard to farm expenditures during the six years 1924-1929. The index of prices paid by farmers for commodities is combined with indexes of interest payable per acre on mortgage indebtedness and of taxes payable per acre on farm real estate to obtain the index of prices paid, interest, and taxes by giving prices paid for commodities a weight of 86.0 percent, interest 7.2 percent, and taxes 6.8 percent. 82 AGRICULTURE E 104. Parity ratio, 1910-1945. SOURCE: See text for series E 95 104, above. The original “prices paid” series of index numbers, prepared in 1928 and revised in 1933-34 on the basis of later data, was brought into prominence by the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 which set forth the often-quoted definition of the parity principle and declared that it was the policy of Congress, among other things, to: ¢“ . .. reestablish prices to farmers at a level that will give agricultural commodities a purchasing power with respect to articles that farmers buy, equivalent to the purchasing power of agricultural commodities in the base period . . .” Thus the legis- lative basis for parity as a definite part of American agricultural policy was established. A later enactment provided for the inclusion of interest and taxes per acre in the case of all commodities with an August 1909- July 1914: base. Neither this nor other minor modifications, how- ever, altered either the basic concept of parity or the dominant role of the prices-paid series in its determination. FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT AND FERTILIZER CoNsUMPTION (E 105-116) E 105-110. Farm machinery and equipment, 1850-1945. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. See text for individual series below. E 105. Value of farm implements and machinery, decennial 1850-1910, annual 1911-1945. SOURCE: For 1850-1910, see Bureau of the Census, Thirteenth Census of the United States, Agriculture, vol. V, p. 51; for 1911-1945, see Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Progress of Farm Mechanization, Misc. Pub. 630, October 1947, p. 83. This series represents inventory value at the beginning of the year. These figures are closely tied to the values enumerated by the Census of Agriculture, the intercensal years being estimated from information on manufacture and sales with due allowance for wear and tear and then adjusted for changes in price levels. For the period 1850-1910, the data shown are not entirely com- parable. These are data from early censuses which were taken on different dates and cover periods of vastly different price levels and attendant investment values. They also include the period of ex- pansion into the West. According to the source, however, “the data are sufficiently comparable to indicate in a broad way the agricultural progress of the country ...” E 106. Tractors on farms, January 1, 1910-1945. SOURCE: Bu- reau of Agricultural Economics. For 1910-1928, see Income Parity for Agriculture, part II, sec. 3, ‘Purchases, Depreciation, and Value of Farm Automobiles, Motortrucks, Tractors, and Other Farm Machinery,” August 1940, p. 56; for 1929-1945, see Agri- cultural Statistics, 1946, p. 582. Tractors on farms have been selected as indicative of the extent of mechanization of farming. The tractors counted in the series shown are mostly those with internal combustion engines. In the earlier years there had been considerable numbers of tractors powered by heavy steam engines capable of moving from farm to farm and used more for belt work than for pulling plows and other equipment except in the wheat fields of the West. Census counts of tractors were first made in the 1920 Census of Agriculture. Numbers in intercensal years are esti- mates reconciled to census years, and based on the Census of Manufactures and surveys of the life and cost of tractors. E 107. Sales of farm equipment, machinery and parts (for use in the United States from domestic manufacture), 1920-1945. SOURCE: For 1920, see below; for 1921-1928, see Bureau of the Census, Manufacture and Sale of Farm Equipment, annual issues for that period; for 1929-1945, see same agency, Facts for Industry, M35A, Supplement 1, “Farm Machines and Equipment Sales for Export, 1940-1945,” January 1947. The Bureau of the Census has obtained essentially complete data on production of farm ma- chinery and equipment and has segregated the items sold for ex- port from those sold for use in this country. The series here pre- GENERAL STATISTICS Text: E 107-116 sented makes appropriate deduction for the amounts sold for uses other than on farms. The values represent manufacturers’ prices. The enumeration of 1921 covered only a few items, 7 categories totaling $59,759, and has therefore been omitted. For 1931 the value of export sales was not segregated, and no data were col- lected for the years 1932, 1983, and 1934. For 1920 the Depart- ment of Agriculture made an extensive survey which was reported in detail in Circular 212. E 108-110. Farmers’ expenditures for farm machinery and equipment, 1910-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. For 1910-1939, see Net Farm Income and Parity Report, 1943, July 1944, p. 27 (processed); for 1940-1945, see Farm Income Sit- uation, June-July 1947. These estimates cover purchases made by farmers annually for farm machinery and equipment to be used on farms. Expenditures for motor vehicles include the part for auto- mobiles allotted to farm production, amounting to 50 percent of the value 1942-1945 and to 40 percent before 1942. Motortrucks and tractors are included with automobiles (for production) in the estimates of expenditures for motor vehicles. The figures in these columns do not include expenditures for current operation of the farm machinery and equipment. E 111-114. Commercial fertilizer consumption, decennial 1850- 1890, annual 1891-1945. SOURCES: Compiled by A. L. Mehring, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, Department of Agriculture, from sources mentioned below and other data. Some of the data have been published in the Journal of the American Society of Agronomy, vol. 87, No. 8, pp. 595-609; the remainder were prepared in the manner there indicated. The short ton and the calendar year are employed throughout these series. The term commercial fertilizer as used here includes any substance containing nitrogen (N), phosphoric acid (P3205), potash (K20), or any other recognized plant-food element or com- pound, such as lime (Ca0), magnesia (MgO), boron (B), ete. which is consumed primarily for the purpose of supplying plant food to crops, except unmanipulated manures. Thus barn- yard manures are excluded but dried animal manures sold com- mercially are included. Ground phosphate rock, gypsum, sulfur, borax, copper sulfate, manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate, cottonseed meal, dried blood, animal tankage, etc., aré included when sold to farmers to be used as sources of plant food in promoting crop growth, but are excluded when sold as fungicides, animal feeds, or for any other purpose than as plant food. Limestone, dolomite, magnesia, ete., when used as components of mixed fer- tilizers are included but when sold as soil amendments are ex- cluded. By soil amendments is meant matérials used to change the physical properties or the acidity of the soil rather than to supply plant food. The method of calculating the tonnages of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash has been published in detail in U.S. Dept. Agr. Circ. No. 315, p. 19 (1934). ~ The data include all commercial plant food. That means that they include the tonnage distributed by the Field Service Branch of the Production and Marketing Administration (formerly the Agricultural Adjustment Agency and before then the Agricultural Adjustment Administration) in its soil-building program and that used by the Tennessee Valley Authority in test demonstrations. The figures also include the tonnages consumed in the territories. The territories of Hawaii and Puerto Rico are included because they use relatively very large quantities of plant food and because the preparation of a part of the data required the use of other basic figures that also include the territories. Other noncontiguous territories such as Alaska do not use significant quantities, al- though Alaska has recently started to use a few hundred tons annually. That the figures may be comparable throughout the table, they include the consumption in Hawaii even before it was part of the United States. Puerto Rico began the use of commercial fertilizer right after becoming a,territory of the United States. The total consumption of the two territories increased from about 2,000 tons in 1890 to 50,000 tons in 1900, 80,000 tons in 1910, 120,000 in 1920, 262,000 in 1930, 320,000 in 1940, and 315,000 tons in 1945. The plant food consumption in the territories in 1935, 1940, and 1945 was as follows: Nitrogen, 31,700, 41,900, and 43,000 tons; phosphoric acid, 14,000, 18,000, and 18,000 tons; potash, 16,600, 26,500, and 28,000 tons, respectively. The data are not available for years prior to 1935. The earliest data on consumption of fertilizers were collected by State fertilizer control officials. The first volume of American Fertilizer, 1894, p. 101, gives such figures for Georgia for the years 1875 to 1892, inclusive. In 1945 the Fertilizer Control Office, or a similar State Agency, of each of 36 States published tonnages of fertilizers consumed in their States during the previous period. A bibliography of such reports is given by Mehring in United States Department of Agriculture Circular No. 756, 1946, which also gives considerable detail concerning 1943 and 1944 consumption in all States and some trends in consumption, as shown by comparisons with earlier years. The total United States consumption has been estimated an- nually by the National Fertilizer Association for many years. The Fertilizer Review, vol. XXI, No. 2, pp. 11-14, gives figures for con- tinental United States by decades from 1880 to 1910, and annually from 1910 to 1945. For recent years the same issue of the Review gives figures for individual States and regions, and by type of distribution. The consumption of each kind of fertilizer material and the total of all materials are given in the 1939 Yearbook of Commercial Fertilizer, pp. 34-35, by decades from 1850 to 1920 and annually from 1925 to 1937. Similar data for the years 1938 to 1945 are presented in American Fertilizer, vol. 106, No. 5, pp. 7-9 (1947). Consumption of plant nutrients is set forth on page 81 of U. S. Department of Agriculture Misc. Pub. No. 586 for all years 1900 to 1944, inclusive. These figures are for the commercial distribution only. Total consumption of nitrogen (N), phosphoric acid (P20s), and potash (K10) in agriculture is given by Mehring, Wallace, and Drain in Journal of the American Society of Agronomy, vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 595-609. This article also includes data for each State and region, 1935 to 1944. A statistical analysis of fertilizer con- sumption and prices was published by E. E. Vial in Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta. Memoir, No. 119 (1928). The Department of Agriculture and National Fertilizer Asso- ciation (NFA) have made a number of surveys of fertilizer and plant food consumption for certain years which give considerably more detail than is normally available. The first of these was made by E. A. Goldenweiser for 1917 and 1918 and was published as Dept. Agr. Bul. No. 798, 29 pp. (1919). The next was prepared for 1925 by the National Fertilizer Association, but the results were never fully published. Joint surveys were made by the Dept. Agr. and the NFA for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1934, 1939, and 1943. These were published as special bulletins by the NFA. Sur- veys for 1941 and 1944 were published as U. S. Dept. Agr. Circular No. 689, 55 pp. (1943),.and No. 756, 28 pp. (1946). E 115. Farmers’ expenditures for fertilizer and lime, 1909-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. For 1910-1939, see Net Farm Income and Parity Report, 1943, July 1944, p.22 (proc- essed); for 1940-1945, see Farm Income Situation, June 1946, p. 26 (processed). E 116. Lime consumed on farms, 1909-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. For 1909-1928, see Income Parity for Agriculture, part II, sec. 2, “Farmers’ Expenditures for Fertilizer and Agricultural Lime,” October 1940; for 1929-1945, see Agri- cultural Statistics, 1945, table 60, p. 465, and 1946, table 645, p. 594. This series associates two series not quite alike in coverage. For : 1929-1945 the tonnage is in terms of ground limestone, materials 83 Text: E 116-149 in other forms being converted to that basis, except for some coarser materials used in Illinois. These figures were based on surveys made by State agricultural college agronomists and in- clude county surveys of producers and data from county exten- sion agents and AAA offices, assembled by C. E. Carter of the Production and Marketing Administration. The data for 1910, 1920,«and 1925-28, however, were assembled by A. L. Mehring, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. The intervening years were interpolated. Mehring’s figures, with the interpolations, have been carried through 1939 in the Bureau of Agricultural Economics series Income Parity for Agriculture, pt. 11, sec. 2. Hence, the figures given there for 1929-1939 differ from those in this series. Lime used by fertilizer manufacturers in their mixed goods is not included. Livestock, Meat, Dairying, and Poultry: Series E 117-180 LiveEsTOCK (E 117-135) E 117-135. Livestock: Number, value, production and prices, 1867-1945. SOURCE: See text for individual series which follow. See also Bureau of the Census, United States Census of Agriculture: 1945, vol. IT, which presents a complete history of the enumeration of livestock and a discussion of the comparability from census to census. E 117, 119, 121, 123, 125. Number of livestock on farms, Jan- uary 1, 1867-1945. SOURCE: For 1867-1919, see Bureau of Agri- cultural Economics, Livestock on Farms, January 1, 1867-1935, January 1938; for 1920-1945, see Production and Marketing Ad- ministration, Livestock Market News, 1946, September 1947. These estimates have been made by the Department of Agriculture since |. 1867. The early estimates were based on reports of field agents and crop reporters giving their estimate of the percentage change in numbers from the previous year. The Census Bureau furnished the basic figures to which these percentage changes were applied over 10-year periods. This method was in general use until about 1920. Since then annual estimates are based primarily on survey returns from livestock producers, obtained largely in cooperation with the Post Office Department through the rural carriers. Producers re- port on the number and different classes of livestock on their own farms about December 1 each year. Records of livestock assessed for taxation in the various States have furnished indications of the annual percentage change in numbers, and records of marketings and slaughter have been used both by States and for the United States as check information on the inventory numbers. Data from the Census of Agriculture have been used as periodic “bench marks” for the January 1 estimates but over the entire period there are few census years when the estimate for the census year (made by the Department of Agriculture) and the census data are in close agreement. There are various reasons for these differ- ences. One of the main reasons is that there are only a few times when the census was taken as of January 1. In years when the census relates to a different date than January 1, adjustments are made to determine a January 1 equivalent number. Over a period of several years, ending in 1937, the Department of Agriculture undertook a general revision of all of the estimates prior to 1920 to correct for irregularities in the early series and to utilize more fully the records of numbers assessed for taxation and other information not considered in preparing the origingl estimates. A full descrip- tion of the methods used and problems involved is contained in Livestock on Farms, January 1, 1867-1935 (cited above). E 118, 120, 122, 124, 126. Value per head of livestock on farms, January 1, 1867-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. For 1867-1929, see Livestock on Farms, January 1, 1867-1935, Jan. 1938; for 1930-1945, see Livestock on Farms, January 1, Feb. 18, 1947 (processed release). These data are based on values reported by crop reporters for their locality about January 1 each year. 84 AGRICULTURE Prior to 1920, reporters gave a single estimate of the value per head for a given species. Since 1920 the estimates of value per head are weighted averages based on values per head reported separately for the different age and sex classes of a given species—using as weights the estimated number in the respective class. E 127, 130, 132. Live weight production, 1909-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Meat Animals, Farm Production and Income, 1924-1944, Sept. 1947. Data for 1945 are from records of BAE. Production in live weight relates to the total poundage produced on farms and ranches during a calendar year. The esti- mate of production is derived by determining for each State a balance sheet which shows as debit items the inventory at the beginning of the year, the births, and inshipments, and as credit items, the marketings, farm slaughter, death losses, and numbers on hand at the end of the year. Estimates of average live weight are based on reports from slaughterers, collected by the Depart- ment of Agriculture and Census of Manufactures, and on records * obtained from stockyards. In recent years, reports have-been ob- tained from farmers as to the average weight of livestock slaugh- tered on farms. Earlier estimates were based on the average live weight obtained from the other sources mentioned. The total live weight for the beginning and for the end of the year is obtained by multiplying estimates of the different age and sex classes for a species by an estimate of their respective average live weight. Live weight of marketings, farm slaughter, and inshipments is de- termined by multiplying the estimate for these items by the re- spective average live weight. To obtain production, the total weight of inshipments is subtracted from the combined weight of marketings and farm slaughter. Then the difference in the inven- tory weight between the beginning and end of the year is added or subtracted as the case might be. E 128, 129, 131, 133, 134. Prices received per hundred pounds by farmers, 1910-1945. SOURCE: For 1924-1944, see Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Meat Animals, Farm Production and In- come, 1924-1944, Sept. 1947. For other years, data were obtained from BAE records. The prices received by farmers for the different meat animals represent the estimated average annual price per hundred pounds. Price information is obtained from voluntary price reporters who furnish average local market prices each month. The estimates of monthly prices are weighted by monthly estimates of marketings to obtain the annual average. The monthly market- ings are based on reports from stockyards and packers on monthly receipts of livestock by State of origin. E 135. Total workstock, 2 years old and over, on farms, 1920- 1945. SOURCE: For 1920-1929, data are from records of Bureau of Agricultural Economics; for 1930-1939, see same agency, Agri- cultural Statistics, 1946, table 472, p. 864; for 1940-1945, see same agency, Livestock and Poultry on Farms, January 1, Number, Value Per Head, and Total Value, Revised Estimates 1940-1945, February 1947 (processed). . MEAT (E 136-151) E 136-151. Meat slaughtering, production and price, 1899-1945. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture, Production and Marketing Administration, Livestock Market News, Statistics and Related Data, 1946, September 1947. E 136-137, 140-141, 144-145, 148-149. Number of livestock slaughtered, 1900-1945. SOURCE: See text for series E 136-151, above. The number of livestock slaughtered under Federal inspec- tion is compiled by the Bureau of Animal Industry in connection with its regulatory functions relating to meat inspection. Total slaughter includes Federally inspected slaughter and estimates of all other slaughter which is classified in two categories, (1) other wholesale and retail slaughter, and (2) farm slaughter. Federally inspected slaughter includes animals condemned as unfit for human food. Estimates of the number of animals slaughtered in other wholesale and retail channels are based on reports from slaughter- LIVESTOCK, MEAT, DAIRYING, AND POULTRY Text: E 136-153 ers who are not under Federal inspection and on other available records of the movement and disappearance of livestock. Before 1944, information on this class of slaughter was obtained largely on an annual basis from various sources. Beginning in 1944, information has been collected by months, first under the slaughter control program of the War Food Administration, and later under the slaughter and meat control programs of OPA. Estimates of farm slaughter are based on voluntary reports from livestock pro- ducers who report annually on the number of animals of each species slaughtered on their farms. The periodic enumerations of farm slaughter by the Bureau of the Census- are used as ‘‘bench marks” for the farm slaughter estimates. E 138, 142, 146, 150. Production of meat, dressed weight, 1899 1945. SOURCE: See text for E 136-151, above. Production of the different kinds of meat are computed from estimated average live weights and dressing yields, and except for pork the meat out- put is shown on a carcass weight basis. The pork production répre- sents carcass weight excluding the raw fat rendered into lard. The data on production under Federal inspection are prepared by the Production and Marketing Administration of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, and are based on records of production and yields reported monthly by slaughterers operating under Federal inspection. Monthly estimates of production under Federal in- spection are not available prior to 1921. Reports of the biennial Census of Manufactures on slaughter were used as a basis for annual production estimates for years for which they are available. In other years the estimates were based on information obtained from market records and other sources. Currently, information on weights and yields for other wholesale and retail slaughter is based on monthly reports from commercial slaughterers who are not under Federal inspection. E 139, 143, 147, 151. Prices of livestock at Chicago, 1899-1945. SOURCE: See text for series E 136-151, above; see also the Drovers Journal Yearbook of Figures, Chicago, and the earlier editions of Livestock Market News for data for the early years. Prices of the different species of livestock at Chicago for the early years are from records published in the Drovers Journal Yearbook. Beginning in 1922, the price of beef steers at Chicago is based on records of all steers sold out of first hands for slaughter. The number of head, live weight, and total value of steers, by grades, are compiled by weeks. The annual prices represent the weighted average of all grades of steers sold during the year for slaughter. Since 1919, the average price for veal calves is based ¢n the average of daily quo- tations. The average price of hogs at Chicago has been obtained from different sources, also. Since 1920, the average price of hogs is the weighted average of packer and shipper purchases at the Chi- cago market. Since 1921, the price of lambs at Chicago represents an average computed from the bulk of sales price data. All price data for Chicago shown in these series are prepared hy the Pro- duction and Marketing Administration of the Department of Agri- culture. DAIRYING (E 152-170) E 152-170. General note. Cows kept for milk and production and prices of milk and milk products, 1849-1945. SOURCES: Bureau of Agricultural Economics and Bureau of the Census records. In general, the more recent years are from the BAE, and are either complilations of production reported by dairy plants or estimates based on data from various sources including the Census Bureau. Early development of the dairy industry in the United States is indicated by export statistics of 1790; which showed the New Eng- land States, New York, and Pennsylvania producing considerable amounts of butter and cheese in excess of their consumption re- quirements. The growth and spread of the industry between that time and 1849, when statistics on dairying were first available through the national census, were described briefly in the Agri- culture Yearbook, 1922, pp. 297-306. At the middle of the 19th century, milk cows were rather generally distributed over the east- ern half of the United States as far west as southern Wisconsin, eastern Iowa, western Missouri and Arkansas, and the eastern third of Texas. By 1860 there were appreciable numbers of milk cows in sections of the Pacific Coast States and in later years they gradually spread over the intervening territory. Dairy products sold by farmers in the early period were limited mainly to whole milk, farm-made butter, and farm-made cheese. Piior to 1850 dairy products were produced mainly on farms. The 1849 census data on cheese production showed the bulk of this product coming from farms in the area extending from north- eastern Ohio eastward through New York and New England. Factory cheese production was in an experimental stage shortly before 1850, and made considerable progress during the next two decades. Although some butter was made in early cheese plants, the first commercial creamery was not established until 1861. Since that time factories have largely supplanted farms in the production of both cheese and butter. Farm cheese is now practically negli- gible and farm butter represents only about one-fifth of the total. The first condensery was established in 1856, but little interest was given the product until the Civil War. Unsweetened condensed milk was first produced in this country in 1885. The canned un- sweetened product, known in trade circles as evaporated milk, now makes up about nine-tenths of all evaporated and condensed whole milk. Ice cream was produced and sold by some retail stores in the first half of the nineteenth century and wholesale plant distribu- tion to dealers began about the middle of the century. However, most of the development of this industry has come in the last fifty years. E 152-153. Cows and heifers kept for milk, 1850-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. For 1867-1929, see Agricultural Statistics, 1941; for 1930-1939, see Agricultural Statistics, 1946; for 1940-1945, see Livestock and Poultry on Farms, January 1, Number, Value Per Head, and Total Value, Revised Estimates 1940-1915, February 1947 (processed). BAE estimates also appear in the report Livestock on Farms, January 1, issued in mid-February each year. A summary and discussion of estimates over the 1867-1935 period is given in Livestock on Farms, January 1, 1867-1935, Jan- uary 1938. Census data for 1850 to 1920 appear in Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census Reports, Agriculture, vol. III, pp. 606— 607, and for 1925 to 1945 in Census of Agriculture: 1945, vol. II, p- 381. From 1867 through 1945, the BAE data represent estimates of the number of cows and heifers 2 years old and over. The esti- mates are based on interpretation of data obtained in periodic enumerations of cow numbers by the Census of Agriculture (con- ducted by the Bureau of the Census), tax assessors, and other State agencies, together with the analysis of changes taking place in herds kept by a large sample of livestock reporters. Along with the annual estimates are shown the data on milk cow numbers obtained in the Censuses of Agriculture over the period. The word- ing of the census questions has not necessarily been comparable with the definitions represented by the estimates and has varied somewhat from .one census enumeration to another. The census figures shown in each period represent the following classifications: For 1945, 1940, 1935, 1930 and 1925, cows milked during the pre- vious calendar year (the 1945, 1935, and 1925 censuses were taken as of January 1, and those of 1940 and 1930 as of April 1); for 1920, dairy cows and heifers 2 years old and over, January 1; for 1910, an estimate of cows and heifers 2 years old and over, January 1, based on the April 15,1910, enumeration of 20,625,000 cows and heifers kept for milk born before January 1, 1909; for 1900, cows kept for milk 2 years of age and over as of June 1, 1900; for 1890, 1880, 1807, 1860, 1850, milch cows (with no specific age designated) recorded as of June 1. The data on value per head of cows and heifers kept for milk 85 Text: E 152-164 AGRICULTURE are based on average prices for this type of animal reported by a group of farmers for their localities on January 1 each year. E 154. Milk production on farms, decennial 1889-1919, annual 1924-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economies and Bu- reau of the Census. For 1924-1945, see Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Farm Production, Disposition, and Income from Milk, by States, 1946-47 (mimeographed). Beginning in 1924, the series represent estimates of calendar-year totals prepared by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. The estimates are based on interpreta- tions of periodic census enumerations, analysis of annual and monthly survey data on milk cows and milk production, and checks against information regarding milk utilization obtained from dairy plants and other sources. For 1919 and earlier years, the data are those of the Census Bureau based on its decennial agricultural census, and converted from gallons to pounds by use of a con- version factor of 8.6 pounds per gallon. For 1889, the census totals are the reported figures. For 1899 they include estimates for in- complete reports and for 1909 and 1919 include estimates of pro- duction on farms that reported milk cows, but failed to report milk produced. The 1889 and 1899 data were enumerated as of June the following year, the 1909 data as of April 15, 1910, and the 1919 data as of January 1, 1920. E 155. "Whole milk sold from farms, decennial 1869-1919, an- nual 1924-1945. SOURCE: See source cited for series E 154, above. Beginning in 1924, the figures are estimates prepared by the Bu- reau of Agricultural Economics. These are based on analysis of periodic Census enumerations and on survey data obtained from farmers on milk disposition and on dairy-plant records of milk re- ceived and production of manufactured dairy products made pri- marily from milk, together with indicated levels of fluid milk consumption. The data shown include both milk sold to plants and dealers and milk retailed by farmers directly to consumers. The data for 1919 and earlier years are from the Census of Agriculture conducted by the Bureau of the Census. E 156-162. Production of dairy products, 1849-1945. SOURCE: For 1849-1929, see E. E. Vial, cited below; for 1930-1945, see Bu- reau of Agricultural Economics, Production of Manufactured Dairy Products, 1945, March 1947. For 1930-1945, data are totals ob- tained by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics in its annual enum- eration of output of dairy manufacturing plants. For the years before 1930, the level of the figures is based mainly on the Census Bureau’s enumeration of the output of dairy plants with interven- ing years having been interpolated for some products. The inter- polation methods are fully discussed in Vial, E. E., Production and Consumption of Manufactured Dairy Products, Department of Agri- culture Technical Bulletin 722, April 1940. For additional infor- mation see text for individual series below. E 156-158. Butter production, 1849-1945. SOURCE: Series E 156— 157: See text for series E 156-162. Series E 158: For 1849-1924, see Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census Reports, Agriculture, vol. III, pp. 606-607; for 1925-1945, see Bureau of Agricultural Econ- omics, Farm Production, Disposition, and Income From Milk, by States, 1946-47 (mimeographed). Farm butter production data for the census years from 1849 through 1939 were obtained from the Census of Agriculture enumeration. For years other than census years in the 1924-1945 period, the data represent estimates of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics based on production reported by a sample group of farmers. Factory-butter figures from 1930 to date are for production of creamery butter as enumerated by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Figures for factory production for 1929, 1927, 1925, 1923, 1921, 1919, 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, 1879, 1869, 1859, and 1849 are from the Census of Manufactures, conducted by the Bureau of the Census. The 1889 census data were revised upward to allow for incompleteness of the census enumeration. Annual figures on factory-butter production for the intercensal years were interpolated on the basis of receipts of butter at major central 86 markets during the 1879-1919 period and on factory production as reported by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics during the 1919-29 period. Figures for total butter since 1924 represent the sum of the figures for the production of both farm butter and factory butter. Annual figures on total butter production for intercensal years before 1924 were interpolated on the basis of market receipts. As interpolations of total butter and factory butter were made inde- pendently, and no attempt was made to estimate farm butter as a separate product, data on farm butter production for intercensal years prior to 1924 are not shown separately. E 159-160. Cheese production, 1849-1945. SOURCE: See text for series E 156-162, above. Total cheese production as shown here includes both factory production, shown separately, and farm pro- duction. Since 1926, it has been assumed that farm cheese was negligible, so factory production and total production are given as the same. Data from 1930 to date represent totals of the plant enumer- ation by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, of all types of cheese manufactured except cottage, pot, or bakers’ cheese. For the years 1919, 1909, 1889, 1879, 1869, 1859, and 1849 the produc- tion figures for total cheese are those reported by the Census Bureau. For 1889, the census data were revised upward to allow for incompleteness of the census enumeration. Estimates of total cheese production for the intercensal years 1869-99 were interpo- lated on the basis of market receipts. Data on factory production of cheese for 1929, 1927, 1925, 1921, 1914, and 1904 are those reported by the Census of Manufactures. Factory production of cheese for the intercensal years 1869-1919 was interpolated on the basis of market receipts and for the inter- censal years 1919-29 and for 1923 on the basis of factory produc- tion reported by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Production of farm cheese for the intercensal years 1899-1927 were roughly projected on the basis of average change between census years and added to the factory product to obtain total cheese figures. E 161. Evaporated and condensed milk production, decennial 1869-1899, annual 1900-1945. SOURCE: See text for series E 156— 162, above. Data on evaporated and condensed milk from 1919 to date are totals of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics plant enumeration. Products included are evaporated milk, bulk un- sweetened condensed whole milk, and case and bulk sweetened condensed whole milk. Production for the years 1914, 1909, 1904, 1899, and 1879 are the totals reported by the U. S. Census relating to the production of all condensed and evaporated milk. For 1889, the census data were revised upward to allow for incompleteness of enumeration. Data for 1869 are estimated, and for the non- census years before 1919 represent an estimated trend of pro- duction based on intervening census data. E 162. Ice cream production, decennial and quinquennial 1859- 1919, annual 1920-1945. SOURCE: See text for series E 156-162. Data for 1930 and later years are total ice cream production, as reported by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, based on its plant enumeration. For the period 1919-1929 the data are esti- mates based on the Bureau of Agricultural Economics reported figures adjusted upward to allow for incompleteness of enumer- ation. For 1914, data were estimated from the Census of Manu- factures. For 1909 and earlier years, the data represent merely an estimated trend of production. E 163-164. Milk equivalent of manufactured dairy products, 1849-1945. SOURCE: For series E 163, see text for series E 156-162. For series E 164, data are from records of Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Two series of milk equivalent figures for manufactured products are shown here. The series of milk equivalents prior to 1930 (series E 163) is based on national production of manufactured dairy products converted to milk equivalent on the basis of some- what less refined conversion factors than those used for series E 164. As such, they include no allowance for shifts in production between LIVESTOCK, MEAT, DAIRYING, AND POULTRY Text: E 163-179 areas of high- or low-testing milk, and assume standard butterfat content of the products over the series of years. From 1930 through 1945 data were computed on a State basis (series E 164), utilizing information on quantities of products made in each State and State conversion factors for each product. These data include the milk equivalent of farm butter. Duplica- tions of milk usage involving the production of butter from whey fat recovered from cheese making, and the use of butter and con- densed milk in the production of ice cream, were eliminated. One year’s overlap is shown to indicate the relative level of the two series. E 165-166. Wholesale prices, cheese and butter, 1830-1945. SOURCE: Data are from records of Bureau of Agricultural Eco- nomics. The wholesale prices of cheese (series E 165) represent averages of weekly quotations on American twins on the Wisconsin cheese exchange at Plymouth. Before 1900, annual averages for this series were not available and the data shown represent prices for the month of September. The wholesale price of butter (series E 166) is that for the New York City market. Over the period of years since 1830, the data shown differ somewhat as to definition and source, as outlined in the tabular footnotes. E 167-170. Prices received by farmers for dairy products, 1909— 1945. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture. For 1909-1929, see Crops and Markets, April 1946, p. 96; for 1930-1945, see Agri- cultural Statistics, 1946. Prices received by farmers for butter, butterfat, wholesale milk, and retail milk are estimates prepared by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. They are based on averages of survey data reported by dealers and farmers for their local market areas. Prices of butterfat (series E 168) represent the butterfat in farm skimmed cream sold by farmers. As survey in- formation on this item was not collected before 1920, estimates for this period were extrapolated on the basis of trend in butter prices during this period. Wholesale milk prices (series E 169) are for milk sold by farmers to plants and dealers including such establishments as cheese fac- tories, condenseries, creameries, or market milk plants. In ob- taining survey data on wholesale milk prices, prior to 1923, prices were asked on a per gallon basis and since that time in terms of price per 100 pounds. Additional historic information on whole- sale milk-price series was collected by direct plant contacts during the middle 1980’s when the State estimates were revised. A dis- cussion of this series may be found in Johnson, R. E., Wholesale Prices Received by Farmers for Whole Milk, 1909-36, mimeograph publication, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agri- cultural Economics, February 1937. Retail milk prices (series E 170) represent the milk retailed by farmers directly to consumers. Before 1923 survey information was collected on a price per gallon rather than per quart basis. Some of the increase in price between 1909 and 1945 probably repre- sents additional services rendered in process of distributing the milk. A more detailed description of the price series on butter, butterfat, and retail milk will be found in Hale, R. F., and Shepard, J. B., United States Average Farm Prices of Dairy Products, 1910- 84, mimeograph publication, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, June 1934. PouLTRY AND EGGS (E 171-180) E 171-180. Poultry and eggs: Number, value and price, 1909 1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. For 1909-1939, see Agricultural Statistics, 1942, tables 645, 646, 665, 669, 672; for 1940-1944, see release series on Farm Production, Disposition, Cash Receipts, and Gross Income, “Chickens and Eggs, 1940-1944" (revised estimates), and “Turkeys, 1940-1944” (revised estimates), April 1947 (mimeographed); for 1945 data, see same release series, “Chickens and Eggs, 1945-1946,” and “Turkeys, 1945-1946.” The estimates shown are believed to indicate, within reasonable limits of accuracy, the actual number of farm chickens and turkeys; the 373374 0-56 - 7 production of chickens, turkeys, and eggs; and, with greater ac- curacy, the direction and extent of the changes from year to year. Complete surveys of the hatchery industry are made every year in some States and every few years in all States. Monthly estimates of the production of baby chicks, based on returns from 15 to 25 percent of total hatchery capacity, are also made. These figures of hatchery output together with a determination annually of the proportion of all farm chicks that came from hatcheries, give a dependable check on the actual level of chicken and turkey pro- duction and on the trend from year to year indicated by sample flocks. E 171, 177. Number of poultry on farms, Jan. 1. SOURCE: See text for series E 171-180, above. For census data on chickens, see Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture: 1945, vol. 11, pp. 406-407; for census data on turkeys, see Sixteenth Census Re- ports, Agriculture, Special Poultry. Report, p. 46. Estimates of in- ventory numbers of chickens on farms January 1 (series E 171) are based primarily upon the census enumerations. These enum- erations from 1910 to 1945 were adjusted for changes between January 1 and the average date of enumeration in each State, and cover only farm flocks as defined and enumerated by the Census Bureau. Estimates of change in numbers from year to year are based on rural carrier surveys made in December of each year, covering about 150,000 livestock farms, and on changes in flocks belonging to about 25,000 crop reporters. Although census enum- erations of chickens on farms were made as of June 1, 1880, 1890, and 1900 (see source cited above), the Department of Agriculture did not make annual estimates of chickens on farms until 1909 because data showing annual changes prior to that date were not available. Estimates of inventory numbers of turkeys on farms January 1 (series E 177) are based primarily upon the census enumerations of turkeys on farms January 1, 1935, and April 1, 1940, adjusted for changes in numbers between January 1 and the date of enum- eration. In 1945, however, the census enumeration did not include turkeys on farms. The estimates of turkeys on farms January 1, 1945, were derived from the relationship between turkeys raised in 1944 and the number on hand January 1, 1945, as reported on January 1 by crop and livestock reporters, using as a base the re- vised estimates of turkeys raised in 1944 based on the census enumeration. Annual changes in the estimates for intervening years are based mainly on the numbers on hand as reported on January 1 by crop and livestock reporters. Although the Census Bureau enumerated turkeys on farms as of June 1, 1890 and 1900, April 15, 1910, and January 1, 1920 (for 1890 and 1900 data, see source cited above), the Department of Agriculture did not make annual United States estimates of turkeys on farms for years prior to 1929 because data showing annual changes before that date were not available. E 173, 175, 179. Poultry and eggs produced on farms. SOURCE: See text for series E 171-180, above. Estimates of chickens (series E 173) and of turkeys (series E 179) produced on farms represent the net annual farm production computed from the number raised during the year, minus the death loss of chickens and of turkeys that were on hand at the beginning of the year. Young chickens and young turkeys of the current year’s hatchings that die are not in- cluded in the number of chickens or turkeys raised. Egg production (series E 175) is estimated from returns from about 25,000 crop respondents reporting on the first of each month for their own flocks the number of layers on hand and the eggs produced yesterday. Beginning with the estimated total num- ber of layers on farms at the beginning of the year the change in numbers from month to month is estimated from the changes shown by reports from these survey farms. Revisions in the month- ly average number of layers and total egg production are made at the end of the year if the change in number of layers shown by an annual survey with about 150,000 returns differ from the change 87 Text: E 172-185 AGRICULTURE in the number of layers estimated during the year from monthly returns. E 172, 174, 176, 178, 180. Value and prices of poultry and eggs. SOURCE: See text for series E 171-180, above. For census data, see 1945 source cited in text for series E 171, 177, above. The values per head of chickens and turkeys on hand January 1 (series E 172, 178) are estimated from the values reported by crop respondents. The average price per pound of chickens and turkeys live weight (series E 174, 180) and per dozen of eggs sold (series E 176) are computed from monthly local market prices, and the estimated quantities sold each month. Crop Statistics: Series E 181-243 E 181-243. General note. Crop statistics, 1790-1945. For sources and notes, see text for the specific series, Estimates of acreage, yield, production, disposition, stocks, and prices of principal agricultural commodities are among the series of statistics prepared and published by the Crop, Reporting Board of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. For many of these crops, estimates of acreage, production, and prices are available begin- ning with 1866, the year in which regular reports were begun in the Department of Agriculture. A vast amount of such information is available for individual States and for the United States, for all major crops and most of the minor crops produced in this country, for periods of varying length. Of these many series only acreage, production, and price for the United States are presented here for corn, wheat, hay, oats, barley, flaxseed, soybeans, cotton and cottonseed, together with farm stocks of corn and wheat and the carry-over stocks of cotton in all positions. Statistics on sugar and tobacco crops are not included in this edition. Data more detailed than are carried in this volume are readily available in various publications of the Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of the Census. The annual publication, Agricultural Statistics, particularly the issues of 1941 and 1946, presents most of the available statistics, chiefly on a national basis, covering every phase, from acreage and production of individual commodities to utilization and consumption. Forecasts for the current season, be- ginning with the Prospective Acreage report in March and carry- ing through the growing season, are presented monthly in the mimeographed publication of the Crop Reporting Board entitled Crop Production. A summary for the current season, revisions for the previous season, and comparisons with previous years, appear in the December issue. Both the forecasts and the summary are prepared on a State basis and for the United States. These data also appear in the Department organ, Crops and Markets. Other releases by the Crop Reporting Board present mid-month and season average prices received by farmers, value of sales and pro- duction, farm disposition, monthly sales, stocks in all positions, and numerous other phases connected with the various com- modities. Periodically, revisions have been published for a rela- tively short period of the more recent years, thus connecting currently published data with the longer historical series. The most recent of these was issued in April 1947. Information from the Censuses of Agriculture, conducted by the Bureau of the Census, beginning with the crop year 1849, is included in these series and shown in italics. Detailed reports and reports for counties are available from these censuses. In many instances census data are not entirely comparable with the esti- mates shown, but have furnished bench marks in establishing the level of the estimates. For years prior to 1866 information from trade sources is available for some crops, such as cotton, tobacco, and rice. In preparing estimates such as those carried in this volume, the Crop Reporting Board of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics uses every available source of information. Chief reliance is placed upon reports received from volunteer farmer-reporters represent- ing every part of every State. Check information is gathered from 88 processors, from transportation and storage facilities, from buyers of farm products, from annual State farm enumerations, from various farm programs, and from other governmental agencies such as the Bureau of the Census, the Bureau of Internal Revenue, and the Customs Office. Season average prices for each State are averages of the mid- month prices weighted by the quantity sold each month in the crop-marketing season. The crop-marketing season is the 12-month period following the harvesting of the crop. It may vary for differ- ent crops, and for any crop it may vary by States. The season average price of any crop, as presented in this volume, is the average of all the State prices, weighted by the production of each State. Thus it may be applied to production in any given year to obtain a measure of the value of that production. State season average prices may be weighted by quantities sold in each State to obtain an average for the United States which may be applied to total quantities sold in the United States to measure value of sales in the crop season. In neither case, however, should the computed value be confused with calendar-year income from the crop. Esti- mates of quantity sold are based upon reports of receipts each month by the chief purchasers of the commodity—in the case of grains, the interior mills and elevators Mid-month prices as estimated by the Crop Reporting Board are based upon reports from thousands of firms dealing directly with farmers (such as elevators, truckers, processors, produce dealers, etc.) and from farmers themselves, all reporting prices received by farmers for their products. Such reports are issued monthly for the principal farm commodities in Agricultural Prices. Season average prices for each State and the United States appear in various issues of these monthly reports and are all summed up in a December issue of Agricultural Prices and again in the report entitled Farm Production, Farm Disposition and Value of Princi- pal Crops, issued each May. This series of season average prices begins for most commodities in 1908, but is supplemented for pre- ceding years by a series reported by farmers on December 1, rep- resenting their estimate of average prices for the season’s sales, and usually referred to as the December 1 price series. The two series overlap for a space of years sufficient to indicate that a close relation exists between them. Crop statistics data shown here are the most recently revised data available at this time (June 1947). Insofar as possible, the sources indicated below for particular series refer to published ma- terial. In some instances, however, the data shown have not as yet been published. In all cases, the user is cautioned to note carefully the time periods indicated in connection with each source. The more current sources cited very frequently make obsolete only part of a series shown in an earlier source. CORN AND WHEAT (E 181-195) E 181-185. Corn acreage, production, prices, and stocks, 1839- 1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Series E 181- 182: For 1866-1928, see Agricultural Statistics, 1941; for 1929- 1988, see Agricultural Statistics, 1946; for 1939-1944, see Field and Seed Crops, Acreage, Yield, and Production (Revised Estimates, 1939-1944), April 1947 (processed); for 1945, see Crop Production, 1946 Annual Summary, December 1946. For Census data, see Bu- reau of the Census, Census of Agriculture: 1945, vol. II, p. 424. Series E 183: For 1908-1928, data are from records of BAE; for 1929-1942, see Agricultural Statistics, 1946; for 1943-1945, see Agricultural Prices, 1944, 1945, 1946, released December of each year (processed). Series E 184: For 1866-1907, see Agricultural Statistics, 1941; for 1908-1927, data are from records of BAE. Series E 185: For 1926-1939, see Corn: Revised Estimates of Stocks on Farms, 1926-1941, April 1943 (processed); for 1940-1945, see Revised Estimates of Stocks on Farms, July 1947 (processed). For additional information for series E 181-185, see general note for series E 181-243, above. CROP STATISTICS Corn for all purposes includes not only the production of corn on the acreage harvested foregrain, but also an allowance for that harvested for silage, for forage, including some harvested by graz- ing farm animals, commonly called hogging off. Estimates of acre- age harvested for grain, for silage, and for forage including that hogged off, and production of corn for grain and tons of silage are published by the Crop Reporting Board. The census data included here for acres harvested are not comparable with the production for 1924 through 1939, in that while the acreage harvested is for all purposes, the production is for grain only. The census figures on both acreage and production for 1919 and previous years represent amount harvested for grain only. The crop-marketing season for corn in most States is October 1 to September 30; in Texas, August 1 to July 31; in Florida, Louis- iana, and Oklahoma, September 1 to August 31. Farm stocks (series E 185) have been estimated by States quar- terly since 1926 by the Crop Reporting Board, based upon a large number of reports from individual farms. The United States total stocks on October 1 are shown here as they represent the farm carry-over for crops of previous years which becomes a part of the feed supply for the new season when added to the new crop of corn. In addition to farm stocks of corn, stocks in all off-farm positions have been compiled by the Crop Reporting Board since April 1943. Comparison with the farm stocks data indicates that the bulk of carry-over stocks af corn on October 1 of any year is still on farms. E 186-195. Wheat acreage, production, prices, and stock, 1839- 1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Series E 186 187: See source cited for series E 181-182, above. Series E 188: For 1908-1929, see Agricultural Statistics, 1941; for 1930-1942, see Agricultural Statistics, 1946; for 1943-1945 ,see Agricultural Prices, 1944, 1945, 1946, released December of each year (processed). Series E 189: See source cited for series E 184, above. Series E 190: For 1926-1939, see Stocks of Wheat on Farms, revised estimates, 1926-1941, February 1943 (processed); for 1940-1945, see Revised Estimates of Stocks on Farms, July 1947 (processed). Series E 191— 195: For 1926-1929, see Agricultural Statistics, 1941; for 1930- 1945, see Agricultural Statistics, 1946. For additional information for series E 186-195, see general note for series E 181-243, above. The statistics for all wheat are the combined estimates for win- ter, durum, and other spring wheat, harvested for grain. Separate series for each of these kinds are published by the Crop Reporting Board, also a breakdown by market classes. The census data on acreage and production are regarded as comparable with the esti- mates in most cases. The part of the wheat acreage that is har- vested for hay is not included in these series of estimates. The crop-marketing season for wheat in most States is July 1 to June 80; but for Kansas, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma, New Mex- ico, Arizona, and Texas the season is June 1 to May 31. Farm stocks of all wheat have been estimated by States quar- terly since 1926, based upon a large number of reports from indi- vidual farmers. The series presented here (series E 190) are the United States totals for July 1, representing the farm carry-over from previous crops at the beginning of a new crop year. The carry-over added to the new crop thus is the supply for the new season. Stocks in interior mills, elevators, and warehouses on July 1 (series E 192) have been estimated by the Crop Reporting Board since 1919 and stocks in other commercial storages have been gathered by other agencies for varying periods. OATS, BARLEY, FLAXSEED, SOYBEANS (E 196-210) E 196-199. Oats for grain: Acreage, production, and price, 1839— 1945. SOURCE: Series E 196-197: See source cited for series E 181— 182, above. Series E 198: For 1908-1928, see Agricultural Statistics, 1941; for 1929-1945, see Agricultural Statistics, 1946. Series E 199: Text: E 181-216 See source cited for series E 184, above. For additional information for series E 196-199, see general note for series E 181-243, above. Oats for grain as estimated includes the acreage cut ripe and fed unthreshed. Oats cut green for hay are not included in this har- vested acreage. Census data shown in italics are not comparable with the estimates, as they include only the acreage and production threshed. Data regarding farm stocks and stocks in off-farm posi- tions are available in publications of the Crop Reporting Board. E 200-203. Barley for grain: Acreage, production, and price, 1839-1945. SOURCE: Series E 200-201: See source cited for series E 181-182, above. Series E 202: See source cited for series E 198, above. Series E 203: See source cited for series E 184, above. For additional information for series E 200-203, see general note for series E 181-243, above. The estimates of barley acreage and pro- duction 2nd the census data in italics are on a comparable basis, representing the acreage and production of barley for grain. That cut for hay is not included in this series. Farm-stocks data are avail- able for a relatively short period and stocks in off-farm positions have been compiled only since April 1943. E 204-207. Flaxseed acreage, production, and price, 1849-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Series E 204-205: See source cited for series E 181-182; except for series E 205, for 1866— 1888, see Revised Estimates of Flaxseed Production, 1866-1929, July 1936 (processed). Series E 206 : For 1908-1928, see Agricultural Statis- ties, 1941; for 1929-1945,see Agricultural Statistics,1946. Series E 207 : For 1902-1907, see Agricultural Statistics, 1941; for 1908-1927, data are from records of BAE. For additional information for series E 204-207, see general note for series E 181-243. The series of acreage, production, and prices for flaxseed are available in publi- cations of the Crop Reporting Board. The census data shown are on a comparable basis. Flax grown for fiber is not included in the acreage estimates, nor is the flaxseed deseeded from fiber flax in- cluded in the production estimates. Estimates for fiber flax are available in the various publications of the Crop Reporting Board, however. The price series is relatively short, with the December 1 series available only from 1902. E 208-210. Soybeans for beans, acreage, production, and price, 1924-1945. SOURCE: Series E 208-209: See source cited for series E 181-182. Series E 210: See source cited for series E 206. For addi- tional information for series E 208-210, see general note for series E 181-243, above. A relatively short series of estimates of the acreage, production, and prices of soybeans for beans is available. The acreage grown for all purposes, alone and interplanted, and acreage and production of soybeans for hay, are also estimated by the Crop Reporting Board. The prices presented are the current series of season average prices prepared by weighting the mid- month prices received by farmers. HAY AND CoTTON (E11 2-224) E 211-216. Hay acreage, production and price, 1866-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Series E 211: For 1909-1928, see Agricultural Statistics, 1941 (data for E 211 obtained by adding data for wild hay shown in this source to data for tame hay, E 212); for 1929-1934, see Agricultural Statistics, 1946; for 1935-1945, see Field and Seed Crops, Acreage Yield and Production (Revised Estimates, 1939-1944), April 1947 (processed). Series E 212, 214: For 1866-1928, see Agricultural Statistics, 1941; for 1929- 1938, see Agricultural Statistics, 1946. Series E 213: For 1909-1928, see Farm Production, Farm Disposition, and Value of Hay, 1909— 1941, September 1944 (processed); for 1929-1945, see source cited for series E 211. Series E 215: For 1909-1928, data are from records of BAE; for 1929-1945, see Agriculiural Statistics, 1946. Series E 216: For 1866-1928, see Agricultural Statistics, 1941; for 1929- 1938, data are from records of BAE. For additional information for series E 211-216, see general note for series E 181-243, above. The series for tame hay, beginning 1866, was discontinued with the 1939 estimates. The series for all hay began in 1909 and continues cur- 89 Text: E 211-243 AGRICULTURE rently. Census enumeration data are comparable with the series with which they are included. Farm stocks of hay are estimated, as of January 1 and May 1 of each year, by the Crop Reporting Board, and are published in Crop Production. The price series shown in the table for all tame hay is the De- cember 1 series throughout, but that for all hay is the season average of the mid-month price throughout. The latter series is being continued currently. E 217-224. Cotton and cottonseed: Acreage, production, prices and stocks, 1790-1945. SOURCE: Series E 217: For 1866-1928, see Agricultural Statistics, 1941; for 1929-1942, see Agricultural Sta- tistics, 1946; for 1943-1945, see BAE, Cotton Report, Dec. 1, 1946 (processed). For census data, see Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture: 1945, vol. 11, p. 428. Series E 218: For 1790-1898, see Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Statistics, Circular 32, 1912; for 1899-1928, see Agricultural Statistics, 1941; for 1929-1945, see Agricultural Statistics, 1946. For census data, see Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture: 1945, vol. 11, p. 428. Series E 219: See source cited for series E 198. Series E 220: For 1869-1875, see Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Statistics, Circular 32, 1912; for 1876-1907, see Agricultural Statistics, 1941; for 1908-1927, data are from records of BAE. Series E 221: For 1906-1939, see Agri- cultural Statistics, 1941; for 1940-1945, see Agricultural Statistics, 1946. Series E 222: For 1909-1927, see Agricultural Statistics, 1941; for 1928-1944, see BAE, Farm Production, Farm Disposition, and Value of Cotton and Cottonseed, October 1945 (processed); for 1945, see Agricultural Statistics, 1946. Series E 223: For 1909-1927, see BAE, Cotton Acreage, Yield and Production, 1866-1938, Sept. 1940 (processed); for 1928-1945, see source cited for series E 222. Series E 224: Data are from records of BAE. For additional information for series E 217-224, see general note for series E 181-243, above. Bureau of the Census farm enumeration data on acreage and production for census years are shown in italics. The production, shown in running bales, is not comparable with annual produetion estimates shown in 500-pound gross-weight bales. The net weight per running bale varies from 383 pounds in 1839, the first census period, to 496.1 pounds in 1944, the most recent census year. Cotton production estimates are defined by statute as cotton actually ginned. From 1913 to 1924 annual ginnings as published by the Bureau of the Census included some cotton produced in Lower California and Mexico and ginned in California. Although this cotton was ginned in this country, it is not included in the pro- duction of the United States. For those years, cotton ginned in the United States exceeds production by the quantity of the cross- border movement of seed cotton into this country. For all other years beginning in 1899, production of cotton is the quantity of census ginnings by States adjusted for cross-State movement of seed cotton and rounded to thousands of bales. The rounded State-production estimates are added, to obtain the production for the United States. Adding the rounded State totals has re- sulted in a United States production that differs slightly from the census report on ginnings, but the difference is inconsequential. Before 1899 the total production was compiled from various current sources including exports and imports, rail and water shipments, mill receipts, etc., together with the decennial enu- merations of the Bureau of the Census. These production estimates are the same as published August 15,1912, in Department of Agri- culture, Bureau of Statistics Circular 82, except for minor adjust- ments caused by rounding State estimates. Stocks on August 1 of the crop-year (series E 221) are given in running bales, except that any small quantity of foreign cotton which is included is in equivalent 500-pound gross-weight bales. Previous to 1914 stocks are as of September 1. Data on stocks shown for the years beginning with 1923 were compiled by the Bureau of the Census. Stocks for years before 1923 are from the New York Cotton Exchange Service. 90 Cottonseed production (series E 222) beginning in 1928 is com- puted from net lint production using ratios of cottonseed to cotton lint as estimated from survey data collected from cotton ginners. For the years 1927 back to 1866 a uniform ratio of 65 pounds of cottonseed for each 35 pounds of net lint was used in computing cottonseed production. The season average prices from 1908 to date for both cotton and cottonseed (series E 219 and 223) are the weighted averages of mid- month prices. For years before 1908 the price series for cotton (series E 220) is the judgment price for the season as reported by farmers on December 1. Cottonseed prices are not available for the years before 1909. In order that comparisons of the price series may be made, the December prices for 20 years in which the two series overlap are shown. The crop-marketing season for both cotton and cottonseed is August 1 to July 31 for all States except Texas where the market- ing season begins about mid-July. FRUITS AND VEGETABLES (E 225-243) E 225-230. Irish and sweetpotatoes, acreage, production and price, 1849-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics and Bureau of the Census. For census data, see Census of Agriculture: 1945, vol. II, pp. 519-521. Series E 225, 228, 229. For 1866-1928, see Agricultural Statistics, 1941; for 1929-1938, see Agricultural Statistics, 1946; for 1939-1945, see Crop Production, 1947 Annual Summary, December 1947. Series E 226: For 1866-1944, see source cited for series E 225; for 1945, see Crops and Markets, 1947. Series E 227, 230: For 1866-1938, see source cited for series E 225; for 1939-1944, see Prices Received by Farmers for Crops, Livestock, and Livestock Products, 1909-45 (revised reprint from Crops and Mar- kets), 1946; for 1945, see Season Average Prices and Value of Pro- duction, Principal Crops, 1945-46, by States (mimeographed), Dec. 17, 1946. For additional information for series E 225-230, see gen- eral note for series E 181-243, above. E 231-243. Fruit production and prices, 1889-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics and Bureau of the Census. For census data, see Census of Agriculture: 1945, vol. 11, p. 534. Series E 231-239: For 1889-1944, see Production, Farm Disposition, Value, and Utilization of Sales, 1889 to 194) (in press); for 1945, see same, 1945 to 1947 (in press). Series E 240-243: For 1909-1939, see Citrus Fruits— Production, Farm Disposition, Value, and Utili- zation of Sales, Crop Seasons 1909-10 to 1943-4} (mimeographed), October 1945; for 1940-1945, see same, Crop Seasons 1940-41 to 1946-47 (mimeographed), October 1947. For additional information for series E 231-243, see general note for series E 181-243, above. Estimates of fruit production relate to the harvested crop plus allowances for economic abandonment in years when appreciable quantities are not harvested because of low prices or other eco- nomic factors. Losses from natural causes, such as wind storms, freezes, etc., are not included in production. Production relates to the total crop produced on farms, including commercial and home production, except for apples, for which BAE production estimates, 1935-1945, relate to commercial areas only. The annual estimates of BAE are checked and adjusted at the end of each marketing season on the basis of shipment and pro- cessing records that are available from transportation agencies, processors, cooperative marketing associations and other industry organizations. The estimates are again checked and revised at 5-year intervals when the Bureau of the Census enumerates and publishes for census years the numbers of trees and harvested pro- duction of fruits, by kinds, in each State and county. The BAE estimates for census years are not always in agreement with census data because of allowance for economic abandonment and adjust- ments based on available shipment and processing records. Citrus and other fruits (series E 240-243) are valued at equiva- lent per unit returns, excluding packing, grading and container costs, rather than at average prices for all sales. FARM CREDIT Farm Credit: Series E 244-269 FARM MORTGAGES (E 244-255) E 244-251. Farm-mortgage credit: Debt outstanding and loans closed, 1910-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Bureau of the Census, Farm Credit Administration, and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. For specific sources, see below. Farm-mortgage credit has variously been referred to as farm- real-estate credit, long-term credit, or capital credit. The data presented here, however, merely represent the amount of credit secured by farm real estate, whether it be extended for short terms or long terms, or whether it be used for such purposes as purchas- ing the farm, operating the farm, or financing nonagricultural ac- tivities. Furthermore, they represent credit extended under all types of loan instruments, whether they be mortgages, deeds of trust, vendors’ liens, or sales contracts, so long as the security offered is farm real estate. Information on the number of mortgaged farms has been col- lected by both the Bureau of the Census and the Bureau of Agri- cultural Economics. Generally speaking, the data on number of mortgaged farms have been published along with the data on amount of debt in census years, with the exception of 1900 when no information on amount of debt was obtained. A historical sum- mary and an analysis of the data on number of mortgaged owner- operated farms back to 1890 are included in an article on “Number and Percentage of Farms Under Mortgage” in the Agricultural Finance Review, vol. 1, No. 2, November 1938, issued by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Data on the number of mort- gaged farms in each tenure class for 1930, 1985, and 1940 appear in a cooperative publication of the Bureau of Agricultural Eco- nomics and the Bureau of the Census entitled Farm-Mortgage In- debtedness in the United States, Release No. 1— Number of Mort- gaged Farms, June 25, 1948. Similar data for 1945, as well as for the census years just mentioned, can be found in another joint BAE- Census report, Farm-Mortgage Debt in the United States: 1945. Estimates of the total amount of farm-mortgage debt outstand- ing at the beginning of each year (series E 244) and the amount of loans held by the principal lender groups (series E 245-249) are available back to 1910. The estimates of total indebtedness are based upon census data and the results of special surveys. The Bureau of the Census obtained data on the amount of mortgage debt resting on farms operated by full owners in each census back to 1890, except 1900. In 1890, 1940, and 1945 it collected similar information on the owned part of part-owner farms. Mortgage data may be found in the following reports of the Bu- reau of the Census: Eleventh Census of the United States, 1890, Report on Real Estate Mortgages; Thirteenth Census, 1910, Agri- culture, vol. V, ch. 3; Fourteenth Census, 1920, Agriculture, vol. V, ch. 7; Census of Agriculture, 1925, Summary Statistics by States; Fifteenth Census, 1930, Agriculture, vol. IV, Ch. 6; Sixteenth Cen- sus, 1940, Agriculture, vol. III, ch. 4. Data for 1935 and 1945 ap- pear only in the cooperative publications referred to elsewhere in the text. Beginning with a survey for 1920, the Bureau of Agricultural Economics has conducted quinquennial surveys on which to base estimates of debt on farms operated by part-owners, tenants, and managers; the 1935, 1940, and 1945 surveys were conducted in cooperation with the Bureau of the Census. The results of the sur- vey for 1925, which also collected data as of January 1, 1928, were published in Farm-Mortgage Credit, Tech. Bull. No. 288, February 1932, Department of Agriculture. The data for both 1930 and 1935 were published in the cooperative release Farm Mortgage Indebted- ness in the United States (Detailed Summary), August 26, 1937. When the data from both the 1940 census and the 1940 special survey became available, the 1935 estimates were revised, and the final estimates for 1930, 1935, and 1940 were presented in a coop- erative release entitled Farm-Mortgage Indebtedness in the United Text: E 244-246 States, Release No. 2— Amount of Farm-Mortgage Debt, March 25, 1944. Mortgage data for 1935 are not published in any regular census volumes, except for those series that appear in the 1940 census reports. Likewise, the 1945 data are to be found only in the special cooperative report entitled Farm-Mortgage Debt in the United States: 1945, which also presents figures for 1930, 1935, and 1940. The revisions of the earlier census-year estimates on the basis of certain relationships established by more recent surveys were made so the estimates for all census years could be more com- parable. A discussion of some of these revisions is included in the article “Fluctuations in Outstanding Farm-Mortgage Debt, 1910 39,” appearing in the Agricultural Finance Review, vol. 2, No. 2, November 1939. Estimates for intercensal years have been based on published data showing the amount of mortgages held by certain lending agencies and on estimates of the amount of farm mortgages re- corded and released annually by other lender groups. Whenever a new census-year bench mark was established, the intercensal-year estimates were revised to reflect the new trend. For the years prior to 1935 the data on mortgages recorded and released were com- piled from the records of selected counties through a Nation-wide WPA project sponsored by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Since 1935 this information has been collected by the Farm Credit Administration. Revisions of annual debt estimates back to 1930 appear in Revised Annual Estimates of Farm-Morigage Debt by States, 1930-43, April 1944, and in Distribution by Lender Groups of Farm-Mortgage and Real Estate Holdings, January 1, 1930-45, August 1945, both reports of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Subsequent revisions back to 1940 are shown in the Agricultural Finance Review, vol. 10, November, 1947. E 244. Total farm-morigage debt outstanding, 1910-1945. SOURCE: See text for series E 244-251, above. E 245 and E 250. Farm-mortgage loans held by Federal land banks and Federal Farm Mortgage Corporation, 1918-1945. SOURCE: See text for series E 244-251. Federal land banks, which were organized pursuant to the Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916, began operations in 1917 and gradually become important lenders in the farm-mortgage field, particularly after 1933. The data on loans closed and loans outstanding are from publications of the Farm Credit Administration or its predecessor, the Federal Farm Loan Board. Land Bank Commissioner loans, first made under the authority of the Emergency Farm-Mortgage Act of 1933, were taken over by the Federal Farm Mortgage Corporation upon its creation in 1934. The Commissioner continued to make such loans on behalf of the Corporation until his authority expired on July 1, 1947. The establishment and operations of these Federal lending agencies are examined rather fully in Farm-Mortgage Credit Facil- ities in the United States, Misc. Pub. No. 478, 1942, Department of Agriculture, as well as in the annual reports of the Farm Credit Administration. E 246. Farm-mortgage loans, held by life insurance companies, 1910-1945. SOURCE: See text for series E 244-251. Life insurance companies invest considerable funds in farm mortgages and over the years have been a major source of mortgage loans. The figures presented here are estimates of the Bureau of Agricultural Eco- nomics based primarily upon data obtained from reports of com- panies kolding a substantial proportion of all life insurance com- pany loans. Prior to 1930 the estimates are based largely on data reported to the Association of Life Insurance Presidents. Since 1930 they are based upon direct reports from life insurance com- panies, official reports submitted to State insurance commissioners, hearings before the Temporary National Economic Committee, Best’s Life Insurance Reports, and reports from the Life Insurance Association of America and the Institute of Life Insurance. The results of a study of the farm-mortgage investments of this lender group, particularly those of more recent years, are published in Farm-Mortgage Investments of Life Insurance Companies, De- 91 Text: E 246-255 cember 1943, and in Sales Contracts and Real Estate Investments of Life Insurance Companies, March 1944, both reports of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. E 247. Farm-mortgage loans, held by commercial banks, 1910- 1945. SOURCE: See text for series E 244-251. Commercial banks as a group also have loaned considerable funds on farm real estate. The data presented here do not cover all banks, but they do repre- sent a very large proportion of all bank loans against farm real estate. Prior to 1935 they are for all open State and national banks, but since 1935 they include only the loans of insured commercial banks. Consequently, they do not include loans of noninsured com- mercial banks after 1934, closed commercial banks, nor mutual savings banks. Furthermore, they do not include sales contracts, which are usually classified with real estate by bank supervisory authorities. Data for insured banks are those reported by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Figures prior to 1935 are based on special surveys made by the Department of Agricul- ture in 1914, 1918, 1921, 1924, and 1981, the results of which are discussed in Agricultural Loans of Commercial Banks, Tech. Bull. No. 521, July 1936. Estimates for intervening years prior to 1935 were developed from data on mortgages recorded and released, which were collected from county records in the WPA project. E 248 and E 251. Farm-mortgage loans, held by joint-stock land banks, 1918-1945. SOURCE: See text for series E 244-251. The joint-stock land banks, also authorized under the Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916, were under Federal supervision and regulation, but differed from the Federal land banks in that they were privately owned institutions. Their organization and growth are discussed in considerable detail in Schwartz, C. H., Jr., Financial Study of the Joint-Stock Land Banks, Washington College Press, Takoma Park, Md., 1938, as well as in the publications referred to in the text for series E 245 and E 250, above. Their liquidation was called for in the Emergency Farm-Mortgage Act of 1933, and since that time the only loans made by them have been in connection with liqui- dation activities. In the case of the several Federal and federally sponsored agencies, it should be pointed out that their ‘loans closed” include only their regular loans as distinct from purchase- money mortgages and sales eontracts, and that they are not nec- essarily comparable with “loans recorded” by other lender groups, E 249. Farm-mortgage loans, held by “individuals and others,” 1910-1945. SOURCE: See text for series E 244-251. A substantial part of the total farm-mortgage loans is held by the lender group identified as “‘individuals and others.” Within this group, indi- viduals are by far the most important holders of farm mortgages. Because of its residual nature, this general lender group also in- cludes many miscellaneous sources of farm-mortgage credit. These include mortgage, real estate, finance, and investment companies; State and local governmental agencies; religious, educational, civic, and fraternal organizations; mercantile firms dealing largely in farm supplies; lending agencies operating chiefly in the urban mortgage field but sometimes lending on farm lands; corporations and associations chiefly engaged in making production loans but sometimes requiring real estate as security; and, in more recent years, the Farmers Home Administration (formerly Farm Secu- rity Administration). In addition to these are the loans of mutual savings banks, closed commercial banks, noninsured commercial banks after 1934, insurance companies other than life insurance companies, and certain types of loans not specifically included in the figures for the major lending groups. E 252-255. Interest payable on farm mortgages, 1910-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Agricultural Economics and the Farm Credit Administration. The interest rates given here represent average contract rates. They are averages of the rates charged by the various types of lenders weighted by the amount of mortgages recorded or held by each. Furthermore, they are averages of rates on all farm mort- gages regardless of their priority. It should be pointed out that 92 AGRICULTURE year-to-year changes in the average rates do not necessarily reflect changes in the level of interest rates charged by the different lend- ers but may represent changes in the distribution among the lend- er groups of loans recorded or held. The averages are based on the rates specified in the mortgage contract and do not necessarily represent averages of the rates actually paid, except that in the case of rates on outstanding mortgages, they do reflect the tempo- rarily reduced rates of the Federal land banks during the period 1934-44 and of the Federal Farm Mortgage Corporation during the period 1938-1945. The data on interest charges are estimates of amounts payable by borrowers during the calendar year and reflect the interest reductions granted borrowers by the Federal land banks during the years 1933-44 and the Federal Farm Mortgage Corporation during the years 1337-45. Furthermore, they are estimates of the amounts due during the calendar year, even though some of these amounts were not paid. The index of interest charges per acre is also shown, as this series is utilized in parity price computations. Data on interest rates and interest charges representative of all types of owners and all types of lenders are available back to 1910. The Bureau of the Census obtained some information either on interest rates or interest charges on outstanding mortgages in 1890, 1920, 1930, and 1940. The interest rates on mortgages re- corded (series E 252) have come from two sources. The averages shown for selected years after 1935 are estimates of the Farm Credit Administration based on mortgages recorded during the month of March in approximately one-third of the counties in the United States. The rates presented for 1935 and earlier are aver- ages developed from data obtained in a Nation-wide WPA project sponsored by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. The data for these earlier years appear in the publication Average Rates of Interest Charged on Farm-Morigage Recordings of Selected Lender Groups, November 1940, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Average interest rates on outstanding mortgages (series E 253) for 1937 and later years are based on data obtained by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics in special surveys in census years and from Farm Credit Administration surveys of farm-mortgage re- cordings in selected months of intercensal years. For 1936 and earlier, the average rates are based on data obtained in the WPA project. Rates on mortgages recorded as reported in this project were converted to rates on outstanding mortgages by assuming that all mortgages recorded remained in effect for a period equal to the average of the terms of years specified in the mortgage con- tracts. This procedure was used for all lender groups, except the Federal land banks and Federal Farm Mortgage Corporation for which averages were computed from information on the amount of loans outstanding at various interest rates. A further discussion of the method used in developing this series appears in Interest Charges Payable on Farm Indebtedness in the United States, 1910- 40, August 1942, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Some of the data for the years after 1930 were later revised and were published in Revised Annual Estimates of Interest Charges and Interest Rates on Farm-Mortgage Debt, 1930-43, October 1944, Bureau of Agri- cultural Economics. The series on the amount of interest charges payable (series E 254) was developed from the estimates of farm-mortgage debt outstanding at the beginning of each year and the average interest rates charged thereon, except in the case of the Federal agencies. Calendar-year estimates were computed by averaging the charges payable on debts outstanding at the beginning of each year with those payable on debts outstanding at the beginning of the suc- ceeding year. For the Federal agencies, the actual amounts of in- terest charges payable on their outstanding loans during the cal- endar year were obtained from the Farm Credit Administration. These amounts, of course, excluded those charges no longer pay- able because of the interest reductions granted to borrowers. A more detailed discussion of the methods used appears in the pub- FARM CREDIT Text: E 252-266 lications referred to in the preceding paragraph. The interest charges per acre used in computing the index (series E 255) were arrived at by using Bureau of the Census acreage figures for cen- sus years with straight-line interpolations for intercensal years. FARMER BANKRUPTCIES (E 256-257) E 256-257. Bankruptcy cases filed by farmers, 1899-1945. SOURCE: For 1899-1938, see Department of Agriculture, Farmer Bankruptcies, 1898-1935, Cir. No. 414, September 1936, and Bureau of Agricultural Economics records; for 1939-1945, see Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Finance Review issues. The data presented show the number of bankruptcy cases ““filed” or “‘concluded,” for which the occupation given is that of farmer and the percentage that these are of the cases for all occu- pations. Since 1939 only data on cases ‘‘filed” have been available by occupations, whereas for 1939 and earlier years the data are for cases ‘‘concluded.” The fact that not all cases filed are conclu- ded may account for the apparent increase in number of cases be- tween 1939 and 1940. Some cases are handled under sections of the National Bankruptey Act which provide for settlement by compro- mise or by extension of farmers’ debts. As such cases do not in- volve outright bankruptcy, they are not included in the figures shown. Data on the number of farmer bankruptcy cases as an indicator of financial distress are subject to certain limitations. The Bank- ruptey Act provides that farmers may not be placed in bankruptey involuntarily, so that only those cases are covered in which the farmer chose this method of handling burdensome debts. In gen- eral, liquidation of indebtedness by means of foreclosure is the more common practice among farmers because of the large pro- portion of farmers’ debts secured by physical assets. The data on farmer bankruptcies have been summarized by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics from two sources. Since 1939 data on cases ‘‘filed”” have been compiled from reports of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts and published in the Agricultural Finance Review of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. For fiscal 1939 and earlier years, data on cases ‘‘con- cluded” were compiled from reports of the Department of Justice. Most of these earlier data were published in Farmer Bankruptcies, 1898-1935, Cir. No. 414, September 1936, Department of Agri- culture. FARMER NON-REAL-ESTATE CREDIT (E 258-266) E 258-266. Non-real-estate agricultural loans to farmers, 1910— 1945. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture. See specific sources mentioned below. Non-real-estate credit, variously called short-term credit, per- sonal and collateral credit, or production credit, is obtained by farmers from many sources including banks, Federal and federally sponsored credit agencies, merchants, dealers, commission men, finance companies, landlords, and other individuals. Commercial banks have provided the bulk of this type of credit extended by credit institutions although, since World War I, Federal and fed- erally sponsored agencies and finance companies have become increasingly important in this lending field. The volume of non- real-estate credit extended by sources other than banks and Fed- eral agencies is believed to have been as large as three billion dollars in 1920 and slightly over one billion dollars in recent years. Data that would permit precise estimates of the amount of this type of credit, however, are lacking. Non-real-estate agricultural loan data of all commercial banks have been available for the years since 1939 from the Comptroller of the Currency. Similar loans of insured commercial banks, whose loans comprise about 97 percent of the loans of all banks, have been regularly reported since 1937 by the Federal Deposit In- surance Corporation. For 1937 and earlier the only data available on the non-real-estate agricultural loans of commercial banks are those from Department of Agriculture surveys made in 1914, 1918, 1921, 1924, 1931, 1934, and 1936, of which all except the survey for 1936 are discussed in Agricultural Loans of Commercial Banks, Tech. Bull. No. 521, July 1936, Department of Agriculture. Upon the basis of these survey data and data on all loans of “country” national banks for intervening years, estimates have been made of the non-real-estate agricultural loans of all commercial banks back to 1910. For further details on this series, see the article “Short- Term Agricultural Loans of Commercial Banks, 1910-1945,” in the Agricultural Finance Review, vol. 8, November 1945, Bureau of Agricultural Economics. The Federal Government first entered the non-real-estate agri- cultural credit field in 1918 when five million dollars was made available for direct loans to farmers in the Northwest and South- west where there had been two successive crop failures. During the 1920Q’s seed and feed loans were made available from time to time in certain ‘‘distressed’’ areas by special Acts of Congress. In the early 1930’s the basis for lending was broadened and the Emergency Crop and Feed Loan Office came to be a more-or-less permanent source of credit for farmers in distress. The Farmers Home Administration Act of 1946 transferred the activities of the Emergency Crop and Feed Loan Office from the Farm Credit Ad- ministration to the newly created Farmers Home Administration (successor to the Farm Security Administration) and provided for the liquidation of these loans. Henceforth, any loans of this char- acter will be made by the Farmers Home Administration under the provisions of the new law. For a further discussion of the crop and feed loan program, see Federal Seed-Loan Financing and Iis Relation to Agricultural Rehabilitation and Land Use, Tech. Bull. No. 539, October 1936, Department of Agriculture, as well as reports of the Farm Credit Administration. The Agricultural Credits Act of 1923 created the Federal inter- mediate credit banks, the first permanent federally sponsored credit agencies making non-real-estate loans available to farmers. The intermediate credit banks make no loans directly to farmers, but they do make loans to and discount for private financing in- stitutions (agricultural credit corporations and livestock loan companies). Such loans and discounts are indicative of the lending activity of these private financing institutions. Loans discounted by the Federal intermediate credit banks for the production credit associations since their organization in 1933 are not included in this series. A rather complete discussion of the Federal intermedi- ate credit system appears in Ten Years of Federal Intermediate Credits, Baird and Benner, The Brookings Institution, Wash- ington, D. C., 1933, as well as in reports of the Farm Credit Ad- ministration. The Agricultural Credits Act of 1923, which authorized the creation of the Federal intermediate credit banks, also provided for loans to and discounts for agricultural cooperatives by these banks. These are in the nature of direct loans to marketing co- operatives on the security of commodities. These loans are also discussed more fully in Ten Years of Federal Intermediate Credits, and in reports of the Farm Credit Administration. In 1933 special legislation authorized the creation of the “banks for cooperatives,” and by 1936 the function of the intermediate credit banks in mak- ing loans to cooperatives had largely been taken over by them. A large part of the loan funds of the ‘‘banks for cooperatives,” how- ever, is supplied by the Federal intermediate credit banks. During the early 1930’s considerable funds were made available to agri- cultural cooperatives through the Agricultural Marketing Act re- volving fund, but with the growth of the “banks for cooperatives,” this fund has become a relatively unimportant source. Data on its loans are not included here, nor are those of the Rural Electrifi- 93 Text: E 258-269 AGRICULTURE cation Administration, the Farmers Home Administration (suc- cessor to Farm Security Administration), the Commodity Credit Corporation, or the production credit associations. DEposITS OF COUNTRY BANKS (E 267-269) E 267-269. Indexes of deposits of country banks, 1923-1945. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture. For 1923-1943, see Agricul- 94 tural Finance Review, “Indexes of Deposits of Country Banks,” vol. 7, November 1944; for 1944-1945, see Agricultural Finance Review, vol. 9, November 1946. The indexes for demand, time, and total deposits are based upon deposits of member banks of the Fed- eral Reserve System, located in places of less than 15,000 popu- lation in the 20 leading agricultural States. For an analysis of these series see Demand Deposits of Country Banks, Tech. Bull. No. 575, August 1937, Department of Agriculture. GENERAL STATISTICS Data: E 1-18 Series E 1-5.—GENERAL STATISTICS—FARM REAL ESTATE, NUMBER OF FARMS AND VALUE: 1850 TO 1945 [Census years are in italics] Total value, | FARM LAND AND BUILDINGS Index of Total value, | FARM LAND AND BUILDINGS Index of Number selected ————————— egtimated Number selected estimated of items of Total Average value of farms of items of Total Average value of farms YEAR farms farm vile value per acre YEAR farms farm volts value per acre property ! per acre (1912-14 =100) property 1! per acre (1912-14 =100) 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1,000 Million Million 1,000 Million Million farms dollars dollars Dollars farms dollars dollars Dollars 5,859 63,483 ] 126 6,350 59,325 130 5,871 58,997 114 6,400 61,382 135 5,917 53,325 99 6,510 63,052 139 6,019 46,854 91 6,500 73,062 157 6,076 42,341 85 6,448 80,327 6,097 42,110 84 6,470 68,505 6,210 42,338 84 6,520 62,663 6,320 43,075 85 6,540 55,578 6,460 42,708 85 6,560 51,374 6,640 41,692 82 6,520 48,469 39,597 6,812 38,738 79 6,480 48,175 39,586 6,770 37,618 76 6,450 46,478 38,463 6,720 36,278 73 6,420 44,637 37,306 6,530 43,883 89 6,390 43,569 36,050 6,390 52,375 106 6,362 41,961 34,801 89.60 [iccecmnmimenss 6,289 58,378 115 6,290 58,468 116 5,787 20,440 16,615 19. 6,270 57,407 117 4,665 16,082 18,279 27. 6,260 56,972 119 4,009 12,181 10,197 19.02 6,340 58,348 49,052 124 2,660 8,945 7, hhh 18. 2,044 7,980 6,645 16. 6,372 58,309 49,468 127 1,449 3,967 3,272 11. 1 Prior to 1910 includes value of farm land and buildings, implements and machinery, and livestock; for 1910-1945 includes farm land and buildings, ma- chinery and equipment for production (value in 1910, 40,991 million dollars), and crops held for sale, and livestock and poultry. Series E 6-18.—GENERAL STATISTICS—FARM REAL ESTATE, CHANGES IN OWNERSHIP: 1912 TO 1945 ESTIMATED NUMBER OF FARMS CHANGING OWNERSHIP PER 1,000 FARMS PERCENTAGE OF VOLUNTARY SALES AND TRADE Forced sales and related defaults Occupation of purchaser Total Voluntary Purchased Purchased YEAR ? Foreclosures Other all sales and : by local or : : Total of mortgages, | Delinquent | transfers 3 : : Active Retired Other classes trades ! forced bankruptcies, taxes residents operation farmer farmer occupation ete. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 69.7 51.5 3.0 1.9 1.1 15.2 82 74 63 3 34 76.1 55.9 4.9 3.1 1.8 15.3 83 78 66 3 31 67.0 45.8 6.6 4.4 2.2 14.6 82 77 64 3 33 66.1 41.7 9.3 6.2 3.1 15.1 80 75 63 3 34 63.7 34.1 13.9 10.5 3.4 15.7 82 78 67 4 29 63.0 30.2 15.9 12.6 3.3 16.9 83 78 68 4 28 63.8 20.7 17.0 13.5 3.5 17.1 83 78 66 4 30 65.4 30.5 17.4 14.3 3.1 17.5 81 7 62 4 34 74.0 31.5 22.4 18.1 4.3 20.1 81 75 63 5 32 72.9 24.8 26.2 20.3 5.9 21.9 82 76 64 5 31 69.1 19.4 28.3 21.0 7.3 21.4 81 74 63 5 32 78.6 17.8 39.1 28.0 11.1 21.7 78 75 58 6 36 93.6 16.8 54.1 38.8 15.3 22.7 76 77 53 6 41 76.7 16.2 41.7 28.4 13.3 18.8 rif 79 57 6 37 61.9 19.0 26.1 18.7 7.4 16.8 81 81 65 6 29 61.5 23.7 20.8 15.7 5.1 7.0 82 81 72 4 24 58.0 23.5 19.5 14.8 4.7 15.0 84 83 78 4 18 66.0 26.3 22.8 17.6 5.2 16.9 84 84 77 5 18 68.5 28.3 23.3 18.2 5.1 18.9 [uusumms ms ssolnnms nnn meni meme pee Em i ——— 61.4 29.6 21.6 17.4 4.2 10.2 |. coun mmmmmn| ranean] summer fee a a wf TRANSFERS PER 1,000 FARMS Voluntary | Foreclosures Voluntary | Foreclosures Voluntary | Foreclosures sales and and sales and and sales and and YEAR trades? assignments! YEAR trades? assignments! YEAR trades |assignments¢ 17 18 17 18 17 18 25.5 16.7 Ul 1920. mimi mmm mimi 43.4 4.0 28.3 3.5 26.1 14.60 1019. oc 48.8 3.2 28.0 3.8 24.4 L714) 1918... caeacia 37.0 3.1 29.6 2.8 26.3 6.8 | 2017 ccna 36.7 3.7 29.9 2.5 1036. coisas a 30.9 3.8 1 Including contracts to purchase (but not options). : 2? Including loss of title by default of contract, sales to avoid foreclosures, and surrender of title or other transfers to avoid foreclosure. 2 Includes inheritance and gift transfers; administrators’, executors’, and other sales in settlement of estates; and miscellaneous and unclassified sales. 4 For differences between these series and series E 7 and E 9, respectively, see descriptive text for series E 6-11. 95 Data: E 19-60 AGRICULTURE Series E 19-30.—GENERAL STATISTICS—FARM TENURE, NUMBERS OF FARMS BY TENURE: 1880 TO 1945 NUMBER OF FARMS BY TENURE OF OPERATOR PERCENT OF TENANTS AMONG FARM OPERATORS, BY AGE OF TENANT ! Tenant farms YEAR Total Full-owner | Part-owner Manager —— | Under 25 | 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to b4 55 to 64 65 and farms farms farms farms Nuiiber Percent of years years years years years over total farms 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 5,859,169 | 3,301,361 660,502 38,885 1,858,421 81.7 7.9 52.9 38.3 26.9 20.8 15.2 6,096,799 | 3,084,138 615,039 36,351 2,361,271 38.7 79.0 64.1 45.9 32.8 24.6 16.1 6,812,350 3,210,224 688,867 48,104 | 2,865,155 ABLE 1 oom mpm) ema eS m ER) wns mn ime) 2 mn Him mA Sin se mit Yr oat se 6,288,648 | 2,911,644 656,750 55,889 | 2,664,365 42.4 86.5 67.0 46.3 34.6 24.7 16.4 6,371,640 | 3,313,490 554,842 40,700 | 2,462,608 38.6 6,448,343 | 3,366,510 558,580 68,449 | 2,454,804 38.1 6,361,502 3,354,897 593,825 58,104 | 2,854,676 37.0 5,737,372 | 3,201,947 451,376 59,085 | 2,024,964 35.3 18903 .___| 4,564,641 3,269,728 1,294,913 28.4 1580-un vn 4,008,907 2,984,306 1,024,601 25.6 1 Figures ToDrasont percent of farm operators (in the given age groups) who were tenants that year. 1 Figures in series E 25-30 include managers. Series E 31-42.—GENERAL STATISTICS—FARM TENURE, LAND AND VALUE BY TENURE OF OPERATOR: 1900 TO 1945 LAND IN FARMS BY TENURE OF OPERATOR VALUE OF FARMS (LAND AND BUILDINGS) BY TENURE OF OPERATOR All Full P oe All Full P i YEAR ul art u art BR ———. farms owner owner! Managers All Croppers farms owner owner Managers All Croppers tenants | (South) tenants (South) 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 . 1,000 1,000 acres acres acres acres acres acres dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars 1,141,615 | 412,358 | 371,251 | 106,372 | 251,634 18,922 | 46,388,926 | 21,106,511 | 210,029,155 | 2,354,563 | 12,898,697 884,842 1,060,852 | 382,098 | 300,325 66,530 | 311,899 23,313 | 33,641,739 | 15,297,274 26,112,411 | 1,442,657 | 10,789,397 775,935 1,054,515 | 890,978 | 266,071 60,664 | 336,802 29,839 | 32,853,844 | 14,824,645 5,615,139 | 1,566,312 | 10,952,747 800,245 986,771 | 372,450 | 245,926 61,986 | 306,409 31,605 | 47,879,838 | 21,123,468 8,136,335 | 2,238,478 | 16,381,558 | 1,398,527 924,319 | 419,446 | 196,890 43,097 | 264,887 22,986 | 49,467,647 | 24,208,740 6,807,888 | 1,600,950 | 16,850,069 | 1,183,205 955,884 | 461,250 | 175,525 54,129 | 264,980 22,531 | 66,316,003 | 30,710,721 9,153,602 | 2,665,216 | 23,786,563 | 1,477,593 878,798 | 464,923 | 133,631 53.7311 226,513 [uouanean- 84,801,126 | 17,310,639 5,066,295 | 1,456,959 | 10,977,232 |.ccucanea- 838,592 | 431,261 | 124,779 87,518 | 195,034 {.oca-vs=- 16,614,647 9,129,328 1,962,065 774,829 4,748,406 |... nnn 1 Of these acreageB, the operator owned 192,259,000 in 1945, 144,639,000 in 1940, 181,703,000 in 1935, 120,748,000 in 1930, and 100,549,000 in 1925. 2 Of these values part owners owned property valued at $5,898, 871, 000 in 1945 and $3,564,202,000 in 1940. Series E 43-60.—GENERAL STATISTICS—FARM TENURE, BY COLOR AND TENURE OF OPERATOR: 1900 TO 1945 Series NUMBER OF FARMS COLOR AND TENURE OF OPERATOR 0. 1945 1940 1935 1930 1925 1920 1910 1900 United States, total... ccc cee 43 5,859,169 6,096,799 6,812,350 6,288,648 6,371,640 6,448,348 6,361,502 5,737,372 WHE. oo carne smn swe S's 44 5,169,954 5,377,728 5,956,795 5,872,578 M 5,498,454 5,440,619 4,969,608 NonWhite. cc wciin mmm smanmm Daas 45 89,215 719,071 55,555 916,070 o 49,889 920,883 67,764 The South, total .....-enilndecnns 46 2,881,185 | 3,007,170 | 3,421,923 | 3,223,816 | 3,131,418 | 3,206,664 8,097,547 | 2,620,391 White.....-- 47 2,215,722 2,326,904 | 2,606,176 | 2,342,129 | 2,299,963 | 2,283,750 | 2,207,406 1,879,721 Owners__._... 48 1,513,431 1,871,034 1,388,601 1,233,656 1,824,653 1,379,636 1,326,044 1,183,806 Full owner. 49 1,348,076 1,185,788 1,189,833 1,050,187 1,178,778 1,227,204 1,154,100 1,078,635 Part owner. . 50 165,355 185,246 198,768 183,469 150,875 152,432 171,944 105,171 Managers__.__ 5 51 12,751 13,215 15,401 16,529 10,259 16,548 15,084 17.172 Tenants__.. - 52 689,540 942,655 1,202,174 1,091,944 965,051 887,566 866,278 678,743 TODD ole wien emi dm mmm 53 176,260 242,173 347,848 383,381 278,736 227.878 Le mens men fma mi amma NonWhlte ac icbosicidiidersevbecamsness 54 665,413 680,266 815,747 881,687 831,455 922,914 890,141 740,670 Owners____... 55 189,232 173,263 186,065 182,019 194,540 217,589 218,467 186,676 Full owner. 56 160,980 141,502 150,113 140,496 159,651 178,558 175,290 158,479 Part owner. 57 28,252 31,361 35,952 41,523 34,889 39,081 43,177 28,197 Managers. __. 58 442 365 381 829 667 1,770 1,200 1,598 Tenants._.. 59 475,739 506,638 629,301 698,839 636,248 703,555 670,474 552,401 OrODPOTE.. cv imminent mrt mim 60 270,296 299,118 368,408 392,897 344,322 883.718 | cenit] as etn 1 Available for the South only. 96 GENERAL STATISTICS GENERAL STATISTICS—FARM LABOR, EMPLOYMENT, WAGES, AND Series E 61-71. Data: E 61-71 PRODUCTIVITY: 1866 TO 1945 FARM EMPLOYMENT ! FARM WAGE RATES FARM PRODUCTIVITY, INDEX NUMBERS Index Farmers’ (1935-39 =100) arbors Per month 3 Per day ? expenditures YBAR Total Family Hired mpositec form for hired Of production Of gross farm workers ? | workers | © ns 6 Totes labor 4 for sale and farm (191 2 4=100) With Without With Without home consumption| production = board board board board per worker # per worker ¢ 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 1,000 1,000 1,000 Million workers workers workers Dollars Dollars Dollars | Dollars dollars 9,844 7,726 2,117 350 82.30 95.40 3.80 4.3 2,210 7147 1137 10,037 7,810 2,227 315 74.00 85.7¢C 3.46 3.93 2,094 148 135 10,263 7,857 2,406 264 61.91 72.51 2.87 3.27 1,928 136 127 10,397 7,855 2,542 201 46.64 55.91 2.19 2.49 1,666 131 128 10,361 7,829 2,532 154 34.85 43.64 1.69 1.93 1,197 119 117 10,585 8,019 2,566 126 28.05 36.68 1.36 1.59 1,000 113 110 10,740 8,145 2,595 123 27.39 35.82 1.30 1.56 982 108 107 10,789 8,169 2,620 125 27.73 36.18 1.31 1.58 1,000 104 105 10,892 8,261 2,631 126 28.00 36.32 1.33 1.61 1,039 106 107 11,047 8,486 2,661 111 24.53 32.28 1.15 1.42 880 93 86 11,131 8,702 2,429 103 22.42 30.24 1.07 1.33 740 89 95 10,852 8,506 2,346 95 20.24 28.19 0.98 1.26 601 94 83 11,023 8,590 2,433 85 18.07 25.67 0.85 1.1 512 95 94 11,069 8,571 2,498 96 20.85 28.88 0.94 1.20 584 95 101 11,159 8,469 2,690 130 28.77 38.38 1.32 1.62 847 100 103 11,173 8,323 2,850 167 37.59 48.10 1.76 2.08 1,134 96 96 11,289 8,305 2,984 180 40.61 51.22 1.96 2.25 1,284 96 98 11,379 8,340 2,956 179 40.11 50.72 1.98 2.27 1,268 99 99 11,246 8,296 2,950 179 40.11 50.85 1.98 2.28 1,280 95 97 11,534 8,507 3,027 179 39.87 50.83 1.98 2.31 1,326 94 96 11,448 8,577 2.871 176 38.77 49.90 1.97 2.29 1,243 92 94 11,362 8,488 2,874 173 37.92 49.32 1.94 2.29 1,224 94 93 11,385 8,491 2,894 169 37.24 48.25 1.89 2.25 1,219 90 94 11,443 8,528 2,915 151 32.75 43.33 1.73 2.07 1,122 87 92 11,412 8,511 2,901 155 33.62 44.67 2.77 2.12 1,159 79 87 11,362 8,479 2,883 242 51.73 65.40 2.98 3.46 1,780 88 97 11,106 8,322 2,784 207 43.29 56.63 2.54 3.03 1,515 89 94 11,348 8,507 2,841 177 37.96 48.80 2.15 2.54 1,335 87 91 11,789 8,856 2,933 141 31.11 40.52 1.65 1.98 1,127 80 83 12,016 9,050 2,966 113 25.17 32.84 1.31 1.58 904 75 84 11,981 9,047 2,934 103 22.97 30.06 1.18 1.44 818 78 89 12,000 9,081 2,919 101 22.62 29.74 1.17 1.43 805 78 85 12,033 9,128 2,905 103 22.89 30.21 1.20 1.46 807 74 83 12,038 9,149 2,889 101 22.23 29.34 1.18 1.43 792 w 82 12,042 9,172 2,870 98 21.49 28.54 1.13 1.39 760 75 80 12,146 9,269 2,877 97 21.22 28.08 1.12 Te 12,209 96 22.21 28.10 1.09 Te 89 18.73 26.19 1.03 I. 73 15.51 22.12 0.83 i, 66 13.90 10.97 0.75 0. 63 13.29 19.16 0.71 0. 59 12.75 18.74 0.65 0. 59 12.70 18.57 0.65 0. 64 13.85 19.97 0.72 0. 1891 or 1892. 65 13.48 20.02 0.73 0. 1889 or 1890. 64 13.29 19.45 0.72 0. 1887 or 1888_ 64 13.29 19.67 0.72 0.4 1884 or 1885. 63 13.08 19.22 0.71 0. 1881 or 1882. 63 12.88 19.11 0.70 0. 1880 or 1881. 60 12.32 18.52 0.67 0. 1879 or 1880. 57 11.70 17.53 0.64 0. 1877, 1878, 1879 5 54 10.86 16.79 Y.81 0. 1874 or 1875___ 57 11.16 17.10 0.68 0. 1869. 52 9.97 15.50 0.63 0. 1866 9_ 53 10.09 15.50 0.64 0. ! These annual averages are simple averages of 1st-of-month employment estimates. 2? Includes farm operators and members of their families doing farm work with- out wages. 3 Annual averages are weighted averages of wage rates as reported quarterly by crop reporters. 4 Cash wages and value of perquisites. 5 Index of volume of farm production for sale and consumption in farm house- holds divided by the index of average annual farm employment. 6 Index of volume of gross farm production divided by the index of average annual farm employment. Gross farm production includes as production the “constant” dollar value of the crops fed to farm horses and mules and of the labor and other resources used in the raising and maintenance of horses and mules. For further discussion of differences in the two production series see text for series E 7 Preliminary. 8 1877 or 1878, 1878 or 1879 (combined). 9Years 1866 to 1878 in gold. 97 Data: E 72-87 AGRICULTURE Series E 72-75.—GENERAL STATISTICS—PRODUCTION MEASURES, VOLUME OF AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION AND AGGREGATE ACREAGE OF 52 CROPS: 1909 TO 1945 INDEXES OF INDEXES OF VOLUME OF PRODUCTION AGGREGATE ACREAGE, VOLUME OF PRODUCTION (1935-39 =100) 2 CROPS (1935-39 =100) Aggregate Production Producti oro w; roductio: roduction rveste Gross Planted Gross ’ YEAR for gale aod farm oF Haivesied YEAR for Solo and farm 52 crops consumption! production ? grown consumption? production 2 72 73 74 75 72 73 75 1,000 acres 1,000 acres 1,000 acres 133 123 356,884 346,486 100 101 49,040 136 124 365,168 352,538 97 99 349,791 128 120 361,498 347,735 98 97 345,172 124 128 351,328 339,314 94 98 344,881 113 111 347,655 335,310 91 97 341,487 83 91 345,425 110 108 347,826 331,506 106 105 342,647 321,886 92 101 346,570 103 104 354,266 338,445 91 96 350,690 106 107 363,020 338,452 90 95 344,693 94 87 360,239 313,845 86 90 331,047 83 92 322,277 91 97 361,889 336,050 93 82 338,965 294,736 86 98 321,170 96 95 373,124 330,850 86 93 315,108 96 102 375,471 361,794 81 91 313,733 102 105 370,589 855,818 85 90 309,729 83 88 311,197 98 98 369,550 359,896 99 101 363,028 355,295 79 85 306,299 102 351,467 hence matin 300,298 98 348,244 1 Includes total volume of all livestock and livestock products (exclusive of horses and mules) sales and home consumption during the calendar year, and total volume of crop production, minus quantities retained for feed or seed and quanti- ties not harvested or lost. No adjustments are made for inventory changes in estimating the volume of livestock sales. 2 Includes total volume of calendar-year production of all crops, pasture con- sumed by all livestock and the product added in the conversion of feed and pasture into livestock and livestock products for human use and into farm-produced horse and mule power. Series E 76-87.—GENERAL STATISTICS—FARM TAXES AND INSURANCE: 1890 TO 1945 TAXES LEVIED ON FARM PROPERTY On farm real estate On STATE AUTOMOTIVE TAXES PAID BY FARMER FARMERS’ MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE ! farin Statemotor| State Insurance Cost per $100 of insurance Surplusand YEAR Tort Amount Amon personal Side Wotar Com- in force Teseives, otal per per icenses uel anies at end end ol acre of value | Property |, gq permits| taxes P of year Total Losses Fapeuses year 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 Million Million Million Million 1,000 1,000 dollars Dollars Dollars dollars dollars dollars Number dollars Cents Cents Cents dollars 471 0.41 0.90 83 68 81 41,849 | 415,185,720 428.7 415.7 48.0 | 470,789 421 0.37 0.91 74 65 75 1,847 14,221,012 23.7 15.9 7.8 63,490 403 0.36 0.95 69 64 73 1,878 18,777,555 23.9 16.2 13 61,413 402 0.37 1.08 59 62 77 1,877 12,982,390 22.7 14.6 8.1 55,797 406 0.38 1.18 50 63 82 1,885 12,518,913 24.6 16.2 8.4 50,119 402 0.38 1.22 44 59 79 1,898 12,294,287 25.2 171 8.1 409 0.39 1.23 2 56 78 1,904 12,143,881 26.6 18.4 8.2 402 0.238 1.19 42 56 76 1,914 11,868,569 26.0 18.0 8.0 407 0.3 1.19 41 56 75 1,924 11,569,476 24.1 16.5 7.6 396 0.38 1.16 40 51 71 1,936 11,339,510 28.0 20.7 7.4 394 0.37 1.15 37 47 66 1,941 11,083,300 23.2 15.7 7.5 385 0.37 1.19 35 45 61 1,852 10,571,508 26.9 19.7 7.2 399 0.39 1.28 34 45 57 1,826 10,466,384 28.5 21.2 7.8 462 0.46 1.54 43 50 57 1,847 10,974,082 32.0 24.9 7.1 526 0.53 1.44 55 53 62 1,863 11,292,339 31.0 24.1 6.9 567 0.57 1.30 71 55 63 1,886 11,382,104 31.6 24.8 6.8 567 0.58 1.19 73 53 56 1,876 11,118,510 28.4 21.8 6.6 556 0.58 1.18 70 50 43 1,884 10,781,212 27.1 20.5 6.6 545 0.57 1.15 65 48 37 1,889 10,345,463 25.3 19.0 6.3 526 0.56 1.12 9,988,580 26.3 19.4 6.9 517 0.56 1.07 9,477,139 27.8 21.1 6.7 511 0.55 1.03 9,487,029 26.9 20.4 6.5 516 0.56 1.01 9,057,938 26.4 19.8 6.6 509 0.54 0.96 8,769,948 26.7 20.9 5.8 510 0.54 0.94 8,409,683 27.2 19.4 7.8 483 0.51 0.79 7,865,988 25.8 17.4 8. 393 0.41 0.59 6,937,523 25.1 17.3 7. 311 0.33 0.57 6,391,522 25.1 18.8 6. 292 0.31 0.58 5,876,853 24.6 18.2 6. 260 0.28 0.57 5,635,968 25.5 19.6 5. 243 0.26 0.57 5,366,760 23.5 17.5 6. 222 0.24 0.56 5,264,119 26.4 20.4 6. 218 0.24 0.55 191 0.21 0.49 183 0.21 0.50 166 0.19 0.47 { ccieinsas LEVEL [am wwii mrs lim msm mst mimi meee eS i acme eh | Rt | re mw rr 164 «19 GAB: 1. 5c os cin mn = Se Slate oe i rn Hew pr ns re ni nr ee Ya Rr A me See footnotes on next page. 98 GENERAL STATISTICS Data: E 76-104 Series E 76-87..—GENERAL STATISTICS—FARM TAXES AND INSURANCE: 1890 TO 1945—Con. TAXES LEVIED ON FARM REAL ESTATE TAXES LEVIED ON FARM REAL ESTATE TAXES LEVIED ON FARM REAL ESTATE TAXES LEVIED ON FARM REAL ESTATE YEAR Amount YEAR Amount YEAR Amount YEAR Amount Total per Total per Total per Total per & acre acre acre acre 76 7 76 77 76 77 76 7 Million Million Million Million dollars Dollars dollars Dollars dollars Dollars dollars Dollars 1008... 152 0.17 125 0.15 103 13 92 0.13 1907... 142 0.16 115 0.14 102 0.13 88 0.13 1908. ......... 134 0.15 113 0.13 98 0.13 85 0.13 1908... ceaeen 132 0.15 107 0.13 99 0.14 82 0.13 1904. conse 127 0.15 107 0.13 94 0.13 ! For 1914-33 includes companies with more than 65 percent of their insurance on farm property. For later years includes companies with more than 50 percent of their insurance on farm property. About 88 percent of their total insurance is on farm property. 2 Number of companies for which data were obtained; perhaps not entirely complete for any year. 3 Excess of assets over liabilities. Most of the farmers’ mutuals are assessment companies and as such are not required to set up unearned premium reserves. Data not compiled prior to 1935. 4 Preliminary. 5 Less than $500,000. Series E 88-104.—GENERAL STATISTICS—FARM INCOME, PRICES RECEIVED AND PAID: 1910 TO 1945 CASH RECEIPTS FARM INCOME ! INDEX NUMBERS OF PRICES RECEIVED AND PAID BY FARMERS, TAXES, ETC. FROM FARM MARKETINGS (MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) (BASE: 1910-14 =100) ORULIONE OF DOLLARS) | Realized Prices received by Prices paid by Payable Total at Net in- farmers ¢ farmers per acre Prices | Parity Gross | farm | income |COMe to ” oh . Paid, | ratio? YEAR form reduce of persons All Live- | Living Tter- including Total ! | Crops Live- |. Comet Pp tion farm |on farms form stock an Pro- gs Taxes | interest op! stock dipense oueras from inh Crops and pro- | Living | due- ae pay- and p anes + [farming ¥ a prod- | duc- tion Dar able taxes 2 ucts tion 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 9,638 | 11,979 | 25,432 | 12,896 | 12,536 | 13,711 202 201 203 180 185 174 69 181 172 117 9,038 | 11,333 | 24,187 | 11,788 | 12,399 | 13,531 195 194 194 176 178 173 73 175 169 116 7,980 | 11,479 | 23,035 | 10,848 | 12,187 | 14,138 192 183 200 167 170 163 79 177 162 119 6,331 9,058 | 18,569 9,360 9,209 | 11,286 159 142 173 152 154 149 89 182 150 106 4,716 6,474 | 13,894 7,420 6,474 7,723 124 106 140 131 131 131 94 183 132 94 3,471 4,895 | 11,010 6,469 4,541 5,361 100 88 112 122 121 124 98 186 125 80 3,366 4,511 | 10,547 6,088 4,459 5,262 95 80 108 121 120 122 103 183 124 7 3,190 4,496 | 10,071 5,744 4,827 5,041 97 80 113 123 122 125 108 186 126 77 3,948 4,902 | 11,265 6,126 5,139 6,093 122 115 127 131 128 136 116 181 133 92 3,651 4,716 | 10,643 5,581 5,062 5,361 114 107 120 124 123 125 124 180 127 90 2,978 4,108 9,595 5,111 4,484 5,052 109 102 115 125 124 127 135 178 130 84 3,004 3,330 8,486 4,727 3,759 3,531 90 98 84 122 122 123 148 188 129 70 2,473 2,841 7,055 4,374 2,681 2,993 72 2 72 108 108 108 164 220 120 60 1,997 2,746 6,406 4,574 1,832 2,285 68 60 74 108 108 109 185 254 124 55 2,636 3,835 8,378 5,634 2,744 3,482 90 79 99 126 128 123 197 277 141 64 3,840 5,181 | 11,388 7,059 4,329 5,114 128 119 136 146 150 141 206 281 160 80 5,125 6,171 | 13,824 7,780 6,044 6,741 149 135 161 154 159 147 213 279 167 89 5,044 6,028 | 13,550 7,855 5,695 6,687 151 144 158 155 160 148 219 277 168 90 5,157 5,599 | 13,251 7,545 5,706 6,314 142 135 148 153 160 144 223 271 166 86 4,889 5,675 | 13,204 7,505 5,699 6,617 146 140 152 155 162 146 228 270 168 87 5,526 5,469 | 13,567 7,484 6,103 6,866 156 163 150 156 163 147 236 265 169 92 5,415 4,806 | 12,623 7,495 5,128 5,560 143 156 131 152 159 142 251 266 167 86 4,886 4,678 | 11,967 7,125 4,842 5,608 143 154 132 152 160 141 261 261 167 86 4,321 4,273 | 10,883 6,826 4,057 4,850 132 138 127 149 156 139 260 259 164 80 4,199 3,951 | 10,478 6,875 3,603 3,795 124 121 130 152 161 141 248 244 165 75 6,654 5,954 | 15,908 9,130 6,778 8,368 211 232 192 201 222 174 217 200 202 104 7,674 6,928 | 17,710 8,461 9,249 9,877 215 226 207 202 210 192 180 160 198 109 6,985 6,476 | 16,232 7,558 8,674 9,660 204 215 194 176 177 174 159 151 173 118 5,660 5,086 | 13,147 6,136 7,011 8,329 175 187 165 149 147 151 145 136 148 118 4,043 3,707 9,532 4,845 4,687 5,055 118 118 118 124 124 124 131 128 125 94 3,280 3,123 7,968 4,223 3,745 4,395 99 94 104 105 106 104 122 118 107 93 2,920 3,130 7,638 4,120 3,518 4,516 101 94 108 100 101 99 116 117 102 99 3,095 3,153 7,821 4,035 3,786 4,387 102 98 106 101 100 102 109 103 102 100 3,111 2,906 7,561 3,890 3,671 4,335 99 100 99 100 101 98 101 99 100 99 2,925 2,671 7,081 3,646 3,435 3,915 94 100 90 101 100 103 91 91 100 94 2,950 2,843 7,352 3,599 3,753 4,450 102 103 102 98 98 98 83 90 96 106 1 Includes government payments from 1933 to 1945. ? Includes cash receipts from farm marketings, government payments 1933 to date, value of home consumption, and rental value of farm dwellings. 3 Data beginning 1940 not completely comparable to earlier years, because of certain adjustments which have not been published. 4 Gross farm income minus total farm production expenses. 5 Realized net income of farm operators plus value of inventory change plus wages paid to farm laborers living on farms. ¢ Base: August 1909-July 1914=100. 7 Ratio of prices received by farmers (series E 95) to prices paid, including interest and taxes (series E 108). 99 Data: E 105-116 AGRICULTURE Series E 105-116.—GENERAL STATISTICS—FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT AND FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION: 1850 TO 1945 FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER Farmers’ expenditures for— Nutrients contained Tay Lite Value of Sales of Consumed tures for consumed me Tractors farm Motor in Phos- fertilizer on farms YEAR |implements | on farms, |equipment,| vehicles, Motor Machinery United Nitrogen horic Potash sat lime and ma- Jan. 1 machinery, | machinery, veiildley and States 2 E51 phon (K20) chinery and parts ! and equipment (P3 Os) 2 equipment 2S 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 Million Million Million Million Million 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 dollars dollars dollars short tons | short tons | short tons short tons 1,257 490 767 313,981 3679 *1,438 1,134 505 629 13,330 640 1,408 278 405 11,734 509 1,287 941 403 538 10,331 409 1,181 1,008 513 495 ,607 458 994 746 371 875 8,656 419 912 694 376 318 7,993 398 789 679 318 361 7,758 384 744 849 456 393 8,433 412 794 701 398 303 7,222 350 673 532 297 235 6,534 312 597 351 211 140 5,794 275 530 183 93 90 5,110 240 464 160 76 84 4,545 214 413 333 156 177 6,641 301 611 613 289 324 8,425 377 793 783 393 390 8,208 352 74 696 326 370 8,215 342 776 654 301 353 7,074 282 667 679 313 366 7,531 286 701 i 642 312 330 7,503 279 680 ’ 540 259 281 6,999 252 630 . 605 270 335 6,571 230 591 1922... 3,204 372 222.9 447 212 235 5,798 191 516 1921..... 3,893 BAB me 397 168 229 4,977 159 443 7,296 228 660 6,751 219 641 6,580 217 625 6,087 213 596 5,214 208 505 5,418 206 515 7,194 216 662 6,416 173 671 5,852 157 521 6,108 162 b44 5,547 146 499 4,821 125 434 4,449 107 400 4,307 101 392 4,249 99 391 3,913 90 368 3,704 84 344 3,382 7 311 3,084 70 284 3,044 68 282 2,730 62 246 2,603 60 236 2,333 55 212 2,131 51 195 1,888 50 174 1,578 39 147 1,773 45 165 1,715 45 160 1,504 40 141 1,584 43 150 1,390 38 132 753 19 70 321 14 31 164 10 12 53 3 4 1 For use in the United States from domestic manufacture. 2 Includes Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Also fertilizers distributed by Government agencies. 100 3 First revision. Still subject to minor revision. Series E 117-134. LIVESTOCK, MEAT, DAIRYING, AND POULTRY Data: E 117-134 1867 TO 1945 [Census figures in italics. All figures are as of Jan. 1 except census figures for 1940 and 1930 (Apr. 1); 1910 (Apr. 15); 1900, 1890, 1880, 1870 (June 1)] LIVE WEIGHT PRODUCTION AND ANNUAL AVERAGE PRICE NUMBER ON FARMS AND VALUE PER HEAD RECEIVED BY FARMERS, PER 100 POUNDS All cattle Hogs Stock sheep Horses ! Mules ! All cattle Hogs Sheep YEAR Value Value Value Value Value Price, | Price, Price : : Num- Num- Num- Num- Num- Produc- Produc- Produc- | Price, | Price, per per per per per ons 0 beef | veal 2 |per100 Er 8 ’ ber head ber Yoad ber head ber frond ber Road tion cate | calves tion Ibs. tion sheep | lambs 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 head |Dollars| head |Dollars| head |Dollars| head | Dollars| pounds |Dollars|Dollars| pounds |Dollars| pounds |Dollars|Dollars 304735 l.veuw- 51.22) Jepewus 84599 i ewe tL ur mae} rise se on se Le TS ap pep ob pT ee re [rev 59,331 [20.60 [39,609 | 8.45 ,715 | 64.90 3,235 [134.00 |19,345,320(|12.10 {13.10 |19,095,526/14.00 |1,911,766| 6.38 [13.10 83,741 (17.50 [44,270 | 8.68 | 9,192 | 78.60 [3,421 (143.00 [19,708,295/10.80 [12.40 |20,582,873(13.10 (1,938,299 6.01 |12.50 73,881 [22.50 [48,196 | 9.68 | 9,605 | 79.80 |3,626 [127.00 {19,159,375(11.90 |13.30 |25,374,715|13.70 |2,107,891| 6.57 [13.00 60,607 |15.60 [49,346 | 8.66 | 9,873 | 64.70 {3,782 107.00 |18,567,995/10.70 [12.30 |21,105,133|13.00 |2,313,319| 5.80 [11.70 54,353 | 8.84 |47,441 | 6.77 (10,193 | 68.20 [3,911 [107.00 |17,029,460| 8.82 [10.30 |17,489,485| 9.09 |2,251,390| 5.06 | 9.58 345.037 i-onuz- 40,129 | ew 10,087 |mwmwmwws 8 1B 51 orm shore vb a er 57 et ee i Ue si lve 61,165 | 7.78 |46,266 | 6.85 [10,444 | 77.30 (4,0: 116.00 [15,702,110] 7.56 | 8.83 (17,043,404! 5.39 |2,100,928| 3.95 | 8.10 50,012 [11.18 |45,463 | 5.74 [10,629 | 84.32 |4,163 |118.58 {15,177,210| 7.14 | 8.40 [17,078,849] 6.23 |2,028,694| 3.90 | 7.78 44,525 (11.26 [44,972 | 6.13 [10,995 | 90.89 [4,250 [123.39 |14,046,970| 6.54 | 7.90 |14,372,173| 7.74 12,037,588 3.58 | 7.05 43,083 (11.89 [45,251 | 6.02 [11,342 | 99.14 |4,460 |130.25 {13,745,695 7.00 | 8.10 12,506,271] 9.50 |1,931,998( 4.52 | 8.88 42,975 (12.71 [45,435 | 6.85 [11,598 | 96.73 [4,628 (120.63 [14,437,789 5.82 | 7.20 |12,975,896| 9.37 |1,851,581| 3.77 | 8.05 8 mad 68,285 | cvnw- 37,213 1... ...- 43,358 l.oemme 11,858 |.onwme= ha B1E Tl eps Jemma mn lem mye Vm ne Va pv FREE EE foe re ew eV ie Vem Em 846 6.31 [46,139 | 4.33 (11,861 | 77.05 |4,822 | 99.34 |13,650,546| 6.04 | 7.16-(10,672,796| 8.65 [1,834,641] 3.75 | 7.28 4.09 [48,244 | 3.77 |12,052 | 66.88 (4,945 | 82.42 14,537,806 4.14 | 4.92 [12,384,760 4.14 51,911,079 2.85 | 5.90 4.21 (47,3038 | 2.91 |12,291 | 54.12 |5,046 | 60.42 |15,404,848| 3.75 | 4.64 [16,566,123] 3.53 |1, 860,370 2.38 | 5.05 y 6.13 ,682 | 3.44 [12,664 | 53.48 |5,148 | 60.70 |14,232,204| 4.25 | 4.95 |16,367,644| 3.34 1.829.383 2.19 | 4.46 63.030 [38.99 [54.835 [11.85 |47.720 | 5.40 [13,195 | 60.64 [5,273 | 69.23 [13,385,509| 5.53 | 6.95 [16,541,384] 5.73 [2,051,980 3.10 | 5.64 54.250 | wows 32.79} Joawee- 51,780 1 eur 13,882 l.vmvcon 8 BT emir poo ree i000 J eg 4 de 5 0 61,003 [56.36 |55,705 [18.45 [45,5677 | 9.00 [13,742 | 69.98 (5,382 | 83.93 |18,263,048| 7.71 | 9.68 (15,175,728 8.84 |1,965,337) 4.74 | 7.74 58,877 |58.47 [59,042 [12.93 (43,481 [10.71 |14,234 | 69.68 [5,510 | 82.45 |12,753,939| 9.47 |12.16 |15,581,878| 9.42 |1,822,660( 7.17 (11.88 57,322 |50.63 |61,873 [13.17 [40,689 [10.36 [14,792 | 66.71 (5,656 | 79.84 |12,326,763| 9.52 |11.75 |16,188,885| 8.54 1,772,717] 7. 12.21 58,178 139.98 |55,496 (17.19 [38,067 | 9.79 |15,388 | 63.73 (5,804 | 74.51 [12,072,445| 7.62 |10.14 [16,339,974] 9.64 |1,664,088( 7.00 [11.46 60.576 [36.80 [52.105 [15.66 [35.719 [10.53 [16.088 | 65.81 [5.903 | 81.51 [12.604.625| 6.75 | 9.34 |14,909,297|11.79 1,609,107] 7.19 [11.66 60,700! ewmw= 50,854 |,.cpme 35,590 |... 16,401 |... emee= 8 BE ra) ssem mst fw wa [mm Yio ym SEEN SE BS | ie vie Yn i we 2 mm ,373 [81.72 |55,770 13.15 [34,469 | 9.63 [16,651 | 64.28 (5,918 | 82.91 |12,953,100| 6.53 | 8.59 [14,167,523(10.91 |1,508,345| 7.57 [12.43 65,996 [32.11 |66,576 |10.30 {32,859 | 7.94 (17,378 | 65.39 (5,907 | 85.89 |13,401,665| 5.84 | 7.83 |15,388,156| 7.34 [1,458,666] 6.62 [10.80 67,546 [31.66 |69,304 |12.29 [32,597 | 7.50 [18,125 | 70.49 (5,893 | 86.87 |13,174,367| 5.84 | 7.90 [17,007,565| 6.94 1,252,848] 6.55 [10.52 68,795 (30.39 |59,849 |10.58 [33,365 | 4.79 [18,764 | 71.01 [5,824 | 88.99 [13,185,275 5.78 | 7.64 [16,518,111| 8.40 [1,080,432] 5.96 | 9.90 68,714 [39.07 |58,942 [13.63 |35,426 | 6.34 [19,369 | 84.48 |5,768 [117.37 [12,816,792] 5.63 | 7.85 [14,132,316 7.63 [1,146,492] 4.55 | 7.13 66,640 |. ____ 59:95C. om 85.025 1.ovem~ 19767 1. eras 8 ADD (ioe miei) sere se 0 mf yt ot 2 a mt em) 0 70,400 (52.64 [60,159 [20.00 [37,328 [10.59 (20,091 | 96.45 [5,6 148.29 |12,402,914| 8.71 |11.80 [13,532,950(12.92 | 925,518] 8.17 [11.64 72,094 |54.65 |64, 22.18 [38,360 (11.49 [20,922 | 97.94 (5,568 [135.58 [13,387,352| 9.97 |12.68 |13,985,843(16.39 [1,142,755] 9.26 |12.83 73,040 [50.01 [62,931 [19.69 |36,704 |11.76 (21,238 [103.97 |5,485 [128.97 |15,658,139| 9.88 (11.73 |14,791,531|16.14 |1,238,044|10.75 |13.96 70,979 [43.34 [57,578 [11.82 |35,246 | 7.06 (21,306 [102.64 |5,353 [118.45 |16,764,055| 8.54 (10.42 |12,927,941|13.89 |1,125,720| 9.58 |12.71 67,438 [40.10 [60,596 | 8.48 |36, 1260 | 5.10 21,334 |101.45 [5,200 (113.78 [15,933,296 6.76 | 8.37 (13,582,465| 8.37 [1,118,335] 6.28 | 8.34 63,849 [40.67 [56,600 | 9.95 [36,263 | 4.39 [21,431 [103.23 [5,062 [112.19 |15,136,310| 6.26 | 7.70 |13,935,217| 6.47 |1,254,128| 5.30 | 6.98 59,461 [38.97 |52,853 |10.51 (38,059 | 3.91 (21,308 [109.27 [4,870 [123.47 [15,561,942] 6.52 | 7.85 (12,593,573| 7.52 |1,270,852| 4.83 | 6.36 56,592 [33.07 (53,747 | 9.89 |40.544 | 3.87 [21.008 [110.58 |4.683 [124.10 [14.865.589| 6.20 | 7.51 [12,219,962| 7.54 [1.186.839] 4.52 | 5.99 55.675 [27.68 [55,394 | 7.99 [42,972 | 3.42 [20.726 [105.58 |4.551 [120.33 [13.806.621| 5.43 | 6.49 [11,944.861| 6.73 [1.275.029] 4.25 | 5.62 57.225 [27.22 [55.866 | 9.33 [46,055 | 3.83 [20,418 [111.11 |4.429 [125.73 [12,586.484| 4.57 | 5.97 [12,517,212] 6.21 [1.127.817| 4.01 | 5.17 58,997 |.emes 35,134 89,644 |.ueuue 19,220 |. -von= BIOL Vo oiimmo amen sn enn ymdn met fem E |S N TS ETN TSS SES ne BT -|58,993 [24.54 |48,072 | 9.05 [46,939 | 4.06 (19,972 (107.70 |4,239 [119.98 [12,671,577 12,024,795| 8.14 |1,149,833 60,774 [21.99 (52,508 | 6.45 [47,098 | 3.42 (19,731 | 95.13 [4,085 (108.20 (13,080,843 11,026,749] 6.62 |1,271,632 NUMBER ON FARMS AND VALUE PER HEAD NUMBER ON FARMS AND VALUE PER HEAD All cattle Hogs Stock sheep Horses ! Mules! All cattle Hogs Stock sheep Horses! Mules ! Value Value Value Value Value Value Value Value Value Value YEAR Num- Num- Num- “| Num- Num- YEAR Num- Num- Num- Num- Num- per per per per per per per per per per ber head | Pe [head ber head ber head ber head ber head ber head ber head | Per | head | Per head 117 118 119 | 120 121 | 122 | 123 124 125 126 117 118 119 | 120 121 | 122 | 123 124 125 126 1,000 | Dol- | 1,000 | Dol- | 1,000 | Dol-|1,000| Dol- |1,0001 Dol- 1,000 | Dol- |1,000 | Dol- | 1,000 | Dol- |1,000 | Dol- |1,000| Dol- head | lars | head | lars | head | lars | head | lars | head lars head | lars | head | lars | head | lars | head | lars | hea lars 61,989(20.92 |58,388|5.99 [45,095|3.87 (19,444(92.76 |3,949 [107.81 1887__../56,602(21.18 |42,563|4.60 [44,217(2.05 |13,821|71.59 (2,213 | 78.89 -|63,754(20.91 |56,543|7.54 |43,460|3.81 (19,090|92.85 (3,814 [111.46 || 1886.___|54,868(22.20 (45,457(4.30 |46,654|1.95 |18,276(70.62 [2,162 | 78.96 65,009(19.65 |53,633|6.07 [41,965(3.51 |18,806(79.77 (3,680 | 97.75 1885___.(52,463|24.40 [47,330(5.06 [49,620|2.19 (12,700(72.94 |2,102 | 81.88 66,111|18.389 (53,176(5.89 |40,410|2.77 |18,491(69.73 |3,586 | 87.06 || 1884____|49,804|25.26 [45,961(5.64 |51,101|2.40 [12,215|73.80 |2,047 | 83.53 -|66,442(19.69 |51,623|6.08 [41,908(2.55 [18,331|67.59 (3,465 | 78.02 || 1883_...|47,387(23.87 |43,440|6.74 [50,935(2.53 |11,794(69.92 (1,975 | 77.79 66,004|21.55 (48,100(7.69 |44,436|2.62 |18,121(62.27 |3,353 | 71.73 || 1882____|45,738|20.93 [42,566(6.00 |48,883|2.35 [11,444|58.75 [1,928 | 71.69 64,418(21.48 [47.858|6.95 [46.196(2.62 |17.968|58.52 [3,264 | 67.23 || 1881-___|44.501|18.67 |43,076(4.80 [47.871[2.35 11,187|57.91 [1,912 | 68.84 62,576(22.68 |50,681(6.08 |46,126/2.96 |17,955/53.03 |3,190 | 63.47 1380. ..-139.,670l.nnees 49,278 nas 42,198 oa- 10,357). m= 13818 lo mmwn 52,404) cae 62,868) ._- 39,9881 ___. 16,965). onue~ 21089 1. eas 1880....(43,347|17.80 [44,327(4.40 (44,867|2.18 [10,903(53.74 |1,878 | 61.74 -159,739(26.50 |51,055(5.36 |45,065(2.97 |17,856(43.56 [3,139 | 51.46 || 1879.._.|41,420|16.96 [43,767(3.15 |41,678|2.01 [10,574|51.55 [1,816 | 57.06 55,927|24.53 |51,558/4.67 |42,688/2.80 [17,728|36.61 {3,012 | 43.52 || 1878_....|39,396/19.05 [43,375|4.89 [38,942|2.12 [10,230(55.38 [1,746 | 62.61 2,868(22.79 (53,282/4.70 [40,097(2.51 [17,698(33.85 [2,918 | 42.3 1877..../37,833(18.38 |39,333|5.68 [38,147(2.03 | 9,910/55.11 [1,674 | 63.18 50.447|18.62 [51,232/4.36 |38.891/1.84 |17,803(30.92 |2.836 | 40.49 || 1876___(36,140(18.76 |35,715(5.97 [37.477|2.20 9,606(56.48 [1,608 | 65.51 49,205(17.86 |49,154/4.50 (39,609(1.71 |17,876(32.34 |2,782 | 44.08 1875____|35,361|18.96 [35,834(4.65 |37,237|2.89 | 9,883(60.10 [1,548 | 71.64 49,510(16.56 |47,628/5.09 |41,827|1.57 |17,849(35.67 |2,708 | 47.23 || 1874____|34,821(19.51 |38,377(3.93 |36,234/|2.33 | 9,055(64.12 {1,485 | 80.26 51,718|16.84 [46,522(6.06 |43,414/|1.97 [17,709/46.63 (2,632 | 60.65 || 1873____(33,830/20.50 [39,794|3.60 [35,782(2.60 | 8,767|65.52 [1,419 | 83.49 ~|65,119(17.00 |43,652/6.87 |44,567|2.64 [17,289(60.72 |2,550 | 69.18 || 1872____|33,078|21.64 [39,296(3.96 (34,312|2.51 | 8,441(66.54 |1,360 | 86.02 -|58,126(16.81 |45,165/4.65 |44,628(2.60 [16,846(64.56 |2,459 | 74.31 (| 1871_.__|32,107|24.71 (36,688|5.48 (34,063|2.10 | 8,054(70.02 [1,305 | 91.47 59,968|16:49 |47,435[4.24 |43,882|2.51 (16,329|67.19 (2,377 | 76.93 1870....128.8211. ..... 25,185]... .- 28 4780. Trl A8 an 1,195 tos ee. 574649. ems 57.427. - 40,870]. moms 15,200] owes 2.252 lemme 1870....{31,082(22.84 |33,781|5.64 [36,449(1.87 ,633(66.99 1,245 | 89.71 ,014/16.95 |48,130(4.80 |42,693|2.29 (15,732(69.27 (2,322 | 77.61 || 1869____(30,060/20.74 |32,570|4.60 |39,892|1.65 | 7,304|60.48 [1,130 | 78.57 -|69,178(18.77 [44,508/5.80 [42,365(2.14 |15,064(72.39 (2,295 | 78.95 || 1868_.__/29,238/18.80 |33,304|3.23 (43,808(1.83 | 7,051|52.54 [1,057 | 56.70 58,599|19.89 [42,134(5.12 |43,011|2.06 |14,490|72.03 |2,260 | 79.06 || 1867_._./28,636{19.13 |34,489|3.95 |44,997(2.40 | 6,820(57.56 {1,000 | 67.73 1 Includes colts. 4 Government purchases included in figures for all cattle, 1935 and 1934; for 3 Includes adjustment for livestock shipped in and inventory ehriges: hogs, 1933. 3 Excludes spring-born calves, pigs, lambs, and colts. 5 Includes Governmeat purchases. (Excludes spring-born colts. 101 Data: E 135-151 AGRICULTURE Series E 135.—LIVESTOCK—TOTAL WORKSTOCK 2 YEARS OLD AND OVER ON FARMS: 1920 TO 1945 [ Census figures in italics. All figures are as of Jan. 1 except census figures for 1940 and 1930 (Apr. 1) ] Thousands Thousands Thousands Thousands Thousands YEAR of head YEAR of head YEAR of head YEAR of head YEAR of head 135 135 135 135 Baa 15,467 17,612 20,619 15,473 17,981 21,038 15,984 18,514 21,578 16,404 19,120 22,050 16,822 19,765 22,271 17,375 20,491 22,348 21,878 22,389 ! Over 27 months old. Series E 136-151.—MEAT—SLAUGHTERING, PRODUCTION, AND PRICE: [Prices are those at Chicago] 1899 TO 1945 BEEF VEAL PORK LAMB AND MUTTON Cattle ; Calves u Pei . Joss Lambs and sheep slaughtered Pro- Pheset slaughtered Pro- Toe of slaughtered Pro- | Price of slaughtered Pros | Privent YEAR Under |duction,| geeers Under [duction] cajyes Under |duction,| hogs Under |duction,| lambs Total 1 | Federal essed “per | mpoiar1 | Federal dressed per | mooi | Federal dressed Pers | Total 1 | Federal dressed per © inspec- | Weight | cut 0 inspec- | Welg! cwt. inspec- | Weight | cwt. 0 inspec- | Weight | cwt. tion tion tion tion 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 1,000 1,000 | Million 1,000 1,000 | Million 1,000 1,000 | Million 1,000 1,000 | Million head head pounds | Dollars | head head pounds | Dollars | head head pounds | Dollars head head pounds | Dollars 21,691 | 14,531 | 10,279 16.18 | 13.645 7,020 1,661 15.12 | 71,891 | 40,960 | 10,697 14.66 | 24,639 | 21,218 1,054 14.90 19,844 | 13,955 9,115 15.44 | 14,242 7,769 1,738 14.86 | 98,068 | 69,017 | 13,304 13.57 | 25,3855 | 21,875 1,024 14.52 17,845 | 11,721 8,575 15.30 9,940 5,209 1,167 15.18 | 95,226 | 63,431 | 13,640 14.31 27,073 | 23,363 1,104 14.91 18,033 | 12,340 8,847 13.79 9,718 5,760 1,151 14.48 | 78,547 | 53,897 | 10,876 13.70 | 25,585 | 21,624 1,043 13.82 16,419 | 10,932 8,089 11.33 9,252 5,461 1,036 12.18 | 71,397 | 46,520 9,528 9.45 | 22,309 | 18,122 924 11.28 14,958 9,743 7,182 10.43 9,089 5,358 981 10.61 | 77,610 | 50,398 | 10,044 5.71 21,571 | 17,349 876 9.66 14,621 9,446 7,011 9.75 9,101 5,264 991 9.82 | 66,561 | 41,368 8,660 6.57 | 21,614 | 17,241 872 9.33 14,822 9,776 6,908 9.39 9,306 5,492 994 9.00 | 58,927 | 36,186 7,680 8.09 | 22,423 | 18,060 897 8.50 15,254 | 10,070 6,798 11.47 | 10,304 6,281 1,108 10.07 {| 53,715 | 31,642 6,951 10.02 | 21,455 | 17,270 852 10.78 15,897 | 10,972 7,358 8.82 | 10,008 6,070 1,075 9.30 | 58,730 | 36,055 7,474 9.89 | 21,555 | 17,216 855 9.91 14,566 9,666 6,605 10.26 9,580 5,679 1,022 8.88 | 46,011 | 26,057 5,919 9.27 | 22,000 | 17,644 877 9.02 15,071 9,943 | 4 8,246 6.76 | 10,106 6,078 1,239 6.10 | 68,760 | 43,876 8,524 4.65 | 20,444 | 16,055 821 8.01 13,107 8,655 6,440 5.42 8,564 4,907 891 5.88 | 73,270 | 47,226 9,134 3.94 | 21,848 | 17,354 852 6.65 11,980 7,625 5,789 6.70 7,970 4,492 822 6.21 | 71,425 | 45,245 8,923 3.83 | 23,063 | 17,899 884 5.92 12,096 8,108 6,009 8.06 8,057 4,717 823 8.33 | 69,233 | 44,772 8,739 6.16 | 23,138 | 18,071 886 7.26 12,056 8,170 5,917 10.95 7,761 4,595 792 11.51 | 67,272 | 44,266 8,482 9.47 | 21,125 | 16,697 825 9.69 12,038 8,324 5,871 13.43 7,406 4,489 761 14.76 | 71,012 | 48,445 8,833 10.16 17,483 | 14,023 682 14.62 12,02. 8,467 5,771 13.91 7,651 4,680 773 14.56 | 72,889 | 49,795 9,041 9.22 17,076 | 13,488 663 14.99 13,41 9,520 6,395 11.36 8,478 4,876 867 12.90 | 66,195 | 43,633 8,430 9.95 16,113 | 12,883 629 14.12 14,766 | 10,180 7,089 9.47 9,369 5,153 955 11.61 | 62,585 | 40,636 7,966 12.34 16,444 | 12,961 639 14.26 14,704 9,853 6,878 10.16 9,936 5,353 989 10.87 | 65,508 | 43,043 8,128 11.81 15,430 | 12,001 603 15.66 14,750 9,593 6,877 9.24 9,804 4,935 972 9.86 | 76,809 | 52,873 9,149 8.11 15,578 | 11,991 597 14.57 14,283 9,163 6,721 9.40 9,327 4,500 916 9.66 | 77,508 | 53,334 9,483 7.55 15,146 | 11,529 588 13.89 13,706 8,678 6,588 8.65 8,832 4,182 852 9.15 | 66,201 | 43,114 8,145 9.22 14,373 | 10,929 553 13.68 12,428 7,608 6,022 8.20 8,394 3,808 820 9.36 | 61,818 | 38,982 7,697 8.51 16,742 | 13,005 639 9.86 18,470 8,609 6,306 13.30 8,481 4,058 842 14.58 | 61,502 | 38,019 7,648 13.91 13,984 | 10,982 538 14.60 15,027 | 10,091 6,756 15.50 8,201 3,969 819 16.83 | 65,795 | 41,812 8,477 17.85 15,784 | 12,691 590 16.00 17,093 | 11,829 7,726 14.65 7,485 3,456 760 15.75 | 65,100 | 41,214 8,349 17.456 13,220 | 10,320 506 16.60 15,741 | 10,350 7,239 11.60 7,372 3,143 744 13.78 | 56,500 | 33,910 7,055 15.10 12,128 9,345 463 15.60 13,793 8,310 6,460 9.50 6,628 2,367 655 10.98 | 67,000 | 43,084 8,207 9.60 15,160 | 11,941 585 10.75 12,901 7,153 6,075 8.40 6,054 1,819 590 10.08 | 62,000 | 38,381 7,616 7.10 15,576 | 12,212 605 9.00 12,676 6,757 6,017 8.65 5,927 1,697 569 10.10 | 55,000 | 32,532 6,824 8.30 18,035 | 14,229 693 8.00 12,939 6,978 6,182 8.25 6,305 1,902 608 10.20 | 57,000 | 34,199 6,979 8.35 18,375 | 14,406 706 7.70 13,386 7,253 6,234 7.75 6,828 2,278 662 8.94 | 55,500 | 33,053 6,822 7.55 19,131 | 14,979 735 7.20 13,817 7,619 6,549 6.40 6,855 2,184 666 7.91 | 57,000 | 34,133 6,961 6.70 18,177 | 14,020 693 5.95 14,140 7,808 6,647 6.80 6,917 2,238 667 8.25 | 48,215 | 26,014 6,087 8.90 15,332 | 11,408 597 7.55 14,135 7,714 6,915 6.35 6,864 2,189 660 7.10 | 54,986 | 31,395 6,557 7.35 15,464 | 11,343 608 7.40 13,569 7.279 6,662 6.10 6,546 1,958 637 6.50 | 63,463 | 38,643 7,535 5.70 14,200 | 10,305 559 6.35 13,886 7,633 6,544 5.80 6,395 2,024 626 6.40 | 56,527 | 32,885 7,069 6.10 13,799 | 10,252 553 7.06 13,456 7,541 6,537 5.30 6,187 1,643 598 6.25 | 54,698.| 31,610 6,793 6.25 13,800 | 10,385 543 6.85 13,096 7,259 6,504 5.05 5,731 1,089 556 5.75 | 54,433 | 31,855 6,629 5.25 13,100 | 10,026 530 6.80 12,257 6,702 6,176 4.95 5,076 870 491 5.60 | 52,072 | 30,072 6,387 5.15 13,100 | 10,046 538 5.60 12,266 6,755 6,240 4.80 5,044 792 492 6.20 | 48,548 | 26,971 6,067 6.00 13,800 | 10,508 563 5.45 11,751 6,465 5,649 6.20 4,854 679 476 6.35 | 48,306 | 26,375 5,936 6.85 13,700 | 10,519 564 5.50 11,526 6,312 5,814 5.25 4,318 571 422 5.61 | 53,898 | 31,129 6,357 5.85 13,200 9,996 548 4.80 10,792 5,801 5,628 5.15 4,105 422 897 jowmmmmne 51,885 | 29,294 6,329 5.05 12,000 8,940 AOS em mire niin mm D a 5,622 5:80 | car mas 887 renner ni mma nse neman=e] 65810 BOB: win dain Slain mm 287 |. ummrnn 1 Includes inspected, noninspected, retail, and farm slaughter. 2 Excludes processing tax of $0.50 per 100 pounds from Nov. 5 to 30, 1933; $1.00 from Dec. 1, 1933, to Jan. 31, 1934; $1.50 from Feb. 1 to 28; and $2.25 from Mar. 1, 1934, to Jan. 6, 1936. 3 Excludes cattle and calves purchased for slaughter for Federal Surplus Relief 4 Includes slaughter under the Emergency Government Relief Purchase Program in Corporation from June 1934 to Feb. 1935 and for Aug. 1936; excludes also cattle thus purchased for Sept. 1936. 102 1934-1935. 5 Excludes purchases on Government account for the Emergency Hog Production Control Program from Aug. 22 to Oct. 7, 1933. LIVESTOCK, MEAT, DAIRYING, AND POULTRY Data: E 152-164 Series E 152-164.—DAIRYING—COWS KEPT FOR MILK ON FARMS, MILK PRODUCED AND SOLD, MANUFACTURED DAIRY PRODUCTS: 1849 TO 1945 [Census figures in italics. See text for specification of census dates] COWS AND HEIFERS MILK EQUIVALENT OF 2 YRS. OLD AND OVER . PRODUCTION OF DAIRY PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED DAIRY KEPT FOR MILK, Milk pro- {Whole milk PRODUCTS JAN. 1 duced on | sold from farms farms Butter Cheese * Evapo- Based on RAT during during rated and Ice |U.S. totals) Based on Number Value year year ! condensed | cream ¢ [andapprox.| State data per head Total Factory Farm Total Factory milk 3 conversion| net factors 5 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 1,000 Million Million 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Million Million head Dollars P d: pound. P d P d: Pp d P d pounds pounds gallons pounds pounds F220: 11 J OR [RS PR pp prnpenpupmen SpE PE TT PET Te To a RT eT To 27,770 99.40 121,504 75.,455 (1,700,707 {1,863,717 336,990 (1,118,944 [1,118,944 4,125,064 476,609 27,704 102.00 117,992 70,007 1,817,650 |1,488,502 329,148 [1,019,875 (1,019,875 |3,750,223 444,198 27,138 99.50 117,785 65,855 |2,014,908 |1,673,788 341,120 995,631 995,631 13,343,561 411,626 26,313 77.90 118,884 65,047 2,130,424 [1,764,054 366,370 (1,113,315 |1,113,315 (3,782,219 464,146 25,453 60.90 115,268 58,066 (2,267,659 (1,872,183 395,476 956,577 956,577 (3,554,583 390,175 21,937 |-ccncmrnmnlomemnmccsu|ee enema =o a mm om fm | mL 24,940 57.30 109,502 53,272 |2,239,516 (1,836,826 402,690 785,737 785,737 (2,730,778 24,600 55.73 106,792 50,018 |2,210,426 [1,781,737 428,689 708,763 708,763 (2,367,256 24,466 54.52 105,807 49,106 (2,240,162 |1,786,172 453,990 725,489 725,489 (2,322,352 24,649 50.45 101,908 47,037 (2,096,241 (1,623,971 472,270 648,997 648,997 (2,131,408 25,196 49.32 102,410 45,511 (2,131,307 |1,629,407 501,900 642,551 642,551 (2,270,339 F7AR-1. 2 DR RR, Rp Sup PR TT a ET a Ta Ee TT ar Tr Fart oa 26,082 30.17 101,205 42,624 (2,171,490 |1,632,380 539,110 620,956 620,956 |2,031,615 26,931 27.00 101,621 40,950 |2,253,357 |1,694,708 558,649 579,122 579,122 1,908,019 25,936 29.18 104,762 40,778 2,342,533 (1,762,688 579,845 543,735 543,735 |1,898,536 24,896 39.51 103,810 40,529 (2,275,582 (1,694,132 581,450 484,103 484,103 |1,779,580 23, 1820 57.03 103,029 41,590 (2,211,847 [1,667,452 544,395 492,379 492,379 |1,682,387 23 100 £720 [Stn] (RNR PIS psptn Rapp) PRP Be Pe ETT Te EP td 23,032 82.70 100,158 41,344 (2,121,082 |1,597,747 528,286 500,367 500,367 (1,761,399 240,750 22,440 83.89 98,988 46,190 |2,160,156 [1,618,092 542,064 487,200 487,200 |1,848,917 259,787 22,231 73.88 95,843 37,085 |2,118,848 [1,536,808 577,040 481,227 481,227 11,604,095 241,774 22,251 59.15 95,172 35,164 |2,171,472 [1,564,227 607,245 449,444 449,444 11,576,192 238,797 22,410 54.65 93,325 34,104 |2,156,418 [1,536,098 620,320 475, 1362 474,603 {1,455,990 229,196 20,900 {ccc mmmmmmm me mmmem mmm ee eee ef | of oem 22,575 1,455,625 618,730 496,406 494,773 11,547,577 230,804 22,331 1,439,210 642,803 472,046 469,698 [1,507,237 194,056 22,138 1,819,698 458,452 455,401 [1,585,446 194,618 21,851 1,226,772 437,632 433,987 (1,280,745 172,954 21,456 1,131,605 428,453 424,211 (1,323,626 159,696 19,675 |emmecemenfomm mmm mmm mm ema |e emma ere teem am [eee ee een 21,455 BY BL rv Se Sms mmm mse 1,566,558 436,852 .| 431,800 (1,416,262 160,325 21,545 78.37 67,124 21,752 (1,646,172 481,702 475,331 |1,883,448 144,073 1,463,837 405,605 399,571 [71,618,696 |... .... 1,647,751 485,667 477,643 (71,391,163 1,793,113 825, 1134 437,248 429,348 |71,195,613 1,750,613 780,008 |... .cccne 457,311 448,300 [71,027,551 |.wvozucnn- 1,684,749 385,743 377,513 1,608,262 374,669 366,066 1,591,547 336,974 328,691 1,761,821 357,059 347,740 364,623 354,519 320,581 311,175 312,965 [ 302,967 285,819 | 275,967 292,161 281,330 1,706,076 632,692 1,621,796 627,146 1,762,689 625,278 1,537,056 562,607 1,545,247 594,878 18, 1230 17,823 1,667,495 600,123 326,993 314,024 17,485 1,539,553 533,449 331,099 317,145 17.211 1,485,358 515,830 322,912 308,475 16,992 1,400,557 460,790 817,750 302,734 16,708 1,574,764 468,664 362,074 344,046 BLE Low wm mii iri | i i mo oo frm fo rm rm mm fe er br ae 16,544 1,540,080 443,484 323,788 306,879 | 7206,621 |. _____._... 36,106 16,094 1,492,580 420,954 299,006 | 282,634 186,922 5,021 34,806 15,641 1,472,854 402,931 280,804 | 265,193 34,145 15,382 1,532,530 406,459 310,543 293,016 35,640 15,266 1,603,956 391,690 239.833 | 226,096 36,385 15,230 1,296,519 308,638 |_________. 233,877 220,285 29,828 | eee 15,237 1,062,819 248,711 241,579 15,164 1,047,003 240,789 238,420 15,177 1,057,532 228,089 299,093 15,133 1,090,981 230,365 275,328 16,510 1. co enprn ze) emmmmmee nn jrmnn nem re pS TREE mR ESE 15,000 1,171,211 218, a7 14,706 1,292,432 214,460 14,350 978,009 166.508 13,888 978,190 152,580 13, "478 988,842 137,478 |.wuunmmun 244, 1362 225, REE na 23, RsRC 13,213 933,086 125,160 259,802 238,943 22,258 1.ecewn 12,883 869,351 104,546 274,690 | 251,332 21,061 |. 12,571 843,728 91,087 281,473 | 256,144 20,584 |. 12,234 742,526 65,833 261,057 | 236,215 18,248 |. 11,977 802,817 59,172 303,582 | 273,051 19,984 {..cuoeenan See footnotes on next page. 373374 O- 56 - 8 103 Data: E 152-166 AGRICULTURE Series E 152-164.—DAIRYING—COWS KEPT FOR MILK ON FARMS, MILK PRODUCED AND SOLD, MANUFACTURED DAIRY PRODUCTS: 1849 TO 1945—Con. [Census figures are in italics. See text for specifications of census dates] COWS AND HEIFERS ; : 2 YRS. OLD AND OVER | Whole milk PRODUCTION OF DAIRY PRODUCTS Milk KEPT FOR MILK, sold from equivalent, JAN. 1 farms Butter Cheese ? Evapo- etc., YEAR 3 during rated and Ice based on Number pe year Total Factory Farm Total Factory condensed cream ¢ U.8.5 152 153 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 1,000 Million 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Million ead Dollars pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds gallons pounds "815,699 | 43.535 |C_-17"7|77269,7287| "241,074 806,672 29,422 777,250 243,157 725,991 303,440 696,118 235,242 | 677,424 214,334 556,314 232,784 191,138 584,566 205,539 164,661 566,389 212,064 165,301 434,051 186,940 141,328 470,245 164,065 119,836 TT3127130° ISO. En Tse ea lL 10,472 514,093 162,927 109,435 3,786 24 12,434 "7459681" TT459,681° | 7103 664° oI" Ts137845” Z| "81373357| 7105,536" 1 Includes sales to plants and dealers and retail deliveries by farmers direct to consumers. 3 Includes all cheese except cottage, pot, and bakers’. 3 From 1919 to date includes evaporated milk, bulk unsweetened condensed whole milk, and sweetened condensed whole milk, both case and bulk, as compiled by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Prior to 1919, includes total production of all condensed and evaporated milk as obtained in Census enumerations. 4 Prior to 1909 merely an estimated trend of production. Series E 165-166.—DAIRYING—WHOLESALE PRICES OF CHEESE AND BUTTER: § Computed from manufactured products on basis of the following conversion factors: Butter, 21; cheese, 10; evaporated and condensed milk, 2.2; ice cream, 12; malted milk, 2.6; dry whole milk, 8; dry cream, 19. Includes milk equivalent of farm butter and farm cheese. ¢ Conversion factors based on fat in product and average butterfat test of milk in each State. For butter and ice cream, net milk equivalents were used to avoid double counting of fat recovered from cheese making and churned into butter, and of fat in condensed milk and butter reused in making ice cream. Includes milk equivalent of farm butter. 7 Interpolated trend of production. 1830 TO 1945 Cheese Butter Cheese Butter Cheese Butter Butter Butter American, at American, at American, at at at YEAR twins, New York YFAR twins, New York YEAR twins, New York YEAR New York YEAR New York per lb. 1 per lb. ? per lb. t per lb. ? per lb. 1 per lb. 2 per 1b. 2 per lb. ? 165 166 165 166 165 166 166 Cents Cents Cents Cents Cents Cents Cents 23.2 43.1 24.9 61.4 1895 37.4 21.2 17.7 23.2 42.2 29.0 60.7 .2 23.0 15.2 23.2 44.8 25.9 51.5 5 27.1 13.3 21.6 40.1 22.5 42.7 .3 26.3 16.5 19.4 34.3 17.5 34.0 5 26.2 18.6 14.3 29.5 14.2 29.8 .0 23.7 17.4 12.8 26.0 14.6 29.8 d 24.4 22.9 12.6 28.0 14.3 32.2 | 27.5 23.4 15.9 34.4 15.6 31.6 .8 26.7 21.6 15.3 33.1 12.7 27.9 .6 26.8 23.9 14.3 29.8 14.7 31.1 of 26.6 19.2 11.7 25.7 14.6 29.9 ik 30.3 14.4 10.2 21.6 12.2 27.6 .0 31.2 15.8 10.0 21.0 13.4 28.1 9 35.6 15.2 12.5 28.3 11.8 24.6 .4 31.8 14.9 16.4 36.5 1.7 24.6 .5 30.5 13.9 20.2 45.0 9.3 o1.7 .0 24.2 22.1 47.4 11.1 23.4 27.8 22.7 47.3 11.2 24.7 28.5 20.1 44.4 9.8 21.4 31.3 21.5 45.3 10.0 22.2 32.8 18.2 42.6 310.6 21.3 36.2 22.1 46.9 37.6 19.6 35.4 19.3 40.6 38.5 19.0 32.0 18.3 43.3 37.7 18.5 33.6 1 On Wisconsin cheese exchange, based on weekly prices established on Friday each week. 3 Annual averages of monthly figures from sources and for grades as follows: 1830-79, average of high and low for 2 days each week, high grade, New York shipping and commercial list; 1880-95 average of monthly range, creamery extras, annual reports of New York Chamber of Commerce; 1896-1920, average of daily 104 istarons for extra fresh, specials, extras and firsts, or fresh extras, New York roduce Review and American Creamery, published by Urner-Barry Company; 1921 to date, 92 score creamery, daily market reports of U. S. Department of Agriculture. 3 September figure shown because annual averages were not available. LIVESTOCK, MEAT, DAIRYING, AND POULTRY Data: E 167-180 Series E 167-170.—DAIRYING—PRICES RECEIVED BY FARMERS: 1909 TO 1945 PRICES RECEIVED BY FARMERS FOR DAIRY PRODUCTS PRICES RECEIVED BY FARMERS FOR DAIRY PRODUCTS YEAR Butter, Butterfat Whole mille EAS Butter, Butterfat Whole milk per in Se Wholesale, Retail, per in cream, Wholesale, Retail, pound per poun per 100 lbs. per quart pound per pound per 100 Ibs. per quart 167 168 169 170 167 168 169 170 Cents + Cents Dollars Cents Cents Cents Dollars Cents 45.3 50.2 3.19 13.4 40.9 41.6 .38 11.38 43.8 50.3 3.21 13.2 43.7 49.9 3.12 12.8 40.5 42.4 2.38 11.2 35.2 39.6 2.67 11.8 39.5 40.4 2.22 11.1 30.4 84.2 2.18 10.8 40.4 42.2 2.49 10.9 35.8 85.9 2.11 10.4 26.6 28.0 1.82 10.3 37.0 37.0 2.30 11.2 25.0 23.9 1.68 10.3 26.6 26.3 1.72 10.3 54.8 55.6 3.22 12.8 29.6 33.3 1.97 10.5 50.8 53.3 3.29 11.9 28.8 32.2 1.93 10.1 42.7 45.4 2.96 10.6 35.9 .0 2.88 8.9 26.7 28.1 1.74 9.8 28.0 29.4 1.73 4 22.7 22.7 1.65 9.4 20.1 18.8 1.30 8.6 25.7 25.9 1.58 7:1 20.8 17.9 1.28 8.9 25.1 25.5 1.60 7.2 27.2 24.8 1.69 10.1 26.7 27.4 1.61 7.1 25.7 26.7 1.59 6.9 36.3 34.5 2.21 11.3 22.9 23.2 1.52 6.7 42.2 45.2 2.53 11.5 42.6 46.1 2.62 11.5 25.5 26.4 1.58 6.6 41.5 44.5 2.51 11.3 24.0 25. cena. 6.4 Series E 171-180.—POULTRY—NUMBER ON FARMS, VALUE, EGGS PRODUCED, PRICES: 1909 TO 1945 [Census figures are in italics and are as of Jan. 1 for 1945, 1935, 1925 and 1920; Apr. 1, 1940 and 1980; and Apr. 15, 1910] CHICKENS EGGS TURKEYS Value Price Price Value Price Number Number Number Number, Number YEAR > er head, er er ’ er head, er Ea Jan. 1 p Yan 1 produced roel 1 produced aor 1 Jan. 1 p Jan, 1 produced Po 1 171 172 173 174 175 Thousands Dollars Thousands Cents Millions 516,497 1.210 823,452 26.1 55,858 582,197 1.180 724,871 24.0 58,530 542,047 1.040 918,707 24.5 54,539 476,985 0.833 751,843 19.0 48,597 422,841 0.654 664,115 15.8 41,878 887,949 (IRL SL rn Pe I ey LL) 438,288 0.605 555,563 13.2 39,695 418,591 0.700 621,063 13.5 38,843 389,624 0.756 583,207 15.4 37,356 423,921 0.656 532,580 15.9 37,564 403,446 0.755 650,608 15.8 34,534 871,608 QB18 [-cuvunninnin|iunssneptiuntecmaduin mms 389,958 0.544 597,769 14.9 33,609 433,937 0.420 578,822 11.3 34,429 444,523 0.449 684,929 9.5 85,514 436,815 0.615 672,619 11.8 36,298 449,743 0.703 646,579 15.8 38,532 878,878 0.849 locinvonenpne]cenunicsment)corensxswenn 468,491 0.928 714,380 18.4 39,067 449,006 0.911 692,328 22.8 37,921 474,997 0.858 639,917 21.5 38,659 460,999 0.906 693,657 20.3 38,627 438,000 0.885 664,594 22.3 37,248 409,291 i Dr 434,998 0.793 626,069 20.5 34,969 434,853 0.761 605,354 19.4 84,592 415,100 0.746 610,188 19.1 - 85,000 394,950 0.808 584,606 19.2 33,000 870,125 0.893 555,585 9 30,800 859,537 G.972 lecimpuovamnn|mee enon mmnne wtp gage 381,109 0.972 514,267 26.3 29,700 391,364 0.955 527,029 24.6 30,500 363,372 0.715 543,395 21.7 28,000 859,479 0.594 508,863 16.9 27,700 869,458 0.491 600,665 18.5 28,800 379,211 0.466 514,495 11.8 29,900 366,505 0.491 531,019 12.6 27,900 364,670 0.465 514,240 12.3 28,100 867,266 0.422 512,928 11.0 28,300 381,540 ~ 0.456 517,215 10.9 29,400 280,341 0,800 [rnp nzennnelvivesnmppnssleescennonmns 355,988 0.473 543,281 11.8 27,000 340,200 0.438 498,091 10.9 25,300 1 Average annual price received by farmers. Data: E 181-195 AGRICULTURE Series E 181-195.—CROP STATISTICS—CORN AND WHEAT: 1839 TO 1945 [Census figures in italics] CORN FOR ALL PURPOSES ALL WHEAT FOR GRAIN WHEAT IN ALL OFF-FARM POSITIONS, JULY 1 Price per bushel ! Price per bushel ! Interior wear | AREER) Produc | | pp ontarms,| of | mills| Ter | ME | CCC. ion eason 2 ion eason 2 ne an minals : ins vested pi Dec. 1?| Oct. 1 vested Average Dec.1?| July 1 farms eo nore mills 4 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1.000 1,000 1,000 1,000 acres bushels Dollars | Dollars | bushels acres bushels Dollars Dollars | bushels bushels | bushels | bushels | bushels | bushels 88,079 [2,880,933 NY rm 93,419 | 65,120 [1,108,224 191,477 | 42,129 | 67,185 | 58,463 | 23,700 94,014 (3,088,110 YOY - {orcinern 202,670 | 59,749 [1,060,111 212,933 | 30,332 | 82,912 | 67,308 | 32,381 92,060 [2,965,980 1.128 [oo 355,224 | 51,3855 843,813 429,323 [103,804 (162,151 [104,378 | 58,990 87,367 [3,068,562 0. NT |cocwaeas 422,026 | 49,773 969,381 468,053 [142,366 (224,441 | 96,837 4,409 85,357 |2,651,889 0.781 f.uiwcasu 473,540 55,935 941,970 298,058 | 73,789 [142,671 | 81,598 0 86,429 [2,457,146 0.618 o.oo 541,444 53,273 814,646 200,151 | 35,312 | 84,189 | 80,650 |.______. 36,990 192,201 .400 J. i... on] cerremith | mem m mm 50,526 OS BBL Ve ermine) i mle ot in rl me i fee si 88,279 |2,580,985 0.868 &... ....2 553,793 | 52,669 741,210 161,999 | 36,842 92,160 |2,548,753 0.486 |. lo. 351.539 | 69.197 919,913 94,250 | 31,269 93,930 2,642,978 0.81850 eas 60,004 | 64,169 873,914 61,195 | 11,774 93,154 |1,505,689 Y. 044 (lie. 171,561 49,125 629,880 97,296 | 21, 1504 95,974 (2,299,363 61,367 51,305 628,227 101,838 | 30,363 ST i476 190,269:488 Irs cmnjesnmninn) gma wen 41,943 SL 2 3 [Rn in B| Sen wy ie Ee WR | = a Tm Nine Sms 92,193 |1,448,920 273,931 | 43,347 526,052 0.848 |._______ 61,103 [211,790 | 48,128 105,918 (2,397,593 326,770 49,424 552,215 0.744. i... 82,693 | 295,057 | 64,293 110,577 (2,930,352 251,697 57,851 756,307 0.882 [enn 93,553 | 281,704 | 41,585 ; 1) 106,866 (2,575,927 162,577 | 57,704 941,540 0.891. [uB omen 37,084 [275,421 | 30.252 [203.967 ¥O30. wean 101,465 (2,080,130 134,403 62,637 886, 522 0.6871 |. coaes 62,452 | 228,663 | 60,166 (109,327 | 59,170 1929... unr 97,741 192,180,752 (ween. - oc ve Bm 62,000 | 18005048 [2 owen firs enmuinen sesame) renee mens wwt tw wn) = aw mm 1929. mimo mim 97,805 [2,515,937 0. -|142,371 63,392 1: 183,267 | 41,546 | 90,442 | 51,279 1928 se mei 100,336 |2,665,516 0. 87,232 59,226 0. 92,784 | 19,277 | 38,587 | 34,920 Lr 98,357 |2,616,120 0. * 192,451 | 59,628 Y. 82,866 | 21,776 | 21,052 | 40,038 1926... nuns 99,452 2,546,972 0.740 0.637 [262,148 | 56,616 832. 1213 1.217 1.207 | 23,722 73,154 | 29,501 | 16,148 | 27,505 |... .... CORN FOR ALL PURPOSES ALL WHEAT FOR GRAIN CORN FOR ALL PURPOSES ALL WHEAT FOR GRAIN Price per bushel ! Price per bushel ! Price Price YEAR Agrengs Produc re Arrenge Produc- am YEAR Agoags Produc- 5 per i Agreage Produc- b Der i tion eason tion eason tion ushel, Ee tion vested Average Dec. 12 | vested average Dec. 1? vested 0 Dec. 112 vested De % 2 181 182 183 184 186 187 188 189 181 182 184 186 187 189 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 acres bushels Dollars | Dollars acres bushels | Dollars | Dollars acres bushels Dollars acres bushels | Dollars 101,331 | 2,798,367 0.701 0.670 | 52,443 | 668,700 4 .405 90,479 | 2,534,762] 0.252 | 38,998 [542,119 0.505 «| 98,402 11,823,880]. civ-l-=sena=n 50,802 | 800,877 |-cceccuefj=smenna= 80,069 | 1,615,016 0.451 | 40,167 [541,873 0.489 100,420 | 2,223,123| 1.063 0.980 | 52,463 | 841,617 1.247 1.308 79,832 | 1,900,401) 0.361 | 40,790 |505,795 0.534 101,123 | 2,875,292] 0.814 0.713 | 56,920 | 759,482 0.926 0.914 76,914 | 1,897,412] 0.393 | 42,979 (611,854 0.624 100,345 | 2,707,306] 0.732 0.650 | 61,397 | 846,649 0.966 0.990 78,855 | 2,335,804) 0.398 | 41,096 (677,543 0.831 103,155 | 2,928,442] 0.518 0.413 | 64,566 | 818,964 1.030 0.905 74,785 | 1,650,446 0.496 | 36,686 |449,042 0.837 101,359 | 3,070,604] 0.638 0.656 | 62,358 | 843,277 1.826 1.433 672,088 192,123 328}... _ 33,580 (468,374 [coco __ 697,772 162.205 888... oxs|essmpar 28,0991 945 209 | voepmom|emmgmrma~ 77,656 | 2,294,289) 0.275 | 36,098 [504,370 0.698 98,145 | 2,678,541] 1.513 1.342 | 73,700 | 952,097 2.163 2.131 77,474 | 2,250,632] 0.331 | 34,969 [423,867 0.927 102,195 | 2,441,249] 1.520 1.351 | 61,068 | 904,130 2.050 2.036 73,296 | 1,604,549] 0.424 | 36,873 490,761 0.681 110,893 | 2,908,242] 1.456 1.269 | 46,787 | 619,790 2.047 1.997 73,911 | 1,782,767) 0.357 | 36,312 |513,540 0.687 100,561 | 2,425,206] 1.137 0.881 | 53,510 | 634,572 1.434 1.601 71,854 | 2,057,807] 0.322 | 35,095 {399,931 0.772 100,623 | 2,829,044] 0.676 0.568 | 60,303 [1,008,637 0.961 0.911 68,834 | 1,947,838 0.349 | 38,485 |571,292 0.645 97,796 | 2,523,750{ 0.708 0.635 | 55,613 | 897,487 0.974 0.985 68,168 | 1,652,148) 0.418 | 35,587 [438,762 0.914 100,206 | 2,272,540 0.703 0.679 | 52,012 | 751,101 0.794 0.795 66,157 | 1,755,272 0.481 | 36,496 [552,207 0.888 101,451 | 2,947,842] 0.552 0.473 | 48,413 | 730,011 0.807 0.761 63,026 | 1,244,803] 0. 36,795 [405,886 1.196 101,393 | 2,474,635] 0.678 0.610 | 49.894 618,166 0.869 0.875 62,545 | 1,706,673] 0. 38,096 [502,257 0.952 1910 102,267 | 2,852,794] 0.515 | 0.471 | 45,793 | 625,476 | 0.908 | 0.881 562.369 |%1,754,592 35.480 (459.488 {ceemocen 595338 lea 550 ygpl- o_o. 44,263 | 683,879 |. = 62.229 | 1,751,984] 0.364 | 35,347 [459.234 | 1.107 100,200 | 2,611,157) 0.616 | 0.579 | 44,262 | 683,927 59,659 | 1,564,537] 0.313 | 33,379 [449,175 0.772 95,285 | 2,566,742] 0.650 0.597 | 45,102 | 642,818 58,799 | 1,515,862] 0.357 | 27,963 [395,510 1.085 96,004 { 2,612,797... -- 0.505 | 44,139 | 628,764 55,277 | 1,478,173] 0.361 | 28,283 [309,116 1.036 95,624 { 3,032,910}: .....-. 0.391 | 46,230 | 740,509 : 52,446 | 1,450,276) 0.419 | 28,382 (313,728 1.010 95,746 | 2,954,148 46,306 | 706,026 47,640 | 1,058,778 0.641 | 27,310 |356,115 0.948 95,228 | 2,686,624 43,155 | 555,571 44,084 | 1,008,326 0.483 | 24,866 (321,931 1.168 93,555 | 2,515,093 48, 1456 663,115 43,584 | 1,279,369 0.383 | 22,962 [271,482 1.239 97,177 | 2,773,954. 46.244 | 686.959 42,002 | 1,141,715] 0.464 | 22,230 |271,881 1.247 94,422 | 1,715,752 50,847 | 762,546 38,388 [1,124,775 0.521 | 20,945 {254,429 1.042 94,852 | 2,661,978 49,208. |. 599,315 1....L... 70.621 [| 1869. «os ls. emg 8760, 945: [or mimeo m) agin wn 237,756 [-aomeno~ $94,914 [52,666,324 52,589 | 658,53} 35,833 782,084 0.725 | 21,194 |289,526 0.923 94,591 | 2,645,796 52,342 | 655,143 35,116 919,590 0.617 | 19,140 (246,272 1.459 87,784 | 2,351,323|_ 50,506 | 768,148 32,116 793,905 0.781 | 16,738 (210,878 2.012 89,965 | 2,287,628 43,413 | 606,202 30,017 730,814 0.657 | 15,408 |169,703 2.062 89,074 | 2,671,048 40,828 | 522,963 ie. reine 6 838,793 178,105 is mio $592,071 100,.86 i $377,532 84,823 ! Received by farmers. 2 See text concerning Dec. 1 series, prior to 1908. 3 Commercial stocks at 40 terminal markets now by the Grain Branch of the Production and Marketing Administration, U.S.D.A 106 4 Stocks at merchant mills and attached elevators, enumerated by Bureau of the Census 1926 to 1944, but adjusted to 100 percent completeness; estimated cur- wooden bins. § Relates to corn harvested for grain only. rently since 1945 by Crop Reporting Board. 5 Owned by Commodity Credit Corporation and stored in their own steel and CROP STATISTICS Data: E 196-210 Series: E 196-210.—CROP STATISTICS—OATS, BARLEY, FLAXSEED, AND SOYBEANS: 1839 TO 1945 [ Census figures are in italics] OATS FOR GRAIN BARLEY FOR GRAIN FLAXSEED SOYBEANS FOR BEANS Price per bushel Price per bushel Price per bushel Price per aE Agtesge Produc- > Aeronge Produc- 3 Acroage Produc- 3 P Agréags Produc- Da : tion Season tion eason 1 tion eason 1 = tion season vested average Dec. 11| vested average Dec. 1 vested average Dec. 1 vested average 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 bushels Dollars | Dollars acres bushels | Dellars | Dollars Dollars bushels | Dollars 1,535,676 10,465 | 266,833 1.02 we mo 192,076 .08 1,149,260 12,301 | 276,112 1.01 191,958 2.05 1,139,831 14,900 | 322,913 0.99 190,133 1.816 1,342,681 16,958 | 429,450 0.631 187,524 1.607 1,182,509 14,276 | 362,568 0.528 107,197 1.549 1,246,450 13,525 | 311,278 0.397 78,045 0.900 870,258 12,011 | 260,851 [occnmmm=]om=mnns~s 2,081 18,829 |-cccenw~ 87,591 |.marmmm 957,704 12,739 | 278,193 90,141 0.810 1,089,383 10,610 | 256,620 61,906 0.673 1,176,744 9,969 | 221,889 46,164 0.847 792,583 8,329 | 147,740 33,721 1.271 1,210,229 12,436 | 288,667 0. 458,780 6,198 | 110,042 544,247 6,577 | 117,390 736,309 9,641 | 152,839 1,254,584 13,206 | 299,394 1,124,232 11,181 | 200,280 1,274,592 12,629 | 301,619 992,747 12,891 | 263,590 1,112,949 13,564 | 280,637 1,312,914 12,735 | 328,351 1,093,221 9,465 | 239,071 . 1,152,911 7,917 | 166,030 1,405,268 8,186 | 192,466 1,304,599 6,767 | 159,139 1,416,120 7,038 | 165,318 1,227,184 7,151 | 158,994 1,147,905 6,601 | 152,908 1,045,270 7,074 | 182,702 1,444,291 7,439 | 171,042 1,055,183 6,478 | 122,025 1,106,603 6,579 | 131,089 1,428,611 9,198 | 225,067 1,442,519 8,453 | 182,209 1,138,969 7,623 | 159,157 1,435,270 7,279 | 206,976 1,066,328 7,658 | 177,712 1,039,131 7,673 | 158,820 1,353,273 7,542 | 196,927 885,527 7,613 | 145,074 1,106,162 7,546 | 142,419 1,007,143 74699 | 178,844 |i 1,013,909 0.428 0.404 7,697 | 173,069 0.559 0. 829,308 0.492 0.470 7,409 | 170,780 0.566 0. 801,044 |... .o... 0.444 6,854 | 150,584 (_____.___ 0. 3,022,715 Vinca 0.317 6,744 | 179,148 [ccc 0. OATS FOR GRAIN BARLEY FOR GRAIN FLAXSEED OATS FOR GRAIN BARLEY FOR GRAIN Flax- Price : Price Price Price | seed pman | 25208 | produc. | pert |Acresne prague. | Price |Acense rogue. | er ||| Acres | proguce | per (Agensel produc. | per | pro vested tion Deo. i "| vested tion Dec. 1 !f vested tion Foti i ny vested tion Doo. ol, vested ton Sushel, tion 196 197 199 200 201 203 204 205 207 196 197 199 200 201 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 acres bushels Dollars | acres bushels | Dollars| acres | bushels | Dollars acres bushels | Dollars | acres | bushels 1905__ | 33,426 | 1,104,395 | 0.288 | 6,658 | 171,639 39: 2,439 | 28,692 | 0.843 1883._| 20,621 | 605,576 | 0.324 | 2,474 | 57,126 1904__ | 32,749 | 1,011,556 | 0.309 | 6,579 | 166,103 19,075 | 540,462 | 0.371 | 2,434 | 60,072 1903__ | 32,187 885,469 | 0.337 | 6,231 | 149,335 16,916 | 446,125 | 0.455 | 2,201 | 48,984 1902__ | 31,358 | 1,076,899 | 0.305 | 5,474 | 146,207 1901__| 30,891 799,812 | 0.397 | 4,963 | 123,800 16,414 | 417,942 | 0.349 | 1,990 | 45,261 16,145 | 407.359 lowamwn= 1,998 | 43,997 1900__ | 31,049 945,483 | 0.253 | 4,703 96,588 15,955 | 415,440 | 0.326 | 1,926 | 42,369 1899__ | 29,540 948,380 No eda 4,470 | 119,635 15,830 | 443,365 | 0.240 | 1,848 | 37,448 1899__ | 29,254 937,173 | 0.245 | 4,472 | 118,161 14,816 | 435,330 | 0.288 | 1,962 | 39,173 1898__ | 29,327 842,205 | 0.251 | 4,113 98,174 14,589 | 327,212 | 0.349 | 1,973 | 40,711 1897._ | 28,829 829,525 | 0.210 | 4,120 | 102,575 1896._ | 30,248 774,929 | 0.183 | 4,131 97,479 13,616 | 364,967 | 0.367 | 1,702 | 32,812 12,775 | 272,501 | 0.520 | 1,628 | 36,125 1895__ | 30,905 924,858 | 0.193 | 4,185 | 104,475 12,010 | 306,906 | 0.374 | 1,473 | 30,536 1894.__ | 29,556 750,009 | 0.320 | 3,639 74,211 11,789 | 326,759 | 0.322 | 1,421 | 32,005 1893__ | 29,266 707,129 | 0.289 | 3,689 87,109 11,061 | 306,218 | 0.385 | 1,348 | 27,690 1892__ | 28,168 721,824 | 0.315 | 3,857 95,170 1891._ | 27,756 836,789 | 0.306 | 3,590 94,160 267,947 | 0.426 | 1,331 | 29,047 882,107 |. once] cpa 29,761 1890.. | 28,275 609,122 | 0.417 | 3,250 69,880 284,004 | 0.461 | 1,238 | 29,099 1889__ | 28,321 809,251 1. cea 3,221 78,338 229,676 | 0.541 | 1,064 | 23,200 1889._ | 28,697 831,047 | 0.219 | 3,352 80,790 | 0. 222,605 | 0.587 | 1,058 | 23,850 1888... | 27,807 773,139 | 0.270 | 3,283 | 75,980 | 0. 232,360 | 0.474 754 | 18,095 1887_. | 26,272 696,175 | 0.297 | 3,258 72,895 | 0.520 |-w-vee- +300 |... 1886... | 24,426 682,312 | 0.289 | 3,027 | 73,503 | 0.531 |... 10,000... --- 172,648 146,584 1885... | 23,351 674,151 | 0.279 | 2,862 63,963 | 0.557 |.___.._ 9,300 128,071 1884__ | 21,974 640,520 | 0.272 | 2,694 67,919 | 0.483 |___.____ 9.500 1 See text concerning Dec. 1 series, prior to 1908. 107 Data: E 211-224 AGRICULTURE Series E 211-224.—CROP STATISTICS—HAY AND COTTON, ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND PRICE: 1790 TO 1945 | Census figures in italics. Cotton production in 500-pound gross-weight bales except Genens Bureau figures which are in running bales. Prices are season averages, except as note | HAY COTTON COTTONSEED Acreage harvested Production Price per ton Average price Stocks, Average price Atrosgs Produc- per pound Aug. 1, | Produc- per ton YEAR Tame Tame Tame ar- tion ? running | tion ? |— ———— All hay hay All hay hay All hay | hay 1 vested Season | Dec. 1 | bales 3 Season | Dec. 1¢ 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 1,000 1,000 1 500 1,000 1,000 acres acres acres bales Cents 045: econ 0 Tons 108, "539 17,059 9,015 22.52 = 18,911 11,810 (eens 102, 4 19,651 12,230 20.73 103,128 21,610 11,427 19.88 107,717 22,602 12,817 19.04 95,754 22,236 10,744 17.03 12, 166 23,861 12,566 9.89 10,564 22,811 PT i 23,805 11,817 9.09 24,248 11,943 8.60 33,623 18,946 8.41 67.732 29,755 | 12,399 12.36 68,550 55,614 90,364 27,509 10,638 11.09 £3,625 |nvroranss 62,08} 26,754 93472 |.ceeee 65,387 56,361 60,485 26,866 9,636 12.3 68,439 55,810 75,072 29,383 13,047 10.17 70,412 56,119 83,721 35,891 13,003 6.52 68,160 56,103 75,203 38,704 17,097 5.66 67,947 53,996 74,527 42,444 13,932 9.46 67,828 54,811 85,281 43,227 14:875% npnnw ,53 55,741 87,357 43,232 14,825 16.7 67,185 54,013 83,842 42,434 14,477 17.98 72,131 57,604 98,151 ; 88,342 12,956 20.19 68.795 | 55.461 | 76.025 67.142 | 13.80 | 14.11 | 44.608 | 17,978 | 12.47 70,105 55,444 78,832 67,334 12.80 13.99 44,386 16,105 19.61 74,096 S073 occ ie ve i a = rw oe 0 me mie 39,204 13,088 I... .-ou~ 59,293 91,454 78,934 12.70 13.82 39,501 ' 22.91 89,418 75,286 13.10 14.10 35,550 « 95,152 80,790 11.60 12.55 31,361 84,821 71, 1035 11.60 12.09 28,678 91,668 76,164 16.50 17.78 34,408 90,356 23724 Am men ranean 33,740 92,487 76,589 20.90 20.15 32,906 82,288 68,545 19.60 20.07 35,038 85,024 | 71,105 | 16.50 | 17.08 | 32,245 98,633 81,184 11.10 11.18 33,071 91,436 73,275 10.30 10.65 29,951 82,605 65,820 10.60 11.11 35,615 77,022 | 62,300 | 11.40 | 12.86 | 35,206 86,066 69,103 10.80 11.68 32,557 64,574 52,079 14.10 14.41 34,916 75,184 62,886 11.70 12.16 31,508 32,044 30,555 31,091 30,729 31,404 TAME HAY 3 Cotton Acreage Price Acreage Price per| seed, Acreage Price Acreage Price per| seed, YEAR ar- Produ: per har- Produ. Sot produc- {| oo har- Prode. per har- lode. ound, | produc- vested 0; ton! | vested Dec. 1 | tion? vested on ton! | vested 0 ec. 1 | tion? 212 214 216 217 218 220 222 212 214 216 217 218 220 222 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 acres tons Dollars acres bales Cents tons acres tons Dollars acres les Cents tons 1908..... 48,333 66,563 49 27,753 10,576 10.78 4,700 1885....| 34,507 42,960 10.07 17,922 6,369 .89 2,828 1904. .... 47,480 65,552 8.82 30,077 13,438 8.98 5,967 1884__._| 33,448 43,066 8.99 16,849 5,468 9.19 2,427 1908. .... 46,650 63,647 9.18 27,762 9,851 10.49 4,879 1883....| 32,077 43,910 8.77 16,295 5,522 9.13 2,450 1902..... 44,716 | 59,098 9.05 | 27,561 | 10,630 7.60 | 4,729 || 1882____| ‘30,373 | 39,471 9.99 | 15,638 833 1901..... 43.555 | 53.098 9.88 | 27,050 9,508 7.03 | 4,226 (| 1881..._| 28,619 | 35,490 | 12.25 | 16,483 1900..... 42,488 | 49,843 9.78 | 24,886 | 10,124 9.15 | 4,500 || 1880....| 27,011 | 32,522 | 11.82 | 15,921 1899... 438,127 53,528 Jeewnemne 24.275 D885 1 wim io wm I879 nici mnamms smn ven eeale wie wwe 14,480 1899... 43,395 | 53,975 8.20 , 16: 9,346 6.98 | 4,152 || 1879__.._| 26,641 | 30,618 9.63 | 14,474 1898.2. 43,083 | 60,416 6.52 | 24,715 | 11,534 5.73 | 5,120 || 1878____| 25,627 | 33,275 7.82 | 13,539 1897. .--- 42,396 55,826 7.21 25,131 10,989 6.68 4,878 1877....0 24,749 30,454 8.72 12,606 1896... _. 40,971 | 50,626 7.60 | 23,230 8,51 6.66 | 3,778 || 1876....| 23,986 | 28,796 9.80 ,T47 1895... 41,153 | 40,481 9.63 | 19,839 7,146 7.62 | 8,174 || 1875... 22,662 | 25,522 | 12.75 11,348 1804... 41,864 47,781 8.98 21.886 10,026 4.59 4,448 1874._..| 21,861 24,537 13.85 10,753 1893..... 42,083 53,451 9.48 20,256 7,430 7.00 3,297 1873....| 21,597 23,903 14.40 10,998 1892. .... 41,828 | 52,746 8.78 | 18,869 6,658 8.84 | 2,956 || 1872.___| 21,081 | 23,868 | 15.35 9,580 1891... 40,350 51,139 8.65 21,503 8,941 7.24 3,967 || 1871....| 20,270 22,215 16.57 8,285 1890... 89,613 | 50,548 8.11 | 20,937 8,562 8.59 | 8,802 || 1870... 19,719 | 21,308 | 14.45 9,238 SB ass re ange Er) mr Ee Eee) mee 20,175 TASS leno mene Hews 1809. ws trmpaens nen mes nme |e Eee ww 1829... 38,867 | 50,312 7.74 | 20,191 7,478 8.566 | 8,318 || 1869.._._| 19,810 | 24,503 | 12.76 7,751 1888... 37,411 47,177 9.24 19,520 6,924 .50 3,074 1868_...| 19,568 23,198 13.90 6,973 1887... 36,480 | 41,559 | 10.09 | 18,793 6,885 8.55 | 3,056 || 1867... 18,641 | 23,209 | 14.30 7,864 1886... 35,771 44, '876 72 18,370 6,315 8.06 2,802 1866_...| 18,250 21, 1298 14.48 7,666 For footnotes, see next page. 108 CROP STATISTICS : Data: E 211-230 Series E 211-224.—CROP STATISTICS—HAY AND COTTON, ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND PRICE: 1790 TO 1945.—Con. [ Census figures in italics. Cotton production in 500-pound gross-weight bales except Census Bureau figures which are in running bales] Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton production 2 production ? production ? production 2 production ? YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR mere YEAR ns 218 218 218 218 218 1,000 bales 1,000 bales 1,000 bales 1,000 bales 1,000 bales 2,094 2,136 1,062 335 146 299 962 349 136 449 931 262 126 1,597 816 272 115 4,491 805 259 100 3,841 732 209 73 5,387 764 146 42 4,508 680 157 31 3,758 565 157 23 3,012 732 167 21 2,874 533 178 17 3,221 450 172 17 2,708 387 157 10 2,766 439 167 6 3,130 377 167 4 2,799 3 1 Dec. 1 series throughout. See text. 3 Stocks 1906 to 1922 are as reported by the New York Cotton Exchange Service 2 See text for method of estimating. Sept. 1 series prior to 1914. 4 Nov. 15 series prior to 1921. Series E 225-230.—FRUITS AND VEGETABLES—IRISH POTATOES AND SWEETPOTATOES: 1849 TO 1945 [Census figures are in italics. Prices are those received by growers | IRISH POTATOES SWEETPOTATOES IRISH POTATOES SWEETPOTATOES Average Average Average 5 Average Acreage |produetion| price per Acreage |production| price per Acreage |production| price per Acreage |production| price per YEAR harvested bushel ! | harvested bushel ? YEAR harvested bushel ! | harvested bushel 2 225 226 227 228 229 230 225 226 227 228 229 230 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 acres bushels Cents acres bushels Cents acres bushels Cents acres bushels Cents 2,696 418,765 143.0 671 64,665 204.0 1905.....- 3,263 300,701 61.2 574 58,560 58.0 2,786 383,424 149.0 726 68,251 192.0 1904. .... 3,208 349,492 45.3 570 55,515 60.4 2,587 856,847 lesssnmpmsn 673 65,288 [| eemmmmme 1903. .-.-- 3,079 276,284 61.2 565 52,871 58.2 3,239 458,887 131.0 857 71,142 204.0 1902. 3,077 296,568 47.4 558 48,975 57.8 2,671 368,899 117.0 687 65,469 119.3 1900... 2,950 207,412 76.7 558 48,156 57.4 2,693 355,697 80.7 731 62,517 94.0 1900... 2,997 259,688 43.0 542 45,684 50.5 2,832 376,920 54.1 648 51,699 85.5 1899. .... 2,939 272,568 40.1 531 42,245 52.8 2,813 342,372 69.7 728 61,744 74.9 | 2899... 2,939 278,518 loccanoncs- 587 42,617 |cccneuuis 2,644 818,256 leo~m=np=u= 696 G8 080 | wm mein 1808 ~~ 2,877 240,848 42.2 547 50,743 3) 2,870 355,848 55.7 793 68,603 73.0 1897... 2,809 198,174 55.3 531 41,587 48.6 3,055 376,448 52.9 768 68,144 82.0 1896. ..-. 2,968 262,735 29.0 557 42,001 43.1 2,960 | 323,955 114.2 769 59,765 92.9 302,115 26.6 545 44,886 47.6 3,469 378,895 59.3 944 81,249 69.7 197,690 53.5 548 49,676 3) 3,529 406,482 44.6 959 77,677 79.8 204,224 59.0 545 45,615 (3) 3,582 403,520 |. cnmmame= 967 T71983 [mem memmm- 190,200 65.7 544 46,364 ® 3,423 343,203 82.4 907 74,619 69.4 263,617 36.1 537 45,773 49.5 3,568 374,692 38.0 1,059 86,594 53.3 3,490 384,317 46.0 854 67,314 71.8 170,108 69.6 531 44,963 52.6 217,933 35.9 521 44,779 52.0 3,139 343,817 91.2 670 54,577 108.1 817.540 lucnuinpmne= 525 43,950 lccvicamnns 3,030 333,392 131.6 647 65,014 116.0 239,642 39.1 515 44,838 57.1 2,944 822,418 |r crmmm 650 €5,198 [meme 159,615 69.2 494 38,528 56.0 3,499 427,249 53.2 636 59,178 118.0 195,075 45.5 481 39,061 53.3 3,182 369,644 101.9 724 70,897 109.0 2,811 321,607 131.4 645 63,300 117.4 197,144 44.0 474 40,111 50.9 207,981 38.2 476 32,376 57.3 2,810 296,466 170.5 636 50,139 165.1 227,088 41.8 470 31,096 56.3 3,106 384,166 68.6 564 44,884 149.6 197,317 54.5 469 41,742 60.1 2,911 852,402 |.conmpucws 467 87 4h) lecwnmmmemn 127,573 91.3 441 24,830 ® 8,378 366,356 92.5 674 63,871 120.6 3,901 415,373 65.9 817 78,365 100.4 165,158 48.2 469 40,128 50.5 3,598 325,312 113.3 817 73,708 118.1 169,439 43.2 451 33,851 54.9 169,400 [% of a statute mile or more in width; deeply indented embayments and sounds and other coastal water behind or sheltered by headlands or islands sepa- rated by less than 1 nautical mile of water; and islands having less than 40 acres of area.” F 28-32. Farm land, 1850-1945. SOURCE: See text for series F 25-36, above. Definitions: Cropland includes cropland harvested, crop failure, and cropland idle or fallow. Farm pasture includes nonforested pasture and grazing land, whether plowable or not plowable. Farm woodland as defined by the Census, includes grazed or ungrazed “farm wood lots or timber tracts, natural or planted, and cut-over land with young growth, which has or will have value as wood or timber. Chaparral and woody shrubs were to be omit- ted.” Other land in farms includes farmsteads, roads, lanes, waste- land, etc. F 33-36. Nonfarm land, 1850-1945. SOURCE: See text for series F 25-36, above. Definitions: Nonfarm grazing land includes non- farm pasture and rangeland, arid woodland and other noncom- mercial forest land. Nonfarm forest land includes nonfarm timber land capable of producing timber of commercial quantity and quality. Other nonfarm land includes urban areas, highways and roads, railroad rights-of-way, parks, game refuges, airports, and other similar “service areas.” Also included are lands having slight use value, such as desert, rock, sand dunes, ete. F 37-51. Public and private land ownership by major uses, 1920-1945. SOURCES: Compiled by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics from a number of Federal and State reports and rec- ords. Varying degrees of reliability attach to these figures. The figures used here are applicable for different dates, and all of them have been assembled for some other purpose than that for which they are used here. The areas of all unsurveyed lands are estimated, and the areas of many based on surveys are subject to correction. Some of the data are not complete and are used merely for com- parison. Therefore, the figures given here, while the best now avail- able, are not strictly accurate, often not complete, and are not comparable among themselves. Nevertheless, they give some notion , of the major features of land use and control for the country as a whole. See text for series F 25-36 for definitions and for longer series on total land area. Public land as used here is land owned or ad- ministered by Federal, State, county, municipal, or other govern- ments for common or public purposes. Public land usually includes Indian lands held in trust and administered for the benefit of groups or tribes of the Indian people. Public land frequently is used by private parties under a system of permits or leases. Some- times the public land. where it is used by individual users, is in- 115 Text: F 37-108 cluded in reporting statistics on acreages in farms. More often, the public land is reported as not in farms, where it is used in common by several persons. Private land is land held or owned by private individuals, groups, and corporations, and is generally used for private purposes. F 52-61. Drainage and irrigation, 1890-1940. SOURCES: Bureau of the Census, Drainage of Agricultural Lands, 1940, table 1, p. 1; Irrigation of Agricultural Lands, 1940, tables 2 and 8, pp. 2-3; Cen~ sus of Agriculture, 1935 and 1940. Statistics relating to irrigation were first collected by the Bureau of the Census in 16 Western States in 1890 and published in a report, Agriculture by Irrigation in the Western Part of the United States. Information on irrigation was obtained by the Census in 1900 for the same 16 States and was included in the State reports of the Census of Agriculture. A special census of irrigation was taken in 1902 and the statistics were published in Bulletin 16 of the Census Bureau in 1904. An irrigation census was taken in the years of 1910, 1920, 1930, and 1940, and the data were published for each irrigation census as a separate report. The acreage of irrigated cropland harvested was obtained in the Census of Agriculture in 1935 and published in the agriculture reports for that year. The first drainage census in the United States was taken in 1920, the second in 1930, and the latest in 1940, together with the Census of Agriculture. The 1940 census of drainage covered 38 States, including all States where organized public drainage enter- prises were major factors in drainage. Data were collected on areas of land and its use, the type of drainage, the total public investment, and the character of enterprise. The date of each drainage census was January 1 of the census year. The data on condition and use of the land was for the year preceding the date of the census. Although both types of reclamation have been and are impor- tant, drainage development overshadows irrigation in acreage of land already converted to farming and in land that still may be developed. Drainage developments are concentrated mostly in the humid zones of the Eastern and Central States, whereas irrigation developments are located predominantly in the arid and semiarid zones of the West. However, in irrigated areas, drainage also must be provided to carry away any water not required by the crops. The States included for series F 56-59 are: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana. For series F 60-61, the States included are: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mis- sissippi, South Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Min- nesota, Wisconsin, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu- setts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia. F 62-68. Agricultural land utilization program, Soil Conser- vation Service and antecedent agencies, 1935-1945. SOURCES: Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Statistics, 1939 to 1946, and Report of the Chief of the Soil Conservation Service, 1943 to 1946. F 62. Total area managed, 1935-1945. SOURCE: See text for series F 62-68, above. Includes lands under the direct control of the Soil Conservation Service and that managed through local agencies, such as soil conservation districts, grazing districts, and grazing associations. Certain areas wherein Soil Conservation Ser- vice retains only custodial responsibility for managements and protection are not included but are reported separately. For the years 1935-88, ‘total area managed” represents lands acquired less land transferred. F 68. Areas transferred to State agencies with Soil Conservation Service maintaining custodial responsibility, 1935-1945. SOURCE: See text for series F 62-68, above. Includes lands transferred to State agencies by agreement whereby the United States retains title to the land and the SCS acts as custodian. Other areas have been transferred to State agencies with custodial responsibility 116 LAND, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES resting in other Federal agencies, such as the United States Forest Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service. The agricultural land-utilization program was initiated in 1934 under the Land Policy Section of AAA and was continued under the Resettlement Administration and the Farm Security Admin- istration. Acquisition, development, and management functions provided for by Title III of the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act (Pub. No. 210, 75th Congress, 1st session, Ch. 517) were transferred to the Soil Conservation Service in 1938. Acquisition of land totaled about 179,000 acres under the AAA; about 8% million acres under the RA and FSA; and 2}% million acres more or less under the Soil Conservation Service—a total of about 1128 million acres, of which more than 4 million acres have been transferred to other Federal and State agencies for adminis- tration. The lands transferred include: Forest lands transferred as additions to the national forests; wildlife refuges; State parks; military areas; and other public-use areas. Forestry: Series F 69-154 F 69-73. National forest areas and purchases, 1905-1945. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service annual reports on national forest areas and annual reports of the National Forest Reservation Commission. National forest areas include areas within national forests and areas within purchase units, experimental forests, land utilization projects, and small administrative sites outside. of national forests. National forest purchases show the acreage authorized for purchase by the United States for national forest purposes. Gross area within established boundaries refers to the total acreage within the established boundaries of the national forests and other units mentioned above. Part of gross area under Forest Service Administration refers to the part of the total area within the national forest and other unit boundaries that is owned by the United States or being acquired by it and actually under the administration of the Forest Service; the difference between these data and the gross area data is the part in private, State, or other ownership. F 74-87. National forest grazing, roads and trails, and visitors; forest trees planted on farm lands, 1905-1945. SOURCE: Depart- ment of Agriculture, Forest Service records and annual reports, and Agricultural Statistics. F 88-102. National forest timber cut and receipts, 1905-1945. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service records and annual reports, and Agricultural Statistics. F 103-108. Payments to States and Territories, and allotments to Forest Service, 1906-1945. SOURCE: Forest Service records and annual reports. Payments to States and Territories are from re- ceipts of the previous year. Allotments to Forest Service are for expenditure in States and Territories for acquisition of land and for road and trail work, and are based on receipts from timber, grazing, and other uses. 2 The 25-percent fund (series F 104) refers to the appropriation of 25 percent of the net revenues during any fiscal year from each national forest tc be paid at the end of such year to the State or Territory in which the forest is situated, for the benefit of the public schools and public roads of such county or counties. This fund represents a permanent appropriation established by the Act of May 23, 1908. The Arizona and New Mexico school fund (series F 105) refers to the Act of June 20, 1910, which appropriates, out of any money not otherwise appropriated, an amount equal to such proportion of the gross proceeds (during each fiscal year) of all the national forests within the States of Arizona and New Mexico, as the area of land granted to the States for school purposes within these forest reserves bears to the total area of all national forests within the two respective States. Allotments for roads and trails (series F 107) are based on the Act of March 4, 1918, which appropriates 10 percent of all moneys received from the national forests during each fiscal year for the FORESTRY construction and maintenance of roads and trails within the na- tional forests in the States from which such proceeds are derived. Allotments for the acquisition of lands (series F 108) refer to special acts applicable to national forests in Utah, Nevada, and California. Such allotments are for the acquistion of land to facilitate the control of soil erosion and flood damage originating within the exterior boundaries of those forests, in accordance with the pro- visions of the special acts authorizing annual appropriations of forest receipts for such purposes. F 109-111. Lumber production, decennially 1799-1899, annually 1904-1945. SOURCE: For 1799-1928, see Reynolds, R. V., and A. H. Pierson, Lumber Production, 1869-1934; for 1929-1945, data are from Department of Agriculture, Forest Service records. Pri- mary sources of data for 1869-1899, 1909, 1919, 1942-1945 are Bureau of Census reports of Biennial Census of Manufactures and annual reports on forest products; for other years, Forest Service estimates based on reported production. F 112-122. Stumpage, log, and lumber prices, 1900-1945. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Stumpage Prices of Privately Owned Timber in the United States, Technical Bulletin No. 626; also Bureau of the Census records; for 1928- 1943, see Forest Service, Stumpage and Log Prices, annual bulletins. F 123-131. Wood products treated with preservatives, 1909- 1945. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, in co- operation with the American Wood-Preservers’ Association, annual report, Quantity of Wood Treated and Preservatives Used in the United States. F 132-136. Consumption and production of pulpwood, wood pulp, paper and paperboard, 1898-1945. SOURCE: Compiled by the Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, from Bureau of the Census reports of Biennial Census of Manufactures and annual reports; Forest Service Bulletins of the War Production Board; U. S. Pulp Producers Association, Wood Pulp Statistics, July 1946; American Paper and Pulp Association, The Statistics of Paper, March 1947. F 137-142. Gum and wood naval stores production, 1898-1945. SOURCE: For 1898-1932, see Gamble’s International Naval Stores Year Book, 1932-33 and 1939-1940; for 1932-1945, see same, and Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Annual Reports. F 143-150. Number of forest fires and area burned over, 1906— 1945. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service rec- ords. Data for current years will be found in annual report, Forest Fire Statistics. F 151-154. Expenditures for forest fire control on State and private lands, 1912-1945. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service records. Fisheries: Series F 155-219 F 155-219. General note. These series were obtained from the Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. The sta- tistics aré published in greater detail in publications of the Fish and Wildlife Service and its predecessor agency, the Bureau of Fisheries, which include data on the volume of the catch of indi- vidual species of fish and shellfish and their value, employment in the fisheries, quantity of gear operated, the number of fishing and transporting craft employed in the capture and transporting of fishery products, employment in wholesale and manufacturing establishments, and volume and value of the production of manu- factured fishery products. See also Fishery Resources of the United States, Senate Document No. 51, 79th Congress, 1st Session, 1945. FISHERIES YIELD AND DISPOSITION (F 155-159) F 155-159. Yield and disposition of catch, United States and Alaska, 1929-1945. SOURCE: Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. These data are partly estimated. ‘Fext: F 103-177 FisHERIES CATCH (F 160-192) F 160-165. Catch, United States and Atlantic coast, 1804-1945. SOURCE: Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. F 160. Haddock catch, 1880-1945. SOURCE: Department of In- terior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Data are partly estimated. Had- dock is the mainstay of the United States otter trawl fishery and is the most valuable of all the North Atlantic coast fisheries. The haddock of the Northwest Atlantic make up a complex of popu- lations of which at least three main groups are recognized, inhab- iting, respectively, the New England Banks, the Nova Scotian Banks, and the Newfoundland Banks. F 161. Shad catch, 1892-1944. SOURCE: Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Data were obtained by actual canvass for most of the years shown. The other years were obtained by interpolation. The shad catch ranks thirtieth among the fisheries of the United States (see Fishery Resources of the United States, cited above for series F 155-219). The shad is a native species of the Atlantic Coast, and was once among the most abundant fish along the Pacific Coast, having been brought therefrom the Atlantic. F 162. Menhaden received, 1873-1898, 1912, 1921-1945. SOURCE: Data for 1873-1898 are from Aquatic Products in Arts and Industries by Charles H. Stevenson, Report of the Commis- sioner of Fisheries, 1902; for 1912, 1921-1945 from Fish and Wild- life Service reports. The menhaden is used almost exclusively in the manufacture of meal and oil, only small quantities are canned. The menhaden fishery started in New England, but is now centered. in the Middle Atlantic States. Menhaden are usually sold by number rather than by weight. The number of fish is obtained by measurement. The fish are measured in a “‘quarter box,” each segment of which holds a vol- ume of 22,000 cubic inches which constitutes an arbitrary measure of 1,000 fish. This is based on one standard menhaden occupying a volume of 22 cubic inches. The actual number of fish required per unit of measure of course shows considerable variation. The weight of 22,000 cubic inches of menhaden is about 666 pounds. The number of fish shown can be converted to pounds by multi- plying by 0.67. F 163. Whales killed, 1909-1945. SOURCE: Department of In- terior, Fish and Wildlife Service. F 164. Atlantic Coast mackerel catch, 1804-1944. SOURCE: De- partment of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Data are partly estimated. Atlantic Coast mackerel spawn from Cape Hatteras to the southern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the principal spawn- ing areas being located between Chesapeake Bay and Cape Cod Bay. 'F 165. Atlantic Coast, cod catch, 1880-1944. SOURCE: Depart- ment of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Data are partly esti- mated. The cod resource is perhaps the largest of the North Ameri- can Banks and yields a billion pounds of fish a year to fishermen of the United States, Canada, and Newfoundland. The heaviest concentrations of cod on the New England Coast are found on eastern Georges Bank, in the same localities as haddock, but some- what earlier in the season. The biggest part of the United States catch of cod is taken with otter trawls; the balance with lines, sink gill nets, floating traps, and pound nets. F 166-172. Catch, New England States, 1887-1945. SOURCE: Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. The North Atlantic region equivalent to the New England States is charac- terized by a wide continental shelf, which in some places extends out from the coast for hundreds of miles. Large areas of the shelf rise to form submerged plateaus, called banks, on which lives a vast population of bottom-living fishes. Most important among them are the haddock, rosefish, cod, flounders, and pollock. F 173-177. Catch, Middle Atlantic and Chesapeake Bay States, 1880-1945. SOURCE: Department of the Interior, Fish and Wild- life Service. The Middle Atlantic States and Chesapeake Bay States are the most important producing centers for oysters, blue 117 Text: F 173-219 LAND, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES crabs, menhaden and shad, alewives, and striped bass. Large quantities of flounders, butterfish, croaker, scup, ‘sea trout,” and whiting are taken close inshore in summer with pound nets, offshore in winter with trawls. The most important shore fishery industries in this area are the packing of shucked oysters and fresh- cooked crab meat and the manufacture of fish meal and oil. F 178-179. Catch, South Atlantic and Gulf States, 1880-1945. SOURCE: Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. The South Atlantic and Gulf States are the seat of the largest shrimp fishery in the world. This crustacean lives on the floor of the continental shelf, is taken almost entirely with otter trawls operated from motored craft. Other important fishes are mullet taken largely on the west coast of Florida; menhaden, used in manufacture of meal and oil; alewives, sea trout, red snapper, and Spanish mackerel. F 180-185. Catch, Pacific Coast States, 1888-1945. SOURCE: De- partment of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. The North Pacific States most important fisheries are for salmon, halibut, sharks, albacore, crabs, and oysters. In recent years an otter trawl fishery for flounders, rockfishes, and lingeod has been developing rapidly. Shore industries are based on canning, curing, packaging of fresh and frozen fish and shellfish, and the manufacture of fish- liver vitamin oils. The South Pacific Coast receives the greatest volume of fish landed anywhere in America. Foremost fishery is for the sardine, the largest fishery resource in the Western hemisphere, which supplies raw material for cheap canned foods, fish meal, and oil. F 186. Catch, Great Lakes and the international lakes of north- ern Minnesota, 1885-1945. SOURCE: Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. The Great Lakes and their connecting waters form the largest single fresh-water area in the world. They have a surface area of about 60.9 million acres. The Great Lakes provide a great diversity of habitat and dif- ferent areas vary widely as to kinds and abundance of their fish populations. In general, the shallower waters contain the largest variety of species and yield the largest catches. Thus Lake Erie, the shallowest of the lakes, is the most productive. The lake trout is the most valuable Great Lakes fishery resource yielding around 10 million pounds annually. Other important types of fish are the pikeperches, lake herring, chubs, and yellow perch. F 187-188. Catch, Mississippi River and tributaries, 1894-1931. SOURCE: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries. F 189-192. Catch, Alaska, 1927-1945. SOURCE: Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Alaska is the chief produc- tion center of salmon, most valuable fishery resource of the United States. It is also an important source of herring, halibut, sablefish and clams. 118 LANDINGS (F 193-198) F 193-198. Landings at certain New England ports, 1893-1944. SOURCE: United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. FisHERY PRODUCTS (F 199-215) F 199. Production of frozen fish, United States, 1920-1945, SOURCE: Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. F 200-211. Production of canned fishery products, 1921-1945. SOURCE: Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. According to Fishery Resources of the United States, cited above (see text for series F 155-219), “in 1941, 400 canneries produced over 900 million pounds of canned fish and shellfish. The Pacific Coast States and Alaska produced 82 percent of the pack, the Atlantic Coast and Lake States 16 percent, and the Gulf States 2 percent.” The standard case, used here as the unit of measure, varies in weight according to type of fish, as follows: Salmon, 45 pounds; sardines, 20.3 pounds; solid pack tuna, 21 pounds; and grated tuna, 18 pounds. Standard cases of shellfish generally con- sist of 48 10-ounce cans of varying net weights depending on the contents. F 212-215. Production of fish scrap and meal, and fish and mar- ine oils, 1921-1945. SOURCE: Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Fish scrap and meal are used as constituents of animal feeds. Fish and fish liver oils are the most valuable of fishery by-products and are used for medicinal purposes, for forti- fying animal feeds, and in a variety of industrial processes. SPONGES AND SEALS (F 216-219) F 216-217. Sales of sponges at the Tarpon Springs Sponge Ex- change, 1913-1945. SOURCE: Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Sp. 1556—B. B. Sponge Transactions at Tarpon Springs. The sponge fishery of the United States is carried on only in a limited area in Florida. F 218-219. Pribilof Islands seal herd, 1910-1945. SOURCE: Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. The main breeding colonies of fur seals are on St. Paul and St. George Is- lands, the largest of the Pribilof group which lie off the coast of Alaska. The fur seal herd which comprises 80 percent of all the fur seals in the world is national property, exploited under the direction of and for the profit of the Federal Government. For early figures on the Pribilof Islands seal herd, see U. S. Bureau of the Census, “Report on the Population, Industries, and Resources of Alaska,” pp. 61-67, and “Report on the Seal Islands of Alaska,” in vol. VIII, Tenth Census Reports (1880); and Eleventh Census Reports (1890), Report on Population and Resources of Alaska, pp. 215-216. PUBLIC LANDS OF THE UNITED STATES Data: F 1-18 Series F 1-17. CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: 1781 TO 1945 [Areas are as computed in 1912, hence do not agree with total figures (in square miles) shown in series B 25, or with figures (in acres) shown for 1940 and 1945 in series F 25-27 and F 37] LAND—ACQUISITION AND EXTENT OF TERRITORY AND PUBLIC DOMAIN, YEAR AND HOW ACQUIRED ACQUISITION OF THE TERRITORY OF THE ACQUISITION OF THE ORIGINAL Estimated area UNITED STATES PUBLIC DOMAIN b of the public domain ! Total area Land area Water area Total area Land area Water area (selected years) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Aggregate, 1945_____________ 1912, estimaie of public domain _ __ 1880, estimate of public iN we 1853, Gadsden Purchase. ________ 1850, estimate of public domain 1850, Purchase from Texas oem wie 1848, Mexican Cession * 1846, Oregon Compromise. - 1845, Annexation of Texas 3___ 1819, Cession from Spain Red River Basin 5__________ 1803, Louisiana Purchase 3_____ 1802, estimate of public domain _ 1788, Treaty with Great Britain 1781-1802 (State Cessions) Acr 1,937, 144, 960 338,680,960 183,386,240 249,066,240 46,144,640 29,601,920 529,911,680 541,364,480 Acres 1,903,289,600 334,479,360 180,644,480 246,777,600 43,342,720 29,066,880 523,446,400 Acres 33,855,360 4,201,600 2,741,760 2,288,640 2,801,920 535,040 6,465,280 Acres 1,462,466 ,560 78,926,720 338,680,960 183,386,240 46,144,640 29,601,920 529,911,680 236,825,600 Acres 1,442,200,320 78,842,880 334,479,360 180,644,480 43,342,720 29,066,880 523,446,400 233,415,680 Acres 20,266,240 83,840 4,201,600 2,741,760 42,801,920 535,040 6,465,280 3,409,920 |- Acres 2413,000,000 600,000,070 900,000,000 1 Estimated from imperfect data available for indicated years. 3 Estimated area of public domain in 1946. 3 Data for Louisiana Purchase exclude areas eliminated by the Treaty of 1819 with Spain. Such areas are included in figures for annexation of Texas and the Mexican Cession. 4 Includes 33,920 acres subsequently recognized as part of the State of Texas which is not a public domain State. 5 Represents drainage basin of the Red River of the North, south of the 49th parallel. Authorities differ as to the method and exact date of its acquisition. Some hold it as a part of the Louisiana Purchase, others maintain it was acquired from Great Britain. Series F 8-18.—PUBLIC LANDS—VACANT LANDS, DISPOSAL OF PUBLIC LANDS, AND NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM: 1802 TO 1945 [For Treasury receipts from sale of public land, see series P 94] ALL ENTRIES, SELECTIONS, PATENTS,| HOMESTEAD ENTRIES, EXCEPT NATIONAL PARK v Cash Land ETC. 3 ON CEDED INDIAN LANDS SYSTEM acant as i ted to Original entries Area ad- public | receipts of [£531 All rig y in = YEAR lands, |Gen’l Land Fists ssf original | All final Jpaiems Final inigerd Visitors per June 30 Office ! Ue , [entries and| entries fications | Number Atfeatn entries 3 Park travel year? 19 selections 4 g Service ervice 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Million 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 acres acres acres acres Number acres acres acres visitors 170 40 61 217 182 22 35 15,094 10,137 168 91 85 402 157 20 51 15,032 7,740 169 63 168 637 211 29 102 15,029 6,491 174 135 252 1,055 283 37 188 14,578 10,447 172 76 491 1,039 400 51 390 14,502 20,715 ®) 54 756 1,904 349 46 652 14,443 16,461 3) 302 1,198 1,982 378 66 1,089 13,706 15,257 ®) 131 1,478 1,944 447 78 1,362 13,210 16,129 ®) 125 2,026 2,184 561 111 1,915 11,091 14,924 (8) 426 1,938 1,359 1,209 357 1,765 9,538 11,796 (8) 1,759 1,772 1,610 3,297 1,166 1,640 9,291 7,461 166 3,585 1,225 1,362 7,507 2,787 172 3,118 980 1,866 7,527 2,642 173 4,552 1,333 2,013 10,639 3,914 177 5,219 1,537 2,126 12,640 4,757 179 5,435 1,877 2,253 12,708 4,723 190 4,613 2,030 2,648 11,598 4,178 194 3,726 2,168 2,519 10,429 3,367 194 3,695 3,011 4,586 10,500 3,237 0 196 3.243 3,962 4,600 10,354 2,875 185 3,641 4,489 5,627 11,010 3,041 187 4,564 5,229 9,082 13,886 3,873 186 6,415 6,201 10,352 18,942 5,524 183 10,367 8,074 13,761 29,263 8,980 190 15,632 8,772 10,930 43,813 13,662 200 16,437 9,778 18,827 48,532 13,511 213 11.871 39,341 10,204 222 10,147 35,875 7,420 231 16,202 58,896 12,021 255 18,708 65,282 13,628 280 16,861 62,360 12,440 291 16,523 62,229 12,117 298 15,867 57,800 11,222 315 14,575 52,991 13,624 327 11,090 |________. 19,211 70,720 17,639 344 11,464 17,150 26,391 98,598 18,329 363 12,216 9) 19,893 75,445 12,302 387 12,716 16 19,090 87,067 13,586 406 11,553 ®) 20,998 93,957 14,755 424 7,686 3,114 19,431 89,600 13,975 7,018 ©) 17,057 70,344 12,896 9,283 20 16,332 69,175 10,171 11,028 loc nncen 22,824 80,188 11,193 ,262 ®) 19,372 98,829 14,033 4,972 | ccna 15,453 68,648 9,497 See footnotes on next page. 373374 O- 56-9 Data: F 8-19 LAND, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES Series F 8-18.—PUBLIC LANDS—VACANT LANDS, DISPOSAL OF PUBLIC LANDS, AND NATIONAL-PARK SYSTEM: 1802 TO 1945—Con. [For Treasury receipts from sale of public lands, see series P 94] Cash fang i HOMESTEAD ENTRIES, EXCEPT ON CEDED he A : gran od INDIAN LANDS nd grante Sere to States, as All vpn Original entries to States, as Homsseass, YEAR Office 1 of guns 30, | selections 4 a : nal YEAR of June 30, | entries umber creage 9 10 11 14 15 16 : 10 14 1,000 acres Number 13,391 61,270 9,091 45,776 8,422 44,980 7,754 33,250 13,174 36,548 8,364 37,336 10,377 56,632 11,802 48,436 13,567 55,113 10,357 37,602 12,666 40,244 17,026 42,183 24,161 46,236 25,111 52,028 20,992 61,638 20,114 60,877 26,834 54,982 19,031 56,565 13,999 45,331 10,763 36,999 9,152 47,293 8,724 41,005 35,630 18,675 25,104 20,668 29,126 31,501 38,742 39,768 33,972 25,628 23,746 1 Includes receipts from such sources as the following: Sales of public and ceded Indian lands; fees and commissions: mineral rentals, royalties, and bonuses; sales of timber; grazing fees and rentals; and land rentals. 2 Includes grants for such public purposes as the following: Educational, penal, and other public institutions and buildings; bridges, reservoirs, and other internal im- provements; reclamation of swamp and arid lands; experiment stations; recrea- tional areas; wildlife and forestry areas; military camps; and payment of bonds issued by local governments. Does not include grants tabulated in series F 20-24. Does not include acreage of swamplands lost to the States, for which the States received indemnity in cash. 3 Includes homesteads. 4 Previous to 1911 the data included, in addition to original entries and selections, some classes of final entries and patents. 5 Exclusive of commuted homesteads. ¢ Does not include recreational demonstration areas. 7 The travel year is October 1-September 80. Data are estimated in part. 8 Not reported. 9 Less than 1,000 acres. 10 The increase in area over 1925 was reported as the result of a “special check” of field office records which was “used as a basis for a complete revision of the vacant land statistics.” 11 Grants of unsurveyed lands to Wisconsin for forestry purposes; area not de- termined. 12 Except on ceded Indian lands. Series F 19.—PUBLIC LAND SALES: 1800 TO 1860 [ In thousands of acres | CALENDAR YEAR Acres CALENDAR YEAR Acres CALENDAR YEAR Acres CALENDAR YEAR Acres 4 || 1847_. 2,521.3 12,564.5 0 LT || 1846. 2,263.7 4,658.2 5 .6 3,856.2 .1 1] 1845. 1,843.5 2,462.3 0 .0 || 1844. 1,754.8 2,777.9 4 1843. 1,605.3 .0 .8 || 1842. 1,129.2 1,920.7 .2 .0 || 1841. 1,164.8 1,244.9 .5 1 965.6 .8 || 1840. 2,236.9 926.7 4 .9 || 1839. 4,976.4 848.1 3 1838. 3,414.9 5.6 1,405.8 || 1837. 5,601.1 999.0 3 1,329.9 || 1836__ 20,074.9 737.0 1 1,887.6 652.1 120 PUBLIC LANDS OF THE UNITED STATES Data: F 20-51 Series F 20-24.—PUBLIC LANDS—GRANTS BY UNITED STATES TO AID IN CONSTRUCTION OF RAILROADS, WAGON ROADS, CANALS, ETC.: 1823 TO 1871 [ In thousands of acres | PURPOSE PURPOSE Total on Tout = grants Wa . River gran : Wagon ver Railroads Zon Canals improve- YEAR Railroads Canals improve- YEAR roads En roads ments 20 21 22 23 24 20 21 22 23 24 Bi283 ee cl ne een mje ee ms 1292]. emma wok mmm mmm Emam Lrg 08 {es ns mn mnm mmm 28,535 1,538 300: |. SEER) ae men 200 1. nnses 41,452 941 401 lo ccnesaine 140 men snpnin ranma) se Tee 30,877 B24 mimes] 188 a rien 6,689 080 cs anna am 18586... saan 14,085 T4088 | oe cine emma) rau ee Series F 25-36.—LAND UTILIZATION—LAND AND WATER AREA, BY TYPE: 1850 TO 1945 [ In millions of acres. Total farm land and total nonfarm land acreages are for the calendar year indicated; cropland and pasture land acreages usually relate to the preceding year) TOTAL AREA! FARM LAND NONFARM LAND YEAR Grand Inland Farm Farming | Other land Grazing Forest | Other non- total Land water Total Cropland pasture | woodland | in farms Total land ? land 2 farm land 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 1,984 1,905 29 1,142 403 529 166 44 763 292 822 149 1,934 1,905 29 1,061 399 461 157 44 844 382 326 187 1,937 1,903 34 |. 1,066 416 410 185 44 848 411 306 181 1,987 1,908 34 987 418 379 150 45 916 437 849 130 1,987 1,903 34 924 391 331 144 58 979 495 354 130 1,937 1,903 34 - 956 402 328 168 58 947 502 319 126 1,937 1,903 34 879 347 1,064 600 301 123 1,937 1,903 34 839 319 1,064 625 318 121 1,987 1,903 34 623 248 1,280 818 344 118 1,987 1,903 84 536 188 1,867 883 368 116 1,937 1,903 34 408 3189 1,495 (®) (5 2 1,987 1,903 34 407 3168 1,496 (3) (5) 5) 1,918 1,884 34 294 31183- 1,590 ®) (%) ® ! 1920 data used also for 1925; 1930 data for 1935; and 1940 data for 1945. Land 2 More than half of the forest and Faodisnd in the United States is grazed by and water areas were sompletely remeasured in 1940. The difference between the livestock. Nonfarm grazing land includes ari dland and other new measurements and those reported in earlier years is due primarily to the forest land. redetermination of the outer limits of the United States, the improvement in $3 Improved farm land. mapping, and the fact that certain bodies of water included in previous measure- 4 Unimproved farm land. ments were omitted under the definitions adopted in 1940. 5 Not available. Series F 37-51.—LAND UTILIZATION—LAND OWNERSHIP, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE: 1920 TO 1945 [ In millions of acres. Data represent approximations only, rather than the results of a detailed enumeration ] TOTAL LAND AREA ! PUBLIC LAND PRIVATE LAND YEAR All Crop- | Pastureand pic Other Crop- [Pasture and Gn Other Crop- [Pasture and Porn Other land land grazing | 005 | lands | Total | and | grazing | Looq | ang | Total | Yang grazing | wood- | land land land ? 4 land land lan land 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 : 49 50 51 19456... .. 1,905 403 821 488 193 5 560 b 273 179 103 1,346 398 548 309 90 1040... 1,905 399 843 482 181 5 552 3 282 174 93 1,858 396 561 308 88 1980... ..- 1,903 418 816 499 175 546 4 287 163 92 1,857 409 529 336 83 1920... ...- 1,903 402 830 487 184 566 4 325 145 92 1,387 398 505 342 92 ! The land area was remeasured in 1940 and revised from 1,908 to 1,906 million 3 Includes urban areas, farmsteads, parks, railroads, roads, military lands, and acres, see series F' 25-86. nonagricultural lands such as sand dunes, open swamp, rock, and desert land. 1 Excludes considerable acreages of arid woodland, other woodland in pasture ¢ Comprised largely of Indian land and State school and other land leased out and grazing, and several million acres of valuable forests in parks, wildlife refuges, to farmers for farming purposes. and military areas included in other lands. In 1945, these additional areas totalled § Preliminary. 186 million acres. 121 Data: F 52-68 LAND, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES Series F 52-61.—LAND UTILIZATION—DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION: 1890 TO 1940 [In thousands of acres, except number of farms. See text for list of States allocated to groups described here IRRIGATION, 17 WESTERN STATES AND ARKANSAS IRRIGATION, 29 DRAINAGE, UNITRD STATES ’ AND LOUISIANA HUMID STATES 4 Acreage in drainage enterprises : Farms with irrigated land Number of YEAR = Conia : Acreage oe Acreage farms with Total Tnproved Unimproved (acreage) irrigated enterprises ? Number of Acreage irrigated irrigated 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 NGA enn erm 86,967 67,389 19,578 49,614 21,004 31,306 291,655 12460). | ccc cmmmon war mrmn aad el A Ts 166 7,949 ngs me a Cae ek 96 6,410 265,147 78 8897 | co ilnc i tna 222,789 8) es csc ae 162,723 03) in fm ween me SAN ee Sem a EE a ie oy atin mgm 56 1,875 6113,849 (3) edema dca sen re Sl rr 44 1,426 54,136 (3) [espns these] b hmatiennsis 1 All land irrigated or for which water was received, including crop and pasture 3 Relates to farms reporting irrigated cropland harvested and/or irrigated pas- land irrigated, land in young crops not harvested, crop failure, and land being ture, 1940 Census of Agriculture; and farms reporting irrigated crops 1930 fallowed and prepared for cultivation as reported by the Censuses of Irrigation. 1920, and 1910 censuses. 3 Area reported irrigable in 1940 and 1930 Censuses of Irrigation and total area 4 Excludes Arkansas and Louisiana. in enterprises for 1920 and 1910 censuses. 5 Not available. 6 Revised. Series F 62-68.—LAND UTILIZATION—AGRICULTURAL LAND UTILIZATION PROGRAM, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE AND ANTECEDENT AGENCIES: 1935 TO 1945 | In acres USE OF LAND MANAGED Areas transferred Total area to State agencies managed ! Unclassified with SCS main- CALENDAR YEAR Grazing Annual crops Hay Forest taining custodial responsibility 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 7,151,810 6,237,413 18,488 31,900 404,362 459,647 342,000 7,141,027 6,131,710 13,079 23,649 402,660 569,929 333,469 7,143,474 5,889,056 16,603 21,954 354,544 861,317 333,469 7,184,018 6,000,191 15,619 20,325 378,357 769,526 364,800 BNIB 200 [| ere mn Eo Rt SER AS Sr BR Sr Brn yr iim AR em RE it om mE mn om ron le ro sere Se 372,049 1940 (as of June 30) ______________ 7,089,872 360,500 1939 (as of Dec. 31). - 7,215,083 349,005 1938 (fiscal year) 2_ - 5,186,853 (3) 1937 (fiscal year) 2___ - 4,562,435 (*) 1936 (fiscal year) 2. ...-<=-sszaes- 1,984,289 (3) 1935 (fiscal year) 2_______________ BB9508D. vnc mek dL oni mm os ean ni nim te me mee mtr rg A ®) 1 Exclusive of custodial areas shown in series F 68. ? Lands acquired less lands trausferred. ! Data not available. 122 FORESTRY Data: F 69-87 Series F 69-73.—NATIONAL FOREST AREAS AND PURCHASES—GROSS AREA: 1905 TO 1945 [National Forest area data are cumulative totals as of June 30 and include Alaska and Puerto Rico. Forest reservation purchases are for fiscal year ending June 30 and include Puerto Rico] NATIONAL FOREST AREAS NATIONAL FOREST PURCHASES NATIONAL FOREST AREAS NATIONAL FOREST PURCHASES is (Gross area approved for purchase !) IEEE Pbe>oh)h>)]) (Gross area approved for purchase 1) Grossarea | Part of gross Gross area | Part of gross within area under Average Total within area under Average Total YEAR established |Forest Service Acres price Lice YEAR established |Forest Service Acres price ic boundaries Admin. per acre Pp boundaries Admin. per acre price 69 70 71 72 73 69 70 71 72 73 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 acres acres Number Dollars dollars acres acres Number Dollars dollars 228,703 179,381 5 194.00 1 184,126 158,395 247,067 4.80 1,186 228,643 179,101 9 66.02 1 182,817 157,503 130,290 3.26 425 228,633 178,508 8,759 4.31 38 182,100 157,237 79,923 4.35 348 228,725 178,340 243,522 4.53 1,103 181,800 156,837 242,169 3.41 826 228,309 177,653 195,818 4.11 8 181,820 156,666 112,397 4.44 499 228,174 176,779 553,077 3.98 2,201 180,300 156,032 101,428 4.44 450 228,784 176,494 534,138 4.26 2,275 174,261 153,933 103,355 6.35 656 227,280 175,238 800,113 3.99 3,192 175,432 154,658 185,199 5.12 948 226,621 174,405 425,637 4.99 2,124 176,252 155,167 175,463 4.86 853 197,435 165,979 2,891,040 3.99 11,535 176,089 155,400 54,898 5.76 316 188,292 163,310 3,661,848 4.09 14,977 185,791 164,058 282,900 5.72 1,618 188,037 162,591 4,206,817 2.38 10,012 186,406 164,934 391,114 4.96 1,940 186,837 162,009 667,314 1.83 1,221 187,334 166,234 425,717 4.71 2,005 186,215 161,361 83,086 2.48 20 187,406 165,027 287,698 5.65 1,625 185,252 160,788 547,945 3.55 1,945 190,608 168,188 [.ccicccscmen]|ccrsnnsmmnmefnnmmmmnsn 183,976 160,091 538,048 2.73 1,469 192,931 168,029 184,565 159,751 464,177 3.85 1,787 194,505 172,230 184,404 159,481 261,107 7.65 1,997 167,977 147,820 183,938 158,800 135,088 5.37 725 150,832 132,732 184,124 158,759 191,725 3.85 738 106,994 94,159 85,693 75,352 1 Under Act of March 1, 1911, as amended by Act of June 7, 1924, and other related acts. Series F 74-87.—NATIONAL FOREST GRAZING, ROADS AND TRAILS, AND VISITORS; FOREST TREES PLANTED ON FARM LANDS: 1905 TO 1945 [For fiscal year ending June 30, unless otherwise specified | NATIONAL FORESTS FOREST TREES PLANTED ON FARM LANDS Number of livestock Roads and trails Visits for utilization of recreation resources 2 Costs permitted to graze Trott under pay permits ! Roads oral Utilization of— Visits by _ Fiscal | ——— Trails, | Expendi- ota highways, | | %t2 Federal | State YEAR Cattle, | Sheep Con- Better- | construc-| tures, on Inova Sow roads, and ei 4 Total contri- | expendi- horses) and sire. ment tion total resources | recreation | recreation Tater bution ture and swine goa on areas resources 74 75 76 79 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Thous. Thous. Miles Miles Miles dollars v18it8 vi8ils v18ils visits trees dollars dollars dollars 1945... 1,206 3,889 258 138 7 8,407 10,074 5,072 5,002 14,530 37,748 572 114 458 1944____ 1,226 4,280 327 306 98 9,349 7,152 3,585 3,567 10,967 37,980 463 119 344 1948.... 1,212 4,539 243 360 183 7,493 6,274 3,412 2,862 10,916 46,351 448 115 333 1,191 4,758 590 678 432 12,527 10,407 6,066 4,341 16,852 74,219 527 115 412 1,176 4,787 1,279 1,466 712 18,952 18,005 10,688 7,317 28,079 97,650 526 113 413 1,177 4,949 1,709 1,945 2,221 23,511 16,163 13,053 3,110 22,270 87,468 524 140 384 1,209 5,132 2,442 2,170 3,185 26,237 14,332 11,466 2,866 20,471 64,213 398 97 301 1,250 5,307 2,379 2,427 2,378 28,973 14,496 10,810 3,686 18,260 55,360 365 70 295 1,284 5,485 3,748 2,661 2,288 35,603 11,860 8,837 3,023 18,970 41,698 321 71 251 1936... 1,311 5,645 5,912 [iaiocasus 1,965 54,222 10,781 8,233 2,548 11,166 35,648 | 251 55 196 1985... - 1,345 5,691 8,740 3,261 53,868 9,719 7,722 1,996 7,105 26,150 206 55 151 1934. ___ 1,419 6,161 12,530 2,525 50,066 8,581 6,953 1,628 4,646 20,208 199 53 146 1933_:__ 1,399 6,162 4,455 5,514 17,009 8,166 6,576 1,590 5,198 21,970 273 7 196 1082... 1,397 6,321 3,174 6,895 18,950 7,896 6,227 1,669 6,383 23,497 298 94 204 1981... 1,376 6,608 4,238 8,612 19,280 8,074 5,959 2,115 45,250 25,510 339 91 248 1980.... 1,358 6,714 1,726 6,176 10,356 6,911 5,253 1,658 45,450 25,836 403 81 322 1920... 1,399 6,964 2,013 7,453 11,185 7,132 4,959 2,173 45,380 25,243 370 75 295 1928... . 1,415 6,784 1,538 6,462 9,976 6,550 4,783 1,767 43,590 28,757 371 69 302 1927... 1,486 6,704 1,370 4,987 10,892 6,136 4,469 1,667 42,690 27,866 313 71 242 1926... 1,559 6,503 1,931 4,694 11,862 6,044 4,460 1,584 42,400 22,610 268 45 223 1925. _ __ 1,621 6,432 1,800 (.______.__ 4,086 12,835 5,623 4,217 1,406 BOA le TL 1924... 1,753 6,597 58,223 |...uuuem 517,411 544,057 4,660 3,460 1,200 $ LAB0 | iain Rn rR i fe maar 1923... 1,864 6,712 g 1922... 1,987 6,892 19%1....0 2,080 6,980 Series F 75—75.—NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK PERMITTED TO GRAZE, ETc.—CON. 19206 __ 96 557 = 1920... 2.121 7,325 Cattle, horses, and swine| Sheep and goats Cattle, horses, and swine | Sheep and goats 1919... 2,234 7,996 FISCAL YEAR FISCAL YEAR 1918... 2,243 74 75 74 75 INT... 2,054 1916... 1,861 Thous. Thous. Thous. Thous. 1,503 7,652 1,382 7,087 1915... 1,727 1,448 7,449 1,200 6,657 1914____ 1,620 1,498 7,649 1,015 5,762 1913____ 1,557 1,586 7,820 692 1,710 ! Figures for 1921-1945 are for calendar years. ¢ Adjusted from figures which included sightseers and transients. 3 Figures for 1924-1932 and 1939-1945 are for calendar years. 5 Comprises total for all years prior to 1925. 3 Provided by the Clarke-McNary law, Act of June 7, 1924, and the Norris- ¢ Last 6 months of calendar year. Doxey law, Act of May 18, 1937. 123 Data: F 88-108 LAND, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES Series F 88-102.—NATIONAL FORESTS—TIMBER CUT AND RECEIPTS: 1905 TO 1945 [Volume in millions of board feet; value in thousands of dollars] FISCAL YEAR Total TIMBER CUT—VOLUME AND VALUE Commercial sales Cost sales Land exchanges Mise. forest Free use ? Total Volume | Value ! Volume | Value Volume Value | Volume | Value products, value! | Volume Value receipts RECEIPTS FROM NATIONAL FORESTS Timber | Grazing | Other use use use 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 - w © ~ SS ! Includes materials not measurable in board feet, such as Christmas trees, tan- bark, turpentine, seedlings, Spanish moss, etc. 2 Fiscal year data, 1905 to 1920, and 1933 to 1946. Calendar year data, 1922 to 1922. Figures for 1921 are for 18-month period, July 1, 1920, to Dec. 51, 1921. Figures for both 1932 (calendar year) and 1933 (fiscal year) include data for 6-month period, July 1 to Dec. 1, 1932. Series F 103-108.—NATIONAL FORESTS—PAYMENTS TO STATES AN D TERRITORIES, AND ALLOTMENTS TO FOREST SERVICE: 1906 TO 1945 [In thousands of dollars] 3 Includes free use not reducible to board feet. Value in dollars as follows: 1934, $146; 1935, $870; 1937, $1,969; 1938, $3,643; 1940, $3,774; 1944, $7,304; and 1945, $8,291 4 Includes land-exchanges figures from beginning of exchange cuttings. 5 Estimated. PAYMENTS TO STATES AND TERRITORIES ALLOTMENTS TO FOREST SERVICE PAYMENTS TO STATES AND TERRITORIES | . Total | 25 ferasnd | Cee | Rospndl Try Total | 25 gy “roads and’ of percent ew Mexico otal oads an tion of otal percent ew Mexico FISCAL YEAR fund! | school fund? trails? lands¢ FISCAL YEAR fund! | school fund? | trails’ 103 104 105 106 107 108 103 104 105 107 4,039 4,003 36 1,601 1.600 oe 1,271 1,243 28 497 244 O44 |--cce tie po —878 98 5 —976 1,347 1,302 45 521 3,933 3,895 38 1,558 1,888 ra 1,371 1,321 50 529 2,503 2,476 27 1,117 990 127 882 846 36 339 1,693 1,670 23 1,130 668 462 1,083 1,023 60 409 1,569 1,546 23 1,093 618 475 1,253 1,180 73 472 1,456 1,433 23 678 573 105 1,149 1,070 79 428 1,216 1,192 24 587 477 110 946 876 70 351 1,167 1,136 31 516 454 62 911 849 62 340 1,243 1,215 28 536 486 50 737 696 41 278 1,028 996 32 446 398 48 649 611 38 244 538 517 21 327 327 640 599 41 240 844 821 23 329 329 633 587 46 235 679 651 28 260 260 554 518 36 207 589 568 21 227 227 515 485 BO occas 1,272 1,241 31 496 496 511 510 i mm 1,719 1,678 41 671 671 1,606 1,565 41 626 626 1906-1909. 1,117 ART No cri cnste | mms mmninin 1,387 1,351 36 540 540 1,311 1,285 26 514 514 1,209 1,285 14 514 514 ! Under Act of May 23, 1908. 3 Under Act of June 20, 1910. 3 Roads and trails on National Forest lands i in States ahd Territories from which moneys were received, under Act of March 4, 1913. 124 4 Acquisition of lands (under various acts) in States and Territories from which moneys were received. 5 Supplemental distribution previously withheld because of acquisition laws. FORESTRY Data: F 109-131 Series F 109-122.—LUMBER PRODUCTION AND PRICES: 1799 TO 1945 LUMBER PRODUCTION (1,000 FEET, BOARD MEASURE) PRICE PER 1,000 FEET, BOARD MEASURE Stumpage ! Log ? Lumber 3 YEAR Total Soft- Hard- woods woods All Soft- Hard- Mixed All Soft- Hard- Mixed All Soft- Hard- species woods woods species woods woods 8 species woods woods 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 28,122 ,344/21,139,872| 6,982,472 $3.33 $3.02 $9.97 $8.61 $32.29 $22.90 $47.51 $28.86 “4 4 (4 32,937 ,549(25,159,695| 7,777,854 4) “ *) 4 9 4 4 4 1 (4 4 34,288,757(26,917,342| 7,371,415 3 ‘ 36,332,248(29,510,184| 6,822,064 36,537,629/|29,866,602| 6,671,027 31,159,126/25,622,110| 5,537,016 28,754 ,615/23,290,698| 5,463,917 24,825,497(19,954,881| 4,870,616 29,003,953|23,148 ,214| 5,855,739 27,626 ,440|22,025,168| 5,601,272 22,948 ,833|18,195,665| 4,748,168 18,826,306|14,617,862| 4,208,444 17,150,575(138,785,975| 8,864,600 13,628,742/10,801,823| 2,721,919 19,997,432|15,886,696| 4,110,736 29,3858,021(23,228,096| 6,129,925 38,745,275|30,836,328| 7,908,947 36,750,123(29,852,517| 6,897,606 37,250,420(29,975,687| 7,274,733 39,749,930(32,078,306| 7,671,624 40,999 ,641(33,283,465| 7,716,176 39,499 ,986|31,549,270| 7,950,716 40,999,505|33,219,928| 7,779,577 35,249 ,888|28,921,627| 6,328,261 28,999,864 (23 ,443,921| 5,555,943 34,999,800(27,610,276| 7,389,524 34,552,076/27,407,180| 7,144,946 31,890,494(25,667,531| 6,222,963 35,831,239(29,174,122| 6,657,117 39,807,251(31,331,900| 8,475,351 37,011,656|29,484,763| 7,526,898 40,500,000(31,481,000| 9,019,000 44,000,000(34,065,000| 9,935,000 45,000,000|34,695,000/|10,305,000 43,000,000{33,020,000| 9,980,000 44,500,000(34,029,000(10,471,000 44,509 ,761|33,896,959|10,612,802 42,000,000(31,945,000(10,055,000 46,000,000(34,946,000(11,054,000 46,000,000{34,900,000{11,100,000, 43,500,000(32,960,000/10,540,000 43 i ,000(32 1538 ,000(10 2 ,000 (f) 9 {0 * (5) © ® 10. 4 35,077,595/|26,871,336| 8,706,259 27,038 ,784|20,024,734| 7,014,000 18,125,432(13,334,432| 4,791,000 12,755,543] 9,252,543 3,503,000 8,029,000( 5,802,000| 2,227,000 5,392,000( 4,075,000f 1,817,000 1839_.____| 1,604,000( 1,275,000 329,000 1829 a 850,000 702,000 148,000 1819 - 550,000 469,000 81,000 1809 " 400,000 344,000 56,000] 1799 i 300,000 263,000 37,000 10. S. average of all sales, standing timber. 3 U. S. average of all sales; f.o.b. the mill. ? Average of Eastern (east of the Great Plains only) species; f.o.b. the mill. 4 Data not available. Series F 123-131.— FOREST PRODUCTS=WOOD PROD gis TREATED WITH PRESERVATIVES: 9 1945 [ In’ cubic feet ] Construction| Miscellaneous Total Crossties | Switch ties ! Piles Poles ? Wood blocks | Cross arms timbers material YEAR 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 279,449,934 140,205,531 9,899,799 | 20,524,583 | 74,391,434 3,293,955 1,469,390 9,802,809 | 19,863,433 277,686,727 [159,133,794 | 11,022,845 | 18,366,084 | 52,691,285 2,465,200 1,440,327 | 10,404,609 | 22,162,583 -|261,138,980 [144,687,201 | 11,583,243 | 20,688,032 | 35,696,742 7,984,287 868,691 | 13,478,044 | 26,152,740 312,934,621 (162,526,140 | 13,948,134 | 28,525,800 | 50,606,142 | 10,687,470 710,763 | 16,778,072 | 29,152,100 319,164,422 (142,992,057 | 11,856,495 | 21,573,674 | 90,028,576 7,473,624 1,159,865 | 15,838,092 | 28,242,539 265,473,149 [127,999,794 8,859,145 | 15,659,660 | 74,129,498 2,730,021 674,988 | 12,496,453 | 22,923,595 -|245,219,878 [107,246,535 8,519,314 | 14,645,775 | 81,572,857 1,757,235 418,635 | 12,835,444 | 18,224,583 244,221,442 (133,796,034 8,779,343 8,624,151 | 62,393,355 2,368,790 355,038 | 15,628,080 | 12,276,651 -|265,794,186 [134,409,717 9,614,801 | 11,969,103 | 74,230,130 2,903,145 751,595 | 18,746,745 | 13,168,950 222,463,994 [118,856,387 8,602,445 | 12,930,368 | 54,898,765 2,115,243 604,047 | 20,430,971 9,025,768 1 Included in construction timbers prior to 1925. ? Includes both full-length pressure-treated poles and nonpressure (butt-treated) poles. 125 Data: F 123-142 LAND, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES Series F 123-131.—FOREST PRODUCTS—WOOD PRODUCTS TREATED WITH PRESERVATIVES: 1909 TO 1945—Con. [ In cubic feet ] Total Crossties Switch ties! Piles Poles ? Wood blocks Cross arms | Construction | Miscellaneous YEAR timbers material 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 179,483,970 103,509,441 7,836,488 8,574,542 35,793,120 1,483,810 351,476 15,683,306 6,206,787 155,105,723 85,378,761 6,778,494 8,638,674 32,070,440 1,042,902 518,988 15,285,484 5,391,980 125,955,828 68,089,695 5,430,278 6,203,613 30,120,834 388,537 313,440 12,156,752 3,252,679 157,418,589 105,136,449 8,603,872 6,815,532 21,947,200 490,184 370,904 10,120,582 3,933,866 233,334,302 145,833,492 10,897,532 12,119,880 39,966,062 1,256,567 319,625 16,624,072 6,317,072 332,318,577 189,801,321 14,622,713 17,027,153 75,258,146 5,012,445 1,299,246 19,013,369 10,284,184 362,009,047 213,069,309 14,425,642 17,126,794 77,154,317 6,852,130 1,957,431 20,203,811 11,219,613 335,920,379 210,343,215 14,533,450 13,665,394 64,325,976 3,676,312 1,207,512 20,157,747 8,010,773 345,685,804 222,695,520 15,200,934 11,660,322 64,028,607 5,271,420 1,008,192 17,344,062 8,476,747 289,322,079 187,963,614 13,177,386 12,420,977 49,511,088 3,689,424 1,344,406 17,969,901 3,245,283 274,474,539 187,691,733 13,616,760 9,636,747 42,204,413 3,408,489 621,705 14,375,693 2,918,999 268,583,235 187,898,130 11,685,756 36,716,768 4,191,560 517,811 24,291,231 3,281,979 224,375,468 160,830,525 9,569,443 26,886,904 4,932,307 420,206 18,837,795 2,898,288 166,620,347 123,949,422 7,496,789 17,008,640 3,947,551 374,829 12,713,080 1,130,036 201,643,228 166,150,545 5,591,999 10,959,256 6,202,904 108,715 11,876,708 753,101 173,309,505 184,962,806 aia 8,092,546 10,309,746 6,741,410 318,707 11,645,811 1,238,689 146,060,994 112,708,781 |-~-e=nsmmmmmm 9,168,950 6,661,266 4,713,678 75,310 12,061,873 676,136 122,612,890 91,827 821 [onc vm mmm 8,309,372 4,615,770 6,297,294 423,371 10,215,593 923,863 137,338,586 100,378,410 |. one 8,586,012 6,725,503 9,085,230 256,038 11,495,076 812,317 150,522,982 112,408,004 1. concn 8,582,834 6,747,082 9,944,684 180,844 11,574,101 1,085,333 140,858,963 111,256,755 6,295,284 2,512,780 7,707,971 90,627 11,834,087 1,161,456 159,582, 639 131,540,961 8,061,902 1,482,407 6,869,370 417,914 9,847,801 1,362,289 153,613,088 120,781,248 7,957,922 2,500,420 6,855,493 1,824,719 11,653,628 2,039,654 125,931,056 97,183,009 7,737,035 1,188,579 7,397,095 1,643,128 7,793,524 2,988,688 111,524,563 85,182,420 4,937,363 106,213 10,145,724 71,961 8,460,956 2,619,926 100,074,144 78,467,081 |.ccucaaiinaaa 5,257,646 255,597 4,692,453 88,069 8,523,929 2,789,419 75,946,419 62,079,036 | ...ocooonaoa 4,421,726 659,554 2,994,290 41,764 5,286,120 463,819 I Included in construction timbers prior to 1925. 2 Includes both full-length pressure-treated poles and nonpressure (butt-treated) poles. Series F 132-142.—FOREST PRODUCTS—PULPWOOD, WOOD PULP, PAPER AND PAPERBOARD, AND GUM AND WOOD NAVAL STORES: 1898 TO 1945 [ Cords of 128 cu. ft.; short tons of 2,000 pounds. Naval store year ends March 31 ] PAPER AND PAPERBOARD GUM AND WOOD NAVAL STORES PRODUCTION Pulpwood Wood-pulp Estimated Consmnnps Turpentine (50 gal. bbls.) Rosin (drums 520 lbs. net) consumption production Produciion total con- ton he YEAR nee capita Total From gum | From wood Total From gum | From wood 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 Cords Short tons Shert tons Short tons Pounds Barrels Barrels Barrels Drums Drums Drums 16,911,861 10,167,200 17,370,965 19,665,487 281.6 471,243 245,194 226,049 | 1,317,912 692,212 625,700 16,757,400 10,108,443 17,182,804 19,445,164 285.8 508,452 288,382 220,050 | 1,362,831 783,565 579,266 15,644,500 9,680,462 17,035,688 19,436,384 284.8 560,351 321,930 238,421 | 1,655,803 868,698 787,105 17,275,000 10,783,430 17,083,862 19,779,838 293.6 548,796 285,050 263,746 | 1,708,474 791,710 916,764 16,580,000 10,375,422 17,762,365 20,421,466 306.6 566,341 343,938 222,403 | 1,717,492 938,911 778,581 13,742,958 8,959,559 14,483,709 16,747,980 254.2 604,778 382,781 221,997 | 1,835,177 | 1,054,236 780,941 10,816,466 6,993,334 13,509,642 15,948,557 243.6 709,218 534,291 174,927 | 2,089,913 | 1,466,344 623,569 9,193,991 5,933,560 11,380,814 13,525,739 208.2 700,331 518,454 181,877 | 2,049,573 | 1,388,343 661,230 10,393,800 6,572,918 12,837,003 16,027,993 248.8 634,520 482,787 151,733 | 1,865,570 | 1,286,347 579,223 8,715,916 5,695,219 11,975,552 14,643,735 228.6 602,908 497,000 105,908 | 1,821,193 | 1,360,950 460,243 7,628,274 4,925,669 10,479,095 12,650,357 198.8 603,093 510,000 93,093 | 1,783,298 | 1,387,200 396,098 6,796,659 4,436,128 9,186,598 11,283,351 178.4 624,761 526,000 98,761 | 1,837,870 | 1,430,448 407,422 6,581,674 4,276,204 9,190,017 10,901,526 173.6 575,131 501,000 74,131 | 1,658,664 | 1,362,720 295,944 5,633,123 3,760,267 7,997,872 9,717,581 155.6 551,068 500,000 51,068 | 1,582,980 | 1,332,000 250,980 6,722,766 4,409,344 9,381,840 11,340,686 182.8 676,366 600,000 76,366 [ 1,951,133 | 1,600,000 351,133 7,195,524 4,630,308 10,169,140 12,309,279 200.4 710,736 625,000 85,736 | 2,038,229 | 1,664,800 373,429 7,645,011 4,862,885 11,140,235 13,414,033 220.2 637,896 560,000 77,896 | 1,837,323 | 1,492,000 345,323 7,160,100 4,510,800 10,403,338 12,450,940 206.6 726,948 650,000 76,948 | 2,059,579 | 1,732,000 327,579 6,750,935 4,213,403 10,002,070 11,923,145 200.2 580,298 510,000 70,298 | 1,652,384 | 1,360,000 292,384 6,766,007 4,394,766 9,794,086 11,579,689 197.2 538,643 480,000 58,643 | 1,506,803 | 1,279,200 227,603 6,093,821 3,962,217 9,001,742 10,413,218 179.6 587,025 530,000 57,025 | 1,618,024 | 1,412,000 206,024 5,768,082 3,723,266 7,929,985 9,280,987 162.6 608,400 565,000 43,400 | 1,666,160 | 1,504,800 161,360 5,872,870 3,788,672 7,870,756 9,190,759 164.0 553,473 520,000 33,473 | 1,517,716 | 1,384,800 132,916 5,548,842 3,521,644 6,874,834 7,855,930 142.6 508,686 500,000 8,686 | 1,373,517 | 1,332,000 41,517 4,557,179 2,875,601 5,333,397 +6,038,242 111.2 540,961 525,000 15,961 | 1,469,867 | 1,398,400 71,467 6,114,072 3,821,704 7,185,122 7,687,068 145.4 420,838 400,000 20,838 | 1,157,565 | 1,065,600 91,965 5,477,832 3,517,952 5,966,076 6,275,337 120.0 359,353 340,000 19,353 993,745 905,600 88,145 5,250,794 3,313,861 5,937,897 6,309,921 122.2 548,200 520,000 28,200 | 1,513,073 | 1,384,800 128,273 5,480,075 3,509,939 5,803,808 6,089,369 117.8 625,627 610,000 15,627 | 1,697,011 | 1,625,600 71,411 5,228,558 3,435,001 [©] 2) (2) 537,014 530,000 7,014 | 1,442,687 | 1,412,000 30,687 a RE he mT 0 EE oom rc 2 Bt et 566,461 560,000 6,461 | 1,519,170 | 1,492,000 27,170 4,470,763 2,893,150 5,152,705 5,385,769 108.6 694,532 675,000 19,532 | 1,901,734 | 1,798,400 103,334 Rc ir er oe ie re 729,800 715,000 14,800 | 1,983,520 | 1,904,800 78,720 a a Vg tt pi i me 663,500 660,000 3,500 | 1,776,960 | 1,758,400 18,560 4,328,052 2,686,134 *) [©] (2) 616,700 615,000 1,700 | 1,649,040 | 1,637,600 11,440 4,094,306 2,533,976 (2) (2) (2) €00,000 600,000 1,600,000 | 1,600,000 4,001,607 2,495,523 4,121,495 4,108,503 90.8 750,000 750,000 1,998,400 | 1,998,400 3,346,953 2,118,947 (3) (2) (2) 585,000 585,000 1,558,400 | 1,558,400 3,962,660 2,547,879 (2) % * 588,000 588,000 1,566,400 | 1,566,400 3,661,176 2,327,844 2) 2) (2) 590,000 590,000 1,571,000 | 1,571,000 1 Production plus imports minus exports. Changes in inventories not taken into account. 2 Data not available. 126 / FORESTRY Data: B 132-154 Series F 132-142.—FOREST PRODUCTS—PULPWOOD, WOOD PULP, PAPER AND PAPERBOARD, AND GUM AND WOOD NAVAL STORES: 1898 TO 1945—Con. [Cords of 128 cu. ft.; short tons of 2,000 pounds. Naval store year ends March 31] PAPER AND PAPERBOARD GUM AND WOOD NAVAL STORES PRODUCTION Pulpwood Wood-pulp Estimated | Congsump- Turpentine (50 gal. bbls.) Rosin (drums 520 lbs. net) YEAR consumption | production Protuction total con- tion per sumption or capita Total From gum | From wood Total From gum | From wood new supply ! 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 : Cords Short tons Short ions Short tons Pounds Barrels Barrels ‘Drums Drums 3,192,002 2,084,482 2 2 2 600,000 600,000 1,600,000 | 1,600,000 3,050,717 1,921,768 L 3,106,696 3,059,849 74.4 545,000 545,000 1,452,000 | 1,452,000 1,548,000 | 1,548,000 1,600,000 | 1,600,000 - 1,652,000 | 1,652,000 535,000 585,000 |....connnes 1,425,600 | 1,425,600 525,000 525,000 1,398,400 | 1,398,400 500,000 500,000 1,332,000 | 1,332,000 1 Production plus imports minus exports. Changes in inventories not taken into account. ? Data not available. Series F 143-150.—FOREST FIRES—NUMBER AND AREA BURNED OVER: 1906 TO 1945 [ Figures for Federal lands are for continental United States only; those for State and private lands include Hawaii] PROTROTED duos UNPROTECTED AREA,? PROTECTED AREA, National forest lands Other Federal lands ! | State and private lands | State and private lands NATIONAL FOREST LANDS CALENDAR Area © Area Area Area CALENDAR Area YEAR Fires burned Fires burned Fires burned Fires burned YEAR Fires burned over over over over over 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 143 144 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 acres Number acres Number acres Number acres 176 8,539 445 48,176 2,456 68,013 251 209 8,985 375 56,148 2.301 66,096 602 234 9,892 702 78,815 3,860 121,619 264 349 9,946 576 75,843 3,863 122,429 373 204 10,013 438 80,983 3,137 108,706 376 228 14,085 486 78,518 | 2,930 107,824 342 291 12,376 523 85,657 3.266 114,638 2,007 175 9,876 316 76,323 2,623 146,030 695 72 9,468 90 54,292 1,254 121,449 963 281 11,147 425 73,706 3,792 141,432 300 168 7,974 218 54,580 2,311 77,743 279 5565 8,072 659 61,246 3,514 93,345 385 132 4,533 381 48,754 3,342 87,435 334 373 4,937 418 55,563 3,234 105,899 189 533 5,726 552 56,448 5,854 125,040 470 138 (3) (3) 70,832 5,809 120,148 4,134 799 (3) 3) 44,076 4,876 90,819 299 399 * (%) 39,260 4,111 136,674 415 170 (®) (2) 35,300 2,784 123,138 213 7 *) *) 33,867 4,755 57,926 115 ! Includes National Forests, Interior. Soil Conservation Service, TVA, Public 2 Based on State estimates. Domain, ete. 3 Included in State and private lands, protected area. Series F 151-154.—FOREST FIRES—EXPENDITURES FOR CONTROL ON STATE AND PRIVATE LANDS: 1912 TO 1945 [In thousands of dollars. Includes Hawaii. Expenditures began under Weeks Law in 1912, and under Clarke-McNary Law, Section 2, in 1926 | Federal State Federal State Federal State FISCAL Total partici- expendi- Private FISCAL Total partiei- expendi- Private FISCAL Total partici- expendi- YEAR “pation tures agencies YEAR pation tures agencies YEAR pation tures 151 152 153 154 151 152 153 154 151 152 153 1945_____ 14,601 5,925 6,562 2,114 11933. .... 4,594 1.452 2,270 378 1,897 1944_____ 13,960 5,870 6,351 1,730 1 1922... 5,943 1,573 1,174 108 1,066 1043_____ 13,748 4,624 6,714 2,405 | 1931..... 6,548 1,537 1942. __ 11,168 2,703 6,272 2,193 945 85 860 sf)..... 9,278 1.979 299 1930... 5,270 1,252 718 93 625 1929. _... 4,111 1,069 666 92 574 1940. ____ 9,188 1,988 7,200 1028. .... 3,941 868 521 86 435 1939. .... 8,410 1,793 6,617 1027. .... 3,144 607 492 85 407 1088..... 6,911 1,463 5,448 1926... 2,460 585 1987. owe 6,852 1,473 5,379 886 68 1818 1936... .-- 5,222 1,427 3,795 1925... 2,205 361 699 70 1629 1924... 1,837 364 660 287 1603 1935____. 5,588 1,457 4,131 19238... .. 2,194 368 285 251 1284 1984. .... 5,263 1,468 3,795 ! Calendar year data. ? Excludes administration and inspection costs. 127 Data: F 155-165 LAND, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES Series F 155-159.—FISHERIES—YIELD AND DISPOSITION OF CATCH, UNITED STATES AND ALASKA: 1929 TO 1945 [In millions of pounds. Data are partly estimated | DISPOSITION DISPOSITION DISPOSITION Total By- Total ; By- Total By- Fresh Fresh Fresh catch | “214 |Canned| Cured | Prod- catch | “3nd |Canned| Cured | Prod- catch | “303 |Canned| Cured | Prod- YEAR ucts YEAR ucts YEAR ucts frozen and bait frozen and bait frozen and bait 155 | 156 | 157 | 158 | 159 156 | 157 | 158 | 159 155 | 156 | 157 | 158 | 159 4,570 | 1,841 | 1,230 | 110 | 1,389 1,366 | 1,281 | 130 | 1,666 || 1933____| 2,933 | 1,012 | 901 | 135 | 795 4504 | 1/589 | 1,225 | 110 | 1.580 1.355 | 1,234 | 180 | 1.534 || 1932-7 2.614 | 1082 | 787 | 140 | 655 4,202 | 1.495 | 1,165 | 114 | 1.428 1.339 | 1.356 | 130 | 1.528 || 1931-77 2.657 | 1,121 | 962 | 130 | 444 3877 | 1,407 | 1,230 | 115 | 1.125 1,321 | 1,459 | 135 | 1.845 5.080 | 1.660 | 1.645 | 125 | 1.650 1930____| 3,287 | 1,380 | 1,077 | 145 | 676 1935... 2 4,066 | 1,250 | 1,220 | 130 | 1,466 || 1920°°"7| 3/567 | 1,352 | 1.286 | 150 | 779 4,060 | 1,461 | 1,280 | 130 | 1,189 || 1934-72011 4058 | 1,087 | 1,293 | 130 | 1.548 Series F 160-165.—FISHERIES—CATCH, UNITED STATES AND ATLANTIC COAST: 1804 TO 1945 UNITED STATES CATCH ATLANTIC COAST CATCH UNITED STATES CATCH ATLANTIC COAST CATCH YEAR Menhaden| Whales YEAR Menhaden Haddock Shad Tocelved Killed Mackerel Cod Haddock Shad rereived Mackerel Cod 160 161 162 163 164 165 160 161 162 164 165 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 pounds pounds fish Number pounds pounds pounds nds pounds 101,927 oegene 1,132,946 0 |. coon on-fomepmmaninn 60,900 20,836 | 146,978 140,538 18,319 [1,023,851 5 74,019 95,159 54,300 24,496 132,100 125,693 14,168 918,738 29 59,046 70,066 73,300 27, '878 Yea 11,749 122,900 145,687 15,086 708,688 26 51,074 69,576 cena 10,440 (1,156,846 Pill ener wna nb 78,000 27,999 22,316 | 117,240 59,500 28,169 19,562 | 121,200 136,800 12,608 | 947,148 29 40,631 85,928 50,700 33,656 25,560 | 137,500 156,600 12,450 | 857,948 21,008 32,694 | 113,265 48,400 38,942 19,312 | 154,506 154,200 11,517 | 772,438 21,338 43,289 | 129,233 40,400 44,368 34,769 | 156,900 155,700 10,861 | 789,853 22,650 26,601 | 141,021 162,700 9,028 | 770,305 2B 1... no rdw mmm mma 45,900 45,799 1. naan 45,831 | 159,600 49,500 A O82. mmm 13,481 199,100 177,200 10,650 648,337 21,989 65,080 [. eenienwi 47,200 48,314 542,500 10,047 156,801 144,500 11,073 | 772,244 BES le ncnmmtnm=|-emsgnaese 45,600 49,378 | 584,303 10,601 | 149,500 145,970 11,206 533,919 669 41,537 107,100 45,200 48,118 401,426 35,300 172,900 146,065 11,161 560,417 382 60,854 93,800 171,420 13, "841 352,884 319 47,392 103,300 56,800 46,678 461,747 11,975 196,600 61,000 45,528 | 533,362 22,541 185,200 287,508 18,417 | 611,213 536 62,546 | 112,400 49,700 44,369 | 366,407 25,234 | 174,800 257,727 17,235 | 660,363 655 66,909 95,900 52,200 43,215 | 223,624 21,963 | 184,600 217,400 18,457 540,617 1,107 44,904 107,800 54,700: 1. nine 355,139 20,804 194 1400 174,200 18,725 586,214 1,011 60,339 116,300 126.500 15,351 | 571,315 1,360 68,299 | 143,600 50,200 533,686 8,641 | 199,800 46,000 555,320 10,524 | 205,153 119,100 15,536 794,206 988 49,207 126,600 47,100 439,389 18,076 245,275 107,900 14,830 513,857 989 26,430 116,814 41,000 333,565 33,143 259,322 98,200 14,224 1,110,291 1,102 83,900 | 117,100 41,300 283,106 80,000 87,600 14,431 (1,212,451 1,363 12,750 | 106,100 81,000 14, 1429 1,031,541 1,856 10,035 102,100 41,500 i.e 479,214 123,728 | 269,300 41,800 858,593 179,279 | 274,800 613,462 85,007 | 279,400 346,639 142,074 | 284,400 454,192 146,871 | 289,400 776,875 131,128 | 294,351 82,725 88,500 15,782 89,700 15,707 74,300 16,225 61,900 18,065 68,700 19, 1905 129 19,264 108,900 1,624 14,480 111,345 1,436 20,167 119,400 1,187 36,919 105,200 673 29,657 91,900 71,400 21,744 1,060 23,262 98,900 767,779 71,000 22,878 1,164 20,983 104,000 587,642 66,900 23,012 1,426 13,517 108,800 512, 1450 76,300 23,647 755 10,161 | 124,200 68,900 24,280 1,155 12,061 127,600 563,327 492,878 62,500 £24,916 l...oecenr™ 1,451 5,665 | 146,200 397,700 55,600 25,850: |.cueamem=n 1,131 16,959 | 169,000 Mackerel Mackerel Mackerel Mackerel Mackerel Mackerel YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR 164 164 164 164 164 164 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 unds nds ounds poun pounds nds 80,612 107,856 137,847 %9,815 1 1828... 116,414 614 121, 1340 ,68 115,275 87,703 1,719 60,225 82,149 89,146 66,359 2,692 146,554 77,205 115,725 73,354 7,963 106,252 98,076 92,580 102,020 50,802 81,716 39,531 101,800 5,744 95,697 96,997 29,495 175,522 52,920 4,039 108,204 61,939 34,571 45,814 3,491 61,020 25,415 141,161 21,210 4,258 121,717 90,664 108,414 17,098 3,764 126,961 150,671 23,107 108,605 14,173 140,466 83,986 87,088 3,924 119,380 111,007 50,678 72,644 7,349 8,597 88,910 95,620 63,224 1 Preliminary. in the year the season opened. 2 Includes the catch made off Australia and in the Antarctic. The catch in these 3 Includes 5,096,000 miscellaneous fish. waters, which was made during the season from December to March, is included 128 FISHERIES Data: F 166-188 Series F 166-188.—FISHERIES—CATCH OF PRINCIPAL SPECIES BY REGIONS: 1880 TO 1945 | All figures, except value, in thousands of pounds ] NEW ENGLAND STATES MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES CHESAPEAKE BAY STATES YEAR Total Haddock Rosefish Herting, Cod Flounder Lobster Total Oysters Total Oysters Crabs 168 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 2 ee mse jure gpm pm 181,280 1... ovo cnrrlcnesrsessne]csntprensns veveonnpnns |evsvressuns|snvrsnnsrnel 506,460 32,570 40,822 718,692 133,065 120,216 83,460 93,766 58,311 17,208 422,980 18,125 267,391 29,847 44,618 645,591 117,216 114,787 60,148 65,540 66,194 15,651 321,026 12,676 (3 @ 705,085 137,409 128, 1090 99,676 65,092 75,313 11,792 319,193 12,106 202,240 28,722 35,783 ie = Ew [Lr 1 wd Ln vr mn wo | 328,155 35,439 30,238 626,054 141,193 85,142 44,053 82,289 57,572 11,165 355,553 13,984 320,736 87,457 41,816 663,866 157,812 77,375 75,188 105,417 45,833 11,312 280,052 11,653 323,653 36,847 57,047 631,520 157,985 65,005 21,047 118,385 46,836 11,408 216,858 16,144 294,594 33,412 55,071 670,864 169,487 58,356 53,042 134,605 48,202 10,936 264,652 14,617 292,244 31,715 49,115 em ml a we fe ier we wf J mm me mw [0 mm fm mn 314,095 30,313 43,671 J y 279,438 14,811 265,827 29,901 41,034 mpmerrngnne| serene eran ler agen mmm mame e nme a sme = . 6 we a |v 289,011 85,786 39,797 499,936 160,106 264 48,086 99,632 169,754 13,938 272,380 25,153 56,076 480,521 150,468 125 38,074 86,276 141,221 15,026 359,007 27,890 61,512 34,680 181,140 237 63,907 92,525 151,340 21,546 285,623 32,311 64,617 695,304 264,549 82,901 101, 2 170,058 21,516 308,158 36,724 68,760 688,893 598,841 164,858 29,214 264,697 33,138 60,178 48,383 29,601 52,316 22,700 97,963" 121,700 85,886 460,292 512,406 ,484 217,787 362,598 95,967 3 15,849 259,038 30, 1428 320,819 108,397 10,400 Es ew i | Rm 293,508 29,102 324,824 111,305 9,469 164,123 269,737 DO0BTY nem pwrmmno len emammmasn]=n=n nme 52,531 | 196,280 281.761 37,871 | 212,984 82,250 o) 42.817 | 207,458 219,019 39,275 | 202,832 74,700 ® ef Sra ir Lint mm mE AY A AYE EE A Sn a Pe ER 412,127 28,397 | 249,931 | 117,405 ® SOUTH ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC COATT ETT Creat Laks MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND GULF STATES Total catch Pilchard Mackeich at Tuna 84 national lakes TRISUTANIS . i or ackere almon tunalike of northern YEaR Taal Shrimp Quantity Pr sardine fishes Minnesota Toa Pi 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 746,027 189,024 | 1,428,278 62,694 849,971 58,717 %. 249 183,588 ®) ( 1,675,794 59,802 | 1,147,295 83,657 9.689 167,136 *) (?) 1,453,263 57,323 997,001 75, 1262 1 101 128,134 ® ® 1,874,688 49,244 974,680 52,554 77.730 118,238 * ® 1,813,356 40,362 | 1,328,378 78,167 86 1456 575,533 150,541 | 1,453,281 29,256 913,944 120,504 61,380 210,173 627,917 148,070 | 1,713,826 27,417 | 1,240,975 80,909 74,810 181,216 621,858 140,150 | 1,525,885 26,086 | 1,110,401 79,848 64,236 144,179 546,751 141,273 | 1,576,877 28,776 | 1,139,505 60,936 95,661 162,649 556,993 118,109 | 1,925,342 24,882 | 1,502,299 100, "542 64,031 132,470 ER. ORG 1 SE RE 1,676,236 23,089 | 1,168,213 146,427 99,450 124,967 447,914 119,318 | 1,546,102 19,950 | 1,135,959 113,849 87,092 97,425 nes E ence m] se pe ww 860,161 13,988 509,805 69,615 106,691 70,577 299,917 88,262 560,828 9,484 312,172 12,474 76,088 63,113 289,310 96,451 597,807 13,603 300,205 14,253 133,360 59,738 417,759 88,118 833,389 23,064 449,451 16,531 99,615 104,511 514,598 108,551 | 1,034,434 25,038 651,802 57,975 141,892 75,112 430,834 | 115,479 705,112 20,513 420,270 35,262 80,892 64,138 437,987 98,868 662,513 22,307 342,275 4,741 131,793 70,935 a | 537,624 18,915 286,741 3,623 84,563 45,896 ema m 627,025 24,581 315,295 3,522 139,849 54,778 Fe nt i we ew a 487,688 20,052 242,686 3,241 101,960 29,365 372,209 70,822 415,741 19,042 159,197 3,692 106,088 39,893 Sven mr) eC Gwe 287,206 12,984 93,400 2,496 62,684 36,890 emer men en |eecu erences 3) * 59,323 2,975 ® 21,560 2 wR | Sw ® (©) 118,521 3,048 (?) 45,685 0h a ot 5 * a 158,877 2,708 ® 41,832 92,463 449,784 48,003 ( 3) 157,653 4,076 (3) 15,947 106,679 ie me EE ee i mr om i mo Sm Ni a | me me pr em 95 1893 es mth wee ef Ho EE HE SEERA RA {Re SEE [Sm 2 5 y mimi i mT or 88,432 mr 304,796 9,306 4,390 266 127,438 21,522 108,948 98,625 68,309 ? Data not available. 3 Exclusion of Virginia catch in James and Potomac Rivers. Data: F 166-198 LAND, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES Series F 166-188.—FISHERIES—CATCH OF PRINCIPAL SPECIES BY REGIONS: 1880 TO 1945—Con. [All figures, except value, in thousands of pounds] SOUTH ATLANTIC AND Great GULF STATES PACIFIC COAST STATES Lakes MISSISSIPPI RIVER Total catch dine AND IRIBUTSRIS YEAR Total r Pilchard Tuna and | |,)00 of catch Shrimp q Value or Mackerel | Salmon | tunalike | 400, Total Value Quentity | (gy.o00y | erdine fishes | Minnesota| catch | ($1,000) 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 252,163 18,562 193,056 6,839 4,688 197 85,513 341 106,631 ee ene=-]): 180,615 6,681 1,036 135 107,469 487 ie ceena~ 124,014 112,601 64,035 ? Data not available. Series F 189-192. —FISHERIES—ALASKA CATCH OF FISHERY PRODUCTS AND SALMON: 1927 TO 1945 [Quantity in th ds of p ds; value in th ds of dollars] TOTAL CATCH ! SALMON TOTAL CATCH ! SALMON YEAR Quantity Value Quantity Value YEAR Quantity Value Quantity Value 189 190 191 192 189 190 191 192 596,052 22,288 402,635 15,564 648,710 9,093 434,004 6,970 561,199 20,414 393,318 14,527 819,269 11,958 624,652 9,881 594,645 20,506 457,307 14,588 630,773 9,158 467,349 7,498 522,179 17,934 430,867 13,398 606,520 7,062 452,536 5,766 736,269 15,039 543,024 12,609 598,125 10,043 467,664 7,758 563,688 10,612 439,182 8,420 620,702 12,756 426,442 8,041 666,397 11,458 452,166 9,256 651,423 17,084 442,602 10,844 798,823 12,220 589,706 9,943 699,006 17,797 517,070 12,790 834,819 14,717 593,384 11,877 470,022 14,435 300,565 8,702 932,843 14,226 726,853 11,857 1 Includes salmon. Series F 193-198.—FISHERIES—LANDINGS AT CERTAIN NEW ENGLAND PORTS: 1893 TO 1944 [In thousands of pounds BOSTON GLOUCESTER PORTLAND BOSTON GLOUCESTER PORTLAND YEAR Fresh Salted Fresh Salted Fresh Salted YEAR Fresh Salted Fresh Salted Fresh Salted 193 194 195 196 197 198 193 194 195 196 197 198 151,762 0 188,661 0 17,053 0 (| 1918.....] 109,227 249 62,002 12,173 21,795 55 142,968 7 170,099 0 18,289 0 98,155 495 40,062 18,073 18,566 79 194,652 34 157,741 0 20,540 0 98,255 76 46,515 20,165 20,551 262 299,332 38 148,445 2,906 25,675 0 97,397 502 49,678 24,019 252,770 58 96,161 3,048 23,429 0 92,231 113 49,344 20,901 295,346 7 75,661 3,522 17,702 0 92,202 149 41,768 318,731 14 60,698 2,311 18,857 0 100,157 143 51,264 324,593 7 44,700 1,539 17,121 0 93,629 131 51,235 339,223 2 57,063 2,074 16,117 12 102,059 31 35,984 307,367 5 46,932 4,333 14,478 4 92,085 491 32,546 243,602 91 37,298 2,832 16,058 35 94,713 947 49,883 232,507 76 18,309 3,428 12,709 128 87,7117 394 64,058 215,528 91 23,444 1,884 11,285 102 89,610 83 46,908 219,929 16 21,263 3,587 18,832 58 101,085 222 68,450 285,212 45 43,663 3,696 18,166 19 81,183 911 44,588 255,623 99 49,135 4,745 17,445 49 78,383 1,883 33,059 218,354 34 39,407 2,497 17,536 154 77,608 1,365 39,615 194,877 64 46,056 6,497 16,225 130 56,855 2,137 39,584 167,061 257 49,222 5,679 15,964 243 63,648 3,173 43,535 148,723 315 42,161 7,311 18,133 226 63,450 1,274 63,824 130,631 335 29,263 6,583 15,927 209 53,494 1,186 54,387 123,982 253 29,012 6,018 15,222 475 62,704 199 32,960 106,032 158 30,395 7,355 15,762 172 61,820 1,256 21,925 104,277 91 26,747 6,269 13,235 246 73,612 195 26,065 118,302 257 39,113 7.627 12,752 229 86,129 1,335 34,990 103,209 183 61,621 9,749 21,713 6 66,518 1,077 29.478 ! Receipts of salt fish from the treaty coasts of Newfoundland, Magdalen Islands, and Labrador, which are received in this country as products of American fisheries. have been omitted from the landings for the years following 1941. 130 FISHERIES Series F 199.—FISHERIES—PRODUCTION OF FROZEN FISH, UNITED STATES: 1920 TO 1945 [In thousands of pounds. Data for 1926 and 1927 are not available] Data: F 199-215 Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR | 199 199 199 199 286,001 183,408 95,874 91,165 266,537 186,096 92,472 97,324 246,053 168,224 112,257 91,549 247,165 179,274 75,154 246,588 139,297 80,737 149,643 121,543 198,155 (121084 oi 133,494 118,638 92,260 Series F 200-211.—FISHERIES—PRODUCTION OF CANNED FISHERY PRODUCTS: 1921 TO 1945 SARDINES TUNA AND TOTAL SALMON PILCHARD (SEA HERRING) TUNALIKE FISHES SHELLFISH YEAR | Standard Standard Standard | Standard Standard Standard Ses Value Sot Value in Value ji Value pi Value psy Value 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 1945____|18,555,183 ($152,800,571 |4,908,240 |$52,586,405 (3,765,981 ($15,346,472 (2,513,751 ($11,520,387 |4,531,565 |$47,407,451 (1,460,478 ($13,957,356 1944_._.|18,520,653 | 152,914,237 |5,138,647 | 56,383,276 (3,650,919 | 15,225,919 [3,035,825 | 14,223,706 |3,560,020 | 40,836,117 [1,348,588 | 13,642,807 1943__..|16,716,182 | 141,188,792 |5,704,207 | 62,935,114 (3,354,697 | 14,352,359 |2,353,273 | 10,686,471 |2,696,073 | 31,430,189 (1,346,474 | 13,368,823 1942____|18,077,312 | 144,996,947 |5,835,006 | 61,974,177 [3,744,624 | 15,509,964 [2,720,126 | 11,691,981 2,484,749 | 30,742,493 (1,873,131 | 16,739,658 1941____|28,555,321 | 138,684,157 |7,831,629 | 67,416,918 [5,007,154 | 18,091,873 |3,131,276 | 12,475,991 |2,931,581 | 19,397,887 (2,041,020 | 12,499,427 1940.___.118,909,348 94,181,941 [5,605,006 | 38,049,668 [2,945,882 8,975,257 (1,117,748 | 8,736,394 14,188,460 | 23,727,560 |2,237,425 | 11,330,833 19389__..(19,487,083 96,627,550 [5,992,104 | 41,780,849 [3,108,082 9,553,663 (2,210,466 | 7,075,096 [3,642,951 | 20,079,567 |2,394,075 | 12,198,952 1988_._.|17,004,379 83,445,889 |7,279,719 | 42,365,789 (2,261,678 7,102,358 671,635 | 2,367,045 |2,754,143 | 15,183,636 |2,012,525 | 10,459,986 1937_.../19,530,809 | 105,174,935 (7,555,087 | 52,933,934 |2,812,456 | 8,592,117 [1,680,241 4,998,373 [3,144,501 | 18,995,779 |2,345,986 | 13,662,673 1936.._.|20,097,976 | 94,564,254 |8,965,177 | 50,061,071 |2,616,530 7,302,273 |1,845,860 5,740,454 (2,680,734 | 14,715,391 (1,909,891 | 10,282,012 -|17,435,076 74,999,034 16,027,895 | 32,475,266 [2,420,055 6,237,262 |1,655,839 5,142,750 (2,510,828 | 12,823,729 [2,312,997 9,895,391 17,378,902 80,021,342 8,383,036 | 45,817,897 [1,970,047 5,481,391 [1,142,780 | 3,315,190 (1,966,943 | 10,009,542 |2,147,134 9,460,702 -|13,116,968 59,799,963 |6,362,465 | 36,241,917 [1,539,446 | 3,805,168 | 980,906 | 2,397,348 |1,443,133 6,934,485 [1,673,582 6,636,555 10,494,606 | 43,749,182 (5,908,969 | 26,460,080 | 953,981 2,358,399 | 545,697 1,370,050 (1,206,177 6,183,019 [1,533,305 5,567,513 1931.._.|12,580,826 62,948,791 |6,740,045 | 38,083,176 [1,713,407 | 4,715,089 | 885,408 | 2,647,187 |1,216,976 | 7,279,392 [1,644,236 7,873,051 19380....{14,767,186 | 82,858,261 |6,086,479 | 42,835,953 [2,979,333 | 8,741,928 [1,399,212 | 4,459,071 {2,010,640 | 138,055,876 |1,796,388 9,745,923 1929___.|17,310,238 | 101,065,055 {6,990,682 | 56,085,697 |3,831,215 | 11,996,997 (2,025,801 6,897,946 (1,504,306 | 9,875,453 |1,998,645 | 11,024,043 1928___.{15,629,980 | 95,871,855 (6,926,806 | 54,638,143 (2,771,527 9,658,822 [2,055,763 | 8,076,546 (1,216,222 | 8,374,030 (1,898,013 | 10,739,246 1927.._.|12,281,658 81,384,133 |5,076,579 | 45,728,761 [2,563,146 | 9,268,784 [1,262,124 5,249,030 |1,255,818 | 8,368,227 (1,829,826 | 10,526,028 1926... ©) 86,193,240 |7,488,620 | 56,219,306 [2,093,278 7,807,404 1,717,537 6,727,388 851,199 5,282,283 * ™ 1925. M 80,577,138 16,018,550 47,369,507 1,714,913 6,380,617 (1,870,786 6,716,701 (1,102,471 8,499,080 ® (?) 1924____ Mm 72,164,589 16,253,577 | 42,401,602 [1,367,139 5,445,573 [1,899,925 | 7,191,026 53,416 5,756,586 (3) (?) 1923... M 72,445,205 16,402,960 | 45,533,573 |1,100,162 | 4,607,931 [1,272,277 5,288,865 817,836 | 6,914,760 3 ™ 1922... 1 60,464,947 |5,234,898 | 38,420,717 | 715,364 3,361,480 |1,869,719 5,750,109 672,321 4,511,873 3) Q] 1921... 1) 46,634,706 (3,599,774 | 28,867,169 | 398,668 | 2,346,446 [1,399,507 | 3,960,916 549,150 3,074,626 ® @ I Complete data not available. ? Not enumerated separately prior to 1927. Series F 212-215.—FISHERIES—PRODUCTION OF FISH SCRAP AND MEAL, AND FISH AND MARINE OILS, UNITED STATES: 1921 TO 1945 [In tons of 2,000 pounds; in U. S. standard gallons] FISH SCRAP AND MEAL ! FISH AND MARINE OILS FISH SCRAP AND MEAL ! FISH AND MARINE OILS YEAR Tons Value Gallons Value YEAR Tons Value Gallons Value 212 213 214 215 212 213 214 215 199,118 ($14,343,138 | 24,501,852 $27,235,722 1982... ann Seen seems 94,897 | $2,333,614 | 12,195,325 | $1,392,255 210,225 | 15,131,918 | 28,322,975 | 31,008,781 || 1931... oo... 75,412 | 2,850,002 | 8,565,651 1,619,936 188,848 | 13,570,331 | 23,116,216 | 29,812,854 " 168,486 | 11,545,239 | 20,579,104 | 22,579,602 113,126 | 5,693,434 | 14,704,784 | 4,200,064 225,815 | 12,852,781 | 29,283,627 | 29,594,214 119,592 6,178,818 | 15,353,057 6,801,619 84,491 4,850,905 | 12,145,577 5,149,618 177,724 7,612,288 | 24,815,538 | 12,025,178 71,882 | 38,754,492 | 10,874,113 | 4,905,021 210,249 | 8,827,747 | 35,752,113 | 14,697,069 69,421 | 3,102,873 | 10,888,046 | 5,027,491 183,402 6,999,227 | 35,140,135 | 13,526,015 ) 188,057 6,943,411 | 35,634,669 | 16,355,752. 76,599 | 8,548,584 | 13,287,076 | 6,500,191 220,296 7,336,783 | 39,901,818 | 15,328,466 56,888 | 2,417,014 | 9,211,295 4,311,733 68,950 | 3,848,515 | 11,373,801 5,104,194 182,513 5,186,347 | 31,925,660 | 13,149,118 93,411 8,780,360 | 10,535,478 | 4,230,760 175,373 5,705,652 | 29,965,452 | 6,385,309 62,469 | 2,651,502 7,446,281 | 2,078,670 120,510 | 3,704,016 | 17,742,222 | 2,624,519 ! Does not include the production of acid scrap. 131 Data: F 216-219 LAND, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES Series F 216-217.—FISHERIES—SPONGES, SALES AT THE TARPON SPRINGS (FLORIDA) SPONGE EXCHANGE: 1913 TO 1945 Pounds : Pounds Pounds Pounds YEAR sold Value YEAR sold Value YEAR sold Value YEAR sold Value 216 217 216 217 216 217 216 217 203,447 ($2,716,374 186,027 | 2,551,863 217,355 | 2,305,079 184,280 | 1,700,247 201,126 | 1,364,870 232,164 847,210 423,682 | 1,035,554 530,183 952,258 561,943 | 1,097,301 628,226 [1,035,429 388,888 620,156 499,635 670,533 373,178 420,481 430,641 517,655 386,219 609,773 475,294 802,938 413,763 706,645 451,034 | $729,918 474,200 865,510 423,061 666,093 494,183 715,097 508,954 714,761 519,582 734,391 556,097 699,089 404,729 540,093 412,597 678,209 456,558 707,964 355,695 592,778 487,943 870,135 ® ® 1 1) ( 468,457 565,778 513,484 684,919 1 Data not available. Series F 218-219.—FISHERIES—SEALS, PRIBILOF ISLANDS SEAL HERD: 1910 TO 1945 Animals | Sealskins Animals | Sealskins Animals | Sealskins Animals | Sealskins YEAR in herd obtained YEAR in herd obtained YEAR in herd obtained YEAR in herd obtained 218 219 218 219 218 219 218 219 3,155,268 76,964 1,550,913 57,296 723,050 19,860 417,281 6,468 2,945,663 47,652 -|1,430,418 53,470 697,158 17,219 2,720,780 117,164 -|1,318,568 54,550 653,008 15,920 363,872 3,947 2,585,397 150 -|1,219,961 49,336 604,962 81,156 294,687 2,735 2,338,312 95,013 1,127,082 49,524 581,443 23,681 268.503 3.408 2,185,136 65,263 1,045,101 42,500 2,020,774 60,473 552,718 26,648 971,527 123,600 12,138 524,235 27,821 1,872,438 58,364 871,513 496,432 34,890 132,279 12,964 1,839,119 55,180 808,870 468,692 8,170 1,689,743 52,446 761,218 132 Chapter G. Minerals and Power (Series G 1-233) Mining and Minerals: Series G 1-158 G 1-158. General note. All data for these series were provided by the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the In- terior, with the exception of data shown for series G 6-12. The Bureau of Mines cites for principal reference two annual publi- cations: Mineral Resources of the United States, published annually for the period 1882 to 1931; and Minerals Yearbook, published annually for the period 1932-83 to 1946. These volumes were prepared and issued by the United States Geological Survey from 1882 to 1923 and by the Bureau of Mines from 1924 to 1945. In the instance of series G 65-130, the descriptive term “pro- duction’ must be interpreted with caution. In early years, “pro- duction” was used loosely; later, it was superseded by a more precise statement of the means of measuring production, such as “shipments,” “‘sales,” or “sold or used by producers.” Since only a limited number of series can be presented in this volume of his- torical statistics, that series has been selected, for each mineral, which provides reasonably comparable “production” data as far back in time as possible, and for which value data are also avail- able. Also, the presentation of “production” data for early years and “shipments” or “sales” data for recent years does not mean necessarily that a “production” series is not available for recent periods. Instead, it usually means that the figures labelled “pro- duction” in early years are more comparable with the more recent “shipments” or “sales” data than they are with the modern “pro- duction” series, as such. VALUE OF MINERALS AND PRODUCTION INDEXES (G 1-12) G 1-5. Value of mineral products of the United States, 1880- 1945. SOURCE: For general reference see general note above (series G 1-158); see also Minerals Yearbook, 1945, “Statistical Summary of Mineral Production,” p. 33. Total values represent summari- zations of data given in commodity chapters of Mineral Resources of the United States and Minerals Yearbook. As far as is practicable, the value of minerals produced is expressed in their first market- able form or in the stage of production thought best to represent the mineral industry. Duplication has been eliminated wherever feasible. Because of the absence of major changes, data are con- sidered comparable for all years. The source volumes should be consulted for discussion of minor changes and other detail. G 6-8. Indexes of mineral production, 1919-1945. Base: 1935— 1939 average=100. SOURCE: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. For 1919-1942, see Federal Reserve Index of In- dustrial Production, October 1943, pp. 43-44 and 98-100; for 1948, see Federal Reserve Bulletin, April 1944, p. 385; for 1944-1945, see Federal Reserve Bulletin, April 1946, p. 423. For a brief description of the method of constructing this index, see text for series J 30-48. G 9-12. Indexes of physical output in mining, 1899-1939. Base: 1899=100. SOURCE: Barger, Harold, and Schurr, Sam H., The Mining Industries, 1899-1939: A Study of Output, Employment and Productivity, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1944, p. 14. Indexes were constructed by combining data on phys- ical output “of as many minerals as possible,” with values as weights. For the period since 1919, the indexes cover the output of more than 99 percent of all minerals for which value data are available. Data do not include smelting and refining of metals, the coking of coal, the refining of crude oil, the production of cement, the calcining of gypsum, and the cutting of dimension stone. FUELS (G 13-64) G 13-18. Bituminous and anthracite coal production and value, 1807-1945. SOURCE: See detailed listings below. See also series G 154-155 which give total production, bituminous and anthra- cite combined, and tonnage per man-hour. G 13-15. Bituminous coal: Production, 1807-1945; value, 1890- 1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. For production data from 1807-20 to 1889, see Mineral Resources of the United States, 1923, part II, table 22, p. 549. For production and value data from 1890 to 1945, see Minerals Yearbook, 1946, p. 286. Data for 1945 are preliminary and are derived from records of the Bureau of Mines. Production figures include the small output of anthracite and semianthracite produced outside of Pennsylvania, and the pro- duction of lignite; they exclude data from small mines having an output of less than 1,000 tons per year that sell their output by wagon or truck. In 1944, according to incomplete figures, there were 1,821 small mines producing less than 1,000 tons per year, with a total production of 756,307 net tons (see Minerals Yearbook, 1945, p. 906). Prior to 1890, for years other than census years, production figures were not compiled on the basis of direct returns from operators. The method of compiling figures during these prior years is described as follows on page 11 of Mineral Re- sources, 1883-1884: “The coal statistics of this volume have been drawn from various sources, including the reports of agents and correspondents of this office, the transportation records of the rail- road companies, reports of State Mine Inspectors and of State Geological Surveys, ete.” Since 1890 production figures have been compiled on the basis of detailed annual reports furnished by the producers. Data for a small percentage of the output, consisting chiefly of that of small mines, are obtained from the records of the State Mine Departments or from railroad carloadings. Value data represent dollars received or charged for coal f.o0.b. the mines. The value of coal not sold but used by the producer has been estimated at average prices that might have been re- ceived if sold commercially. Value figures for 1890 to 1936 inclu- sive, and 1939, exclude selling expense. Figures for other years include selling expense. G 16-18. Anthracite coal: Production, 1807-1945; value, 1890- 1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. For production data from 1807-20 to 1889, see Mineral Resources of the United States, 1923, part II, table 22, p. 545. For production, and value data from 1890 to 1945, see Minerals Yearbook, 1945, pp. 947, 948. Pennsylvania anthracite includes all nonbituminous coal mined in Pennsylvania, including that from deep mines, strip pits, and culm banks, and river or creek coal recovered from the streams draining the anthracite fields. Coal purchased by legitimate oper- ators from “bootleg” mines has been included since 1941. Also, for purposes of historical comparison, the statistics include the out- put of the Bernice Basin in Sullivan County, Pa., although coal of this Basin has been officially classified as semianthracite according to the American Society For Testing Materials Tentative Standard. Anthracite statistics are prepared from an annual canvass by mail of all known legitimate anthracite operations that are active pro- ducers. More than 95 percent of the tonnage is reported directly, and the remainder is collected by personal visits or from reliable collateral evidence. G 19-32. Bituminous coal and lignite mining, 1890-1945. SOURCES: Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, 1946, p. 286. Series G 13a comprises a segment of series G 13 (bituminous production), 133 Text: G 19-64 MINERALS AND POWER repeated here for convenience in reference. See also general note for series G 1-158, above. G 19. Men employed, 1890-1945. SOURCE: See Minerals Year- book, 1946, p. 286. Data represent average number of workers em- ployed. Figures are reasonably comparable for the entire period, although slight variations have occurred in the wording of the questionnaire on employment sent to coal-mine operators. G 20. Number of mines, 1895-1945. SOURCE: Same as for series G 19. Data include all mines producing 1,000 tons per year and over. For figures for small mines, based on incomplete information, see Minerals Yearbook, 1945, p. 906. G 21-23. Calculated capacity, 1890-1945. SOURCE: Same as for series G 19. Potential annual output is derived by applying the average output per day worked to the number of “potential” work days. A total of 808 days represents the maximum number of work days; 280 ‘“potential’”’ days was suggested by the coal com- mittee of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers; 261 days is the annual equivalent for the 5-day week. G 24. Average number of days worked, 1890-1945. SOURCE: Minerals Yearbook, 1946, p. 287. These figures were obtained by dividing the total man-days by the number of men employed. G 25-26. Average number of days lost on account of strikes, 1899-1945. SOURCE: Same as for series G 24. These figures were ob- tained by dividing the total man-days lost by the number of men employed, and by the number of men on strike. G 27-28. Net tons per man, 1890-1945. SOURCE: Same as for series G 24. Net tons per man per day represents the total man- days divided by the total production. Net tons per man per year represents the total production divided by the number of men employed. G 29-30. Percent of underground production: Cut by machines, 1891-1945; percent mechanically loaded, 1923-1945. SOURCE: Same as for series G 24. Percentages for production cut by machines for the years 1890 to 1918, inclusive, are of total production; a separation of strip mine-and underground production is not avail- able for those years. G 31-32. Percent of total production mechanically cleaned, 1906-1945, and percent mined by stripping, 1914-1945. SOURCE: Same as for series G 24. For the years 1906 to 1926, inclusive, the percentages of underground production mechanically cleaned are exclusive of coal cleaned at central washeries operated by con- sumers; after 1926, when data became available on the tonnage cleaned by consumer-operated plants, the percentages include the total tons cleaned at the mines and at consumer-operated washeries. G 33-42. Pennsylvania anthracite industry, 1890-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, 1945, pp 947-948. Also see series G 16-18. Series G 16a, shown here, comprises a segment of series G 16, repeated here for convenience in reference. G 33-34. Foreign trade, 1890-1945. SOURCE: Minerals Year- hook, 1945, pp. 947-948. Data on exports and imports obtained from United States Department of Commerce. For figures for in- dividual countries, and for years prior to 1890, see annual volumes of Foreign Commerce and Navigation, Immigration, and Tonnage. Canada is the largest anthracite export market. G 35. Consumption, calculated, 1890-1945. SOURCE: Same as for series G 33-42. Figures on consumption prior to 1913 take no account of producers’ stocks, there being no data available for this item. G 36-37. Employment, 1890-1945. SOURCE: Same as for series G 33-42. Number of men employed includes workers from strip- pit and dredge operations. Men working in “bootleg” or illicit coal mining are not included. For “bootleg” employment estimates, 1941-1945, see Minerals Yearbook, 1945, p. 933. G 38-39. Average tons per man, 1890-1945. SOURCE: Same as for series G 33-42. Output per man per day based on legitimate (as against bootleg’) production only. 184 G 40. Net tons cut by machines, 1911-1945. SOURCE: Same asfor series G 33-42. Data were first collected on this item in 1911. G 41. Net tons produced by stripping, 1915-1945. SOURCE: Same as for series G 33-42. Data were first collected on this item in 1915. G 42. Net tons loaded mechanically underground, 1927-1945. SOURCE: Same as for series G 33-42. Data were first collected on this item in 1929; the figures for 1927 and 1928 wer® reported by the Department of Mines of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. G 43-56. Coke industry, 1880-1945. SOURCE: Minerals Year- book, 1945, pp. 968-969. Also see general note, series G 1-158. Coke production or coal carbonization is a process of modifying a crude raw fuel into special purpose fuels and extracting valuable coal chemical materials before they are destroyed in the burning. Data include only coke made by high-temperature carbonization of coal in byproduct and beehive ovens. The principal application of coke is in the manufacture of pig iron. Usually about 70 percent of the total output of coke is con- sumed in blast furnaces and iron foundries, 20 percent for domestic heating, and 10 percent for other industrial purposes such as non- ferrous smelting, manufacturing producer-gas and water-gas, chemical processes and other miscellaneous uses. However, these percentages are subject to wide variations depending on the de- mand for coke from the iron and steel industry. The term “value” as applied to coke means the value at ovens. Over 61 percent of the byproduct coke now produced is made in ovens operated by corporations which mine the coal they use and operate blast furnaces that consume the bulk of the output of their ovens. Value of tar in all byproducts (series G 56) for 1906 through 1917 represents value of tar “obtained and sold” and does not always include value of tar used by producer. Beginning with 1918, tar used by producer is specifically included. The value of breeze produced at byproduct plants is included for those years for which it was reported, namely 1916, 1917, and 1919-1945. For other byproducts, only value of those sold is included. Value of breeze produced at beehive plants is not included as it has usually been much less than a million dollars. G 57-58. Petroleum production, 1859-1945. SOURCE: See gen- eral note, series G 1-158; see also annual volumes of Minerals Yearbook as follows: For data for 1859-1935, see 1937 volume, p. 1008; for 1936, see 1940 volume, p. 954; for 1937-1940, see 1941 volume, p. 1031; for 1941-1944, see 1945 volume, p. 1052; for 1945, see 1946 volume, p. 880. Petroleum data are obtained from monthly reports from pipe-line companies accounting for crude removed from leases and supplemented by data covering changes in crude stocks on leases and crude oil checked as fuel in production operations. In addition, a check is made of crude oil shipped from leases by tank car or truck. To determine the average value at the well, an annual canvass is made of the principal producers and pipe lines by States of origin. G 59-64. Natural gas and natural gasoline, 1906-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158, and detailed listings below. G 59-61. Natural gas production, 1906-1945. SOURCE: See gen- eral note, series G 1-158; see also annual volumes of Minerals Yearbook as follows: For data for 1906 -1935, see 1937 volume, p. 1062; for 1936-1940, see 1941 volume, p. 1120; for 1941-1944, see 1945 volume, pp. 1153 and 1160; for 1945, see 1946 volume, p. 812. Figures shown for production represent essentially the amount of gas usefully consumed and have been termed “marketed produc- tion.” These figures do not measure the total volume of gas with- drawn from natural reservoirs since they take no account of losses and waste. G 62-64. Natural gasoline production, 1911-1945. SOURCE: See above for series G 1-158; see also annual volumes of Minerals Year- book as follows: For data for 1911-1935, see 1937 volume, p. 1097; for 1936-1938, see 1940 volume, p. 1084; for 1939-1940, see 1941 MINING AND MINERALS volume, p. 1156; for 1941-1944, see 1945 volume, p. 1183; for 1945, see 1946 volume, p. 836. Figures include only natural gasoline and cycle products; they exclude liquified petroleum gases. Figures shown for series G 64 for 1941-1945 were obtained from records of the Bureau of Mines. Average per gallon data for these years shown in the source volumes include liquified petroleum gases and therefore differ from those shown here. NONMETALS (G 65-92) G 65-76. Production of nonmetal building materials, 1880- 1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158; see also detailed listings below. G 65-66. Cement shipments, 1880-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. Figures for 1880-1890 are estimates, believed to be substantially correct. Since 1890, figures result from an annual canvass of the industry. Beginning with 1912, data are based on shipments; prior to 1912, data covered production. Three types of cement are included: Natural cement, portland cement, and puz- zolan cement. From 1880 through 1895 only production of natural and portland cements was reported. Figures on puzzolan cement were first collected in 1896. Thereafter data include all three types of cement. Weight per barrel of the three kinds of cement has varied; therefore the total in barrels is not exactly comparable for a number of years. The weight per barrel of portland cement ranged from 400 pounds in 1882 to 376 pounds in 1916; barrels of natural cement ranged from 300 pounds in 1882 to 240 pounds in 1891 and 376 pounds in 1921; barrels of puzzolan cement likewise varied. Since 1921, however, the output of all types of cement has heen reported in barrels of 376 pounds. G 67-68. Gypsum production, 1880-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. For 1880-1930, see annual volumes of Min- eral Resources of the United States as follows: For data for 1880- 1888, see 1895-96 volume, part III, p. 981; for 1889-1914, see 1914 volume, p. 261; for 1915-1919, see 1919 volume, p. 99; for 1920- 1927, see 1928 volume, part II, p. 157; for 1928-1930, see 1930 volume, part II, p. 880. For 1931-1945, see the following annual volumes of Minerals Yearbook: For 1931-1938, see 1934 volume, p. 852; for 1934-1986, see 1937 volume, p. 1229; for 1937-1939, see 1940 volume, p. 1229; for 1940, see 1941 volume, p. 1293; for 1941- 1945, see 1945 volume, p. 1314. ’ Tonnages of gypsum represent crude gypsum mined and read for use. Coverage of producers is believed to be virtually com- plete, except for the first few years. Value data shown have little bearing on the quantity of crude gypsum mined since values represent finished gypsum products sold including plaster, board, and tile. Furthermore, since 1928, values include gypsum made from foreign gypsum. Production data do not include byproduct gypsum from phosphate and other chemical works; however, the value of such material used in gypsum products is included in the value data for 1928-1945. G 69-70. Lime sold by producers, 1880-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. Data include both quick and hy- drated lime. The lime production and value figures for the period 1880-1890 are obviously much too large and are not considered reliable. Earlier values were obtained mostly from trade quota- tions applied rather indiscriminately to shipments, and possibly included the cost of cooperage and some freight. Values after 1894 are definitely based on bulk lime at the kiln. Since lime is a semiperishable commodity, only small quantities are stocked at the kiln, and sales may be taken as equivalent to production of ‘‘open-market” lime, that is, lime shipped for uses other than in the producer’s own plant. Lime burned for consump- tion by the producer (captive tonnage) is excluded with the ex- ception of small quantities (generally about 10 percent of total lime sold) which are included to complete the coverage of lime shipped to certain specified uses. This method of reporting pro- duction has prevailed since 1921. In certain years prior to that 373374 O - 56 - 10 Text: G 62-78 time the quantities of lime produced and used by soda ash manu- facturers were included in sales, but this irregularity does not disturb the series noticeably. G 71-72. Sand and gravel sold or used, 1902-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. Data for 1902 cover only a portion of the industry. In 1904, an attempt was made to include most pro- ducers of sand; and in 1905, both sand and gravel were included. In the Minerals Yearbook, separate figures are shown for the quantity and value of gravel, and the various kinds of sand. See also Bureau of Mines, Information Circular No. 7203, 1942, “De- velopment of the Sand and Gravel Industry.” G 73-74. Slate products sold or used: Quantity, 1912-1945; value, 1880-1945. SOURCE: For 1880-1913, see United States Geo- logical Survey, Bulletin 586, p. 200; for 1914-1931, see annual volumes of Mineral Resources of the United States; for 1932-1945, see annual volumes of Minerals Yearbook. See also general note, series G 1-158. Figures for 1880 and 1889 were based on census data. Figures for 1881 to 1883 are largely estimated; those for 1884 to 1888 are considered fairly reliable. Beginning with 1891, data are compiled from direct reports of the quarry operators to the Geological Survey and, after 1925, to the Bureau of Mines. G 75-76. Stone sold or used by producers: Quantity, 1916-1945; value, 1880-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. For 1880 to 1915, see Mineral Resources of the United States, 1916, part II, p. 995; for 1916-1943, see Minerals Yearbook, 1943, pp. 1284, 1299; for 1944 and 1945, see Minerals Yearbook, 1945, p. 1273. Data represent quantities used or sold by producers; values are f.o.b. quarries and mills. The data include marble, granite, limestone, dolomite, basalt, sandstone, and “miscellaneous stone” such as light-color volcanic rocks, schists, serpentine, and flint. The statistics combine both “dimension stone” and ‘“‘crushed and broken stone.” The data, however, do not include stone made into abrasives (such as grindstones) or that used in making lime and cement. G 77-86. Nonmetals: Chemical materials, 1880-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158, and detailed listings below. G 77-78. Barite sold or used by producers, 1880-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. In general, the quantities and values given are for barite at mine, washer, or beneficiating plant. Data prior to 1885 are estimates based on correspondence with grinders. Beginning in 1886, questionnaires were sent to all known producers. A consistent attempt was made by the earlier barite statisticians to segregate lump material from ground material, since the latter was always made from lump. The terminology ‘crude’ was there- fore adopted for lump barite, although it was fairly pure and re- quired no dressing or beneficiation, and this term will be found in the Mineral Resources and Minerals Yearbook series until 1944. However, special cases began to arise. In California a true crude . was mined which required beneficiation, finally emerging as ground barite. In this case the ground equivalent of the crude was included in the other crude production. In 1941 the tremendous deposits at Malvern, Ark., were opened, and another difficult reporting situ- ation arose. Here the crude was but little more than 50 percent barite, and required flotation; it was sold as ground barite. The same solution was applied, i. e., the ground tonnage was included in the “crude” total. By 1944, however, the Arkansas volume was so large that the term “crude” was modified in the statistical tables of the Minerals Yearbook. Since that time mine output of commercial grade barite of whatever fornt has appeared under the appellation “crude (primary) barite.”” In statistical releases of the Bureau of Mines published in 1946 and 1947, both modifying ad- jectives have been dropped wherever possible, and production of barite in any form is reported simply as ‘‘barite’” with due regard to the elimination of duplication. True values of crushed or ground barite so included were not used; instead an estimated value of an identical tonnage of lump barite was substituted. Values on the whole tend to be lower than trade quotations at any given time, 135 Text: G 77-115 because there is considerable jobbing activity in the industry, and the statistics reflect the value of the first sale only. G 79-80. Feldspar sold or used by producers, 1880-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. Although the production of feldspar was initiated in the 1860’s, no official figures of total output are available before 1880. Data for 1880-1886 represent estimates; beginning with 1887, figures were compiled from annual canvasses of the producers by the Geological Survey and later by the Bureau of Mines. Feldspar data prior to 1915 represent the total sales of both crude and ground feldspar as sold by the producer. The value of the feldspar was taken as the value of the first sale. This combination of crude and ground values in the earlier years gives a somewhat distorted view of the relative importance of the values per unit of quantity, but the figures shown nevertheless in- dicate the general trend of output during that period. From 1915 through 1920, the value for the tonnage of ground feldspar in each State was recalculated at the average value of the crude feldspar sold in that State and a value of the total spar at the average value for crude was obtained. Beginning in 1921, all feldspar produced and marketed in each State has been reported as crude feldspar even though much of it was first marketed as ground feldspar. G 81-82. Salt, sold or used by producers, 1880-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. Data includes evaporated salt, rock salt, and the salt content of brine produced. Since 1893, value data shown include only net value of the product, exclusive of boxes, bags, barrels, or other containers. Prior to 1893 a great many of the producers reporting, included the value of containers in which the salt was shipped. This may partly explain why values shown were greater in some of the earlier years than for many of the later years. G 83-84. Sulfur production, 1880-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. For 1880-1900, see Mineral Resources of the United States, 1910, p. 783. Value data were not available for 1904— 1945, therefore the production values were calculated from the average value of shipments for each of those years. G 85-86. Pyrites production, 1880-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158; for 1880-1931, see also the following annual volumes of Mineral Resources of the United States: 1910 volume, part II, p. 795; 1924 volume, p. 4; 1931 volume, p. 144. For 1932- 1945, see annual volumes of Minerals Yearbook. G 87-90. Nonmetals, fertilizer materials, 1880-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. G 87-88. Potash sold by producers, 1915-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. “Potash” (K:z0) is used here as im- posted by convention. This is a hypothetical compound used as a standard basis of computation and comparison of analyses and prices of different potash salts of widely variant composition. G 89-90. Phosphate rock sold or used by producers, 1880-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. G 91-92. Magnesite production (crude, mined), 1891-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. Data pertain to uncal- cined magnesite of commercial grade. For 1891-1915, value figures represent the estimated worth of raw magnesite in sacks at San Francisco; for 1915 and prior years, with unimportant exceptions, magnesite was mined only in California. Since World War I, very little raw magnesite has entered the open market and all value data shown are producers’ estimates based on cost considerations or a few actual sales. METALS (G 93-130) G 93-101. Ferrous metals, production, shipments, and value, 1810-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158 and detailed listings below. G 93-95. Iron ore, production, shipments, and value, 1860-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. Data refer to usable ore and beginning in 1942 include byproduct ore obtained from pyrites. Data for 1860, 1870, and 1880 are originally from census reports for those years; those for 1875 and 1881 are estimates ap- pearing originally in Bell, 1. L., Principles of the Manufacture of 136 MINERALS AND POWER Iron and Steel, 1884, p. 451; and those for 1882 to 1888, inclusive, are estimates made by James M. Swank which appeared originally in volumes of Mineral Resources for the years 1882 to 1888. G 96-98. Pig iron, production, shipments, and value, 1810-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. Shipments data do not include ferro-alloys made in blast furnaces. The following reference appears in Mineral Resources, 1910, part I, p. 93, with respect to production data for the period 1810-1910: “The statistics for 1854 and all succeeding years were collected by the American Iron and Steel Association; those for 1810, 1840, and 1850 are census figures; those for the other years are largely estimates by early statisti- cians.” Data shown in Mineral Resources, 1910, in long tons were converted to short tons for presentation here. G 99-101. Ferro-alloys, production, shipments, and value, 1910- 1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. G 102-103. Mercury production, 1850-1945. SOURCE: See gen- eral note, series G 1-158. Data are on basis of flasks containing 76.5 pounds net avoirdupois prior to June 1904, 75 pounds from June 1904 through 1927, and 76 pounds thereafter. Values are calculated at average price at New York after 1925, but at San Francisco prior thereto. Data prior to 1880 appear in Mineral Re- sources, 1925, part I, p. 44. For this early period, production in California was equivalent to that for the entire country. For early data in greater detail, see also Census Office, Report on Mineral Industries . . ., Eleventh Census: 1890, Washington, D. C., 1892, pp. 179-245; and early volumes of Mineral Resources, particularly those for 1882, 1883 and 1884, and 1910. G 104-111. Metals, alloying, 1880-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. G 104-105. Manganese ore, shipments and value, 1880-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. Shipments from do- mestic mines represent standard measure of production. G 106-107. Chromite shipments, 1880-1945. SOURCE: See gen- eral note, series G 1-158.. Production for 1880-1889 is estimated. Coverage of industry for 1890-1910 is considered to be substan- tially 95 percent; since 1910 the coverage is virtually 100 percent. Sales by or shipments from mines are used to measure production since the inception of collection of chromite data. G 108-109. Tungsten, shipments and value, 1900-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. Figures for early years are for “production.” Mineral Resources, 1910, p. 740 (tabular footnote) states, “The production of tungsten ores . . . can be fairly compared only since and beginning with 1906, as before that date no effort had been made to reduce the ores to a common basis of concen- tration.” G 110-111. Molybdenum shipments, 1914-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. Data coverage virtually 100 percent of industry. Data are in terms of pounds of molybdenum contained in molybdenite concentrates. The total absence of production in 1921-1922 reflects a 50 percent drop in alloy steel production in 1921, as well as the general post-war decline in industry. G 112-117. Nonferrous metals, production, 1801-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. See also series G 102-103 (mer- cury). G 112-113. Copper, smelter production, 1845-1945; value, 1880- 1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. Figures for years prior to 1882 were compiled by the U. S. Geological Survey “from the best sources available.” Smelter production data cover the fine copper content of blister, anodes, ete., produced at the smelt- ers plus furnace refined copper produced from Lake Superior native copper ores and electrolytic copper produced direct from ore or matte by leaching. G 114-115. Lead, smelter production, 1801-1945; value, 1880- 1945. SOURCE: For production data, see following volumes: For 1801-1926, see U. S. Bureau of Mines, Summarized Data of Lead Production, comprising Economic Paper 5, 1929, pp. 12-13. For 1927-1928, see Mineral Resources of the United States, 1930, pt. 1, p. 483. For 1929-1945, see annual volumes of Minerals Yearbook MINING AND MINERALS as follows: For 1929-1933, see 1936 issue, p. 140; for 1934-1937, see 1938 issue, p. 114; for 1938-1940, see 1941 issue, p. 128; for 1941-1945, see 1945 issue, p. 161. Value data are as provided by Bureau of Mines and are based on average price each year. Data in series G 114-115 represent production and value of refined lead produced from foreign and domestic ores and domestic base bullion, and do not include refined lead from foreign base bullion. For a more detailed classification of production data, see source volumes. Statistics on lead output may be prepared on a mine or smelter and refinery basis. The mine-production data compiled on the basis of lead content in ores and concentrates and adjusted to account for average losses in smelting are the most accurate measure of production from year to year. The pig-lead output, as reported by smelters and refiners, presents a more precise figure of actual lead recovery but generally differs from the mine figure due to the over- lap or lag between mine shipments and smelter receipts of ore and concentrates. These inequities, however, tend to balance over a period of years. G 116-117. Zinc, smelter production and value, 1880-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. Zinc-production statis- tics may be prepared on a mine or on a smelter basis. The mine- production data compiled on a basis of zinc content in ores and concentrates and adjusted to account for average losses in smelting are the most accurate measure of output from year to year, espe- cially as to the character and distribution of the production. The slab-zinc production, as reported by smelters, presents a more pre- cise figure of actual zinc recovery but generally differs from the mine figure owing to overlap and lag between mine shipments and smelter receipts of ores and concentrates. These variations, how- ever, tend to balance within the limits of statistical error over a period of years. G 118-121. Gold and silver, production and value, 1792-1945. SOURCE: Director of the Mint, 1792-1903; Bureau of Mines, 1904- 1945. For detailed sources, see text for specific series below. Figures for 1792-1873 are ascribed to R. W. Raymond, former United States Commissioner of Mining Statistics, U. S. Geological Survey, whose eighth and last report was that for 1876. A con- tinuation of the series of the Director of the Mint to 1945 (includ- ing figures for the Philippines and Puerto Rico) will be found in the Annual Reports of the Director of the Mint. The relationship between the Bureau of Mines and the Bureau of the Mint series, 1904 to 1945, is explained in various annual issues of Mineral Resources of the United States, Bureau of Mines, and in the Annual Reports of the Director of the Mint. The fol- lowing is quoted from the 1941 Mint report. “The official estimate of the production of gold and silver in the United States is made by the Bureau of the Mint with the cooperation of the Bureau of Mines, the [Bureau of Mines] making a mine canvass in each State and the [Bureau of the Mint] working backward from mint deposits through re- fineries, smelters, and other reduction works to the mine pro- duction estimate made by the [Bureau of Mines]. The official estimate represents the material received at mint service offices and private refineries. The difference between this estimate [series of Director of the Mint] and the mine pro- duction estimate [series of Bureau of Mines] is almost entirely due to the time element involved in the reducing processes, since differences for series of years are shown by. comparison to practically offset each other. The two systems thus verify and support each other.” The above quotation refers to the series published by the two agencies in their complete form—that is, including production data for the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and island possessions. The gold and silver data presented in series G 118-121 are for continental United States and Alaska only. Since publication of the 1884 Report of the Director of the Mint Upon the Production of the Precious Metals of the United States, few major (although some minor) changes have been made in the figures for the period 1848-1880. By 1890 (see Annual Report of the Director of the Mint, 1890) the annual figures for 1845-1847, Text: G 114-118 and the group totals for the period 1792-1834 and 1834-1844, had been added. By 1910, figures in ounces were being presented in addition to the dollar value figures shown in reports through 1900. Use and interpretation of the data for years prior to 1880 should take into account the confusion out of which the present series were derived. Albert Williams, Jr. (Department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, Mineral Resources of the United States [1882], p. 180, observed: “Total output to ddte.—It may seem strange to say that one of the most perplexing statistical questions is to state the total gold and silver production of the United States from the beginning of mining operations to the present [1882]. The difficulty lies not so much in the dearth of material as in the embarrassing abundance of statistics, actual and estimated, made by different persons at different times; covering over- lapping periods and occasionally showing gaps; including and omitting the product of the Southern States; sometimes in- cluding the partial output of the west coast of North America beyond the limits of the United States; estimated on the basis of the calendar year or of the fiscal year; revised, changed, and corrected, until the whole subject seems lost in confusion. And yet there is sufficient reliable evidence upon which to reconstruct an estimate believed to have a probable error not exceeding 5 per cent.” Williams’ estimate accepts, in general, the Mint series for 1848— 1882, the only segment then available; the principal differences lie in his estimates for the period prior to 1847. For the years 1881-1945, data are for calendar years. For earlier years, the evidence as to type of year is confusing. It seems likely that data are for calendar years through 1873; and for fiscal years, 1874-1880. The Report of the Director of the Mint Upon the Pro- duction of the Precious Metals of the United States During the Cal- endar Year 1884, p. 483; Mineral Resources, 1882, p. 183; and Tenth Census Reports (1880), vol. XIII, Statistics and Technology of the Precious Metals, p. 877, all label the figures to 1880 as fiscal years; late Mint reports specify calendar years for all years. How- ever, close examination of these source volumes and reference to the various annual reports of Rossiter W. Raymond, United States Commissioner of Mining Statistics (last report was that for 1876), makes it appear that figures for 1848-1873 are for calendar years and that the data for 1874-1880 are for fiscal years. The 1884 Mint report on precious metals (p. 382) provides an added item of $25,000,000 in gold for the last half of calendar year 1880. This addition is not allowed for in Mint reports of recent years, nor is any deduction item available for the probable change from cal- endar to fiscal years beginning in 1874. Another point of uncertainty is the relationship between quan- tity and value series for both gold and silver. There seems to be some question as to whether the original series for early years may not have been in dollars and the ounce figures obtained at a later date by use of a conversion factor, rather than the other way around. A few early sources of gold and silver figures may be mentioned. A published original source for the exact Raymond figures, 1792- 1873, which comprise the start of the present series, has not been located. However, for various figures by Raymond, see Raymond’s last report (U. S. Treasury Department, Statistics of Mines and Mining in the States and Territories West of the Rocky Mountains [21876], being the Eighth Annual Report of Rossiter W. Raymond, United States Commissioner of Mining Statistics), pp. 377 and 454; Eleventh Census Reports (1890), Report on Mineral Industries in the United States at the Eleventh Census: 1890, p. 40 ff; and Depart- ment of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, Mineral Resources of the United States [1882], p. 182. An overlap of Raymond’s series and that of the Director of the Mint is shown on p. 482 of the Mint precious metals report for 1884. Those interested will find alternative series for early years and discussion of the estimating problem in Mineral Resources of the United States [1882], and in the Eleventh Census Report (1890), Mineral Statistics, among other volumes. The figures of “Professor 137 Text: G 118-170 MINERALS AND POWER Whitney,” whose work is frequently cited, will be found in Whit- ney, J. D., The Metallic Wealth of the United States, Philadelphia, 1853. The “Mr. Valentine,” also frequently cited, is John J. Val- entine, vice-president and general manager (in 1890) of the Wells- Fargo Express Company, who published annual data on production in States aud Territories west of the Missouri River. G 118-119. Gold production and value, 1792-1945. SOURCE: For figures for 1792-1903, except annual data for 1835-1844, see U. S. Treasury, Annual Report of the Director of the Mint, 1910, p. 99. For annual figures for 1835-1844, see Bureau of Mines, Economic Paper 5, Summarized Data of Gold Production, p. 14. For 1904— 1945, figures are from records of the Bureau of Mines. See also text for series G 118-121, above. Quantities represent recoverable metal and are given in troy ounces, 1,000 fine. Gold is valued in 1934 and thereafter at $35 per fine ounce; prior thereto at $20.674 per fine ounce. Economic Paper 5, of the Bureau of Mines (cited above), pro- vides quantity figures annually, 1835-1927, but the annual figures for 1904-1927 differ from those shown here. In addition, 10-year totals in fine ounces for 1801-1840 are provided as follows: 1801— 1810, 135,000; 1811-1820, 135,000; 1821-1830, 150,000; 1831-1840, 318,000. The Bureau of the Mint series, used here to 1908, is continued to 1945 in the issues of the Annual Report of the Bureau of the Mint. For single year data (Mint series), 1845-1909, see 1910 issue; for 1911-1940, see 1941 issue; for later years see subsequent issues. In any comparisons of data in the gold and silver series, 1904- 1945, with those in the annual Mineral Resources—Minerals Year- book volumes, special care should be taken to refer to' figures in those volumes which are specifically noted as excluding data for the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and island possessions. G 120-121. Silver production and value. 1834-1945. SOURCE: Same as for series G 118-119, except for annual figures for silver, 1834-1844, see Bureau of Mines, Economic Paper 8, Summarized Data on Silver Production, p. 18. See also general text for series G 118-121, above. Quantities represent recoverable metal and are given in troy ounces, 1,000 fine. Prices are the New York buying prices except for those years when the United States Treasury was purchasing silver under legislation providing a special price for domestically produced metal. In these years, the price is the treasury purchase price, despite the fact that some silver lacking affidavits regarding its production failed to qualify and entered the market at the com- mercial price. These latter quantities, however, have been neg- ligible. Economic Paper 8, of the Bureau of Mines (cited above), pro- vides quantity figures annually, 1834-1927, but the annual figures for 1904-1927 differ from those shown here. The Bureau of the Mint series, used here to 1903, is continued to 1945 in the issues of the Annual Report of the Bureau of the Mint. For single year data (Mint series), 1845-1909, see 1910 issue; for 1911-1940, see 1941 issue; for later years see subsequent issues. In any comparisons of data in the gold and silver series, 1904— 1945, with those in the annual Mineral Resources—Minerals Year- book volumes, special care should be taken to refer to figures in those volumes which are specifically noted as excluding data for | the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and island possessions. G 122-124. Platinum, 1880-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. Figures for 1880-1900 and 1910-1920 represent crude platinum metals. Those for 1901-1909 represent production of refined platinum metals from domestic ores. Figures for 1921- 1945 comprise production of crude platinum metals and platinum metals recovered as a byproduct of gold and copper refining. Figures on recoveries of platinum metals from gold and copper refining are not available prior to 1921. Data include Alaska. G 125-130. Light-weight metals, production and value, 1885— 1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158, and detailed list- ings below. 138 G 125-126. Primary aluminum production, 1885-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158. Value data for 1893-1910 repre- sent estimates. Production data for 1893-1906 cover fiscal year ending August 31. G 127-128. Bauxite production, 1889-1945. SOURCE: See gen- eral note, series G 1-158. Production data represent shipments of crude, dried, activated and calcined bauxite from mines except for 1939-1945 which represent shipments of crude ore from mines. Figures on a dried equivalent basis are available from 1920 in source volumes. G 129-130. Primary magnesium production, 1915-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158; see also Minerals Year- Book, 1939 and subsequent annual volumes. Production figures represent sales. Data shown for 1922-1924 are estimates. EMPLOYMENT AND INJURIES (G 131-158) G 131-143. Employment and injuries: Mines (except coal) and quarries, and related industries, 1911-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158, and detailed listings below. G 131-136. Employment and injuries, all mines except coal mines, 1911-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158; for 1911-1942, see Bulletin 461, ‘“Metal- and Nonmetal-Mine Acci- dents in the United States—1942,”” 1945, p. 51; for 1943-1945, see annual volumes of Minerals Yearbook for 1945 and 1946, except for series G 134 and G 136, data for which were obtained from records of the Bureau of Mines. G 137-143. Employment and injuries, quarries and related in- dustries, 1911-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158; for 1911-1942, see Bulletin 458, “Quarry Accidents in the U.S. 1942,” 1944, p. 83; for 1943-1945, see annual volumes of Minerals Yearbook for 1945 and 1946. Man-hours of employment (series G 139) for the period 1911-1923 were computed on the assumption that weighted average length of workday was 9.36 hours as shown by reports from representative companies for 1924. Figures for injured per million man-hours (series G 143) for years previous to 1916 are believed to be not representative owing to probable in- completeness of reports of slight or minor injuries. G 144-158. Fatalities, production and employment: Bituminous and anthracite mines, 1870-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158, and detailed listing below. G 144-153. Number killed in coal mines (bituminous and an- thracite, combined), 1870-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series G 1-158; for 1870-1942, see Bulletin 462, “Coal Mine Accidents in the United States: 1942,” pp. 102-104; for 1943-1945, see annual volumes of Minerals Yearbook for 1945 and 1946, except for series G 147, G 149, G 150, G 152, and G 153, data for which were ob- tained from records of the Bureau of Mines. Prior to 1910, certain States did not maintain records of accidents. Rates shown are based exclusively on tonnage and men employed in States for which accident records were available. G 154-158. Production and employment in coal mines, 1911- 1945. SOURCE: Same as for series G 144-153. These data are based on monthly reports by coal mine operators to the U. S. Bureau of Mines. Total production figures (series G 154) for 1935-1944 represent annual totals of data received monthly, and they differ from combined totals for bituminous and anthracite production collected annually and presented as series G 13 and G 16, respectively. Power: Series G 159-233 ENERGY PRODUCTION AND USE (G 159-199) G 159-170. Annual supply of energy from mineral fuels and water power, 1819-1945. SOURCES: For decennial data 1819-1889, see U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Mines, Mineral Resources of the United States, 1930, part II—Nonmetals, table 7, POWER p. 623; for annual averages of 5-year periods 1871-1900, see Sta- tistical Abstract, 1946, table 526, p. 473; for 1899-1945, see U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, annual volumes of Minerals Yearbook as follows: For 1899-1935, see 1937 volume, table 8, p. 807; for 1936-1943, see 1945 volume, p. 846; for 1944 1945, revised data obtained from records of Bureau of Mines. In converting water power to its fuel equivalent, two alter- native assumptions have been made. The first (series G 161) assumes a constant fuel equivalent, which represents the average efficiency of all central stations generating steam-electric power in 1918, the base period used. The usefulness of the constant factor lies in showing the rate at which water power is being developed. It permits direct comparison between the relative increase in kilo- watt-hours of water power and the corresponding increase or de- crease in tons of coal, barrels of oil, or cubic feet of gas produced. On the other hand the constant factor makes no allowance for the fact that coal and other fuels produced today are used more effi- ciently than formerly. To show the influence of improving fuel efficiency, a second computation (series G 162) of the energy equivalent of water power has therefore been made. This assumes a prevailing fuel equivalent, diminishing year by year, which represents the average performance of all fuel-burning central electric stations for the year in question. (The prevailing factor is thus much above the constant factor in 1899 and much below it in 1945.) The prevailing fuel equivalent indicates more nearly the quantity of fuel that would have been needed in any one year to generate the same power in a steam-electric station. It should be noted, however, that the ulti- mate uses to which the water power generated is put often displace fuel burned much less efficiently than in central stations and that in any instance no other important branch of fuel consumption has made advances in fuel efficiency approaching that of the central stations. The ideal factor for converting water power into fuel equiva- lent would be the average efficiency of all forms of fuel consump- tion in each year. No basis for determining such an all-embracing average exists at present, but enough is known to make certain that it would show much less reduction from 1899 to 1945 than do the central stations. A just comparison of the-.changing contri- butions of water power and of fuel to the national energy supply would lie somewhere between the results shown by the constant equivalent and the prevailing central-station equivalent. The figures for oil and natural gas represent the entire produc- tion of crude petroleum and of gas. Most of this production does not come into direct competition with codl. An elaborate analysis and the accumulation of data not now available would be required to determine even approximately how much of any one fuel ac- tually has been displaced either by other fuels or by water power. The present series do not permit determination of such dis- placement; their purpose is rather to measure the long-time trends in the total demand for energy. G 171-233. General note. Production and use of electric energy, 1902-1945. SOURCE: See detailed listings below. Some data on the production and use of electric energy are available since the be- ginning of commercial production in 1882. Data for the years 1882 to 1920, however, are difficult to evaluate because of changing bases of measurements and variations in coverage of the various censuses or other surveys made during the period. The Census Bureau published the results of surveys of the electric light and power industries made at five-year intervals during the period 1902-1937, and the Censuses of Manufactures and of Mineral In- dustries contain important data on industrial use and production of electric energy. The United States Geological Survey, the Elec- trical World and the National Electric Light Association also pub- lished considerable data applicable to the industry during this early period. The chief gaps in the data for these years are in the production Text: G 159-203 of electric energy by industrial establishments for their own use and in the measurement of the sales by electric railroads and rail- ways for public distribution. Early data on capacity and on re- quirements must be converted from horsepower to kw. (kilowatts) to be comparable; and capacity data in kv.-a (kilovolt-amperes) were often tabulated as kw. without regard to the power factor. Data on generation were also often reported without regard to the kw.-h. (kilowatt-hours) used in production and, in many instances, where the prime mover was used both for direct drive and for electric generation, the kw.-h. equivalent of power used directly was reported as generation. These variations in units of measure- ment and in classification often resulted in differences in reported totals of as much as 20 to 25 percent. In presenting historical data on electric energy since 1902, efforts have been made to resolve such differences and place the data on a comparable basis. Since 1920 comprehensive statistics on capacity and generation of electric utilities for public use have been compiled and pub- lished by the Geological Survey, 1920 to 1936, and by the Federal Power Commission, 1936 to 1945. Data on capacity and generation by nonutility establishments from 19389 to 1945 have been compiled and published by the Federal Power Commission. The Commission also published financial, operating, sales, and rate statistics for the electric utility industry. Data on customers, revenues, sales, and related matters for the period 1926 to 1945 are published by the Edison Electric Institute. The technical and trade journals from time to time publish data on the electric utility and related industries. G 171-174. Electric energy production by electric utilities and industrial establishments, by type of prime mover, 1902-1945. SOURCE: Sum of data in series G 175-182 (electric utilities and industrial establishments). See also text for series G 171-233, above. G 175-178. Electric energy production by electric utilities, by type of prime mover, 1902-1945. SOURCE: For 1902-1917, see Bureau of the Census reports, Census of Electric Light and Power Stations; for 1920-1945, see Federal Power Commission, Produc- tion of Electric Energy and Capacity of Generating Plants, 1945. See also text for series G 171-233, above. G 179-182. Electric energy production by industrial establish- ments, by type of prime mover, 1902-1945. SOURCES: Federal Power Commission. Data for 1902-1938 based on Bureau of the Census, Census of Manufactures, Census of Mineral Industries, Census of Electric Light and Power Stations, and related data; data for 1939-1945, Federal Power Commission, Industrial Electric Power Requirements, 1939-1945. See also text for series G 171- 233, above. G 183. Total utility and industrial electric energy production, 1902-1945. SOURCE: Sum of series G 184 and G 190. G 184-189. Electric utilities electric energy production by class of ownership, 1902-1945. SOURCE: See above for series G 175-178. G 190. Electrical energy production by industrial establishments, 1902-1945. SOURCE: See above for series G 179. This series is identical to series G 179 and is repeated here for convenience in reference. G'191-193. Industrial use of electric energy, 1902-1945. SOURCE: Federal Power Commission. Data for 1902-1938 based on Bureau of the Census, Census of Manufactures, Census of Mineral Indus- tries, and related date; data for 1989-1945, Federal Power Com- mission, Industrial Electric Power Requirements, 1939-1945. See also text for series G 171-233, above. G 194-199. Consumption of fuels by electric utilities for pro- duction of electric energy, 1920-1945. SOURCE: Federal Power Commission, Consumption of Fuel for the Production of Electric Energy, 1945. GENERATING PLANTS AND CAPACITY (G 200-224) G 200-203. Number of electric utility generating plants, 1902- 1945. SOURCE: Federal Power Commission records. 139 Text: G 204-233 G 204. Production per kilowatt of installed generating capacity, 1902-1945. SOURCE: Federal Power Commission records. G 205-208. Installed generating capacity of electric utilities and industrial establishments, by type of prime mover, 1902-1945. SOURCE: Sum of data for series G 209-216 (electric utilities and industrial establishments). G 209-212. Installed generating capacity of electric utilities, by type of prime mover, 1902-1945. SOURCE: Same as series G 175- 178, above. These data include capacity of small standby plants which operate infrequently and have insignificant production, and capacity of publicly owned ‘“Non-Central Stations’ which operate primarily for such functions as public street lighting or water pumping. G 213-216. Installed generating capacity of industrial establish- ments, by type of prime mover, 1902-1945. SOURCE: Same as series G 179-182, above. 140 MINERALS AND POWER G 217. Total utility and industrial installed generating capacity, 1902-1945. SOURCE: Sum of series G 218 and G 224. G 218-223. Electric utilities installed generating capacity by class of ownership, 1902-1945. SOURCE: Same as series G 175- 178, above. G 224. Installed generating capacity by industrial establish- ments, 1902-1945. SOURCE: See above for series G 213. This series is identical to series G 213 and is repeated here for convenience in reference. SALES TO ULTIMATE CONSUMERS (G 225-233) G 225-233. Electric utilities, sales to ultimate consumers, 1902- 1945. SOURCES: For 1902-1925, see Federal Power Commission records, based on data in Bureau of the Census, Census of Electric Light and Power Stations, National Electric Light Association Proceedings, Eleciric World, and related sources: for 1926-1945, see Edison Electric Institute, Statistical Bulletin. MINING AND MINERALS Data: G 1-12 Series G 1-5.—MINERALS—VALUE OF MINERAL PRODUCTS: 1880 TO 1945 [ In thousands of dollars | All NONMETALLIC All NONMETALLIC mineral Metallic mineral Metallic YEAR products Total Fuels ! Other YEAR products Total Fuels ! Other 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 5 8,140,000 | 1,974,000 | 6,166,000 | 5,212,000 954,000 2,237,794 862,191 | 1,375,603 945,541 430,062 8,419,000 | 2,340,000 | 6,079,000 | 5,178,000 901,000 1,924,081 681,023 | 1,243,058 835,763 407,295 8,071,800 | 2,488,000 | 5,583,800 | 4,608,300 975,500 7,576,300 | 2,363,900 | 5,212,400 | 4,103,400 | 1,109,000 1,987,844 750,027 | 1,237,817 828,213 409,604 6,878,000 | 2,132,000 | 4,746,000 | 3,708,100 | 1,037,900 1,887,107 755,092 | 1,132,015 746,204 385,811 1,591,773 550,890 | 1,040,883 716,034 324,849 5,613,900 | 1,678,600 | 3,935,300 | 3,116,500 818,800 2,069,570 904,151 | 1,165,419 789,128 376,291 4,914,200 | 1,291,700 | 3,622,500 | 2,834,300 788,200 1,900,880 886,280 | 1,014,600 652,398 362,202 4,363,200 892,600 | 3,470,600 | 2,820,300 650,300 3 5,413,400 | 1,468,200 | 3,945,200 | 3,200,500 744,700 1,623,765 702,785 920,980 602,258 318,722 4,556,800 | 1,081,600 | 3,475,200 | 2,759,200 716,000 1,359,181 501,314 857,867 584,043 273,824 1,495,381 589,253 906,128 634,226 271,902 3,650,000 733,130 | 2,916,870 | 2,330,000 586,870 1,327,951 605,017 722,934 469,079 253,855 3,325,400 548,934 | 2,776,466 | 2,233,300 543,166 1,155,078 493,814 661,264 442,409 218,855 2,555,100 417,065 | 2,138,035 | 1,683,400 454,635 2,461,700 285,875 | 2,175,825 | 1,743,400 432,425 1,108,936 514,232 594,704 406,376 188,328 3,166,600 569,790 | 2,596,810 | 1,892,400 704,410 1,010,096 484,021 526,075 340,773 185,302 727,042 308,747 418,295 267,513 150,782 4,764,800 985,790 |.3,779,010 | 2,764,500 | 1,014,510 651,612 270,434 381,178 253,598 127,580 5,887,600 | 1,480,390 | 4,407,210 | 3,190,527 | 1,216,683 641,041 252,575 388,466 268,161 120,305 5,385,200 | 1,288,290 | 4,096,910 | 2,884,962 | 1,211,948 5,530,000 | 1,220,633 | 4,309,367 | 3,060,047 | 1,249,320 642,691 248,533 394,158 268,438 125,720 6,218,600 | 1,405,345 | 4,808,255 | 3,541,916 | 1,266,339 550,245 187,335 362,910 235,618 127,292 545,493 223,654 321,839 251,735 70,104 5,677,630 | 1,382,155 | 4,295,475 | 3,058,680 | 1,236,795 622,232 284,215 338,017 248,344 89,673 5,305,800 | 1,233,370 | 4,072,430 | 2,898,630 | 1,173,800 600,849 280,985 319,864 237,160 82,704 5,986,500 | 1,511,930 | 4,474,570 | 3,317,100 | 1,157,470 4,647,290 988,100 | 3,659,190 | 2,737,880 921,310 615,429 303,937 311,492 230,962 80,530 4,138,500 654,700 | 3,483,800 | 2,703,470 780,330 542,326 250,823 291,503 208,297 83,206 5 ® 553,799 242,460 811,339 231,459 79,880 6,981,340 | 1,763,675. | 5,217,665 | 4,192,910 | 1,024,755 535,633 241,183 294,450 217,251 77,199 4,623,770 | 1,361,099 | 3,262,671 | 2,510,894 751,777 456,185 204,795 251,390 184,608 66,782 5,540,708 | 2,156,588 | 3,384,120 | 2,736,151 647,969 4,992,496 | 2,088,914 | 2,903,582 | 2,237,837 665,745 419,551 174,718 244,833 183,075 61,758 3,508,439 | 1,622,129 | 1,886,310 | 1,332,584 553,726 407,040 182,784 224,256 165,825 58,431 448,061 201,131 246,930 185,760 61,170 2,394,644 993,353 | 1,401,291 972,617 428,674 453,106 219,070 234,036 170,479 63,557 2,111,172 687,101 | 1,424,071 992,837 431,234 403,120 192,663 210,457 149,798 60,659 2,433,545 879,058 | 1,554,487 | 1,087,843 466,644 367,463 190,881 176,582 120,241 56,341 1 Coal. natural gas, natural gasoline and allied products, and petroleum. Series G 6-8.—MINERALS—INDEXES ON: PRODUCTION (FEDERAL RESERVE): 9 9 [ 1935-1939 average=100 ] Total | Metals | Fuels Total | Metals | Fuels Total | Metals | Fuels Total | Metals | Fuels YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 6 7 8 137 101 143 (| 1937_.___ 112 127 109 |1 1930... .. 93 102 91 [i 1928..... 140 113 145 || 1936.___. 99 102 99 || 1929. ... 107 134 103 || 1922. ___. 132 126 132 1928. ...- 99 120 95.1 1921... 129 148 125 || 1935. .... 86 73 89 |i 1927..... 100 116 97 125 149 122 || 1934... 80 58 83 || 1926._.___. 100 126 95 {1 1020... .. SE IEE | 1933... 76 51 80 1019... TL mmm fre a ne 117 134 114 || 1982... _. 67 36 2 4 1925. .... 92 121 87 0s us 10% 1931. .... 80 68 82 (| 1924 ____ 89 108 86 Series G 9-12—MINING—INDEXES OF PHYSICAL OUTPUT (NBER): 1899 TO 1939 [1899=100] NONMETALLIC NONMETALLIC NONMETALLIC ool Metals aoe Metals hal Metals |—mm———— YEAR Fuel Other YEAR Fuel Other YEAR g Fuel Other 9 10 11 12. 9 10 11 12 9 10 11 12 366 224 430 382 321 226 352 422 192 166 204 261 331 176 403 340 310 207 346 386 387 251 449 396 329 214 374 383 195 175 203 264 344 195 410 362 239 155 269 300 184 170 187 255 222 99 268 247 162 189 172 223 293 144 365 265 173 146 188 231 271 111 346 251 271 195 305 288 160 149 162 222 249 88 327 223 234 184 259 235 230 76 301 221 270 249 286 245 154 141 157 184 286 136 346 844 268 259 276 281 138 125 142 149 254 264 248 279 134 120 141 128 343 197 393 459 119 120 118 116 389 252 434 507 220 212 226 253 114 111 116 105 357 230 397 482 202 172 218 258 357 223 401 475 217 192 230 281 108 109 106 108 348 235 386 447 206 184 215 278 100 100 100 100 Data: G 13-18 MINERALS AND POWER Series G 13-18.—FUELS—BITUMINOUS AND ANTHRACITE COAL, PRODUCTION: 1807 TO 1945 [ Production in net tons of 2,000 pounds | BITUMINOUS PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE BITUMINOUS PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE Value Value Value Value YEAR | Production Production YEAR | Production Production Average Average Average Average Total per ton Total per ton Total per ton Total per ton 13 14 15 16 17 18 13 14 15 16 17 18 Tons Dollars Dollars Tons Dollars Dollars Tons Dollars Dollars Tons Dollars Dollars 1945__| 577,617,327| 1,768,204,320| 3.06 | ! 54,933,909|323,944,435 5.90 (| 1912__/450,104,982(517,983,445 1.15 |84,361,598|177,622,626 2.11 1944__| 619,576,240| 1,810,900,842| 2.92 | !63,701,363(354,582,884 5.57 || 1911__/405,907,059(451,375,819 1.11 |90,464,067(175,189,392 1.94 1943__| 590,177,069] 1,584,644,477 2.69 | 160,643,620{306,816,018 5.06 1942__| 582,692,937| 1,373,990,608 2.86 |- 160,327,729(271,673,380 4.50 (f 1910._(417,111,142|469,281,719 1.12 |84,485,236(160,275,302 1.90 1941. 514,149,245] 1,125,362,836| 2.19 | !56,368,267|240,275,126 4.26 || 1909..(379,744,257|405,486,777 1.07 |81,070,359|149,181,587 1.84 1908..(332,573,944|374,135,268 1.12 |83,268,754(|158,178,849 1.90 1940._| 460,771,500 879,327,227 1.91 51,484,640(205,489,814 3.99 1907._|394,759,112|451,214 ,842 1.14 |85,604,312|163,584,056 1.91 1939._| 394,855,325| = 728,348,366 1.84 51,487,377|187,175,324 3.64 || 1906..|342,874,867(381,162,115 1.11 |71,282,411|131,917,694 1.85 1938__| 348,544,764 678,653,000 1.95 46,099,027(180,600,167 3.92 1937__| 445,531,449 864.042 ,000 1.94 51,856,433|197,598,849 3.81 || 1905..|315,062,785(334 ,658 ,294 1.06 |77,659,850(141,879,000 1.83 1936 439,087,903 770,955,000 1.76 54,579,535(227,008,538 4.16 {| 1904__(278,659,689(305,397,001 1.10 |73,156,709(138,974,020 1.90 1903__|282,749,348(351,687,933 1.24 |74,607,068(152,036,448 2.04 19385..| 372,373,122 658,063,000 1.77 52,158,783|210,130,565 4.03 || 1902_.(260,216,844|290,858,483 1.12 141,373,595) 76,173,586 1.84 1934__| 359,368,022 628,383,000 1.75 57,168,291(244,152,245 4.27 1901__|225,828,149(236,422,049 1.05 [67,471,667|112,504,020 1.67 1933__| 333,630,533 4457788 ,000 1.34 49,541,344|206,718,405 4.17 1932__| 309,709,872 406,677,000 1.31 49,855 ,221(222,375,129 4.46 || 1900..[212,316,112(220,930,313 1.04 |57,367,915| 85,757,851 1.49 1931._| 382,089,396 588,895,000 1.54 59,645,652(296 ,354 ,586 4.97 1899__|193,323,187(167,952,104 0.87 (60,418,005 88,142,130 1.46 1898__|166,593,623(132,608,713 0.80 [53,382,645| 75,414,537 1.41 1930__| 467,526,299 795,483,000 1.70 69,384 ,837(354,574,191 5.11 || 1897__|147,617,519(119,595,224 0.81 |52,611,681| 79,301,954 1.51 1929__| 534,988,593 952,781,000 1.78 73,828,195|385,642,751 5.22 || 1896._|137,640,276{114,891,515 0.83 (54,346,081| 81,748,651 1.50 1928__| 500,744,970 933,774,000 1.86 75,348 ,069(393,637,690 5.22 1927__| 517,763,352 1,029,657,000 1.99 80,095.564(420,941,726 5.26 || 1895_.|135,118,193115,779,771 0.86 |57,999,337| 82,019,272 1.41 1926__| 573,366,985| 1,183,412,000 2.06 84,437,452|474,164 ,252 5.62 || 1894__|118,820,405/107,653,501 0.91 (51,921,121| 78,488,063 1.51 1893__|128,385,231(122,751,618 0.96 (53,967,543| 85,687,078 1.59 1925__| 520,052,741| 1,060,402,000 2.04 61,817,149|327,664,512 5.30 || 1892..|126,856,567|125,124,381 0.99 [52,472,504 82,442,000 1.57 1924__| 483,686,538 1,062,626,000 2.20 87.926,862(477,230,852 5.43 || 1891._.|117,901,238(117,188,400 0.99 |50,665,431| 73,944,735 1.46 1923__| 564,564,662| 1,514,621,000 2.68 93,339,009|506,786,768 5.43 1922__| 422,268,099 1,274,820,000 3.02 54,683,022|273,700,125 5.01 (f 1890__|111,302,322(|110,420,801 0.99 [46,468,641| 66,383,772 1.43 1921. 415,921,950{ 1,199,983 ,600 2.89 90,473,451|452,304,903 5.00 || 1889._| 95,682,543 45,456,970 1888._.{102,040,093]. 46,619,564 1920_.| 568,666,683 2,129,933,000 3.75 89,598,249(434,252,198 4.85 || 1887__| 88,562,314 42,088,197 1919__| 465,860,058 1,160,616,013 2.49 88,092,201|364,926,950 4.14 || 1886_._| 74,644,981 39,035,446 1918._| 579,385,820| 1,491,809,940 2.58 98,826,084336,480,347 3.40 1917__| 551,790,563] 1,249,272,837 2.26 99,611,811|283,650,723 2.85 || 1885..| 72,824,321 38,335,974 1916 502,519,682 665,116,077 1.32 87,578,493(202,009,561 2.31 || 1884__| 82,998,704 -|37,156,847 1883_.| 77,250,680 -|R8,456,845(_ 1915__| 442,624,426 502,037,688 1.13 88,995,061(184,653,498 2.07 || 1882__| 68,429,933 _|35,121,256 1914__| 422,703,970 493,309,244 1.17 90,821,507(188,181,399 2.07 1881._| 53,961,012 31,920,018 1913__| 478,435,297 565,234,952 1.18 91,524,922|195,181,127 2.13 PRODUCTION (NET TONS) PRODUCTION (NET TONS) PRODUCTION (NET TONS) YEAR Bituminous Anthracite YEAR Bituminous Anthracite YEAR Bituminous Anthracite 13 16 13 16 13 16 42,831,758 28,649,812 6,494,200 8,115,842 1,102,931 967,108 37,898,006 30,207,793 6,013,404 9,619,771 552,038 1,008,322 36,245,918 21,689,682 5,548,376 8,426,102 445,452 910,075 34,841,444 25,660,316 5,153,622 8,186,567 182,500 1,071,151 30,486,755 22,793,245 5,012,146 8,534,779 142,000 842,832 29,862,554 22,485,766 4,784,919 8,141,754 134,000 690,854 27,787,130 24,818,790 4,582,227 7,394,875 136,500 464,015 31,449,643 26,152,837 4,169,862 6,400,426 133,750 600,907 27,220,233 24,233,166 3,664,707 6,151,957 146,500 447,550 27,543,023 19,342,057 3,253,460 5,481,065 120,100 217,842 17,371,805 15,664,275 2,880,017 4,138,164 104,800 215,272 15,821,226 17,083,134 2,453,497 3,995,334 102,000 138,086 15,858,555 17,003,405 1,968,032 3,805,942 100,408 95,500 14,722,313 16,002,109 1,735,062 3,551,005 94,000 78,151 13,352,400 15,651,183 1,977,707 2,887,815 88,720 59,194 11,900,427 11,891,746 1,829,872 2,480,032 75,000 42,988 11,066,474 12,538,649 1,672,045 2,009,207 67,040 13,685 9,533,742 11,785,320 1,504,121 1,556,753 60,000 8,563 7,790,725 9,695,110 1,244,494 1,365,563 54,000 4,583 6,688,358 9,799,654 1,108,700 1.182.441 {lL 1821. neaaneis [semanas 1,322 3,000 12,000 1 Includes some ‘‘bootleg’ coal purchased by legitimate operators and prepared at their breakers. For statistics of ‘bootleg’ operations in Pennsylvania anthra- cite industry, see Minerals Yearbook, 1945, p. 932. During the 5-year period, 1941- 142 recognized operators. 1945, it is estimated that a total of 14,502,424 net tons of ‘bootleg’ anthracite was produced, of which 6,552,121 net tons was purchased for preparation by MINING AND MINERALS Data: G 19-32 Series G 19-32.—FUELS—BITUMINOUS COAL AND LIGNITE MINING: 1890 TO 1945 [Net tons are of 2,000 pounds. For production data prior to 1890, see page 142. See also series G 14-15] CALCULATED CAPACITY Jyeasop Jp NET TONS PERCENT OF PERCENT OF (MILLIONS OF NET TONS) ON ACCOUNT OF PER MAN UNDERGROUND TOTAL Average STRIKES PRODUCTION PRODUCTION Production Men Nabe wiper > = Srna YEAR em- of of days e- e- in {net tons) ployed mines A: a aL worked in eT i T Per Per 2 uy chan- chan- by days days days ployed | strike day year | chines eas, Sally 4 we 13a 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 577,617,327 |383,100 7,033 682 620 578 261 1) 1) 5.78 1,508 90.8 56.1 25.6 19.0 619,576,240 [393,347 6,928 686 624 582 278 Mm mM) 5.67 1,575 90.5 52.9 25.6 16.3 590,177,069 |416,007 6,620 689 626 583 264 Mm (1) 5.38 1,419 90.3 48.9 24.7 13.5 582,692,937 |461,991 6,972 730 663 618 246 1 7 5.12 1,261 89.7 45.2 24.4 11.5 514,149,245 |456,981 6,822 733 666 621 216 20 27 5.20 1,125 89.0 40.7 22.9 10.7 160,771,500 439,075 6,324 703 639 595 202 1 8 5.19 1,049 88.4 35.4 22.2 9.4 -|894,855,825 [421,788 5,820 683 621 579 178 25 36 5.25 936 87.9 31.0 20.1 9.6 348,544,764 (441,333 5,777 663 602 562 162 1 13 4.89 790 87.5 26.7 18.2 8.7 445,531,449 (491,864 6,548 710 646 601 193 1) *) 4.69 906 MN 20.2 14.6 7.1 439,087,908 (477,204 6,875 680 618 576 199 2 21 4.62 920 84.8 16.3 13.9 6.4 372,873,122 [462,403 6,315 640 582 543 179 nH m 4.50 805 84.2 13.5 12.2 6.4 359,868,022 [458,011 6,258 622 565 527 178 3 15 4.40 785 84.1 12.2 11.1 5.8 -1333,630,533 (418,703 5,555 615 559 521 167 9 30 4.78 791 84.7 12.0 10.4 5.6 309,709,872 [406,380 5,427 653 594 554 146 19 120 5.22 762 84.1 12.3 9.8 6.3 382,089,396 (450,213 5,642 736 669 623 160 3 35 5.30 849 83.2 13.1 9.5 5.0 467,526,299 [493,202 5,891 770 700 653 187 2 43 5.06 948 81.0 10.5 8.3 4.3 -|584,988,593 502,993 6,057 752 679 638 219 2 11 4.85 1,064 78.4 7.4 6.9 3.8 -1500,744,970 [522,150 6,450 760 691 644 203 8 83 4.73 959 76.9 4.5 5.7 4.0 517,763,352 |593,918 7,011 835 759 708 191 45 153 4.55 872 74.9 3.3 5.3 3.6 573,366,985 |593,647 7.11% 821 747 696 215 1 24 4.50 966 73.8 1.8 Mm 3.0 520,052,741 |588,493 7,144 822 748 696 195 2 30 4.52 884 72.9 1.2 Mm 3.2 -|483,686,538 |619,604 7,586 871 792 738 171 1 73 4.56 781 71.5 0.7 1) 2.8 -|564,564,662 |704,793 9,331 970 885 823 179 2 20 4.47 801 68.3 0.3 3.8 2.1 422,268,099 [687,958 9,299 916 832 776 142 78 117 4.28 609 64.8 1 en Mn) 2.4 415,921,950 [663,754 8,038 860 781 729 149 3 23 4.20 627 66.4 1. cnn 3.4 1.2 568,666,683 639,547 8,921 796 725 675 220 6 22 4.00 881 60.7 3.3 1.5 465,860,058 [621,998 8,994 736 669 624 195 25 37 3.84 749 60.0 3.6 1.2 -|579,385,820 |615,305 8,319 717 650 607 249 1 7 3.78 942 56.7 3.8 1.4 551,790,563 (603,143 6,939 699 636 593 243 4 17 3.77 915 56.1 4.6 1.0 -|502,519,682 [561,102 5,726 673 613 570 230 4 26 3.90 896 56.9 4.6 0.8 -|442,624,426 |557,456 5,502 672 610 569 203 4 61 3.91 794 55.3 4.7 0.6 -|422,703.970 |583,506 5,592 668 608 566 195 19 80 3.71 724 51.8 4.8 0.3 -|478,485,297 |571,882 5,776 635 577 538 232 4 36 3.61 837 50.7 4.6 -1450,104 ,982 |548,632 5,747 622 566 527 223 10 35 3.68 820 46.8 3.9 405,907,059 (549,775 5,887 593 538 502 211 2 27 3.50 738 43.9 Mm 417,111,142 (555,533 5,818 592 538 502 217 35 89 3.46 751 3. -|879,744 ,257 |543,152 5,775 560 510 474 209 1 29 3.34 699 3. -|832,573,944 |516,264 4,730 531 482 450 193 11 38 3.34 644 3. 394,759,112 (513,258 4,550 520 473 440 234 1 14 3.29 769 2. 342,874,867 [478,425 4,430 496 451 420 213 28 63 3.36 719 2. 315,062,785 [460,629 5,060 460 417 390 211 2 23 3.24 684 278,659,689 437,832 4,650 425 386 360 202 8 44 3.15 637 -|282,749,348 415,777 ) 387 350 328 225 3 28 3.02 680 -1260,216,844 |370,056 MN) 348 316 295 230 7 44 3.06 703 225,828,149 [340,235 M 309 281 262 225 2 35 2.94 664 212,816,112 [304,375 ) 279 255 237 234 5 43 2.98 697 193,323,187 |271,027 3,245 254 230 216 234 8 46 3.05 713 -|166,593,623 255,717 2,862 243 221 206 3.09 651 -|147,617,519 [247,817 2,454 232 213 197 3.04 596 137,640,276 [244,171 2,599 221 202 187 2.94 564 135,118,193 [239,962 2,555 215 196 182 2.90 563 ~|118,820,405 |244,603 Mm) 214 196 181 2.84 486 -|128,385,231 [230,365 (1) 194 174 164 2.73 557 -|126,856,567 212,893 Mm 178 162 151 2.72 596 117,901,238 [205,803 Mm 163 148 138 2.57 573 111,302,322 (192,204 Mm 152 137 129 2.56 579 1 Data not available. ? One-half day or less. 143 Data: G 33-42 MINERALS AND POWER Series G 33-42—FUELS—PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE INDUSTRY: 1890 TO 1945 [Net tons are of 2,000 pounds. For production data prior to 1890, see page 142. See also series G 17-18] OUTPUT FOREIGN TRADE EMPLOYMENT OPERATIONS (NET TONS) (NET TONS) Consumption (AVERAGE TONS) Production emodisied r) tated Voad YEAR net tons (net tons] Average verage Produce aded me- Exports | Imports number of | number of Pes or Pe oan Cin i by chanically employees | days worked stripping | underground 16a 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 154,933,909 | 3,691,247 . 149 | 51,600,000 72,842 269 2.7 751 | 1,210,171 | 10,056,325 | 13,927,955 163,701,363 | 4,185,933 11,847 | 59,400,000 77,591 292 2.79 815 | 1,336,082 | 10,953,030 | 14,975,146 160,643,620 | 4,138,680 166,020 | 57,100,000 79,153 270 2.78 751 | 1,624,883 8,989,387 | 14,745,793 160,327,729 | 4,438,588 | 140,115 | 56,500,000 82,121 239 2.95 705 | 2,285,640 | 9,070,933 | 14,741,459 156,368,267 | 3,380,189 74,669 | 52,700,000 88,054 203 3.04 617 | 1,855,422 7,316,574 | 13,441,987 51,484,640 | 2,667,632 135,436 | 49,000,000 91,318 186 3.02 562 | 1,816,483 6,352,700 | 12,326,000 51,487,377 | 2,590,000 298,153 | 49,700,000 93,138 183 3.02 553 | 1,881,884 5,486,479 | 11,773,833 46,099,027 | 1,908,911 362,895 | 45,200,000 96,417 171 2.79 478 | 1,588,407 5,095,341 | 10,151,669 51,856,433 | 1,914,173 395,737 | 50,400,000 99,085 189 2.77 523 | 1,984,512 5,696,018 | 10,683,837 54,579,535 | 1,678,024 614,639 | 53,200,000 102,081 192+ 2.79 835 | 2,162,744 6,203,267 | 10,827,946 52,158,783 | 1,608,549 571,439 | 51,100,000 108,269 189 2.68 505 | 1,848,095 5,187,072 9,279,057 57,168,291 | 1,297,610 478,118 | 55,500,000 109,050 207 2.53 524 | 1,981,088 5,798,138 9,284,486 49,541,344 | 1,034,562 456,252 | 49,600,000 104,633 182 2.60 473 | 1,648,249 4,932,069 6,557,267 49,855,221 | 1,303,355 607,097 | 50,500,000 121,243 162 2.54 411 | 1,674,223 3,980,973 5,433,340 59,645,652 | 1,778,308 637,951 | 58,408,000 139,431 181 2.37 428 | 1,587,265 3,813,237 4,384,780 69,384,837 | 2,551,659 674,812 | 67,628,000 150,804 208 2.21 460 | 1,410,123 {| 2,536,283 | 4,467,750 73,828,195 | 3,406,369 487,172 | 71,457,000 151,501 225 2.16 487 | 1,169,910 1,911,766 3,470,158 75,348,069 | 3,336,272 | 384,707 | 73,650,000 160,681 217 2.17 469 | 1,289,809 | 2,422,924 | 22,351,074 80,095,564 | 3,325,507 119,030 | 74,672,000 165,259 225 2.15 485 | 1,171,888 2,153,156 | 22,223,281 84,437,452 | 4,029,683 813,956 | 77,221,000 165,386 244 2.09 511 931,650 2.401.386 |.ccueaearan~ 61,817,149 | 3,179,006 | 382,894 | 64,061,000 | 160,312 182 2.12 386 941,189 1,578,478 87,926,862 | 4,017,785 117,951 | 80,717,000 160,009 274 2.00 550 | 1,423,884 1,865,677 93,339,009 | 5,090,138 | - 300,360 | 86,914,000 157,743 268 2.21 592 | 1,208,542 2,263,098 54,683,022 | 2,649,457 233,528 | 56,799,000 156,849 151 2.31 349 502,793 949,745 90,473,451 | 4,677,368 8,894 | 81,950,000 159,499 271 2.09 567 979,145 2,027,790 89,598,249 | 5,403,749 31,748 | 85,786,000 145,074 271 2.28 ~ 618 938,073 2,054,441 88,092,201 | 4,976,598 82,818 | 81,518,000 154,671 266 2.14 570 | 1,575,205 2,006,879 98,826,084 | 4,967,808 37,272 | 92,775,000 147,121 293 2.29 672 | 1,857,514 2,360,183 99,611,811 | 6,007,306 ,000 | 94,068,000 154,174 285 2.27 646 | 1,955,223 2,301,588 87,578,493 | 4,665,530 6,000 | 87,118,000 159,869 253 2.16 548 | 1,839,506 1,987,800 88,995,061 | 3,965,255 814 | 88,144,000 176,552 230 2.19 504 | 1,307,756 1,121,603 90,821,507 | 4,289,873 17,696 | 84,041,000 179,679 245 2.06 505 16,596 91,524,922 | 4,652,912 1,004 | 85,474,000 175,745 257 2.02 520 555,776 84,361,598 | 4,131,444 1,870 | 80,232,000 174,030 231 2.10 485 246,216 90,464,067 | 3,980,479 2,759 | 86,486,000 172,585 246 2.13 524 69,907 84,485,236 | 3,384,222 9,180 | 81,110,000 169,497 229 2.17 81,070,359 | 3,183,840 3,574 | 77,890,000 |2171,195 205 3) (3 83,268,754 | 3,082,641 18,462 | 80,205,000 174,174 200 2.39 85,604,312 | 3,021,841 11,085 | 82,594,000 167,234 220 2.33 71,282,411 | 2,483,005 36,236 | 68,836,000 162,355 195 2.25 77,659,850 | 2,497,581 38,350 | 75,201,000 165,406 215 2.18 73,156,709 | 2,495,799 81,232 | 70,742,000 155,861 200 2.35 74,607,068 | 2,249,920 196,837 | 72,554,000 150,483 206 2.41 41,373,595 | 1,016,934 190,636 | 40,547,000 148,141 116 2.40 67,471,667 | 2,232,504 3 65,239,000 145,309 196 2.37 57,367,915 | 1,853,163 132 | 55,515,000 144,206 166 2.40 60,418,005 | 1,912,732 68 | 58,505,000 139,608 173 2.50 53,382,645 | 1,513,062 3,527 | 51,873,000 145,504 152 2.41 52,611,681 | 1,454,620 27,478 | 51,185,000 149,884 150 2.34 54,346,081 | 1,512,000 118,892 | 52,948,000 148,991 174 2.10 57,999,337 | 1,647,195 158,297 | 56,510,000 142,917 196 2.07 51,921,121 { 1,613,500 100,876 | 50,408,000 131,603 190 2.08 53,967,543 | 1,493,281 60,220 | 52,534,000 132,944 197 2.06 52,472,504 953,836 72,865 | 51,592,000 | 129,050 198 2.06 50,665,431 964,601 42,120 | 49,743,000 126,350 203 1.98 46,468,641 889,655 16,962 | 45,596,000 126,000 200 1.85 1 Includes some “‘bootleg’’ coal purchased by legitimate operators and prepared at their breakers. 3 As reported by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Mines. 144 3 Data not available. MINING AND MINERALS Data: G 43-56 Series G 43-56.—FUELS—COKE INDUSTRY: 1880 TO 1945 |Net tons are of 2,000 pounds ] PRODUCTION NUMBER OF OVENS TOTAL VALUE OF PLANT (MILLION NET TONS) Average (MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) Byproduct Coal Yield of dollar Byproduct charged | coke from| value of Coke Under | Beehive, | (million coal coke per | Total YEAR Total Q Percent of Booitve Thietis: Sonzkrae. in exis- | net tons) | (percent) Yon 25 Soke 5 2 Al by coke uan- coke ion ence plan and by- : yprod- | produc tity total tence 1 tend produets | Beehive uct Coxe of year 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 67.8 62.1 92.3 5.2 14,510 335 12,179 95.7 70.4 7.56 699 38 470 191 74.0 67.0 90.6 7.0 14,580 180 16,318 105.3 70.3 7.13 736 49 479 208 n.7 63.8 88.9 7.9 14,253 528 17,666 102.5 70.0 6.64 52 424 210 70.6 62.3 88.3 8.3 13,303 1,327 16,295 100.8 70.0 6.03 629 47 378 2 65.2 58.5 89.7 6.7 13,016 181 18,669 93.1 70.0 5.41 536 37 316 183 57.1 54.0 94.6 8.1 12,734 492 15,150 81.4 70.1 4.80 442 14 260 168 44.3 42.9 96.7 1.4 63.5 69.8 4.80 356 6 207 142 32.5 81.7 97.4 0.8 46.6 69.7 5.14 283 4 163 116 52.4 49.2 94.0 3.2 74.5 70.3 4.98 412 14 247 151 46.3 44.6 96.3 7 65.9 70.2 5.02 369 7 226 136 35.1 34.2 97.4 0.9 50.5 69.6 5.03 290 4 178 113 31.8 30.8 96.8 1.0 46.0 69.2 5.01 263 4 155 104 27.6 26.7 96.7 0.9 40.1 68.7 4,46 218 3 120 96 21.8 21.1 97.0 0.7 31.9 68.3 4.79 198 2 108 88 33.5 32.4 96.6 1.3 48.6 68.9 4.83 287 4 158 125 48.0 45.2 94.2 2.8 69.8 68.7 4.86 378 10 200 168 59.9 53.4 89.2 6.5 86.8 69.0 4.66 471 23 256 192 52.8 48.3 91.5 4.6 77.2 68.4 4.79 430 16 237 177 51.1 43.9 85.9 7.2 74.4 68.6 5.13 422 30 282 1 56.9 44.4 78.0 12.5 82.9 68.6 5.41 465 57 251 1567 51.3 39.9 71.9 11.4 74.5 68.8 5.12 406 52 211 143 44.3 34.0 76.8 10.3 65.0 68.1 5.51 364 48 196 120 57.0 37.6 66.0 19.4 84.4 67.5 6.56 ° 504 116 257 131 37.1 28.5 76.9 8.6 54.8 68.3 6.42 333 50 188 95 25.8 19.8 78.1 5.6 37.2 68.0 5.84 216 30 118 51.8- 30.8 60.0 20.5 76.2 67.4 9.27 581 163 813 105 44.5 25.1 56.9 10.1 65.6 67.4 5.85 326 98 160 8 56.5 26.0 46.0 30.5 85.0 66.4 6.77 459 189 193 7 56.6 22.4 40.4 33.2 83.8 66.4 5.36 366 1569 139 68 54.5 19.1 35.0 35.4 81.6 66.8 8.13 238 96 76 62 41.6 14.1 33.8 27.5 6,268 1,191 93,110 61.8 67.2 2.54 136 57 49 30 34.6 11.2 32.5 23.4 5,809 644 93,946 51.6 66.9 2.56 106 50 38 18 46.3 12.7 27.5 33.6 5,688 504 96,962 69.2 66.9 2.78 146 80 49 17 44.0 11.1 25.3 32.9 5,211 793 97,019 65.6 67.1 2.54 126 69 43 14 35.6 7.9 22.1 9.7 4,624 698 99,255 53.3 66.7 2.37 94 57 27 10 41.7 17.1 17:1 ‘34.6 4,078 1,200 | 100,362 63.1 66.1 2.89 108 75 25 8 89.8 6.2 15.9 33.1 3,989 949 99,993 59.4 66.2 2.29 98 70 20 8 26.0 4.2 16.1 21.8 8,799 240 97,419 39.4 66.0 2.40 69 48 14 1 40.8 5.6 13.8 35.2 3,684 330 95,996 61.9 65.8 2.74 120 90 22 8 36.4 4.6 12.5 31.8 3,547 112 90,354 55.7 65.8 2.52 Mm 92 " 32.2 3.4 10.7 28.8 3,108 417 84,405 49.5 65.1 2.25 a 72 (1) 23.7 2.6 11.0 21.1 2,910 832 80,689 36.5 64.8 1.95 1 46 m 25.3 1.9 7.4 23.4 1,956 1,335 77,378 39 64.1 2.63 Mn 66 (") 25.4 1.4 5.5 24.0 ,6 1,346 | - 67,406 39.6 64.1 2.49 1) 63 0] 21.8 1.2 5.4 20.6 1,165 1,633 62,786 34.2 63.7 2.04 1) 44 20.5 1.1 5.2 19.4 1,086 1,096 57,399 32.1 63.9 2.81 a 47 "m 19.7 0.9 4.6 18.8 1,020 65 48,583 30.2 65.1 1.76 1) 35 1) 16.0 0.8 1.8 15.7 520 500 47,863 25.2 63.6 1.59 MD 26 1) 13.3 0.3 2.0 13.0 280 240 47,388 20.9 63.6 1.66 8 22 ") 11.8 0.1 0.7 11.9 160 120 46,784 18.7 63.1 1.84 Q@ 22 13.8 0.02 0.1 13.38 72 60 45,493 20.8 64.0 1.44 [& 9.2 0.02 0.2 9.2 12 60 44,760 14.4 64.0 1.34 (2 9.5 0.01 0.1 9.5 Ye ens 44,189 14.9 63.5 1.74 © 12.00 carers) mn em . 42,002 18.8 63.8 1.96 24 0:4 Laem sn) mma 40,057 16.3 63.3 1.97 20 11.5 v 37,168 18.0 63.9 2.02 23 10.3 . 16.0 64.8 1.62 17 8.5 . 12.9 66.0 1.46 12 7.6 7. 1.9 64.2 2.01 15 6.8 6. 10.7 64.0 1.63 1x 5.1 Bel |ooscwsnneomsunaee 20,116 8.1 63.3 1.49 8 4.9 4.9 . 19,557 8.0 61.3 1.49 7 5.5 5.5 18,304 8.5 64.2" 1.49 8 4.8 4.8 16,356 7.6 63.3 1.77 8 4.1 4.1 14,119 6.5 62.8 1.88 8 BS Nem) cam BEB De emmin ren] imino 12,372 5.2 63.7 1.99 1 T Jonwwnen] se eneeeee 1 No accurate data on value of the byproducts available. 145 Data: G 57-64 MINERALS AND POWER Series G 57-58.—FUELS—PETROLEUM, PRODUCTION: 1859 TO 1945 | Quantities in thousands of barrels (42 gallons). Value in thousands of dollars | Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR 57 58 57 58 57 58 57 58 1,713,655 | 2,094,250 901,129 1,172,830 209,557 127,900 50,515 25,907 1,677,904 | 2,032,960 770,874 1,447,760 183,171 128,329 54,293 30,527 1,505,613 1,809,020 178,527 129,079 1,386,645 1,643,470 763,743 1,284,960 166,095 120,107 45,824 35,365 1,402,228 1,602,000 713,940 1,022,683 126,494 92,445 35,164 26,963 732,407 978,430 27,612 17,948 1,353,214 1,385,440 557,531 895,111 134,717 84,157 28,283 18,877 1,264,962 1,294,470 472,183 814,745 117,081 101,175 28,065 19,996 1,214,355 1,373,060 100,461 94,694 1,279,160 1,513,340 442,929 1,360,745 88,767 71.170 21,859 19,198 1,099,687 1,097,820 378,367 760,266 69,389 66,417 24,218 20,596 355,928 703,944 23,450 25,790 996,596 961,440 335,316 522,635 63,621 75,989 30,350 23,631 908,065 904,825 300,767 330,900 57,071 64,604 27,661 25,448 905,656 608,000 55,364 44,193 785,159 680,460 281,104 179,463 60,476 40,874 26,286 24,601 851,081 550,630 || 1914______ 265,763 214,125 60,960 58,519 19,914 17,211 1913. a 248,446 237,121 15,397 18,045 898,011 1,070,200 {| 1912___._. 222,935 164,213 52,892 57,632 13,350 31,789 1,007,323 1,280,417 1011... .... 220,449 134,045 49,344 85,522 9,133 22,983 901,474 1,054,880 48,431 28,950 74,072 215,781 Series G 59-64.—FUELS—NATURAL GAS AND NATURAL GASOLINE, PRODUCTION: 1906 TO 1945 NATURAL GAS (PRODUCED AND NATURAL GASOLINE NATURAL GAS (PRODUCED AND NATURAL GASOLINE DELIVERED TO CONSUMER) (PRODUCED) DELIVERED TO CONSUMER) (PRODUCED) Value at points Value at plant Value at points Value at plant of consumption of consumption YPAR Total Average Total ! Average YEAR Total Average Total Average Total per M Total per Total per M Total per cubic feet gallon cubic feet gallon 59 60 61 62 63 64 59 60 61 62 63 64 Million 1,000 1,000 1,000 Million 1,000 1,000 1,000 eu, fl. dollars Cents gallons dollars Cents cu. ft. dollars Cents gallons dollars Centz 3,918,686 | 837,852 21.4 | 3,290,949 145,570 4.4 |] 1925... 1,188,571 265,271 22.3 | 1,127,470 120,383 10.7 3,711,039 797,255 21.5 | 3,031,308 | * 148,200 4.90 1024 ___. 1,141,521 253,856 22.2 933,861 82,233 8.8 3,414,689 | 760,950 22.3 | 2,773,218 122,500 4.4 |] 1923. _. 1,006,976 | 240,001 23.8 816,226 77,268 9.5 3,053,475 | 692,737 22.7 | 2,725,968 102,565 3.3 |] 1922... 762,546 | 221,535 29.1 505,832 72,711 14.4 2,812,658 621,333 22.1 | 2,688,714 105,815 3.9 662,052 174,617 26.4 449,934 61,815 13.7 2,660,222 577,939 21.7 | 2,339,400 68,261 2.9 798,210 196,194 24.6 384,744 71,788 18.7 2,476,756 | 534,240 21.6 | 2,169,300 90,050 4.2 745,916 160,888 21.6 351,535 64,197 18.3 2,295,562 500,698 21.8 | 2,156,574 87,266 4.0 721,001 153,554 21.8 282,536 50,364 17.8 2,407,620 528,354 21.9 | 2,065,434 97,125 4.7 795,110 142,089 11.9 217,884 40,189 18.4 2,167,802 | 476,813 22.0 | 1,796,340 84,572 4.7 753,170 120,227 16.0 103,493 14,331 13.8 1,916,595 | 429,374 22.4 | 1,651,986 70,940 4.3 628,579 101,312 16.1 65,365 5,151 7.9 1,770,721 | 395,378 22.3 | 1,535,360 60,523 3.9 591,867 94,116 15.9 42,653 3,106 7.3 1,555,474 | 368,540 23.7 | 1,420,000 54,368 3.8 581,898 87,847 15.1 24,061 2,458 10.2 1,555,990 | 384,632 24.7 | 1,523,800 49,244 3.2 562,203 84,564 15.0 12,081 1,157 9.6 1,686,436 | 392,816 23.3 | 1,831,918 63,732 3.5 512,993 74,622 14.5 7,426 532 7.2 1,948,421 416,090 21.4 | 2,210,494 128,160 5.8 509,155 70,756 13.9 1,917,693 | 413,276 21.6 | 2,233,688 158,410 7.1 480,706 63,207 13.1 1,568,139 | 363,726 23.2 | 1,814,034 138,944 7.7 402,141 54,640 13.6 1,445,428 317,930 22.0 | 1,641,144 118,688 7.2 406,622 54,222 13.8 1,813,019 | 300,168 22.9 | 1,363,090 136,412 10.0 388,843 46,874 12.1 1 Includes cycle products as follows—1939, 39,354,000 gallons; 1940, 165,690,000 gallons; 1941, 480,354,00Q gallons; 1942, 654,864,000 gallons; 1943, 657,846,000 gallons; 1944, 843,024,000 gallons. Cycle plants were first used in 1939. 146 1 Estimated. MINING AND MINERALS Data: G 65-76 Series G 65-76.—NONMETALS—BUILDING MATERIALS, PRODUCTION: 1880 TO 1945 [Short tons are of 2,000 pounds] HYDRAULIC CEMENT GYPSUM ? LIME SAND AND GRAVEL SLATE STONE Sold or Value : Crude he Products used by Ship- finished Sold by Sold or YEAR Value gypsum Value Value sold or Value producers Value ments! ined Products producers used? used \approx- imate) 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 barrels dollars short tons dollars short tons dollars short tons dollars short tons dollars short tons dollars 107,833 175,431 3 812 60,149 5,921 45,918 195,524 128,837 552 5,659 153,405 179,308 95,592 151,997 . 55,700 6,474 48,698 194,783 125,164 478 5,004 155,580 175,642 129,479 202,460 3,878 59,097 6,597 49,064 | 234,064 152,793 469 4,870 171,343 184,320 187,809 286,905 4,698 63,171 6,104 44,867 | 304,346 188,500 591 6,360 195,884 205,002 170,365 250,589 4,789 69,758 6,079 42,941 288,715 147,207 619 7,516 183,108 195,337 132,864 193,465 3,699 53,493 4,887 33,956 | 238,308 110,688 473 5,738 153,733 160,044 125,057 184,255 3,227 45,928 4,254 30,049 | 226,008 106,066 531 6,682 147,447 158,462 108,192 156,703 2,684 36,256 3,347 24,138 181,320 85,923 493 5,655 124,839 139,255 115,678 171,414 3,058 38,801 4,124 30,091 189,660 97,473 445 5,605 133,143 146,213 114,611 172,778 2,713 434,325 3,749 26,934 178,330 90,308 455 5,485 131,416 141,526 76,244 114,810 1,904 | 424,625 2,987 21,749 123,924 61,977 330 3,650 83,159 87,824 76,579 117,882 1,536 | 418,000 2,397 17,164 116,612 61,247 233 2,708 92,064 98,980 64,761 86,229 1,335 | ¢16,225 2,269 14,254 107,755 53,073 260 2,696 70,222 80,946 81,368 82,718 1,416 | 418,400 1,960 12,302 120,038 57,522 284 3,104 70,644 89,064 128,377 142,580 2,559 | 429,875 2,708 18,675 153,479 86,280 368 5,498 97,933 135,086 160,846 231,249 3,471 437,850 3,388 25,616 197,052 115,177 464 7.912 126,996 178,949 172,027 255,105 5,016 | 441,000 4,270 33,479 | 222,572 132,836 670 11,245 141,110 202,693 178,052 278,883 5,102 442,575 4,458 36,450 | 209,119 119,208 646 11,472 133,870 196,821 174,023 281,736 5,347 42,174 4,415 38,638 197,454 115,530 692 11,381 136,345 198,647 164,219 280,786 5,635 46,721 4,560 41,566 183,101 111,339 718 12,353 124,496 188,309 159,047 281,076 5,678 47,577 4,581 42,609 172,001 107,542 725 12,575 115,851 174,217 147,466 266,053 5,043 42,728 4,072 39,596 156,230 97,013 728 11,776 103,184 161,870 137,184 259,632 4,758 34,888 4,076 39,994 139,932 90,904 707 12,077 103,319 159,470 118,591 208,464 3,780 29,361 3,640 33,255 94,867 64,618 608 9,177 80,212 122,067 96,047 181,675 2,891 23,700 2,532 24,895 79,845 56,484 412 7,322 63,539 106,962 97,079 195,590 3,129 24,533 3,570 37,544 82,041 65,662 469 8,726 78,527 133,542 86,141 147,318 2,420 15,728 3,330 29,449 70,576 45,952 96,709 71,348 113,718 2,057 11,471 3,206 26,809 61,824 37,927 82,700 91,343 123,210 2,696 11,116 3,786 23,808 76,419 35,297 82,216 95,394 104,689 2,758 7,959 4,073 18,509 89,092 29,810 79,070 87,685 75,155 2,448 6,597 3,623 14,424 76,603 23,122 74,595 87,258 80,533 2,476 6,896 3,381 13,269 79,282 23,847 77,544 89,541 89,551 2,600 6,775 3,595 14,648 79,556 24,218 83,733 85,926 69,554 2,501 6,564 3,529 13,970 68,355 23,113 78,193 79,548 66,705 2,324 6,462 3,393 13,689 66,847 21,159 77,109 77,785 68,752 2,879 6,523 3,506 14,088 69,410 21,038 76,521 66,690 53,611 2,253 5,907 3,485 13,846 59,566 18,337 71,345 52,911 44,478 1,722 4,076 2,767 11,091 37,216 13,270 65,712 52,230 55,904 1,752 4,942 3,093 12,657 41,852 14,492 71,106 51,000 55,302 1.541 3,838 3,198 12,481 32,932 12,698 66,379 40,102 35,932 1,043 3,029 2,984 10,942 23,205 63,799 31,675 26,032 941 2,784 2,708 9,951 10,680 58,766 29,899 31,981 1,042 3,798 ©) 57,483 25,754 25,366 816 2,089 (®) 54,799 20,069 15,787 634 1,507 ® 47,284 17,231 13,284 594 1,627 © 36,971 15,855 13,157 486 1,287 (%) 35,245 12,344 10,058 292 755 () 28,635 11,038 8,227 289 756 0 26,894 9,526 6,485 224 573 ® 23,965 8,731 5,482 266 797 (®) 26,656 8,362 5,019 239 762 (9 27,306 8,002 4,410 254 697 ® 8 33,737 8,759 5,144 256 695 {e 8 48,225 8,223 4,639 208 628 BY | ener e ts ad fame s fr ma mmm my A BD mim mmm 845,769 7,777 4,527 183 575 o 9 49,761 6,832 5,203 268 764 (9) 42,926 6,503 5,021 110 550 4,909 26,719 6,943 5,674 95 425 4,675 26,516 4,500 3,990 95 429 4,250 20,220 4.150 3,492 90 405 4,000 19,030 4,000 3,720 90 390+ 3,700 18,849 4,190 4,294 90 420 3,200 20,009 3,250 3,673 100 450 3,100 21,556 2,500 2,529 85 350 3,000 22,556 2,073 1,853 90 400 2,800 20,626 11880-1911 data are for production. -5 Estimated. 2 1880-1927, value of products made from domestic crude gypsum; 1928-45, 6 Not available. value of products made from domestic, imported, and byproduct crude gypsum. 7 Included under “Stone.” Separate figures not available. 3 By commercial and government-and-contractor producers. 8 Includes lime. 4 Revised figures partly estimated, to make them comparable with 1937 and 9 Includes lime and slate. succeeding years. 147 Data: G 77-92 MINERALS AND POWER Series G 77-92—NONMETALS—CHEMICAL AND FERTILIZER MATERIALS, AND MAGNESITE, PRODUCTION: 1880 TO 1945 [Short tons are of 2,000 pounds; long tons are of 2,240 pounds] CHEMICAL MATERIALS FERTILIZER MATERIALS MAGNESITE Barite Feldspar Salt Sulfur Pyrites Potash (Kz 0) Phosphate rock Sold or Sold or Sold or Sold or Crude, Sold by . 2 | Value YEAR i Value Needy Value i Value | Quantity | Value | Quantity | Value | produc-| Value Seed by Value | Mined ers ers ers ere ers 7 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 1,000 1,000 1 ,000 1,060 | 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 | 1,000 short tons| dollars | long tons| dollars short tons| dollars | Long tons | dollars | Longtons | dollars |short tons| dollars long tons| dollars [short tons| dollars 1945____ 696 | 5,349 878 | 2,022 | 15,394 | 46,069 | 3,753,188 | 60,051 722,596 2,700 870 | 30,314 5,807 | 23,951 836 | 2,325 1944 ____ 519 | 3,568 827 | 1,814 | 15,717 | 45,989 | 3,218,158 | 51,491 788,530 | 2,598 818 | 29,487 5,877 | 20,856 561 | 4,407 1943... 420 | 2,797 308 | 1,646 | 15,214 | 43,878 | 2,538,786 | 40,621 | 802,384 | 2.884 732 | 26,183 5,126 | 18,962 755 | 6,072 1942. 429 | 2,678 816 | 1,547 | 13,693 | 38,144 | 3,460,686 | 55,371 720,863 | 2,464 681 | 23,963 4,644 | 16,5697 497 | 8,874 1941... 503 | 8,134 839 | 1,519 | 12,721 | 383,620 | 8,139,253 | 50,228 645,257 | 2,009 531 | 17,368 4,690 | 15,596 875 | 2,656 1940... 409 | 2,597 291 | 1,272 | 10,360 | 26,475 | 2,782,088 | 43,713 626,640 1,920 893. | 12,662 | 4,008 | 12,335 333 | 2,488 1989... 384 | 2,344 253 | 1,113 9,278 | 24,510 | 2,090,979 | 83,247 519,497 1,560 866 | 12,028 | 3,757 | 12,294 199 | 1,465 1938____ 310 | 2,005 196 895 | 8,026 | 23,243 | 2,393,408 | 40,209 566,629 1,686 286 | 9,748 | 38,739 | 12,952 97 725 1987... 356 | 2,241 269 | 1,383 | 9,242 | 24,132 | 2,741,970 | 49,355 584,166 1,778 267 | 9,020 | 3,956 | 12,975 203 | 1,483 1986... 283 | 1,675 245 | 1,303 | 8,829 | 23,306 | 2,016,338 | 36,294 547,236 1,666 223 | 6,969 | 3,352 | 11,406 207 | 1,412 1985... 225 | 1,251 190 | 1,005 7,927 | 21,838 | 1,632,590 | 29,223 514,192 1,583 225 | 4,993 | 3,042 | 10,952 177 | 1,192 1934... 210 | 1,109 154 853 7,612 | 22,851 | 1,421,473 | 25,444 | 432,524 1,216 114 | 2,813 | 2,835 | 10,040 101 731 1988... 168 853 161 779 7,605 | 22,318 | 1,406,063 | 25,309 | 284,811 770 139 5,297 | 2,490 | 7,872 108 840 1982... 130 746 105 540 ( 6,408 | 19,939 890,440 | 16,028 189,703 499 56 | 2,103 1,707 5,788 38 283 1981... 175 995 147 861 7,358 | 21,541 | 2,128,930 | 88,321 330,848 975 64 3,087 2,535 9,288 74 499 1980... 235 | 1,538 172 | 1,067 | 8,054 | 25,009 | 2,558,981 | 46,062 | 847,512 1,029 67 | 2,986 | 3,926 | 18,997 129 | 1,083 1929. ... 277 | 1,851 198 | 1,277 | 8,544 | 27,335 | 2,362,389 | 42,523 | 333,465 1,250 58 | 2,988 8,761 | 13,153 188 | 1,500 1928... 270 | 1,755 211 | 1,419 8,075 | 26,773 | 1,981,873 | 35,674 312,815 1,081 60 3,029 3,501 | 12,443 127 | 1,099 Jo27._... 254 | 1,671 202 | 1,425 7,569 | 24,818 | 2,111,618 | 89,065 | 1 302,826 | 11,129 50 2,448 3,171 | 11,258 121 | 1,091 1926... 238 | 1,773 210 | 1,607 | 7,872 | 25,055 | 1,890,027 | 34,020 | 1226,933 1840 25 1,083 3,210 | 10,894 184 | 1,201 1925... 228 | 1,703 186 | 1,316 | 7,398 | 26,162 | 1,409,262 | 21,984 |! 193,642 1740 26 1,204 3,482 | 11,546 121 | 1,483 1924. ___ 196 | 1,541 205 | 1,509 6,803 | 25,747 | 1,220,561 | 19,895 | 1 167,914 1677 22 843 | 2,868 | 10,252 120 | 1,041 1928.... 214 | 1,664 145 | 1,058 7,131 | 27,796 | 2,036,097 | 32,781 | 1 190,635 1694 19 785 3,007 | 11,576 147 | 1,104 1922___. 155 | 1,124 117 845 6,793 | 27,465 | 1,830,942 | 30,027 |! 172,851 1686 11 464 | 2,418 | 10,483 56 672 1921... 66 532 92 618 | 4,981 | 24,558 | 1,879,150 | 33,449 157,118 711 4 448 | 2,064 | 12,270 48 510 1920... 228 | 2,142 136 851 6,840 | 29,894 | 1,255,249 | 24,854 310,777 1,697 41 7,463 4,104 | 25,080 304 | 2,748 1919. 209 | 1,728 63 348 6,883 | 27,075 | 1,190,575 | 17,978 420,647 2,558 46 | 11,271 2,272 | 11,591 156 | 1,248 1918... 155 | 1,045 88 430 7,239 | 26,940 | 1,853,525 | 29,778 464,494 2,645 39 | 15,840 2,491 8,214 232 | 1,813 1917... 207 11,171 127 475 6,978 | 19,940 | 1,134,412 | 24,276 482,662 2,593 33 | 13,981 2,584 7.711 317 | 2,900 1916... 222 | 1,011 118 405 6,363 | 13,646 649,683 | 10,395 439,132 2,038 10 4,243 1,982 5,897 1656 | 1,394 1915... 109 381 | 94 337 5,352 | 11,748 520,582 8,798 394,124 1914... 53 156 121 630 4,873 | 10,197 417,690 7,602 336,662 1918... 45 156 108 17 4,816 | 10,123 491,080 | 10,165 341,338 1912... 37 163 11 521 4,665 | 9,403 787,785 | 18,628 | 350,928 911... 38 123 83 579 4,866 8,346 205,066 3,691 301,458 1910... 43 122 72 502 4,243 7,900 247,060 | 4,447 | 241,612 1909. ... 62 210 68 425 4,215 | 8,344 273,983 5,069 | 247,070 1908... 39 120 63 429 4,035 7,564 864,444 6,560 | 222,598 1907... 90 292 82 559 4,159 | 7,608 188,878 3,305 247,387 1906... .. 50 160 65 402 | 3,944 6,658 295,123 5,106 | 261,422 1905... 48 149 32 226 | 3,635 | 6,096 220,000 | 4,480 | 253,000 1904 ____ 66 176 40 266 3,084 6,021 85,000 1,778 207,081 1903____ 50 152 87 267 | 2,656 5,287 37,382 2293 | 8225,745 1902____ 62 203 40 250 | 3,339 5,669 27,443 389 | 3200,431 1901.... 49 158 31 220 2,879 6,617 46,866 4223 234,825 1900... 68 188 22 181 2,922 6,945 8,147 88 | 204,615 1899____ 42 140 22 212 | 2,759 6,867 4,313 108 174,734 1898 ____ 31 108 12 32 2,466 6,213 1,071 33 193,364 1897... 26 58 11 43 | 2,236 | 4,920 2,031 46 143,201 1806... 17 47 9 35 1,939 | 4,041 4,696 87 115,488 1895... 22 68 8 30 1,914 4 ,428 1,607 42 99,549 1894... 23 87 17 99 1,816 | 4,739 446 20 105,940 1893... 29 89 11 84 1,666 4,155 1,071 42 75,777 1892____ 32 130 11 89 1,638 5,655 2,400 81 109,788 1801... 31 118 10 50 1,398 | 4,716 1,071 40 106,536 1800... 22 87 8 45 1,243 | 4,752 99,854 1889... 21 106 1 39 1,121 4,195 93,705 1888._.___ 22 110 9 50 1,128 | 4,874 54,331 1887..__ 17 7% 10 56 1,121 4,094 52,000 1886... 11 50 15 74 1,079 4,737 55,000 1885_.__ 17 5 14 68 985 | 4,825 49,000 1884. 28 100 11 55 912 | 4,198 85,000 1883.___. 30 108 14 71 867 4,251 25,000 1882. _. 22 80 14 70 898 3 12,000 1881... 22 80 14 70 868 4,200 10,000 1880... 22 80 12 60 835 4,830 536 21 2,000 ! Corrected for flotation concentrates reported in Mineral Resources of the 4 Quantity derived from figures in metric tons shown in Mineral Resources, United States, 1981, p. 145. 1908, p. 1081; value is as reported in same source. ? Tonnage calculated from combined total of domestic sulphur and sulphur 5 Less than 500 tons. content of pyrite produced; value, by subtracting value of pyrite (calculated from ¢' None mined average value reported) from combined total value. * 3 Calculated from combined total of domestic sulphur and sulphur content of pyrite produced; value from average value reported. 148 MINING AND MINERALS Data: G 93-103 Series G 93-101.— METALS, FERROUS—IRON ORE, PIG IRON, AND FERRO-ALLOYS: 1810 TO 1945 [Long tons or gross tens are of 2,240 pounds; short or net tons are of 2,000 pounds] IRON ORE (USABLE ORE) PIG IRON FERRO-ALLOYS IRON PRODUCTION Shipments 3 Shipments Produce Shipments! YEAR Production |———————————| Production tion YEAR Iron ore Pig iron Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity | Value 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 93 96 1,000 1,000 1,000 Long tons Long tons dollars Net tons Net tons dollars Tons Tons dollars Long tons Net tons 88,376,393 | 2 88,136,715| 243,761| 53,224,218 | 53,265,353| 1,172,435 1,732,428| 1,661,657 210,510 51,294,271 28,890,928 94,117,705| 2 95,185,675| 256,886| 61,003,759 | 60,995,977| 1,278,981| 1,898,855| 1,860,956 246,014] 35,983,336| 17,848,340 101,247,885| 2 99,462,850 269,017| 60,765,195| 60,787,159| 1,273,634| 2,082,979| 1,995,171 271,488 51,720,619| 28,875,124 106,526,195 (2105,988,514| 279,179| 59,877,593 | 59,100,601| 1,227,390| 1,898,260 1,869,211| 259,084 47,749,728| 28,344,054 92,409,579 | 93,058,994] 249,706| 55,085,446 | 55,223,641 1,111,811| 1,636,073| 1,719,785| 204,857 42,526 ,133| 25,751,466 78,695,899| 75,198,084] 189,087| 46,203,967| 46,958,929 840,442| 1,224,360( 1,292,660) 128,128 27,644 ,330| 18,476,677 61,781,780| 654,827,100( 158,538| 84,805,024 | 85,942,463 626,825 785,171 841,162) 176,157 85,019,308 20,170,362 28,447,282 | 26,430,920( 74, 1322| 20 ,812,200| 20,386,636) 856,875 584,724 464,112 42,460 85,554,185| 19,959,864 72,098,548 | 72,347,785 207, 1828| 40 ,482,506 | 39,451,269 781,139 1,008,170 970,651 86,140 28,887,479 17,783,756 48,788,745| 51,465,648| 181 \741| 33,884 ,505| 84,494,838 541,694 818,488) 858,631 69,135 27,568,161| 15,448,951 80,540,252 | 83,426,486 83,035 23,326,460| 23,719,755| 858,145) 545,316) 592,176] 48,892 24,683,173| 15,255,187 24,687,616 25,792,606 66,484| 17,568,815| 17,501,835 261,400 452,607 428,798) 84,635 19,438,716 18,186,806 17,658,188 | 24,624,285) 63,776 14,590,062| 16,075,681| 213,848 848,894 421,423| 28,654 17,518,046 10,811,002 9,846,916 5,831,201 12,898] 9,575,607 9,540,608 120,083 230,311f 218,646) 14,004 16,005,449) 9,657,902 81,181,502 28,516,082 74,124] 20,687,516] 19,950,088) 285,147| = 466,969 898,295 30,765 15,957,614| 10,579,865 58,408,664 | 55,201,221] 145,619| 85,562,429 | 88,544,898 512,165 782,518) 650,240| 51,900 11,879,679 7,456,276 78,027,720| 175,602,784| 197,149 47,727,661| 46,585,060 731,858) 869,563) 829,324 75,506 11,587,629| 7,979,442 62,197,088| 63,432,826| 155,789| 42,734,400 42,900,142) 661,351 767,181 794,695 66,578 16,296,666] 10,255,840 61,741,100 61,232,478| 151,126] 40,958,522 | 89,050,641| 646,226] 709,649] 646,749) 55,164 14,591,178] 9,273,454 67,623,000| 69,292,832| 174,016] 44,097,456 | 42,762,779 749,633) 674,389] 689.268) 61 ,868 16,036,043( 10,807,027 61,907,997| 68,924,763| 160,797] 41,104,634| 41,232,466| 739,316 575,456 616,222 -| 14,518,041 8,516,079 54,267,419 52,088,875) 151,807| 85,174,485| 84,791,824 665,079 517,800, 497,244 12,062,530 17,268,507 69,851,442 69,811,472 240,789| 45,204,484 | 42,964,744| 946,799 579,817 $11,800,000 7,187,206 47,128,527| 650,612,620 157,809] 30,486,292 | 30,991,226| 608,145 423,280| 28,259 29,490,978 26,652,528) 89,745| 18,690,701 | 17,963,253 8 248,627 $10,000,000, 6, 1366, 1328 37,600,000, 4,529,869 67,604,465| 69,281,341| 285,006| 41,357,105| 39,995,454 1,140,904 612,808 48,200,000 4,589,612 60,965,418| 56,372,784| 197,313| 34,737,208 | 33,857,859 775,915 419,638 48,400,000, 5,146,971 69,658,278 72,021,202| 244,368] 43,741,201 | 42,618,092] 1,180,760 750,868 49,000,000 5,178,122 75,288,861 | 175,573,207 238,260 43,255,762 | 43,245,951| 1,058,786 684,021 47,119,643) 4,641,564 75,167,672 177,870,553 181,902| 44,166,972 | 43,821,482 663,478 589,738 7,120,362 4,295,414 55,526 ,490| 55,493,100( 101,289 33,506,159 | 84,030,624 401,410(._____.___ 388,644 ens} 8,070,875 41,439,761| 89,714,280 71,905| 26,132,113 24,9384,854| 298,777| 255,524 --| 2,577,361 61,980,487 84,682,090 34,035,607) 458,342 296,207 --| 2,814,585 55,150,147 | -| 83,294,169| 38,802,685 420,563) 828,685(..........| 12,224) 1876_______|____________ 2,093,236 43,876,552 26,487,493 | 26,048,162 827,335 253,375 454,017,857] 2,266,581 57,014,806... ..-xieriimeccanas 80,579,995 29,875,016]. 412,162 288,868|..cucu~~-) T,424[] ABTA. . .volininrunnnenn 2,689,413 Pig iron Pig iron Pig iron Pig iron Pig iron : Pig iron production production production production production production YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR rm 96 96 96 96 i 96 96 Net tons Net tons Net tons Net tons Net tons Net tons 1867. ven 1,461,626 || 1861_______ 731,544 784,178 896,000 184,800 1866... ~ 1,850,343 736,217 856,800 159,040 1860. .c.--- 919,770 560,000 240,800 145,600 931,582 || 1859......- 840,627 1,865,000 1,185,996 || 1858. __.___ 705,094 631,406 321,331 22,400 1,916,641 7,604 1857. amr 798,157 728,000 224,000 1,608,000 787,662 || 1856_______ 883,137 896,000 213,920 60,377 ! In net tons beginning with 1940; in gross tons for prior years. 2 Includes byproduct ore. * Represents consumption of domestic ores. ‘Estimated ysee text. 4 Estimated; see text. 5 Figures (in long tons) for 1870 and 1860 are 3,831,891 and 2,873,460, respectively. Series G 102-103.—METALS, NONFERROUS—MERCURY, PRODUCTION: 1850 TO 1945 [ Flasks are of 76.5 pounds net, avoirdupois, prior to June 1904; 75 pounds net through 1927; thereafter, 76 pounds net ] Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR 102 103 102 103 102 103 102 103 102 103 Flasks Dollars Flasks Dollars Flasks Dollars Flasks Dollars Flasks Dollars 1045... 80,763 | 4,149,621|| 1925___ 9,174 | 762,616 || 1905___| 380,534 [1,105,941 |[ 1885___| 82,073 986,245 (| 1865__.| 53,000 (2,433,700 1944... 87,688 | 4,460,752|| 1924__.| 10,085 692,739 1904___( 35,315 (1,536,203 1884___ 81,913 973,347 || 1864.__| 47,489 (2,179,745 1945... 51,929 [10,137,060( 1923___ 7,937 521,302 1903___| 385,634 |1,613,864 1883__.| 46,725 |1,343,344 || 1863_._..| 40,531 [1,705,544 1943 __.. 50,846 | 9,983,612 1922___ 6,375 368,348 1902___| 34,291 |1,481,371 1882... 52,732 |1,488,624 || 1862_.__| 42,000 (1,526,700 1941..... 44,921 | 8,311,283|| 1921... 6,339 300,595 || 1901___| 29,727 |1,440,570 || 1881__-| 60.851 |1.815,185 || 1861. 85,000 (1,471,750 1920. _..C 87,777 | 6,681,618|| 1920_._| 13,392 |1,066,807 1900... 28,317 (1,272,566 || 1880... 59,926 |1,857,706 || 1860... 10,000 535,500 1980... 18,633 | 1,936,714(| 1919___| 21,415 [1,933,560 || 1899___| 30,454 (1,452,656 || 1879... 73,684 [2,199,467 || #859___| 18,000 820,690 1088 vee 17,991 | 1,357,781 1918___| 382,883 |3,863,752 || 1898__.| 31,092 (1,188,647 || 1878...| 68,880 [2,101,652 || 1858___| 81,000 [1,482,730 1937. .... 16,508 | 1,488,691( 1917__.| 36,159 [3,808,266 || 1897___.| 26,691 995,040 1877... 79,895 |2,961,434 || 1857___| 28,204 |1,374,381 1986..... 16,569 | 1,824,194|| 1916...| 29,932 (3,768,139 || 1896__..| 380,765 [1,075,544 || 1876...| 72,716 [8,199,504 || 1856_._.| 80,000 [1,549,500 1935. .... 17,518 | 1,261,121|| 1915... 21,033 |1,804,631 1895._.| 36,067 (1,335,922 1875... 50,250 (4,228,538 || 1855... 83,000 [1,767,150 1934_____ 16,445 | 1,140,845 1914___| 16,548 811,680 1894___| 30,416 933,771 1874___| 27,756 (2,919,376 1854___| 80,004 |1,663,722 1933.» nm- 9,669 572,666) 1913___| 20,213 813,171 1893__.. 380,164 |1,108,527 1878... 27,642 (2,220,482 1853___| 22,284 |1,235,648 1982. ...- 12,622 781,129(( 1912___| 25,064 [1,053,941 1892_._| 27,998 |1,189,595 || 1872.__| 81,621 |2,084,773 1852___| 20,000 |1,166,600 Yosl..... 24,947 | 2,179,145(| 1911...| 21,256 | 977,989 || 1891... 22,904 (1,086,406 || 1871... 81,686 |1,999,327 || 1851___| 27,779 |1,859,248 1080. .... 21,668 | 2,478,789(( 1910._.| 20,601 958,158 || 1890... 22,926 (1,208,615 || 1870... 80,077 |1,725,818 (| 1850___ 7,723 768,052 1020... 23,682 | 2,892,638 1909... 21,075 | 957,859 || 1889_..| 26,484 [1,191,780 || 1869...| 88,811 [1,551,925 1928. ...- 17,870 | 2,207,008|| 1908_..( 19,752 872,446 || 1888... 83,250 [1,370,625 || 1868... 47,728 |2,190,715 1927... 11,276 | 1,314,782|| 1907_...| 21,554 853,638 1887... 83,825 (1,433,334 1867... 47,000 (2,157,300 1926. .... 7,642 702,323(| 1906... 26,083 [1,030,279 1886... 29,981 [1,064,325 1866...| 46,550 [2,473,202 149 Data: G 104-117 Series G 104-111.— METALS, ALLOYING—MANGANESE ORE, CHROMITE, TUNGSTEN, AND MOLYBDENUM, PRODUCTION: 1880 TO 1945 [ Long tons are of 2,240 pounds; short tons and net tons are of 2,000 pounds. Shipments of tungsten represent ore and concentrates, 60 percent WOs. Molybdenum quantity figures refer to pounds Mo in concentrates ] MINERALS AND POWER MANGANESE ORE CHROMITE TUNGSTEN MOLYBDENUM MANGANESE ORE ! CHROMITE TUNGSTEN Shi Ship- Ship- 5 Shi ip- ip- YEAR | RE Value Po on Value To SH Value Shipments? Value YEAR sr Value a Value iii Value 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 104 105 106 107 108 109 Net tons | Dollars |Longtons| Dollars |Shoritons| Dollars Lbs. Mo. Dollars Net tons | Dollars |Long tons| Dollars |Shorttons| Dollars 1945__(182,337 [7,320,309 | 12,476 532,382 5,715 | 7,957,731 [32,524,000 (23,107,000 || 1911__| 2,752 | 24,586 120 1,629 1,139 [407,985 1944__|247,616 9,014,876 | 40,740 (1,668,299 | 10,283 [14,407,143 (39,423,000 (27,999,000 1943__|205,178 [7,278,758 [142,964 [4,820,461 | 11,945 (17,973,685 [53,955,000 (33,500,000 || 1910._| 2,529 | 22,892 205 2,729 1,821 (832,992 1942__{190,748 (6,493,674 (100,782 |2,994,081 9,333 [13,508,266 66,437,000 [47,275,000 || 1909__ 1,729 | 19,675 598 8,300 1,619 |614,370 1941.__| 87,795 |2,696,124 | 12,731 274,062 6,567 | 9,223,726 (38,877,000 [25,996,000 || 1908__| 6,881 | 62,779 359 7,230 : 229,955 1907__| 6,276 | 63,369 290 5,640 1,640 (890,048 1940. _| 44,038 [1,169,024 2,662 28,784 5,319 | 6,576,318 {25,329,000 (17,189,000 |' 1906__| 7,751 | 88,132 107 1,800 928 (348,867 1939... 32,824 794,746 3,614 46,892 4,287 | 4,402,182 (32,415,000 (22,157,000 1938. .| 28,360 681,679 812 10,730 3,044 | 3,161,498 [25,727,000 [17,977,000 || 1905._| 4,612 375 3803 (268,676 1987__| 45,071 {1,062,399 2,821 14,888 3,500 | 4,094,000 [30,122,000 [20,571,000 || 1904__| 3,523 1,845 3740 |184,000 1936..| 35,974 696,400 269 2,978 2,612 | 2,323,818 (17,959,000 |11,933,000 || 1903._| 3,164 2,250 3292 | 43,639 1902..| 8,375 4,567 3184 | 34,040 1935... 29,599 557,340 515 6,163 2,395 | 1,921,017 {10,892,000 | 7,261,000 || 1901._| 13,434 5,790 3179 | 27,720 1934.__| 29,697 571,748 369 4,653 2,049 | 1,791,316 | 9,377,000 | 6,502,000 1933._| 21,444 466.285 843 11,585 895 514,234 | 5,761,000 | 4,316,000 || 1900._| 13,184 346 | 11,040 1932__| 19,910 377,222 155 2,160 396 218,394 | 2,873,000 | 1,186,000 |f 1899__| 11,127 ae 1931._| 43,951 699,121 268 3,509 1,404 928,000 | 3,157,000 | 1,577,000 || 1898._| 17,872 1897..| 12,441 1930__| 75,080 |1,437,465 80 1,905 702 509,000.1'3,759,269 | 2,063,000 {, 1896..( 11,299. |.......-| 786 | 6,667 |...new-n|-m=nsn-= 1929__| 67,625 [1,612,357 269 3,976 830 654,000 | 3,904,648 | 2,259,000 1928__| 52,483 [1,214,853 660 14,807 1,208 753,900 | 8,529,214 | 1,524,600 (1'1895..1 10,698 l..u<..-=| 1,740 {16,798 l..ceeeue|cmmmmee= 1927__| 50,110 (1,151,918 201 5,06 1,164 724,000 | 2,286,075 | 1,858,786 || 1894__ O08 ues] BOBO LBB BBE Lo cnn] 1926__| 51,810 [1,228,663 141 2,079 1,382 920.400 | 1.481.830" 1,192,714. 1i1898__[ 8,644 |... 1.4801. 21,700 l.cuuaumuf-nmmen=n 1892.1 15,246 |... ..| 1.500 | 25,000 [..ccucunfnsnnun 1925__{110,124 |1,857,769 108 2,105 1,191 755,500 | 1,154,050 961.324 '1891..7 25,1468 |. cue. | ‘1,872 | 20,580. |.cccccsu]snsweven 1924__| 63,297 [1,307,477 288 1,140 565 287,000 97,174 222,880 1923. _| 35,280 874,973 227 3,819 241 144,600 22,667 11,3500, 1890-:1-:21.602°1.....cui] 3,599 1 83,988 1... cc|renseswe 1922._| 15,013 455,160 355 O88 Leo fmnsncmae anc sane dae rr m meme nm 1889.__| 27,101 1921._| 15,155 495,097 282 O00 IE en RAS a Se mR Re 1888_._| 32,702 1887__| 38,667 1920. .(105,750 |2,396,235 2,502 44,857 216 101,800 34,900 17,207 || 1886..| 33,816 1919__| 61,552 (1,791,118 5,079 129,302 327 353,900 297,926 341,814 1918__|342,573 [8,240,386 | 82,430 (3,955,567 5,061 | 7,049,300 861,637 | 1,253,700 || 1885._| 26,049 1917__{144,878 (4,109,722 | 43,725 [1,049,400 6,144 | 6,783,000 350,200 495,350 || 1884__| 11,402 1916._| 35,250 656,278 | 47,035 726,243 5, 12,074,000 206,740 205,000 1353 $294 1882__ ,076 1915._| 10,705 108,049 3,281 36,744 | 2,332 | 4,100,000 181,769 114,866 || 1881. 5,482 Jian. 2,000 {80,000 i -.. cocrjeremten 1914. 2,951 27,377 591 8,715 990 435,000 1,297 1,297 1913._| 4,534 40,480 255 2,854 1,537 672,118 8800. 6,452 1. ivan] 42,288 .{ 27,808 lccccccnnivmmmmne 1912__| 1,863 15,723 201 2,753 1,330 502,158 1 Containing 85 percent or more Mn. 2 Includes exports. 3 Not strictly comparable with figures for later years, see text. Series G 112-117.—METALS, NONFERROUS—COPPER, LEAD, ZINC, PRODUCTION: 1801 TO 1945 [ Short tons are of 2,000 pounds| COPPER LEAD ZINC ? COPPER LEAD ZINC ? Smelter Smelter Smelter Smelter Smelter Smelter YEAR | produc- Value produc- Value produc- Value YEAR | produc- Value produc- Value produc- Value tion tion! tion tion tion ! tion 112 113 114 115 116 117 112 113 114 115 116 117 Short tons Dollars Short tons Dollars Shorttons Dollars Short tons Dollars Short tons | Dollars Short tons| Dollars 1945__| 782,726 | * 184,723,000 | 443,467 [256,763,776 |764,56! [*131,504,492 || 1917__| 943,060 |514,911,000 564,322 [97,063,384 | 669,573 [136,592,892 1944 1,003,379 | 8236,797,000 | 464,668 [359,477,504 |869,302 (2149,519,944 || 1916._| 963,925 474,238,000 | 558,318 |77,047,194 | 668,343 [176,442,552 1943 [1.092.939 | $ 257,934,000 | 469,480 (360,093,440 [942,309 |*162,077,148 1942. {1.087.991 | * 256,766,000 | 548,852 |* 69,155,352 [891,872 |*155,185,728 || 1915._| 694,005 242,902,000 | 516,607 [48,561,058 | 489,519 [121,400,712 1941. 966,072 227.993.000 | 544.683 | 62,093,862 [822,020 [123,303,000 || 1914__| 575,069 (152,968,000 | 520,433 40,593,774 | 353,049 | 36,010,998 1913__| 612,242 [189,795,035 | 425,101 [37,408,888 | 346,676 | 38,827,712 1940 909,084 | 205,453,000 | 516,628 | 51,662,800 (675,275 | 85,084,650 || 1912__| 621,634 205,139,338 404,089 [36,368,010 | 338,806 | 46,755,228 1939. 712,675 148.236.000 | 445.619 | 44,561,900 507,236 | 52,752,544 || 1911__| 548,616 [137,154,092 | 402,759 |36,248,310 286,526 | 32,663,964 1938. 562,328 110,216,000 | 364,826 | 29,186,080 [446,341 | 42,848,736 ¥ 1937. 834,661 201,988,000 | 466,535 | 55,984,200 |556,904 72,397,520 1910. _| 540,080 [137,180,257 | 393,467 (34,625,096 | 269,184 | 29,071,872 1936. 611,410 112,499,000 | 399.099 | 37,515,306 [492,132 | 49,213,200 || 1909__| 546,476 (142,083,711 | 374,593 32,214,998 | 255,760 | 27,622,080 1908__| 471.285 [124,419,335 | 323,175 (27,146,700 | 210,424 | 19,779,856 1935. 381,294 63,295,000 | 324,164 | 25,933,120 [420,634 | 37,015,792 || 1907._| 434,498 [173,799,300 | 376,322 39,900,732 | 249,860 | 29,483,480 1934__| 244,227 39.076.000 | 310.082 | 23,566,232 |363,590 | 31,268,740 || 1906..| 458,903 |177,136,497 | 365,003 41,610,342 | 224,770 | 27,421,940 1933. 225,000 28,800,000 | 257,390 | 19,561,640 (307,182 | 25,803,288 1932. 272,005 34,273,000 | 270,664 | 16,239,840 [207,148 | 12,428,880 || 1905._| 444,392 138,650,346 334,954 [31,485,676 | 203,849 | 24,054,182 1931._| 521,356 94.887.000 | 412,514 | 35,063,690 (231,996 | 22,191,696 || 1904__| 406,269 (104,004,770 323,678 (27,836,308 | 186,702 | 19,043,604 1903__| 349,022 | 95,632,099 | 340,589 (28,609,476 | 159,219 | 16,240,338 1930__.| 697,195 181,271,000 | 608,088 | 60,808,800 [498,045 | 47,812,320 || 1902__| 329,754 | 80,460,055 282,180 [23,138,760 | 156,927 | 15,064,992 1929__[1,001.432 | 352,504,000 | 702,173 | 88,473,798 |625,447 | 82,559,004 || 1901..| 301,036 100,546,111 | 280,370 [24,111,820 | 140,822 | 11,547,404 1928__| ‘912.950 | 262,930,000 | 652,834 | 82,257,084 602,581 | 73,514,882 1927__| 842.020 | 220,609,000 | 700,689 | 88,286,814 [592,516 | 75,842,048 || 1900__| 303,059 100,615,450 | 280,138 [24,652,144 | 123,886 | 10,901,968 1926__| 869.811 | 213.547.000 | 728,895 (116,623,200 (618,422 | 92,763,300 || 1899__| 284,333 | 97,242,043 218,296 [19,646,640 | 129,051 | 14,969,916 1898__| 263.256 | 65,287,610 | 230,528 (17,520,128 | 115,399 | 10,616,708 1925. 837,435 | 237,832,000 | 701,945 [122,138,430 (572,946 | 87,087,792 || 1897._| 247,039 | 59,289,393 231,787 (16,688,664 99,980 | 8,198,360 1924. 817.125 | 214,087,000 | 612,792 | 98,046,720 |517,339 | 67,254,070 || 1896..| 230,031 49,686,634 | 207,370 [12,442,200 | 81,499 6,356,922 1923_-| 717.500 | 210,945,000 | 568,129 | 84,083,092 [510,434 | 69,419,024 1922. 475,143 128.289.000 | 482.644 | 55,021,416 (354,277 | 40,387,578 || 1895..| 190,307 | 40,725,634 181,126 |11,592,064 89,686 6,457,392 1921..| 252,793 65,221,000 | 405.342 | 36,480,780 [200,500 | 20,050,000 || 1894__| 177,094 | 33,647,896 174,911 [11,544,126 | 75,328 5,272,960 1893__| 164.677 | 35,570,275 | 189,320 (14,009,680 | 78,832 | 6,306,560 1920. 604,531 222,467,000 | 485,263 | 77,642,080 [463,377 | 75,067,074 || 1892..| 172,499 | 40,019,847 | 195,349 16,018,618 87,260 | 8,027,920 1919. 643,210 | 239,274,000 | 432,089 | 45,801,434 465,743 | 67,998,478 || 1891. 142.061 | 36,367,586 | 195,663 |16,827,018 | 80,873 | 8,087,300 1918. 954.267 | 471,408,000 | 555,239 | 78,843,938 [517,927 | 94,262,714 1 Excludes refined lead produced from scrap and foreign base bullion. 3 Excludes bonus payments of Office of Metals Reserve. 150 2 Primary slab zinc; excludes redistilled secondary zine produced from domestic and foreign ores. MINING AND MINERALS Data: G 112-124 Series G 112-117.—METALS, NONFERROUS—COPPER, LEAD, ZINC, PRODUCTION: 1801 TO 1945—Con. | Short tons are of 2,000 pounds ] COPPER LEAD ZINC ? Copper, Lead, Copper, Lead, Smelter Smelter Smelter smelter | smelter smelter | smelter YEAR produc- Value produc- Value produc- Value YEAR produc- | produc- YEAR produc- | produc- tion tion! tion tion tion! tion tion! 112 113 114 115 116 117 112 114 112 114 Short Short Short Short Short tons Dollars tons Dollars tons Dollars tons tons 1800. coos. 129,882 40,523,042 | 157,844 14,205,960 63,683 7,005,180 || 1879....... 25,760 16,400 1880 i. 113,388 30,614,755 | 178,357 13,911,846 58,860 5,886,000 15,200 1888. ve eens- 113,181 38,028,726 | 176,015 15,489,820 55,903 5,478,494 16,100 : 25,043,872 | 156,630 14,096,700 50,340 4,631,280 17,511,698 | 132,189 12,161,388 42,641 3,752,408 14,700 20,160 15,300 17,914,552 | 126,192 10,095,360 40,688 3,499,168 19,600 14,800 18,843,065 | 136,297 10,085,978 | 38,544 3,391,872 17,360 14,200 19,061,799 | 140,297 12,065,542 36,872 3,318,480 14,000 14,100 17,313,430 | 129,780 12,718,440 | 383,765 3,579,090 14,560 13,045,760 | 114,495 10,991,520 | 30,258 3,146,832 15,600 14,112 | 17,830 16,400 1880... -zeve 30,240 12,942,720 95,725 9,572,500 | 25,100 2,761,000 14,000 17,500 6,160 15,300 Copper, | Lead, Copper, | Lead, Lead, Lead, C Lead, smelter | smelter smelter | smelter smelter smelter smelter smelter produc- | produc- produc- | produc- produc- produc- produc- produc- YEAR tion tion! YEAR tion tion! YEAR tion! YEAR tion! YEAR tion! YEAR tion! 112 114 112 114 114 114 114 114 Short Short Short Short Short Short tons tons tons tons tons tons 5,376 | 15,800 728 | 22,000 25,000 ;.1886.....-- 8,000 4,480 | 16,000 784 | 23,500 24,000 8,571 560 | 25,000 20,500 || 1835....-.. 7,452 3,360 | 15,800 336 | 28,000 1834 coun 4,490 2,520 | 16,500 168 | 28,000 17,000 || 1833__._._. ,879 || 1816-1820...| 7,500 2,240 | 16,800 17,500 || 1882. ....-- 1811-1815... 7,500 1,282 | 15,700 112 | 80,000 15,000 || 1831....... 2,232 || 1806-1810... 5,000 +008 {18,500 if 1844... ... lcecccno~ 26,000 13,500 1.987 || 1801-1805...| 5,000 1 Excludes refined lead produced from scrap and foreign base bullion. ? Primary slab zinc; excludes redistilled and foreign ores. 4d y zinc produced from Series G 118-124.—METALS, PRECIOUS—GOLD, SILVER, PLATINUM, PRODUCTION: 1792 TO 1945 [ Figures for gold and silver represent mine production; include Alaska, exclude Puerto Rico and Philippine Islands | GOLD SILVER PLATINUM GOLD SILVER Platinum domestic Domestic| Gold and placer YEAR | Quantity Value Quantity Value Total placer copper YEAR Quantity Value Quantity Value and lode and lode | refining 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 118 119 120 121 123 Fine oz. Dollars Fine oz. Dollars Troy oz. | Troy oz. | Troy oz. Fine oz. Dollars Fine oz. Dollars Troy oz. 1945_ 954,572 | 33,410,020 (29,024,197 (20,639,429 | 31,046 | 26,551 4,495 | 1910._| 4,584,903 | 94,778,348 | 57,596,709 | 31,102,223 390 1944 _ 998,394 | 34,943,790 (34,473,540 [24,514,517 40,549 | 33,625 6,924 || 1909__| 4,798,313 | 99,189,947 | 57,312,677 | 29,802,592 638 1943__11,363,815 | 47,733,525 |41,460,826 (29,483,254 37,552 | 27,162 10,390 || 1908._| 4,435,163 | 91,682,953 | 50,875,787 | 26,964,166 750 1942__|3,457,110 [120,998,850 |54,090,765 (38,464,544 | 33,044 | 23,239 9,805 || 1907__ | 4,227,499 | 87,390,163 | 52,500,021 | 34,650,013 357 1941.__(4,750,865 (166,280,275 |67,258,997 (47,828,620 32,730 | 26,236 6,494 || 1906._| 4,703,000 | 97,219,645 | 57,362,455 | 38,432,846 1,439 1940__(4,869,949 (170,448,215 70,549,362 (50,168,435 | 41,574 | 33,800 7,774 || 1905__ | 4,264,734 | 88,159,881 | 56,272,496 | 33,988,587 318 1939.__(4,673,042 (163,556,470 |64,373,281 143,695,802 | 41,160 | 32,526 8,634 || 1904__| 3,910,729 | 80,835,648 | 55,999,864 | 32,035,378 200 1938.__(4,267,469 (149,361,415 |61,705,837 (39,890,643 48,269 | 41,022 7,247 || 1903__| 3,560,000 | 73,591,700 | 547300,000 | 29,322,000 110 1987__(4,117,078 (144,097,742 |71,408,625 |55,234,573 | 21,505 10,927 10,578 || 1902_.| 3,870,000 | 80,000,000 | 55,500,000 | 29,415,000 94 1936__|3,782,667 (132,393,349 61,152,534 |47,362,638 18,879 9,895 8,984 (| 1901__| 3,805,500 | 78,666,700 | 55,214,000 | 33,128,400 1,408 1935._/3,236,951 (113,106,219 |48,518,639 (34,867,631 11,552 9,069 2,483 || 1900.. | 3,829,897 | 79,171,000 | 57,647,000 | 35,741,100 400 1984__/2,778,789 | 97,118,626 (32,782,304 |21,192,600 ,055 3,720 2,335 || 1899._| 3,437,210 | 71,053,400 | 54,764,500 | 32,858,700 300 1933__/2,291,697 | 58,575,774 (23,128,781 | 8,095,073 3,118,398 | 64,463,000 | 54,438,000 | 32,118,400 225 1932__|2,269,353 | 46,911,683 (22,762,292 | 5,590,874 2,774,935 | 57,363,000 | 53,860,000 | 32,316,000 150 1981__|2,224,729 | 45,985,148 (29,856,628 | 8,658,423 2,568,132 | 53,088,000 | 58,834,800 | 39,654,600 163 1930._/2,138,723 | 44,211,342 [47,724,903 18,374,087 2,254,760 | 46,610,000 | 55,727,000 | 36,445,500 150 1929__/2,058,993 | 42,563,177 (60,860,011 [32,438,386 1,910,813 | 39,500,000 | 49,500,000 | 31,422,100 100 1928__1|2,148,064 | 44,404,425 |57,872,443 (33,855,379 1,739,328 | 35,955,000 ( 60,000,000 | 46,800,000 75 1927..(2,107,032 | 43,556,207 (59,625,682 (33,807,762 1,597,098 | 33,015,000 | 63,500,000 | 55,662,500 80 1926__|2,232,526 | 46,150,408 (62,487,219 (38,992,024 1,604,840 | 383,175,000 | 58,330,000 | 57,630,000 100 1925__|2,307,374 | 47,697,654 (66,710,080 [46,296,795 1,588,877 | 32,845,000 | 54,516,300 | 57,242,100 600 1924__|2,444,331 | 50,528,816 (64,070,744 [42,927,398 1,594,775 | 32,967,000 | 50,094,500 | 46,838,400 500 1923._|2,404,912 | 49,718,955 (70,355,674 [567,691,650 1,604,478 | 33,167,500 | 45,792,700 | 43,045,100 500 1922__|2,298,251 | 47,405,709 (61,207,989 |61,207,989 1,603,049 | 33,136,000 | 41,721,600 | 40,887,200 448 1921__|2,845,010 | 48,475,654 (46,171,299 [46,171,299 1,686,788 | 34,869,000 | 39,694,000 | 39,482,400 50 1920..|2,382,987 | 49,260,720 (56,536,904 (61,625,223 1,538,373 | 31,801,000 | 39,909,400 | 42,503,500 250 1919._|2,753,282 | 56,915,390 (51,899,460 (58,127,395 1,489,950 | 30,800,000 | 37,743,800 | 41,921,300 150 1918._13,212,672 | 66,411,836 (68,058,952 (68,058,952 1,451,250 | 30,000,000 | 85,732,800 | 39,618,400 200 1917..13,900,209 | 80,624,484 (70,661,512 (538,225,086 1,572,187 | 32,500,000 | 86,196,900 | 41,105,900 200 1916..|4,417,007 | 91,307,630 (78,857,533 (51,888,257 1,678,612 | 34,700,000 | 33,257,800 | 37,657,500 100 1915._|4,754,474 | 98,283,714 |72,353,730 (36,683,340 1,741,500 | 36,000,000 | 30,318,700 | 34,717,000 100 1914__]4,418,062 | 91,329,443 (69,623,249 (38,501,656 1,881,787 | 88,900,000 | 31,565,500 | 85,477,100 |._______ 1913__(4,311,103 | 89,118,410 (71,187,228 (42,997,086 2,477,109 | 51,206,400 | 35,022,300 | 40,401,000 |________ 1912__}4,465,511 | 92,310,296 (66,034,385 |40,611,146 2,268,662 | 46,897,400 | 30,777,800 | 36,991,500 |________ 1911__|4,685,620 | 96,860,350 [61,107,840 [32,387,155 1,931,575 | 39,929,200 | 29,996,200 | 34,919,800 |________ 151 373374 O- 56 - 11 Data: G 118-130 Series G 118-124.—METALS, PRECIOUS—GOLD, SILVER, AND PLATINUM, PRODUCTION: MINERALS AND POWER 1792 TO 1945—Con. [ Figures for gold and silver represent mine production; include Alaska, exclude Puerto Rico and Philippine Islands] GOLD SILVER GOLD SILVER - = - - Gold, | Silver, YEAR Quantity Value Quantity Value YEAR Quantity Value Quantity| Value YEAR quantity| quantity 118 119 120 121 118 119 120 121 118 120 Fine oz. Dollars Fine oz. Dollars Fine oz. Dollars Fine oz. | Dollars Fine oz. | Fine oz. 1,619,009 | 83,467,900 | 24,530,800 | 30,485,900 2,418,750 | 50,000,000 18,567 1,620,122 | 83,490,900 | 28,868,200 | 86,917,500 2,418,750 | 50,000,000 18, 1567 1,741,500 | 86,000,000 | 27, ,400 | 35,881,600 2,660,626 | 55,000,000 18.567 1,741,500 | 86,000,000 | 22,236,300 | 29,396,400 2, 1660, 625 | 55,000,000 2, 1104, 1812 43, 1500, 1000 17,789,100 | 23,588,300 18,567 2,660,625 | 55,000,000 18,567 2,418,750 | 50,000,000 | 12,875,000 | 16,434,000 2,902,500 | 60,000,000 18,567 2, pas. 562 | 49,500,000 9,281,200 | 12,297,600 8,144,375 | 65, ,0Q0 8,567 2, 000 | 48,000,000 | 9,281,200 | 12,306,900 2,902,500 | 60,000,000 18,567 2 "Son. 1196 | 51,725,000 | 10,441,400 | 13,866,200 2,660,625 | 55,000,000 1866... ~-- 2, ,588,062 | 53,500,000 7,784,400 | 10,856,400 18,567 2,418,750 | 50,000,000 7,730 1865... -.-- 2,574,759 | 53,225,000 | 8,701,200 | 11,642,200 1,985,000 | 40,000,000 18504... 2,230,087 | 46,100,000 | 8,507,800 | 11,443,000 488,750 | 10,000,000 | 38,700 | 50,500 || 1834-1844 '___{362,812 (193,400 1868..." 1,935,000 | 40,000,000 6,574,200 | 8,842,300 43,005 9,000 | 88,700 | 50,600 || 1792-1834 !___|677,260 |......_. 1862. _..-- 1,896,300 | 89,200,000 | 8,480,500 | 4,684,800 56,841 1,140,000 | 88,700 | 50,300 1861. vv 2, 1080, 125 | 43, ,000 1, 1546, 900 | 2,062,000 48,762 1,008,000 | 38,700 | 50,200 1860... .--- 2,225,250 | 46,000,000 116,000 156,800 54,812 Mm) 18,567 0] 1 Value for 1834-1844: Gold, $7,500,000, silver, $258,400; for 1792-1884: Gold, $14,000,000. Series G 125-130.— METALS, LIGHT-WEIGHT—ALUMINUM, BAUXITE, AND MAGNESIUM, PRODUCTION: 1885 TO 1945 [ Lang tons are of 2,240 pounds) PRIMARY ALUMINUM BAUXITE PRIMARY MAGNESIUM PRIMARY ALUMINUM BAUXITE YEAR Quantity Value Shipments Value Sales Value YEAR Quantity Value Shipments Value 125 126 127 128 129 130 125 126 127 128 1,000 ,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 pounds Jo Long tons Dollars pounds dollars pounds dollars Long tons Dollars 990,120 140,864 | 1 1,382,656 5,987,347 86,992 ® 47,279 9,456 210,241 997,698 1,552,892 222,416 |! 3,282,587 | 14,216,614 293,170 (2) 41,806 8,361 159,865 768,932 1,840,358 265,380 | 16,693,080 | 32,744,109 340,534 (?) 38,396 6,911 155,618 750,649 1,042,212 151,371 | 12,625,413 | 12,934,025 94,841 (?) 5 618,134 100,395 1902,759 5,358,976 31,056 ® 35,402 $6,641 148,932 716,268 29,081 $5,589 129,101 679,447 412,560 75,292 1 434,988 2,578,968 12,824 (3) 10,679 32,331 52,167 263,968 327,090 64,600 1375,301 2,166,236 10,650 (2) 16,325 34,673 97,776 480,330 286,882 566,659 311,354 1,812,545 ,820 (2) 414,125 35,050 75,332 368,311 292,681 55,609 420,232 | 2,444,686 4,540 * 5,469 3) ,0858 | eivetonnniin mening 224,929 41,612 372,005 2,198,523 3,903 (2) 410,810 33,784 48,129 240,292 119,295 22,070 233,912 1,556,596 4,241 (%) 48,100 $2,835 47,661 235,704 74,177 14,094 157,838 1,129,053 4,250 2) 46,636 32,190 48,087 171,306 85,125 16,174 154,176 923,259 1,435 377 45,763 31,902 27,322 120,366 104,888 20,453 96,349 548,168 792 229 45,738 31,894 18,905 79,914 177,545 37,284 195,895 1,140,629 580 200 45,062 $1,656 23,184 89,676 229,037 50,961 330,612 1,928,297 560 269 43,262 31,206 35,280 125,698 227,973 51,864 365,777 2,265,638 908 512 42,993 31,048 25,149 75,437 210,544 47,899 375,426 | 2,273,898 531 290 42,371 31,019 20,590 57,6562 163,607 39,266 820,940 1,988,780 366 442 41,002 3501 18,364 47,388 147,386 37,583 392,250 | 2,415,200 323 390 ‘501 140,116 36,430 316,540 1,988,250 245 274 4494 150,564 37,607 347,570 2,137,990 128 150 1216 128,658 28,305 522,690 3,156,610 125 155 260 73,633 13,622 309,600 2,012,330 60 89 150 54,532 10,906 139,550 889,800 48 86 én 138,042 41,375 521,308 3,247,345 124 233 47 128,477 38,558 376,566 2,201,747 127 247 19 124,725 41,159 605,721 3,447,992 284 615 18 129,861 45,882 568,690 3,119,058 116 234 3 115,107 33,900 425,100 2,296,400 75 311 9 ( 90,504 16,280 297,041 1,514,834 88 440 57,973 10,080 219,318 15069,304 {o.oo sa ia. 1 Shipments of crude ore from mines. 2 Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish. 3 Estimated. 152 Not comparable with previous figures. 4 Fiscal year ending Aug. 381. 8 September-December. 6 Less than 500 lbs. MINING AND MINERALS Data: G 131-158 Series G 131-143.—EMPLOYMENT AND INJURIES—MINES (EXCEPT COAL), AND QUARRIES AND RELATED INDUSTRIES: 1911 TO 1945 ALL MINES, EXCEPT COAL MINES QUARRIES AND RELATED INDUSTRIES Men employed Killed Injured Men employed Killed Injured Per Per Average 2 YEAR Actual Arerege Total |thousand| Total |thousand| Total days of Man tiours Total Wh Total — number | 4:0. | number 300-day number 300.4ay number Spl me employment number | nous | BUMbeEr | an hours 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 j 139 140 141 142 143 71,831 289 112 1.62 8,090 | 117.00 | 58,180 264 | 127,168,321 58 0.42 4,121 82.41 81,741 288 147 1.87 10,192 129.89 58,476 268 | 129,301,925 73 0.56 4,437 34.32 100,752 291 220 2.25 13,025 133.45 69,877 274 | 155,280,258 80 0.52 5,199 33.48 112,446 280 237 2.26 13,957 133.08 84,270 271 | 180,835,533 112 0.62 6,349 35.11 125,290 255 230 2.16 15,772 148.17 86,123 260 | 173,165,422 76 0.44 6,870 39.67 120,120 242 223 2.30 14,766 152.51 79,509 240 | 147,243,591 72 0.49 5,188 35.23 111,909 233 173 1.99 | 13,710 | 157.99 | 79,449 236 | 143,846,583 48 0.33 5,204 36.18 103,027 228 156 1.99 12,722 162.37 17,497 223 | 133,766,111 82 0.61 5,027 37.58 118,429 252 219 2.20 18,055 181.42 84,094 241 | 158,298,530 an 0.49 6,348 40.10 100,932 250 199 2.37 14,650 174.34 80,022 236 | 147,064,448 91 0.62 5,717 38.87 92,314 220 164 2.42 10,206 150.44 73,005 200 | 110,083,341 51 0.46 4,152 37.73 66,645 221 116 2.36 7,892 160.81 64;331 204 95,258,880 60 0. 3,924 41.19 57,016 204 95 2.45 5,925 | 152.68 | 61,927 183 | 87,888,263 59 0.67 3,637 41.38 53,288 208 107 2.89 5,014 135.57 56,866 195 93,709,860 32 0.34 ,674 38.14 80,940 231 158 2.53 8,709 | 139.56 | 69,200 224 | 183,750,124 61 0.46 5,427 40.58 103,233 270 271 2.92 | 15,594 | 167.86 | 80,633 256 | 186,502,184 105 0.56 7,417 39.77 118,785 292 350 3.03 23,092 200.11 85,561 268 | 211,765,529 126 0.59 9,810 46.32 113,866 288 273 2.50 | 22,483 | 205.61 | 89,667 272 | 224,953,034 119 0.53 | 10,568 46.98 119,699 284 352 3.10 25,133 221.54 91,517 271 | 229,805,889 135 0.59 13,459 58.57 127,823 291 430 3.47 30,350 245.01 91,146 271 | 230,464,089 154 0.67 13,201 57.28 126,718 293 371 2.99 35,132 283.53 91,872 273 | 233,222,241 149 0.64 14,165 60.74 123,128 290 418 3.51 33,118 278.04 94,242 269 | 236,982,774 138 0.58 14,777 62.35 123,279 297 367 3.01 33,563 275.41 92,455 276 | 239,109,000 143 0.60 14,990 62. 6! 105,697 276 344 3.54 | 26,080 | 268.48 | 79,081 261 | 193,362,000 132 0.68 | 11,889 61.23 93,929 238 230 3.09 18,604 249.69 77,185 233 | 168,363,000 120 0.71 10,465 62.16 136,583 296 425 3.16 | 32,562 | 242.02 | 86,488 267 | 216,465,000 178 0.82 | 11,217 51.82 145,262 279 468 3.47 31,506 233.60 75,505 258 | 179,135,000 123 0.69 9,199 51.35 182,606 297 646 3.57 | 42,915 | 237.09 | 68,332 260 | 166,472,000 125 0.75 8,719 52.38 200,579 287 852 4.44 | 46,286 | 240.97 | 82,290 261 | 200,841,000 131 0.65 | 18,242 65.93 204,685 282 697 8.62 | 48,237 | 250.64 | 90,797 258 | 214,692,000 173 0.81 | 13,427 62.54 152,118 280 553 3.89 | 85,295 | 248.56 | 100,740 246 | 231,512,000 148 0.64 9,671 41.77 158,115 271 559 3.92 30,216 211.87 87,936 233 | 191,470,000 180 0.94 7,836 40.93 191,276 288 683 8.72 | 82,971 | 179.59 | 106,278 246 | 244,691,000 183 0.75 7,739 31.63 169,199 287 661 4.09 30,724 190.11 | 113,105 249 | 263,494,000 213 0.81 6,552 24.87 165,979 282 695 4.45 26,577 170.27 | 110,954 228 | 237,043,000 188 0.79 5,390 22.74 Series G 144-158.—FATALITIES, PRODUCTION AND EMPLOYMENT—BITUMINOUS AND ANTHRACITE MINES: 1870 TO 1945 [ Includes underground and surface accidents ] NUMBER KILLED PRODUCTION AND EMPLOYMENT (BITUMINOUS AND ANTHRACITE) Total, bituminous and anthracite In bituminous mines In anthracite mines Production Employment Total | 1 | mion |thossand | milhe Per | nomeand | mate Per | thousand | Quantity | T Number i YEAR million | million [thousand | million ousand | million ousan uan ons um : number thousand thousand Active 3 tons man- | 300-day tons 300-day tons 300-day |(thousands|per man-| of em- Man-hours killed | ,jined | hours | workers | mined employed workers | mined employed workers | of tons) hour ployees days 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 1,079 1.71 1.19 2.88 1.62 2.58 2.96 2.62 1.98 2.17 | 26382,291 | 0.699 | 437,000 262 | 905,000,000 1,298 1.90 1.80 8.05 1.81 2.99 3.22 2.74 2.24 2.29 | 684,950 | 0.687 | 453,987 281 | 997,819,796 1,451 2.22 1.56 3.39 2.06 3.01 3.44 3.80 2.85 3.17 | 652,977 | 0.703 | 486,516 264 | 928,802,326 1,471 2.30 1.62 3.42 2.14 2.71 3.41 3.88 2.75 3.45 | 640,021 ( 0.708 | 530,861 243 | 910,388,986 1,266 2.22 1.54 3.26 2.08 2.34 3.28 3.58 2.18 3.16 569,884 0.694 | 546,692 213 821,156,798 1,388 2.71 1.85 3.92 2.61 2.73 4.07 3.57 1.99 3.16 | 512,808 | 0.685 | 533,267 199 | 748,420,870 1,078 2.41 1.69 3.85 2.19 1.95 3.29 4.11 2.24 3.61 447,977 0.661 | 539,375 179 678,195,593 1,105 2.79 1.78 3.76 2.52 1.98 3.68 4.88 2.34 4.08 395,697 0.637 | 541,528 163 621,168,448 1,413 2.88 1.74 3.69 2.68 2.44 3.74 4.15 2.17 3.44 | 498,793 | 0.615 | 589,856 195 | 811,422,146 1,342 2.78 1.62 3.50 2.52 2.28 3.46 4.46 2.39 3.73 491,139 0.594 | 584,582 197 826,386,460 1,242 2.92 1.70 3.67 2.60 2.09 3.58 5.24 2.66 4.26 424,632 0.580 | 565,202 180 732,607,581 1,226 2.94 1.59 3.64 2.67 2.09 3.52 4.69 2.47 3.61 416,536 0.541 | 566,426 184 769,430,678 1,064 2.78 1.48 3.58 2.50 1.99 3.58 4.66 2.21 3.58 383,172 0.533 | 523,182 171 719,148,550 1,207 3.36 1.90 4.60 3.09 2.36 4.85 4.99 2.05 3.83 | 859,565 | 0.565 | 527,623 149 | 636,391,330 1,468 3.31 1.82 4.42 2.83 2.40 4.42 6.42 2.75 4.43 441,751 0.549 | 589,705 168 804,394,130 2,063 3.84 2.06 5.00 8.46 3.28 5.26 6.40 2.94 4.22 | 536,911 | 0.535 | 644,006 192 |1,002,691,781 2,187 3.569 1.87 4.54 3.19 3.39 4.63 6.53 3.18 4.24 | 608,817 | 0.521 | 654,494 221 |1,168,551,000 2,176 3.78 1.92 4.64 3.45 8.81 4.90 5.93 2.78 8.85 | 576,098 | 0.507 y 206 [1,185,543 ,000 2,281 3.78 1.83 4.43 3.36 2.93 4.60 6.11 2.96 3.94 | 597,859 | 0.490 | 759,177 199 (1,219,079,000 2.518 3.83 1.86 4.50 3.60 3.48 4.86 5.86 2.74 3.87 657,804 0.486 | 759,033 221 |1,852,840,000 1 Preliminary. 3 Includes some “bootleg coal purchased by legitimate operators and prepared at their breakers.” 163 Data: G 144-158 MINERALS AND POWER Series G 144-158.—FATALITIES, PRODUCTION AND EMPLOYMENT—BITUMINOUS AND ANTHRACITE MINES: 1870 TO 1945.—Con. |Includes underground and surface accidents] PRODUCTION AND EMPLOYMENT NUMBER KILLED (BITUMINOUS AND ANTHRACITE) Total, bituminous and In bituminous mines In anthracite mines Production Employment anthracite YEAR + 3 : G o Per mil- Per thou-|Per thou-| Per mil- [Per thou-(Per thou-| Quantity | Tons Total be Loi P 5 a Pp - how lion sand. sand lion sand sand (thou- per Number Active | aro number | 9% ni] pans, tons em- |[300-day| tons em- |300-day | sandsof | man- on days 2u=dours killed mined hogts ry mined | ployed | workers | mined | ployed | workers tons) hour Dloyees 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 2,234 3.84 1.93 4.65 3.53 3.12 4.79 6.47 2.50 4.12 581,870 0.501 748,805 192 |1,160,334,000 2,402 4.20 1.99 4.80 3.94 3.08 5.39 5.64 3.10 3.39 571,613 0.473 779,613 192 11,207,475,000 2,462 3.74 1.82 4.39 3.46 2.77 4.65 5.45 3.23 3.62 657,904 0.485 862,536 195 |1,356,089,000 1,984 4.16 2.03 4.90 3.99 2.45 5.16 5.49 1.91 3.81 476,951 0.487 844,807 144 979,995,000 1,995 3.94 1.74 4.20 3.48 2.18 4.38 6.05 3.43 3.80 506,395 0.442 823,253 173 |1,145,738,000 2,272 3.45 1.57 3.78 3.13 2.78 3.79 5.48 3.38 3.74 658,265 0.454 784,621 230 (1,451,162,000 2,323 4.19 1.77 4.28 3.62 2.71 4.16 7.21 4.11 4.64 553,952 0.423 776,569 209 (1,309,155,000 2,580 3.80 1.61 3.94- 3.50 3.30 3.97 5.58 3.75 3.83 678,212 0.424 762,426 258 (1,599,854,000 2,696 4.14 1.71 4.25 3.83 3.50 4.33 5.84 3.77 3.98 651,402 0.413 767,317 251 |1,575,863,000 1916....) 2,226 38.77 1.53 3.93 3.33 2.98 3.88 6.34 3.47 4.11 590,098 0.406 720,971 235 |1,452,788,000 1915... 2,269 4.27 1.69 4.44 3.80 3.02 4.47 6.58 3.32 4.33 531,619 0.397 734,008 209 |1,339,279,000 1914. ...| 2,454 4.78 1.78 4.66 4.40 3.19 4.90 6.55 3.31 4.05 513,525 0.373 763,185 207 (1,878,487,000 10918._..1-2,785 4.89 1.80 4.70 4.53 3.79 4.90 6.75 3.52 4.10 570,048 0.368 747,644 238 (1,549,294,000 1912: | 2.419 4.53 1.70 4.46 4.04 3.31 4.46 7.12 3.45 4.48 534,467 0.376 722,662 225 11,422,694 ,000 1911....} 2,656 5.35 2.04 4.97 4.82 3.53 5.02 7.78 4.02 4.90 496,371 0.381 728,348 220 |1,302,108,000 INO. ore ea 5. 5.30 5.32 4.00 5.53 7.11 3.55 4 1909: .. 5. 5.35 5.46 4.15 5.58 6.99 3.40 4 1008__.. 5. 5.54 5.42 3.50 5.44 8.14 3.89 5 1907... 6. 6.25 6.46 4.99 6.40 8.27 4.23 5 1906... 5. 4.87 4.72 3.38 4.76 7.81 3.43 5 NUMBER KILLED NUMBER KILLED Total killed In bituminous mines In anthracite mines In bistnitngis In anthracite mines Pp P P P P Toe P P P er er er er er per er er er YEAR am thou- rn thou- thou- De thou- | thou- YEAR million _— thou- rn thou- | thou- tons sand tons sand sand tons sand sand tons Eons sand tors sand sand mined |800-day | mined em- |800-day [ mined em- | 300-day mined | © 04 ome, | ned em- | 300-day workers ployed | workers ployed | workers ployed ployed | workers 145 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 148 149 151 152 153 5.78 5.14 5.14 3.53 5.02 8.29 3.89 5.43 3.08 1.55 7.46 2.95 4.25 5.88 5.17 5.26 3.35 4.98 8.13 3.82 5.73 3.89 1.85 7.12 2.70 | 4.18 5.47 4.72 5.07 3.47 4.63 6.94 3.44 5.01 5.81 5.15 5.58 3.93 5.13 7.25 2.03 5.25 3.48 1.68 9.36 3.58 5.26 5.40 4.54 4.74 3.16 4.21 7.60 3.53 5.40 4.11 2.26 8.94 3.28 5.12 4.99 3.09 8.40 3.568 4.56 5.72 4.87 5.32 3.74 4.79 7.16 2.85 5.15 3.63 1.95 8.29 3.54 4.87 5.08 4.40 4.25 3.05 8.91 7.63 3.30 5.72 2.75 1.67 8.55 3.59 4.87 4.97 4.28 4.06 2.64 8.75 7.70 2.82 5.57 5.08 4.27 3.99 2.38 3.64 8.04 2.82 5.64 2.95 1.43 7.05 2. 5.85 4.62 4.45 2.51 3.92 9.22 3.36 5.79 3.39 2.02 8.67 3. 3.17 1.86 8.62 2. 6.00 4.68 5.46 3.09 4.78 7.26 2.95 4.51 5.90 2.17 7.56 2. 5.91 4.50 4.65 2.26 3.96 8.57 3.38 5.34 4.29 1.00 9.96 3. 5.39 4.03 4.07 2.26 3.32 8.43 3.42 5.21 5.98 4.42 5.06 3.05 4.17 7.97 3.24 4.91 4.93 1.60 10.50 3. 6.06 4.30 4.94 2.86 3.85 8.45 3.39 5.01 8.88 2.11 9.31 3 5.01 3.50 3.56 2.15 2.85 8.13 3.00 4.50 ; 4. 5.22 1 3.44 Ileana 8.45 3.11 4.81 5. 5.61 -ccdean 4.38 2.28 (.oa-ens 7.81 2.98 4.10 Sm [sa en 13.47 5.98 |... ..3 164 POWER Data: G 159-170 Series G 159-170.—POWER—ANNUAL SUPPLY OF ENERGY FROM MINERAL FUELS AND WATER POWER: 1819 TO 1945 |In trillions of British thermal units. Unit heat values employed are: Anthracite, 13,600 B.t.u. per lb.; bituminous coal, 13,100 B.t.u. per lb.; petroleum, 6,000,000 B.t.u. per barrel; natural gas, 1,075 B.t.u. per cu. ft. Water power includes installations owned by manufacturing plants and mines, as well as Government and privately owned public utilities. The fuel equivalent of water power is calculated from the kilowatt-hours of power produced wherever available, as is true of all public-utility plants since 1919. Otherwise the fuel equivalent is calculated from the reported horse-power of installed water wheels, assuming a capacity factor of 20 percent for manufactures and mines and of 40 percent for public utilities ] GRAND TOTAL ENERGY WATER POWER MINERAL FUELS Coal Petroleum and natural gas With water With water Atvrovails YEAR power at power at At constant Bor teal Total Total Petroleum OR constant prevailing fuel ion mineral Total Blitami- Pennsyl- troleamn (total crude, includ- Natural ANNUAL fuel central station | equivalent ! equivalent ? fuels cont HOGS vania pe Tous ing that refined) gas (total AVERAGE equivalent equivalent anthracite |, 400) gas| Domestic | 1° production) production por 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 36,030 33,009 4,463 1,442 31,567 16,628 15,134 36,451 33,635 4,160 1,344 32,291 17,966 16,233 33,900 31,205 3,999 1,304 29,901 17,113 15,463 32,069 29,720 3,485 1,136 28,584 16,908 15,267 29,549 27,679 2,804 934 26,745 15,004 13,471 27,327 25,587 2,620 880 24,707 13,472 12,072 24,620 23,035 2,423 838 22,197 11,745 10,345 22,765 21,165 2,466 866 20,299 10,387 9,132 25,957 24,382 2,446 871 23,511 13,083 11,673 24,367 22,923 2,256 812 22,111 12,989 11,504 21,615 20,214 2,207 806 19,408 11,175 9,756 20,431 19,233 1,896 698 18,535 10,970 9,415 19,3817 18,097 1,931 711 17,386 10,089 8,741 18,022 16,835 1,900 713 16,122 9,470 8,114 20,557 19,504 1,721 668 18,836 11,633 10,011 28,842 22,738 1,856 752 21,986 14,136 12,249 26,584 25,421 1,929 816 24,605 16,025 14,017 24,685 23,597 1,942 854 22,743 15,169 13,120 24,741 23,830 1,687 776 23,054 15,744 13,565 25,209 24,445 1,492 728 23,717 17,319 15,022 22,827 22.205 1,290 668 21,537 15,306 13,625 22,209 21,690 1,167 648 21,042 15,064 12,672 24,436 23,985 1,136 685 23,300 17,331 14,792 18,504 18,123 ,024 643 17,480 12,551 11,063 18,563 18,275 908 620 17,655 13,358 10,897 22,460 22,227 971 738 21,489 17,336 14,899 18,883 18,709 892 718 17,991 14,602 12,206 21,005 17,868 15,180 20,214 17,166 14,457 18,288 15,548 13,166 16,490 14,018 11,597 15,877 13,545 11,075 17,243 15,025 12,535 16,07) 14,088 11,793 14,979 13,096 10,635 15,033 13,226 10,928 13,771 12,155 9,949 12,481 10,978 8,718 14,105 12,671 10,343 12,099 10,982 8,983 11,552 10,367 8,255 10,326 ,291 7,301 10,359 9,437 7,408 8,717 7,943 6,818 8,451 7,752 5,917 7,759 7,123 5,563 7,291 6,708 5,065 1896-1900... 6,561 6,006 4,493 1891-1895... 5,212 4,739 3,286 1886-1890... 4,131 3,669 2,474 1881-1885. . 3,025 2,848 1,863 1876-1880... 1,774 1,673 955 1871-1875... 1,440 1,391 754 4,225 3,746 2,507 1,934 1,815 99 904 879 415 419 419 158 173 173 64 68 68 41 6 6 3 ©) 8 lesa nneeaion 1 Assuming 4.02 pounds of coal per kilowatt-hour, which is the average of central electric station practice in 1913, the base period used. 2 Assuming the average central-station practice for each of the years for which data are available, which declined from about 7.05 pounds of coal per kilowatt hour in 1899 to 1.30 pounds in 1945. 3 Does not include an unknown amount of bootleg or stolen coal. If this were included, the energy for anthracite would be increased approximately 109 trillion B.t.u. in 1985 and 1936 respectively, and the total energy would be increased accordingly. 4 Imports negligible. 5 Based on amount of coal displaced by gas as estimated by gas companies at the time. 6 Less than 0.5. 155 Data: G 171-190 MINERALS AND POWER Series G 171-182.—POWER—ELECTRIC ENERGY, PRODUCTION BY TYPE OF PRIME MOVER: 1902 TO 1945 [ In thousands of kilowatt-hours | TOTAL UTILITY AND INDUSTRIAL ELECTRIC UTILITIES INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS ! Internal Internal Int 1 RAT Total Hydro Steam | DOL Total Hydro Steam | JST! Total Hydro Steam |. a 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 1945... 271,254,896 (84,747,079 [181,708,470( 4,799,847 (222,486,283|79,970,312 |140,435,268| 2,080,703 |48,768,618 | 4,776,767 (41,273,202 | 2,718,644 1944..... 279,524,691 (78,904,563. |195,664,371| 4,955,757 (228,188,844 (73,945,184 |152,327,495| 1,916,165 |51,335.847 | 4,959,379 [43,336,876 | 3,039,592 1043... 267,540,197 (79,077,653 ({183,951,624| 4,510,920 |217,758,831 (73,632,223 (142,380,595| 1,746,013 [49,781,366 | 5,445,430 [41,571,029 | 2,764,907 1942. .... 233,146,362 [69,132,585 [159,725,327| 4,288,450 [185,979,476 63,870,575 |120,478,951| 1,629,950 147,166,886 | 5,262,010 (39,246,376 | 2,658,500 1941... 208,306,451 [55,356,832 [149,156,993| 3,792,626 |164,787,87850,862,952 |112,319,000| 1,605,926 |43,518,573 | 4,493,880 (36,837,993 | 2,186,700 19490..... 179,906,954 [51,658,558 |124,941,199| 3,307,197 (141,837,010 (47,321,278 | 93,001,735| 1,518,997 (38,069,944 | 4,337,280 (31,939,464 | 1,793,200 1939...... 161,308,487 [47,691,261 |110,685,490| 2,981,736 (127,641,804 [43,563,627 | 82,783,741| 1,294,436 (33,666,683 | 4,127,634 [27,851,749 | 1,687,300 1938... 141,955,371 |48,394 ,684 93,560,687 113,812,871 |44,279,309 | 68,423,122| 1,109,940 |28,143,000 | 4,115,375 24,027,625 1937... 146,475,675 |48,272,115 98,203,560 118,912,675 (44,012,945 | 73,890,698 1,009,032 [27,563,000 | 4,259,170 23,303,830 1936. .... 186,006,033 |42,749 ,647 93,256,386 109,316,038 39,057,647 | 69,359,153 899,233 (26,690,000 | 3,692,000 22,998,000 1935. 118,935,390 95,287,390 (38,872,154 | 56,144,412 770,824 (23,648,000 1034... 110,403,753 87,257,758 (32,684,157 | 53,938,388 635,208 (23,146,000 1938. ...- 102,655,069 81,740,069 (33,457,189 | 47,708,527 574,353 (20,915,000 1932..... 99,358,929 79,392,929 32,877,809 | 45,922,394 592,726 |19,966,000 jo81..... 109,373,101 87,350,101 |29,027,455 | 57,685,341 637,305 (22,023,000 114,636,548 91,111,548 (31,189,554 | 59,293,363 628,631 (23,525,000 116,747,273 92,180,273 [32,647,659 | 58,965,559 567,055 |24,567,000 108,068,647 82,793,647 (32,878,906 | 49,370,208 549,535 (25,275,000 101,389,741 75,418,306 (28,474,287 | 46,614,831 329,238 {25,971,435 94,221,796 69,352,796 (25,602,696 | 43,422,070 328,030 |24,869,000 84,666,091 61,451,091 (21,797,874 | 39,367,118 286,099 123,215,000 75,891,796 54,661,796 [19,489,596 | 34,954,601 217,599 [21,230,000 71,398,664 51,228,664 |18,939,708 | 32,092,555 196,401 {20,170,000 61,204,457 43,632,457 (16,875,956 | 26,578,966 177,535 17,572,000 58,125,128 | aE CE ae 37,180,123 14,708,018 | 22,311,423 165,687 [15,945,000 B56. 558,680 ns inn aay AT mrad 39,404,639 15,760,296 | 23,488,451 155,892 1117.154,000 4 ..- o0cvooundoii a8 ™ ncaa. 43,428,806 (13,947,800 29,481,006 25,438,303 (10,100,000 15,338,303 17,990,503 | 3,847,800 14,142,703 24,752,110 7,387,500 17,364,610 11,569,110] 4,500,000 7,069,110 13,183,000 | 2,887,500 10,295,500 14.120, 20 0 aa ect nt EL 5,862,277]. i 4 8,259,000 5,969;0511.....’ ae ER LSA 2,507,051 ee 8,462,000 1 Includes electric railroads and railways. Does not include generation by non utility plants of less than 100 kw capacity or of plants in hotels, apartment houses, office buildings, or other commercial establishments. Series G 183-190.—POWER—ELECTRIC ENERGY, PRODUCTION BY CLASS OF OWNERSHIP: 1902 TO 1945 [ In thousands of kilowatt-hours ] ELECTRIC UTILITIES WL i Sho 5 Industrial YEAR utility an ; ublicly owne esta industrial onal Privately lishments ! es owne Total Municipal Federal Other 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 271,254,896 | 222,486,283 | 180,925,917 | 41,560,366 9,623,807 | 28,000,758 3,935,801 | 48,768,618 279,524,691 | 228,188,844 | 185,849,805 | 42,339,039 9,637,218 | 28,866,427 3,835,394 | 51,335,847 267,540,197 | 217,758,831 | 180,247,395 | 37,511,436 9,222,868 | 24,484,617 3,803,951 | 49,781,366 233,146,362 | 185,979,476 | 158,051,924 | 27,927,552 7,610,251 | 16,893,429 3,423,872 | 47,166,886 208,806,451 | 164,787,878 | 144,289,667 | 20,498,211 7,022,541 | 10,793,528 2,682,142 | 48,518,578 179,906,954 | 141,837,010 | 125,410,966 | 16,426,044 6,187,844 8,583,702 1,654,498 | 38,069,944 161,308,487 | 127,641,804 | 115,077,919 | 12,563,885 5,688,235 5,475,698 1,399,952 | 33,666,683 141,955,371 | 113,812,371 | 104,090,247 9,722,124 5,237,123 3,028,902 1,456,099 | 28,143,000 146,475,675 | 118,912,675 | 110,463,615 8,449,060 5,270,182 1,843,204 1,335,674 | 27,563,000 136,006,033 | 109,316,033 | 102,293,368 7,022,665 4,705,309 1,072,027 1,245,329 | 26,690,000 118,935,390 95,287,390 89,329,706 5,957,684 4,228,569 555,070 1,174,045 | 23,648,000 110,408,753 87,257,753 82,079,035 5,178,718 3,833,603 356,886 988,229 | 23,146,000 102,655,069 81,740,069 76,667,791 5,072,278 3,582,916 458,406 1,030,956 | 20,915,000 99,358,929 79,392,929 74,488,136 4,904,793 3,516,875 444,780 43,138 | 19,966,000 109,373,101 87,350,101 82,596,569 4,753,532 3,434,634 497,407 821,491 | 22,023,000 114,636,548 91,111,548 86,108,428 5,003,120 3,603,725 465,051 934,344 | 23,525,000 116,741,273 92,180,273 87,513,677 4,666,596 3,497,538 299,618 869,440 | 24,567,000 108,068,647 82,793,647 78,206,656 4,586,991 3,244 ,813 356,335 985,843 | 25,275,000 101,389,741 75,418,306 70,920,454 4,497,852 3,050,680 667,953 779,219 | 25,971,435 94,221,796 69,352,796 65,479,835 3,872,961 2,832,457 517,635 522,869 | 24,869,000 84,666,091 61,451,091 58,684,988 2,766,103 2,302,152 103,418 360,533 | 23,215,000 75,891,796 54,661,796 52,315,022 2,346,774 1,940,164 57,332 349,278 | 21,230,000 71,398,664 51,228,664 49,044,166 2,184,498 1,851,463 63,044 269,991 | 20,170,000 61,204,457 43,632,457 41,659,944 1,972,513 1,636,750 55,538 280,225 | 17,572,000 53,125,123 37,180,128 35,455,605 1,724,518 1,421,864 52,676 249,978 | 15,945,000 56,558,639 39,404,639 37,715,985 1,688,654 1,373,194 58,231 257,229 | 17,154,000 43,428,806 25,438,303 24,398,983 1,039,320 | 21,039,320 24,762,110 11,569,110 11,031,583 537,527 ? 537,527 14,121,277 5,862,277 5,572,814 289,463 2 289,463 5,969,051 2,507,051 2,311,147 195,904 2 195,904 1 Includes electric railroads and railways. Does not include generation by non- utility plants of less than 100 kw capacity or by plants in hotels, office buildings, or other commercial establishments. In 1927 anartmens houses, t! e total of such generation was approximately 115 percent of the total generation of utility 1566 and non utility establishments. The relative total of the generation declined materially since 1927. 2 Municipal class assumed to comprise total publicly owned group. excluded has Series G 191-193. POWER [ In theusands of kilowatt-hours ] Data: G 191-204 POWER—ELECTRIC ENERGY, INDUSTRIAL USE: 1902 TO 1945 Total Manufacturing | Extracting Total Manufacturing | Extracting Total Manufacturing | Extracting YEAR YEAR YEAR 191 192 193 191 192 193 191 192 193 1945____| 143,161,859 131,856,177 | 11,305,682 || 1935____| 63,265,000 56,705,567 | 6,559,438 || 1925_...| 45,500,000 39,724,600 5,775,400 1944____| 158,750,658 147,400,537 | 11,350,121 || 1934____| 56,695,000 50,598,202 6,101,798 (| 1924____| 40,300,000 34,966,900 5,333,100 1943____| 158,525,151 146,849,337 | 11,675,814 || 1933____( 52,358,000 46,561,290 5,796,710 || 1923____| 38,250,000 32,585,200 5,664,800 1942____| 133,898,946 122,761,700 | 11,137,246 || 1932____| 48,614,000 43,503,744 5,110,256 || 1922____( 32,200,000 27,364,400 4,835,600 1941____| 113,931,973 104,037,488 9,894,485 || 1931____| 56,512,000 50,410,500 6,101,500 || 1921____( 28,000,000 23,993,000 | 4,007,000 92,390,410 83,275,834 9,114,576 || 1930__._| 61,023,000 53,929,660 | 7,093,340 || 1920_...| 31,500,000 26,912,600 4,587,400 79,044,444 70,959,561 8,084,883 63,889,170 55,732,341 | 8,156,829 23,750,000 20,750,000 | 3,000,000 65,850,000 58,451,570 7,398,430 59,750,000 52,699,025 7,050,975 11,250,000 9,250,000 | 2,000,000 73,300,000 64,757,482 8,542,518 57,382,720 51,011,500 6,371,220 6,100,000 5,068,000 1,032,000 1986__..| 70,500,000 62,949,025 7,550,975 52,750,000 46,350,000 6,400,000 (| 1902__..| 1,500,000 1,296,000 04, - Series G 194-199.—POWER—ELECTRIC ENERGY, CONSUMPTION OF FUELS BY ELECTRIC UTILITIES: 1920 TO 1945 Represents fuel consumed for production of electric energy | FUEL CONSUMED FUEL CONSUMED Net Net generation Total coal and generation Total coal and by equivalent y equivalent YEAR fuel ! Coal Fuel oil Gas YEAR fuel ! Coal Fuel oil Gas - Quantity pe RH Quantity po KWH 194 195 196 197 198 199 194 195 196 197 198 199 1,000 Short Short 42 gal. 1,000 1,000 Short Short 42 gal 1,000 kwh tons Pounds tons bbls. cu. ft. kwh tong Pounds tons bbls. cu. ft. _|142,831,104/|92,641,901 1.80 |74,724,956(20,228,215(|326,211,969|| 1932___| 46,421,716(34,488,962 1.49 |28,055,962| 7,582,625(107,102,791 _|153,867,569(99,250,520 1.29 |80,083,539(20,862,171(358,783,574|| 1931___| 58,014,025/43,954,088 1.52 [36,115,088| 7,922,035/138,458,318 ~|143,785,367|93,274,914 1.30 (77,800,574(17,985,593(301,936,871 _|121,584,578|79,075,132 1.30 (66,256,667|15,235,851(235,208,023|| 1930___| 59,582,842/47,544,989 1.60 |40,277,989| 8,804,530({119,552,711 1941___/113,272,492|75,699,849 1.34 |62,667,734|20,077,128(201,763,432|| 1929___| 59,154,239(49,039,358 1.66 |41,827,358( 9,782,920/{112,353,453 1928.__| 49,621,527|43,020,077 1.73 |38,042,077| 6,817,794| 77,154,508 1940___| 93,962,747|62,942,344 1.34 |51,473,881|16,325,122(180,096,185(| 1927_..| 46,659,959(42,491,616 1.82 |38,198,616| 6,552,206] 62,485,022 1939___| 83,627,710(57,598,037 1.38 |44,538,529|17,138,911(188,876,692/| 1926___| 43,471,619(41,341,930 1.90 |36,841,930| 8,999,424] 52,646,798 1938___| 69,255,364(48,559,770 1.40 |38,393,533|12,942,387|165,504,219 8 ? 1937___| 74,501,856|53,559,609 1.44 [42,929,609(13,829,222(169,127,305|| 1925___| 39,442,625|40,014,365 2.0 {35,615,365 9,793,922| 45,471,839 1936___| 69,823,024(50,144,035 1.44 |40,085,035(14,078,929|154,084,268|| 1924___| 34,963,452|38,855,334 2.2 [32,790,334(16,059,942| 47,301,272 1923___| 32,088,103|38,404,380 2.4 |33,636,380(13,925,308| 29,340,456 1935.__| 56,688,508/40,796,761 1.44 (32,714,761|11,256,565(124,117,769|| 1922___| 26,561,006/33,401,800 2.5 (29,192,800(12,442,935| 24,995,847 1934___| 54,417,880(39,366,879 1.45 |31,413,879|10,258,241|127,071,042|| 1921___| 22,343,460(30,435,972 2.7 |26,603,972(11,504,999| 21,700,882 1933___| 48,170,167(35,273,854 1.46 (28,542,854| 9,606,208|101,984,743 1920___| 23,494,710|35,790,765 3.0 |31,689,765|12,689,634| 22,136,176 1 Excludes generation by wood and waste fuels. Series G 200-204.—POWER—GENERATING PLANTS AND PRODUCTION PER KILOWATT OF INSTALLED GENERATING CAPACITY, ELECTRIC UTILITIES: 1902 TO 1945 [ Production in kilowatt-hours | NUMBER OF ELECTRIC UTILITY Production per NUMBER OF ELECTRIC UTILITY Production per GENERATING PLANTS ! kilowatt of GENERATING PLANTS ! kilowatt of i : installed : : installed YEAR nterna generating YEAR nternal generating Total Hydro Steam | .mbustion capacity ? Total Hydro Steam combustion capacity ? 200 201 202 203 204 200 201 202 203 204 3,886 1,505 1,057 1,324 4,440 2,818 3,933 1,510 1,082 1,341 4,639 3,089 3,959 1,507" 1,101 1,351 4,541 2,978 3,899 1,489 1,100 1,310 4,128 ,007 3,882 1,473 1,116 1,298 3,886 2,966 3,918 1,474 1,153 1,201 3,552 2,862 3,938 1,487 1,195 1,256 3,284 3,092 3,903 1,479 1,252 1,172 3,036 3,276 3,918 1,473 1,283 1,162 3,338 3,074 3,896 1.471 1,337 1,088 3,116 2,750 4,028 1,476 1,424 1,123 2,767 3,099 3,999 1,471 1,454 1,074 2,557 2,828 4,012 1,482 1,514 1,016 2,363 2,240 4,027 1,460 1,558 1,014 2,309 2,164 4,037 1,461 1,571 999 2,592 2,068 1 Each prime mover type in combination plants counted separately. ? Based on capacity in service at end of year. 167 Data: G 205-224 MINERALS AND POWER Series G 205-216.—POWER—INSTALLED GENERATING CAPACITY BY TYPE OF PRIME MOVER: 1902 TO 1945 [ In kilowatts ] N TOTAL UTILITY AND INDUSTRIAL ELECTRIC UTILITIES INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS ! " ¥ Internal Internal Internal YEAR Total Hydro Steam Combustion Total Hydro Steam combustion Total Hydro Steam |, ombustign 205 206 207 208 : 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 62,867,814 (15,891,718 [45,248,054 | 1,728,042 [50,110,928 [14,911,617 [34,112,603 | 1.086,708 [12,756,886 980,101 |11,185,451 641,334 62,065,736 115,696,283 |14,636.894 | 1,732,559 |49,189,072 [14,586,324 [33,540,807 | 1.061,941 [12.876.664 | 1,109,959 [11,096,087 670,618 60,539,370 (14,991,110 [43,840,106 | 1,708,154 47,950,767 (13,883,583 [33,014,581 | 1,052,603 [i2,588,603 | 1,107,527 [10,825,525 655,551 57,237,187 13,946,933 [41,593,304 | 1,696,950 | 45,052,950 (12,841,933 [31,168,567 | 1,012,450 [12,184,237 | 1,105,000 [10,424,737 654,500 53,995,245 12,912,374 [39,474,094 | 1,608,777 | 42,405,436 (11,817,374 [29,599,285 988,777 (11,589,809 | 1,095,000 | 9,874,809 620,000 50,962,343 (12,303,729 [37,137,919 | 1,520,695 |39,926,881 [11,223,729 [27,774,957 928,195 |11,035,462 | 1,080,000 | 9,362,962 592,500 49,438,165 (12,074,939 [35,931,950 | 1,431,276 |38,862,716 [11,003,939 [27,008,613 850,164 |10,575,449 | 1,071,000 | 8,923,337 581,112 16,873,095 [11,682,162 35,190,933 37,492,095 10,657,162 {26,066,106 768.827 | 9,381,000 | 1,025,000 8.356,000 1987..... 44,370,011 11,185,663 33,184,348 35,620,011 [10,175,663 124,762,910 681,438 | 8,750,000 | 1,010,000 7,740,000 1936..... 43,581,569 [11,037,165 32,544,404 35,081,569 (10,037,165 (24,441,077 603,327 | 8,500,000 | 1,000,000 7,500,000 34,435,768 | 9,398,662 [24,470,821 566,285 34,118,741 | 9,344,933 |24,253,061 520.747 34,586,688 | 9,333,695 (24,759,185 493,808 34,386,739 | 9,257,651 [24,645,949 483,139 33,698,256 | 9,090,613 [24,161,890 445,753 32,384,363 | 8,585,164 23,385,522 413,677 29,839,459 | 7,813,448 (21,703,992 322.019 27,804,576 | 7,702,433 (19,789,664 312,479 25,079,025 | 6,802,351 (18,077,937 198,737 23,386,194 | 6,405,462 [16,792,031 188,701 21,472,077 | 5,921,965 [15,368,252 IBLBB0 Le cv senunfrnmammssimmall © armen 17,680,743 | 5,023,872 (12,534,567 122,304 15,642,537 | 4,507,020 (11,025,811 109,706 14,191,922 | 4,128,476 | 9,965,384 98,062 13,518,734 | 3,901,661 | 9,526,573 90,500 12,713,608 | 3,703,531 | 8,919,727 0 S00 casper a = es rE EL cl See pn BE 7... 15,494,407 | 3,885,897 11,608,510 8,994,407 | 2,785,897 | 6,128,510 80,000 | 6,500,000 | 1,100,000 5,400,000 1912.» 10,980,459 | 2,794,000 8,186,439 5,165,439 | 1,694,000 | 3,395,439 76,000 | 5,815,000 | 1,100,000 4,715,000 1907... = 6,809,225 | 1,906,000 4,903,225 2,709,225 906,000 | 1,765,225 38,000 | 4,100,000 | 1,000,000 3,100,000 1902... 2,987,285 | 1,140,000 1,847,235 1,212,235 290,000 914,285 8,000 | 1,775,000 850,000 925,000 1 Includes electric railroads and railways. Does not include eapacity of non utility plants of less than 100 kw buildings or other commercial establishments. Series G 217-224—POWER—INSTALLED [ In kilowatts | or of plants in hotels, apartment houses, office GENERATING CAPACITY, BY CLASS OF OWNERSHIP: 1902 TO 1945 ELECTRIC UTILITIES Total 4 ” Industrial utility an . Publicly owned estal YEAR industrial Tom Privasdly lishments ! ivities owne Total Municipal Federal Other 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 62,867,814 | 50,110,928 | 40,307,179 9,803,749 3,586,284 5,081,172 1,136,293 | 12,756,886 62,065,736 | 49,189,072 | 39,732,753 9,456,319 3,446,690 4,886,032 1,123,597 | 12,876,664 60,539,370 | 47,950,767 | 39,127,827 8,822,940 | 38,418,978 4,321,857 1,082,105 | 12,588,603 57,237,187 | 45,052,950 | 37,441,750 7,611,200 | 3,330,770 | 3,216,357 1,064,073 | 12,184,237 53,995,245 | 42,405,436 | 36,041,274 6,364,162 3,158,485 2,370,817 834,860 | 11,589,809 50,962,343 | 39,926,881 | 34,398,576 5,528,305 2,976,728 1,944,000 607,577 | 11,035,462 49,438,165 | 38,862,716 | 33,907,963 4,954,753 2,806,852 1,650,325 497,576 | 10,575,449 46,873,095 | 37,492,095 | 33,246,341 4,245,754 2,631,018 1,156,080 458,656 9,381,000 44,370,011 | 35,620,011 | 31,958,043 3,661,968 2,476,429 832,530 353,009 8,750,000 43,581,569 | 35,081,569 | 31,786,653 3,294,916 | 2,163,856 803,613 327,447 8,500,000 34,435,768 | 31,820,357 | 2,615,411 2,001,637 299,641 314,133 84,118,741 | 31,547,337 2,571,404 1,962,969 287,777 320,658 34,586,688 | 32,162,935 2,423,753 1,879,133 232,297 312,323 34,386,739 | 32,033,125 | 2,353,614 1,827,614 232,110 293,890 33,698,256 | 31,498,435 2,199,821 1,695,721 230,710 273,390 32,384,363 | 30,285,252 2,099,111 1,600,706 226,390 272,015 29,839,459 | 27,952,571 1,886,888 1,424,082 213,900 248,906 27,804,576 | 25,990,445 1,814,131 1,346,525 213,100 254,506 25,079,025 | 23,417,863 1,661,162 1,209,783 208,800 242,579 23,386,194 | 21,818,983 1,567,211 1,203,972 205,600 157,639 sda 21,472,077 | 20,044,597 1,427,480 1,125,386 197,775 104,319 17,680,743 | 16,739,732 941,011 824,272 13,865 102,874 15,642,537 | 14,787,086 855,451 751,994 13,865 89,592 14,191,922 | 13,418,505 773,417 685,279 10,456 77,682 ot Ban ie 13,518,734 | 12,796,859 721,875 634,102 10,456 77,817 Er 12,713,608 | 12,022,329 691,279 601,232 10,090 R087 |e conn iy mms 15,494,407 8,994,407 8,411,944 582,463 2 582,463 6,500,000 10,980,439 5,165,439 4,768,762 396,677 2 396,677 5,815,000 6,809,225 | 2,709,225 2,500,209 209,016 2209,016 4,100,000 2,987,235 1,212,235 1,098,855 113,380 2113,380 1,775,000 1 Includes electric railroads and railways. Does not include capacity of non- utility plants of less than 100 kw or of plants in hotels, apartment houses, office buildings or other commercial establishments. 158 2 Municipal class assumed to comprise total publicly owned group. POWER Data: G 225-233 Series G 225-233.—POWER—ELECTRIC UTILITIES, SALES TO ULTIMATE CONSUMERS: 1902 TO 1945 ULTIMATE CONSUMERS ! RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL CONSUMERS YEAR Number, K:lowatt-hours Revenues Number, Kilowatt-hours Revenues Number, Kilowatt-hours Revenues December 31 (thousands) (dollars) December 31 (thousands) (dollars) December 31 (thousands) (dollars) 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 34,031,073 193,558,015 | 3,341,518,400 28,116,998 34,183,915 | 1,167,356,000 4,560,522 137,928,373 | 1,852,170,100 83,048,392 198,160,611 | 3,276,751 ,400 27,371,260 31,266,439 | 1,097,725,500 4,415,047 145,024,604 | 1,860,747,200 32,396,300 185,889,261 | 3,077,642,900 26,872,639 28,621,403 |1,029,259,700 4,314,838 134,849,298 | 1,737,869,200 32,210,440 159,407,704 | 2,855,843,000 26,620,456 26,936,773 990,185,300 4,369,385 115,611,617 | 1,595,596,700 31,607,371 140,060,159 | 2,665,057,000 26,025,513 25,128,900 938,228,600 4,472,653 100,688,521 | 1,483,200,100 30,191,001 118,643,297 | 2,440,217,500 24,951,906 23,317,569 895,951,400 4,438,160 81,930,003 | 1,320,681,000 29,105,306 105,767,509 | 2,289,582,600 23,965,035 21,083,507 843,157,600 4,399,553 71,830,376 | 1,233,342,300 28,063,710 93,731,327 | 2,156,579,500 23,111,762 19,371,156 802,532,100 4,319,079 62,277,019 | 1,150,784,900 27,262,319 99,358,791 | 2,160,797,500 22,372,385 17,690,741 759,824,200 4,268,895 69,434,154 | 1,199,635,100 26,205,879 90,044,265 | 2,044,586,900 21,754,153 15,659,181 730,999,300 4,105,313 64,266,855 | 1,143,270,900 25,312,802 77,596,025 | 1,911,988,900 21,018,952 18,977,920 700,358,300 4,015,363 54,452,769 | 1,050,319,700 24,662,828 71,081,598 | 1,831,870,500 20,400,211 12,658,180 674,826,500 3,993,946 49,221,042 989,871,900 24,027,153 65,915,703 | 1,754,566,100 19,808,356 11,747,355 648,839,008 3,955,424 45,446,163 940,170,000 23,877,741 63,710,792 | 1,813,717,100 19,643,326 11,875,166 665,633,600 3,974,498 43,070,229 975,417,700 24,489,770 71,901,882 | 1,975,944,500 20,151,247 11,737,924 678,611,300 4,072,273 50,481,231 | 1,109,252,600 24,555,732 74,906,092 | 1,990,955,100 20,331,551 11,018,072 664,441,200 3,972,390 54,091,732 | 1,142,065,800 24,150,183 75,294,467 | 1,938,520,200 19,965,154 9,772,788 618,798,800 3,962,163 56,077,102 | 1,146,679,300 23,155,252 66,987,950 | 1,784,309,100 19,087,882 8,618,884 571,619,800 3,868,804 49,407,386 | 1,049,130,900 21,786,212 61,251,119 | 1,661,032,000 17,950,934 7,675,970 523,688,800 3,668,767 45,305,801 986,624,000 20,295,458 56,089,370 | 1,520,159,000 16,706,621 6,827,305 478,181,800 3,437,862 41,477,443 903,594,400 18,472,146 50,460,570 | 1,377,573,600 15,123,304 6,020,000 439,460,000 3,238,769 37,900,000 833,820,000 16,768,509 45,205,305 | 1,238,625,400 13,438,929 5,079,900 369,762,900 3,221,799 33,720,000 758,975,500 15,350,200 42,299,508 | 1,158,005,000 12,440,000 4,579,900 331,852,800 2,701,941 31,640,000 721,895,600 13,655,600 35,883,332 993,975,300 10,907,000 3,915,600 290,671,300 2,470,312 26,264,000 601,435,600 12,580,100 30,874,374 875,356,800 10,180,000 3,532,400 261,048,800 2,245,000 22,568,000 531,625,000 11,634,400 32,536,410 914,273,500 9,410,000 3,190,000 237,655,000 2,100,000 24,130,000 676,620,000 7,889,000 21,490,000 629,610,000 6,460,000 1,731,300 130,193,800 1,350,000 15,359,000 407,020,000 4,264,000 9,833,600 293,010,000 3,500,000 910,000 82,810,000 720,000 6,250,000 159,400,000 2,164,000 5,160,000 VIB. 200,000 [ou cin incrmmmusrnntaomnmunin) vues mewn foe mmmmms | msm weno mm] wo ———————— 650,000 2,200,000 B05 500000 im Pam mle Sm) | Sm SE Re ae Sn eh mm HE Ee EAE ! Includes rural under distinct rural rates, street and highway lighting, other public authorities, railways and railroads, and interdepartmental, as well as residential, commercial, and industrial consumers. Federal Power Commission data for 1945 shows customers, 34,330,464; kilowatt-hours (thousands), 196,437,748; and revenues, $3,354,463, 572. Differences attributable primarily to coverage of publicly-owned systems. 159 Chapter H. Construction and Housing (Series H 1-135) Construction: Series H 1-80 CONSTRUCTION EXPENDITURES (H 1-39) H 1-25. General note. Construction expenditures, estimated dollar volume, 1915-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Foreign and Do- mestic Commerce, Indusiry Report on Construction and Construction Materials, Statistical Supplement, “Construction Volume & Costs, 1915-1947,” May 1948. For 1939-1945, the estimates were de- veloped jointly by the Department of Commerce and the Depart-- ment of Labor. For 1920-1938, the estimates of private residential building (excluding farm) were compiled by the Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. All other estimates for the period 1915-1938 were compiled by the Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Construction Divi- sion. Detailed current estimates of construction volume appear monthly in the Industry Report on Construction and Construction Materials, published by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce and in Construction issued by the Department of Labor. These estimates represent the current value of construction work put in place during the year, including the value and cost of installation of equipment which is an integral part of a structure, but excluding costs for machinery and land. Since they are based upon work performed during the year, these estimates differ from building permit and contract award data which are indicative of the value of work started. (The value of work started represents the total estimated costs of projects begun in a given period. The value of work put in place represents the estimated expenditures on labor, materials, and overhead in a given period for projects, or parts thereof, on which construction work was in progress during the period, whether such projects were begun in a prior period or currently.) The source publication comments as follows on the reliability of these data: “With minor exceptions, the data . . . are estimates . . . based on the best available primary data, adjusted as nec- essary to approximate a complete and comprehensive measure of over-all construction activity. “The reliability of the estimates cannot be measured in mathe- matical terms. In general, however, it seems probable that the year-to-year changes in the figures for new construction are gen- erally correct as to direction and at least approximately correct as to order of magnitude. The absolute level of the series is likely to be less exact than the year-to-year changes. . . . “The figures for federally financed public construction and the annual figures for most of the privately financed public utility con- struction would appear to be the most reliable portions of the estimates. The least reliable figures are those for maintenance and repair of nonfarm buildings, both residential and nonresidential, and the farm construction figures.” Following is a summary of the sources and methods developed and used in compiling the estimates for the chief types of con- struction. The emphasis is chiefly on current procedures, but the earlier sources and methods have been indicated briefly. H 1-3. Total, total new, and total new private construction, 1915-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series H 1-25, and detailed listings below. Series H 1 represents summation of series H 2, 24, and 25; series H 2 represents summation of series H 3 and H 13; series H 3 represents summation of series H 4-5 and H 9-12. H 4. New private residential construction (excluding farm), 1915-1945. SOURCE: See general note for series H 1-25. See also, for general reference, Housing and Home Finance Agency, Housing Statistics Handbook, 1948. Estimates of the dollar volume of new 160 private nonfarm residential building are derived directly from estimates of construction cost of new private nonfarm dwelling units (included in series H 46). For 1941-1945, the estimated con- struction cost for the units started each month is distributed ac- cording to a percentage pattern over the months during which actual construction work is estimated to occur, and then the dis- tributed cost figures are totalled for each month. Estimates of construction time and the monthly pattern of expenditures outlay on residential building are made on the basis of the most recent field information about the average construction period and the extent of labor utilization each month on residential projects. For 1921-1940, when monthly starts and construction cost data were not available, expenditures for residential building were de- rived from annual figures on construction costs, with only slight adjustment to include expenditures for units started before the beginning of the calendar year and to exclude expenditures for units started near the end of the year and not completed within the year. The 1915-1920 estimates are projected back from the 1921-1922 average by using link relatives indicated by year-to- year changes in the value of residential building contracts awarded as reported by F. W. Dodge Corporation. For a series beginning in 1900, see series H 47. H 5-8. New private nonresidential building, 1915-1945. SOURCE: See general note for series H 1-25. Basic source is the record of contracts awarded as published by F. W. Dodge Corporation of New York, N. Y. (See text for series H 51-57.) Separate estimates were made for each of the following types of new private nonresi- dential buildings: Industrial; warehouses, office and loft buildings; stores, restaurants, and garages; religious; educational; hotels; social and recreational; hospital and institutional; and miscel- laneous. The estimates of construction activity were derived by adjustment of the contract data for geographic and other under- coverage, rescissions and duplication of construction reported by public utilities, and by conversion to a work put in place basis. H 9. Farm construction, 1915-1945. SOURCE: See general note for series H 1-25. Annual estimates of farm construction and main- tenance were made by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, De- partment of Agriculture, and were first published in the Depart- ment of Agriculture study, Income Parity for Agriculture, part II, section 5, March 1941. Separate estimates were prepared for oper- ators” dwellings and for service buildings, which correspond re- spectively to residential and nonresidential building. Since the source estimates include both new construction and maintenance, a break between the two has been computed by the Department of Commerce on the basis of estimates of farm consumption of lumber as prepared by the Forest Service, Department of Agriculture. Data shown here do not include maintenance. H 10. Railroads, including local transit, 1915-1945. SOURCE: See general note for series H 1-25. For 1922-1945, the annual volumes of the Statistics of Railways in the United States, Interstate Commerce Commission, and the annual Review of Railway Oper- ations, Bureau of Railway Economics, Association of American Railroads, provided the gross capital expenditures of Class I rail- roads for road and structure. Estimates of construction expendi- tures of all railroads were obtained by the upward adjustment of the data for Class I railroads on the basis of the total investment in road and structure of Class I railroads and of all railroads. The estimates for 1915-1921 are based on extrapolation of expenditures data of the basis of miles of new track added. Annual data on capital and maintenance expenditures of the transit industry for 1922-1945 were obtained from the Transit CONSTRUCTION Text: H 10-25 Fact Book published by the American Transit Association. The association made available data on the expenditures of munici- pally owned transit companies, so that by subtraction the expen- ditures of the privately owned companies were obtained. The estimates for 1915-1921 are based on extrapolation of expendi- ture data on the basis of miles of track added or rebuilt. H 11. Electric light and power, gas, and pipe lines, 1915-1945. SOURCE: See general note for series H 1-25, above. For 1937-1945, annual additions to electric plants have been reported to the Federal Power -Commission. The data were adjusted to include small companies not reporting and to allow for work in progress and existing property purchased. For 1921-1936, data from the Edison Electric Institute were used. The estimates for 1915-1920 are based on an estimated year-by-year distribution of the 5-year increments in plant and equipment derived from data reported in the Census of Electrical Industries, Bureau of the Census, for 1912, 1917, and 1922. The American Gas Association has published annual data, 1929- 1945, on construction expenditures for both the manufactured and the natural gas utility industries. The reported data were ad- justed to eliminate equipment expenditures. For 1915-1928, esti- mates were obtained by extrapolation on the basis of year-to-year changes in the fixed capital accounts of 50 large companies. Capital expenditures on pipe lines for 1919-1945 were obtained from the reports filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission. Adjustment was made for the purchase of existing lines and for expenditures by companies not required to file information with the Commission. Only a rough estimate by the Construction Dtvision, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, is available for 1915-1918. H 12. Telephone and telegraph, 1915-1945. SOURCE: See general note for series H 1-25. Estimated construction expenditures of the telephone industry for 1915-1945 were obtained from the American Telephone and Telegraph Co. Construction expenditures of the telegraph industry were derived from capital expenditures re- ported by the Western Union Telegraph Co. for 1927-1945 and by the Postal Telegraph and Cable Co. for 1919-1943. Extrapolation back to 1915 was made on the basis of annual increments in the value of plant and equipment. H 13. Total new public construction, 1915-1945. SOURCE: See general note, series H 1-25. These data represent summation of series H 14-15, 19-23. H 14. Public. residential construction, 1918-1919, 1934-1945. SOURCE: See general note for series H 1-25. For 1939-1945, public residential construction estimates have been based upon regular progress reports issued by the Federal Public Housing Authority and other public housing agencies listing the value of work put in place for individual projects. Adjustments were made to cover funds contributed to the Federal projects by local agencies. Ex- penditures by the United States Housing Corporation for 1918- 1919, and by the Public Works Administration, Resettlement Ad- ministration and Alley Dwelling Authority from 1934, were com- piled from the annual reports of these agencies. H 15-18. Public nonresidential building, 1915-1945. SOURCE: See general note for series H 1-25. Estimates through 1941 are based on the F. W. Dodge Corp. reports of contracts awarded for public buildings. These reports are published in the Dodge Statisti- cal Research Service, “Construction Contracts Awarded,” New York, N.Y. From 1942 on, estimates were based on specially pre- pared construction progress reports furnished by Federal agencies, supplemented by contract award reports of the F. W. Dodge Corp. See also text for series H 51-57. H 19. Military and naval facilities, 1915-1945. SOURCE: See general note for series H 1-25. For 1940-1945, construction ex- penditures of the War and Navy Departments are based upon engineers’ progress reports issued by these agencies. Navy De- partment construction expenditures for 1915-1936 were derived from special tabulations of the Bureau of Supplies and Accounts, United States Navy Department. Expenditures of the Navy for 1937-1939 and the War Department for 1915-1939 are based upon expenditures shown in the Budget of the United States Government. H 20. Highways, roads and streets, 1915-1945. SOURCE: ‘See general note for series H 1-25. For 1921-1945, construction esti- mates for State administered highways are based on annual reports of the Bureau of Public Roads, and are adjusted to include ex- penditures by county, municipal, and other local bodies. The ad- justments are based upon ratios developed from the analysis of total highway construction and State highway construction. Esti- mates from 1915 to 1919 are derived from the 1920 Department of Agriculture Yearbook. The 1920 estimates are obtained by straight- line interpolation. H 21. Sewage disposal and water supply systems, 1915-1945. SOURCE: See general note for series H 1-25. For 1915-1942, con- struction estimates are based upon data published annually in Financial Statistics of Cities, Bureau of Census. Using the expendi- ture patterns of the city size groups reporting, expenditure ratios were derived for the smaller municipalities and rural incorporated areas. For 1943-1945, estimates are based upon contracts awarded as reported by F. W. Dodge Corp. (see text for series H 15-18) with adjustments for undercoverage. H 22. Conservation and development, 1915-1945. SOURCE: See general note for series H 1-25. For 1915-1942, expenditures for reclamation, improvement of rivers and harbors, and flood control work are derived from annual reports of the Army Chief of En- gineers and the Commissioner of Reclamation. The fiscal-year basis of the reports are converted to calendar year by taking one- half of the figure for each fiscal year included within that calendar year. For 1943-1945, estimates are based upon project reports furnished by the Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclama- tion. Tennessee Valley Authority expenditures are available in annual reports by the Authority. Bureau of Indian Affairs, Forest Service, National Park Service and Soil Conservation Service ex- penditures are derived from special tabulations prepared by those agencies, and from the Budget of the United States Government. " H 23. Other public construction, 1915-1945. SOURCE: See general note for series H 1-25. Construction expenditures of all Federal agencies not discussed above are derived from the Budget of the United States Government. Outlays for municipal public service en- terprises are obtained directly from the municipality or estimated on the basis of information reported in Financial Statistics of Cities, Bureau of Census. Current miscellaneous nonFederal public con- struction estimates are derived primarily from reports of contracts awarded, compiled by the F. W. Dodge Corp., and from the Engi- neering News-Record and other publications reporting contract awards. H 24. Work relief, 1933-1943. SOURCE: See general note for series H 1-25. From the total relief expenditures as given in annual reports of the Federal Work Projects Administration, deductions were made for nonconstruction expenditures, and for expenditures included under other categories of construction. Approximately half of the expenditures reported for public buildings and housing, and a third of the expenditures for public recreation facilities, were included in the estimates of new public nonresidential building; these amounts were excluded from the work-relief figures. For con- servation work, work-relief figures include only the amounts ex- pended for irrigation and water conservation. They also include all work-relief expenditures for highways, roads, streets, etc., electric utilities, water and sewage systems, and transportation systems. H 25. Maintenance and repairs, 1915-1945. SOURCE: See general note for series H 1-25. Residential maintenance for nonfarm owner- occupied dwelling units is largely estimated on the basis of con- sumer expenditure surveys for 1935-1936 and 1941 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor, and the Bureaus of Home Economics and Agricultural Economics, Department of Agriculture. Extrapolation throughout 1915-1940 was made on the 161 Text: H 25-40 CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING basis of variations in income per family, and since 1940 on the basis of retail sales of building materials. Residential maintenance for nonfarm tenant-occupied dwelling units was largely estimated on the basis of surveys for 1939-1943 made by the Office of Price Administration in connection with rent control, and consumer purchases studies for 1935-1936 and 1941 by the Bureau of Home Economics and the Bureau of Agri- cultural Economics, Department of Agriculture. Extrapolation throughout 1915-1940 was made on the basis of income per family, and since 1940 on the basis of results of surveys of rental housing made by the Office of Price Administration. Residential maintenance for vacant dwelling units not for sale or rent was considered to move in the same way as that for owner- occupied units, while maintenance for units vacant for sale or rent was considered to move in the same way as that for tenant-occupied units. For further discussion of nonfarm residential maintenance see: Stephan, Frieda J., and Palmer, J. Joseph, The Paitern of Expen- ditures for Nonfarm Residential Repair and Maintenance, Eco- nomic Series No. 55, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce, 1946. Nonresidential building maintenance was estimated on the basis of the application of maintenance ratios to the total value of nonresidential properties using the estimate of such total value made by the Federal Trade Commission for 1922 and using rough estimates for other years. After 1938, the 1938 total value estimate was used, conversion to current values being made on the basis of the wholesale price index for building materials prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor. Other maintenance has been estimated from the same sources as was new construction. See text for series H 9-12 and H 15-23. H 26. Total new construction, 1939 prices, 1915-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Industry Report on Construction and Construction Materials, Statistical Supplement, May 1948. Measurement of construction activity in constant prices is an indirect way of approximating changes in the physical volume of construction. The present estimates are based on a deflation of each type of construction by an appropriate construction cost index, a procedure required by the almost complete lack of direct measures of physical volume comparable over time, and by the lack of a single construction cost index applicable to total new construction. A discussion of the cost indexes used for each type of construec- tion is found in the Industry Report on Construction and Construc- tion Materials, September 1946, pages 35-40, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. The Statistical Supplement to the May 1948 issue of the same publication contains a classification by types of construction. H 27-32. Federal expenditures for public works, 1791-1419. SOURCE: Compiled by Department of Treasury from Treasury records and statements at the request of the Federal Works Agen- cy. These data comprise construction and repair as defined in the note for series H 33-35. H 33-35. Expenditures for public works by permanent federal construction agencies, 1920-1939. SOURGE: Federal Works Agen- cy. These data comprise expenditures from regular appropriations, emergency funds, and in three instances (Inland Waterways Corporation, Panama Railroad Co., and Panama Rajlroad Steam- ship Line) expenditures from corporation revenue. The infor- mation was obtained by special questionnaires to the various Federal agencies. In the instructions “construction” was defined to comprise the erection of any new structural or nonstructural improvement to land, ships and floating equipment, additions to and complete replacement of existing works. “Repair’’ comprises work necessary for the restoration and preservation of structures, nonstructural improvements to maintain land and floating equip- ment in a sound and serviceable condition, and minor alterations. 162 H 36-39. Construction expenditures, estimates for new con- struction, 1869-1938 (by decades). SOURCE: Kuznets, Simon, Na- tional Product Since 1869, National Bureau of Economic Re- search, 1946, p. 99. Series H 36-37 is based on estimated con- sumption of construction materials and its calculated relationship to new construction, whereas series H 38-39 is based on various Department of Commerce estimates derived from building permit, construction contract, and other data; the estimates of the latter series have been superseded by revised estimates presented in series H 1-25. H 36-37. New construction expenditures, based on materials output, 1869-1938 (by decades). SOURCE: See note, series H 36-39, above. While estimates of construction expenditures based upon more direct measures of construction activity will generally be pre- ferred, estimates derived from the output of construction materials may be carried back through a considerable period. These esti- mates are derived from data on the output of construction materials destined for domestic consumption as prepared by William H. Shaw for the years 1869, 1879, and 1889-1938 (see series H 49 and H 50). Interpolation between the census years 1869, 1879, and 1889 was made on the basis of sample data, The output value figure was increased to cover transportation and distribution costs by the use of a factor 1.4576, based on 1929 data. A relatively small ad- justment for inventory changes was made after which a measure of total new construction was obtained by the use of a factor 1.4036, based on the 1919-1938 relation between new construction and the cost of materials consumed. The computations were in terms of values expressed in constant prices, so to obtain values in current prices, a construction cost index based on a weighted average of building materials prices and building wage rates was used (see Kuznets, National Product Since 1869, p. 216). H 38-39. New construction expenditures, based on building permit, contract, and other data, 1909-1938 (by decades). SOURCE: See note, series H 36-39, above. For purposes of comparison with the more direct measure of new construction activity, the averages of annual estimates of the latter type are given for overlapping decades for 1914-1938, the figures being based on estimates by the Construction Division, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Com- merce, Department of Commerce, made somewhat earlier than the estimates given in series H 1-25. ’ DWELLING UNITS STARTED AND DEMOLISHED (H 40-48) H 40-47. General note. Dwelling units started in nonfarm areas: Number, cost, and value, 1900-1945. SOURCES: Number of new units started: For 1900-1919, see The Twentieth Century Fund, American Housing, 1944, p. 8364, which also gives figures through 1941; for 1920-1929, see Wickens, David L., and Foster, Ray R., Nonfarm Residential Construction, 1920-1936, National Bureau of Economic Research, Bulletin 65, 1937; for 1930-1943, see Bureau of Labor Statistics, The Construction Industry in the United States, Bulletin No. 786, which gives figures for 1920-1943; for 1944- 1945, see Bureau of Labor Statistics, monthly releases. Data for construction cost of new units (series H 46) were provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics; see also Housing and Home Finance Agency, Housing Statistics Handbook, 1948, table 14, p. 17. For total value of new nonfarm residential construction, see detailed listing for series H 47. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ estimates of new dwelling units started and of the construction cost of new units are based pri- marily on reports of local building permits issued. (For indexes of building permits issued, see series H 74-79.) A permit to build is required in practically all urban and in many rural-nonfarm places. The size and the builder’s estimate of the cost of the proposed structure are usually recorded on these permits, thereby providing an indication of the volume of building to be carried on in the locality. The Bureau of Labor Statistics began collecting sum- maries of building-permit records in 1920. During that year, in- formation was collected from 207 cities having a population of CONSTRUCTION 85,000 or over. The Bureau now (1947) receives summaries of building-permit records from over 2,500 cities, 1,700 rural incor- porated places and about 850 unincorporated areas, that is, from practically every place that requires a permit to build. The dwelling units covered in this series are housekeeping units in new structures. Units provided by conversion of existing strue- tures at the original site, or nonhousekeeping units such as those in dormitories, barracks, rooming houses, or hotels are excluded. H 40. Total new dwelling units started in nonfarm areas, 1900— 1945. SOURCE: See general note for series H 40-47, above. Figures shown here for 1910-1919 are estimates of the Twentieth Cent- ury Fund and differ considerably from Bureau of Labor Statis- tics estimates for the same period; the BLS estimates appear in Bulletin 786 mentioned in the text for series H 40-47. The Fund estimates were used here because, in addition to presenting the total of new dwelling units started, the total data are shown in detail for urban and rural dwellings started and for construction cost of new units. H 41. New urban units started, 1900-1945. SOURCE: See general note for series H 40-47, above. The term urban is applied to all incorporated places with a population of 2,500 or more in 1940, and, by special rule, to a small number of unincorporated civil divisions. To derive the urban estimate, the cities reporting build- ing-permit data to the Bureau of Labor Statistics are arrayed by State, population size group and whether inside or outside a met- ropolitan district; the volume and value of residential building during the month is summarized for each class of place. The esti- mate for all urban areas in the country is prepared by applying to the volume of housing reported for each type of place, the ratio of the total number of such places in the country to the number reporting that month. Figures for publicly financed urban units are based on actual enumerations rather than estimates. The number and location of publicly financed units started are reported to the Bureau monthly by the agencies awarding the contracts or performing the work, and are added to the estimates for privately financed units to obtain a total of all urban housing started during the month. H 42. New rural-nonfarm housing started, 1900-1945. SOURCE: For 1920-1929, see Wickens and Foster, Nonfarm Residential Construction; for 1900-1919, see American Housing, p. 364. Also see discussion on p. 363, American Housing. See also note for series H 40-47, above. Rural-nonfarm housing covers all housing (except farm housing) in unincorporated areas and in incorporated places of less than 2,500 inhabitants. Thus, urban housing is classified by location (see text for series H 41, above), whereas rural-nonfarm and farm housing are classified according to the intended use of the structure. H 43-45. New dwelling units started, by type, 1920-1945. SOURCE: For 1920-1929, see Wickens, David L. and Foster, Ray R., Nonfarm Residential Construction, 1920-1936, National Bureau of Economic Research, Bulletin 65,1937; for 1980-1943, see Bureau of Labor Statistics, The Construction Industry in the United States, Bulletin No. 786; for 1944-1945, see Bureau of Labor Statistics, monthly releases. See also general note for series H 40-47 above. H 46. Construction cost of new units, 1920-1945. SOURCE: See general note for series H 40-47, above. Estimates of construction cost are based on data from building-permit reports, adjusted for nonreporting places and for the cost of building in non-permit- issuing places. Starting with 1930, adjustments were made to com- pensate for the understatement of construction cost inherent in permit valuations. In 1945 allowances were made for lapse in build- ing permits and lag between permit issuance and start of con- struction. Series H 4 and H 14 are derived directly from this series. (For indexes of building permits, see series H 74-79.) Construction cost includes the cost of labor, materials and subcontracted work and contractor’s overhead and profit, but excludes land and development costs and speculative profits. Text: H 40-57 H 47. Expenditures for new nonfarm residential construction, 1900-1918. SOURCE: Chawner, Lowell J., Residential Building, Housing Monograph Series No. 1, National Resources Committee, 1939, p. 13, table V. These data are intended to supplement series H 4 and H 14, which covers the period 1915-1945. The present series originally covered the period 1900-1937, but the figures for the later years have been superseded by those in series H 4 and H 14. The method of estimation is described in part in Chawner, Lowell J., Construction Activily in the United States, 1915-1937, Domestic Commerce Series No. 99, Bureau of Foreign and Do- mestic Commerce, Department of Commerce, 1938, pp. 9-10 and 38-45. The volume of public residential construction, reported for 1918 only, was compiled directly from the reported expendi- tures of the public agencies concerned. Private residential con- struction was estimated on the basis of contract award data as reported by the F. W. Dodge Corporation, building permits in representative cities, the estimated number of new dwelling units added each year, construction cost indexes, and other information. H 48. Number of nonfarm dwelling units demolished per decade, 1890-1939. SOURCE: 1890-1929, Wickens, David L., Residential Real Estate, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1941, p. 54; 1930-1939, Naigles, M. H., “Housing and the Increase in Popu- lation,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1942, p. 880. The figures for 1900-1939 appear in The Twentieth Century Fund, American Housing, 1944, p. 410. The estimates include not only voluntary demolitions but also demolitions and losses resulting from fire, explosion, flood, windstorm, earthquake and other causes. The estimates for 1930-1939 are based in part on demolition permit reports to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Fire losses re- sulting in complete destruction of dwellings were estimated from figures published by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. Also included were losses of dwellings during disasters, as reported by the American Red Cross, undercoverage being assumed bal- anced by overlapping of the permit coverage. The estimates for 1920-1929 are based on demolition permit data, fire losses reported by the National Board of Fire Under- writers, and allowance for losses due to floods, earthquakes, wind- storms, and other causes. The proportion of reported fire losses assumed to represent total loss of dwellings was estimated on the basis of data for seven States for 1930. The estimates for 1890-1919 are derived chiefly from fire loss data for all types of property and extrapolation of the 1920-1929 demolition permit data, assuming smaller rates of voluntary de- molition prior to 1920. MATERIALS OUTPUT, CONTRACTS AWARDED, AND CAPITAL OUTLAYS (H 49-63) H 49-50. Value of output of construction materials destined for domestic consumption, 1869-1939. SOURCE: Shaw, William H., Value of Commodity Output Since 1869, National Bureau of Econ- omic Research, 1947, pp. 64, 65, 69, 76, 77. The estimates are based upon a study of the successive Censuses of Manufactures and annual reports of the Bureau of Mines and the Department of Agriculture, supplemented by State and other fragmentary data. Imports were added and exports deducted to yield the output available for domestic use. Data on wholesale prices from various sources were used in order to develop a price index with which to convert current values into 1918 values. The estimates are in terms of producers’ values and do not al- low for transportation or distribution costs. No allowance is made for flow into or out of inventories held by producers, distributors, or consumers. Hence, the estimates are a measure of the amounts available at the production level rather than the amounts actually consumed. No distinction is made between amounts destined for consumption in new construction and amounts destined for con- sumption in repairs and maintenance. H 51-57. Construction contracts awarded, 1925-1945. SOURCE: F. W. Dodge Corporation, New York, N. Y. Figures are published 163 Text: H 51-66 currently in considerably greater detail in Dodge Statistical Re- search Service (monthly). See also Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1946, p. 770, for figures in somewhat greater detail than shown here. The present series of contract award data is prepared monthly by a staff of reporters throughout the 37 Eastern States who con- tact owners, architects, engineers, contractors, financial institu- tions, real estate brokers, and others able to supply reliable infor- mation on the awarding of construction contracts. Small projects, especially noncontract construction, for example, work done by a firm’s own force, are less completely covered. The F. W. Dodge Corp. has provided the following descriptive statement for its series after 1925: a Contract awarded statistics compiled by F. W. Dodge Corp. are based upon project news reports gathered daily by the corporation’s field staff operating in the 87 States east of the Rocky Mountains. The figures are factual since they con- tain no estimates beyond the range of the field coverage. The figures include new construction, additions and alterations. No maintenance work is included. No shipbuilding isincluded. A negligible volume of farm building is included. Force-ac- count work is generally included, except when executed with mass-purchased materials not earmarked for specific projects at time of purchase. Generally speaking, the figures are con- sidered to be more nearly comprehensive in the field of non- residential buildings than in residential building. In the cate- gory of residential buildings, coverage of multiple dwellings is considered to be reasonably complete for the territory; cover- age of development projects of one- and two-family houses is also reasonably complete; principal deficiency in coverage is in one-family houses erected singly, particularly in low valuations and in small communities. The eleven Western States not covered are: Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Wash- ington, Oregon, and California. The District of Columbia is in- cluded in the covered area. For monthly figures, 1925-1945 for 37 States, and 1910-1925 for 27 States, see series App. 22, appendix I. H 58-63. Capital outlays in 145 municipalities, 1900-1937. SOURCE: Wolkind, Harold, Fluctuations in Capital Outlays of Municipalities, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Eco- nomic Series No. 10, 1941, pp. 8 and 11. The capital outlays of municipalities include the cost of land and other properties and public improvements more or less permanent in character, which are owned and used by municipalities in the exercise of their municipal functions or in connection with the business undertak- ings conducted by them. These outlays embrace all payments for the purchase and improvement of land; the erection of new build- ings; the installation and extension of water-supply systems, sewerage systems, electric light systems and other enterprises; the purchase of apparatus for the fire and police departments; purchases for collections of libraries, museums, and art galleries; and all other acquisitions which add to the number and value of the permanent possessions of the municipalities. Expenditures which merely put an existing piece of property or equipment in a condition not better than its condition at the time of its original construction or acquisition are considered as repairs and so are excluded from capital outlays. The acquisition by a municipality of privately owned facilities is customarily included with other capital outlays of munici- palities although such expenditures do not result in additions to the total stock of such facilities within the community. The present data are based on the outlay data compiled by the Bureau of the Census and published for each year in the Financial ‘Statistics of Cities, which cover the years 1902-1937, and Depart- ment of Labor reports covering the years 1900-1901. For 1900-1901, the reports covered 124 cities; for 1920 the coverage was 107 cities and for 1932-19387 the coverage was 83 cities. The data for each of these years were increased to yield estimated totals comparable to those for the full 145 cities covered in other years. No data were available for 1913, 1919, and 1921. 164 CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING Allowance was made for the wide variation in the dates of clos- ing of the fiscal year, for changes in the area incorporated within each city, for expenditures by divisions of government other than the city corporation, and where possible for noncapital outlays included in the data. For the period 1933-1937, Federal work relief expenditures could not be entirely separated from municipal outlays. The per capita outlay data (series H 63) are computed from the total outlay data for the 145 cities, using for 1900-1930 the sum of the population estimates for the individual cities as published in the Financial Statistics of Cities for each year. For 1931-1937, the population totals were estimated by interpolation on the basis of the Census of Population for 1930 and 1940. CONSTRUCTION COST AND BUILDING PERMIT INDEXES (H 64-79) H 64-73. Construction cost indexes, 1910-1945. SOURCE: Engi- neering News-Record, annual construction costs number, April of each year, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., N. Y., except H 71-72, for source of which see text of individual series. Text for individual series show primary sources whenever possible. Data shown here for series H 66 (Boeckh) and H 68-69 (Handy) are heretofore un- published but are based on the data which appear in the Engi- neering News-Record. For additional explanation of these series and for construction cost indexes with the base 1939=100, see Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Industry Report on Construction and Construction Materials, Statistical Supplement, May 1948. Construction cost indexes are useful in the conversion of con- struction expenditure data from current prices to constant prices and in the study of cost trends. However, no single cost index is satisfactory for all types of construction, since, as the present series indicate, the movements of cost differ for different types of construction. A rough approach to a cost index for total new con- struction may be obtained by dividing series H 2, total new construction in current prices, by series H 26, total new con- struction in 1939 prices. Construction cost indexes generally are not fully adequate for the making of cost comparisons over an extended period of time. Changes in the productivity of and the proportions used of the various productive factors cannot be allowed for easily in the assignment of weights to labor, materials, and other cost items. An aggregative index proportional to the total construction cost of a standardized project or a component part thereof, is not easily computed for most types of construction and suffers from the disadvantage of the probable eventual obsoleteness of any ade- quately specified standard project. For further discussion of this subject see: Chawner, Lowell J., “Construction Cost Indexes as Influenced by Technological Changes and Other Factors,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1935, vol. 30, pp. 561-576. H 64. Engineering-News Record, construction cost index, 1913 1945. Base: 1913=100. SOURCE: See text for series H 64-73, above. The index is based on the aggregate cost of the following items: 2,500 pounds of structural steel at base price; 6 barrels of cement at Chicago price; 1,088 board feet of lumber, 2"/x4", surfaced-on- 4-sides pine and fir in carload lots, using a weighted average of prices in 20 cities; and 200 man hours of common labor, using a weighted average of wages in 20 cities. Prior to 1935, the lumber component was based on the New York wholesale price of 12"/x12"* long leaf yellow pine. H 65. Turner, building cost index for Eastern cities, 1913-1945. Base: 1913=100. SOURCE: See text for series H 64-73, above. The index is based on the Turner Construction Co.’s building cost experience in Eastern cities as applied to materials prices, wage rates, productivity of labor, efficiency of plant and management, and competitive conditions. H 66. Boeckh, residential construction cost index, 1910-1945. Base: 1926-1929=100. SoUuRCE: E. H. Boeckh and Associates, CONSTRUCTION Inc., Consulting Valuation Engineers, Cincinnati, Ohio (Statistical and Publications Office, Washington, D. C.). Figures on a monthly basis are shown in their monthly publication, Building Costs. Monthly indexes are prepared for individual cities, by types of construction. Surveys are made of local construction cost condi- tions in each city to determine the materials prices actually paid by contractors to dealers, and the prevailing wage rates for skilled and for common labor. Some allowance is made for variations in labor efficiency and labor shortages in some areas. Sales taxes, social security taxes, and compensation insurance are included. See also Housing and Home Finance Agency, Housing Statistics Handbook, 1948, pp. 33-34. The present annual index is derived from an unweighted average of the—cost for frame and for brick residential construction in the 20 cities for which the Boeckh data are available. The base of the index is the United States average for 1926-1929, an average derived from more than the 20 cities covered by the index. H 67. Railroad construction cost index, 1910-1945. Base: 1910- 1914 =100. SOURCE: Interstate Commerce Commission, Bureau of Valuation, Engineering Section, “Accounts 1-45, for Road,” pub- lished annually in Railroad Construction Indexes. This index refers to the total road construction cost of Class I railroads. It is based on returns by carriers, joint studies made with various subcom- mittees of President’s Conference Committees, data from engi- neering and trade publications, contracts covering major con- struction projects and other information furnished by carriers. H 68-69. Handy, public utility construction, cost indexes, 1911- 1945. Base: 1911 = 100. SOURCE: See note for series H 64-73, above. Individual indexes for each of 81 cost elements affecting the cost of public utility construction are compiled for each of five geo- graphic regions as of January 1 and July 1 each year. The compilers are Whitman, Requardt and Associates and B. L. Smith Associ- ates, Baltimore, Md., for the Estate of William W. Handy. Se- lected cost elements are combined to give cost indexes for various major categories of utility construction, using weights based on cost analysis experience, materials price data from Engineering News-Record and Iron Age and from manufacturers, and wage rates reported by utility companies, trade unions, and building associations. Indexes are published by major categories for each of the five geographic regions. The present cost indexes for the total construction and equip- ment of gas plants (H 68) and for electric light and power plants (H 69) are computed from unweighted averages of the five re- gional indexes, with weights of 1, 2, and 1, respectively, assigned to the initial, middle, and closing averages for each year. For 1916 and 1928, only initial and closing averages were available and for 1921 a September 1 average replaced the mid-year average. There were no data for 1922, so indexes for that year were obtained by interpolation on the basis of movements in the Handy utility building index. Beginning in 1934, when monthly reporting of data commenced, the data for each month were released during the same month, so such data were lagged 1 month, that is, taken as applying to the previous month. H 70. Highway construction cost index, 1922-1945. Base: 1925- 1929 =100. SOURCE: Public Roads Administration, quarterly pub- lication, Price Trends in Highway Construction. This is an index of the cost of construction of a composite standard mile of highway. The index is based on aggregate bid prices for the following: 17,491 cubic yards of excavation; 3,726 square yards of surfacing; and structures requiring 16,000 pounds of reinforced steel, 4,325 pounds of structural steel, and 68 cubic yards of structural concrete. The excavation includes common excavation plus other excavation items expressed as equivalent common excavation. The surfacing includes portland cement, concrete, and other surfacing items ex- pressed as equivalent portland cement concrete. H 71-72. Farm construction cost indexes, 1910-1945. Base: 1910-1914=100. SOURCE: Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Income Parity for Agriéulture: Part 1I— Text: H 66-74 Expenses of Agricultural Production; see Section 5, “Expenditures for and Depreciation of Permanent Improvements on Farms, 1910-1940,” March 1941, table 7, p. 28. Data for 1941-1945 were obtained from records of the Department of Agriculture. The farm construction cost index for operators’ dwellings (H 71) covers only farm operators’ dwellings located on the farm operated. The index for service buildings (H 72) covers barns and other buildings used in production, dwellings other than operators’ dwellings, fences, windmills, and wells. Excluded are roads, terraces, windbreaks, orchards, dams, ponds, irrigation and drainage works, and: the like. Because of lack of data, also excluded are value of materials and labor furnished by the farm. Indexes of the prices of construction materials purchased and the wage rates of labor hired for con- struction were used. In the case of operators’ dwellings (H 71), the total weight assigned to materials was 73 percent and to labor 27 percent. In the case of service buildings (H 72), the weights were 78 percent for materials and 22 percent for labor. These weights were based on a survey made in 1936 and were assumed to be applicable throughout the period covered. While the wages paid by farmers for construction labor are higher %han the wages paid for ordinary agricultural labor, it was assumed that wages for farm construction labor have fluctuated more like the farm labor wage rates than like the urban union wage rates in the building trades. H 73. American Appraisal Co., building cost index, 1913-1945. Base: 1913=100. SOURCE: See text for series H 64-73, above. The index covers 30 cities for 1925-1945 and 24 cities for 1913-1924, and is based on the structural cost items used in four types of buildings: All frame, brick with wood frame, brick with steel frame, and reinforced concrete. Mechanicals, such as plumbing, heating, lighting, and elevators, are excluded. The index is calcu- lated from actual appraisal costs for each city, using normal aver- age materials prices, average wages and the market conditions of the individual cities. Such extremes in costs as the following are excluded: Premium prices, overtime wages for rush work, and cut- throat price practices during depression periods. Allowance is made for such overhead costs as Social Security taxes and unem- ployment insurance. H 74-79. Building permit indexes, 1856-1939. SOURCE: See de- tailed listings for individual series below. While comprehensive estimates of construction expenditures by types of construction, such as presented in series H 1-25, will generally be preferred for most purposes, building permit data are available for a consider- ably longer period. Permit values are based on the sum of estimates by builders of the costs of building for which permits are granted or plans filed. Permit data generally cover private, rather than publie, construction; building, rather than nonbuilding, types of construction; and are generally limited to construction within the corporate limits of the cities covered. On the average, the cost of the projects covered is underestimated; small projects are gener- ally not covered at all. Permit data are less frequently available for smaller cities and for earlier years, It follows that building permit data in unadjusted form are unsatisfactory as measures of the total absolute volume of new construction. Permit data are often more satisfactory when used in the form of relatives or in- dexes of permit values, as in the case of series H 77-79. Indexes of the number of permits granted (series H- 74-76) do not require adjustment for price changes and undervaluation of projects. However, the number indexes suffer from the remaining limitations associated with permit value indexes. Although the absolute amount of construction activity is not adequately indicated by early permit data, the data clearly indi- cate the presence and approximate timing of cycles in private building. However, the relatively few cities upon which permit in- dexes are based during the earlier years suggests caution in the drawing of quantitative conclusions, particularly as to the ampli- tude of building cycles. Nonbuilding construction of various types and public building have fluctuated somewhat differently from building permit indexes, so that the data available for the 166 Text: H 74-88 CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING analysis of cycles in total new construction over an extended per- iod of years are particularly inadequate. H 74-76. Indexes of number of building permits, 1856-1936. Base: 1920-30=100 (see next paragraph). SOURCE: Long, Clarence D., Jr., Building Cycles and the Theory of Investment, Princeton University Press, 1940, pp. 228-229. For 1856-1862, only Phila- delphia is covered. Manhattan and part of the Bronx were added in 1863, Boston in 1873, Brooklyn in 1874, Washington (D. C.) and Wards 23 and 24 of the Bronx in 1875, Newark in 1878, Salem in 1879, Detroit in 1880, New Haven in 1881, Providence in 1883, Minneapolis and Cambridge in 1887, Indianapolis in 1891, the remainder of the Bronx in 1895, Bridgeport, Atlanta, Louisville, and Waltham in 1896, Watertown (Mass.) and Queens and Rich- mond Boroughs in 1898, New Bedford in 1899, Baltimore in 1901, Rochester in 1906, Portland (Me.) in 1907, Cleveland and Rich- mond (Va.) in 1908, St. Louis in 1910, Springfield (Mass.) in 1911, and Kansas City (Mo.) in 1912. For 1887-1912 Philadelphia data were excluded from total nonresidential and total new building data because of the reporting of an excessive number of miscellaneous structures. Since the number of cities covered varied from 1 to 30 (or 26 if all the Boroughs—Brooklyn, Bronx, Manhattan, Queens, and Richmond—of New York City are combined), the aggregate num- ber of permits each year was divided by the aggregate number for the same cities during 1920-1930. Thus, the base used was a shift- ing one. For additional explanation, see text for series H 74-79, above. H 77. Index of building permit values, 1868-1939. Base: 1930= 100 (see next paragraph). SOURCE: Long, Clarence D., Jr., Building Cycles and the Theory of Investment, Princeton University Press, 1940, pp. 218-223. This index was obtained by averaging the monthly indexes given in the source. For 1868-1874, only Man- hattan is covered. Louisville was added in 1875, Detroit in 1881, Brooklyn and St. Louis in 1882, Cincinnati and Minneapolis in 1887, Cleveland and Nashville in 1888, Boston in 1889, New Haven in 1890, Chicago and St. Joseph in 1891, Indianapolis and Syracuse in 1892, Trenton in 1893, Omaha, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, St. Paul, Denver, Kansas City (Mo.), Los Argeles, New Orleans, and Washington. (D. C.), in 1894; Duluth in 1895, Cambridge, Fort Wayne, Atlanta, and Milwaukee in 1896; the Bronx, Alleghany (Pa.), and Buffalo in 1898; Newark (N. J.) and Everett (Mass.) in 1906; and Richmond and Queens Boroughs (New York City) in 1916. Cambridge was omitted for 1911-1917, and Trenton was omitted for 1912 and 1924-1929. Alterations were excluded from Brooklyn data for 1882-1892 and 1895-1896. Alterations were estimated for Boston for 1893-1894, 1908, and 1906-1908. Man- hattan data were estimated for 1880. Since the number of cities covered varied from 1 to 37 (or 33 if all the Boroughs—Brooklyn, Bronx, Manhattan, Queens, and Richmond—of New York City are combined), the aggregate permit volume each year was divided by the aggregate volume for the same cities in 1980. Thus, the base used was a shifting one. For additional explanation, see text for series H 74-79, above. H 78-79. Building permit index, 1875-1933. SOURCE: Newman, William H., “The Building Industry and Business Cycles,” The Journal of Business of the University of Chicago, vol. VIII, No. 3, pp. 63-71. These are annual indexes and annual averages of monthly indexes. Series H 78, in current prices, with 1920-30= 100, is based on: Bradstreet’s building-permit values, 120 identical cities, 1911-1933; Babson’s monthly values of building permits in 20 cities, 1903-1910; Ayres’ permits in 50 cities, 1900-1902; and permit data from 13 cities, 1875-1900. Series H 79, in 1913 prices with 19183=100, is obtained from series H 78 by the use of the following building cost indexes. The American Appraisal Co.’s building construction cost index, 1913-1933; an arithmetic average of the American Appraisal Co.’s cost indexes for frame, brick and reinforced concrete buildings, 1900-1913; and an average of the 166 frame- and the brick-building cost indexes, 1875-1900. For addi- tional explanation, see text for series H 74-79, above. CONSTRUCTION EMPLOYMENT (H 80) H 80. Construction Employment, 1929-1945. SOURCE: 1929- 1943, Bureau of Labor Statistics, The Construction Industry in the United States, Bulletin No. 786; 1944-1945, Monthly Labor Review and Construction, both published monthly by Bureau of Labor Statistics. The estimates include wage earners, salaried employees, and special trades contractors actively engaged on all types of new construction work and on alterations, additions and repair work of the kind usually covered by building permits. Force-account workers (employees of nonconstruction firms and public bodies who perform construction work) are also included as well as self- employed persons, working proprietors, and workers employed by construction firms either on or off the construction site. The esti- mates exclude persons engaged in maintenance work. For federal construction, employment is estimated directly from reports on employment collected from contractors. For non- federally financed construction, the employment averages are derived primarily by converting construction expenditure figures into the average number of man-months of labor ordinarily re- quired to perform the volume of work reported. Housing: Series H 81-135 EXI1sTENT HousIinG UNITS (H 81-112) H 81-83. Available housing units and total families in nonfarm areas, 1900-1938. SOURCE: Chawner, Lowell J., Residential Build- ing, National Resources Committee, 1939, Housing Monograph Series No. 1, table VI, p. 16. Annual estimates of total available housing units were obtained by calculating the net annual increases in the supply. Changes in the available supply of housing depend not only upon new building but also upon such factors as the con- version of large single-family houses to multiple-family dwellings, the conversion of residential structures to other forms of use, principally to stores and offices, and the withdrawal of structures from use by demolition and by destruction through catastrophies, such as fire, flood, and tornado. The term “family” as used here refers to “natural groups such as man and wife (with or without children and other dependents), and widower, widow or divorcee (with or without dependents). The year-to-year fluctuations in single-person ‘families,’ i. e., single individuals occupying a dwelling unit, are disclosed only to a very limited extent in [these series].” (See footnote 1, table I, p. 2, of source cited above.) Series H 83 is affected by the doubling-up of families into single dwelling units, a fact that accounts for the ratio of families to available units being greater than unity in the years 1922-1924 and 1938. For data on nonfarm dwelling units started, on construction cost of new units, and on expenditures for new nonfarm residential construction, see series H 40-47. H 84-88. Nonfarm dwelling units standing and net additions to supply, decennially 1900-1939. SOURCE: The Twentieth Century Fund, American Housing, 1944, appendix table 35, p. 410. These figures were derived by projecting backwards the number of nonfarm dwelling units reported by the 1940 Census of Housing. Thus, 29,706,000 units, including both occupied and vacant units, were standing in 1940 (preliminary estimate). According to ‘“Hous- ing and the Increase in Population,” Monthly Laber Review, April 1942, a total of 3,459,000 new and converted units were built from 1930 to 1940, 952,000 makeshift units were added and 397,000 units were demolished. The total standing in 1930 was thus ,25,692,000. For earlier decades, the same procedure was followed, using data for new and converted units and demolitions as reported in Wickens, David L., Residential Real Estate, National Bureau of HOUSING Economic Research, 1941, table EM5, p. 54. The average shown is the arithmetic mean of the four decades. H 89-112. Occupied dwelling units or families, and tenure of homes, decennially, 1890-1945. SOURCE: For 1890-1940, see Six- teenth Census Reports, Housing, vol. II, pt. 1; for 1945, see Char- acteristics of Occupied Dwelling Unils for the United States: No- vember 1945, Special Census Reports on Housing, Series H 46, Na. 1. The 1910 figure for farm population (series H 106) is an estimate which appears in Truesdell, Leon E., Farm Population of the United States, 1920, Bureau of the Census, Census Monographs VI, Wash- ington, D. C., 1926, p. 45. The 1910 figure for nonfarm population (series H 98) was derived by subtracting the estimated farm popu- lation from the total population. The first Nation-wide Census of Housing was taken in 1940. For that census, an occupied dwelling unit was defined as the living quarters occupied by one household. (A dwelling unit might be a detached house; a tenement, flat, or apartment in a larger build- ing; or a room in a structure primarily devoted to business or other nonresidential purposes; a tourist cabin; a trailer, boat, tent, etc., if occupied by persons having no other place of residence.) The term “private family,” in 1940, was synonymous with the term “‘private household.” A private household, in the 1940 census, included the related family members and the unrelated lodgers and servants or hired hands who lived in the same dwelling unit and shared common housekeeping arrangements. However, the number of occupied dwelling units in 1940, shown here, is not identical with the number of private families in 1940 (see series B 171). The difference is caused by the fact that the living quarters of about 115,000 families, that were enumerated in 1940 at other than their usual place of residence, were classified as vacant, rather than as occupied, but the related members of the household were counted as a private family. Also the small number (about 20,000) of lodg- ing places with 11 or more lodgers were counted as occupied units, but the heads of such lodging houses were not counted as heads of private families. The comparability of the present series rests on the fairly close correspondence of the definition of occupied dwelling unit used in 1940 and that for family or home used in previous censuses. The count of families for 1930 and 1900 (shown here) represents private families only; that for 1920, 1910, and 1890 includes the small number of quasi-family groups which were counted as families in those years. See text for series B 171-181. For purposes of comparison with the 1940 population per occu- pied dwelling unit, the total population per private family in 1930 and 1900 is used and not the “population per private family” as published in the 1930 census reports. (The latter is obtained by dividing the population in private families, excluding persons in 373374 O - 56 - 12 Text: H 84-135 institutions and other quasi-family groups, by the number of private families.) Since the population in private families was not tabulated separately except in 1930 and 1900, the total population per private family is used because of its closer comparability with statistics for the other years. A dwelling unit is classified as owner-occupied if it was owned wholly or in part by the head of the household or by some related member of his family living in the dwelling unit. All other occupied units are tenant-occupied whether or not cash rent was actually paid. NONFARM HOUSING CREDIT (H 113-135) H 113-119. Mortgage loans made on one-to-four-family non- farm homes, 1925-1945. SOURCE: Federal Home Loan Bank Ad- ministration, Statistical Supplemént to the Federal Home Loan Bank Review, 1947, table 14, p. 14. These data are based on mortgages recorded throughout the country by type of mortgage, and special studies and reported statistics of various types of mortgage lending institutions. The data do not include moxtgage loans made on farm or commercial properties. The “home loans” include all mortgage loans on one-to-four-family nonfarm residences regardless of oc- cupancy status (owner-occupied, rented or vacant). See also, Housing and Home Finance Agency, Housing Statistics Handbook, 1948, particularly part 8 on “Housing Finance.” H 120-126. Mortgage loans outstanding en one-to-four family nonfarm homes, 1925-1945. SOURCE: Same as series H 113-119. H 127. Number of foreclosures made on nonfarm homes, 1925- 1945. SOURCE: Federal Home Loan Bank Administration, Statis- tical Supplement to the Federal Home Loan Bank Review, 1947, table 16, p. 14. These figures are based on data reported monthly from approximately 1,500 counties, cities, townships, or other governmental divisions, and measuring the number of properties acquired monthly through foreclosures. Approximately 65 percent of all nonfarm dwellings are included in the sample used. H 128-132. Operating savings and loan associations, 1920- 1945. SOURCE: Federal Home Loan Bank Administration, Statistical Supplement to the Federal Home Loan Bank Review, 1947, table 7, p. 7. For data for 1920-1921 for series H 128-129, see U. S. Savings and Loan League, Secretary’s Annual Report, Chicago, 1946. These data are based on a compilation from the annual reports of FHLB member associations and of State savings and loan supervisory authorities. These data show selected statistics for all operating savings and loan associations. The data do not include resources of institutions in liquidation. H 133-135. Building and Loan Association failures, 1920-1945. SOURCE: U. 8S. Savings and Loan League, Secretary’s Annual Re- port, Chicago, 1946. 167 Data: H 1-26 CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING Series H 1-26.—CONSTRUCTION EXPENDITURES—ESTIMATES: 1915 TO 1945 [In millions of dollars] NEW PRIVATE CONSTRUCTION a Nonresidential ! Std Blectri < Total Total new em Ware- Farm Railroads | light and | oq, pn YEAR construc- | construc- | Total —_ houses, construc- Gnsjuding Dower es tion tion 8 Total |Industrial| office Other tion oea gas, en graph farm) buildin transit) oil etc. gs, pipelines? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 9,782 4,808 2,716 684 1,014 642 199 173 191 282 428 117 8,636 4,136 1,823 535 350 208 55 87 213 262 380 83 12,005 7,784 1,744 650 232 156 32 44 292 225 284 61 17,757 13,412 3,007 1,315 635 346 150 139 271 209 422 155 15,196 10,490 5,426 2,765 1,486 801 400 285 303 217 476 179 11,600 7,042 4,390 2,355 1,028 442 342 244 236 217 432 122 10,938 6,307 3,808 2,114 785 254 287 244 226 191 399 93 9,873 5,186 3,076 1,511 764 232 279 253 196 160 353 92 9,845 5,487 3,390 1,372 1,088 492 378 218 225 238 365 102 9,392 4,836 2,550 1,131 712 266 283 163 189 194 257 67 6,483 3,230 1,676 665 472 158 206 108 176 156 155 52 5,976 2,805 1,235 361 455 191 169 95 93 158 121 47 4,782 2,376 1,012 278 404 176 127 101 69 115 101 45 5,684 3,290 1,467 462 499 74 216 209 39 168 212 87 8,990 5,967 3,375 1,228 1,104 221 437 446 97 361 419 166 11,692 8,042 5,265 1,446 2,099 532 856 711 193 606 588 333 13,876 9,873 7,476 2,797 2,822 949 1,097 776 279 592 632 354 14,611 10,780 8,313 3,869 2,797 802 1,121 874 275 523 603 246 14,852 11,067 8,733 4,175 2,825 696 1,145 984 283 539 699 212 14,702 11,119 9,040 4,496 2,878 727 1,107 1,044 251 542 646 227 13,907 10,512 8,439 4,505 2,373 513 940 920 259 445 647 210 12,779 9,548 7,705 4,195 1,897 460 740 697 257 421 739 196 11,637 8,567 6,997 3,640 1,896 549 716 631 270 435 598 158 9,838 7,017 5,377 2,734 1,638 467 613 558 218 261 409 117 8,238 5,531 3,991 1,661 1,543 574 570 399 183 243 259 102 9,113 6,117 4,779 1,545 2,082 1,099 625 358 381 266 381 124 8,375 5,736 3,770 1,536 1,147 621 9) (4) 414 329 268 76 6,988 4,714 2,482 691 771 449 (4) (9 323 472 152 73 6,088 4,138 2,865 902 860 364 0! " 315 515 188 85 5,241 3,453 2,750 1,066 7m 262 *) 4) 255 390 207 61 4,584 2,932 2,217 950 513 197 *) * 205 353 153 43 NEW PUBLIC CONSTRUCTION Nonresidential . Sewage | cor Main- [Total new Military High- | disposal | "7 oi Other Work tenance | construc- Total 5 Wi thd wa and mays, i and ond public relief 5 and tion, 1939 YEAR enti: ndus- uca- roads, ani water construc- repairs rices Total trial tional Other naval streets | supply develop- tion P systems 3 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 652 470 59 123 690 386 97 130 08 aa ee 4,974 3,500 638 507 41 90 837 346 79 163 00 lotus 4,500 3,103 1,805 1,668 62 75 2,550 420 102 285 178 38 4,183 5,737 3,653 3,437 116 100 5,016 616 139 350 86 330 4,015 10,390 1,584 1,280 135 169 1,620 800 168 354 108 711 3,995 9,339 556 164 132 260 385 882 194 310 125 918 3,640 6,858 859 23 418 418 125 867 162 310 111 1,189 3,442 6,307 568 12 266 290 62 858 179 299 109 1,403 3,284 5,203 470 2 221 247 37 902 174 310 111 924 3,434 5,43R 604 4 323 277 29 927 208 339 118 1,359 3,197 5,210 278 2 130 146 37 709 137 317 67 490 2,763 3,558 286 11 110 165 47 826 116 245 49 658 2,518 2.971 205 2 43 160 36 809 81 168 65 161 2,245 2,728 392 *) 123 269 34 961 156 139 Tn Ee 2,3% 4,057 578 (%) 269 309 40 1,351 270 135 DEB] hn 3,023 6,363 623 (9) 344 279 29 1,505 343 111 160 ee 3,650 7,867 622 (5) 367 255 19 1,254 258 86 108 1. wc aniinn 4,003 9,257 638 ) 378 260 15 1,275 300 72 167 lesan 3,831 10,314 596 (9) 367 229 12 1,156 312 63 108 cena 3,785 10,604 603 (%) 399 204 1 1,005 285 61 Yidaioe oo. 3,583 10,569 573 5) 400 173 8 1,021 278 73 10 i 3,395 10,027 494 (%) 353 141 9 932 263 79 LE EE 3,231 8,993 481 (%) 346 135 16 755 203 65 80 al 3,070 8,002 481 (8) 342 139 25 834 201 48 BY {soi 2,821 7,183 387 Q] 274 113 49 830 178 52 44 anal 2,707 5,078 283 Q] 190 93 161 644 153 55 42 2,996 4,570 246 (%) 4 * 1,089 418 124 39 36 2,639 5,413 199 (%) (4 (4) 1,556 289 94 29 38 2,274 5,109 192 (®) 4) (9) 608 313 91 27 42 1,950 5,209 207 (®) * 4 21 308 95 28 44 1,788 5,305 217 (®) 4) *) 17 298 106 36 id. 1,652 4,984 1 Excludes nonresidential building by privately owned public utilities. 3 Includes loft buildings, stores, restaurants, and garages. 3 Includes construction with Rural Electrification Administration funds. 4 Not available separately. 168 5 For period 1933-1943, about 70 percent of total work-relief construction is shown in series H 24; series H 13 includes the remaining 30 percent, which cannot be segregated. 6 Public industrial and commercial building not segregated from private construc- tion for 1915-1982. CONSTRUCTION Series H 27-32.—CONSTRUCTION EXPENDITURES—FEDERAL EXPENDITURES FOR PUBLIC WORKS: 1791 TO 1919 |In thousands of dollars ] Data: H 27-32 aa Rivers P Rivers, Military | harbors, | Public | Reel Military | harbors Publi Total and DONE up lo :8= | Other 3 Total and arom, Bao Other 1 and flood | buildings mation 1 and flood buildings YEAR naval ! control YEAR naval control 27 28 29 30 31 32 27 28 29 30 32 1919... 1,997,615 (1,924,571 33,078 22,320 4,305 18,341 || 1855. ___. 2,207 1918. .... 1,257,625 [1,185,588 29,594 17,870 5,205 19,368 || 1854_____ 1,510 1917... 102,673 29,312 30,487 16,982 4,994 20,898 || 1853. _.._ 1,141 1918. .... 83,092 13,862 32,450 15,177 5,892 16,211 18e2 2 a 824 WA 824 1918... 123,566 19,991 46,834 19,018 12,091 25,632 1914... 120,375 17,302 50,762 12,010 7,709 82,592 || 185Q..... 1,144 1918. ...- 118,607 11,705 42,275 16,296 ,646 41,685 1849... 724 1912... 117,226 18,924 35,861 17,994 9,194 35,253 || 1848____. 742 1911... ,009 24,120 33,968 18,522 ,642 37,757 1847 mm 769 em 447 1910. 118,207 22,188 29,273 22,391 8,136 36,219 : 1909... 119,617 22,704 34,579 18,510 9,765 34,059 1845. ___._ 481 1908. -u-- 119,703 20,470 30,361 15,659 11,159 42,054 || 1844. ___. 411 1907. ..-- ,82 15,491 23,310 13,859 12,795 29,370 || 1843.___. 324 1906...-- 86,036 18,087 25,955 14,461 7,257 20,276 5 nm 649 = 506 1905... 70,595 23,234 22,814 15,946 3,882 4,719 1904. __. 109,593 19,790 22,546 51,562 1840. ___. 952 1903. .... 50,595 18,151 19,590 1.116 ii 1889....- 1,167 1902. .... 38,249 14,214 14,948 781 || 1838.__.. 934 901. .... 46,094 13,684 19,544 526 i 18%37...-- 1,358 1836... 1.562 1900... 40,758 13,912 18,736 340 1899... 34,923 13,751 16,094 198 || 1835. _... 1,583 3898. .--- 37,068 11,202 20,792 489 || 1834_____ ,163 1897. ...- 25,156 5,942 13,686 674 (| 1833. ___. 1,367 1896. ...~ 28,278 5,122 18,119 493 || 1832_____ 951 188%... 684 1898. .... 30,054 4,862 19,944 275 1894... .- 32,411 6,566 19,888 500 | 1830..... 872 1808... 27,936 6,266 14,804 374 || 1829..... 1,059 1892 .... 25,439 3,479 13,024 645 1828. ..-- 655 1893... 20,991 1,996 12,253 540 1827.....- 659 1326... 752 1890..... 21,662 2,764 11,740 695 1889. .... 20,410 2,516 11,234 520 | 1825._... 546 1838... 14,434 1,865 7,007 476 || 1824. ___. 263 1887... 13,948 897 7,786 292 || 1823._... 246 1886... 10,132 1,747 4,197 273 1822. -- 186 1821... 234 1888... 17,540 1,634 10,558 433 1884... 15,364 1,991 8,237 390 || 1820... 310 1883... 20,854 1,809 13,839 317 i819. .... 625 1882... 17,422 443 11,624 2,488 1818... .- 511 1881... 15,572 401 9,072 2,868 1817... 483 1816... 217 1880. .... 13,834 385 8,080 2,531 1879. ...- 14,529 378 8,267 2,400 1815. > 163 1878...-- , 16 253 3,791 2,204 i814... 152 1877. -t 12,560 413 4,655 2,386 || 1813____. 206 1876...--- 14,459 1,151 5,736 2,737 1812... 194 1811. __.C 146 1875. ..-- 19,647 1,435 6,434 3,037 1874. .... 18,404 2,363 5,704 2,578 1810. = 150 1873. .--- 19,362 2,742 6,312 3,084 1809. ---. 86 1872 ..-- 15,144 2,756 4,962 3,285 1808: 101 1871... 12,394 1,913 4,421 2,742 1807... 98 : 1808. ..-- 91 1870. .... 9,957 1,304 3,528 2,612 1869. ___ 8,371 1,084 3,545 1,943 1805... 122 1868... 10,935 3,450 3,457 2,616 || 1804. ____ 97 1867... 6,888 2,179 1,217 2,212 | 1803..... 11 1866. ____ 4,299 2,236 295 1,481 1802... 69 1801..... 81 1865... 8,170 5,121 305 1,487 1864_____ 6,424 5,035 102 969 1800... 41 1863_..__ 5,314 3,956 65 889 1799. .... 70 1862. .... 3,582 2,790 37 692 [| 1798 3... 53 1861... 3,301 1,176 172 1,114 1797... --- 48 1706. . = 35 1860_.___ 3,816 1,278 228 1,549 1859. ...- 5,823 1,447 290 1,614 1795... 30 1858... 8,550 2,955 427 2,596 [| 1794._... 37 1857... 7,635 1,787 268 2,540 1798... 12 1856... 5,801 1,371 161 2,146 | 1792..... 39 d 3791... 23 1 Excludes naval vessels. 2 Prior to 1882, the entire cost of the Lighthouse Service is included in “Other.” 3 Detailed classification fails to add to total for 1798. 169 Data: H 33-48 CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING Series H 33-35.—ConstructioN ExpeEnpITUREs—For Public | Series H 36-39.—ConsTRUCTION EXPENDITURES— Works BY PerManNENT FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION AGENCIES: Estimates ror New Construction: 1869 To 1920 to 1939 1938 [In thousands of dollars ] [In millions of dollars. Figures are averages per year by decades ] FISCAL Total |Newecon-| poop FISCAL Total |Newcon-| poor BASED ON BUILDING PERMITS ia struction ho struction MATERIALS OUTPUT CONTRACTS, ETC. 33 34 35 33 34 35 PERIOD In In PERIOD In In current 1929 current 1929 rices rices rices i 1,056,618] 966,716 | 89,902 257,591 | 188,519 | 69,072 y > Pe a Drie 733,578] 628,819 | 104.758 237.418 | 174,039 | 63.379 36 37 - 38 39 $86.,884| 788.668 | 98.214 235,567 | 175,159 | 60,408 787,546 699,220 88,326 260,949 | 205,305 | 55,644 | 1929-1938. 6,008 | 6,602 || 1929-1938__| 5,274 | 5,797 750,369] 670,728 | 79,646 216,879 | 168,526 | 48,353 | 1924-19337 8.088 | 8,235 || 1924-1938_| 8'308 | 8.504 687,038| 598.966 | 88.072 185,029 | 142.358 | 42.671 1919-1928-2| 8,188 | 7,981 || 1919-1928" 8)528 | 8.310 528.306] 462.019 | 66.287 205,473 | 160,715 | 44,758 | 1914-192877| 5,785 | 6.879 || 1914-1923_.| 5141 | 6.114 539,445) 464.731 | 74.714 233,971 | 172,245 | 61,726 | 1909-19181] 4.181 | 7.297 || 1909-19181. 3784 | 6 609 459,447| 386,839 | 72.608 : 204,356 | 146,417 | 57,939 | 1904-1913__| 3,512 | 6,873 329,119] 250,864 | 78,255 1899-1908__| 2.708 | 5.848 294.788] 221,078 | 73.710 1894-1903_2| 2.036 | 4.991 1889-1898__ 1.862 | 4.690 1884-1893__ 1.662 | 3.921 1 Estimated. 1879-1888. _| 1,162 | 2,679 1874-1883. _ 841 1.920 1869-1878 _ 702 | 1,496 ! Average of annual estimates for 1914-1918 and annual rate for 1909-1913. Series H 40-47.—CONSTRUCTION—DWELLING UNITS STARTED IN NONFARM AREAS: 1900 TO 1945 NEW DWELLING UNITS STARTED |Expenditures Ee Lg I Sram Construction (IN THOUSANDS OF UNITS) for cost of new new Boniarm : units residential YEAR By location By type started ! YEAR Total Urban Rural construction, Total : (million noniarm | million dols.) Rural | gaily | 2-famil Multi dollars) : Urban nonfarm y y family oars, o 1 = py 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 S773 = oe 7 3277 180 97 943 226 144 82 201 9 16 1,005.3 ? 354 264 30 1,108 169 115 145 11 13 0.7 350 209 141 286 18 46 1,016.4 Li Jos 59 ae 497 281 216 391 20 86 1,716.1 ie 35: 1 1.010 715 440 275 613 34 68 2,852.8 1476 2s 13% i 603 397 206 se 31 80 2,299.5 501 378 125 1,010 515 359 15 9 9 7 1,948.3 406 262 144 317 18 71 1,583.9 50s 32 122 1-150 336 218 118 267 16 53 1,382.4 3 2 1a 330 319 211 108 244 14 61 1,271.0 bi 4) 19 2 221 ur 104 183 g 30 757.4 464 302 162 990 126 9 1 12 368.4 93 45 48 76 5 12 285.4 in 2% In S50 134 64 70 118 7 407.0 411 FES 220 620 254 174 80 187 22 45 1,104.6 81 E20 i £20 330 236 a 221 29 74 1,494.5 303 191 112 470 509 100 1 51 142 2.453. 753 594 159 136 8 239 3613.0 204 149 55 350 810 643 167 454 99 257 3,910.0 849 681 168 491 117 241 1,112.0 x Series H 48.—NumBer oF NonFarM DwEeLL- 937 752 185 572 157 208 4,475.0 893 116 7 534 173 186 4,065.0 ING Units Demorissep Per DEecapk: 716 574 142 437 146 133 | 2957.0 1890 To 1939 449 359 90 316 70 63 1,771.0 [In thobsands of units) 247 196 51 202 24 21 1,068.0 3405 303 102 %y 4 et DECADE Number BOB0=1080 0 Lite eee 397 1920-1929 580 1910-1919 __ 414 1900-1909 __ a 297 FOB IRO8 0 ee errs ran 208 1 Includes both public and private units. 1919, 330; 1918, 120; 1917, 280; 1916, 480; 1915, 475; 1914, 445; 1918, 455; 1912, 2 Estimates for 1945 shown in series H 40-46 have been adjusted to allow for 490; 1911, 480; 1910, 475. Urban-rural distribution not available separately for lapsed building permits and lag between issuance of permits and actual start of these years. construction. These factors were not particularly significant prior to 1945. 4 Not available. 3 Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated totals for these years are (in thousands): * Includes public residential construction amounting to 28 million dollars. 170 CONSTRUCTION Data: H 49-63 Series H 49-50.—CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS—VALUE OF OUTPUT, DESTINED FOR DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION: 1869 TO 1939 [ In thousands of doliars. Compilation method changed in 1919] In In In In In In In In In In eurrent 1913 current 1913 current 1913 current 1913 current 1913 YEAR pricess prices YEAR prices prices YEAR prices prices YEAR prices prices YEAR prices prices 49 50 49 50 49 50 49 50 49 50 3,701,600(2,328,050|| 1928.._..|4,793,800/2,894,807|f 1918. __. 3,217,450(1,843,811|] 1907_____ 2,111,498(2,090,592( 1897__.__ 963,431|1,435,814 3.,159,000(1,986,792( 1927_...|4,845,200/2,908,283|| 1917....]3,058,556 1,974,536(] 1906_____ 1,911,099(1,978,363|| 1896_____ 880,291(1,226,032 3,945,800(2,358,518|| 1926__..|5,111,500/2,910,877(| 1916_...|2,627,755/2,208,197 3,331,500(2,188,896 1,578,083(1,813,889|| 1895.___. 1,033,166(1,461,338 1925_.___|4,950,400/2,773,333 2,010,682|2,125,457 1,394,254|1,706,553)| 1894_____ 1,004,085(1,402,353 _|2,375,000(1,585,447|| 1924____|4,465,300|2,487,632 2,043,846/2,195,323 1,447,378(1,712,873|| 1893____. 1,074,342|1,424,857 1,909,900|1,261,493|| 1923____|4,647,300/2,440,809 2,384,390/2,384,390(| 1902__._. 1,493,613(1,810,440(| 1892_____ 1,335,549(1,759,617 1,536,100(1,129,485|| 1922____(3,568,900(2,090,217 2,154,101/2,200,307|| 1901_____ 1,306,269/1,618,673(| 1891_____ 1,075,974|1,341,613 1,362,700{1,074,685|| 1921_.../2,956,700(1,717,015 1,942,803/2,002,890 2,552,100(1,820,328 1900... 1,222,689(1,425,045(| 1890. .___ 1,216,529|1,443,095 1920..._/4,777,100{1,823,321 2,049,729]2,100,132(} 1899. ___. 1,006,300/1,246,964 || 1889_____ 838,857] 986,891 3,779,800|2,386,237|| 1919 1___|3,508,100|1,730,686 1,992,504|2,101,797|| 1898___.. 937,757|1,341,569(| 1879_____ 444,234| 545,742 5,007 ,500(2,984,207|| 1919 ?___{3,703,160(1,826,917| 1908____|1,820,139(1,950,846 1869... .. 377,392| 351,389 1 Figures comparable with those for 1920 and later years. 2 Figures comparable with those for 1918 and earlier years. Series H 51-57.—Construction—ContrAcTs AwarDED |Series H 58-63.—CaprraL OurLays iv 145 Municipar- (Dopge): 1925 to 1945 mies: 1900 To 1937 [ Includes both new and alteration work] [ Covers both private and public ownership projects ] CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS AWARDED CAPITAL OUTLAYS IN 145 MUNICIPALITIES Value of construction Floor space of buildings Millions of dollars (thousands of dollars) (thousands of square feet) Total per YEAR . : Water- capita YEAR Resi- | Nonresi- | Public Total Resi- | Nonresi- Total |Highways!Education|works and| Other? | (dollars) Total dential dential |works and| floor dential dential sewer ! building | building | utilities space! 58 59 60 61 62 63 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 124.5 84.3 157.7 219.9 14.66 In 37 States? 97.7 81.9 130.2 170.0 12.04 75.7 39.3 108.8 162.7 9.73 19482: =. 1 3,299,303] 563,467|1,850,445) 885,391| 412,423| 111,244 | 286,132 92.9 210 96.3 121.2 8.38 1944... 1,994,016] 348,443| 899,434] 746,139 234,549) 73,955 | 155,559 94.1 28.4 61.8 97.2 7.14 1948. = 3,278,990] 867,815[1,424,260| 981,915 448,244] 200,647 | 244,656 166.0 84.2 116.0 210.3 14.68 1942... 8,255,061(1,817,733|3,896,725|2,540,603|1,314,220| 449,454 847,529 265.4 141.3 194.7 309.6 23.29 1041... .--. 6,007,474|1,953,801|2,315,671|1,738,002 56,719] 502,676 | 440,292 : 375.6 158.5 248 0 289.4 27.52 1940... <.. 4,003,957|1.596,944(1,294,640|1,112,373| 690,459| 420,531 | 268,062 337.4 150.3 179.0 269.4 24.47 1989... ..%. 3,550,543(1,334,272| 965,638/|1,250,633| 513,380| 332,656 | 178,802 340.1 149.0 210.7 290.1 26.36 1038... = 3,196,928] 985,787|1,072,137|1,189,004| 429,028( 240,568 | 185,743 334.1 168.6 219.7 297.6 27.75 1987. 52... 2,913,060, 905,293/1,156,161| 851,606 446,084| 235,515 | 204,071 284.7 181.4 196.6 227.8 24.66 1988... 2,675,298] 801,626] 959,789] 913,883 409,676| 222,514 | 182,764 276.1 182.7 190.5 223.8 24.62 1935... 1,844,546] 478,848 680,976 684,727| 251,558 135,416 | 114,150 210.1 189.1 177.4 141.6 20.61 1934... .. 1,543,109] 248,839] 551,208 743,062] 152,394 64,255 86,043 172.5 152.3 136.2 109.0 16.65 1933. 1,255,709] 249,264] 417,462 588,983] 147,063 72,783 72,609 162.9 133.0 144.9 100.1 16.11 1982.0... 1,351,159] 280,069 487,622] 583,468 155,577] 73,607 80,176 *) * * * * 193. .o3 3,092,849] 811,389(1,140,663|1,140,797| 365,841 190,274 | 170,521 142.7 62.7 94.4 76.2 11.51 4,523,1151,101,316(1,822,872|1,599,427| 510,382| 230,040 | 271,905 ©] “ 4) *) 4) 5,750,791|1,915,729(2,425,308(1,409,754| 791,099 387,670 | 397,626 9.3 37.0 65.6 55.2 7.52 6,628,285/2,788,318/2,438,184(1,401,783| 966,558 568,382 | 394,071 99.2 36.7 61.2 53.0 8.08 6,308,056/2,578,317|2,438,520(1,291,219| 850,578 494,565 | 350,560 99.3 42.9 64.4 56.0 8.68 6,380,916(2,671,119/2,417,695/1,292,102| 883,794| 521,062 | 355,724 93.5 44.5 76.5 53.3 9.07 6,006,428|2,747,730(2,201,747|1,056,951| 936,226] 559,499 | 362,329 100-2 od 3% 0.2 10. 62 94.4 39.0 93.1 $6 1807 1 Includes also a small amount of floor space reported for public works and utilities. 100.1 38.1 92.7 65.1 11.06 2 : For list of States see text. 86.4 35.5 82.1 65.4 10.41 82.4 36.5 77-1 61.5 10.29 85.9 39.5 70.5 75.4 11.12 81.7 35.6 65.8 57.9 10.45 62.0 33.6 49.6 47.6 8.57 63.1 32.5 43.0 47.0 8.46 65.7 26.8 44.5 46.4 8.57 56.0 23.3 646.3 47.7 8.82 36.2 18.1 634.1 639.6 6.29 O] 4) 4 (9 4.77 ® * O)] *) 4.27 ! Figures for 1933-1937 include construction expenditures of Metropolitan Water District of Southern California directly assessable against the city of Los Angeles, which were added to the waterworks outlay totals of the Bureau of the Census. ? See text for categories included. Figures for 1924-1981 include capital out- lays of New York City for the Independent Subway System, which were added to the totals reported by the Bureau of the Census. Bureau of the Census included these expenditures in its outlay figures for later years. * Estimated on basis of 83 cities. 4 Not available. 5 Estimated on basis of 107 cities. ¢ Partially estimated. 7 Estimated on basis of 124 cities. 171 Data: H 64-79 CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING Series H 64-73.—CONSTRUCTION—COST INDEXES: 1910 TO 1945 Boeckh HANDY PUBLIC UTILITY : FARM CONSTRUCTION : v 7 De oY 1.C.C., Highway American ugingering er Sesidential railroad CONSTRUCTION construction | ——————————————| Appraisal construction, Eastern Pchy by Bs G A Iants) este ite Dudlings bande, pom iy YEAR 1913 =1 cities, average), ! as plants, ight an 3 1 ’ =100 1913=100 | 1926-192 | 19101514 | yo17_106 |powerplants,s| 1925/1528 | “"_,0 | 1910/1914 | 1913 ~100 =100 1911 =100 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 147.4 260 235 271 137.6 239 224 261 126.7 219 202 2562 121.1 193 180 241 114.8 169 158 218 106.1 151 143 204 102.8 146 141 201 100.9 145 141 199 98.0 155 146 198 87.7 144 137 170 84.7 140 134 162 86.9 141 133 161 80.0 124 119 150 79.9 123 120 155 94.4 142 137 178 102.5 166 157 200 105.1 173 164 217 100.7 172 163 217 100.4 178 164 217 101.8 177 167 217 100.8 177 169 217 101.8 180 169 222 103.2 186 170 224 92.2 174 160 200 100.2 181 172 216 124.7 265 232 283 96.7 202 194 229 83.2 168 172 177 69.9 140 143 143 59.8 114 119 116 56.2 103 105 101 54.8 100 100 98 54.5 102 102 100 56.5 100 Le 55.2 100 8 ean 55.9 99 TRIS 1 Total construction and equipment. Average for 5 geographic divisions. 8 Estimated by interpolation on the basis of movements in the Handy utility 2 Electrical plant. Average for 5 geographic divisions. building cost index. Series H 74-79.—CONSTRUCTION—BUILDING PERMIT INDEXES, NUMBER AND VALUE: 1856 TO 1939 NUMBER OF PERMITS (LONG), PERMIT VALUES NUMBER OF PERMITS (LONG), PERMIT VALUES 1920-1930 =100 1920-1930 =100 Newman Newman YEAR . Long, |In current| 1.4913 YEAR Long, |In current| y 1913 Total, new | Residen- | Nonresi- | 1930 =100| prices, ices Total, new| Residen- | Nonresi- | 1930 =100 prices, 5h building tial dential 1920-1930 | ; S50 building tial dential 1920-1980 | , 75" %T00 =100 = =100 all 74 75 76 77 78 79 74 75 76 77 78 79 78.8 58 37 5 87.6 50.9 58 70.6 67 65 70 81.9 47.9 70 67.0 23 14 32 24.1 14.5 27 59.4 36 34 36 49.7 26.2 59 o's 52 69 41 74.2 37.2 100 Gaiden tac senna 1915... .. 48 69 34 62.8 31.2 94 19.0 10.8 22 li 1914. .... 42 61 29 56.1 29.9 92 18.0 14.0 28 |] 1913..... 43 60 28 62.3 33.1 100 78.8 40.5 T0 1912. 46 66 29 69.2 35.6 108 1911..... 46 1 29 65.5 33.2 104 100.0 56.5 87 187.8 100.3 149 | 1910.._.. 46 72 28 64.9 34.5 109 199.1 114.3 170 [1 1909. .... 46 79 20 65.6 38.8 125 214.4 118.5 176 | 1908... 37 60 19 57.6 27.8 89 289.6 180.9 194 | 1807__... 39 65 21 50.4 31.4 98 1906... ... 42 72 21 57.9 .6 109 252.8 187.7 205 218.3 119.9 178 Il 1906...... 39 66 20 56.1 31.9 106 212.7 116.38 167 || 1904_____ 29 48 17 41.6 22.9 80 167.6 94.4 151 || 1903____. 24 36 16 36.8 19.8 71 107.6 61.1 90 || 1902_____ 22 33 14 36.0 18.4 69 190%... 23 36 13 35.3 17.0 66 172 CONSTRUCTION Data: H 74-88 Series H 74-79.—CONSTRUCTION—BUILDING PERMIT INDEXES, NUMBER AND VALUE: 1856 TO 1939—Con. NUMBER OF PERMITS (LONG), PERMIT VALUES NUMBER OF PERMITS (LONG), PERMIT VALUES 1920-1930=100 1920-1930=100 . Newman Newman YEAR Long, In cur- YFAR Long, In cur- Total, new Resi- Nonresi- | 1930=100 |rent prices, In. 1948 Total, new Resi- Nonresi- | 1930=100 [rent prices, In 1918 building dential dential 1920-30 1915500 building dential dential 1920-30 15 00 =100 - =100 74 75 76 77 78 79 74 75 76 77 78 79 1900... 17 28 94 22.5 11.6 46 1877.-.-- 26 37 1899... 24 38 11 30.0 16.7 70 1876... -- 25 34 1898___ 20 36 10 23.0 12.7 58 1897... 26 55 11 25.3 14.5 67 1875... 29 41 1896... 25 49 13 23.4 13.3 60 1874. __ 30 41 1873.25. 47 58 1895... 27 56 13 28.0 16.5 73 1872... 52 58 1894... 24 46 13 21.0 12.2 55 1871... 62 78 1893. _. 26 50 12 24.3 12.6 55 1802... 35 65 16 34.2 19.8 84 1370. ..-- 52 64 1891... 30 56 13 31.3 17.6 76 1869: .. 54 66 i 47 56 1890... 34 70 15 29.5 17.5 75 1867... 38 44 1889__. 36 74 16 29.0 15.4 63 1866... 29 31 1888.___ 30 61 14 21.0 11.2 46 1887... 34 64 15 25.1 11.8 47 1865... 22 22 1886... 37 60 12 22.5 12.9 51 1864... :: 16 16 1863... .. 28 31 1885__. 33 53 12 19.5 11.2 47 1862. 26 32 1884___ 27 42 11 17.3 10.5 44 1861. ____ 18 22 1883___ 24 37 10 17.1 10.4 39 1882___ 20 30 9 16.5 8.9 33 || 1860...__ 27 30 188%... 18 27 9 15.8 6.7 27 | BBY... 22 25 1858... = 18 19 1880___ 14 19 8 11.5 5.4 22.1887... -. 18 19 1879. __ 19 23 12 8.9 4.1 19 1856... 21 23 1878___ 19 26 10 6.1 4.0 17 Series H 80.—CONSTRUCTION—EMPLOYMENT, AVERAGE OF MONTHLY AVERAGES OF NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED FOR THE YEAR: 1929 TO 1945 [ In thousands ] YEAR Number YFAR Number YEAR Number YEAR Number 967 1,916 1,292 |] A980. - ccc smmc nia 2,102 762 1,909 1,1BY 1} 3029 .conncnsinnnpans 2,508 1,338 1,524 976 2,214 1,778 1,165 2,446 1,763 1,759 Series H 81-83.—Housinc—AvaiLaBLe Housing UNITS AND Series H 84-88.—Housing—-NonrFarM DwEeLL- ToraL Fawmiries, Nonrarm Areas: 1900 To 1938 ING Units STANDING AND NET ADDITIONS TO [ In thousands, except ratio ] 3 Suppry: 1900 To 1939 Ratio of Batic of [ In thousands of units. For gross annual additions to supply see Total Total [families to Total Total [families to Serice uo] available | nonfarm | available available | nonfarm | available JER housing families units YEAR housing families units Number: fet mans ORITSEOILT Units (Jan. 1) units (percent) (Jan. 1) units (percent) units ber of units DUR LRCADE dem ol- 2 standing, 5 3 $ iL 52 33 PERIOD | beginning | during New Converted | during 25,882 100.21 17,451 16,809 96.32 of decade | decade! units ! units decade 25,877 99.54 17,117 16,323 95.36 24,922 98.50 16,714 | 15,872 94.96 84 85 86 87 88 El 52 an | a2 | 9485 (1030-1989. 25.602 | 4014 | 3,68 725 397 ,601 93.61 15,415 14,581 94.59 1920-1929_ 19,112 6,580 7,085 125 580 28,510 93.75 14 1942 14,188 94.95 1910-1919_ 15,538 8,579 3,890 103 414 1808 93.74 14,478 13.840 95.59 1900-1909. 11,797 3,736 3,952 81 297 gl up gm pm malo 22104 95.19 13,074 | 12.761 97.61 | 1900-1989. | _____.__. 4,477 4,641 259 422 21 523 96.35 12,647 12,289 97.17 1/085 97,58 12,281 | 11,885 | 96.98 | | Includes makeshift units estimated at 952,000 during 1980-1989. 20,519 98.83 11,804 11,494 97.87 Number for previous decades not available. 19,987 100.14 ,42 +19 98.01 19,387 100.66 11,077 10,849 97.94 18,7389 100.85 10,7568 10,519 97.78 18,161 99.07 10,497 0,264 97.78 17,529 97.60 10,285 10,025 97.47 17,078 96.61 178 Data: H 89-127 CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING Series H 89-112.—HOUSING—OCCUPIED DWELLING UNITS OR FAMILIES, AND TENURE OF HOMES: 1890 TO 1945 TOTAL POPULATION TENURE OF HOMES Total eccupied po 7 YEAR dwelling units Number Per occupied Ocupied Owner occupied Tenant occupied or families of dwelling unit | ypnits oi persons ! or family Ing terre Number Percent Number Percent $ Tota 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 37,600,000 140,186,237 3.73 37,600,000 20,009,000 53.2 17,591,000 46.8 34,854,532 131,669,275 3.78 34,854,532 15,195,763 43.6 19,658,769 56.4 29,904,663 122,775,046 4.11 29,321,891 14,002,074 47.8 15,319,817 52.2 24,351,676 105,710,620 4.34 23,810,558 10,866,960 45.6 12,943,598 54.4 20,255,555 91,972,266 4.54 19,781,606 9,083,711 45.9 10,697,895 54.1 15,963,965 75,994,575 34.76 15,428,987 7,205,212 46.7 8,228,775 53.3 12,690,152 62,947,714 4.93 12,690,152 6,066,417 47.8 6,623,735 52.2 Nonfarm 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 31,281,000 C5 0 fone Penn renstas 31,281,000 15,878,000 50.8 15,403,000 49.2 27,665,684 101,122,381 3.66 27,665,684 11,358,218 41.1 16,307,466 58.9 23,235,982 92,329,696 8.97 22,854,935 10,503,386 46.0 12,351,549 54.0 17,600,472 74,096,351 4.21 17,229,394 7,041,283 40.9 10,188,111 59.1 14,131,945 559,895,306 4.24 13,672,044 5,245,380 38.4 8,426,664 61.6 0.204 ADT nectar 9.779,919 3,566,809 36.5 6.213,170 63.5 O22. 0B su waste wi fn gh Swen Car 7,922,973 2,923,671 36.9 4,999,302 63.1 Farm 105 106 107 108 1069 110 11i 112 6,319,000 dee eaeizigg 6,319,000 4,131,000 65.4 2,188,000 34.6 7,188,848 30,546,894 4.25 7,188,848 3,837,545 53.4 3,351,303 46.6 6,668,681 30,445,350 4.57 6,466,956 3,498,688 54.1 2,968,268 45.9 6,751.204 31,614.269 4.6% 6,581,164 3,825,677 58.1 2,765,487 41.9 6,123,610 532,076,960 5.24 6,109,562 3,838,331 62.8 2,271,231 37.2 5,689.838 |_. | ad - 5,649,008 3,638,403 64.4 2,010,605 36.6 A TOT 1 TY a ed ari de fe Pobre tes 4,767,178 3.142.746 65.9 1,624,433 34.1 ! Figure for 1945 is estimate as of November 1; figures for 1890 to 1940 are for decennial census dates. * These figures are not exactly comparable with 1940 since in 1940, 88,265 urban-farm units were included in the farm rather than in the nonfarm figures. Further- more, data for 1945 are based on a sample survey conducted by the Census Bureau in November 1945 in connection with Monthly Report on the Labor Force. 3 Revised. 4 Not available 5 Estimated; see text. Series H 113-127.—NONFARM HOUSING CREDIT—ESTIMATED VOLUME OF HOME MORTGAGE LOANS MADE AND OUTSTANDING, AND OF FORECLOSURES: 1925 TO 1945 [ All figures in millions of dollars, except number of foreclosures ] MORTGAGE LOANS MADE ON ONE-TO-FOUR-FAMILY MORTGAGE LOANS OUTSTANDING ON ONE-TO-FOUR-FAMILY NONFARM HOMES NONFARM HOMES Number Savings 32m | wy Savings od i © and | Life I0-| Mucual | Com- i Ava and Lio ine Mutual | Com- Joa fore- YEAR Total loan SUrAnce savings mercial HOLG | ¥ au ®,} Total loan 5 Ane savings mercial HOLC and closures BRIS panies banks | banks others? associa: Ponies banks | banks others ? 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 1,913 209 184 840 4 1.551 {19,991 5,376 2,258 2,530 2,575 852 6,400 | 14,436 1,454 300 140 601 31 1,304 | 19,528 4,799 2,458 2,570 2,410 1,091 6,200 | 17,547 1,184 272 120 515 54 1,038 | 19,542 4,584 2,410 2,660 2,450 1,338 6,100 | 25,699 1,051 374 130 606 40 954 | 19,908 4,556 2,255 2,700 2,480 1,567 6,350 | 42,331 1,379 371 171 798 63 1,028 | 20,095 4,552 1,976 2,730 2,470 1,717 6,590 | 59,036 1,200 324 133 689 143 801 | 19,103 4,084 1,758 2,700 2,095 1,956 6,510 | 76,011 986 274 112 610 151 740 | 18,216 3,758 1,490 2,680 1,810 2,038 6,440 (100,961 798 242 105 560 81 669 | 17,646 3,555 1,320 2,670 1,600 2,169 6,332 (118,505 897 232 120 500 27 723 | 17,344 3,420 1,246 2,700 1,400 2,398 6,180 |151,366 755 140 100 430 128 605 | 17,225 3,237 1,245 2,750 1,230 2,763 6,000 |185,439 564 7 80 264 583 443 | 17,510 3,293 1,281 2,850 1,189 2,897 6,000 1228,713 451 16 80 110 2,263 150 | 17,857 3,710 1,379 3,000 1;189 2,379 6,200 230,350 414 10 99 110 132 100 | 17,878 4,437 1,599 3,200 1,810 132 6,700 |252,400 543 54 150 1700... 175 | 19,242 5,148 1,724 3,375 248,700 892 169 350 8845 400 | 20,685 5,890 1,775 3,375 193,800 1,262 400 484 670 720 | 21,259 6,402 1,732 3,300 150,100 1,791 525 612 1,040 1,120 | 21,058 6,507 1,626 3,225 134,900 1,932 525 915 1,156 1,250 | 19,605 6,060 1.445 3,125 116,000 1,895 500 834 1,144 1,360 | 17,492 5,488 1,254 2,900 91,000 1,824 465 809 943 1,280 | 15,272 4,810 1,062 2,650 68,100 1,620 400 863 760 1,120 | 13,216 4,204 837 2.3153" 800 |[. .....-.| 85,0004 Tc --.. 1 Includes loans made by trust departments of commercial banks. institutions, fraternal organizations, construction companies, RFC Mortgage 2 Includes fiduciaries, trust departments of commercial banks, real estate and ond companies, title and mortgage companies, philanthropic and educational 174 Company, etc. HOUSING Data: H 128-135 Series H 128-135.—NONFARM HOUSING CREDIT—SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS: 1920 TO 1945 OPERATING OF SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS FAILURES, BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS Selected financial items (millions of dollars) Number Thousands of dollars YEAR of Total Gross first First Bor Private Number = > associations mortgage (gage pledge: share aile coders stimate assets loans shares ! capital Liabilities loss 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 6,149 8,747 5,521 145 7,365 0 | crrmien rss lrst apenas 6,279 7,458 4,983 183 6,305 5 2,503 155 6,498 6,604 4,793 209 5,494 15 1,484 261 6,540 6,109 4,783 227 4,910 18 8,919 1,789 6,905 6,011 4,798 246 4,652 44 8,576 1,052 7,184 5,672 4,374 290 4,272 129 69,560 6,744 7,719 5,524 4,077 320 4,060 183 84,901 27,040 8,289 5,543 3,908 353 4,005 277 36,025 11,281 8,870 5,600 3,832 422 4,015 269 44,739 15,775 9,663 5,688 3,760 523 4,131 144 20,316 9,052 10,266 5,875 3,947 655 4,254 239 31,946 15,782 10,744 6,406 4,593 883 4,458 68 34,728 10,174 10,596 7,018 5,559 - 11,122 4,750 88 215,517 43,955 10,915 7,737 6,407 1,259 5,326 122 52,818 20,387 11,442 8,417 7,214 1,324 5,916 126 61,909 22,328 1), 777 8,829 7,760 1,358 6,296 190 80,438 24,676 12,342 8,695 7,791 1,284 6,237 2,313 12,666 8,016 7,267 1,207 5,762 568 12,804 7,179 6,586 1,098 5,027 1,013 12,626 6,334 5,842 1,032 4,378 381 12,403 5,509 5,085 881 3,811 500 11,844 4,766 4,289 770 3,158 398 10,744 3,943 3,549 632 2,626 133 10.009 3,343 3,009 541 2,210 159 9,255 RB re mm tir 1,965 92 8,633 2.520 [on innnenp sensei mms 1,741 2 lecemmssssmis 1 1 Mortgage loans made on one-to-four family nonfarm homes. 175 Chapter J. Manufactures (Series J 1-180) General Statistics: Series J 1-12 J 1-12. General statistics for all manufacturing industries, 1849— 1939. SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census of the United States (1940), Manufactures, 1989, vol. I, tables 2 and 4, pp. 19-20; Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1946, table 923, p. 809. For “factories and hand and neighborhood industries,” data for 1849-1899 are for all establishments with products valued at $500 or more. For “factories excluding hand and neighborhood industries,” data for 1914-1939 are for establishments reporting products to the value of $5,000 or more. Limited data collected in 1921, 1923, and 1925, from establishments with products valued at less than $5,000, show that (except for the number of establish- ments) the change in the minimum value-of-products limit did not . materially impair the comparability of the data over time. The basic source of comprehensive data on manufacturing pro- duction has been the Census of Manufactures conducted by the Bureau of the Census. This eensus was taken decennially from 1849 to 1899, for each fifth year thereafter through 1919, and bi- ennially from 1921 through 1939. During the recent war years the Census of Manufactures was abandoned as directed by Executive Order No. 9152 in the interests of more important work related to the Nation’s war effort. Conceptually an establishment (series J 1) is a geographically isolated manufacturing unit maintaining independent bookkeeping records, regardless of its managerial or financial affiliations. An establishment—which may be a single plant or a group of closely located plants operated by a single plant or a group of closely located plants operated by a single company without separate records for each—is the basic reporting unit. In addition, the es- tablishment is the basic unit of" industrial classification, being assigned to an industry on the basis of its reported product of chief value. The 1939 Census of Manufactures questionnaire for the first time called for personnel employed in distribution, construction, ete., separately from the manufacturing employees of the plants. Therefore, the data for earlier years shown for series J 3 and J 4 probably are not strictly comparable with those for 1939. It is not known how many of the wage earners and the salaried employees reported at previous censuses were engaged in distribution and construction, and how many were engaged in manufacturing. Wage earners include working foremen and “gang and straw bosses’; foremen whose duties are primarily supervisory are classi- fied as salaried employees. Figures for the cost of materials, fuel, etc. (series J 8), represent actual consumption during the year, not purchases made within the year. The cost of materials does not include replacements or construction material charged to capital accounts. It represents not only new and semi-manufactured materials, but also certain com- modities (e. g., textiles, flour, and wire) which in some cases are sold to individual consumers as finished products, when they are used as materials for further processing. Value of products (series J 9) are selling values at the factory or plant of all commodities produced, whether sold, transferred to | other plants, or in stock. Because of duplication, that is, the use of the products of some establishments as materials in others, value of product is not always a satisfactory measure of the importance of a given industry. The net value of all manufactured products, exclusive of such duplication, is estimated to have been approxi- mately two-thirds of the gross value for 1929. Value added by manufacture (series J 10), obtained by subtracting the cost of 176 materials from the value of products, is almost free of such dupli- cation. There have been changes in scope from one Census of Manufac- tures to another. Data from the last previous census are usually retabulated to make them as comparable as possible with the more recent census. Unless the change is to omit an entire industry for which separate tabulations are available during each census, these changes in scope usually are not carried back through more than the one previous census. For two major changes, the exclusion of hand and neighborhood industries after 1899 and the exclusion of plants with an annual products of $500 to $5,000 after 1914, it has been necessary to show, insofar as*possible, data on two bases for the terminal year. Indexes of Production: Series J 13-48 J 13. Index of manufacturing production 1899-1939. Base: 1899 =100. SOURCE: For 1899-1937, see Fabricant, Solomon, The Out- put of Manufacturing Industries, 1899-1937, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1940, table 1, p. 44; for 1938- 1939, see same author, Employment in Manufacturing, 1899-1989, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1942, p. 331. The index for census years has been constructed from basic data in the U. S. Census of Manufactures and other sources. (Details of method are described in chapter 2 and appendix A of the source volume cited first above.) Interpolations for intercensal years are based on annual indexes, less comprehensive in coverage, computed by Mills, F. C., Economic Tendencies in the United States, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1932, p. 563; Persons, W. M., Forecasting Business Cycles, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1931, p. 171; Stewart, W. W., “An Index Number of Pro- duction,” American Economic Review, March 1921; and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Federal Reserve Bulletin, August 1940. J 14. Index of manufacturing production, 1863-1930. Base: 1909-1913 =100. SOURCE: Persons, Warren M., Forecasting Busi- ness Cycles, John Wiley and Sons New York, 1931, table 12, pp. 170-171. This index is a weighted average of a number of leading manufactured commodities as follows: 6 in 1863-1867; 12 in 1867- 1874; 21 in 1875-1899; and 30 in 1899-1930. For further details, see pp. 173-177 of the source. J- 15-29. Physical output, indexes for major groups of manufac- turing industries, 1899-1939. Base: 1929 =100. SOURCE: For 1899- 1937 data, see Fabricant, Solomon, The Output of Manufacturing Industries, 1899-1987, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1940, table 5, pp. 60-61; for 1939 data, see same author, Employment in Manufacturing, 1899-1939, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1942, appendix F. These indexes cover only those years beginning with 1899 in which the Census of Manufactures was taken, namely quinquennially to 1919 and bi- ennially thereafter. Because of inadequacy of data for most groups, no attempt was made to interpolate between intercensal years. (For details of method of construction see chapter 2 and appendix A of source volume cited first above.) J 30-48. Manufacturing production, indexes by groups, 1919- 1945. Base: 1935-1939 average=100. SOURCE: For 1919-1942, see Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Federal Reserve Bulletin, October 1943, pp. 964-984; for 1943, see same, April 1944, pp. 384-385; for 1944-1945, see same, April 1946, pp. 422-423. About 100 individual series are used in constructing these indexes, which are computed monthly both with and without seasonal ad- INDEXES OF PRODUCTION justment. Some of the individual series are based on production data, others relate to consumption or shipments, machinery-hours active or man-hours worked. In a number of instances man-hours worked are adjusted to allow for broad changes in output per man- hour. Many of the other series are adjusted to more accurate physical volume figures not available monthly. For weights and data used and description of method, see Federal Reserve Bulletin, October 1943, pp. 953-957. Value of Output: Series J 49-148 J 49-96. Value of output of finished products and construction materials at producers’ current prices, 1919-1933. SOURCE: Kuz- nets, Simon, Commodity Flow and Capital Formation, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1938, vol. I, tables IT-3 and VI-1, pp. 136-138 and 348. These estimates are derived from Census of Manufactures data, supplemented by less complete data for nonmanufactured finished commodities and construction ma- terials, and for intercensal year interpolations. The estimates of finished commodities measure the value of commodities that have reached the form in which they are used by ultimate recipients— largely households in the case of consumers’ goods, chiefly business and public enterprises in the case of producers’ goods. Unfinished commodities and finished commodities that are used as materials in manufacturing other products, such as flour used by manufactur- ing bakeries, are omitted in order to avoid duplication in measur- ing the national economy’s end-product. The estimates presented here exclude transportation and distribution costs, and hence are not in terms of prices to final users. Nor do they measure domestic consumption, for they make no allowance for either imports or inventory changes. J 97-148. Value of output of finished commodities and con- struction materials at producers’ current prices, 1869-1919. SOURCE: Shaw, William H., Value of Commodity Output since 1869, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1947, table I-1, pp. 30-65. The procedures used in making these esti- mates are similar to those used for series J 49-96, although based, necessarily, on less adequate information. Capital Expenditures: Series J 149-151 J 149-151. New manufacturing capital expenditures for plant and equipment, 1915-1940. SOURCE: Chawner, Lowell J., ‘‘Capital Expenditures for Manufacturing Plant and Equipment—1915 to 1940,” Department of Commerce, Survey of Current Business, March 1941, p. 10. The plant expenditures (series J 150) refer to buildings (including heating, plumbing, and similar accessory equipment), and other fixed structures such as vats, blast furnaces, and docks. The estimates of factory building construction are based primarily on F. W. Dodge Corporation contract awards adjusted upward on the basis of information from other sources to take care of underenumeration and regions not covered by the Dodge reports. Estimates of plant construction other than buildings were derived by allocating to manufacturing capital a portion of the value of the products included as reported by the Bureau of the Census. The absolute magnitude of this series depends in an important degree upon allowances for mark-up and for installation and transporta- tion costs, and allowances for under-reporting. The equipment expenditures (series J 151) refer to movable equipment, and are based on Census of Manufactures data. Prior to 1923 allowance was made for under-reporting. Those items not used entirely in manufacturing were allocated on the basis of data from trade associations and specialists in’ the various machinery industries. For 1928 and subsequent years, intercensal year inter- polations were made on the basis of a Bureau of Labor Statistics index of pay rolls of industrial-machinery manufacturers. For the intercensal years between 1914 and 1919, estimates were made by using annual reports from 5 States. The series was then adjusted for imports and exports, inventory changes, for the differences Text: J 30-173 between factory costs and cost to the industrial purchaser, and Census underenumeration. Physical Output of Specific Commodities: Series J 152-180 J 152-164. Physical output (census years) of selected manufac- tured commodities, 1899-1939. SOURCE: For 1899-1937, see Fabri- cant, Solomon, The Output of Manufacturing Industries, 1899- 1937, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1940, pp. 395, 480, 481, 489, 490, 506, 517, 518, 522, and 574; for 1939 figures, see Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census of the United States (1940), Manufactures, 1939, vol. II, parts 1 and 2. The source of these data is the Census of Manufactures, supplemented where necessary by statistics from other sources. The data on rayon yarns (series J 153) comes from the Censuses of 1927 and 1931 to 1939, and the Textile Economics Bureau, Inc., Rayon Organon, for other years; they relate to production of rayon filament yarn and rayon staple fiber exclusively, and take no account of waste and other minor primary rayon items. In respect to the series on refrigerators (J 164), data on gas refrigerators were obtained from the Statistical Department of the American Gas Association, and on electric re- frigerators from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration News and Elec- trical Merchandising. The figures relate to sales, not production. Data on refrigerators for more recent years are available in the above publications. J 165-180. Physical output (annual data) of selected manufac- tured commodities, 1840-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1947 and earlier issues. See also detailed listings below. J 165-169. Steel ingots and castings production, 1867-1945. SOURCE: The series are those of the American Iron and Steel In- stitute as presented in the Statistical Abstract, 1908 to 1947 (various issues). Beginning in 1934, the figures include only that part of steel for castings which was made in foundries producing steel ingots. J 170. Rolled iron and steel production, 1885-1945. SOURCE: For 1885-1929, see Burns, Arthur F., Production Trends in the United States Since 1870, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1934, p. 300; for 1930-1945, see Statistical Abstract, 1947, table 969, p. 867. The basic sources of this series are the annual reports of the American Iron and Steel Institute. The figures include rails, plates and sheets, merchant bar and skelp production, wirerods, and structural shapes. J 171. Leaf tobacco consumed in manufacturing, 1880-1945. SOURCE: For 1880-1929, see Burns, Arthur F., Production Trends in the United States Since 1870, National Bureau of Economic Re- search, New York, 1934, p. 300; for 1930-1945, see Statistical Abstract, 1947, table 930, p. 844. Primary source of data is the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. The figures represent the equivalent in unstemmed leaf tobacco of stemmed leaf or scraps, cuttings, and clippings. The tobacco used in the manufacture of cigars and cigarettes was converted on the basis of 3 pounds of stemmed leaf or Scraps, etc., to 4 pounds of unstemmed beginning 1915 (conversion prior to 1915 was at ratio of 3 to 5) and of tobacco and snuff beginning 1903. Data exclude tobacco used in bonded manufacturing warehouses. J 172. Fermented malt liquor production, 1870-1945. SOURCE: For 1870-1929, see Burns, Arthur F., Production Trends in the United States Since 1870, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 19384, p. 292; for 1933-1938, see Statistical Abstract, 1942, table 920, p. 944; for 1939-1945, see Statistical Abstract, 1946, table 954, p. 859. The primary source of this series is the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. J 173. Distilled spirits production, 1870-1941. SOURCE: For 1870- 1929, see Burns, Arthur F., Production Trends in the United States Since 1870, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1934, p. 292; for 1930-1933, see Statistical Abstract, 1936, table 804, 177 Text: J 173-180 rr p. 787; for 1934-1941, see Statistical Abstract, 1942, table 920, p. 944. The primary source of this series is the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. The figures include industrial alcohol. Figures for 1942-1945 are not shown because they exclude ethyl aleohol and are therefore not comparable with those in this series. J 174. Cigarette production, 1880-1945. SOURCE: For 1880- 1929, see Burns, Arthur F., Production Trends in the United States Since 1870, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1934, p. 298; for 1930-1934, see Statistical Abstract, 1936, table 801, p. 786; for 1935-1945, see Statistical Abstract, 1947, table 931, p. 845. The primary source of this series is the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. J 175. Cottonseed oil production, 1919-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Bulletin 183, Cotton Production and Distribution, 1946, table 30, p. 57. These figures relate to the year ending July 31 J 176. Wool consumed in manufactures, scoured basis, 1922- 1945. SOURCE: Statistical Abstract, 1946, table 739, p. 655. The primary source of these data is the Bureau of the Census. 178 MANUFACTURES J 177-178. Men’s and women’s leather shoe production, 1899- 1945. SOURCE: Statistical Abstract (various issues) 1929-1946; Fa- bricant, Solomon, The Output of Manufacturing Industries, 1899- 1937, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1940, p. 474. The data have been compiled by the Bureau of the Census since 1925 from monthly reports of manufactures. Figures show thousands of pairs of leather uppers for men’s and women’s shoes. They do not include youth’s and boy’s, misses’, children’s, infants’, athletic, part leather, or nonleather shoes. J 179. Cotton consumed in manufacturing (including linters), 1840-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Bulletin 183, Cotton Production and Distribution, 1946, table 16, p. 31, and table 13, p. 26. Data include linters for the period 1909-1945; data prior to 1909 are exclusive of linters. J 180. Active cotton system spindles consuming cotton, 1840— 1945. SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Bulletin 183, Cotton Produc- tion and Distribution, 1946, table 16, p. 31. GENERAL STATISTICS Data: J 1-14 Series J 1-12—MANUFACTURES—GENERAL STATISTICS FOR ALL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES: [Data for 1849-1914 inelude all establishments having products valued at $500 or more; for 1914-1939, those having products valued at $5,000 or more. 1849 TO 1939 While the data have been adjusted for the principal changes in the scope of the Census of Manufactures, such as the omission of entire industries, it has not been possi- ble to carry through all adjustments for minor change.] HORSEPOWER * PERSONS ENGAGED SALARIES AND WAGES COST AND VALUE (THOUSANDS) Number (THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS) (THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS) YEAR of Proprie- Salaried Wage Motors estab- tors and officers earners Cost. of Value Value added Prime run by lishments firm and (average for Total Salaries Wages materials, 0 by movers [purchased members | employers year) \ fuel, ete. 1 2 products 2 | manufacture? energy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Factories excluding hand and neighborhood industries 5 139... 184,230 | 123,655 | 1,048,607 | 7,886,567 | 11,630,298 2,540,357 | 9,089,941 | 532,160.107 | 56,843,025 | 7 24,682,918 21,239 29,213 166,794 99,268 | 1,217,171 | 8,569,231 | 12,829,749 2,716,866 {10,112,883 | ¢ 35,539,333 | 60,712,872 | 7 25,173,539 (3) ® 167,916 81,521 | 1,058,501 | 7,203,794 9,564,754 2,253,425 | 7,311,329 | 6 26,441,145 | 44,993,699 | 7 18,552,553 (9 (" 139,325 72,267 | 19770,314 | 5,787,611 6,237,800 (101,297,654 | 4,940,146 16,549,788 | 30,557,328 14,007,540 (8) (8) 171,450 (11) an 6,163,144 (") a) 6,688,541 21,229,356 | 39,829,888 18,600,532 (8) 8) 1029... .- 206,663 | 132,686 | 1,290,037 | 8,369,705 | 14,284,282 3,399,363 110,884,919 37,402,606 | 67,994,041 30,591,435 19,328 21,794 187,629 | 132,151 | 1,223,982 | 7,848,070 | 13,123,135 3,023,670 110,099,465 34,010,075 | 60,335,469 26,325,394 18,902 18,224 183,877 | 132,971 | 1,186,362 | 7,871,409 | 12,732,194 2,752,545 | 9,979,649 35,141,601 | 60,809,225 25,667,624 19,243 15,116 192,096 | 147,958 | 1,280,488 | 8,194,170 | 12,996,460 2,847,836 |10,148,624 33,611,809 | 58,181,296 24,569,487 ®) (8) 192,059 | 172,291 | 1,081,890 | 6,475,474 9,870,199 2,418,900 | 7,451,299 24,397,078 | 41,649,853 17,252,775 ®) [©] 1919... 210,268 | 249,881 | 1,371,888 | 8,423,964 | 12,373,907 2,762,905 | 9,611,002 36,229,015 | 59,964,027 23,735,012 19,432 8,965 1914 12____| 178,588 1) mm 6,475,567 (1 (10 (1) 13,811,541 | 23,050,316 9,238,775 1) 140) 1914 15____| 268,450 | 258,565 911,853 | 6,603,063 5,116,361 1,333,717 | 3,782,644 13,891,441 | 23,277,631 9,386,190 17,917 3,765 1909... 264,826 | 272,426 750,537 | 6,262,242 4,106,201 0,654 | 3,205,548 11,783,160 | 19:945,249 8,162,089 16,393 1,669 1904... ._. 213,444 | 225,115 498,297 | 5,181,660 2,990,924 550,073 | 2,440,851 8,233,790 | 14,252,961 6,019,171 12,605 428 1800 204,750 bi) 348,100 | 4,501,919 2,258,654 366,080 | 1,892,574 6,385,970 | 11,082,951 4,646,981 9,633 178 Factories and hand and neighborhood industries 1800 - 512,191 5,306,143 2,320,938 7,343,628 | 13,000,149 5,656,521 1880 355,405 4,251,535 1,891,220 5,162,014 9,372,379 4,210,365 1879. _. 253,852 2,732,595 15947,954 | 15 3,396,824 5,369,579 1,972,756 1869... 252,348 2,053,996 15 620,467 | 151,990,742 [153,385,860 | 151,395,119 1889. ..... 140,433 1,311,246 378,879 1,031,605 1,885,862 854,257 1849...... 123,025 957,059 236,755 555,124 1,019,107 463,983 1 Comprises cost of materials, supplies, fuel, and purchased electric energy. ? For limitations of Value of Products data, see text, p. 176. ? Value of products less cost of materials, "supplies, fuel, and purchased energy. ¢ Rated capacity of horsepower equipment. 5 The figures for 1899 to 1929, inclusive, have been revised by the deduction of the data for railroad repair shops (both steam and electric), for the industries “coffee and spice, roasting and grinding,” “flax and hemp, dressed,” “gas, manu- factured, illuminating and heating,” and “peanuts, walnuts, and other nuts, pro- cessed or shelled,” and also for ‘“‘motion pictures, not including projection in theaters,” where the figures had not been previously deducted. The figures for the “automobile repairing’ industry also have been, deducted from the statistics for 1914 and 1919, the only years for which this industry was canvassed. For 1914 not every item was tabulated separately for establishments reporting products valued at less than $5,000 and therefore the information necessary for making such adjust- ments was not available in all cases. 6 Includes cost of contract work. 7 Value of products less cost of materials, supplies, fuel, purchased electric snare, and contract work. Not strictly comparable with figures for years prior to 5 8 Not called for on schedule. ? Figures not available. 10 Not including data for salaried officers of corporations and their salaries and therefore not strictly comparable with figures for other years. 11 No data. 12 Includes establishments having products valued at $5,000 or more. 13 Includes establishments having products valued at $500 or more. 14 No comparable data. 15 Reduced to gold basis. Series J 13-14.—MANUFACTURING PRODUCTION—INDEXES OF TOTAL PRODUCTION: 1863 TO 1939 [ NBER, 1899=100. Persons, 1909-1913=100 | INDEXES OF MANUFAC- INDEXES OF MANUFAC- INDEXES OF MANUFAC- Index of Index of TURING PRODUCTION TURING PRODUCTION TURING PRODUCTION mfg. pro- mfg. pro- YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR duction, YEAR duction, NBER! WMP 2 NBER ! WMP ? NBER ! WMP ? WMP ?2 WMP 2 13 14 13 14 13 14 14 14 280 169.8 91.2 48.6 19.1 249 143.1 91.8 48.4 16.9 194 108.1 86.4 44.3 16.9 242 139.7 13.7 41.5 17.5 222 131.7 74.9 37.3 17.9 254 134.8 73.7 36.6 18.3 257 137.1 67.6 35.2 14.9 259 136.0 61.0 29.7 13.7 218 114.1 60.4 30.8 14.0 186 102.1 57.8 30.6 11.5 198 111.1 53.0 30.9 11.8 185 106.9 47.2 27.4 11.4 161 92.4 51.4 27.0 8.5 168 96.0 42.2 21.7 8.1 158 93.6 43.0 20.0 7.5 133 76.1 ! National Bureau of Economic Research index of physical output, all manu- acturing industries. 2 Warren M. Persons, index ef physical production of manufacturing. Data: J 15-48 MANUFACTURES Series J 15-29.—PHYSICAL OUTPUT—INDEXES FOR MAJOR GROUPS OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES (NBER): 1899 TO 1939 [ 1929 =100. Total includes machinery and miscellaneous products, for which there are no adequate quantity data for any period listed ] Total, " Printing| Chemi- Petro- Stone, Iron Non- Trans- manu- | Foods | Bever- | Tobacco | Textile | Leather Paper and cal leum and | clay, and | Forest and ferrous [portation YEAR factur- ages ! | products | products | products | products | publish- | products coal glass products steel metal equip- ing ing products | products products | products | ment 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 (3) 111 108 120 119 108 131 97 133 | 121 98 80 82 89 4 103 104 100 117 106 108 122 102 124 114 100 76 89 89 91 83 92 70 101 99 100 102 87 101 92 69 59 61 66 72 63 82 17 88 85 86 84 72 84 78 47 46 45 47 33 72 8 Bal Tl 93 87 80 86 84 87 84 67 63 54 64 46 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 87 90 94 97 89 90 83 83 100 99 87 84 68 82 81 86 85 1 82 70 75 91 103 87 79 76 17 4 82 95 70 73 64 64 eal 91 Bh loueutea 76 54 66 64 75 50 52 42 AI aaa 83 48 le conan 38 61 65 23 69 67 90 53 54 52 79 61 51 53 76 53 72 81 46 47 42 82 20 43 45 63 43 60 83 37 36 31 83 10.7 34 37 55 37 48 74 26 26 23 76 7.5 28 30 43 30 38 64 18 17 19 82 7.3 1 The index for beverages is on the 1937 base. ? Not shown in source volume computed to 1929 base. Index number for 1929 and 1939 on 1899 base are shown in source volume as 364 and 874, respectively. Series J 30-48.—MANUFACTURING PRODUCTION—INDEXES BY GROUPS (FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD): 1919 TO 1945 [ 1935-1939 average=100. For Federal Reserve Board indexes for minerals, see series G 6-8 ] DURABLE MANUFACTURES NONDURABLE MANUFACTURES Total, Non- Stone, Manu- Petro- many. Total Trans. ferrous Tams clay, | Total, Tox Leath- | fac- | Alco- | To- | Paper | Print- | leum | Chem-| Rub- year | fac- pos) ,| Iron Me po on | metal a and non- and |erand| tured | holic | bacco | and |ingand| and ical ber tures os and | chin- a and 4. | glass | dur- rod- | Prod- | food | bever- | prod- | prod- | pu coal | prod- | prod- le | steel | ery 23 HE prod- ie prod- | able! or oS ucts | prod- | ages ucts ucts | lishing | prod- | ucts ucts 8 ucts ucts ucts g ucts 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 1945____| 214 274 183 343 487 204 109 163 166 146 127, 150 178 136 139 108 235 284 215 1944____ | 252 353 206 439 719 259 125 164 171 148 113 152 144 125 139 101 247 324 234 1943... 258 360 208 443 735 267 129 173 176 153 114 145 117 133 139 111 185 384 228 1042___.| 212 279 199 340 464 214 134 168 158 157 122 134 118 131 142 115 147 278 172 1941____| 168 201 186 221 245 191 134 162 142 152 123 127 117 120 150 127 135 176 163 1940____| 126 139 147 136 145 139 116 124 115 114 98 109 123 112 120 130 123 109 109 114 104 103 113 106 114 109 112 105 106 114 106 110 112 113 87 18 68 82 72 80 90 92 95 85 93 102 95 96 100 96 83 113 122 123 126 123 122 113 114 106 106 102 103 107 109 108 112 104 1936... 104 108 114 105 110 104 105 103 100 104 103 99 98 99 97 99 107 1985... 87 83 81 83 93 80 85 Vi 90 93 99 90 86 89 85 89 93 1934____ 74 65 61 69 69 62 64 64 81 76 91 87 75 80 79 83 86 1938... 68 54 54 50 48 60 63 54 bd 88 88 80 76 75 74 76 7 1932... 57 41 32 43 38 52 51 51 70 71 76 79 65 74 69 68 64 1931... 75 67 61 66 62 83 76 7 79 79 82 87 74 88 80 78 2 1930_.__ 90 98 97 100 91 106 105 96 84 74 84 93 79 97 89 87 78 1929... _.1:.110 132 133 130 134 136 146 110 93 94 95 96 85 104 96 89 100 1928... 99 117 121 106 108 118 142 110 85 87 93 92 79 96 87 78 98 1927... 94 107 108 99 89 108 144 106 83 92 94 90 74 93 78 73 83 1926... 95 114 115 102 109 113 148 105 79 84 90 88 72 92 76 70 80 1925... 90 107 108 89 106 104 148 101 76 84 88 84 69 63 81 1924 ____ 81 95 90 81 94 93 139 91 69 72 86 79 59 56 66 1923... 86 103 109 86 110 90 143 87 72 83 99 74 56 57 63 1922 __. 74 81 I om lots. mm El fe wl ei we 73 67 79 93 seen jane Rl tale ae 1921... 56 53 AB i mt an [MR oe Yd em 58 57 69 Boe eRe. | RTE ND a Al eed 1920... 74 93 61 60 67 86 89 le OC ae ao bal Je rd 1919... 72 84 50 62 3 94 Re a lee aa ee df wri mn ea ! Beginning January 1942 includes industrial alcohol produced in the alcoholic beverage industry. Figures not available for publication separately. 180 VALUE OF OUTPUT Data: J 49-96 Series J 49-96.— VALUE OF OUTPUT—FINISHED PRODUCTS AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AT PRODUCERS’ CURRENT PRICES (KUZNETS): 1919 TO 1933 [ In thosands of dollars ] PERISHABLE Grand Food and kindred Magazines, Fuel and lighting total, all products Dru newspapers, products finished Total ee tee | ClROrS, toilet, Sd stationery |—— YEAR commodities ! > 9 a 9 cigarettes, hone hdd and supplies, Manu- perishable Manu- Nonmanu- | and tobacco | OC 0" | and misc. |factured and Coa factured factured prep: paper petroleum . products products 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 18,202,800 | 10,361,309 5,600,036 1,465,017 917,069 731,664 645,526 745,974 198,282 17,493,885 | 10,313,966 5,265,830 1,490,473 1,013,720 718,823 680,666 871,457 209,529 23,948,785 | 12,765,505 6,866,542 1,877,422 1,163,001 918,791 806,717 773,912 290,470 31,261,054 | 15,945,104 8,730,123 2,576,670 1,149,822 1,009,340 918,538 1,115,329 366,321 38,107,269 | 17,796,692 8,769,316 2,866,964 1,252,466 1,112,272 998,814 1,318,436 412,250 35,884,348 | 17,034,384 9,398,114 2,751,276 1,176,945 1,051,537 926,506 1,228,690 416,413 34,238,866 | 16,338,145 9,120,362 2,643,774 1,172,674 957,336 894,794 1,022,246 452,490 35,577,868 | 16,839,947 9,371,696 2,671,427 1,135,127 895,062 872,892 1,306,633 513,433 33,779,341 | 15,907,486 9,076,097 2,484,465 1,102,096 880,264 848,973 1,062,734 383,535 30,767,875 | 14,793,254 8,413,341 2,278,762 1,080,737 819,805 792,104 837,903 508,231 31,841,221 | 14,323,730 7,986,037 2,279,232 1,057,691 794,749 778,764 800,388 562,680 26,960,812 | 13,278,094 7,245,858 2,248,309 1,009,148 708,781 693,645 952,310 363,935 25,583,783 | 13,270,609 7,022,262 2,594,148 1,060,436 636,137 650,186 766,301 487,270 37,615,527 | 18,753,483 | 11,186,468 2,777,447 1,203,880 877,441 951,227 1,130,805 556,763 34,548,704 | 17,446,883 | 11,089,628 2,715,425 1,015,535 775,800 636,139 730,582 419,537 SEMI-DURABLE CONSUMERS’ DURABLE : Toys, : Stoves, Shik Total, semi- | Dry goods Citing hoe Bais rand Misc. house | games, and izes 4 oa, Household | ranges, and durable and notions furnishings footwear furnishings shosior tubes durable furniture ai 0 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 3,926,841 504,383 2,224,551 598,815 251,389 135,541 212,162 2,291,786 234,822 73,878 3,646,765 397,968 2,137,459 547,757 217,062 136,713 209,806 2,024,002 213,452 70,935 5,076,006 558,910 3,025,843 706,916 297,983 191,373 294,981 3,228,566 347,714 108,299 6,259,970 703,386 3,689,071 862,569 402,982 238,512 363,450 4,279,091 449,617 134,327 7,718,429 975,266 4,419,179 1,084,714 482,191 284,718 472,361 6,361,363 625,380 189,638 7,647,753 952,589 4,288,534 1,077,711 463,178 271,256 594,485 6,018,295 656,672 159,254 7,668,407 994,146 4,263,120 1,080,434 457,305 253,191 620,211 5,476,190 654,370 200,305 7,582,630 1,010,932 4,079,619 1,076,747 502,849 247,573 664,910 6,105,231 669,611 196,376 7,435,937 1,052,839 4,040,131 1,047,492 462,818 233,801 598,856 5,801,671 654,762 200,595 6,665,882 905,897 3,646,976 1,064,470 408,990 227,372 412,177 4,989,485 645,600 186,566 7,546,286 1,119,151 4,236,790 1,131,126 429,474 253,923 375,822 5,289,122 609,408 197,145 6,578,920 898,551 3,775,589 995,610 347,788 199,114 362,268 3,956,994 523,888 135,239 5,893,824 808,008 3,278,501 955,964 313,772 188,597 348,982 3,196,526 486,003 109,211 8,376,898 1,213,891 4,303,299 1,371,752 442,972 312,559 732,425 4,873,181 644,200 183,349 7,522,229 1,093,290 3,864,589 1,257,489 369,485 347,716 589,660 3,938,586 527,056 145,890 CONSUMERS’ DURABLE—continued Win Cnn | wm J P ouseho : ouseho adio ewelry, rinting YEAR appliances, tangs. -» Thing and electric apparatus Musical silve rware, and 1a Passenger including durabl i ” utensils appliances and instruments | clocks, and | publishing: uggage cars mechanical and other equipment watches Books refrigerators supplies 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 152,738 237,707 135,507 53,126 104,028 25,873 100,073 95,312 17,594 757,009 115,129 191,427 125,614 40,480 100,006 37,532 93,112 106,457 16,966 626,513 198,068 282,888 168,794 72,622 164,230 52,071 150,395 146,438 27,062 1,128,556 223,726 305,383 178,306 89,219 244,734 111,368 207,290 180,403 41,063 1,643,172 268,741 492,027 248,063 106,985 388,476 120,543 288,490 199,015 64,801 2,799,737 239,711 480,579 250,122 101,438 317,012 159,123 288,116 185,941 62,605 2,557,230 214,982 449,457 208,208 99,946 192,683 188,108 286,562 178,163 60,750 2,174,719 225,366 456,335 245,977 107,362 219,341 201,840 286,502 160,822 61,203 2,679,418 179,714 468,670 216,729 96,879 178,473 185,010 286,338 154,991 61,231 2,523,804 146,113 429,743 163,377 84,551 147,836 190,225 269,058 150,063 53,235 2,034,034 135,209 477,211 214,640 87,2385 53,422 229,458 287,574 135,279 63,810 2,278,231 114,703 367,094 147,791 63,664 28,594 200,219 237,947 129,261 48,473 1,596,346 88,285 286,367 146,927 65,537 12,920 177,524 211,459 126,256 47,051 1,147,410 181,840 437,312 232,123 88,339 18,034 281,721 293,213 144,916 72,056 1,792,635 109,822 325,974 174,827 71,565 15,124 258,077 306,307 132,699 64,864 1,365,577 1 Excludes construction materials. J 2 This total is greater than the sum of the figures shown because it includes “miscellaneous perishable commodities” for which figures are not shown separately. 181 Data: J 49-96 MANUFACTURES Series J 49-96.—VALUE OF OUTPUT—FINISHED PRODUCTS AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AT PRODUCERS’ CURRENT PRICES (KUZNETS): 1919 TO 1933—Con. [ In thousands of dollars ] : CONSUMERS’ DURABLE—continued PRODUCERS’ DURABLE Ophthalmic Industrial Electrical F Auto parts Motoreycles, products and Monuments Total RAISE appliances, rm YBAR and bicycles, and Pleasure surgical and an producers’ mac ery industrial agin jad? accessories accessories orthopedic tombstones durable CO ont and racy OS appliances pme commercial agens 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 8 86 228,247 10,161 4,911 39,954 20,846 1,622,864 618,079 182,396 103,722 211,944 6,510 9,487 32,733 25,705 1,509,152 568,053 196,993 96,096 273,083 11,544 17,072 41,180 43,550 2,878,708 1,047,574 480,291 226,912 326,067 15,043 25,094 49,341 54,938 4,776,889 1,630,225 701,252 521,047 407,584 18,273 26,723 53,252 63,635 6,230,785 2,210,362 976,832 621,195 411,660 20,445 17,698 49,719 60,970 5,183,916 1,807,923 872,119 560,802 419,814 17,323 18,108 50,779 61,913 4,756,124 1,616,461 718,918 514,304 440,191 20,654 22,770 47,632 63,831 5,050,060 1,727,916 751,871 525,484 444,269 20,555 15,285 47,581 66,785 4,634,247 1,601,707 643,97) 455,421 337,247 21,508 14,261 49,615 66,443 4,319,254 1,400,715 633,501 382,941 355,793 27,020 12,366 59,257 65,564 4,682,083 1,600,114 580,129 440,202 243,440 16,758 6,291 49,667 47,619 3,146,804 1,172,185 402,193 237,893 169,470 18,060 9,546 47,570 46,930 3,222,824 1,094,027 393,300 350,114 313,403 41,872 14,995 69,280 63,793 5.611,965 1,884,894 540,796 573,076 282,574 40,426 14,195 59,459 44,150 5 641,006 1,667,430 446,914 668,173 PRODUCERS’ DURABLE—continued Total, Office and Office and Locomotives Ships Busin Professional Carpenters’ | Miscellaneous | construction misc. ma- |store furniture an STD 5 Shes Alrerafi and and subsidiary materials YEAR chinery and and railroad boats valilios T scientific mechanics’ durable equipment fixtures cars 0 equipment tools equipment 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 139,311 72,057 16,952 13,517 179,302 23,133 49,071 52,465 172,859 1,616,900 138,673 76,810 41,814 26,290 137,539 19,831 48,247 33,367 125,439 1,430,200 212,311 155,563 85,443 47,631 273,174 32,950 73,605 58,678 184,576 2,670,800 304,181 208,636 385,818 61,206 417,708 34,833 124,096 107,559 280,328 3,942,600 383,677 295,967 379,748 56,676 623,135 61,474 145,223 136,622 339,874 5,214,400 375,601 252,050 270,590 37,931 410,446 52,455 123,790 143,377 276,832 4,995,500 343,851 255,262 355,494 39,219 373,207 20,291 118,302 115,513 285,302 5,063,400 336,958 248,481 444,484 52,460 425,052 17,885 104,731 121,731 293,007 5,345,200 319,521 242,043 392,178 37,417 427,954 10,856 103,372 121,778 278,029 5,191,800 280,878 235,271 534,645 36,868 343,276 1,177 90,156 117,202 192,624 4,690,700 271,373 206,399 706,675 33,737 337,871 11,498 88,341 125,962 279,782 4,887,700 199,476 140,270 297,788 51,815 246,132 8,894 71,349 95,679 223,130 3,756,500 186,541 118,462 354,616 208,878 180,784 6,289 67,518 75,321 186,974 3,114,700 259,901 138,555 625,726 592,333 379,668 9,326 102,032 154,103 351,555 5,064,000 225,432 102,868 612,768 1,003,070 379,728 12,363 83,421 143,948 294,891 3,742,700 182 VALUE OF OUTPUT Data: J 97-148 Series J 97-148.— VALUE OF OUTPUT—FINISHED COMMODITIES AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AT PRODUCERS’ CURRENT PRICES (SHAW): 1869 TO 1919 [ In thousands of dollars ] PERISHABLE SEMI-D URABLE i Food and kindred Fuel and lighti total ood an indre . : . 'uel and lighting all finished Total products Bi Drug, 1pilst Sisgesines products Total, Dry goods YEAR |commodities ! perils M N z and | household | misc. M N Song ue aid anu- onmanu- : : anu- onmanu- able notions factured factured tobacco preparations | supplies, ete.? factured factured 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 35,859,306 | 18,826,797 | 10,840,581 4,714,256 1,024,458 691,807 479,837 631,825 444,533 7,030,907 985,642 31,812,607 | 16,926,036 9,724,309 4,212,043 871,610 665,474 457,019 579,049 416,532 6,229,167 931,500 25,864,526 | 13,720,964 7,520,597 3,832,010 628,823 532,053 415,928 424,665 366,888 4,983,650 682,477 19,411,321 | 10,289,698 5,802,898 2,651,111 517,823 435,917 358,284 261,990 261,675 8,719,885 498,794 14,741,222 8,400,718 4,680,578 2,281,731 473,193 346,821 256,400 141,454 220,541 2,738,855 348,257 14,231,028 8,349,257 4,601,972 2,814,780 494,375 300,088 251,537 159,581 226,924 2,681,948 320,294 14,898,094 8,308,515 4,582,235 2,255,898 498,027 304,949 241,481 190,605 235,320 | 2,858,798 324,073 14,229,512 8,156,988 4,464,489 2,851,904 458,101 298,326 228,778 141,410 213,980 2,702,631 329,767 12,929,371 7,569,564 4,116,154 2,183,253 449,714 286,963 208,259 119,314 205,907 2,523,077 301,748 12,731,580 7,419,849 3,917,026 | 2,252,147 452,127 275,110 207,366 121,235 194,838 | 2,352,822 317,247 11,859,316 6,969,559 3,728,926 | 2,057,156 421,995 256,366 204,230 125,064 175,822 | 2,877,183 328,914 10,334,814 6,102,886 3,137,822 1,869,381 393,225 241,117 154 4032 126,054 181,255 2,099,985 266,334 11,656,473 6,570,115 3,664,065 1,833,134 397,080 256,132 194,280 128,940 196,484 | 2,225,209 330,857 10,885,607 6,055,366 3,309,214 1,677,370 390,297 230,758 182,949 103,444 161,334 | 2,165,427 306,550 9,581,725 5,537,308 3,026,731 1,505,925 351,547 220,338 170,737 95,038 166,992 1,860,637 281,649 8,847,321 5,281,787 2,750,169 1,682,566 333,940 185,702 158,706 109,870 160,834 1,689,707 255,137 8,820,323 5,154,455 2,689,316 1,489,980 342,383 186,282 152,168 112,030 182,296 1,668,311 264,243 8,381,643 4,949,680 2,614,382 1,495,358 321,771 176,240 149,661 90,099 102,169 1,545,394 260,569 7,949,228 4,814,138 2,583,019 1,396,984 326,208 157,889 133,078 85,000 131,960 1,466,931 235,671 7,296,141 4,285,784 2,283,754 1,233,618 303,729 138,624 120,428 100,606 105,025 1,403,860 233,520 6,751,468 4,006,640 2,160,531 1,141,120 266,180 137,712 111,221 88,053 101,823 1,312,692 218,944 5,885,763 3,631,742 1,920,558 1,107,365 227,178 124,789 101,592 64,230 86,030 1,115,891 194,816 5,458,305 3,368,236 1,794,586 1,017,143 197,195 116,707 y 62,642 89,039 1,067,895 189,519 5,054,286 3,073,213 1,584,429 909,162 192,341 114,541 87,810 93,060 91,870 977,012 173,175 5,225,982 3,235,347 1,581,907 1,058,072 201,241 112,800 92,434 96,012 92,881 1,006,647 201,127 4,856,745 3,077,903 1,513,381 1,000,622 216,555 103,628 91,224 62,147 90,346 911,770 176,943 5,519,985 3,431,894 1,705,938 1,153,361 215,940 105,821 95,962 54,220 100,652 1,035,026 207,326 5,363,295 3,060,679 1,433,612 1,036,877 226,685 106,081 106,605 52,332 98,487 1,155,097 285,491 5,334,961 3,123,884 1,498,842 1,053,215 223,420 99,429 97,310 62,818 88,850 1,102,739 232,346 5,017,701 2,854,433 1,350,188 953,590 209,856 91,417 93,631 75,573 80,178 1,076,900 227,606 5,116,497 3,052,466 1,607,913 936,291 197,414 82,915 91,038 59,652 77,243 1,036,240 223,295 3,472,384 2,083,396 1,067,608 701,258 117,401 41,707 60,073 39,887 55,462 777,475 227,534 2,723,582 1,586,097 681,620 686,161 72,208 37,866 28,807 29,699 49,736 596,541 170,831 SEMI-DURABLE—continued CONSUMER DURABLE Clothing Toys, games, Heating and Electrical YEAR and Shoes and House- and Tires Total, Household cooking household Floor personal other furnishings sporting and consumer furniture apparatus appliances coverings furnishings footwear goods tubes durable ete. and supplies 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 3,866,186 1,258,542 212,906 161,292 546,339 3,967,940 498,005 266,576 84,244 151,897 3,360,770 1,076,441 198,817 154,115 507,524 2,723,439 331,594 218,924 67,468 116,588 2,618,117 899,964 154,355 282,547 346,190 2,866,786 303,748 196,990 58,605 114,409 2,039,326 746,695 110,236 150,735 174,099 2,428,149 273,968 144,575 40,671 103,995 1,550,203 557,250 84,437 80,311 118,397 1,729,814 214,320 121,489 22,924 78,597 1,574,867 541,027 86,850 61,898 97,012 1,553,358 225,430 112,133 18,256 80,142 1,689,693 602,583 92,143 58,672 91,634 1,651,846 241,906 127,066 22,121 90,952 1,625,003 548,874 82,329 54,108 62,550 1,517,586 225,509 133,727 19,667 88,899 1,526,644 516,545 77,680 51,756 48,704 1,301,266 208,403 105,958 15,734 81,116 1,867,962 500,633 80,805 47,773 38,402 1,280,743 206,565 98,792 16,312 84,458 1,421,529 480,283 73,431 47,844 25,182 1,148,856 195,231 95,095 11,816 78,992 1,254,852 462,807 58,366 38,686 18,940 974,169 155,705 85,316 7,722 58,657 1,291,482 466,925 66,287 52,937 17,221 1,117,482 188,808 102,737 10,181 77,491 1,274,677 459,197 67,707 43,512 13,784 1,057,516 193,193 104,828 8,021 77,958 1,069,235 405,231 54,278 39,779 10,470 898,308 163,693 86,885 4,737 66,985 64,577 376,803 51,228 35,285 6,677 782,886 145,181 74,450 3,298 61,987 952,763 360,039 52,275 33,713 5,278 776,999 142,218 79,885 3,758 65,001 862,456 332,462 51,858 31,784 6,270 742,008 131,665 79,419 60,560 812,763 333,390 47,972 30,235 6,900 677,207 121,182 71,333 50,805 794,269 294,855 48,498 24,798 8,420 629,037 109,594 62,481 48,871 719,035 296,256 41,370 23,778 13,309 603,369 106,740 59,757 46,987 582,882 263,769 | | 34,831 20,003 19,590 511,090 91,819 46,790 38,015 555,880 247,937 34,756 21,090 18,713 488,867 91,245 51,094 ,681 507,092 230,370 34,020 21,870 10,485 451,253 92,694 45,915 33,902 501,417 237,225 35,669 462,473 95,937 35,772 45,042 453,609 228,969 31,815 408,288 84,641 31,211 37,710 583,079 234,842 35,077 464,454 102,451 85,532 42,652 597,341 264,693 36,000 540,096 116,728 39,091 52,198 570,082 244,861 34,146 521,744 102,812 39,375 56,382 546,361 250,492 33,356 19,085 |...conaicvuns 503,286 97,221 BB,I86 [i ..uocaan 48,065 525,921 236,711 31,349 18,964 |. oan 466,206 95,179 BIRO | on 43,967 343,607 174,060 16,309 3 J Pe —— 289,070 66,306 23,075 | ____________ 30,387 214,072 185,644 12,966 18.028 |. rina 246,179 58,365 26,509 |...nooemmmman 22,124 ! Excludes construction materials. 2 Includes stationery and supplies. 3 Includes household appliances, except electric. 373374 O - 56 - 13 183 Data: J 97-148 MANUFACTURES Series J 97-148.—VALUE OF OUTPUT—FINISHED COMMODITIES AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AT PRODUCERS’ CURRENT PRICES (SHAW): 1869 TO 1919—Con. |In theusands of dollars ] CONSUMER DURABLE—continued oops Passenger Misc. China and Mula Jean. Printing Passenger Motor vehicles Motorcycles YEAR house- household | . 3 abtizigs Luggage vehicles, vehicle (horse- and hs t instruments | clocks, and | publishing: : : furnishings utensils Walco Bogks motor accessories | drawn) and bicycles accessories 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 218,861 235,629 256,485 304,810 132,699 64,864 1,363,521 210,834 27,230 28,887 203,165 197,961 150,431 176,490 102,898 52,513 800,655 119,970 35,839 22,623 167,914 221,549 141,020 184,503 92,345 37,169 1,051,705 152,452 39,783 20,961 125,043 160,745 120,593 173,828 78,396 40,065 919,627 127,980 31,846 20,514 97,013 119,072 92,550 121,330 74,031 26,319 574,826 77,181 31,572 16,698 99,298 106,457 93,432 133,081 68,588 26,768 419,903 54,525 37,103 17,668 107,696 109,362 107,340 157,660 78,603 34,544 397,982 51,908 42,383 23,072 98,504 104,837 97,972 155,477 67,162 34,359 332,521 43,684 46,760 12,959 94,700 94,920 84,571 148,460 59,639 36,061 222,750 29,250 51,385 10,179 98,379 90,304 80,528 146,268 61,131 32,786 212,627 28,123 58,381 91,416 79,503 77,368 135,936 62,930 28,703 157,345 20,930 53,691 75,985 71,665 63 g641 114,940 53,919 23,854 133,519 17,014 52,728 89,978 90,279 88,436 153,322 56,986 27,979 90,667 11,031 68,229 94,251 93,117 81,772 136,897 55,672 24,127 60,962 7,136 66,621 78,596 81,347 71,865 113,344 56,555 20,367 38,450 4,280 64,942 75,688 65,439 58,472 100,576 53,312 5 61,080 76,235 64,239 65,920 97,890 51,075 60,218 75,516 56,094 58,540 94,773 48 ,884 61,822 69,570 51,413 50,258 82,596 46,984 66,759 70,946 49,194 42,822 88,106 43,931 52,863 61,179 43,676 34,156 80,859 44,516 55,640 51,929 37,270 27,654 65,269 40,340 45,100 51,967 33,669 24,222 58,318 33,292 42,741 51,147 31,137 22,375 52,571 33,956 41,229 52,973 22,225 27,251 59,768 34,859 46,780 48,345 23,685 19,892 52,176 27,729 52,508 53,546 24,011 23,043 59,890 33,439 60,193 56,448 31,313 34,380 74,266 33,753 64,908 54,482 32,385 32,449 72,021 32,525 64,458 53,861 30,037 31,903 73,257 33,447 02346 1. ra rad 51,280 28,464 26,911 58,974 34,409 10,849 56,043 1,907 25,425 20,291 14,060 37,980 19,145 T1200 [wasn mwas] wenn mma 35,966 14,356 18,620 10,095 35,396 8,341 ToT nnrte seman) semana 36,111 CONSUMER DURABLE—continued PRODUCER DURABLE Ophthalmic Industrial Electrical Office and Office and YEAR Pleasure products Monuigents a machinery Tr RCLOH equipment, Farm store ma- | store furni- craft and artificial torthdtones De : and ® lindustrial and equipment | chinery and ture and limbs equipment commercial equipment fixtures 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 5,496 45,041 73,361 6,033,662 1,745,940 172,667 456,602 394,974 153,406 90,923 5,165 71,119 50,036 5,933,965 1,798,080 161,004 401,567 359,194 169,113 68,400 4,835 36,514 42,284 4,293,126 1,588,535 67,239 382,526 305,204 154,687 63,312 4,504 23,904 37,895 2,973,589 1,102,515 32,036 295,586 291,892 114,208 53,320 4,207 20,172 37,513 1,871,835 650,654 24,030 185,555 235,562 73,133 44,283 4,121 15,476 40,977 1,646,465 532,850 17,651 168,075 214,639 63,704 51,831 4,801 12,304 42,146 2,078,935 642,115 8,220 206,579 260,740 18,588 55,748 4,752 10,557 40,250 1,852,307 603,893 13,118 186,266 233,720 68,300 55,594 4,827 10,928 42,385 1,535,464 553,793 153,423 209,778 60,134 49,784 4,844 10,653 42,568 1,678,166 575,620 161,672 206,447 61,127 50,947 4,738 10,477 38,405 1,363,718 492,396 124,397 197,837 51,148 49,290 3,654 9,307 40,937 1,157,774 381,844 95,942 166,666 37,359 41,040 6,055 9,360 38,315 1,743,667 575,514 145,286 191,886 52,841 50,035 4,320 7,874 34,468 1,607,298 560,889 136,767 189,725 48,107 51,453 3,783 7,099 28,658 1,285,472 452,672 98,123 155,953 36,038 43,694 3,149 5,644 25,689 1,092,941 367,144 87,071 149,907 26,911 38,639 3,584 5,814 25,888 1,220,558 439,245 101,965 145,986 31,001 38,175 3,539 5,698 27,868 1,144,561 402,763 90,623 173,467 27,198 33,856 3,742 5,218 23,164 990,952 359,110 76,009 129,533 23,330 30,600 2,698 4,729 18,426 977,460 385,018 73,492 118,871 23,890 27,625 2,065 4,806 20,323 828,767 302,428 59,208 115,756 17,989 24,677 1,399 4,285 17,459 627,040 223,085 36,845 96,194 13,002 21,600 1,195 3,951 16,629 533,307 204,955 25,287 64,906 11,643 21,831 1,201 3,806 13,354 552,808 228,752 20,483 52,117 12,677 22,542 1,315 3,674 13,789 521,515 206,170 19,984 65,337 11,081 23,700 1,036 3,302 14,868 458,784 169,817 15,800 64,110 8,892 21,230 1,395 3,303 11,938 588,611 195,374 16,551 76,907 9,919 26,078 1,462 3,225 16,568 607,423 206,408 22,651 80,123 10,178 30,138 1,589 2,936 16,722 586,594 195,477 23,728 79,091 9,344 26,783 1,454 2,625 17,265 583,083 105.888 {ocean 21,847 92,701 9,004 25,793 1,460 | 2,296 15,247 561,585 192 299 1 ewes sme 13,056 88,479 8,557 25,588 920 752 7,543 322,443 102. 7146.1 _ ieca 1,935 69,930 3,822 15,870 550 386 6,581 295 ,765 YI2,688 [vine Sonn ht im rnin 51,064 3,207 13,631 184 VALUE OF OUTPUT Data: J 97-151 Series J 97-148.— VALUE OF OUTPUT—FINISHED COMMODITIES AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AT PRODUCERS’ CURRENT PRICES (SHAW): 1869 TO 1919—Con. [ In thousands of dollars | PRODUCER DURABLE—continued CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Locomotive : : Business Professional| Carpenters’ | Misc. sub- YEAR and Suns Pusinese vehicles, Alreraft an an sidia; c Tomi, Manu- Nonmanu- railroad boats rotor horse- scientific | mechanics’ | durable rss Sg factured | factured cars os; drawn equipment tools equipment Ha's 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 550,424 | 1,389,509 379,931 42,518 8,610 80,108 208,007 360,043 | 3,874,723 | 3,866.352 508,371 775,093 805,333 444,155 50,594 175,257 123,479 231,791 370,905 | 3,331,467 | 2,929,454 402,013 667,792 243,763 225,845 51,061 22,390 62,005 156,622 302,145 | 3,174,807 | 2,812,341 362,466 403,513 103,715 164,542 37,367 1,499 39,700 115,111 218,585 | 2,710,786 | 2,389,745 321,041 164,033 66,788 128,442 34,019 3,588 32,922 68,515 160,311 2,059,679 | 1,776,392 284,287 211,319 43,493 45,165 36,859 437 24,877 58,510 177,055 | 2,095,936 | 1,787,078 308,858 444,604 47,577 48,752 39,854 276 18,671 66,148 166,063 | 2,484,458 | 2,136,520 347,938 319,787 44,392 51,342 41,913 446 15,275 61,110 157,161 2,239,876 | 1,901,226 338,650 176,040 42,748 26,901 44,158 | aaa. 15,216 52,603 150,891 2,018,039 | 1,692,997 325,042 292,753 40,844 13,205 48,322 14,333 57,767 155,129 | 2,100,762 | 1,755,867 344,895 133,861 42,971 13,693 54,817 157,387 2,028,716 | 1,704,712 324,004 143,923 40,170 10,229 43,203 159,492 1,859,608 | 1,531,888 327,720 372,329 49,546 14,970 62,286 160,385 | 2,161,612 | 1,791,362 370,250 315,633 46,226 13,678 50,696 137,525 1,949,504 | 1,636,883 312,621 226,109 ARTI2T emmmmmn snes 10,323 44,669 117,624 1,609,527 | 1,349,281 260,246 170,561 38,922 8,221 40,332 110,299 1,426,880 | 1,178,712 248,168 200,950 37,569 9,775 42,848 111,764 1,469,687 | 1,220,868 248,819 165,318 37,893 8,902 39,943 103,763 1,505,193 | 1,272,752 232,441 136,720 40,213 7,649 32,752 90,382 1,325,191 | 1,124,750 200,441 139,042 31,376 8,042 30,511 92,710 1,248,006 | 1,054,551 193,455 121,414 32,544 6,375 27,863 84,441 1,027,147 ,637 163,510 89,317 25,937 4,570 22,829 69,793 952,381 799,994 152,887 72,042 24,187 3,990 19,119 64,600 971,832 820,214 151,618 79,023 22,972 4,286 20,869 68,306 880,762 745,940 134,822 56,836 25,677 3,866 21,048 65,155 1,026,827 873,243 153,684 49,698 28,389 3,175 18,510 61,363 1,003,965 860,171 143,794 107,820 32,094 3,621 24,303 72,078 1,067,516 923,778 143,738 92,994 34,145 3,953 26,267 75,671 1,328,016 | 1,155,106 172,910 91,466 33,470 3,851 26,494 69,945 | 1,068,011 930,845 187,166 85,943 $1,969 I... ccramion 3,799 25,270 66,845 | 1,210,915 | 1,063,136 147,779 90,844 EE 3,473 22,652 63,613 883,215 704,498 128,717 37,548 17,08 eas 1,659 14,323 37,260 441,438 363,318 78,120 41,645 18,008 lococon-nnns 1,632 10,856 31,456 369,102 319,892 49,210 Series J 149-151.—CAPITAL EXPENDITURES—NEW MANUFACTURING CAPITAL EXPENDITURES FOR PLANT AND EQUIPMENT: 1915 TO 1940 [ In millions of dollars ] Equip- Equip- Equip- Equip- YEAR Total Plant ent YEAR Total Plant ont YEAR Total Plant oT YEAR Total Plant nent 149 150 151 149 150 151 149 150 151 149 150 151 684 1,619 1938..... 17 224 493 1926... 2,350 815 1,535 1,249 1,916 342 1,230 1932. .... 574 118 456 15 1,409 291 1,102 1932... 1,054 273 781 1925... 1,969 585 1,384 919 1,547 626 1,534 1924. ____ 1,731 471 1,260 505 1,231 373 1,172 || 1930..... 1,908 616 1,292 | 1923.___. 2,050 613 1,437 349 703 1929... 2,739 962 1,777 || 1922 _._. 1,542 533 1,009 227 930 || 1928... 2,306 851 1,455 || 1921__.__ 1,367 396 971 188 428 237 713 1927 ..... 2,108 702 1,406 185 Data: J 152-180 MANUFACTURES Series J 152-164.—PHYSICAL OUTPUT, CENSUS YEARS—SELECTED MANUFACTURED COMMODITIES: 1899 TO 1939 % REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS “ Wheat | Ra Nev | won | women Light havnt] * Brick | Household ea yon an ook ulphuric igl gi : ires an " YEAR flour yarns similar paper acid ! Soda ash? products of Wazipating Fuel oils i of casings common | refrigerators’ papers distillation 3 ois g 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 Million Million Million Million Million Million Billion Billion Billion Million barrels pounds tons tons tons tons gallons gallons gullons gallons Millions | Billions Thousands 111 329 1.49 1.55 3.80 2.15 25.3 2.711 2).0 1,607 57.8 ®) 1,90 1.49 1.52 3.92 2.32 22.9 2.51 19.2 1,517 | (%) 53.4 3.25 2,824 1.22 1.28 3.07 1.87 18.8 2.19 15.9 1,274 48.8 1.21 1.08 12.64 1.65 16.4 1.9 13.3 1,047 45 4 1.51 1.21 2.84 1.51 17.6 1.75 14.2 1,143 49.1 1.77 1.50 4.14 1.81 18.4 2.34 16.4 1,554 69.8 1.81 1.33 3.2/ 1.47 13.4 2.22 15.4 1,382 63.6 1.75 81.34 3.28 1.37 11.3 2.37 14.6 1,361 58.8 1.69 1.21 3.30 1.26 7.80 2.24 12.0 1,151 45.4 1.33 0.807 2.00 0:776 5.35 1.94 9.75 949 27.3 1.47 0.961 2.21 1.03 4.11 2.31 1-17 822 32.8 1.42 0.913 1.86 0.935 1.46 1.94 3.73 518 8.02 1.27 0.677 1.10 0.646 0.540 1.67 1.70 0.975 0.454 0.673 0.519 0.291 .36 0.360 0.624 0.304 0.338 0.391 0.281 1.26 0.305 ! Includes only sulphuric acid made in chemicals, not elsewhere classified. For 1914-31, the data are as given by the Census. For other years, quantities have been estimated: For 1933-39 on basis of average ratio for 1925-81 of sulphuric acid made in the industry to the total, wherever made; and for 1899-1909 on the basis of average ratio for 1914-23. 7 Includes only soda ash made for sale. ? Includes gasoline, naphtha, benzine, tops (except in 1937) and, prior to 1919, other light products of distillation. In 1919, other light products of distillation amounted to 97.3 million gallons. 4 Includes electric and gas except for 1939 which represents electric only. 5 Not available. 8 Revised figure. 7 Not strictly comparable with other years because of incompleteness of data. 2 In 1923 a small quantity of book paper (plate, lithograph, map, and woodcut) was excluded from this series and combined with ‘“‘other paper.” Series J 165-180.—PHYSICAL OUTPUT, ANNUAL DATA—SELECTED MANUFACTURED COMMODITIES: 1840 TO 1945 STEEL INGOTS AND CASTINGS Leaf Wool Cotton: Active Rolled | tobacco [Fermented |...) [Cigarette] Cotton- |consum’d| Men's | Women’s | consumed | cotton Oren Electric |ironand | consumed malt Sorliee produc- | seed oil |in mfr., | leather | leather in mfr., spindles YEAR Total Bessemer boon, Crucible] and all steel in manu- | liquor ? Pp tion 4 | production| scoured | shoes ¢ shoes including | consuming other! facturing basis 3 linters 7 cotton 8 165 166 167 168 169 170 mm 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 1,000 Million 1,000 1,000 1,000 Million | 1,000 1,000 Long tons | Long tons | Long tons |Longtons| Long tons |long tons | pounds barrels | tax gal. | Millions| pounds | pounds | pairs pairs Bales Number SEE 71,162,186 3,844,034)|64,231,788 21 | 3,086,343] 53,403 1,291 332,345 | 1,324,039] 645.1 [104,794 | © 120,917 |11,049,261| 22,674,852 - 180,037,130] 4,499,931(71,753,518 22 | 3,783,659] 58,754 1,255 --1323,734 | 1,235,829] 622.8 [198,537 | ® 118,079 |11,308,164|23,018,828 79,318,314] 5,022,761(70,198,039 130 | 4,097,384 56,511 1,229 296,305 | 1,440,534] 636.2 [129,345 | ® 154,670 |12,401,018( 23,429,252 76,814,224 4,958,414|68,305,319 1,795 | 3,548,696( 55,755 1,131 257,657 | 1,249,872| 603.6 [142,975 181,685 [12,657,612] 23,607,508 oe nd 73,963,624] 4,980,421(66,419,302 2,065 | 2,561,836] 55,647 1,009 55,214 [474,054 |218,083 | 1,425,471] 648.0 (135,804 184,915 (11,080,653 23,389,454 59,805,970( 3,311,226(54,975,967 914 | 1,517,863 43,447 923 54,892 [387,183 [189,508 | 1,325,241 407.9 |102,383 151,944 | 8,844,638 23,585,938 - |47,141,709| 2,999,032|43,223,036 831 918,810 34,882 885 53,871 |346,344 [180,828 | 1,409,414] 396.5 (103,753 167,697 | 7,709,066 23,731,050 - 128,349,991] 1,880,661|25,964,30( 6 505,024 21,044 865 56,340 (351,190 1171,842 | 1,961,486] 284.5 | 96,660 147,755 | 6,463,383] 24,774,004 150,568,701 3,449,92:]46,272,303 934 845,537 36,766 873 58,748 (482,138 (170,171 | 1,363,978 380.8 {102,895 149,675 | 8,768,964] 25,419,110 47,767,856] 3,458,457(43,536,128 816 772,455 33,801 847 51,812 [449,994 [159,076 | 1,163,736] 406.1 |103,784 161,858 | 7,085,364 24,664,428 34,092,594| 2,835,031|30,715,429 642 541,492| 23,965 776 45,229 [349,772 [140,147 | 1,108,582] 417.5 | 99,525 145,231 | 6,079,895] 26,700,946 26,055,289] 2,162,357(23,531,1056 531 361,296] 18,970 776 | © 37,678 (241,610 {130,287 | 1,302,786 229.6 | 91,387 133,045 | 6,467,399 27,742,462 23,232,347] 2,428,791|20,381,672 681 421,203| 16,735 711 119,798 (123,405 {115,087 | 1,445,681 317.1 | 88,821 130,742 | 6,898,437 26,894,860 13,681,162( 1,532,076/11,907,330 645 241,111] 10,451 690 0% 150,391 {106,915 | 1,694,123] 230.1 | 74,493 113,944 | 5,503,335 27,271,938 25,945,501] 3,023,446|22,509,566| 1,547 410,942] 19,176 752 a2) 170,394 [117,407 | 1,441,882] 311.0 | 77,420 112,603 | 5,977,091} 28,979,646 40,699,483 5,035,459|35,049,172| 2,253 612,599| 29,513 780 (12) 195,257 |124,193 | 1,572,322| 263.2 | 77,147 112,629 | 6,911,010] 31,245,078 56,433,473| 7,124,075/48,352,888| 5,079 951,431] 41,069 797 3,900 (203,300 {122,822 | 1,604,131 368.1 | 94,770 131,303 | 7,970,334|32,417,036 -|51,544,1806| 6,620,195(44,113,956| 7,769 802,260( 37,663 755 4,200 170,500 {109,131 | 1,476,609] 333.2 | 92,970 123,753 | 7,614,292| 33,569,792 44,935,185 6,191,72,(38,068,335| 9,036 666,087| 32,879 744 4,400 185,500 |100,260 | 1,837,910] 354.1 | 95,328 116,259 | 7,995,668] 34,409,910 48,293,763| 6,934,568(40,691,979( 15,493 651,723| 35,496 737 4,900 203,800 | 92,523 | 1,617,015] 342.7 | 86,644 110,447 | 7,259,618) 34,750,266 45,393,524 6,723,962|38,034,488| 19,562 615,512( 33,387 718 5,100 167,500 |.82,712 | 1,403,781| 349.9 | 86,546 104,782 | 6,852,265) 35,032,246 37,931,939 5,899,590|31,577,350| 22,473 432,526| 28,086 694 4,900 137,500 | 73,256 979,617| 342.2 | 84,663 104,135 | 6,217,292 35,849,338 - [44,943,696] 8,484,088(35,899,657| 44,079 515,872( 33,277 689 5,300 |124,600 | 67,239 | 1,002,922| 422.4 {100,283 109,676 | 7,312,201) 36,260,001 - 135,602,926] 5,919,298(29,308,983| 28,606 346,039] 26,452 647 6,300 | 82,200 | 56,413 930,475 406.5 | 89,9 105,368 | 6,548,853] 35,707,738 19,783,797( 4,015,938|15,589,802| 7,613 169,499] 14,774 612 9,200 | 87,930 | 52,770 | 1,309,183] _...__. 69,458 101,474 | 5,408,9.9|36,047,367 42,132,934 8,883,087|32,671,895| 72,265 505,687| 32,348 640 9,200 [101,300 | 48,091 | 1,211,484}... 1... cocolevcmumneo- 6,762,207 35,480,953 - (34,671,232 7,271,562|26,948,694| 63,572 387,404| 25,102 648 27,700 [100,800 | 53,865 | 1,325,333 95,017 104,813 | 6,223,837] 34,930,934 _ [44,462,432] 9,376,236|34,459,391|115,112 511,693( 31,156 692 50,300 (178,800 1 47,508 1... cece farms ns )ommmanns Jommmsn mans 7,685,329 34,542,665 45,060,607(10,479,960|34,148,893{126,716 305,038] 33,068 660 60,800 (286,100 | 36,323 7,658,207| 33,888,835 42,773,680(11,059,039|31,415,427(129,692 169,522] 32,380 612 58,600 [253,300 | 26,203 7,278,529 32,805,883 See footnotes on next page. 186 PHYSICAL OUTPUT Data: J 165-180 Series J 165-180.—PHYSICAL OUTPUT, ANNUAL DATA—SELECTED MANUFACTURED COMMODITIES: 1840 TO 1945—Con. IRR INNOTS AND TASTINGS Rolled Ww, Fer- me Cigar- | ons [Women's ou Se Sav 5 C 5 Electric consumed mented Distal oa = ig logs oi, spindles YEAR Total Bessemer | Open hearth rucible and in manu- | ;. a + 4 | shoes shoes including | consuming all other! steel facturing liquor tion linters 7 cotton 8 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 177 178 179 180 Long Long Long Long Long 1,000 Million 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 tons tons tons tons tons |long tonms| pounds barrels | tax gal. | Millions| pairs pairs Bales Number 1915 __| 32,151,036 | 8,287,213 | 23,679,102 | 113,782 | 70,939 | 24,393 565 | 59,800 | 140,700 | 18,945 6,009,207 | 31,964,235 1914 __| 23,513,030 | 6,220,846 | 17,174,684 | 89,869 | 27,631 | 18,370 589 | 66,200 | 181,900 | 17,944 5,884,733 | 32,107,572 1913 __| 31,300,874 | 9,545,706 | 21,599,931 | 121,226 | 34,011 | 24,791 593 | 65,300 | 193,600 | 16,530 5,786,330 | 31,519,766 1912 __| 31,251,303 (10,327,901 | 20,780,723 | 121,517 | 21,162 | 24,657 579 | 62,200 | 187,600 | 14,239 5,367,583 | 30,578,528 1911 __| 23,676,106 | 7,947,854 | 15,598,650 97,653 | 31,949 | 19,039 565 | 63,300 | 183,400 | 11,700 4,704,978 | 29,522,597 1910 __| 26,094,919 | 9,412,772 | 16,504,509 | 122,303 | 55,335 | 21,621 551 | 59,500 | 163,900 4,798,953 | 28,266,862 1909 __| 23,955,021 | 9,330,783 | 14,493,936 | 107,355 | 22,947 | 19,645 530 | 56,300 | 139,900 5,240,719 | 28,018,305 1908 __| 14,023,247 | 6,116,755 7,836,729 63,631 6,132 | 11,828 510 | 58,800 | 133,900 4,539,090 | 27,505,422 1907 __| 23,362,594 (11,667,549 | 11,549,736 | 131,234 | 14,075 | 19,865 517 | 58,600 | 174,700 4,984,936 | 26,375,191 1906 23,398,136 12,275,830 | 10,980,413 | 127,513 | 14,380 | 19,588 513 | 54,700 | 150,100 4,909,279 | 25,250,096 1905 __| 20,023,947 [10,941,375 8,971,376 | 102,233 8,963 | 16,840 487 | 49,500 | 153,300 4 ATT |eec oa] ecceeeae 134,278,980 | 23,687,495 1904 __| 13,859,887 | 7,859,140 5,908,166 83,391 9,190 | 12,013 476 | 48,300 | 139,500 1903 __| 14,534,978 | 8,592,829 5,829,911 | 102,434 9,804 | 13,208 468 | 46,700 | 148,200 1902 __| 14,947,250 | 9,138,363 5,687,729 | 112,772 8,386 | 13,944 428 | 44,600 | 132,800 1901 13,473,595 | 8,713,302 4,656,309 98,513 5,471 | 12,349 398 | 40,600 | 128,600 1900 __| 10,188,329 | 6,684,770 3,398,135 | 100,562 4,862 9,487 381 | 39,500 | 109,200 1899 __| 10,639,857 | 7,586,354 2,947,316 | 101,213 4,974 | 10,294 369 | 36,700 | 100,200 1898 __| 8,932,857 | 6,609,017 2,230,292 89,747 3,801 8,513 352 | 87,500 83,700 1897 __| 7,156,957 | 5,475,315 1,608,671 69,959 3,012 7,002 363 | 34,500 64,300 1896 ..| 5,281,689 | 3,919,906 1,298,700 60,689 2,394 5,516 330 | 35,900 90,000 1895 __| 6,114,834 | 4,909,128 1,137,182 67,666 858 6,190 844 | 33,600 81,900 1894 __| 4,412,032 | 3,571,313 784,936 51,702 4,081 4,642 339 | 33,400 92,200 1893 __| 4,019,995 | 3,215,686 737,890 63,613 2,806 4,976 330 | 34,600 | 131,000 1892 __| 4,927,581 | 4,168,435 669,889 84,709 4,548 6,166 355 | 31,900 | 118,400 1891 __| 8,904,240 | 3,247,417 579,753 72,586 4,484 5,391 348 | 30,500 | 117,800 1890 _.| 4,277,071 | 3,688,871 513,232 71.118 3,793 6,023 325 | 27,600 | 111,100 1889 ._| 8,385,732 | 2,930,204 374,543 75,865 5,120 5,237 319 | 25,100 91,100 1888 __| 2,899,440 | 2,511,161 314,318 70,279 3,682 4,617 281 | 24,700 71,700 1887 _.| 3,339,071 | 2,936,033 322,069 75,375 5,594 5,236 299 | 23,100 79,400 1886 ._| 2,562,503 | 2,269,190 218,973 71,973 2,367 4,377 288 | 20,700 81,800 1885 _.| 1,711,920 | 1,519,430 133,376 76,400 1884 __| 1,550,879 | 1,375,531 117,515 76,500 1883 ._| 1,673,535 | 1,477,345 119,356 75,300 1882 | 1,736,692 | 1,514,687 143,341 107,300 1881 ..| 1,588,314 | 1,374,247 131,202 119,500 1880 ..| 1,247,335 | 1,074,262 100,851 1879 __ 935,273 829,439 50,259 1878 __ 731,977 653,773 32,255 1877 .. 569,618 500,524 22,349 1876 __ 533,191 469,639 19,187 35,163 58,600 1875 __ 389,799 335,283 8,080 35,180 62,700 1874 __ 215,727 171,369 6,250 32,436 69,600 1873 _. 198,796 152,368 3,128 31,059 71,200 1872 __ 142,954 107,239 2,679 26,125 69,400 1871 _. 73,214 40,179 1,785 31, 57,000 1870 __ 68,750 37,500 72,600 1869 ._ 31,250 10,714 1868 __ 26,786 7,589 1867 __ 19,643 2,679 1860 __|_. = 845,410 5,235,727 1850 __|__ 575,506 3,998,022 1840 [ow ecnnmmnmee 236,525 2,284,631 1 Electric only after 1920; “all other” only prior to 1910; between 1910 and 1920 preponderately electric. 2 Barrels of not more than 31 wine gallons. Includes data for Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. 3 In computing taxable gallons all fractional parts of a proof gallon less than one-tenth are excluded. 4 Data relate to products manufactured in continental United States, excluding those manufactured in bonded manufacturing warehouses. Figures refer to large and small cigarettes and small cigars. 5 “Scoured” wool plus “greasy” wool reduced to a scoured basis, assuming average yields varying with class, origin, grade, and whether shorn or pulled. ¢ Figures beginning with 1930 are not strictly comparable with earlier years owing to the fact that large quantities of heavy footwear now included with men’s shoes were included with “Athletic” (not shown here) prior to 1927. Data for men’s shoes for 1941-1944 include government shoes. 7 The quantities are in running bales; except for 1840 to 1870,which are in equiva- ent 500-pound bales. ? Includes all spindles active on cotton at some time during the year. 9 Includes data for Government shoes. 10 Alcoholic content limited to 3.2 percent by weight from April 7 to December 11 Includes 1,588,788 barrels, produced prior to April 7 (effective date of the Act of March 22, 1933). 12 No legal production. 13 Does not include foreign cotton. 14 Cotton mills only. 187 Chapter K. Transportation (Series K 1-273) Railroads: Series K 1-93 K 1-93. General note. Because of the long period during which it has been under Federal regulation, and because of the degree of its consolidation, there is an extensive coverage of important sta- tistical items relating to the railway industry. The Statistics of Railways in the United States, published annually by the Inter- state Commerce Commission since 1888, is the most important source for steam railway statistics. Various other periodical reports are also issued by the Interstate Commerce Commission. The Association of American Railroads supplements official railway statistics with various publications and releases. The term ‘steam railways”, as used here, includes electrified divisions operated by such carriers. Following are descriptions of the classes of railways condensed from the source volume, 1944 issue, p. 1. Steam railway operating companies are those whose officers direct the actual transportation service and whose books contain operating as well as financial accounts. Lessor companies maintain a separate legal existence, but their properties are oper- ated by the lessees. Proprietary companies are also nonoperating companies. Their outstanding capitalization is owned by other railway companies. Circular indicates roads (operating or non- operating) for which brief circulars showing date of incorporation, mileage, and a few other facts were filed with the Interstate Com- merce Commission. They include intrastate roads and roads under construction. Unofficial indicates roads for which official returns were not received (by the ICC), the figures having been taken from the returns by carriers in prior years, and items contained in railway and engineering periodicals and newspapers, corrected in accordance with the best information available. Swiiching and terminal companies are those operating separately for joint account or for revenue. Services such as those of switching and terminal companies are mostly performed directly by the line- haul carriers as an ordinary part of their business. Line haul de- notes train movements between terminals and stations on main and branch lines of the road, exclusive of switching. For statistical purposes, operating companies have been classified since 1911 on the basis of operating revenues. Those of class I have annual revenues of above $1,000,000; class II above $100,000; class III below $100,000. Companies are not reclassified every year.l The relative importance of class I railroads has increased since 1911 because of the growth of traffic and the absorption of small roads in larger systems. The ratio of operating revenues of class I line-haul companies to the total revenues of classes I, II, and III was 96.48 percent in 1911, 97.45 percent in 1916, 98.07 percent in 1926, 98.76 percent in 1941, and 99.06 percent in 1945. A collection of definitions of words or phrases frequently used in discussions of railway statistics has been issued by the Inter- state Commerce Commission, entitled Railway Statistical Terms, Statement No. 4119, June 1941. For financial terms, see Interstate Commerce Commission, Uniform System of Accounts for Steam Railroads. RAILROADS BEFORE 1890 (K 1-27) K 1-17. Railroads: Mileage, equipment, and passenger and freight service, 1830-1890. SOURCE: Interstate Commerce Com- mission, Statement No. 32151, Railway Statistics Before 18390, Washington, 1932 (mimeographed). The source document was 1 If the revenues of a class I company fall below $1,000,000, it may neverthe- leas be retained in class I until a permanent change is in prospect. 188 prepared by copying data from the various annual issues of Poor’s Manual of Railroads, 1869-1900. For detailed figures on miles built, and existent, see also Tenth Census Reports, vol. IV, Report on the Agencies of Transportation in the United States, section by Armin Shuman, entitled ‘“‘Statis- tical Report of the Railroads of the United States, 1880.” In that report (pp. 289-293, 300-375) the materials on history of construc- tion include figures on mileage built and existent, by groups of States, for individual companies, annually from 1830 to 1880. The same data: were carried forward to 1890, in somewhat different form in Report on Transportation Business in the United States at the Eleventh Census: 1890, part 1, section by Henry C. Adams on “Statistics of Steam Railroad Transportation,” pp. 8-5, 54-107. Data for 1890 shown in these series do not agree with 1890 data shown for series K 28-51 because of differing sources. K 18-27. Railroads: Capital, property investment, income and expenses, 1850 to 1890. SOURCE: See text for series K 1-17. RAILROADS, 1890-1945 (K 28-93) K 28-51. Mileage, equipment, passenger and freight service, for operating steam railways, 1890-1945. SOURCE: Interstate Com- merce Commission, Statistics of Railways in the United States, 1944 and 1945, table 155. See also general note, series K 1-93, above. No attempt has been made to adjust these figures for the effect of changes in methods of accounting or reporting, hence the data for the various years are often only approximately comparable. K 28. Number of operating steam railways, 1890-1945. SOURCE: See text for series K 28-51. For definition of the terms, operating, circular, and unofficial, see general note for series K 1-93. K 29-33. Mileage of operating steam railways, 1890-1945. SOURCE: See text for series K 28-51. For series K 30, see Ass'n of Amer. R. R., Growth of Railway Mileage in the U.S... (mimeo.), and Statistical Abstract, 1947, p. 507. Road owned (series K 29) refers to the mileage of track owned by reporting companies. Mileage of irack operated (series K 30) represents the mileage operated by the same companies and in- cludes a certain amount of duplication in track mileage figures as a result of trackage rights agreements. Under an agreement as to trackage rights, more than one railway company may be operating track which only one owns. Duplication in reporting occurs be- cause each company includes in its total mileage of track operated, the track operated under trackage rights. Miles of road (series K 31) refers to miles of first main track only. K 34-38. Equipment, 1890-1945. SOURCE: See text for series K 28-51. Tractive effort (series K 35) refers to the force in pounds exerted by powered equipment which for statistical purposes is measured at the rim of the driving wheels. K 39-42. Passenger service, 1890-1945. SOURCE: See text for series K 28-51. Passenger revenue (series K 39) does not include revenue from passenger services such as handling of excess baggage or mail; sleeping and parlor or chair car reservations; dining and buffet service on trains; station, train, and boat privileges; parcel rooms; storage of baggage; or other miscellaneous services and facilities connected with the transportation of passengers. Revenue from transportation of passengers depends upon the established tariffs (the published schedule of rates and fares) and does include extra fares on limited trains, additional railway fares for the exclusive use of space, mileage and scrip coupons honored, and revenue from the transportation of corpses. Revenue per passenger mile (series RAILROADS K 42) is derived by dividing passenger revenue (series K 39) by passenger miles (series K 41). K 43-51. Freight service, class I, II, III railways, 1890-1945. SOURCE: See text for series K 28-51. These data are for revenue freight only; that is, shipments from which earnings accrue to the carrier on the basis of tariff rates. Freight revenue (series K 43) represents revenue from the trans- portation of freight and from transit, stop, diversion, and recon- signment arrangements upon the basis of tariffs. It does not in- clude freight service revenue from such activities as switching of freight-train cars; water transfers of freight, vehicles, and live- stock; movement of freight trains at a rate per train-mile or for a lump sum; storage of freight; demurrage; grain elevators; stock- yards; or other miscellaneous services and facilities connected with the transportation of freight. Revenue tons originated (series K 44) refers to shipments not identified as having had previous line-haul transportation by other rail carriers; such shipments include import traffic and traffic from outlying possessions of the United States received from water carriers at the port of entry, and finished products from transit points. A revenue ton-mile represents the movement of a ton of 2,000 pounds of revenue freight a distance of one mile. K 52-59. Tons of revenue freight originated, class I railways, 1911-1945. SOURCE: For 1911-1944, see Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Railway Economics, A Siatistical Record of Railroad Transportation in the United States, Washington, D. C., October 1945, p. 16; for 1945, see Interstate Commerce Commission, Statistics of Railways in the United States, 1945, table 50, p. 41. All data shown here are derived from the annual issues of Statis- tics of Railways in the United States. For a definition of revenue freight originated, see text above for series K 43-51. A carload, for statistical purposes, is a shipment of not less than 10,000 pounds of one commodity from one con- signor to one consignee. See also general note for series K 1-93. K 60-67. Capital and property investment, class I, II, and III railways and their lessors, 1890-1945. SOURCE: See text for series K 28-51. See also general note for series K 1-93. Investment in road and equipment (series K 60-61) refers to the cost of railway companies of land, fixed improvements such as roadbed and track, and rolling stock acquired for transportation purposes, which are owned by them, including property heid under contract for purchase. Book investment (series K 60)- represents the amount at which assets are recorded in the accounts of car- riers; also called ledger value. Depreciation reserve (series K 61) represents the fund established by companies to offset the loss in service value not restored by current maintenance. The loss in value is incurred in connection with the consumption or prospec- tive retirement of physical property in the course of service from causes against which carriers are not protected by insurance, which are known to be in current operation, and the effect of which can be forecast with a reasonable approach to accuracy. Funded debt unmatured (series K 65) refers to unmatured debt maturing more than two years from date of issue. K 68-70. Capital expenditures for additions and betterments, class I railways, 1921-1945. SOURCE: Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Railway Economics. For 1921-1945, see Railroads in This Century, Washington, D. C., July 1947, p. 11. Additions comprise: Additional facilities such as additional equipment (rolling stock), tracks, buildings and other structures; additions to such facilities, such as extensions to tracks, buildings and other structures; additional ties laid in existing tracks; and additional devices applied to facilities such as air brakes applied to cars not previously thus equipped. Betlerments comprise improvements of existing facilities through the substitution of superior parts for inferior parts retired, such Text: K 39-94 as the substitution of steel-tired wheels for cast wheels under equipment, the application of heavier rail in tracks, the strength- ening of bridges by the substitution of heavier members, and the application of superior floors or roofs in buildings. K 71-81. Income and expenses, and interest and dividends, 1890-1945. SOURCE: See text for series K 28-51. See also general note for series K 1-93. Operating revenue (series K 71) represents the money which car- riers become entitled to receive from transportation and from operations incident thereto. Operating expenses (series K 72-74) represent the expenditures and charges for maintaining railway property and conducting transportation and incidental services, including accruals for depreciation. Operating income (series K 75) represents the net revenue from railway operations (operating . revenue minus operating expenses) less railway tax accruals. Tax accruals (series K 76) are taxes imposed by any form of government whether based on an assessed value of the property, on amounts of stocks and bonds, on earnings, income, dividends declared, pay roll, number of passengers, quantity of freight, length of road, rolling stock or other basis. Tax accruals do not include special assessments for street and other improvements, nor special benefit taxes such as water assessments. Net operaiing income (series K 77) represents operating revenue remaining after considering operating expenses, tax accruals, equipment rents, and joint facility rents (rents for use of yards, tracks, station, terminals, and other facilities used in common with others). Net income (series K 78) is the remainder after de- ducting from total income the following: Miscellaneous deduc- tions from income, fixed charges, and contingent charges. Divi- dends declared (series K 80) are the returns to stockholders de- clared payable from income or surplus on actually outstanding capital stock issued or assumed by carriers. For definition of funded debt, see text for series K 60-67. K 82-83. Employment and wages, 1890-1945. SOURCE: See text for series K 28-51. An employee as defined here is a person in the service of a railway, subject to its continuing authority to super- vise and direct the manner of rendition of his service. Persons such as lawyers engaged to render only specifically defined service for specific cases and not under general or continuing retainer are not classed as employees. K 84-93. Railway accidents and fatalities, 1891-1945. SOURCE: Interstate Commerce Commission, Accident Bulletin— No. 114, Summary and Analysis of Accidents on Steam Railways . . ., 1945. The Accident Reports Act approved May 1910 requires the filing of monthly reports of railway accidents and authorizes the Inter- state Commerce Commission to investigate accidents. A reportable accident is one arising from the operation of a railway resulting . . . in the death of a person; or in the disability of an employee for more than 3 days during the 10 days following the accident; or in the disability of others for more than 1 day. Shipping and Water Traffic: Series K 94-173 K 94-173. General note. Basic governmental sources of histor- ical merchant-marine and water-traffic statistics of the United States include American State Papers: Class IV, Commerce and Navigation, vols. 1 and 2, which cover the period 1789-1823; the various annual issues of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, beginning in 1821, currently prepared by the De- partment of Commerce, Bureau of the Census; the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Navigation, 1884-1923, originally prepared by the Treasury Department, later by the Department of Com- merce and Labor, and finally by the Department of Commerce; annual issues of Merchant Marine Statistics, 1924 to the present, originally prepared by the Department of Commerce to take the place of the statistical section of the Annual Report of the Com- missioner of Navigation, and now issued annually by the Treasury ? Before 1888, this publication was titled Commerce and Navigation . . . 189 Text: K 94-131 TRANSPORTATION Department, Bureau of Customs; and the various annual issues of the Annual Report of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army. Congressional documents also are a prolific source of historical series on the merchant marine, foreign commerce, and related fields. Such documents frequently contain special reports prepared by Government Bureaus, with charts, and discussive and inter- pretative material, in addition to background information brought out in the hearings on the particular bill or subject. For the period 1789-1882, a particularly valuable collection of documents was found in the library of the Department of Commerce, bound together under the title Decadence of American Shipping and Compulsory Pilotage. The documents included are as follows: Foreign Commerce and Decadence of American Shipping, comprising H. R. Exec. Doe. No. 111, 41st Congress, 2nd Session; Causes of" the Reduction of American Tonnage and the Decline of Navigation Interest . . . comprising H. R. Report No. 28, 41st Congress, 2nd Session; Foreign Commerce and the Practical Workings of Maritime Reciprocity, comprising H. R. Exec. Doc. No. 76, 41st Congress, 3rd Session; Causes of the Decadence of Our Merchant Marine; Means for Its Restoration and the Extension of Qur Foreign Com- merce, comprising H. R. Report No. 342, 46th Congress, 3rd Ses- sion; American Shipping, comprising H. R. Report No. 1827, 47th Congress, 2nd Session; American Merchant Marine, compris- ing H. R. Report No. 363, 48th Congress, 1st Session; Ship-Build- ing and Ship-Owning Interests, comprising H. R. Report No. 750, 48th Congress, 1st Session; and reports of lesser interest, compris- ing H. R. Mis. Doc. No. 37 and Report No. 1848, both of the 48th Congress, 1st Session. For the period since 1921, publications of the U. S. Maritime Commission and its predecessor agencies (U. S. Shipping Board Bureau, Department of Commerce, and the U. S. Shipping Board) also should be consulted, particularly the reports entitled, Ocean- Going Merchant Fleets of Principal Marilime Nations, Iron and Steel, Steam and Motor, Vessels of 2,000 Gross Tons and Over, is- sued quarterly or semiannually, 1921-1941, and Employment of American Flag Steam and Motor Merchant Vessels of 1,000 Gross Tons and Over, issued quarterly, 1923-1941. Finally, the Bureau of the Census has published the results of five censuses of water transportation, as follows: 1880, 1889, 1906, 1916, and 1926. No data from these censuses are included here; for coverage of the censuses, see general note for series K 94-131, below. MERCHANT FLEET (K 94-131) K 94-131. General note. SOURCES: Basic governmental sources for statistics in this field are listed in the general note for series K 94-173, above. For the period 1789-1936, the statistics used here are from Merchant Marine Statistics, 1936; for 1937-1945, data are from subsequent annual issues, supplemented by records of the Bureau of Customs, Treasury Department. The text state- ments, and the correction of copying and typographical errors observed in historical tables, are based on reference to the primary antecedent sources, as follows: For 1789-1823, see American State Papers: Class IV, Commerce and Navigation, vols. 1 and 2 (published in 1834); for 1821-1892, see annual issues of Commerce and Navigation of the United Stales (titled Foreign Commerce and Navigation . . . , beginning in 1888); for 1884-1923, see issues of Annual Report of the Commissioner of Navigation; for 1924- 1945, see annual issues of Merchant Marine Statistics. These pub- lications provide statistics in copious detail and cover many sub- jects which space problems have excluded from this edition of Historical Statistics. Historical tables will be found in these source volumes up to and including Merchant Marine Statistics, 1936. Of the U. S. Maritime Commission reports cited in the general note for series K 94-173, above, the first, Ocean-Going Merchant Fleets . . . , provides data for each leading maritime nation on ocean-going merchant vessels of 2,000 gross tons and over, show- ing number and tonnage of such fleets classified by age, speed, 190 size, boilers, engines, draft, ete., by major vessel type. The second, Employment of American Flag Steam and Motor Merchant Ves- sels . . . , shows for seagoing merchant vessels of 1,000 gross tons and over the number and tonnage of such vessels employed in United States foreign and domestic trade, arranged by major ves- sel type, ownership (government and private), and area in which operating. Statistics from these reports are not included in this edition of Historical Statistics. With respect to the five censuses of water transportation which were taken by the U. S. Bureau of the Census (see general note for series K 94-173, above), the first census, which was for the year 1880, was limited to steam vessels. In addition to detailed data for the census year, the report includes a detailed history of steam navigation in the United States with separate discussion and single-year construction statistics by geographic region, from the beginning to 1880. (See Report on Steam Navigation in the United States, by T. C. Purdy, in Tenth Census Reports, 1880, vol. IV.) A shipbuilding census also was taken the same year. The report includes a detailed technical history of shipbuilding in all aspects, with particular reference to sailing craft. Single-year figures are shown for New England shipbuilding, 1674-1714, classified by type of vessel and place where built. (See Report on the Ship- Building Industry of the United States, by Henry Hall, in Tenth Census Reports, 1880, vol. VIII.) The second census (1889), and third census (1906), each in- cluded all classes of vessels. However, the 1889 census included fishing vessels for the Pacific Division only; the 1906 included no fishing vessels. The fourth and fifth censuses (1916 and 1926) provided data for all American, documented and undocumented, vessels and craft of 5 tons net register and over, whether propelled by machinery, or sails, or unrigged, except: Yachts of 15 gross tons or under; stationary wharf boats, scows, or craft used for storage purposes; houseboats without propelling machinery; craft operating exclusively on the waters of the Philippine Islands, or between these islands and foreign ports; noncommercial vessels owned by the Federal Government; and American-owned vessels under foreign registry. (See Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Water Transportation, 1926, p. 5.) While the reports of the census of 1850 and those of the census of 1860 contain some statistics relating to water transportation, these statistics appar- ently were collected by other agencies. Census statistics on water transportation are not included in this edition of Historical Statistics. For reports of these cen- suses, see Tenth Census Reports, vol. IV, Report.on Agencies of Transportation, 1880; Eleventh Census Reports, Report on Trans- portation Business, part 1, ‘“Transportation by Water”; T'rans- portation by Water, 1906; Water Transportation, 1916; and Water Transportation, 1926. All of these are reports of the Bureau of the Census or its predecessor, the Census Office. Definitions. The following definitions are those currently ap- plicable. Data shown here are for documented merchant vessels only, exclusive of yachts. Documented vessels include all vessels granted registers, enroll- ments and licenses, or licenses, as ‘‘vessels of the United States,” and as such have certain benefits and privileges. Vessels of 5 net tons and over owned by citizens of the United States and other- wise complying with the requirements for documentation may be documented to engage in the foreign or coasting trades or the fisheries. Registers are ordinarily issued to vessels engaged in the foreign trade or the whale fisheries. Historically, this group has included the major portion of the whaling fleet. Enrollments and licenses are issued to vessels of 20 net tons and over engaged in the coasting trade or fisheries. Licenses may be issued to vessels of less than 20 net tons en- gaged in the coasting trade or fisheries. Undocumented craft are those not registered, enrolled, or li- censed. Barges, scows, lighters, and canal boats, without any pro- SHIPPING AND WATER TRAFFIC pelling power of their own, operated exclusively in a harbor, on the canals or other internal waters of a State, or on the rivers or lakes of the United States, not in any case carrying passengers, and vessels under 5 net tons are exempt from the requirements of the laws governing documentation. Gross tonnage refers to space measurement, 100 cubic feet being called 1 ton; it is not a measure of weight. Gross tonnage is the capacity of the entire space within the frames and the ceiling of the hull, together with those closed-in spaces above deck avail- able for cargo, stores, passengers, or crew, with certain minor exemptions. Before Jan. 1, 1865, 95 cubic feet equalled one ton, and the admeasurement method differed in other respects. Changes in maritime law: Admeasurement method. ‘‘Admeasure- ment” refers to the method of calculating gross tonnage of ships or vessels. The first law of the United States on the subject ap- pears to have been enacted September 1, 1789 (1 Stat. 55; that is, vol. 1 of United States Statutes at Large, p. 55). The enactment then made was reenacted with certain minor amendments in the Acts of August 4, 1790 (1 Stat. 169) and of March 2, 1799 (1 Stat. 675), and as so enacted was in force until January 1, 1865. A basic change in admeasurement method was provided in the Act of May 6, 1864, effective January 1, 1865 (18 Stat. 70-72, R. S. 4158, 46 U. S. C. 77. That is, vol. 13 of United States Statutes at Large, pp. 70-72; Revised Statutes of the United States, sec. 4153; or Title 46 in United States Code, sec. 77). The method described in the Act of May 6, 1864, appears to have been substantially the same as that in force in 1945. For the transition period, 1865-1868, the total tonnage figures for the fleet are “mixed”. That is, during those years, the total fleet tonnage was obtained by combining the “old admeasure- ment’ tonnage of vessels not yet readmeasured and the “new ad- measurement’”’ tonnage of vessels which had been readmeasured or newly built. For a recapitulation of the “old” and ‘new’ com- ponents of the fleet tonnage (not the same vessels) for each year, 1865-1868, see Commerce and Navigation, 1870, p. 798. No table has been located comparing the tonnage of a substan- tial number of vessels under “new” and “old”’ admeasurement; hence, neither the magnitude nor the direction of the change can be stated here. Apparently it varied for different types of vessels. That is, “brigs, schooners, and sloops measure less under the ‘new’ admeasurement . . . while ships, barks, steam boats, and vessels having closed-in spaces above their hulls have their tonnage largely increased.” Further, the difference between “old” and “new” was not believed to affect a comparison of New England shipbuilding for the years 1855 and 1868. (See T'reaswy Annual Report, 1868, p. 496.) Changes in maritime law: Exemptions from documentation. An- other type of change in maritime law affecting the statistics is illustrated by the Act of April 18, 1874 (18 Stat. 81), which ex- empted the greater amount of canal boat and other unrigged tonnage from documentation. (See U. S. Code, title 46, sec. 336.) For the years 1874-1876, the “balance sheets of tonnage,” pub- lished annually in the source volumes, record the removal of 879,000 tons of vessels for this reason alone. (These “balance sheets” ex- plain by category the increases and decreases in tonnage for the given year.) However, Merchant Marine Statistics, 1936, lists 843,000 tons exempted in 1876, whereas the 1876 balance sheet of tonnage specifies 601,000 tons exempted. The reason for this dis- crepancy is not clear. The tonnage exempted annually, 1874 to 1936, is shown on pp. 54-55 of Merchant Marine Statistics, 1936; these data are included in the present volume as a component of series K 118. Problems in statistical reporting: Clearance of tonnage accounts. At irregular intervals, steps were taken to clear (remove) from the tonnage accounts those vessels lost, abandoned, captured, sold to aliens, etc., which had not been officially reported for re- moval purposes. From the outset, the failure to remove such ves- Text: K 94-131 sels annually resulted in a cumulative error which inflated the statistics of tonnage. When general clearances of this cumulative error were made, the effect was concentrated in a single year or small group of years. For a basic statement on this subject, see American State Papers: Class IV, Commerce and Navigation, vol. 1, p. 494, where Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury, outlines the problem and discusses the first attempt (1800) to deal with it. Recurrently, in the annual tonnage reports found in the source volumes, the problem is discussed, the announcement is made that the rolls have been finally cleared, and assurance is given that the problem has been solved for the future. However, as late as 1867, in spite of repeated clearances in earlier years, the ‘First Annual Report of the Director of the Bureau of Statistics” stated, “The tonnage returns were swelled with thousands of ghostly ships—ships that had gone to the bottom years ago.” (See Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1867, p. 244.) In 1869, the Register of the Treasury attributed the entire decline of tonnage reported for 1869 to this factor. (See Treasury Report, 1869, p. 300.) In the same year, Francis A. Walker, Deputy Special Commissioner of Revenue in Charge of the Bureau of Statistics, stated that the process of assigning a number to each vessel and the institution of an annual list of vessels, as required by the Act of July 28, 1866, ‘has succeeded in clearing from the lists of vessels . . . a vast amount of purely fictitious tonnage, which had been carried forward from year to year [although] thousands of vessels which this tonnage originally represented had been meanwhile lost at sea, broken up, or sold abroad.” (See Treasury Report, 1869, p. 342.) In the “balance sheets of tonnage” published annually in the source volumes, clearances of cumulative error are generally identified as “not heretofore credited” to distinguish them from listings of removals of the various types routinely reported as having occurred during the given year. Some of the more important clearances of this cumulative error, and the tons of shipping thereby removed, were: 1800-1801, 197,000; 1811, amount not stated but the effect is evident in series K 95; 1818, 182,000; 1829-30, 604,000; 1837, 96,000; 1841-42, 267,000; and 1855-58, 945,000. In later years, the terms ‘‘obsolete,” ‘“‘obsolete, not heretofore reported,” and ‘‘correction of balance’ found in annual balance sheets of tonnage, frequently refleet removal of cumulative errors. Examples are (in tons): 1864, 188,000; 1866, 1,063,000; 1867, 260,000; 1868, 128,000; 1869, 338,000; 1870, 58,000; 1871, 103,000; 1881, 157,000. These major clearances are inadequately reflected in series K 118. It is not clear why these and other items in the annual balance sheets of tonnage do not correspond with additions and removals recorded in series K 106-118. Data shown for 1789-1818. For 1789-1793 (series K 95-104), tonnage figures are the “duty tonnage,” that is, the tonnage of vessels on which duties were collected during the year. (See Amer- ican State Papers: Class IV, Commerce and Navigation, vol. 1, p. 895.) The “duty tonnage’ appears to have been the tonnage on which duties were collected on registered vessels, including ‘the repeated voyages of the same vessel,” plus tonnage of the enrolled and licensed vessels which paid tonnage duties once each year. (See American State Papers, same volume, pp. 494, 498, 528.) Beginning 1794, “district tonnage returns” were used, derived from reports of District Collectors of Customs, which gave the tonnage of vessels in each district based on registers, enrollments, and licenses outstanding, as of Dec. 31. For 1794-1801, figures are district tonnage returns, with no at- tempt to correct for the cumulative error caused by failure to re- move vessels lost, abandoned, sold to aliens, etc. (See American State Papers, same volume, pp. 494, 499.) The figures for 1800- 1801 ignore the first clearing of tonnage accounts which took place 191 1 Text: K 94-131 during these years. (See American Siate Papers, same volume, pp. 494-499, 527-531.) The correction for the cumulative error for registered vessels only would reduce the 1800 total to 819,571 tons and the 1801 total to 903,235 tons. The sharp drop attributable to the clearing of tonnage accounts would thereby be shifted back to 1800 instead of appearing in 1802. However, see the “actual tonnage’ series shown in table 1 and discussed below. For 1802 to 1818, the figures in series K 95 consist of the “cor- rected registered” tonnage plus the enrolled or licensed tonnage “which hath not yet been corrected” (as it was described in the 1813 tonnage report in American State Papers: Class IV, Commerce and Navigation, vol. 1, p. 1017). The figures for 1811 and 1818 reflect two additional attempts to clear out the cumulative error of registered vessels improperly retained on the registers. (See American State Papers: Class IV, Commerce and Navigation, vol. 1, pp. 876, 958, and vol. 2, p. 406.) “Actual” tonnage, 1800-1818. The figures shown in table 1 are those which were derived by a method authorized by Secretary of the Treasury Gallatin. They were reported to Congress in the annual tonnage reports in American State Papers as being the “actual” or “more nearly correct’ tonnage. These were obtained by taking the ‘‘corrected registered ton- nage’’ and adding to it the “duty tonnage” for enrolled and licensed vessels. Since duties were paid only once each year on enrolled and licensed vessels, and owners were not likely to pay duties on nonexistent vessels, it was reasoned that the lower “duty tonnage” figure more accurately reflected the true total for the enrolled or licensed craft than did the district returns of tonnage based on outstanding marine documents. This correction for enrolled and licensed craft was dropped after 1818, probably because, beginning 1819, the “duty tonnage” for this group exceeded the district tonnage returns for the group. TABLE 1.—“ACTUAL TONNAGE” OF DOCUMENTED VESSELS: 1800 To 1818 [In thousands of gross tons] Tons Tons YBAR YEAR $5a 95a 1,150 1,173 1,341 1,208 1,264 1,166 1,262 1,085 1,029 983 1,082 917 1,127 865 1,131 850 1,329 768 1,266 In this connection it may be observed that, in American State Papers: Class IV, Commerce and Navigation, vol. 1, p. 499, the tonnage described as “actual tonnage” in the comparative table for 1794-1799 is, in fact, the district returns of tonnage without correction of any kind. Elsewhere in the tonnage report for 1800 (pp. 494-499), and in tonnage reports for latér years, the term “actual tonnage” normally means the district returns based on outstanding marine documents (registers, enrollments, and li- censes) corrected for cumulative error. In table 1, the term ‘‘actual tonnage” is used in the latter sense; the figures are from annual tonnage reports, 1800-1818, in American State Papers: Class IV, Commerce and Navigation, vols. 1 and 2. Conflicts, typographical errors, and omitted footnotes. Other factors which require that historical interpretation of merchant- vessel statistics should be made with some caution are the follow- ing: (1) In some instances, systematic differences in identically described statistical series appear in the source volumes (see text 192 TRANSPORTATION for series K 119-123 discussing shipbuilding sefies K 107 and K 120) which reflect conflicting series of figures, possibly originat- ing from different primary sources of data (see table 2); (2) trans- cription and typographical errors have crept into historical tables in the source volumes in the process of repeated recopying and retypesetting during the past 150 years; and (3) statistically significant footnotes which appeared in early reports frequently were dropped in later years. TABLE 2.—MERCHANT MARINE TONNAGE—CHANGES IN FIG- URES FROM THOSE SHOWN IN SOURCE [ “Source” is Merchant Marine Statistics, 1936] SERIES No. Year In source In this volume volume KO oie ate nwa a 1868 128,118 128,167 R00 te renames 1886 4,131,116 34,131,136 1868 4,318,309 4,351,758 1817 41,339,912 £1,399,912 1815 1,368,182 1,368,128 K6. cain a denim 1928 14,343,679 14,346,679 1913 5,335,541 5,333,247 1851 582,607 583,607 KA acorn ememn mmm 1868 2,475,067 2,508,516 1863 4,357,587 4,579,537 1824 1,367,453 1,367,563 1817 1,330,986 1,390,986 ROB... ecm cannes emma 1921 1,232,728 1,242,728 1913 1,043,347 1,045,641 00 cies me ren ems 1928 14,064,199 14,064,119 E BIO a ft screamin 1868 2,301,408 2,301,148 1818 589,944 589,954 BAO... cE Bi 1927 9,432,869 9,532,869 1856 2,447,663 2,247,663 BYOB. pes Se 1838 101,666 101,636 KA. oc. ieccacncavumsna mame 1879 79,855 79,8856 1878 86,447 36,547 1841 77,788 77,878 1831 170,189 107,189 0D. cron ricnr nn rm me arm 1933 —~ 778,408 —778 ,498 1924 —~ 544,171 — 544,177 1922 +180,837 +180,881 1901 +859,479 +369,379 1820 +19,467 +19 ,415 1819 +85,516 485,667 KR0B ..cvinpisrmusesnununnnnamsms 1917 1,186,920 1,236,920 CS. hemes aR wn br im mm me 1901 260,300 260,400 1878 209,277 269,277 KOT no ccm Seem Rm se 1893 134,308 134,368 RABE. sian enemies 1894 37,824 37.827 R128 aac vrei ncme i nm nnTnee 1901 83,743 33,738 1895 6,978 6,948 B I24. capi dns smn mit bods 1936 12,511,777 12,611,523 1868 3,141,540 3,174,935 K324n. cccocecvcnnenasssnnsesnn 1876 1,447,844 1,147,844 1873 1,051,991 1,055,019 1868 1,012,749 1,046,198 RAB. ol in rrRin th Se 1873 2,242,890 2,242,862 1868 1,962,279 1,962,225 2D nc nomen me ey 1932 1,856,563 1,856,553 1887 83,721 783,721 Ko 30 encarta na 1868 481,271 481,218 XC itr nis vie =e mim mi i it od ie 1895 87,127 87,127 1894 90,099 80,099 1885 12,010 121,010 R208. oe as nnn ras a 1917 52,536 52,526 1881 54,888 34,488 di RH SIU A. Sn 1881 54,801 54,861 B28 oni Bes sammie mii inn 1914 64,523 64,550 1910 184,239 174,28 1892 60,710 60,770 ! Number of vessels. ? As shown in table 10, p. 16, of source. * As shown in table 16, p. 80, of source. ¢ As shown in table 10, p. 14, of source. * As shown in table 16, p. 28, of source. SHIPPING AND WATER TRAFFIC Finally, (4) caution is suggested in referring back to the earlier volumes in the search for explanations of discrepancies or major changes, since the earlier historical table found may reflect the same or similar errors. Where discrepancies in historical data are encountered in the source volumes, it is suggested that the de- tailed tables be consulted in the volume for the year in question. To locate and to clear up all discrepancies of the types noted above would require exhaustive research in the source publica- tions. In this edition of Historical Statistics, a number of the copy- ing and typesetting errors have been corrected where the exact nature of the discrepancy could be settled quickly beyond reason- able doubt; several broad differences in figures have been pointed out; and a few detailed tabular notes have been added based on notes found, or situations observed, in various annual issues selected largely at random. In the tabular presentation for series K 94-131, boldface is employed for figures which differ from those shown in Merchant Marine Statistics, 1936. Also, for convenience in reference, these changes are listed in table 2. K 94-95. Documented merchant vessels: Total number, 1868 1945; and gross tonnage, 1789-1945. SOURCE: For 1789-1936, see Merchant Marine Statistics, 1936, pp. 14-17; for 1937-1945, data dre from subsequent annual issues, supplemented by records of the Bureau of Customs, Treasury Department. See also general note for series K 94-131. Figures for 1789-1793 are for “duty tonnage’; that is, for ves- sels on which tonnage duties were paid during the year ending Dec. 31, except that figures for 1789 are for the last 5 months of the year only. Figures for 1794-1945 represent documented vessels as of Dec. 31 for 1794-1834; Sept. 30, 1835-1842; June 30, 1843- 1940; Jan. 1, 1941-1945. Figures in boldface differ from those in Merchant Marine Sta- tistics, 19386. (See table 2 in general note for series K 94-131.) Two special cases are: (1) In series K 94 and K 95, the figures for 1868 (28,167 vessels and 4,351,758 tons) are from p. 30 of Merchant Marine Statistics, 1936. The figures on pp. 16 and 26 of that volume (28,118 vessels and 4,318,309 tons) fail to include 49 sail- ing vessels of 33,449 tons on the New England Coast which, in 1868, were still under “old admeasurement.” (See Commerce and Navigation, 1868, pp. 45 and 93.) This tonnage correction appears also in series K 97, K 124, and K 124a. (2) In series K 95 and K 97, the 1817 figure (1,399,912 tons) from p. 28 of the source is used instead of the figure on p. 14 (1,339,912 tons) where an error of 60,000 tons in the sailing figure is carried to the total. In series K 95, figures for 1936 and 1943 are unrevised. Revised figures, provided by Bureau of Customs, are 14,496,693 tons for 1936 and 16,761,746 tons for 1943; these equal the summation of figures in series K 99-100. However, the unrevised figures have been retained in series K 95 since detail adjustments were lacking for series K 96-98 and K 101-104. K 96-98. Documented merchant vessels: Major class, 1789 1945. SOURCE: Same as for series K 94-95. See also general note for series K 94-131. For effective dates, see text for series K 94-95. The table in the source volume on which series K 96-98 is based shows separate figures for steam, motor, canal boats, and barges. Figures in boldface differ from those in Merchant Marine Sta- tistics, 1936. (See table 2 in general note for series K 94-131.) The changes for 1868 and 1817 are explained in the text for series K 94-95. The reason why the 1822 figures for series K 96-97 do not add to total in series K 95 is not clear; other distributions add to the total shown. K 99-100. Documented merchant vessels: Material of which built, 1884-1945. SOURCE: For 1884, see Annual Report of Com- missioner of Navigation, 188}, table 29, p. 161; for 1885-1936, see Merchant Marine Statistics, 1936, pp. 33-34; for 1937-1945, same as for series K 94-95. For effective dates, see text for series K 94-95. See also general note for series K 94-131. Text: K 94-105 The source volume classifies each material by steam, motor, sail, canal boat, and barge. Series K 99 (metal) includes iron, steel, composite, and concrete. These figures are for all documented vessels in existence on the reporting date, irrespective of year built; they are not merely for ships built during the year. In series K 99 (metal) the figure in boldface for 1928 differs from that in Merchant Marine Statistics, 1936. (See table 2 in general note for series K 94-131.) K 101-104. Documented merchant vessels: Type of trade in which engaged, 1789-1945. SOURCE: For 1789-1936, see Merchant Marine Statistics, 1986, pp. 28-31; for 1937-1945, same as for series K 94-95. For effective dates, see text for series K 94-95. See also general note for series K 94-131. The source volume shows also the number of vessels engaged in each type of trade as well as tonnage. The statutes do not recognize for documenting purposes any fisheries except the cod and mackerel, and the whale. Vessels en- gaged in catching any other fish, such as salmon or menhaden, are documented for the mackerel fishery. In early reports figures identified as “registered,” or as “regis- tered in foreign trade,” commonly include the registered vessels engaged in the whale fishery. Accordingly, figures on ‘‘whale fishery’’ found in early reports should be examined carefully to determine whether they represent the entire whaling fleet or only the “enrolled or licensed” portion. In terms of documentation as “registered,” ‘‘enrolled,” ‘Ili- censed,” series K 101-104, is composed broadly as follows: K 101 (foreign trade) represents the total “registered” minus “registered whale fishery.” K 102 (coastwise and internal) represents that portion of the enrolled or licensed group engaged in this trade. The rest of the enrolled or licensed group is in series K 104 (cod and mackerel fisheries). K 103 (whale fishery) is the ‘registered whale fishery” portion of the registered fleet plus the ‘“whale fishery” portion of the enrolled or licensed fleet. K 104 (cod and mackerel fishery) is the cod and mackerel fishery portion of the enrolled or licensed fleet. The rest of the enrolled or licensed group is in series K 102 (coastwise and internal). Finally, the term “fisheries” as used in early volumes usually refers to cod, and later to cod and mackerel, fisheries; it rarely includes the whale fishery. Figures in boldface differ from those in Merchant Marine Statis- tics, 1936. (See table 2 in general note for series K 94-131.) Also, in series K 103 (whale fisheries) the figures for 1794 to 1798 have been identified as comprising the enrolled or licensed vessels only, excluding the “registered” whaling fleet. The ‘registered’ whal- ing tonnage is in series K 101 (foreign trade) for those years. K 105-118. Documented merchant vessels: Changes in the merchant marine, 1813-1944. SOURCE: For 1813-1936, see Mer- chant Marine Statistics, 1936, pp. 52-55; for 1987-1944, data in general are from subsequent annual issues and records of the Bureau of Customs, Treasury Department. See also general note for series K 94-131. These figures represent vessels added to, or removed from, documentation during a twelve-month period, except where a change was made in the terminal date. Terminal dates of report- ing periods are Dec. 31, 1813-18384; Sept. 30, 1835-1842; June 30, 1843-1940; Dec. 31, 1940-1944. Figures for 1835 and 1843 are for 9 months; figures for periods ending June 30, 1940, and Dec. 31, 1940, are each for 12 months; that is, the period Jan. 1, 1940, to June 30, 1940, is included in both figures. Exception: In series K 105, figure for Dec. 31, 1940, represents six months decrease. The exact original source of these series is not clear. From their nature it seems likely that they were derived originally from the balance sheets of tonnage published annually in the source vol- umes, beginning 1815. However, the figures shown in series K 105— 118 vary broadly, at times, from those shown in the annual balance sheets in the original source volumes. Further, the total 193 Text: K 105-131 TRANSPORTATION increase (series K 106) and the total decrease (series K 113) do not always equal the addition of their presumed components, and the difference between these subtotals does not always equal the net increase or decrease for the fleet as a whole. The tabular note in Merchant Marine Statistics, 1936, indicating that tonnage figures prior to 1877 are incomplete probably refers to the detailed categories, but it explains the discrepancies only in part. Because of the many problems involved, no attempt has been made to reconcile these series with other series in this edition of Historical Statistics, except that series K 105 (net increase or decrease) has been reconciled to series K 95 (total tonnage of fleet), largely by elimination of what appear to be copying errors. Also, the text for series K 107 (ships built and added to fleet) calls attention to differences for specified years between this series and series K 120 (ships built and documented). K 105. Documented merchant vessels: Net increase or decrease in the merchant marine, 1813-1944. SOURCE: For 1789-1936, see Merchant Marine Statistics, 1936, pp. 52-55. For 1937-1944, data have been derived by taking differences for successive years in series K 95. For effective dates and general qualifications, see text for series K 105-118. See also general note for series K 94-131. The increases shown for 1835 and 1848 are for 9 months; the de- crease for 1940 (Dec. 31) is for 6 months. Figures in boldface differ from those in Merchant Marine: Sta- tistics, 1936. (See table 2 in general note for series K 94-131.) K 106-112. Documented merchant vessels: Vessels added to the merchant marine, 1813-1944. SOURCE: Merchant Marine Sta- tistics, 1936. For effective dates and general qualifications, see text for series K 105-118. See also general note for series K 94-131. The source also shows figures separately for those nationalized, renationalized, and captured from the enemy. In series K 107 (ships built), figures for 1938-1945 are not com- parable with those for earlier years and are probably understated. (See text for series K 119-123, below.) Also, in series K 107, figures for 1867, 1865, 1863, 1859, 1858, and 1815-1839 differ from those in series K 120; the reason is not clear, but series K 107 seems to be associated with the regional distribution. (See text for series K 119-123, K 127-128, and K 129-131.) In series K 106, the figure in boldface for 1917 differs from that in Merchant Marine Statistics, 1936. (See table 2 in general note for series K 94-131.) K 113-118. Documented merchant vessels: Vessels removed from the merchant marine, 1813-1944. SOURCE: For 1813-1936, see Merchant Marine Statistics, 1936, pp. 52-55; for 1937-1944, data are from subsequent annual issues and records of the Bureau of Customs, Treasury Department. For effective dates and general qualifications, see text for series K 105-118. See also general note for series K 94-131. The source also shows figures separately for ships lost at sea or missing, abandoned (as obsolete), captured by enemy, exempt from documentation, and those removed from documentation because they were found to be net under 5 tons. In series K 113, the figures in boldface differ from those in Mer- chant Marine Statistics, 1936. (See table 2 in general note for series K 94-131.) K 119-123. Shipbuilding: Merchant vessels built and docu- mented, United States totals, 1797-1944. SOURCE: For 1797-1936, see Merchant Marine Statistics, 1936, pp. 42-45; for 1937-1944, data are from subsequent annual issues and Bureau of Customs records. See also general note for series K 94-131. Figures are for ships built during a 12-month period, except where a change is made in the terminal date. Terminal dates of reporting periods are Dec. 31, 1813-1834; Sept. 30, 1835-1842; June 30, 1843-1940; Dec. 31, 1940-1944. Figures for 1835 and 1843 are for 9 months; figures for periods ending June 30, 1940, 194 and Dec. 31, 1940, are each for 12 months; that is, the period Jan. 1, 1940, to June 30, 1940, is included in both figures. The source volume shows statistics separately for steam, motor, sailing, canal boats, and barges. Motor vessels begin in 1893. Figures for 1938-1944 are not comparable with those for earlier years and are probably understated. They represent those vessels built during the 12-month period which were still existent and documented as part of the merchant fleet at the end of the period. Hence, they exclude vessels completed during the period which were lost, sold to United States Government, sold alien, or other- wise removed from merchant vessel documentation before the end of the period. For a history of shipbuilding, including single-year data for New England, 1674-1714, see Report On the Shipbuilding Indus- try of the United States, by Henry Hall, in Tenth Census Reports (1880), vol. 8. Vol. IV of that census includes the report on Steam Navigation in the United States, by T. C. Purdy, which provides single-year construction statistics and discussion, nationally and for regions, from the beginning to 1880. In series K 120, figures for 1867, 1865, 1863, 1859, 1858, and 1815-1839 differ from those in series K 107; the reason is not clear, but series K 107 seems to be associated with the regional distri- bution. (See text for series K 127-128.) Figures in boldface differ from those in Merchant Marine Sta- tistics, 1936. (See table 2 in general note for series K 94-131.) The reason for the failure of the 1808 figures for series K 121-122 to add to the total (series K 120) is not clear. K 124-126. Documented merchant vessels: Composition of merchant fleet, by regions, 1816-1945. SOURCE: For 1816-1936, see Merchant Marine Statistics, 1936, pp. 256-27; for 1937-1945, data are from subsequent annual issues and records of the Bureau of Customs. For effective dates and general qualifications, see text for series K 94-95. See also general note for series K 94-131. These figures represent a broad regional distribution for series K 95 (total merchant tonnage). The source volume also provides figures separately for Northern Lakes, and Western Rivers. Figures in boldface differ from those in Merchant Marine Sta- tistics, 1936. (See table 2 in general note for series K 94-131.) Changes for 1868 in series K 124 and K 124a are explained in text for series K 94-95. K 127-128. Shipbuilding: Merchant vessels built and docu- mented, by region, 1840-1936. SOURCE: For 1840-1936, see Merchant Marine Statistics, 1936, pp. 46-48; data for 1937-1945 are not now available. For effective dates, see text for series K 119-123. See also general note for series K 94-131. For 1867, 1865, 1863, 1859, and 1858, the distribution in series K 127-128 adds to series K 107, rather than to series K 120. (See text for series K 119-123, above.) Figures in boldface differ from those in Merchant Marine Sta- tistics, 1936. (See table 2 in general note for series K 94-131.) For a history of steam navigation in the United States from the beginning to 1880, with separate discussion and statistics for each region, see Report on Steam Navigation in the United States in Tenth Census Reports (1880), vol. 4, entitled Report on the Agen- cies of Transportation in the United States . . . K 129-131. (Alternative series.) Shipbuilding: Merchant ves- sels built and documented by region, 1817-1850. SOURCE: Data are from a table at the bottom of a fold-in chart on the history of shipbuilding (1817-1868) at the end of the Annual Report of the Secrelary of the Treasury, 1868. In that table, figures are also shown separately, and charted, for “The United States,” “The Lakes,” and “Western Rivers.” The effective dates are the same as for series K 119-123, except that figures for 1835 and 1843 shown here are 12-month approxi- mations for charting purposes, obtained by averaging the figures SHIPPING AND WATER TRAFFIC for the preceding and succeeding years. This was required because the figures for 1835 and 1843 in series K 120 and K 107 are for nine months only, the fiscal-year terminal dates having been changed during those years. For a discussion of these data, see Treasury Report, 1868, cited above. The same chart, with a more detailed discussion appears as Plate XXII in House of Representatives, Ex. Doc. No. 111, 41st Congress, 2nd Session, where the period covered is extended to 1869; and as Plate X (extended to 1870) in H. R. Exec. Doc. No. 76, 41st Congress, 3rd Session. For 1815-1839, these regional data (series K 129 and K 130) add to series K 107, except that the 1828 summation approximates that for series K 120, and a minor variation appears for 1830. Series K 131 (New England States) is included in series K 129 (the Coast). For the over-lapping years, the regional detail varies considerably from that shown in series K 126-127; in part, this may be caused by differing definitions of the geographic areas. WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES (K 132-145) K 132-145. Waterborne commerce of the United States, 1924— 1945. SOURCES: Statistical Abstract, annual volumes as follows: For 1924-1926, see Abstract, 1929, p. 429; for 1927-1932, see Ab- stract, 1934, p. 378; for 1933-1938, see Abstract, 1940, p. 458; for 1939-1944, see Abstract, 1946, p. 530; for 1945, see Absiract, 1947, p. 539. Primary source is War Department, Annual Report of Office of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army. Cargo tonnage refers to the weight of cargo in short tons of 2,000 pounds. This type of tonnage should not be confused with gross tons used in series K 94-131, or the net or registered tonnage capacity used in series K 146-157, which are measures of cubic capacity, not of weight. VESSELS ENTERED AND CLEARED IN FOREIGN TRADE (K 146-157) K 146-157. General note. Vessels entered and cleared in foreign trade, 1789-1945. SOURCE: See listings for individual series below. Also see general note for series K 94-131 and, for definitions, see text for series K 94-104. In general, the data are as shown in vari- ous annual volumes of the Statistical Abstract of the United States. Primary sources are the annual volumes of Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States and, for early years, American State Papers: Class IV, vol. 2. Net tonnage capacity, as used here, refers to met or registered tonnage of the vessel, not weight of cargo. The net lonnage is what remains after deducting from the gross tonnage (defined in general note for series K 94-131, above) the spaces occupied by the pro- pelling machinery, fuel, crew quarters, master’s cabin, and navi- gation spaces. It represents, substantially, space available for cargo and passengers. It is the usual basis for tonnage taxes and port charges. The net tonnage capacity of a ship recorded as ‘“‘en- tered with cargo” may bear little relation to actual weight of cargo. Gross tonnage and net tonnage are both measures of cubic capacity, not of weight, 100 cubic feet equalling 1 ton. These terms should not be confused with the cargo ton of 2,000 pounds as defined above in text for series K 132-145. The reason that the tonnage shown in series K 147 and K 153 for American vessels entered and cleared, respectively, in foreign trade is greater than the total tonnage of American vessels documented for the foreign trade is because the “entered” and ‘‘cleared” series include ton- nage for each vessel as often as it “enters” or “clears” each year. The documented tonnage (series K 104) includes the tonnage of each vessel once for each year. These statistics include the tonnage of all types of watercraft engaged in the foreign trade, whether entering or clearing with cargo or in ballast, which are required to make formal entrance and clearance under United States customs regulations. Vessels engaged in trade on the Great Lakes with Canada as well as in trade with Mexico are also included. Vessels touching at a United Text: K 129-167 States port in distress or for other temporary causes without dis- charging cargo, and Army and Navy vessels carrying no com- mercial cargo, are not required by customs regulations to enter or clear and thus are not included in the figures. Vessels are credited as entered from the country in which is located the first foreign port at which cargo was laden for the United States, and are reported as cleared to the country of the first charge of cargo, or to that country to which the vessels re- ceived orders to sail in ballast. K 146-148. Vessels entered, all ports, 1789-1945. SOURCE: For 1789-1820, see Guetter, Fred J., and McKinley, Albert E., Statis~ tical Tables Relating to the Economic Growth of the United States, McKinley Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa., 1924, p. 39; for 1821-1879, see Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation, Merchant Marine Statistics, 1936, part IV, table 2, p. 93; for 1880— 1888, see Statistical Abstract, 1908, p. 286; for 1889-1916, see Statistical Abstract, 1916, p. 838; for 1917-1930, see Statistical Abstract, 1931, p. 474; for 1931-1943, see Abstract, 1946, p.548; for 1944-1945, see Abstract, 1947, p. 557. A vessel is reported as entered at the first port in the United States at which entry is made, regardless of whether any cargo is unladen at that port. Vessels entering at subsequent ports are not included in the sta- tistics. See also general note for series K 146-157. K 149. Total vessels entered at seaports, 1840-1945. SOURCE: For 1840, see Statistical Abstract, 1946, p. 546; for 1844-1855, see Abstract, 1878, p. 184; for 1856-1879, see Statistical Abstract, 1880, p. 138; for 1880-1945, same source as series K 146-148. See also general note for series K 146-157. K 150-151. American and foreign vessels entered at seaports, 1856-1945. SOURCE: 1856-1879, same as for series K 149; 1880- 1945, same as for series K 146-148. See also general note for series K 146-157. K 152-154. Vessels cleared, all ports, 1821-1945. SOURCES: 1821-1879, same as for series K 146-148; for 1880-1888, see Sta- tistical Abstract, 1908, p. 287; for 1889-1916, see Statistical Ab- stract, 1916, p. 339; for 1917-1930, see Statistical Abstract, 1931, p. 475; for 1931-1943, see Statistical Abstract, 1946, p. 549; for 1944-1945, see Statistical Abstract, 1947, p. 558. A vessel is re- ported as cleared from the last port in the United States where outward cargo is completed or where the vessel cleared in ballast. See also general note for series K 146-157. K 155. Total vessels cleared at seaports, 1840-1945. SOURCES: For 1840 and 1850, see Statistical Abstract, 1946, p. 546; for 1853— 1879, see Statistical Abstract, 1881, p. 138; for 1880-1945, same as for series K 152-154. See also general note for series K 146-157. K 156-157. American and foreign vessels cleared at seaports, 1857-1945. SOURCES: For 1857-1879, see Statistical Abstract, 1881, p. 136; for 1880-1945, same as for series K 152-154. VALUE OF MERCHANDISE CARRIED IN FOREIGN TRADE (K 158-167) K 158-167. Imports and exports of merchandise by method of carriage, 1790-1935. SOURCES: For 1790-1820, see Guetter and McKinley (cited in text for series K 146-148), table XXVII, p. 39 (see footnote 9 on page 40); for 1821-1858, see Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation, Merchant Marine Statistics, 19386, part IV, p. 91; for 1859-1866, Statistical Abstract, 1895, pp. 399-400; for 1867-1912, see Statistical Abstract, 1913, pp. 318-319; for 1913-1923, see Statistical Abstract, 192}, p. 417; for 1924-1935, see Statistical Abstract, 1946, p. 552. The primary source for the years 1790-1820 is the article en- titled “The Maritime Industries of America’ by J. R. Soley, which comprises chapter X, vol. II, of The United States of America (N. S. Shaler, Editor), 1894, vol. I, pp. 522, 527, 534, 536, 538, and gives the percent of imports and exports in United States vessels. Guetter and McKinley have derived absolute figures by applying these percentages to total imports and exports of mer- 195 Text: K 158-188 chandise and specie. The primary source for the years 1821-1935 is the annual Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Starting with 1943, import or export statistics by method of transportation showing shipping weight, as well as dollar value, have been compiled by the Bureau of the Census. NEW YORK STATE CANALS (K 168-171) K 168-169. Ton-mileage on New York State canals, rivers, and railroads, 1853-1898. SOURCE: United States Senate, Preliminary Report of the Inland Waterways Commission, 60th Congress, 1st session, Senate Document No. 325, 1908, p. 229. The series on canals and rivers “includes estimated ton-mileage of canal traffic on Hudson River; after 1880 the entire canal ton- mileage is estimated, as no records are kept.” According to the source volume, p. 217, these data ‘“‘showing the relative propor- tions carried by the railroads of New York and the New York canals . . . is shown on pages 182 and 183 of the Report of the New York Committee on Canals, 1899.” K 170-171. Tonnage moved on New York State canals, 1837- 1945. SOURCE: State of New York, Department of Public Works, Annual Reports of the Superintendent. EXPENDITURES FOR RIVERS, HARBORS, ETC. (K 172-173) K 172. Federal (net) expenditures for light stations, beacons, buoys, etc., 1791-1882. SOURCE: Statement of Appropriations and Expenditures for Public Buildings, Rivers and Harbors, Forts, Arsenals, Armories, and Other Public Works From March 4, 1789, to June 30, 1882, comprising United States Senate Executive Documents, vol. 7, No. 196, 47th Congress, 1st session (Treasury Department Document No. 873), pp. 521-522. K 173. Federal (net) expenditures for rivers and harbors, 1822- 1882. SOURCE: Same as for series K 172, p. 286. Road Transportation: Series K 174-238 PusLIC RoaDs (K 174-224) K 174-175. Miles of surfaced reads, 1793-1926. SOURCE: Rose, Albert C., “Estimated and Surveyed Miles of Surfaced Roads in the United States from 1793 to 1926,” Federal Works Agency, Public Roads Administration. The source document is a manu- script furnished by the author to the Bureau of the Census. The following text was condensed from the statement provided. The first road mileage survey of the United States was made in 1904. The estimates for the years prior to 1904 were based largely on the figures of Federal expenditures for roads, bridges, and canals for the years 18021882, shown in series K 176. These expenditures figures were translated into miles of road built with the following assumptions: (1) The average cost per mile of surfaced road was estimated at $2,000 on the basis of a study of the available liter- ature; (2) Federal road expenditures were assumed to be one-tenth of total Federal, State, and local expenditures for roads, on the basis of the ratio existent in the early days of the Federal-aid road program of the present century. In the use of early Federal road expenditure data, no deduction was made for canals—about 14 percent of total sum from 1802 to 1882—the reason being that in early days canal and road improve- ments were closely allied. The years 1793-1826 (at the beginning of which period the Lancaster Pike, the first extensive surfaced road in the United States, was begun) and the years 1883-1903 were interpolated by a smooth curve. Mr. Rose states: “The missing data were ar- rived at upon the basic assumption that the general economic con- dition of the country may be measured by the total mileage of surfaced roads—the critical indicator of the degree of road improve- ment . . . In this connection it is interesting to observe that the shape of the surfaced road mileage curve resembles that of the curve representing the per capita money in circulation.” 196 TRANSPORTATION Surveyed miles of surfaced roads is so designated because in contrast to the estimating procedure used for the years prior to 1903, the data for the period 1904-1926 are based on road mileage surveys made by the various federal roads administrative agencies empowered during that period. The data for 1904-1921 are inter- polations derived from four basic road mileage surveys made by these agencies in 1904, 1909, 1914, and 1921. Data for these four surveys appear in Department of Agriculture Bulletin 1279, Rural Highway Mileage, Income, and Expenditures, 1921-1922, by Andrew P. Anderson, March 1925. Data for 1921-1926 appear in Public Roads Administration, Highway Statistics, Summary to 1945, Washington, D. C., 1947, p. 60. For a continuation of series K 175 through the year 1945, see series K 182. For a definition of surfaced road, as against nonsurfaced road, see the text below for series K 184-188. K 176. Federal net expenditures on roads and canals, 1802- 1882. SOURCE: Same as for series K 172, p. 340. The source docu- ment contains a detailed statement of appropriations for roads and canals, with a specific listing and description of every appropri- ation for each State from 1802 to 1882. K 177-188. General note. The U. S. Office of Public Roads con- ducted the first census of rural roads in 1904. The results of this survey and subsequent ones made in 1909 and 1914 indicated existing rural road mileage as follows: 1904, 2,151,371 miles; 1909, 2,199,645 miles; and 1914, 2,445,761 miles. Beginning in 1921, rural road mileages have been classified according to sys- tems as shown here for series K 178-181. Most of the systems of State highways were established during the early years of the twentieth century and many resulted from planning to expend the Federal-aid funds provided under the Federal-aid Road Act of 1916 (see text below for series K 189-191b). Rural as used here may be roughly defined as an area which lies outside of communities having more than 2,500 inhabitants. It is believed that these data, which are compiled on the basis of indi- vidual reports from the different States, are largely consistent in their adherence to this definition of rural. K 177-181. All existent rural roads, 1921-1945. SOURCE: Fed- eral Works Agency, Public Roads Administration, Highway Sia- tistics—Summary to 1945, Washington, D. C., 1947. See general note, series K 177-188. Series K 177 comprises the total of data shown for each year for series K 178-181. State highways are classified as rural pri- mary State highways (series K 178), rural secondary roads under State control (series K 179), and urban extensions of State high- way systems (series K 180). The distinction between primary roads and secondary roads is chiefly one of degree of importance. As of 1945, 30 States made no such distinction but included in one sys- tem all mileage under State control; 12 States maintained second- ary systems consisting usually of roads of local but not necessarily State-wide importance; 4 States (Delaware, North Carolina, Vir- ginia, and West Virginia) had incorporated into State systems most, or all, former county roads; and 2 States (New Jersey and Rhode Island) maintained a separate classification for State for- est, park, and institutional roads. Urban extensions (series K 180) are continuations of designated State-system roads in or through cities or towns of over 2,500 inhabitants. County and other local roads (series K 181) are those roads over which the State exercises no control. K 182-183. Surfaced rural roads, 1921-1945. SOURCE: Same as for series K 177-181. See also general note, series K 177-188, and text for series K 184-188. Series K 182 is a continuation of series K 175. K 184-188. Roads built by State highway departments, 1923- 1945. SOURCE: Same as for series K 177-181. Mileage built (series K 184) refers to all construction activities that create a new road or definitely improve the condition of an existing road, as con- ROAD TRANSPORTATION Text: K 184-238 trasted to maintenance operations that are designed to maintain or restore the condition of a road without material betterment. Resurfacing and rebuilding existing roads to higher standards constitute the bulk of the mileage built. The highest type of nonsurfaced road is the graded and drained earth road (series K 186). This is of natural earth, alined and graded to permit reasonably convenient use of motor vehicles, and drained sufficiently to prevent serious impairment by normal surface water. The lowest type of surfaced road (séries K 188) is the soil- surfaced road, which consists of natural soil, the surface of which has been improved by the addition of one or other admixture ranging from sand-clay and soft shale to Portland cement or fine granular material. Next comes the gravel or stone followed by bituminous surface-treated road. Among the high type surfaces (series K 187) are the various bituminous and concrete roads, such as the Bituminous Penetration which is at least an inch of gravel, stone or sand bound with bituminous material, or the Portland cement concrete road. K 189-191b. Federal-aid highway improvements, 1917-1945. SOURCE: Same as for series K 177-181, except for series K 189. Data for series K 189 are from the various annual reports and records of the Public Roads Administration. As early as 1898, the Federal Government demonstrated its in- terest in highway development by establishing in that year the Office of Road Inquiry which was the predecessor of the present Public Roads Administration. This Office was established with the view of initiating experiments and conducting inquiries concerning the best methods of road building, and it also encouraged the es- tablishment by the Stafes of active highway departments. In 1916, Congress passed the first Federal-aid highway act, whereby financial assistance to the States was provided as an encourage ment to the development of adequate standards in road con- struction. Total miles (series K 189) refers to existing mileage of the Federal-aid primary system only. Cost data (series K 191, 191a, 191b) represent actual expenditures of funds, the total being equal to federal funds plus State funds. Cost data are existing mileage figures only for the period prior to 1932; beginning in 1933, data on expenditures include money spent on public works and defense highways as well as on primary system. K 192. This series has been omitted. K 193-204. State highway finances, 1914-1945, except debt outstanding which begins in 1890. SOURCE: Same as for series K 177-181. One of the first records of State highway revenues and expendi- tures was compiled by the U. S. Office of Public Roads in 1904. Subsequent reports were compiled by that Office in 1909 and 1914, and annually beginning with the year 1915. State property taxes and other revenues used for highway purposes (series K 193) includes: Road, bridge and ferry tolls; property or road tax levies; appropriations from general funds; other State imposts; funds transferred from local governments; receipts from issue of bonds, notes, ete. for construction, etc.; earnings of sink- ing fund or debt reserve; and miscellaneous receipts. A State highway-user tax (series K 195) is defined as a special tax or fee levied upon motor-vehicle users because of their use of the highways. Highway-user taxes include motor-fuel taxes, motor- vehicle registration and associated fees, and special taxes appli- cable only to motor carriers; these taxes are separable and apart from property, excise, business, or other taxes paid by the general public. In many States, specific portions of the revenue from each type of highway-user tax are dedicated to particular highway purposes. A number of States, however, place all highway-user revenues in a highway fund, and a few have a general State fund into which go all types of revenue. For the latter group of States, each particular appropriation or expenditure for highway purposes is considered to have been made from motor-fuel taxes, motor-vehicle registra- tion fees and motor-carrier taxes in proportion to the relative amount of revenue received from each of these three sources. The receipts from State highway-user taxes are not all expended on State highways. Series K 195-198 gives the allocation of these revenues according to the system on which they are ultimately expended. The receipts allocated to State highway purposes, series K 196, are eventually disbursed for State highway purposes, series K 199. K 205-214. County and local rural roads, funds contributed, and disbursed, 1921-1945. SOURCE: Federal Works Agency, Public Roads Administration records, table HF-1, 2, and local-rural-road finance statistics. K 215-224. Funds contributed and disbursed for city and village streets, 1921-1945. SOURCE: Federal Works Agency, Public Roads Administration records, table HF-1, 2, 21; DF; SF-6; except series K 218, which is from ‘‘Municipal Bond Sales” published by The Bond Buyer. MoTOR VEHICLES AND FUEL (K 225-238) K 225-228. Motor vehicle production, 1900-1945. SOURCE: Auto- mobile Manufacturers Associations, Automobile Facts and Figures, 27th edition, 1946-1947, Detroit, Mich., p. 10. These data rep- resent factory sales and wholesale value and include sales of mil- itary vehicles. Prior to, 1940 station wagons, ambulances, funeral cars, and some school buses built on passenger car chassis are in- cluded with motor trucks. In 1940 and later years such vehicles built on passenger car chassis are included with passenger cars but the number of units involved was relatively small. Value fig- ures for passenger cars shown for 1943 and 1944 are approxima- tions based on the average value per unit in 1942. Actual values of passenger car factory sales are not available for 1943-1944. While production of passenger cars was temporarily discontinued in February 1942, some vehicles remained in factory stocks to be sold under rationing orders in 1942-1945. K 229-232. Motor vehicle registration, 1900-1945. SOURCE: Same as for series K 177-181. These figures are based on reports and records of State motor-vehicle registration departments. Data concerning motor vehicles in the early years of the century are incomplete, largely because few States required their registra- tion, and hence had no records of the number of vehicles using roads and streets. As production of vehicles increased, shortly before the first World War, so did the number of registration laws; and by 1921 all States had adopted some form of motor vehicle registration. Accompanying the growth in motor-vehicle registrations has been a corresponding diversity in the registration practices among the States. In general, motor vehicles are classified as private pas- senger cars, passenger carriers for hire, trucks, trailers, motor- cycles, and property carriers for hire. Several States, however, still register busses with either trucks or passenger cars. These differences have made it necessary for the Public Roads Adminis tration to supplement the data submitted by the States with infor- mation obtained from special studies and from other sources. K 233-235. Motor fuel usage, 1919-1945. SOURCE: Same as for series K 177-181. These figures include all motor fuel consumed. Nonhighway consumption includes all use off the highway, such as aviation, agriculture, marine, industrial, etc., and usually falls under the exemption or refund provisions of the motor-fuel tax law. K 236-238. Estimate of travel by motor vehicles, 1921-1945. SOURCE: For 1921-1935, data were obtained from records of Fed- eral Works Agency, Public Roads Administration, table VM-1 and table entitled “Estimates of Vehicle-Miles Traveled, 1921 to 1946”; for 1935-1945, see source cited for series K 177-181, p. 34. 197 Text: K 239-258 Air Transport: Series K 239-273 K 239-273. General note. Only scattered data on air transpor- tation are available for the years preceding 1926. The first federal government organization exclusively concerned with civil avia- tion matters, the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Com- merce, was organized under the Air Commerce Act of 1926. New facilities were established for examination and licensing of aircraft and airmen, for the enforcement of air traffic rules and for the collection and dissemination of aeronautical information. Other activities were assigned to existing bureas of the Com- merce Department such as the Coast and Geodetic Survey, Bureau of Standards, and Bureau of Lighthouses. An Assistant Secretary of Commerce was provided in the Act to direct this work. Later, he appointed a Director of Aeronautics, and in 1934 the Bureau of Air Commerce was organized. The Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 created the successor, Civil Aeronautics Authority. It was to function independently of any existing department of government. This Authority consisted of an Administrator, and a quasi-judicial board of five members all ap- pointed by the President. The function of this body was to grant airmen certificates, regulate mail and passenger rates, write air regulations, and formulate policies for civil aviation development. At the same time, there was created the Air Safety Board, a sepa- rate and independent body. This Civil Aeronautics Authority inherited the personnel and duties of the Bureau of Air Commerce, and certain duties of the Post Office Department and the Interstate Commerce Commis- sion, to all of whom the Air Mail Carriers had been responsible under the Black-McKellar Act of 1934. In the summer of 1940, the Civil Aeronautics Authority under- went two reorganizations to attain its present form (1948). Actually, the Authority now exists only on paper. It is more accurate to refer to its two main parts, the Civil Aeronautics Administration, which is part of the Department of Commerce, and the Civil Aeronautics Board, consisting of a 5-man panel, in itself a separate and independent organization. The Civil Aeronautics Board prescribes Civil Air Regulations which deal with competency of airmen, airworthiness of aircraft and air traffic control. This board also issues certificates permit- ting persons to engage in air transportation as a business and fixes airmail rates and may establish maximum and minimum rates for transportation of passengers and goods. It also has the duty of investigating accidents in air transportation. In addition to these rule-making and investigative functions, the Board acts as “judge” in prosecutions brought by the Adminis- trator of Civil Aeronautics in connection with the revocation and suspension of airmen and air carrier certificates as a result of violations of the Civil Air Regulations. The Civil Aeronautics Administration operates six main services: Federal Airways, Airports, Safety Regulation, Office of Aviation Information, Staff Program Office, and Aviation Training, in addi- tion to the Washington National Airport and the Aeronautical Center at Oklahoma City, Okla. All the data shown here, with some minor exceptions, appear in the Civil Aeronautics Administration, Statistical Handbook of Civil Aviation, 1948, Washington, D.C. (in press). Data on many other phases of civil aviation may be found in this Handbook. AIRCRAFT PRODUCTION AND EXPORT (K 239-245) K 239-242. Aircraft production, 1913-1945. SOURCE: Depart- ment of Commerce, Civil Aeronautics Administration, Statistical Handbook of Civil Aviation, 1948, Wash., D. C. Primary sources are as follows: For 1913-1925, see Department of Commerce, Aeronautics Branch, Air Commerce Bulletin, vol. 1, No. 5, p. 6. For 1926-1939, civil aircraft production data for odd years are from records of the Bureau of the Census and Civil Aeronautics 198 TRANSPORTATION Administration records. All other data are from records of the Civil Aeronautics Administration, furnished by various agencies, public and private, or as compiled by that Administration from a variety of sources. ; K 243-245. Aircraft exports, 1913-1945. SOURCE: Civil Aero- nautics Administration, Statistical Handbook of Civil Aviation, 1948. Primary sources of data are the records of the Bureau of the Census and the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. DOMESTIC SCHEDULED AIR TRANSPORTATION (K 246-256) K 246-247. Domestic airline operators and aircraft in service in domestic scheduled air transportation, 1926-1945. SOURCE: Civil Aeronautics Administration, Statistical Handbook of Civil Aviation, 1948. In noting the number of aircraft in service, it should be remem- bered that the data do not reflect the rise in average number of seats per plane. Between 1932 (first year that average available seats per plane were reported) and 1944, there was a 63 percent rise in total available seating capacity of domestic airlines despite a drop of 39 percent in the number of planes in operation. This was the result of the sharp increase in average available seats per plane from 6.58 to 17.53. K 248. Route mileage of domestic scheduled air transportation, 1930-1945. SOURCE: Civil Aeronautics Administration, Statistical Handbook of Civil Aviation, 1948. Primary sources of data are as follows: For 1930-1937, data are computations of unduplicated route mileages prepared by the Civil Aeronautics Administration; for 1938-1945, see Civil Aeronautics Board, Annual Airline Sta- tistics, Domestic Carriers. The CAB figures contain some dupli- cation where two air carriers operate parallel routes. K 249. Average passenger revenue per passenger-mile for do- mestic scheduled air transportation, 1926-1945. SOURCE: Civil Aeronautics Administration, Statistical Handbook of Civil Avia- tion, 1948. Primary sources of data are as follows: For 1926- 1937, data were computed from Air Carriers’ reports to CAA and predecessors; for 1938-1945, data were computed from CAB, Annual Airline Statistics, Domestic Carriers. K 250. Number of persons employed on domestic scheduled air transportation, 1928-1945. SOURCES: Same as for series K 249. K 251. Revenue miles flown by domestic scheduled air trans- ports, 1926-1945. SOURCE: Civil Aeronautics Administration, Sta- tistical Handbook of Civil Aviation, 1948. Primary sources of data are as follows: For 1926-1937, Air Carrier reports to Bureau of Air Commerce; for 1938-1945, see CAB, Annual Airline Statisiics, Domestic Carriers. K 252-253. Revenue passengers carried by domestic scheduled air transports, 1926-1945. SOURCE: Civil Aeronautics Administra- tion, Statistical Handbook of Civil Aviation, 1948. K 254. Revenue passenger-miles flown by domestic scheduled air transports, 1930-1945. SOURCES: Same as for K 249. K 255. Express and freight ton-miles flown by domestic sched- uled air transport. SOURCES: Same as for series K 249. K 256. Mail ton-miles flown by domestic scheduled air trans- ports, 1931-1945. SOURCE: Civil Aeronautics Administration, Sta- tistical Handbook of Civil Aviation, 1948. Primary sources of the data are as follows: For 1931-1937, see Post Office Department, Annual Report of the Postmaster General, 1942; for 1938-1945, see text for series K 249. The CAB figures include weights of con- tainers; while the Post Office Department figures include only actual mail weights. OTHER AIR TRANSPORT STATISTICS (K 257-273) K 257-258. Airports and landing fields, 1927-1945. SOURCE: Civil Aeronautics Administration, Statistical Handbook of Civil Aviation, 1948. These data include military and CAA fields and exclude seaplane facilities. AIR TRANSPORT In October 1940, Congress authorized the first appropriation under a Defense Landing Areas Program. More than 500 airports were constructed during the following six years under this pro- gram. This and ot’.er defense-stimulated construction accounts in large part for the fact that while the net total of airports remained virtually stationary at approximately 2,300 from 1934 to 1940, there was a jump to approximately 4,000 between 1941 and 1945. K 259-263. Total civil aircraft and certificated airplane pilots, 1927-1945. SOURCE: Civil Aeronautics Administration, Statisti- cal Handbook of Civil Aviation, 1948. Primary sources of the data are the CAA records for pilots and aircraft. In 1939, the Civil Aeronautics Administration undertook a pro- gram of federally subsidized civilian pilot training. This program in large part accounted for the rise from 20,832 private pilots in 1939 to 93,782 in 1941 (see series K 263). During World War II, this program continued as an adjunct to the military pilot train- ing activities, and gave preliminary training to hundreds of thous- ands of men who went into the military services. As a result of an arrangement whereby CAA certificated pilots on the basis of their military experience, a large number of these men appear in the 1945 figure for commercial pilots (series K 262). K 264. Miles flown in civil flying other than scheduled air carrier, 1926-1942. SOURCE: Same as series K 259-263. Data were compiled from Aircraft Owners’ Semiannual Navigation Reports and Periodic Endorsement. These data include business flying, exec- utive travel in company-owned planes, flying done by the farmer in bringing perishable produce to market, personal business as we!l as vacation flying by the private owner, and commercial flying; in short, all flying operations except flying done by scheduled airlines. 373374 O - 56 - 14 Text: K 257-273 K 265-273. Accidents, 1927-1945. SOURCE: Civil Aeronautics Administration, Statistical Handbook of Civil Aviation, 1948. For data prior to 1930, see Handbook, published December 1945. An aircraft accident is defined as an occurrence which takes place while an aircraft is being operated as such, as a result of which a person or persons are injured or killed or the aircraft receives appreciable or marked damage because of failure of the aircraft structure or engine or through the forces of external contact, or through fire. An aircraft is considered as “being operated as such” from the time the pilot or passengers board the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as the pilot and pas- sengers disembark from the aircraft upon completion of flight. A collision of two or more aircraft is reported statistically as one accident. Data for non-air-carrier operations include business flying, executive travel in company-owned planes, flying done by the farmer in bringing perishable produce to market, personal business as well as vacation flying by the private owner, and commercial flying such as aerial photography and mapping, crop dusting, airport sightseeing, etc. Prior to World War II, many of the types of flying operations above referred to as ‘“non-air-carrier’”’ flying operations were iden- tified as ‘‘non-scheduled air-carrier’” operations. After the war, however, the latter term tended to be confusing in that it was also used to identify a group more specifically labelled ‘‘non-certifi- cated irregular air carriers.” As a result, the term ‘“non-scheduled air-carrier’’ has been dropped by the CAA and in its place, ‘“non- air-carrier’” has been substituted, as defined in the preceding paragraph. 199 002 Series K 1-17.—~RAILROADS BEFORE 1890—MILEAGE, EQUIPMENT, AND FREIGHT SERVICE: 1830 TO 1890 PASSENGER AND MILEAGE EQUIPMENT PASSENGER SERVICE FREIGHT SERVICE Road Road All Reventon Ri Total Ri R 0a 0a evenue : 0 : evenue | Revenue YEAR | operated owned track ase. Baggage, | © 2ssenger Passengers Passenger per per- Frege revenue ons esrrled per ton- | tons per (Dec. 31) | (June 30) !| (Dec. 31) © Total | Passenger | Freight mail, revenue m son-mile | TeV€ tons mile train express 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Miles Miles Miles Number Number Number Number Number dollars Number miles Cents dollars tons tons Cenis Tons 166,703 163,359 208,152 31,812 {1,090,869 21,664 |1,061,952 7,253 272,321 (520,439,082 | 12,521,566 2.174 734,822 691,344 | 79,192,985 0.927 163.99 161,276 159,934 202,088 30,566 1,080,665 21,471 1,051,141 7,053 269,439 [494,808,421 | 11,964,726 2.169 665,962 619,166 | 68,677,277 0.970 159.91 156,114 154,222 191,376 29,006 11,032,182 20,247 {1,005,108 6,827 251,356 [451,353,655 | 11,190,614 2.246 639,201 590,857 | 65,423,006 0.977 159.36 149,214 147,953 184,935 27,275 976,772 19,339 950,889 6,554 240,543 (428,225,513 | 10,570,307 2.276 636,666 552,075 | 61,561,070 1.034 156.16 136,338 133,565 167,952 26,108 870,602 18,365 845,912 6,325 211,930 (382,284,972 9,659,698 2.194 550,359 482,245 | 52,802,071 1.042 150.99 128,320 127,689 160,506 25,662 828,058 16,497 805,517 6,044 200,884 351,427,688 9,133,674 2.199 509,691 437,040 | 49,151,894 1.057 143,59 125,345 125,119 156,414 24,353 820,954 16,644 798,399 5,911 206,791 [334,570,766 8,778,581 2.356 502,870 399,075 | 44,725,208 1.124 33.58 121,422 120,519 149,101 23,405 800,741 16,230 778,663 5,848 206,837 312,686,641 8,541,310 2.422 539,510 400,453 | 44,064,923 1.224 125.86 114,677 114,428 140,878 21,889 750,933 14,934 730,435 5,564 188,137 |289,030,783 7,688,469 2.447 485,778 360,490 | 39,302,209 1.236 128.81 103,108 103,530 130,455 19,911 667,218 13,947 648,295 4,976 yp 1 oft RE ERA EEL OC RT TR BEL OBE I rns) remem sR mB 93,262 92,147 115,647 17,949 556,930 12,789 539,255 4,786 2 VELL TH EERE! (SSR JT 467,749 86,556 84,393 104,756 17,084 496,718 12,009 480,190 4,519 142,336 386,676 81,747 80,832 103.649 16,445 439,109 11,683 423,013 4,413 124,637 365,466 79,082 79,208 97,308 15,911 408,082 12,053 392,175 3,854 125,205 347,705 76,808 76,305 94,665 15,618 399,524 ? 14,621 384.908 1...conuens 136,121 361.137 74,096 74,096 139,105 72,385 72,623 140,999 70,268 70,651 137,384 66,171 57,323 132,308 60,301 51,455 108,899 te rhe rere bar aren metas ines Ramin n tear aire Terre sana stain sara rane) DODLONE Ne ers elm te rere ar SERIES K 1.—MILES oF ROAD OPERATED—Con. Miles YEAR Miles YEAR Miles Miles 18,374 5,996 IBA ermine 3,535 1,098 16,720 5,598 633 15,360 4,930 2,818 380 12,908 2,302 229 10,982 4,633 1,913 96 4,377 1,497 9,021 4,185 1,273 28 1856... 7,365 4.026 ! Includes elevated railways for years prior to 1882. 3 Includes baggage, mail and express. ele LI-T YM NOILVLYOdSNVYd.L RAILROADS Data: K 18-27 Series K AND EXPENSES: 1850 TO 1890 |In thousands of dollars | 18-27.—RAILROADS BEFORE 1890—CAPITAL, PROPERTY INVESTMENT, INCOME CAPITAL, AND PROPERTY INVESTMENT INCOME AND EXPENSES INTEREST AND DIVIDENDS Tavostriont Stock, mortgage bonds, equipment, YEAR in railroad i bis 2x Operating Net Dividends i jy and . Capital Bonded dividends earnings expenses earnings paid funded debts equipment Total stock debt 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Excluding elevated railways 10,020,925 4,590,472 5,055,225 1,086,040 342,071 83,576 224,500 9,576,940 4,447,104 4,784,173 991,935 317,867 79,532 216,878 9,281,915 4,392,287 4,585,472 950,520 297,307 78,943 205,288 8,595,041 4,146,958 4,155,628 931,373 331,174 90,013 202,009 8,089,268 3,956,377 3,853,748 822,192 524,880 297,312 80,094 182,885 7,775,858 3,778,610 3,740,255 765,311 498,822 266,489 17,672 179,681 7,617,986 3,726,655 3,647,313 763,307 266,514 93,204 167,286 7,423,040 3,675,793 3,479,412 807,113 291,588 101,579 1171 ,414 6,960,649 3,478,914 BRIA JOBE |. circus | samme R rn ene Se La EA a | A Including elevated railways 8,789,222 | 10,122,636 | 4,640,240 5,105,902 1,721,094 346,921 85,076 226,800 8,598,081 9,680,942 4,495,099 4,828,366 1,790,842 322,128 81,263 218,974 8,344,305 9,369,399 4,438,411 4,624,035 1,769,773 301,631 80,243 207,124 7,799,472 8,673,187 4,191,562 4,186,943 1,805,488 334,989 91,573 203,790 7,254,995 8,163,149 3,999,509 3,882,966 1,675,670 300,604 81,654 189,036 7,037,627 7,842,533 3,817,698 | 3,765,727 1,304,802 269,494 77,672 187,426 6,924,564 7,676,399 8,762,617 3,669,116 1,658,919 270,891 94,415 178,058 6,684,756 7,477,866 3,708,061 3,500,880 1,713,702 298,367 102,053 173,140 6,035,090 7,016,750 3,511,036 3,235,543 1,673,791 770,210 280,317 102,031 150,232 5,577,997 6,278,565 | 8,177,375 | 2,878,424 |... ..__..... 701,781 272,407 93,344 128,587 4,653,609 5,402,038 2,708,673 2,530,875 613,734 |. ea. 255,558 77.115 107,866 4,416,511 4,872,018 2,395,647 2,319,489 525,621 |... ._._ pe 216,545 61,681 112,238 4,166,332 4,772,297 2,292,258 2,297,791 490,103 302,528 187,575 53,629 103,161 4,180,192 4,806,202 2,313,279 2,255,319 472,909 301,933 170,977 58,556 98,821 4,086,653 | ? 4,468,592 2,248,359 2,165,141 497,258 310,805 186,453 68,040 93,560 4,658,209 2,198,601 | $2,459,607 803.088 |... crema 185,506 74,294 4,221,764 1,990,997 | 32,230,766 520,466 330,895 189,571 67,043 3,784,543 1,947,639 | 31,836,904 526,420 342,609 183,811 67,121 3,159,423 1,647,844 | 31,511,579 485,281 enue 165,754 64,418 2,664,628 1,481,480 Vena 408,820 | cucanacinas 141,746 56,457 2,476,893 2,041,226 1,869,529 1,172,881 im sf a 190,000 ESR 1,40 048Y Ho. oni mals sms sedi min simi do sim So Seem 763,678 | 424,792 | 299,263 |... 318,126 ! Includes other interest. 2 Sum of capital stock, bonded debt, and $55,092,192 Pacific R. R. U. 8. subsidiary bonds. $s Includes other debt. 201 Data: K 28-42 TRANSPORTATION Series K 28-42.—RAILROADS—MILEAGE, EQUIPMENT, AND PASSENGER SERVICE; OPERATING STEAM RAILWAYS: 1890 TO 1945 [Includes intercorporate duplications. Unless otherwise noted, the figures cover railways of classes I, II, and III subject to the general exception that beginning with 1908 the returns for switching and terminal companies have been excluded, while before that year they were included where applicable MILEAGE EQUIPMENT 3 PASSENGER SERVICE Number o Track operated Locomotives Cars in service oper- R ating Road Average | Passenger evenue YEAR rail- | owned 2 Miles | Other Turd Number| Average | Passen- | Freight- | capa- | revenue Pastengges Passinger per ways ! Total | jf 8 | main nt in [tractive] ger train city of | (rail line) rie! niles Dh tracks Slain service | effort 4 cars cars freight ger-mile gs cars 4 28 29 3¢ 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Year ending . . . 1,000 1,000 1,000 Dec.31: | Number | Miles Miles Miles Miles Miles | Number | Pounds | Number | Number Tons dollars persons miles Cents 1945__ 517 [226,696 [398,054 [239,438 | 41,106 |117,510 | 46,253 | 53,217 | 38,633 [1,787,073 51.1 |1,719,316 897,384 [91,826,353| 1.872 1944 __ 524 [227,335 [398,437 (240,215 | 41,178 |117,044 | 46,305 | 52,822 | 88,217 [1,797,012 50.8 [1,793,322 915,817 (95,662,501 1.875 1943__ 534 [227,999 [398,730 [240,745 | 41,093 |116,892 | 45,406 { 52,451 | 38,331 (1,784,472 50.7 11,655,814 887,674 |87,924,994| 1.883 1942__ 543 [229,174 [399,627 (241,737 | 41,1387 |116,753 | 44,671 | 51,811 | 88,446 (1,773,735 50.5 1,080,486 672,420 |53,747,029| 1.917 1941. 559 [231,971 [403,625 (244,263 | 41,166 [118,196 | 44,375 | 51,217 | 38,334 (1,732,673 50.3 515,851 488,668 [29,406,250| 1.754 1940... 574 233,670 405,975 (245,740 | 41,373 [118,862 | 44,333 | 50,905 | 38,308 |1,684,171 50.0 417,955 456,088 (23,815,598| 1.755 1939... 600 [235,064 [408,350 (246,922 | 41,445 [119,983 | 45,172 | 50,395 | 88,977 [1,680,519 49.7 417,716 454,032 (22,712,941 1.839 1938... 611 [236,842 [411,324 [248,474 | 41,589 (121,261 | 46,544 | 49,803 | 89,931 (1,731,096 49.4 406,406 454,508 (21,656,918| 1.877 1937... 631 [238,539 |414,572 |250,582 | 41,579 (122,411 | 47,555 | 49,412 | 40,949 [1,776,428 49.2 443,532 499,688 |24,695,214| 1.796 1936... 641 240,104 [416,381 (251,542 | 41,731 [123,108 | 48,009 | 48,972 | 41,390 1,790,043 48.8 413,189 492,493 (22,459,781 1.840 1935_. 661 [241,822 [419,228 [252,930 | 41,916 [124,382 | 49,541 | 48,367 | 42,426 [1,867,381 48.3 358,423 448,059 (18,509,497| 1.936 1934__ 678 |243,857 [422,401 (254,882 | 42,109 (125,410 | 51,423 | 47,712 | 44,884 [1,973,247 48.0 346,870 452,176 (18,068,635 1.920 1933__ 700 [245,703 [425,664 (256,741 | 42,397 126,526 | 54,228 | 46,916 | 47,677 2,072,632 47.5 329,816 434,848 [16,368,043| 2.015 1932... 709 247,595 [428,402 (258,869 | 42,556. [126,977 | 56,732 | 46,299 | 50,598 (2,184,690 47.0 377,511 480,718 |16,997,426| 2.221 1931... 749 [248,829 [429,823 (259,999 | 42,780 (127,044 | 58,652 | 45,764 | 52,096 [2,245,904 47.0 551,726 599,227 |21,933,345| 2.515 1930... 775 |1249,052 [429,883 (260,440 | 42,742 126,701 | 60,189 | 45,225 | 53,584 |2,322,267 46.9 730,766 707,987 (26,875,642) 2.719 1929__ 809 [249,433 429,054 |260,570 | 42,711 |125,774 | 61,257 | 44,801 | 53,838 |2,323,683 46.3 875,929 786,432 |31,164,739| 2.811 1928. 849 (249,309 [427,750 [260,546 | 42,432 [124,772 | 63,311 | 43,838 | 54,800 |2,346,751 45.8 905,271 798,476 |31,717,566| 2.854 1927... 880 [249,131 (424,737 [259,639 | 42,071 |123,027 | 65,348 | 42,798 | 55,729 |2,378,800 45.5 980,528 840,030 [33,797,754| 2.901 1926... 929 [249,138 (421,341 [258,815 | 41,686 |120,840 | 66,847 | 41,886 | 56,855 (2,403,967 45.1 |1,049,210 874,589 (35,672,729 2.941 19252. 947 [249,398 417,954 [258,631 | 40,962 {118,361 | 68,098 | 40,666 | 56,814 |2,414,083 44.8 1,064,806 901,963 (36,166,973| 2.944 1924: _ 995 [250,156 |415,028 |258,238 | 39,916 [116,874 | 69,486 | 39,891 | 57,451 (2,411,627 44.3 1,085,672 950,459 (36,368,290) 2.985 1923__| 1,023 |250,222 |412,993 [258,084 | 38,697 (116,212 | 69,414 | 39,177 | 57,159 |2,379,131 43.8 1,158,925 [1,008,538 [38,294,178] 3.026 1922__| 1,041 (250,413 [409,359 (257,425 | 37,888 [114,046 | 68,518 | 37,441 | 56,827 [2,352,483 43.1 |1,087,516 989,509 35,811,046] 3.037 1921._| 1,058 [251,176 [407,531 258,362 | 37,614 (111,555 | 69,122 | 36,935 | 56,950 (2,378,510 42.5 [1,166,252 {1,061,131 (37,705,737| 3.093 1920__| 1,085 |252,845 (406,580 [259,941 | 36,894 {109,744 | 68,942 | 36,365 | 56,102 |2,388,424 42.4 11,304,815 [1,269,913 |47,369,906 2.755 1919__| 1,111 |253,152 [403,891 [258,525 | 36,730 {108,637 | 68,977 | 35,789 | 56,290 |2,426,889 41.9 1,193,431 |1,211,022 |46,838,166| 2.548 1918__| 1,131 [253,529 [402,343 |258,507 | 36,228 107,608 | 67,936 | 34,995 | 56,611 |2,397,943 41.6 |1,046,166 (1,122,963 [43,212,458 2.421 1917__| 1,168 [253,626 [400,353 [259,705 | 35,066 [105,582 | 66,070 | 33,932 | 55,939 |2,379,472 41.5 840,910 (1,109,943 [40,009,758] 2.097 1916__| 1,216 [254,037 (397,014 (259,705 | 34,325 |102,984 | 65,595 | 32,840 | 55,193 |2,329,475 40.9 722,359 (1,048,987 [35,220,016] 2.051 Year ending June 30: 1918..; 1,245 1254.25) (|. uinean 259,211 | 33,864 (101,869 | 65,314 | 32,380 | 54,774 (2,313,378 40. 689,627 (1,015,338 [34,309,394 2.010 1915__| 1,260 {253,789 [391,142 [257,569 | 33,662 | 99,910 | 66,502 | 31,501 | 55,810 |2,341,567 39. 646,475 985,676 [32,474,923] 1.991 1914__| 1,297 [252,105 [387,208 |256,547 | 32,376 | 98,285 | 67,012 | 31,006 | 54,492 (2,349,734 39. 703,484 (1,063,249 [35,357,221 1.990 1913__| 1,296 [249,777 |379,508 [253,470 | 30,827 | 95,211 | 65,597 | 30,258 | 52,717 |2,298,478 38. 5695,988 11,043,603 (34,672,685| 52.008 1912__| 1,298 [246,777 [371,238 [249,852 | 29,367 | 92,019 | 63,463 | 29,049 | 51,583 (2,229,163 37. 660,373 (1,004,081 [33,132,355] 1.987 1911__| 1,312 [243,979 [362,824 [246,238 | 27,613 | 88,974 | 62,463 | 28,291 | 49,906 (2,208,997 36. 657,638 997,410 (33,201,694 1.974 1910__| 1,306 [240,293 [351,767 |240,831 | 25,354 | 85,582 | 60,019 | 27,282 | 47,179 [2,148,478 35. 1909__| 1,316 [236,834 [342,351 |235,402 | 24,573 | 82,377 | 58,219 | 26,601 | 45,664 |2,086,835 35. 1908__| 1,323 [233,468 |333,646 [230,494 | 23,699 | 79,453 | 57,698 | 26,356 | 45,292 |2,100,784 34. 1907__| 1,564 [229,951 [327.975 (227,455 | 22,771 | 77,749 | 55,388 | 25,781 | 43,973 '|1,991,557 33. 1906__| 1,491 [224,363 [317,083 [222,340 | 20,982 | 73,761 | 51,672 | 24,741 | 42,262 [1,837,914 32. 1905__| 1,380 {218,101 [306.797 [216,974 | 19,881 | 69,942 | 48,357 | 23,666 | 40,713 |1,731,409 30. 1904__| 1,314 [213,904 [297,073 [212,243 | 18,338 | 66,492 | 46,743 | 22,804 | 39,752 [1,692,194 30. 628,992 971,683 132,338,496 891,472 29,109,323 566,833 890,010 (29,082,837 564,606 873,905 [27,718,554 510,033 797,946 |25,167,241 472,695 738,835 (23,800,149 444,327 715,420 (21,923,214 B00 NRC WY OpWwe-aum ot DQ @® D w- [23 0 © nN © [= o pe] > o © I) No x2 o ~ ro ® © = oa No — DION WIE WEP WWI WWWW kkk - ) oS Year ending June 30: 1916_.[2,469,027| 1,263 [343,477|1,325,089| 0.719 | 536.67 | 22.89 [271.98 | 1.96 | oo o|ooooomoo | moomoo feof 1915__(2,037,926| 1,024 [277,135|1,075,962| 0.735 | 476.13 | 21.14 [270.69 1.99 | 4925,697| ¢878,761|109,483|26,001 (507,250| 76,674|157,085|46,936 1914__[2.126.717| 1,130 |288,637|1,125,084| 0.737 | 446.96 | 21.09 (255.43 | 1.88 [¢+1,023,131| 982,892) 98,825|26,352 |574,000| 91,094/177,950 40,239 1913__[52,198,931| 1,183 |301,730|1,190,397|50.729 [5445.43 |521.12 [255.15 |5 1.92 [+1,067,978|*1,026,817/102,658/25,669 |592,164| 93,762|196,94741,161 1912__[1,968,559| 1,031 |264,081|1,078,580| 0.744 | 406.76 | 20.18 [256.87 | 1.91 | ¢926,990| *889,999| 86,43324,064 506,306 74,796/166,134|36,991 1911__[1.925.991| 1,003 |253,784|1,058,566| 0.757 | 383.10 | 19.74 (254.10 | 1.92 | ¢901,573| *866,398| 81,78022,833 |483,861 79,345 163,380(35,175 1910._|1,925,554| 1,026 [255,017|1,071,086| 0.753 | 380.38 | 19.84 |249.68 g 1909._|1,677,614 881 (281,803 953,986 0.763 | 362.57 | 19.26 (251.10 1 1908._|1,655,419 870 |218,382| 974,654] 0.754 | 351.80 | 19.62 (253.94 1 1907__[1,828,652| 977 (236,601|1,052,119| 0.759 | 857.85 | 19.68 [242.05 | 1 1906__|1,640,387| 896 [215,878 982,401] 0.748 | 344.39 | 18.92 [240.89 1 1905._|1,450,773 785 |186,463| 861,396| 0.766 | 322.26 | 18.14 (237.56 | 1 1904__|1,379,003 714 [174,522| 829,476] 0.780 | 307.76 | 17.72 (244.30 1 1903__(1,338,020| 715 |173,221| 855,442| 0.763 | 310.54 | 17.60 [242.35 1 1902__(1,207,229| 658 |157,289| 793,351) 0.757 | 296.47 | 16.92 [239.10 | 1 1901._1,118,543 147,077| 1760,414| 0.750 | 281.26 | 16.55 |251.98 1 1900._{1,049,256 141,597| 735,352] 0.729 | 270.86 |... ---- 242.73 1 1899_.| 913,737 123,667] 659,565 0.724 | 243.52 |... .-- 246.58 | 1 1898_.| 876,728|. _|114,078| 617,810] 0.753 | 226.45 1897..| 772,849 95,189] 519,079| 0.798 | 204.62 1896_..| 786,616 95,328 523,832 0.806 | 198.81 1895... 729,998]. vmwow 85,228 479,490 0.839 | 189.69 1894__| 699,491 457,252] 0.860 | 179.80 1893..| 829,054 551,282| 0.878 | 183.97 1892__| 799,316 543,365) 0.898 | 181.89 1891. 736,794 502,705 0.895 | 181.67 1890. 714,464 487,245 0.941 | 175.12 1 This average is obtained by dividing the revenue ton-miles by the total loaded 2 United States as a system. car-miles, the latter item including some cars loaded with nonrevenue freight. This 3 L. C. L. means less than carload lots. method is necessary to preserve comparability with figures for the earlier years, ¢ Includes the following amounts of unassigned carload tonnage (thousands): and the figures differ slightly from the average “net tons per loaded car” shown 1911, 385,199; 1912, 82,266; 1913, 15,617; 1914, 14,671; 1915, 2,268; 1916, 1,367; in the regular monthly statements of Freight and Passenger Service Operating and 1919, 338. . Statistics, based on revenue and nonrevenue ton-miles and car-miles. 5 Classes I and II railways. 203 Data: K 60-70 TRANSPORTATION ~ Series K 60-70.—~RAILROADS—CAPITAL AND PROPERTY INVESTMENT: 1890 TO 1945 [ Includes intercorporate duplications. Figures subject to general exception that beginning with 1908, the returns for switching and terminal companies sre excluded, while before that year they were included where applicable ] CAPITAL AND PROPERTY INVESTMENT (CLASS I, II, III RAILWAYS AND THEIR LESSORS) CAPITAL Een FOR ADDITIONS AND BETTERMENTS (CLASS I RAILWAYS) Road and equipment Railway capital outstanding ¢ Stock - Net capital- sas Roadway YEAR Investment, |Depreciation Total Common Preferred | Funded debt ization A Total Equipment and book value !?| reserve ? g stock stock unmatured structures 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Year ending 1,000 1,000 Million Million Million Million Million 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 ec. 31: dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars 1945___| * 26,967,756] 5,549,720 20,891 7,748 2,004 11,144 15,667 5,383,158 562,980 814,779 248,201 1944___| © 26,631,654) 4,382,604 21,693 7,790 2,023 11,880 16,276 5,523,271 560,112 328,231 231,881 1943_..{ 526,145,458) 3,939,562 22,149 7,842 1,936 12,371 16,755 5,466,566 454,282 255,981 198,301 1942___| 5 25,838,351] 8,561,570 22,742 7,882 1,959 12,901 17,315 5,855,928 534,897 349,374 185,523 1941___| 5 25,668,984 8,240,145 22,952 7,832 1,980 13,140 17,568 | 3,861,658 543,021 367,568 176,463 1940.__.| 525,646,014] 3,095,237 23,371 8,005 2,064 13,302 17,630 3,741,132 429,147 271,906 157,241 1939___| 525,538,157 3,102,779 23,609 8,025 2,050 13,534 17,698 | 3,190,115 262,029 133.388 128,641 1938___| * 25,695,739| 3,044,972 23,855 8,040° 2,049 13,766 17,988 | 3,139,486 226,937 115,408 111,529 1937_._._| 5 25,636,082| 2,950,848 24,123 8,064 2,050 14,009 18,319 | 3,890,177 509,793 322,877 186,916 1936___| $25,432,388] 2,809,063 24,003 7,998 2,036 13,974 18,336 | 3,594,789 298,991 159,104 139,887 1935...| #25,500,465| 2,771,404 24,247 7,987 2,036 14,224 18,342 | 3,412,968 188,302 79,335 108,967 1934___| * 25,681,608| 2,764,726 24,570 7,994 2,044 14,532 18,653 | 3,411,520 212,712 92,005 120,707 1933.__| * 25,901,962| 2,707,942 24,723 8.057 2,042 14,624 18,831 3,119,282 103,947 15,454 88,493 1932___| © 26,086,991| 2,632,922 24,837 8,067 2,047 14,723 18,894 | 3,298,822 164,194 36,371 130,823 1981___| 5 26,094,899| 2,520,738 24,844 8,031 2,049 14,264 18,941 7,825,664 361,912 73,105 288,807 1980...| 5 26,051,000) 2,360.767 24,331 8,009 2,074 14,248 19,066 | 7,702,021 872,608 328,269 544,339 1929_._| ® 25,465,036] 2,169,736 23,983 7,853 2,065 14,065 18,680 | 7,506,265 853,721 321,306 532,415 1928._._| 5 24,875,984 2,043,976 23,747 7,809 2,034 13,904 18,511 7,159,989 676,665 224,301 452,364 1927. __| 5 24,453,871] 1,946,798 23,614 7,683 1,980 13,951 18,137 6,701,427 771,552 288,701 482,851 1926._._| 523,800,740) 1,811,002 23,677 7,560 1,925 14,192 18,234 | 6,473,280 885,086 371,922 513,164 1925.1 * 23,217,209] 1,681,291 23,644 7,602 1,987 14,105 18,191 6,278,532 748,191 338,114 410,077 -| $22,182,267 1,549,969 23,636 7,539 1,935 14,162 18,202 6,042,268 874,744 493,609 381,185 -| $21,372,858] 1,408,461 22,839 7,398 1,852 13,589 17,810 5,646,076 1,059,149 681,724 | 877,425 -| 520,580,001] 1,835,458 22,290 7,307 1,834 13,149 17,280 5,321,347 245,509 | 183,764 -| $20,329,224] 1,237,030 22,292 1.275 1,801 13.216 17,083 | 5,059,844 319,874 | | 237.161 19,849,320 1,081,342 21,891 7,215 1,898 12,778 16,994 | 5,075,040 19,300,121 1,009,322 20,950 7,193 1,898 11,859 16,550 5,298,321 18,984,756 936,979 20,785 7,249 1,806 11,730 16,454 5,138,851 18,574,298 796,395 21,249 7,454 1,848 11,947 16,402 5,610,774 17,842,777 628,934 21,049 7,594 1,455 12,000 16,333 5,430,128 Year ending June 30: : 19 17,689,425 571,360 21,092 7,603 1,456 12,033 16,336 | 5,279,428 17,441,420 511,452 21,128 7,600 1,395 12,183 16,308 5,219,847 17,153,786) 435,835 $20,247 67,304 $1,376 611,567 $15,759 5,667,073 16,588,603 7327,847 819,796 67,232 81,379 611,185 $15,366 | 5,780,982 16,004,745] 7 259,661 19,758 7.249 1,374 11,130 15,126 5,581,289 16,612,379 7210,466 19,209 7,075 1,396 10,738 15,044 5,730,250 8 14,557,816 18,417 6,710 1,408 10,304 14,376 | 5,412,578 18,609,184 17,488 6.218 1,468 ,802 13,914 | 4,920,174 13,213,767 16,768 5,911 1,463 9,394 12,834 | 4,843,371 13,030,344 16,082 5,933 1,424 yn Ee 4,948,766 12,420,288 14,570 5.403 1,401 ,766 11,672 | 4,526,959 11,951,349 13,805 5,181 1,878 7,251 11,167 | 4,119,087 11,511,537 13,213 5,051 1,289 6,873 10,712 | 3,643,427 10,973,505 12,600 4,877 1.279 6,444 10,282 | 3,450,738 10,658,321. 12,134 4,722 1,302 6,110 9,926 | 3,337,645 10,405,095|_ 11,688 4,475 1,331 5,882 9,483 | 2,977,575 10,263,313 11,491 4.522 1,323 5,646 9,548 | 2,668,970 9,961,841 11,034 4,323 1,192 5,519 9,432 | 2,239,503 9,760,581 10,819 4,269 1,119 5,431 9,297 1,818,113 9,709,329 10,635 4,367 998 5,270 9,168 1,603,550 9,500,328 10,567 4,257 970 5,340 9,066 | 1,559,024 9,203,491 10,347 4,202 760 5,385 8,900 1,485,618 9,073,471 10,191 4,104 730 5,357 8,647 1,767,926 8,937,546|. 9,895 3,982 687 5,226 8,332 1,809,601 -| °8,690,083 9,686 3,979 654 5,053 8,295 1,825,705 1831._.| © 8,444,856 9,291 3,796 655 4,840 8,008 1,796,391 1890... 798,193 .665]|. .cuunnrnmsa 8.984 3,803 606 4,575 7.577 1 598,182. ccm chiens essed ams fre mm ma Includes proprietary. ! Increase in investment over a period of years cannot be obtained accurately by subtraction of 1 year’s investment {rom that of another owing to reorganization, sale, or abandonment reclassification, etc. ! Includes depreciation on “Miscellaneous physical property,” for years prior to 1920. Amortization of defense projects included subsequent to 1940. ¢ The figures subsequent to the year 1914 include actually outstanding, nominally issued, and nominally outstanding securities in order that they may be comparable with those of previous years in which these items were not segregated. Funded debt unmatured does not include equipment obligations subsequent to 1942, but they are included herein to preserve the comparability of the figures. 204 § For 1921 to 1924, includes investment of lessor companies; and for 1926 to 1945, investment of lessor and proprietary companies; however, excludes investment of proprietary companies which are a part of systems filing consolidated annual reports. ¢ Classes I and II railways and their lessor subsidiaries. 7 Class I railway. * Investment for 1910 originally published is increased by $170,000,000, estimated reserve for accrued depreciation, to make figures comparable with those of other years. ? Represents 1893 investments less increases each year on account of change in classification in 1893. | Includes intercorporate duplications. Unless otherwise the returns for switching and terminal RAILROADS Series K 71-81.—RAILROADS—INCOME AND EXPENSES, AND INTEREST AND DIVIDENDS: 1890 TO 1945 noted, figures cover railways of classes I, II, and III, subject to general exception, that beginning with 1908 | companies are excluded, while before that year they were included where applicable Data: K 71-81 INCOME AND EXPENSES INTEREST AND DIVIDENDS Operating expenses Ratio of oper- g 2 x * ®o ob terest Operating : : Operating Net oper- ; , |atingexpenses| Dividends 3 YEAR revenue Amount fo fei Menta income Tax aceruals ating income Net income to operating | declared ! Sud on, structure equipment | revenues 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 Year ending Dec. 31: | 1,000 dollars | 1,000 dollars | 1,000 dollars |1,000 dollars|1,000 dollars| 1,000 dollars | 1,000 dollars | 1,000 dollars Percent 1,000 dollars | 1,000 dollars 1945__.| 8,986,954 7,115,391 1,431,221 | 2,157,678 | 1,036,130 835,434 858,864 502,250 79.17 295,294 428,404 1944__1! 9,524,628 6,345,085 1,283,208 | 1,597,155 | 1,317,941 1,861,652 1,113,153 733,461 66.62 292,248 488,877 1943___| 9,138,419 5,714,804 1,125,873 | 1,449,356 | 1,560,675 1,862,940 1,870,568 946,150 62.54 263,919 515,617 1942... 17,547,826 4,653,705 811,206 | 1,219,460 | 1,682,347 1,211,775 1,499,364 992,843 61.66, 254,088 564,174 1941... 5,413,972 3,709,921 615,533 | 1,000,375 | 1,148,081 555,970 1,009,592 557,672 68.52 239,438 543,954 | 1940... 4,354,712 3,131,598 508,328 826,242 820,161 402,953 690,554 243,148 71.91 216,522 547,333 1939...0 4,050,047 2,959,438 477,697 773,080 728,992 361,617 595,961 141,134 73.07 179,412 512,283 1938... 3,616,072 2,762,681 431,021 683,529 507,155 346,236 376,865 87,468 76.40 136,270 521,758 1937... 4,226,325 3,165,154 508,319 834,820 730,158 331,013 597,841 146,351 74.89 227,596 532,237 1936___, 4,108,658 2,973,366 466,284 790,240 810,434 324,858 675,600 221,591 72.37 231,733 548,452 2 1985... 38,499,126 2,630,177 404,105 688,678 626,973 240,760 505,415 52,177 75.17 202,568 559,187 i 38,316,861 2,479,997 375,410 644,989 592,034 243,646 465,896 23,282 74.77 211,767 569,760 | 8,138,186 2,285,218 331,653 605,409 598,222 253,522 477,326 26,543 72.82 158,790 590,230 3,168,537 2,441,814 361,337 625,606 446,417 279,263 325,332 121,630 77.06 150,774 591,340 4,246,385 3,273,906 544,300 825,923 663,084 308,492 528,204 169,287 77.10 401,463 592,866 1930... 5,356,484 3,993,621 723,525 | 1,030,482 | 1,007,907 353,881 874,154 577,923 74.56 603,150 588,742 1929__.' 6,373,004 4,579,162 877,067 | 1,216,045 | 1,389,955 402,698 1,262,636 977,230 71.85 560,902 580,770 1928___| 6,212,464 4,508,606 861,846 | 1,181,251 | 1,306,620 395,631 1,182,467 855,018 72.57 510,018 578,831 1927... 6,245,716 4,662,521 895,063 | 1,234,655 | 1,198,547 383,112 1,077,842 741,924 74.65 2 567,281 583,452 1926... 6,508,679 4,766,235 894,886 | 1,300,680 | 1,344,010 396,538 1,229,020 883,422 73.23 473,683 581,709 yore... 6,246,884 4,633,497 844,186 | 1,278,227 | 1,245,622 365,790 1,136,728 771,053 74.17 409,645 583,876 1924___! 6,045,252 4,608,807 821,793 | 1,279,680 | 1,086,578 347,437 984,463 623,399 76.24 385,130 588,301 1923... 6,419,210 4,999,383 843,224 | 1,485,555 | 1,078,226 339,577 974,918 632,118 77.88 411,882 551,705 1922___.1 5,674,483 4,509,991 755,030 | 1,269,971 854,779 308,145 769,411 434,459 79.48 338,806 538,594 1921... 5,632,665 4,668,998 787,537 | 1,271,921 678,551 283,163 601,139 350,540 82.89 456,482 529,398 1920___| 6,310,151 5,954,394 1,069,436 | 1,613,950 75,402 289,272 12,101 481,951 94.36 331,103 500,354 1919 ai 5,250,420 4,498,817 800,912 | 1,245,264 511,546 239,136 454,132 496,609 85.68 335,242 476,075 1918... 4,985,290 4,071,522 673,084 | 1,120,611 684,004 229,533 646,223 442,336 81.67 339,186 468,286 1917...) 4,115,413 2,906,283 460,447 700,073 988,776 218,632 950,557 658,225 70.62 381,852 174,128 1916... 3,691,065 2,426,251 439,195 609,105 | 1,102,171 161,825 1,058,506 735,341 65.73 366,561 481,426 Year ending | 3,472,642 2,277,202 421,501 570,326 | 1,044,603 150,015 1,002,935 671,398 65.58 342,109 474,535 \ 2,956,193 2,088,683 381,532 509,819 729,069 137,775 694,276 354,787 70.65 328,478 464,186 4.n-i.: 3,127,780 2,280,416 $419,278 | 1532,139 706,844 140,470 674,190 395,492 72.91 451,653 442,595 1913___1 33,193,118 $2,235,923 $421,232 | 511,561 | 3835,190 $122,005 $ 805,266 4 546,761 370.02 369,078 4 434,753 1912... 2,906,416 2,035,058 367,448 450,373 757,540 113,819 727,458 453,125 70.02 400,315 429,027 1911... 2,852,855 1,976,332 366.025 428,367 773,866 102,657 744,669 547,281 69.28 460,195 410,327 1910... 2,812,142 1,881,879 368,507 413,110 832,228 98,035 805,097 583,191 66.92 405,771 399,582 1909... 2,473,205 1,650,034 308,450 363,913 738,032 85,140 710,474 441,063 66.72 321,072 382,675 1908... 2,440,639 1,710,402 329,373 368,354 651,562 78,674 634,794 443,987 70.08 390,695 368,296 1907... 2,589,106 1,748,516 343,545 368,062 |... uo a ina 73,743 766,846 488,014 67.23 308,089 344,243 1906... 2,325,765 1,536,877 311,721 328.555 |. .cuoniinas 69,064 719,824 434,229 66.08 272,796 322,556 1905... | 2,082,482 1,390,602 275,046 288,441 {oie 58,712 633,168 364,811 66.78 237,964 310,632 1904... 1,975,174 1,338,896 261,280 267,185 |...orduweme~ 56,802 579,476 317,308 67.79 221,941 297,675 1,257,539 266,422 240,430 |. __.___._. 53,252 590,056 338,324 66.16 196,728 283,953 1,116,249 248,382 213,381 |____..._... 50,054 560,077 314,989 64.66 185,392 274,422 1,030,397 231,057 190,300 |... 46,708 511,421 273,450 64.86 156,736 262,095 1,487,045 961,429 211,221 181,174 44,445 481,171 252,760 64.65 139,598 252,950 1,313,610 856,969 180,411 150,919 44,397 412,244 177,225 65.24 111,010 251,158 1,247,326 817,973 173,315 142,625 41,929 387,424 147,167 65.58 96,153 246,127 1,122,090 752,525 159,434 122,762 41,119 328,446 85,802 67.06 $7,111 247,880 1,150,169 772,989 160,345 133,382 37,962 339,219 94,794 67.20 87,603 249,624 1,075,371 725,720 143,976 133,789 eco osiununs 38,146 311,505 60,133 67.48 85,288 252,513 1,073,362 731,414 143,669 = 36,556 305,391 60,174 68.14 95,515 252,780 1,220,752 827,921 169,258 35,071 357,760 114,015 67.82 100,930 250,177 1,171,407 780,998 164,189 32,751 357,658 120,091 66.67 97,615 1 240,075 1891... 1,096,761 731,888 158,672 32,052 332,822 114,965 66.73 91,118 219,521 1890._.' 1,051,878 692,094 152,719 114,038 {nei 29,806 329,978 106,270 65.80 87,072 221,500 ! Includes lessors. ? Includes unusual items, amounting to $76,300,000, not representing cash. 2 Classes I and II railways. 4 Classes I and II railways and their lessor subsidiaries. 205 Data: K 82-93 TRANSPORTATION Series K 82-93.—RAILROADS—EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES, AND RAILWAY ACCIDENTS AND FATALITIES: 1890 TO 1945 [Statistics on accidents and fatalities not strictly comparable because of changing definition of a reportable accident ] EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES ! RAILWAY ACCIDENTS AND FATALITIES Compen- Total Passengers 2 8 Employees 4 Other persons * Trespassers 3 5 YEAR Number of| sation of employees | ralvoad | filled | Injured | Killed | Injured | Killed | Injured | Killed | Injured | Killed | Injured 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 Year ending 1,000 1,000 . S12 persons dollars 1,439 3,900,928 4,812 61,515 156 4,840 972 48,632 2,052 6,870 1,632 1,178 1,434 3,897,755 4,908 61,251 267 4,854 1,087 48,613 1,958 6,632 1,596 1,152 1,375 3,556,189 5,051 60,348 278 5,166 1,072 46,971 1,946 7,076 1,753 1,135 1,291 2,966,062 5,337 48,123 122 3,50L 1,005 36,032 2,197 7,237 2,013 1,353 1,159 2,360,369 5,191 37,829 48 3,009 807 25,866 2,141 7,378 2,195 1,576 1,046 1,990,631 4,740 29,606 83 2,597 583 18,350 1,979 6,886 2,095 1,773 1,007 1,889,130 4,492 28,144 40 2,580 536 17,383 1,564 6,225 2,352 1,956 958 1,771,083 4,649 27,275 81 2,345 513 16,569 1,695 6,253 2,360 2,108 1,137 2,013,677 5,502 36,713 34 2,594 712 24,114 2,102 7,703 2,654 2,302 1,086 1,873,819 5,550 34,723 41 2,548 720 22,409 1,988 7,348 2,801 2,418 1,014 1,666,229 5,258 28,108 30 1,949 600 16,742 1,842 6,711 2,786 2,706 1,027 1,541,313 5,020 28,641 38 1,945 556 17,338 1,729 6,573 2,697 2,785 991 1,424,392 5,180 27,516 51 2,067 533 15,932 1,704 5,915 2,892 3,602 1,052 1,535,066 4,905 29,232 27 1,912 579 17,742 1,722 6,214 2,577 3,364 1,283 2,124,784 5,271 35,671 46 2,104 677 23,358 2,059 7,232 2,489 2,977 1,517 2,588,598 5,665 49,443 61 2,666 977 35,872 2,218 8,230 2,409 2,675 1,694 2,940,206 6,690 77,013 114 3,846 1,428 60,739 2,724 10,082 2,424 2,346 1,692 2,874,429 6,680 86,205 91 3,468 1,329 70,873 2,773 9,497 2,487 2,367 1,776 2,963,034 6,992 104,817 88 3,893 1,570 88,223 2,608 9,976 2,726 2,725 1,822 3,001,804 7,080 130,235 152 4,461 1,672 111,903 2,705 11,326 2,561 2,545 1,786 2,916,193 6,766 137,435 176 5,643 1.599 119,224 2,347 9,640 2,644 2,928 1,795 2,882,658 6,617 143,739 153 6,023 1,543 125,319 2,300 9,268 2,621 3,129 1,902 3,062,026 7,385 171,712 143 6,463 2,026 152,678 2,397 9,279 2,819 3,292 1,670 2,693,292 6,325 134,871 203 6,712 1,657 117,197 1,967 7,834 2,498 3,128 1,705 2,823,970 5,996 120,685 205 5,584 1,446 104,530 4,345 NO, 5T il cee 2mm nom fo mew 2,076 3,754,281 6,958 168,309 229 7,591 2,578 149,414 4,151 11,304 1,960 2,897,769 6,978 149,053 273 7,456 2,138 131,018 4,567 10,579 1,892 2,665,013 9,286 174,575 471 7,316 3,419 156,013 5,396 11,246 1,786 1,782,965 10,087 194,805 301 7,582 3,199 174,247 6,587 12,976 1,701 1,506,961 10,001 196,722 246 7,152 2,941 176,923 6,814 12,647 June 30: 1,654 1,408,968 [oo comee|emsrscsnsn cerns gus)unsvisnmre|s snsprrmme arpa fm pm fe pg 1,548 1,277,663 8,621 162,040 199 10,914 2.152 138,092 6,270 13,034 1,710 1,381,117 10,302 192,662 232 13,887 3,259 165,212 6,811 13,563 61,815 [61,373,831 10,964 200,308 350 15,130 3,715 171,417 6,899 13,761 1,716 1,252,348 10,585 169,538 283 14,938 3,635 142,442 6,667 12,158 1,670 1,208,466 10,396 150,159 299 12,042 3,602 126,039 6,495 12,078 1,699 1,143,725 9,682 119,507 324 12,451 3,382 95,671 5,976 11,385 1,503 988,324 8,722 95,626 253 10,311 2,610 75,006 5,859 10,309 1,436 1,035,438 10,188 104,230 381 11,556 3,405 82,487 6,402 10,187 1,672 1,072,386 11,839 111,016 610 13,041 4,534 87,644 6,695 10,331 1,521 900,802 10,618 97,706 359 10,764 3,929 76,701 6,330 10,241 1,382 839,945 9,703 86,008 537 10,457 3,361 66,833 5,805 8,718 1,296 817,599 10,046 84,155 441 9.111 3,632 67,067 5,973 7.977 1,313 757,321 9,840 76,553 355 8,231 3,606 60,481 5,879 7,841 1,189 676,029 8,588 64,662 345 6,683 2,969 £0,524 5,274 7,455 1,071 610,714 8,455 53,339 282 4,988 2,675 41,142 5,498 7,209 1,018 577,265 7,865 50,320 249 4,128 2,550 39,643 5,066 0,549 | semen imate ae 929 522,968 7,123 44,620 239 3,442 2,210 34,923 4,674 875 495,056 6,859 40,882 221 2,945 1,958 31,761 4,680 823 465,602 6,437 36,731 222 2,795 1,693 27,667 4,522 827 468,825 6,448 38,687 181 2,873 1,861 29,969 4,406 33,748 170 2,375 1,811 25,696 4,155 31,889 324 3,034 1,823 23,422 4,300 40,393 299 3,229 2.727 31,729 4,320 36,652 376 3,227 2,554 28,267 4,217 33,881 293 2,972 2,660 26,140 4,076 1 See headnote for series K 71-81. 4 Prior to 1921 casualties sustained by employees not on duty in nontrain acci- : . : Teg 0 2 Data cover passengers on trains and travelers not on trains. dents included with “Other persons. 3 Casualties sustained in nontrain accidents included with “Other persons.” § Trespassers included with “Other persons” prior to 1922. Nontrain accidents are those not caused directly by operation or movement of (Classes I and II railways. trains, locomotives, or cars, but attributable to shop machinery or use of tools and apparatus that result in reportable casualties. 206 SHIPPING AND WATER TRAFFIC Dava: K 94-104 Series K 94-104.—DOCUMENTED MERCHANT VESSELS—COMPOSITION OF THE MERCHANT MARINE: 1789 TO 1945 [ Gross tonnage of documented vessels of 5 tons net or more. Figures in boldface represent changes from those shown in source; see table 2 in text for series K 94-131] TOTAL, DOCUMENTED MATERIAL OF WHICH TYPE OF TRADE IN WHICH ENGAGED VESSELS MAJOR CLASS BUILT 5 = dara Foreign oasiwise Whale od an, YEAR! Steam and P Canal boats s and : mackerel . Number Gross tons rotor Sailing 2 and barges Metal Wood trade internal fisheries ficherice 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 29,797 (32,813,281 (30,246,990 114,725 | 2,451,566 |30,898,457 | 1,914,824 (26,042,884 | 6,765,631 1,425 3,341 28,690 [25,795,497 [23,216,972 129,297 | 2,449,228 (23,836,988 | 1,958,509 [18,685,136 | 7,105,412 1,425 3,524 27,612 (16,761,754 |14,051,556 142,458 | 2,567,745 | 14,646,883 | 2,114,863 | 9,284,870 | 7,470,584 1,538 4,762 27,325 (13,859,640 [11,072,180 166,290 | 2,621,220 (11,641,386 | 2,218,254 | 4,108,775 | 9,743,521 1,538 5,806 27,075 [13,721,614 [11,046,822 181,710 | 2,493,082 |11,392,529 | 2,829,085 | 3,059,237 {10,653,610 1,702 7,065 27,212 (14,018,188 [11,352,742 199,845 | 2,465,601 * * 3,637,617 |10,351,967 20,466 8,138 27,470 {14,631,991 [11,952,003 221,452 | 2,458,536 112,158,752 | 2,473,239 | 3,311,816 (11,288,031 20,845 11,299 27,155 [14,651,365 [12,007,077 260,517 | 2,383,771 |12,130,133 | 2,521,232 | 3,560,815 (11,063,804 20,712 16,034 26,588 14,676,128 [12,169,735 312,161 | 2,194,232 [12,233,368 | 2,442,760 | 3,833,224 [10,798,119 20,263 24,522 25,392 14,496,687 |12,266,561 379,160 | 1,850,966 | 12,263,151 | 2,233,542 | 4,159,348 [10,300,410 9,037 27,892 24,919 [14,653,756 |12,535,257 441,067 | 1,677,432 | 12,468,954 | 2,184,802 | 4,560,087 |10,049,401 9,037 35,231 24,904 [14,861,834 [12,686,583 499,871 | 1,675,380 | 12,601,247 | 2,260,587 | 4,597,586 (10,219,966 9,037 35,245 24,868 (15,060,157 12,862,240 562,959 | 1,634,958 [12,736,144 | 2,324,013 | 4,700,802 {10,313,070 9,367 36,918 25,156 (15,838,655 113,567,825 624,837 | 1,645,993 |13,421,435 | 2,417,220 | 5,070,764 [10,727,564 2,014 38,313 25,471 (15,908,256 [13,528,019 673,017 | 1,707,220 [13,343,519 | 2,564,737 | 5,575,727 (10,285,582 6,627 40,320 25,214 116,067,725 138,756,991 756,792 | 1,553,942 | 13,518,556 | 2,554,169 | 6,295,935 | 9,722,980 6.940 41,870 25,326 16,476,859 14,161,837 825,268 | 1,489,754 |13,909,931 | 2,566,928 | 6,905,504 | 9,525,536 6,916 38,903 25,385 |16,683,061 14,346,679 915,149 | 1,421,233 | 14,064,119 | 2,618,942 | 6,933,589 | 9,706,190 6,804 36,478 25,778 [16,887,501 |14,506,849 988,742 | 1,391,910 | 14,159,898 | 2,727,603 | 7,309,146 | 9,532,869 7,913 37,573 26,343 [17,311,147 |14,848,220 | 1,091,543 | 1,371,384 (14,473,477 | 2,837,670 | 7,719,139 | 9,551,752 2,720 37,536 26,367 [17,405,902 |14,976,393 | 1,125,403 | 1,304,106 [14,499,228 | 2,906,674 | 8,151,426 | 9,215,893 3,546 35,037 26,575 (17,740,557 |15,315,343 | 1,184,867 | 1,240,347 |14,626,655 | 3,113,902 | 8,793,667 | 8,911,428 3,154 32,308 27,017 18,284,734 |15,821,401 | 1,254,475 | 1,208,858 |14,774,949 | 3,509,785 | 9,069,342 | 9,176,789 3,721 34,882 27,358 [18,462,967 |15,982,100 | 1,287,614 | 1,193,253 [14,805,273 | 3,657,694 [10,720,451 | 7,702,724 4,139 35,653 28,012 (18,282,136 |15,745,115 | 1,294,293 | 1,242,728 [14,425,909 | 3,856,227 {11,077,398 | 7,163,136 4,292 37,310 28,183 (16,324,024 (13,823,449 | 1,272,159 | 1,228,416 [12,447,858 | 3,876,166 | 9,924,694 | 6,357,706 3,901 37,723 27,518 (12,907,300 [10,415,627 | 1,199,661 | 1,292,012 | 9,285,853 | 3,671,447 | 6,665,376 | 6,201,426 4,350 36,148 26,711 | 9,924,518 | 7,471,314 | 1,209,535 | 1,243,669 | 6,814,345 | 8,110,173 | 3,599,213 | 6,282,474 4,493 38,338 26,397 | 8,871,037 | 6,433,361 | 1,278,464 | 1,159,212 | 5,855,821 | 3,015,216 | 2,440,776 | 6,392,583 5,623 32,055 26,444 | 8,469,649 | 6,070,063 | 1,310,937 | 1,088,649 | 5,475,695 | 2,993,954 | 2,185,008 | 6,244,550 6,707 33,384 26,701 | 8,389,429 | 5,943,810 | 1,384,474 | 1,061,145 | 5,304,720 | 3,084,709 | 1,862,714 | 6,486,384 8,829 31,502 26,943 | 7,928,688 | 5,427,526 | 1,432,540 | 1,068,622 | 4,732,927 | 3,195,761 | 1,066,288 | 6,818,363 9,864 34,173 27,070 | 7,886,518 | 5,333,247 | 1,507,630 | 1,045,641 | 4,608,397 | 3,278,121 | 1,019,165 | 6,816,980 8,611 41,762 26,528 | 7,714,183 | 5,179,858 | 1,538,847 995,478 | 4,432,550 | 3,281,633 923,225 | 6,737,046 8,876 45,036 25,991 | 7,638,790 | 5,074,069 | 1,597,823 966,898 | 4,299,219 | 3,339,571 863,495 | 6,720,313 9,176 45,806 25,740 | 7,508,082 | 4,900,361 | 1,655,473 952,248 | 4,117,487 | 3,390,595 782,517 | 6,668,966 9,308 47,291 25,668 | 7,388,755 | 4,749,224 | 1,711,076 928,455 | 3,924,647 | 3,464,108 878,523 | 6,451,042 8,982 50,208 25,425 | 7,865,445 | 4,711,174 | 1,761,070 893,201 | 3,860,018 | 8,505,427 930,413 | 6,371,862 9,655 53,515 24,911 | 6,938,794 | 4,279,368 | 1,814,444 844,982 | 3,437,602 | 3,501,192 861,466 | 6,010,601 9,680 57,047 25,006 | 6,674,969 | 3,975,287 | 1,898,634 801,048 | 3,114,761 | 3,560,208 928,466 | 5,674,044 11,020 61,439 24,681 | 6,456,543 | 3,741,494 | 1,961,584 753,465 | 2,849,754 | 3,606,789. 943,750 | 5,441,688 10,763 60,342 24,558 | 6,291,635 | 3,595,418 | 1,944,956 751,161 | 2,668,579 | 3,622,956 888,628 | 5,335,164 10,140 57,603 24,425 | 6,087,345 | 3,408;088 | 1,965,924 713,333¢| 2,440,247 | 3,647,098 879,264 | 5,141,037 9,512 57,532 24,273 | 5,797,902 | 3,176,874 | 1,941,878 679,150 | 2,179,879 | 3,618,023 873,235 | 4,858,714 9,320 56,633 24,057 | 5,524,218 | 2,920,953 | 1,933,357 669,908 | 1,901,017 | 3,623,201 879,595 | 4,582,645 9,534 | 52,444 23,333 | 5,164,839 | 2,657,797 | 1,884,842 622,200 | 1,592,831 | 3,572,008 816,795 | 4,286,516 9,899 51,629 22,728 | 4,864,238 | 2,476,011 | 1,825,318 562,909 | 1,375,642 | 3,488,596 837,229 | 3,965,313 11,017 50,679 22,705 | 4,749,738 | 2,371,923 | 1,835,827 541,988 | 1,223,800 | 3,525,938 726,213 | 3,959,702 11,496 52,327 22,633 | 4,769,020 | 2,358,558 | 1,904,153 506,309 | 1,207,221 | 3,561,799 792,870 | 3,896,826 12,714 66,610 22,908 | 4,703,880 | 2,307,208 | 1,928,260 468,412 | 1,089,966 | 3,613,914 829,833 | 3,790,296 15,121 68,630 23,240 | 4,635,960 1 2,212,801 | 1,965,476 457,683 969,956 | 3,666,004 822,347 | 3,728,714 15,839 69,060 23,586 | 4,684,029 | 2,189,429 | 2,022,899 471,700 929,744 | 3,754,284 899,698 | 3,696,276 16,482 71,573 24,512 | 4,825,071 | 2,183,272 | 2,118,197 523,602 895,536 | 3,929,535 883,199 | 3,854,693 16,604 70,575 24,383 | 4,764,921 | 2,074,417 | 2,178,475 512,029 786,409 | 3,978,512 977,624 | 3,700,773 17,052 69,472 23,899 | 4,684,759 | 2,016,264 | 2,171,737 496,758 741,598 | 3,943,160 988,719 | 3,609,876 17,231 68,933 23,467 | 4,424,497 | 1,859,088 | 2,109,413 455,995 626,850 | 3,797,647 928,062 | 3,409,435 18,633 68,367 23,623 | 4,307,475 | 1,765,551 | 2,099,178 442,746 554,487 | 3,752,988 999,619 | 3,211,416 21,976 74,464 23,281 | 4,191,915 | 1,648,069 | 2,124,350 419,496 494,007 | 3,697,908 919,302 | 3,172,120 24,482 76,012 23,063 | 4,105,844 | 1,542,717 | 2,170,157 392,970 475,088 | 3,630,756 989,412 | 3,010,735 26,151 79,547 23,534 | 4,131,136 | 1,522,984 | 2,210,203 397,949 44,954 | 3,687,180 | 1,088,041 | 2,939,252 23,138 80,705 23,963 | 4,265,933 | 1,494,917 | 2,373,884 397,132 430,301 | 3,835,632 | 1,262,814 | 2,895,371 25,184 82,565 24,082 | 4,271,228 | 1,465,908 | 2,414,009 391,311 386,618 | 3,884,611 | 1,276,972 | 2,884,068 27,249 82,940 24,217 | 4,235,487 | 1,413,194 | 2,386,557 1,269,681 | 2,838,354 32,414 95,038 24,368 | 4,165,933 | 1,355,826 | 2,361,251 1,259,492 | 2,795,776 32,802 77,863 24,065 | 4,057,734 | 1,264,998 | 2,350,393 1,297,035 | 2,646,011 38,551 76,137 24,712 | 4,068,034 | 1,211,558 | 2,366,258 490,218 1,314,402 | 2,637,686 38,408 77,538 25,211 | 4,169,600 | 1,176,172 | 2,422,813 570,615 1,451,506 | 2,598,182 40,028 79,885 25,264 | 4,212,764 | 1,167,678 | 2,521,319 523,767 1,589,348 | 2,497,170 39,700 86,547 25,386 | 4,242,599 | 1,171,196 | 2,580,389 491,014 1,570,600 | 2,540,322 40,593 91,085 25,934 | 4,279,457 | 1,172,372 | 2,608,691 498,394 1,553,705 | 2,598,835 39,116 87,802 32,285 | 4,853,732 | 1,168,668 | 2,584,910 | 1,100,154 1,515,598 | 3,219,698 38,229 80,207 32,486 | 4,800,652 | 1,185,610 | 2,473,716 | 1,141,326 1,389,815 | 3,293,439 39,108 78,290 32,672 | 4,696,026 | 1,156,443 | 2,383,801 | 1,155,782 1,378,533 | 3,163,220 44,755 109,519 31,114 | 4,437,746 | 1,111,552 | 2,325,375 | 1,000,819 1,359,040 | 2,929,552 51,608 97,547 29,651 | 4,282,607 | 1,087,637 | 2,286,156 908,814 1,363,652 | 2,764,600 61,490 92,865 28,998 | 4,246,507 | 1,075,095 | 2,363,086 808,326 1,448,846 | 2,638,247 67,954 91,460 27,487 | 4,144,640 | 1,103,568 | 2,399,971 641,101 1,496,220 | 2,515,515 70,202 62,704 28,167 | 4,351,758 | 1,199,415 | 2,508,516 643,828 1,487,246 | 2,702,140 78,486 83,886 PE 4,304,487 | 1,191,880 { 3,112,607 [mmeucuwe=e- 1,515,648 | 2,660,390 52,384 76,065 Emm 4,310,778 | 1,083,512 | 3,227,266 |.._.._----- 1,387,756 | 2,719,621 105,170 98,231 See next page for footnotes. 207 Data: K 94-104 TRANSPORTATION Series K 94-104.—DOCUMENTED MERCHANT VESSELS—COMPOSITION OF THE MERCHANT MARINE: 1789 TO 1945—Con. Gross tonnage of documented vessels of 5 net tons or more. Figures in boldface represent changes from those shown in source; see table 2 in text for series K 94-181! Tol, MAJOR CLASS TYPE OF TRADE IN WHICH ENGAGED Tow, MAJOR CLASS TYPE OF TRADE IN WHICH ENGAGED ocu- ocu- mented Cod and mented Cod and YEAR ! | vessels, Bream Sailing ? Foreign Sonat Whale | mack- YEAR ! | vessels, Steam Sailing ? Foreign Hoast., Whale | mack- gross tons| tor trade {ntermal fisheries es gross tons| tor trade interns! fisheries a - 95 96 97 101 102 103 104 95 96 97 101 102 103 104 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons ons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 1865....|5,096,78211,067,139/|4,029,6431,518,350(3,381,522( 84,233 (112,677 || 1825_...|1,423,111| 23,061 |1,400,050|665,409 |640,861 | 35,379 | 81,462 1864.._.14,986,400| 977,960|4,008,440)1,486,749(3,245,265| 95,145 |159,241 1824_.../1,389,163| 21,610 (1,367,553|636,807 |641,563 | 33,346 | 77,447 1863..../5,155,056} 575,519|4,579,537|1,926,886/2,960,633| 99,228 168,309 1823..../1,336,566| 24,879 (1,311,687]|600,003 (617,805 | 40,503 | 78,2566 1862....|5,112,164} 710,463|4,401,701|2,173,537|2,616,716/117,714 [204,197 1822_...|1,324,699| 22,618 [1,304,081 |582,701 (624,189 | 48,583 | 69,226 1861-__(5,539.813| 877.204|4.662,609 |2.496,894(2,704 544/145, "734 [192.641 || 1821..2(1.298.958| 23.074 |1.275.884 | 593 ,825 (614,845 | 27,995 | 62,298 1860....(5,353,868| 867,937(4,485,931|2,379,396/2,644,867/166,841 [162,764 || 1820_.../1,280,167| 22,127 |1,258,040(583,6567 |588,025 | 36,445 | 72,040 1859_...15,145,038| 1768,753|4,376,285|2,321,674(2,480,929(185,728 [156,707 1819....11,260,752| 17,487 {1,243,265|581,230 {571,058 | 32,386 | 76,078 1858....15,049,808| 729,390(4,320,418|2,301,148/|2,401,220{198,594 |148,846 || 1818_._..(1,225,185| 12,624 |1,212,661 | 589,954 (549,374 | 16,750 | 69,107 1857._...14,940,843| 705,784(4,235,05912,268,196(2,336,609(195,842 [140,196 | 1817..../1,399,912| 8,926 |1,390,986|804,851 [525,030 5,224 | 64,807 1856. -_-[4.871,653| 673,077|4,198.576|2,302,190|2,247,663|189,461 [132,339 || 1816____|1,372,219| 6,458 |1,365,761|800,760 [522,165 1,168 | 48,126 1855....15,212,001| 1770,286(4,441,716)2,348,358(2,543,255/186,848 [133,540 1815..../1,368,128} 3,297 |1,364,831|854,295 |475,666 1,230 | 36,937 1854____(4,802,902 6,607|4,126,295(2,151,918/2,322,114/181,901 (146,969 1814_.../1,159,209 ,917 11,156,292 674,633 [466,159 562 | 17,8565 1853....14,407,010| 604,618/3,802,39211,910,471/2,134,258({193,203 {169,078 || 1813....(1,166,628| 2,545 |1,164,083|672,700 [471,109 | 2,940 | 19,877 1852.__..14,138,440| 643,240(3,495,200|1,705,650/2,055,873/193,798 183,119 || 1812_.__/1,269,997| 1,532 |1,268,465|758,636 1477,972 | 2,930 | 30,4569 1851_._.|8,772.439| 583.6073 ,188,832|1,544,663(1,899,976{181,644 [146,156 || 1811_.._|1,232,502 ,414 |1,231,088}763,607 [420,362 5,299 | 43,234 1850..../8,535,464] 525,947(3,009,507]1,439,694(1,797,825/146,017 [151,918 1810....]1,424,788 640 [1,424,143981,019 [405,347 3,589 | 34,828 1849_._.18,884,016| 462,395(2,871,621|1,258,756/1,770,376(180,186 [124,698 || 1809..../1,850,282 640 |1,849,642]906,855 |405,163 | 3,777 | 34,487 1848.__.13,154,042| 427,891|2,726,151/1,168,707|1,659,317(192,613 [133,405 || 1808_...|1,242,595 182 {1,242,413 765,252 |420,819 4,526 | 51,998 1847___.12,839,046| 404,841(2,434,205|1,047,454(1,488,601{193,859 (109,132 1807....11,268,548 78 11,268,4701840,163 [349,028 9,051 | 70,306 1846..../2,562, 1085 347,893(2,214,192 943 ,307(1,315,577{187,420 {115,781 1806....11,208,737). conven 1,208,737}|798,507 [340,540 | 10,507 | 59,183 1845....12,417,002| 326,019(2,090,983 904,476(1,223,218/190,903 | 98,405 1805..._|1 ,140,367 1,140,367 744,224 [332,663 6,015 | 57,466 1844____/2,280,096} 272,180(2,007,916| 900,471{1,109,615/168,614 [101,396 || 1804____|1,042,404 1,042,404 660,514 (317,537 | 12,889 | 52,014 18431 __|2,158,603| 236,867(1,921,736| 856,930|1,076,156/162,517 | 73,000 1803....1 949,172 949,172 585,910 [299,060 | 12,890 | 51,812 1842._._|2,092,3891| 229,751|1,862,640| 823,746/1,045,753{151,990 | 70,902 || 1802_._.| 892,106 892,106 | 557,760 [289,623 y 41,522 1841..../2,180,744| 175,088(1,955,656| 788,398|1,107,068|157, 1405 | 77.873 || 1801___ 947,576 947,576} 630,558 |274,551 3,085 | 39,382 1840.._.|2,180,764| 202,339(1,978,425| 762,838|1,176,694/136,927 (104,305 || 1800....| 972,492 972,492] 667,107 272,492 3,466 | 29,427 1839....12,096,4791 195,028(1,901,451 702,400(1,153,552|132,285 [108,242 1799....] 939,408 939,408 | 657,142 (246,640 5,647 | 29,979 1888_.../1,995,640] 193,423/1,802,217| 702,962|1,041,105/124,860 [126,713 1798....| 898,328 898,328 603,376 [251,443 763 | 42,746 1837....{1,896,686| 1654,765|1,741,921 683,20 956,981{129,137 [127,363 1797....] 876,912 876,912597,777 237,403 1,104 | 40,628 1886....|1,882,102| 145,556(1,736,5646| 753, 094] 873 ,0231146,254 [109,731 1796... 831,900 831,900 576,733 [217,841 2,364 | 34,962 18351 __|1,824,941] 122,814(1,702,127 788,173] 1797,338| 97,649 [141,781 1795....] 747,965 747,965] 529,471 |184,398 3,163 | 30,933 1834_.__/1,7568,907] 122,814/1,636,093 749,378] 1783,619/108,424 [117,486 || 1794_.__| 628,618 628,618 | 438,863 [162,578 1833___../1,606,151| 101,851(1,504,300 648,869] 744,199/101,636 [111,447 1793___.] 520,764 520,764 367,734 [122,071 1832___./1,439,450 ,814/1,348,636| 614,121] 649,627 73,246 [102,456 || 17925. __| 564,457 564 ,457|411,438 [120,957 1831....|1,267,846 69,445(1,198,401| 538,136] 539,724] 82,797 (107,189 || 17915 __| 502,146 502,146 (363,110 |106,494 1830_...11,191,776 64,472|1,127,304| 537,563 516,979] 39,705 | 97,529 || 17905. __| 478,877T|_ __._.... 478,3877|346,254 (103,775 1829_._..(1,260,798 54,037/1,206,761 592,859] 508,858 57,284 [101,797 || 1789 5._.| 201,562... ..._.. 201,562 123,893 | 68,607 1828....11,741,392 39,418/1,701,974 757,998) 842,906| 54,801 | 85,687 1827....|1,620,607 40,198(1,580,409 701,517| 789,159] 45,992 | 83,939 1826..../1,534,191 34,059(1,500,132 696,221 1722, 1330] 41 ,984 | 73,656 1 Data as of Dec. 31 for 1789 through 1834; as of Sept. 30 for 1835 through 1842; as of June 30 for 1848 through 1940; as of Jan. 1, 1941 through 1945. ? Includes canal boats and barges prior to 1868. 208 * Includes iron, steel, composite, and concrete. ¢ Data not available. 3 Duty tonnage. Figures for 1789 are for 5 months only, Aug. 1 to Dec. 81. SHIPPING AND WATER TRAFFIC Data: K 105-118 Series K 105-118.—DOCUMENTED MERCHANT VESSELS—CHANGES IN THE MERCHANT MARINE: 1813 TQ 1944 [ Gross tonnage of documented vessels of 6 net tons or more. Prior to 1877, tonnage figures are incomplete and table is out of balance in other respects; see text. Figurer in boldface represent changes from those in the source; see table 2 in text for series K 94-131 ] N VESSELS ADDED VESSELS REMOVED et increase (+) National- Bought | Rebuilt Rebuilt or de- Total Built ? ized or | Redocu- from or All Total Loge and Sold to ad eo or All YEAR ! crease (—) | increase renation- | mented | United |readmea-| other [decrease dotied aliens State readmea-| other alized States sured 3 8 | sured? 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 118 116 117 118 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 1944(12-31)| 47,017,784 (5 8,032,009 *® (% * * ®) 1,424,539) 417,280 | 108,578 | 287,784 ® 615,947 1943 --|+ ® 10,431,734 ® (® ® ® (® 1,726,968| 199,460 | 101,858 | 215,693 (9) 1,209,957 (3) 4,543,946 (5) (5 ® (®) [Q) 1,875,801| 167,536 | 69,847 | 322,857 ®) 1,315,561 (5) 647,097 ® (® *) Q) (5) 1,063,683| 127,381 | 332,856 | 244,896 (® 358,400 —296,574 ® 446,894 ®) (5) [0] 0] * 1,697,032| 274,410 [1,114,260 (®) (%) 308,362 —613,808 * 193,229 ® (5 (3) (5) (*) 1,071,183| 187,199 | 789,897 (© ® 94,087 —19,874 (%) 339,899 9 (®) * *) (® 407,861) 228,822 | 100,198 © (®) 78,841 —24,763 (5) 287,874 5) (5) ®) (5) *) 478,088] 163,063 | 188,789 (%) (5) 126,236 +179 ,441 (® 471,364 [Q) (5) ® (®) (®) 897,486] 282,632 | 124,946 87 522,045) 17,776 —157,069] 718,515 224,084 3,283 63,685 5,956 419,798 1,709 875,584| 279,815 | 143,612 879 420,487) 30,791 —208,078| 746,059 62,919] 50,387 20,903 12,259 597,074 2,517 954,137] 205,165 | 122,671 2,132 602,360 21,809 —198,323] 706,625 66,649| 18,223 18,517 2,936 596,191 4,109 904,948] 174,454 70,795 3,408 637,330] 18,961 —778,498] 748,355] 190,803 4,259 10,886 9,314 516,985 16,108 [1,526,853] 875,971 12,689 15,022 568,407 54,764 —69,601] 880,023] 212,892| 18,840 9,851 30,314 603,522 4,604 949 ,624| 181,613 14,072 18,125 616,566) 119,248 —159,469| 848,812] 386,906 1,976 12,250 14,036 425,187 8,457 |1,008,281| 489,142 40,822 8,970 426,633) 42,714 —409,134| 882,138] 254,296 37,597 5,063 4,486 576,839 3,857 [1,291,272] 512,430 | 170,912 205 585,256] 22,469 —206,202| 688,065( 128,976 97,342 12,912 4,785 442,965 1,085 894 ,267| 307,513 | 121,808 113 441,872) 22,961 —204,440 900,410 257,180 53,773 19,634 12,361 554,482 2,980 |1,104,850( 372,126 | 115,028 1,233 566,762) 49,701 —423,646] 665,782] 245,144| 385,045 17,767 771 365,438 1,617 |1,089,428| 555,458 | 138,392 860 370,839| 28,879 —94.755| 781.792| 224.673] 23.820 | 29.958 5,213 | 496.850 1.283 | '876,547| 266,038 | 71,798 1,539 | 517.500 19,672 —334,655| 740,662] 199,846] 12,993 80,607 8,175 436,898 2,143 11,075,317| 415,923 | 156,932 16,293 442,439| 43,730 —544,177(1,100,759| 223,968 20,905 27,021 69,002 758,133 1,730 |1,644,936| 645,243 | 185,431 1,288 779,679] 33,300 —1178,2331,392,395| 335,791 38,968 14,215 49,007 890,725 63,689 1,570,628) 270,500 | 218,401 99,729 942,358 39,640 -| +180,831/1,788,270| 661,232] 97,585 10,225 18,625 847,011| 153,592 |1,607,439| 229,893 | 170,774 | 155,641 884,957 166,174 +1,958,111/4,408,286|2,265,115| 92,536 12,091 25,5661 (1,932,026 80,957 |2,450,174| 236,384 | 117,750 11,048 2,034,861 50,131 +8,416,722(6,556,897|3,880,639| 15,689 7,946 80,557 |2,417,914| 204,152 [3,140,173] 270,777 | 242,960 2,841 |2,485,628| 137,967 +2,982,784/3,691,560(3,326,621| 19,608 19,480 5,471 239,602 80,778 708,778| 249,396 62,587 47,568 233,417] 115,810 +1,053,482(1,948,043/1,300,868( 97,059 20,528 3,670 250,040| 275,878 894,562| 234,806 63,160 | 101,121 246,170| 249,306 +401,388/1,236,920| 664,479| 86,365 25,835 1,620 879,300| 179,321 835,532] 133,236 | 197,370 4,637 376,083| 124,226 +80,220{ 904,618 325,413] 83,480 20,999 2,726 469,500 2,500 824,398| 189,277 | 102,479 24,433 470,697) 87,512 +460,741| 904,292] 225,122| 513,616 8,936 1,417 151,969 3,232 443,551| 198,380 18,595 12,278 152,016 62,287 +42,170] 404,187 316,250 514 15,336 1,585 67,423 3,079 362,017| 227,188 36,676 113 69,709 28,331 +172,335] 464,988 346,155 6,131 11,331 809 97,644 2,918 292,653| 111,256 51,873 12,189 94,370| 23,465 +75,393| 358,368) 232,669) 26,002 11,705 1,985 | _ 83,569 2,448 282,975| 149,762 17,409 11,009 84,800| 19,995 +130,708| 390,258) 291,162 3,400 11,691 814 79,894 3,297 259,550| 143,950 15,738 610 75,903] 23,349 +119,827) 420,485] 342,068 26 14,655 503 58,251 5,082 301,158] 178,873 25,624 17,313 55,183 29,165 +23,810f 807,073] 238,090 1,128 8,441 1,531 56,542 1,341 283,763 148,944 47,219 1,010 57,604 29,086 +426,651| 718,683] 614,216 4,601 11,697 3,875 82,201 2,193 292,082| 171,308 12,165 1,210 80,660| 26,689 +263 ,825| 596,708 471,332] 14,524 18,814 1,848 87,966 2,224 332,883| 192,243 16,625 296 86,538) 37,181 +218,426] 534,358) 418,745] 15,597 6,807 1,820 89,875 1,514 315,932 193,970 21,734 794 87,982| 11,452 +165,008| 440,097| 330,316 275,089] 133,092 10,894 85 77,542 53,476 +204 ,190| 469,454 378,542 265,264| 165,226 8,744 823 74,278] 16,198 +289 ,443| 612,724| 436,152 323,281| 142,305 17,086 1,019 136,235) 26,636 +273 ,684| 590,428 468,831 316,744 171,590 7,400 374 93,567] 43,811 +359,379| 619,779] 483,489 260,400( 140,959 14,567 5,223 64,113] 35,538 +800,601| 533,388 393,790 282,787] 127,518 12,081 5,130 45,718] 42,345 +114,600| 455,946] 300,038 341,446] 220,261 22,609 89,775 —19,282 295,990| 180,458 315,272] 137,608 35,411 75,497 +65,140| 383,488| 232,233 318,348] 152,081 8,243 158,074 +67,920| 287,953] 227,097 220,033| 148,737 21,796 54,280 —48,068| 178,821] 111,602 226,889! 150,287 13,993 62,273 — 141,042] 206,050, 131,195 347,092] 200,852 20,578 125,074 +60,149] 317,763] 211,639 257,614| 157,099 15,394 84,175 +80,162| 227,840| 199,633 3,104 147,678] 114,462 15,328 17,228 +260,262| 425,164) 369,302] 22,041 164,902] 119,416 9,409 35,958 +117,022 851,581] 294,128 14,069 |... __... 43,350 234,559 165,507 13,322 54,060 +115,559] 255,664 9,280 15,197 140,105] 126,765 9,871 3,109 486,071 268,637 36,642 182,566] 135,889 11,115 85,384 —-25,291| 159,052 184,343| 148,952 22,121 13,135 —134,798) 101,588 95,453 236,386| 178,173 33,063 24,850 —5,295| 161,371 159,056 166,666( 112,638 26,213 26,741 +35,741| 229,727| 225,514 193,986 149,538 28,721 15,461 +69,554( 267,774] 265,430 198,220( 127,411 37,384 33,057 +108,199| 288,263| 282,270 180,064] 128,501 18,257 32,828 —10,300f 287,535) 280,459 297,835) 130,814 28,671 137,850 —101,5666] 200,123| 157,410 301,689 138,828 26,882 135,705 —43,164| 272,601) 193,031 315,765| 216,729 43,312 55,633 —29,835| 239,442 235,504 269,277] 221,740 43,606 3,730 —36,858| 177,884 176,592 214,742| 165,573 24,724 -| 23,631 —574,275( 228,790) 203,586 1,029,572] 152,260 33,252 7843,119 453,080) 358,697| 297,639 203,310| 135,366 25,541 40,334 +104,626] 444,060] 432,725 267,508| 119,866 77,053 70,075 +258,280| 408,948 359,246 +155,140f 213,807| 209,052 +386,100] 281,004] 273,227 See next page for footnotes. 150,668( 120,611 29,763 131,270f 111,658 19,572 137,313] 123,181 13,585 209 Data: K 105-118 TRANSPORTATION Series K 105-118.— DOCUMENTED MERCHANT VESSELS—CHANGES IN THE MERCHANT MARINE: 1813 TO 1944—Con. [ Gross tonnage of documented vessels of 5 net tons or more. Prior to 1877, tonnage figures are incomplete and table is out of balance in other respects; see text ] Netin- VESSELS ADDED VESSELS REMOVED crease (+) National- | Bou - ght YEAR! 0 Total Built 2 ized or from All Total Lost and Sold to Sage All increase renation- United other decrease! | abandoned| aliens States other alized States 105 106 107 108 110 112 113 114 115 116 118 Tors Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 286,769 276,953 4,820 3,063 1,933 186,703 168,781 17,079 843 293,276 | 275,230 8,037 8,588 1,421 148,992 129,028 19,063 901 298,748 285,304 5,127 6,163 2,154 123,073 108,564 13,757 752 340,387 303,528 8,814 25,489 2,556 53,048 42,999 9,088 961 458,838 | 336,146 15,052 78,404 29,236 65,958 39,069 22,117 4,772 +110,382 403,213 383,809 2,838 2,299 14,267 | 213,668 51,711 133,832 PRALH |. eine -|—168,656 | 432,065 | 415,740 1,219 1,109 13,997 622,292 78,061 300,865 55,488 | 8 187,878 442,892 327,002 310,884 2,756 289 13,074 | 321,003 62,858 222,199 35,940 |. ocnrznms —427,649 180,783 175,075 1062 |-.crcrmmns 4,646 590,763 56,154 117,756 61,309 | 8 355,544 +185,945 | 234,754 233,194 BR [a ei cen 828 143,556 67,532 26,649 9,964 | 239,412 +208,830 215,484 | 214,798 551 185 [omemeienwy 98,094 80,641 17,418 Bl lun msnynnes 163,225 157,602 98,653 66,440 30,850 1,868 [ecormseme 242,882 242,286 163,696 79,498 26,305 762 | 857,131 380,963 378,804 310,901 93,738 52,649 147 | 8 164,367 470,769 469,393 810,703 86,438 42,168 962 | 8 681,135 +409,099 586,102 583,450 177,589 69,051 65,887 53 | 842,598 +395,892 538,173 535,616 132,618 72,585 +268,570 428,255 | 425,572 65,313 55,278 +366,001 352,214 | 351,493 62,467 44,546 +236,985 | 299,875 | 298,203 52,925 37,678 +201,438 | 273,771 272,218 54,969 41,501 -|4+179,974 | 267,557 | 256,577 53,479 40,858 -|+314,996 320,010 | 318,075 62,042 48,821 +276,961 244,343 243,732 69,523 43,378 +145,083 188,458 188,203 49,224 38,292 +136,906 146,444 146,018: 37,188 28,819 1844 -|+121,493 104,151 103,537 33,549 26,249 1843 (June 30—9 mo.) _. +66,212 63,748 63,617 29,003 29,986 1842 (Sept. 30) oo. __ —38,353 129,381 129,083 47,665 39,895 1841 —5Q,020 119,051 118,893 38,073 25,360 484,285 118,609 118,309 55,427 41,473 -|+100,839 121,242 120,989 35,059 29,209 +98,954 113,252 113,135 32,481 27,095 +14,584 122,987 122,987 43,227 33,311 +57,161 113,713 113,627 35,455 24,946 1835 (Sept. 30—9 mo.) ___________ +66,034 46,238 46,238 7,617 ® 1834 (Dec. 31) +152,756 "1 118,610 118,330 21,679 17,044 1833 +166,701 161,896 161,626 23,563 20,631 +171,604 144,749 144,539 37,662 31,472 +176,070 85,909 85,762 42,417 32,667 —69,023 58,219 58,094 39,428 29,294 —480,594 77,177 77,098 43,397 29,146 +120,784 93,702 93,375 50,550 35,872 486,417 104,638 104,342 52,049 43,006 +111,080 127,181 126,438 48,776 33,017 433,947 115,373 114,997 67,997 58,048 + 52,597 91,442 49,251 36,116 +11,866 75,147 47,516 38,060 +25,741 75,550 39,048 33,338 +18,791 56,263 52,940 44,590 +19,415 48,699 81 834 44,570 37,490 +35,567 81,819 729 1,273 48,558 37,193 —174,727 84,233 196 1,616 69,692 42,118 +27,693 87,584 389 802 46,945 29,084 4,091 137,044 131,668 1,687 3,689 55,766 29,293 23.380 +-208,919 202,744 154,624 |. ________ 3,887 44,233 61,162 20,806 9,582 30,774 -| —7.,419 38,568 8,817 38,652 7,313 15,193 16,146 «103,369 33,973 1,390 135,477 48,228 56,954 30,295 1 Figures are for 12 months ending Dec. 31 for 1818 through 1834, ending Sept. 30 for 1835 through 1842, ending June 30 for 1843 through 1940 (June 30), ending Dec. 31 for 1940 (Dec. 31) through 1944, except for years where terminal dates change as follows: For 1835 and 1843, figures are for 9 months; for the two 1940 dates, figures in series K 105 for 1940 (Dec. 81) are for 6 months only, but figures for series K 107 and K 113-118 are for 12 months and overlap the 1940 (June 30) figures for those series. 2 Does not agree with series K 120 for 1867, 1865, 1863, 1859, 1858, and 1815- 1839, see text. 3 Included in “‘all other” (series K 112 and K 118) prior to 1900. 4 Beginning in 1938, figures represent tonnage of vessels removed from docu- mentation, not total decrease, since figures for series K 117 are not available. 210 5 Not available. 6 Included in “‘all other” (series K 118). 7 Exemption of canal boats. However, see text, general note for series K 94-131. 8 Annual Report of the Comm ss’oner of Navgation, 1910, p. 225, states that these figures (except that for 1862) represent ‘‘corrections made by striking from the balance of outstanding tonnage such vessels as have been sold to foreigners, lost, and condemned in previous years, not heretofore reported to this office by the collectors.” The 1862 figure is stated as the result of “no returns of tonnage being received from the rebel districts.” This agrees with ‘‘the balance sheets of tonnage” in the annual reports for the specific years. 9 Included in figure for 1836. SHIPPING AND WATER TRAFFIC Data: K 119-123 Series K 119-123 Gross tonnage of documented vessels of 5 net tons or more. DOCUMENTED: 1797 TO 1944 SHIPBUILDING—MERCHANT VESSELS BUILT IN UNITED STATES AND Figures in boldface represent changes from those shown in source; see table 2 in text for series K 94-181] ALL VESSELS Cc 1 ALL VESSELS c \ Steam and are ana Steam and ins ang Number Sailing ? boats and Number Sailing boats and YEAR ! o ross motor barges YEAR ! o ross motor barges vessels vessels 119 120 121 122 123 119 120 121 122 123 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 1944 (Dec. 31) 1,723 | 8,032,009 | 8,009,277 129 22,603 1870 (June 80)... 1,618 | 276,953 70,621 146,340 59,992 1.901 [10,431,734 (10,339.670 23 92.041 1,726 | 275.230 65,066 149.029 61,135 1.108 | 4,543,946 | 4,504,398 14 39,534 1,802 | 285,304 63,940 142.742 78,622 1941 70 647,097 6,443 |___________ 60.654 1.518 | 805.594 72.010 | 233.584 [eweeiooo. 1940 (Dec. 31). 705 | 446.894 | 385.681 87 61,126 1,898 | 336,146 125,183 | 210,963 |-.._______ 1940 (June 30) _ 319 193,229 172,433 17 20,779 1,789 | 894,523 146,433 | 248,090 193! 673 | 339,899 | 269,188 22 70,689 2.388 | 415.740 147,499 | 268.241 753 | 237,374 4 4 4) 1,816 311 045 M1 233 216 812 1,939 471,364 113,661 71 357,632 864 , , 119,627 1,207 | 224,084 59,020 79 164,985 1,146 233,194 60,986 172,208 4 62,919 30,341 2,52 1,071 214,798 69,370 145,428 EL 66,649 26,916 ® $2 528 875 156,602 35,305 121.297 642 190.803 68,488 46 22.269 1,241 | 244,712 65,374 179,338 722 | 212.892 64.620 18 48254 1,443 | 878,804 74,459 | 304.345 1,302 | 386,906 | 212.996 52 | 173.858 1,703 | 469,393 74,865 | 394,528 1,020 254,296 172,969 210 81,117 2,024 583,450 78,1217 505,323 808 128,976 75,725 797 52,454 1,774 535,616 91,087 444,579 969 257,180 172,901 230 84,049 1,710 425,572 109,402 316,170 917 245,144 181,504 326 63.314 1,444 | 351,493 98,624 | 252,869 924 | 224,673 140,586 263 83.824 1,857 298,203 78,197 | 220,006 967 199,846 141,053 2,869 55,924 1,36) 272,218 56,911 215,307 1,049 223.968 145,493 914 77.561 1,547 256,577 61,241 195,336 77 335,791 241,802 17,442 76,547 1,851 318,075 66,652 251,423 845 661,232 597,137 25,459 38,636 1,598 243,732 53,979 189,753 1,361 | 2,265,115 | 2,071,221 91,743 102,151 1,420 188,203 51,778 136,425 2,067 | 3,880,639 | 3,660,023 132,184 88,432 1,038 146,018 40,926 105,092 1, ,300, ,090, ,629 126.24 1,297 664,479 513,243 43,185 108,051 ' i92 1517 17.024 3500s 937 | 825,413 | 250,125 14,765 60,523 0%) Io.0m 29.1% 20.928 1,157 | 225,122 154,990 8,021 62,111 1,151 | 316,250 | 224.225 13,749 78,276 871 | 118,309 19,811 98,498 1,475 | 346,155 | 243,408 28,610 74.137 899 | 125,260 34,219 91,041 1,505 | 232.669 | 153,493 21,221 57,955 913 | 115,905 23,607 92,298 1,422 | 291,162 | 227,231 10,092 53,839 972 | 125,913 33,811 92,102 911 116,230 26,630 89,600 1,361 342,068 | 257,993 19,358 64,717 1,247 | 238,090 | 148,208 28,950 60,932 [1835 Bort. 30— 1,457 | 614,216 | 481,624 31,981 | 100,611 ||, 9m 725 75,107 12,347 62,760 1,157 471,332 365,405 24.907 81,020 1834 ( a 31). 957 118,389 13,905 104,484 1,221 | 418,745 | 315,707 35,209 67,829 ||1833 161,492 12,620 | 148,872 144.544 17,386 127,158 1.009 350 318 197.702 79,418 53,196 85,556 11,437 74,119 : . : 64,908 57.890 1,311 436,152 271.781 89.979 74,392 58,560 8,269 50,291 1.491 | 468.831 | 308.178 97.698 62.955 23.408 10.281 1,580 | 483.489 | 273.591 126,165 83,733 125.904 aia 1 47 308 790 202 ; 528 116,460 74,802 130,373 12,818 1.27 0, ,05 98,073 50,907 952 180,458 105,838 34.416 40,204 116,464 9,171 891 232,233 106,154 64.308 61.771 32.258 5.018 728 | 227,097 138,029 65,236 23.832 75.897 Sao 694 111.602 89,754 34,900 6,948 57,275 3,017 54,258 838 | 131,195 83,720 37.827 9,648 956 | 211,639 134,368 49,348 27,923 51,394 5,572 45,822 1,395 199.633 92.531 83.217 23,885 30.50 5.501 39.314 1,384 | 369,302 185,037 144,290 39.975 37a 35 Raa 1.08 204,123 159,046 102,873 32,204 135,186 2,926 132,260 ; ; 159, 50.670 21,246 1,014 | 218.087 142.007 48.590 27,490 155,579 546 155,033 844 150.450 100,074 34,633 15,743 2.5 1 Se 31 715 95,453 44,468 41,238 9,747 32.500 420 3.48 1 920 153.08 54.333 [55.802 9,361 146,691 1,145 145,546 , ; 1328 20,621 13,565 1,268 265,430 107.229 1387-046 21.155 127,575 |e 127,575 |. ooo 1,371 282,270 121,843 118,798 41,629 91,397 458 1,108 | 280,459 118,070 81,209 81,180 31,755 182 99,783 8 1.095 | 193.033 | 86.361 | 66.861 | 39.503 SEBIOES fumsaiebie BETS olinaii 1.258 | 235.504 81,860 | 106.066 47,578 128,507 128,507 1,029 | 176,592 47,514 | 106,331 22,747 103,753 103,753 1,112 | 203,586 69,251 | 118,672 15.663 Tes 88,448 2347 | 430.95 | 100.080 | 216.316 | 114.470 HT Sots , 1 ’ : 1479 2,261 359.246 88,011 144,629 126,606 106,261 106,261 1,643 209,052 62,210 76,291 70,551 1g 77.9%) 1,755 | 273,227 87,842 97,179 88,206 nas $3,408 [rsonsnenein 1 Figures are for 12 months ending Dec. 31 for 1818 through 1834, ending Sept. 30 for 1835 through 1842, ending June 30 for 1843 through 1940 (June 80), ending Dec. 31 for 1940 (Dec. 31) through 1944, except for years where terminal dates ehange as follows: For 1835 and 1843, figures are for 9 months; for both 1940 dates, figures are for 12 months, hence figures for 1940 (Dec. 81) overlap the 1940 (June 30) figures. 2 Does not agree with series K 107 for 1867, 1865, 1863, 1859, 1858, and 1815- 1839, see text. 3 Includes canal boats and barges prior to 1868. 4 No record found for 1802. 211 Data: K 124-126 TRANSPORTATION Series K 124-126.— DOCUMENTED MERCHANT VESSELS—COMPOSITION OF MERCHANT FLEET BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION: 1816 TO 1945 [ Gross tonnage of documented vessels of 5 net tons or more. Figures in boldface represent changes from those shown in source; see table 2 in text for series K 94-131 | SEABOARD | SEABOARD New Mid- Northern | Western New Mid- Northern | Western Total England | Atlantic Pacific lakes rivers Total England | Atlantic Pacific lakes rivers YEAR ! seaboard g £ and coast YEAR ! seaboard ng an and coast Ls Gulf coasts coast | Gulf coasts 124 124a 124b 124c 125 126 124 124a 124b 124¢c 125 126 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tone 1945 (1-1)..{30,306,046/1,471,881 |17,186,484/11,647,681|2,061,456| 445,779 || 1880(6-30)--| 2,989,140| 1,072,580| 1,644,199| 272,361 | 605,102 | 473,792 194. 23,668,821| 972,205 |18,695,614| 9,001,002|1,792,538| 434,188 || 1879.....--| 8,070,415| 1,094,760| 1,705,307 270,848 | 597,376 | 501,809 14,718,957 489,727 (10,050,727 4,223,503|1,620,292| 427,505 11,865,795| 544,235 | 9,872,242] 1,939,318|1,624,377| 379,468 -|11,776,026| 493,922 | 9,318,214| 1,963,890(1,640,790| 304,798 12,068,512| 453,380 | 9,563,434) 2,046,698|1,669,389! 285,287 -|12,668,389 418,425 | 9,778,725| 2,471,239(1,711,965| 251,637 12,666,146| 458,571 | 9,729,7568| 2,482,817|1,739,074| 246,145 -|12,783,008 514,967 | 9,630,476 2,587,665/1,712,900 230,220 12,511,523] 516,684 | 9,253,753 2,741,086(1,766,674| 218,490 12,699,942| 589,210 | 9,247,868] 2,862,864(1,773,054| 180,760 -|12,882,970| 619,833 | 9,3811,792| 2,951,345|1,802,305| 176,760 -|18,076,686| 641,257 | 9,465,211] 2,970,218/1,813,570| 169,901 13,792,994| 708,226 | 9,970,014| 8,114,754(1,856,553| 189,108 12,957,859 712,288 | 9,156,549| 3,089,022(2,766,545| 183,852 13,181,044 798,092 | 9,106,355 3,226,597|2,758,321| 178,360 18,526,522| 814,833 | 9,447,388 3,264,301|2,771,287| 179,050 -|18,727,617| 878,083 | 9,494,410| 3,855,024|2,778,341| 182,208 13,914,054) 917,930 | 9,746,872] 3,249,252/2,805,350| 168,097 14,305,686) 936,161 10, 1079, 1066 3,290,459(2,844,473| 160,988 14,390,411| 953,193 (10,154,975 8,282,243(2,853,019 162,472 -|14,785,459/1,013,818 (10,343,841| 3,427,800(2,791,204| 163,894 15,387,961(1,112,577 |10,779,633| 38,495,751|2,758,401| 138,372 15,604,264 983,953 11,146,730 3,473,581|2,728,857| 134,847 15,820,807| 920,484 |10,931,951| 3,467,872|2,8389,514| 122,315 13,065,104 872,207 | 8,866,612| 3,326,285|3,188,690| 120,280 9,761,741) 616,056 | 6,829,204] 2,816,481(3,023,762| 121,797 7,003,678 599,988 | 4,756,988] 1,646,697|2,797,503| 123,342 5,969,272| 603,970 | 4,145,769 1,209,533(2,779,087| 132,678 5,674,082| 616,192 | 3,826,832( 1,131,058|2,760,815| 134,752 5,432,616| 658,137 | 3,651,859] 1,122,620|2,818,009/ 138,804 4,904,330 767,421 | 3,085,933] 1,100,976|2,882,922| 141,436 4,800,424 765,588 | 2,985,540| 1,049,296/2,939,786| 146,308 4,618,279| 765,476 | 2,867,990) 984,813|2,949,924| 145,980 4,648,748) 775,318 | 2,794,825 978,605/2,943,523| 167,957 8,150,851| 1,140,018] 1,757,404| 252,984 | 604,666 | 457,757 8,196,422) 1,146,359| 1,798,507| 251,566 | 610,160 | 436,017 8,265,785] 1,147,844] 1,864,496 253,396 | 613,211 | 400,512 8,596,876] 1,142,995] 2,224,624 229,257 | 837,892 | 418,964 3,520,597] 1,076,818] 2,232,162 211,617 | 842,381 | 437,674 3,489,199| 1,055,019 2,242,862 191,318 | 788,412 | 418,415 8,265,251 1,053,420| 2,031,483 180,348 | 724,493 | 448,001 8,163,862] 1,049,728] 1,946,704] 167,435 | 712,027 | 406,718 3,163,597 1,056,563 1,916,636 190,398 | 684,704 | 898,206 3,090,872 1,066,387 1,839,461| 184,574 | 661,366 | 392,902 3,174,935 1,046,198| 1,962,225 166,512 | 695,604 | 481,218 3,340,095| 1,008,015| 2,170,795 161,285 | 612,645 | 851,747 8,515,248] 1,126,382] 2,208,841| 180,025 | 571,637 | 223,893 4,179,920) 1,269,247 2,756,823| 154,350 | 671,004 | 245,858 4,099,610 1,340,566) 2,654,147| 104,897 | 697,798 | 188,992 4,381,901| 1,645,743 2,617,958) 118,20 631,456 | 141,699 | 4,424,612] 1,805,210 2,515,720 103,68 561,003 | 126,549 4,888,140 1,839,158 2,959,041 89,941 | 478,788 | 172,885 4,728,006| 1,827,671| 2,810,224 85,111 | 468,123 | 167,739 4,674,799| 1,882,518] 2,754,885 87,901 | 828,735 | 141,504 4,648,029| 1,738,984| 2,824,201 84,844 | 260,698 | 141,081 4,562,408| 1,776,993| 2,700,630 84,785 | 237,955 | 140,480 4,525,309] 1,862,726] 2, 1578,894 83,690 | 222,476 | 123,869 4,876,720 2,004,364] 2,778,901 98,455 | 205,894 | 129,387 4,531,280| 1,806,242| 2,622,588 102,450 | 161,020 | 110,602 3,871,716| 1,678,509| 2,087,935| 105,272 | 253,712 | 281,582 8,666,215| 1,557,216] 1,906,282| 102,717 | 217,087 | 856,138 8,258,728] 1,414,290] 1,784,934 59,499 | 195,766 | 817,950 8,051,390| 1,368,049| 1,664,686 18,655 | 181,285 | 302,829 2,874,015 1,289,260| 1,584,033 722 | 178,525 | 286,476 2,728,516 1,258,314| 1,470,202 148,196 | 277,331 2,463,568) 1,124,749| 1,338,819 134,030 | 241,448 2,266,786] 1,070,842| 1,185, 1944 90,749 | 214,550 4,459,264 799,811 | 2,722,862 936,591(2,895,102| 153,716 2,148,365| 1,009,902] 1,133,463 85,897 | 187,740 4,443,611] 827,779 | 2,681,855] 934,477(2,782,481| 162,663 1844 2,033,237] 962,572] 1,070,665 72,451 | 174,408 4,468,865| 821,849 | 2,684,702 962,314(2,729,169| 167,411 1843(6-80)--| 1,940,067 922,959| 1,017,108 66,207 | 152,329 4,827,687 784,314 | 2,656,383 886,840(2,439,741| 171,516 134209:80)-- 1,888,184 915,287| 972,897 61,339 | 142,918 4,272.580| 781.118 2,651,427] 840 ,085/2,284,432/ 167, 1957 1841.....-. 1,985,702] 984,262] 951,440 57,782 | 137,260 © 4,220,077) 812,838 | 2,685,529 821,710(2,062,147| 174.319 2,014,214) 1,012,343| 1,001,871)... ...._. 48,698 | 117,952 4,068,943) 794,866 | 2,467,500, 806,577(2,019,208) 213,384 3) 3 @ ?) 3 3,969,552 771,585 | 2,385,838 812,179(1,902,698| 215,095 1,836,564 901,058 935,506... «uvwew- 50,262 | 108,814 3,769,267 758,288 | 2,226,768) 774,211|1,816,511| 222,124 1,771,256] 889,089 882,167 90,786 8,568,470) 750,244 | 2,104,395 713,831(1,706,294| 249,454 1,773,125 877,371 895,754 79,395 3,840,796) 770,578 | 1,957,314] 612,904|1,565,587| 258,456 1835(9-30)--| 1,735,393] 895,748) 839,645 72,697 3,154,806) 741,981 | 1,872,888 539,937|1,446,348| 263,084 jr. *) 2 3,050,506) 774,965 | 1,778,774 496,767|1,437,500| 261,782 183 1,529,884 811,430 718,454 59,589 3,086,809 817,646 | 1,830,151 439,012(1,410,103| 272,108 1,367,411 700,433 666,978 66,766 3,105,287 857,219 | 1,810,097] 437,971|1,324,067 274, 526 1,214, 1914 575,957 638,957 ,852 8,118,282 845,918 | 1,833,863 4388,501/1,241,459| 281,219 1,145,929 581,173 564,766 32,664 3,169,303 879,261 | 1,833,684| 456,358|1,227,400| 287,325 ) (?) ® ) 3,265,112| 907,085 | 1,900,605] 457,422|1,261,067| 298,892 1,691,744 786,971 904,778 39,403 8,270,537) 931,756 | 1,874,162 464,619(1,183,582| 310,802 1,589,862 714,181 875,681 21,942 8,221,541| 944,493 | 1,836,191 440,857(1,154,870| 308,347 1,500,910, 706,167 794,743 23,988 3,066,988 947,366 | 1,691,231 428,391(1,063,063| 294,446 1,896,691 640,651 756,040 19,393 8,035,777] 956,609 | 1,642,896 436,272 972,271 299,427 618,340 748,436 18,477 3,012,781(1,009,426 | 1,603,416] 399,889| 874,102 305,082 600,487 711,049 17,719 2,994,718 997,849 | 1,640,424 356,445| 783,721| 327,405 600,977 697,408 19,665 8,033,673|1,054,551 | 1,631,437 347,685) 762,560 334,902 1,264,648) 580,407 684,241 27,160 3,169,930(1,089,760 | 1,719,562] 360,608 749,948] 346,055 1,245,416 564,816 680,600 27,269 3,181,803(1,142,319 | 1,704,815 334,669 733,069| 356,356 1,228,068 550,515) 677,553 25,192 3,150,529/1,121,039 | 1,701,925 327,565 723,911] 361,047 1,194,372 527,768 666,604 24,512 3,061,655(1,095,189 | 1,664,032] 302,434 711,269] 393,009 1,820,100f 562,481 757,619 12,946 3,000,302|1,044,884 | 1,669,033 286,385) 663,383| 894,049 1,357,072 569,093 787,979 9,930 1 Effective dates same as for series K 95. 2 No returns reported. 212 SHIPPING AND WATER TRAFFIC Data: K 127-131 Series K 127-131.—SHIPBUILDING—MERCHANT VESSELS BUILT AND DOCUMENTED, BY REGION: 1817 TO 1936 | Gross tonnage of documented vessels of 5 net tons or more. Figures add to series K 120 except for years footnoted otherwise. Figures in boldface represent changes from those in source; see text for series K 94-131] SEABOARD Northern SEABOARD Northern : : lakes and : . lakes and New Mid-Atlantic : New Mid-Atlantic i Total Pacific Western Total Pacific Western 1 by 1 5 YEAR seaboard Eaglang snd oul coast rivers YEAR seaboard Fagan ang Gilt coast rivers 127 127a 127b 127¢ 128 127 127a 127b 127¢ 128 Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons 19363(6-30) - 175,398 711 166,671 8,016 48,686 15 (6-30)? 280,899 185,258 141,830 3,816 | 102,910 1 328,710 112,615 211,242 4,853 87,030 49,054 1,910 38,452 8,692 13,865 215,410 79,578 133,161 2,671 95,474 49,946 862 37,390 11,694 16,708 112,486 45,597 64,365 2,524 62,589 181,598 25,861 151,828 3,919 9,210 181,586 104,678 72,192 4,716 51,608 195,529 52,163 133,625 9,741 17,363 855,771 26,639 287,884 41,248 31,135 169,836 134,289 33,524 2,028 44,962 134,499 79,316 53,127 2,056 23,108 198,116 18,601 143,656 30,859 61,180 177,799 103,864 71,811 2,124 64,487 104,769 12,766 71,750 20,253 24,207 285,681 183,686 100,810 1,185 93,128 181,681 11,434 146,532 23,715 75,499 369,679 252,974 116,343 362 99,714 176,207 6,574 124,068 45,565 68,937 159,658 4,995 131,994 22,669 65,015 505,450 826,431 176,901 2,118 78,000 454,933 289,599 164,311 1,023 80,683 123,938 5,615 76,784 41,534 75,913 857,233 222,791 134,291 151 68,339 145,837 8,174 106,414 36,249 78,131 301,275 179,804 IOV AT0. | Jemdne age 50,218 262,769 18,057 199,026 50,686 73,022 265,378 133,351 131,957 70 82,825 637,708 56,973 448,197 132,538 23,524 2,147,555 150,745 | 1,383,185 613,625 117.560 248,865 142,369 106,374 122 23,358 209,189 120,237 47,388 8,475,872 208,023 | 1,981,514 | 1,336,335 404,767 264,268 146,113 53,807 2,815,733 177,758 | 1,274,472 | 1,863,503 510,888 185,618 104,745 58,114 1,080,437 88,302 473,698 518,437 220,431 149,571 82,347 38,68 518,958 52,526 298,958 167,474 145,521 276,749 87,568 188,550 49,631 49,664 116,448 63,837 52.608 |i winencoes 29,675 1844 71,832 36,268 85,804 |. lod. iaoun 81,705 208,156 18,551 152,906 31,699 21,966 1843 3 (6-30 — 251,700 14,985 200,220 36,495 64,550 0.) - 53,220 26,512 26,708 10,397 $7318 27.181 178. 0 34.004 a IL 18de © 30) _ 109,100 64,237 44,863 19,988 ; ,062 | 81,829 | 32,104 | 96,184 11841 ______ 104,268 63,771 40,497 14,62 190,612 23,658 139,725 27,284 100,550 5 1840. cine 110,6! 65,189 45 AA. nada ’ 167,829 23,442 127,517 16,870 174,239 us Faget 131,748 27,237 81,752 22,759 106,342 Blo.7o8 | 4d.io8 | 140.134 | aside | ose 219,75 44,4 140,134 . : 2 146,883 32,311 94,311 20,261 271,862 ALYIBRNATIVE SERIES 230,716 119,377 91,224 20,115 99,600 Western New 208,288 51,417 135,263 21,608 170,254 The Coast lakes and England 288,196 66,973 177,887 43,336 147,956 YEAR! rivers States 290,122 75,852 161,211 53,059 178,709 291,516 82,971 158,977 54,568 191,973 129 130 131 249,006 72,179 135,478 41,354 144,784 196,120 68,761 85,825 41,534 103,918 247,847 24,372 142,867 112,879 23,944 39,146 49,789 67,579 217,264 39,318 120.234 108,504 21,942 74,067 7,495 128,729 262,581 55,495 146,111 102,544 39,582 52,143 10,819 124,553 185,498 58,240 104.682 149,332 38,872 82,847 67,127 26,783 33,200 7,144 44,475 80,099 28,665 46,042 5,392 51,096 116,156 29,862 63,836 102,830 87,091 52,018 13,721 108,809 71,732 81,805 36,268 138,863 60,624 57,469 20,770 60,770 || 1843 (June 30) ¢_ 90,017 26,293 46,251 237,462 105,491 112,901 19,070 131,840 34 (Sept. 30). 108,302 20,782 56,234 108,576 15,318 63,770 169,091 78,577 78,179 12,335 125,032 111,852 39,983 53,930 17,939 119,282 109,706 8,603 65,189 105,125 33,813 49,856 21,956 112,962 107,232 18,757 59,204 83,061 24,035 49,886 9,140 67,389 100,074 13,061 53,054 64,458 80,624 27,920 5,914 30,995 98,997 23,990 651,981 98,130 15,497 58330 121,010 48,128 61,844 11,038 38,046 178,419 84,046 83,753 10,620 47,095 || 1835 (Sept. 39 el reat a et 101,906 14,072 60,054 210,849 110,226 83,385 16,738 55,081 || 1834 (Dec. 81)... 105,683 12,647 61,779 188,084 93,965 78,342 15,777 of 18411888... ees 153,455 8,171 95,148 125,766 54,488 59,861 11,417 154,693 || 1832. 130,064 14,475 100,585 88Y. 80,541 5,222 49,798 101,720 46,374 46,403 8,943 55,690 115,683 55,874 48,602 11,207 77,348 || 1830 5____ 52,686 5,398 24,169 155,138 90,386 53,419 11,333 80,366 || 1829. 71,055 6,044 38,117 132,996 90,992 29,286 12,718 43,596 || 1828 95, 8,027 ,282 168,826 95,288 51,716 16,822 89,760 || 1827. 99,848 5,000 57,156 1826 121,908 4,530 72.668 244,474 151,497 79,549 18,428 53,165 277,093 136,251 129,988 10,859 155,632 || 1825. 112,616 2,381 65,616 218,189 76,406 136,258 5,475 141,107 || 1824. 89,166 1,778 52,445 128,097 46,269 79,562 2,276 80,955 || 1828 78,942 1,066 42,726 156,249 64,366 86.559 5,824 116,978 || 1822 75,242 106 44,206 1821 55,607 249 86,651 182,836 110,584 59,532 12,720 94,117 191,194 103,604 72,058 15,532 84,086 || 1820. 47,696 88 29,868 178,722 98,915 67,956 6,851 111,582 || 1819 79,561 267 50,614 229,583 185,189 90,070 4,824 78,945 || 1818 82,282 189 , 82! 282,788 121,335 105,829 6,124 108.358 || 1817 85,144 1,250 46,605 1 Time periods covered same as for series K 120. ¢ Figures are 12-month approximations for charting purposes. 2 Figures for these years add to series K 107, except 1828, 1830, 1835 and 1843. § Figures for 1828 add to series K 120; those for 1830 add to neither series K 107 ' New England States included in series K 131] The Coast). or K 120. 213 Data: K 132-157 TRANSPORTATION Series K 132-145.—WATERBORNE COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES—SUMMARY OF CARGO TONNAGE: 1924 TO 1945 [ In thousands of short tons of 2,000 pounds. For definition of cargo tonnage, see text. Net totals are derived by deducting two types of duplications from unadjusted totals: (1) Traffic between seaports and river points, and (2) “Other duplications,” comprising principally coastwise and lake traffic passing through canals and connecting channels other than the St. Marys Falls Canal and the Detroit River] FOREIGN AND DO- MESTIC COMMERCE FOREIGN COMMERCE DOMESTIC COMMERCE Through seaports Great Lakes ports Between ports WT Between [On rivers, YEAR Net Unad- Approxi- | - Unad- seaports seaports |canals and total justed Total mate net | justed Coast- Great [and Great and connect- total Imports | Exports | Imports | Exports total ! total : river ing wise Lakes Lakes 2 ports [channels 2 ports 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 618,906 | 870,295 | 172,098 44,526 | 100,333 6,511 20,723 | 446,813 | 698,202 90,691 | 157,914 | 104,675 80,234 | 264,688 605,928 | 860,022 | 153,736 39,441 82,613 8,055 23,627 | 452,192 | 706,286 70,806 | 164,994 | 114,132 87,928 | 268,426 580,581 | 796,831 | 127,285 33,077 63,086 7,120 24,002 | 453,296 | 669,546 59,790 | 159,458 | 106,278 86,634 | 257,386 589,900 | 876,816 99,221 25,974 46,023 4,488 22,736 | 490,679 | 777,595 73,977 | 172,685 | 111,996 84,941 | 333,996 653,600 | 966,798 | 120,652 54,616 407,605 4,628 20,803 | 532,948 | 846,146 | 155,857 | 163,301 | 106,141 76,969 | 343,878 607,900 | 836,578 | 111,254 40,740 49,568 4,117 16,829 | 496,646 | 725,324 | 156,929 | 141,299 | 104,989 62,859 | 259,248 569,400 | 769,726 | 112,667 37,854 87,711 4,941 12,161 | 456,733 | 657,058 | 150,983 | 113,309 94,809 54,915 | 243,042 466,900 | 637,190 | 105,182 33,886 55,476 5,110 10,710 | 361,718 | 532,008 | 138,478 72,913 81,615 50,634 | 188,368 583,100 | 745,033 | 114,413 43,764 52,910 4,102 13,637 | 468,687 | 630,620 | 149,417 | 135,399 94,672 51,682 | 199,450 525,842 | 649,861 90,247 37,504 37,154 5,423 10,163 | 435,595 | 559,614 | 182,367 | 115,398 91,443 40,919 | 179,487 2 453,331 | 543,271 81,640 33,943 33,922 4,716 9,059 | 371,692 | 461,632 | 115,442 83,748 80,474 31,829 | 150,139 414.308 | 480,925 77,898 30,553 33,570 4,287 9,488 | 336,410 | 403,027 | 113,240 71,795 64,744 31,179 | 122,069 394,104 | 447 244 69,467 27,671 31,197 3,034 7,565 | 324,637 | 377,777 | 110,346 69,240 57,993 23,244 | 116,954 342,489 | 390,299 70,429 29,843 30,039 3,072 7,475 | 272,060 | 319,870 94,434 39,544 57,929 24,134 | 103,829 445,648 | 493,444 89,526 87,375 38,841 4,016 9,294 | 356,122 | 403,918 | 113,949 71,788 70,814 34,044 | 113,323 520,280 | 591.330 | 114,110 46,448 48,148 7,590 11,924 | 406,170 | 477,220 | 117,821 | 109,791 81,403 35,601 | 132,604 583.800 | 655,045 | 127.510 51,501 55,761 6,385 13,773 | 456,290 | 527,535 | 124,999 | 135,838 91,892 39,632 | 185,174 539,200 | 609,000 | 126,768 46.690 56,151 8.548 15,379 | 412,432 | 482,232 | 119,254 | 119,301 77,925 37,672 | 128,080 532,500 | 593,641 | 120,523 43,388 56,550 8,098 12,487 | 411,977 | 473,118 | 121,036 | 113,917 78,162 38,191 | 121,812 540,500 | 601,501 | 131,293 44,834 69,859 6,424 10,176 | 409,207 | 470,208 | 108,023 | 116,486 89,168 34,510 | 122,021 483,400 | 551,568 | 108,547 42,792 49,251 7,317 9,187 | 374,854 | 443,022 | 105,090 | 111,568 64,981 47,214 | 114,169 453,700 | 486.015 | 101,562 36,425 49,008 4.962 11,167 | 352,139 | 384,454 88.554 93,188 77,270 32,315 93,127 1 Estimated from figures in this table on assumption that all deductions repre- 3 Excludes St. Marys Falls Canal traffic and additional Detroit River traffic sent duplications in domestic traffic. There are, however, some minor duplications both of which are already counted in Great Lakes traffic; also excludes duplications in figures for foreign traffic. relating to rivers and canals themselves. 2 Includes figures for harbor traffic of New York, Philadelphia, and Ssn Fran- cisco; local traffic of other seaports, and local traffic of lake ports. Series K 146-157.—CARRIAGE OF FOREIGN TRADE—VESSELS ENTERED AND CLEARED, NET TONNAGE CAPACITY: 1789 TO 1945 [ In thousands of net tons | YEAR ! VESSELS ENTERED VESSELS CLEARED All ports Seaports All ports Seaports American Foreign American Foreign American Foreign American Foreign Total vessels vessels Total vessels vessels Total vessels vessels Total vessels vessels 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 See p. 216 for footnotes. 214 94,095 61,465 32,630 81,256 56,591 21,665 94,647 61,523 33,124 81,542 56,398 25,144 81,860 48,071 33,789 66,305 42,196 24,109 87,385 53,050 34,335 73,717 46,919 24,798 61,084 29,292 31,792 44,739 24,508 20,231 66,716 33,682 33,034 50,232 28,826 21,406 43 942 13,611 30,331 28,258 10,326 17,932 47,706 16,354 31,352 31,976 13,149 18,827 59,061 20,940 38,121 42,616 16,767 25,849 62,596 21,869 40,726 46,142 17,701 28,441 58,544 19,220 39,324 45,393 15,740 29,652 62,171 20,248 41,923 48,996 16,766 32,230 68,992 17,769 51,223 57,973 14,553 43,421 70,30€ 18,156 52,150 59,218 14,903 44,316 70,516 19,02 51,496 59,223 15,899 43,324 71,286 18,829 52,456 60,064 15,742 44,322 71,560 19,527 52,033 59,980 16,747 43,233 72,880 19,938 52,942 61,177 17,134 44,043 65,972 20,682 45,290 55,038 17,510 37,528 66,066 20,069 45,997 55,381 16,967 38,414 64,612 22,372 42,240 54,289 18,893 35,395 64,887 22,126 42,761 54,722 18,651 36,071 63,787 23,192 40,594 53,132 19,186 33,946 63,702 22,799 40,903 53,162 18,901 34,261 60,936 22,488 38,448 51,564 19,051 32,513 61,287 22,434 38,853 52,083 19,093 32,990 64,837 24,278 40,559 55,229 20,643 34,587 64,446 23,865 40,582 54,900 20,204 34,695 72,1782 26,907 45,875 60,427 21,499 38,929 73,501 26,854 46,647 61,204 21,417 39,787 81,253 31,866 49,387 66,499 24,620 41,879 81,307 31,560 49,747 66,500 24,154 42,346 82,602 32,241 50,361 66,853 25,208 41,645 82,343 31,927 50,416 67,030 25,045 41,985 80,211 31,285 48,926 62,809 22,991 39,818 80,667 31,734 48,933 63,331 23,180 40,151 74,310 29,289 45,021 58,921 22,001 36,920 75,440 29,793 45,647 59,759 22,078 37,681 76,933 26,890 50,043 63,759 21,091 42,668 79,041 28,532 50,509 65,583 22,234 43,349 69,378 217,947 41,431 55,636 21,148 34,487 70,229 27,808 42,421 57,160 21,394 35,766 68,292 29,628 38,664 54,726 22,462 32,264 68,910 30,092 38,818 55,294 22,896 32,397 66,319 27,725 38,594 52,7175 20,984 31,791 66,624 27,932 38,692 53,215 21,305 31,910 65,191 31,738 33,453 51,701 23,633 28,068 64,839 31,759 33,080 51,799 23,755 28,044 62,285 31,185 31,100 49,958 24,402 25,556 62,665 30,181 32,484 50,423 23,432 26,991 64,104 32,119 31,985 51,531 26,225 25,306 67,817 34,053 33,764 54,980 27,875 27,106 46,702 21,933 24,769 36,381 16,224 20,157 51,257 24,992 26,265 40,751 19,133 21,617 45,456 19,284 26,173 31,101 11,256 19,845 46,014 19,206 26,808 31,869 11,280 20,589 50,472 18,725 31,747 36,521 10,898 25,623 52,077 19,146 32,931 38,094 11,339 26,755 51,550 17,928 33,622 37,744 9,446 28,298 52,423 17,902 34,521 38,946 9,763 29,182 SHIPPING AND WATER TRAFFIC Series K 146-157.—CARRIAGE OF FOREIGN TRADE—VESSELS ENTERED AND CLEARED, NET TONNAGE CAPACITY: 1789 TO 1945—Con. [In thousands of net tons] Data: K 146-157 VESSELS ENTERED VESSELS CLEARED All ports Seaports All ports Seaports YEAR! American Foreign American Foreign American Foreign American Foreign Total vessels vessels Total vessels vessels Total vessels vessels Total vessels vessels 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 13,275 33,435 28,202 46,885 13,418 33,467 35,458 7,110 28,347 13,730 39,659 34,616 53,183 13,740 39,443 39,743 5,185 34,558 13,073 37,567 32,732 51,152 13,946 37,206 37,566 5,289 32,277 11,257 34,901 30,087 46,417 11,703 34,713 34,706 4,794 29,912 9,693 32,982 28,155 42,437 9,753 32,684 32,299 4,427 27,871 8,888 31,347 26,703 39,706 8,809 30,897 30,510 4,196 26.314 L171 30,287 25,840 38,196 8,492 29,705 29,604 4.215 25,389 L473 30,066 26,130 38,282 8,435 29,846 30,198 4,288 25,910 8,116 28,507 25,324 35,990 8,093 27,898 28,499 8.7917 24,702 7,613 26,543 23,379 33,784 7,581 26,204 26,970 3,923 23,047 7,081 23,903 20,673 31,158 7.203 23,955 25,020 4,259 20,760 6,679 23,273 20,305 30,016 6,641 23,374 24,192 3,836 20,356 6,907 24,187 20,817 31,316 6,975 24,341 24,823 3,931 20,892 6,961 23,693 20,342 30,444 6,822 23,623 24,242 3,956 20.287 6,381 23,387 20,811 29,820 6,417 23,403 24,889 4,020 20,870 6,136 22,027 19,559 28,281 6,209 22,072 23,618 4,006 19.612 18,631 26,266 5,472 20,794 22,177 3,463 18,714 18,338 25,748 5,111 20,637 21,892 3,231 18,661 16,391 23,709 5,618 18,091 19,878 3,637 16,241 13,779 21,415 5,330 16,085 17,819 3,741 14,078 13,049 19,751 4,504 15,246 17,024 3,616 13,408 13,376 20,272 4,740 15,532 17,306 3,747 13,560 13,186 19,761 4,403 15,357 16,825 3,537 13,288 14,484 21,161 4,536 16,625 18,258 3,751 14,507 11,724 18,261 4,455 13,805 15,411 3,716 11,695 11,961 18,149 4,067 14,082 15,429 3,390 12,039 10,184 16,343 3,988 12,355 13,672 3,342 10,329 10,042 15,669 3,415 12,254 13,252 2,944 10,308 10,661 15,753 3,259 12,494 13,511 2,771 10,740 3,232 11,904 9,468 15,328 3,303 12,024 12,413 2,806 9,607 3,132 12,173 9,578 15,515 3,232 12,283 12,496 2,809 9,688 9,264 15,205 3,237 11,968 12,206 2,845 9,361 10,526 16,541 3,307 13,234 13,565 2,895 10,670 11,688 17,757 3,318 14,439 14,846 2,936 11,911 12,711 18,470 3,376 15,094 15,794 3,040 12,754 18,011 3,437 14,574 12,111 18,043 3,397 14,646 15,296 3,078 12,218 16,193 3,415 12,778 10,718 16,075 3,464 12,611 13,617 3,071 10,545 14,464 3,642 10,821 8,521 14,808 3,872 10,935 11,844 3,196 8,647 13,455 3,663 9,791 7,449 13,442 3,765 9,677 10,389 3,043 7,345 12,511 3,611 8,899 6,788 12,655 3,732 8,923 9,839 3,037 6,802 See footnotes on next page. 373374 O - 56 - 15 Data: K 146-167 TRANSPORTATION Series K 146-157.—CARRIAGE OF FOREIGN TRADE—VESSELS ENTERED AND CLEARED, NET TONNAGE CAPACITY: 1789 TO 1945—Con. [ In thousands of net tons | VESSELS ENTERED, ALL PORTS VESSELS CLEARED, ALL PORTS VESSELS ENTERED, ALL PORTS YEAR ! American | Foreign American | Foreign YEAR ! American | Foreign Total vessels vessels Total vessels vessels Total vessels hak 146 147 148 152 153 154 146 147 148 1,994 1,853 989 909 80 1,643 1,075 705 605 99 1,608 1,111 586 539 48 1,343 950 1,203 1,116 87 1,405 923 1,135 1,044 91 1.004 #73 "oad 822 22 , 8! 122 1,019 868 951 787 164 1,056 918 944 799 146 1,048 942 1,007 849 157 974 881 804 683 121 952 850 732 625 108 895 775 610 522 88 889 788 681 608 73 847 765 722 675 47 880 801 637 580 57 869 784 609 526 83 917 755 611 448 164 992 780 659 415 244 1,136 877 604 364 241 918 701 606 355 251 9 2 234 127 107 715 668 | 981 948 ! | i | ! Data as of Sept. 80, for 1789 through 1842; as of June 30, for 1843 through series K 150, 6,747; series K 151, 10,866; series K 152 ,25,472; series K 168, 11,228; 1918; thereafter as of Dec. 31. series K 154, 14,249; series K 155, 16,112; series K 156, 63,514; and series K 1 Preliminary data, subject to revision. 167, 10,498. “ t As of June 80; figures (in thousands of tons) for July-Dec. are as follows: ¢ Reported as 8,169 (thousands of net tons) in Statistical Abstract, 1946, p. 564, series K 146, 25,029; series K 147, 11,006; series K 148 ,14,023; series K 149,16,113; table 619. Series K 158-167.—CARRIAGE OF FOREIGN TRADE—VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS (INCLUDING REEXPORTS) OF MERCHANDISE: 1790 TO 1935 | In millions of dollars. Includes gold and silver coin and bullion to 1879, inclusive. Also includes all waterborne foreign commerce of ports on the Great Lakes] IMPORTS, VALUE EXPORTS (INCLUDING REEXPORTS), VALUE By a siding by land By a nuns by land to to YEAR ! Total B y land Total By land Total by | In American | In foreign o Total by |In American | In foreign grealr water vessels vessels water vessels vessels 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 2,039 1,813 649 1,164 226 2,283 1,973 705 1,268 310 1,636 1,446 528 190 2,133 1,837 658 1,179 296 1,450 1,287 461 826 162 1,675 1,471 515 956 204 1,323 1,164 431 734 158 1,611 1,385 476 9 226 2,091 1,829 619 1,210 262 2,424 2,043 732 1,311 382 3,061 2,635 898 1,737 426 3,843 3,168 1,17 2,051 675 4,399 3,807 1,205 2,602 592 5,241 4,322 1,487 2,835 920 4,091 3,550 1,133 2,418 541 5,128 4,277 1,472 2,804 851 4,185 3,662 1,215 2,447 523 4,865 4,097 1,434 2,663 768 4,431 3,891 1,195 2,696 540 4,809 4,050 1,401 2,649 759 4,227 3,716 1,151 2,565 510 4,910 4,224 1,473 2,751 686 3,610 3,145 1,012 2,133 466 4,591 4,010 ,532 2,478 581 3,792 3,312 1, 2,272 481 4,168 3,539 1,358 2,181 629 3,113 2,704 1 1,7, 409 3,832 3,281 1,261 2,020 551 2,509 2,187 765 1,422 322 4,485 3,888 1,402 2,486 597 5,279 4,731 1,988 2,743 547 8,228 7.262 3,165 4,087 |v 976 3,904 3,414 1,228 2,186 491 Ty » 2,596 4,494 831 3,031 2,677 7 1,860 454 6,149 5,226 9 4,240 2,953 2,590 733 1,857 362 6,234 5,403 946 4,467 830 2,392 2,157 532 1,625 234 5,483 4,820 665 4,156 663 See p. 218 for footnotes. 216 SHIPPING AND WATER TRAFFIC Data: K 158-167 Series K 158-167.—CARRIAGE OF FOREIGN TRADE—VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS (INCLUDING REEXPORTS) OF MERCHANDISE: 1790 TO 1935—Con. In millions of dollars. Includes gold and silver coin and bullion to 1879, inclusive. Also includes all waterborne foreign commerce of ports on the Great Lakes ] IMPORTS, VALUE EXPORTS (INCLUDING REEXPORTS), VALUE By water (including by land By water (including by land 1790 to 1870) By land 1790 to 1870) By land YEAR Total : or air 3 Total : : or air ¢ Total by |In American | In foreign Total by |In American | In foreign water vessels vessels water vessels vessels 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 1,674 1,526 281 1,245 148 2,769 2,466 291 2,176 302 1,894 1,738 199 1,539 156 2,365 2,048 170 1,878 317 1,813 1,698 193 1,505 115 2,466 2,075 188 1,887 391 1,653 1,551 171 1,380 102 2,204 1,880 152 1, 324 1,527 1,436 147 1,290 91 2,049 1,774 134 1,641 275 1,557 1,467 147 1,319 90 1,745 1,516 114 1,403 229 1,812 1,241 151 1,090 71 1,663 1,481 108 1,373 182 1,194 1,128 152 971 71 1,861 1,670 121 1,550 191 1,434 1,340 177 1,164 94 1,881 1,662 142 1,521 218 1,227 1,140 168 7 87 1,744 1,550 154 1,396 194 1,118 1,039 161 878 9 1,519 1,355 130 1,225 164 9 9 132 791 68 1,461 1,308 97 1,211 153 1,026 960 124 836 66 1,420 1,281 gl 1,190 139 0. 847 102 745 56 1,382 1,258 84 1,174 124 823 716 93 683 47 1,488 1,376 84 1,292 112 850 806 104 701 44 1,394 1,284 91 1,193 110 697 664 82 582 33 1,227 1,143 79 1,065 84 616 586 94 492 30 1,231 1,158 68 1,090 73 765 729 109 620 36 1,051 986 80 906 65 780 744 117 627 36 883 821 70 751 61 732 699 108 591 33 808 758 62 695 50 655 625 122 504 30 892 843 74 769 49 866 822 127 695 44 848 804 1 733 44 827 788 139 649 40 1,030 997 81 916 33 845 804 127 677 41 853 79 774 32 789 749 125 624 41 858 825 78 747 33 745 707 121 586 38 742 714 83 631 28 724 692 124 568 32 696 674 67 606 22 692 665 121 543 28 716 695 73 622 21 635 611 119 492 25 680 660 8 582 19 578 556 113 444 21 742 718 82 636 24 668 G48 135 513 20 741 714 99 615 27 723 700 136 564 23 824 799 104 694 25 725 702 130 572 23 751 738 97 641 12 643 625 134 492 17 902 894 1 4 m7 668 653 149 503 15 836 830 109 721 6 466 454 144 310 12 7317 729 128 601 1 467 454 146 307 13 744 736 167 570 8 492 481 152 330 11 702 695 165 530 7 477 465 143 321 12 666 660 168 492 6 554 541 158 666 658 156 502 7 596 581 176 7 708 174 534 9 664 647 175 677 666 172 495 11 640 623 177 572 562 168 394 10 541 526 163 591 583 190 8 462 462 153 530 530 200 437 437 137 439 439 153 372 372 123 477 477 176 418 418 117 461 461 181 446 446 112 565 565 214 249 249 74 356 356 93 330 330 81 340 340 103 253 253 110 332 332 132 206 206 92 230 230 125 336 336 202 249 249 180 362 362 228 400 400 279 339 339 216 357 357 250 283 283 204 325 325 243 361 361 259 3 363 251 315 315 250 327 327 232 261 261 202 275 275 203 305 305 2156 276 276 191 268 268 192 231 231 155 213 213 166 210 210 139 216 216 164 218 218 152 178 178 140 152 152 100 148 148 120 146 146 101 166 155 129 154 154 110 147 147 113 159 159 100 122 122 106 113 113 7 117 117 102 115 115 87 108 108 94 111 111 8 65 65 50 84 84 65 100 100 89 105 105 80 128 128 113 122 122 95 See footnotes on next page. 217 Data: K 158-169 (INCLUDING REEXPORTS) OF MERCHANDISE: 1790 TO 1935—Con. TRANSPORTATION Series K 158-167.—CARRIAGE OF FOREIGN TRADE—VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS [ In millions of dollars. Includes gold and silver coin and bullion to 1879, inclusive. Also includes all waterborne foreign commerce of ports on the Great Lakes | IMPORTS, VALUE EXPORTS (INCLUDING REEXPORTS), VALUE By water (including by land By water (including by land ‘ 1790 to 1870) ? By land 1790 to 1870) ? By land YEAR Total y aang Total A Total by In American | In foreign or a Total by In American | In foreign OF air water vessels vessels water vessels vessels 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 165 16 14 121 121 19 121 95 114 114 104 108 108 89 141 141 122 117 117 91 190 190 171 129 129 97 150 150 135 122 122 94 wom mom 8 68 101 101 90 817 87 66 103 103 94 81 81 66 71 71 66 74 74 64 I u 5 72 72 62 S 9 72 72 61 79 79 75 82 82% 72 85 85 81 8 78 70 x 96 96 92 100 100 89 81 81 75 76 76 67 78 78 72 75 15 65 83 83 71 12 72 61 63 63 58 65 65 55 3 74 67 70 70 62 87 67 70 70 58 122 22 103 93 93 75 9 78 88 88 65 147 147 107 82 82 56 i 1s 87 53 53 37 8 7 7 4 22 22 16 28 28 18 7 1 65 39 39 31 53 53 48 61 61 53 85 85 19 67 67 60 £9 59 2 2 2 44 57 5! 2 20 139 139 130 108 108 98 129 129 120 102 102 90 121 121 112 96 96 85 85 85 7 78 78 67 wl o® 8 £2 8 72 72 1 111 111 101 93 93 81 S51 91 83 n n 62 79 79 I 79 i 68 69 69 62 61 61 53 75 75 69 51 51 45 81 81 77 59 59 53 70 70 64 48 48 42 35 35 31 33 33 28 31 31 26 26 26 20 32 32 21 21 21 13 29 29 17 19 19 10 23 23 9 20 20 8 1 Data as of Sept. 30 for 1790 through 1842; as of June 80 for 1843 through 1915; thereafter as of Dec. 31. ? Figures for 1790-1820 estimated by Guetter and McKinley by application of J. R. Soley’s series on “Percent American” to total imports and exports of mer- chandise and specie. See text note. 3 Includes parcel post beginning 1921. 1 Includes parcel post beginning 1924. 5 As of June 30. Figures (in millions of dollars) for July—Dec. are as follows: Series K 158, 913; series K 159, 817; series K 160, 179; series K 161, 638; series K 162, 96; series K 163, 1,820; series K 164, 1,625; series K 165, 200; series K 166 1,425; series K 167, 196. Series K 168-169.—CANALS—TON-MILEAGE, NEW YORK STATE CANALS, RIVERS, AND RAILROADS: 1853 TO 1898 [ In millions of ton-miles ] Canals : Canals ; Canals : Canals : YEAR and rivers | Railroads YEAR and rivers | Railroads YEAR and rivers | Railroads YEAR and rivers | Railroads 168 169 168 169 168 169 168 169 770 14,439 1,410 7,369 1,117 2,917 1,524 790 870 12,519 1.421 2,941 1,633 708 970 12,782 1,180 6,491 1,564 2,511 1,311 531 1,180 6,322 1,594 2,260 890 11,167 1,420 6,327 1,575 1,785 1,232 453 1,070 10,542 1,350 5,796 862 334 1,190 11,526 1,300 6,020 1,378 1,667 861 327 1,070 12,044 1,384 1,406 726 332 1,120 10,259 1,833 5,117 1,518 1,050 910 348 1,455 4,700 1,262 985 1,310 9,940 1,483 8,827 1,507 867 904 264 1,290 9,061 1,205 3,333 1,002 229 1,210 8,266 934. 3,249 1,255 706 1,075 171 1,450 8,022 1,291 808 SHIPPING AND WATER TRAFFIC Data: K 170-173 Series K 170-171.—CANALS—TONNAGE MOVED ON NEW YORK STATE CANALS: 1837 TO 1945 [ In short tons of 2,000 pounds ] gre Ere oi Erie Ere 1vision vision, vision, 1vision, YEAR All canals freight YEAR All cangls freight YEAR All canals freight YEAR All cazals freight originating originating originating originating 170 171 170 171 170 171 170 171 2,968,682 1,665,447 1,297,225 675,083 5,246,102 3,303,929 5,567,692 2,955,302 2,506,840 1,729,448 1,625,050 917,689 5,370,369 3,673,554 5,598,785 3,204,277 4,942,948 3,321,516 5,553,805 3,840,513 5,293,982 3,808,642 4,731,784 3,208,207 5,009,488 3,389,555 5,664,056 3,587,102 5,467,423 3,694,364 5,179,192 3,598,721 6,457,656 4,608,651 5,362,372 3,820,027 5,171,320 3,608,634 4,955,963 3,254,367 4,172,129 2,418,422 4,859,858 2,787,226 5,804,588 3,097,122 6,364,782 3,602,535 6,673,370 3,562,560 6,467,888 3,580,922 4,507,635 2,500,782 4,650,214 2,253,533 3,781,684 1,753,954 3,665,192 1,767,004 3,844,061 1,566,624 4,116,082 2,107,678 4,022,617 2,202,463 4,165,862 2,224,008 4,247,853 2,196,308 3,863,441 2,129,334 3,582,733 1,955,265 3,076,617 1,635,089 2,894,732 1,622,444 2,796,230 1,599,965 2,869,810 1,661,575 2,268,662 1,264,408 1,977,565 1,038,700 2,824,160 2,166,393 3,539,101 2,760,596 4,503,059 3,512,829 4,768,160 3,587,086 4,689,037 3,643,782 4,709,488 3,349,250 5,010,464 4,173,700 5,014,206 4,220,397 4,489,172 3,898,506 4,142,728 3,645,125 4,074,002 3,574,951 3,643,433 3,186,094 3,722,012 3,277,936 3,605,457 3,044,271 2,876,160 2,422,204 3,089,998 2,535,684 2,581,892 2,047,774 2,369,367 1,935,278 1,858,114 1,155,235 2,080,850 1,361,764 2,602,035 1,788,453 2,606,116 1,795,069 3,097,068 2,031,785 3,073,412 2,023,185 3,116,536 2,031,307 3,051,877 2,177,443 3,407,914 2,415,548 3,540,907 2,385,491 3,226,896 1,999,824 3,138,547 1,945,708 3,615,385 2,414,018 3,274,610 2,105,876 3,420,613 2,257,035 3,345,941. | 2,145,876 3,686,051 2,419,084 3,360,063 2,338,020 1,816,586 945,944 2,344,013 1,945,466 3,617,804 2,584,906 6,173,769 3,083,132 1,513,439 819,216 2,032,317 1,691,766 3,714,894 2,742,438 5,859,080 2,845,072 1,236,931 712,310 2,006,284 1,626,062 6,442,225 3,346,986 1,521,661 906,442 1,873,434 1,485,109 3,500,314 2,356,084 5,688,325 2,920,578 1,270,407 993,639 3,882,560 3,144,144 5,775,220 2,896,027 1,416,046 829,960 4,331,963 3,235,726 1,435,713 845,007 1,421,434 891,221 4,281,995 2,978,832 || 1865______ 4,729,654 2,523,490 1,333,011 744,848 1,238,844 842,164 4,563,472 3,097,853 || 1864. ._.. 4,852,941 2,535,792 1,171,296 667,151 1,159,270 667,374 Series K 172-173.—FEDERAL EXPENDITURES—LIGHT STATIONS, BEACONS, BUOYS, ETC., AND RIVERS AND HARBORS: 1791 TO 1882 NET EXPENDITURES FOR— NET EXPENDITURES FOR— NET EXPENDITURES FOR— .. Light Light Light id YEAR stations, Rivers and YEAR stations, Rivers and YEAR stations, Rivers and YEAR stations, beacons, harbors beacons, harbors beacons, harbors Teacons, buoys, ete. buoys, ete. buoys, ete. buoys, ete. 172 173 172 173 172 173 172 $2,392,147 ($11,624,132 $1,257,619 | © $290,324 $350,469 $568,791 {| 1811... .cccuea- $114,971 2,642,669 9,071,637 1,925,845 426,924 296,792 597,790 2,001,475 268,009 313,810 703,941 94,038 2,426,371 8,080,166 1,754,808 161,135 256,642 538,079 83,141 2,343,639 | 8,267,194 320,719 652,213 90,052 2,193,893 | 3,791,061 1,836,058 791,172 86,583 2,367,221 4,655,276 1,810,978 936,538 233,113 573,779 88,994 2,703,280 5,736,433 956,026 489,027 277,274 524,127 710,754 39,915 253,728 187,505 11 1808. ...couoaus 122,030 2,925,354 6,433,945 750,465 69,581 306,918 136,319 93,776 2,493,182 5,704,365 188,941 87,049 75,788 2,910,962 6,311,638 909,133 41,532 68,929 3,166,672 4,962,107 630,191 26,002 183,554 39,844 81,430 2,675,323 4,421,405 652,340 23,656 153,420 514,892 44,206 207,913 40,634 2,582,204 8,527,721 403,127 218,695 144,991 69,509 1,910,674 3,545,320 149,440 52,906 2,590,102 8,457,169 443,659 528,720 48,174 2,176,632 1,216,630 287,089 313,137 163,656 35,207 1,870,396 294,581 187,179 111,354 115,351 397,659 82,312 162,068 29,861 1,215,917 304,411 458,372 79,121 122,187 37,496 948,160 101,960 108,370 12,062 873,231 64,788 594,628 144,917 38,976 661,371 37,286 770,257 779,816 22,592 894,303 172,064 476,920 1,053,731 414,009 1,361,795 994,094 228,291 343,561 869,302 219 Data: K 174-188 TRANSPORTATION Series K 174-175.—PUBLIC ROADS—SURFACED ROADS, 1793 TO 1926; AND FEDERAL EXPENDRITURES FOR ROADS AND CANALS, 1802 TO 1882 | Mileage estimates prior to 1904, computed from expenditures data. See text note ] Surfaced |Federal net Surfaced |Federal net Surfaced |Federal net SURFACED ROADS roads, | open roads, | gabendt roads, | expendi YEAR Estimated | Surveyed ! YEAR estimated [LMS FoRCS YEAR estimated [URNS Tob ls YEAR ssiimated: {Pires Joprs 174 175 174 176 174 176 174 176 Miles Miles Dollars Miles Dollars Miles Dollars 550,000 108,950 |-ocmive vn 83,743 669,613 14,600 362,697 107,580 | 1 jd Miles fl CALENDAR umber o 0 ane-miles atalities per iles flown Total as Total Fatal ies YEAR : fatal passenger flown per 100 million : i Fatalities per fatal accidents accidents fatalities fatal nt -miles Zeakdonts accidents accident flown ? 265 26¢ 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 40 8 76 26,171,111 2.2 4,652 322 508 ® 30 5 48 27,768,033 2.2 3,343 169 257 ®) 23 2 22 52,716,500 1.8 3,871 167 267 3) 23 5 55 22,354,936 3.7 3,324 143 220 2,058,095 27 4 85 33,729,240 2.8 4,252 217 812 1,595,868 30 3 35 36,837,890 3.0 3,471 232 359 1,137,931 28 2 9 41,616,810 1.2 2,222 203 315 876,198 23 5 25 13,818,740 4.5 1,861 176 274 734,995 42 5 40 13,358,216 8.3 1,900 184 280 560,850 65 8 44 © 8,038,435 10.0 1,674 155 261 602,067 58 8 15 6,989,769 4.7 1,503 161 253 526,432 71 8 17 5,190,708 9.0 1,491 184 323 410,881 100 9 8 5,472,924 4.6 1,589 177 299 402,389 108 16 19 2,868,345 14.9 1,936 207 318 877,675 118 13 25 3,316,090 23.4 ,197 251 398 375,869 88 9 2,029 300 504 360,899 124 21 1,586 287 85 11 1,036 215 25 4 253 95 1 Includes scheduled revenue operators only. 2 Rates computed on basis of total passengers carried and passenger miles flown revenue and nonrevenue). 3 No operational statistics for nonscheduled and personal flying are available for 1943, 1944, and 1945. 225 Chapter L. Price Indexes (Series L 1-52) The term price, as currently used (1947), is defined in terms of a definite physical specification of a commodity at specified terms of trade to a specified type of purchaser. In general, quotations used for indexes are transaction prices and exclude insofar as possible factors such as changes in grade or quality or terms of sale or in the proportion of goods sold to different classes of pur- chasers which affect average prices. Price comparisons from one period to another which are based on inadequate commodity specifications may be invalid. Unfor- tunately most of the earlier investigations in the field of prices lacked detailed commodity descriptions. Thus we find such quo- tations as “wheat, $1.00 per bushel,” whereas a more complete commodity description might read “wheat, No. 2 red winter, bulk, carlots, f.0.b. Chicago, spot market price, average of high and low, per bushel.” The price of a commodity necessarily must refer to a specific point in time. Thus the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ present month- ly wholesale prices (1947) ordinarily are an average of 1-day-a-week prices and annual prices are averages of monthly prices; whereas retail prices are mid-month prices. The term price relative is applied to a single price series, usually representing narrowly defined specifications, and relates the price for a given period to the price at some other fixed period as 100. A price index is a device for measuring average price changes for several commodities as a group with reference to a base period as 100. General Price Index: Series L 1 L 1. General price index, 1791-1938. Base:1913 =100. SOURCES: For 1791-1932, see The Review of Economic Statistics, Harvard Economic Society, Inec., vol. XVI, No. 2, February 15, 1934, p. 25. For 1933-1938, see Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Monthly Review of Credit and Business Conditions. For discussion see Tucker, Rufus S., “Gold and the General Price Level,” The Review of Economic Statistics, vol. XVI, No. 1, January 15, 1934, p- 8. The general price index of Carl Snyder, 1860-1932 (see Business Cycles and Business Measurements, New York, 1927), was extended backward in time to 1791 by Rufus S. Tucker. Snyder’s index was first presented in 1924 in an article, ‘‘A New Index of the General Price Level from 1875,” published in the quarterly Journal of the American Statistical Association, June 1924. It was based on wholesale prices, cost of living, and rents, computed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics; and wages, computed by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. In 1928, the Snyder index was revised back to 1918. Revised indexes and the method of computation were described in “The Measure of the General Price Level” by Carl Snyder in The Review of Economic Statistics, Harvard Economic Society, Inc., vol. X, No. 1, February 1928, pp. 40-52. Until the end of;1939 when its calculation was discontinued, the Snyder in- dex was published regularly in the Monthly Review of Credit and Business Conditions, cited above. The index of the general price level is designed to measure average prices of exchanges of goods, services, and property. It is obtained by combining available series into a broad composite to represent the general level of all kinds of prices. The original index was based on commodity prices at wholesale, wages, cost of living, and rents with weights of 20, 35, 35, and 10, respectively. The re- vised index includes 12 component series with weights determined empirically, as follows: 226 Component series : Weight 1. Industrial commodity prices at wholesale______ 10 2. Farm pricesatthefarm.....ccemevvvvceee.. 10 3. Retail food prices... ______________________ 10 A, BOREL. ov wp pumps sms sram—e ew 5 5. Other cost of living items____________________ 10 6: "Tronsportatlon 20st. oo cine snsnena amd mwas 5 7: Realy values. ......coenmnessenssasmnsseemns 10 8. Security prices. o_o eee 10 9. Equipment and machinery prices_____________ 10 10. Hardware prices_________________o___. 3 11. Automobile prices. _ ___________________._____ 2 12. Composite Wages: -cocnmsnnemremerersemnsse 15 Wholesale Price Indexes: Series L 2-35 L 2-35. General note. Available wholesale price indexes shown in this chapter fall into 3 categories: The official wholesale price index of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1801 to date (series L 15), and indexes for 10 major product groups, 1890 to date (series L 16— 25); Warren and Pearson’s extension of the Bureau of Labor Sta- tistics’ indexes back to varying years in the 18th century (series L 2 and L 4-14); and other indexes independent of the BLS series (series L 3, L 26-35). A number of other wholesale price indexes not included in this volume have been computed. Some of these are discussed in United States Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 284, Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices in the United States and Foreign Countries, together with techniques of calculation. They include series computed by Bradstreet’s beginning in 1890 on about 96 commodities; by Dun’s Review beginning in January 1901 on about 300 quotations and gradually carried back to 1860; by Thomas Gibson beginning 1910 on 22 foods; by the New York Times Annalist in 1913 on 25 foods; and by the Federal Reserve Board in 1918 on the basis of BLS data. Both Dun’s and Brad- street’s series were sums of actual prices rather than index numbers. In 1935 a weighted index of general wholesale commodity prices, 1815-1845, was computed by Walter B. Smith and Arthur H. Cole on the basis of 35 commodities and published in Fluctuations in American Business, 1790-1860, Harvard Economic Study No. 50, Harvard University Press, table 45, p. 158. During 1929-1938 a comprehensive historical investigation of commodity prices was made under the auspices of the International Scientific Committee on Price History and the results published in Wholesale Commodity Prices in the United States, 1700-1861, by Arthur H. Cole, Har- vard University Press, 1938. As used here, the term wholesale does not refer to transactions between intermediate distributors and retailers. As currently used for price indexes (1947) the term wholesale refers to primary mar- kets or those in which the first major commercial transaction occurs for a specified commodity or stage of production of a com- modity. Thus wholesale prices in the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ index are generally those charged by representative manufac- turers, producers, or importers to distributors or industrial users of particular commodities, or are those prevailing on commodity exchanges. L 2. Wholesale price index of all commodities, 1749-1932. Base: 1910-1914 =100. SOURCE: Warren, George F., and Pearson, Frank A., Prices, New York, 1933, table 1. pp. 11-13. (Data shown here are reprinted by permission of the publishers, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.) See also Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Wholesale Prices for 213 Years, 1720-1932, Memoir 142, 1932, part 1, pp. 7-10; and Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin No. 572, Wholesale Prices, 1931, 1933, appendix, pp. 111-114. The latter shows the index on the base 1926 =100. WHOLESALE PRICE INDEXES Warren and Pearson used the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ index (series L 15) for 1890-1932, but converted it to a 1910-1914 base and extended it back to 1797. From 1797, the index was extended back to 1720 by Dr. Herman Stoker. Prices collected relate almost entirely to New York City. For 1797 to 1890 they were obtained directly or indirectly from newspapers, chiefly the New York Price Current, 1796-1817, and the New York Shipping and Commercial List, 1815 to the Civil War, supplemented by the data published in the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances for the year ending June 30, 1863. Price series were obtained for 110 to more than 140 commodities. The all-commodities index based on these series, which the authors felt most representative of price changes in the 19th cen- tury prior to 1890, was constructed with varying weights for the commodity groups (series L 4-14). The weights were adjusted gradually by making one-ninetieth of the total change between 1799 and 1889 in January of each year. Weights were assigned each commodity within the groups, according to their importance in the total trade of the country. Because of the meager data avail- able, assignment of such weights was necessarily largely arbitrary. The number of commodities in each group, except hides and leather and possibly housefurnishings, was considered sufficient to give reliable group indexes. Price data were scarce and irregular prior to 1749. As a result, prior to 1749, the index was computed only for certain months in each year, and annual index numbers for the period 1720-1748 are not shown. For the period 1787-1800 Stoker constructed his ‘“71-commod- ity index’ using the same group indexes and essentially the same methods as used by Warren and Pearson in their calculations back to 1797, but with somewhat different group weights. Stoker’s in- dexes were linked to the Warren and Pearson indexes by a 8-year overlap, 1798-1800. For the period 1720-1787 Stoker constructed his ‘‘15-commod- ity index,” based on 11-19 series, chiefly foods, using arbitrary weights. This was linked to his “71-commodity index” by a 14- month overlap, November 1786 through 1787. No group indexes were possible. L 3. Wholesale price index of 30 basic commodities, 1798-1932. Base: 1910-1914=100. SOURCE: Warren, George F., and Pearson, Frank A., Prices, New York, 1933, table 4, p. 30. (Data shown here are reprinted by permission of the publishers, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.) To provide a more sensitive index of prices, Warren and Pearson constructed a special index of 30 basic commodities. Almost the same list of commodities and weights was used for the entire period. Prior to 1890, the index was derived by Warren and Pearson using the same prices as in their all-commodity index (see above for series L 2); subsequent to 1890, using prices col- lected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. This index includes prices of farm products, minerals, textiles, and like products relatively flexible in price. L 4-14. Wholesale price indexes of 11 major product groups, 1786-1932. Base: 1910-1914 =100. SOURCE: Warren, George F., and Pearson, Frank A., Prices, New York, 1933, table 3, pp. 25- 27. (Data shown here are reprinted by permission of the publish- ers, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.) For an alternative source, see Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Wholesale Prices for 218 Years, 1720-1932, Memoir 142, 1932, part 1, tables 34-45, pp. 84-111. Product groups shown represent the 10 major groups used by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the computa- tion of its wholesale price index of all commodities. Warren and Pearson added an eleventh group, “Spirits,” for the period 1787— 1889. Commodities in each group were weighted in accordance with their importance at the time. Also, see text for series L 2, above, for identification of indexes in different periods. L 15. Wholesale price index of all commodities, 1801-1945. Base: 1926 = 100. SOURCE: Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. For 1801-1941, see Handbook of Labor Statistics, 1941. Text: L 2-15 edition, vol. I, p. 715; for 1942-1945, see Monthly Labor Review and semiannual or annual report, Wholesale Prices. Original sources.—The official weighted index of wholesale prices currently computed by BLS for all commodities dates from 1890, but it has been extended back to 1801 on the basis of other series. Price indexes from 1801-1840 were computed from historical data collected by Alvin H. Hansen and published in Wholesale Prices for the United States, 1801-1840, in Publications of the Amer- ican Statistical Association, December 1915, pp. 804-812, and in Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin No. 367, Wholesale Prices, 1890-1923, Appendix F, pp. 235-248. Actual prices for individual commodities on which Hansen’s index is based, together with price relatives, also are shown in Bulletin No. 867. Indexes from 1841- 1889 were taken from data collected for the Subcommittee on Tariff, Committee on Finance of the United States Senate, under the chairmanship of Senator Nelson W. Aldrich, and published in a comprehensive report issued March 3, 1893, Wholesale Prices, Wages, and Transportation, Senate Report No. 1394, 52d Congress, 2d Session, part I, p. 9. This report, called the Aldrich Report, was issued in response to a resolution, passed two years earlier, author- izing the Committee to investigate the effects of the tariff laws “upon the imports and exports, the growth, development, produc- tion, and prices of agricultural and manufactured articles, at home and abroad.” Much of the data for this report was assembled for the committee by the Commissioner of Labor. In 1900 the Aldrich index was carried forward 8 years by Roland P. Falkner by a different method: of calculation and published by the Department of Labor, Bulletin No. 27, Wholesale Prices: 1890 to 1899. In 1902, the Department of Labor began the publication of its own wholesale price index “in order to meet the constant and growing demand for statistics of prices.” The index has been continued without interruption since that time. Coverage.—The present (1947) wholesale price index of the Bureau of Labor Statistics is designed to measure average changes in commodity prices in primary markets in the United States. It is derived from a selection of commodities, specifications, markets, and reporters chosen to represent the total of all primary markets and important segments of such markets. At present (1947) about 860 different commodity series are included in the index. It ex- cludes transactions for services, banking and insurance, stock market trading, transportation, construction, real estate sales, and rents. Separate indexes have been computed monthly for all commodities and 10 major groups, beginning in 1890. In addition, indexes are available for 49 subgroups and 5 economic groups, beginning in 1913. } Prices used are transaction quotations, collected by mail from individual producer-reporters or from trade journals, usually for 1-day-a-week, and averaged to obtain a monthly price. During the course of years, a number of changes in coverage and method of computation of the index have been made, and in some cases indexes have been recomputed for earlier years. The TABLE 1.—NUMBER OF PRICE SERIES AND WEIGHTING FACTORS USED IN BLS WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX (ALL COMMODI- TIES): 1890 TO 1945 YEAR Number ! Weights used 104010 1045. . ...cnuunaneuss 881-890 1938 to 1939___ oe 813 Quantities marketed 1929-31 1934 to 1937. 784 1932 to 1933. 19: 784 Quantities marketed 1927-29 }Quantities marketed 1925-27 1927 to 1929... 550 Quantities marketed 1923-25 ou to Jo50eus 404 Quantities marketed 1919 to PIE 327-328 ie 1914 to 1916... 296-300 Quantities marketed 1909 1890101918... occ mmm 251-261 Equal weights ? ! Number of price series included in index: 2 With the number of relatives representing roughly the importance of individual commodities. 227 Text: L 15-36 number of series has increased from 251 in 1890 representing 99 commodities to about 890 in 1945 and the quantity weighting factors have been revised six times. The number of price series and weighting factors used in the index since 1890 are shown in table 1. Methods.—The current (1947) index is of the fixed-base weighted aggregative type which was adopted in 1937. Weights represent quantities marketed in 1929 and 1931. The quantity weight for each commodity is multiplied by the current price to obtain a cross-product. The cross-products for individual commodi- ties are totaled to obtain value aggregates for groups and sub- groups. The group indexes are then calculated by dividing these current-period aggregates by base-period aggregates, in effect ob- tained by multiplying the price in the base period by the quantity weight. From 1890 to 1906 the BLS index was a simple arithmetic mean of price relatives. From 1907 to 1936 the index was computed by the chain method, basing changes from one period to the next only upon those commodities for which data were available during both periods. Individual commodities were riot explicitly weighted until 1914. Indexes from 1841-1889 are arithmetic averages of unweighted relative prices from the Aldrich report, converted to a 1926 base. Prices represented actual transaction prices as of a single date in each year, usually January 1, obtained from careful investigation of the books of merchants and manufacturers. Prices were tabu- lated for 228 commodities from 1860 to 1891 and for 90 commod-- ities in earlier years. This list of commodities did not adequately represent all commodities dealt in at wholesale. Thus, out of the 223 artieles, 53 were foods and 54 metals, including 25 series on pocket knives. Indexes for all commodities from 1801-1840 were arithmetic averages- of unweighted relative prices as reported by Alvin H. Hansen, converted to a 1926 base. Each distinct commodity was given equal weight. Indexes from 1801-1825 were constructed from monthly quotations for 79 commodities as near to the first of the month as possible, as published in the Boston Gazette for the years 1801 to 1815 and in the Boston Patriot for the years 1816 to 1825. Indexes from 1825 to 1840 were based on monthly prices for 63 commodities at New York as published in the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances for the year ending June 30, 1863. When a range of prices was shown, the arithmetic mean of prices was used. According to Hansen, “it is doubtful to what extent the articles for the two cities are identical” and ‘““the vagueness of descriptions also raises some questions as to the continuity of the information as between the series and as within the two series. Further, the standards prevailing at so remote a period must affect any comparison with present-day prices.” See Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin No. 367, Appen- dix F, p. 285. L 16-25. Wholesale price indexes of 10 major product groups, 1890-1945. Base: 1926 =100. SOURCE: See above for series L 15. These indexes measure the average change in commodity prices at primary market levels. Wherever feasible, prices used are f.o.b., point of production or sale. In the case of farm products and some foods, prices quoted in organized commodity markets are used. Indexes are based on a smaller number of commodities for earlier years. In January 1940, the group Chemicals and allied products was substituted for the group Chemicals and drugs. The revision was made by years from 1926. The indexes for the two groups are not strictly comparable but may be used for all practical purposes. L 26-27. Wholesale price indexes of farm products: Unweighted, 1840-1891; weighted, 1840-1891. Base: 1860 =100. SOURCE: Sen- ate Report 1394 (Aldrich Report), Wholesale Prices, Wages, and Transportation, Hon. Nelson W. Aldrich, United States Senate Committee on Finance, March 3, 1893, part I, tables 33, 85, pp. 107, 109. See text for series L 15 concerning “Aldrich Report.” Indexes were based on 63 individual price series, combined into 228 PRICE INDEXES 15 distinct commodities. Prices were collected by the Department of Agriculture in 8 cities, (New York, Cincinnati, and Chicago), from records of commercial organizations such as the Produce Exchange of New York, and from newspapers and merchants’ account books. The accuracy of the results was limited by changes in classification and the chaotic nature of earlier records. General indexes were computed from 1840 to 1891, giving equal weight to each of the 15 products (series L 26), and also from 1860 to 1891, giving weights proportional to their production in the 8 census years, 1860, 1870, and 1880 (series L 27). L 28-35. Wholesale price indexes of 8 major product groups, 1840-1891. Base: 1860=100. SOURCE: Aldrich Report (see text for series L 26-27), table 22, p. 91. Indexes for 8 major groups in the Aldrich Report were calculated in the same way as the all-commod- ity index (see text for series L 15), giving equal weight to each commodity. Because of the objections to the technique of equal weighting, special indexes of all commodities and of food and clothing were calculated for the Aldrich Report giving varying weights accord- ing to family consumption in 1891 as determined in a consumer expenditure study conducted by the Department of Labor. These are included on pages 9 and 94 of part I of that Report. Cost of Living, Consumers’ Price, and Retail Price Indexes: Series L 36-52 L 36-52. General note. The concept of the cost of living and its measurement has been the subject of much controversy and in- vestigation in recent years. To many people the term cost of living has meant the total cost in dollars of a family budget. Change in the cost of a fixed standard of living sometimes has been confused with the cost of a changed standard of living. Cost of living indexes generally measure the former rather than the latter, changes in prices for a fixed list of living essentials rather than the actual level of living costs. This subject is discussed thoroughly in the Report of the President's Committee on the Cost of Living, Office of Economic Stabilization, 1945. Following this report both the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the National Industrial Conference Board changed the name of their indexes fronr “Cost of living” “to Consumers’ prices.” Retail prices collected for the BLS index are midmonth prices. They represent average prices paid by consumers in retail stores, as determined for most articles by personal visits of Bureau of Labor Statistics representatives. Prices are obtained for goods most nearly meeting definite specifications. However, there are constant changes in the nature and quality of goods available, particularly in clothing. When an article priced for the index is not available, the most nearly comparable article is priced. L 36. Federal Reserve Bank of New York's cost of living index, 1820-1913. Base: 1913=100. SOURCE: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Index of Estimated Cost of Living in the United States (1938 revision, mimeographed). See also general note for series L 36-52. The Federal Reserve Bank’s index of the estimated cost of liv- ing in the United States was obtained by linking together several indexes. From 1820 to 1859 indexes were those of A. H. Hansen as published in the American Economic Review, March 1925, p. 32, using those of R. P. Falkner from 1840 to 1859. These are also included in Hansen’s long-term index from 1820-1928 (see series L 37). Indexes from 1860 to 1879 were those of W. C. Mitchell in Gold Prices and Wages Under the Greenback Standard, pp. 86-87; from 1880-1889 those of W. R. Burgess in Trends df School Costs, p. 54, shown here as a separate series from 1841 to 1920 (series L 38). Indexes from 1890 to 1909 were those of Paul H. Douglas as published in the American Economic Review, Supplement, March 1926, p. 22. Those from 1910 to 1912 were obtained by correlating the BLS index beginning 1918 with the cost of living index com- puted for the State of Massachusetts by the Department of Labor COST OF LIVING INDEXES and Industries of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Division on the Necessaries of Life, and published regularly in its Annual Report. L 37. Hansen’s cost of living index, 1820-1923. Base: 1913 =100. SOURCE: Hansen, Alvin H., “Factors Affecting the Trend of Real Wages,” American Economic Review, March 1925, p. 32. See also general note for series L 36-52. Hansen’s index of the estimated cost of living was obtained by linking together these indexes: For 1820-1840, an index of whole- sale prices of food, coal, candles, and clothing weighted according to expenditures of 232 families in 1891, as reported in Senate Re- port 1394 (Aldrich Report), Wholesale Prices, Wages, and Transpor- tation, part I, p. 62; for 1840-1890, Falkner’s weighted index of wholesale prices as shown in the Aldrich Report, part I; for 1890- 1912, the Bureau of Labor Statistics index of retail food prices (see series L 48); and for 1913-1923, the Bureau of Labor Statistics index of consumers’ prices (see series L 41). L 38. Burgess’ cost of living index, 1841-1920. Base: 1913 =100. SOURCE: Harvard Economic Society, Inc., The Review of Eco- nomic Statistics, February 1934, vol. XVI, No. 2, p. 26. See also Burgess, W. Randolph, Trends of School Costs, Russell Sage Foun- dation, New York City, 1920, p. 54, for original data in dollars. See also general note for series L 36-52. Burgess’ series, titled “Cost of Living Per Week for Small Family Using the Same Amounts of the Same Commodities Over the Entire Period,” represents the total weekly cost for a small family, in dollars and cents, of food, clothing, shelter, and inci- dentals. It is based upon the prices of 10 staple articles of food appropriately weighted. These foods constituted the bulk of family food purchases as shown by the BLS 1901-1902 expendi- ture study. The weekly food cost was multiplied by a factor which would raise food costs to the total weekly budget of a typical wage earner’s family (man, wife, and two children) in 1901. L 39. Douglas’ cost of living index, 1890-1926. Base: 1890-1899 = 100. SOURCE: Douglas, Paul H., Real Wages in the United States, 1890-1926, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston and New York, 1930, p. 60. See also general note for series L 36-52. Douglas’ “Most Probable Index of the Movement of the Total Cost of Living for Workingmen’” was constructed for early years on the basis of Bureau of Labor Statistics retail prices for food and wholesale prices for clothing, fuel and light, furniture, tobacco, and spirits. The retail food index was adjusted to include a larger number of commodities, using BLS wholesale prices, adjusted by the variation of the retail from the wholesale index for as many identical commodities as possible. Wholesale prices of other groups were adjusted to represent retail prices using the same adjustment factor as for foods. A combined index for all groups was computed, weighted according to relative importance as shown by the BLS consumer expenditures study of 1901-1902. For later years the BLS cost-of-living index was used; but in years when BLS data were available only semiannually, monthly indexes were estimated by interpolation. L 40. National Industrial Conference Board consumers’ price index, 1914-1945. Base: 1928 =100. SOURCE: National Industrial Conference Board, The Economic Almanac for 1946-47, “Cost of Living of Wage Earners in the United States, 1914-1946,” New York, p. 276. This index was known as the NICB “Cost of living index” prior to October 1946. See also general note for series L 36-52. In purpose and in general statistical techniques, this index is similar to the Bureau of Labor Statistics index (see series L 41). The 1934-1936 family expenditure study conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics also is the basis of the selection and weighting of individual commodities priced. Prior to June 1941, the NICB used the BLS food cost index in preparing its all-items index but thereafter it compiled its own food index. This index currently (1947) is based on information collected in about 60 cities as compared with 84 or 56 cities used for the BLS Text: L 36-7 index. It includes a number of small cities not in the BLS sample. Indexes for 50 to 60 cities are available beginning January 1939. Prices of about 240 individual items are collected by mail ques- tionnaire instead of personal interview. Rent data are collected periodically from real estate agents, banks, chambers of commerce, and real estate boards instead of from tenants asfor the BLS index. Quotations conform to general rather than detailed physical specifications. Indexes were computed for July of each year 1914-1917; June and November of 1918; and March, July, and November of 1919. Comprehensive investigations were continued at 4-month inter- vals but beginning January 1920 and through 1945 monthly esti- mates were computed for intervening months on the basis of a smaller sample. L 41-47. Bureau of Labor Statistics consumers’ price indexes for moderate income families in large cities, 1913-1945. Base: 1935-1939 =100. SOURCE: Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. For 1913-1940, see Bulletin No. 699, Changes in Cost of Living in Large Cities in the United States, 1918-41, 1941, p. 44; for 1941-1945, see Monthly Labor Review, April 1947, p. 707. See also general note for series L 36-52. The index is a price barometer, not a measure of changes in the total amount families spend for living, which is affected by changes in income and manner of living. Thus, income taxes are excluded. This index represents the movement in the prices of living es- sentials in the family budget: Food, clothing, housefurnishings, rent, utilities, fuels, and miscellaneous goods and services such as medical care, personal care, transportation, laundry services, and recreation. The present index (1947) is based on about 180 indivi- dual items, as well as rent, including 61 foods, 39 articles of cloth- ing, 12 kinds of fuel, 21 kinds of housefurnishings, 48 miscellaneous goods and services. For many articles two or more qualities are priced for the index. Excluding foods, about 400 different kinds and qualities of goods are priced for the index. Commodities were selected to represent all articles purchased by typical families, on the basis of a detailed study made by the Bureau in 1934-1936 of actual expenditures of about 14,500 moderate-income families. Beginning in 1930, indexes were calculated for each city. Weights for individual items in the index for each city from 1930 to date were assigned in accordance with their importance in the family budget in each city as indicated by the 1934-1936 study, giving each article a weight equivalent to all commodities which it represents. The index is based currently (1947) upon changes in food prices in 56 cities and changes in prices of other goods and services in 34 cities. More than 120,000 food prices are collected each month in 1,750 independent food stores and 275 chain organizations, repre- senting about 8,600 individual stores. Prices for other goods and services are obtained from 3,900 stores or service establishments. Stores are carefully selected to represent those customarily pa- tronized by moderate-income families. Rents are obtained from tenants in 40,000 dwellings in 34 cities. Specifications for commodities priced are described in detail and wherever possible prices are obtained for identical articles of the same quality from time to time. For all articles except coal, gas and electricity, prices are collected from retailers by personal visits of BLS representatives who usually examine merchandise. Prices for coal, gas, and electricity are obtained by mail question- naire, supplemented by occasional personal visits. Prices collected are those actually charged consumers. Prices used in the index represent the average price for each article in all stores visited in each city. The index is of the fixed base weighted aggregative type on the base 1935-1939=100. Group indexes are computed for each city on the basis of relative importance of expenditures of families in that city. Indexes for the United States (average of 34 large cities) are computed by assigning weights to each city based or the popu- 229 Text: L 41-52 PRICE INDEXES lation of the metropolitan area of the city and of other cities in the same region and size class. This index was originated as part of a general investigation of the cost of living in 92 shipbuilding or other industrial centers conducted by the Department of Labor for the years 1918-1919, as reported in Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 357, Cost of Living in the United States. As part of this study prices were se- cured in a number of cities for December of each year 1914-1917, inclusive, and in other cities for December 1917 only. The index has since been computed at varying intervals (annually, semi- annually, or quarterly) and currently (1947) is computed and published monthly in mimeographed releases and in the Monthly Labor Review. A number of changes in coverage and methodology have been made since these indexes were first issued in 1919 with index numbers back to 1913 for 19 cities and back to 1917 for 13 addi- tional cities. Two more cities later were added to the index with data back to 1935. Improved methods of calculation were intro- duced in 1935 as described in “Revision of Index of Cost of Goods Purchased by Wage Earners and Lower-Salaried Workers,” by Faith M. Williams, Margaret H. Hogg, and Ewan Clague, in Monthly Labor Review, September 1935, pp. 819-837. The original cost of living index was weighted according to con- sumption of wage earners and clerical workers in 1917-1919 by geographic areas rather than individual cities, as shown by the consumer expenditures study of the Department of Labor. A major revision in the method of calculation was made in 1939 to- gether with a general revision of the weighting factors and revised indexes computed back to 1985. This revision is described in detail in Reprint R-1156, The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ New Index of Cost of Living, from the August 1940 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. The new index included a considerably larger number of items than the earlier indexes, and the base period of the index was changed to 1935-1939 as recommended by the (Federal) Cen- tral Statistical Board (now the Division of Statistical Standards), Bureau of the Budget. ; From March 1935 to December 1939, indexes were computed using both weighting factors. Since differences in the movements of the two indexes were not large. a link between old indexes prior to 1935 and the current series seemed reasonable. From 1930 to 1940, 1934-1936 expenditure weights were used; from 1913 to 1925, 1917-1919 expenditure weights; and for intervening years, an average of the two. The 19 city indexes available from 1914 through 1917 were combined without population weights. Indexes from 1918 through 1935 were combined with weights representing average population in 1920-1930, those from 1935 through 1942 using 1930 census data. Census data for 1940 were used for com- bining cities beginning in 1943. During the war the index only partially showed the effects of such factors as lowered quality, disappearance of low-priced goods, forced changes in housing, and eating away from home. The Pres- ident’s Committee on the Cost of Living (see general note for series L 36-52) estimated in November 1944 that the index understated the rise in retail prices between January 1941 and September 1944 by a maximum of 8 to 4 points, and that if small cities were in- cluded in the national average, another half point would be added. In December 1945, the Stabilization Administrator, Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion, indicated that if account were taken of continued deterioration of quality and unavailability of merchandise between September 1944 and September 1945, the over-all allowance for the period January 1941 to September 1945 would total about 5 points for large and small cities combined. L 48. Index of retail cost of food (unrevised), 1890-1934. Base: 1913 =100. SOURCE: Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta- 230 tistics, Bulletin No. 635, Retail Prices of Food, 1923-1936, appen- dix, part IV, p. 200. The BLS index of retail-food costs back to 1890, as originally computed, has been carried only through 1934. In 1935 a major revision was made in the computation of this index and indexes revised back to 1913. The revised indexes are included in the tab- ulation of consumers’ prices, 1913-1945 (see series L 42). For the years 1890-1907 prices of 30 staple articles were collected. From 1908-1912, only 15 foods were included in the food index; from 1913 to 1920, 22 articles; and from 1921 to 1934, 43 articles. Orig- inal indexes represent a weighted average of price relatives for foods included. Weighting factors for earlier years represent aver- age expenditures by urban wage-earner families in 5 geographic divisions as determined by the family expenditure study for 1901- 1902. Weighting factors for later years according to geographic area were based on the family expenditure study for 1918-1919. L 49. Index of net price of manufactured gas, 1907-1934. Base: April 1913 =100. SOURCE: Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. For 1907 to 1928, see BLS Bulletin No. 495, table 18, p. 208. For 1929 to 1934, see BLS monthly publication, Retail Prices, for June 1929 to November 1934. The Bureau of Labor Statistics indexes of retail prices of manu- factured gas, “Relative Net Price Per 1,000 Cubic Feet of Speci- fied Months of Each Year, 1907 to 1934,” represent simple aver- ages of net prices for household use for specified months based upon an average family consumption of 3,000 cubic feet of manu- factured gas. Rates were obtained by correspondence from utility companies in 51 cities included in the United States composite. In- creased use of natural gas and other changes necessitated a change in 1935 in the method of computing average prices, using constant heat units (therms) regardless of variations in kinds or heating value of gas used. Indexes on the new basis are available back to 1923. For history of the collection and publication of retail prices of gas, see Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin No. 628, pp. 48-52. L 50. Index of retail prices of bituminous coal, 1913-1945. Base: October 1922-September. 1925 =100. SOURCE: Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. For data prior to 1929, data are from unpublished records; for 1929-1945, see Monthly Labor Review, July 1946, p. 116. These indexes were computed semiannually, January 1913- January 1920; monthly, February 1920-July 1935; quarterly, September 1935-September 1940; and monthly, October 1940- December 1945. From 1939 to 1945, the indexes are based on an unweighted arithmetic average of over 600 quotations from 31 to 38 cities; for earlier years, a varying number of cities and quota- tions was used. The index numbers have been adjusted for changes in the sample. L 51. Index of average retail prices of anthracite (chestnut), 1913-1945. Base: October 1922-September 1925=100. SOURCE: See above for series L 50. Prior to 1929, these indexes are based on an unweighted average of quotations from a varying number of cities. From 1929 to 1945, they are based on weighted average retail prices in 18 to 25 cities. Weighting factors are described in BLS Bulletin R-465, Retail Prices, October 1936. The series have been adjusted for changes in the composition of the sample. Indexes were computed semi- annually from January 1913-January 1920; monthly, from Feb- ruary 1920-July 1935, quarterly from September 1935-September 1940; and monthly from October 1940-December 1945. L 52. Index of rents in 5 large cities, 1860-1880. Base: 1860 = 100. SOURCE: Warren, George F., and Frank A. Pearson, Prices, New York, 1933, table 52, p. 267. (Data shown here are reprinted by permission of the publishers, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.) GENERAL PRICE INDEX Data: L 1-14 Series L 1-14—GENERAL PRICE INDEX (SNYDER-TUCKER) AND WHOLESALE PRICE INDEXES (WARREN AND PEARSON): 1749 TO 1938 WHOLESALE PRICE INDEXES (WARREN AND PEARSON), 1910-1914=100 General price 11 major product groups YEAR oo All com- | 30 basic ; Metals Tucker), | modities | “O° | Farm Foods Tiss Textile | Fueland | and | Building |; Chewen, Hows Spirits | Miscel- 1913=100 products logiker products | lighting pa materials drugs | ing goods laneous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 373374 O - 56 - 16 231 Data: L 1-14 Series L 1-14—GENERAL PRICE INDEX (SNYDER-TUCKER) AND WHOLESALE PRICE INDEXES (WARREN AND PEARSON): 1749 TO 1938—Con. PRICE INDEXES WHOLESALE PRICE INDEXES (WARREN AND PEARSON), 1910-1914=100 General price 11 major product groups YEAR (Snvder- | All com- | 30 basic’ . Metals Tucker), | modities ies Farm Foods Tide 8 | Textile | Fuel and and | Building | , here Floss Spirits | Miscei- 1913 =100 products leather | Products | lighting mele) materials | "3° a ras Dirt laneous products 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 102 135 143 112 139 128 179 134 200 101 199 164 78 128 111 151 162 128 154 134 194 166 227 110 227 178 86 136 114 158 167 138 171 126 197 149 225 116 204 178 117 153 117 162 169 133 167 132 220 144 248 120 229 196 146 162 123 174 185 140 178 146 245 160 278 128 283 220 154 170 127 185 211 148 180 152 266 214 306 118 300 214 150 175 129 193 253 162 189 164 264 197 354 114 297 222 106 189 96 133 182 113 123 133 206 125 236 88 234 165 45 146 79 104 135 86 107 108 147 87 180 69 206 124 28 122 70 89 101 75 89 90 120 80 152 63 174 110 21 98 71 93 102 171 96 102 119 98 149 65 175 117 23 98 73.7 95 104 82 99 115 120 93 150 64 168 118 24 98 72.1 93 104 76 97 110 123 90 154 67 168 121 23 102 79.6 111 123 95 123 139 138 97 173 73 171 130 21 107 77.0 105 115 84 116 121 129 97 174 3 176 128 30 114 78.2 110 114 98 126 104 125 102 176 71 178 129 31 103 76.5 108 113 93 317 100 124 121 191 70 174 129 27 103 73.1 97 103 83 98 84 119 102 186 67 169 128 22 96 68.4 88 91 ™ 95 70 113 93 144 64 156 118 19 89 66.9 83 87 71 84 65 115 87 141 61 153 i 20 86 67.2 84 88 71 84 67 116 95 147 61 154 114 21 88 64.7 82 84 62 88 64 111 93 155 58 152 110 21 92 65.2 82 82 59 87 56 113 93 170 61 153 111 22 99 69.8 90 92 72 96 66 117 90 186 61 156 117 24 99 66.5 83 86 58 84 57 122 88 191 64 164 110 20 86 65.4 83 86 58 21 85 63.5 7 82 52 20 96 62.7 75 79 48 19 109 64.6 82 82 53 17 111 68.9 92 94 64 19 113 7.2 95 97 65 21 108 79.7 112 118 86 25 122 78.4 110 116 82 25 120 80.7 115 123 84 25 119 81.1 114 130 89 25 130 74.3 100 114 75 23 126 68.6 90 101 64 19 109 71.4 95 106 69 22 105 71.6 95 104 63 22 110 70.8 94 102 61 23 111 68.4 91 98 58 19 111 70.0 96 102 59 19 117 70.1 97 107 58 19 113 73.1 98 109 89 21 112 70.0 99 114 62 21 110 74.3 103 125 67 22 114 72.5 98 107 61 19 119 76.56 103 109 64 20 119 75.8 166 115 70 21 118 74.0 102 1 64 21 129 75.6 106 114 68 22 124 84.7 125 132 87 24 144 93.4 147 145 117 29 149 96.0 151 146 126 31 156 96.9 151 153 119 34 177 110.4 170 189 117 41 202 127.2 182 221 112 48 246 111.9 162 180 104 37 251 96.6 131 143 81 34 234 90.6 126 137 82 31 204 94.5 181 145 90 29 208 96.2 130 142 83 217 197 85.4 115 130 7 23 164 89.9 130 139 92 22 173 93.8 134 143 95 23 179 96.6 141 149 106 24 165 89.1 126 139 89 23 149 81.6 118 129 83 25 138 80.1 117 123 84 24 145 94.5 142 146 113 27 173 87.5 129 133 99 25 194 85.5 126 132 98 24 206 84.1 122 128 93 26 177 86.6 IB een 98 26 177 93.6 146 ania 116 31 204 232 GENERAL PRICE INDEX Data: L 1-25 Series L 1-14—GENERAL PRICE INDEX (SNYDER-TUCKER) AND WHOLESALE PRICE INDEXES (WARREN AND PEARSON): 1749 TO 1938—Con. General | WHOLESALE PRICE INDEXES (WARREN AND PEARSON), 1910-1914=100 All All All . All . com- com- com- com- Dries ii Major product groups il 20d mod- mod- 1 i iti ities, ities, (Snyder- find % ities, ities, i = 5 - etals + YEAR | 1910- YEAR | 1910- YEAR | 1910- YEAR | 1910- vase [TE god. | Yam | | BF [Tama |B, | Mises 1914 1914 1914 1914 00 | tes | Ri | °°" | ighting | metal | REE Pirits | laneous =100 * =100 =100 ! =100 products 1 2 4 5 8 9 10 13 14 2 2 2 2 1795... 102 163 155 259 56 25 220 1785__ 1775._ 75 || 1765-_ 72 1755__ 66 3784... 76 135 125 258 40 23 158 1784. _ 1774__ 76 1764. _ T4 1754__ 65 1793... 75 125 122 240 39 22 163 1783. 1773... 84 || 1763__ 79 1753__ 65 VTO220f TBBRD ine ove om ims ain aia Rm i Ne gi Ym me Visi fim A 1782. _ 1772. 89 1762. 87 1752. 66 1791... 57 99 100 240 34 19 148 1781... 1772. 79 1761... 7 1751... 65 1790... 68 104 95 247 35 17 141 1780... 1770__ 77 1760. 9 1750. 60 1789... 68 94 99 250 35 16 152 1779... 1769__ 77 || 1769-. 79 1749__ 68 OR, tn ore | mn camer} ei spn To isn i pe Ys Ph mm a fe Ye were 1778__ 1768__ 74 1758... 70 1787... 78 103 127 236 36 15 148 1777 -- 1767__ 77 1757... 65 1786... TB anc cnon=fonssmans lonesome lenwssnsmfessanens])esnsmmss 1776. 1766_-_ 73 1756. _ 66 ! Warren and Pearson. Series L 15-25.—WHOLESALE PRICE INDEXES—BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS: 1801 TO 1945 [1926=100] 10 MAJOR PRODUCT GROUPS r= Hides and Metals and Cc 1s] H modities ides an . etals an PEN hemicals ouse- . Farm Textile Fuel and Building T Soh Miscel- YEAR products Foods ape products | lighting fe materials 5nd gle forisiing laneous 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 105.8 128.2 106.2 118.1 100.1 84.0 104.7 117.8 95.2 104.5 94.7 104.0 123.3 104.9 116.7 98.4 83.0 103.8 115.5 95.2 104.3 93.6 103.1 122.6 106.6 117.5 97.4 80.8 103.8 111.4 94.9 102.7 92.2 98.8 105.9 99.6 117.7 96.9 78.5 103.8 110.2 95.5 102.4 89.7 87.3 82.4 82.7 108.3 84.8 76.2 99.4 103.2 84.4 94.3 82.0 78.6 67.7 71.8 100.8 73.8 na 95.8 94.8 77.0 88.5 77.3 77.1 65.3 70.4 95.6 69.7 73.1 94.4 90.5 76.0 86.3 74.8 78.6 68.5 73.6 92.8 66.7 76.5 95.7 90.3 77.0 86.8 73.3 86.3 86.4 85.5 104.6 76.3 77.6 95.7 95.2 82.6 89.7 77.8 80.8 80.9 82.1 95.4 71.5 76.2 87.0 86.7 78.7 81.7 70.5 80.0 78.8 83.7 89.6 70.9 73.5 86.4 85.3 79.0 80.6 68.3 74.9 65.3 70.5 86.6 72.9 73.3 86.9 86.2 75.8 81.5 69.7 65.9 51.4 60.5 80.9 64.8 66.3 79.8 71.9 72.1 75.8 62.5 64.8 48.2 61.0 12.9 54.9 70.3 80.2 71.4 73.9 75.1 64.4 73.0 64.8 74.6 86.1 66.3 67.5 84.5 79.2 79.3 84.9 69.8 86.4 88.3 90.5 100.0 80.3 78.5 92.1 89.9 88.7 92.7 7.7 95.3 104.9 99.9 109.1 90.4 83.0 100.5 95.4 94.0 94.3 82.6 96.7 105.9 101.0 121.4 95.5 84.3 97.0 94.1 95.0 95.1 85.4 95.4 99.4 96.7 107.7 95.6 88.3 96.3 94.7 96.1 97.5 91.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.5 109.8 100.2 105.3 108.3 96.5 103.2 101.7 101.8 103.1 109.0 98.1 100.0 91.0 101.5 106.7 92.0 106.3 102.3 98.9 104.9 93.6 100.6 98.6 92.7 104.2 111.3 97.8 109.3 108.7 101.1 108.9 99.7 96.7 93.8 87.6 104.6 100.2 107.3 102.9 97.3 100.3 103.5 92.8 97.6 88.4 90.6 109.2 94.5 96.8 117.5 97.4 115.0 113.0 109.2 154.4 150.7 137.4 171.3 164.8 163.7 149.4 150.1 164.7 141.8 167.5 188.6 157.6 129.5 174.1 135.3 104.3 130.9 115.6 157.0 105.9 139.1 131.8 148.0 119.1 125.7 137.2 109.2 136.5 98.6 182.3 93.3 134.4 117.5 129.0 104.5 123.8 98.7 105.4 150.6 88.2 165.0 74.2 122.1 85.5 84.4 75.7 93.4 70.4 74.3 116.5 67.6 160.7 61.4 100.6 69.5 71.5 65.4 75.5 54.1 51.8 86.3 53.5 112.0 56.0 86.9 68.1 71.2 64.7 70.9 54.6 56.6 80.2 52.7 81.4 56.8 89.9 69.8 71.5 64.2 68.1 57.8 61.3 90.8 56.7 80.2 56.3 93.1 69.1 72.6 66.8 64.5 55.7 51.4 89.5 55.9 80.7 53.0 106.4 64.9 66.8 62.0 58.8 55.5 46.7 80.8 55.3 81.6 52.7 108.6 70.4 74.3 64.9 60.2 58.4 47.6 85.2 55.3 82.0 54.0 152.7 67.6 69.6 62.6 61.5 56.5 51.6 84.5 53.7 79.9 51.7 129.6 62.9 62.2 58.7 55.6 54.8 53.7 86.3 52.0 79.6 51.6 97.8 65.2 62.2 57.0 58.0 63.5 54.4 109.8 56.8 78.5 55.0 108.2 61.8 57.83 53.4 57.7 58.7 52.0 102.4 54.0 76.8 51.3 115.3 60.1 56.4 55.1 53.9 54.1 49.6 89.1 48.1 82.3 49.7 117.4 59.7 58.5 54.0 49.7 52.9 53.3 79.9 45.0 84.1 50.3 109.5 59.6 55.6 52.0 49.9 52.8 60.3 90.2 46.7 84.1 50.9 98.9 58.9 58.4 53.3 50.8 49.4 51.8 91.0 45.8 86.5 49.2 88.1 55.3 52.8 50.5 48.9 48.1 44.6 93.1 44.3 84.2 48.9 93.4 233 Data: L 15-35 PRICE INDEXES Series L 15-25.—WHOLESALE PRICE INDEXES—BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS: 1801 TO 1945—Con. [1926=100] 10 MAJOR PRODUCT GROUPS All com- modities Hides and a Metals and as Chemicals | House- ; Farm Textile Fuel and Building ey Miscel- YEAR Foods leather STE metal : and allied | furnishin; products products products lighting products materials products goods € | laneous 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 56.1 50.5 50.8 49.4 53.3 46.3 98.0 46.2 82.1 48.9 102.0 52.2 45.8 47.7 49.4 47.7 41.2 100.0 43.6 81.1 45.0 97.4 48.5 44.9 47.8 48.3 44.9 34.5 65.3 39.6 77.4 44.0 93.4 46.6 42.5 45.5 45.9 42.9 33.9 65.0 37.4 70.9 42.5 92.5 46.5 39.6 44.1 45.2 43.1 39.5 71.2 38.9 65.0 43.4 90.2 48.8 43.9 47.3 49.4 44.3 40.3 70.4 38.8 64.7 43.5 88.9 47.9 44.6 48.2 43.0 46.1 34.3 65.7 39.8 65.5 45.3 86.4 53.4 51.3 54.7 45.1 54.1 35.8 76.8 41.6 72.7 48.1 89.0 52.2 49.5 51.0 47.2 55.2 34.8 84.0 41.7 74.6 48.1 86.6 55.8 54.2 54.8 47.9 54.6 37.0 92.2 44.2 74.0 50.4 94.8 0.2 50.4 55.5 47.5 57.8 38.1 105.3 46.5 73.2 49.9 97.9 57. 57.4 56.4 All com- All com- All com- All com- 56.0 YEAR modities YEAR modities YEAR modities YEAR modities 56.6 15 15 15 15 60.5 64.6 66.1 132.0 61.8 71.1 121.5 64.4 116.0 64.9 70.4 154.6 90.5 64.8 123.6 65.1 71.7 65.6 106.3 58.8 61.3 62.6 67.6 104.9 61.7 62.1 68.3 67.5 60.9 61.8 71.8 107.7 72.0 61.0 65.7 71.1 98.7 62.0 70.5 93.9 77.9 68.5 71.8 96.0 81.0 68.9 71.1 71.1 102.2 83.7 83.5 71.8 84.5 68.9 79.4 75.2 104.2 82.8 68.8 82.8 73.2 101.5 66.4 83.5 93.9 86.7 62.5 76.6 91.8 93.5 64.5 74.6 89.7 111.8 97.7 65.6 102.2 104.9 62.3 70.4 104.2 116.3 60.1 103.5 Series L 26-35.— WHOLESALE PRICE INDEXES—ALDRICH REPORT: 1840 TO 1891 [1860=100] FARM PRODUCTS 8 MAJOR PRODUCT GROUPS Cloths Metal and |Lumber and House- 3 Un- 3 ’ Fuel and lh Drugs and SPT Miscel- YE4E weighted | Weighted | Food a ond g | lighting fps. Lullang chemicals fuming laneous 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 97.1 98.4 103.9 81.1 91.0 74.9 122.3 86.3 70.1 95.1 97.4 93.7 104.6 82.4 92.5 73.2 123.7 87.9 69.5 89.7 91.3 86.5 111.9 83.6 95.3 72.9 124.0 88.8 70.0 88.8 95.7 93.6 109.4 84.7 94.9 74.9 124.8 86.0 66.9 89.3 94.9 89.6 104.2 84.7 88.6 74.9 126.5 83.6 66.4 88.6 96.5 87.5 99.5 85.1 86.2 75.8 128.5 83.9 68.4 91.3 93.9 87.9 98.7 84.8 89.6 77.4 126.6 86.9 70.1 97.5 104.7 100.8 108.9 88.9 102.4 81.0 129.5 95.7 76.3 111.9 100.3 102.0 118.8 94.8 114.2 87.5 134.3 98.1 77.5 117.8 114.4 120.3 118.8 98.7 110.1 91.2 187.5 107.6 78.1 114.6 121.1 n7.1 110.9 99.9 113.7 91.1 131.38 110.4 77.6 108.8 109.9 102.9 107.6 104.5 100.2 96.3 130.9 113.1 85.2 109.8 98.4 91.1 97.6 91.1 95.8 88.4 115.1 110.9 68.6 102.1 98.8 90.9 107.0 93.2 93.0 92.1 116.8 114.2 74.3 1.7 110.7 102.5 120.3 101.8 108.0 100.0 125.8 122.3 79.0 118.2 115.1 103.7 123.1 107.5 144.6 108.4 137.38 121.8 87.2 114.2 126.1 131.4 130.5 120.1 156.5 117.5 143.7 144.2 95.0 122.9 137.5 187.6 131.5 127.9 149.6 121.1 154.9 146.8 109.5 129.8 132.6 119.5 129.8 136.9 134.6 129.8 171.9 141.5 109.1 132.4 129.2 124.3 133.3 143.0 149.2 128.0 166.9 134.0 123.2 132.7 130.4 127.6 169.3 133.3 144.1 122.2 151.4 139.4 128.5 148.8 146.9 130.6 153.8 139.4 196.5 127.8 148.3 149.6 121.6 148.7 162.4 163.9 162.9 147.5 206.8 141.3 165.9 160.9 120.7 162.3 172.8 179.1 164.2 146.8 218.7 150.5 174.3 177.9 134.9 164.1 171.4 181.9 163.9 179.9 196.3 161.3 178.8 211.2 159.1 161.4 71.7 185.6 173.8 226.6 280.5 ma 186.9 230.2 185.3 171.0 WHOLESALE PRICE INDEXES Data: L 26-39 Series L 26-35.—WHOLESALE PRICE INDEXES—ALDRICH REPORT: 1840 TO 1891—Con. [1860=100 ] FARM PRODUCTS 8 MAJOR PRODUCT GROUPS Cloths Metal and |Lumber and House- ; n- io Fuel and + Fn Drugs and A Miscel- YEAR : Weighted Food and eT te imple- building 3 furnishing weighted clothing lighting ments materiale chemicals goods laneous 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 216.5 299.2 237.8 191.4 182.1 271.6 181.1 202.8 165.8 260.7 180.2 179.8 221.3 170.3 164.6 154.4 133.0 191.6 107.1 140.0 177.1 146.5 123.1 120.1 110.4 124.1 97.2 117.2 149.2 116.4 89.5 103.7 95.8 94.9 103.5 102.5 108.9 101.3 96.8 100.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.8 101.1 98.8 100.1 98.7 104.2 103.2 100.8 94.6 98.0 111.4 101.3 108.8 116.0 108.7 97.1 117.5 106.0 113.3 110.4 105.0 126.8 116.8 110.0 110.4 100.6 126.4 115.3 102.8 135.5 115.5 121.6 111.8 94.7 121.1 117.8 103.4 129.2 121.2 115.2 105.9 97.4 106.8 125.6 114.1 110.7 121.2 108.4 101.2 98.6 101.6 122.8 103.2 107.0 118.7 109.2 88.7 88.7 93.5 117.7 100.4 111.8 111.9 100.5 90.6 94.7 97.3 119.2 97.2 125.8 120.0 102.7 85.5 91.8 102.6 114.8 102.2 123.6 125.6 107.7 79.0 82.2 100.0 124.9 97.6 111.0 120.5 109.8 83.5 87.5 106.1 119.7 105.3 113.0 121.7 125.6 94.7 97.6 110.7 120.6 108.2 112.5 120.3 121.7 94.6 95.3 143.8 116.9 106.2 123.9 111.0 111.0 87.3 97.1 239.6 110.8 106.7 121.0 102.3 114.8 81.6 105.0 119.7 133.3 103.0 119.7 102.3 129.5 79.3 99.9 187.5 114.7 105.4 121.4 100.3 123.5 82.9 100.9 202.0 118.7 108.92 131.6 116.4 170.6 94.4 113.4 208.9 123.7 111.8 141.3 116.4 147.1 96.6 110.7 395.8 123.5 110.0 145.8 116.4 147.1 Series L 36-39.—COST OF LIVING INDEXES—FEDERAL RESERVE (N. Y.), HANSEN, BURGESS, DOUGLAS: 1820 TO 1926 1913=100 1913=100 1913=100 1 Federal Donginss Federal Federal TSAR Jeserve Hansen | Burgess =100 YEAR Rosarve Hansen | Burgess YEAR Reserve Hansen | Burgess New York New York New York 36 37 38 39 36 37 38 36 37 38 241 78 bi § 67.8 67 90 64.1 78 81 67.8 64 86 60.9 240 78 79 67.5 64 86 53.9 234 76 78 65.4 60 80 563.7 gn 76 7 65.3 60 81 53.0 246 75 7 64.6 54 73 58.4 Vid 84 66.4 51 69 61.1 208 203.7 286 81 88 71.7 54 73 63.1 183 188.7 247 86 90 76.1 58 78 63.4 159 171.1 218 83 89 73.8 58 8 59.0 131 147.8 179 111 113.4 149 80 86 71.3 54 72 56.3 itl 78 68.8 52 70 54.9 104 101.1 136 80 86 69.6 51 69 53.6 102 102.5 139 80 93 77.2 55 4 53.5 100 100.0 137 81 101 78.0 60 x 96 92.8 133 92 91.5 132 86 106 81.2 60 88 107 83.1 i 94 93.1 128 88 106 84.7 71 91 88.6 121 90 109 86.3 72 87 84.4 121 89 112 86.9 68 90 82.0 126 85 78.2 119 91 119 92.5 60 95 125 97.8 51 81 76.0 115 98 143 104.2 56 81 76.1 115 102 136 103.5 57 81 74.8 116 103 154 107.4 56 78 74.8 311 75 70.6 108 102 191 108.1 54 95 141 104.6 58 76 67.7 106 79 109 80.0 57 72 66.1 102 69 96 66.0 57 69 65.9 100 63 7 61.2 55 67 63.9 100 69 62.9 99 61 82 63.0 58 63 85 63.7 57 70 64.2 97 69 93 61.2 61 71 65.3 97 70 94 67.3 64 76 69.1 100 68 92 63.9 62 75 67.5 102 76 68.8 101 65 ! Douglas, index for 1890 is 104. 235 Data: L 40-52 CONSUMERS’ PRICE INDEXES Series L 40-47.—CONSUMERS’ PRICE INDEXES—NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE BOARD AND BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS: 1913 TO 1945 Consumer CONSUMERS’ PRICES (BLS), 1935-1939=100 Pde Fuel index el ; . sd House- Miscel- YEAR (NICB), All items Food Apparel Rent electricity, she 1923 =10! 124 and Le furnishings laneous 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 128.4 139.1 145.9 108.3 110.3 145.8 124.1 125.5 136.1 138.8 108.2 109.8 136.4 121.3 123.6 138.0 129.7 108.0 107.7 125.6 115.8 116.5 123.9 124.2 108.5 105.4 122.2 110.9 105.2 105.5 106.3 106.2 102.2 107.3 104.0 100.2 96.6 101.7 104.6 99.7 100.5 101.1 99.4 95.2 100.5 104.3 99.0 101.3 100.7 100.8 97.8 102.2 104.1 99.9 103.3 101.5 102.7 105.3 102.8 100.9 100.2 104.3 101.0 99.1 101.3 97.6 96.4 100.2 96.3 98.7 98.1 100.4 96.8 94.2 100.7 94.8 98.1 95.7 98.7 96.1 94.4 101.4 92.8 97.9 92.4 84.1 87.9 100.7 100.0 84.2 98.4 97.6 86.5 90.8 116.9 103.4 85.4 101.7 108.7 103.9 102.6 130.3 108.9 98.0 104.1 119.4 126.0 112.7 137.5 111.4 108.9 105.1 122.5 132.5 115.3 141.4 112.5 nev 104.6 122.6 130.8 116.5 144.8 113.4 113.1 103.8 124.0 182.38 118.3 148.3 115.4 115.9 103.2 126.4 137.4 120.6 150.7 117.2 118.8 102.6 125.4 132.9 122.4 152.2 115.4 121.5 102.2 122.2 122.8 124.9 151.6 113.7 124.0 101.4 121.9 124.0 125.9 146.4 115.2 126.1 100.8 119.7 119.9 125.6 142.7 113.1 117.5 101.2 127.7 128.3 154.8 138.6 114.0 138.5 104.3 143.3 168.8 201.0 120.7 106.9 164.6 100.5 123.8 149.8 168.7 102.7 91.1 134.1 87.6 107.5 134.4 127.5 94.9 84.2 106.4 77.8 91.6 116.9 94.1 93.2 72.4 82.8 65.1 71.9 90.8 78.3 94.0 65.0 70.9 56.3 72.5 80.9 71.4 92.9 62.5 63.6 53.6 71.8 81.8 69.8 92.2 62.3 60.7 51.9 70.7 79.9 69.3 92.2 61.9 59.1 50.9 1 The figures for 1914-1917 and 1919 are for the month of July; that for 1918 is for the month of June. Series L 48-52.—RETAIL PRICE INDEXES—FOOD, RENT, AND FUEL: 1860 TO 1945 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS n Rents in Coal, Oct. 1922- Coal, Oct. 1922- 5 large Guz) Sept. 1925=100 Qast Sept. 1925=100 Food cities 3 Food, Apr. 1918 Food, Apr. 1913 YEAR (BLS), YEAR (Warren- YEAR |19183=100 Privo Bitu- Aptla- YEAR | 1918=100 | “4 Bitu- Anthra- 1918=100 Pesssonk : cite, 3 cite, = minous | chestnut mInous | chestnut 48 49 50 51 48 49 50 51 48 52 106.5 102.7 1928... 157.4 129.5 98.8 100.7 1905... 1880... 151 104.3 99.2 1924... 145.9 130.5 95.0 100.2 1904... 1879... 148 100.9 93.9 1923... 146.2 181.6 106.9 100.3 1903... 1878... 152 96.7 88.7 1022 _.. 141.6 185.8 105.6 95.9 1902... 1877.--- 148 92.6 85.2 1921... 153.3 138.9 110.5 95.8 1901.... 1876____ 147 87.8 80.8 1920... 203.4 114.7 116.4 95.1 1900... . 1578... 162 87.7 71.2 1919... 185.9 109.5 82.8 75.8 1899... 1814... 166 88.7 79.1 1918... 168.3 100.0 80.7 64.8 1898... 1878... 178 88.4 79.6 1917... 146.4 95.8 73.8 58.0 1897... 1872.... 178 87.1 82.7 1916...- 1138.7 96.8 58.0 51.4 1896. ___ 1871... 178 ne 85.7 79.4 1915... 101.3 97.9 57.7 50.0 1895____ 1870.--- 180 120.0 85.4 85.0 1914. ___ 102.4 98.9 59.2 49.6 1894 ___ 1869____ 187 120.0 79.1 85.0 018... 100.0 100.0 56.2 49.2 3808. 1868.__- 179 121.1 79.7 88.7 1012... 97.6 97.9 1892... 1867.... 167 124.2 86.2 97.8 911... 92.0 1891... 1866... 187 127.4 91.3 97.8 910... 93.0 1890... 1865... 176 128.4 91.5 9.7 1909... 88.7 1889____ 1864. __. 168 127.4 92.8 98.1 1908____ 84.3 1888... 1863____ 123 128.4 96.0 99.4 1907... 82.0 188%. .- 1862... 101 129.5 96.5 102.9 1906. .__ 78.7 1886... 1861... 101 1860... 100 1 Relative net price per 1,000 cubic feet of manufactured gas based on a family consumption of 8,000 cubic feet in specified months of each year: April, 1907-1920; May 1921; March, 1922-1924; June, 1925-1934. 236 2 Boston, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Louisville, and St. Louis. Chapter M. Balance of Payments and Foreign Trade (Series M 1-112) International Balance of Payments: Series M 1-41 The international accounts of the United States comprise the in- ternational balance of payments and the international investment position of the United States. The balance of payments shows for given time periods, e.g., one year, the transfers of assets and the form of compensation for these transfers between this country and the rest of the world; the international investment position indi- cates for specific dates the value of U. S. investments abroad and of foreign investments in the United States. The two types of ac- counts, however, are not strictly comparable; the transfers of assets between countries as shown in the balance of payments is only one of the factors affecting the value of foreign investments. Other factors, not shown in the balance of payments are changes in security values and revaluation of assets, and reinvested earn- ings and losses. M 1-13. International investment position of the United States, 1843-1945 (selected years). SOURCE: For 1843-1914 and portions of the data for 1919, 1924, and 1929, see Lewis, Cleona, America’s Stake in International Investments, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D. C., 1938. Other data are estimates of the Inter- national Economics Division, Office of Business Economics, De- partment of Commerce. Published sources where available are as follows (all Department of Commerce): For 1919 and 1930, see The United States in the World Economy, Economic Series No. 23, 1943, p. 123; for 1927, data represent partial revisions of previously published data; for 1931, see Balance of International Payments of the United States im 1931, Trade Information Bulletin No. 803, 1932, pp. 44, 48, 62; for 1935, see Foreign Investments in the United States, 19387, p. 5; for 1940 and 1945, see International Transac- tions of the United States During the War, 1940-45, Economic Series No. 65, 1948, p. 110. In the Brookings data, wherever possible, direct investments are based on book value; while portfolio invest- ments are calculated at par value for bonds and preferred stock, and at market value for common stock. Similar practices were followed in the estimates of the Department of Commerce for 1930, 1931, and 1935; and miscellaneous portfolio investments were calculated at market values wherever possible. For 1940 and 1945 bonds and preferred stock were calculated at market values. These series consist of estimates which have been prepared by compilers who used different valuation methods and whose data varied in completeness. While the estimates are therefore not homogeneous, they do present rough indications of the magnitudes involved. M 14-41. International transactions of the United States, 1850— 1945. SOURCES: For 1850-1918, see Bullock, C. J., Williams, J. H., and Tucker, R. S., “The Balance of Trade of the United States,” The Review of Economic Statistics, July 1919, pp. 215-266; for 1919- 1944, see Department of Commerce, International Transactions of the United States During the War, 1940-45 Economic Series No. 65, 1948, table 1, p. VIII, and table XXVI, pp. 221-222; for 1945, see Survey of Current Business, June 1948, p. 8. Data for the years 1919-1939 represent rearrangements of estimates published in Department of Commerce, The United States in the World Econ- omy, Economic Series No. 23, 1943. Methods of estimating the component series are described briefly in the appendixes to The United States in the World Economy, and in more detail in Inter- national Transactions of the United States During the War, 1940-45. The data from 1821-1849 shown in table 1, and the data for the years 1850-1918 shown in series M 14-41, are published in Bullock, Williams, and Tucker, mentioned above. These data for the period 1 prior to 1914 are admittedly far less satisfactory than the data for the later period because, with the possible exception of merchan- dise trade, very few data are available for this early period to pro- vide a basis for estimating international transactions. TABLE 1.—INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS: 1821 TO 1849 [ In millions of dollars | 1821-1837 Credit 1,854.7 1,389.0 1838-1849 Credit | Debit 1,827.5 | 1,762.9 1,392.0 | 1,358.0 ITEM Debit 1,827.4 1,674.0 30.0 Merchandise. ________________________ Undervaluation of pound sterling Hl Freight + Capital and interest... ..-~vcas=nsnnms Sale of ships ..____________ Immigrants. _ Tourists Mexican War and indem nity The balance-of-payments statement in series M 14-41 reflects all the exchanges of goods, services, gold, and capital claims be- tween the United States and all other areas of the world. For periods prior to 1940, the figures include data fcr continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Since 1940, data for the Virgin Islands, the Panama Canal Zone, and American Samoa are also included. Transactions are divided into four categories—goods and ser- vices, unilateral transfers, long-term capital movements, and gold and short-term capital movements. The statement is built on a double-entry system, whereby every transaction is recorded both as a debit and a credit. The rules for distinguishing debits and credits are the same as for double-entry bookkeeping: Debits re- present increases in assets or decreases in liabilities, and credits represent decreases in assets or increases in liabilities. Thus an export of merchandise in return for a check drawn on a foreign bank account in this country results in a credit for the export (a reduction in an asset) and a debit for the reduction in foreign bank deposits (a reduction in a liability). Unilateral transfers fo foreign countries (payments, series M 28) are debits (as are expense items in accounting), and unilateral transfers from foreign countries (receipts, series M 19) are credits (as are income items in account- ing). While it is true that all transactions have a debit and credit phase, both sides are not estimated simultaneously or from the same sources; hence the possibility of error and the resulting resi- dual or “errors and omissions” item (series M 41) which has been given the plus or minus sign necessary to make the account bal- ance for each of the years and periods shown. The Department of Commerce began its series in 1922, later extending the data backward to cover the years 1919-1921. Con- tinued changes and improvements in the methods of collecting data have occurred and the figures have become progressively more reliable over time. An attempt has been made to make the data comparable over the entire period by including the same kind of transactions under each category with the exception of the treat- ment of gold (see text for M 37-40). In particular, beginning about the middle 1930s, a much greater reliance was placed on direct questionnaires than had been the case in earlier years. The method of estimating individual items described below is, in general, descriptive only of recent years. M 14 and M 23. Total receipts and total payments, 1850-1945. SOURCE: See text for series M 14-41. Series M 14 comprises the 2317 Text: M 14-31 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND FOREIGN TRADE summation of figures in series M 15, M 19-20. Series M 23 com- prises the summation of series M 24, M 28-29. M 15 and M 24. Total goods and services, 1850-1945. SOURCE: See text for series M 14-41. Here are included all exports or im- ports of movable goods and so-called invisible items, or services. The latter include shipping, travel, property income (interest, dividends, and profits), and other miscellaneous service to the extent as estimates have been attempted. For the later years such estimates include insurance transactions, expenditures of foreign governments in the United States, management fees, motion picture and other royalties, and various smaller items. Exports are credits (or receipts) since in each case the country is giving up an asset; contrariwise, imports (or payments) are debits because the country is acquiring an asset. M 16 and M 25. Goods, 1850-1945. SOURCE: See text for series M 14-41. The basic data on merchandise trade are those published annually in Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, Bureau of the Census. For the years after 1914 and particularly after 1919 to an increasing extent, adjustments have been made to correct for known overvaluation or undervaluation, to exclude noncommercial items, to include an estimate for smuggled goods and other nonrecorded trade, and to adjust for certain differences in territorial coverage, e. g., the inclusion of trade with the Pan- ama Canal Zone in the original statistics. Since 1940 it has been possible to substitute to a large extent actual purchase data on Government-procured imports; also transfer figures based on fiscal records were used for lend-lease exports instead of the figures ap- pearing in the recorded trade statistics. For the years after World War I and World War II, sales and other transfers of surplus property located abroad were added. Payments for merchandise, particularly during and after World War II, include also military purchases abroad which were not imported. Beginning in 1919, ad- justment for the special treatment of gold has been made (see series M 37-40, below). M 17 and M 26. Income on investments, 1850-1945. SOURCE: See text for series M 14-41. In earlier years these data represent particularly rough estimates based on estimates of the value of American investments abroad and foreign investments in the United States, and assumed over-all rates of return on such invest- ments. Beginning about the middle 1930’s, direct questionnaires were inaugurated in an attempt to get better data for this item. A questionnaire to American companies having foreign branches and subsidiaries was started in 1937. Interest on foreign dollar bonds was estimated on the basis of information available regard- ing individual issues beginning in 1931, supplemented in later years by estimates from various sources regarding the percentage of each issue held in the United States. Data received by the Bureau of Internal Revenue in connection with the withholding of tax on income paid to nonresident aliens on their investments in the United States have been extensively used particularly since 1936, when, for the first time, dividends were subjected to the withholding tax. M 18 and M 27. Other services, 1850-1945. SOURCE: See text for series M 14-41. This category includes freight and shipping, travel, and miscellaneous services. Freight recéipts and payments have been based largely on recorded data showing the tonnage of exports and imports in American and foreign bottoms, respectively. These figures have been collected by the United States Maritime Com- mission and its predecessor agencies. With these tonnage data and information gathered from various sources regarding freight rates, estimates of shipping revenue were made. Expenditures of Amer- ican vessels in foreign ports and of foreign vessels in American ports have been estimated on the basis of fixed percentages of total revenues earned; these percentages were arrived at largely on the basis of certain financial data furnished to the Maritime Commis- sion by the subsidized American lines, together with other general information regarding the ratios of port expenditures to gross earnings. The account also includes a small estimate for earnings 238 of United States railroads hauling foreign goods in transit through the United States and of earnings and expenses of American rail- roads operating in Canada. Travel estimates involved the use of data collected by the Im- migration and Naturalization Service on the volume of interna- tional travel and sample data on average expenditures collected by the Department of Commerce through use of direct question- naires to international travelers. Data on other visible items have been collected from a wide variety of sources, including direct questionnaires to communi- cations companies, insurance companies, and advertising firms. Expenditures of United States Government agencies abroad have been provided by such agencies. M 19 and M 28. Unilateral transfers, 1850-1945. SOURCE: See text for series M 14-41. These are gifts, contributions, and other transfers of value not involving a quid pro quo in the form of goods, services, gold, or capital assets. The item includes not only cash gifts, such as immigrant remittances, but also the value of gifts in kind, such as UNRRA or lend-lease shipments. Thus unilateral transfer debits reflect the value of all gifts, contributions, and similar items to foreign countries, whether in cash or other capital claims, or in the form of goods or services. Information regarding Government unilateral transfers (lend-lease, UNRRA, aid to China, war settlements, ete.) has been obtained either from the Government agencies involved or from their official reports and other publications. In earlier years personal remittances were estimated largely on the basis of information furnished to the Department of Com- merce by American foreign service officers abroad regarding esti- mates of personal remittance receipts from the United States by persons living in the countries to which they were accredited. Beginning in the middle 1930’s, American banks and other remit- ting agencies were requested to report directly to the Department of Commerce on this item. In recent years institutional remittances have been based on direct questionnaires to various religious, educational, and char- itable institutions remitting funds abroad, including the Red Cross and various war relief agencies. M 20-22 and M 29-31. Long-term capital movements, 1850- 1945. SOURCE: See text for series M 14-41. These data represent shifts in capital claims of indefinite maturity or of a maturity of more than one year. They refer not only to securities (stocks, bonds, mortgages, etc.) but also to real property (farms, branch factories, and real estate). Real property purchased by the government for its own use, however, has been included in services, while all ex- penditures of religious and charitable institutions are included in unilateral transfers, even if they involve the purchase of fixed assets. Investments of the United States abroad aré assets; foreign investments in the United States are liabilities. Long-term capital movements consist of: (1) New issues, amor- tizations, and transactions in outstanding securities. Information is received from direct questionnaires to brokers and other dealers in securities. Since 1935 these questionnaires have been under the jurisdiction of the Treasury Department which operates through the various Federal Reserve Banks. (2) Direct investments. Until 1937 movements of direct investment capital were estimated very roughly on the basis of published reports, newspaper clippings, and similar items, together with known or estimated changes of the total value of American direct investments abroad. Beginning in 1937 questionnaires have been received from a substantial number of American companies with large direct investments abroad showing annual movements on intercompany account and, beginning in the last half of 1945, changes in holdings of securities of subsidiaries. Practically no data are available on movements of foreign direct investment capital in the United States. (3) Govern- ment loans and investments. This information has been received from the Government agencies involved, such as the Treasury De- BALANCE OF PAYMENTS partment, Export-Import Bank, and Reconstruction Finance Corporation. M 23-31. Payments, 1850-1945. SOURCE: See text for series M 14-41. Series M 23 comprises the summation of series M 24, 28-29. The discussion of each of series M 23-31 is combined, above, with the text for each of the companion series M 14-22. M 32-36. Excess of receipts or payments, 1850-1945. SOURCE: See text for series M 14-41. These series represent the difference between corresponding series of receipts and payments. M 37-40. Net inflow or outflow of funds on gold and short-term capital account, 1850-1945. SOURCE: See text for series M 14-41, above. These data include all capital movements other than long- term (see text for series M 20-22 and M 29-31), that is, move- ments of. bank deposits and other claims payable on demand or with an original maturity of less than 1 year. Until 1919 the gold entry in the balance of payments is the net international movement of gold in all its forms. Beginning in 1919, however, the gold entry is the net change in the monetary gold stock, including Stabiliza- tion Fund holdings. Thus, since 1919, the gold stock is considered a special kind of international asset, all increases in which are debited and decreases credited in the balance-of-payments state- ment. Gold may enter the balance-of-payments account either in the form of merchandise or in monetary form. If domestic produc- tion of gold exceeds domestic nonmonetary use, such excess is now treated as an export or credit and is shown as a plus (+) even if it enters the domestic monetary gold stock. If domestic con- sumption exceeds production, the excess is now treated as an im- port and is shown as a minus (—), and may be considered to be that part of the imported gold used as merchandise and not added to the monetary gold stock. The latter was the case in the years 1943-1945. The sum of the merchandise entry and the monetary gold entry, it should be noted, still equals net international gold transactions. Short-term capital movements have been based for many years on information received directly from American banks regarding their liabilities to and claims on foreign countries. These figures are published regularly, along with securities transactions, in the Federal Reserve Bulletin and Bulletin of the Treasury Department. Particularly during World War II a large number of transactions by the United States Government fell in the short-term capital category. These included advance payments for the purchase of commodities, foreign currency, and deposits held by Government agencies, particularly the military, obligations incurred by the United States Government because of the use of “special” curren- cies by the armed forces, and other miscellaneous items. The net international movement of gold has been based on the export-import data published by the Bureau of the Census and data on gold held in the United States under earmark for foreign account by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Beginning with the data for 1919, as already indicated, the net international movement of gold has been adjusted to allow for net domestic pro- duction over industrial consumption or vice versa. In making this adjustment it was considered that of the various series extant, those on production, international movements, and changes in monetary stock, were most accurate; domestic industrial consump- tion was then estimated as the residual element needed to bring the other items into balance. The equation is: Domestic produc- tion plus imports (or minus exports) minus domestic consumption equals change in monetary stock. M 41. Errors and omissions, 1850-1945. SOURCE: See text for series M 14-41. As indicated in the text for series M 14-41, this is the residual item which has been given the sign (4+ or —) necessary to make the account balance. Foreign Trade: Series M 42-112 M 42-112. General note. The sources of import, export, and in-transit statistics are the copies of the import entries and ware- Text: M 20-50 house withdrawals prepared by importers or their brokers, and of export declarations prepared by shippers, or their authorized agents or brokers. Annual statistics on foreign trade appear in the report Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, and monthly data appear in the Monthly Summary of Foreign Commerce of the United States. Except as noted, the values stated are in United States dollars without reference to changes in the gold content of the dollar. The geographic area covered by these statistics is the United States customs area, which includes Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico, and from January 1, 1935, through December 31, 1939, the Virgin Islands of the United States. Beginning with 1790, annual statistical statements on the for- eign commerce and navigation of the United States were compiled by the Treasury Department from reports submitted by the col- lectors of customs and transmitted to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury. These annual statements for the years 1790 to 1820 have been brought together and published with other reports required by the Congress in two volumes of American State Papers. In 1820, Congress established the Division of Commerce and Navigation in the office of the Register of the Treasury and re- quired that collectors of customs compile and transmit annual reports to that office showing the detailed trade with foreign countries and the navigation employed therein. Beginning with 1821, these reports were consolidated and published annually in the volume, Commerce and Navigation of the United States. In 1866, Congress established in the Treasury Department a Bureau of Statistics and specified that the kinds, quantities, and values of all articles exported and imported should be distinctly set forth in the statistical accounts, by countries of destination or of shipment, and that the exports of articles produced or manu- factured in the United States should be shown separately from the reexports of foreign articles imported into the United States. Prior to 1866, only annual statistics of the foreign commerce of the United States were compiled and published. Since then month- ly statistics have been published. In 1928, the function of compiling foreign trade statistics was transferred to the Department of Commerce; however, the release and publication of the annual figures had been done by that De- partment since 1903. In 1941 the function was transferred, within the Department of Commerce, from the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce to the Bureau of the Census. Since the appearance of the Statistical Abstract of the United States, the historical time series on United States foreign trade have, in general, been presented in that publication as well as in the aforementioned primary sources. The Abstract is therefore cited here as a primary source for a large portion of the foreign trade data shown. M 42-44. Total merchandise, gold and silver exports and im- ports, combined, 1821-1945. SOURCES: For 1821-1880, see Bu- reau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, 1912, pp. 43-44; for 1881-1903, see Statistical Abstract,1924, tables 427-428, pp. 420-421; for 1904- 1945, see Statistical Abstract, 1947, table 996, p. 891. For compon- ents, see text for series M 45-50 and M 51-55. M 45-50. Gold and silver exports and imports, 1821-1945. SOURCES: For 1821-1864, see Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, 1912, p. 43; for 1865-1880, see Statistical Abstract, 1887, pp. 41, 42; for 1881-1945, see sources for series M 42-44, above. The data shown here for 1821-1864 for series M 47 and for series M 50 are not shown in the source but have been derived as the residual of the exports and imports data as shown in the source. Prior to 1895, figures for gold and silver relate to coin and bullion only; subsequently they include ore also. Do- mestic exports of gold and silver cannot be separately stated prior to 1864, but it is probable that the greater portion of the exports 239 Text: M 45-86 was gold. In the series shown here, the data on exports of gold prior to 1864 include domestic exports of silver. The exports of " silver for years prior to 1864, therefore, consist of only foreign exports, or reexports. M 51-55. Merchandise, exports and imports, 1790-1945. SOURCE: For 1790, see Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, 1912, p. 43; for 1791-1880, see Treasury Depart- ment, Bureau of Statistics, Monthly Summary of Imports and Ex- ports of the United States for the Fiscal Year, 1896, pp. 622-623; for 1881-1908, see Statistical Abstract, 1924, tables 427-428, pp. 420-421; for 1904-1945, see Statistical Abstract, 1947, tables 995— 996, pp. 890-891. Merchandise export statistics include data on all shipments of commodities and merchandise leaving the United States customs area except: (1) Gold and silver and evidences of debt; (2) in- transit merchandise; (3) bunker fuel, stores, supplies, and equip- ment for vessels and planes; (4) temporary exports; (5) merchan- dise having small value or no commercial value; (6) shipments of military and naval supplies and equipment to the armed forces of the United States; (7) shipments to United States Government agencies or establishments. “Exports of United States merchandise” (M 52) consist of commodities grown, produced or manufactured in the United States, and commodities of foreign origin which have been changed in the United States from the form in which they were imported, or which have been enhanced in value by further manufacture in the United States. “Reexports” (M 53) comprise withdrawals from customs bond- ed storage warehouses for exportation and exports of foreign mer- chandise (principally duty-free articles) which have previously been formally entered through customs. Exports of foreign merchandise consist of commodities of foreign origin which have entered the United States asimports and which, at the time of ex- portation, are in the same condition as when imported. Merchandise import statistics include data on all commodities and merchandise reaching the United States except: (1) Merchan- dise not entering the United States customs area, such as articles excluded from the United States by law, bunker fuel, and ships’ stores; (2) in-transit merchandise; (3) certain domestic merchan- dise returned from foreign countries; (4) gold, silver, and evidences of debt; (5) merchandise having small value or no commercial value; (6) commodities entered under special provisions, such as articles consigned to diplomatic officers. ‘General imports” (M 54) consist of entries for immediate consumption and entries into warehouses, and therefore comprise the total arrivals of merchan- dise, whether they enter consumption channels immediately or are entered into warehouses under customs custody to be subse- quently withdrawn for consumption or withdrawn for exportation. M 56-67. Value of merchandise, exports and imports, by eco- nomic classes, 1821-1945. SOURCE: For 1821-1881, see Statistical Abstract, 1907, table 266, pp. 698-701; for 1882-1903, see Statisti- cal Abstract, 1926, table 477, pp. 448-449; for 1904-1945, see Sta- tistical Abstract, 1947, table 1024, pp. 896-897. Export data are exports of United States merchandise and imports are “imports for consumption” from 1933-1945. Prior to 1933, figures are for “gen- eral imports.” For definition of terms, see text for series M 51-55 and M 68-74. The economic classes shown here are broad categories based on groupings of more than 2,000 individual commodities listed in Schedule B: Statistical Classification of Domestic and Foreign Com-~ merce Exported From the United States and Regulations Governing Statistical Returns of Exports of Commodities, “Part II, Numerical Classification and Articles Included (January 1, 1945, edition),” issued and kept current by the Foreign Trade Division of the 240 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND FOREIGN TRADE Bureau of the Census. Following are some of the important and typical commodities included in each of the economic classes: Exports Imports Crude materials Crude petroleum Crude rubber Coal Raw silk Raw cotton Hides and skins Crude foodstuffs Grains Coffee Fruits Tea Vegetables Fruits Manufactured foodstuffs Meat Sugar Lard Meat Prepared fruits Butter and cheese Semimanufactures Iron and steel Wood pulp plates Lumber Copper in bars, ete. Refined copper Tin in bars, ete. M 68-74. Value of merchandise imports and duties, 1821-1945. SOURCES: For 1821-1880, see Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, 1912, p. 50; for 1841-1915, see Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, 1924, p. LXVII; for 1916-1943, see Statistical Abstract, 1947, table 1023, p. 927; for 1944-1945, data are from records of the Bureau of the Census. Imports are “imports for consumption” consisting of entries for immediate consumption and withdrawals from warehouses for consumption. The term “entry for consumption” is the technical name of the import entry made at the custom house, and implies that the goods have been delivered into the custody of the importer and that the duties have been paid on the dutiable portion. Some of them may be exported afterwards. From 1821 to 1866, inclusive, the figures of import values (series M 68-70) represent net general imports (total imports less reex- ports), the amount of duty collected (calculated) being the annual amounts collected on merchandise only. For 1867 and later years, the figures of import values represent imports entered for con- sumption. M 71. Duties calculated. The series described here as “duties calculated” is the series identified in annual volumes of Foreign Commerce and Navigation through the 1925 issue as ‘“‘duties col- lected”; subsequent issues describe it as “duties calculated.” In spite of its description, it was a computed figure at least back to 1876. The evidence indicates that the earlier years, at least in part, were on a ‘“‘duties collected” basis. This series should not be con- fused with the modern series called “duties collected” (not shown here) which represents the total amount of duties actually col- lected (on individual shipments) as reported to the Treasury De- partment by Collectors of Customs, subject in certain cases to subsequent refund as well as drawback. In contrast, “duties cal- culated” is a statistical measure derived by applying the appro- priate rates to totals for all imports of the given commodity re- ceived at all ports of entry; it does not reflect drawbacks or refunds and is subject to some time lag in reporting. M 72-73. Ratio of duties to total. The calculated ratio of duties to total is simply the relationship of series M 71 to M 68 and M 70, respectively, expressed in percentage form. These series (M 72-73) are similar to, but not identical with, the series described as “ratios of duties to total” shown in annual issues of Foreign Commerce and Navigation, 1925 to the present, and as “average ad valorem rates” in earlier issues. These series have been computed as shown here because of conflicts in source volumes with respect to early years. M 75-86. Value of merchandise imports, free and dutiable, by economic classes, 1821-1945. SOURCES: For 1821-1881, see Sta- tistical Abstract, 1907, table 266, pp. 694-697; for 1882-1904, see Statistical Abstract, 1926, table 478, pp. 450-451; for 1905-1945, see Statistical Abstract, 1947, table 1024, pp. 928-929. Data are ‘“‘gen- eal imports” through 1938; “imports for consumption’’ beginning FOREIGN TRADE 1934. For definitions of the two terms, see text for series M 51-55 | and M 68-74. For the period 1922-1933, there is an understate- ment of the free goods and an overstatement of the dutiable goods in general imports as follows: For 1922-1933, carpet wool used for making carpets and, for 1922-1928, wheat imported for mill- ing in bond for export, were reported as dutiable when entered although no duty was ultimately paid on these products. For ex- planation of economic classes, see text for series M 56-67. M 87-102. Value of merchandise exports and imports by desti- nation and origin, 1821-1945. SOURCES: For 1821-1880, see Statis- tical Abstract of the United States, 1946, table 1016, pp. 910-911; for 1882-1908, see Statistical Abstract, 1926, table 479, pp. 452-453; for 1904-1945, see Statistical Abstract, 1947, table 1014, pp. 910- 911. The country of ultimate destination of the goods is shown as the destination; but when the final destination is not known to the exporter, the shipment is credited statistically to the country to which it is consigned. The Philippine Islands are included with Asia for all years; Turkey in Europe is with Asia beginning 1926; Soviet Republics in Asia are with Europe beginning 1924; and Hawaiian Islands are with Oceania prior to 1901. Northern North America includes Iceland beginning 1942; that nation was included with Europe prior to 1942. Text: M 75-12 M 103-112. Vaiue of merchandise exports and imports, by groups of customs districts, 1860-1945. SOURCES: For 1860-1880, see Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1923, table 695, pp. 824— 825; for 1881-1908, see Statistical Abstract, 1924, table 441, p. 441; for 1904-1945, see Statistical Abstract, 1947, table 1020, p. 921. Import data are “general imports” through 1933, and are “imports for consumption’ thereafter. The Customs district in which mer- chandise is entered or withdrawn for consumption is the district shown in the ‘““imports for consumption” statistics. The Customs district shown in the ‘‘general import” statistics is the district. through which merchandise enters the United States either as an entry for immediate consumption or as an entry into a customs bonded warehouse. Except for shipments by mail the customs district through which a shipment clears when it leaves the country is the district to which the export is credited statistically. Exports are not credited on the basis of the district in which the shipments originate. Exports and imports by mail are credited to the customs district at which the import entry is filed. For defi- nition of terms, see text for series M 51-55 and M 68-74. Export figures for 1865 and 1870-1878 represent mixed gold and currency values and hence do not agree with the sptcie values given for total exports elsewhere. 241 Data: M 1-41 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND FOREIGN TRADE Series M 1-13.—BALANCE OF PAYMENTS—INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT POSITION OF THE UNITED STATES: 1843 TO 1945 [ In billion s of dollars ] NET POSITION; CREDITOR (+), DEBTOR (—) UNITED STATES INVESTMENTS ABROAD FOREIGN INVESTMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES & 5 St Long term 0 Long term YEAR ong or ort Short Total Total Total term term als m | Direct | Portfolio term ory a Direct | Portfolio term 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1945... -0.9 +6.3 -7.2 16.8 15.8 8.1 17.2 1.5 17.7 9.0 2.7 6.3 8.7 1940... 3.8 +3.1 —4.4 12.3 11.4 7.3 14.1 1:1 13.6 8.3 2.9 5.3 5.3 1985. wm +7.1 +7.5 —0.4 13.5 12.6 7.8 4.8 0.9 6.4 5.1 1.6 3.5 1.3 1982... +12.1 +12.3 -0.2 15.9 14.6 8.1 6.5 1.3 3.8 2.3 ® oH 1.5 1080...... +8.8 +9.5 -0.7 17.2 15.2 8.0 7.2 2.0 8.4 $8.7 $1.4 14.3 2.7 1027. vius +7.2 +8.8 -1.6 13.8 12.5 6.6 5.9 1.8 6.6 3.7 ®) ®) 2.9 1924...... +7.0 +17.1 -0.1 10.9 10.0 5.4 4.6 0.9 3.9 2.9 1.0 1.9 1.0 125 st +3.7 +4.0 —-0.3 7.0 6.5 3.9 2.6 0.5 3.3 2.5 0.9 1.6 0.8 (June 30) ._ -3.7 -3.2 -0.5 3.5 3.5 2.6 0 erm 1.2 6.7 1.3 5.4 0.5 1908....... -3.9 ®* ® 2.5 2.5 1.6 0.9 [oosenimane 6.4 ® ® ® ® 1897. .ocus -2.7 —2.46 —-0.25 0.69 0.69 0.64 0.8 |.ceonswnss 3.4 2 3.15 3) * 0.25 1869. ...<. —1.46 -1.81 -0.15 0.08 0.08 & 0) |eemupieses 1.54 1.39 [©] * 0.15 1843... —0.2 ® ® * ® ® G ® 0.20 ® ® ® ® ! Includes U.S. Government investments of which a small part, if privately 2 Not available. owned, would have been classified as “direct” investments, e.g., the activities of the 31929 data. Rubber Development Corporation in Brazil during World War II. 4 Negligible. Series M 14-41.—BALANCE OF PAYMENTS—INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES: 1850 TO 1945 [ In millions of dollars ] RECEIPTS PAYMENTS Goods and services Long-term capital Goods and services Yate Movements of— YEAR Total Income Oth \ateral or — Total Income Oth OR PERIOD receipts on ther o .S. capi- oreign |payments on ther iB Total Goods invest- | services transfers!| Total tal in- capital Total Goods invest- services ments vested | invested ments abroad in U.S. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 16,273 12,473 589 3,211 2,922 592 541 51. 22,258 10,232 5,666 231 4,335 21,438 16,969 572 3,897 2,407 640 406 234 26,154 8,986 5,589 161 3,236 19,134 15,115 508 3,511 2,137 445 402 43 23,733 8,096 5,427 155 2,514 11,769 9,187 514 2,068 1,002 306 219 87 13,159 5,856 3,965 159 1,282 6,896 5,348 544 1,009 43 271 193 78 6,578 4,486 3,486 187 813 5,355 4,124 564 667 59 366 209 157 4,344 3,636 2,713 210 718 4,432 3,347 541 544 38 166 100 tom tmes 3,721 3,377 2,409 230 738 4,336 3,243 585 508 40 175 103 72 3,845 3,056 2,173 200 683 4,553 3,451 577 525 29 549 289 260 4,548 4,268 3,181 295 792 3,539 2,590 569 380 22 851 236 615 3,728 3,455 2,546 270 639 3,265 2,404 521 340 21 554 219 335 3,458 3,157 2,462 155 540 2,915 2,238 437 300 20 219 219 |eounpnes 2,615 2,384 1,763 135 486 2,402 1,736 437 229 17 335 155 180 2,487 2,056 1,510 115 431 2,474 1,667 527 280 17 350 850 |. ooo 2,415 2,879 1,343 135 601 3,641 2,494 766 381 36 647 561 86 8,912 3,137 2,120 220 797 5,450 3,929 1,040 481 58 868 782 86 5,907 4,428 3,104 295 1,029 7,042 5,347 1,139 556 78 809 431 378 7,398 5,904 4,463 330 Lit 6,850 5,249 1,080 821 72 893 410 483 7,601 5,483 4,159 275 1,049 6,464 4,982 981 501 70 524 B24. |Lovensviue 7,333 5,400 4,240 240 920 6,381 4,922 953 506 61 596 481 115 7,289 5,564 4,500 200 864 6,348 5,011 912 425 47 569 248 221 6,823 5,272 4,291 170 811 5,919 4,741 762 416 72 353 148 205 6,029 4,577 3,684 140 753 5,494 4,259 840 395 65 531 173 358 5,567 4,668 3,866 130 672 4,961 3,929 670 362 65 193 166 27 5,358 3,972 3,184 105 683 5,512 4,586 445 481 60 348 332 16 4,869 3,391 2,572 105 714 10,272 8,481 596 1,195 66 645 B48 |ocnuauaus 9,146 6,750 5,384 120 1,246 10,784 8,891 719 1,174 276 404 404 |. eras 10,352 5,917 3,995 130 1,792 1914 (July 1)- . 1918 (Dec.31)| 25,232 24,793 22,974 900 919 312 127 lero 127 26,250 14,022 11,166 . 540 2,316 1896-1914 (June 30)..| 35,274 | 32,974 32,128 760 86 300 2,000 [ivonuciue 2,000 35,043 31,193 22,866 3,800 4,527 1874-1895____| 18,559 17,379 17,281 |.ovommmm 148 180 1000 ee 1,000 18,526 18,086 14,738 1,870 1,478 1850-1873 __._ 8,623 7,293 PBB. ci crimson 643 3390 1.000 |. oi 1,000 10,051 10,051 8,125 904 1,022 See footnotes on next page. 242 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Series M 14-41.—BALANCE OF PAYMENTS—INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES: 1850 TO 1945—Con. [Tn millions of dollars ] Data: M 14-55 NET INFLOW (4) OR OUTFLOW (—) OF PAYMENTS—continued EXCESS OF RECEIPTS (+) OR PAYMENTS (—) FUNDS ON GOLD AND SHORT-TERM CAPITAL ACCOUNT Long-term capital Net goods and services and Gold | Net movement of— Eriors YEAR Uni unilateral transfers Long: stock net iRigeionE OR PERIOD 1 an U.S. capi-| Foreign |All trans- - TH Net increase | U.S. | Foreign 4 2 ¢ i| Total tal capital | actions Goods Uni- Boeing total (+) or |short-term|short-term ransiers ota invested | invested Total and lateral p! decrease | capital | capital abroad in U.S. services [transfers ! (— abroad in U.S. 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 10,035 1,991 1,836 155 | —2,471 | —1,072 | 46,041 | —7,118 | —1,399 +2,463 +548 —-274 | +2,189 +8 16,549 560 59 | —1,669 | —1,690 |+12,452 |—14,142 +21 | 41,706 | +1,350 —153 +509 —-37 15,044 592 486 106 | —2,016 | —1,869 |+11,038 |—12,907 —147 | +1,982 +1757 +3 | +1,222 +34 ,338 465 294 171 —8 +77 | +6,41 —6,336 —159 +9 +23 -115 +182 —8 1,179 913 508 405 +632 | +1,274 | +2,410 | —1,136 —642 | —1,108 —-719 +11 —400 +476 269 439 192 247 | 41,436 | +1,509 | 41,719 -210 —73 | —2,713 | —4,243 +177 | +1,353 | 41,277 205 139 86 +915 +888 | +1,055 —167 +27 | —1,704 | —3,174 +211 | 41,259 +789 211 78 63 15 | +1,206 | +1,109 | +1,280 —171 +97 | —1,4556 | —1,799 +27 +317 +249 252 28 13 15 62 +285 —223 +521 | —1,008 | —1,364 +45 +311 +425 199 74 59 15 +684 —93 +84 -177 +777 —84 -1,272 +55 +376 +157 183 118 103 15 +382 — 54 +108 —-162 +436 —750 | —1,822 +424 +648 +368 182 49 34 15 +629 +429 +591 —162 2 4200 | —1,044 | —1,266 +96 +126 +415 213 218 208 15 +227 +150 +346 —196 2 477 —288 +131 +35 —454 +61 243 67 26 +426 +169 +395 —226 +257 —499 —53 +227 —673 +173 343 432 412 20 +412 +197 +504 —307 +215 —504 +133 +628 | —1,265 +92 390 1,089 1,069 20 +469 +690 [ +1,022 —332 —221 — 1789 —-310 —-191 —288 +320 445 1,049 1,029 20 +531 +1771 | 41,138 —367 —240 —147 —143 —200 +196 —384 427 1,691 1,671 20 +214 | 41,012 | +1,367 —355 —798 —-110 +238 —231 -117 —104 418 1,515 1,465 50 —275 +716 | +1,064 —348 —-991 +698 +113 —349 +934 —423 433 1,292 1,272 20 —251 +445 + —-372 —696 +326 —93 —36 +455 —175 439 1,112 1,092 20 +141 +684 | +1,076 —392 —543 —6 +100 —46 —60 —135 427 1,025 1,005 20 +315 +987 | +1,342 —355 —672 -137 —256 —109 +228 —178 414 4 465 20 +523 +477 +826 —349 +45 —348 —315 —82 +49 -175 409 977 957 20 —139 +645 +989 —344 —784 —269 =0Y Lvs ssnnme]esmesmnos +408 568 910 890 20 | +1,051 | 41,613 | +2,121 —508 —562 —1785 wilISE |e fee mimi —316 744 1,652 1,374 278 | 41,837 | +2,844 | 438,522 —678 | —1,007 +68 ABB [occ mmm meme —1,905 1,319 3,116 2,901 215 | +1,112 | +3,824 | +4,867 | —1,043 | —2,712 +166 FA6B [mes mmmn) essen —1,278 1914 (July 1)- 1918 (Dec.31) 711 11,517 9,205 2,312 —1,018 |+10,372 | 410,771 —399 (—11,390 | —1,039 | —1,044 +8 |acceeaaas +2,057 1896-1914 (June 30)... 2,850 1,000 1,000 cc-ac--- +231 —769 | 41,781 | —2,550 | +1,000 —174 =R Th 1 on nn wml meni -57 1874-1895___. BR0| (imma EE me be +33 —967 —707 —260 | +1,000 +112 FIZ 1 mmm mE —145 T850=1878. . - cJesneswenelnss commie mmo mmm mm —1,428 | —2,428 | —2,758 +3839 | +1,000 | +1,098 | 41,098 |... | ooo.... +330 1 Unilateral transfers indicate the amount of contributions in kind or in cash N.R.R.A., personal and institutional remittances, and similar channels. Thus, payments or receipts under unilateral transfers in most cases off- set exports or imports, respectively, of goods and services for which present or thru lend-lease, future compensation is not required. 2 Figure for net long-term capital transactions for 1933 includes $40,000,000, and that for 1934 includes $30,000,000, representing net transfer of funds in secur- ity arbitrage operations. These transactions cannot be divided between domestic and foreign securities in these years. Series M 42-55.—FOREIGN TRADE—VALUE OF EXPORTS AND IMPORTS: 1790 TO 1945 In thousands of dollars. Figures for 1945, and in some cases those for 1942-1944, are preliminary. For revised figures, see Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. 1945, and Statistical Abstract of the United S.ates, 1948 ] TOTAL, MERCHANDISE, GOLD, AND SILVER GOLD SILVER MERCHANDISE ? Exports and reexports Excess of Excess of poo Excess of 1 exports 2 exports Exports General | exports (+) YEAR !| Exports | Imports (Por Exports ?| Imports (Por Exports 2|Imports to Thal of U.S. Re- imports or imports imports (—) imports (—) os merchan- | exports — dise 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 52 53 54 55 1945__| 9,879,419(4,256,938| +5,622,481(199,968 93,718] 4106,250| 90,937 | 27,278 463,659 9,805,875| 9,588,514| 217,361 4,135,941] 45,669,934 1944__|15,247,687|4,056,479| +11,191,208/959 ,228 113,836 -+845,392(126,915 | 23,373] +103,542|14,258,702|14,161,544| 97,158] 3,919,270|+10,339,432 1943__|12,905,086(3,511,045| +9,394,041| 32,855 101,793 —68,938| 30,689 | 27,903] +42,786(12,964,906/12,841,542| 123,364| 3,381,349 9,583,557 1942__| 8,081,618/3,101,745| 44,979,873 102 315,780] —315,678| 1,999 | 41,103| —39,104| 8,079,517| 8,003,642 75,875 2,744,862 +5,334,655 1941__| 5,152,891|4,374,500 +778,391 64 982.442| —982,378| 5,673 | 47,053] —41,380| 5,147,154| 5,019,877| 127,277| 8,845,005 +1,802,149 1940__| 4,029,815|7,433,280| —3,403,465| 4,995 |4,749,467| —4,744,472| 3,674 | 58,434| —54,759| 4,021,146/ 3,934,181 86,965| 2,625,379) +1,395,767 1989__| 8,192,314/5,978,047| —2,785,733 508 |3,574,659| —3,574,151| 14,630 | 85,307| —70,677| 3,177,176| 3,123,343| 53,834] 2,318,081 +859,095 1938__| 3.107.411(4,170,416| —1,063,006| 5,889 |1,979,458|—1,973,569| 7,082 [230,531| —223,449| 3,094,440| 3,057,169 37,271| 1,960,428) +1,134,012 1937__| 3.407.229|4.807,068| —1.399,839| 46,020 |1,631,523|—1,585,508| 12,042 | 91,877| —79,835 3,349,167 3,298,929 50,238] 3,083,668 +265,499 1936__| 2.495,477(3,749,525| —1,254,049| 27,534 |1,144,117|—1,116,584| 11,965 (182,816) —170,851| 2,455,978| 2,418,969 37,009 2,422,592 +33,386 1935__| 2,308,635|4,142,995| —1,839,360| 1,960 |1,740,979|—1,739,019| 18,801 |354,531|—335,730| 2,282,874| 2,243,081) 39,793| 2,047,485 +235,389 1934__| 2,202,110|2,944,451 —742.341| 52,759 [1,186,671|—1,133,912| 16,551 (102,725| —86,174| 2,132,800| 2,100,135 32,665 1,655,055 +477,745 1933._| 2,060,687(1,702,981 +857,706|366 ,652 193,197| +173,455| 19,041 | 60,225] —41,184| 1,674,994| 1,647,220 27,774 1,449,559 +225,435 1932__| 2,434,394(1,705,739 +1728,655|809 ,528 363,315] 446,213] 13,850 | 19,650, —5,800| 1,611,016] 1,576,151| 34,865 1,322,774 +288,242 1981__| 2,917,56812,731,418 +186,150(466 ,794 612,119] —145,325| 26,485 | 28,664] —2,179| 2,424,289 2,377,982" ¢6,307| 2,090,635 +333,654 See footnotes, page 245. 243 Data: M 42-55 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND FOREIGN TRADE Series M 42-55.—FOREIGN TRADE—VALUE OF EXPORTS AND IMPORTS: 1790 TO 1945—Con. [ In thousands of dollars] Toga, MUA oHANDISE: GOLD SILVER MERCHANDISE * : Exports and reexports tant Excess of Excess of Brows 2 c neat ) YEAR exports 2 exports xports eneral | exports (+ Exports | Imports (+) or Exports ?| Imports (+) or Exports 2| Imports Ho Poiah of US. Roe fiaports | or imports imports (—) imports (—) po merchan- | exports (=) dise 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 1930__(4,013,305 (3499,723| 513,582 (115,967 396,054 | —280,087 | 54,157 | 42,761 | +11,396/3,843,181 [3,781,172 | 62,009 |3,060,908| +782,273 1929__15,440,985 4,754,950| +-686,035 [116,583 | 291,649 | —175,066 | 83,407 | 63,940 | +19,467|5,240,995 [5,157,083 | 83,912 [4,399,361] 841,634 1928__15,776,497 |4,328,458| 41,448,039 (560,759 | 168,897 | +391,862 | 87,382 | 68,117 | +19,265|5,128,356 |5,030,099 | 98,258 [4,091,444] +1,036,912 1927__15,142,455 [4,447,351] 4695,104 (201,455 | 207,535 —6,080 | 75,625 | 55,074 | 4+20,551|4,865,375 |4,758,864 [106,512 (4,184,742 680,633 1926__|5,016,626 (4,713,988 +-302,638 (115,708 | 213,504 —-97,796 | 92,258 | 69,596 | +22,662|4,808,660 (4,711,721 | 96,939 |4,430,888| +877,772 1925..15,271,615 [4,419,458 +4852,157 (262,640 | 128,272 | +134,367 | 99,128 | 64,596 | +34,532|4,909,848 (4,818,722 | 91,125 (4,226,589 683,258 1924__|4,762,523 |4,003,628 +758,895 | 61,648 | 319,721 | —2568,073 (109,891 | 73,945 | +35,946|4,590,984 4,497,649 | 93,335 |3,609,963| +981,021 1923__|4,268,605 (4,189,236 +179,369 | 28,643 | 322,716 | —294,073 | 72,469 | 74,454 —1,985/4,167,493 4,090,715 | 76,778 |3,792,066| 875,427 1922__13,931,459 (3,458,724 4-472,735 | 36,875 | 275,170 | —238,295 | 62,807 | 70,807 -17,999/3,831,777 (3,765,091 | 66,686 (3,112,747 -+719,030 1921_.|4,560,497 (3,263,639|-+1,296,858 | 23,891 | 691,248 | —667,357 | 51,575 ,24. —11,668| 4,485,031 (4,378,928 [106,103 [2,509,148] 41,975,883 1920._/8,663,724 (5,783,610|42,880,114 |322,091 | 417,068 —94,977 [118,616 | 88,060 | +25,556|8,228,016 (8,080,481 (147,585 |5,278,481|+2,949,535 1919__|8,527,632 (4,070,309|+4,457,323 [368,185 76,534 | +291,651 (239,021 | 89,410 |+149,611|7,920,426 (7,749,816 [170,610 (3,904,365 +4,016,061 1918..|6,443,004 |3,164,631|+3,278,373 | 41,070 62,043 —20,973 (252,846 | 71,376 |+181,470|6,149,088 (6,047,875 (101,213 (3,081,218|+8,117,875 1917..)|6,689,527 |3,558,263| 3,131,264 |371,884 | 552,454 | —180,570 | 84,1381 | 53,340 | +30,791|6,233,513 |6,169,617 | 63,896 |2,952,468| 43,281,045 1916..|5,709,029 |3,109,889|-+2,599,140 (155,793 | 68 '990 -530,197 | 70,595 | 32, 1263 +38,382| 5,482,641 (5,422,642 | 59,999 (2,891,635 +3,091,006 1915%_12,965,756 (1,874,849|+1,090,907 |146,224 | 171,569 —25,345 | 50,942 | 29,110 | -+21,832/2,768,589 (2,716,178 | 52,411 (1,674,170(+1,094,419 1914__|2,531,583 [1,990,791] 540,792 [112,039 66,539 +45,500 | 54,965 | 30,327 | +24,638/2,364,579 (2,329,684 | 34,895 |1,893,926] +470,653 1913..|2,615,261 (1,923,471| 691,790 | 77,763 69,194 +8,569 | 71,614 | 41,269 | +430,345/2,465,884 |2,428,506 | 37,378 |1,813,008| 652,876 1912__|2,326,541 [1,749,252] 577,289 | 57,328 48,937 +8,391 | 64,891 | 47,050 | +417,841|2,204,322 |2,170,320 | 34,002 |1,653,265| -+551,057 1911..{2,136,580 |1,646,770| 489,810 | 22,510 73,607 —51,097 | 64,750 | 45,937 | +18,813|2,049,320 (2,013,549 | 35,771 (1,527,226 522,094 1910../1,918,835 |1,645,505| 273,330 (118,563 43,340 +175,223 | 55,287 | 45,217 | +410,070/1,744,985 |1,710,084 | 34,901 |1,556,947| 188,038 1909../1,810,226 |1,399,879| 410,347 | 91,532 44,004 +47,528 | 55,683 | 43,955 | +411,728/1,663,011 |1,638,356 | 24,655 1,311,920] +351,091 1908..{1,991,127 (1,387,337 +603,790 | 72,433 | 148,337 —75,904 | 57,921 | 44,658 | +13,263(1,860,773 (1,834,786 | 25,987 [1,194,342] +666,431 1907..11,988,989 (1,591,878) +4897,111 | 51,399 | 114,510 —63,111 | 56,739 | 42,947 | +13,792|1,880,851 (1,858,718 | 27,133 [1,434,421 +4446,430 1906._(1,848,307 |1,367,227| 481,080 | 38,574 96,222 —57,648 | 65, 1869 44,443 | +21,426|1,743,865 |1,717,954 | 25, ‘911 1,226,562] 517,303 1905. 71,660,005 (1,198,647| 461,358 | 92,594 53,649 +38,945 | 48,849 | 27,485 | +21,364|1,518,562 1,491,745 | 26,817 [1,117,513] +401,049 1904_:{1,591,760 |1,117,912| 473,848 | 81,460 99,055 —17,595 | 49,478 | 27,769 | +21,704|1,460,827 |1,435,179 | 25,648 991,087 469,740 1903._{1,511,483 1, 1094, 865 +416,618 | 47,091 44,982 +2,109 | 44,250 | 24,163 | +20,087|1,420,142 |1,892,232 | 27,910 [1,025,719 +3894,423 1902._|1.480,021 983,574 +4496,447 | 48,569 52,021 —-3,452 | 49,732 | 28,232 | +21,500/1,381,719 (1,855,482 | 26,2387 03,321 478,398 1901__(1,605,235 925,610 +679,625 | 53,185 66,051 -12, 1866 64,285 | 36,387 | +27,898|1,487,765 (1,460,463 | 27, "302 823,172 664,592 1900._|1,499,462 929,771 +569,691 | 48,267 44,578 +3,694 | 56,712 | 85,256 | +21,456|1,394,483 11,870,764 | 23,719 849,941 +544,542 1899__(1,320,864 816,778 504,086 | 37,522 88,955 —51,433 | 56,319 | 30,675 | +25,644|1,227,023 (1,293,931 | 23,092 697,148) +529,875 1898._{1,301,994 767,369] +534,625 | 15,406 | 120,392 | —104,986 | 55,105 | 30,928 | +24,177|1,231,482 (1,210,292 | 21,190 616,050/ +615,432 1897..{1,153,302 880,278| +273,024 | 40,362 85,015 —44,653 | 61,947 | 80,533 | +31,414|1,050,994 |1,032,008 | 18,986 764,730) 286,264 1896._|1,055,559 842,027) 213,532 (112,410 33,525 +178,885 | 60,542 | 28,777 | +31,765| 882,607 863,201 | 19,406 779,725 +102,882 1895._| 921,302 788,566) 132,736 | 66,468 36,385 430,083 | 47,295 | 20,211 | 427,084 807,538 793,393 | 14,145 731,970 +175,568 1894__(1,019,570 740,730| 278,840 | 76,978 72,449 +4,529 | 50,451 | 13,287 | 437,164|,6 892,141 869,205 | 22,936 654,995 +4237,146 1893._| 997,083 910,769 486,314 (108,681 21,174 +87,507 | 40,737 | 23,193 | +417,544| 847,665 831,031 | 16,634 866,401 —18,736 1892__11,113,284 897,057 +216,227 | 50,195 49,699 +496 | 32,811 | 19,955 | +12,856/1,080,278 (1,015,732 | 14,546 827,402) +202,876 1891._| 993,434 881,176) +112,258 | 86,363 18,233 468,130 | 22,591 | 18,027 +4,564 84,481 872,270 | 12,211 844,916 +39 ,565 1890__| 909,977 823,287 486,690 | 17,274 12,943 +4,331 | 34,874 | 21,033 | 413,841 857,829 845,294 | 12,535 789,310 +68,519 1889__| 839,043 774,095 +64,948 | 59,952 10,285 +49,667 | 36,689 | 18,678 | 418,011] 742,401 730,282 | 12,119 745,132 —-2,731 1888..| 742,369 783,295 —40,926 | 18,376 43,934 —25,558 | 28,038 | 15,404 | +12,634| 695,955 683,862 | 12,093 723,957 —28,002 1887..| 752,181 752,491 -310 ,701 42,911 —33,210 | 26,297 | 17,260 +9,037| 716,183 703,023 | 13,160 692,320 +23,863 1886_.| 751,988 674,030 +77,958 | 42,952 20,743 +22,209 | 29,511 | 17,850 | 411,661] 679,525 665,965 | 13,560 635,436 +44,089 1885..| 784,421 620,770; -+163,651 8,478 26,692 -18,214 | 33,754 | 16,551 | +17,203| 742,190 726,683 | 15,507 577,527] +164,663 1884__| 807,647 705,124 102,523 | 41,082 22,881 +18,251 | 26,051 | 14,595 | 411,456] 740,514 724,965 | 15,549 667,698 +172 ,816 1883..| 855,660 751,670 103,990 | 11,601 17,734 -6,133 | 20,219 | 10,755 +9,464| 823,839 804,223 | 19,616 723,181 +100,658 1882__| 799,960 767,112 +32,848 | 32,588 34,377 —1,789 | 16,830 8,095 48,735) 750,542 733,240 | 17,302 724,640 +25,902 1881__| 921,784 753,240| +168,544 2,565 | 100,031 —97,466 | 16,842 | 10,544 +6,298| 902,377 883,926 | 18,451 642,665) +259,712 1880..| 852,782 760,989 +91,793 3,639 80,758 -77,119 | 13,504 | 12,276 +1,228| 835,639 823,947 | 11,692 667,955 +167,684 1879..| 735,437 466,074] $269,363 4,588 ’ —1,037 | 20,410 | 14,671 +5,739| 710,439 698,340 | 12,099 445,778] 264,661 1878_.| 728,606 466,873| 261,733 9,204 13,330 —4,126 | 24,536 | 16,491 +8,045| 694,866 680,710 | 14,156 437,052| +257,814 1877_.| 658,637 492,098) +4166,540 | 26,590 26,246 +3844 | 29,572 | 14,528 | +15,044| 602,475 589,670 | 12,805 451,328 +151,152 1876_..| 596,891 476,678) +120,213 | 31,177 7,993 -+23,184 | 25,829 7,944 | 417,385] 540,385 525,583 | 14,802 460,741 +79 ,644 1875__| 605,575 553,906 +51,669 | 66,981 13,697 +53,284 | 25,151 7,204 | 417,947) 513,443 499,284 | 14,159 533,005 —19,562 1874__| 652,913 595,861 +57,052 | 34,042 19,503 +14,539 | 32,588 8,952 | 423,636] 586,283 569,433 | 16,850 567,406 +18,877 1873__| 607,088 663,617 —56,529 | 44,857 8,682 +36,174 | 39,752 | 12,798 | +26,953| 522,480 505,034 | 17,446 642,136] —119,656 1872__| 524,055 640,339) —116,284 | 49,549 8,717 -+40,831 | 30,329 5,026 | 425,303] 444,178 428,488 | 15,690 626,595 —182,417 1871..| 541,262 541,494 —232 | 66,686 6,884 -+59,803 | 31,756 | 14,386 | +17,369| 442,820 428,399 | 14,421 520,224 —177,404 1870_.| 450,927 462,378 —11,450 | 33,636 12,057 +21,579 | 24,520 | 14,362 | 410,157] 892,772 376,617 | 16,155 435,958 —43,186 1869__| 343,256 437,314 -94,058 | 36,003 14,133 +21,871 | 21,135 5,675 | 415,460, 286,118 275,167 | 10,951 417,506 -131,388 1868__| 375,737 371,625 +4,112 | 72,396 8,737 +63,659 | 21,388 5,451 | 415.937 281,953 269,390 | 12,563 357,436 —75,483 1867__| 855,375 417,832 —62,457 | 39,027 17,025 +22,002 | 21,842 5,046 | 416,796/ 294,506 279,787 | 14,719 395,761 -101,255 1866__| 434,904 445,512 -10, 1609 71,197 8,196 +63,001 | 14,847 2,504 | +12,343| 848,860 337,519 | 11,341 434,812 —85,952 1865_.| 233,673 248,556 —14,883 | 58,381 6,498 +51,883 9,262 3,312 +5,950| 166,029 136,940 | 29,089 238,746 -72,717 1864__| 264,235 329,563 —65,328 [100,662 11,177 +89,485 4,735 1,939 +2,796| 158,838 143,504 | 15,334 316,447 —157,609 1863..| 268,121 252,920 +15,201 | 62,163 5,531 +56 ,632 1,994 4,054 —2,060, 203,964 186,003 | 17,961 243,336 —39,372 1862_.| 227,558 205,772 +21,786 | 385,440 13,907 +21,533 1,448 2,508 —1,060{ 190,671 179,645 | 11,026 189,357 +1,314 1861__| 249,345 335,650 —86,305 | 27,424 42,292 —14,868 2,367 4,048 -—1,681| 219,554 204,900 | 14,654 289,311 —69,757 1860__| 400,122 362,166 +37,956 | 58,446 2,509 +55,937 8,100 6,041 +2,059| 333,576 316,242 | 17,334 353,616 —20,040 18569__ 356,789 338,768 +18,021 | 61,108 2,125 +58,983 2,779 5,309 —2,530| 292,902 278,892 | 14,510 331,333 —38,431 1858__| 324,644 282,613 +42,031 | 50,003 11,566 +-38,437 2,630 7,708 —5,078| 272,011 251,351 | 20,660 263,339 +8,672 1857__ 862,961 360,890 +2,071 | 65,233 6,655 +58,578 3,904 5,807 —1,903| 293,824 278,907 | 14,917 348,428 —54,604 1856..| 326,965 314,640 +12,325 | 45,001 990 —+44,011 745 3,217 —2,472] 281,219 66,438 | 14,781 310,432 —29,213 See footnotes on next page. 244 FOREIGN TRADE Data: M 42-55 Series M 42-55.—FOREIGN TRADE—VALUE OF EXPORTS AND IMPORTS: 1790 TO 1945—Con. [ In thousands of dollars | | TOTAL, MERCHANDISE, GOLD SILVER MERCHANDISE ? GOLD, AND SILVER Exports and reexports Excess of Excess of ig = = g i ; YEAR! exports exports xports eneral exports Exports | Imports (Hor Exports 2| Imports (Por Exports ?| Imports iD. lil of U.S Be imports or imports imports (—) imports (—) Re merchan- | exports (-) ! dise { 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 1855..| 275,157 261,469 +13,688 | 55,109 1,093 +54,016 1,138 2,567 | —1,429 218,910 192,752 | 26,158 257,809 -38,899 1854__| 278,325 304,562 —26,237 | 40,470 3,032 +37,438 727 3,727 | -3,000 237,044 215,329 | 21,715 297,804 —60,760 1853..| 230,976 267,979 —37,002 | 25,443 2,427 +23,016 2,044 1,774 +270 203,489 189,869 | 13,620 263,777 —60,288 1852..| 209,658 212,945 —3,287 | 40,074 3,658 +36,416 2,600 1,847 +753 166,984 154,931 | 12,053 207,440 —40,456 1851..| 218,388 216,225 +2,163 | 22,830 3,569 +19,261 6,636 1,884 | 44,752 188,915 178,620 | 10,295 210,771 -21,856 1850..f 151,899 178,138 —26,240 4,561 1,777 +2,784 2,962 2,852 +110 144,376 134,901 9,475 173,510 —29,134 1849. _| 145,756 147,857 -2,102 1,972 4,069 —-2,097 3,432 2,583 +849 140,351 131,710 8,641 141,206 —855 1848__| 154,032 154,999 —-967 | 11,071 3,409 +7,662 4,770 2,952 | +1,818 138,191 130,204 7,987 148,639 —10,448 1847._| 158,649 146,546 +12,103 1,038 21,575 -20,537 869 2,546 | —1,667 156,742 150,575 6,167 122,424 +34,318 1846.__| 113,489 121,692 —8,203 2,053 910 +1,143 1,852 2,867 | —1,015 109,583 101,718 7,865 117,914 —8,331 1845. 114,647 117,255 —2,608 3,053 819 +2,234 5,651 3,251 | 42,300 106,040 98,455 7,585 113,184 7,144 1844. | 111,200 108,435 +2,765 1,366 1,613 —247 4,088 4,217 —129 105,746 99,532 6,214 102,605 +3,141 18436. 84,346 64,754 +19,593 408 17,066 —16,658 1,113 5,254 | —4,141 82,826 77,687 5,139 42,433 -+40,393 1842.1 104,692 100,162 +4,529 2,305 757 +1,548 2,509 3,330 —821 “99,878 91,799 8,079 96,075 +3,801 1841... 121,852 127,946 —6,094 3,590 1,269 +2,321 6,444 3,719 | 42,725 111,817 103, 1636 8,181 122,958 —11,143 1840__. 132,086 107,142 +24,944 3,703 3,085 +618 4,714 5,798 | —1,084 123,669 111,661 | 12,008 98,259 +25,410 1839..' 121,028 162,092 —41,064 4,801 1,165 +3,636 3,976 4,431 —455 112,252 101,626 | 10,626 156,497 —44,245 1838..! 108,487 113,717 -5,251 1,213 11,675 —10,462 2,295 6,072 | -8,777 104,979 95,561 9,418 95,970 +9,009 1837.1 117,419 140,989 —23,570 3,214 2,432 +782 2,763 8,085 | —5,322 111,443 94,281 | 17,162 130,473 —19,030 1836._.' 128,663 189,980 -61,317 647 7,232 —6,585 3,677 6,169 | —2,492 124,339 106,571 | 17,768 176,579 —52,240 1835. _| 121,694 149,896 —28,202 1,355 2,325 —970 5,122 | 10,806 | —5,684 115,216 100,460 | 14,756 136,764 —21,548 1834__! 104,337 126,521 —22,184 690 3,766 —3,076 1,387 | 14,145 | —12,758 102,260 80,623 | 21,637 108,610 —6,350 1833__! 90,140 108,118 -17,978 890 612 +278 1,722 6,459 | —4,737 87,529 69,951 | 17,578 101,048 -13,519 1832__! 87,177 101,029 —13,852 2,049 717 +1,332 3,607 5,191 | —1,584 81,521 61,727 | 19,794 95,122 —13,601 1831. 81, "311 103,191 -—21,881 2,980 932 +2,048 6,035 6,374 —339 72,296 59,219 | 18,077 95,885 —23,589 1830... 73,850 70,877 +2,973 1,423 821 +602 756 7,835 | —6,579 71,671 58,525 | 13,146 62,721 +8,950 1829. 72,359 74,493 —-2,134 1,573 817 +756 3,351 6,587 | —3,236 67,435 55,088 | 12,347 67,089 +346 1828. _ 72,265 88,510 —16,245 1,635 808 +827 6,608 6,682 —-74 64,021 49,976 | 14,045 81,020 —16,999 1827... 82,325 79,484 +2,841 1,872 1,110 +762 6,142 7,041 —899 74,310 57,878 | 16,432 71,333 +2,977 1826.__ 77,595 84,974 -7,379 1,056 679 +377 3,648 6,202 | —2,554 72,891 52,450 | 20,441 8, 1094 -5,203 1825. . 99,535 96,340 +3,195 316 529 —213 8,481 5,621 | 42,860 90,738 66,944 | 28,794 90,189 +549 1824. 75,987 80,548 —4,561 (7 M (M 7,015 | 78,379 |7—1,364 68,972 50,649 | 18,323 72,169 -8,197 1823. . 74,699 77,579 —2,880 (7) M M 76,373 | 75,098 | 7+1,275 68,326 47,155 | 21,171 72,481 —4,155 1822. 72,160 83,242 —11,081 (7 0M M 710,810 | 73,370 (747,440 61,350 49,874 | 11,476 79,872 —18,522 1821.__ 65,074 62,586 +2,489 ™ ™ ™ 710,478 | 78,065 | 742,413 54,596 43,672 | 10,924 54,521 +175 MERCHANDISE 3 MERCHANDISE 3 ! Exports or reexports Exess of . Exports and reexports Excess of YEAR expo YEAR exports oral [ERE Re | immperis | (Her Tota |EROBO | Re | Sports | (Her 0 . S. mer- impo 0 . S. mer- imports chandise Xports (=) chandise exports po 51 52 53 54 55 51 52 53 54 55 69,692 51,684 18,008 77,699 41,467 36,232 85,000 -17,801 70,143 50,977 19,166 55,800 42,206 13,594 64,667 —8,867 93,281 73,854 19,427 71,957 36,182 85,775 76,333 —4,876 87,672 68,314 19,858 93,021 46,878 46,643 111, 1364 —18,843 81,920 64,782 17,188 70,972 31,841 39,131 91,258 ~20,951 —40! 52,558 45,975 6,583 113,041 78,666 33,143 45,523 79,069 6,927 6,782 145 12,965 61,327 | 1,28,327 33,000 68,552 —-17,225 27,856 25,008 2,848 22,005 51,295 24,295 27,000 75,379 | —24,084 88,527 30,032 8,495 77,030 58,576 82,275 26, 1300 81,436 | —22,861 61,317 45,294 16,023 58,400 +» 1917 47,990 39,501 8,489 69,756 | —21,766 66,758 42,367 24,391 85,400 | —18,642 33,044 26,518 6,526 84,600 —1,556 52,203 81,405 20,798 59,400 -7,197 26,110 24,000 2,110 31,100 —4,990 22,431 9,434 12,997 56,990 | —84,559 20,753 19,000 1,753 31,500 | —10,747 108,343 48,699 59,644 | 188,500 | —30,157 19,012 18,500 512 29,200 | —10,188 101, 1587 41,254 60,283 129,410 | —27,873 3790: oc vnc nnncen 20,208 [.ccnovecoefumssnmssios 28,000 -2,795 95,566 42,387 53,179 | 120,600 | —25,0384 1 Fiscal years ending Sept. 80, 1790-1842; June 80, 1848-1915; calendar years +-666,897; series M 45, 23, 3% series M 46, 307,030; series M 47, —288,187; series thereafter. M 48, 28,750; series M 49, 8.742; series M 50, +-10,008; series M 51, 1,852,868; 2 Prior to 1864 domestic exports of silver included with gold. Te, M 52, 1,820,398; 2 M 58, 82,470; series M 54, 912, 787; and series M 55 ! Figures include gold and silver prior to 1821. . ey : 5 Figures (in thousands of dollars) for 6-month period of July 1, 1915-Dec. 81, Period beginning Oct. 1, 1842, and ending June 50,1943. 1915, are as follows: Series M 42, 1,905,456; series M 43, 1,238,659; series M 44, ata shown under silver are for gold and silver. 245 Data: M 56-67 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND FOREIGN TRADE Series M 56-67.—FOREIGN TRADE—VALUE OF MERCHANDISE EXPORTS AND IMPORTS, BY ECONOMIC CLASSES: 1821 TO 1945 [ In thousands of dollars. See headnote for series M 42-55, p. 243] EXPORTS OF U. S. MERCHANDISE IMPORTS 3 Manu- Semi- Finished Manu- Semi- Finished (EAR! Total ae f de factured manu- manu- Total hc f Cae, factured manu- manu- 7 foodstuffs 2| factures factures erials | 1oodstulls |¢,odstuffs | factures | factures 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 9,588,514 874,574 431,684 |1,246,057 782,103 | 6,254,097 14,074,784 |1,163,969 693,137 461,524 928,486 827,668 14,161,544 553,962 133,826 (1,632,605 [1,096,674 (10,744,477 (3,877,895 {1,068,578 841,348 520,979 706,235 740,755 -|12,841,542 661,782 109,067 |1,550,739 [1,089,400 | 9,430,557 3,389,951 [1,037,237 584,227 421,157 677,506 669,826 8,003,642 418,013 67,838 925,227 918,631 | 5,673,932 2,769,285 {1,049,682 348,576 274,507 639,506 457,015 5,019,877 355,427 83,578 418,457 777,756 | 3,384,659 [3,221,954 [1,376,440 376,179 322,058 724,226 423,051 3,934,181 455,766 74,018 166,871 907,934 | 2,329,590 |2,540,656 [1,010,841 285,066 277,444 558,606 408,699 3,123,343 544,543 110,757 202,453 598,608 | 1,666,982 (2,276,099 744,860 290,839 313,336 486,766 440,297 3,057,169 606,705 248,986 184,124 494,351 | 1,523,003 |1,949,624 576,449 260,117 310,539 384,964 417,555 3,298,929 731,195 104,506 177,744 668,936 | 1,616,548 |3,009,852 971,061 413,312 440,056 634,174 551,250 2,418,969 669,924 58,144 143,798 393,003 | 1,154,100 |2,423,977 732,965 348,682 386,240 490,238 465,852 2,243,081 682,952 58,751 157,211 349,858 994,308 |2,038,905 582,443 322,327 318,828 409,690 | 406,617 2,100,135 652,752 59,032 167,677 341,837 878,839 [1,636,003 460,617 254,314 263,547 307,302 350,223 1,647,220 590,566 48,366 154,608 237,041 616,639 [1,449,559 418,151 215,700 201,483 292,005 322,220 1,576,151 513,659 89,419 152,118 196,727 624,228 |1,322,774 358,325 232,964 173,927 216,967 340,591 2,377,982 566,791 127,072 246,814 317,647 | 1,119,657 |2,090,635 642,173 304,828 222,316 372,043 549,275 3,781,172 829,098 178,533 362,650 512,802 | 1,898,089 |3,060,908 [1,002,161 400,125 293,448 608,153 757,021 5,157,083 [1,142,352 269,590 484,304 729,013 | 2,531,823 [4,399,361 [1,558,620 538,560 423,622 885,051 993,508 5,030,099 |1,293,257 294,677 465,811 716,852 | 2,260,002 [4,091,444 [1,466,734 549,892 405,814 762,831 906,173 4,758,864 (1,192,776 421,107 463,299 699,727 | 1,981,955 |4,184,742 |1,600,809 504,686 450,849 749,801 878,597 4,711,721 |1,261,325 335,063 503,005 655,547 | 1,956,781 |4,430,888 [1,792,292 539,818 417,817 804,333 876,628 4,818,722 |1,422,058 317,894 573,753 661,683 | 1,843,334 [4,226,589 [1,748,065 494,800 432,906 755,085 795,733 4,497,649 |1,332,746 392,691 573,492 610,668 | 1,588,052 [3,609,963 {1,258,256 424,873 521,600 655,888 749,346 4,090,715 |1,208,468 257,478 583,292 563,718 | 1,477,759 [3,792,066 (1,406,797 363,032 530,208 720,729 771,300 3,765,091 988,456 458,611 587,987 437,730 | 1,292,307 |3,112,747 |1,179,894 329,809 387,419 552,677 662,947 4,378,928 983,553 673,334 685,025 410,167 | 1,626,849 |2,509,148 858,858 300,181 368,311 361,747 620,051 8,080,481 |1,882,530 917,991 |1,116,605 958,497 | 8,204,858 |5,278,481 |1,783,534 577,627 (1,238,139 802,456 876,725 7,749,816 |1,623,085 678,363 |1,962,616 922,246 | 2,563,505 3,904,365 {1,701,057 545,301 55,808 608,996 493,203 6,047,875 972,107 547,436 (1,405,820 [1,053,270 | 2,069,242 |3,031,213 (1,288,697 345,653 397,370 649,585 404,908 6,169,617 832,827 508,762 806,941 [1,315,242 | 2,705,845 |2,952,468 (1,286,079 885,725 351,553 536,663 392,448 5,422,642 815,693 421,284 648,039 912,262 | 2,625,364 |2,391,635 1,029,358 260,132 338,707 417,860 345,578 2,716,178 591,282 506,993 454,575 355,862 807,466 |1,674,170 591,462 223,930 285,725 237,176 835,877 2,329,684 799,838 137,495 293,219 374,224 724,908 [1,893,926 649,740 247,948 227,644 319,276 449,318 2,428,506 740,290 181,907 321,204 408,807 776,297 [1,813,008 649,438 211,747 194,243 349,402 408,179 2,170,320 731,164 99,899 318,839 348,150 672,268 |1,653,265 573,048 230,358 196,101 293,789 360,019 2,013,549 720,611 103,402 282,017 309,152 598,368 [1,527,226 524,817 181,195 172,006 287,786 361,422 1,710,084 574,015 109,828 259,260 267,766 499,215 [1,556,947 577,743 144,777 181,566 285,138 367,723 1,638,356 528,691 135,694 802,555 231,144 440,272 1,311,920 460,901 164,111 165,701 222,102 299,106 1,834,786 563,197 189,052 331,962 261,106 489,470 [1,194,342 373,889 145,578 147,009 196,248 331,618 1,853,718 600,540 167,348 845,707 259,442 480,681 |1,434,421 487,728 149,748 158,656 274,096 364,193 1,717,954 507,328 177,216 347,385 226,211 459,813 |1,226,562 423,789 134,315 140,358 220,299 307,801 1,491,745 478,518 118,185 283,065 209,926 402,050 |1,117,5138 395,826 146,131 145,356 177,828 252,372 1,435,179 466,984 135,747 308,836 174,877 348,735 991,087 827,549 132,224 118,223 160,234 252,858 1,392,232 415,543 185,308 323,245 140,667 327,469 1,025,719 336,388 119,203 116,620 195,751 257,757 1,355,482 387,711 184,786 328,832 132,206 321,947 903,321 308,613 120,280 95,350 147,656 231,421 1,460,463 | 411,377 | 245,836 | 837,153 148,351 317,746 | 823,172 | 254,164 110,385 125,541 127,577 | 205,505 1,370,764 340,139 225,906 319,696 153,276 331,747 849,941 281,649 97,916 133,028 134,222 203,126 1,203,931 285,887 232,903 304,755 117,730 262,657 697,148 213,297 98,933 123,448 91,954 169,516 1,210,292 295,775 305,109 284,880 101,991 222,537 616,050 193,660 103,985 86,091 79,289 153,025 1,032,008 304,291 181,421 235,052 98,284 212,959 764,730 200,771 128,380 129,245 88,490 217,844 863,201 257,227 128,551 219,413 76,220 181,789 779,725 203,205 130,002 118,806 101,071 226,640 798,393 269,294 99,145 219,090 62,254 143,610 731,970 187,537 141,377 107,026 96,487 199,543 869,206 283,357 133,197 249,846 67,145 135,659 654,995 134,643 133,310 155,349 82,895 148,798 831,031 251,669 153,278 247,075 49,071 129,938 866,401 216,624 131,664 153,739 135,609 228,765 1,015,732 319,761 262,456 250,439 50,284 132,792 827,402 194,776 175,559 139,795 112,729 204,544 872,270 851,358 106,156 226,448 47,961 140,350 844,916 192,531 150,639 147,722 136,446 217,578 845,294 309,482 132,073 224,757 46,455 132,527 789,310 179,889 128,480 133,332 116,924 230,686 730,282 291,034 98,847 174,504 42,713 123,184 745,132 172,184 123,131 122,254 115,080 212,483 683,862 273,553 86,368 169,872 40,176 113,893 723,957 163,998 116,087 111,048 121,605 211,219 703,023 ,634 125,454 175,785 36,732 112,418 692,320 151,363 106,362 111,715 120,080 202,800 665,965 256,811 100,800 162,689 84,038 111,627 635,436 144,745 91,589 112,771 91 ,539 194,792 726,683 | 251,299 123,327 | 201,801 39,437 110,819 577,527 120,446 93,346 102,938 78,255 182,543 724,965 243,892 130,396 194,703 37,801 118,173 667,698 131,439 103,011 130,778 94,698 207,771 804,223 294,190 163,196 186,393 37,996 122,448 723,181 146,261 93,091 142,128 98,755 242,946 733,240 238,228 155,009 178,003 37,165 124,835 724,640 142,913 104,948 139,438 98,624 238,717 883,926 280,618 241,642 226,387 32,821 102,458 642,665 125,281 102,487 123,380 87,791 203,726 823,946 242,666 266,109 193,353 29,044 92,774 667,955 142,166 100,297 118,125 110,780 196,587 698,341 202,160 188,527 174,231 30,169 103,254 445,778 80,996 82,284 102,660 49,692 130,146 680,709 216,496 154,810 170,277 28,685 110,441 437,052 79,331 84,400 102,035 46,501 124,785 589,670 204,745 90,637 150,101 31,514 112,673 451,323 76,423 86,134 114,579 48,532 125,655 525,582 | 203,875 94,182 121,616 81,459 74,451 460,741 77,848 94,187 91,927 51,087 145,692 499,284 207,952 79,078 110,293 27,458 74,503 533,005 88,538 90,019 113,146 63,412 177,891 569,433 229,101 119,143 114,039 26,026 81,125 567,406 89,178 94,264 119,618 71,913 192,432 505,043 233,287 69,853 100,858 24,977 76,059 642,136 107,959 83,364 122,064 96,642 232,108 428,487 198,379 59,357 84,358 21,087 65,307 626,595 102,568 76,745 121,747 87,607 237,929 428,399 223,526 48,601 66,863 13,858 75,551 520,224 77,668 63,618 103,226 72,228 - | 203,483 See footnotes on next page. 246 FOREIGN TRADE Series M 56-67.—FOREIGN TRADE—VALUE OF MERCHANDISE EXPORTS AND IMPORTS, BY ECONOMIC CLASSES: 1821 TO 1945—Con. [ In thousands of dollars] Data: M 56-7 EXPORTS OF U.S. MERCHANDISE IMPORTS * Manu- Semi- Finished Manu- Semi- Finished Crude Crude Crude Crude YEAR } Total | : factured manu- manu- Total : factured manu- manu- " materials | foodstuffs \;, qstuffs 3| factures | factures materials | foodstuffs |p, actus of factures | factures 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 376,616 213,803 41,853 50,920 13,712 56,329 435,958 56,612 54,081 96,082 55,569 178,615 275,167 145,032 25,42) 43,679 13,888 47,139 417,506 50,302 52,925 95,073 62,651 156,555 269,390 132,668 34,578 42,191 17,018 42,935 357,436 40,970 51,720 77,879 53,435 133,432 279,787 166,549 20,609 34,058 15,065 43,505 395,761 43,494 50,697 65,387 55,666 180,516 337,578 228,426 16,819 40,684 12,357 39,231 434,812 47, 1692 60,669 72,482 55,841 198,128 136,940 34,213 13,975 47,981 10,650 30,121 238,746 29,537 35,137 48,031 29,902 96,138 143,504 28,870 24,519 54,909 9,861 25,345 316,447 39,900 44,258 51,558 52,281 128,450 186,004 29,950 45,166 66,048 11,393 33,447 243,336 47,556 30,455 35,168 35,149 95,009 179,644 18,456 55,893 70,250 8,126 26,918 189,357 32,824 32,495 34,566 23,774 65,698 204,900 58,463 48,796 53,736 8,401 35,504 289,311 30,504 40,177 53,743 82,614 132,273 316,242 216,998 12,166 38,625 12,642. 85,811 353,616 39,691 45,744 59,838 34,899 172,129 278,392 190,114 10,147 32,437 10,672 35,023 331,333 38,649 43,871 57,339 40,424 151,051 251,351 155,248 17,545 38,534 9,866 30,158 263,339 34,372 35,634 45,830 31,013 116,490 278,907 158,052 31,207 48,559 11,037 30,052 348,428 34,394 40,600 71,671 38,649 163,114 266,438 145,375 28,578 53,325 8,041 31,118 310,432 27,184 39,122 46,308 40,794 157,025 192,751 108,685 10,920 33,009 11,304 28,833 257,809 27,056 32,935 34,138 34,720 128,959 $213,985 107,590 22,158 46,688 10,878 26,677 297,804 22,816 25,088 32,671 44,681 172,597 189,869 124,292 8,019 26,620 6,451 24,488 263,777 18,175 26,155 32,857 42,377 144,213 154,931 100,687 7,237 19,837 6,075 21,095 207,440 13,564 23,967 29,123 21,103 119,683 178,620 124,519 5,396 19,702 6,203 22,799 210,771 16,719 19,749 29,261 26,982 118,060 134,900 84,124 7,536 20,017 6.061 17,162 173,510 12,556 18,012 21,466 26,163 95,312 111,661 75,735 4,565 15,936 4,841 10,584 98,259 12,140 15,273 15,189 11,359 44,300 58,525 36,665 2,724 9,557 4,118 5,462 62,721 4,797 7,382 9,654 5,152 35,735 51,684 31,331 2,475 10,085 4,867 2,925 54,521 2,540 6,082 10,821 4,079 80,999 1 Fiscal year ending Sept. 30 1821-1840; June 30, 1850-1915; calendar years thereafter. 2 Includes beverages. 3 Import data are ‘“‘general imports’ through 1932, thereafter. “imports for consumption” 4 Imports for consumption (in thousands of dollars) are as follows: Series M 62, 1,433,013; series M 63, 419,632; series M 64, 215,490; series M 65, 191,196; series M 66, 289,612; and series M 67, 317,083. Series M 68-74.—FOREIGN TRADE—VALUE OF MERCHANDISE IMPORTS AND DUTIES ON THEM: 1821 TO 1945 [ Figures are for merchandise imports entered for consumption ] 5 Figures (in thousands of dollars) for 6-month period July 1, 1915-Deec. 31, 1915 are as follows: Series M 56, 1,820,393; series M 57, 303,228; Joris M 58, 157 897; series M 59, 292,720; series M 60, 268, 002; series M 61, 7 912,787; series M 63, 378,446; series M 64, 130,398; series M ‘85, 113 ,441; serie’ M 66, 143,752; and series M 67, 146,750. o Brludes exports from San Francisco valued at $1,843,064. 98,546; series M 62 RATIO OF DUTIES RATIO OF DUTIES YatuzEs Duties CALCULATED Amount hi Duties CALCULATED Amount calons TO TOTAL duties alons TO TOTAL duties YEAR ! Total Free | Dutiable | lated [Free and g De YEAR ! Total Free |Dutiable| lated |pree and : per dutiable [Dutiable| capita Free and Dutiable| capita 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 dollars dollars dollars dollars | Percent | Percent | Dollars dollars dollars | dollars | dollars | Percent | Percent | Dollars A945 4,086,017|2,737,261(1,348,756(380,827 9.32 28.24 22.68 1,547,109|761,353 (785,756 |326,562 21.11 41.56 3.52 1944. - ..-- 3,877,895|2,708,391(1,169,504| 367,286 9.47 31.41 312.61 1,281,642(509,376 (682,266 [294,667 22.99 43.19 3.23 1948. ..- 8,389,951(2,192,702(1,197,249| 392,368 11.57 82.77 22.82 1,183,121(525,705 (657,416 [282,583 23.88 42.98 3.15 1942... .. 2,769,285|1,767,592(1,001,693| 320,117 11.56 31.96 22.33 1,415,402(641,953 |773,449 (329,480 23.28 42.60 3.75 1941... 3,221,954/2,030,919(1,191,035|437,750 | 13.59 | 36.75 | 23.23 1.213,418(548.696 [664.722 [293.910 | 24.22 | 44.22 3.40 1940... .- 2,540,656(1,648,965| 891,691(317,711 12.51 35.63 22.87 1,087,118|517,073 |570,045 [258,426 23.77 45.33 3.05 1939. ....- 2,276,099(1,397,280| 878,819|328,034 14.41 37.33 2.46 81,823|454,153 [527,669 |258,161 26.29 48.92 3.11 1938... 1,949,624(1,182,696| 766,929|301,375 15.46 39.30 2.28 1,007,960|437,291 (570,669 [280,752 27.86 49.20 3.45 1937..-unu 3,009,852(1,765,248(1,244,605(470,509 15.63 37.80 3.59 899,794(396,542 |503,252 (251,453 27.95 49.97 3.15 19836.....- 2,423,977|1,384,937|1,039,040| 408,127 16.84 39.28 3.13 807,763|339,093 (468,670 (233,556 28.91 49.83 2.96 1985. .--.- 2,038,905 1,205,987 832,918|357,163 17.52 42.88 2.76 830,519(366,760 |463,759 (229,361 27.62 49.46 3.02 10834: .... 1,636,003) 991,161| 644,842(301,168 18.41 46.70 2.34 685,442(299,669 (385,773 (202,072 29.48 52.38 2.72 1088... ... 1,433,013( 903,547| 529,466(283,681 19.80 53.58 2.22 587,154|291,534 [295,620 | 145,438 24.717 49.20 1.99 1932. -.- 1,3825,093| 885,536] 439,557(259,600 19.59 59.06 2.05 789,251|381,902 (407,349 [172,760 21.89 42.41 2.41 1981. ....- 2,088,455|1,391,693| 696,762|370,771 17.75 53.21 2.94 759,694(368,898 (390,797 [157,014 20.67 40.18 2.28 1930... 3,114,076/|2,081,123(1,032,954| 461,790 14.83 44.71 3.69 731,162(376,890 354,272 (149,451 20.44 42.19 2.17 2,880,128|1,458,444|584,771 13.48 40.10 4.74 630,108(372,462 |257,646 |129,559 20.56 50.29 1.92 2,678,633|1,399,304| 542,270 13.30 38.76 4.45 832,733(432,450 (400,283 (199,144 23.91 49.75 3.00 «jd, 2,680,059(1,483,031| 574,839 13.81 38.76 4.79 804,298|448,771 [355,527 (174,124 21.65 48.98 2.67 4,408,076(2,908,107(1,499,969| 590,045 13.39 39.34 4.98 845,483(379,028 |466,455 (216,886 25.65 46.50 3.40 -|4,176,218|2,708,828|1,467,391| 551,853 13.21 37.61 4.73 765,709(258,187 |507,572 [226,540 29.59 44.63 8.60 -18,575,111|2,118,168(1,456 ,943| 532,286 14.89 36.53 $3 734,681|249,824 (484,857 (220,577 30.02 45.49 3.60 -13.731,769|2,165,148|1,566 ,621| 566 ,664 15.18 36.17 .00 707,091(238,948 |468,144 (216,042 30.55 46.15 3.60 3.,073,773|1,888,240(1,185,533| 451,356 14.68 38.07 4.05 679,645(229,319 |450,325 (214,222 31.52 47.67 3.65 2,556,869|1,564,278| 992,591|292,397 11.44 29.46 2.66 624,049(210,271 |413,778 [189,410 30.85 45.78 3.30 5,101,823(3,115,958(|1,985,865| 325,646 6.38 16.40 3.03 579,336|192,443 (386,892 | 178,152 30.75 46.05 3.17 3,827,683(2,711,462(1,116,221| 237,456 6.20 21.27 2.24 667,752|211,089 |456,662 | 190,283 28.50 41.67 3.47 2,951,531/2,228,675| 722,856|170,934 5.79 23.65 1.64 701,220(206,868 (494,352 (210,637 30.04 42.61 3.92 2,919,291/2,140,947| 778,344|204,585 7.01 26.28 1,99 716,717|210,672 |506,045 (216,139 30.16 42.71 4.12 2,358,612|1,614,842| 743,770(214,214 9.08 | 28.80 2.11 650,618(202,294 448,325 [193,801 | 29.79 | 43.23 3.78 1,648,386(1,032,864| 615,523(205,947 12.49 33.46 2.06 627,526(207,773 |419,754 (182,748 29.12 43.54 3.64 1,906,400(1,152,392| 754,008|283,719 14.88 37.63 2.87 439,873(142,803 (297,070 (133,395 30.33 44.90 2.78 1,766,689| 986,972] 779,717|312,510 17.69 40.08 3.21 438,613(141,250 [297,368 [127,195 29.00 42.11 2.67 1,640,723| 881,513] 759,210/504,899 18.58 40.16 3.18 439,824(140,494 (299,329 [128,428 29.20 42.91 2.77 1,527,946) 776,964 750,982|309,966 20.29 41.27 3.28 464,524(140,191 [324,333 [145,179 31.25 44.76 8.22 See footnotes on next page. 373374 O - 56 - 17 247 Data: M 68-86 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND FOREIGN TRADE Series M 68-74.—FOREIGN TRADE—VALUE OF MERCHANDISE IMPORTS AND DUTIES ON THEM: 1821 TO 1945—Con. |Figures are for merchandise imports entered for consumption |] RATIO OF DUTIES RATIO OF DUTIES Vanes Duties CALCULATED Amon yaLuEs Duties CALCULATED Amonns calcu- TO TOTAL _— | calcu- TO TOTAL e8 YEAR ! lated Yi ita YEAR ! lated 2 Total Free | Dutiable Free and |p, coq D! Total Free |Dutiable] Free andlp ooo caps dutiable dutiable [Putiable 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 dollars dollars dollars dollars | Percent | Percent | Dollars dollars dollars | dollars | dollars | Percent | Percent | Dollars 526,433 146,293] 380,140|154,555 29.36 40.66 3.51 116,258 | 15,839 (100,419 | 28,138 24.20 28.02 1.33 567,500) 151,375 416,126|160,522 28.29 38.58 3.76 110,049 | 18,647 | 91,401 | 30,485 27.70 33.35 1.48 662,877 177,721| 485,155/184,929 27.90 38.12 4.43 559,660 46,865] 512,795(212,619 37.99 41.46 5.24 105,600 | 15,665 | 89,935 | 30,979 29.34 34.45 1.56 499,700 40,037| 459,663(202,447 40.51 44.04 5.12 96,391 | 16,685 | 79,706 | 29,396 30.50 36.88 1.53 37,294 | 11,571 | 25,723 7,509 20.18 29.19 0.40 426,346 20,214 406,132|191,514 44:89 47.13 4.96 87,996 | 23,346 | 64,650 | 16,686 18.96 25.81 0.91 394,449 21,693] 372,757/176,558 44.76 47.37 4.68 114,776 | 57,078 | 57,698 | 19, 1941 17.37 34.56 1.13 344,809 15,148| 329,661/160,533 46.56 48.70 4.34 378,159 17,033| 361,126/168,504 44.56 46.66 4.65 86,250 | 42,111 | 44,140 | 15,179 17.60 34.39 0.88 423,471 57,121 366,349|177,057 41.81 48.33 4.96 145,871 | 65,188 | 80,683 | 25,632 17.57 31.77 1.55 86,553 | 38,162 | 48,391 | 19,999 23.11 41.33 1.24 209,657 40,097| 169,559| 80,635 38.46 47.56 2.33 118,311 | 50,977 | 62,333 | 18,192 16.05 29.19 1.16 301,113 38,163! 262,951| 96,466 82.04 36.69 2.83 158,811 | 70,121 | 88,691 | 30,992 19.51 34.94 2.04 225,875 30,027) 195,349) 63,729 28.28 32.62 1.91 . 178,330 49,843 128,487| 46,509 26.08 36.20 1.42 122,008 | 57,796 | 64,212 | 25,931 21.25 40.38 1.75 274,656 67,421 207,235) 39,038 14.21 18.84 1.22 86,973 | 39,725 | 47,249 | 18,988 21.83 40.19 1.32 83,470 | 20,212 | 63,258 | 24,196 28.99 38.25 1.73 336,282 68,391] 267,891 52,692 15.67 19.67 1.68 75,328 6,997 | 68,331 | 29,356 38.97 42.96 2.16 316,823 66,856] 249,967 48,895 15.43 19.56 1.59 82,808 5,508 | 77, 1300 36,623 44.23 47.38 2.1 242,678 55,293| 187,385| 42,047 17.33 22.44 1.41 333,511) 49,942| 283,569| 63,665 | 19.09 | 22.45 2.20 49,575 | 8,512 | 46,064 | 28,417 57.82 | 61.69 2.21 295,651 49,603) 246,047| 64,084) 21.68 26.05 2.28 54,742 3,482 | 51,260 | 27,770 50.73 54.17 2.22 66,976 4,012 | 62,963 | 29,966 44.74 47.59 2.46 231,650 29,914| 201,736] 54,120 23.36 26.83 1.99 54,901 2,890 | 52,011 | 27,962 50.93 53.76 2.38 276,088) 22,553| 253,535) 64,932 | 23.52 | 25.61 2.46 57,653 | 4,650 | 53,002 | 26,108 | 45.28 | 49.26 2.28 250,157 24,733] 225,425 58,468 23.37 25.94 2.28 195,387 21,650| 173,738| 47,578 24.35 27.38 1.92 66,396 3,708 | 62,688 | 31,683 47.72 50.54 2.84 200,476 17,911) 182,565) 48,626 | 24.26 | 26.63 2.03 53,847 | 8,083 | 50,763 | 25,516 | 47.39 50.26 2.36 : 51,311 | 2,627 | 48,684 | 22,416 | 43.69 | 46.04 2.13 164,084 15,982] 148,052| 40,182 | 24.50 | 27.14 1.73 68,396 | 8,554 | 64,842 | 24,095 | 35.23 | 37.16 2.36 132,565 13,711 118,854| 31,028 23.41 26.11 1.38 43,696 1,781 | 41,966 | 18,883 43.21 45.00 1.90 140,652 14,946) 125,706 33,034 23.49 26.28 1.51 ! Fiscal years ending ae 80, 1821 to 1842; June 80, 1848 to 1915; calendar years 4 During the period from May 1, 1900, to July 25, 1901, merchandise brought thereafter beginning in 1916 from Puerto Rico was dutiable at 15 percent of regular rates. The duties collected 2 Based on estimated Snalation of the U. S. including armed forces overseas. thereon were as follows: May 1, 1900, to June 30, 1900, $184,593.88; July 1, 1900 * Figures for 6-month period July 1, 1915-Dec. 31, 1915, are as follows: Series M fo July 25, 1901, $445,193.91. ou 0M y 5 Period beginning Oct. 1, 1842, and ending June 30, 1843. 68, $934,675,000; series M 69, $631, 384, 000; series 'M 70, $303,291,000; series M 71, $95,858,000; series M 72, 10.26 percent; series M 73, 31.61 percent; "and series M 74, $0 95. Series M 75-86.—FOREIGN TRADE—VALUE OF MERCHANDISE IMPORTS, FREE AND DUTIABLE, BY ECONOMIC CLASSES: 1821 TO 1945 |In thousands of dollars. See headnote for series M 42-55, p. 243] CRUDE MATERIALS CRUDE FOODSTUFFS MANUFACTURED SEMIMANUFACTURES FINISHED TOTAL AND FOOD ANIMALS FOODSTUFFS ? MANUFACTURES YEAR! Free Dutiable Free Dutiable Free Dutiable Free Dutiable Free Dutiable Free Dutiable 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 1945... ... -12,728,957 (1,850,827 725,110 | 438,859 | 501,384 191,753 | 253,312 | 208,212 | 666,150 | 262,336 578,001 | 249,667 1944. ___ -|2,708,391 (1,169,504 717,815 | 850,763 658,129 183,219 | 240,845 | 280,134 515,095 | 191,141 576,507 164,248 1943. -12,192,702 (1,197,249 683,686 | 353,550 | 437,939 146,288 69,647 | 351,510 | 497,648 179,858 503,782 166,043 1942. -|1,767,592 1,001,693 720,285 | 829,397 | 276,127 72,450 26,471 | 248,035 | 446,715 | 192,791 | 297,994 159,020 1941... ..... -|2,030,919 1,191,035 | 998,216 | 378,224 | 299,095 77,084 59,262 | 262,796 | 455,542 | 268,684 | 218 ,804 | 204,247 1940 1,648,965 | 891,691 795,082 | 215,810 | 226,439 58,627 64,561 | 212,883 | 360,007 | 198,598 | 202,926 | 205,773 1939 1,397,280 | 878,819 581,910 162,950 | 235,480 55,359 66,768 | 246,568 | 306,571 180,195 | 206,551 | 233,746 1938 1,182,696 | 766,929 | 446,428 130,021 | 219,434 40,682 65,196 | 245,843 | 266,422 118,542 185,215 | 232,340 1937 1,765,248 [1,244,605 | 752,637 | 218,424 | 274,873 138,438 91,630 | 348,425 | 431,938 | 202,236 | 214,169 | 337,081 1936... 1,384,937 (1,039,040 560, 1438 172,527 | 235,650 | 113,131 79,176 | 807,063 | 822,641 167,597 | 187,182 | 278,721 1935... 1,205,987 | 832,918 | 448,276 134,167 | 227,422 94,905 74,296 | 244,533 | 284,644 125,046 171,349 | 234,268 1934 1,161 644,842 | 345,395 115,222 | 209,404 44,910 78,793 184,754 | 212,145 95,157 145,424 | 204,799 1938 878,100 571,459 298,250 119,900 190,199 25,500 78,492 122,991 177,989 114,016 138,170 189,051 879,043 443,731 286,731 71,594 | 207,438 25,526 66,640 107,287 147,963 69,004 170,271 170,320 1931... 1,881,485 709,199 524,541 117,632 269,124 85,704 64,109 158,207 | 267,649 104,394 | 256,012 293,263 1930 2,051,110 (1,009,798 | 834,120 168,041 331,179 68,946 78,158 | 215,295 | 448,618 159,536 | 359,041 397,981 1929 2,843,354 |1,556,007 [1,289,317 | 269,303 | 443,372 95,188 82,375 | 841,247 | 630,586 | 254,465 | 897,704 | 595,804 1928 2,616,239 |1,475,205 |1,222,411 | 244,323 | 431,587 | 118,305 76,115 | 330,699 541,456 | 221,375 | 345,671 | 560,502 1927 2,621,873 |1,562,869 [1,815,237 | 285,572 | 392,971 111,715 75,698 | 875,151 527,187 | 222,614 | 310,780 567,817 1926 2,858,411 |1,577,477 [1,483,772 | 808,520 | 438,594 101,224 57,192 860,625 | 568,879 | 235,954 | 805,481 571,147 1925 -|2,651,266 (1,575,323 [1,400,083 | 347,982 | 892,942 101,858 72,171 | 360,735 517,010 | 238,075 | 269,060 | 526,673 1924 2,080,096 |1,529,867 | 977,635 | 280,621 | 335,741 89,132 62,044 | 459,556 | 462,898 192,989 | 241,778 507,568 1928 _12,135,942 (1,656,124 (1,091,393 | 315,404 | 279,222 83,810 52,164 | 478,044 | 471,775 | 248,954 | 241,388 529,912 1922 1,871,917 |1,240,830 | 963,150 | 216,744 | 249,600 80,209 43,115 | 844,304 | 370,871 181,806 | 245,181 417,767 1921.... -|1,562,292 | 946,856 750,640 108.219 | 253.708 46,477 53,604 | 314,707 | 236,458 125,289 | 267,887 | 352,164 See footnotes on next page. 248 FOREIGN TRADE Data: M 75-86 Series M 75-86.—FOREIGN TRADE—VALUE OF MERCHANDISE IMPORTS, FREE AND DUTIABLE, BY ECONOMIC CLASSES: 1821 TO 1945—Con. [In thousands of dollars ] MATERIALS CRUDE FOODSTUFFS MANUFACTURED SEMIMANUFACTURES FINISHED ToTal RUDE AND FOOD ANIMALS FOODSTUFFS ? MANUFACTURES Free Dutiable Free Dutiable Free Dutiable Free Dutiable Free Dutiable Free Dutiable YEAR! 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 3,117,010 (2,161,471 |1,551,570 231,964 513,117 64,510 124,314 |1,113,825 547,308 255,149 380,702 496,023 2,698,703 [1,205,662 |1,508,164 192,894 480,856 64,444 69,504 486,304 | 399,579 209,418 | 240,601 252,602 2,280,353 800,860 (1,092,837 140,860 | 283,535 62,118 91,724 | 305,646 561,448 88,137 200,809 204,099 2,135,552 816,916 11,169,041 117,088 | 316,965 68,759 59,255 | 292,298 422,021 114,642 168,270 224,178 1,611,887 779,748 922,045 107,312 216,570 43,562 37,401 301,306 299,265 118,595 136,606 208,972 1,033,527 | 640,643 517,034 74,428 196,763 27,167 51,073 | 234,652 161,781 75,396 106,876 229,001 -|1,127,503 766,423 560,000 89,740 | 201,868 46,080 37,202 190,443 200,925 118,350 127,508 321,810 987,524 825,484 519,103 130,334 179,829 31,917 10,889 183,854 180,580 168,822 97,122 311,057 881,671 771,594 453,931 119,117 180,127 50,231 16,629 179,471 153,258 140,481 77,725 | 282,294 776,972 750,254 409,671 115,145 147,262 33,932 12,339 159,668 142,773 145,013 64,928 296,495 755,311 801,636 443,951 133,792 113,681 31,095 9,391 172,176 128,295 161,843 64,993 302,730 599,557 712,363 334,957 125,944 131,621 32,490 5,177 160,524 95,079 127,023 32,723 266,384 525,603 668,739 282,943 90,946 116,510 29,068 5,469 141,540 84,721 111,528 35,961 295,657 644,030 790,391 366,164 121,564 125,047 24,701 4,105 154,551 116,722 157,374 31,992 332,201 549,624 676,938 312,290 111,499 114,305 20,010 3,349 137,009 91,172 129,126 28,508 279,294 517,442 600,071 292,921 102,905 126,254 19,877 3,317 142,039 71,061 106,767 23,890 228,482 454,130 536,957 249,998 77,552 110,481 21,742 3,328 114,895 65,558 94,676 24,765 228,092 426,181 599,538 249,276 87,112 86,622 32,581 3,417 113,203 67,258 128,493 19,609 238,149 396,819 506,502 233,242 75,371 90,287 29,993 3,068 92,283 51,138 96,519 19,084 212,336 339,609 483,563 191,155 63,009 80,961 29,424 2,817 122,724 44,700 82,877 19,976 185,530 367,237 482,704 212,820 ‘68,829 68,722 29,194 23,110 109,918 45,578 88,644 17,007 186,119 300,280 396,868 168,653 44,643 69,948 28,985 19,783 108,665 26,226 65,728 15,670 153,847 291,414 324,636 147,341 46,319 86,145 17,840 18,874 67,217 23,739 55,550 15,316 137,709 381,938 382,792 182,775 17,996 108,089 20,291 17,082 112,163 39,566 48,925 34,427 183,417 369,758 409,967 176,657 26,549 108,891 21,111 15,908 102,902 37,718 63,353 30,588 196,051 363,234 | 368,736 156,464 31,073 120,847 20,530 34,343 72,683 29,955 66,531 21,625 177,919 379,796 275,199 106,654 27,989 114,255 19,054 130,454 24,895 15,129 67,765 13,302 135,496 444,544 421,857 165,928 50,697 106,769 24,895 121,858 31,881 33,114 102,495 16,876 211,889 457,999 | 369,403 149,159 45,616 155,831 19,728 111,614 28,180 26,437 86,293 14,959 189,585 366,241 478,675 139,855 52,676 126,337 24,302 62,119 85,603 23,435 113,011 14,495 | 203,082 265,668 523,642 112,495 67,394 106,515 21,965 15,875 117,957 19,275 97,650 12,009 | 218,677 256,487 488,645 107,210 64,974 100,507 106,192 19,655 95,425 13,052 199,430 244,072 479,885 107,043 56,955 87,121 95,826 20,657 100,947 14,028 197,191 234,221 458,099 100,459 50,904 84,826 100,620 20,282 99,798 17,559 185,241 212,159 428,277 97,600 47,146 71,204 102,207 16,006 75,538 16,784 178,007 193,213 | 384,314 79,242 41,205 73,323 91,142 14,025 64,230 14,828 167,715 209,884 | 457,814 87,698 43,740 80,592 119,848 16,087 78,611 14,576 198,195 207,505 | 515,676 99,720 46,541 70,585 133,227 16,701 82,054 11,597 | 231,348 210,579 | 514,061 100,603 42,310 74,006 131,198 16,729 81,895 11,000 | 227,717 202,491 | 440,173 89,655 85,625 84,058 117,051 12,502 75,288 9,946 198,780 208,302 459,653 92,058 50,108 85,524 118,072 15,405 95,375 10,261 186,326 142,682 | 303,096 57,513 23,483 66,061 98,875 8,645 41,048 6,678 128,468 141,278 | 295,778 52,752 26,579 71,189 98,482 7,785 38,715 6,000 118,785 140,788 | 310,535 51,949 24,474 73,021 111,753 7,350 41,182 5,642 120,018 140,362 | 320,379 50,238 27,610 78,238 90,925 6,384 44,703 4,500 | 141,192 146,280 | 386,726 55,609 32,928 75,729 112,278 6,770 56,641 7,299 170,593 151,482 | 415,925 57,710 31,468 78,159 118,636 8,355 63,559 6,276 186,156 144,816 | 497,320 61,414 46,544 70,149 122,064 8,090 88,551 5,162 | 226,946 , 579,328 37,307 65,261 892 121,747 3,987 83,620 5,081 | 232,847 36,588 | 483,636 28,369 49,299 4200 103,226 4,075 68,153 3,944 199,540 20,141 | 415,818 13,582 43,030 199 96,082 2,518 53,051 3,842 169,773 21,647 | 395,860 10,272 40,030 78 95,073 9,220 53,431 2,076 154,479 15,191 | 842,246 7,225 88,748 |: .ioeesa 77,879 5,259 48,176 2,706 180,726 23,133 | 372,628 7,729 88,765. one 65,387 5,392 50,274 10,013 170,504 59,029 | 375,784 10,742 36,950 21,939 38,730 9,233 63,248 11,220 44,620 5,893 192,235 44,520 194,226 7,653 21,884 15,378 19,760 6,152 41,879 7,780 22,172 7,607 88,581 41,126 | 275,321 8,675 31,326 13,452 30,806 4,603 46,955 7,975 44,306 6,522 121,927 35,242 | 208,094 6,636 41,020 6,223 31,894 7,136 28,013 12,073 82,936 52,722 136,635 15,213 17,611 14,752 30,217 7,662 16,112 10,747 54,951 71,180 | 218,180 15,818 14,685 87,019 48,763 9,398 23,216 3,915 128,358 78,741 | 279,875 17,510 23,496 42,126 55,391 6,433 28,466 3,225 168,904 72,286 | 259,047 15,282 23,366 40,616 53,455 8,809 31,614 3,694 147,857 61,045 | 202,294 15,814 18,558 31,987 42,078 6,566 24,447 2,976 118,514 54,268 | 294,161 5,359 29,035 87,945 66,739 3,290 35,358 2,741 160,372 52,748 | 257,684 8,973 23,211 86,408 40,577 3,881 36,913 2,755 154,270 36,431 | 221,378 2,773 24,284 28,504 32,622 1,201 33,519 2,437 126,523 25,760 | 272,043 1,726 21,090 21,258 32,671 1,088 43,594 1,744 170,858 27,182 | 236,595 906 17,269 23,712 32,857 1,322 41,055 1,248 142,970 24,188 183,253 708 12,855 21,620 29,123 770 20,333 1,090 | 118,698 19,653 191,118 504 16,215 17,681 29,261 877 26,105 741 117,818 18,082 155,428 602 11,954 15,808 21,466 764 25,399 911 94,401 48,313 49,945 9,780 2,361 15,214 14,168 4,962 6,394 17,3837 26,968 4,590 58,131 8,348 1,450. |... ..... 9,654 1,211 3,942 31 85,708 2,017 52,503 1,475 1,006! [-cne=ccens 10,821 488 3,591 55 80,944 1 Fiscal years ending Sept. 80, 1821-1840; June 30, 1850-1915; calendar years M 178, 46,840; series M 79, 118,550; series M 80, 16,849; series M 81, 20,082, series thereafter beginning in 1916. M 82, 98,359; series M 83, 103,717; series M 84, 40,085; series M 85, 59,3883; series ? Includes beverages. M 86, 87,867. * Figures (in thousands, of dollars) for 6-month period July"1-Dec. 81, 1915, are { Estimated value of free fish. as follows: Series M 75, 628,837; series M 76, 283,950; series M 77, 832,105; series 5 Teas, coffee, and fruits transferred to free list in 1888 in tariff of 1882. 249 092 Series M 87-102—FOREIGN TRADE—VALUE OF MERCHANDISE EXPORTS AND IMPORTS BY DESTINATION AND ORIGIN: 1821 TO 1945 [In thousands of dollars. See headnote for series M 42-55, p. 248 | EXPORTS (INCLUDING REEXPORTS) GENERAL IMPORTS To North America From North America From YEAR ! Total To South To Europe| To Asia |To Oceania| To Africa Total |[———————| South fom From ron Som Northern | Southern : Northern | Southern | America urope 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 9,805,875 |1,215,660 725,938 645,491 |5,492,773 845,225 357,027 523,761 | 4,135,941 |1,152,636 751,499 962,332 397,349 407,171 169,165 295,789 -114,258,702 [1,480,619 625,938 540,277 19,344,199 995,782 410,484 861,404 | 3,919,270 (1,279,919 757,830 922,813 285,274 321,940 130,305 221,189 12,964,906 (1,478,562 543,998 411,480 (7,617,046 837,541 568,927 11,507,353 | 3,381,349 (1,046,545 641,813 775,887 233,513 234,814 245,376 203,400 8,079,517 |1,368,777 473,028 875,836 3,997,077 687,541 361,454 815,804 | 2,744,862 735,648 380,683 638,941 217,647 337,542 230,835 203,565 5,147,154 [1,012,331 507,680 527,375 (1,846,928 625,198 123,376 504,266 | 3,345,005 570,956 411,290 674,286 280,773 [1,087,844 158,957 160,899 4,021,146 724,612 341,220 435,584 (1,645,428 619,210 94,483 160,609 | 2,625,379 437,101 256,307 395,105 390,161 980,869 84,673 131,162 3,177,176 498,170 304,026 329,127 (1,289,753 561,572 79,505 115,023 | 2,318,081 349,256 231,374 317,267 617,166 699,582 26,705 76,732 3,094,440 475,572 264,423 299,714 (1,325,943 516,777 93,662 118,350 | 1,960,428 267,504 222,722 262,613 567,226 569,503 16,189 54,671 3,349,167 519,058 821,068 318,354 (1,359,610 579,971 98,948 152,158 | 3,083,668 407,431 283,045 422,026 843,329 967,261 68,428 92,148 2,455,978 391,555 225,155 204,222 [1,042,804 398,885 79,154 114,202 | 2,422,592 381,313 237,247 291,505 717,544 707,728 35,865 51,389 2,282,874° 329,542 201,789 174,341 [1,029,241 377,940 73,802 96,219 | 2,047,485 293,148 201,409 281,472 598,716 604,537 26,481 41,722 2,132,800 308,015 178,048 161,701 949,929 401,210 57,081 76,815 | 1,655,055 238,496 160,724 228,958 489,632 489,353 14,565 33,326 1,674,994 214,833 126,026 114,048 850,032 292,030 35,109 42,916 | 1,449,559 190,651 127,116 202,280 462,955 425,102 13,190 28,265 1,611,016 245,736 119,216 96,589 784,171 292,253 36,774 35,974 | 1,822,774 181,413 157,107 200,902 389,570 361,847 7,691 24,241 2,424,289 403,732 187,094 158,691 |1,187,116 386,121 41,574 59,961 | 2,090,635 277,111 239,930 307,190 640,690 573,706 19,120 32,888 3,843,181 670,652 348,574 337,509 [1,841,412 444,950 107,719 92,365 | 3,060,908 414,355 347,356 433,518 911,268 854,073 32,791 67,547 5,240,995 961,473 433,590 539,310 (2,344,312 639,751 192,022 130,535 | 4,399,861 514,370 467,159 639,758 |1,333,661 [1,279,248 56,557 108,608 5,128,356 924,172 397,195 480,815 [2,376,503 652,927 180,033 116,713 | 4,091,444 499,959 460,743 569,410 [1,248,825 [1,168,852 53,450 90,207 4,865,375 845,307 407,720 438,159 (2,311,237 562,150 193,714 107,088 | 4,184,742 484,499 500,959 518,275 (1,264,810 |1,268,413 54,531 93,255 4,808,660 747,685 428,797 443,507 |2,309,041 565,646 212,705 101,279 | 4,430,888 485,503 526,067 567,979 |1,277,501 (1,409,063 68,355 96,420 4,909,848 658,640 479,714 402,606 (2,604,460 485,882 189,489 89,057 | 4,226,589 458,791 521,742 518,797 |1,238,513 (1,318,794 77,808 92,144 4,590,984 633,876 456,165 814,252 (2,446,089 513,803 156,505 70,294 | 8,609,963 402,047 593,108 466,074 |1,096,111 30,685 48,945 72,992 4,167,493 660,507 435,661 269,318 (2,093,415 511,498 146,423 60,671 | 3,792,066 418,348 583,169 467,421 |1,157,056 (1,019,811 59,200 87,061 3,831,777 583,451 332,203 226,075 |2,083,357 448,970 101,945 55,776 | 3,112,747 366,524 455,930 358,763 991,203 26,886 48,517 64,924 4,485,031 600,434 529,146 273,325 (2,363,899 532,615 112,766 72,847 | 2,509,148 337,632 417,217 295,623 764,942 617,862 35,499 40,373 8,228,016 984,818 944,345 623,917 |4,466,091 871,579 171,605 165,662 | 5,278,481 614,618 (1,048,045 760,999 [1,227,843 (1,396,677 80,014 150,285 7,920,426 749,950 545,842 441,748 |5,187,666 771,717 125,585 97,918 | 8,904,365 500,165 57,609 687,525 750,528 |1,107,733 88,616 112,188 6,149,088 900,248 425,238 302,710 (3,858,698 498,477 104,519 59,198 | 3,081,213 457,660 516,955 610,931 318,121 939,301 102,737 85,506 6,233,513 839,305 422,398 311,893 [4,061,729 469,402 77,402 51,384 | 2,952,468 419,124 452,858 598,819 551,145 820,624 36,835 73,064 5,482,641 613,416 311,137 220,267 [3,813,278 387,735 82,797 54,011 | 2,391,635 240,161 418,277 427,610 633,317 550,866 59,511 61,893 2,768,589 306,112 170,964 99,324 11,971,435 139,226 53,009 28,520 | 1,674,170 161,055 312,025 261,490 614,355 271,790 28,502 24,953 2,364,579 350,563 178,082 124,540 [1,486,499 140,730 56,264 27,902 | 1,893,926 162,046 265,353 222,677 895,603 305,115 23,982 19,149 2,465,884 420,404 197,009 146,148 [1,479,075 140,441 53,718 29,089 | 1,813,008 121,764 240,179 217,735 892,866 297,505 16,533 26,425 2,204,322 333,900 182,938 132,310 (1,341,733 141,198 48,200 24,043 | 1,653,265 110,145 223,927 215,089 819,585 248,725 13,207 22,586 2,049,320 274,478 182,582 108,895 (1,308,276 105,146 46,338 23,607 | 1,527,226 102,264 203,233 182,624 768,168 230,850 12,874 27,214 1,744,985 220,104 165,416 93,247 (1,135,915 77,694 34,057 18,551 | 1,556,947 96,371 210,397 196,165 806,270 210,473 19,782 17,490 1,663,011 167,423 142,054 76,562 [1,146,755 82,982 30,200. 17,035 | 1,311,920 80,467 173,533 163,879 654,323 206,982 17,628 15,109 1,860,773 170,669 154,005 83,584 [1,283,600 113,247 35,327 20,341 | 1,194,342 76,301 162,515 124,999 608,014 191,332 14,891 16,291 1,880,851 186,176 163,664 82,157 [1,298,452 101,365 32,525 16,511 | 1,434,421 74,813 188,763 160,166 747,291 223,986 18,275 21,127 1,743,865 159,806 148,577 75,160 (1,200,166 110,911 29,682 19,562 | 1,226,562 69,603 165,750 140,423 633,292 192,434 12,432 12,629 1,518,562 143,030 117,540 56,894 (1,020,973 134,705 26,879 18,541 {1,117,513 63,657 163,572 150,796 540,773 174,641 12,731 11,344 1,460,827 133,960 100,950 50,755 (1,057,930 64,984 28,018 24,230 91,087 52,701 146,078 120,364 498,697 155,576 8,244 9,427 1,420,142 125,967 89,515 41,138 |1,029,257 62,398 33,430 38,437 [1,025,719 55,669 134,067 107,428 547,227 159,075 9,671 12,582 1,381,719 111,877 92,094 38,044 |1,008,034 69,203 29,000 33,469 903,321 48,846 102,230 119,786 475,162 136,295 7,554 13,448 1,487,765 107,967 88,567 44,400 (1,136,505 53,418 31,365 25,543 823,172 42,935 102,223 110,367 429,620 122,099 6,974 8,954 1,394,483 97,517 90,078 38,946 1,040,168 67,554 40,751 19,470 849,941 39,999 90,037 93,667 440,567 145,814 28,640 11,218 1,227,023 89,765 68,167 35,660 936,602 48,764 29,471 18,594 697,148 31,690 80,460 86,588 353,885 111,501 22,588 10,436 1,231,482 85,095 54,533 33,822 973,806 44,836 21,875 17,516 616,050 32,404 58,973 92,092 305,934 96,425 23,029 7,194 1,050,994 66,196 58,762 33,769 813,386 39,370 22,558 16,953 764,730 40,863 65,061 107,389 430,192 91,678 20,017 9,530 882,607 61,231 55,336 36,298 673,044 25,792 17,035 13,871 779,725 41,376 85,501 108,828 418,639 94,575 19,632 11,173 807,538 54,152 54,424 33,526 627,928 18,134 12,997 6,378 731,970 37,191 96,724 112,167 383,646 83,813 12,720 5,709 892,141 58,470 61,223 33,212 700,871 21,668 11,772 4,924 654,995 31,444 135,519 100,147 295,078 74,878 14,450 3,479 847,665 48,826 70,963 32,639 661,977 17,017 11,046 5,196 866,401 38,254 145,479 102,208 458,450 99,316 16,838 5,857 1,030,278 45,260 60,306 33,148 850,623 20,368 15,512 5,061 827,402 35,335 138,719 150,728 391,628 88,850 16,824 5,318 84,481 39,844 56,705 33,708 704,798 26,170 18,497 4,758 844,916 39,450 123,776 118,737 459,305 78,987 20,454 4,207 See footnotes on next page. eye c0I-L8 IN AAVYL NDIFYOd ANV SLNAWAVA 40 HONVIVL 192 Series M 87-102.—FOREIGN TRADE—VALUE OF MERCHANDISE EXPORTS AND IMPORTS BY DESTINATION AND ORIGIN: 1821 TO 1945—Con. [ In thousands of dollars ] EXPORTS (INCLUDING REEXPORTS) GENERAL IMPORTS To North America From North America From YEAR ! Tofal 70 Sowa To Europe| To Asia [To Oceania| To Africa Total South um From on Pom Northern | Southern Northern | Southern | America rope Si 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 857,829 41,967 52,133 38,753 683,736 20,279 16,346 4,614 789,310 39,434 108,934 90,006 449,987 80,863 16,764 3,321 742,401 42,528 47,023 35,021 578,903 19,371 16,060 3,497 745,132 43,039 107,826 92,185 | 403,421 “75,846 19,253 3,610 695,955 37,637 42,359 29,579 549,093 19,584 14,580 3,123 723,957 43,116 96,703 84,356 407,052 73,213 16,205 3,312 716,183 36,475 36,951 30,744 575,300 20,116 13,720 2,877 692,320 38,087 92,704 79,764 | 390,728 72,875 14,604 3,557 679,525 35,184 36,797 26,132 541,373 22,594 14,644 2,801 635,436 37,505 87,927 65,875 | 857,538 69,398 13,964 3,228 742,190 40,539 36,225 27,735 599,241 21,444 13,818 3,187 577,527 36,979 80,471 65,290 | 318,733 60,854 12,069 3,131 740,514 46,861 45,356 31,227 583,795 17,371 13,347 2,555 667,698 39,016 97,305 75,754 | 370,957 67,844 12,708 4,114 823,839 47,032 52,396 29,571 659,867 16,785 14,011 4,177 723,181 44,758 102,139 76,737 409,713 72,752 12,550 4,531 750,542 38,905 46,888 27,225 600,100 18,774 12,875 5,775 724,640 51,132 105,491 81,292 | 397,581 72,790 11,507 4,846 1876-18803. ..cncconns 676,761 33,714 36,303 22,087 562,202 11,236 7,437 3,782 492,570 27,600 86,646 68,185 | 247,520 55,635 4,619 2,365 187187538. ccnnnams 501,841 32,034 36,188 20,235 402,268 5,029 3,969 2,117 577,873 33,840 96,124 63,357 | 321,067 55,794 3,955 3,736 392,772 21,703 31,100 15,188 | 813,315 5,773 3,873 1,820 435,958 36,265 74,435 42,964 | 240,187 37,773 1,612 2,722 166,029 16,618 34,003 12,026 95,744 2,350 4,016 1,273 238,746 35,007 46,663 23,221 115,002 14,449 1,124 3,279 333,576 22,883 29,273 15,706 | 249,425 8,100 4,962 8,227 353,616 23,730 44,180 34,929 | 216,661 29,239 1,170 3,706 144,376 9,519 14,284 7,730 108,638 3,028 190 987 173,509 5,180 16,116 16,038 123,115 12,434 9 618 123,669 6,090 17,241 5,714 92,039 1,560 330 696 98,259 1,228 15,421 8,606 61,721 10,686 152 445 71,671 2,802 14,723 4,586 47,393 1,906 27 234 62,721 398 10,793 4,919 40,117 6,241 18 234 54,496 2,392 11,965 2,208 85,575 1,977 71 309 54,521 402 11,816 1,570 35,000 5,324 34 375 I i years ending Sept. 30, 1821-1840; June 30, 1850-1915; calendar years thereafter beginning in ? Figures (in thousands of dollars) for 6-month period July 1, 1915-Dec. 31, 1915, are as follows: Series M 87, 1,852,863; series M 88, 203,475; series M 89, 119,952; series M 90, 83,555; series M 91, 1,291,914; series M 92, 94,712; series M 93, 38,254; series M 94, 21,000; series M 95, 912,787; series M 96, 107,626; series M 97, 140,821; series M 98, 166,239; series M 99, 271,684; series M 100, 191,667; series M 101, 18,021; and series M 102, 16,730. 3 Annual averages. AAVdL NDITYOA 2)R(] 201-18 Data: M 103-112 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND FOREIGN TRADE Series M 103-112.—FOREIGN TRADE—VALUE OF MERCHANDISE EXPORTS AND IMPORTS, BY GROUPS OF CUSTOMS DISTRICTS: 1860 TO 1945 [In thousands of dollars. Exports include reexports. See headnote for series M 42-55, p. 248 ] ATLANTIC COAST GULF COAST MEXICAN BORDER PACIFIC COAST NORTHERN BORDER YEAR ! Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 5,736,657 | 2,264,412 | 1,150,875 449,343 257,311 117,480 | 1,304,714 234,157 | 1,212,622 941,952 9,254,685 | 1,902,683 | 1,078,784 474,848 240,483 116,554 | 1,819,113 267,166 | 1,615,120 | 1,025,741 7,748,919 | 1,692,350 | 1,067,554 395,278 185,120 119,736 | 2,376,515 250,028 | 1,537,805 89,091 4,999,419 | 1,463,674 707,658 359,754 181,008 63,940 784,749 242,509 | 1,431,162 600,006 3,246,130 2,161,296 364,016 226,794 90,883 30,519 876,473 307,958 1,032, "023 459,070 2,373,976 | 1,738,104 521,650 163,145 51,258 12,898 362,621 252,020 693,748 845,692 1,640,361 | 1,600,828 575,505 156,523 85,726 12,918 890,037 179,157 469,625 801,069 1,531,693 1,370,625 627,496 159,814 79,656 10,438 387,101 150,761 453,115 236,939 1,679,976 2,115,960 661,715 214,188 101,732 10,762 403,931 232,313 482,832 404,070 1,201,818 | 1,680,548 546,212 162,650 55,56 8,129 275,383 191,788 360,391 849,923 1,104,560 1,408,103 533,642 152,988 57,004 11,238 280,079 170,219 307,586 273,475 1,018,051 1,158,479 510,009 113,365 47,783 6,359 259,414 122,805 297,532 216,964 719,654 1,037,536 502,051 100,761 41,852 4,031 197,666 121,083 209,653 176,740 665,222 914,138 467,085 93,621 32,794 7,827 203,026 130,018 233,689 168,175 1,167,773 | 1,461,408 502,108 139.074 47.959 13,857 303,038 194,948 389,335 264,791 1,800,794 2,041,245 822,412 197,706 101,953 26,087 449,260 343,446 648,128 427,172 2,424,262 2,931,456 1,140,328 283,941 115,663 39,595 595,015 523,543 939,071 585,417 2,290,374 2,677,130 1,227,757 284,576 95,464 30,394 561,007 504,695 924,741 564,119 2,297,143 2,774,503 1,100,918 285,373 77,120 27,623 506,125 510,569 856,284 555,002 2,308,548 2,953,131 1,120,944 325,614 72,831 26,317 518,888 546,102 759,473 543,493 2,403,680 2,839,389 1,295,444 300,038 75,759 23,673 427,475 526,969 681,437 507,373 2,245,602 2,357,723 1,164,452 281,881 73,253 20,343 447,311 477,802 638,946 441,717 2,070,261 2,534,277 991,864 237,570 59,564 20,155 371,572 480,679 674,231 486,843 1,938,344 2,024,214 914,466 188,420 57,012 11,300 812,857 430,152 609,598 440,266 2,878,557 1,726,488 1,076,736 158,231 103,543 10,113 311,605 190,308 614,591 408,411 4,904,606 3,801,648 1,683,476 339,513 84,220 38,345 511,233 391,488 1,044,482 665,766 5,211,140 2,629,614 1,235,148 220,298 58,021 35,195 599,000 463,137 7,116 529,496 3,758,942 1,829,544 776,176 156,390 47,556 52,414 538,987 568,563 1,027,428 403,311 4,287,541 1,798,340 663,341 144,479 48,420 46,144 390,024 539,336 844,186 404,062 3,826,421 1,654,404 624,381 114,298 23,501 42,970 337,920 294,973 670,418 268,982 1,739,159 1,212,656 508,435 102,388 14,801 20,801 173,686 158,858 332,020 164,897 1,304,109 1,374,621 566,388 120,372 16,630 32,803 136,243 138,151 341,183 205,273 1.348.811 1,375,850 543,077 103,612 24,903 27,060 146,856 128,895 401,998 153,613 1,262,679 1,268,101 463,974 92,245 27,194 22,51 127,542 111,488 322,371 137,882 1,166,469 1,163,540 487, 1929 82,148 30,397 20,364 94,261 102,703 269,890 137,724 1,018,144 1,227,155 399,100 68,705 29,108 22,911 73,189 88,657 225,398 129,123 976,963 1,018,847 409,631 59,566 27,136 16,178 69,949 85,962 179,329 112,690 1,155,761 907,185 396,552 59,341 33,101 10,869 94,207 81,982 181,147 14,874 1,079,770 1,133,032 469,273 62,908 41,101 18,001 92,030 91,140 198,674 109,172 1,061,778 4,563 368,723 53,984 34,925 16,945 101, 770 66,324 176,665 97,928 917,350 888,239 319,544 48,210 26,245 14,981 103,122 62,257 152,300 90,030 897,106 779,237 834,795 43,924 29,261 12,450 65,723 57,499 133,942 83,744 904,172 821,252 285,021 38,378 25,936 13,377 79,258 56,475 125,759 82,054 895,445 724,371 263,079 81,077 24,231 13,704 87,515 54,301 111,441 67,756 1,002,841 670,622 285,465 26,670 21,147 10,142 69,534 48,208 107,939 57,120 963,569 693,113 234,108 23,693 22,320 5,378 70,175 58,916 104,267 59,948 870,755 576,163 194,390 17,483 15,820 4,632 56,204 45,873 89,404 45,588 862,325 502,146 201,848 13,063 12,135 5,065 74,183 50,264 80,981 39,478 733,205 639,407 181,269 19,991 13,999 4,135 58,925 43,906 63,596 650,066 635,842 645,204 131,320 17,548 10,984 3,687 44.071 49,174 60,390 56,153 590,393 613,737 122,138 16,709 8,955 2,435 36,061 40,290 49,991 51,017 670,266 537,644 126,788 20,681 7,345 8,229 34,599 41,241 53,143 41,693 624,278 717,360 125,592 24,682 12,152 13,826 42,230 48,315 43,413 52,923 753,107 689,458 174,686 21,750 6,993 12,501 55,826 49,988 39,666 46,010 637,454 697,965 151,941 28,214 7,541 11,106 52,583 53,581 34,962 49,584 628,865 653,535 141,120 17,821 5,608 9,353 45,361 50,993 36,875 49,540 548,011 609,888 107,600 17,289 4,401 8,182 48,847 51,171 33,543 51,066 522,696 595,776 104,674 13,865 3,443 5,712 36,314 49,187 28,828 51,263 538,943 578,040 104,229 11,963 2,654 5,089 41,414 42,223 28,943 46,793 505, '362 538,642 105,431 10,082 2,095 3,730 39,824 38,704 26,813 43,909 563,743 481,845 97,798 10,820 2,625 2,422 47,923 35,986 30,101 41,845 542,780 583,397 110,109 12,948 4,642 1,915 46,395 37,184 36,589 32,254 597,388 625,154 131,026 12,279 5,436 1,939 53,497 46,881 36,492 36,927 556,823 620,456 94,094 16,381 4,733 2,209 65,360 42,462 29,533 43,133 687,024 552,950 140,566 16,744 3,722 2,513 40,536 38,913 30,530 ,b46 651,413 589,624 117,649 12,658 3,625 2,273 38,888 35,672 24,063 27,728 559,608 385,009 89,868 8,858 3,069 1,526 36,958 29,569 22,134 20,817 540,415 378,748 110,420 13,918 3,392 1,585 28,752 27,234 26,927 20,566 478,763 387,948 101,283 12,030 2,920 1,454 34,715 30,276 28,114 19,614 437,197 390,690 118,039 14,686 2,566 1,698 28,016 28,877 23,902 24,790 420,976 467,838 100,039 15,403 2,558 1,664 27,318 25,189 22,505 22,912 462,644 492,702 126,443 17,382 2,446 1,485 28,363 27,292 30,293 28,595 403,674 551,249 137,201 23,890 2,905 1,474 26,722 33,402 22,171 32,122 343,662 544,332 118,536 22,361 2,338 1,327 11,391 27,866 16,184 30,708 328,471 458,717 181,171 21,507 3,348 1,249 14,111 16,448 20,435 27,802 293,440 870,614 146,020 16,506 2,218 959 14,647 16,241 15,043 81,639 257,459 193,741 ’ 140 Re, fences 10,905 15,948 16,228 217,580 160,216 804,577 158,680 22,803 1,012 528 4,981 7,372 13,688 18,836 1 Fiscal years ending June 30, 1860-1915; calendar years thereafter beginning in 1916. 1 Figures (in thousands of dollars) for 6-month period July 1; 1915-Dee. 81, 1915, 252 are as follows: Series M 103, 1,308,840; series M 104, 638,241; series M 105, 223,556; series M 106, 44,396; series M 107, 9, 766; series M 108, 13, 024; series M 109, 97, 319; series M 110, 105,067; series M i, 218, 381; and series '™M 112, 105,395. Chapter N. Banking and Finance (Series N 1-232) Banking Statistics: Series N 1-147 N 1-147. General note. “There are four principal events which may conveniently be taken as dividing American banking history into periods. The first was establishment in 1782 of the Bank of North America, the first bank in the United States. This occurred at the end of the Revolutionary War and a few years before the formation of a Federal Government under the Constitution. “The second event was adoption in New York State of the Free Banking Act of 1838, a statute which profoundly influenced sub- sequent American banking practice, banking supervision, and the banking structure as a whole. Close to this event in time were the discontinuance in 1836 of the Bank of the United States as a Federal institution, the panic of 1837, the original establishment of the Independent Treasury System in 1840, and enactment of the Louisiana Banking Law. of 1842. “The third event was establishment of the national banking system in 1868. This coincided roughly with discontinuance of note issue by State banks, the shift from bank notes to bank deposits, the War between the States, and the beginning of a new phase of industrial and westward territorial expansion. “The fourth event was establishment of the Federal Reserve System in 1913. The System’s operations began in 1914, the year war broke out in Europe. The period from then to the present, 1940, has been crowded with developments whose course has not vet been concluded and whose significance cannot yet be ap- praised”’—from ‘Historical Introduction” by Bray Hammond in Banking Studies, authored by Members of the Staff, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1941. Collection of banking and monetary statistics in the United States has been conditioned by the development of our banking and monetary system. Banks in this country have been in part under the jurisdiction of State governments, in part under the Fed- eral Government and in part outside the jurisdiction of both gov- ernments. As a result, the collection of statistics for all classes of banks has never been completely centralized in one agency. Na- tional banks organized under the Federal law enacted in 1863 are supervised by the Comptroller of the Currency, and State-char- tered banks are supervised by officials of the respective States. Another supervisory entity, the Federal Reserve System, was established in 1914 to exercise central banking functions, some of which are shared with the United States Treasury. The Reserve System includes all national banks and, in addition, such State banks as voluntarily join the System. Prior to the National Banking Act of 1863, the only official col- lection of figures for the entire country was made by the Treasury Department under authority of a resolution of the House of Representatives passed in 1832. From 1832 to 1863, with the ex- ception of some years, the Secretary of the Treasury included in his reports to Congress information regarding the number of State banks. From 1863 to 1873 statistics of national banks only were published—in the Annual Report of the Compiroller of Currency. Since 1864, the Comptroller of Currency, who has charge of the supervision of national banks, has collected condition reports from three to six times annually and has tabulated and published summaries of these reports, showing the principal assets and liabil- ities, that is, total loans, United States Government securities, other securities, reserves, bankers’ balances, interbank deposits, other demand deposits, and time deposits. National bank data are published in detail in Abstract of Reports of Condition National Banks (usually 3 times a year). Until recently, the Annual Report of the Comptroller of Currency contained many historical tables. For historical data see also Publications of the National Monetary Com- mission, vol. T; for a statement concerning the inadequacy of the historical data for “all banks’ see appendix A, pp. 243-60, of that volume. After the Federal Reserve System was established in 1914, State bank members of the Federal Reserve System began to submit to the Federal Reserve banks their statements of condition at the same time and in substantially the same form as national banks. The data from these statements have been consolidated by the Federal Reserve Board with data for national banks collected by the Comptroller of the Currency into totals for all member banks of the Federal Reserve System, and are published in detail by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in the Member Bank Call Report (usually three times a year) and in summary form in the monthly Federal Reserve Bulletin. The data shown here were compiled principally from the two basic sources in this field: Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency, and Banking and Monetary Statistics, a one-volume statistical summary published in 1943, by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Data shown prior to 1914 are almost wholly dependent on the reports of the Comptroller of Cur- rency, since the Banking and Monetary Statistics generally covers only the period beginning with 1914. Subsidiary documents also used have already been referred to above, namely, the Member Bank Call Report and the Federal Reserve Bulletin. For more de- tailed information concerning the data shown here, the user will be well advised to consult the aforementioned publications. Bank defined. “For general statistical purposes it may be said that a bank is a financial institution which accepts money from the general public for deposit in a common fund, subject to with- drawal or to transfer by check on demand or on short notice, and makes loans to the general public. This definition comprehends national banks (which are chartered by the Federal Government), banks organized under State laws (including commercial banks, trust companies, mutual and stock savings banks, industrial banks, and cash depositories), and unincorporated banks (private banks and bankers). It excludes building and savings and loan associa- tions, personal loan and other small-loan companies, credit unions, mortgage companies, sales finance companies, insurance companies, and credit agencies owned in whole or in part by the Federal Government”’— Banking and Monetary Statistics, Board of Gov- ernors of the Federal Reserve System, 1943, p. 6. PRINCIPAL ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF BANKS (N 1-59) Assets and liabilities are defined here in their usual accounting meaning. Assets are the resources of banks such as loans, invest- ments, reserves, cash and balances with other banks; liabilities are the charges against these resources. Principal liabilities are demand and time deposits and capital accounts. Capital accounts include (1) the funds originally paid in by the banks’ owners, for which they ordinarily receive stock certificates, (2) surplus, which generally consists of that part of earnings specifically set aside as a permanent part of the capital structure, and (8) undivided profits, which consist of profits not yet declared as dividends or alternatively not. yet put into surplus. N 1-12. Second Bank of the United States, 1817-1840. SOURCE: Annual Report of Comptroller of Currency, 1876, p. lxxxiii. Series N 5 (due from State and foreign banks) is a combination of two series shown separately in the original source: “Due by European bankers” and “due from State banks”; the same type of combina- 253 Text: N 1-44 BANKING AND FINANCE nation was made to obtain data for series N 11 (due to State and foreign banks). The Second Bank was chartered by Congress in 1816 for 20 years. The renewal of the charter was denied and reorganization was effected by means of the authority of the Legislature of the State of Pennsylvania. The bank failed (assigned) in 1841, the affairs being finally liquidated in 1856, and resulted in payment in full, interest and principal, of liabilities to depositors and note- holders. The shareholders, however, received nothing on their in- vestment in stock of the bank. See headnote, table 94, p. 912, Annual Report of the Comptroller of Currency, 1916, vol. II. That volume also, on p. 912, shows resources and liabilities of the first Bank of the United States in 1809 and 1811, the only 2 years for which data appear to be available. N 13-18. Colonial and State banks, 1774-1833. SOURCE: Annual Report of Comptroller of Currency, 1920, vol. 2, table 93, p. 846. Data are derived from figures shown in the Annual Report of the Comptroller of Currency, 1876, p. xxxix, ff., and from Sound Cur- rency Committee of thé Reform Club, Sound Currency, vol. II, No. 13, New York City, June 1895. The 1876 report includes a discussion of these data. N 19-26. All banks, principal assets and liabilities, 1834-1945. SOURCE: Annual Reports of the Comptroller of the Currency as fol- lows: For data for 1834-1919, see Annual Report for 1931, tables 94-96, pp. 1018-25; for 1920-1935, see Annual Report for 1941, tables 69-71, pp. 298-300; for 1936-1945, see Annual Report for 1945, tables 39-41, pp. 158-160. The figures for 1834-1840 are from Executive Document No. 111, Twenty-sixth Congress, sec- ond session. Those for 1841-1850 are from Executive Document No. 68, Thirty-first Congress, first session. For the years 1851- 1863 (except 1852-1853) figures are from the report on the condi- tion of banks for 1863. Those for 1853 are from Executive Docu- ment No. 66, Thirty-second Congress, second session, and are incomplete. See Annual Report, 1920, vol. 2, footnote, p. 847. The historical tables in the 1931 Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency, pp. 1018-1025, provide summary statistics by single years, 1834-1931, for (a) all reporting banks, (b) national banks (1863-1931), and (c) all reporting State and private banks (that is, nonnational banks). See also the Annual Report for 1876, 1895, and 1920, in particular, for historical tables on banking statistics. The figures shown here include data for all national banks, for all State banks that report to State banking departments in the United States and possessions, and for mutual and stock savings banks, loan and trust companies, and private banks so far as reported. Data for banks other than national for the earlier years are reported for dates other than June 30 and are incomplete, especially through 1885; many of the items shown for those earlier years have been estimated. In the years 1933 and 1934 only li- censed banks, that is, those operating on an unrestricted basis, are included. N 19-20. All banks, number, and total assets or liabilities, 1834-1945. SOURCE: See text for series N 19-26. These data do not correspond exactly to a somewhat similar compilation in the Federal Reserve System’s Banking and Monetary Statistics, since the Comptroller of the Currency figures include branches as separate banks. N 21. Loans and discounts, including overdrafts, 1834-1945. SOURCE: See text for series N 19-26. Excludes acceptances of other banks and bills of exchange or drafts sold with endorsements for national and State commercial banks beginning with 1920 and for other banks beginning with 1929. Loans, discounts, and over- drafts are three types of bank lending. Such lending is referred to as a loan when the borrower receives the entire principal and at maturity repays the principal plus interest; as a discount when the borrower receives the principal less the interest and at matur- ity repays the principal; as an overdraft when a bank honors a check written in excess of the depositor’s balance. 254 N 22. United States Government and other securities, 1834 1945. SOURCE: See text for series N 19-26. Includes securities borrowed, for national banks prior to 1903, and for other banks prior to 1929. For national banks for years 1863, 1864, and 1865, excludes securities other than United States Government’s which, in the source, are included in “other assets.” United States Gov- ernment securities are direct or indirect obligations of the United States Government. Other securities include primarily obligations of State and municipal governments, foreign governments, and corporations. N 23. Cash and balances with other banks, 1834-1945. SOURCE: See text for series N 19-26. These data include reserve balances which banks are required to maintain with other banks including the Federal Reserve Banks; cash items, such as checks, drafts, notes or acceptances, in process of collection; and cash in vault. Prior to 1936 cash items not in process of collection are included. N 24. Capital, surplus, and net undivided profits, 1834-1945. SOURCE: See text for series N 19-26. Includes reserve accounts except that reserves for expenses accrued and unpaid are excluded for national banks beginning with 1920 and for other banks be- ginning with 1929. For banks other than national, prior to 1873, figures include capital only, and beginning in 1934 capital notes and debentures are included. Reserve accounts are liability accounts established to provide for such possibilities as depreciation, bad debts, depletion, market value depreciation of securities owned and probable losses. Capital, surplus, and met undivided profits represent the equity of the owners in the bank. Capital is here used to designate primarily the original contribution of bank owners to the bank and is ordinarily evidenced by bank stock certificates. Surplus is ordinarily the amount of bank earnings specifically set aside as capital funds. Net undivided profits are earnings not yet set aside for dividend or allocated to surplus. N 25. Circulation, 1834-1945. SOURCE: See text for series N 19- 26. Figures for national banks, and for all banks for the period 1870-1910, exclude comparatively small amounts of State bank notes outstanding for which national banks, converted from State banks or merged with State banks, assumed liability. For a series on estimated total of all State bank notes outstanding, 1800-1830 (decennially) and 1831-1863 (annually), see Annual Report of the Comptroller of Currency, 1916, vol. II, table 28, p. 45. N 26. Total deposits, 1834-1945. SOURCE: See note for series N 19-26. Figures for national banks for years 1863-1865 include State bank circulation outstanding; and for years 1866-1868, in- clude bills payable and rediscounts. N 27-34. National banks, principal assets and liabilities, 1863— 1945. SOURCE: See text for series N 19-26. See also general note for series N 1-147 for origin of national banks. National banks are those chartered by and under the general supervision of the Comptroller of the Currency of the United States. N 35-42. Nonnational banks, principal assets and liabilities, 1860-1945. SOURCE: See text for series N 19-26. Includes data for State commercial banks, mutual and stock savings banks, private banks, and loan and trust companies. Prior to 1863, nonnational banks comprised all banks (see general note for series N 1-147). N 43-44. Savings banks, number, and total assets or liabilities, 1875-1945. SOURCE: Annual Reports of Comptroller of Currency. Comprises both mutual and stock savings banks, 1875-1911; thereafter represents mutual savings banks only with a few ex- ceptions. Stock savings banks, 1912-1945, are included with State commercial banks. See text for series N 19-26. For principal assets and liabilities of savings banks comparable in detail with those shown in series N 19-26 for all banks, see individual Annual Re- ports. Savings banks differ from commercial banks in that they accept only savings and other time deposits and they invest their funds mostly in mortgage loans and securities. Mutual savings banks are owned by their depositors; stock savings banks by stock- holders of the bank. The great majority of stock savings banks BANKING STATISTICS Text: N 43-75 accept both demand and time deposits and transact the same kinds of business as do commercial banks. Hence, in recent years they have been classified with commercial banks. N 45-46. State commercial banks, number, and total assets or liabilities, 1875-1945. SOURCE: Annual Reports of Comptroller of Currency. Also see sources and comments for series N 19-26 (all banks). For the period 1863-1874, the data available are'the same as for nonnational banks, series N 35-42. These statistics for State commercial banks include loan and trust companies and, begin- ning with 1912, stock savings banks. Principal assets and liabilities for these banks comparable in detail with those shown for all banks (series N 19-26), are available in the source volumes. State commercial’ banks are those chartered by and under the general supervision of the States in which they operate. N 47-48. Private banks, number, and total assets or liabilities, 1887-1945. SOURCE: Annual Reports of the Comptroller of the Cur- rency. Except for 1934 and 1935, these statistics cover only banks under State supervision and those voluntarily reporting; for 1934 and 1985, they include also private banks which submitted reports to the Comptroller of the Currency under provisions of the Bank- ing Act of 1933. See comments regarding all banks (N 19-26). Principal assets and liabilities for private banks comparable in detail with those shown for all banks (series N 19-26) are avail- able in the source volumes. Private banks are unincorporated banks that operate ordinarily without a charter either from the State or Federal Government. Since 1933 such banks in order to receive deposits have had to submit to examination by either State or Federal banking authorities. N 49-55. All member banks of the Federal Reserve System, principal assets and liabilities, 1915-1945. SOURCE: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. For 1915-1941, see Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1943, table 18, pp. 72-75; for 1942-1945, see Member Bank Call Report, No. 100, June 30, 1945, page 2. For a detailed description of the present composition of the items and of historical changes in the composition of these items, see Banking and Monetary Statistics, pp. 61-71, and foot- notes, pp. 74-75. For member bank data on earnings and expenses, see series -N 68-75. Statistics shown here cover member banks in active operation. Member banks comprise all national banks in continental United States, which are required by law to be members of the Federal Reserve System, and such State banks and trust companies as have applied for and been admitted to membership. Most of the items shown here represent a combination of sev- eral items shown separately in the source: “Investments” (N 52) is a combination of “United States Government obligations” and “other securities.” “Cash and balances with other banks” (N 53) is a total of “reserves with Federal Reserve Banks,” “cash in vault,” “balances with domestic banks,” “balances with foreign banks,” and “cash items in process of collection.” “Total depos- its” (N 55) comprises ‘‘interbank,” “United States Government,” ‘‘postal savings,” “other demand” and ‘‘other time” deposits. “Capital accounts” (N 54) represents ‘common stock,” “preferred stock,” “surplus,” “undivided profits,” and ‘reserves for contin- gencies.” In addition the original sources include for some or all of the years the following items: “Due from own foreign branches,” “bank premises, furniture, and fixtures,” ‘other real estate owned,” “investments and other assets indirectly representing bank premises or other real estate,” ‘customers’ liability on ac- ceptances,” ‘“‘securities borrowed,” ‘‘income accrued but not yet earned,” ‘“‘other assets,” ‘“‘due to own foreign branches,” “bills payable, rediscounts and other liabilities for borrowed money,” ‘‘acceptances outstanding,” ‘‘dividends declared but not yet pay- able,” “income collected but not yet earned,” “expenses accrued and unpaid,” “other liabilities,” “net demand deposits subject to reserve,” ‘demand deposits adjusted,” and ‘reciprocal bank balances.” N 56-59. Nonmember commercial banks, 1915-1945. (Commer- cial banks not members of the Federal Reserve System). SOURCE: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. For data for 1914-1941, see Banking and Monetary Statistics, table 6, pp. 22-23; for 1942-1945, see Federal Reserve Bulletin, September 1944, p. 897, and June 1946, p. 633. For a more complete descrip- tion of these series, see Banking and Monetary Statistics, pp. 8-10. Nonmember commercial banks include all State banks except banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System and mutual savings banks. Figures exclude private banks not report- ing to State banking authorities except that from 1928-1934 cer- tain large private banks not reporting to State banking authori- ties are included. Banks in United States possessions are excluded. The figures for some of the earlier years are rough approximations. In the original sources the following investment items are shown separately: “United States Government securities” and ‘other securities.” Also, the following deposit items are shown separately: “Interbank” and ‘“‘other.” In recent years, ‘other deposits’ has been further classified as “demand” and “time.” EARNINGS AND EXPENSES OF BANKS (N 60-75) N 60-75. General note. The earliest available bank earnings data are those for national banks beginning in 1869. National banks were required to make earnings reports whenever dividends were declared for the years 1869-1871. From 1871 to 1916 earnings reports had to be submitted at least semiannually whether divi- dends were declared or not declared. From 1916 to present, earn- ings reports have been required for the periods ending in June and December. The data required in these earnings reports has become progressively more detailed and more comprehensive. N 60-67. National banks, earnings and expenses, 1869-1945. SOURCE: For 1869-1941, see Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Banking and Monetary Statistics, table 56, pp. 260-261; for 1942-1945, see Annual Reports of the Comptroller of the Currency, as follows: Annual Report, 1943, tables 5 and 6, pp. 30-31, and Annual Report, 1945, tables 15 and 16, pp. 96-97. The statistics include all national banks in the United ‘States and pos- sessions. More detailed data than shown in these series are available for part of the period in the Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency. For example, earnings and expenses are available by type; recoveries and profits and losses and charge-offs are shown by character of asset. Beginning in 1943, income taxes are avail- able separately from other taxes. Other earnings ratios are also available for part of the period. Series N 64 (net losses or net recoveries) is the excess of total losses and charge-offs (including depreciation) over total recoveries and profits, or vice versa. N 68-75. Member banks of the Federal Reserve System, earn- ings and expenses, 1919-1945. SOURCE: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. For 1919-1941, see Banking and Monetary Statistics, tables 57 and 58, pp. 262-265; for 1942-1945, see Federdl Reserve Bulletin, June 1946, pp. 674 and 681. For a definition of member banks, see text for series N 49-55. Series N 72 (net losses or net recoveries) is the excess of total losses and charge-offs over total recoveries and profits (shown separately in the source volumes) or vice versa. Prior to 1927, profits on securities are included in current earnings (N 71); be- ginning with 1927 they are shown separately (in the source vol- ume) and are treated as an addition to net current earnings. More detailed data than shown here are available in the sources indicated. For example, earnings and expenses are available by type; recoveries and profits and losses and charge-offs are shown by character of asset. Beginning in 1942 income taxes are available separately from other taxes. Other earnings ratios are also shown in the original source volumes. 255 Text: N 76-114 BANK DEBITS, DEPOSIT TURNOVER, AND BANK CLEARINGS (N 76-89) N 76-85. General note. Bank deposits are the major portion of the current means of payment. The extent to which such deposits are used (deposit turnover) may be a significant measure of busi- ness activity in that period. These data must be used with care, however. Increased business activity, for example, may result in a proportionately greater increase in bank deposits than in bank debits. In such a case, the rate of deposit turnover would be some- what lower than the increase that might be expected or even some- what lower than that prevailing in a preceding or subsequent period of less business activity. N 76-79. Bank debits to deposit accounts, except interbank accounts, 1919-1945. SOURCE: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. For 1919-1941, see Banking and Monetary Sta- tistics, table 51, pp. 284-237; for 1942-1945, see Federal Reserve Bulletin, June 1946, p. 630. Data for individual reporting centers, by months, from 1919-1941, are available in Banking and Mone- tary Statistics; for 1941 to date, they are available upon request from the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. For monthly data on New York City and “outside New York City,” see appendix I, series App. 16-17. Figures represent debits or charges on books of reporting mem- ber and nonmember banks to deposit accounts of individuals, partnerships, and corporations, the United States Government, and State, county, and municipal governments, including debits to savings accounts, payments from trust accounts, and certificates of deposit paid. Debits to accounts of other banks or in settlement of clearingheuse balances, payment of certified and officers’ checks, charges to expense and other accounts, corrections and similar charges are not included. For a more detailed description of the data see Banking and Monetary Statistics, pp. 230-2383. N 80-85. Bank debits and deposit turnover, excluding inter- bank deposits and collection items, at all commercial banks, 1919 1945. SOURCE: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. For 1919-1941, see Banking and Monetary Statistics, table 55, p. 254. Data for 1942-1945 are from records of the Division of Re- search and Statistics, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Data similar to those shown here are available in the source volumes for member banks in New York City and 100 other leading cities, as well as for all other commercial banks. For a definition of debits, see text for series N 76-79. The rate of turnover of deposits is obtained by dividing the volume of debits during a period by the average amount of deposits over the same period. Figures shown here are in part estimated; for a de- scription of these series see Banking and Monetary Statistics, p. 232. N 86-89. Bank clearings at principal cities, 1854-1945. SOURCES: For 1854-1881, see Annual Report of the Compiroller of the Cur- rency, 1920, vol. 2, table 97, p. 849; for 1882-1936 (except series N 89), see Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1937, table 293; p. 268; for 1937-1945, see Statistical Abstract, 1947, table 472, p. 444. For series N 89 for 1920-1936, see Statistical Abstract, 1938, table 301, p. 275. For 1882-1919, figures are for all cities reporting to New York Clearing House Association and cover years ending September 30. Beginning 1920 all figures are for calendar years. The Annual Re- port of the Comptroller of Currency, 1920, vol. 2, p. 849, gives for New York the number of banks, capital, balances, average daily clearings, and average daily balances, 1854-1920. The comparability of these figures is affected by (1) changes in the number of cities reporting and (2) the tendency toward con- solidation of banks, eliminating former clearings between two or more banks. The source volume suggests that series N 76-79 are better measures of volume of payment. For 1920-1936, series N 88 is for 146 identical cities. 256 BANKING AND FINANCE BRANCH BANKING (N 90-98) N 90-98. Branch banking, 1900-1945. SOURCE: Board of Gov- ernors of the Federal Reserve System. For 1900-1941, see Banking and Monelary Statistics, table 73, p. 297, for 1942-1945, see month- ly issues of Federal Reserve Bulletin as follows: July 1943, pp. 687— 688; June 1944, pp. 612-613; June 1945, pp. 616-617; June 1946, pp. 672-678. Detailed statistics on branch banking, by States and by class of bank, for selected years, are available in the sources indicated. Branch banking is defined as a type of multiple office banking under which a bank as a single legal entity operates more than one banking office. If a bank operates a single branch office, irre- spective of size, it is included here. Furthermore, the statistics on branches shown here include all branches or additional offices (except seasonal agencies) within the meaning of section 5155, United States Revised Statutes, which defines branch as ‘“‘any branch bank, branch office, branch agency, additional office, or any branch place of business * * * at which deposits are re- ceived, or checks paid, or money lent.” Seasonal agencies operate only for limited periods and under special authority; therefore, they have not been included. For 1942-1945, figures also include banking facilities at military reservations. Branch banking is not to be confused with group and chain bank- ing. Group and chain banking refers to types of multiple office banking which differ from branch banking principally in legal form and type of control For data on group and chain banking, see sources cited above. SAVINGS BANKS AND DEPOSITS (N 99-113) N 99-106. Savings and other time deposits and depositors, 1910-1942. SOURCE: Statistical Abstract of United States, 1946, table 428, p. 404. These data were furnished by the American Bankers Association, which did not continue this series after 1942. Savings and other time deposits include deposits evidenced by savings passbooks, time certificates of deposit payable in 30 days or overtime deposits, open account, postal savings redeposited in banks, and for some States, Christmas savings and similar ac- counts. “State, etc., banks” (series N 101) includes commercial, stock savings, and private banks and trust companies. Data shown for some of the years for these banks are incomplete for some States or have been estimated for others. Figures for these banks exclude 6 States in 1926 and 1927, 4 in 1928 to 1930, 3 in 1931, 2 in 1932 and 1933, and 1 in 1934 to 1937. For the period 1929-1942 deposi- tors at national banks are represented by the number of savings passbook accounts. N 107-108. Savings banks, number of depositors and amount of deposits, 1820-1910. SOURCES: For 1820-1896, see Annual Re- port of Comptroller of Currency, 1896, vol. I, table XVII, p. 720; for 1897-1910, see Statistical Abstract of United States, 1946, table 422, p. 404. Prior to 1900, data include both mutual and stock savings banks; beginning 1900 they are for mutual savings banks only, which in that year had about 90 percent of the savings deposits in all sav-. ings banks. Data for later years are for June 80 or about June 30 In earlier years reports were of various dates. N 109-113. Postal Savings system, 1911-1945. SOURCE: Annual Report of the Postmaster General, 1945, table 18, p. 72. Data are for fiscal years since the inception of the Postal Sav- ings system. Current data on the Postal Savings system are avail- able monthly in the Federal Reserve Bulletin, and annually in Office of Postmaster General, Report of Operation of the Postal Savings Systems. FEDERAL RESERVE BANKS (N 114-134) N 114-134. General note. For purposes of the Federal Reserve System the country is divided into 12 districts. There is a Federal BANKING STATISTICS Reserve Bank in each district and most have one or more branches. Federal Reserve Banks are organized as Federal corporations with capital stock subscribed by member banks in the respective districts. Federal Reserve Banks perform central banking functions for their respective districts. As such they hold the legal reserves of member banks, furnish currency for circulation, facilitate the col- lection and clearances of checks, provide discount facilities, exer- cise supervisory duties with respect to member banks and act as fiscal agents, depositaries and custodians for the United States Government in its fiscal operations. In addition, Federal Reserve Banks are the principal medium through which the credit policies and general supervisory powers of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System are effected. The Federal Reserve Banks are coordinated and supervised by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. N 114-123. Federal Reserve Banks, principal assets and lia- bilities, 1914-1945. SOURCE: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. For 1914-1941, see Banking and Monetary Sta- tistics, table 85, pp. 330-332; for 1942-1945, see Annual Reports of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, as follows: Annual Report for 1943, table 2, pp. 62-63 and Annual Report for 1945, table 2, pp. 64-65. A complete and detailed balance sheet for all Federal Reserve Banks combined and for each Bank is in- cluded in the source volumes. For further description of the items included here see Banking and Monetary Statistics, pp. 324-329. Reserves of Federal Reserve Banks include gold and gold certi- ficates on hand and due from United States Treasury, redemption fund for Federal Reserve notes, and other cash. Deposits of Federal Reserve Banks consist mainly of reserves of member banks, shown separately here. They also include the checking account of the United States Treasury, deposits of for- eign banks and Governments, and other accounts, such as deposits maintained by certain nonmember banks for use in clearing and collecting checks and checking accounts of Government agencies. N 124-130. Federal Reserve Banks, earnings and expenses, 1915-1945. SOURCE: Annual Report of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1945, table 7, pp. 72-73. The item “transferred to surplus” for the period 1934-1945 is a combination of two items shown separately in the source: “Transferred to sur- plus (sec. 7)” and “transferred to surplus (sec. 13b).” (The section numbers refer to the Federal Reserve Act.) Federal Reserve Banks are not operated for profit but they are self-supporting. The nature and the amount of Reserve Bank earnings depend largely upon the demand for Reserve Bank credit on the part of member banks and upon Federal Reserve policy as to open-market operations. Most of the expenses of the Reserve Banks are incurred in collecting checks, supplying currency, and performing other services from which no earnings are derived. N 131-134. Member Bank reserve requirements, 1917-1945. SOURCE: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Federal Reserve Bulletin, March 1947, p. 282. These data represent minimum reserve requirements as specified by law (amendment to the Federal Reserve Act effective June 21, 1917). Since 1935 the Federal Reserve Board has been authorized to increase these mini- mum requirements up to double the various specified percentages and, as noted in these series, requirements have been changed from time to time. Prior to June 21, 1917, member banks were author- ized to hold a part of their reserves as cash in their own vaults and a part on deposit with other banks. Since that date, only balances with Reserve Banks have counted as legal reserves. BANK SUSPENSIONS (N 135-147) N 135-147. Bank suspensions, 1864-1945. SOURCES: For 1864— 1891, see Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency, 1931, pp. 1040-1041; for 1892-1945, see publications of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, as fcllows: For 1892- Text: N 114-148 1941, see Banking and Monetary Statistics, table 66, p. 283; for 1942-1945 totals, see Federal Reserve Bulletin, June 1946, p. 631. Comprehensive and dependable statistics on bank suspensions are available only for comparatively recent years, that is, begin- ning with 1921. Statistics for State banks prior to 1892 are frag- mentary and incomplete. While the figures shown for the period 1892-1920 are believed to be somewhat more reliable than for earlier years, they are not strictly comparable with the figures shown for the period 1921-1945. Prior to 1921 the figures may be useful principally in showing the periods of abnormal banking mortality. Beginning with 1921 more detailed data are available on the number and deposits of suspended banks. These data were com- piled from original reports on bank suspensions. The term ‘bank suspension” has been defined to comprise all banks closed to the public, either temporarily or permanently, by supervisory author- ities or by the banks’ boards of directors on account of financial difficulties, whether on a so-called moratorium basis or otherwise, unless the closing was under a special banking holiday declared by civil authorities, in which case, if the bank remained closed only during such holiday, it was not counted as a suspension. Banks which, without actually closing, merged with other banks or ob- tained agreements with depositors to waive or to defer withdrawal of a portion of their deposits likewise have not been counted as suspensions; but banks which closed and were later reopened or taken over bv other institutions have been included as suspensions. For 1864-1891, all series are for the year ending June 30; for 1892-1920, figures for national and State banks are for the calen- dar year; for 1921-1945, all series are for the calendar year. For private banks (series N 138), figures for 1892-1920 vary in ending date of reporting year as follows: For 1892, June 30; for 1893 (14 months), Aug. 31; for 1894-1899, Aug. 31; for 1900-1919, June 30; and for 1920 (18 months), Dec. 31. Series N 135 (total) for 1892-1920 is composite as to reporting period since it comprises the summation of series N 136-138. Deposits for member banks are as of the date of suspension, and for nonmember banks as of the date of suspension or latest available call date prior thereto, with the exception of unlicensed banks included for 1933. Deposits of unlicensed banks included in suspensions for 1933 are (1) for national banks, as of the date of conservatorship; (2) for State member banks, as of June 30, 1933, or the nearest call date prior to liquidation or receivership; and (8) for nonmember banks, the latest figures available at the time the banks were reported as having been placed in liquidation or receivership, or (for those which later reopened) as of the date license was granted to reopen. Figures for losses borne by depositors (series N 147) are from the Annual Report of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 1940, p. 66, except for the figure for 1941, which is an unpublished estimate made by the Corporation. For 1935-1941, the figures in- clude some losses in insured banks which were not classified as bank suspensions but which were merged with the financial aid of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. For the same period, the figures also include about 47 million dollars of losses borne by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Prior to 1921, figures on estimated losses borne by depositors are available by periods as follows: 1881-1900, 93 million dollars; 1901-1920, 189 million dollars (Annual Report, 1940, p. 62). More detailed statistics for the period 1921-1941 are available in the source volume, including the number and deposits of sus- pended banks by States, by years, and by class of bank. Currency and Gold: Series N 148-184 N 148-165. Currency, 1800-1945. SOURCE: See text for specific series below. Currency includes coin and paper money issued by the Government and by banks. It represents a relatively small part of 257 Text: N 148-171 the total media of exchange in the United States, for most of it is held in the form of bank deposits and most money payments are made by check. All currency is now issued by the Federal Reserve Banks and the Treasury. Currency in circulation or money in circulation (official Treas- ury Circulation Statement) refers to all coin and paper money out- side the Treasury and Federal Reserve Banks, with the exception of gold and silver coin known to have been exported and, beginning with January 81, 1934, all gold coin. It includes all coin and paper money held by the public in the United States whether in current active use or held idle—also some currency which, strictly speak- ing, is not a part of the money supply in the hands of the public, that is, cash in vaults of commercial and savings banks, currency lost or destroyed, and currency carried abroad by travelers and not appearing in the official gold and silver export figures. N 148-151. Money stock and money in circulation, 1800-1945. SOURCE: For 1800-1859, see Annual Report of the Compiroller of the Currency, 1896, vol. I, p. 544; for 1860-1912, see Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1928, pp. 550-551; for 1913-1945, see Treasury Annual Report, 1945, p. 675. The totals for money stock (series N 148) involve a duplication to the extent that United States notes, Federal Reserve notes, Federal Reserve Bank notes, and national bank notes, all included in full, are in part secured by gold, also included in full. Gold cer- tificates, silver certificates, and Treasury notes of 1890 have been excluded, however, since they are complete duplications of the equal amounts of gold or silver held as security therefor and in- cluded in the totals. For a statement on this point and a descrip- tion of security by type of money, see text for series N 152-165 below. The following statement is adapted from tabular footnotes in Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1928 issue, p. 557, and 1945 issue, p. 675: The figures for 1860-1889 have been revised from the best data available in annual reports of the Secretary of the Treas- ury. The records are not complete and the figures for gold and silver in those years are only estimates. Beginning with 1890, the compilation is based on revised figures for June 30 of each year and therefore differs slightly from the monthly circula- tion statements issued by the Treasury. Beginning June 30, 1922, the form of the circulation statement was revised so as to include in the holdings of the Federal Reserve Banks and agents, and hence, include in the stock of money, gold bullion and foreign gold coin held by the Federal Reserve Banks and agents; and was also revised so as to include in the holdings of the Federal Reserve Banks and agents, and hence, exclude from money in circulation, all forms of money held by the Federal Reserve Banks and agents whether as reserve against Federal Reserve notes or otherwise. For full explanation of this revision, see Treasury Annual Report, 1922, p. 433. Beginning December 81, 1927, the form of the monthly cir- culation statement was revised so as to exclude earmarked gold coin from the stock of money, and hence from money in circulation; and to include in the holdings of the Federal Re- serve banks and agents, and hence in the stock of money, gold coin, and bullion held abroad for the account of the Fed- eral Reserve Banks. These changes do not affect the figures prior to the establishment of the Federal Reserve System. For the sake of comparability, the figures from 1915 on, as shown here, have been compiled on the basis of the revisions mentioned. Beginning on December 81, 1927, the monthly circulation statement was also revised to include minor coin (the bronze 1-cent piece and the nickel 5-cent piece) through- out. For the sake of comparability, the figures from 1910 on, as shown here, have been revised to include minor coin. Satis- _ factory data on minor coin for earlier years were not available and the amount was small. The circulation statement beginning on December 31, 1927, is dated for the end of the month instead of the beginning of the succeeding month as was the practice theretofore, and figures on a revised basis for “money held in Treasury” are used. For full explanation of this revision, see Treasury Annual Report, 1928, pp. 70-71. Final revisions, minor in amount, are made in some figures of the June 30 circulation statements for use in the annual report tables. 258 BANKING AND FINANCE N 152-165. Money in circulation by kind, 1860-1945. SOURCE: For 1860-1913, see Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1928, pp. 554-555; for 1914-1945, see Treasury Annual Report, 1945, p. 677. See also text for series N 148-165. More detailed data on money stock and circulation, by kind, annually, are shown in the various annual reports of the Secretary of the Treasury and the Comptroller of the Currency. For a con- tinuation of series N 157 (State bank notes, 1860-1878), annually back to 1830, decennially to 1800, see Annual Report of the Comp- troller of the Currency, 1916, vol. 1I, table 28, p. 45. The security held for redemption of gold certificates, silver cer- tificates, etc., is described in the Treasury Annual Report, 1945, in a footnote to table 91, p. 676, as follows: A part of the gold and silver included in“the stock of money is held as a reserve against other kinds of money as follows: (1) as a reserve for United States notes and Treasury notes of 1890—¢gold bullion varying in amount from $150,000,000 to $156,089,431 during the years 19138-1945; (2) as security for Treasury notes of 1890—an equal dollar amount in standard silver dollars (these notes are being cancelled and retired on receipt); (3) as security for outstanding silver certificates— silver in bullion and standard silver dollars of a monetary value equal to the face amount of such silver certificates; and (4) as security for gold certificates—gold bullion of a value at the legal standard equal to the face amount of such gold certificates. Federal Reserve notes are obligations of the United States and a first lien on all the assets of the issuing Federal Reserve Bank. Federal Reserve notes are secured by the deposit with Federal Reserve agents of a like amount of gold paper as is eligible under the terms of the Federal Re- serve Act, or until June 80, 1945, of direct obligations of the United States if so authorized by a majority vote of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Federal Reserve Banks must maintain a reserve in gold certificates of at least 40 percent, including the redemption fund which must be deposited with the Treasurer of the United States, against Federal Reserve notes in actual circulation. “Gold certifi- cates,” as herein used, includes credits with the Treasurer of the United States payable in gold certificates. Federal Reserve Bank notes and national bank notes are in process of retire- ment. The monetary value of gold was changed from $20.67 per fine ounce to $35.00 per fine ounce on January 31, 1934. The weight of the gold dollar was reduced from 25.8 to 1554; grains of gold, 0.9 fine. In respect to national bank notes, the Treasury Annual Report, 1928, in a footnote to table 63, p. 557, states: National bank notes are secured by United States bonds except where lawful money has been deposited with the Treas- urer of the United States for their retirement. A 5-percent fund is also maintained in lawful money with the Treasurer of the United States for the redemption of national bank notes secured by Government bonds. N 166-171. Changes in gold stock of the United States, 1914- 1945. SOURCE: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. For 1914-1941, see Banking and Monetary Statistics, table 156, p. 536; for 1942-1945, see Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 1947, p. 52. For a discussion of the items shown here, see Banking and Monetary Statistics, p. 522. Monthly data are also available in that source. At one time gold circulated freely as money and was the basic form into which all other types of money could generally be cop- verted. At present, however, the gold stock in most countries is held largely or entirely by central banks and government treasuries as a legal reserve against note and deposit liabilities or for sta- bilizing exchange rates. All gold belonging to the United States is held by the Treasury Department. Private gold holdings are for- bidden except in limited amounts for licensed purposes. Gold may be held by Federal Reserve Banks for account of foreign central ‘banks or governments. Such earmarked gold, however, is not a part of the monetary gold stock of this country. The data for domestic gold production (series N 168) are those reported by the Director of the Mint, adjusted to exclude Philip- pine Islands production received in the United States. The data for net gold imports (series N 1689) are those compiled by the De- CURRENCY AND GOLD partment of Commerce. The figures for gold under earmark (series N 170-171) represent gold held by the Federal Reserve Banks for foreign account; in the calculation of the changes in gold under earmark, however, consideration has also been given to gold held under earmark abroad for the account of the Federal Reserve Banks in the years 1917-1933. N 172-178. Adjusted deposits of banks and currency outside banks, 1892-1945. SOURCE: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. For 1892-1941, see Banking and Monetary Statis- ties, table 9, pp. 34-35; for 1942-1945, see Federal Reserve Bulletin, January 1947, p. 53. These figures provide an indication of the total volume of the means of payment outstanding in the country. The supply of money, in the sense of a means of payment, is gen- erally defined to include currency and demand deposits of banks. Time deposits are also sometimes included in measures of money supply, although in general they probably represent savings and not funds intended to be used for current expenditures. These data have been adjusted to show as nearly as possible the deposits and currency owned by the public. Currency held as vault cash has been deducted from the total amount of currency outside the Treasury and Federal Reserve Banks. Deposit figures have been adjusted to exclude interbank deposits, which do not repre- sent money available to the public, and items in process of collec- tion, inclusion of which would represent a double counting of deposits. For a detailed description of these series and their significance see Banking and Monetary Statistics, pp. 11-12. N 179-182. Amount coined of gold, silver and minor coin, 1793- 1945. SOURCE: Annual Reports of the Director of the Mint. For 1793-1943, see Annual Report for 1944, pp. 72-73; for 1944, see Annual Report for 1945, p. 87; for 1945, see Annual Report for 1946, p. 49. N 183-184. Silver prices, 1789-1945. SOURCE: Annual Reports of the Director of the Mint. For 1789-1941, see report for 1941, pp. 90-91; for 1942-1945, see report for 1946, pp. 69 and 70. Data on average commercial ratio of silver to gold are available back to 1687 in the 1941 Annual Report. From 1789 to 1832, aver- age commercial ratios of silver to gold are taken from Dr. A. Scet- beer; from 1833 to 1878, fronr Pixley and Abell’s tables; from 1879 to 1896, from daily cabled prices from London to the Bureau of the Mint; from 1897 to 1914, from daily London quotations; and since, from daily New York quotations. Money Rates and Security Markets: Series N 185-232 N 185-187. Short-term open-market rates in New York City, 1890-1945. SOURCE: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. For 1890-1941, see Banking and Monetary Statistics, table 120, p. 448; for 1942-1945, see Federal Reserve Bulletin, March 1944, p. 263, and January 1947, p. 63. Short-term open-market rates shown here are for New York City which is the chief money market in this country. The New York money market is composed of a number of specialized mar- kets for certain types of loans and there are usually differences in rates corresponding to differences in the supply of funds relative to the demand for the particular type of loan in which the market deals. These markets are called “open” markets since transactions in them are usually made on an impersonal basis with the borrower and lender dealing through agents, as distinct from a “customer” market where the borrower and lender deal directly with each other and where transactions are often made on a personal basis. As a result, lenders may sell paper held, call loans, or refrain from renewing credits upon maturity more freely in the case of open- market paper than in the case of customer loans. Until recent years, the 1930's, 90-day Stock Exchange time loans (series N 185), prime 4- to 6-month commercial paper (series N 186), and Stock Exchange renewal call loans (series N 187) were the most important short-term open-market instruments. Text: N 166-214 Annual average rates on Stock Exchange call loans (new) are also available in Banking and Monetary Statistics from 1919-1941. Monthly and weekly figures for all of the items are given in the source volume. N 188-195. Commercial and customer bank loan rates, 1919- 1945. SOURCE: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. For 1919-1941, see Banking and Monetary Statistics, tables 124 and 125, pp. 463-464; for 1942-1945, see Federal Reserve Bulletin, December 1946, p. 1383. Data by months are available in the source volumes. These data are compiled by the Board of Govern- ors from reports submitted by member banks in leading cities throughout the country. Figures for series N 192-195 represent averages of prevailing rates reported monthly by banks in a varying number of leading cities on commercial loans and time and demand security loans. For series N 188-191, data for Jan. 1928-Feb. 1939 are averages of prevailing rates reported monthly by banks in 19 principal cities on commercial loans only; beginning ih March 1939 the figures are averages of interest rates charged by banks in 19 cities on commercial and industrial loans made during the first half of March, June, September, and December. For a description of the figures, see Banking and Monetary Statistics, pp. 426-427. N 196-200. Basic yields of corporate bonds, by term to maturity, 1900-1945. SOURCE: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. For 1900-1942, see Banking and Monetary Statistics, table 181, p. 477; for 1943-1945, data were furnished from records of the Federal Reserve Board. Data shown for 1900-1942 are originally from Durand, David, Basic Yields of Corporate Bonds, 1900-1942, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1942. Greater detail than is shown here as to yield by years of maturity appears in both Durand and in Banking and Monetary Statistics. The basic yield series represents the yield estimated as prevail- ing in the first quarter of each year on the highest-grade corporate issues, classified by term to maturity. This series is based on month- ly high and low quotations of practically all the actively traded high-grade corporate issues outstanding since 1900. For further description, see Banking and Monetary Statistics, p- 430. N 201-202. Railroad bond yields, 1857-1936. SOURCE: Mac- aulay, Frederick R., Some Historical Problems Suggested by the Movements of Interest Rates, Bond Yields and Stock Prices in the United States Since 1856, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1938, pp. A 142-A 161. N 203-204. Yields of U. S. Government bonds and municipal high-grade bonds, 1919-1945. SOURCES: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. For 1919-1941, see Banking and Monetary Statistics, table 128, p. 468; for 1942-1945, see Federal Reserve Bulletin, November 1945, p. 1133, and December 1946, p. 1383. For monthly figures and a description of these series see Banking and Monetary Statistics, pp. 429 and 468. N 205. Yields on preferred stocks, 1919-1945. SOURCE: Statis- tical Abstract of the United States. For 1919-1926, see Statistical Abstract for 1937, table 322, p. 288; for 1927-1945, see Statistical Abstract for 1946, table 488, p. 447. N 206-211. Indexes of yields on common stocks, 1871-1937. SOURCE: Cowles, Alfred, 3rd, and Associates, Common Stock In- dexes, 1871-1937, Principia Press Inc., Bloomington, Ind., 1938, pp. 372-375 and 381. These are total actual dividends paid in each calendar year divided by total stock values as represented by an average of the monthly values for the year. N 212-214. Bond prices, 1919-1945. SOURCE: Board of Gover- nors of the Federal Reserve System. For 1919-1941, see Banking and Monetary Statistics, table 130, p. 475; for 1942-1945, see Fed- eral Reserve Bulletin, November 1945, p. 1134, and December 1946, p. 1384. For corporate medium and lower-grade and defaulted bonds, 1937-1945, see source volumes. 259 Text: N 212-232 BANKING AND FINANCE Prices shown are derived from average yields on basis of spec- ified coupon rate and term to maturity which vary for different issues. They indicate the price movements of a representative bond of unchanging coupon and maturity. They do not measure accurately the average level of current price quotations in the market. For monthly figures and a description of the series, see Banking and Monetary Statistics, pp. 429-430 and 475. N 215-220. Index of common stock prices, 1871-1937. SOURCE: Cowles, Alfred, 8rd, and Associates, Common Stock Indexes, 1871— 1987, Principia Press Inc., Bloomington, Ind., 1938, pp. 66-75 and 131. These indexes are presented in monthly figures in the source volume. The indexes are “spliced” to monthly averages of weekly Standard Statistics indexes which begin in 1918 or later, with the base 1926 =100. The price relative for each issue in an index re- ceives a weight equal to the product of the price per share by the number of shares outstanding. All necessary adjustments have been made in the number of shares outstanding. For an explana- tion of the construction of these indexes, see Common Stock In- dexes, p. 17. N 221-227. Capital issues, by kind of issue and class of security, 1910-1945. SOURCE: Statistical Abstract of United States. For 1910-1918, see Statistical Abstract for 1932, table 299, p. 292; for 1919-1945, see Statistical Abstract for 1947, table 495, p. 458. The primary source of these data is The Commercial and Financial Chronicle, New York City. 260 Data cover domestic and foreign issues in the United States. Preferred stock of no par value and all common stocks are taken at their offering price, other issues at par, except that in the figures for corporate issues for 1910 to 1918 all stocks are included at their market value. Corporate issues for 1910 to 1918 exclude real estate offerings and privileged stock subscriptions included in figures beginning 1919, and issues of less than $100,000. Other data on capital issues by kind of issue are available in the source volumes, e.g., total amount of new and refunding issues is distributed: “Corporate,” “foreign government,” “Farm loan and Government agencies,” and “State and municipal.” N 228-232. Volume of sales on New York Stock Exchange, 1900-1945. SOURCE: For 1900-1909, see Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Banking and Monetary Statistics, table 1385, p. 485; for 1910-1945, see Statistical Abstract of United States as follows: For 1910-1922, see Statistical Abstract, 1936, table 323, p. 289; for 1923-1945, see Statistical Abstract, 1947, table 485, p. 452. These data,are published currently by The Com- mercial and Financial Chronicle, New York City. Data on stocks (N 228) cover ticker or “reported” volume which excludes odd- lots, stopped sales, private sales, split openings, crossed transac- tions, and errors of omission. Data on bonds are exclusive of stopped sales. Beginning in 1935 the Securities and Exchange Com- mission has compiled statistics on the volume and value of stock and bond sales on all registered exchanges. These are available by quarterly periods in the source volumes. BANKING STATISTICS Data: N 1-18 Series N 1-12.—ASSETS AND LIABILITIES—SECOND BANK OF THE UNITED STATES: 1817 TO 1840 [ Figures are from Annual Report of Comptroller of Currency, 1876, p. Ixxxiii, except in series N 12 where figures in parentheses (millions of dollars) are from Annual Report, 1916, p. 912] RESOURCES LIABILITIES h Dus from N y I , Oth YEAR Losns ond Stocks | Real estate Penkine fee sy grouse Specie Capital | Circulation | Deposits iy PL 1 banks banks, ete. ! 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 $36,839,593|$16,316,419($1,228,630 | $610,504 ($7,469,422 |$1,383,686 | $1,469,674($35,000,000| $6,695,861| $3,338,521 $9,126,985($8,119,468 | 41,618,687| 17,957,497| 1,054,523 424,382 | 5,833,000 | 1,791,580 | 4,153,607| 35,000,000 5,982,621 6,779,394 15,831,895| 9,260,351 45,256,571( 14,862,108| 1,061,663 443,109 | 3,657,261 866,597 | 8,770,842 85,000,000, 6,768,067 2,616,713| 17,449,825| 7,987,434 57,398,709]. ces 816,855 420,244 | 2,284,598 | 1,206,754 | 2,638,449 35,000,000| 11,447,968 2,332,409 9,210,962 (6.8) 59,282,448). . oem 1,486,561 967,404 | 4,161,176 | 1,736,491 | 8,417,988] 85,000,000| 28,075,422 5,061,456 2,660,694] (10.1) 51,808,739 1,760,682 | 1,218 ,898 6,532,471 | 1,506,200 | 15,708,369] 85,000,000 17,339,797| 11,756,905 3,119,172| (11.8) 54,911,461 1,741,407 | 1,189,125 | 4,860,539 | 1,982,640 | 10,089,237| 35,000,000| 19,208,379( 10,838,556 1,522,124 (8.2) 61,695,913 1,855,169 | 1,181,071 | 6,794,976 | 2,292,655 | 8,951,847 85,000,000 17,518,217| 20,347,749] 2,091,891 (8.0) 66,293,707 2,200| 2,136,525 | 1,159,637 | 4,036,517 | 2,171,676 | 17,038,023| 385,000,000| 21,355,724| 22,761,434 1,951,108 (1.6) 44,032,057 8,674,681) 2,629,125 | 1,344,761 | 2,883,831 | 1,494,506 | 10,808,047( 85,000,000( 16,251,267 17,297,041 784,900 (2.0) 40,663,805| 11,610,290 2,886,397 | 1,444,801 | 2,730,011 | 1,465,047 | 7,608,076/ 85,000,000( 12,924,145| 16,045,782 _______.___ (4.5) 39,219,602| 16,099,099| 2,345,539 | 1,557,856 | 2,205,537 | 1,293,578 | 6,098,188 85,000,000( 11,901,656| 17,061,918 1,447,748 (8.4) 33,682,905| 17,624,859| 2,295,401 | 1,634,260 356,740 | 1,447,386 | 6,170,045| 35,000,000 9,855,677| 14,497,330| 38,165,207 (0.6) 80,937,866| 17,764,359] 2,039,226 | 1,678,192 | 2,144,196 | 1,068,483 6,457,161 35,000,000) 8,549,409( 14,320,186 280,056 (4.1) 33,424,621 18,308,501| 1,848,354 | 1,792,870 | 1,168,899 | 1,114,831 | 38,960,158| 35,000,000| 9,474,987 11,214,640 251,494 (5.5) 31,812,617 18,422,027 1,495,150 | 1,852,985 | 2,154,278 | 1,056,224 | 6,746,952| 35,000,000( 6,068,394( 12,033,364 2,407,282 (8.0) 38,482,084 10,874,014| 1,302,551 | 1,871,635 | 2,721,828 705,173 5,813,694] 35,000,000| 4,647,077| 13,701,986] 1,020,000 (2.4) 30,736,432| 11,018,552( 626,674 | 1,956,764 | 1,432,172 766,248 | 4,424,874] 35,000,000 4,361,058| 7,622,840( 1,292,710 (2.6) 28,061,169| 13,318,951 563,480 | 1,855,946 | 2,825,360 917,629 | 4,761,299| 35,000,000( 5,578,782 8,075,152 2,040,000 (1.7) 30,905,199) 9,155,855... 1,886,724 | 1,261,745 677,022 | 7,648,140] 35,000,000 4,567,053 7,894,985 2,058,074 (2.0) $81,401,158: 7,192,980. ....cccuu- 1,296,626 | 2,988,628 | 1,443,166 | 3,392,755| 85,000,000( 3,589,481 6,568,794. 2,053,650 (0.5) 35,786,263 7,391,823 433,808 | 3,246,464 | 1,877,909 | 2,666,696| 35,000,000 6,563,750 5,792,869 434 (2.6) 175,201 | 2.237.576 | 1,837,254 2,515,949] 85,000,000| 8,339.448| 12.279,207| 1.357.778 0.4) 41,181,750| 9,475,932 = eine me 8,848,315 587,201 | 1,724,109] 85,000,000 1,911,200) 11,233,021). ____ eco ___.__ Z| 28,485,195 4,829,234 ! Annual Report, 1916, shows following (millions of dollars): Series N 11, 1840, 2 Annual Report, 1916, p. 912, gives 32.2 million dollars. American State Papers, 17.8; 1839, 25.1; 1838 25.6. Series N 12, 1840, 3.0; 1839, no entry; 1838, 0.2. Finance, vol. 8 ,p. 353, gives $32,416,101 as of ‘last of October.” Series N 13-18.—ASSETS AND LIABILITIES—COLONIAL AND STATE BANKS: 1774 TO 1833 [Amounts in millions of dollars] Number 3 s % : s Number : 8 g : ; Vane of banks Capital |Circulation| Deposits Specie Loans SEAR of banks Capital |Circulation| Deposits Specie Loans 13 14 15 16 17 18 13 14 15 16 17 18 87.8 10.2 5.4 1.17 57.8 ({ 1810. .-.- 428 56.6 2.5 2.8 1.6 11.1 35.5 10.2 4.7 1.6 563.2 [1 1809..... 429 7.2 1.9 Bq 1.2 9.7 23.4 8.8 4.6 1.3 88.9 (/ 1808. .... 316 5.9 1.0 2.5 1.0 7.4 1807... 316 5.5 1.4 1.7 0.7 6.8 110.1 48.4 89.5 14.5 159.8 || 1806... 315 5.4 1.6 2.0 0.9 7.0 110.1 48.2 40.7 M9 cea 25. 5.6 8.0 1.4 84.5 || 1805... 75 40.4 18.2 4.9 2.9 1.4 24.2 || 1804.____ 59 39.5 16.6 4.5 2.6- 1.3 23.6 || 1803.____ 36 26.0 1802. _... 32 22.6 14.5 4.0 2.7 1.0 21.9 1) 1801..... 31 22.4 12.8 3.8 5.2 1.9 1.4 11.6 8.1 3.1 1.0 15.6 || 1800.._.. 28 21.8 10.8 3.1 3.2 0.9 14.5) 1799... 26 21.2 9.8 8.0 5.4 3.0 13.0 || 1798..... 25 19.2 1997... 25 19.2 102.1 40.6 31.2 36.7 |e eedaiapens 1796. .... 24 19.2 72.8 85.7 11.1 9.8 73.6 9.17 2.6 2.9 1.1 12.5 [i -3798< 2. 23 19.0 90.6 18.0 89.8 18.0 17.1 82.2 12.9 80.8 65.0 2.5 57.9 2.1 42.81 220 [ecswmessee] GB [eteccrens]] APT salen nem fe sma I New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island only. 4 Massachusetts and Rhode Island only. 2 Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island only. 5 Capital stock of Massachusetts only. * Massachusetts only. 261 Data: N 19-26 BANKING AND FINANCE Series N 19-26.—ASSETS AND LIABILITIES—ALL BANKS: 1834 TO 1945 [ Amounts in thousands of dollars ] SELECTED ASSETS SELECTED LIABILITIES Total assets or Loans and |United States| Cash and Capital, Nunber liabilities discounts | Government | balances surplus, and . y Total YEAR (June 30) (or total including and other with other |net undivided| Circulation deposits resources) overdrafts securities banks profits 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 14,587 1163,026,979 | 28,092,140 |102,272,885 |! 30,895,894 | 10,151,971 | ___________ 1151,932,691 14,598 [139,559,665 | 25,504,338 | 83,716,591 | ! 28,328,543 9,355,501 1129,867,247 14,661 [117,252,406 | 22,324,053 | 65,884,932 | 1 26,816,911 8,790,695 1107,784,099 14,815 | 92,259,991 | 25,178,305 | 39,016,112 | ! 25,683,039 8,522,218 183,029,575 14,919 | 87,828,719 | 25,543,438 | 32,729,732 26,879,314 8,524,519 78,549,329 15,017 | 80,213,629 | 22,557,670 | 29,074,909 25,683,857 8,325,127 71,153,458 15,146 | 73,601,320 | 21,516,279 | 28,385,768 20,626,596 8,294,208 64,576,694 15,341 | 68,277,707 | 21,311,161 | 26,345,478 17,470,668 8,181,969 59,379,550 15,580 | 68,924,757 | 22,698,176 | 27,274,139 15,628,614 | 8,236,431 59,822,370 15,803 | 67,188,241 | 20,839,159 | 27,859,533 15,122,381 7,971,093 58,339,815 16,053 | 60,386,863 | 20,419,260 | 24,217,155 12,397,548 | 7,835,734 222,095 51,586,123 15,894 | 56,157,554 | 21,431,153 | 21,289,494 10,215,749 7,852,750 698,293 46,625,041 14,624 | 51,293,912 | 22,387,818 | 17,930,663 7,764,785 | 7,385,288 730,435 41,533,470 19,163 | 57,190,109 | 28,089,853 | 18,223,241 7,367,717 8,538,501 652,168 45,390,269 22,071 | 69,757,104 | 35,210,500 | 20,060,153 10,366,945 | 9,831,079 639,304 56,864,744 24,079 | 73,462,376 | 40,510,108 | 17,944,728 11,178,032 | 10,281,498 652,339 59,847,195 25,330 | 71,718,679 | 41,433,126 | 17,348,738 9,271,425 9,667,545 649,452 57,910,641 26,213 | 71,137,842 | 39,155,988 | 18,771,814 9,363,191 8,897,412 649,095 58,431,061 27,061 | 67,922,039 | 37,103,309 | 17,255,093 10,089,465 | 8,272,231 650,946 56,751,307 28,146 | 64,686,070 | 35,843,208 | 15,815,141 9,803,142 7,808,442 651,155 54,069,257 28,841 | 61,898,134 | 33,598,506 | 15,374,899 9,906,815 | 7,350,484 648,494 51,995,059 29,348 | 57,084,786 | 31,288,318 | 14,193,638 9,024,963 7,053,292 729,686 47,709,028 30,178 | 53,905,293 | 30,157,810 | 13,634,618 7,590,326 6,806,006 720,001 44,249,524 30,389 | 50,294,893 | 27,628,331 | 12,502,195 7,818,741 6,575,202 725,748 41,128,352 30,812 | 49,584,788 | 28,688,971 | 11,278,769 7,031,439 6,356,736 704,147 38,664,987 30,139 | 52,828,247 | 30,650,050 | 11,251,956 8,367,397 5,953,983 688,178 41,725,224 29,123 | 47,615,447 | 25,088,978 | 11,989,093 7,763,245 5,335,680 677,162 37,685,972 28,880 | 40,726,439 | 22,591,221 9,621,875 6,439,553 5,012,153 681,631 32,615,468 27,923 | 87,126,763 | 20,665,939 7,953,038 6,829,710 | 4,874,849 660,431 30,470,159 27,513 | 82,271,238 | 17,933,577 6,764,481 6,043,099 4,609,132 676,116 26,462,501 27,062 | 27,804,130 | 15,758,673 5,840,058 5,015,300 | 4,535,536 722,704 22,031,669 26,765 | 26,971,398 | 15,339,478 5,541,437 4,869,799 4,408,591 722,555 21,359,842 25,993 | 25,712,164 | 14,626,772 5,364,006 4,659,544 4,346,690 722,125 20,138,553 25,195 | 24,986,643 | 13,953,607 5,320,635 4,824,986 | 4,177,002 708,691 19,719,288 24,392 | 23,631,084 | 13,046,390 5,014,997 4,737,653 4,017,986 681,740 18,581,475 23,095 | 22,450,321 | 12,521,809 4,687,753 4,327,655 | 3,835,543 675,633 17,584,175 22,524 | 21,197,904 | 11,446,722 4,622,459 4,435,950 | 8,649,680 641,312 16,668,219 21,346 | 19,583,410 | 10,437,992 4,392,874 3,876,038 | 3,518,672 613,664 15,116,863 19,746 | 19,645,016 | 10,763,912 4,293,786 3,554,980 | 3,335,937 547,919 15,358,215 17,905 | 18,147,579 9,893,757 4,031,498 3,390,261 | 3,124,136 510,861 14,207,429 16,410 | 16,918,207 9,027,298 3,953,024 3,272,062 2,902,700 445,456 13,332,801 14,850 | 15,198,828 7,982,023 3,619,192 3,005,622 2,753,375 399,584 11,864,925 13,684 | 14,303,117 7,738,981 3,359,794 2,677,532 2,595,423 359,261 11,179,144 12,424 | 13,363,866 7,189,110 3,039,426 2,678,739 2,298,499 309,337 10,625,592 11,406 | 12,357,477 6,425,431 2,821,196 2,581,447 | 2,031,727 319,009 9,896,122 10,382 | 10,785,825 5,657,687 2,498,381 2,203,041 1,906,932 265,303 8,513,030 9,732 9,905,011 5,177,594 2,179,138 2,155,003 1,734,732 199,358 7,900,303 9,500 8,609,003 4,652,279 1,859,883 1,724,351 1,724,829 189,866 6,554,165 9,457 7,822,085 4,215,978 1,732,418 1,511,088 1,724,948 196,591 5,787,188 9,469 7,553,922 4,251,157 1,674,647 1,266,345 1,746,431 199,214 5,486,182 9,818 7,609,544 4,268,923 1,565,330 1,442,027 1,779,678 178,816 5,538,634 9,508 7,290,571 4,085,069 1,445,452 1,483,319 1,752,548 171,720 5,267,669 9,492 7,192,271 4,368,677 1,366,151 1,189,683 1,781,083 155,081 5,065,422 9,336 7,245,444 4,336,889 1,283,693 1,377,993 1,721,255 141,199 5,297,460 8,641 6,562,200 4,031,024 1,179,393 1,124,637 1,648,924 124,027 4,682,695 8,201 6,357,626 3,853,533 1,173,203 1,123,387 1,558,127 126,444 4,576,433 7,244 5,944,907 3,477,596 1,129,208 1,144,327 1,427,671 128,987 4,310,516 6,647 5,470,458 3,161,216 1,131,107 989,272 1,347,566 155,482 3,891,096 6,170 5,193,323 2,943,309 1,011,099 999,061 1,259,048 166,857 3,718,639 4,338 4,542,395 2,433,784 1,051,559 773,117 1,076,379 244,996 8,186,179 4,350 4,426,830 2,272,236 1,042,024 875,953 1,039,917 269,246 3,078,153 4,113 4,221,289 2,260,704 1,041,135 678,352 1,036,150 295,352 2,848,554 3,835 4,208,104 2,233,539 1,027,791 711,741 973,392 312,151 2,883,977 3,572 4,031,145 2,050,453 1,054,909 755,096 900,609 309,208 2,777,421 3,427 3,869,124 1,902,037 985,298 781,560 864,414 312,498 2,649,062 3,355 3,398,945 1,662,256 904,193 655,411 825,525 318,371 2,222,106 3,335 3,312,681 1,507,354 1,138,623 504,810 826,639 307,718 2,149,192 3,229 3,080,668 1,561,219 74,478 492,507 825,486 300,009 1,920,898 3,384 3,204,018 1,721,038 851,613 483,302 874,954 290,390 2,006,199 3,448 3,183,017 1,727,178 818,214 502,578 863,988 294,833 1,993,030 3,336 3,204,666 1,748,009 801,944 526,587 846,759 318,326 2,008,620 23,552 2,890,475 1,564,383 732,000 509,834 789,402 338,692 1,740,049 23,298 2,731,846 1,439,877 721,348 486,565 748,455 338,964 1,625,183 2,419 2,145,395 1,123,038 479,510 489,655 748,088 405,278 926,577 2,175 2,002,532 990,267 479,423 484,653 705,632 370,232 887,839 1,937 1,780,830 863,757 469,734 405,608 648,301 336,078 775,100 1,878 ,735,571 801,437 479,804 417,628 615,660 328,530 771,496 1,887 ,785,623 765,487 520,277 417,522 595,852 329,028 797,490 1,908 1,674,085 709,316 536,249 398,094 577,651 329,343 748,619 1,931 1,672,939 682,327 483,196 479,598 560,187 308,825 758,480 See footnotes on next page. 262 BANKING STATISTICS Series N 19-26.—ASSETS AND LIABILITIES—ALL BANKS: 1834 TO 1945—Con. [ Amounts in thousands of dollars] Data: N 19-34 SELECTED ASSETS SELECTED LIABILITIES Total - Number a Loans and |United States| Cash and apie: YEAR (June 30) of banks (or total discounts | Government | balances and net Circulation Total resources) including and other with other undivided deposits overdrafts securities banks profits 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 1,643 1,857,411 517,524 412,314 391,970 451,480 179,662 688,963 1,556 2,935 554,653 149,714 236,000 390,992 176,257 379,951 1,532 1,208,548 654,068 186,173 307,287 412,863 238,677 503,692 1,492 1,012,149 646,678 99,011 220,485 418,140 183,792 357,466 1,601 1,015,859 696,778 74,005 197,670 429,593 202,006 318,505 1,562 999,859 691,946 70,344 195,664 421,880 207,102 309,735 1,476 983,436 657,184 63,502 228,450 401,976 193,307 327,784 1,422 848,596 583,165 60,305 170,294 394,623 155,208 237,102 1,416 953,178 684,457 59,272 177,404 370,835 214,779 288,026 1,398 880,087 634,183 49.485 166,671 843,874 195,748 265,426 1,307 816,729 576,145 52,727 155,049 332,177 186,952 235,557 1,208 794,870 557,398 44,350 163,165 301,376 204,689 238,511 750 577,185 408,944 22,285 126,490 207,909 146,073 195,179 913 620,328 429,761 23,254 ¥37,030 236,620 161,167 182,158 879 597,227 413,757 22,388 131,926 227,808 155,165 175,375 824 532,261 364,204 20,607 114,918 217.317 131,367 146,304 782 478,588 332,323 23,572 97,236 207,309 114,743 121,274 751 511,928 344,477 26,498 112,192 204,838 128,506 ‘142,641 715 457,691 310,283 20,158 93,824 203,071 105,520 120,332 707 455,617 312,114 21,487 95,003 196,894 105,552 125,132 707 433,910 288,617 20,356 92,687 206,046 89,609 114,358 696 426,602 264,906 22,859 104,162 210,872 75,168 116,549 691 393,162 254,545 28,380 74,067 228,862 58,564 77,625 692 471,812 323,958 24,586 81,740 206,172 83,734 88,273 784 608,143 386,488 64,811 nn, 1503 313,609 107.290 107,752 901 657,750 462,897 42,412 98,667 358,443 106,969 119,866 840 702,382 492,278 36,128 129,016 327,133 135,171 143,376 829 682,058 485,632 33,909 119,247 317,637 116,139 145,707 788 706,490 525,116 12,407 139,479 290,772 149,186 189,818 718 622,197 457,506 11,709 128,812 251,875 140,301 165,507 704 498,326 365,164 9,211 108,169 231,250 103,692 122,054 506 418,933 324,119 6,113 76,127 200,006 94,840 102,269 1 Excludes reciprocal interbank demand balances with banks in the U. S., which at prior dates were reported “gross.” 2 Number of nonnational banks estimated. $8 For nonnational banks, all figures gros number of banks and capital stock are estimated; see footnote 4, series N 35-42 4 Incomplete. § Estimated figures based on number of banks in previous 5 years and resources and liabilities in 10 years, 1854 to 18683, inclusive. Series N 27-34.—ASSETS AND LIABILITIES—NATIONAL BANKS: 1863 TO 1945 [ Amounts in thousands of dollars | SELECTED ASSETS SELECTED LIABILITIES Total Capital, Nimhor abilities Fv hit Bre aa surplus, i i Total YEAR (Fuznsis0) of banks (or total including and other | with other Shaner Clrediesion deposits resources) overdrafts | securities! banks? profits 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 5,021 | 81,794,833 | 12,389,133 | 51,019,901 |317,612,951| 4,472,558 376,825,537 5,042 | 70,400,945 | 11,229,680 | 42,288,523 | 216,059,164] 4,110,609 365,883,253 5,066 | 58,972,352 9,190,143 | 33,728,578 | 315,227,391| 8,825,405 354,769,361 5,107 | 44,718,965 | 10,901,795 | 18,643,388 | 14,316,563| 3,679,492 240,659,117 5,186 | 41,314,635 | 10,922,483 | 14,954,794 14,521,658) 3,598,141 87,351,303 5,170 | 36,885,080 9,179,227 | 12,905,275 13,877,104 3,476,441 33,074,407 5,209 | 33,180,578 8,573,703 | 12,552,886 11,074,806 3,389,512 29,469,469 5,248 | 30,377,560 8,334,624 | 11,644,276 9,450,555| 3,273,819 26,815,894 5,299 | 30,328,806 8,812,895 | 12,122,287 8,377,869 3,212,165 26,765,913 5,374 | 29,696,756 7,763,342 | 12,482,625 8,381,426 3,165,728 26,200,453 5,431 | 26,056,473 7,368,717 | 10,716,386 6,868,221 3,086,418 222,095 22,518,246 5,422 | 23,900,184 7,697,743 9,348,553 5,696,965 3,001,033 698,293 19,932,660 4,902 | 20,855,579 8,119,772 7,371,631 4,118,946 2,856,554 730,435 16,774,115 6,150 | 22,360,529 | 16,286,377 7,196,652 8,485,861] 3,279,848 652,168 17,460,913 6,805 | 27,642,698 | 13,185,275 7,674,837 4,933,636 3,625,131 639, 1804 22,198,240 7,252 | 29,116,539 | 14,897,204 6,888,171 5,344,075| 3,881,186 652,339 23,268,884 7,536 | 27,440,228 | 14,811,323 6,656,535 4,212,052( 3,593,931 649,452 21,598,088 7,691 | 28,508,239 | 15,155,133 7,147,448 4,517,428 3,570,988 649,095 22,657,271 7,796 | 26,581,943 | 13,965,484 6,393,218 4,787,726) 3,239,539 650,946 21,790,572 7,978 | 25,815,624 | 13,427,393 5,842,253 4,721,050 3,089,358 651,155 20,655,044 8,072 | 24,350,863 | 12,683,419 5,705,230 4,722,411 2,970,074 648,494 19,921,796 8,085 | 22,565,919 | 11,988,803 5,107,221 4,887,505] 2,916,245 729,686 18,857,293 8,241 | 21,511,766 | 11,828,101 5,031,774 8,591,045) 2,875,712 720,001 16,906,549 8,249 | 20,706,010 | 11,257,412 4,517,953 8,905,967| 2,848,456 725,748 16,328,820 8,154 | 20,517,862 | 12,014,485 3, ‘921, 927 3,475,644| 2,796,291 704,147 15,148,519 8,030 | 28,411,253 | 13,637,115 | 4,050,896 4,416,117 2,622,075 688,178 | 17,166,570 7,785 | 21,284,918 | 11,027,280 4,811,488 4,825,187| 2,863,478 677,162 15,941,926 7,705 | 18,354,942 | 10,164,623 3,837,494 3,515,335] 2,249,793 681,631 14,047,849 7,604 | 16,290,406 8,991,809 2,962,286 8,703,900) 2,198,553 660,431 12,798,915 7,579 | 13,926,868 7,769,096 2,320,871 3,313,062| 2,103,288 676,116 10,963,030 See footnotes on next page. 373374 O - 56 - 18 263 Data: N 27-42 BANKING AND FINANCE Series N 27-34.—ASSETS AND LIABILITIES—NATIONAL BANKS: 1863 TO 1945—Con. [Amounts in thousands of dollars | SELECTED ASSETS SELECTED LIABILITIES Total Number | Labilities | Losnsand [United States| Cashand | amie YEAR (June 30) of banks (or total discounts | Government | balances and net Circulation Total resources) including and other with other undivided deposits overdrafts securities ! banks ? profits 27 28: 29 30 31 32 33 34 7,605 | 11,795,685 6,665,145 2,026,496 2,676,151 2,105,363 722,704 8,821,241 7,625 | 11,482,191 6,445,555 1,871,401 2,771,621 2,049,714 722,555 8,563,751 7,473 | 11,036,920 6,162,034 1,846,475 2,659,942 2,045,668 722,125 8,143,929 7,372 | 10,861,764 5,973,754 1,823,033 2,715,449 1,984,398 708,691 8,064,193 7,277 | 10,383,049 5,634,236 1,725,529 2,692,325 1,933,134 681,740 7,675,740 7,145 9,896,625 5,455,902 1,576,343 2,549,865 1,850,970 675,633 7,257,038 6,926 9,471,738 5,061,199 1,612,978 2,504,822 1,744,075 641,312 7,009,225 6,824 8,714,064 4,640,380 1,519,647 2,265,136 1,667,803 613,664 6,330,521 6,429 8,476,501 4,664,014 1,362,280 2,157,921 1,604,104 547,919 6,190,385 6,053 7,784,228 4,236,925 1,241,338 2,071,704 1,491,293 510,861 5,692,805 5,668 7,327,806 3,929,537 1,204,576 1,982,884 1,406,858 445,456 5,407,455 5,331 6,655,989 3,621,814 1,096,301 1,740,996 1,349,016 399,584 4,836,024 4,939 6,286,935 3,442,305 1,025,464 1,633,065 1,285,690 359,261 4,561,884 4,535 6,008,755 3,246,517 944,930 1,685,429 1,184,368 309,337 4,468,058 4,165 5,675,910 2,981,053 885,570 1,681,502 1,062, 1459 319,009 4,250,281 3,782 4,944,166 | ‘2,644,237 774,551 1,400,342 1,013,084 265,303 3,621,542 8,583 4,708,834 2,507,955 651,543 1,428,227 947,187 199,358 3,538,612 3,682 3,977,676 2,163,682 554,993 1,128,871 954,989 189,866 2,798,748 3,610 3,563,408 1,977,554 484,268 982,200 962,420 196,691 2,385,668 3,689 3,535,797 1,971,642 463,820 801,284 982,997 199,214 2,140,953 3,715 3,470,553 2,016,640 447,171 893,563 987,228 178,816 2,278,892 8,770 3,422,096 1,944,441 435,204 934,931 1,001,388 171,715 2,228,310 3,807 3,213,262 2,020,484 356,546 733,337 1,028,870 155,071 1,939,235 8,759 3,493,795 2,127,757 347,366 918,925 1,011,145 141,062 2,327,251 3,652 3,113,415 Xs 1963, 705 309,399 746,482 987,551 123,916 1,974,086 8,484 3,061,771 1,933,509 310,698 730,341 934,543 126,324 1,978,771 8,239 2,937,976 1,779,055 322,983 757,180 875,297 128,867 1,919,579 8,120 2,731,448 1,628,125 356,331 671,202 841,787 155,313 1,716,215 3,014 2,637,276 1,560,372 828,970 676,818 806,292 166,626 1,650,149 2,809 2,474,544 1,898,552 407,405 593,168 760,415 244,893 1,459,240 2,689 | 2,421,852 1,257,656 432,238 663,076 725,028 269,148 1,419,594 2,625 2,282,599 1,269,863 448,726 487,971 738,877 295,175 1,232,761 2,417 2,364,833 1,285,592 464,729 540,773 706,984 311,963 1,337,362 2,239 2,844,343 1,208,933 471,138 597,987 660,393 308,922 1,364,960 2,115 2,325,833 1,144,989 484,303 627,219 641,592 312,228 1, ‘364, '386 2,076 2,035,493 994,713 451,494 517,529 624,455 318,088 1,085,140 2,048 2,019,885 835,875 714,717 897,962 615,369 307,329 1,090,110 2,056 1,750,465 835,078 460,213 387,502 629,056 299,621 813,894 2,078 1,774,353 901,731 431,044 370,915 656,267 290,002 818,360 2,091 1,825,761 933,687 427,417 399,846 678,900 294,445 841,716 2,076 1,913,239 972,926 442,780 431,931 686,898 318,148 897,387 1,983 1,851,841 926,196 451,203 429,530 675,576 338,539 827,928 1,968 1, 1851, 1235 925,558 444,912 438,790 662,264 338,789 836,227 1,853 1,770,837 871,531 449,790 411,672 625,959 327,093 805,397 1,723 1,703,415 789,417 455,689 422,376 594,188 307,794 791,066 1,612 1,565,757 719,341 452,668 360,830 561,788 291,184 705,518 1,619 1,564,174 686,348 466,204 381,943 548,691 292,753 716,044 1,640 1 "572 ,167 655,730 507,307 383,491 529,488 294,908 744,607 ,636 1,494,085 588,450 521,967 360,618 512,447 291,770 685,384 1,634 1,476,395 550,358 467,601 438,677 493,708 267,799 694,892 1,294 1,126,455 362,443 393,988 343,885 380,298 131,452 614,242 467 2,274 70,747 92,531 85,958 9,438 25,826 146,796 66 16,798 5,466 5,665 5,330 F817 ncn. 9,476 I Includes securities borrowed prior to 1503. 2 Includes lawful reserve and, prior to 1915, includes also outside checks and cash items, the amounts of which were not available separately. 3 Excludes reciprocal interbank demand balances with banks in the United States which at prior dates were reported “gross.” Series N 35-42.—ASSETS AND LIABILITIES—NONNATIONAL BANKS: 1860 TO 1945 [ Amounts in thousands of dollars. For data prior to 1860, see series N 19-26 | SELECTED ASSETS SELECTED LIABILITIES Total assets or 3 Capital, Number liabilities Loans and |United States| Cash and surplus, YEAR (June 30) of banks (or total discounts | Government | balances and net Circulation Total rescurces) including and other with other undivided deposits overdrafts securities banks profits 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 9,566 | 81,232,146 | 15,703,007 | 51,252,984 |! 13,282,943 5,679,418 175,107,154 9,656 | 69,158,720 .| 14,274,658 | 41,428,068 |! 12,268,809| 5,244,892 163,533,994 9,595 | 58,280,054 | 13,133,910 | 32,156,354 |! 11,589,520 4,965,290 -| 153,014,738 9,708 | 47,541,026 | 14,276,510 | 20,372,724 |! 11,366,476] 4,842,726 -| * 42,370,458 9,783 | 46,514,084 | 14,620,955 | 17,774,938 12,357,656) 4,926,378 41,198,026 9,847 | 43,328,549 | 18,378,443 | 16,169,634 11,806,753| 4,848,686 38,079,051 9,937 | 40,420,742 | 12,942,576 | 15,832,888 9,551,790, 4,904,696 35,107,225 10,098 | 387,900,147 | 12,976,537 | 14,701,202 8,020,113| 4,908,150 32,563,656 10,281 | 38,595,951 | 13,885,281 | 15,151,852 7,250,745] 5,024,266 33,056,457 10,429 | 37,491,485 | 13,075,817 | 15,376,908 6.740.955 4 805,365 82,189,362 See footnotes on next page. 264 BANKING STATISTICS Data: N 35-42 Series N 35-42.—ASSETS AND LIABILITIES—NONNATIONAL BANKS: 1860 TO 1945—Con. Amounts in thousands of dollars. For data prior to 1860, see series N 19-26 | SELECTED ASSETS SELECTED LIABILITIES Total . Number assets OF | [oans and [United States] Cash and Qerisal, YEAR (June 30) of banks liabilities discounts | Government | balances and net. | Circulation Total (or total including and other | with other | yndivided deposits resources) | overdrafts | securities banks profits 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 10,622 | 34,330,390 | 13,050,543 | 13,500,769 | 5,529,327 | 4,749,316 29,067,877 10,472 | 82,257,370 | 13,733,410 | 11,940,941 4,518,784 4,851,717 26,692,381 9,722 | 30,438,333 | 14,268,046 | 10,559,032 | 3,645,839 | 4,528,734 24,759,355 13,013 | 34,829,580 | 17,803,476 | 11,026,589 3,881,856 5,258,653 27,929,356 15,266 | 42,566,451 | 22,025,225 | 12,385,316 5,371,750 5,847,846 34,666,504 16,827 | 44,903,585 | 25,612,904 | 11,056,557 5,762,693 6,132,036 36,578,311 17,794 | 44,732,277 | 26,621,803 | 10,692,203 4,989,278 5,912,131 36,312,558 18,522 | 43,066,089 | 24,437,341 | 11,624,366 4,098,021 5,326,424 35,773,790 19,265 | 41,550,615 | 23,348,344 | 10,861,875 4,342,323 5,032,692 34,960,735 20,168 | 39,577,738 | 22,623,107 9,972,888 | 4,253,162 4,719,084 33,414,213 20,769 | 87,706,174 | 21,073,990 9,669,669 4,310,954 4,380,410 32,073,263 21,263 | 34,578,771 | 19,359,419 9,086,417 3,838,374 4,137,047 29,351,735 21,937 | 82,523,145 | 18,459,327 8,602,844 3,518,079 3,930,294 27,342,975 22,140 | 29,719,357 | 16,501,393 7,984,242 3,332,154 8,726,746 24,799,532 22,658 | 29,153,528 | 16,761,088 7,356,842 3,375,113 3,560,445 23,516,468 22,109 | 29,667,855 | 17,263,796 | 7,201,060 | 3,421,762 | 3,331,908 24,558,654 21,338 | 26,380,529 | 14,061,698 7,177,605 3,438,058 2,972,202 21,744,046 21,175 | 22,371,497 | 12,426,598 5,784,381 2,924,218 2,762,360 18,567,619 20,319 | 20,836,357 | 11,674,130 4,990,752 3,125,810 2,676,296 17,671,244 19,934 | 18,344,370 | 10,164,481 4,443,610 2,730,037 2,505,844 15,499,471 19,457 | 16,008,445 9,093,528 3,813,562 2,339,149 2,430,173 12,310,428 19,240 | 15,489,207 8,893,923 3,670,036 2,098,178 2,358,877 124796 ,091 18,520 | 14,675,244 8,464,738 3,517,531 1,999,602 2,301,022 11,994,624 17,823 | 14,124,879 | 7,979,853 | 3,497,602 | 2,109,537 | 2,192,604 11,655,095 17,115 | 13,248,035 7,412,154 3,289,468 2,045,328 2,084,852 10,905,735 15,950 | 12,553,696 7,065,907 3,111,410 1,777,790 1.984.878 1... Lo aanne 10,327,137 15,598 | 11,726,171 6,385,523 3,009,481 1,931,128 1,905,605 -| 9,658,994 14,522 | 10,869,346 5,797,612 2,873,227 1,610,902 1,850,869 8,786,342 13,317 | 11,168,515 6,099,898 2,931,506 1,397,059 1,731,833 9,167,830 11,852 | 10,363,351 5,656,832 2,790,160 1,318,557 1,632,843 8,514,624 10,742 9,590,401 5,097,761 2,748,448 1,289,178 1,495,842 7,925,346 9,519 8,542,839 4,360,209 2,522,891 1,264,626 1,404,359 7,028,901 8,745 8,016,182 4,296,676 2,334,330 1,044,467 1,309,733 6,617,260 7,889 7,355,111 3,942,593 2,094,496 993,310 1,114,131 6,157,534 7,241 6,681,567 3,444,378 1,935,626 899,945 969,268 5,645,841 6,650 | 5,841,659 | 3,013,450 | 1,723,830 802,699 2 893,848 4,891,488 6,149 5,196,177 2,669,639 1,527,595 726,776 787,545 4,361,691 35,918 4,631,328 2,488,597 1,304,890 595,480 769,840 3,755,417 45,847 4,258,677 2,238,424 1,248,150 528,888 762,528 3,401,520 5,780 4,200,125 2,279,515 1,210,827 465,061 763,434 3,345,229 6,103 4,138,991 2,252,283 1,118,159 5 548,464 792.450 |...cmvu-ee- 3,259,742 45,738 3,868,475 2,140,628 1,010,248 5 538,388 751,160 5 3,039,359 5,685 3,979,009 2,348,193 1,009,605 5 456,346 752,213 10 8,126,187 35,577 3,751,649 2,209,132 936,327 5 459,068 710,110 137 2,970,209 4,989 3,448,785 2,067,319 869,994 5378,155 661,373 111 2,708,609 4,717 3,295,855 1,920,024 862,505 5 393,046 623,584 120 2,597,662 4,005 3,006,931 1,698,541 806,225 5 387,147 552,374 120 2,350,937 8,527 2,739,010 1,533,091 774,776 318,070 505,779 169 2,174,881 3,156 2,556,047 1,382,937 682,129 5 322,243 452,756 231 2,068,490 1,529 2,067,851 1,035,232 644,154 179,949 315,964 103 1,726,939 1,661 | 2,004,978 | 1,014,580 609,786 212,877 314,889 98 | 1,658,559 1,488 1,938,690 990,841 592,409 190,381 297,273 177 1,615,798 1,418 1,843,271 947,947 563,062 170,968 266,408 188 1,546,615 1,333 1,686,802 841,520 583,771 157,109 240,216 286 1,412,461 1,812 | 1,543,291 757,048 500,995 154,341 222,822 275 | 1,284,676 1,279 1,363,452 667,543 452,699 137,882 201,070 288 1,136,966 1,287 1,292,796 671,479 423,906 106,848 211,270 389 1,059,082 1,173 1,330,203 726,141 414,265 105,005 196,431 388 1,107,004 1,306 | 1,429,665 819,307 420,569 112,387 218,687 388 | 1,187,839 1,857 1,357,256 793,491 390,797 102,732 185,088 388 1,151,314 1,260 | 1,291,427 775,083 859,164 94,656 159,861 178 | 1,111,233 61,569 1,038,634 638,187 280,797 80,304 113,826 153 912,121 €1,330 880,111 514,319 276,436 47,775 86,191 175 788,956 566 374,558 251,507 y 77,983 122,129 78,185 121,180 452 299,117 200,850 23,784 62,277 111,444 62,438 96,778 325 215,073. 144,416 17,066 44,778 86,513 44,894 69,582 259 171,397 115,089 13,600 35,685 66,969 35,777 55,452 247 163,456 109,757 12,970 34,031 66,364 34,120 52,883 272 180,000 120,866 14,282 37,476 65,204 37,573 58,235 297 196,544 131,974 15,595 40,921 66,479 41,026 63,588 349 230,956 155,081 18,326 48,085 71,182 48,210 74,721 1,089 720,661 483,906 57,183 150,042 311,554 150,431 233,155 1,466 1,191,750 648,602 180,508 302,497 405,046 238,677 494,213 1,492 1,012,149 646,678 99,011 220,485 418,140 188,792 357,466 1,601 1,015,859 696,778 74,005 197,670 429,593 202,006 318,505 1,562 999,859 691,946 70,344 195,664 421,880 207,102 309,735 1 Excludes reciprocal interbank demand balances with banks in the United States, 5 Includes cash items. which at prior dates were reported “gross” ¢ Number of banks estimated. ? Revised. 7 All figures estimated except number of banks and capital stock, using as a basis "apd. Source volume does not show adjustments for component series the previous 10 years, 1854 to 1863, inclusive. 3-48. 4 Component series on number of banks (N 43-48) do not add to this figure; reason not clear. 265 Data: N 43-59 BANKING AND FINANCE Series N 43-48.—ASSETS AND LIABILITIES—SAVINGS BANKS, STATE COMMERCIAL BANKS, AND PRIVATE BANKS: 1875 TO 1945 [ Amounts in thousands of dollars ] SAVINGS BANKS rare g OM EaaIAL PRIVATE BANKS SAVINGS BANKS STATE S OMNERCIAL PRIVATE BANKS YEAR (June 30 Total Total Total YEAR Total Total Total except as Number assets or Number | jgsets or | Number | ageetsor || (June 30) | Number | aqsots or | Number | j5qets or | Number | jogets or indicated)| Of banks | jiabilities | of banks | jighilities | of banks | [abilities of banks | Jiabjlities | Of banks | jiabilities | Of banks | jiabilities 43 44 45 46 47 48 43 44 45 46 47 48 1945! (Dec. 31) 534 16,987,142 9,003 (70,555,208 38 272,969 1,759 |4,481,871 13,257 (7,911,809 934 160,016 944 1,703 (4,072,710 12,398 (7,407,204 1,497 246,256 (Dec. 30) 535 (14,761,294 8,971 (61,001,400 42 234,631 1,453 (3,809,533 12,062 (6,898,271 1,007 161,541 1943 1,415 (3,782,873 10,761 (7,190,610 1,141 195,032 (Dec. 31) 537 [13,023,856 8,989 (50,349,923 49 216,282 1,319 (3,583,024 9,604 [6,636,281 929 144,046 538 (11,655,913 9,119 (35,690,064 51 195,049 1,237 (3,368,280 8,477 16,056,888 1,028 165,233 550 (11,996,107 9,179 (34,334,642 54 183,335 1,157 (3,175,258 7,508 [5,244,032 854 123,550 1,078 (3,057,149 6,493 [4,789,983 1,174 169,050 551 [11,952,218 9,239 (31,193,917 57 182,414 1,036 |2,893,173 5,814 [4,292,573 1,089 169,364 552 [11,798,804 9,321 (27,846,706 64 775,232 1,007 |2,756,505 5,317 (3,775,958 917 149,104 562 |11,572,024 9,458 (25,715,715 73 628,075 564 [11,644,741 9,632 (26,154,156 85 805,101 1,002 (2,624,874 4,659 |3,089,996 989 126,789 566 (11,409,056 9,732 (25,355,515 131 731,171 942 12,400,831 4,451 |2,707,559 756 87,787 934 |2,241,345 4,211 (2,298,547 758 91,436 571 |11,172,520 9,808 (22,442,641 243 716,831 980 2,198,824 4,103 [1,981,899 759 77,953 578 (11,065,068 9,658 (20,660,593 236 532,672 988 (2,143,307 3,968 [1,962,470 824 94,348 576 (10,967,143 8,962 |19,427,361 184 46,913 594 (11,134,142 12,192 |28,687,860 227 55,418 1,017 |2,053,764 4,016 |1,954,609 1,070 130,617 600 (11,191,788 14,382 [31,292,518 284 82,145 1,025 (1,980,744 3,810 [1,782,352 904 105,379 1,030 (2,013,775 3,807 [1,857,390 848 107,843 606 [10,295,308 15,860 [34,493,671 361 114,606 1,059 (1,964,045 3,359 [1,640,943 1,161 146,662 611 [10,006,452 16,792 (34,569,335 391 156,490 1,011 (1,854,517 2,743 |1,442,622 1,235 151,646 616 | 9,688,159 17,502 (33,229,096 404 148,834 618 | 9,011,185 18,180 (32,375,282 467 164,148 921 11,742,617 2,250 [1,374,613 1,358 165,200 620 | 8,422,307 19,053 (30,981,279 495 174,152 849 11,622,612 1,791 1,237,304 1,324 142,961 801 |1,519,936 1,523 1,055,361 1,208 163,713 611 | 7,913,039 19,635 |29,637,912 523 155,223 684 {1,377,661 1,471 (1,003,908 1,001 174,478 613 | 7,364,656 20,090 [27,063,172 560 150,943 638 |1,260,841 891 BOT0L | s mm can remem 618 | 6,904,825 20,715 |25,452,804 604 165,516 619 | 6,351,648 20,848 (23,182,178 673 185,531 646 |1,203,026 1,015 801,952 623 | 6,040,121 21,327 |22,938,101 708 175,308 636 11,177,741 852 760,949 630 (1,118,791 788 724,480 620 | 5,619,017 20,690 |23,836,212 799 212,626 629 (1,052,982 704 633,820 622 | 5,171,551 19,699 |20,942,856 1,017 266,122 629 967,791 683 575,500 625 | 4,818,560 19,459 |17,316,370 1,091 236,566 622 | 4,811,038 18,761 [15,827,382 936 197,937 629 881,677 650 481,774 622 | 4,547,942 18,298 13,614,576 1,014 181,852 639 865,147 648 427,649 663 941,447 510 388,755 630 | 4,319,383 17,791 |11,511,396 1,036 177,666 675 922,795 631 506,870 634 | 4,252,989 17,542 |11,039,669 1,064 196,549 686 951,354 671 405,902 623 | 4,104,640 16,881 |10,387,819 1,016 182,785 630 | 3,929,092 16,083 | 9,998,846 1.110 196,940 18780... 674 896,197 586 895,220 1. ee casas 1,884 | 4,652,318 14,115 | 8,412,897 1,116 182,824 1 Stock savings banks are included in series N 43-44 for 1875-1911, but in series N 45-46 for 1912-1945, see annual reports of Comptroller of Currency. . For separate figures for stock savings banks, 1912-1935, Series N 49-59.—ASSETS AND LIABILITIES—ALL MEMBER BANKS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM AND NONMEMBER COMMERCIAL BANKS: 1915 TO 1945 [ Amounts in millions of dollars. Nonmember commercial banks are those commercial banks which are not members of the Federal Reserve System ] ALL MEMBER BANKS NONMEMBER COMMERCIAL BANKS Selected assets Selected liabilities YEAR Number Total Cash and Number Dodotits (June 30 except as of banks assets or balances Capital . of banks Loans nvestments eposy indicated) liabilities Loans Investments with accounts Deposits other banks 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 6,840 1126,436 20,588 78,838 25,766 7,276 118,378 7,163 3,087 12,005 18,242 6,773 1108,684 18,084 65,503 23,797 6,696 101,276 7,239 2,929 ,226 14,869 6,703 190,821 14,823 52,332 22,310 6,252 84,016 7,873 2,840 6,647 12,076 6,647 169,946 16,928 29,872 21,721 5,991 63,404 7,584 3,334 3,522 8,915 6,556 64,857 16,729 23,930 22,690 5,800 58,512 7,752 3,627 3,346 8,969 6,398 57,846 13,969 20,482 21,830 5,608 51,729 8,006 3,445 3,252 8,410 6,330 51,908 13,141 19,462 17,623 5,496 45,873 8,201 3,282 3,482 7,916 6,338 47,144 12,938 17,783 14,815 5,368 41,308 8,399 3,115 3,273 7,275 6,357 47,452 14,285 18,454 12,986 5,339 41,490 8,619 3,147 3,586 7,607 6,400 46,524 12,542 19,717 12,463 5,235 40,706 8,843 3,017 3,264 7,207 6,410 40,719 11,928 16,857 10,120 5,114 34,938 9,068 2,981 2,822 6,381 6,375 37,383 12,523 14,652 8,250 5,105 31,012 8,978 8,177 2,390 5,732 5,606 33,039 12,858 11,928 6,241 4,837 26,564 8,343 3,491 ,080 5,347 6,980 35,856 16,587 11,414 5,645 5,661 27,836 11,469 5,219 2,871 7,648 7,782 44,837 21,816 12,106 8,089 6,430 36,123 13,527 7,350 3,581 10,851 8,315 47,349 25,214 10,442 8,981 6,726 38,069 14,936 9,325 3,911 12,642 8,707 45,454 25,658 10,052 7,173 6,345 35,866 15,797 10,080 3,634 13,170 8,929 44,655 24,303 10,758 7,238 5,625 36,050 16,401 9,732 8,729 13,165 9,099 42,600 22,938 9,818 7,821 5,147 35,393 17,050 9,240 3,127 12,388 9,375 40,638 22,060 9,123 7,383 4,832 33,762 17,860 9,389 2,970 12,491 Excludes reciprocal bank balances. 266 BANKING STATISTICS Data: N 49-67 Series N 49-59.—ASSETS AND LIABILITIES—ALL MEMBER BANKS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM AND NONMEMBER COMMERCIAL BANKS: 1915 TO 1945—Con. [ Amounts in millions of dollars. Nonmember commercial banks are those commercial banks not members of the Federal Reserve System | ALL MEMBER BANKS NONMEMBER COMMERCIAL BANKS Selected assets Selected liabilities (June Soap as Number Total ) Cash and Number L I tients] Deposits indi assets or 1 ital 3 f banks oans nvestments epoi indicated) of banks liabilities Loans Investments balances Sapial Deposits 0. pan other banks 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 9,538 38,946 “20,655 8,863 7,421 4,690 32,457 18,320 8,905 2,810 12,095 9,650 35,717 19,204 7,963 6,866 4,486 29,566 18,722 8,440 2,524 11,090 9,856 33,666 18,750 7,757 5,530 4,367 27,088 19,345 8,173 2,428 10,637 9,892 31,593 17,165 7,017 5,901 4,214 25,547 19,566 7,487 2,224 9,558 9,745 30,849 18,119 6,002 5,144 4,133 23,350 20,043 7,954 2,144 9,637 9,399 33,618 19,533 6,026 6,255 3,853 25,401 19,688 8,570 2,165 10,713 8,822 29,735 15,414 6,827 6,075 3,350 22,833 19,037 6,949 2,570 9,906 8,213 24,365 13,233 5,274 4,705 3,002 18,981 19,244 6,840 2,033 9,030 7,653 16,987 9,370 3,083 3,905 2,307 13,397 19,178 8,815 2,595 12,488 7,606 14,227 7,964 2,351 3,419 2,143 11,133 18,611 7,804 2,292 10,946 7,615 11,887 6,720 2,044 2,713 2,124 8,894 18,260 6,799 1,910 9,099 Series N 60-67.—EARNINGS AND EXPENSES—NATIONAL BANKS: 1869 TO 1945 [ Amounts in thousands of dollars | Net losses Sinton of o oh J uiing ws 4 Ratio of net umber of ross 3 et current epreciation ividen profits to total YEAR ! banks ? earnings 3 ¢ Bagenses earnings $4 | (—) or net Netpmgts declared capital recoveries accounts (+) 34 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 5,023 1,349,222 5987,254 5361,968 +128,165 490,133 155,656 11.0 5,031 1,206,263 5 846,084 5360,179 + 51,665 411,844 144,308 10.0 5,046 1,061,763 5 746,434 5 315,329 + 35,128 350,457 131,515 91 5,087 962,837 695,034 267,803 — 24,460 243,343 127,860 6.6 5,123 925,663 641,648 284,015 — 14,720 269,295 132,621 7.5 5,150 864,749 599,444 265,305 — 23,840 241,465 133,349 7.0 5,193 848,419 581,264 267,155 - 15,579 251,576 131,178 7.4 5,230 837,857 577,272 260,585 — 61,936 198,649 122,725 6.1 5,266 859,094 586,221 272,873 — 44,852 228,021 121,763 7-1 5,331 824,933 565,013 259,920 + 53,906 313,826 120,016 10.0 5,392 794,156 549,148 245,008 -— 86,517 158,491 113,239 +1 5,467 808,776 557,667 251,109 —404,560 —153,451 91,018 -5.2 5,159 801,525 565,133 236,392 —522,508 —286,116 71,664 -9.9 6,016 1,000,226 750,210 250,016 —414,753 —164,737 135,381 -5.0 6,373 1,153,145 850,042 303,103 —357,653 — 54,550 193,196 -1.5 7,038 1,325,404 989,842 335,562 -177,151 158,411 211,272 4.0 7,408 1,406,544 988,403 418,141 -126,197 291,944 226,662 7.8 7,635 1,851,356 988,314 363,042 — 72,061 290,981 195,061 8.2 7,765 1,227,018 919,316 307,702 - 50,192 257,510 183,768 7.9 7,912 1,211,657 857,252 354,405 -109,195 245,210 168,587 8.0 8,054 1,160,255 822,669 337,586 - 93,178 244,408 163,289 8:2 8,049 1,094,412 776,435 317,977 —=104,017 213,960 155,026 7.4 8,184 1,064,822 758,138 306,684 —-112,124 194,560 151,569 6.7 8,225 1,042,979 717,349 325,630 —114,688 210,942 160,601 7.4 8,169 1,121,158 774,657 346,501 —165,607 180,894 152,772 6.5 8,130 1,210,839 817,481 $93,358 —132,299 261,059 162,119 9.9 7,890 992,714 670,622 322,092 —- 72,635 249,457 134,831 10.5 7,705 813,997 510,185 303,812 — 91,480 212,832 129,778 9.4 7,604 667,406 410,753 256,653 — 62,332 194,321 125,538 8.8 7,579 590,642 370,902 219,740 - 62,196 157,544 114,725 7.5 7,605 527,985 322,450 205,535 — 78,440 127,095 113,639 6.0 7,525 515,624 301,424 214,200 — 64,93Q 149,270 120,947 7.3 7,473 499,252 284,516 214,736 — 53,756 160,980 119,906 7.9 7,372 450,043 258,730 191,313 — 42,256 149,057 120,301 7.5 7.277 428,973 232,062 196,911 — 89,926 156,985 114,685 8.1 7,145 402,666 209,784 192,882 - 388,714 154,168 105,899 8.3 6,926 348,674 177,035 171,639 — 40,453 131,186 92,993 7.5 6,824 332,454 150,551 181,903 — 50,568 131,335 97,336 7.9 6,429 814,701 131,544 183,157 -— 380,922 152,235 99,728 711.4 6,053 279,312 120,448 158,864 — 81,337 127,527 89,265 8.6 5,668 248,585 112,206 136,379 — 80,470 105,909 73,138 7.5 5,331 249,411 103,050 146,361 — 83,425 112,936 75,589 8.4 4,939 234,584 93,122 141,462 — 31,580 109,882 63,566 8.6 4,535 221,278 85,235 136,043 — 29,462 106,581 68,199 9.0 4,165 188,267 77,667 110,600 — 28,746 81,854 51,700 b 2 i 3,732 193,650 72,714 120,936 — 33,659 87,277 48,033 8.6 3,583 156,520 68,498 88,022 -— 33,675 54,347 46,692 5.7 3,582 143,394 62,182 81,212 - 31,179 50,033 44,292 5.2 3,610 137,728 61,153 76,575 -— 32,301 44,274 42,394 4.6 3,689 142,443 61,006 81,437 — 381,695 49,742 45,526 5.1 See footnotes on next page. 267 Data: N 60-75 BANKING AND FINANCE Series N 60-67.—EARNINGS AND EXPENSES—NATIONAL BANKS: 1869 TO 1945—Con. [ Amounts in thousands of dollars | Net losses including Cash Ratio of net Number of Gross Expenses * | Net current | depreciation | Net profits dividend [Profitsto total i banks ? earnings 3 4 earnings $4 | (—) or net declared capital YEAR recoveries accounts (+) 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 3,715 135,459 59,990 75,469 — 28,602 46,867 45,970 4.8 3,770 139,725 59,683 80,042 — 38,087 41,955 45,333 4.2 3,807 151,695 60,909 90,786 - 22,035 68,751 49,633 6.7 3,759 148,559 58,682 89,877 | .— 23,219 66,658 50,401 6.6 3,652 151,334 55,035 96,299 — 20,585 75,764 50,795 7.7 3,484 144,614 51,266 93,348 - 21,292 72,056 51,159 1.7 3,239 135,324 49,755 85,569 - 15,951 69,618 46,618 8.0 129,148 45,301 83,847 18,487 65,360 46,532 1.8 64,507 44,153 8.0 55,166 42,413 7.8 43,625 40,656 6.0 52,363 41,255 7:1 54,007 40,679 7.6 53,332 40,792 3.1 53,623 38,378 8.4 45,186 36,411 7.2 31,552 34,943 5.1 30,606 36,941 4.9 34,867 43,921 5.3 43,638 47,376 6.4 57,986 49,069 8.4 59,581 48,459 8.8 65,048 49,649 9.8 58,076 46,687 9.3 54,558 44,330 9.2 55,811 42,559 9.9 29,221 21,768 110.7 1 Calendar year, 1919-1945; fiscal year ending June 30, 1907-1918; fiscal year 5 These figures differ from those shown in the source volume because, beginning in 1943, income taxes in the source volume are shown separately from other expen- ses and as a deduction from net current earnings. In this series income taxes have been treated as an expense throughout. ending August 31, 1869-1906. 3 Number as of end of period. Not available prior to 1888. s : s ¢ 10 months only. 4 The figures of gross and net current earnings before 1927 include profits on 1A, 1 basi securities sold; such profits during the second half of 1926, when first reported nus basis. separately, were $17,388,000. The figures of gross and net earnings up to and in- 8 6 months only. cluding the fiscal year ending June 1919 also includes recoveries on charged-off assets; such recoveries in the fiscal year ending June 80, 1919, were $21,066,000. Series N 68-75.—EARNINGS AND EXPENSES—MEMBER BANKS OF FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM: 1919 TO 1945 [ Amounts in thousands of dollars ] Net ; Net losses (—) Cash Ratio of pet, Number of | Earnings Expenses Se oyen oF nok Te~ | Net profits | dividends [P™° ietotoml YEAR banks earnings coveries declared Loria 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 6,884 2,102,177 | 21,537,695 2 564,482 +223 ,929 788,411 245,934 10.9 6,814 1,873,768 | 21,310,448 2 563,320 + 85,950 649,270 226,002 9.7 6,738 1,650,170 | 21,154,278 2 495,892 + 61,361 557,253 208,368 8.8 6,679 1,486,734 | 21,069,086 2 417,648 — 34,584 383,064 203,007 6.4 6,619 1,416,866 987,917 428,949 — 39,186 389,763 210,618 6.7 6,486 1,323,049 921,021 402,028 - 52,919 349,109 210,480 6.2 6,362 1,295,856 894,755 401,101 — 53,624 347,477 207,026 6.3 6,338 1,274,854 890,036 384,318 —118,854 265,464 198,285 4.9 6,341 1,321,265 902,415 418,850 - 82,290 336,560 201,001 6.3 6,376 1,270,908 872,114 398,794 + 66,523 465,317 198,663 8.9 6,387 1,206,649 832,515 374,134 —162,256 211,878 186,810 4.1 6,442 1,243,873 849,389 394,484 —618,985 —224,501 172,659 —4.4 6,011 1,236,864 859,300 377,564 —1733,394 —355,830 150,244 -7.3 6,816 1,553,618 1,143,384 410,234 —665,121 —254,887 245,074 —4.5 7,246 1,841,424 1,335,379 506,045 —493,784 12,261 334,966 0.2 8,052 2,157,922 1,604,335 553,587 —247,085 306,502 366,953 4.6 8,522 2,398,993 1,683,720 715,273 —158,759 566,514 387,393 8.8 8,837 2,194,024 1,613,811 580,213 — 76,345 503,868 817,713 9.0 9,034 2,013,570 1,515,704 497,866 — 50,857 447,009 298,744 8.7 9,260 2,027,752 1,441,745 586,007 |— 3 154,524 431,483 276,856 9.0 9,489 1,918,754 1,367,732 551,022 | — $131,324 419,698 264,651 9.0 9,587 1,787,051 1,280,889 506,162 | — 3 144,641 361,521 250,434 8.1 9,774 1,719,887 1,232,990 486,897 | — 3 149,833 337,064 243,010 1.9 9,859 1,652,359 1,145,960 506,399 (— %157,213 349,186 247,288 8.8 9,779 1,743,963 1,210,271 533,692 |— $240,318 293,374 232,943 7.1 9,606 1,803,828 1,227,310 576,518 | — 2 180,073 396,445 238,439 10.2 9,066 1,436,140 981,408 454,782 |— 3103,243 351,489 197,287 10.4 1 Includes interest on capital notes and debentures. have been treated as an expense throughout. 2 These figures differ from those shown in the source volume because, beginning 2 From 1919 to 1926, profits on securities sold are included in earnings and ex- in 1942, income taxes in the source volume are shown separately from other ex- cluded from calculation of net recoveries; from 1927 to 1945, however, profits on penses and as a deduction from net current earnings. In this table, income taxes securities are included with recoveries. 268 BANKING STATISTICS Data: N 76-85 Series N 76-85.—BANK DEBITS AND DEPOSIT TURNOVER: 1919 TO 1945 [ In millions of dollars] BANK DEBITS TO DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS, EXCEPT BANK DEBITS AND DEPOSIT TURNOVER, ALL COMMERCIAL BANKS ? INTERBANK ACCOUNTS, REPORTING MEMBER AND NONMEMBER BANKS ! Total demand and time deposits Demand deposits YEAR : Other Annual Annual All reporting | New York 140 other reporting Debits Deposits turnover Debits Deposits turnover centers City centers centers ? rate rate 76 E 97 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 974,102 404,543 479,760 89,799 1,293,000 121,000 10.7 1,266,000 93,860 13.5 891,910 845,585 462,354 83,970 | 1,185,000 101,010 11.7 | 1,163,000 79,500 14.6 792,937 296,368 419,413 77,155 1,060,000 81,930 12.9 1,042,000 64,210 16.2 $641,778 4 226,865 4347,837 467,074 864,000 63,280 18.7 848,000 47,310 17.9 537,343 197,724 293,925 45,694 756,000 54,110 14.0 740,000 38,220 19.4 445,863 171,582 236,952 37,329 627,000 48,610 12.9 611,000 83,040 18.5 423,933 171,382 218,295 34,256 592,000 43,670 13.6 577,000 28,550 20.2 405,930 168,778 204,744 32,408 566,000 40,410 14.0 551,000 25,520 21.6 469,462 197,836 285,207 36,419 650,000 40,290 16.1 635,000 25,710 24.7 461 2889 208,936 219,669 33,284 628,000 38,660 16.2 614,000 24,810 24.7 402,718 184,006 190,167 28,545 547,000 34,610 15.8 534,000 21,480 24.9 356,613 165,948 165,555 25,110 491,000 30,640 16.0 479,000 18,220 26.3 308,216 5148,449 5134,259 520,508 437,000 28,500 15.8 424,000 15,850 26.8 347,264 167,964 154,401 24,899 471,000 31,720 14.8 456,000 16,720 27.83 515,294 263,834 217,523 33,937 685,000 37,830 18.1 658,000 19,810 83.2 702,959 384,639 277,817 41,003 931,000 41,550 22.4 892,000 22,090 40.4 982,531 603,088 331,942 47,501 1,276,000 42,720 29.9 1,237,000 23,080 53.6 850,521 500,211 306,194 44,116 | 1,114,000 42,570 26.2 | 1,075,000 22,950 46.8 714,328 391,558 282,303 40,467 952,000 40,670 28.4 915,000 22,340 41.0 646,587 339,055 268,902 38,630 872,000 39,340 22.2 838,000 22,210 37.7 605,843 313,373 256,689 35,781 820,000 37,720 21.7 788,000 21,720 36.3 522,627 263,530 228,161 30,936 716,000 34,590 20.7 687,000 19,990 84.4 494,412 238,396 225,331 30,685 685,000 32,920 20.8 658,000 19,280 34.1 451,513 239,855 199,510 12,148 643,000 29,750 21.6 620,000 18,150 34.2 409,338 207,096 191,942 10,300 591,000 28,400 20.8 569,000 17,470 32.6 490,468 241,431 241,595 7,442 721,000 30,350 23.8 700,000 19,800 35.4 460,249 244,119 211,175 4,955 663,000 27,060 24.5 646,000 18,480 35.0 1 Beginning in May 1942, 60 new reporting centers (affécting series N 76 and ? Prior to 1936 the number of centers in this group varied considerably; from N 79) and a number of banks in previously included reporting centers (affecting 1986-1941 the number was constant at 133; beginning with 1942 there have been oll series) Vers added s those centers any beniy Indiuded for the Fears prior to 193 centers. . e figures for the perio ~ are therefore not strictly comparable 3 i J 2 ton i . with those for the earlier years. The extent of the change in coverage is reflected Preludes interbani: dopostis'and eolleetion:items for 1942 by comparing the figures shown above with those derived on the old basis, ¢ Partly estimated for first 4 months. as follows: Series N 76, 607,071; series N 77, 210,961; series N 78, 842,430; series 5 Eleven months only; data for March 1983 not available because of bank N 79, 53,679. (See Federal Reserve Bullelin, August 1943, p. 717.) holiday. 269 Data: N 86-98 BANKING AND FINANCE Series N 86-89.— BANK CLEARINGS AT PRINCIPAL CITIES: 1854 TO 1945 [ In millions of dollars] Total, Qutside 36 cities Total, Outside United | Noli™ | New York | outside New United | NoGE™ | New York hl YEAR States City York City ! YEAR States City YEAR 86 87 88 89 86 87 88 87 834 483 |i accecanus 260,331 173,193 98,122 75,071 37,182 286,349 249,685 168,686 96,672 72,014 25,179 248,560 234,757 159,540 92,420 67,119 22,508 192,939 201,060 23,289 183,263 172,272 168,987 102,554 66,433 21,597 158,877 99,258 59,620 160,878 135,789 126,239 73,631 52,608 25,061 165,914 124,286 154,477 93,315 59,161 22,856 165,156 114,054 157,681 103,754 53,927 35,461 186,740 130,340 33,844 331,636 193,549 138,088 120,054 140,502 91,879 48,623 29,301 102,356 59,673 42,684 300,913 181,551 119,362 103,948 113,963 70,834 43,130 27,805 264,268 161,507 102,761 89,940 115,892 74,753 41,139 37,407 243,891 157,414 86,477 75,301 114,820 71,021 37,799 28,484 258,523 160,138 98,385 85,625 28,675 411,754 263,270 148,484 129,855 O00. ..oanilus 84,582 51,965 32,618 28,717 1899. .....-.. 88,829 57,368 31,461 544,542 347,110 197,433 173,045 1898... 65,925 39,853 26,072 26,032 715,692 477,242 238,450 208,914 897. ain 54,180 31,338 22,842 24,097 623,366 391,727 231,638 201,727 1896... 5%. 51,936 29,351 22,585 14,868 544,414 321,234 223,180 195,124 6,871 512,567 290,355 222,212 194,271 1898... ca 50,975 28,264 22,711 5,916 1894. oa. 45,028 24,230 20,798 500,354 283,619 216,734 190,358 1893. cea 58,881 34,421 24,460 7,231 445,747 249,868 195,878 171,736 1892 oo... 60,884 36,280 24,604 6,448 404,512 213,996 190,515 166,092 801. 57,181 34,054 23,127 4,757 384,977 217,900 167,076 145,730 8,333 349,757 194,331 155,426 135,699 1800. eee 59,882 37,661 22,221 6,906 1889. iia 53,501 34,796 18,705 439,792 243,135 196,657 177,044 1888. ce ciiias 48,751 30,864 17,887 5,363 387,854 214,703 18,1500 deni 188 i iiana 52,127 34,873 17,254 5,750 320,989 174,524 146,464 1886. ina 48,212 33,375 14,837 305,062 181,534 123,528 242,236 147,181 95,055 37,770 25,251 12,519 47,387 34,092 13,295 163,189 90,843 72,347 53,536 40,293 13,243 163,850 89,760 74,089 61,054 i £5 14,501 1 Figures for Los Angeles are not included. Series N 90-98.—BRANCH BANKING: 1900 TO 1945 LOANS AND INVESTMENTS OR DEPOSITS NUMBER OF COMMPROIAL. BANKS NUMBER OF BRANCHES OF BANKS OPERATING BRANCHES } YEAR OPERATING BRANCHPS (IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) Total National State 2 Total National State 2 Total National State ? 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 1,122 309 813 43,947 41,811 1,142 333 809 43,924 41,813 1,097 303 794 48,797 41,741 998 227 771 42,596 41,592 968 206 763 8,558 1,565 954 200 754 3,525 1,539 934 195 739 3,491 1,518 918 194 724 3,444 1,499 904 194 710 3,411 1,485 854 188 666 8,270 1,398 817 181 636 3,155 1,329 724 176 548 3,005 1,243 584 146 438 2,784 1,121 681 157 524 3,195 1,220 723 164 559 3,467 1,110 751 166 585 3,522 1,042 764 167 597 3,353 995 775 171 604 3,138 934 740 153 587 2,914 723 744 148 596 2,703 421 720 130 590 2,525 318 2,207 14,763 4,447 10,316 706 112 594 2,297 256 2,041 12,480 3,606 8,874 671 91 580 2,054 204 1,850 10,922 2,841 8,081 610 55 555 1,801 140 1,661 9,110 2,330 6,780 547 23 524 1,455 72 1,383 8,354 1,581 6,773 530 21 509 1,281 63 1,218 6,897 689 6,208 292 9 283 548 12 536 1,272 44 1,228 87 5 82 119 5 114 119 5 114 1 For years prior to 1924 the figures are not for any uniform month. For 1924 and for 1927-1931 they are as of June; for 1925-1926 and for 1932-1945, as of cember. ? Mutual savings and private banks and their branches are excluded. 3 Figures represent loans and investments 1900-1936 and deposits 1987-1941; 270 neither loans nor investments nor deposit figures are available for 1934, 1940, and after 1941. 4 Figures for 1942-1945 include “banking facilities” provided through arrange- ments made by the Treasury Department with banks designated as depositar- ies and financial agents of the Government. BANKING STATISTICS Data: N 99-108 Series N 99-106.—SAVINGS BANKS AND DEPOSITS—SAVINGS AND OTHER TIME DEPOSITS AND DEPOSITORS: 1910 TO 1942 NUMBER OF DEPOSITORS AMOUNT OF DEPOSITS (IN THOUSANDS) (IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) ilabl YEAR (June30iornearestiavailable dete) Total Mujasl State, etc., National Total Must State, etc., National banks banks banks banks banks banks 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 45,417 14,441 14,923 16,053 25,487 10,351 7,294 7,842 46,151 14,621 15,046 16,484 26,149 10,601 7,494 8,053 45,791 14,524 15,129 16,138 25,750 10,584 7,272 7,894 45,104 14,193 14,988 15,924 25,081 10,385 7,003 7,693 44,549 14,132 14,549 15,868 24,626 10,151 6,876 7,599 44,226 13,526 14,977 15,723 24,492 10,164 6,794 7,534 42,397 13,374 13,988 15,035 23,464 10,010 6,265 7,188 41,815 13,415 13,631 14,269 22,614 9,872 5,873 6,869 39,562 13,342 12,734 13,486 21,753 9,803 5,452 6,498 39,262 12,995 14,289 11,978 21,126 9,760 5,453 5,912 44,852 12,7385 17,520 14,097 24,281 10,040 7,283 6,958 51,399 12,544 23,662 15,193 28,220 10,034 10,141 8,045 52,729 15,537 28,479 9,206 11,176 8,097 52,764 15,422 28,218 8,904 11,426 7,889 53,188 16,181 28,413 8,668 11,695 8,050 48,355 14,337 26,091 8,040 10,963 7,088 46,762 12,570 24,696 7,525 10,993 6,178 11,865 23,134 7,152 10,172 5,810 11,068 21,189 6,693 9,337 5,158 9,899 19,727 6,273 8,767 4,686 8,873 17,579 5,818 7,687 4,074 8,109 16,501 5,568 7,255 3,677 7,980 15,189 5,058 6,668 3,463 6,763 13,040 4,732 5,532 2,776 Mm 11,535 4,382 4,817 2,336 [©] 10,876 4,339 4,364 2,178 0} 9,459 4,102 3,641 1,716 [0] 8,807 3,945 8,541 1,821 o 8,712 3,910 3,348 1,454 2,965 8,548 3,812 3,368 1,369 2,675 8,404 3,609 3,260 1,536 2,841 7,963 3,459 3,024 1,480 2,087 6,835 ®) @) 1,014 ! Not available. 2 Combined data for other than national banks included in total. Series N 107-108.—SAVINGS BANKS AND DEPOSITS—NUMBER OF DEPOSITORS AND AMOUNT OF DEPOSITS: 1820 TO 1910 Number of|Amount of Number of|/Amount of Number of [Amount of Number of Amount of YEAR depositors | deposits YEAR depositors | deposits YEAR depositors | deposits YEAR depositors | deposits 107 108 107 108 107 108 107 108 Million Millon Million Million Thousands | dollars Thousands | dollars Thousands | dollars Thousands | dollars ,482 4,782 1,712.8 ‘ 539 108.4 7,205 4,533 1,623.1 490 98.5 7,187 488 95.6 7,071 4,259 1,524.8 6,753 4,022 1,425.2 432 84.3 3,838 1,364.2 396 77.8 6,464 3,418 | 1,235.2 366 72.3 6,286 3,159 1,141.5 309 59.5 6,117 277 50.5 5,871 3,071 1,095.2 5,612 3,015 | 1,073.3 251 43.4 2,876 1,024.9 217 36.1 5,370 2,710 966.8 200 33.1 5,524 2,529 892.0 188 31.6 5,239 159 27.4 5,201 2,336 819.1 5,065 2,269 802.5 145 24.5 2,401 879.9 79 14.1 4,876 2,895 866.2 4,778 2,369 941.4 60 10.6 4,831 38 7.0 17 2.5 9 1.1 271 Data: N 109-123 BANKING AND FINANCE Series N 109-113.—SAVINGS BANKS AND DEPOSITS—POSTAL SAVINGS SYSTEM: 1911 TO 1945 Offices in | Number of : E Balance to Offices in | Number of Balance to operation ositors ! Deposits | Withdrawals | credit of : : 1 Deposits | Withdrawals | credit of YEAR pera deposito! deradtoosi YEAR operation | depositors DP dois) 109 110 111 112 113 109 110 111 112 113 1,000 dollars | 1,000 dollars | 1,000 dollars 1,000 dollars | 1,000 dollars | 1,000 dollars 1945.02... 7,162 3,921,937 1,739,341 1,113,902 2,659,575 5,896 411,394 103,607 90,426 147,859 1944. _.... 7,183 3,493,079 1,363,028 906,417 2,034,137 5,853 399,305 90,751 88,746 134,179 1048... 7.199 3,064,054 1,033,550 771,548 1,577,526 1042... 7,211 2,812,806 895,080 883,710 1,315,523 5,896 402,325 89,708 90,349 132,173 4 7,203 | 2,882,886 928,660 912,916 | 1,304,153 5,995 412,584 94,933 93,790 132,814 6,047 417,902 88,008 94,073 131,671 1040... .... 7,172 2,816,408 923,266 892,149 1,293,409 6,020 420,242 96,508 111,161 137,736 1089. ....- 7,162 2,767,417 897,339 886,846 1,262,292 5,554 466,109 133,575 138,461 152,390 1988... ... 7,245 2,741,569 929,480 945,355 1,251,799 1987. -.--- 7,266 2,791,371 972,743 936,743 1,267,674 5,583 508,508 139,209 149,256 157,276 1036. .-..- 7,299 2,705,152 933,071 906,261 1,231,673 5,715 565,509 136,690 117,838 167,323 5,926 612,188 116,893 100,376 148,471 1088 =... 7,301 | 2,598,391 944,960 938,017 | 1,204,863 6,423 674,728 132,112 86,177 131,955 1984. . .... 7,247 | 2,562,082 966,651 955,917 | 1,197,920 7,701 602,937 76,776 56,441 86,020 1938. ..... 7,071 | 2,342,133 | 1,166,327 763,961 | 1,187,186 i 1982...... 6,743 | 1,545,190 860,196 422,792 784,821 8,832 525,414 70,315 48,074 65,685 1981... 6,665 770,859 366,901 194,756 847,417 9,639 388,511 47,815 38,190 43,444 12,158 331,006 41,701 28,120 33,819 1980... ... 5,998 466,401 159,959 138,332 175,272 9,907 243,801 30,732 11,172 20,237 1929. --- 5,976 416,584 112,446 110,945 153,645 400 11,918" 778 101 677 1928... 5,897 412,250 96,386 91,602 152,143 ! Includes accounts shown on balance sheet as unclaimed. Series N 114-123.—FEDERAL RESERVE BANKS—PRINCIPAL ASSETS AND LIABILITIES: 1914 TO 1945 [ In thousands of dollars] RESERVE BANK CREDIT OUTSTANDING » DEPOSITS Total assets Federal Reserves or liabilities Reserve notes| Capital YEAR total = | Total loans | Discounts Bills U.S. and capital Member bank| in actual accounts and and bought Government | accounts Total reserve circulation ? securities ! advances securities account 114 115 i 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 18,099,239 | 24,513,094 248,905 324,262,248| 45,062,898 | 18,199,510 | 15,914,950 | 24,649,182 586,825 18,686,680 | 18,929,781 79,825 318,846,205| 40,268,611 | 16,410,970 | 14,872,899 | 21,731,017 486,327 20,096,073.| 11,558,336 5,255 $11,542,947 33,954,566 | 15,181,025 | 12,885,984 | 16,906,359 429,290 20,907,814 | 6,207,855 5,671 3 6,188,685 29,018,642 | 15,194,195 | 13,116,809 | 12,192,986 380,840 20,764,361 | 2,266,934 2,955 $ 2,254,475] 24,852,844 | 14,678,058 | 12,450,883 8,192,169 373,493 20,085,582 | 2,194,563 DSI] evita 3 2,184,100] 23,261,866 | 16,126,567 | 14,025,633 5,930,997 369,327 15,524,217 | 2,502,079 OI IOBE ee sna 3 2,484,270| 19,027,335 | 12,940,781 | 11,658,232 4,958,546 348,785 12,165,806 | 2,584,179 8,971 549 2,564,015 15,580,692 | 10,087,998 8,724,050 | 4,451,824 343,655 9,481,015 | 2,592,470 9,866 540 2,564,015 12,879,630 7,576,692 | 7,026,809 | 4,283,611 341,218 9,121,155 | 2,460,879 2,913 3,089 2,430,227) 12,524,693 7,108,919 | 6,606,430 | 4,283,537 341,080 7,835,351 | 2,472,733 4,672 4,656 2,430,731} 11,025,800 | 6,385,809 5,687,208 | 3,709,074 385,329 5,400,984 | 2,457,232 7,062 5,613 2,480,256] 8,442,145 | 4,405,350 | 4,095,946 | 8,221,107 330,503 3,793,610 | 2,669,998 97,590 133,425 2,487,490 7,040,688 | 2,864,550 | 2,729,442 | 8,079,548 444,897 3,831,200 | 2,128,015 234,932 33,123 1,85.,142| 6,114,988 | 2,560,885 | 2,509,490 | 2,738,608 429,891 3,157,662 1,825,088 638,293 338,687 816.960 5,672,325 | 2,124,874 | 1,961,410 | 2,624,471 419,989 3,081,517 1,351,852 251,898 363,844 729,467| 5,200,648 | 2,517,138 2,470,583 1,663,538 444,276 3,010,928 1,547,517 632,421 392,209 510,587| 5,458,445 | 2,418,675 | 2,855,263 1,909,723 447,909 2,708,840 1,783,485 1,056,466 489,070 228,064] 5,851,548 | 2,439,686 | 2,388,964 | 1,838,194 401,334 2,867,151 1,590,938 581,508 392,039 616,516 5,345,686 | 2,530,640 | 2,486,777 1,789,867 365,800 2,947,853 1,835,055 636,628 380,986 314,820 5,150,081 | 2,275,979 | 2,194,094 1,850,827 853,589 2,824,371 1,895,122 642,993 374,356 874,568] 65,109,404 | 2,257,388 | 2,212,098 1,838,164 337,547 3,047,054 1,249,438 320,128 387,100 540,160| 5,096,380 | 2,310,668 | 2,220,436 1,862,062 329,875 3,168,934 1,211,322 723,068 354,637 183,566| 5,066,395 1,959,579 1,898,315 | 2,246,673 331,060 3,166,438 1,826,096 617,780 272,122 436,155| 5,251,969 1,973,532 1,933,888 | 2,395,789 325,640 3,010,252 1,528,516 1,144,346 145,263 233,528) 5,151,109 1,876,082 1,758,217 | 2,409,392 318,688 2,250,400 | 8,234,828 | 2,687,393 260,406 287,029) 6,254,105 | 1,861,498 1,780,679 | 3,336,281 301,857 1,990,488 | 3,089,513 | 2,215,305 574,104 800,104| 6,323,917 | 2,022,200 1,890,099 | 3,008,878 207,527 2,145,655 | 2,291,429 1,765,580 287,167 238,669] 5,250,268 1,808,121 1,635,665 | 2,658,952 108,504 1,671,677 1,059,700 660,311 273,237 121,653| 3,164,000 1,582,735 1,447,370 1,246,761 70,996 757,112 221,896 28,552 128,956 55,414| 1,210,968 4 878,531 4721,619 274,795 55,695 555,481 84,179 32,200 23,723 15,856 696,840 4 452,466 4 401,175 188,817 54,914 267,899 10,848 9,809" } nna att 205 329,859 4301,047 4264,678 10,608 18,051 1 Includes industrial advances not shown separately. 4 Figures not comparable with later years in part because prior to June 21, 1917 2 i member banks were not required to keep all of their legal reserves with the Reserve Includes Federal Reterve notes held by the United States Treasury or by a Banks; also from 1914-1916 deferred availability accounts, subsequently shown Federal Reserve Bank other than the issuing bank. 0 A A ¥ ts. 3 Includes guaranteed obligations which were not issued until late in 1933. separately In the sources, are included in total depos Reserve Banks were first authorized to purchase them in 1934. 272 BANKING STATISTICS Data: N 124-140 Series N 124-130.—FEDERAL RESERVE BANKS—EARNINGS AND EXPENSES: 1914 TO 1945 [In thousands of dollars | DISPOSITION OF NET EARNINGS DISPOSITION OF NET EARNINGS Current Current Net ; Paid tol Current Current Net ; YEAR | CAIDINGS | eXpenses | earnings \| py; ij.nds [Franchise] U.S. Trane YEAR" |S SOTNINES =| SXDOnSes | eA NmgS t IDividends Franchise [Transferred paid tax paid ? treas- to surplus paid tax paid ?| to surplus ury 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 124 125 126 127 128 130 1945__{142,209,546/48,717,271(92,662,268{10,182,851 47,659/82,231,758| 1930__| 36,424 ,044/28,342,726| 7,988,182(10,268,59: 17,308 —2,297,724 1944__1104, 1391, 829}49, (Hs 921|58, 1437, 788 9,500,126] -1326,717/48,61G,945) 1929__| 70,955,496/29,691,113| 36,402,741] 9, 1583. '913| 4,283, "231 22,535,597 943__| 69,805,715/43 1545, 564(49 ,528 ,433] 2:3) 2th. _|244,726(40,372,365)| 1928__| 64,052,860/26,904,810| 32,122,021 8, "458.463| 2.584.659] 21,078,899 1942__ 52,662.70 38.624 044/12 .470 451 8,669,076 _{197,672| 8,603,703| 1927__| 43,024,484/27,518,443| 13,048,249 7.75453 "249,591 5.044.119 1941__| 41,380,095/32,963,150( 9,187,581] 8, "429. 936) 141,465 5663180| 1926__| 47,599,595(27,350,182| 16,611,745 7,329,169 818,15 8,464,426 1940.__| 48,537,805/29,165,47725,860,025| 8,214,971] 82,152|17,562,902|| 1925__{ 41,800,706(27,528,163| 9,449,066 6,915,958 59,30 2,473,808 1939__| 88,500,665/28,646,855/12, 1243 136 8,110,462|___ 24,5 ,108,324| 1924__| 38,340,449(28,431,126/ 3,718,180] 6,682,496 118,646) —3,077,962 1938__| 86,261, 1428128. ‘911, 608 9,581,954] 8,019,137|___ 1,443,293] 1923__| 50,708,566(29,764,173| 12,711,286| 6,552,717 3,613,05 2,545,513 1937__| 41, 1233 135/28,800,614(10, 1801, 1247 7,940,966|__ _ 2,683,656| 1922__| 50,498,699(29,559,049| 16,497,736| 6, 1807, 103 10,850, 160 659. 904 1936.__( 87,900, 1639/29. "874, 1023 8,512,433 7,829,581] 455,404) 1921. _|122,865,866(34,463 ,845| 82,087,225] 6, 119, 1678 59,974,466, 15,993,086 1935. .| 42,751,959(31,577,448| 9,487,758] 8,504,974] 635,117|| 1920__|181,296,711(28,258,030(149,294 ,774| 5,654 ,018/60,724,742| 82,916,014 1934__| 48,902,813(29 241 ,396(15,231,409] 8.781.661 __ 6,449 ,748( 1919__/102,380,583/|19,339,633| 78,367,504 5,011,832 2,703,894 70, "651, us 1933__| 49,487,318(29,222,8317 7,957,407 8,874,262 —916,855|| 1918__| 67,584,417(10,959,533| 52,716,310( 5,540, 168 em i ie ie 1334 1341 1932__| 50, 1018, 817[26, "291, '381(22 "814. 244] 9,282, 124412, 011, 418” ..-|11,020,582( 1917__| 16,128,339 5,159,727 9,582,067| 6,804,186 1,134,238 1, 134, 234 1981._| 29,701 1279127. 040, "664 2,972,066/10,029 "760 tari Ve or re —17,057,694| 1916__| 5,217,998 2,273,999] 2,750,998 1,742.77 i re er i on mi 19154 2.173.262) 2.820.586) —141.,459 ~ 217,463... eeelennancncann ! Current earnings less current expenses plus other additions and less other deductions. ? The Banking Act of 1933 eliminated the provision in the Federal Reserve Act requiring payments of a franchise tax. 3 Payments made pursuant to Section 13b of the Federal Reserve Act. 4 Figures for 1914 and 1915. Series N 131-134.—FEDERAL RESERVE BANKS—MEMBER BANK RESERVE REQUIREMENTS: 1917 TO 1945 [ Percent of deposits ] NET DEMAND DEPOSITS ! Time NET DEMAND DEPOSITS ! Time deposits deposits Central (all Central (all PERIOD IN EFFECT reserve Reserve | Country | member PERIOD IN EFFECT reserve Reserve | Country | member city city banks banks) city city banks banks) banks banks banks banks 131 132 133 134 131 132 133 134 June 21, 1917 to Aug. 15, 1936___. 13 10 T 3 Nov. 1, 1941 to Aug. 19, 1942____ 26 20 14 6 Aug. 16, 1936 to Feb. 28, 1987___. 194% 15 101% 414 11 Aug. 20, 1942 to Sept. 13, 1942.__ 24 20 14 6 Mar. 1, 1937 to Apr. 80, 1937____. 2234 17% 12Y 5Y Sept. 14, 1942 to Oct. 2, 1942____ 22 20 14 6 May 1, 1937 to Apr. 15, 1988____. 26 20 14 6 Oct. 3, 1942 to Feb. 26, 1948 _____ 20 20 14 6 Apr. 16, 1938 to Oct. 81, 1941 ____ 223% 17% 12 5 1 Demand deposits subject to reserve requirements, i. e., demand deposits other than war loan deposits, minus cash items in process of collection and demand balances due from domestic banks. Series N 135-140.—BANK SUSPENSIONS—NUMBER OF SUSPENSIONS: 1864 TO 1945 Total [National] State | Private Member Mane Total [National] State | Private Total [National] State YEAR YEAR YEAR 135 136 137 138 139 140 135 136 137 138 135 136 137 eu fn mame ttf em mo oe oe 1 1 49 5 29 15 36 6 30 4 2 52 8 32 12 18 3 15 9 9 29 12 17 8 4 152 20 93 39 £24 5 19 149 15 107 27 19 6 13 22 21 103 13 75 15 42 35 78 6 51 21 41 9 32 55 53 85 5 58 22 60 6 54 59 53 28 1 27 44 43 58 6 40 12 22 3 19 78 8 37 33 9 jecaeeae 9 34 30 153 19 83 51 57 56 90 12 58 20 15 5 10 4,004 2,729 53 6 34 13 27 7 20 1,456 1,125 80 10 70 2,294 1,778 80 20 25 35 71 8 63 125 22 53 50 45 8 37 1,352 1,164 52 13 22 17 659 578 54 4 30 20 17 3 14 499 426 65 9 15 41 50 10 40 669 547 37 4 33 976 818 35 5 14 16 16 6 10 32 10 8 14 TY mime me 7 618 63 11 19 33 75 139 28 64 47 2 1 1 646 141 34 66 41 7 1 6 367 13 6 Vi 505 110 34 51 25 7 4 3 83 23 39 21 7 2 5 167 7 136 491 69 228 194 62 2 59 80 12 32 36 6 1 5 47 2 35 60 16 44 1 a Timm 2 Includes both State and private banks; distribution not available. Data: N 141-151 BANKING AND FINANCE Series N 141-147.—BANK SUSPENSIONS—DEPOSITS OF SUSPENDED BANKS: 1921 TO 1945 [ In thousands of dollars] = Losses Losses veg | Total | National | State |Private| Member | momber | by de. vos | Total [National| State |Private| Member aoe ol Dope positors positors 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 141 142 143 144 | 145 146 147 1945__ 1932_.| 706,188 [214,150 | 493,670 | 7,806 [269,303 | 446,323 [168,000 1944 1931-1(1,690,232 (439,171 [1,230,341 [21,157 (733,128 | 957,541 (391,000 194277 1930_.| 837,096 [170,446 | 667,655 |15,262 [372,845 | 480,518 [237,000 1941 1929.7) 230,643 | 41,614 | 181,317 | 7,712 | 58,073 | 172,570 | 77,000 1928_0| 142,386 | 36,483 | 103,151 | 2,946 | 46,730 | 95.850 | 44,000 1940. 1927-0) 199,329 | 45,547 | 149,445 | 4,337 | 63,489 | 135.840 | 61,000 1989. 1926.0) 260,378 | 43,998 | 206,983 | 9,397 | 67.464 | 192.914 | 83,000 1937.2 1925._| 167,555 | 55,574 | 104,430 | 7,551 | 65,457 | 102,098 | 61,000 1936. 192471 210,151 | 64,890 | 137,533 | 7,728 | 78,535 | 131,616 | 79,000 192370) 149,601 |-34,244 | 113,584 | 1,773 | 46,803 | 102.798 | 62,000 1935_.| 10,015 | 5,313 00 Lace 5,313 4,702 | 4,000 || 192227) 91182 | 20,197 | 70,938 | 1,908 | 27,310 | 65,733 | 38,000 193477 36,987 40 | 35.456 | 1,441 40 | 36,897 | 10,000 || 192177 172,188 | 20,777 | 142.522 | 8,889 | 38,140 | 134,048 | 60,000 193377(3,596,698 1,610,549 [1,975,145 (13,281 (2,393,948 [1,202,750 [540,000 ! Includes both State and private banks; distribution not available. Series N 148-151.—CURRENCY AND GOLD—MONEY STOCK AND 1800 TO 1945 [ In thousands of dollars] MONEY IN CIRCULATION: Total Money MoyEy QUIS TREASURY Total Money Money Total Money Money YEAR money in held in In Federal In YEAR money in held in ah YEAR ! money in 0d in Sn (June 30) U.S. Treasury Reserve circulation || (June 30) U.S. Treasury | circulation || (June 30) .S. bh circulation anks 148 149 150 151 148 149 151 148 149 151 48,009,400 | 22,202,115 | 3,745,512 | 26,746,438 3908..... 2,919,494 | 1,245,501 | 2,628,340 1865... 1,180,197 | 96,657 | 1,083,541 44,805,301 | 23,173,693 | 3,811,797 | 22,504,342 1904... 2,838,023 | 1,224,818 | 2,552,906 1864... 1,062,841 | 55,226 | 1,007,615 40,868,266 | 24,466,764 | 3,770,331 | 17,421,260 1908... 2,717,646 | 1,168,982 | 2,399,732 1868 ..--. 1,010,747 | 79,473 2931,274 85,840,908 | 24,783,526 | 3,520,465 | 12,382,866 1902.2. 2,598,910 | 1,097,555 | 2,279,114 1862. .... 629,452 | 23,754 2 605,698 32,774,611 | 24,575,186 | 3,380,914 9,612,432 1900. 2,511,472 | 1,032,479 | 2,208,198 488,006 ,600 2 484,406 28,457,960 | 21,836,936 | 3,485,695 7,847,501 3900... 2,366,220 969,492 | 2,081,231 442,102 6,695 2 435,407 23,754,736 | 17, 1862. e11*| 3 ,436,467 7,046,743 1809. __.. 2,190,094 813,376 | 1,904,072 443,307 4,339 438,968 20,096,865 | 14,535, 1627 3,503,576 6,460,891 1808... 2,073,574 759,959 | 1,837,860 415,208 6,398 408,810 19,376,690 13.685 .480 3,454,205 6,447,056 1,906,770 744,391 | 1,640,983 474,779 | 17,710 457,069 17,402,493 (11,851,635 | 3,360,854 6,241,200 1,799,975 761,441 | 1,506,435 445,748 | 19,901 425,847 15,113,035 9,997,362 | 1,147,422 5,667,093 1,819,360 701,339 | 1,601,968 436,952 | 18,932 418,020 13,634,381 8,408,392 | 1,305,985 5,373,470 1,805,079 672,282 | 1,660,809 445,689 | 20,138 425,551 10,078,417 3,797,692 | 2,271,682 5,720,764 1,738,808 702,429 | 1,596,701 424,181 | 21,943 402,238 9,004,505 3,493,122 | 1,795,349 5,695,171 1,752,219 716,918 | 1,601,347 375,673 | 14,632 361,041 9,079,624 4,227,735 | 2,226,059 4,821,933 1,677,794 648,001 | 1,497,441 341,165 | 10,912 330,254 8,306,564 4,021,937 | 1,741,087 4,521,988 1,685,123 684,259 | 1,429,251 285,367 6,605 278,762 8,538,796 3,789,886 | 1,856,986 4,746,297 1,658,672 652,597 | 1,380,362 234,743 2,185 232,558 8,118,091 8,725,650 | 1,582,576 4,796,626 1,691,441 641,124 | 1,372,171 240,506 8,101 232,405 8,667,282 4,159,056 | 1,753,110 4,851,321 1,633,413 549,217 | 1,317,539 225,820 1,701 223,819 8,428,971 4,210,858 | 1,473,118 4,885,266 1,561,408 472,868 | 1,252,701 202,552 9,126 193,426 8,299,382 4,176,381 | 1,367,591 4,815,208 1,537,434 473,126 | 1,292,569 185,609 7,658 177,950 8,846,542 4,248,438 | 1,376,935 4,849,307 1,487,250 410,898 | 1,243,926 175,168 7,857 167,310 8,702,788 3,821,846 | 1,207,836 4,823,275 1,472,494 874,617 | 1,230,306 148,564 1,449 147,114 8,276,070 8,515,583 | 1,297,893 4,463,172 1,409,398 294,643 | 1,174,290 163,734 230 163,504 8,174,528 2,921,089 | 1,262,089 4,910,992 1,349,592 280,225 | 1,114,238 187,290 987 186,303 8,158,496 2,879,664 | 1,015,881 5,467,589 1,185,550 225,922 973,382 189,969 3,663 186,305 7,688,413 2,907,812 810,636 4,876,638 1,033,641 230,703 818,632 1839... 222,171 2,467 219,704 6,906,237 2,976,251 855,984 4,481,697 84,225 189,126 820,004 || 1838___._ 203,639 | 25,000 198,639 -| 5,678,774 2,859,396 816,365 4,066,404 916,548 134,756 814,090 18872... 222,186 | 5,000 217,186 4,541, 1730 2,856,536 593,345 3,649,258 905,238 122,289 807,124 1886... 205,301 | 25,000 200,301 4,050,783 1,967,665 382,965 3,319,582 925,702 109,461 833,789 154,692 8,893 145,800 3,797,825 1,845,570 3,459,434 950,116 104,525 863,606 135,840 | 11,703 124,137 3,777,021 1,834,112 3,418,692 903,316 99,316 838,252 122,150 2,012 120,138 3,701,965 1,782,320 3,335,220 900,571 97,773 829,209 121,900 4,503 117,397 3,606,989 1,731,084 3,263,053 894,376 118,010 794,156 109,100 6,015 93,085 3,466,856 1,603,186 3,148,684 899,876 156,994 774,966 93,100 5,756 87,344 3,451,521 1,599,621 3,148,826 873,759 163,074 740,641 69,100 | 32,000 67,100 3,423,068 1,597,132 3,079,155 888,413 134,172 771,884 58,000 | 33,000 55,000 3,158,111 1,420,507 2,813,863 1,020,927 180,245 859,360 28,000 | 21,500 26,500 3,109, 1380 1,330,109 2,774,690 1,068,066 138,893 939,678 1 Prior to 1860 the exact date of the figures is not known. 3 Estimated. 2 Includes total stock of silver dollars and subsidiary silver, 1860-1863; and of gold coin and bullion, 1862 and 1863. 274 CURRENCY AND GOLD Data: N 152-165 Series N 152-165.—CURRENCY AND GOLD—MONEY IN CIRCULATION BY KIND: 1860 TO 1945 [ In thousands of dollars. For total money in circulation, see series N 151] ; ilv i Treasury | Subsidiar i i Federal Federal National YEAR Bold wcin ete 1 Ld re 1| notes of silver ¥- | Minor coin reserve reserve U8. notes t bank notes ! (June 30) 1890 ! notes ! bank notes ! 152 153 154 155 156 158 159 160 162 164 165 1045... * 52,084 125,178 1,650,689 1,150 788,283 291,996 | 22,867,459 527,001 322,587 120,012 1044... () 53,964 103,325 1,587,691 1,154 700,022 262,775 | 18,750,201 597,030 322,293 125,887 1943... ?) 56,909 83,701 1,648,571 1,155 610,005 235,672 | 13,746,612 584,162 322,843 132,130 1942 ___. (2) 59,399 66,093 1,754,255 1,158 503,947 213,144 9,310,135 18,717 316,886 139,131 1941... ® 62,872 52,992 | 1,713,508 1,161 433,485 198,963 6,684,209 20,268 299,514 150,460 1940... ® 66,793 46,020 1,581,662 1,163 384,187 168,977 5,163,284 22,373 247,887 165,155 1939... *) 71,930 42,407 1,453,573 1,166 361,209 154,869 4,483,552 25,593 265,962 186,480 1938... *) 78,500 89,446 1,230,156 1,169 341,942 145,625 4,114,338 30,118 262,155 217,441 1980. ..-< ® 88,116 88,046 | 1,078,071 1,172 340,827 144,107 | 4,168,780 37,616 281,459 268,862 1936... @ 100,771 35,029 954,592 1,107 316,476 134,691 4,002,216 51,954 278,190 366,105 1985... 2) 117,167 32,308 701,474 1,182 295,773 125,125 | 8,222,913 81,470 285,417 704,263 1934... (2) 149,740 30,013 401,456 1,189 280,400 119,142 | 3,068,404 141,645 279,608 901,872 1988. ..-- 320,939 265,487 27,995 360,699 1,186 256,865 112,532 | 8,060,793 125,845 268,809 919,614 1082. .... 452,763 715,683 30,115 852,605 1,222 256,220 113,619 2,780,229 2,746 289,076 700,894 1981... 363,020 996,510 34,326 377,149 1,240 273,147 117,393 1,708,429 2,929 299,427 648,363 1980... -- 857,236 994,841 38,629 386,915 1,260 281,231 117,436 1,402,066 3,206 288,389 650,779 1929... 368,488 934,994 43,684 387,073 1,283 284,226 115,210 1,692,721 3,616 262,188 652,812 1028... 377,028 1,019,149 46,222 384,577 1,304 278,175 111,061 1,626,433 4,029 298,438 650,212 1027. o.o- 384,957 1,007,075 48,717 375,798 1,327 275,605 108,132 1,702,843 4,606 292,205 650,057 1926. .... 891,703 1,057,371 61,577 377,741 1,356 270,072 104,194 1,679,407 5,453 294,916 651,477 1925.0 cc 402,297 | 1,004,823 54,289 382,780 1,387 262,009 100,307 | 1,636,108 6,921 282,578 681,709 1924..... 393,330 801,381 54,015 364,414 1,423 252,995 96,952 1,843,106 10,066 297,790 733,835 1923... 404,181 386,456 57,262 364,258 1,460 247,307 93,897 2,234,660 19,969 302,749 711,076 1922. . ..- 415,937 173,342 57,973 265,335 1,510 229,310 89,157 2,138,715 71,868 292,343 727,681 1921..... 447,272 200,582 65,883 158,843 1,576 235,295 91,409 2,599,598 129,942 259,170 721,421 1920... 474,822 259,007 76,749 97,606 1,656 248,863 90,958 | 3,064,742 185,431 278,144 689,608 1919... 474,875 327,552 79,041 163,445 1,745 229,316 81,780 2,450,278 155,014 274,119 .639,472 1018..... 537,230 511,190 77,201 370,349 1,851 216,492 74,958 1,698,190 10,970 291,859 691,407 1917... 666,545 1,082,926 71,754 468,365 1,970 193,745 68,411 506,756 3,702 311,595 690,635 3016... 624,939 1,050,266 66,234 476,279 2,098 171,178 62,998 149,152 1,683 328,227 716,204 1915... 587,537 821,869 64,499 463,147 2,245 159,043 58,516 70,810 l.eowamsuavan 309,796 782,120 1014... 611,545 1,026,149 - 70,300 478,602 2,428 159,966 57,419 337,846 715,180 1913_____ 608,401 1,003,998 72,127 469,129 2,657 154,458 54,954 337,215 715,754 ;2..... 610,724 943,436 70,340 469,224 2,916 145,034 50,707 337,697 705,142 ot... 589,296 930,368 72,446 453,544 3,237 138,422 49,049 838,989 687,701 1910... 590,878 802,754 72,433 478,597 3,663 135,584 46,328 334,788 683,660 1909...... 599,338 815,005 71,988 477,717 4,203 132,332 42,585 340,118 665,539 1908... 613,245 782,977 76,329 465,279 4,964 124,178 41,139 339,396 631,649 1907... 561,697 600,072 81,710 470,211 5,976 121,777 40,907 342,270 589,242 2906.....-- 668,655 516,562 77,001 471,520 7,337 111,630 38,043 335,940 548,001 1905...... 651,064 485,211 73,584 454,865 9,272 101,438 35,458 332,421 480,029 1904... 645,818 465,655 71,314 461,139 12,902 95,528 33,763 333,759 433,028 1008..... 617,261 377,259 172,391 454,733 19,077 92,727 32,040 334,249 899,997 1902... 632,394 306,399 68,747 446,558 29,803 85,721 29,724 334,292 345,477 1901... 629,791 247,036 66,921 429,644 47,525 79,235 27,890 330,045 345,111 1900... 610,806 200,733 65,889 408,466 75,304 76,161 26,050 {.cccrcrmonmlermnmsmmmmes 817,677 300,115 313899..... 679,738 32,656 61,481 402,137 92,562 69,066 328,627 237,805 23898. _... 657,950 35,812 58,483 390,127 98,306 64,057 310,134 222,991 1897...... 517,590 37,285 51,940 357,849 83,470 59,616 306,915 226,318 1896. ._... 454,905 42,198 52,117 330,657 95,045 60,204 256,140 215,168 1895. .-~- 479,638 48,381 51,986 319,623 115,943 60,350 319,094 206,953 1804... 495,977 66,340 52,565 326,991 134,681 58,511 325,525 200,220 1808... 408,536 92,642 56,930 326,824 140,856 65,470 320,774 174,670 1802... 408,569 141,094 56,817 326,693 98,259 63,294 339,400 167,222 sot... 407,319 120,063 58,826 307,236 40,349 58,219 343,207 162,221 3890. 374,259 130,831 56,279 297,556 54,033 334,689 181,605 1889. _._.. 376,482 117,130 5,457 257,156 51,477 316,439 207,221 1888. 391,114 121,095 45,527 200,760 50,362 308,000 245,313 18%7....- 376,541 91,225 55,549 142,118 48,584 326,667 276,855 1886__.__ 358,220 76,044 552,669 88,116 46,174 323,813 307,665 1885. .... 341,668 126,730 39,087 101,531 erences A 003 0 «nee comms | Sa em me Tm rm rm 831,219 308,631 1884... 340,624 71,147 40,690 98,427 [nn ec suen BB JBL. [ee eBid im) weiner mw 318,687 330,690 1883... 344,653 59,807 35,651 72,621 46,474 323,242 347,856 1882... 358,251 5,029 32,404 54,506 State 46,380 Fractional Other U.S. 825,255 352,465 188). cer 315,313 5,760 29,842 39,111 | bank notes 46,839 currency currency 828,127 349,746 1880... 225,696 7.964 20,111 5,790 157 161 163 327,895 337,415 1879. .--- 110,505 15,280 8,036 414 301,644 321,405 1878..... 84,740 24,898 1,209 7 806 16,368 428 320,906 311,724 1807... 78,111 B21298 (nw atent cages] emi 909 20,242 456 337,899 301,289 1876. .--- 74,839 24,175 [.unmnocnnass TN — 1,047 32,939 500 331,447 316,121 1875... 64,446 17,549 964 37,905 551 349,686 340,547 br 78,948 18,015 1,162 38,234 620 371,421 340,266 1878....- 62,718 34,251 41,399 38,076 701 348,464 338,962 1872 cas 76,575 26,412 1,701 36,403 849 346,169 329,037 1871..... 72,391 17,790 1,968 34,446 1,064 343,069 311,406 See footnotes on next page. 275 Data: N 152-178 BANKING AND FINANCE Series N 152-165.—CURRENCY AND GOLD—MONEY IN CIRCULATION BY KIND: 1860 TO 1945—Con. [In thousands of dollars. For total money in circulation, see series N 151] Gold Gold State Subsidiary Fractional Other U. S. U.S. National YEAR coin certificates ! bank notes silver currency currency notes ! bank notes ! 152 153 157 158 161 163 164 165 81,183 32,085 2,223 8,978 34,379 2,507 824,963 288,648 62,129 29,956 2,569 5,695 80,442 3,343 314,767 291,750 63,758 ,648 8,164 6,620 28,999 28,859 328,572 294,369 72,882 18,678 4,484 7,082 26,806 128,727 319,438 286,764 109, 1705 10, 1505 19,996 8,241 24,687 162, 1789 327,792 276,013 148,557 142,920 8,713 21,729 236,567 878,917 146,138 184,346 179,158 ,875 19,133 169,252 415,116 31,235 3 260,000 238,677 311,000 8 23 $283,000 183,792 313,000 266, 1400 202,006 316,000 207,805 |--=-m ew anae ga 4207,102 82000: | Te a Se le Me eh afi me Se a A 1 For statement of redemption Serum: see text. 2 Under the order of the Secretary of the Treasury of Dec. 28, 1933, as amended and supplemented on Jan. 11 and 15, 1934, all gold coin domestically "owned (with minor exceptions) was required to be delivered for the account of the Treasurer of the United States, and under the Gold Reserve Act of 1934 (Jan. 80) withdrawn from circulation and formed into bars. Gold coin ($287,000,000) shown on Treasary records as being then Prtstanding was dropped from the monthly circulation state- ment as of Jan. 81, 1934 3 Total stock; circulation figures not available. 4 Data for this series are available in source back to 1800. See text. Series N 166-171.—CURRENCY AND GOLD—CHANGES IN GOLD STOCK OF THE UNITED STATES: 1914 TO 1945 [In millions of dollars. Gold valued at $20.67 per fine ounce through January 1934; at $35 thereafter] Earmarked Earmarked Gold | 1oresse | Domestic | Net zad | **o0 Gold under Gold | Increase | Domestic | Netgold | “gold; | Gold under (end of in gold gold pro- import (+ decronse( +) ove pl 24 of in gold gold pro, import (H)|decrease(+) eT YEAR | period) Bron nation expori(~ Y introns (—)| period) YEAR | period) i ution ! | oy port(—) ncfons (—)| period) 166 167 168 169 170 171 166 167 168 169 170 171 1945.__| 20,065 | . —558.9 82.0 —106.3 —856.7 4,293.8 || 1928__. 8,854 —237.9 44.3 —391.9 +119.5 79.9 1944___| 20,619 | —1,819.0 85.8 —845.4 —459.8 3,987.2 1927... 4,092 -112.8 43.8 +6.1 —160.2 199.4 1943.__| 21,938 —188.5 48.3 +68.9 —803.6 3,477.4 || 1926... 4,205 92.6 46.8 +97.8 —26.3 39.38 1942___| 22,726 — 10.3 125.4 +815.7 —458.4 2,673.8 1941___| 22,787 741.8 169.1 +982.4 —407.7 2,215.4 || 1925... 4,112 —100.1 48.0 —134.4 +32.2 13,0 1924___ 4,212 255.6 50.6 +258.1 —42.2 45.2 1940...) 21,995 4,851.2 170.2 | +4,744.5 —644.7 1,807.7 || 1928... 3,957 315.1 50.2 +294.1 +0.7 3.0 1939___| 17,644 3,182.0 161.7 |4+3,574.2 —534.4 1,163.0 1922___ 3,642 268.5 47.8 +238.8 —-3.7 3.7 1988_. 14,512 1,751.5 148.6 |+1,973.6 —333.5 628.6 1921... 3,873 734.6 48.8 +667.4 $318.7 [cenname=n-n 1987.._| 2 12,760 1,502.5 148.9 | +1,585.5 —200.4 295.1 1986...) 211,258 1,182.5 131.6 |+1,116.6 —85.9 94.7 (| 1920__. 2,639 —68.4 49.9 495.0 —3 145.0 22.0 1919... 2,707 —165.8 59.5 -291.7 | +3127.4 5.0 1985._.| 10,125 1,887.2 110.7 |+1,739.0 +0.2 8.8 1918... 2,878 4.9 67.4 +21.0 —346.7 6.9 1934. __ 8,238 4,202.5 92.9 |+1,188.9 +82.6 9.0 |i 1917... 2,868 812.2 82.3 +180.6 -+151.7 6.9 1983. __ 4,086 —190.4 47.1 —173.5 —3 58.0 59.1 1916... 2,556 530.7 91.1 +580.2 -8.1 6.1 1982___ 4,226 52. 45.9 —446.2 +3 457.5 78.7 1981... 4,173 —183.4 45.8 +145.8 —320.8 458.5 || 1915... 2,025 499.1 99.7 3420.5 too ein ci fone sa al 1914___ 1,526 —100.2 98.4 365.20 ee dan fame naan. 1980. __ 4,306 309.6 43.4 -+-280.1 —2.4 187.7 1929... 8,997 142.5 42.5 +175.1 —55.4 185.3 1 Estimates of the United States Mint. 2 Includes gold in the inactive account amounting to $27,000,000 on Dec. 31, 1936, and $1,228,000,000 on Dec. 31, 1937. 3 Adjusted for changes in gold held under earmark abroad by the Federal Reserve Banks Series N 172-178.—CURRENCY AND GOLD—ADJUSTED DEPOSITS OF BANKS AND CURRENCY OUTSIDE BANKS: 1892 TO 1945 [ In millions of dollars. Figures partly estimated] al Demzng aol Demand eposits eposits eposi eposi ey | caroms | otal | Demana | U-8. : Cur- adjusted | adjusted | Total | Demand | .U. S. ” Cur- youn | “and” | “and” | depot | depts | Over | Time, | one, and” | “and | depute | dopants | Gomer | Time, | ny, June | currency | currency | adjusted [adjusted ! 3 YEAR | currency | currency | adjusted |adjuste 5 80) | outside | outside deposits ? banks ||(June 80) outside | outside deposits * banks banks banks banks banks 172 173 174 176 176 177 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 1945___| 162,784 94,150 | 137,687 69,053 24,381 44,253 49,881 25;216 45,098 20,433 811 23,854 4,788 1944___| 136,172 80,946 | 115,291 60,065 19,506 35,720 45,961 21,3 41,302 16,694 1,733 22,875 4,659 1943___| 110,161 71,853 94,847 56, 1039 8,048 30,260 41,680 19,172 36,919 14,411 852 21,656 4,761 1942___| 81,963 52,806 71,027 41.870 1,837 27,320 45,415 20,241 40,799 15,625 418 24,756 4,616 1941___| 74,153 45,521 65,949 87,317 753 27,879 52,883 28,483 49,232 19,832 439 28,961 ,65. 1940___| 66,952 38,661 60,253 31,962 828 27,463 54,389 25,075 51,020 21,706 322 28,992 3,369 1939... 60,943 33,360 54,938 27,3855 792 26,791 55,171 26,179 51,532 22,540 381 28,611 ,639 1938... 56,5665 29,730 51,148 24,313 599 26,236 54,678 25,881 51,056 22,259 271 28,526 3,622 1937.._| 57,258 30,687 51,769 25,198 666 25,905 52,229 25,589 48,673 21,983 225 26,465 3,556 1936... 55, 1052 29,002 49,830 23,780 1,142 24,908 50,570 25,601 46,969 22,000 228 24,741 3,601 See footnotes on next page. 276 CURRENCY AND GOLD Data: N 172-184 Series N 172-178.—CURRENCY AND GOLD—ADJUSTED DEPOSITS OF BANKS AND CURRENCY OUTSIDE BANKS: 1892 TO 1945—Con. [In millions of dollars. Figures partly estimated ] Total |Demand oa pemand deposits | deposits eposil eposi Mer nl Total |Demand| U.S. v Cur- ep : adjusted | Total [Demand] U.S. . Cur- and cur- | and cur- | deposits deposits | Govern~| Time rency and cur- | and cur- | deposits deposits | Govern-| Time rency YEAR rency | remcy |adjusted|, 8d- | ment Ideposits?) outside YEAR rency | rency [adjusted|. ad- | ment |deposits| outside (June 30) outside | outside Justed ! |deposits banks (June 30) outside | outside justed ! |deposits banks banks | banks banks banks 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 48,823 | 24,949 | 44,750 | 21,876 180 | 23,194 3,573 14,718 9,095 | 13,007 7,384 130 5,493 1,711 44,510 | 28,062 | 40,860 | 19,412 189 | 21,259 3,650 15,102 9,572 | 18,402 7,872 180 5,350 1,700 42,746 | 22,697 | 39,007 | 18,958 827 | 19,722 3,739 14,121 9,263 | 12,362 7,504 89 4,769 1,769 88,998 | 21,391 | 35,652 | 18,045 170 | 17,437 3,346 37,791 | 20, 1790 34,114 | 17,113 418 | 16,583 8,677 13,237 8,698 | 11,608 7,069 75 4,464 1,629 11,978 7,818 | 10,411 6,256 110 4,045 1,562 39,859 | 23,721 | 35,754 | 19,616 304 | 15,834 4,105 11,452 7,505 y 5,962 147 8,800 ’ 35,605 | 21,217 | 32,012 | 17,624 965 | 13,423 3,593 10,839 7,150 9,408 5,719 124 3,565 1,431 31,423 | 18,141 | 28,125 | 14,843 1,565 | 11,717 3,298 10, ‘013 6,599 8,618 5,204 99 3,315 1,395 28,154 | 15,777 | 25,878 | 13,501 834 | 11,543 2,276 24,201 | 13,849 | 22,325 | 11,973 39 | 10, '313 1,876 8,865 5,751 7,584 4,420 99 3,015 1,331 8,036 5,843 6,855 4,162 76 2,617 1,181 20,682 | 11,403 | 19,107 9,828 48 9,231 1,575 7,032 4,582 5,882 3,4 53 2,397 1,150 20,081 | 11,615 | 18,498 | 10,082 66 8,350 1,533 6,205 3,884 5,192 2,871 16 2,305 1,013 19,403 | 10,998 | 17,545 9,140 49 8,356 1,858 ’ 3,813 5,074 2,839 15 2,220 974 18,865 | 10,918 | 17,103 9, 58 7,889 1,762 17, 1762 10, 377 16,053 8,668 48 7,337 1,709 6,032 3,931 5,061 2,960 13 2,088 971 5,787 3,779 4,815 2,807 14 1,994 972 16,977 9,979 | 15,252 8,254 54 6,944 1,725 5,868 3,847 4,787 2,766 14 2,007 1,081 15,794 9,459 | 14,103 7,768 70 6,265 1,691 5,838 3,895 4,823 2,880 14 1,929 1, ‘015 ! Includes demand deposits, other than interbank and United States Govern- $ Total time deposits include amounts held by commercial banks, mutual sav- ment, less cash items in process of collection. ings banks and the Postal Savings System. The figures exclude interbank time de- 2 Beginning with Dec. 1938, includes United States Treasurer's time deposits, posits and Postal Savings redeposited in banks. Time deposits at banks in open account. possessions are excluded Series N 179-184.—CURRENCY AND GOLD—AMOUNT COINED OF GOLD, SILVER AND MINOR COIN, AND SILVER PRICES: 1789 TO 1945 [ Coinage figures represent face amount of coin] COINAGE SILVER PRICES COINAGE SILVER PRICES Average Average Bullion com- Bullion com- YEAR value of | mercial YEAR value of mercial calen- Total Gold Silver Minor coin | the silver | ratio of (calen- Total Gold Silver |Minor coin| the silver | ratio of dar dollar ! | silver to dar dollar ! silver to year) gold year) gold 179 180 181 182 183 184 179 180 181 182 183 184 1945__/$101,182,085| ......... $75,871,300($25,260,785|$0.40404 67.00 || 1905..|$58,269,177/$49,638,441|$6,332,181($2,298,555| $0.47200 88.87 1944. _| 120,923,430 -| 90,781,100( 30,142,330] 0.34853 77.67 1904__|250,781,567(233,402,428(15,695,610| 1,683,529] 0.44763 85.70 1948__| 136,237,136 -|105,772,800| 80,464,336| 0.34853 77.67 || 1903._| 65,809,692| 43,683,970/19,874,440( 2,251,281 0.41960 38.10 1942__| 119,283,799 102,054,778| 17,229,026] 0.29889 90.57 1902__]| 79,660,896| 47,184,932(30,028,167| 2,447,796 0.40835 39.15 1941__| 102,209,510 76,120,483 26,089,027 0.27144 99.73 || 1901..{134,693,770,101,735,188|30,838,461| 2,120,122 0.46093 84.68 1940._| 50,157,850 29,359,834| 20,798,017] £127136 99.76 || 1900..(137,649,427( 99,272,942|36,345,347| 2,031,137| 0.47958 33.33 1939._| 38,289,170 27,913,498 10,375,672| 0.30470 88.84 || 1899..(139,243,192(111,344,220(26,061,520| 1,837,452 0.46525 34.36 1988. 12,718,179 8,998,493 3,719,686| 0.33673 80.89 || 1898..|102,144,626( 77,985,758|28,034,033| 1,124,835 0.45640 35.03 1937..| 381,128,993 22,035,562 9,088,432| 0.34956 77.44 || 1897_.| 96,041,882| 76,028,485|18,487,297| 1,526,100 0.46745 34.20 1936__| 46,388,101 84,656,955| 11,731,147 0.85113 77.09 || 1896._| 70.975, 678 47,053,060/23,089,899 832,719 0.52257 80.59 1935..| 88,580,924! .......... 31,237,224 7,348,700| 0.49950 54.19 || 1895__| 66,196,798 59,616,358) 5,698,010 882,431] 0.50587 81.60 1934..1 25,951,701)... ~ouc-vz= 22,091,840| 3,859,910{ 0.37344 72.49 || 1894__| 89,184,689] 79,546,160 9,200,351 439,178] 0.49097 82.56 1933._| 138,136,225/$12,085,000 895,625 205,600] 0.27068 59.06 || 1893__| 66,934,755 56,997,020, 8,802,803 1,134,932] 0.60351 26.49 1932__| 68,422,820 66,665,000 1,562,200 195,620| 0.21814 73.29 || 1892._| 48,389,781 84,787,222|12,641,078| 961,480 0.67401 23.72 1931_| 61,828,420 60,895,000 621,000 307,420] 0.22440 71.25 || 1891. | 58,053,803| 29,222,005(27,518.857| 1,312,441] 0.76416 20.92 1930. _ 8,780,510, 2,440,000 2,658,300! 3,632,210{ 0.29751 53.74 || 1890__| 61,054,883 20,467,182(39,202,908( 1,384,792| 0.80927 19.75 1929__| 54,225,400] 40,285,000, 8,590,500| 5,399,900f 0.41229 38.78 || 1889__| 58,194.,023| 21,413,931/35,496.683| 1.2837408| 0.72325 22.10 1928__| 189,773,887|177,860,000, 8,748,667 3,664,670{ 0.45237 35.34 || 1888._| 65,318,615 31,380,808(33,025,606| 912.201] 0.72683 22.00 1927__| 141,147,127(125,645,000| 11,286,217| 4,215,910| 0.43838 36.47 || 1887.-| 60,379,151| 23,972,388(35.191,081| 1,215.686 0.75755 21.10 1926__} 102,828,002| 78,540,565) 19,825,806] 4,461,630| 0.48284 33.11 1886._| 61,375,438| 28,945,542(32,086,710 343,186] 0.76931 20.78 1925__| 216,456,868|192,880,000( 19,874,218] 4,202,645 0.53681 29.78 || 1885..| 56,926,811( 27,773,012|28,962,176] 191,622 0.82379 19.41 1924_| 229.946,730(206,010, '000| 21.627.040| 2.309.690{ 0.51906 30.80 || 1884__| 53,323,106] 23,991,756/28,534,866] 796,484] 0.85904 18.61 1928° | 114,575,118] 45, '865.000| 66.283.038| 2.927.080 0.50458 31.69 || 1883_..| 60,093,729( 29,241,990|29,246,968| 1,604,770 0.85754 18.64 1922. 165,076,646 80,680,016 84,825,030 71,600{ 0.52543 30.43 1882__| 94,821,217| 65,887,685(27,973,132 960,400] 0.87833 18.20 1921__| 100,782,846( 10,570,000| 89,057,536] 1,155,310] 0.48801 32.76 1881.._(125,219,206| 96,850,890|27,940,164 428,152| 0.87575 18.25 1920__| 50,218,920| 16,990,000 25,057,270; 8,166,650] 0.78844 20.28 || 1880..| 90,111,869| 62,308,279|27,411,694| 391,396] 0.38564 18.05 1919. 20,777,500{ ._ __.._. 11,068,400, 9,709,100] 0.86692 18.44 || 1879__| 66,814,859| 89,080,080|27,569,776 165,003] 0.86928 18.89 1918..| 81,445,691)... _. . _. 25,473,029) 5,972,662| 0.76142 21.00 || 1878..| 78,863,088| 49,786,052|28,518,850 58,186] 0.89222 17.92 1917__| 85,540,403 10,014| 29,412,300| 6,118,089] 0.69242 24.61 || 1877__| 72,401,434 43,999,864|28,393,045 8,525) 0.92958 17.20 1916__| 83,743,376] 18,525,026| 8,880,800 6,337,550] 0.53094 30.78 || 1876..| 71,293,560 46,579,452|24,503,308| 210,800, 0.90039 17.75 1915._| 80,145,339] 23,968,402| 4,114,098! 2,062,840 0.40135 40.48 || 1875__| 48,546,803] 32,951,940/15,347,893| 246,970; 0.96086 16.64 1914__| 61,749,712} 53,457,818) 6,083,823] 2,208,071} 0.42780 37.87 || 1874__| 42,448,882| 85,254,630 6,851,777) 342,475 0.98909 16.16 1913__| 38,284,942] 25,433,378 3,184,229| 4,667 7.835 0.46760 84.19 || 1878_.| 61,426,950 57,022,748| 4,024,748) 879,455 1.00368 15.93 1912__| 27,416,904 17,498,522| 7,340,995 2,577, '386] 0.47543 83.62 || 1872_.| 24,686,514| 21,812,645| 2,504,488) 369,380( 1.022 15.63 1911__.| 65,790,851} 56,176,822| 6,457, 1302 3.156.726] 0.41709 38.83 || 1871._| 24,286,618] 21,082,685| 3,104,038] 99,890] 1.025 15,57 1910_.) 111,505,138(104,728,785| 3,744,468] 3,036,930] 0.41825 38.22 || 1870..| 24,927,368| 28,198,788| 1,378,256] 850,325] 1.027 15.57 1909__| 98,621,149! 88,776,908 8,087,852] 1,756,389] 0.40231 39.74 || 1869__| 19,812,130| 17,582,988| 1,266,143] 963,000{ 1.024 15.60 1908..| 145,499,148(131,638,632| 12,391,777| 1,468,739] 0.41371 38.64 || 1868._| 22.142.880| 19.871,388| 1,074,343| 1,697,150 1.025 15.59 1907._| 148,128,052(131,907,490| 13,178,436] 3,042,126| 0.51164 31.24 || 1867..| 26,5567,411| 23,828,625 908,876] 1,819,910] 1.027 15.57 1906_.| 92,834,982| 78,793,045 10,651,028) 2,890,909 0.52353 30.54 1866__| 33,461,314 31,435,945 982,409{ 1,042,960 1.036 15.48 1 Value of the silver dollar (3714 grains of pure silver) at the annual average price of silver for each calendar year. 277 Data: N 179-187 BANKING AND FINANCE Series N 179-184.—CURRENCY AND GOLD—AMOUNT COINED OF GOLD, SILVER AND MINOR COIN, AND SILVER PRICES: 1789 TO 1945—Con. [Coinage figures represent face amount of coin | COINAGE SILVER PRICES COINAGE Average commercia YEAR ) Bullion | commensal YEAR . ratio of (calendar | Total Gold Silver Minor | value of | “ratio of || (calendar Total Gold Silver Minor | silver to year) coin the silver silver to year) coin gold dollar ! gold 179 180 181 182 183 184 179 180 181 182 184 $29,954,665 ($28,295,108 | $691,005 ($968,553 $1.035 15.44 $1,735,894 | $156,385 $1,564,583 | $14,926 15.70 21,618,019 | 20,081,415 609,917 | 926,687 1.040 15.87 1,858,297 93,200 | 1,752,477 12,620 15.82 28,753,150 | 22,445,482 809,268 | 498,400 1.040 15.37 67,975 72,425 895,550 |.oozennne 15.84 22,409,264 | 20,875,998 | 1,252,516 | 280,750 1.041 15.85 915,510 88,980 805,806 | 20,723 15.80 87,280,270 | 83,395,530 | 8,783,740 | 101,000 1.031 15.50 1,018,977 189,825 825,762 3,890 15.95 25,938,704 | 23,473,654 | 2,259,390 | 205,660 1.045 15.29 1,864,786 | 1,319,080 501,681 | 44,076 15.62 18,429,020 | 14,780,570 | 3,284,450 | 364,000 1.052 15.19 1,425,825 258,615 | 1,140,000 | 26,710 15.83 31,679,784 | 22,938,414 | 8,495,370 | 246,000 1.039 15.38 1,845,064 242,940 | 1,070,454 | 31,670 15.35 37,870,810 | 82,214,040 | 5,478,760 | 178,010 1.046 15.27 647,208 |nainnmense 607,784 | 39,484 15.11 42,027,115 | 86,857,768 | 5,142,240 27,107 1.039 15.88 56,786" |«unwen wines 28,576 29,210 15.28 82,905,244 | 29,387,968 | 3,501,245 | 16,031 1.039 15.88 20,483 3,175 17,908 |. .iounone 15.26 84,577,871 | 25,915,962 | 8,619,270 42,638 1.042 15.33 642,536 77,270 561,688 3,578 15.04 48,522,540 | 89,377,909 | 9,077,571 67,060 1.042 15.83 1,102,272 477,140 620,952 4,180 16.25 57,896,228 | 56,846,188 999,410 50,631 1.025 15.59 1,115,220 290,435 814,030 10,755 16.11 63,488,525 | 62,614,492 774,897 | 99,635 1.034 15.46 1,108,741 497,905 608,340 2,496 15.53 33,892,306 | 31,981,738 | 1,866,100 44,468 1.018 15.70 1,155,868 501,435 638,774 15,660 15.77 11,164,696 9,007,762 | 2,114,950 41,984 1.013 15.78 84,758 169,375 707,376 8,002 15.96 5,879,720 | 38,775,512 | 2,040,050 | 64,158 1.008 15.85 982,055 284,665 684,300 ( 13,090 16.08 22,638,612 | 20,202,325 | 2,374,450 61,837 1.011 15.80 1,044,596 437,495 597,449 9,652 15.43 6,633,966 4,034,178 | 2,558,580 41,208 1.005 15.90 801,084 824,505 471,819 5,260 15752 5,668,596 8,756,448 | 1,873,200 | 38,948 1.004 15.92 333,239 170,868 149,388 13,483 15.79 7,687,208 5,427,670 | 2,235,550 | 23,988 1.008 15.85 371,828 258,642 100,340 12,845 15.41 11,967,831 8,108,798 | 3,834,750 | 24,283 1.003 15.93 370,699 258,378 87,118 | 25,203 15.41 4,185,991 | 1,829,408 | 2,332,750 | 23,834 1.007 15.87 516,076 423,310 58,343 | 34,423 15.26 2,240,581 1,091,858 | 1,132,750 15,974 1.018 15.70 510,956 422,570 74,758 13,628 15.46 3,426,812 1,675,482 | 1,726,703 24,627 1.023 15.62 571,335 817,760 224,296 29,279 15.68 8,617,912 1,376,848 | 2,209,778 31,287 1.028 15.62 645,907 218,285 423,515 9,107 15.74 4,206,710 1,809,765 | 2,333,243 63,702 1.008 15.85 545,698 205,610 330,291 9,797 15.59 3,299,898 1,148,805 | 2,096,010 55,583 1.009 15.83 152,251 128,190 14,550 9,510 15.41 7,764,900 4,185,700 | 8,606,100 28,100. | nme 15.72 165,408 77,960 77,118 10,324 15.65 5,668,667 | 2,186,175 | 3,443,003 39,489 15.80 438,259 15.55 7,388,423 3,954,270 | 3,415,002 19,151 15.78 , 15.37 3,765,710 978,550 | 2,759,000 | 28,160 15.93 , 15.00 8,401,055 798,435 | 2,579,000 | 23,620 15.78 || 1792. ccnue|wmnunueaesn 15.17 3,923,474 714,270 | 8,175,600 | 83,604 15.72 || 1191. cos salon nnmmnnans 15.05 8,155,620 643,105 | 2,495,400 | 17,115 13,32 H-AT90: oodles mnie mmm mmm anim [mmm ema fe gw wm 15.04 2,306,876 295,718 | 1,994,578 16,580 15.08 JAB cc een bhi in mmm sw mem of ie Rp a dred 14.75 1,741,381 140,145 | 1,575,600 | 25,636 15.78 3,024,342 131,565 | 2,869,200 | 23,577 15.74 2,110,679 92,245 | 2,002,090 | 16,344 15.76 1 Value of the silver dollar (8371 grains of pure silver) at the annual average price of silver for each calendar year. Series N 185-187.—SHORT-TERM INTEREST RATES—OPEN-MARKET RATES IN NEW YORK CITY: 1890 TO 1945 [Percent per annum | Stock Prime Stock Stock Prime Stock Stock Prime Stock exchange commercial exchange exchange commercial exchange exchange commercial exchange YEAR time loans, | paper, 4 to 6 | renewal call YEAR time loans, | paper, 4 to 6 | renewal call YEAR time loans, | paper, 4 to 6 | renewal call 90 days ! months ! loans ? 90 days ! months ! loans ? 90 days ! months ! loans 2? 185 186 187 185 186 187 185 186 187 1.25 0.75 1.00 4.23 4.02 4.18 6.49 36.66 7.01 1.25 0.73 1.00 3.64 3.98 3.08 5.7 6.25 6.54 1.25 0.69 1.00 5.14 5.07 4.86 1.25 0.66 1.00 4.53 4.52 4.29 3.82 5.18 4.44 1.25 0.54 1.00 6.15 6.62 5.97 3.10 5.14 1.78 4.84 6.16 3.71 1.25 0.56 1.00 8.06 7.50 7.74 5.05 5.81 5.15 1.25 0.59 1.00 5.83 5.87 6.32 4.24 5.40 4.00 1.25 0.81 1.00 5.90 6.02 5.28 1.25 0.94 1.00 4.62 5.07 3.43 3.94 5.71 2.94 1.16 0.75 0.91 8.25 3.84 2.62 4.19 5.50 5.08 3.31 5.34 2.18 0.56 0.76 0.56 2.85 4.01 1.92 2.68 4.72 1.75 0.90 1.02 1.00 4.37 5.47 3.43 4.83 7.02 4.28 1.11 1.78 1.16 4.64 6.20 3.22 1.87 2.73 2.05 4.16 5.41 3.52 2.82 5.80 1.88 2.15 2.64 1.74 3.22 4.75 2.57 2.30 5.22 1.07 5.08 7.64 4.57 3.26 3.59 2.94 4.03 5.72 2.98 3.80 5.40 3.08 7.75 5.85 7.61 3.26 24.67 2.71 4.83 6.48 8.42 5.86 4.85 6.04 3.24 $5.00 1.92 5.31 6.91 5.84 4.35 4.11 4.06 4.60 4.34 4.50 1 Averages of weekly prevailing rates. 2 Averages of daily quotations. 3 Includes one or more interpolated items. 278 MONEY RATES, SECURITY MARKETS Data: N 188-200 Series N 188-195.—SHORT-TERM INTEREST RATES—COMMERCIAL AND CUSTOMER BANK LOAN RATES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES: 1919 TO 1945 [ Weighted averages. Percent per annum | COMMERCIAL LOAN RATES COMMERCIAL LOAN RATES CUSTOMER LOAN RATES 7 11 7 11 Northern | Southern YEAR Total, |New York Noriliera Souths YEAR Total [New York Nosihem Bouthern YEAR , New York| and and 19 cities City astern |) Western 19 cities City Easterns Western cities City Eastern | Western cities cities cities cities cities cities 188 189 190 191 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 2.89 1.99 2.51 2.73 ii 1985... 2.93 1.76 3.39 S.76 [i 1920. _... 6.02 5.88 6.04 6.14 2.59 2.11 2.68 8.02 || 1984__.__ 3.45 2.45 3.71 4.82 (11928... 5.38 5.15 5.84 5.70 2.72 2.30 2.80 8.13.1 2033. .... 4.27 3.43 4.46 5.04 || 1927... 4.96 4.53 4.88 5.60 2.61 2.07 2.58 8.26 1932. .--- 4.71 4.20 4.81 5.21 1926...... 5.08 4.67 5.06 5.61 2.54 1.97 2.55 3.19 || 2081 __.__ 4.30 3.82 4.26 4.90 1925... 4.98 4.47 4.98 5.58 2.63 2.04 2.56 8.88 || 1930..... 4.85 4.39 4.84 5.40 | 1924_____ 5.10 4.60 5.11 5.71 2.78 2.07 2.87 3.51 || 1929..... 5.83 5.76 5.82 5.93 |) 1028..... 5.52 5.19 5.50 5.94 2.53 1.69 2.78 3.26 || 1928__... 5.17 4.96 5.16 54 Wolo2e. 5.53 . 5.07 5.48 6.14 2.59 1.73 2.88 3.25 192)... 6.68 6.34 6.76 6.99 2.68 1.72 3.04 8.40 1920. ...-- 6.58 6.25 6.74 6.75 1019... 5.73 5.51 5.73 6.00 ‘1 Beginning with March 1939 this is on a quarterly basis. Prior to that time figures were reported monthly on a basis not strictly comparable with the quarterly series. Series N 196-200.—BOND AND STOCK YIELDS—BASIC YIELDS OF CORPORATE BONDS BY TERM TO MATURITY: 1900 TO 1945 [ Percent per annum | YEARS TO MATURITY YEARS TO MATURITY YEAR 0 years 5 years 10 years 20 years 50 years YEAR 0 years 5 years 10 years | 20 years 50 years 196 197 198 199 200 196 197 198 199 200 1.53 2.14 2.565 12.55 5.85 5.19 5.06 4.85 4.61 1.58 2.20 2.60 12.60 27.25 6.21 5.78 5.31 5.15 1.71 2.16 2.61 12.65 1.50 2.16 2.61 22.65 6.25 5.72 5.43 5.17 5.10 1.21 1.88 2.50 22.65 5.75 5.16 4.97 4.81 4.75 5.55 5.25 5.05 4.82 4.75 1.28 1.95 2.55 22.70 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 1.55 2.18 2.65 22.75 2.75 4.03 4.05 4.05 4.05 1.97 2.60 2.91 23.00 1.68 2.38 2.90 23.22 4.50 4.39 4.31 4.20 4.15 1.86 2.64 3.04 3.29 4.70 4.45 4.32 4.16 4.10 4.95 4.31 4.12 4.02 4.00 2.87 3.00 3.87 3.50 4.05 4.00 3.96 3.91 3.90 3.48 3.70 3.91 4.00 4.10 4.05 4.01 3.94 3.90 3.68 4.00 4.11 4.15 34.58 4.70 4.70 4.70 4.30 4.10 3.99 3.87 3.80 3.90 4.03 4.10 4.10 4.05 8.97 3.91 3.82 3.75 35.50 34.30 34.02 3.95 3.95 4.40 4.40 4.40 4.40 35.75 33.87 3.80 3.80 3.80 4.72 4,57 4.45 4.40 35.25 33.67 3.55 3.55 3.55 4.05 4.05 4.056 4.05 4.30 4.30 4.30 4.30 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 4.40 4.40 4.40 4.40 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.45 3.45 3.45 3.45 3.45 4.46 4.50 4.50 4.50 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 4.90 4.80 4.69 4.65 8.25 8.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 1.90 4.80 4.68 4.60 34.25 33.86 3.30 3.30 3.30 1 Represents bonds of 40 years to maturity. More than usually liable to error. 3 One alternative value; the other is equal to the longest term yield shown. 2 More than usually liable to error. 373374 O - 56 - 19 279 Data: N 201-211 BANKING AND FINANCE Series N 201-211.—BOND AND STOCK YIELDS: 1857 TO 1945 h BONDS (PERCENT PER ANNUM) COMMON STOCK INDEXES : v 3 Preferred Adjusted index number of yields U.S Munich \ 3 ee pal | stocks ¢ 3 har of American railroad bonds | Govern- | high | (percent) | All stocks | Industrial | Railroad | Utilities | Coal | Retail Lows High! ment ? grade * e 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 3.70 3.99 4.06 4.31 4.08 4.14 4.17 4.34 4.45 4.91 4.33 4.27 4.63 3.88 3.51 2.94 5.97 7.48 3.75 5.29 3.92 3.45 3.09 6.56 4.07 3.28 5.756 4.05 8.56 2.50 6.27 2.92 4.80 6.13 6.69 6.568 5.30 7.36 5.22 6.66 5.04 5.58 5.82 6.89 4.43 7.16 5.64 4.95 4.26 4.45 5.27 3.19 3.58 3.80 5.12 3.48 3.65 4.29 2.29 4.83 2.56 5.12 3.98 3.82 4.76 4.09 4.52 2.56 5.51 4.77 4.72 4.89 4.96 4.27 3.80 5.78 5.32 5.24 5.52 5.57 4.51 3.10 5.90 5.19 4.75 5.66 6.13 2.91 2.18 6.08 5.87 5.25 6.44 7.85 6.28 2.83 6.12 5.94 5.40 6.29 7.59 6.14 2.64 6.14 5.80 5.87 5.95 7.62 4.26 2.96 6.80 6.49 5.84 7.08 8.29 8.60 4.66 6.79 6.13 5.54 6.81 8.06 7.05 5.89 6.81 5.76 5.18 6.26 7.87 7.06 4.80 7.24 7.71 6.32 7.57 10.22 6.20 7.90 9.78 6.12 6.75 1.78 5.52 5.62 6.16 5.13 5.72 2.81 4.67 4:96 4.14 5.21 6.01 2.86 5.87 5.01 5.81 4.64 6.06 3.66 5.24 5.87 5.71 5.16 5.66 2.51 5.80 4.85 4.98 4.73 5.11 3.00 4.83 4.92 5.86 4.68 5.28 0.00 4.94 4.80 5.14 4.63 5.04 0.00 6.72 4.31 3.65 4.47 4.57 0.00 6.61 4.94 4.81 4.97 4.93 1.26 5.88 6.16 5.21 4.79 0.00 3.83 4.18 3.58 4.67 0.00 3.568 3.76 3.20 4.77 0.36 4.20 4.83 3.85 4.64 0.80 4.66 6.77 3.90 4.60 2.87 3.71 4.83 8.21 4.03 2.26 3.78 5.25 38.25 .84 0.00 ADJUSTED INDEX NUMBER OF YIELDS ADJUSTED INDEX NUMBER OF YIELDS OF AMERICAN RAILROAD BONDS COMMON STOCK INDEXES OF AMERICAN RAILROAD BONDS Vina (PERCENT PER ANNUM) TiAR (PERCENT PER ANNUM) Low ! High ! All stocks Industrial Railroad Utilities Coal Low ! High ! 201 202 206 207 208 209 210 201 202 1900. ___ 3.150 3.202 4.28 4.77 3.93 5.30 0.00 || 1870. ___ 6.297 6.651 1899... 8.071 3.226 3.21 3.62 3.03 3.47 0.00 1869... 6.418 6.717 1898... 8.168 3.386 3.74 5.04 3.88 4.06 0.00 1868... 6.169 6.437 1897..-- 3.247 3.413 .88 5.82 38.47 4.78 0.00 1867... 6.245 6.415 1896. __ 8.445 3.687 4.12 5.56 3.77 4.76 6.37 1866. 6.160 6.607 1895... 3.392 3.566 8.93 5.46 8.50 4.99 4.33 1865... 5.401 6.408 1894. __._ 3.514 8.727 4.58 6.05 4.17 5.94 1.76 1864.___ 4.363 5.194 1898... 3.697 4.056 4.98 8.12 4.85 5.45 6.58 1863.___ 4.440 5.082 1892____ 8.679 3.749 4.16 5.61 3.77 5.05 3.82 1862... 4.939 6.136 1891... 3.747 3.901 4.28 5.96 3.83 5.44 4.21 1861... 6.101 6.482 1890____ 8.584 3.832 4.01 5.07 3.54 6.03 3.40 1860.____ 5.812 6.440 1889... 3.476 8.599 8.88 4.41 8.85 6.26 3.81 1859...- 6.086 6.868 1888.___. 3.637 3.742 4.18 4.29 3.84 6.11 8.48 1858..__ 6.107 7.175 1887... 3.703 8.859 4.24 5.13 4.09 4.88 1.68 1857... 6.577 8.230 1886..__ 3.638 8.768 3.85 5.46 3.76 3.75 2.78 1885... 3.833 4.113 5.09 6.02 4.71 8.14 3.76 1884. ___ 4.063 4.252 6.31 6.25 6.13 8.04 1.61 1883._._- 4.185 4.249 5.69 6.26 5.47 7.34 1.96 1882... 4.159 4.236 5.16 5.23 5.07 6.18 1.85 188Y.... 4.036 4.224 4.85 5.06 4.84 4.64 2.72 1880._.__. 4.176 4.643 4.78 6.85 4.64 4.07 2.08 1879... 4.668 4.922 4.70 4.76 4.64 5.25 3.30 1878... 5.026 5.157 5.12 5.34 5.15 4.61 3.85 1877.--- 5.112 5.260 5.70 4.21 5.94 5.01 4.82 1876... 5.089 5.243 7.02 6.99 7.02 6.98 6.04 1875... 5.299 5.631 6.49 6.06 6.41 7.90 6.384 1874. __. 5.703 6.080 6.89 6.72 6.80 7.92 5.84 1878..-- 6.062 6.497 6.54 6.49 6.98 2.81 4.78 1872... 6.074 6.266 5.70 5.10 6.18 2.12 3.96 13... 6.250 6.418 5.26 4.80 5.48 2.98 3.66 ! Represents the lowest month and highest month, respectively, for given year. 3 Average yields on long-term, partially tax-exempt bonds. * Standard and Poor’s Corporation. 280 industrial stocks. ¢ Standard and Poor's high-grade series. From 1919-1926 percentage is based on 20 issues, and from 1927-1945 on 15 issues, of non-callable public utility and MONEY RATES, SECURITY MARKETS Data: N 212-223 Series N 212-220.—BOND AND STOCK PRICES: 1871 TO 1945 BONDS (PRICE PER $100 BOND) INDEX OF COMMON STOCK PRICES (1926==100) INDEX OF COMMON STOCK PRICES (1926==100) U. S. Municipal | Corporate 3 a x 3 - i i All Indus- | Rail- Utili- Retail All Indus- | Rail- Utili- YEAR Gover Sm 2 Se 3 stocks trial road ties Coa) trade TSAR stocks trial road ties Coal 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 215 216 217 218 219 1907.2... 62.1 87.8 86.1 71.8 55.7 1906... 76.3 46.7 104.4 96.4 57.8 1905... 71.1 40.0 97.6 | 106.1 54.6 1904... 55.7 28.4 75.5 | 100.2 39.2 1908..... 57.0 31.1 75.8 | 101.8 48.7 1902... 66.2 38.2 87.0 | 116.9 59.8 1901... 62.0 39.0 76.7 115.2 56.9 .0 |] 1900... 48.6 32.9 57.1 100.3 50.8 1: 1899... 49.8 35.7 55.8 | 114.9 45.7 1898. .... 40.0 26.7 45.1 97.0 18.8 34.0 71.4 14.8 78.7 11.1897. ..... 35.2 22.6 40.1 85.1 16.8 41.5 68.9 16.5 78.0- "1896... 33.5 21.6 38.3 78.0 19.8 87.7 78.1 13.4 54.6 26.4 79.1 11.8 45.2 [1 1895...._. 35.8 24.2 40.7 79.7 22.2 72.5 148.7 28.5 82.6 1894 _____ 34.7 23.3 39.7 74.9 24.0 1803. .... 87,7 25.8 43.4 76.6 32.8 124.9 | 214.6 61.5 105.7 || 1892... 43.9 81.0 50.8 79.2 33.8 147.3 234.6 91.0 178.5; 1891... 39.8 27.9 46.6 67.0 30.1 128.5 | 148.9 98.7 | 160.7 119.1 116.0 106.1 114.8 1890-5... 41.7 29.0 48.4 76.2 38.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1889 .... 42.1 31.5 48.1 77.0 34.9 1898... 41.1 26.1 48.4 70.8 34.5 29.5 94.9 92.2 85.6[1 1887... 43.7 25.2 52.4 70.2 88.4 76.7 78.9 105.9 53.5 11 1886..... 42.4 24.1 50.8 69.6 31.5 7.9 73.8 124.5 38.7 2.1 70.9 | 134.0 80.1 [i"1885... 36.3 21.3 43.4 61.4 17.2 61.8 57.8 | 124.8 23.5 || 1884_____ 37.4 19.9 45.0 62.8 14.8 888... 44.5 21.9 5 79.4 24.4 64.0 54.5 | 186.6 81.7.1 1882... 46.7 28.4 55.7 84.2 85.8 70.1 60.3 189.9 32.9 i 1881... 49.5 23.6 59.4 87.4 41.0 68.7 59.9 121.4 23.5 76.8 4.4 1111.7 25.511 1880..... 41.2 20.1 49.3 72.0 83.56 86.9 82.6 85.9 25.4.1 1879..... 32.6 18.1 38.1 61.4 25.1 1878. .... 26.7 17.0 30.7 51.9 24.7 80.9 76.0 68.2 20.1" i- 1877... 24.8 17.1 28.3 45.4 27.5 84.0 74.0 51.6 18.0 1876... 32.1 21.6 36.8 57.6 40.9 90.4 70.1 54.1 17.8 100.6 85.9 67.0 18.8 1875... - 35.1 21.5 40.3 68.1 45.6 99.4 82.8 66.9 15.2 1 1874..... 36.2 22.8 41.5 68.1 47.2 1878..... 38.0 22.5 48.9 70.7 44.7 100.8 78.6 64.2 13.4 1872. -=-- 39.8 22.4 46.0 71.9 37.1 106.6 79.8 82.34. mn 1871... 37.1 18.6 43.7 65.9 36.2 86.4 66.8 NE Ee 11919-1941, prices derived from average yields of partially tax-exempt bonds, 2 Based on prices derived from average yields as computed by Standard and on basis of 4 pereent Al year pond jhroust Dessmber tose iin on basis of 2% Poor’s on basis of a 4 percent 20-year bond. 15 issues are included throughout. percent 16-year bond throug ; = » Price gerived irom average of = 3 Based for period 1919-1928 on 45 high-grade bonds; 1929-1936, on a varying able bonds due or callable in 15 years and over. 1919-1941, based on 2 to 6 issues; s > : 2 ’ 1942-1945, based on 1 to 9 issues. number of high-grade bonds; 1937-1945, on 15 high-grade. Series N 221-223.—CAPITAL ISSUES—NEW CAPITAL AND REFUNDING: 1919 TO 1945 [In ntillions of dollars] Total New Refund- Total New Refund- Total New Refund- YEAR issues capital ing YEAR issues capital ing YEAR issues capital ing 221 222 223 221 222 223 221 222 223 8,046.2 1,714.7 | 6,271.5 4,752.3 | 1,412.1 6,220.2 905.9 4,295.9 936.4 | 3,359.5 2,212.3 | 1,886.3 5,598.2 759.8 2,228.2 643.5 | 1,584.7 1,058.7 709.5 4,304.4 685.8 2,114.5 | 1,075.1 1,089.4 1,730.8 | 1,192.2 4,804.4 931.5 5,645.9 | 2,853.9 | 2,692.0 4,022.9 | 8,115.5 8,576.7 627.1 4,805.9 1,950.5 2,855.4 7,677.0 7,028.4 653.7 1020. cnn 4,010.0 3,634.8 876.2 5,853.1 2,298.4 3,554.7 10,182.8 1,409.4 | 1919. ee. 4,286.2 8,588.4 697.8 4,469.2 2,865.0 2,104.1 8,114.4 1,877.5 4,001.8 | 2,100.7 | 1,900.6 7,791.1 | 2,142.6 6,254.8 1,978.83 | 4,281.0 6,344.1 1,086.1 281 Data: N 224-232 BANKING AND FINANCE Series N 224-227.—CAPITAL ISSUES—CORPORATE ISSUES BY CLASS OF SECURITY: 1910 TO 1945 [ In millions of dollars | Long- Short- Long- Short- Long- Short- term term term term term term Total bonds bonds Stocks Total bonds bonds Stocks Total bonds bonds Stocks YEAR and and YEAR and and YEAR and and notes notes notes notes notes notes 224 225 226 227 224 225 226 227 224 225 226 227 1945... 6,258.6 | 4.891.4 46.4 | 1,820.7 9 405.8 214.0 660.8 | 1,071.1 1944... 3,181.1 | 2,655.7 13.6 511.9 0] 1,840.8 405.1 540.2 | 1,565.8 1943_____ 1,080.9 869.1 38.0 173.8 % 297.7 1942_____ 1,042.5 908.4 4.7 129.4 3 | 3,248.0 657.0 .5 454.5 941... 2,618.8 | 2,276.5 43.1 299.1 42,842.38 262.6 .0 781.5 9 | 3,916.6 274.1 1040. ... 2,762.6 | 2,396.1 38.6 327.9 2 | 5,190.4 855.5 .6 324.7 1989... 2,196.2 ,888.4 78.8 233.9 6 | 3,648.0 333.8 1 261.8 1988... 2,140.5 | 2,032.3 10.5 97.7 .9 451.9 1987... 2,433.7 | 1,578.6 94.7 760.4 1 | 3,040.2 386.9 .5 904.1 1986. --~- 4,631.9 | 4,001.3 62.8 567.9 6 | 2,569.3 403.0 4 352.0 8 | 2,316.4 180.5 1985. .... 2,267.4 | 2,066.1 50.5 150.8 3 | 2,304.3 145.0 2 405.1 1934... 491.1 287.0 169.5 34.6 9 | 1,896.2 215.4 1988 = 381.6 138.5 90.4 152.7 Series N 228-232.—VOLUME OF SALES ON NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE: 1900 TO 1945 BONDS, PAR VALUE BONDS, PAR VALUE YEAR Boks U.S. State, YEAR Stocks U.S. State, Total Corporate | Government | Municipal, Total Corporate | Government | municipal, foreign foreign 228 229 230 231 232 228 229 230 231 232 Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million shares dollars dollars dollars dollars shares dollars dollars dollars dollars 378 2,262 2,148 8 106 259 4,370 1,9 1,873 592 263 2,695 2,585 6 104 173 3,324 1,043 1,957 324 279 ,25. 3,130 4 120 126 2,311 2,181 124 171 2,112 1,929 20 163 208 1,669 1,414 39 216 262 2,046 1,480 311 255 297 1,860 1,484 127 249 409 2,793 2,097 349 347 496 3,576 2,899 319 359 382 3,339 2,287 674 378 324 3,726 2,239 885 602 655 3,369 2,099 501 769 425 2,967 1,642 570 755 577 3,051 1,846 296 908 810 2,764 1,927 116 721 1,125 2,982 2,182 142 658 9 2,903 1,967 188 749 577 3,269 2,142 290 837 451 2,987 2,004 262 721 454 3,384 2,332 391 661 282 3,804 2,345 877 582 236 2,790 1,568 796 425 1 Less than $500,000. 282 Chapter P. Government (Series P 1-277) Elections and Politics: Series P 1-61 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS AND VETOES (P 1-39) P 1-26. Methods of electing presidential electors, 1788-1836. SOURCE: Paullin, Charles O., Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States, Carnegie Institution of Washington and Ameri- can Geographical Society of New York, 1932, p. 89. The electors, now elected by popular vote in all States, are selected, according to the Constitution, “in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct.” The development of political-party direction of the electoral college was not anticipated in the Constitution, and dur- ing the early years of the republic, electors were chosen in the several States by a number of different devices. The principal devices were: Election by the State legislature itself in some States, by State electors popularly chosen to elect presidential electors, and by direct popular vote for the electors. With few ex- ceptions, presidential electors have been elected by popular vote since 1828. The legislature of South Carolina, however, continued to elect presidential electors until 1860. P 27-31. Electoral and popular vote for President, by political party, 1789-1944. SOURCE: The following references were em- ployed individually and also in combination. Where sources dif- fered, figures were selected by the Bureau of the Census staff. U.S. Congress, Clerk of the House of Representatives, Platforms of the Two Great Political Parties, 1932 to 194}, pp. 437-447; Prufer, Julius F., and Folmesbee, Stanley J., American Political Parties and Presidential Elections, McKinley Publishing Company, Phila- delphia, 1928; Paullin, Charles O., Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States, Carnegie Institution of Washington and Amer- ican Geographical Society of New York, 1932, pp. 88-104; Bureau of the Census, Vote Cast in Presidential and Congressional Elec- tions, 1928-1944; U. S. Congress, Clerk of the House of Repre- sentatives, Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Elections, issues for elections of 1928-1944. The election of the President of the United States is provided for in the Constitution, article II, section 1, through the establish- ‘ment of an electoral college in each State, for each Presidential election. The method of casting the electoral vote was modified in 1804 by the adoption of the 12th amendment to the Constitution. The number of electors, and therefore of electoral votes, is “equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in Congress.” Because of the varied prac- tices in choosing electors in earlier years, the record of popular votes is inadequate to explain the elections until after 1824. In four elections the entire electoral vote of certain States re- mained uncast: (1) 1872—The vote of Arkansas was rejected, the count of the popular vote in Louisiana was disputed, and the votes of both sets of electors were rejected by Congress; (2) 1868—No vote in Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia because these States had not been ‘readmitted’ to the Union; (3) 1864—No vote in seces- sion States: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Vir- ginia; (4) 1789—No New York electoral vote because the legis- lature failed to agree on electors. See also text of series P 50-56, below. P 32-39. Number of Congressional bills vetoed, 1789-1946. Sources: U. S. Congress, Calendars of the United States House of Representatives and History of Legislation, final edition, 79th Con- gress, pp. 96-98, 308-308; U. S. Congress, Senate Library, Veto Messages . . . 1889-1944; U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Report on Pocket Veto, T0th Congress, 2d Session, Doc. No. 493; U. S. Congress, Veto Messages . . . , 49th Congress, 2d Session, Miscellaneous Document No. 53. The Constitution provides, article I, section 7, that no legisla- tive bill may become law until approved by the President or, if disapproved and returned to the House of its origin, it is repassed in each House by a two-thirds vote. A bill may also become law if the President fails to return it to the House of its origin within 10 days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him. If the Congress adjourns within the interval of 10 days, a bill disapproved by the executive does not become law and is said to be “pocket vetoed.” CONGRESSIONAL ACTIVITY AND PARTY AFFILIATIONS (P 40-56) P 40-49. Congressional bills, acts; and resolutions, 1789-1946. SOURCES: U. S. Congress, Calendars of the United States House of Representatives and History of Legislation, final edition, 79th Con- gress, pp. 303-309; also the following typewritten tabulations furnished by Library of Congress, Legislative Reference Service: “Number of Laws Enacted by Congress Since 1789 (Revised to Jan. 1947)”; “Total Number of Bills and Resolutions Introduced in Congress, 1st to 76th Congresses”; “Number of Laws Passed by Congress, 1933 (March 9)-1944 (through March 22).” Some measure of the activities of the United States Congress can be gained from the number of bills and resolutions which have been introduced in Congress and from the number of public and private laws which have been passed. The abrupt reduction in the number of private bills enacted into law beginning with the 60th Congress was the result of combining many private bills, particularly pen- sion bills, into omnibus enactments. P 50-56. Political party affiliations in Congress and the Presi- dency, 1789-1946. SOURCE: For 1st to 74th Congresses, type- written tabulation from Library of Congress, Legislative Reference Service, ‘Political Trends—Both Houses of Congress—1789- 1944,” based on Encyclopedia Americana, 1936 ed., vol. 7, pp. 516— 518 (1st to 69th Congresses), and Bruce, Harold R., American Parties and Politics, 83d ed., Henry Holt and Co., New York, 1936, pp. 174-179 (70th to 74th Congresses); for 75th to 79th Con- gresses, see Congressional Directory. For party affiliation of the President (series P 56), see U. S. Congress, Clerk of the House of Representatives, Platforms of the Two Great Political Parties, 1932 to 1944, pp. 435-436. It is generally recognized today that popular government operates only through the agency of organized politi- cal parties. During the early development of the United States, party alignments and the function of political parties were neither fully appreciated nor provided for. During the formative period party alignments developed, but designations for the different groups were not firmly fixed. In the classification by party in series P 50-56, the titles of parties during early years have beenso designated as to be recog- nizable in the records of the periods concerned and also to show the thread of continuity which tends to run from early alignments into the present two-party system. Inasmuch as the party of Thomas Jefferson (generally known at the time as the Republican party) has with a considerable measure of continuity survived to the present time as the Democratic party, the name later accepted by the Jeffersonian Republicans of ‘‘Democratic Republican” is used in the tables to avoid any confusion of the early Jeffersonian Republican with the present-day Republican party. Opposed to the early Republican party was the Federalist party which was dominant in the first national administration and which, with interruptions, can be traced tenuously by elements of popular sup- 283 Text: P 590-3 port through the Whig, the National Republican, and the Free Soil parties to the Republican party of today. Party affiiliations of other than major-party presidential candi- dates are also shown in series P 29. If a minor, or a sectional party, has supported one of the major-party candidates, such support is indicated after that of the name of the principal nominating party. Minor-party candidates frequently have had several such endorse- ments, sometimes because similar groups in different sections of the country were known by different names. APPORTIONMENT OF REPRESENTATIVES (P 57-61) P 57-61. Apportionment of Representatives among the States, 1790-1940. SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census, 1940, Population, vol. I, p. 8, and records; Congressional Directory, 80th Congress, 1st Session, February 1947, pp. 237-241. The num- ber of members in the House of Representatives was fixed by the Congress at the time of each apportionment; since 1912 it has re- mained constant. The 14th amendment to the Constitution, in effect at the present time, provides that ‘‘Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, ex- cluding Indians not taxed.” At the time of the 1940 apportion- ment, it was determined that there were no longer any Indians who should be classed as “not taxed” under apportionment law. Prior to the passage of the 14th amendment, representatives were apportioned among the States ‘according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole num- ber of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.” (Art. 1, sec. 2.) The original assignment of Representa- tives, to be in effect until after the first enumeration of the popu- lation, and the requirement that each State have at least one Representative, are also included in the Constitution. Government Civilian Employment: Series P 62-88 P 62-64. Employees in the Executive Branch of the Federal Government, 1816, decennially 1821-1911,1918, annually 1920- 1945. SOURCE: Statistical Absiract, 1946, table 219, p. 208, and Civil Service Commission records. The primary source is the Civil Service Commission, Annual Reports, and Semi-annual and Monthly Reports of Employment. These figures exclude military personnel, but include civilian employees of the Army and Navy. Excluded also are employees of the District of Columbia, and temporary substitute employees in the Post Office Department prior to 1941. Prior to 1938 the figures refer to employees on the rolls, with or without pay; from 1938-1942, they refer to the num- ber on the pay roll with pay; since 1943, they refer to the number in active duty status. P 65-68. Civil Service classified competitive positions, persons examined, passed, and appointed, 1884-1945. SOURCE: Statistical Abstract, 1946, table 220, p. 208. Data for 1918-1920 are from 57th Annual Report, U. S. Civil Service Commission, 1940. The primary source is the Civil Service Commission, Annual Report, and records. The United States Civil Service Commission was created by an act of Congress approved January 16, 1883. “The fundamental purpose of the law was to establish in the parts of the service cov- ered by its provisions, a merit system whereby selection for appoint- ment should be made upon the basis of demonstrated relative fitness without regard to religious or political considerations . . .” ( United States Government Manual, 1947, p. 488.) The term “‘classified service” was specifically defined by an act of Congress approved March 27, 1922, and quoted in the civil- service rules as section 1 of rule II, as follows: “The classified service shall include all persons who have here- tofore or may hereafter be given a competitive status in the classi- fied civil service with or without competitive examination, by legis- lative enactment, or under the civil-service rules promulgated by 284 GOVERNMENT the President, or by Executive orders covering groups of em- ployees with their positions into the competitive classified service, or authorizing the appointment of individuals to positions within such service. It shall include all positions now existing or hereafter created by legislative or executive action, of whatever function or designation, whether compensated by a fixed salary or other- wise, unless excepted from classification by specific affirmative legislation or executive action. No right of classification shall accrue to persons whose appointment or assignment to classified duties is in violation of the civil-service rules.” (57th Annual Report, U. 8S. Civil Service Commission, 1940, pp. 43-44.) P 69-88. Number of public employees and monthly public pay rolls, 1929-1945. SOURCE: Basic data are from records and vari- ous publications of the U. S. Civil Service Commission, Bureau of Labor Statisticy, and Bureau of the Census, with adjustments and revisions. In particular, see Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Labor Review, “Public Employment and Pay Rolls in the United States, 1929-39, . . .,” February 1945; and Bureau of the Census, Government Employment, various issues, and Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1948, pp. 207 and 216. The designations A and B in the column heads reflect two differ- ent approaches. Class A data, in each case, are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and exclude nominal employees; that is, offi- cials and employees who receive only nominal compensation for their services. Class B data, in each case, are from the Bureau of the Census and include all officials and employees who receive any compensation, however nominal, except school board members. The separate presentation of classes A and B is confined to group total series and to the local nonschool group series where the dif- ference in classification is significant. Basic studies in this field include the State, County, and Munic- ipal Survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, conducted with funds provided by the Work Projects Administration, covering the period 1929-1939; the Bureau of the Census quarterly survey of government employment which began in 1940; and the Biennial Survey of Education conducted by the Office of Education, Fed- eral Security Agency. Other studies on government employment are of limited value for historical comparisons, either because of their one-time nature, limited coverage, or differing definitions. Estimates of employment and pay rolls for the years 1909-1927 may be found in King, Wil- ford I., The National Income and Its Purchasing Power, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1930, pp. 360-365. For the year 1926, William E. Mosher and Sophie Polah made a careful study of public employment and pay rolls based on ap- proximately 500 reports from State and local governments, and published the results in “Public Employment in the United States,” supplement to National Municipal Review, vol. XXI, No. 1, January 1932. The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce published pub- lic employment data in connection with its national income studies, - in its National Income, 1929-1932, 73d Congress, 2d Session, Sen- ate Document No. 124, Washington, 1934. In its June 1941 issue of Survey of Current Business, p. 18, are presented revised esti- mates of total salaries and wages of government employees, 1929- 1940. These estimates have been revised since publication of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and Census surveys. Relying heavily on the Mosher-Polah and Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce-studies, Simon Kuznets in National In- come and Its Composition, 1919-1938, National Bureau of Eco- nomic Research, 1941, vol. II, pp. 811-826, published revised estimates of Government employees and pay rolls for the years 1919-1938. Federal Government Finances: Series P 89-187 TREASURY RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND SURPLUS OR DEFICIT (P 89-108) P 89-96. Treasury receipts, 1789-1945. SOURCE: See listings of individual series, below: P 89-93. Treasury receipts: Total, customs, internal revenue, FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FINANCES Text: P 89-164 total other, 1789-1945. SOURCE: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1946, table 2, pp. 366-871, 419-423. Data were com- piled on the basis of warrants issued from 1789 to 1915, and on the basis of daily Treasury statements for 1916 and subsequent years. General, special, emergency, and trust accounts are com- bined from 1789 through 1930. Trust accounts are excluded for 1931 and subsequent years. P 94-96. Treasury receipts: Sales of public lands, surplus postal receipts, and miscellaneous receipts. SOURCE: Annual Report of the Treasury, 1946, as follows: For series P 94, see table 14, pp. 422-423; for series P 95, see table 13, pp. 419-421. For P 96, data for 1789-1939 are from Annual Report, 1940, table 6, pp. 642-645; data for 1940-1945 were obtained by subtracting the sum of series P 94-95 from series P 93. For series P 94, data are on basis of war- rants issued from 1789 to 1930 and on the basis of checks issued for 1931 and subsequent years. For basis of other series, see text for series P 89-93. P 97-98. Treasury surplus or deficit, 1789-1945. SOURCE: An- nual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1946, table 2, pp. 367- 3171. P 99-108. Treasury expenditures, 1789-1945. SOURCE: See list- ings for individual series, below. i P 99-103. Treasury expenditures: Total (excluding debt retire- ments), War, Navy, interest, and total of “other expenditures,” 1789-1945. SOURCE: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1946, table 2, pp. 366-371. Data were compiled on the basis of warrants issued from 1789 to 1915, and on the basis of daily Treas- ury statements for 1916 and subsequent years. General, special, emergency, and trust accounts are combined from 1789 through 1930. Trust accounts are excluded for 1931 and subsequent years. P 104-107. Treasury expenditures: Indians, veterans’ pensions, postal deficiencies, civil and miscellaneous, 1789-1945. SOURCE: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1946, as follows: For series P 104-105, see table 14, pp. 422-423; for series P 106, see table 13, pp. 419-421. For series P 107, data for 1789-1931 are from Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1940, table 6, pp. 646-649; data for 1932-1945 were obtained by subtracting the sum of series P 104-106 from series P 103. For series P 104-105, data are on basis of warrants issued from 1789 to 1930 and on the basis of checks issued for 1931 and subsequent years. For series P 106, data are on basis of warrants issued prior to 1922, and on basis of daily Treasury statements for 1922 and thereafter. For basis of series P 107, see text for series P 99-103. P 108. Treasury expenditures: Statutory debt retirements, 1918-1945. SOURCE: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1946, table 2, pp. 369-371. INTERNAL REVENUE COLLECTIONS (P 109-131) P 109-131. Internal revenue collections by tax sources, 1863- 1945. SOURCES: For 1863-1915, see Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1929, table 10, pp. 419-424; for 1916-1945, see Annual Report, 1946, table 9, pp. 406-409. P 109-119. Internal revenue collections: Total and selected sources, 1863-1945. SOURCES: See text for series P 109-131, above. P 120-131. Internal revenue collections: Income, excess profits, capital stock, gift taxes, etc., 1863-1945. SOURCES: See text for series P 109-131, above. PusLic DEBT (P 132-143) P 132-136. Principal of public debt outstanding, 1791-1945. SOURCE: For 1791-1852, see Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1891; for 1853-1945, see Annual Report . . . 1946, pp. 455-456. Data are on the basis of public debt accounts from 1791 through 1919. More specifically, the figures for 1853 through 1885 are taken from ‘‘Statement of receipts and expenditures of the Government from 1855 to 1885 and principal of public debt from 1791 to 1885” compiled from the official records of the Register’s office. From 1886 through 1919, figures are taken from the monthly h debt statements and revised figures published in the annual reports of the Secretary of the Treasury. From 1920 to 1945, figures are taken from the Preliminary Statement of the Public Debt pub- lished in the daily Treasury statements. P 137-138. Computed annual interest charge and rate of inter- est, 1855-1945. SOURCE: For 1856-1891, see Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1891, table C, p. xciv; for 1855, 1892— 1915, see Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1921, p. 829; for 1916-1945, see Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury . .. 1946, table 58, p. 546. Data are on basis of public debt accounts . from 1855 through 1942 and on basis of daily Treasury statements for 1943 to 1945. P 139-143. Composition of interest-bearing debt, 1880-1945. SOURCE: For 1880-1915, data are from records of the Treasury Department; for 1916-1945, see Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury . . .1946, table 26, p. 459. Data are on basis of public debt accounts from 1880 through 1919 and on basis of daily Treasury statements from 1920 to 1945. INCOME TAX RETURNS (P 144-164) P 144-164. Income tax returns, 1913-1945. SOURCE: See listings for individual series, below. P 144-151. Income tax returns: Individual, estate, and trust, 1913-1945. SOURCE: For 1913-1942, see Statistical Abstract, 1946, table 346, p. 821; for 1943, see Statistical Abstract, 1947, table 349, p. 325; for 1944-1945, data were obtained from records of the Bureau of Internal Revenue. Original source of the data appearing in the Statistical Abstract is the Treasury Department, Bureau of Internal Revenue, Statistics of Income, part 1. Under revenue laws, individuals are required to file returns as follows: (1) Single or married, for 1918-1916, those with net in- come of $3,000 or over; (2) single, or married and not living with husband or wife, for 1917-1924, $1,000 or over; 1925-1931, $1,500 or over; 1932-1939, $1,000 or over; for 1940, those with gross in- «come of $800 or over; for 1941, $750 or over; and for 1942 and 1943, $500 or over regardless of amount of net income; (3) married and living with husband or wife, filing a joint return, for 1917-1928, those with net income of $2,000 or over; 1924, $2,500 or over; 1925-1931, $3,500 or over; 1932-1939, $2,500 or over; for 1940, those with gross income of $2,000 or over; for 1941, $1,500 or over; for 1942, $1,200 or over; and for 1943, if gross income exceeds $624, regardless of amount of net’income; also for 1943, a return is re- quired of any person liable for tax for 1942, regardless of amount of gross income for 1943; (4) every individual with gross income of $5,000 or over for 1921-1939, and as stated above for 1940-1948. For 1944 and 1945, every citizen or resident having gross income of $500 or more is required to file a return. For refund purposes, returns are also required with respect to gross income under $500 from which taxes have been withheld. Data for returns showing no net income, filed in accordance with these latter provisions, are not included in statistics shown. Fiduciaries are required to file returns on the same basis as single individuals, except that a return is re- quired for every estate or trust of which any beneficiary is a non- resident alien, and for 1938-1945, a return is required for every trust having a net income of $100 or over. Partnership net profit or net loss is reported on individual returns of co-partners accord- ing to their shares. P 152-164. Income tax returns, corporation, 1909-1945. SoURrcCEs: U. S. Treasury Department, Bureau of Internal Re- venue, Statistics of Income, 1943, part 2, table 15, p. 340, and re- cords; series P 164 is series P 152 minus the sum of series P 153 and P 160, see Statistical Abstract, 1946, table 854, p. 329. Under the Revenue Act of 1934, the privilege of filing a consol- idated return for a group of affiliated corporations was limited to common carriers by railroad and their related leasing and holding companies. The Revenue Act of 1936 extended this privilege to 285 Text: P 152-188 street, suburban, and interurban electric railway corporations. These changes resulted in marked differences between returns for 1934-1941, and those for 1933 and prior years, in net-income or deficit classification and in size of total assets, as well as in distri- bution by industries. Tables showing effect on tabulated data of discontinuance of consolidated returns except by railroad corpo- rations appear in Statistics of Income for 1934, part 2. Beginning in 1942, the consolidated-return privilege was again extended, in general, to all corporations. Gross income (series P 154 and P 161) is obtained from ‘“Total * income’ as reported on the return by adding “Cost of goods sold,” “Cost of operations” (beginning 1932), and any negative items reported under sources of income. In 1918-1924, railroad and other public utility corporations frequently reported only the net amount of income, resulting in estimated understatements of $5 billion in 1918 and 1919 and nearly twice that amount in 1920 and 1921; there are no estimates of understatement for 1922-1924. The gross income figures for 1918-1921 exclude the bulk of dividends received. For 1922-1933 and 1940-1945, net income (series P 155) is the amount before deduction due to net operating loss of prior year. (Net operating loss was not allowable as a deduction for years other than those specified.) For 1935 and prior years, net income or deficit (series P 162) is the amount reported for income tax computation; for 1986 and later years it is the amount reported for (declared value) excess-profits tax computation, except that, for 1944 and 1945, the amount shown includes government inter- est subject to surtax only and continues to include the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss, even though such excess was made exempt from declared value excess profits beginning in 1944. Beginning in 1936, contributions or gifts are deductible in arriving at net income. Income tax (series P 157) for 1905-1915 consists of tax collec- tions; for 1916-1945, it is the amounts of tax liabilities reported on the returns before deduction of credit for taxes paid to foreign countries or United States possessions. PoSTAL RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES (P 165-169) P 165-169. Postal receipts and expenditures, SOURCE: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, 1946, table 13, pp. 419-421. COPYRIGHTS, PATENTS, AND TRADEMARKS (P 170-187) P 170-174. Copyright registrations, 1898-1945. SOURCE: Annual Reports of the Register of Copyrights (Library of Congress). Data are for fiscal years ending June 30. P 175. Copyright registrations of commercial prints and labels, 1874-1945. SOURCE: For 1874-1925, see Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents; for 1926—June 30, 1940, see Patent Office records; for July 1, 1940-1945, see Library of Congress records. Data for fiscal years beginning in 1940 are published in the Annual Report of the Library of Congress. P 176-180. Patents granted, 1790-1945. SOURCE: For series P 176-179, see Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents and the numbers given to patents, which are numbered consecutively; for series P 180, same as series P 181-184 below. Patents are class- ified by inventions (series P 177), designs (series P 178) for articles of manufacture, and reissues (series P 179) which are new patents granted to replace those already granted in order to make some amendment or correction. Design patents were first authorized by Congress in 1842. The Patent Act of July 4, 1836, made radical changes in the patent law, and the present numbering series starts with this date. Reissues are included in series P 176 in 1837 and the immediately preceding years, but they are very few in number. See also Department of Commerce, The Story of the American Patent System, 1790-1940, for a historical narration of the devel- opment of patent laws. P 181-184. Applications for patents filed, 1840-1945. SOURCE: For 1790-1925, see Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents; for 1926-1945, see Patent Office records. 286 1789-1945. GOVERNMENT P 185-187. Trade-marks registered, 1870-1945. SOURCE: An- nual Report of the Commissioner of Patents and Patent Office records. The sudden increase in registrations in 1920 is connected with a new law passed in March of that year facilitating registra- tions. The basic trade-mark law was enacted in 1905. Prior laws, passed in 1870 and 1881 were limited in scope, with the earlier one being held unconstitutional. Registrations are for 20 years with renewals for 20-year periods. State and Local Government Finances: Series P 188-277 P 188-277. General note. For almost a century, the United States Government has published information regarding the fi- nances of State and local governments. Beginning in 1850, surveys approximately every 10 years have reported selected financial as- pects of all State and local governments. For 1870 through 1922, these data were published under the title Wealth, Debt, and Tax-, ation or variations thereof; for 1932 the data were published in Financial Statistics of State and Local Governments; and for 1942 they are found in Census of Governments. For a historical resume of “Ten Decennial Censuses of Governments: 1850-1942,” see Bu- reau of the Census, Governmental Finances in the United States: 1942, pp. 130-135; of the three type-of-government reports now issued annually, the city series was initiated in 1898, the State series was started in 1915, and the county series was begun in 1942. Comparability of data: The first four decennial censuses are too diverse and different in content from present surveys to permit more than limited comparison with recent years. Their emphasis was upon tax levies, debt, and wealth, the last census of wealth having been taken in 1922. Starting with the 1890 decennial cen- sus, a more balanced reporting of revenue, expenditure, and cebt has characterized decennial and later annual reporting. Through- out nearly six decades, revenue was reported by source, expendi- ture by function and character, and debt by gross and net liabil- ities. Definitions of these terms, however, have been so revised as to prevent identity among classifications for all years, but the re- visions do not vitiate approximate similarity in totals and major financial classes. Historically, Census reporting on State and local finance has involved varying treatment of three categories—general govern- ment, enterprises, and continuing reserve funds (sinking and trust funds). Until 1937 they were merged into a consolidated set of statistics. Thereafter, government enterprises were consti- tuted as a separate category, thereby excluding gross earnings and expeuditures of public utilities and other enterprises from the general government statistics showing tax and other revenue and expenditure for schools, roads, welfare, and: other functions of general benefit. Of course, net contributions to general govern- ment from enterprise earnings are shown as a general revenue; ; and any net contribution from tax and other general revenue for enterprise purposes is treated as a general expenditure. In 1941, sinking and trust funds were constituted as a separate category; earnings of these funds were eliminated from general revenue and disbursements by trust funds were deleted from general expendi- ture. The substantial general contributions to sinking funds for debt retirement and to pension and unemployment compensation funds for social insurance are shown as general expenditure, to- gether with smaller transfers for other purposes. The definition as to what constitutes an independent unit of government—and hence a unit for separate reporting—has changed over the decades. Of the various decennial censuses of govern- ments, only the 1942 census included in the township classification all townships and New England towns. Earlier censuses included part of the urban townships or New England towns with cities. Earlier censuses also tended to include with special districts, groups of dependent districts of counties. The line between inde- pendent and dependent school districts has not been the same in STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT all decennial censuses; but it has been sufficiently similar to per- mit rough comparisons among years. Adjustments to approach comparability: Data used here for years before 1937 and 1941 have been recast to render them com- parable, as far as feasible, with information shown for these and later years. The largest enterprise transactions, revenue and oper- ation expenditure, are uniformly excluded. Enterprise statistics for capital outlay and interest on debt are deleted for States and for cities having populations over 30,000. Enterprise amounts re- maining are not significant. Adjustments in data for years before 1941, in order to separate reporting of sinking and trust funds, have been feasible for gov- ernmental units involving the bulk of funds of this type. Thus, in lieu of benefit payments for pensions and unemployment compen- sation, general-government contributions to reserve funds for these purposes are shown for States and for large cities. Likewise, pension assessments and earnings of sinking and trust funds are excluded as general revenue of States and large cities and are recognized as receipts of the reserve funds. Since these two types of units account for the preponderant share of State and local sinking and trust funds, the mentioned adjustments cover most of the transactions of this nature. Related to the establishment of the eategory of sinking and trust funds is the addition in 1941 of provision for debt retire- ment as an expenditure class. The first element of this class con- sists of general contributions to sinking funds for the immediate or later retirement of debt, and the second is direct debt redemp- tion—i. e., redemption directly from general funds, not from sinking funds. Provision for debt retirement can be shown only for the years beginning with 1941. The most important remaining type of adjustment which has been made relates to intergovernmental aid. Since 1941, fiscal aid in Census reporting has comprised both functional grants and State-imposed taxes shared with local governments. Local shares of State taxes had been classified as local tax revenue prior to that time. Using the United States Senate report, Federal, State, and Local Fiscal Relations, Senate Document No. 69, 78th Congress, 1st Session, pre-1941 financial data have been adjusted in these series to report local shares of State-imposed taxes as State rev- enue, as State expenditure for fiscal aid, and as local revenue from fiscal aid. The development of Census reporting on State and local finances summarized above is described in detail in a Historical Review of State and Local Finances (see-text for series P 188-233 for a more complete citation). This last publication brings together data for considerable historical periods adjusted to achieve comparability with current reporting of State and local finances. Detailed defini- tions of the terms used here may also be found there and in the Census Bureau annual reports on State, city, and county finances. P 188-223. General revenue by source, general expenditure by character and function, and gross debt, selected years, 1890- 1945. SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Historical Review of State and Local Government Finances, comprising State and Local Gov- ernment Special Study No. 25, June 1948. Since series P 188-211 do not separately show townships, school districts, and special districts, series P 212-215 are presented to summarize the trends for these types of government. Direct summation of State and local revenue and expenditure into aggregates would result in the double counting of intergovern- mental aid paid between State and local governments. The large amount of aid paid by States to local government, as well as the very small amount of aid paid by localities to States, would be Text: P 188-277 counted both as State and as local transactions. To avoid this double counting, totals in series P 188-201 show State and local revenue and expenditure on a net basis, excluding duplicating aid. Series P 216-223 show the actual amounts involved in the exclu- sion of duplicating aid from totals in series P 188-201. City statistics in series P 188-223 cover all cities rather than only the cities having populations over 100,000, shown in series P 250-277. School districts refer to districts independent of cities and counties and hence do not include the schools financed as de- pendent parts of cities and counties. Underlying public financing, especially of local governments, is the size of the assessed valuation of taxable property and of prop- erty tax levies. Data are shown in text table 1 for selected years from 1850 to 1940. TABLE 1.—ASSESSED VALUATION AND PROPERTY TAX LEVIES OF STATE AND LocAL GOVERNMENTS: SELECTED YEARS 1850 TO 1940 [ In millions | PROPERTY TAX LEVY Assessed YEAR valuation State Local government | government $143,282 $255 184,322 163,317 359 ,668 124,617 354 3,149 69,453 155 1,185 35,338 80 645 25,473 71 400 17,140 52 262 211,406 55 171 12,085 (3) 394 417,136 ©) (5) 1 Property tax collections for 1942. 2 Gold basis. 3 State levies included with local levies; segregation not available. 4 Estimated full valuation. 5 Data not available. P 224-234. General functional expenditure of State govern- ments, selected years 1915-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Historical Review of State and Local Government Finances, com- prising State and Local Government Special Study No. 25, June 1948. P 235-249. State tax collections, 1915, 1919, 1922-1945. SOURCES: Bureau of the Census, Historical Review of State and Local Government Finances, comprising State and Local Govern- ment Special Study No. 25, June 1948. P 250-277. Financial summary and general expenditure by function of cities having population over 100,000, selected years 1902-1945. SOURCE: Bureau of the Census, Historical Review of State and Local Government Finances, comprising State and Local Government Special Study No. 25, June 1948. Beginning in 1941 (with data available also for 1940), the term city has been defined as the city corporation. This is the political unit organized under the law as an entity accountable to the electorate; and hence the term excludes all overlying local governments even though they may perform functions that some city corporations render. Prior to 1941, the term city was essentially an area concept in that the Census Bureau reported not only city corporations but also com- puted portions of overlying local governments. The finances of overlying school and other special districts were prorated accord- ing to the ratio of the part of the assessed valuation of the over- lying unit within the city area to the total valuation of the over- lying unit. County finances were prorated only for counties over- lying cities having populations over 300,000. 287 Data: P 1-31 GOVERNMENT Series P 1-26.—METHODS OF ELECTING PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS: 1788 TO 1836 [ L—by legislature; G T—by 1 ticket; D—by , in districts; A—by people, in the Beare at Jorge) Er electors. The number in parentheses following the Symbol "Dn 3 (A the Emper of districts into which the | State was divided. As a rule, each distri 1 The in parent! follow- ing the symbol “A” is the number of electors elected at large | : STATE Sores LL 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 New Hampshire .._.___....... 1 GTand GT? GF se L GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT Massachusetts... _...__. 2 |D(8)and|D (4)and DY (14) L D (17) D (13) GT GT GT GT Ls IL and L 8 and A(2) and A (2) Rn dei L L GT GT GT GT GT GT GT 4 L L L L L GT GT T GT GT 5 cannes L L L L L L D (30) GT GT and E7 New Jersey. ccvveoocceaan- 6 L L L L GT GT GT G GT GT Pennsylvania. ___________._. 7 GT GT aT L GT GT GT GT GT GT Delaware. es 8 D@3)® L L L L L L L GT GT Maryiand.. co. .cnn nina nn 9 GT GT D (10) | D (10) | D (9) ® D@O°*°|D@°*|DO@*|D@® GT Virginia... cacin nna 10 D@a2) | D@1) | D (21) GT GT GT GT GT GT GT North Carolina _____________ ae. Ln D (12) | D2) | D (14) GT GT GT GT GT South Carolina_.____________ 12 L L L L L L L L L L Il ese GT L L L L GT GT GT Vermont. L L L L L GT GT GT D@4) (D@)» D@n| GT GT GT Eun (5) D (11) | D (11) GT GT GT GT GT GT L GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT GT D 8) GT GT GT GT GT GT GT wenn (7M) and|D (7)and| GT GT A (2) A (2) rea eneisjebe mmole cece some rs D@3) GT GT GT GT GT 1 A majority of the popular vote was necessary for a choice. In case of a failure to elect, the legislature supplied the deficiency. 2 A majority of votes was necessary for a choice. In case of a failure to elect 1 or more electors a second election was held by the people, at which choice was made from the candidates in the first election who had the most votes. The number of candidates in the second election was limited to twice the number of electors. wanted. 3 Each of the 8 districts chose 2 electors, from which the General Court (i. e., the legislature) selected 1. It also elected 2 electors at large. 4 2 of the districts voted for 56 members each, and 2 for 8 members each. A ma- jority of votes was necessary for a choice. In case of a failure to elect by popular vote the General Court supplied the deficiency. In the election of 1792 the people 71 district elected 8 electors; 2, 2 electors each; and 27, 1 elector each. The 3 4 electors thus elected chose 2 presidential electors. 8 Each qualified voter voted for 1 elector. The 8 electors who received most votes in the State were elected. ? During the years 1804-1828 Maryland chose 11 electors in 9 districts, 2 of the districts elected 2 members each. 10 1 distfict chose 4 electors; 1, 8 electors; 1, 2 electors; and 1, 1 elector. 11 The State was divided into 4 districts, and the members of the legislature residing in each district chose 3 electors. 12 Bach district elected 4 electors. 13 2 districts chose 5 electors each, and 1 chose 4 electors. chose 5 electors and the General Court 11. 5 A majority of votes was necessary for a popular choice. Deficiencies were filled by the General Court, as in 1792. It also chose 2 electors at large. In 1796 it chose 9 electors, and the people, 7 . ¢ 1 district chose 6 electors; 1, 5 electors; 1, 4 electors; 2, 3 electors each; and 1, 1 elector. 4 Tn 1796 and 1800 Tennessee chose 3 presidential electors—1 each for the dis- tricts of Washington, Hamilton, and Mero. 3 State were appointed by the legislature, and the the 3 districts chose 1 of the 3 presidential electors. “electors” for each county in the “electors” residing in each of Series P 27-31.—ELECTIONS AND POLITICS—ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT, BY POLITICAL PARTY: 1789 TO 1944 Not all minor candidates included; hence sum of votes cast for listed candidates may not equal total votes cast in election. More than one party designation may follow a candidate’s name because of his endorsement by minor parties (listed second) or because several ‘minor groups known by various names in different States may support the same candidate ] Number| Presidential Political VOTE CAST Number| Presidential Political VOTE CAST year |of States candidate party Electoral Popul year |of States candidate party Electoral Poplar 27 28 29 30 31 27 28 29 30 31 1944___ 48 | Franklin D. Democratic; 432 25,602,504 || 1936— John W. Aiken__| Socialist-Labor;|...___..._._ 12,777 Roosevelt. fine. aber; Con. Indst’l Labor iberal. Thomas E. Republican. _ __ 99 22,006,285 1932___ 48 | Franklin D. Democratic... . 472 | 22,821,867 Dewey. Roosevelt. Norman Thomas| Socialist. ____|.______._____ 80,518 Herbert Hoover.| Republican____ 59 | 15,761,841 Claude A. Prohibition... leu een duaeis 74,758 Norman Thomas| Soecialist_._____| ._._________ 881,951 ‘Watson. William Z. Communist... _\...._ _.5.0, 102,786 Edward A. Socialist-Labor; [..._.__.____ 45,336 Foster. Teichert. Industrial Verne L. Socialist-Labor. |... .._._.__ 33,276 Government. Reynolds. (Unpledged)._..| TexasRegulars | ___________ 185,439 Willan D. Prohibition. . clear smenmun 81,869 pshaw. 1940... 48 | Franklin D. Democratic; 449 27,244,160 William H. Yiberty. . conti. weicromners 68,426 Roosevelt. Amer. Labor. Harvey Wendell L. Republican____ 82 | 122,305,198 Jee S. Yoke, Farmer-Labor _|._________.__ 7,309 illkie. Norman Thomas| Socialist; |...._.___.._ 99,557 || 1928... 48 | Herbert Hoover.| Republican... 444 | 21,891,881 Progressive. Alfred E. Smith_| Democratic... 87 | 15,016,448 Roger Q. Pronibition® 1... -. zene 57,812 Norman Thomas| Socialist. ___|__________ — 7,885 Babson. National William Z. Workers. o..u.|-...oiminienn 21,181 Prohibition. Foster. Earl Browder_._| Communist____|.__________. 46,251 Verne L. Socialist-Labor.{-..-.......u 21,608 : Reynolds. ” 1986... 48 | Franklin D. Democratic; 523 27,751,597 William F. Prohibition... |: ccecacaeaean 20,106 Roosevelt. Amer. Labor. Varney. Alfred M, Republican____ 8 16,679,583 Frank E. Webb_| Farmer-Labor _|__.__________ 6,390 ndon. William Lemke.| Union, Royal |._._._...______ 882,479 || 1924___ 48 | Calvin Coolidge_| Republican. _._ 882 | 15,725,016 Oak; Nat'l John W. Davis__| Democratic... 136 8,386,508 Union for RobertLaFollette Progressive__._ 13 4,822,856 Social Justice, Herman P, Faris] Prohibition. ..-l-nceuceunamn 7,520 3d Party; Frank T. Johns _| Socialist-Labor_ 36,428 Independent. William Z. ‘Workers... 36,386 Norman Thomas| Socialist_______ 187,720 Foster. Earl Browder___| Communist. __ 80,159 Gilbert O. American... ...[-oeuemsnanna 23,967 D. Leigh Colvin_| Prohibition; 37,847 Nations. Com’nwealth William J. Commonwealth|._._.____..._ 1,582 Wallace. Land. See footnotes, page 290. 288 [ More than one party designation muy follow a ELECTIONS AND POLITICS Data: P 27-31 Series P 27-31.—ELECTIONS AND POLITICS—ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT, BY POLITICAL PARTY: 1789 TO 1944—Con. candidate’s name because of his endorsement by minor parties (listed second) or because several minor groups known by various names in different States may support the same candidate Number( Presidential Political VOTE CAST Number| Presidential Political VOTE CAST of States candidate party of States] candidate party + YEAR Electoral Popular YEAR Electoral Popular 27 28 29 30 31 27 28 29 30 31 1920. __ 48 | Warren G. Republican. ___ 404 16,152,200 || 1884... 38 | GroverCleveland| Democratic... 219 4,874,986 Harding. James G. Blaine.| Republican____ 182 4,851,981 James M. Cox ..| Democratic... 127 9,147,353 John P. St. John | Prohibition... |... ....._._ 150,369 Eugene V. Debs_| Socialist_______ 919,799 Benjamin F. Greenback- |... 175,370 P. P. Christensen| Farmer-Labor _ 265,411 Butler. Labor. Aaron S.Watkins| Prohibition___. 189,408 1880... 38 | James A. Garfield] Republican.___ 214 4,454,416 VW. W.Cox..... Socialist-Labor. |... oo... 31,715 Winfield S. Democratic... -- 155 4,444,952 Robert C. Single Tay... cancun 5,837 Hancock. Macauley. James B. Weaver| Greenback- |... .._..... 308,578 James E. American... j«sevassasaes 48,000 Labor. Ferguson Neal Dow_..___ PronihiIOn. bo le wemsssn mwas! 10,306 John W. Phelps.| American _____ | coceeeaaao- 700 1916. _. 48 | Woodrow Wilson| Democratic... _ 277 9,129,606 Chas. E. Hughes| Republican.__._ 254 8,538,221 || 1876.__ 88 | Rutherford B. Republican... 185 4,036,298 A. L. Benson ___| Socialist_______ 585,113 Hayes: J. Frank Hanly _| Prohibition. ___ 220,506 Samuel J. Tilden| Democratic... 184 4,800,590 Arthur E. Reimer| Socialist-Labor_ 13,403 Peter Cooper -._| Greenback... _|-ccceeoaoo-_ 81,737 (Various Progressive. __ 41,894 Green Clay Smith| Prohibition... 9,522 candidates). James B. Walker| American__..__ 2,636 1912___ 48 | Woodrow Wilson| Democratic... . 435 6,293,454 || 1872__._ 87 | Ulysses S. Grant| Republican____ 286 3,597,132 ‘William H. Taft.| Republican____ 8 3,484,980 Horace Greeley .| Democratic; ©) 2,834,125 Theodore Progressive. ___ 88 4,119,538 Liberal Roosevelt. Republican. Eugene V, Debs.| Socialist. ......Jeacccnaacaae 900,672 Charles O’Conor | Straight =~ | leeeeereena-n- 29,489 Eugene W. Prohibition... |-----L- acc 206,275 Democratic. Chafin. James Black_.__.| Temperance... _|--ocooouo__- 5,608 Arthur E. Socialist-Labor_{---..__._._.. 28,750 Thomas A. Independent- A rai cm Reimer. Hendricks. Democratic. 1908... 46 | William H. Taft.| Republican____ 321 7,678,908 B. Gratz Brown.| Democratic... IB fmm William J. Bryan| Democratic___. 162 6,409,104 Charles J. Democratic... D lenecascuan- Eugene V. Debs.| Socialist... |--.coo.o.... 420,793 Jenkins. Eugene W. Prohibition. ... jewecacvaicen 253,840 David Davis.._.| Democratic_..__ 1 ian. hafin. (Not-votedy - lV Fl oles Wri im mam Thomas L. Independence. |... _.______ 82,872 Hisgen. 1868___ 87 | Ulysses S. Grant | Republican. ___ 214 3,012,883 Horatio Seymour| Democratic... 80 2,703,249 Thomas E. People’s. cc cus olmnnmmen ies 29,100 (Notwoted).....l-cccecennn rumen mati T ‘Watson. August Gillhaus_| Socialist-Labor_|....________ 14,021 || 1864... 36 | Abraham Republican_ ___ 212 2,218,665 Daniel B. Turney| United ~~ |.._..________ 500 Lincoln. Christian. George B. Democratic... _ 21 1,805,237 1904... 46 | Theodore Republican. ___ 336 7,628,486 McClellan. Roosevelt. (Not voted) ...<-l-«veseesssemans BY iehasianait Alton B. Parker.| Democratic... 140 5,077,911 Eugene V. Debs_| Socialist_______ 402,283 || 1860... 33 | Abraham Republican. ___ 180 1,866,452 Silas C. Swallow | Prohibition____ 258,536 Lincoln. Thomas E. People’s. _.____ 117,183 J. C. Breckin Democratic... _ 72 847,953 Watson. ridge. Charles H. Socialist-Labor_|. .--.._.____ 31,249 Stephen A. Democratic... - 12 1,875,157 Corregan. Douglas. Austin Holcomb _| Continental ____| .__________ 1,000 John Bell ______ Copstintional 39 590,631 nion, 1900... 45 | William Republican____ 292 7,207,923 McKinley. 1856. 31 | James Buchanan| Democratic... 174 1,838,169 William J. Bryan| Democratic; 155 6,358,133 John C. Fremont| Republican__.__ 114 1,341,264 Populist. Millard Fillmore| American _.._. 8 874,534 John C. Woolley| Prohibition. ___|-_._...____ 208,914 Eugene V. Debs_| Socialist ~~ |--_..___._._. 87,814 || 1852___ 31 | Franklin Pierce.| Democratic... 254 1,601,274 Democrat. Winfield Scott..| Whig_________ 42 1,386,580 Wharton Barker | People’s... ._|--- oo... .... 50,373 John P. Hale...) Free Soll...... ccuceieunuen 155,825 Jos. F. Malloney| Socialist-Labor.|..__._._______ 39,739 || 1848... 30 | Zachary Taylor.| Whig_________ 163 1,360,099 Seth H. Ellis ___| Union Reform _|.._._______.__ 5,698 wis Cass_____ Democratic... 127 1,220,544 Jonah F. R. United 5,500 Martin Van Free Soll. coals mrmvs=mrer 291,263 Leonard. Christian. Buren. 1896. __ 46 | William Republican. _ 2m 7,104,779 1844... 26 | James K. Polk. .| Democratic... 170 1,837,243 McKinley. Henry Clay .__.__ i 105 1,299,062 William J. Bryan Demostatics 176 6,502,925 James G. Birney ” eople’s. John M. Palmer.| Nationalist [..._________ 133,148(| 1840... 26 | William H. 1,275,016 Democratic. Harrison. Joshua Levering.| Prohibition. ___{--._._______ 132,007 Martin Van 1,129,102 Chas. H. Socialist-Labor.|----.-_.___ 36,274 Buren. Matchett. James G. Birney, 7,069 Chas. E. Bentley| Nationalist _ | -....__..._ 13,969 1836___ 26 | Martin Van 762,678 1892___ 44 | GroverCleveland| Democratic... 277 5,566,918 Buren. Benjamin Republican. ___ 145 5,176,108 William H. Harrison. Harrison. James B.Weaver | People’s ______ 22 1,041,028 Hugh L. White... i 3 785,651 John Bidwell ___| Prohibition____|.co______.. 264,183 Daniel Webster .| Whig_________ 14 Simon Wing ._._| Socialist-Labor_|.._______.._ 21,164 W. P. Mangum _| Anti-Jackson __ 1 ccc cme 1888... 38 | Benjamin Republican. _._ 238 5,439,853 || 1832... 25 | Andrew Jackson| Democratic... 219 687,502 Harrison. Henry Clay _...| National 49 4 530,189 Grover Cleveland| Democratic... Republican. Clinton B. Fisk__| Prohibition.__._. William Wirt___| Anti-Masonic. _ q ©“) Anson J. Streeter] Union Labor... John Floyd. ..._. Nullifiers. ...-- 11 |-cncarmmmn== Robert H. United Labor. _ (Not voted)... il--- conve ovemes cece mn Cowdrey. James Langdon | American... |... 1,600(| 1828___ 24 | Andrew Jackson| Democratic... _ 178 647,286 Curtis. See footnotes on next page. 289 Data: P 27-31 GOVERNMENT Series P 27-31.—ELECTIONS AND POLITICS—ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT, BY POLITICAL PARTY: 1789 TO 1944—Con. [More than one party designation may follow a candidate’s name because of his endorsement by minor parties (listed second) or because several minor groups known by various names in different States may support the same candidate.] Number Presidential Political VOTE CAST Number, Presidential Political VOTE CAST of States candidate art; candidate art; YEAR party Electoral Popular vEan [of Statey panty Electoral Pepular 27 28 29 30 31 27 28 29 30 31 1828— John Q. Adams _| National 83 508,064 1796 ¢ Thomas Pinck- | Federalist. _.___ BOL cases Con. Republicans. —Con. ney. 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OS| SSSSE SOSHS COHMEm WOH WHOBWHIS WLGIBM WOBIOW WIOH-G HHBIBH BBE WO NIB — | wwe HOOD VWBIVN® ONBHS WNNGR 0000 NOHO WOME NHOMY HH-OO 9000 = £ LRR3Z IRELSE LRRUR SNBRS SNNIR 5RSXRR 2X88 BRIAXB RRSB3 IIARR SIIJER — Z| SSSSC SOSHS OCHNH MOWRY FBEWIS FISCIBH BOBIEF BIREO FHFOBF FH AWD e300 1s | vwveoe momo VWOWHE CPNON HIVNRIE CRVIRN NIOORN DIODE ONVIHO DVN OO 2 w| DRL XBBSE LRIIP SIIIN 55818 SBIR 33282 I[3IB[E [BIIB Z2IRE S888 S | SSS SSOHO SOHNH BOBHY BWHIBBG BVWIBHB BELOBY BERGE FBLFE FADE BI SHS BVIORHD: HHOOW VIBOWVID WOROY ONIOWO WEHOWOE: WYHND VOID NERWNS NOEL WOR = < >| LRR3E XBRVSE ErDBine HOSOS HDHRRN NFNOD NICOLE NOT mMOIOH CVOIO NONHD riddle hte RSN0 HOOPS SRAAN TVX ANCHE NNFFY Maven Snows ns e o E] SOSCC SOOHS SOMANH BOBW®B BAHBE HLIGWH BIOHD WHOL FHOIS FDBBBIL NSS: a 3 3 1010 "RODD DIDRON YONND Ober NRNON 00000 NOW) OeMOHY HAND m0 I Z 2| LER2E XBREX ERXIER ISEAR Ianok EBXSE 00030 SANOIN CooIS OHANN CRIRD 5 g Z| SSSSE SoSSHS Sorin BOYHm BHHHE NISBIGH BHOHES FD@IGR BHLHS wEBHS NNGNS o BIDAR? 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HBHOIOID DMNNO NOD NWO OWNEDN WINOINKD YNOWD NIION CVNSOH NOLRS a] CRB28 x38RE RYRRBB BEIF- DEIR IHodSH roar 388358 BRIS SENBR [IESE P| SSS SOHSES CHmmn WISHmY WYN CBW BOHN H F@IBIOIL DWH HD HHO MIO. 0503 Wed DIOAD HOOD WVLRON OONML NONHN OBEN WVOEHON VNLIIL LONDON NOWVHO ONOW sl RE23E FBEER RaRSE IBIIAR TRTHH SABWH NBER SEFHO RVHBO IRNBRS 23258 EB | SOOSS SOMOS CrmYN WOmYYE MEE CIBIBH BUDD IHOOIL BHOIY FNDRS Bm ED 346 YEAR COMMERCIAL PAPER RATES Data: App. 27-28 1867 TO 1945—Con. (In percent ) App. 21.—COMMERCIAL PAPER RATES IN NEW YORK CITY eries S | ood EHRYD OHAON NNOOW WOO NOMA 0O 3 oN Nm BOARD Wo g! Yoon 83832 BE3RY IBKFE marmx SSHam vom §| ® DoL¥O XaSOWL A A] ©B¥6E F666 BIBHIOSH BH WGX HOOD OW How Qa 16 WWW d W81018 ©1B 5| ¥ booxow Yvonne wo . 0000 O0MLN OMA -W@Otts WOW NONOM DNR 2] & YEBIE 0nSSE O® E| SYNA® SOrX® RBTBE SHINER SIRO CARIYE Kab DG ddd Ahadd de Z| ©5968 FHISI8I8 FBFGE BASH BASED SHOWS Hod 3 AD Nb rdrdird MOCO) vd DH os NHBIOE® WErOm NONND OL-O: NOLS SONS SWVE-O Lf: Se dneian Arad; iS i © ouey o3 Nhu Aare > $| VRIORn LIRFL VARIN BRRRE NORRS HORNS BBN Of « “Woeded “v¥wws © O| BBS HHIBIBIE FILHO WBHNWD GOOD OBHD ©OWH®D —- N +3 10 NOH HIONMN NO Bl 8 VROBE ©a-IG NO | HOO FVoORN NOWDH NEON WANN OOOWVY NON wn od WWW WHS WIS © £] VBRRN IOBHA XBAND EOBOY OVBHN HORAN RHEWR S| BEFSn HCE FBWSYE VERAG EGOOEL TRVIO CON | S Sezsn gues ow = it A y < oF WHEW HWOHIO © | mot d EYL XOCXW WVHEHAO LEYOL VTOIO DOO < g| JERS BIIN0 SEUSS SNEES EowED aaVYeR Alida = BISHGIB BBB HOBBY BOBRD PSEOO SEBHO ONG 2 2. 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NOW) IOI ONY ©WOMmrd NDIDWE WNVHHOIL WORHm=H f WE HOBO | B3IBS JONO1W BOHIY oN®E®m WIEST ~EWon HaSo v=si Bj dtd SOBOS B80 S| Sess Y FFo85 1800S BOESHO HOES PBBEO OBB .e eh nee ve wn 8 ¥ COIOR HOOD od : ANDY DORNR NANDM OOH WERME DOOR DHL A » » ATS 2 WECM LOH HO HO WHOM rd DNDN WOO 00 en 10D — B| weed <<8i88 Bowes BESO HOSE BGBIBE BIBI i) rt = | Loon LVVYYO NOVOR VVLVLOY VARS: COOAN NRO | > = 3 DOBIBE Bm H NNODH OHEGD ©H-WHm OHNE 0m 3 ED a me | 5 Be = BYOIDW HHO WOPWDIOW IDL-0-© O-O=I- WE-IBIND WMO i ae | wo | 2 § [= | ooror cocoon cwvwoN®w HMoomY WEVYE PNVEVO SHOND ob g| BS5Sa BIBRA SACO VSRXA EENR® ton CEOS | 2 o a EOWOIL HIBIBIOG GIOVIBI CORSA VSO OHO | MAS A] | MH 3 | Wow YONOO FONSY SUONRX VIOVRN ONVOLE HDS E EORE® WHMOBH WAHAY BOBON NOSWS oko oc HOR = = > SRCSY Sooas Sowa mena Aen on » 2 > B= b= EE >= 010 © z WwW WWD HV D DO OPI COHN emo i CD Hp < = ICICI] CIOICOOHCE COCO WF i - rt El ® Mog | cotton 00OHIN NWLLE HHOO®m NRIOL VNSWVE PWVOD | ROSH GIOVE HON £/ HSOSAS SROUN MANNS MWRHS ARAN rouvde vn ® S x Bip Eel Bertie B33 | 3 AD 00 00 | SRIBE IBN(] 83K BN RD EA oD SND : BEB 4 TES oc Bi Sh-OHe iN 0 00 3 a BYAAOD DOHLH FOMYD FOOOY OOOO CLL 2% 3 OIE) OIONCICOE 00 0n Win ! D Z o| CNBHLE WLLONS VVHEWL VONOEL VBNKEL COWL VAHD 5 BR DIDS De 8 8 SHAHID BEBE VANES: WIBKSS HOEMIE os 0b S00 [7] S OREO GHNNN © WE & Ss WOWIHW MIBIBIBM HHEWH WIND BROW © 2 3 NONI INNCOCOCS 0300S DONE VOWEL DIFNOW LONOD 00 v= OF b= 12 NSENO Ob Z| SHHNS ©ORBRS =HWIBSS BOHALR RRVEOS Lc c MO 2 MO ALS S232 = WOO W ODIO OHHH HINO ODL © 60 00 Ss NNN IIHR 0H Ob HO . HHOOID LNHOR ORONO FVOWH NROLC WENN DRO £] ANS0d GRHSH BYR®e INFOS HoSHS Lois (NHS 5 SNPnd JNgas Soe- < BHBBH HHO BIBI HIE VOHDO HOD woo g NOTION] NEO OHCY 0H Ho | com: NEY CONTR OYAN OOON OCMM= DEOL 5 BENGE SPATE FEhed SmnBH AIDAN annd ino §| BERR I2QIZ S283 = BYIBINM WHO WIL HIE BOSXS atti wo S| MNEIIOIO) CNOICOCHED 00 | DLWVHO VEER HHHO® HOVON NVNOWH WIBLR® HOW S| BARE Brats HRRBEE HomBe @8BON lic RSX a SILL LSRNT 38 Bx OHHH HHO MIO NORIO -O-- 010 00 e NINO) NOICI0H 00 Wo | wvwoor oacow KHVLY VLYIVON OHVOE OCNWNHRO ONO DNPH WVeAt-Ob- IOWD §| HOOBH CHDBN DEVBF AINRON SOSH = hoc OB® §| OEEOE XOHME SRW 2 LEST FHI0I0I8 1BHIBIBE BE RVE BHO “0 Bl Nee Nome oWwws Hel'rcey oars vO ELE ia ed) lL Neier a pe , , sa % SN CULE at © Sh hts hha day TA EY 8 | cY¥aqd Sang 8yay FIFI Y TONDO DDRB®D DRRRE RRRRB RRB vd vd pd vd vd vd vd rd vd vd 87¢ Series App. 29.— RAILROAD BOND YIELDS: 1857 TO 1936 [ Percent yield. Original data } 0€-6¢ "ddy :8jeq SHOLVOIANI ATYALIVAD ANV ATHLNOW YEAR Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May | June July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May | June | July | Aug. 3.312 | 3.251 | 8.245 | 3.215 | 3.200 | 3.220 | 3.240 | 3.211 | 3.200 { 3.170 | 3.125 3.520 [3.551 (3.562 |3.566 [3.519 (3.462 |3.435 (3.892 3.438 | 3.409 411 | 3.438 | 3.417 | 3.397 | 3.451 | 3.467 | 3.479 | 3.443 | 3.414 3.727 (3.681 (3.648 |3.606 [3.607 [3.611 (3.623 |3. 3.996 | 3.926 | 3.865 | 3.812 728 | 83.721 | 3.771 | 3.826 | 3.762 | 3.680 | 3.611 3.726 (3.697 [3.727 (3.731 [3.775 (3.836 [3.962 |4 4.173 | 4.337 | 4.515 | 4.357 | 4.205 | 4.128 | 4.076 | 4.100 | 4.111 | 4.240 | 4.200 3.749 (8.726 (3.734 [3.720 [3.701 [8.689 [3.679 |3 4.793 | 4.691 | 4.837 | 4.848 | 4.898 | 4.798 | 4.540 | 4.456 | 4.456 | 4.488 | 4.375 3.747 [3.750 (3.800 |3.816 |3.849 (3.901 [3.899 |3 4.083 | 4.095 | 4.081 | 4.002 | 4.016 | 4.009 | 4.056 | 4.120 | 4.850 | 4.492 | 4.736 3.584 [3.588 (3.607 |3.611 |3.613 (3.632 [3.645 (3 4.375 | 4.300 | 4.8352 | 4.319 | 4.287 | 4.237 | 4.176 | 4.116 | 4.096 | 4.138 | 4.200 3.599 (8.555 [3.565 (3.557 [3.516 (3.476 |3.496 |3 4.434 | 4.464 | 4.460 | 4.477 | 4.520 | 4.546 | 4.512 | 4.575 | 4.540 | 4.445 | 4.398 3.742 (3.716 (3.732 (3.731 [3.712 (3.690 3.644 |3 . 4.073 | 4.082 | 4.104 | 4.151 | 4.249 | 4.317 | 4.877 | 4.829 | 4.325 | 4.287 | 4.860 3.708 [3.710 (3.725 |3.729 [3.715 (3.718 [3.735 |3 . 4.253 | 4.217 | 4.168 | 4.165 | 4.200 | 4.209 | 4.174 | 4.143 | 4.101 | 4.057 | 4.040 3.768 [3.703 (3.690 |3.700 [3.697 (3.667 [3.638 |3 . 4.364 | 4.872 | 4.318 | 4.285 | 4.288 | 4.315 | 4.331 | 4.329 | 4.325 | 4.289 | 4.278 : 4.113 (4.079 |4.042 [4.033 (4.017 [3.967 {3.939 [3 4.478 | 4.466 | 4.452 | 4.440 | 4.390 | 4.396 | 4.444 | 4.500 | 4.462 | 4.479 | 4.465 | 4.432 4.163 (4.120 (4.087 [4.063 (4.140 (4.239 |4.252 (4 4.586 | 4.606 | 4.613 | 4.584 | 4.538 | 4.475 | 4.422 | 4.463 | 4.461 | 4.440 | 4.448 | 4.484 4.185 (4.217 |4.234 [4.216 (4.213 |4.211 (4.210 |4 4.481 | 4.467 | 4.595 | 4.625 | 4.555 | 4.576 | 4.590 | 4.568 | 4.610 | 4.633 | 4.605 | 4.623 4.187 (4.214 (4.236 [4.192 [4.170 (4.174 |4.159 |4 4.506 | 4.513 | 4.475 | 4.393 | 4.372 | 4.370 | 4.291 | 4.251 | 4.242 | 4.855 | 4.439 | 4.429 4.137 (4.181 |4.224 [4.209 (4.099 |4.036 [4.038 (4 4.974 | 4.997 | 5.057 | 5.091 | 5.109 | 5.238 | 5.103 | 5.021 | 4.949 | 4.933 | 4.726 | 4.591 ° 4.643 (4.585 |4.571 [4.580 (4.572 |4.535 [4.463 [4 4.907 | 5.078 | 5.073 | 5.265 | 5.487 | 5.443 | 5.411 | 5.247 | 5.063 | 4.905 | 4.987 | 5.149 4.922 (4.789 |4.869 [4.870 [4.758 |4.715 |4.673 (4 4.527 | 4.570 | 4.625 | 4.669 | 4.620 | 4.617 | 4.676 | 4.837 | 4.874 | 4.746 | 4.869 | 4.927 5.152 |5.149 [5.156 [5.157 |5.127 |5.069 (5.069 |5 4.661 | 4.612 | 4.676 | 4.732 | 4.664 | 4.718 | 4.773 | 4.773 | 4.824 | 4.705 | 4.422 | 4.440 5.135 |5.172 |5.247 [5.260 |5.220 |5.159 [5.112 |5 3.923 | 3.988 | 4.026 | 4.121 | 4.236 | 4.282 | 4.822 | 4.354 | 4.440 | 4.486 | 4.615 | 4.695 5.243 [5.188 (5.152 |5.177 [5.204 |5.178 [5.117 |5 4.032 | 4.019 | 4.032 | 4.047 | 4.055 | 4.060 | 4.070 | 4.086 | 4.074 | 4.020 | 3.984 | 3.985 5.631 |5.595 [5.573 |5.499 [5.458 |5.480 |5.425 (6 4.166 | 4.158 | 4.187 | 4.145 | 4.152 | 4.182 | 4.243 | 4.274 | 4.285 | 4.192 | 4.064 | 4.048 6.080 |5.979 |5.966 [5.943 |5.985 [5.927 |5.921 |5 4.062 | 3.998 | 4.016 | 4.014 | 4.012 | 4.000 | 4.041 om M) [©] *) 4.225 6.190 [6.166 |6.170 (6.187 [6.160 [6.118 6.062 [6 3.916 | 3.930 | 3.992 | 4.037 | 4.083 | 4.127 | 4.124 | 4.083 | 4.045 | 4.078 | 4.128 | 4.138 .174 16.139 [6.213 [6.199 [6.196 (6.155 [6.074 |6 3.846 | 3.837 | 3.852 | 3.860 | 3.865 | 3.876 | 3.885 | 3.905 | 3.923 | 8.919 | 3.917 | 3.931 6.418 |6.383 (6.369 (6.355 |6.312 {6.307 [6.301 |6 3.823 | 3.827 | 3.842 | 3.840 | 3.829 | 3.839 | 3.844 | 3.857 | 3.873 | 8.866 | 3.847 | 3.853 6.651 |6.451 [6.371 (6.403 (6.350 [6.304 [6.297 |6 3.732 | 3.739 | 3.761 3.804 | 3.824 | 3.842 | 3.866 | 3.863 | 3.820 | 3.801 | 3.830 | 3.829 .439 6.449 (6.494 (6.518 [6.428 (6.418 (6.483 |6 3.625 | 3.605 | 3.620 | 3.627 | 3.628 | 3.648 | 3.648 | 3.662 | 3.685 | 3.702 | 3.719 | 3.727 6.312 |6.239 6.216 [6.245 (6.199 |6.176 [6.169 |6 3.820 | 3.810 | 3.841 | 3.814 | 8.779 | 8.777 | 8.757 | 3.720 | 3.693 | 3.686 | 3.657 | 3.643 .288 16.307 (6.317 (6.364 |6.380 [6.375 (6.259 |6 3.602 | 3.621 | 3.683 | 3.681 | 3.700 | 3.745 | 3.742 | 3.791 | 3.840 | 8.909 | 4.062 | 8.959 6.491 |6.534 |6.607 [6.558 [6.434 [6.400 [6.311 (6 3.482 | 3.499 | 3.529 | 3.545 | 8.559 | 3.547 | 3.558 | 3.576 | 3.600 | 3.588 | 3.581 | 3.594 5.401 |5.562 (5.860 |5.957 {5.935 [6.190 |6.086 [6 3.449 | 3.441 | 3.453 | 3.461 | 3.467 | 3.464 | 3.455 | 3.458 | 3.459 | 3.460 | 3.483 | 3.491 .107 [5.076 (4.917 [4.734 [4.724 |4.642 [4.363 [4 3.537 | 8.550 | 83.565 | 3.549 | 3.539 | 3.522 | 3.491 | 3.484 | 3.490 | 3.487 | 3.480 | 3.473 4.585 (4.440 |4.510 [4.721 (4.730 |4.785 (4.835 |4 3.862 | 3.880 | 3.427 | 83.462 | 3.451 | 3.486 | 3.532 | 3.578 | 3.586 | 3.554 | 3.530 | 3.542 .136 [5.902 (5.959 |5.920 [5.621 (5.476 |5.525 |b 3.198 | 3.197 | 3.201. 3.200 | 3.217 | 8.234 | 3.252 | 8.271 | 3.290 | 3.325 | 3.339 | 3.364 6.210 [6.153 [6.101 [6.160 |6.492 |6.449 (6.285 |6 3.152 | 3.140 | 3.141 | 3.151 | 3.178 | 8.172 | 3.190 | 3.208 | 8.217 | 3.219 | 3.200 | 3.205 : 6.247 (6.206 (6.156 [6.084 [5.973 |5.872 |5.828 |5. 3.197 | 3.172 | 3.164 | 3.150 | 3.178 | 3.192 | 3.192 | 3.194 | 3.199 | 3.202 | 3.183 | 3.160 .111 [6.101 [6.105 |6.086 [6.202 (6.368 [6.364 (6. 3.127 | 3.132 | 3.134 | 3.103 | 3.078 | 8.071 | 3.089 | 3.107 | 3.138 | 3.170 | 3.190 | 3.226 .175 6.820 [6.595 [6.566 [6.500 [6.467 |6.425 |6. 3.228 | 3.233 | 3.308 | 3.386 | 3.351 | 3.802 | 3.262 | 3.238 | 3.254 | 3.229 | 3.197 | 3.168 6.621 (6.577 |6.592 [6.619 [6.696 [6.849 [6.882 |6. 3.413 | 3.389 | 3.342 | 3.350 | 3.338 | 3.308 | 3.279 | 3.296 | 3.304 | 3.305 | 3.289 | 3.247 3.515 | 8.475 | 3.479 | 8.475 | 3.456 | 3.445 | 8.521 | 3.687 | 3.622 | 3.587 | 3.499 | 3.456 1 New York Stock Exchange closed. Series App. 30.—LIABILITIES OF BUSINESS FAILURES: 1875 TO 1945 [ In millions of dollars ] ORIGINAL DATA SEASONALLY ADJUSTED DATA YEAR Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. 1945...... 5.88 1.56 | 3.88 0.98] 2.21 | 3.20 3.66 1.17 1.66 | 3.11 1.27 1.82 5.82 1.611 3.261 0.8 ; 2.33 8.14 | 8.18 1.50 . 1944... AF 81 1.46 | 8.52 | 2.70 1.85 | 38.56 1.05 | 4.06 | 3.82 | 3.01 1.80 1.69 | 3.21 1.23 3.09 | 2.84 1.81 3.10 1.85 . 1943... 5.52 4.16 7.28 | 8.52 | 2.55 6.08 | 3.60 | 2.90 1.49 | 3.78 | 2.40 | 2.06 5.47] 4.29 6.12 | 3.09 | 2.68 5.96 | 3.13 3.72 . 1948 ee: 9.92 9.63 | 12.01 9.281 9.84 | 9.91 8.55 | 6.78 5.47 7.181 5.24 | 6.95] 9.82; 9.93 | 10.09 | 8.14] 10.36 9.72 7.43 8.69 . 1941... 11.89 | 13.48 | 13.44 | 13.83 | 10.07 9.45 | 13.42 | 11.13 9.39 7.83 9.20 | 13.47 | 11.8 13.9 11.3 12.1 10.6 9.2 11.7 14.2 .9 40). 15.8 13.5 11.7 16.2 13.1 18.7 16.2 13.0 11.4 12.7 16.6 13.3 15.1 13.9 9.8 14.2 13.8 13.4 14.1 16.7 .8 19897. ._.- 20.8 13.6 19.0 18.6 15.9 12.6 15.0 12.6 10.5 17.5 13.2 13.2 | 20.6 14.0 16.0 16.3 16.7 12.4 13.0 16.2 .2 1939... 19.1 12.8 17.9 17.4 14.7 11.5 14.1 11.3 9.4 16.1 11.9 12.1 16.9 12.8 16.6 15.8 14.6 11.3 14.8 12.2 4 1938: ___.. 21.4 121.0 | 40.3 21.1 19.1 15.9 14.8 16.4 14.3 13.2 12.3 | 36.5 18.9 [21.0 | 87.8 19.2 18.9 15.6 15.6 17.6 .8 1907. an 12.0 14.0 | 22.6 12.9 13.1 12.8 12.8 15.0 9.8 14.1 16.4 | 27.8 10.6 14.0 | 20.9 11.7 13.0 12.5 13.5 16.1 4 1986... 21.4 | 22.5 [20.0 |20.8 [20.5 |21.4 14.8 10.0 12.9 10.0 16.1 13.3 18.9 | 22.5 18.5 18.9 | 20.3 21.0 15.1 10.8 +1 1935. ...... 25.8 123.2 [20.7 ]|382.2 [27.83 126.0 [24.6 19.3 | 28.2 | 30.7 | 20.6 23. 22.8 123.2 127.5 | 29.3 | 27.0 | 25.5 [25.9 |20.8 1 08a i eerie a | eS wen em = Sai 39.6 [34.6 | 29.3 PED (1 24.8-0120.0 145.2 i]... ecncle tena] inca). mt i en ei 38.8 | 36.4 | 31.5 .9 1 Revision beginning in 1939 due to more complete coverage of voluntary discontinuances. 2 Revision beginning June 1934 due to inclusion of certain corporate reorganization cases as provided in Section 77B of the National Bankruptcy Act. BUSINESS FAILURES Data: App. 30 1875 TO 1945—Con. [ In millions of dollars ] LIABILITIES OF BUSINESS FAILURES Series App. 30 : NONE WVHHON COOO™Y OIONM® WNDBLN DBO OWONO 0000000 OF » Hume » RD ONW 3 OHRNIOD HNO DNOHOSD ©O-rMmIO 000WOL WNMH- COIR HORNE 1B 2 DOON 5 BRR a HE HOW CNM NOHHDO FH rrr HNN rH i re - moan - NMOL . NNONL® CONE W VXONO BNOOH -ONRMNO ©OHMOWD wWAMEID WWW Bm BF Ter re Le yw Te a TE re er ia a el . . © HOB © NOOO wm ° Lon ROL WORD COMNY NNO NAHIOMH CREBD NRRML HN 2 sree 2 i Zz = ON © WIDOW NOH D 0 rrr HINT rer OI vv - vo re = WODMN © 00 v= b= = NNND =o 1910 <6 s MHOMNMN OHM OHA ONO MOM INO WNW ONWHON to B DORON WEASEL: NONND MEOIN VOODOO AHIR GONOS RBHDBL BO = 0-H OD os ot o viv OJ AO OO oMmMmHm MHO MID + vd vd NOOO vd v= vi vd v= 3 vd vd vd i i iv . > ~ . wie 3 Soo & aR = NN Om a HB 3 NORHD HEOIO DYMEWN HORNED OWrHME NDWmD DION NOON = | HNOOS OMWBHN VNOGL LOUNN OOM VOROG BHOHS =HOHBS HO 3 NRRES BI2TIR RIRIT ORIN SREER X*ER - HE © Nom © Oo Hrd EHO = HB © < 8 BONN o Rom & » ORHON BMMHML NrHmHIN DORND D0MWNHN NN ONE NHOHSD Ot = A 8 FOOND WOHMHD NNVONL DOSED CHINN FNOOD O-ANRO 000m WW = « vi v= HIONOW WOH HID HOO IOMMOM ON OOBMO HOB =HOVOD =D Bm - 2 = hdr ONHOW ONHLSD OHDM MMW OmHOWHD OOWKL NONNO HD 3 a — HNO Homo m THEA HN N rd CIO vi vt rd - i i N vv a > a HO ® woORMm 3 S| avon |B] Ando 3 ® CNHIN Or IONMY0 NV=RNW CARNONMD O=HMHN NAAN WOND: NW » | 2 FIX ® aga Zz 5 NON OWE: OMWOOM HOHOM ONWHINW WMD NADA AHNND =o 3 | ~ ° = HAMID OMMIMN HFHIOHF Hrd Nr NON rd dd —- rr 2 a g 8 0 > NOHO CONVO OEY HOO VHND NHONOM WMPEMHSO NVOWRS Hr In dir = Saw F| 4ON0d CNBC ARYL HNBNS HOOHD HOH BONGO DHHS No RI S82 |] Joon = SREBE BIRTE BRIST SUIJIR IRIE HRI oon RN HA vw ES DOI - Ne "N - CNONH NOWNO NOWMH ONHN MOWN0 +OHAN NHC VIBOXSO HD S| BOWHY UO WBEROE NNWMSD WG KIBORN MHNKS OOOH ow orioel HN Sous « HAHDIO 0MMIOM OHH rrdrdrdrd HOA — or aN DRO = SS 00m 2| HNN R| ®Q-m» - RK) ONIOREL HEWILM COWHOW HI-=HOY VNR HOMO =HMHO® MeHHID Do S| YNHOD 1BBHEY 00m ONGIBIS HOANGHO NOHO OHO NOON 160 = SARTRE Bo9YN arxsn SS2S8 IZ8Z8 I38F°0 282 Somat 23 00 Geri > wi, w Hg como HQ 0) 2 H16 SH © 2 0 M0 IB 4 NOLO: NONOW MNOND OORND NOON HOOD HONDO NOENH Ho - he - o LONHN VOYLN DWAHD ArHNON NEHOM =HIFRD VIOOS NONOWH AB = ivi O00 WD HOH HM mmm vd OO vi 0 vi v= N= vd vd vd vr - i - wm w NOW 4 DAE NOY ONE rd OHIO OmONY OANDL WHMNODBIY rWAHWVINO MMO OF > NE > 23233 EE OR MY ne SnD Naor Tene arinnn & 2 NOPOY =HOAND LASHED GOWNS tb © HS OWOHO WOW IO oS HOWL W HOM HND HHHOH Sas Basan JI{/=S rd =H igh: ~ . ~OR© » aon g EOONN INH IMO) BNONOL ORNL OOHMNO NVODHMN MAD Oh Gees 2 he I EE EE YR Aa = Ss 10 b= r= HOD OID OOO: VONWH® DOO be - WOW. HAN FANN Howe A OO REIBS OHV 10 vivir ODO vd ri Banea Snana eEEEN AN pa ¥ 5 HHNO NOW Dr-HMMIO ONO SIONWMN MOVOO DOWN HOO AN © ono [7 WO; ee I Ty an ENE LY NI A yy ve ae. 0 el Ce ~~ 22 ev HEHNO LNOVN VBHOO OommY WLIO ~ 0000 No posts ents Zz HHNIOD WVIOWHWDD HOD FESTA BEI0N monks Proas meas ® NAND = SIH +3 NOMAD: NMONN 1BHMOM HNHO0K IOL-MNWM CDHD VIBDWHDE wH-rH©OR Hi S| tEENS S-HEsn goods LOYNS WRSKE GNBES BOBSS GBA BO Si qo (si vnaE AHAODBE BHnmen Goeme eoaas aaRaS 2NERS — i 3 NMS = +100 o ONE ® oc DEH i COLHD DHOXO HN=NO CRINL NOMS AHONM OANOM OORM®O Ow > OO: ©OHFNO OHNO: DOr ©OONM- 10000 WONOHD OOS His - PD © 00H HHMHIOH FNNND MONM® NN Hr ANH - — “No 2 ye Fd ees 2 00 03 3 00 9 A100 b= Foi DNN®D oo OHO m 8 MEMOO NENNF NNMMO HNO 00M ™ HONGO IORI MONS 0m MIBIS=0) BMORN IOHON WVIBWXRS MOO NmHMIBH BOSONS MIBGHRX Se < HHOEID FMRmN Mow a XR RYK2R NC0R/= —— Na H- & cont o> — eo 2 > e EE S < |Z] S88T |x| INES < = VOONS OHO: BOON RVOND BHMHN NONMSD HOODOO NORIO Hm © A Bs COM ANNMD FOWON HOKE H VOODON MAWNG WOOO BIO SS a HEN MONIN mmotd re HNN or i oe + 2 DOO vw OC vi vd = Zz o Zz | 100 S Non g & POLO HANH HNO OOH MDHWOE- MOH WMIDMANILD NMOL OW 3 [Si wm 1% Cub Dl i et a NS NRO OHAHD DFOOH PROX OS HOO 00NOS 0B 0 ow o =] HBMD BHNumN GoNmem Bo maH NeRaa ANSS —— sa g AD HAD vd Bb MOBO W WNP COVOYrH VOHOID HARM HOO DHOMHO NVOHM®M NG Zz NO = “ooo FOND BHO) Om © HO HRCIBM BHMO® VHNBD mm —_— © o Wi wis. iP Sr vi09 5 DAWEH HOON NDIBHED NIBMOY WIOHRD WMVOMrHM mHeHOHDO W0OHOIWL Om Dota mano CNRHD DIOWVMO =O M0 Mr HNO BSWVBW =OSH0 006m t=10 Bot wo a ; ~ ; < ANNO Ymoiom mvibEe BAER IRREE RERE =e ai a SR=2 ® Rea ~~ — 5 HOWOH OHNONRW OTOH LOLI ION GIONS OVWHN VHIOOD 10m HINO OHNO HPE-Oribs NM-M 0 —XO OMmo® o ~ = AIRE BORDER Save Hanne Juans ARI®S SB=S®e 432228 |]= oNABc Xeno 2 t= 0110 2 00 b= OF r I V0 08 © ANDO < NORD MOHAN HRWOOD MINEO HHH HEB NORMED DHOWE=r S00 wy =~ A LONHDN =HHOOH OWONS OrNOX ANX-HE HOLOS DOOHH DHRMM NW HHO WHIM HOH O rrr OANNN™ Nr or —— re tO 00 SEP-1 : > s-oe > oxen & COHDL NHOME HMNOH NE-MND OHIONH OOH©OO HVOMN M=IOWHE Mm 2 ODN F 2 0015 = HR OH LHRH) FHRON ORNL BRNDY NHI-ON SONI SO 0 0 ha hoy. NO OL HD Hf WD HE 10 rr ON HON ON vt CO v= v= vd vd vd rd rt i vd ion (HE Ne Ea I g aaa Shay a ro = "4 a a g ils Eo Egf Vd & 0 = a H 58-63, H 81-83, H 84-88 H 25-26, H 64-73 H 126-127, H 128-133, H 125, H 134 H 135 38,3 5-6,J 11-12, J 13 od Join J 30-32, J 87-41, J 43, J 49- ye i J. Manufactures 3 Be 4 J 28 Zl 29.152, 7125, J 140 96, 7133, J 142, J 140- |° 253% ig 6. Jide hy J 152, J 177-178 151, J 153, J 162, J 175 ’ K 68-70, K 92-93, K 132 Ka Roe Raa [K 179-180, K . : , > ~198, -180, K 209, K 28-34, K 86-37, K 39- K 203, K 205-208, K 210- | K 216, K 220, 42, K 43-48, K 50-51, |K 35, K 38,°K 49, K 75, K 109, |K 52-59, K 61, K 190-191b, 214, K 215, K 217-219. K 237a-238b, K 248 K. Transportation K 60, K 62-67, K 71- K 111, K 117, K 175, K 194, K 199-202, K 221-224. K 231, K 236 K 253-254 K 256, 74, K 76-81, K 82-91,| K 225-230, K 232 K 233-235, K 239-245 236b, K 246-247, K 249- | K 258, K 261, K 204 252, K 255, K 257, K 259-| K 268-269, K 273 260, K 262-264, K 265-267, 3 K 270-272 L. Price indexes L 16-25, L 39, L 48 L 49 DC a EER a TR SU RN M. Balance of payments M8, M 11-12, M 21, and foreign trade IVG-T7, WM 17, MERG=80 ' 1... icons innle smninie stmniin ne 81, M 39 M40 «a AF meen irae Bos | co ETT, N 49-59, N 68-75, N' 76-85, N 100, N 102-106, N 190-120. N 150, 2% | 89, N 99, N 101, N 139 -128 0, 8 139- N. ; N 47-48, N 138, N 156, |N 90-98, N 159, N 196-200, ED y 6 11-147. ] °C IN129 Banking and finance Fas NEN NaN N 131 184 N 150N 160, | 14, N 141-147, N 188 N 192-195, N 212-214, N 220, N 221-228, N 224-227, N 229-282 P 63-64, P 108, P 117-119, P wsn-1sy, Pass-aon, Paco, | R IS-108, P oa-1G, P 70, P 74, P 77, P 80, P 170, P 188-190, P 192,| P 171, P 174, P 191, P 197, P 154. P 158. P 161-162. |P 69, P 71-78, P 75-76, P 78-| P 124, P 129, P 139, P. Government P 195-196, P 198-199,| P 200, P 212-215, P 216-223,| p 173’ P 200’ P 224.294. | 79, P 81-88, P 128, P 143, | P 193-194, P 235, P 201, P 202-208, P 250-253, P 256-257, P 259-| p 236’ p 238’ P 540-042, | P 150-151, P 159, P 163-° | P 237, P 239, P 243- P 210-211 264, P 265-268, P 272, P 274,| Pp 545.046. B 245. P 255. | 164, P 172, P 186-187 244, P 247-248 ’ ? : 54-255 P 269-271, P 273, P 275, P2177 Appendix I. Monthly and quarterly indicators of business conditions App. 21, App. 23 App. 5 a App. 8, App. 6, App. App. 8, App. 9, App. 18, App. 16-17, App. 2! App. 22 App. App. 1, App. 2, App. 11 355 Series No. ..K 265-273 ..G 144-153 G 133-136 Accidents and fatalities: Air transport. Coal mines Mines (except coal) Quarries and related industries. . . ....G 140-143 Rollrouds, . co. co0is riven ye siinines K 84-93 Accountants, bookkeepers, and cashiers......... Ds 93 Acid (sulphuric), physical output. ............. 156 Acquisition, U. S. territory ........... B 24-25, P 1-7 Acreage, farm: §2 crops, combined. 5h... . «vison deine ds vais x 74-75 Crops, by Kind. .....i.00h cvnsssemiviss 181-191, E 196-208, E 211-217, E 225-228 Drigate@ land... coon tvs sainnins sini s sions F 59 Tenure of ODCTALOT. . .. vs vnvsv voi vs vwnwnss E 31-36 at ON tebe ror oh as F 28-32 Acreage, land: F2 F S750 F 52-61, F 6268 Publiclands. oo. ooap oni. 8-17, F 19, F 20-24 U. 8S. total and public domain............... F1-7 Acreage, national forest areas............... F 69-70 Forest fires, area burned over........... F 144-150 PULCRBSER ir = rds + virial sin sin hp rhs s Fn Admisgions tax, internal revenue. ............. P119 Age classification: Birth rates by age of mother.............. C 27-36 Children (number) under 5 years old, rate. .C 22-23 Citizenship status... ic.c.venesctenns B 237-278 Death rates..... C 65-76 Farm tenants. . E 25-30 Labor force, by sex. D 32-46 Tile expectation. . «vc: sures 5 vires sano spe C 6-21 Immigrants. ......oo0 conn sanins sani B 333-336 Median age, by color and sex............. B 72-80 Median age, heads of families............... B 181 Population’. ... cc. .n5iraviss B 36-39, B 81-144 Agricultural implements and machinery: Equipment, value... . v.ovv ein din. voniny A 5, A 4. Farmers’ expenditures for. ............. E 108-110 Manufacture, value. . ........... J 86, J 133, J 135 National wealth components. .A 5, A 48, A 50, AT Sales of equipment, machinery, and parts... _E 107 Tractors on farms, number... .. . cesses E 106 Value, InVentory. . ......o siemens ssi E 105 Agricultural land utilization program, ete... .. F 62-68 Agricultural products. See Crops, Farms, and individual products. Agriculture (see also listings under specific entries, a8 Farms, Credit, Crops, Livestock, ete.): Crit, , oie coset sininnin sunind visits saan Crop statistics Dairying and poultry Employment, wages, productivity Farm real estate and tenure Fertilizer consumption. ................ Livestock and meat.... ...... cave ves Machinery and equipment.............. National income. ......... . National wealth components (value Products on hand (value) Products, revenue freight tonnage. Taxes, insurance, and income Air transport Aircraft: Manufacture. ..... cq. vi amines Production and exports Service, number in U.S. civil; total... iii es sOlmirisioies sain tis Airports and landing fields. .............. Alaska: Accession, area, and population. ...... B 6, B 24-25 Catch of fishery products and salmon. . ..F 189-192 Alcoholic beverages (see also Beverages, Liquors, etc.): Manufacturing production, indexes............ 2 State revenue from sales and licenses. ........ Aliens (see also Citizenship status, Foreign born, and Ithmigration): Admitted... cue viol walle. B 304-332, 3 350 Departed. ...... cco vs viecdsn inne vie B 351-352 Naturalization... ...... cco po cneiioensis B 2a7 910 Sex and age... ..xcupy rusia B 241-242, B 247-248, B 2556-256, B 262-263, B 269-270, B 276-277 Alloying metals (production), by kind G 104-111 Aluminum production G 125-126 American Federation of Labor, membership D Syn American Samoa, accession and area......... 24-25 Animal products. See Meat and individual Sie Animals and products, revenue freight tonnage... K 55 Animals, domestic. See Livestock, Poultry, and individual classes. Anthracite coal (see also Bituminous, Coal, and Coal mines): COnRUMPON Lovo is rw cain sion vn sstiin alsjein nw ale G 35 Cut, stripped, loaded. .......... oe. conn G 40-42 Employment. .'.....ccooo visions dione G 36-37 CNerSY Irom. o.oo e us snnile sins 20 tain G1 Fatalities in mines. Foreign trade. . Output per man. . 356 ALPHABETICAL SUBJECT INDEX Series No. Anthracite coal —Continued PrOQUOLION. civ vais sins wvmiviiniasitbsin “...G 16-18 Apparel; onsumers’ prices, index. ...........uismnvs Manufacture, value of output. ......... J 60, J 108 Wholesale prices, index......... L Apples, production and returns Appliances, manufacture: Cooking and heating apparatus......... J 67,J 115 Plectrieal. ..-.oovvisros 1172, J 85,J 116, J 134 Household, including mechanical refrigerators. .J 68 Office and store. ...... vo ouness J 87-88, J 136-137 Ophthalmic products and surgical and orthopedic J 81 Radio apparatus. . . os sii vs shams tana sade J 72 Apportionment of congressional representation P 57-61 Appropriations (see also various series on government receipts and expenditures): Congressional bills vetoed Public Health Serviee........:sxcv sinensis Area (see also Acreage): Continental United States National forests. National parks.......... Public domain (original) Publiclands, .....c. 00000 Territories and possessions................... B 25 Artificial limbs and ophthalmic produets........ J 129 Automobiles. See Motor vehicles. . Balance of international payments. . Page 237, M 1-41 Bankruptcy cases, farmers. ............... E 266-257 Banks and bankers taxes, internal revenue...... 31 Banks (see also Colonial and State, United States Bank (Second), National, Savings, Com- mercial, State, Private, Federal Reserve, ete., banks): Assets and liabilities. ..... +....N 1-59, N 114-123 Branch banking...... .N 90-98 Clearings at prin Fl 86-89 Monthly data... . i... cvs orisuns hmm p. 14-15 Commercial and customer bank loan rates A Hss- 195 EDIE. 5 sh itein n sihoniee kip p walwile s 3 N 76-83 Motthly Qatar. cove vvivvive cuisine sivas App. 16-17 DePOSIL LULBIOVOT. IExCesS Profit8 tAXOR. . cv. + vss vives oss Expenditures. See Expenditures, Federal. orb Ls Be jE ae a ha ¥ 99-105 Executive branch (Federal), civilian Finanees. . co vouens cos seasenennnnrrns DE IoceiDWS, vache, F 76-79. F 107 CPIOYMONL, ovis euins susie ie P 62-64, P 71 | Forest fires (federal lands). ............. That an tral Susy ata ees es vue ~ F88-98 Expectation of life. See Life expectation. Hospitals and beds. ..............ou... Visi SPCUL. vr iniivnssneny realy nits ng F 80-83 Espen Titiires: os i Pay rolls, civilian employment. a AR Le Se Ee or ORSIYOCLION. . « «cc's sistain sinnitinis sisi -39, H 47 chases of goods and services i i oe Hh a RE IEE Ch E 69, E 108-115, H 9 | Federal intermediate credit banks, non-real- Frame spinners, ours and earnings...» DD or206 Forest fire control on State and private estate agricultural loans and discounts. E 261-266 | preg colored. See Negro ein aniline in curiae Bs F 151-154 | Federal land banks and FFMC, farm-mortgage Frog merchandise SET M 69, M 72, M 75-85 Forest trees planted on farm lands......... F 85-87 debt and loans closed.............. E 245, E 260 Freight service: POTS its : ? Manufacturing plant and equipment, Federal Reserve banks: Air transport, ton-miles K 255 Capital... oie sie nana alain J 149-151 Assets and liabilities. .................. N 114-123 a RLBOTE bos aso ei a] K 7 K 87 Personal consumption expenditures... ... A 102-105 Earnings and expenses................. N 124-130 Average capacity, to en 'K 38 Railroads, capital for additions and Member bank deposit reserve Railroad freight Thy tons: ‘monthly betterments. . .. cc ivientvonsinv nine K 68-70 yi arenerite ek Hlare eaten ET ae a N 131-134 data g PER App. 11-12 Expenditures, Federal government: Federal Reserve noses and bank notes in *" °° | Railroad statistics, before 1890... K 18-17 ity and village streets, federal work- circulation. . ............... N 122, N 160, N 162 | p Railroad statistics, 1890 to 1945. ......... Russ relief funds (mainly WPA) ............. Fodooet Reverse Syston member batt, : Fruits and vegetables (see also Fruits, = Cost of planting forest trees on farm ian Assets and abilities. .................... N 49-55] Vegetables, and indisiiugl commodies), County and local rural roads. ......... Earnings and expenses. .................. N 69-75 Joreage, production, and prices... .. Eazsenes Forest fire control on State and pri Deposit reserve requirements. . .. ....... N 131-134 | Fruits, consumption: Forest payments and allotments. ......... 10: NRIADOT, rvs ten ss atamnsnss airs tant N63) Fresh Gos), citrus) adhe Cas5180 Forest Dut chases Cereeeaaaaes ‘- Suspensions, number and deposits. . ..N 139, N 145 Pro Seed ¢esnnad and dried fruit C 187-189 . Feed and crop emergency loans. .......... E 259-260 SWRCO) «air pene es wt ro BOIASDHr. |. ices vane eran ie a i ely G 79-80 | Fuel and lighting products: tion, ete.), construction. ........ vues H 27-35 Rivers, harbors, etc... .. H 29, K 173 Roadsand candi... ......cutrssriegssannrsns K 176 Roads and trails, nat F179 Treasury expenditures, by major CIBSSIAERtION. « 0 vos vs nui Blialiiddin P 99-108 Expenditures, State and local govern- ments......... P 193-200, P 202-215, P 221-234, P 254-258, P 265-277 Expenses (see also Earnings and expenses): ailroads, operating expenses .K 24, K 72-74, K 79 Exports. See Foreign trade. Failures: Bank suspensions. ............. svs0m0s N 135-147 Bankruptcy cases, farmers.............. E 256-257 Building and loan associations......... Production, indexes. ...... Retail prices (gas and coal), State motor fuel taxes paid by farme: State revenue from motor vehicle fuels sales , . P 238 4, G 14-18, G 53-56, Games, toys, and sporting goods. ......... J 63,7111 as: Annual supply of energy from............... G 170 Consumption by electric utilities. ........... G 199 Plants, construction cost indexes. ............ H 68 Prices, INQOXOE, outs sicss s siren ras Ei nate L 49 Productionand value .........c.ci viens G 59-61 Gas, electric light and power, and oil pipelines, construction expenditures. . HH Gasoline (natural). ........cosvadeave reso ny .G 62-84 General Land Office, cash receipts of............. F Generators. See Power. Gift and death taxes, State revenue............ P 246 Gift taxes, internal revenue............ tints mina P2128 Glass products. See Stone, clay, ete., industry. 1 Goats and sheep, national forest grazing......... F175 Gold: Coin and certificates in circulation N 152-153 oined.. ci... ...N 180 Earmarked for fo! 170-171 "M '45-47, N 169 Gold stock, changes jn. M 38, N 166-171 Production and value. G 118-119, 3 ise Ratio of silver to... vvniveayy Be bl 184 Foreign trade Gold and silver SUBJECT INDEX Life expectation Series No Series N hy ak o. i i silver coin and bullion. ......... A 74, A 99 Immigration ad, emigration—Continued International trade. See Foreign trade. Series No. mmigrants—Continue i acti ) Flow to consumers. ............. ....A 198, A 208 COOBIIY 7. wes ras as sad is B 304-830 a ie, ypuls tion n Bhi Stocks on hand, national wealth Male, pereent...... ...ivsnvisvnsservesns Interstate movement, po; a Sion B 385-209 components. Pied vane A 63-68, A 92-97 i Noujurgigrans 8 aliens 2dmijted A ss ui 3 5% Inventions, patents EP : Ee 5 le a y MBL, iin al ih 3 + Government purchases. . ...... Sabi aa A 118-116 | Improvements, Federaioaid highway. .....K 189-191b Daten Sluis, pegonal International transactions.......... ''M 15-27, M 84 | Improvements (real estate), value (see Tree a nr ey ws:4 187 Government (see also Federal and State Real property and improvements): Banks. ... 4 governments, and Cities): pi National wealt components, by class. ...... A 4-41 | Foreign, Det .....vveennnseens NZ, NBN »5 nal income... ....... ERS 52 | Taxable and tax exempt, by class. . .... RY "on American investments abroad..." of goods and services. ........ A 118-116 | Improvements (river), ra giants to $a Jpcome - pmesiean Megan $broad. «vs. M1 Wages and salaries (civilian)........ A'i22, P 81-88 id in CONSEPUCEON Of. «++ vvverenreerennens F24 Conie on foreign investments in ou Grain (vee alor individual commodities), Thcome or fovd : International investment position, U's... M1-13 acreate production, prices, and stocks, Air I a www K 249 frivata domestic, STOW. its K {6.2 A Joge11) wh gedeasiaddiouiadasieny E 181-207 | Corporations filing income-tax Rafiroads, capieal nd DIOPSHY «K, 18022, K 60-67 Grapefruit... ..... returns P 154-185, P 164 | 1737 2nd steel 2nd products: CD nun Ele Sige ex waninein vis ane G SF 18 Iron ore production.........ev ui ive ssa G 93-95 GD ad aand Fr ric [988 ER seven Fo1-94 Manufacturing production, indexes....... J217,J382 Grazing and pasture land, acreage.............. F Income payments A 145- 158, "A169 ‘175, "A 195-197 Pig iron proQUOdon. vi vy so eit SRR 5 : Fe F 34, F39-49 | National income or product. A 101-133, A 145-168, Monthly dats, : ; Managed by agencies, associations, ete......... F 68 A 176-194, A 198-207 Rolled ron and steel production ses due srg rrg 110 Great Lakes ports: On American investments abroad. ..... 17 Stool ingots and castings production... ve J.165-189 Domestic commerce. . ................. K 142-143 On foreign investments in United States... ... mM 26 Irrigation snd drainggeienterneises. ..ue is. Foz-01 Foreign commerce..................... K 137-188 Personal income... . "A 184-144 Guam, accession and &re&.................. B 24-25 Monthly and quarterly dR, os App. 1-2 | Janitors and sextons D 97 Gum and wood naval stores. ............. F 137-142 | Railroads. ............. K 9-16, K 28, K25 K be Japanese, number in the United States. ......"" B 46 DBI. os 4 ds a's yh Sas Oe Nas As a ad G 67-68 K 42, K 43-51, K 71-79 | Jewelry, silverware, clocks, and watches, a Income payments. .. A 145-153, 2165-175 & 195-17 manufacture. ............... TTL Haddock €ateh..........uevineninens F 160, F 167 | Joint-stock land banks, farm-mortgage ~~’ a ua. Boome 15x, federal: debt and loans closed. ............. E 248, E 251 5 Jederst expenditures. ............... ‘H 29, K 173 Cetporsuon. an Plead $157 : AT A MNCI BI eerie nh , Rnd Sle n Aee en ale ae " i : jjavai Territory, area and population...B r Mz Rimini imning and profits taxes)... .P 91, P 120 Labels 2nd prints {Sommereial), copyrights. + D1 r as 20s one dle esate 1- EY eage, production, aud priests. |... Haale COPPOTRLION. snes vis 1 ha pe Sidon vee P 152-164 Age distribution...............ooiiien D 382-46 wad managed by Soil Conservation Service. ..F 65 i igual, estate, and trust. . E dal Armed | ress in Suded a Te 5 nr Dentists and dental schools............... C 82-84 jndes numbers, See resp eelive subj ets. Er ployment Sato D5, D PDs bis Diseases, selected reportable. ............. iggy | glans: : ! IM D 66, D 80 Sor BOSE Soa Bron ures, Cate and Federal expenditures... ce es P 104 ‘Hours. wages, 2h 58, D 80, D 87, D 90-91, E 61-63 local governments......... Pbk 220. 4 2 308. 0 Teer of business conditions... .... 2 App. 1 Bau Industrial ns yal. Hi D107 212 Vioapitals end bedass.. oo. 22 20 Turning points of business cycles. . ....... Page 320 Industrial distribution, gainful workers. ...D 47-61 DE ES Lo fal pelos. grasiennas ; Individual, estate, and trust iicome Qecupation,, » Zik ¥ 7, D 20-25, D 47-61, D 66-106 Public Henith Service. United States RX TOUIFOR. ile y sng srg dos nbs 4 P 144-151 ersons not in iabor force. .... .......... D 29-31 Heating and cooking apparatus, etc. individual i income taxes: Produc: indexes, selected oe Ar eps epparstum, he ; rs 31 RtEIDBE FEVEIIUE. . ovr vivir sade sadn ba Industries. .. vs wiv sires sane D 218-217 He soins, ries trdeven. LG L 39 | Beste revenue. TLL Ll labia Goin eee: D 17.85 Highways, roads, and streets, Judustrjal common stock, indexes. . Unemployed, sv. rvovxsss reson D ‘26-28, bot construction expenditures. ................ H 20 Judustiial construction, expenditur Women in labor force..........ocovevvunnn D Highways (see also Roads and Streots) ; Jodustys) machinery and equipment Work StODPBEES.... . . visi nsivsecassins D 224-238 Capital outlays in 145 municipalities... .. .. ¥i 5o | {ndustiial producsion, monthly index Libor whi i Construction cost, index. ................... HO pra use of Slectric energy. Les Shor union MEMPEISHIP. «+ +xss 12 sigh D 21s 3 Expenditures, State and Industrials, utilities, and railroads, Laborers, number................. ...D 87-88, D 91 local governments. .......... P 205, P 22% P 268 | nq Sonthly index. 4 or awrionlbiral fir a Hours, wages, 04 earings. (@mt)............. E281 Ares of United States (acres) abo +B. 28 Salarics and wages, Wages, ete, o ha ex of interest charges per 8 acre...E 101, E 255 Area of United States (square miles). ......... B 2 and individual indolrics Lome D 107-212 Ye eral public debt.............. P 102, P 136-143 Drainage and irrigation. ................. F 52-61 Ta det D108, D 110, D'iii-116, 0 120 Income [iyments Ss sient lw nla sae sas A173] Farmand nonfarm. ......ccvnesnrvnninn, F 28-36 Indexes of union wage rates and hours. ..D 152-163 | pauons income Spon fot eegat anes 4 53 Faia land snd buildings, value... ... B34. Der vied a nr. nure of Operator. ................ Housefurnishings: 5 Railroads, on funded debts........... K 27, K 81 Foran so planted on farm land. ..... - : 2 a Consumers’ prices, index. ................... L46| State 2nd local governments, Managed by agencies, associations, etc......F 62-68 Manufacture, selected commodities. ....... J62-72,] payments.............ee.ce.eeen ?, 199, P 257 Utilization. ......... ? F 25-68 : 7110-119 | State ens. on obligations. .......ee.ers. Land value, national weaith component: ~~ Papsiont ouput. (refrigerators)... x CLE 3368 | pveont rates: Industrial, by type, and taxable. .... ria) A 3-80 Household, drug, and tollet y 4, L 84 fommerasiand and customer bank loan rates Bl 188-195 Nonresidential itazsble and tez exempt). : 4 338 PIOPATRUIONS. iu «vv wis Spiaisingis ons J 54,3 102 MOMEABES. 1 vx Ceeeesieeniiaaes 252-253 | Landing fields and 8irports. .............. £ 257-258 Hou Ons, eH ionidagh , inkl Tea P 138 ava 257% Housing (ee ito Constr anal gh 2) .D 105 |, Open-mark et NL Yorke City! ET Lard, consumption per capita................. C 183 welling units): igration: Lead, smelt: duction... cx ~ Demolished units. TANGER ai H 48, H 88 East-west movement, native population. .B 195-204 Leather Lp (see also Sos i EXIlent UDHE, 2+ «+ +++ «x vesvssssnnen “H 81-112 Fam Population movement. ........... B 231-286 and other footwear industry): Nonfarm credit... ............... Lirnisass| Interregional movement bom oR 210-38) [12 Prices (iides and jenthier), indexes. + --L6 L18 3 Native population.............. ....B 183-192 Le id ‘inheritance taxes. 20. 30 I= Toes bd ais: oad La E 162 North-South movement, native Liabilities of business failures. . ... = . Bae Pe App. 13 ge), and electrieity, ers’ population.......... vee ee ..B 205-214 | Libraries, expenditures, State and, Joel ~T” 8 . Pp! tr Ree Yn eve ui se L 45 State of birth. .....ccoers vor spinnin B 185-189 governments Hluminating oils....................c000eius J 159 | Internal revenue (see also Income tax, federal): Licenses and sales (alcoholic beverages), Poy, Pars I migration and emigration: Collections, by tax sources 4 P 109-181 State Sn @leahiclic beverages), P 240 ens departing............c.0oniuen ..B 851-8 BUIAITL srs ats etn 4 i hicle and operators), Immigrants, number... B'304, B 351 Intent ator Lise, See Consbwrio sad” i Ly bigle and Speratorth P 241 Bs aah iis aly sonietn eae g a ee wi vive B 333-336 internal traffic. Life expectation... .. en) 373374 O - 56 - 24 ‘ 359 Life insurance Series No. Life insurance companies: Farm-mortgage debt held................... Nonfarm home mortgage loans. . ..... H 115, i Fh Light stations, beacons, etc., federal expenditures. Ls K 172 Light-weight metals, by kind. ............ G 125-180 Lighting and fuel products: anufactured and non- manufactured. .............. J 56-57, 3 0 105 Price indexes.’.... ; ool, L 8, L20,L30 Lignite mining. See Bituminous coal Le Lime: Consumed-on farms... 50 00 Ss lo os E 116 Farmers’ expenditures (lime and fertilizer)... .E 115 Sold by producers... ..........ivei.20ures 'G 69-70 Liquors, fermented and distilled (see also Alcoholic beverages): Price indexes (spirits) ...... RR ET L 13 Proguetion., /7 v. oov iTIT FANT J 172-173 Taxes, internal revenue. ............... P 110-112 Livestock and farm machinery, tools, and equipment value, .... oi oo. 0 Dh nn A 48 Livestock (see also indiridual classes Cash receipts, farm marketings. .............. E 90 Inspected, slang tered, production ® (dressed weight), and prices... ....., uk E 136-151 National wealth components......... A 48-49, A 78 Number permitted to graze in national forests... clues 4 vive wie F 74-75 Number, value per head, production (live weight), and prices. ............... 117-134 Prices received by farmers, indexes. .......... E9 Workstock 2 years old and over on farms.. ...E 185 Loans (see also Mortgages, farm, ete.): Agricultural (non-real-estate) loans and discounts. ......... Cx a era E 258-266 Bankloanrates......... cs. i vise N 188-195 Bank loans. ......... N 1, N18, N21, N29, N 87, N 51, N 57, N 96-98, N 115 Farm-mortgage loans closed. ........... E 250-251 Nonfarm home mortgage Jogny made and outstanding............ 113-126, H 130-131 Savings and loan associations. .......... , H 121, H 128-132 Time and renewal call, ad 5h N 185, N 187 Lobstereateh..............0. 00 addi F 172 Local governments (gee also State and local governments): Finanees, Si. vere cian P 188-223, P 250-277 Hospitalsand beds. ................... C 110-111 Lockouts. See Work stoppages. Locomotives and railroad cars, MANWACLIIE. .. cv co vs winnaar vas J 89, J 138 Locomotives, number. ................... K4,K34 Average tractiveeffort....................a K 35 Lodginghouse and boarding house keepers...... D 105 Log Dries. oie renee ves. F 116-119 Lubricating oils, physical output............... J 161 JMBRBEE 5 230 sais oats te i ar Riad Er ale bs J 18 J 123 Lumber and building materials, price indexes. . ..L 32 Lumber and products (see also Timber): Production and prices. ....... F 109-111, F 120-122 Productionindex.......... EU AS J 36 Machinery, equipment, ete.: arm. . .. , A 50, A 79, E 105-110, J 86, J 185 Industrial, manufacture. ... J 84,7132 Manufacturing, value. . A 51, A 80 Office and misc., manuf: .J 87, J 186 Machinery (see also a implements ete., Equipment, and other Tegpniiive subjects), roduction index Mackerel catch. . .. Magnesite. . . . Magnesium. Mail: Air transport, ton-miles flown............... K 256 Railroad revenue cars (number) for baggage, mail, and express. ................ K8 Maintenance, etc.: Construction expenditures. .................. H 25 Public roads, disbursements. ..K 201, K 212, K 223 Railroads, operating expenses KE 3 Malt liquors, fermented (see also Liquors, ete.): Physical output Taxes, internal revenue. ................... Managers, proprietors, and officials. . + MAaNGanese OTe. vv vices sl arms snl ns russ Manhattan Island, value of land hs buildings. . A399 Manicurists, barbers, and beauticians. .......... Manufactured products (see also individual products): Construction materials, value. ...... J 96, J 146-148 Finished products or commodities, ValUR:. ii vie. vein Paiatslaing J 49-95, J 97-145 Foreign trade.................. M 59-67, M 81-86 Physical output, selected commodities ...J 152-180 Revenue freight tonnage. .......... ........ K 58 Stocks of goods, value. ............. A 65-66, A 93 Manufactures, etec., excise taxes. .............. P 115 Manufacturing industry (see also Nonagricultural employment and individual industries): Capital expenditures for plant and QOUIPIENE. , sine cons shastinnis vas J 149-151 Durable and nondurable, monthly Indexes, 0% ui nr aie ee eins sinineie us App. 7-8 Employment, factory, monthly index ..App. 8-4 Establishments, number. ..............ooonnr. J1 360 SUBJECT INDEX Series No. Manufacturing industry—Continued Hours, wages, and earnings..D 117-119, D 128-124, D 136, D 177-212, Ja Labor force... i. io visas vans D 51, D 69, J 2-4 Land, improvements, and equipment, value. TA 9-11 Machinery, tools, and equipment, value. A 51, A 80 National income. ................... A'147, A 158 National wealth components. . ....... 9-11, A 51, 65-66, A 80, A 93 Output per man-hour, RTOS oes ns D 218 OWE Ls x vv 0 aie a= phon tt ss, wins ..G 192, J 11-12 Production, indexes... ,,. ..... i. ...J 13-48 Production-worker pay rolls, indexes. . Summary statistics (Census). .............. Wages, hours, and earnings, indexes. . ... Margarine, consumption per capita............ cl Marine and fish oils........... > Sst naire Marine, merchant. See Merchant fleet. Markets, security... ....avivnvis ans sasmnis N 198-082 MBIEIBEE Fale... ve vx io stinsnn sins mane se aces zs C7 Married women in the labor force. ........... D 5-10 Massachusetts: Death rates: Cause of death. Wh... ... vil oie Life expectation, by sex Maternal mortality rates Meal and scrap (fish) Measures introduced and passed in Congress. .P 40-49 Meats (see also individual kinds): Consumption per capita, by kind,....... C 128-131 Slaughtering, production, and prices. .... E 136-151 Mechanics’ and carpenters’ tools.......... J 94,7 144 Medical schools. See Schools. Menhaden received. ....cvviuiviivrmminrrmss F 162 Merchandise: Foreign trade. ......coossnrsns sees s dines M 51-112 Stocks of imported goods, value. ............. A 67 Merchant fleet, documented. ..... Page 192, K 94-131 Changes in fleet (built, lost, sold, ete.).. .X 105-118 Major class (steam and motor, sailing a Teun we hneluipte oud ies es K 96-98, K 121-123 Material (metal, wood) of which built... ..K 99-100 Type of trade in which engaged......... 'K 101-104 Vessels built, U. S. and by TeRIONg, ov itn rine snes K 119-123, K 127-131 Vessels, number and gross tonnage, U. S. and by region....... K 94-95, K 124-126 Mercury (quicksilver).................... G 102-103 Metals and metal Droduets: Alloying, by kind........ aaiiaaivomad Ferrous, by kind. ..... Light-weight, by kind. ........... Manufacturing production, indexes 8,J 3 Nonferrous, by kind......... G 102-103, ¢ iis 117 Precious, by kind. nL doaonina ins 118-124 Prices, Indexes. ii. iviiaviindiiosas LY, L 21, L 31 Production, indexes... .... ... wis siue e. G 7, G10 Migration. See Internal migration, Immigra- tion and emigration, Naturalization and Citizenship status. Mileage (route miles, passenger miles, ton miles, ete.): Air transport........ K 248-256, K 264, K 268-273 New York State canals, rivers and railroads la. se tries set oma ep 400 K 168-169 Public roads. Railroads. K 1-3 11, K 29-41, K 46- 50, 5 169 Freight ton-miles, monthly data...... App. 11-12 Travel by motor vehicles _K 236-238b Military and naval, ete., services (see also Military, U. S): : Abroad, population. . =. va. Sie eidehn fs B3 Federal expenditures for construc H 28-29 Treasury expenditures. ............ 100-101 Military, U. S. (see also Military and naval, ete.): s*Alrcraft production. J... av vrais K 240 ‘Wages and salaries, national income COMPONENE. . iv vidi vin vi dinmniv ay on A121 Milk (see also Dairy products): Consumption per capita, by kind........ C 145-147 Evaporated and condensed, production....... E 161 Milk equivalent of manufactured dairy produets, . 5000 Leas kes Boy E 163-164 Prices received by farmers.............. E 169-170 Production on farms..........c... vein rrsinn E 154 Sold from farms... .. icioiiaanie nani «ns E 155 Mills (rolling) blast furnaces, and steel works, hours and earnings............ D 164-171 Mineral (food). See Nutrition. Minerals and mineral products (see also Mining and each mineral): Fuels, by kind... ..c7 civics swine G 13-64 Annual supply of energy from......... G 163-170 Consumption by electric utilities. ..... G 194-199 Metalsgby kind... cove ci dmoraenidas Nonmetals, by kind. . Production, indexes Monthly data. ............. Revenue freight tonnage Value of produets........ tea ae ATT eR Mining (see also Minerals and mineral products and each mineral): Coal by kind. LNG celina sean G 13-42 Coke INAUSIEY ol ve visa eins tims anys sites 43 Employment and injuries.G 19, G 46-47, G 131-158 Hours and earnings, coal miners. .D 143, D 145-147 Negro Series No. , D 68, D 94 Mining—Continued Lahorforee............. ivan D 50, Land, improvements, and equipment, Value A 6-8 National income. . .................. 146, A 156 National wealth components............... A'45-46, A 68, A 94 Output per man-hour, index. ............... D 215 Physical output, indexes a ..G 9-12 POWBE. 5 cit vrais vy ive weve plinhinte ie hon G 193 Products on hand, value. .......... ..A 68, A 94 Products, revenue freight tonnage. ....... "ie 56 Real property and improvements, value. . A 45-46 Molybdenum... ........ 5 cv oho os penn 'G 110-111 Money rates and security markets. ........ N 185-232 Money (see also Banks): Held in Treasury and by Federal Reserve banks. ... .. 0... Bw Rie sed N 149-150 Stock and in circulation................ N 148-165 Monuments and tombstones. ............. J 82, J 180 Morbidity rates. See Diseases. Mortality rates. See Death rates. Mortgages, farm and other real estate (see also Loans): Farm-mortgage credit.................. E 244-25 Interest payable on farm mortgages. ....... cen sven E 101, EB 252-255 Loans made and outstanding on one-to-fo family nonfarm homes...H 113-126, °H 130-131 Non-real-estate agricultural loans to Iarmers.. Sh aa ns E 258-266 Motor and steam vessels, tons........... K 96, K 121 Motor fuel: Consumed by motor vehicles. .......... K 233-235 State motor fuel taxes paid by farmers........ E 81 State revenue from motor vehicle fuel sales. ..P 238 Motor vehicle and operators licenses, and motor fuel taxes, State revenue. . ... P 238, P 241 Motor vehicles, machinery, and equipment, farmers’ expenditures. .............o000.n E 108 Motor vehicles (see also individual type of vehicles): Farmers’ expenditures...................... E 109 Manufacture. . ............ J 77,7 91,7 124, J 140 Motor fuel usage......... eA ar K 233-235 National wealth components........... A 72, A 98 Parts and accessories, manufacture... ... J 78, J 125 Produetion............ .... 559000, K 225-228 Registrations... vuln ido dis K 229-232 State automotive taxes paid by farmers. ...E 80-81 Travel, vehicle-miles ................. K 236-238b Motorcycles and bicycles ................ J79,J 127 Mules: . ion ine va vena dade ase user pint E 125-126 Municipal high-grade bond yields. ............ N 204 Municipal, State, and foreign bond sales. ...... N 2382 Municipalities. See Cities. Musical compositions, copyrights.............. P 174 Musical instruments. ................. ...d 78, J 120 Musicians and music teachers................. D 102 Mutton. See Lamb and mutton. Mutual savings banks, depositors and dePOBILS. io ss aieies iss on unin winnie N 100, N 104 Natality rates. See Birth rates. National banks (see also Nonnational banks): Assets and liabilities..................... N 27-34 Branch banking. . .. ieee: cos voit seas Earnings and expenses Notes in circulation. .... Number...... aie eI AeR nh 4 Sn aie ieee STATINS Savings and other time deposits, and depositors, bud vii wii davies N 102, N 106 Suspensions, number and deposits. ...N 136, N 142 National forests. See Forests, national. National income or product. ...A 101-185 A ]4gna0t National Park System. ..........coc00uvens National wealth estimates: Before 1880... .. 0 cc iiond ions ..Page 1-2, A 1-2 Components. ... cece «va saivg sis A 42-74, A 75-99 Manhattan Island, value of land and buildings, . 0 ah ie aed ve 100 Total acl wealth. . Page 1-2, A 1-2, A 42, A) 75 Value of land, real estate improvements, and eqUIPMENt. v4 «vv reereeerneennnes A 8-41 Native population, total. .............. B 183, B 33 21 yearsoldand over.........c.oovaevuss Internal migration. ......... B 183-192, B 195 55 Percent of total population................. B 184 BX cn se Te ee Se ee we Pe B 252-273 White. ....... 00 0 rn sd Blinds Natural gas: Annual supply of energy from............. ..G 170 * Production and value......... vain ale AY G 69-61 Natural gasoline... 0... iio liveigadaddy G 62-64 Natural resources, expenditures, State governments... .... ... Sl evvdi a P 238 Naturalization: Aliens naturalized............. B 240, B 24% B id Former allegiance. . 234-3 Petitions ood a ¥ CA Vt ete eae eve Naval services. See Military and naval. Naval stores, gum and wood.............. F 187-182 Navy Department, expenditures for. .......... P 101 Navy. (U. 8S.) ships, value, national wealth COMPONENTE, (vii only Fools bane vais A 58, A 89 Negro (see also Race and color): Children under 5 years old, rate. ............. C 2% Population... . i. ve sess ii scones as B21,B4 Age groups. ....... cee... B 111-125, B 10d Negro SUBJECT INDEX Public civilian Series No. Series No. Series No. Negro—Continued Pamphlets, books, and eontribuions, Population—Continued Population—Continued COPYHIEBLE. iv. .oiiiivd nana von Te P 171-173 Urban and'rural,...........+. B 16-17, B 145-170 amie. , AC SR SC .B 177 | Panama Canal Zone, accession, area, an Vital statistics of. See Vital statistics. Free colored and slaves........... B22, B “243, population, .. .... cis cuiiive vail on B 9, B 24-25 | Pork: B 50-71 B 184-144 Paper and products: Consumption per capita.................... C 180 New York City: Manuiacture. .. ux. sii ann eres iva J 55, J 103 Slaughtering, production, and prices. .... E 144-147 Bank clearings.............c00000nn N 87, App. 14 Physical output (book paper and news- Ports, commerce of principal..............K 182-157 Bank debits... ...o... ovine orien N 77, App. 16 print and similar papers).............. J 154-155 Possessions, United States. See Territories Bank loanrates................ vee 7 1% Production and consumption (paper and and possessions. Commercial paper rates............ N 186, A paperboard). ........ wr ete ..F 184-136 | Postal Savings System. .................. N 109-1138 Stock Exchange time and call loans... N $5 or Production, indexes... .... vivoiaviaias J 21, J 44 | Postal service: Stock Exchange, volume of sales. ....... N 228-232 | Paperboard. See Paper and products. Grants from Treasury to cover postal New York State: Park System, National..................... F 17-18 defioloneion. oh. irre in P 106, P 169 Canals, tonnage........c..coocv0eniin. K 170-171 | Parties, political. .......... wee a P 29, P 50-56 Receipts and expenditures. ............. P 165-167 Canals and ives, and railroads (ton- ¥ 202465 Passenger service statistics: aah Surplus revenue paid into Treasury..... P 95, P 168 mileage)... oi... vos ves ah sn - PANBPOTE: . iv ivi ci rns vay os sevens = otash: Motor vehicles. .......... K 225-226, K 237a-237b In commercial fertilizer. ................... E114 Newspaper printing, wage rates and Railroads, before 1890. ............ccuvu.. K 9-12 Sold by producers, and value. ............ G 87-88 hours, Indexes. oi. Jiu cia ddan D 162-163 Railroads, 1890 to 1945.................. K 89-42 | Potatoes (see also Sweetpotatoes): Newsprint and similar papers, physical Y.158 Accidents and fatalities. ............... K 86-87 Acreage, production, and price.......... E 225-227 OULDUL. + cas shuns sn ssi satneinions Tries i i Nob al ld Passenger vehicles, motor except as noted onsumption PEP CADIA. . esi vn C 142 Hours, wages, and earnings............. D 107-108 (see also Motor vehicles): Poultry (chickens and turkeys): Labor force, total... ............ D4, D6, D20-22| Horsedrawn and accessories, manufacture... .. J 126 | Consumption per capita.................... C1 Nondurable goods and industries: Manufacture... hv... ovis ,J 124 | Number on farms and value............ BE 171~ 180 Nondurable manufactures, indexes. ........ J 38-48 Parts and accessories. ............... J 78, J 125 | Power: MONINIV HatR. i «se sriis es ra enies App. 8 | Production, number and value. ......... K 225-226 | Energy production and use............. G 159-199 Perishable and semidurable finished Railroad cars. ..... +. sanns teens rs ane K 6, K 36 Generating plants and capacity. ........ G 200-224 commodities, value. ......... J 50-64, J 98-112 Travel, vehicle-miles. ............... K 237a-237b Sales to ultimate consumers. ........... G 225-233 Personal consumption expenditures. ......... A 104 | Pasture and grazing land, acreage. F 30, F 34, F 39-49 | Power plants. See Electric light and power industry. Production, indexes. ............. J 16-24, J 88-48 | _ Managed by Soil Conservation Service .. ..... F 63 | Precious metals, by kind. ................ G 118-124 Patents and certifications, public lands.......... F 13 | Preferred stock: Nonfarm: Patents (inventions, design, reissue, etec.): Railroads... on ivi a va ls Construction expenditures. ....... H 4-26, H 27-32 ADPHEALIONS. . cv cL ars vss vas vam eine P 181-184 Yields. ........ 0. Dwelling units or housing ............... H 40-48, Granted... si vive ie signe waste seen P 176-180 | Presidential elections o H 81-88, H 97-104 Payments. See Income payments, International Party affiliation of the President. ............ P 56 Families, number............... B 175, H 82, H 97 transactions, and Transfer payments. Prices: Housing edit... ........ oS, H 113-135 Pay otis, See Wages. Fiona Bonds N 212-214 nd, by major uses. ,.............. teeas BACNOS... suv views sss sin sninn'sinsnsinstovinisin ve 4-235 mers’ price indeses (ma) Sor orodoat. Plato urbanand' rural’... 0... B 168-170 | Peanuts, consumption per capita.............. C 154 Gopnimers price Indexes (major product 40-47 Nonferrous metals and products (see also Cc =p is TAREE. eT @ individual kinds): PORIB. asin slten ss Dunihiths os vada E 286-237 For Seo Fo INOOXES. | rs smi saa wate L 36-39 Production and value, by kind.......... G 102-108, | Pennsylvania anthracite. See Anthracite coal. en oe 3 ar G!112-117 | Pensions (veterans’), federal expenditures. ... ... P 105 Notion: Phare Incex a ls Lx ea ai L1 Production, indexes. .......... ray J 28, J 85 | Perishable goods, commodities... .J 50-57, J 98-105 | Hafions! forest purchases (prices ber sete) 1 12773 NODIMMIErant aliens « .. «+s sv rrres ss B 850-851 | Personal consumption expenditures. ....... 107-105 Btall price indexes (food, rent, and fusl) 1, 28.52 Nonmetals (see also individual kinds): Personal furnishings and clothing. ........ 1 60, J 108 St nwa ney 3oy JRL e aay ae N 183-184 Building materials, by kind. Personal income. ...............000veenns A 134-144 tock (common) price indexes........... N 215-220 Chemical materials, by kin de Monthly and quarterly data. ............ App. 1-2 Stock price indexes, monthly data. ..... App. 25-26 Fertilizer materials, by kind , Personal property: Rumpage, log, and lumber. . ........... F 112-122 Fuels, by kind. ............. National wealth components. ............. A 69-70 olesale price indexes. ......... Page 227, L 2-85 Magnesite (crude, mined). ............... Taxeslevied on farm... .... ...cc.vviinrnes Ep. Monthly data. ..................... App. 23-24 Physical output (fuel, Other), indexes. ..... G 11-12 | Personal service workers. ..................... D 59 Pri ime movers. Jee Power. Production (fuels), index. ....... aii ir G 3 Petitions Sled for Ruiuvglizasion. oi ap nse ip B 338 rinsing and pil ishing; 722 J 45 Value (total, fuels, other)................... G 38-5 efrolenn ) AR coal pro nets, Prodystion ..J24,346| Value of output (books)... ....lllll 775, 7122 Nonnational banks, assets apd liabilities. . . . . N 85-42 | Petroleum and products: inti Nenresidential: | 2p gunys! supply 3 snore from.......... G Jeg.08) Peinfiug ioades, Wasa Mies SN] IOUS) on iy YSRL1RD ing permits, index. ...........000uuun.n H 7 or fuel and hghting. ............ cco. i i i Construction contracts awarded. ..... ..H53 H 8 Physical output (refined products). ...... J 158-161 Kissy Le ms Sing BAS Construction expenditures................. H 5-18 | Production and value. ................... G 57-58 CONPIEE or os ots i Ta P 47-49 Land, improvements (real estate), and Philippine Islands, population Private banks: pment, VBI. ....v oc vinremivies isin pi ” asse iabiliti — Nonwhis io atin; See Race 43:20 Phosphate rock. ...... Nambe i S54 wis pi de live. Nig, Nits or individual color. Physicians and surgeon: Pe os cd 4 Ww), ex pe ditur 'H 3- Notions and dry goods... J 59, J 107 | Pig iron Private domestic Investment, gross. «A ] teersanans tees Virochly date; rivate domestic investment, gross. ....... 106-111 Nurses v ev iniaae an Ea ira a Ve D 98, D 106 Piha a a Private wages and salaries, national Agricultural production volume, indezes ...E 72-78 ganned. Drv ee ailiftioy tr aaa 4.120 vailable per capita per ascorbie ~~ | _lateh........ 00.00 co. EY Assert .....C 122-127 | Pilots, certificated airplane. . Ey nt é 215 Contained ia fortis (nitrogen, Pipelines (oil), gas, and electri Ch H 11 | Producers: EENOIAUDE TADACIY .» -iaatertouris osphoric acid, potash)... ........ E 112-11 power, construction expenditures. or oy Fo conumption SF Sheela. index. ...... ue 1 51 Pipelines, national wealth components. . . .. a Durable semmodities, manuiactire;, ur, yap Food production volume, index.............. 2 BUM ool ix ta vn worries sav eas i i i Foods by kind, consumption per C120 Playing cards and ‘stamp taxes, internal revenue.P 113 Durghle equipment, private domestic A 110 oilE, en oe CAE ve 0128-155 | Pleasure craft... ....... vr vs indy J 80, J 128 Nanna Plumbers, Sng gap snd steam fitters .D 10 Produ, pRHonel Jey National income or product. ob ee er A lee “ roduction. Oats for grain... ..... Seliaaiieiiiiia.n .E 196-199 | Popular vote for president, by political party. . .. Pon individual commoniigs end industries, Oo ipations Kikiig P Bosulations Outpt, per man-hour, selected industries, Hours, wages, and earnings. ... . .D10T-212 | Baa digtbUtiOn. . . ... i serens B 36-39, BS1-184 | Output per worker in agriculture," D 213-216 o Labor force. ssa +2 1-106 Median age, Dy color 20d BR cxumsrieer BT 2 indexes E ’...D 217, E 70-71 ce and store appliances, etc. 8, J 186-137 edian age of head of families............B 181 | products. See respective subjects or indi Office buildings, warehouses, ete. Citizenship status, by sex. - +... ..... B 287-278 | Prilcssional and scentine caquspmont li fren construction expenditures .................. H7| Colonial period, estimated................... B 12 | professional persons oy ib 56-87 D178 Officers ang employers (salaried), Yamilies,....... 0. cvcues Bas aa) ist Profits: = © os a ? manufacturing industries. .... IM, aurensisrreins ve -167, 1 Officials, proprietors, and managers Movement of. ...ivvuy vu vaio ai vdive ss B 231-236 Bort seaniuel Surplus, and zt 24 N 32, N 40, N 54 Oil, cottonseed. .,.. .sn.escrsrs Foreign born... .. -B 20, B:193-194, 2 239-303 | Banks, net ih and ey to : il’ pipelines, Slectsia light 21d power, d Internal might. Loos fora LT 182-236 capital accounts N 65, N 67, N 73, N 76 gas, construction expenditures. ............ or force of. See prforee, CF TST Corporate. national Ineomic.. y OH a or Er are: ce ies ahronil Su BS Corporate, national income component. . .A 129-131 capita, by kind. .........0. conan .C 132-134 NEVE... Cao rote slew aes ws B 19, B 183-192, | Profits and income taxes, Sununaty. de vie P91, P 120 Oils (fish and marine). ..F 214-215 Nokt B 155280, Bi v Corporation, Sxees profits tax. ..P 128, P 158 onlarm. .......o00 coin, — roperty and capital i Oils, fuel: Per occupied dwelling unit or family.......... 5 Dy v ap os Byes brent, A x 18-22, K 60-67 Annual supply of energy from........... G 168-169 Per sq. mile of land area Property taxes, State and local gove: Consumption by electric utilities............ G 198 Philippine Islands. ...... . B4 ments. ..... Page 287, P 189, Po 245, P 251, P 262 i Physical output... ... vs ous cvieveinniingede ..J 160 Race or color. ...... PILL a UY B 18-28, B 34-35, Property valuations, real and personal. Oils Ciluminating). Physical output... i ade, 159 B 40-47, B 81- 144 e National wealth. Oils (lubricating), physical output. .... devennd 161 Families... .. oo ovina oie melee es B 176-178 Proprvcons and firm members, Oleomargarine Er internal revenue. + +25 P-116 Median age, by sex. ........cco0unnnn.. B 72-80 manufacturing industries............... wasn od D Operation expenditures, State and local * Regional distribution. ovis oa 0s viv on B 48-71 | Proprietors’ and rental income: governments. ............0... P96, P 202-21], [i SOX... sous se eines iinnsinnnase B 14-15, B 32-33 National income component P 224-234, P 265-277 Families bysexof head. ............. B 179-180 Personal income component. . Ophthalmic products and artificial limbs. ....... J 129 Median age, by color... .......ocievii B 72-80 | Proprietors, managers, and officials. ..... . ... D cr Ophthalmic © Products and surgical and Territories and possessions. ................ B 5-10 | Public acts and resolutions passed by Congress. P 44-46 orthopedic appliances. .............c.o0o0u... J 81 United States aggregate, including and Public buildings, federal construction Oranges. . bes ¥ .E 240-241 excluding Philippine Islands. ........ B1,B11 expenditures... . v9. Diva sivas eine 0% cali H 80 Oregon, accession and Area. . ...........ee.. B 24-26 United States, continental ........B 2, B 18, B 29, | Public civilian employees (federal, State Oysters, eateh. ......v. coinivesc ivan. F 174, F 176 B31, B 182, B 237 and local)... iii veo oiity ...P 62-64, P 69-80 361 Public construction SUBJECT INDEX State banks Series No. Series No. Series No. Public construction (new), expenditures. .....H 13-28 | Reexports of foreign merchandise. ............. M 53 | Schools (see also Education): Public debt. See Debt. Refrigerators (household), physical output. ..... J 164 | Dental, number and graduates. ........ ...C 83-84 Public Health Service, U. S., appropriations Registration areas for births and deaths. See Expenditures, State and local foxes and expenditures. ................... C 118-119 Birth rates and Death rates. ments. ors niin 208, P 232, P 2 Public lands. See Land, public. Public roads. See Highways, Roads, and Streets. Public safety, expenditures, State and local governments. ......coe.0nuns P 204, P 226, P 267 Public utilities (see also individual utilities): Construction cost, indexes A 52-62, A 81-91 Taxable land, real estate improvements, and equipment ST RE Re, A 15-32, A 39 Public welfare, expenditures, State and local governments........... P 207, P 230, P 272 Public works and utilities, construction contracts. H 54 Public works, federal construction expenditures . H27-35 Publicly owned electric utilities: Electric energy production. ............. G 186-189 Installed generating capacity. .......... G 220-223 Publishing industry. See Printin; ng and publishing. Puerto Rico, accession, area, an population .. viva a B 8, B 24-25 Pullman and other cars not owned by railroads... .. 000 a vi aie lie A b9, A 86 Pulp. See Wood pulp. Pulpwood consumption.............c.ounuunnan F 132 Pyrite, rei ine on 5 as a le ne a aiele G 85-86 Quarries and related industries (see also . Mining), employment and injuries... .. G 137-143 Quicksilver. See Mercury. Race and color (see also individual race or sion) ratesby race. ....... sues censng 24-26 Death rates by race. ............ C 89-44 g 46-51 Families, by race... ........ ic. ..... —-178 Population, by race or color. ..... B Tay 3 34-35 AGO FYOUPS. ..... 00. ss tine HaiiTir tre B 81-144 Median age, by Sex... ...... 2 0 0.0 B 72-80 Regional distribution. ................. B 48-71 White and nonwhite: Farm tenure... . Lo. whl an E 43-60 Interregional movement.............. B 215-230 Life expectation (white population)....... C 6-13 Native and foreign-born, wl 19-21 Nonwhite, by kind. . ........0......... Radio apparatus and equipment Railroad cars and locomotives, manufacture.J 89, i 15% Railroad cars, by kind............... K 5-8, K 386-37 Average capacity of freight cars. ............. K 38 Railroads, industrials, and utilities, stock prices, monthly index. ............ App. 26 Railroads, steam (see also Locomotives, Railroad cars, Railways, street, etc.): Bond yields... 0. 5. i de N 201-202 Monthly data. ... 0... css oe App. 29 Capital and property investment .K 18-22, K 0-70 Construction cost, total road, index........... H 67 Construction expenditures (inc. local transit) . . H 10 Em loyment......... o.oo :K 82 Freight service. ................ K 13-17, K 43-569 Freight ton-miles, monthly data........ App. . 11-12 Hours and earnings. ...... D137, D 145-151, K 83 Income and expenses............ K -25, K "71-79 Interest and dividends. ......... K 26-27, K 80-81 Land grants to aid in construction of... ...... F2 21 Land, improvements, and equipment, value.A 15-17 Mileage, equipment, services, finances, etc... K 1-93 National wealth component......... A 15-17, A 52, 59, A 81, A New York State, ton-mileage............... K 169 Operating railways, number. ................ K 28 Output per man-hour in railroad transportation, indexes Passenger service Accidents and fatalities. ............... K 86 Pullman and other cars not owned by railroads, value. ................... LA b9, A 86 Railroads and their equipment, value....A 52, A 81 Stock yields and prices, indexes. . .... N 208, N 217 Monthly Gata... ..... icc.» sis srannncon von App. 26 Railways, street (see also Railroads, steam): BArDINGS., oo. 0. vu ivimissnssvasnsrsoasan rn D 138 Land, improvements, and Squipment, value. A 18-20 National wealth component. ...A 18-20, A 63, A 82 RAYON YRIME. seas eis iss sve sand seein es 'J 158 Real estate (see also Farms, etc.), Manhattan;Island, value of land and buildings. A 100 Real property and improvements, value, National wealth component (taxed and tax exempt)... cee A 48-47, A 76-77 Receipts (see also Customs receipts and Income or revenue): Allocated to State highway purposes... .. K 193-198 Cash receipts from farm marketings....... E 88-90 Cash receipts of the General Land Office F9 Federal Treasury.............. P 89-98, P 109-181 International transactions....... M 14-22, M 82-36 National forests.................coie.02 F 99-102 OBER, ois 10 iz sins vine no eas Srminn P95, P 255 P 168 State and local governments. ........... 188-192, P 212-220, 5 235-253 ‘Wage and salary, personal income component, A 135 Reclamation, federal expenditures......... eee 81 Recreation, expenditures, State and local GOVErNMENtS. ...ocove.sossrsnsonss P 210, P 276 Recreation resources in national forests, visitors. F 80-83 362 Registrations, motor vehicles. ............ K 229-232 Renewal call loans, interest rates, New York City. N 187 Rent (see also Proprietors’ and rental income): Consumers’ prices, indexes Income payments............... Rents in 5 large cities, indexes Repairs and maintenance, construction expenditures. .. ii Li i ee ee H 26 Repairs, federal construction expenditures... ... .H 85 Representatives (congressional), apportion- ment among the States................. P 57-61 Residential (see also Housing and Dwelling wm Building permits, index. ............co000uu.n 5 Construction contracts. ............... H 52, a 56 Construction cost, index. .......... TP H 66 Construction expenditures. ........ H4, IL 14, H 47 Credit, nonfarm housing. .............. H 113-135 Electric utilities, sales to consumers. . ... G 228-230 Existent housing units. ...........c...... H 81-112 Private domestic investment, new nonfarm CONBLPUCION.... . . «4 vovervieniviive shims A 108 Property, value... .....v...50 Sidi. A 86-37, A 41 Resolutions, Congressional. ......... P42, P 46, P 49 Resources (natural), sshenditures, State gov't. .P 2-88 Retail price indexes of food, rent, and fuel. ...L 48-52 Retail trade: Dealers, wholesale and retail................. D 81 Department store sales, indexes, monthly data... .... 0 a in ras ry App. 13 Stocks of goods in hands of retailers, value....A 96 Stock yields and prices, indexes. ..... N 211, N 220 Revenue. See Income or revenue, Internal revenue, and Receipts. Rivers: Federal expenditures (rivers, harbors, etc.);H 29, K 178 Improvements, land grants to aid in CONSLIUCHION OF. . civ «iv 1.07.5 1d 1. vista inte mnie ipiniase F 24 New York State canals and rivers, ton-mileage. K 168 Roads and canals, federal expenditures K 176 Roads and trails in national forests, allotments and expenditures......... F179, F 107 Roads, highways, and streets, construction expenditures rr sn ee a ae a a H 20 Roads (see also Highways and Streets): Construction and betterment in national forests, miles... iui... s,s ves eines F 76-7 Motor vehicle statistics. K 325-2350 Public (mileage, finances, te.) .K 174-224 Wagon, land grants to aid in construction of. ..F 22 Rolled iron and steel production............ ...J 170 Rolling mills, blast furnaces, and steel works, hours and earnings D 164-171 Rosefish catch ... FF 168 F 140-142 SE J 48 Rosin. ......... Rubber products, Rugs. See Floor coverings. Rural: Dwelling units started Population. ........ Farm and nonfarm..... H 42 B 17, B 159-160 ...B 167, B 170 Rural incorporated places ..B 161-164 Roads, mileage and finances............ “XK 177- 183, K 205-214, K 216 Travel by motor vehicles............. K 236b-238b Safety. See Public safety. Sailing vessels... oi ih. oBLR Dn K 97, K 122 Salaried officers and employers, manufacturing. ...J 3 Salaries and wages (see also Wages and individual industries): Manufacturing industries. .................. J 5-7 National income component. ........... A 119-122 Personal income component. ............... A 135 Sales: Department store sales, monthly index... .. App. 13 Electric utilities (number of customers, kilowatt-hours, and revenues)....... G 225-238 Farm equipment, machinery, and parts (value) .E 107 Farms (voluntary, forced, ete.), number andipercent, i... eros onsne sen tars E 6-18 Public land, acres and receipts.......... F 19, P94 Stocks and bonds... J hier ai er res N 228-232 TInbariout. ih. fain vs Sans vie ie senor F 88-98 Sales tax, SE commodities, State TOVEIUE, cise t rns cp asses sssns Sal and gravel 2 Sanitation, expenditures, State and local governments. ............... P 206, P 228, P 269 Sardines. See Pilchard or sardine. Savings and loan associations: Financial Jems, .......coreuirivivot vue H 129-132 Nonfarm home mortgage loans. ...... H 114, H 121 NUIDGT. oo coves vin s sun siswsimig Pods Pale Bide H 128 Savings and savings banks: Banks, number, assets and liabilities....... N 43-44 Deposits and depositors, bank. . N 93-102 Personal savings. .............. oan EE ae Al Postal Savings System ..N TRE USS. bonds... 355000 00s odd danas P 139 School districts, townships, and special districts, le SANE P 188-215 Medical, number and Sie .C 80! State and local employment and pay rolls . PIE po Scientific and professional equipment..... a , J 143 Serap and meal (fish). ................. IF 212-213 Seals, {Bs} Pribilof herd and skins obtained. . ...F 218-219 Holdings of banks. ....... N 22, N 80, N 38, N 118 Yields, prices, issues, and sales......... .N 196-232 Mont ly data... cee avin ssn App. 25-29 Semi-skilled workers............cc0vnununnn ...D 86 Servants. See Domestic service workers. Services: Labor force. ............ ion vie D 56-59, D 74-76 National income. ..........iievanns, A 151, A 162 Personal Sonsumption expenditures. ......... A 105 Services and goods Government purchases ie «un, a ei aid A 113-116 International transactions.......... M 15-27, M 34 Severance taxes, State revenue.......... cases P 247 Sewage system. See Waterworks. Sex distribution: Aliens naturalized. .............coeeunn B 840-341 Citizenship status of the population age and nativity)... oo... rae B 237-278 Pepthrates,... . i iicoirse: rvarrsnssses C 46-55 Frame hs, hours and earnings... J... 0... D 189-194, D 201-206 Immigrants, percent male. ................. B 332 LOOT FORCE. .s «ss soos «inn vioiwin tists nie ...D 11-46 Life expectation... . cite. ssrevsisnsrvss C 6-21 Population, annual summary. ............ B 32-33 ecennial SUMMATY.........ccoveunnnan Families, by sex of head Median age, by color. ................. B 72-80 ‘Weavers, hours and earnings. D 195-200, D 207-212 Sextons and janitors... .......c.ccirvrrrnnsnnes D 97 LET rel Ee RE 8 F 161 Sheep (see also Lamb and mutton): Natiomml forest grazing (sheep and goat) ...... On farms and value per head. .......... E 121-122 Production (live weight) and price. . ..E 182-138 Slaughtered (lambs and sheep)... . ...E 148-149 Shellfish (canned)............ cernaeaes se JJ 210-211 Shipbuilding: Merchant vessels built and documented in U. S. and by regions. ...K 119-123, Kk 127-181 ‘Ships and boats, manufacture. ......... J 90, J 139 Shipping and water traffic (see also Canals, Merchant fleet, ete.): Lins Land, impro; and quip t (sh and canals), value. . ................. A 24-26 Light stations, etc., and rivers and harbors, federal expenditures. . Merchant fleet.......... A 57-58, A 88-89 New York State canals, rivers, and railroads, tonnage and ton-mileage . .K 168-171 Value of merchandise carried in foreign trade K 158-167, M 42-112 Monthly data...... i... oi adarsee App. 18-19 Vessels entered and cleared in foreign Ships, U. S. Navy, value..... oe Shoes and other footwear industry: Hours and earnings (boot and shoe industry)........... SET Ri re D 186-188 Manufacture. . .... covers J 61,7 109 Production (men’s and women’s leather SHOR)... vic cco iivt vis eis ved 177-178 Shrimp, cateh.. .... . icici vineinnrinveses F179 Silver: Colned.<.........ci.ceidiivanennesssisnves N 181 Dollars, certificates, and subsidiary silver in circulation...... eee vue ve N 154-158 Foreign trade.......... oe Ceara. 48-50 Prices... .. .;.ueevs N 183-184 Production and value............. «+B 202 Silver and gold coin and bullion, value..... A 74, A 99 Silverware, jewelry, clocks, and watches. ...J 7: ha 2] 121 Skilled workers and foremen............ A Babe... i ean ei os tee sree G Tod Slaughtering. See Meat and individual animals. Slaves. See Negro. Sodaash.... cic ish oasis vies ea J 157 Soybeans for beans. ...... Spindles consuming cotton......... Spinners (frame), hours and earnings Sponges uv aieieie 3d ee 00 0 wi pe Sporting goods, toys, and games. Stamp taxes (including playing cards), internal revenue......... State and local governments (see aiso Local governments and State government); Employment and pay rolls. .P 78-80, P 84-88 Finances, .L....... cose 000s "Page 287, P 18s ey Purchases of goods and services 116 State automotive taxes paid by farmers 8 State banks (see also Colonial and State Banks): Branch banking........ .N Notes in circulation......... Number, and total assets or State banks State banks—Continued Series No. Savings and other time deposits and depositors. ............ wie ara we N 101, N 105 Suspensions..........e0.000nn ve....N 187, N 143 State government (see also State and local governments): Cost of planting forest trees on farm land. .F 87 Finances... ..ccovsvrssvaes .P 188-211, P 224-249 Forest fir fires (State and private lands)..... F 147-150 Expenditures for control............. 158-154 Hospitals and beds .C 108-109 Public roads (administered, finances, ete.) K 178-188, K 191b, K 193-204, K 208, K 2 State, municipal, and foreign bond sales State of birth of the population. .......... B 185-398 State tax collections, by sources. .......... P 235-249 m and motor vessels. ............... K 96, K 121 m railroads. See Railroads, steam. Steel ingots and castings, production Sie J 165-169 Steel works blast furnaces, and rolling , hours and earnin Stock EF, See New York City. Stocks (see also individual kinds of stocks), yields, prices, issues, and sales ....... N 204-211, N 214-220, N 227-228 Price indexes, monthly data............ App. 25-26 Stone, clay, and glass products: Production, indexes. ............ dria J 25,7 87 Stone, sold or used by producers. ......... G 76-76 Stonemasons, brickmasons, and tile setters. .... D103 Street city and vil Rellwars, Be sale Streets (city an nces (see also i ir Be oads)......i.. K 19% K 215-224 Soi Ta 3g Ro roads, constructi expenditures. . cis vlivs sees sige pune vay ee H 20 Stumpage prices. ...... co.cc. ionnsisecanine F 112-115 Strikes. See Work stoppages. Successions, legacies, and inheritance taxes. .... P 130 Sugar (cane and beet, refined), consumption per capita Sulfur. ....;..... Sulphuric acid Surgeons. See Physicians and surgeons. Surplus, capital, and net undivided | profits, banks. . corinne 4, N 82, N A. N 54 Suspensions, bank. .............. ee aire N 135-147 Sweetpotatoes (see also Potatoes): Acreage, production, and price.......... E 228-230 Consumption per capita... .........ccouunnn C 143 Swine, cattle, and a national forests grazing. ooo vees eee sivn semen nee ra F174 Taxation: Corporate profits... veecs si cvressn viene A 130-131 Corporation taxes, internal revenue...... P 121-124, P 162-164 Corporation taxes, State oe ah Ry EN ‘arm property Forced sales. ...... i coivsenssinireres El Taxes payable per acre, index. . E 1 Internal revenue, selected items Income tax returns. ........c00ieienn Personal Ineome.... uci... crviiys dig ens ven Property, taxable and tax exempt, value. ...A 3-41 roads, tax accrudls. .... on «ovo c ovens nie K 76 Real property and improvements, tax and tax exempt, value. . .............. A 43-47, A 76-77 State and Ter governments revenue from........ 0. P 189-190, P 285-249, P 251-252 State automotive taxes paid by farmers.» ..E 80-81 State property, highway-user, etc. taxes, or highway purposes.......... ’.K 193-198 MGACHRIS, «oo ii leivivin aigins saisinninm vssivianin sa D 92 Teachers (music) and musicians... D 102 Telegraph systems. See Telephone and telegraph systems. Telephone and telegraph systems: Construction expenditures. .................. H 1 Barnings.......conssnsovens esses D 189-140 Land, improvement, ‘and equipment, value. .A 21-23 National wealth components. . ........... Taxes, internal revenue. .................... P17 Tenure. See Dwelling units and Farms. Territories and possessions: Siemon. 3 datesofs... 0. rei era B24 i aie uiothls 5vis teu Dalen ole Che Pein ...B 26 fen onalation BOMR IN. i i a ns B 191 Population. . .,. oul lev civthsvs ssn vu rumeins B 5-10 Textiles and products: Prices, Indexes... vu iv oiiessnsvesoniis «.L.,L19 Production, indexes. ............. serv J 19,739 Tile setters, stonemasons, and brickmasons. .... D 103 Timber (see also Lumber and products), cut from national forests Time deposits................. Time loans, interest rates Tires and tubes: Manufacture... .......... vedi J64,J iz Pro@uetion,......... Jv. coo bide rvnnnsvans Tobacco: Internal revenue. ....ooovsvn ovsisesenviass P 114 Leaf consumed in manufacturing............. Jim Manufacture (cigars, cigarettes, and Prot las cigarettes) rein ve sateen eve Production, indexes. ....... SAtO YEVRINe. | icv oivtv vier is in vis sirslsane 239 Toilet, drug, and household SroPatatonss. .J 54, J 102 SUBJECT INDEX : Series No. Tombstones and monuments. ............J 82, J 130 Tonnage. See Shipping and water traffic, erchant fleet, Railroads, and en trade. Tools wR and mechanics’), manufacture.........,..... sen vnee esd 94,3 144 Tools, equipment, and machinery (manufacturing), value. ..... ... oe ..A B51, A 8 Tools, machinery, and equipment (farm), and livestock, value. ..........u0n. hanes A 48 Towiisiis, school race; and special districts, finances. .......... ta a P 188-215 Toys, games, and sporting goods.......... J 63, J 111 Tractors: Manufaoture.. «coo «ices ss sala se ninas wees vned 188 Number on farms. .... vss saan eerie 106 Trade, business (see also Retail trade, Wholesale trade, Foreign trade, etec.): Labor force. ........ EE FT 54, D 73 National Ineome. ..... vivs +o ishoie cnn viens vorns A 15 Stocks of goods in hands of galery, ceri vee A 95-96 Trade-marks registered................... P 185-187 Trails and roads in national forests, mileage, expenditures. ..... oon vee. F 78-79 Transfer payments, personal income component. A 140 Transfers (unilateral), international transactions. .......+ conserva M 19, M 28, M 35 Transportation (see also individual kinds of transportation): MBPOTE. [ovo v's bins sb Lose vies mine ...K 289-273 po! Federal expenditures for light sta ete., and rivers and harbors Foreign trade, carriage of. . .. .K 172-178 = 146-167 Labor force. ........... 58, D 71 Merchant fleet ..K 94-131 Motor vehicles. . K 225-238b National income. .........c.c00.... 149, A 160 New York State canals, rivers, nd railroads .K 168-171 ois x 1-98, K 169 K 174-224 . .P 118 Waterborne commerce of United States. .K 182-145 Transportation equipment, production Indexes...’ .ciinssnnne eevee eeedd 29,7 34 Travel by motor vehicles............ ...K 2386-238b Trem bills ete. (Federal), public debt Piast oer (Federal), receipt and expenditures............... P 89-108, P 168-169 Tre re notes of 1890 in circulation..........N 156 Trucks, motor: Production. ........... bon pa .. K 227-228 ReZISErAtIONE |. &v is + sis sn sin tn sanisnutn t's +a Travel (trucks and combinations)... K 238a, K 238b Tre, Ssiate, and individual income tax Piss iei Trust hi and enterprises, contributions to, State and local governments. .... P 200, P 258 Tubes. See Tires and tubes. Tuna and tunalike fishes: Canned. .\.... ocouios i viivivrs vninsedid on F 205.209 Cateh....... Pai dae beans lee ele le se ne np TUDESEEN, soins’ i oninnn iis smdinys si G 168-10 PE (zee also Poultry)... .....ccoev evs E 177-180 PAIpentine. ns ies or anes x F 187-139 Underwear and hosiery industries, hours gndearnings, ..... iva Pie sve ase D 183-185 Unemployment............. ives sven D 26-28, D 65 Unemployment compensation, State tax PEVEONUL. ic ttiviv ssn sos nme shmen's vinminine P 248 Unilateral transfers, international transactions. .......ccciniiin es M 19, M 28, M 35 Union membership, labor................. D 218-223 Union wage rates and hours, indexes. ...... D 152-163 United States Bank, Second, assets and liabilities... cc ne B os ae N 1-12 United States government. See Federal overnment. United States investments, international transactions. ......... M 4-8, M 21, M 30, M 29 United States notes in circulation. ..... iran 'N 1 United States securities: Bond yields, prices, and sales. .N 208, N 212, N 231 Held by banks. .......... N 22, N 30, N 38, N 118 Unjust enrichment tax........... vr eens JP 124 than: Dwelling units started. .............ccco0.... Population, total... . B 16, B 146 Farm and nonfarm B 166, B 169 In groups of places. ...... Revenue of places, for streets Travel by motor vehicles. . Utensils (china and household) J 70, J 119 Utilities, industrials, and stock prices, BE Index... ... 00. eos App. 25 Utilities (see also Electric light and power industry and Public utilities): Construction contracts awarded (combined with public works) Stock yields and prices, indexes Utilization, land........... seve Valuation. See National wealth. Veal and f, consumption per capita......... C 129 Veal, slaughtering, production, and prices 140-143 Vegetables, canned and fresh (see also Fruits and vegetables and individual commodities), Consusmpti on per capita. .C 140-141 Vehicles. See Motor vehicles a: individual classes of vehicles. U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1956 O - 373374 Zinc Series No. Vessels. See Merchant fleet, Foreign trade, Navy (U. 8.) ships, , ete. Veterans’ pensions, a expenditures. ....... P 105 Vetoed bills, congressional. ................. P 32-39 Village and City streets, funds for. ........ K 215-224 Virgin Islands, accession and area. .......... B 24-25 Visitors, national parks and national forests, . 0 i Race F 18, F 80-83 Vital statistics: Birth- and death-registration Bais, growth, .C 1-5 Birth rates (birth-registration States). ..... C 24-38 Children, number under 6 years old, rate. ..C 22-28 Death TALES, ico npic aio cs snrsesnsrssn runes Life expectation............ Marriage and divorce rates C17 Massachusetts, data for. C 14-21, C 53-55, C 65-64 Voters, potential. See Citizenship status. Votes, electoral and popular for president, by political party. ..... civ viv vanes P 27-81 Wage earners (see also individual industries or occupations): Consumers’ price indexes. ................ ok Factory employment, indexes; monthly. . Labor force, selected industri Wage or salary income. ................ Work stoppages, workers involved. . Wages (see also Salaries and wages and js industries): Bullding trades. 4s; A TO was oD 126 verage wages an gs, indexes. . . .. . or mm 114, D 116 tion wage rates and hours, index .D 152-157 rane D 182-138, D 144, D 172-115, E 65-69 Re NUMDETS. . o0vuverseens ne 176, E 64 Manufacturing industries 7, D 119, “D117 D 124, D 186, b 177-212, J7 Indexes of average wages and earni Bis oy .D'11 11, 118, D 126 Printing trades, union wage rates and hours, indexes. .........cnivvasvsrns .D1 Sa Public pay rolls (federal, State and local) . Paes Selected industries. ........ D 128-181, D 187-148, . D 145-151, D 164-171, K 83 Work stoppages (wages and hours, major issue). ....... oie rion teins nin vie vie ...D 281, D 236 Wagon roads. See Roads. ‘War Department (incl. rivers and harbors, a Panama Canal), expenditures for.......... P 100 Warehouses, office buildings, ete., construction expenditures. ................. H7 Watches, jewelry, silverware, and clocks. ..J 74, J 121 ater: Acquisition of land and water areas. .B 24-25, F 1-7 Area of United States. ...... a ,F3,F6 F217 Water traffic. See Shipping and water Waterborne commerce of United States. ...K 132-145 Waterworks: Annual supply of energy from ; water power. ............... Credes G 161- rez Capital outlays (waterworks and sewer). ...... H6 Construction expenditures 8 (Sewage disposal and water supply systems) Privately owned, national wealth component, alte, ere ieee ey 1, A 90 Wealth. See National wealth. Weavers, hours and earnings... D 195-200, D 207-212 Welfare. See Public welfare. Whale fsheries, vessel tonnage. ............... K 108 Whales killed... a crea ses F 168 Wheat: Acreage, production, prices, and stock... .E 186-190 Off-farm positions, bushels. ............. E 191-195 Wheat flour: Consumption per capita.................... C 153 Phyziealioutplt.,., ..c..oi i sinuses rivtnass J 152 White population statistics. See Race. Wholesale prices: Cheese and butter..............coovvss E 165-166 Indexes, ......ciiivevesvinesnne Page 227, L 2-35 Monthly data...........0... Lah App. 23-24 Wholesale trade: Dealers, wholesale and retail................. D 81 Stocks of goods in hands of wholesalers, els, LA 95 Wood and gum naval stores produstion, . .F 187-142 Wood products (crossties, piles, poles, ete.) treated with preservatives. ....... F 123-131 Woodlands and forest land (see also Forestry), F331, F 35, F 40-50 Me by Soil Conservation Service ries F 66 Wood-pulp production. ............c...uen... F 1388 Wool consumed in manufacturing. swig eer needs ala J 176 ‘Woolen and worsted goods manufactures, hours and earnings. ....... D 180-182, D 189-200 Work relief: Construction expenditures. .............. wesw H 24 Federal funds (mainly WPA) for streets......K 220 Work stoppages: Days lost (coal mining). ................. G 25-26 ‘Workers involved, luvs idle, major issues, and average duration. ....... D 224-288 Workers. See Employment, Labor force, and Wage earners. Workstock, animals on farms. ................ E 135 Yams. See Sweetpotatoes. Yarns. See Rayon yarns. BIC. isan avs waning icin isin evenness G116=117 363 ETA Tre RE TT SERRE TE * i ie ¥ Ti - 4 . MR he - - + i " ¥ - a Tow i gd ne ty Hr J kA raat ll we oF a“ BR a sq he pe Bh 3 Be OF \ 3 Ra, . - ye ME if - art he srs po a . a 4 I = 1 ma