Se pi Pa rr ’ - : % ® 2 ¥ Re eal wie SA Li AGRIC, DEPT, sa) ® An ) © & vv 4 BEET SUGAR FACTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES Prepared by TRUMAN G. PALMER : Secretary, United States Beet Sugar Industry Union Trust Building Washington, D. C. 1913 a) sf oegsesastoneEIY Ses BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY UNITED STATES Page 57, ‘‘ Daily capacity, 500 tons of beets ’’; should be 750 tons. Page 65, ** Daily capacity, 900 tons of beets ’’: should be 990 tons. Page 82, *' Daily capacity, 600 tons of beets’; should be 1,000 tons. ) PRICE, ONE. DOLLAR Prepared by Foti 1 TRUMAN G. PALMER 90 Fi 10n 1 Secretary, United States Beet Sugar Industry Union Trust Building Washington, D. C. 1913 > > BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATER:. PREFACE HE illustrations in this work and the text accom- C panying them are meant to convey to the reader a somewhat comprehensive idea of the beet sugar industry as it exists in the United States today, as well as of the beneficial influence which it exerts on all agriculture, wher- ever established. The agricultural views and the interior views of fac- tories were selected from a large number of photographs which have been taken in and about beet sugar factories from Ohio on the east to California on the west. The exterior views include all of the American beet sugar factories except one in Michigan, one in Washington, and two in California; the last three mentioned, not being in operation, in 1912-13. The majority of the buildings are of steel construction, with concrete floors and each floor is crowded with both delicate and massive machinery of American make, the cost of which represents by far the greater portion of the total investment in the industry. PGP Washington, D. C. May, 1913 337215 Shi ¥ro vi << BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES INDEX Page CoLORADO— Continued Page Data Relating to the Beet Sugar Industry in the United States 5 Monte Vista 0... ieee 74 InELedUCHON ..-.. ce ei eee a 6 7. 3 RBoclsy Word: 0... i nr re ee 69 Manure Spreader... ...... i... ih a a ee 9 BEerlinet a a a a 64 Preparingathe ‘Ground... ..... i. aie ea as 10 Sugar @lby. oo a 72 Drilling the Seed... .........0 i.e iitn adnan vasiann 11 VINE he ea 71 Blocking and Thinning. ................ cc veiisinsns onan 2 WINGAROE a 65 Cultivating a Beet Field in Yowa................. co. oi 13 IDAHO WHE: Boel... .............. ee ae 14 Blackfoot tae 76 Bactory Beet................. sei a ahaa 15 Burley aE 78 Ready for the Harvest. ........................... 000 00a. 0 16 Ydnho Balls 2.0. eae TT Hopping theaBeets: .......................... 0.0. 00 save 0 17 Swear aaa 75 SHOE Beets. itv, ccc, ae ses 18 ILLINOIS Hauling Beets from the Fleld................................ 19 Riverdale .. i. i a 7 Beet Becelving Station. 0... . cc. iain. i issn ies 20 Dumping Cars at Factory. ............ ns ciian ss hanesannn 21 INprava Factory Beet Bins for Receiving and Stoering.................. 22 nn ee 80 Factory Beet Bins Filled to Capacity..........covinevens nn. 23 Towa Factory Beel Sheds for Wagon Hauling. ...................... 24 Waverly: The 81 An American Beet Sugar Factory in Course of Erection........ 25 KANSAS Chemical Laboratory. ........... ..... ci iden innin 26 Garden GHY. ©... «c.f oa ae a 82 Boller IROOM.» ..-.-.cv.c..ieoasciccne anna sasha 27 MINNESOTA Main Engine and DYNRWMOS... .... ....... 0. ini iinivsainns 28 Chaska... ia ne 98 Circular Diffusion Battery................. .... cave viv 29 MICHIGAN Ndewnfrom Diffusion Battery. ............... 0. cs vei cvs 30 Alma... a S5 Straight Line Horizontal Diffusion Battery.................... 31 Bay City... a sae <6 Carbonatation and Sulphur Stations................... 000.4. a2 Bay City io. ae 95 BHIEr PrPeSSER...... ccc. seri sconces aie 33 gesfiold So eee 097 Panek IETS... c...... asa ae 34 CATO... dee a 83 BYIDOLAEOTS Les ane ee 35 Grosswall o.oo 87 NVacaum Pans... ............. ccc... i iui sai 36 Holland... 00 oe. a 01 View from Pan Floor. .......................c.ciiiaiiiunnii, 37 Yoansiie iio. ol a ta asm aE 90 Front View of Centrifugal Machine. ..................c.. oii. 38 Marine CHY ... 0. aaa Ee 96 Rear View of Centrifugal Machine. ...................... .... 3 Menomiics oo... oie 04 Sugar Granulator or DIYEL. :.. a... il... i. indica donans 40 ME Glemens: -0 a ea 93 Crystallizers or Crystallization in Motion. ..................... 40 Owasso. a a ee ]9 Osmoge Station... ............................ 000 ea 42 Sagingw a a a asa 88 SACRINg BOOM... i... oes ie sei cla es 43 MabeWatnge ha i a ee 84 Sugar Warehouse... . ith Ca aaah 44 SEO LE a 92 Cattle Feeding Pens... ....... 0. ci. .ioss inane sivinnnoii 45 MONTANA BHERGS no aah oa a a ae 99 INDEX TO FACTORIES 5 NEBRASKA ARIZONA Sand isang. Ls aa 101 Glendale ......... ........... aaa aia 46 SeobtsDIUfe. o-oo a 100 CALIFORNIA NEVADA Alvarado... eae 52 Ballon: a 102 ANAC... ..... i i ee ea 57 OHIO Betleravia: ........ .... ce i ee 55 Bindlay coh. a ea a a 104 ORING,. ..... i 48 BRemiont oh a 103 DYER reece re etree sas as es 51 GEER Lo a i a 107 Hamilton City............. ......c..ccoovveuiivisricons in 56 Paling: oo. a te nt el a 105 Huntington Beach . .................... .............00. 54 Moledo: 0. aa Sa 106 Yost Alam. -.. cc ie 50 UTAH OXNANE ccevvsinneennrsccsnnvnrstunenrntiinnnnnntsinnn 47 BISHIote i. i ai ih na ee i 109 Santa Apa... 53 Garland i. a aa te eh 110 Spreckels ................ccccciiiiieii ae, 49 Telit re eae a 108 COLORADO OWISEON ee saa 359d BERS i a Se 59 Logan. ee a 113 BREN ieee oh ie ea ST 58 OZAON LL cin eh ar ha ER aati ie ee 112 Bort. CoOTMNS. .......i duh Sar ia 60 WISCONSIN Port MOrgal .......ccceovreiecrnenseininnnnninsinsvninne 86 OhIpDewa Falls... .. ets aah tis css ins sian ice ns 115 Grand Junction ................. 0 cai dl aL 73 Jamesville. 0 0. a hae 117 Greeley .:...... oh. a 63 Madison a oh 116 Holly... ee aa a 70 BMENOIMONGE. oy a ae 114 AMAL cer.cevr. conn icneitnnncnn saris iinnirans 67 Toca Beneliis oo. ae 118 Las Animas... ot... eee 68 Beet Sugar Industry in Europe. --.--.-........... 119, 120, 121, 122 Longmont... en a TB 61 The German Sugar Industry, and the Influence of Sugar Beet Loveland... . 7... 0. i. nl 62 Culture on the Yield of Other Crops..............-.. 123, 124 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Data Relating to the Beet Sugar Industry of the United States, 1912-13 Number of factories Operating... .... cc. ore. iss sosianns ss sais vine sne niosotesssisloiniononssnsisnnsiceasss Aggregate daily slicing capacity, tong of Deets. ..... co.cc iano sree sede ines en voiein nis Cost of construction of buildings and installation of machinery, but exclusive of lands, irrigation works, working capital, ete. ...... ou. ivi tive ndvaninndas vaivanins aes ienina ha, Total number of operatives during campaign. ......... ....cc ct a. vee aL. Per cent of acreage grown by independent farmers... .............¢. corer eres ueeeersenarsnsn, Per cent of acreage grown hy factories. ...cc...o. in cides sh aes sass neh daa... Total number of farmers contracting for beets... ............ 0.00. e. nee eee * Estimated number of persons engaged in beet growing, including field labor..................... t Total tons of beets sliced (SHOE TONEY... 0... 0. i criss soiavesinisssasssnsinenionssisssiacesssnsesess ! Poial sugar produced (Short tONR)......... cc. ies vanes: coisa ees vnsvrnsnnanriodvnsinessonus APPROXIMATE EXPENDITURES, 1912-13. Total paid farmers for DEelR. |... Lc vets neivsanusnvivsnsvseinsosensinsiaininsiigsssieisiaint cya ons Total pald for Fuel... ...... cui vnossssivniss sis iisssecionyniessieninisinaossinsseysainivieinsssin vies inion, Total paid for Jime rock ,...... ce vise ne dass ne shssetssnciniivsvsnnivenssssisossspsasssnsvsne, Total pald Tor Dag ....c ou. iin inis rs vsosnsatassin vans esns sansa sieninninosissssoninnnets ssinszinnee,os Total paid for other Supplies. .. ....... cu mera sssaiusesinnensisnscsncnsonnsssiosnsatraneress, Total paid for new Installation. «.....ccoivi vases tien asineaveissaissivsassingsiesssassconie.nssvs Total paid for wages in and about factories. .............. cc... ees er tees ssasevenntonsssse:n sy Total paid for office help, field and factory superintendence, managers and officers............... Total paid for freight in and out on beets, supplies, sugars, molasses and pulp wine see wii viele simie ele ee ely Total paid for taxes, brokerage, insurance and all other items ose als la lei -winie wi eliisl nln nile eine el 0 00 ceiie Ne a a eee ee Total expenditures, 1912-13 campaign wien erelie cele ele sleneien elieie lee wise eile erste ln elie tlniiet at wileitie hele wieie ie ie tel eiieie ole ie vite APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORIES. siiwiintieiln lee elite eiieites sleet ty int gtiiaiie lies ia tiie, Sele aie ie ow (ei aie eee 0 wie 0 0 nein eileen eel we es wise le iy wie Leiter ah intie et oie ile iniieliel oiite eitellnlia SCein nie aie en we ew wie ee niistisalle Ania Tier eiieite leilesiallet ie wile tiotiu de ste sles a ielinl ie ee eile Total approximate disbursements since erection of factories: for 8 factories, no data; for 21 factories, partial data only Celi eniiei eile wel 8) ni 0 sd elieliel ele ieiiwiinleilei wiiniie Laila willie eiieteiintlieilinillniinille ietins ul wilwi ier imal ri eilnt ol be 1 Figures of the Department of Agriculture. 73 67,208 $84,000,000 31,752 93 7 57,021 120,000 5,224,377 692,556 $30,000,000 2,700,000 1,000,000 1,700,000 1,800,000 3,300,000 7,000,000 3,300,000 8,000,000 3,900,000 $62,700,000 $200,000,000 65,000,000 60,000,000 55,000,000 20,000,000 $400,000,000 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES BEET SUGAR IN THE UNITED STATES, 1830 to 1913. The earliest attempt to produce sugar from beets in the United States was made in Philadelphia in 1830 by two Germans named Vaughan and Ronaldson., but their efforts were unsuccessful. Eight years later David Lee Child erected a small fac- tory at Northampton, Massachusetts, and succeeded in pro ducing a small quantity of sugar, for which he was award- ed a silver medal which bore the following inscription: “The Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Asso- ciation. Award to David Lee Child, for the first beet sugar made in America. Exhibition of 1839.” Due to lack of technical knowledge in both field and factory, the Northampton plant operated but one season. In 1852 Bishop Tyler, of the Mormon Church, purchased in France the machinery for a factory, shipped it to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, by water and by ox teams hauled it from there to Salt Lake City. This effort also was a failure. The adobe building in which the machinery was installed still remains to remind one of this pioneer failure. PRESENT APPEARANCE OF ADOBE BUILDING, ERECTED IN SALT LAKE CITY, IN WHICH BEET SUGAR MACHINERY WAS INSTALLED IN 1852. INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING, SALT LAKE CITY. During the next few years, attempts were made to pro- duce beet sugar in the United States as follows: Illinois, 1863-71; Wisconsin, 1868-71; New Jersey, 1870-76; Maine, 1876; but all these efforts ended in failure, which absorbed some two and a quarter miilion dollars, and ruined most of the men who attempted to establish the industry in America. Had their efforts been successful, the probabili- ties are that instead of the cereal crop yields from our rich virgin soils being the laughing stock of thinking Eu- rope, our fields would yield two bushels where they now vield one, and the price of food commodities would be cor- respondingly lower. The first American to wrest success from failure was E. H. Dyer, who erected a small plant at Alvarado, Cali- fornia, in 1879. Although a failure for many years, much of which time the plant was idle, it finally became a suc: cess. Neveral times it has been rebuilt and re-equipped with machinery and while running today, it never will pay in- terest on more than a mere fraction of the amount actually invested in it. EK. H. DYER, 1822-1910, BUILDER OF THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL BEET SUGAR FACTORY IN THE UNITED STATES. In 1883 our Federal Treasury needed money and as our National legislators had become enthusiastic about the possibilities of producing our sugar supply at home, Con- oress enacted a tavifl bill which carried a duty of 314 cents a pound on refined sugar and 21/4 cents on raw. But no BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES one knew what soil or climate were required for producing high grade beets nor how to grow them nor how to operate a factory, and the string of dismal failures which had reached from ocean to ocean made capitalists cautious. While the duty levied was more than generous, the acquire- ment and dissemination of field and factory technical knowl edge was lost sight of and capital held aloof. When in 1890, our Federal Treasury was overflowing and sugar was placed on the free list, the bounty of two cents per pound which was placed on domestic production, failed to attract capital, as did the Wilson 40 per cent ad valorem bill of 1894. ALVARADO, CALIFORNIA, THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL BEET SUGAR FACTORY ERECTED IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1879. When the Dingley bill of 1897 was passed and William McKinley made James Wilson Secretary of Agriculture, a new order of affairs was established. While the duty fixed on sugar imports was but 52 per cent of what it had been under the bill of 1883 and but six factories were in exist- ence, the Department of Agriculture set to work to deter- mine where favorable natural conditions existed, to learn and to teach the farmers cultural methods and to exploit the industry generally. It was deemed wise that a great industry, destined to supply a large portion of the $400, 000,000 worth of sugar which we annually consume, should not be confined to a few States, where localized unpro- pitious weather conditions might seriously interfere with our supply of a staple food product. On the contrary, it was considered desirable that the factories should he scat- tered as much as possible, even though one State or one group of States could produce for a fraction less than could other States. To this end, the Department issued a wall map, on which was traced the theoretical beet sugar area of the United States and from time to time as it was demonstrated that favorable conditions existed in other territory, that fact was made known. The last state ment of the Department concerning this subject shows thai we have in the United States 274,000,000 acres, the soil and climate of which are adapted to sugar beet culture, and if but a fraction of one per cent of this area were planted to sugar beets, it would furnish all the sugar we consume. Roughly speaking, this territory extends from ocean to ocean and from the Canadian boundary to and including portions of Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas and to the Mexican boundary. Sugar beets can be grown on a variety of soils, clay loams and sandy loams being preferred. Dr. Wiley and the Bureau of Chemistry and Dr. Galloway and the Bureau of Plant In- dustry were set to work; a field agent was placed on the road to investigate conditions throughout the country and experi- ments were conducted in various States. As a result of the information and the inviting conditions set forth in the numerous Bulletins and Reports of the Department, in 14 years, $84,000,000 has been coaxed into the industry, the number of factories has increased from six in two States to 76 in 16 States, and the annual output has grown from 40,000 to 700,000 tons or one-fifth of the total sugar con- sumption of the United States, enough to supply all the people living west of the Mississippi River. As a result of the Newlands bill, great areas of desert land have been reclaimed where sugar beets can be raised more profit- ably than can any other crop, and upon the expansion of this industry largely depends the success or failure of the great irrigating works which the Federal Government has constructed at an expense of $80,000,000. When on June 17, 1902, President Roosevelt laid down his pen after signing the National Reclamation Act, his Secretary of Agriculture remarked to him: “Mr. President, today you have solved the sugar problem of the United States. Not only will that legislation reclaim an empire, but the most natural enterprise to be established at the foot of those huge dams will be beet sugar factories.” James Wilson knew that the necessary long haul freight charges ate up the profits of the far western farmers on low priced cereal products when shipped to the east. They annot successfully ship to the east and compete with the great Mississippi Valley. But with alfalfa and beet pulp with which to fatten stock, they obtain two Crops, sugar and livestock, on which the freight charges are small in proportion to the value of the product. Sugar beets reach their greatest perfection when grown under irrigation and our farmers, especially in the irrigated west, have found the crop to be one of the most profitable if also the most difficult which they can grow. Due to rotating them with sugar beets one year in four, thousands of farms are pro- ducing greater yields of all other crops than ever before. This industry now distributes $63,000,000 annually to American farmers, to laborers in the sugar factories and to labor in coal mines and other American industries which furnish it with supplies, all of which money would be sent to foreign countries in payment for imported sugar, but for the establishment of this domestic industry. Since this industry was established, it has distributed 5400,000,000 to American toilers, and when fully developed it will distribute $200,000,000 annually to American in- dustry. During the 14 years in which the domestic beet sugar in- dustry has grown from 40,000 to 700,000 tons, the average wholesale price of sugar has declined from $4.97 per 100 to -~1 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES $4.12 per 100, the present wholesale price, or 17 per cent. de- spite the fact that during the same period the price of prac- tically all other food commodities has increased from 33 1-3 to 100 per cent. When fully developed, this industry will still further reduce not only the price of sugar, but of all other food products, through increasing the yield per acre. The German increase in yield per acre of wheat, rye, barley and oats has been 80 per cent during the past thirty years, as compared with an increase of but 6.6 per cent in the United States. German economists are a unit in at- tributing Germany's increase in yield to the introduction of sugar beet culture which taught their farmers to grow a root crop one year in four in rotation with cereals and thus of the $986,000,000 worth of these crops which Ger- many annually produces, $438,000,000 is due to the intro- duction of sugar beet culture. IEven greater results than those obtained in Germany have been secured wherever sugar beet culture has been introduced in this country, and should the further expansion of the industry result in dup- licating Germany's experience throughout the United States, our yield of these four crops, at present farm prices, would be worth $2,000,000,000 instead of $1,124,000,000, as at present. In the language of Knauer, one of the foremost agricul- turists of Germany: “it is our firm belief that increased beet culture is the greatest blessing for every land.” BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES ® Manure Spreader To secure a heavy tonnage, fields to be planted to sugar beets should be thoroughly fertilized. Barnyard manure is the best fertilizer, but in Europe, it is supplemented with large quantities of commercial fertilizers. The beets exhaust only a portion of the fertilizer, leaving the balance to enrich the soil for the three succeeding crops which should be grown before replanting the field to beets. With one fertilization and one crop of beets in four years, the yield of the three successive cereal crops is increased by 30 to 80 per cent. Until recently, American farmers had been growing sugar beets on the same soil year alter year, thus losing the indirect agricultural benefits to be derived from their culture. In Europe the indirect benefits are the primary consideration in beet culture, the increased yield of the crops which follow beets being of far greater value than are the beets themselves. Due to the introduction of beet culture and the other root crops which followed, Europe’s acreage yield of cereal crops has greatly increased, while our yields have remained practically stationary. The value of Germany’s annual yield of four cereal crops is $986,000,000, of which $438; 000,000 is due to the introduction of sugar beet culture, while the farm value of her beet crop amounts to but $75,000, 000. Of the four cereal crops common to both countries, German farmers reap 39.65 bushels to our 21.62 bushels per acre. To teach the farmers the art of rotation and how best to grow beets and all other crops, each factory employs a scientific agriculturist and a corps of assistants who spend their time with the surrounding farmers. In 1912 the actual cost to the factories for this educational work, the soliciting of acreage, the wear and tear on improved farm imple- ments, of implements loaned to farmers, all termed “agricultural expense,” amounted to 38 cents for each ton of beets sliced, or a total of nearly $2,000,000. So beneficial have been the results of this work, that Secretary of Agriculture Wilson declared that a beet sugar factory is as valuable to the farmers of a community as is a Government Agricultural Experi- ment Station, which costs the public thousand of dollars to maintain. 10 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Plowing and Harrowing with a Caterpillar Engine Preparing the Ground. Sugar beets require deep plowing, ten to fourteen inches, or twice the usual depth. When using horses, farmers are inclined not to plow deeply enough to secure maximum results and some of the factories have put in power plows They plow and harrow the land of beet farmers for the same time. The traction which turn six furrows and harrow the land at $2.50 per acre, which is about one-half of what it costs the farmers to plow equally deep with horses. engines also are used for hauling train wagon loads of beets to the factory. In some localities farmers are banding together and purchasing engines for plowing and hauling beets. The outfit illustrated above costs about $4,500. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Drilling the Seed Beets are drilled in rows, usually eighteen inches apart, 18 tc 25 pounds of seed being drilled to each acre. Praec- tically all the beet seed used in America is grown in Europe, principally in Germany, but it has been demonstrated that superior seed can be produced in the United States. Sugar beet seed growing requires five years of the ustmost skill, care and patience, from the planting of the original seed to the maturing of the commercial crop which is sold to the trade. The factories contract for their seed for three to five years in advance, sell it to farmers at cost price and deduct the amount from the payment for beets. 3 2 BBET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES ‘* Blocking ’’ and ‘‘ Thinning’’ When the beets are up and show the third leaf they should be “thinned.” Unless thinned at the proper time, the pulling up of the superfluous beetlets injures the roots of the remaining ones. Scientific experiments in Germany, where all other conditions were identical, showed that one acre thinned at the proper time, yielded 15 tons; the next acre, thinned a week later, yielded 1314 tons; the third acre, thinned still a week later, yielded 1014 tons; and the fourth acre, thinned three weeks after the first, yielded 714 tons. The men in the foreground are “blocking” the beets, leaving a bunch of them every eight inches. Those in the rear are “thinning,” or pulling up the superfluous beetlets, leaving one in a place, eight inches apart. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Cultivating a Fifty-Eight-Acre Beet Field in lowa While usually beets are drilled in rows eighteen inches apart. in Towa some beets are drilled in 24 inch rows, in order to permit of more horse cultivation and reduce the hand hoeing. The leaves of the beets gather the sugar from the atmosphere by the aid of the light and deposit it in the root, none of it coming from the soil, hence the fields must be kept clear of weeds and foul growth, which would shade the beets and thus reduce their sugar content. In sending $100,000,090 abroad annually for the purchase of sugar, we are paying for the sunlight and the rains and wind which sweep over the fields of Europe or the tropics. Before sugar beets were introduced in Europe, the fields were allowed to go fallow every fourth year in order to afford an opportunity for pulling up the weeds by hand. They now cultivate their fields every year, securing four heavy crops where formerly they harvested but three meagre ones. 13 14 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES The Wild Beet This is a photograph of one of the wild beets, as found by Dr. Emmanuel! Ritter von Proskowetz, growing on the shores of the Adriatic Sea, near Rovigno, Island of St. Andrea. and at Abazzia, near Fiume. Dr. von Proskowetz says it thrives near the salt water, which perhaps accounts for the domesticated plant yield- ing good returns in alkali soils near the sea-coast in Southern California. The photograph shows the extensive fibrous root growth of the plant. It is estimated that in plowing out a crop of beets a ton of these roots to the acre is left in the ground to rot, fill the soil with humus and leave interstices which permit the lower strata of soil to become aerated and hence fertile. The roots of grain crops do not penetrate beyond the depth of the plowing. The deep plowing for beets, the creation of air cells and interstices for grain roots to follow to twice the customary depth results in doubling the productive soil without increasing the area. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 15 The Factory Beet of Today (von Ruemker, Germany) The sugar.beet is the most scientifically bred plant in the world. The length of the leaf-stalk, the size, shape, character, number, placement and pitch of the leaves that they may gather the utmost amount of sugar from the atmos- phere and yet not be too much broken off by the cultivation; the size, shape, length, texture of skin and body, sugar content and’ purity of the root, all are the result of a century’s most scientific and painstaking investigation. Begin ning with a small, tough, woody root which contained little more than a trace of sugar, it has been bred to yield a heavy tonnage, of which, in the mother-beet, one-fifth is sugar, while for five years past the field beets have yielded of pure sugar one-sixth their total weight in Germany and oneseventh in the United States. The weight of cystallizable sugar con- tained in the beet is greater today than was the entire weight of the beet when the industry was started and scientists began experimenting with it. 16 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Ready for the Harvest This field of beets yielded 20 tons to the acre, the tonnage which Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson secured in Iowa, vear after year, before he became Secretary of Agriculture. Secretary Wilson is convinced that when American farmers become expert in beet culture, they will average to produce more than 20 tons per acre because of the superiority of our soils. The ideal factory beet weighs about two pounds and a perfect “stand” of such beets, one every eight inches, in rows eighteen inches apart, would yield forty-three and one-third tons per acre. The present average yield in the United States is about 10 tons per acre, while the hitherto “worn out soils” of Germany yield 14 tons per acre, or 40% more than is secured from our “virgin soils.” The average price paid to American farmers for beets in 1912 was $5.82 per ton. In Russia it is $3.90, Germany, $4.14, and in Austria-Hungary, $3.68. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 17 Topping the Beets After the beets are plowed out they are topped or cut off by hand and the tops are fed to stock, for which purpose they are worth $3.00 per acre. They are topped just below the crown and the factories require that they be so topped as to remove any portion which grew above the ground, as such portion of the beet contains but a small percentage of sugar. The beet will grow in length, and, if as a result of shallow plowing or coming in contact with a rock it cannot grow downward, it will grow upward and out of the ground, thus necessitating a deeper topping and consequent loss to the farmer. While it requires from 400 to 1,000 men to man the factory, this is the first and only time the Oeets or their product are touched by human hands until after the sack or barrel of refined sugar has been opened at the place of consumption. The process of extraction, clarification, drying and sacking is a continuous one, the sugar being in the bag within 18 to 36 hours from the time the beets are floated into the factory. In contradistinction to the raw cane sugar of the tropies, which often is piled in great bins where it is tramped over by bare feet of sweaty workmen, subjected to filth and attracts millions of flies, later being shipped in ill-smelling, rat-infested vessels, and has to be purified by refining, the product of a beet sugar factory permits of no contamination or filth. 18 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Siloing Beets If beets freeze and remain frozen until worked up, the sugar content is not diminished, but if alternately they freeze and thaw, they rot and become useless for factory purposes. Except in California and Arizona, the harvesting be- gins early in October, and if the acreage is large and the factory storage capacity be limited, in some States, it becomes necessary to silo a portion of the crop by piling them in rows four to five feet high and covering them with earth, where they remain until the factory is able to handle them. In Colorado the contracts with farmers provide that if required by the factory, the farmers shall silo 25 per cent of the crop and for this extra work the factory pays an extra 50 to 75 cents per ton. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 19 Hauling Beets from the Field to Receiving Station or Factory Where horses are scare, traction engines, hauling train wagon loads of beets, are used in the place of horses. 20 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES —-——— NN Beet Receiving Station In the United States, eight miles is the usual limit for hauling of beets may be drawn from an area of 50 miles or more. To reduce stations throughout the beet growing area, and for beets delivered at pay for beets delivered at the factory; the factory paying the freight. beets. The expense of erecting receiving stations is about $2,000 each, fifty thousand dollars in constructing such stations. beets to the factory by wagon, while the supply the labor of unloading, the factories erect receiving these stations, pay the farmers the same price they In 1912 this cost averaged 45 cents per ton of and many factories have expended from forty to -—— BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Dumping Cars at Factory with Hydraulic Jack Beets arriving at the factory by rail from receiving stations, either are stored in bins until needed, or are floated directly to the beet washers. If to be used at once, they are dumped, as shown above, and slide directly into a cement flume filled with warm water which has been pumped to its upper end and is flowing in the direction of the beet end of the factory. In whatever manner they may be received, they first are weighed, and as they are dumped, a basket is held under them to catch a fair sample of both beets and the loose dirt which the car or wagon contains. These samples prop- erly tagged, are conveyed to the beet laboratory where they are washed, and trimmed if not properly topped and the difference in the weight of the sample beets as received and their weight when washed is called the “tare.” Whatever percentage this amounts to, is applied to and deducted from the weight of the car or wagon load. A sample of these beets then is tested by the polariscope for its sugar content and its purity; farmers often being paid a stipulated price per ton for a beet of a given sugar content and 25 to 331-3 cents per ton additional for each extra degree of sugar which they contain. The tare rooms and the beet testing laboratories are open to any one, and in some localities the farmers’ associations employ experts to tare and analyze each sample of beets. 21 22 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Factory Beet Bins for Receiving and Storing Beets Received by Rail The arrangement for floating the beets into the factory is described under the next picture. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Factory Beet Bins Filled to Capacity As they arrive by rail from receiving stations, or by team, or traction engines from the farm, beets are stored in bins or sheds, the capacity of which ranges from 6,000 to 35,000 tons per factory, depending upon location and general climatic conditions. The bins are V shaped, about 3 feet wide at the bottom, 20 to 30 feet at the top and they are 20 to 30 feet high. As beets are needed, beginning at one end of the bin the loose three-foot planks at the botttom are removed one at a time and with hooks attached to long poles, the beets are rolled into the flume or cement channel below, in which they are floated into the factory. This is not only to save labor, but to loosen up the dirt which attaches to the beets, thus partially washing them. The water which is used in the flumes is warm water from the factory. 23 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY: OF THE UNITED STATES SER Factory Beet Sheds for Wagon Hauled Beets Covered sheds also are used for storing beets received both by rail and by wagon. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 25 pt An American Beet Sugar Factory in Course of Erection, Steel Construction, Cement Floors, Fire-Proof American beet sugar factories are not flimsy affairs, rushed to completion in the cheapest manner, with a view to securing the greatest possible immediate profit, with the feeling that an incoming administration might turn them into scrap-heaps within a few years. On the contrary, they are of steel construction, with cement floors, fireproof, and built to last for generations. Iirected after the beet sugar industry had proven itself to be worth hundreds of millions of dollars annually to the national economy of Furopean nations; erected at the earnest public solicitations of our greatest eco- nomists and public men, the projectors of these plants believed that the policy of their government eventually to produce our sugar at home was enduring and they built for all time, regardless of expense. The American people consume one-fifth of the world’s production of sugar, for which they expend $400,000,000 annually. By removing the duty and thereby eliminating the.-domestic industry, this sugar will be produced in foreign countries. bo (= BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES SIN Chemical Laboratory In a beet sugar factory, each set of apparatus for performing a given process is termed a “station.” In the chem: ical laboratory the juices and products from each station are tested hourly to check up the correctness of the work and to determine the losses of sugar in each process in the factory. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 2 Boiler Room American beet sugar factories require a boiler capacity of from 2,000 to 10,000 horse-power, depending upon the size of the plant. Lo x» BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STRAP 4 Rae 1 a PAS bead — Main Engine and Dynamo STATE BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 29 Circular Diffusion Battery After being floated in from the sheds, the beets are elevated from the flume to a washer where they are given an additional washing before being sliced. From the washer they are elevated and dropped into an automatic scale of a capacity of 700 to 1,500 pounds. From the scale they pass to the slicers where with triangular knives they are cut into long slender slices which look something like “shoestring” potatoes. These slices drop through the upright chute (Continued on next page.) 30 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES View from Diffusion Battery (Continued from preceding page.) seen at the right side of the picture on opposite page and are packed tightly into cylindrical vessels holding from two to six tons each ; the battery consisting of eight to twelve vessels arranged either in a straight line or in circular form. Warm water is run into these slices, and coaxes out the sugar as it passes from one vessel to the succeeding ones. After passing through the entire series of vessels, the water has become rich in sugar, of which it contains from 12 to 15 per cent, de- (Continued on next page.) BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 31 Straight Line Diffusion Battery—Battery in Center, Filter Presses on Right, Saturation on Left (Continued from preceding page.) pending upon the richness of the beets. It then is drawn off and is called diffusion juice or raw juice. This is care- fully measured into tanks and recorded. As this juice is drawn off, the vessel over which the water started is emptied of the slices from the bottom, the exhaust slices containing in the neighborhood of 1-4 to 1-3 per cent of sugar. These slices are called pulp, and by conveyors are carried out from the factory and deposited in bins, from which they are fed to stock as wet pulp or are conveyed to dryers, where the water is evaporated and the dry pulp is sacked and shipped tor stock feed. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES h Carbonatation and Sulphur Station Warm raw juice is drawn into the carbonatation tanks and treated with about 10 per cent milk of lime—about like ordinary white-wash. This lime throws out impurities, sterilizes the juice and removes coloring matter. Carbonic acid gas from the lime kiln is forced through the lime juice in the tank, throwing out the excess of lime, converting it into a carbonate of lime or chalk. Tests are taken here by the station operator to show when the process is finished. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Filter Presses From the carbonatation tanks the juice is pumped or forced through filter presses consisting of iron frames so cov- ered with cloth that the juice passes through the cloth as a clear liquid, leaving the lime and impurities precipitated by it, in the frame, in the form of a cake. This cake, after washing factory. process. g, is dropped from the presses and conveyed out of the [t contains from one to two per cent of its weight in sugar, which constitutes one of the large lossses of the It also contains organic matter, phosphate and potash, besides the carbonate of lime, which makes it an excellent fertilizer, all of which is used in Europe on the farm, but so far to too small an extent in America. 34 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES The juice passes through these filters Danek Filters by gravity after having been treated with carbonic acid gas a second time. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Evaporators After a second, and sometimes a third carbonatation and filtration, the juice is carried to the evaporators, commonly called the “effects,” usually four (4) large air-tight vessels furnished with heating tubes running from 3,000 to 7,000 square feet in each vessel. A partial vacuum is maintained in these evaporators which makes the juice boil out at a low temperature, thus preventing discoloration, and to a large degree the destruction of sugar which will come about by high temperature. There always is, however, some unavoidable loss of sugar in this apparatus. The juice passes along copper pipes from first to last vessel, becoming thicker as it does so. It comes into the first vessel at 10% to 12% sugar and is pumped out of the last one so thicked that it contains about 50% of sugar. 35 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Vacuum Pans After a careful filtration, the juice that comes from the evaporators and is called thick juice, is pumped to large tanks high up in the building and from these is drawn into vacuum pans. These are large cylindrical vessels from 10 to 15 feet in diameter and from 15 to 25 feet high with conical top and bottom, built air-tight. Around the inner circum- ference they are furnished with 4 to 6 inch copper coils which have a heating surface of 800 to 2,000 square feet. Ex haust steam is used in the evaporators, live steam in the pans, the juice in both being boiled in a vacuum to prevent dis- coloration and reduce losses. After considerable thickening by this evaporation, minute crystals begin to form. When sufficient of these have formed, fresh juice is drawn in and the crystals grow, the operator governing the size of the crystals to suit the trade. If small crystals be desired, a large quantity of juice is admitted at the outset, while if large crystals are desired, a small quantity of juice first is admitted, and, as it boils to crystals, fresh juice gradually is added to the pan, and the crystals are built up to the desired size. The operator of this pan, known as the “sugar boiler,” is one of the most important men in the factory. The water furnished the condensers of these vacuum pans and the evaporator goes to the beet sheds and is used for floating in the beets. It amounts to from 3,000,000 to {8,000,000 gallons every 24 hours, depending upon the size of the factory, and must be very pure. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES | View from Pan Floor Every portion of each floor is crowded with ponderous yet delicate machinery, requiring the utmost skill to oper- ate to the best advantage and thus extract the greatest possible portion of the sugar contained in the beet. As yet, American farmers have not produced beets which average as high a purity for a given percentage of sugar as do foreign beets and as the impurities act as a resistant to the process of extracting the sugar, foreign beets of a given sugar content yield more sugar than do American beets. Ixperience and education in cultural methods gradually is enabling our farm- ers to reduce this handicap. The work of American factories surpasses that of most foreign factories, inasmuch as every factory in the United States produces pure white sugar, ready for the table, while most European factories produce only raw sugar which must pass through a refinery before it is edible. A 4 TT TY 38 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Front View of Centrifugal Machines The mass of crystals with syrup around them and containing about 8% to 10% of water is let out of the vacuum pan into a large open vessel called a mixer, beneath which are the centrifugal machines. These are suspended brass drums perforated with holes and lined with a fine screen. They are made to revolve about 1,000 times to a minute, and the crystal mass of sugar rises up the side like water in a whirling bucket. The centrifugals force the syrup out through the screen holes leaving the white crystals of sugar in a thick layer on the inner surface. These are washed with a spray of pure warm water and then are ready for the dryer. 39 UNITED STATES THE BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF Sa Rear View of Centrifugal Machines 40 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Sugar Granulator, or Dryer The damp white crystals from the centrifugal machine are conveyed to horizontal revolving drums about 25 feet long by 5 to 6 feet in diameter. These drums are furnished with paddles on the inside circumference, the paddles pick- ing the sugar up and dropping it in showers as the drum revolves. Warm dry air is drawn through and takes the mois- ture out of the sugar, which now is ready to be put in bags or barrels for the market. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 41 Crystallizers, or ‘‘ Crystallization in Motion’ The syrup that was thrown off from the crystals in the centrifugal machines is taken back to the vacuum pan, evaporated in the same manner as previously described and from the vacuum pan goes into the crystallizers to carry the process of crystallization as far as it will go. These contain from 1,000 to 1,600 cubic feet of the crystallized mass which remains in them from 36 to 72 hours, during which time it is kept in constant motion by a set of slowly revolving paddles, or arms, to facilitate further crystallization. From the crystallizers, it goes to the centrifugal machines where the syrup is separated from the crystals as before. The crystals are remelted and go in with the thick juice for white sugar. The syrup, still containing a large amount of sugar, goes out to be sold as cattle feed or to an Osmose or Steffens process, where a portion of the remaining sugar may be recovered. This lost syrup constitutes the largest loss in the entire process. It contains all the impurities of the beet juice not removed by the lime. These impurities prevent more than one and one-half times their weight of sugar from crystallizing, and make what is called molasses. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Osmose Station { T TRCOY +] FQ Pe) 1° a - ES » * . . For recovering sugar from the waste molasses. Many of the American factories are equipped with a Steffens pro- cess, used for the same purpose. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Sacking Room, Showing Automatic (Scales and Sewing Machine After the moisture has been thoroughly removed in the granulators or dryers, the sugar drops directly to the sack- ing room through a chute, at the lower end of which the top of the double bag is attached. The sugar flows directly into the sack, the flow being cut off automatically with each 100 pounds, when an endless belt conveyor passes the upright sack past the sewing machine at the proper speed and the product is sealed ready for storage or shipment. As stated before, not a human hand has touched either beets or product since the beets were topped in the field, and at no stage of the operation could flies or vermin or filth come in contact with the product which from the beginning has been subjected to continuous high temperatures. 43 44 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Sugar Warehouse—Stacking Sugar by Endless Belt To avoid being compelled to sell their sugar at ruinous prices, each factory is provided with a sugar warehouse. Iixcepting California and Arizona the beet sugar campaign begins about the first of October and terminates about the end of the year, its duration depending upon the supply of beets. As the domestic product begins to invade the market and competition sets in between the domestic producers and also with the seaboard refiners of imported raw sugar, prices melt away, sometimes to a point below the cost of production. The refiners reduce their margin of profit, not only because of a desire to retain the market, but to force their domestic competitors to sell at as little profit as possible. The refiners can supply the market at any season of the year and in order to break into the market at all, the domestic producers are com- pelled to market their product at from 10 to 40 cents a hundred below the refiners’ price. Such fierce competition is waged between the domestic producers that from October 10, 1912, to January Ist, 1913, there was not a moment when the price of domestic sugar delivered at any point between the Mississippi River and the Allegheny Mountains and north of the Ohio River was not less than the price of refined cane sugar f. o. b. New York. = = = = Rn = o > = Beet Pulp Cattle Feeding Pens in California po iz CS — v — i 7 | = 2 y = = Q = j= = = < z = 2 = = mn = > m= = n Beet Pulp Sheep Feeding Pens in Colorado For a century the high feeding value of sugar-beet pulp has been recognized in Europe, but until a few years ago millions of tons of this valuable by-product rotted about American beet-sugar factories because American farmers could not be made to believe it possessed sufficient value to pay for hauling it back to the farm. Today 100,000 head of cattle and 400,000 head of sheep in Colorado alone are fattened on beet pulp, but to secure any return for it, many Amer- ican factories have been compelled to install expensive drying plants, and now such portion as local farmers fail to use is shipped to Eastern dairymen or to Europe, where it commands a high price. Any product which cheapens or increases the amount of stock food necessarily checks the rising price of meat products, and thus is of interest to every consumer. On the Continent of Europe, the introduction of beet culture has doubled the stock-carrying capacity of the farms. : He o» Tn 46 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Glendale, Arizona Southwestern Sugar and Land Co. ERECTED 1903. DAILY CAPACITY, 600--700 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Nize of main building, 67x234 feet; length of all buildings, 1,948 feet; area of beets grown by independent farmers in 1912, 3,120 acres; by the factory, 80 acres. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. LUD SO Se LS EE EE LE Ee $392,273.82 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers........... 185,280.28 Freight on beets, sugar and SAPPLES........ ...c0vs0ossnsnesinsanisvassrss 128,229.77 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ...............cc0vninvens 181,664.86 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items.............. 484 445.33 $1,371,894.06 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Oxnard, California American Beet Sugar Co. ERECTED 1897-98. DAILY CAPACITY, 3,000 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 120x401 feet; length of all buildings, 1,556 feet; area of beets grown b J ] >) a J) > j > ) > ) > independent farmers in 1912, 15,561 acres; by the factory, 637 acres. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Beets ... Slide tw et viiaiie nmi inti el ere sie le elie wiieire ewe i viele eman aien n aes ne se + 319,000,000.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers........... 5,000,000.00 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies. ...... dinates es ne ees 6,900,000.00 Seiiia ole ..... 400,000.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies 47 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Chino, California American Beet Sugar Co. ERECTED 1891. DAILY CAPACITY, 900 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN AND FOREIGN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 67x310 feet; length of all buildings, 1,525 feet; area of beets grown by independent farmers in 1912, 14,809 acres; by the factory, 1,800 acres. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Bets Lc. ts ees lianaa en ra a aa A es eras ens $5,592,643.65 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 2,725,000.00 Freicht on beets, sugak and supplies... . 0... i iis cisesnn snares 2,250,000.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ......................... 2,175,745.45 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES ges PELE Spreckels, California Spreckels Sugar Co. ERECTED 1899. DAILY CAPACITY, 3,000 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN AND GERMAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 105x585 feet; length of all buildings, 7,741 feet; area of beets grown by independent farmers in 1912, 7,380 acres; by the factory, 7,429 acres. - a — 50 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Los Alamitos, California Los Alamitos Sugar Co. ERECTED 1897. DAILY CAPACITY, 800 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 93 feet 9 inches by 261 feet; length of all buildings, 2,144 feet; area of beets grown by independent farmers in 1912, 10,432 acres; by the factory, 401 acres. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Beets ....c-0vio... Cttevierentra nin raen ine inn ia ra Cribs $4.321,443.87 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 1,208,100.99 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ...........c.vvvevn'nnnn . 1,314,930.61 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............. 290,613.48 $7.235,088.95 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 51 Dyer, California Santa Ana Co-operative Sugar Co. ERECTED 1912. DAILY CAPACITY, 1,200 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 66x266 feet; length of all buildings, 971 feet; area of beets grown by 226 independent farmers in 1912, 9,061 acres; by the factory, none. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Alvarado, California Alameda Sugar Co. ERECTED 1870. DAILY CAPACITY, 800 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 65x230 feet; length of all buildings, 3,043 feet; area of beets largely grown by the factory, 5,708 acres PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE 1897. Ce SE I SE DR EB $3,284,580.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 1,736,992.00 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies. ...............«c.. cocci ciivinrninesn 347,805.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ...........cc5.u.s vase 345.315.00 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES or ce Santa Ana, California Southern California Sugar Co. ERECTED 1909. DAILY CAPACITY, 600 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 67x265 feet; length of all buildings, 1,184 feet; area of beets grown by independent farmers in 1912, 10,000 acres; by the factory, none. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Beelg ..... hn... o.vn.. SNR a a a $1,224,996.35 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 307,000.00 Freight on heets, sugar and supplies... ........... Lh. hs. iden vesn. 309,900.00 Puel, ime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ......................... 337,369.51 54 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Huntington Beach, California Holly Sugar Co. ERECTED 1911. DAILY CAPACITY, 1,000 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 65x260 feet; length of all buildings, 1,160 feet; area of beets grown by 300 independent farmers in 1912, 11,000 acres; by the factory, none. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. cn UO EC ee EE is Ri $1,100,000.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers. ........... 225,000.00 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies. ....... ...... ivi vitoniiirerasonaes 300,000.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ......................... 230,000.00 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Betteravia, California Union Sugar Co. ERECTED 1898. DAILY CAPACITY, 1,000 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 109x270 feet; length of all buildings, 3,043 feet; area of beets, largely grown by the factory, 5,708 acres. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Beets, 18991913 i sniniin rani nos ns on assnaisit volun onsuisis gre se $4,697,379.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers. .......... 2,625,876.00 Freight on beets, sugar and suppples... ...c 0's ccvuecriivssbinseassnran. 1,923,097.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all oiher supplies ........................ 1,120,038.00 ot . 6 ERECTED 1906. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES - Hamilton City, California Sacramento Valley Sugar Co. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 62x250 feet; length of all buildings, 1,301 feet; area of beets largely grown by the factory, 1,510 acres" APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Beets ........ Seas russ enemas hier eee aan + #$1,350,000.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 650,000.00 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies. .... SL le ae 450,000.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ......... sia eae. 42500000 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............. 45,000.00 $2.,920,000.00 DAILY CAPACITY, 700 TONS OF BEETS. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Anaheim, California Anaheim Sugar Co. 75e ERECTED 1910-11. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 58x275 feet; length of all buildings, 1,155 feet; area of beets grown by independent farmers in 1912, 10,069 acres; by the factory, none. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Beels oo... il vnhiiiinai: ios ase adil nee sree Edsel $653,575.09 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 201,579.70 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies........ Tsou hb a a ea Ed 173,600.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ............. Chi +o 194,200.00 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............ 86,130.00 $1,309,084.79 DAILY CAPACITY, 560 TONS OF BEETS. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Eaton, Colorado Great Western Sugar Co. ERECTED 1902. DAILY CAPACITY, 952 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 6714x2581%5 feet; length of all buildings, 1,259 feet; area of beets grown by 472 independent farmers in 1912, 12461 acres; by the factory, none. TOTAL DAILY CAPACITY, 15,388 TONS OF BEETS. Aggregate Figures for the Nine Colorado Factories of the Great Western Sugar Co., Billings, Montana, Factory of the Billings Sugar Company, and Scottsbluff, Nebraska, Factory of the Scottsbluff Sugar Company, Denver, Colorado. Length of all buildings, 14,053 feet; area of beets grown by 5.400 independent farmers in 1912, 145,975 acres; by the factories, 628 acres. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF THE ELEVEN FACTORIES. Bets rrr rr, csc srr rr reste Sadia i eae ir a $47,000.000.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers.......... 16,500,000.00 Freight on beets, sugar and SUpplies. ....... .............covsisivntsssons 15,000,000.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ..................¢...s 10,600,000.00 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 59 Brush, Colorado Great Western Sugar Co. ERECTED 1906. DAILY CAPACITY, 985 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 67 feet 9 inches by 239 feet 9 inches; length of all buildings, 635 feet; area of beets grown by 296 independent farmers in 1912, 7,080 acres; by the factory, 244 acres. See Page 58 60 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Fort Collins, Colorado Great Western Sugar Co. ERECTED 1903. DAILY CAPACITY, 1,993 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 7114x3034, feet; length of all buildings, 1,977 feet; area of beets grown by 684 independent farmers in 1912, 13,640 acres; by the factory, 124 acres. See Page 58 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Longmont, Colorado Great Western Sugar Co. ERECTED 1903. DAILY CAPACITY, 1,970 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 7114x3031%4 feet; length of all buildings, 1,639 feet; area of beets grown by 825 independent farmers in 1912, 15,297 acres; by the factory, 592 acres. See Page 58 62 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES - Loveland, Colorado Great Western Sugar Co. ERECTED 1901. DAILY CAPACITY, 1,720 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 7114x30314 feet; length of all buildings, 1,7571;, feet; area of beets grown by 626 independent farmers in 1912, 15,216 acres; by the factory, 123 acres. See Page 58 ese BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 63 LTT] Greeley, Colorado Great Western Sugar Co. ERECTED 1802. DAILY CAPACITY, 944 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 71x239 feet; length of 11 buildings, 910 feet; area of beets grown by 602 independent farmers in 1912, 11,721 acres; by the factory, none. See Page 58 + 64 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Sterling, Colorado Great Western Sugar Co. ERECTED 1905. DAILY CAPACITY, 982 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 6714x24315 feet; length of all buildings, 96114 feet; area of beets grown by 573 independent farmers in 1912, 14,789 acres; by the factory, 310 acres. See Page 58 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Windsor, Colorado Great Western Sugar Co. 90 ERECTED 1903. DAILY CAPACITY, 14 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 6714x25814 feet; length of all buildings, 1,155 feet; area of beets grown by 406 independent farmers in 1912, 11,409 acres; by the factory, 49 acres. See Page 58 H6 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Fort Morgan, Colorado Great Western Sugar Co. ERECTED 1906. DAILY CAPACITY, 1,005 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 5514x257 feet; length of all buildings, 889 feet: area of beets grown by 206 independent farmers in 1912, 6,237 acres; by the factory, 119 acres. See Page 58 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES LLL LB ng Ma Ls Tha i th #h 4d Lamar, Colorado American Beet Sugar Co. ERECTED 1905. DAILY CAPACITY, 400 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Area of beets grown by 264 independent farmers in 1912, 3,440 acres; by the factory, 323 acres. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. BOalE onus vias sod isi iin a ea ia tt te $1,057,830.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 225,440.00 Freight on beeis, vugar andsupplies. 0... ... il reais vine nin. 354,100.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ......................... 270,940.00 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs, and all other items............ 236,475.00 $2,144,785.00 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES pe—————————— BE ee iii ROA Las Animas, Colorado American Beet Sugar Co. ERECTED 1907. DAILY CAPACITY, 700 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Area of beets grown by 230 independent farmers in 1912, 4,008 acres; by the factory, 24 acres. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. BEES... cineca trier Rta ere ea es $871,830.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 113,785.00 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies... .... cocci cviieisinresinarn 229,540.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ................c..vvuress 151,175.00 Jxperiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............. 81,970.00 $1,468,300.00 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES crc socoeccsses Rocky Ford, Colorado American Beet Sugar Co. DAILY CAPACITY, 1,500 TONS OF BEETS. ERECTED 1900. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Area of beets grown by 829 independent farmers in 1912, 10,820 acres; by the factory, 270 acres. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Beals cua. ih ra te a Menai a sei aa el daa a aL LL 1 88,0317.060.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 1,671,950.00 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies. ...............cccnneav.en. vn oy. 2.613 .300.00 Puel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ......................... 1,736,600.00 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............ 627,350.00 $14 686,260.00 69 0 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Holly, Colorado Holly Sugar Co. ERECTED 1905. DAILY CAPACITY, 600 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 65x250 feet; length of all buildings, 550 feet; area of beets grown by 300 independent farmers in 1912, 5,000 acres; by the factory, 700 acres. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. BEES encore oct triter aera eras Ea ae rae a aes $1,740,000.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, airanagers and officers............ 528,740.00 Ereicht on beets, sugar and supplies. ....... -...-. oie viininnnrsesn 660,925.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ................c.convern 343,516.00 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............. 226,504.00 $3.499,685.00 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 1 Swink, Colorado Holly Sugar Co. ERECTED 1906. DAILY CAPACITY, EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 80x300 feet; length of all buildings, 700 feet; 500 independent farmers in 1912, 10,000 acres; by the factory, none. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF Beets ........5 i 6h Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers. Freight on beets, sugar and supplies. . Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all oth phen aii Dapoelinenty insurance, brokerage, repairs ang all other font. “oe oe sie ee eleiin inimiieiinn 0 atin e 1,200 TONS OF BEETS. ‘area of beets grown by FACTORY. .$3,240,000.00 1,019,870.00 1,274,837.00 673,265.00 792,045.00 $7,000,017.00 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Sugar City, Colorado National Sugar Manufacturing Co. ERECTED 1900. DAILY CAPACITY, 500 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 102x161 feet; length of all buildings, 1,174 feet; area of beets grown by 185 independent farmers in 1912, 3,663 acres; by the factory, 700 acres. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. ERS etter it triacetate aa er Sa aes $2,518,588.92 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers. ........... 946,792.96 Preicht on beets, sugar and Supplies... ... cocaine tin ivns iin ines 296,671.57 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies .............cou0vinenins 660,985.41 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............. 514,341.00 $4,937 379.86 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Grand Junction, Colorado Western Sugar and Land Co. ERECTED 1899. DAILY CAPACITY, 700 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 70x400 feet; length of all buildings, 2,350 feet; area of beets grown by 600 independent farmers in 1912, 9,000 acres; by the factory, none. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE 1904. Bests .. 0 ii vie arin balsuiuulee suskind snes ates aiee ia «2 32,475,000.60 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers. ......... 980,000.00 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies. ......... .... 0... oii. © 685,000.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and oll other supplies ....................... | 652,000.00 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items......... ... 183,000.00 $4 975,000.00 3 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Monte Vista, Colorado San Luis Valley Beet Sugar Co. ERECTED 1911. DAILY CAPACITY, 600 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 66x234 feet; length of all buildings, 1,182 feet; area of beets grown by 350 independent farmers in 1912, 3,769 acres; by the factory, 750 acres. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Beets ...........0.0.... 0... vain sos es. iiiiedisiica is $165,000.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 82,000.00 Freight on beets, sugar and SUPPHeS.. co. cov veo cern nninnnreanascarasnans 59,377.50 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ................ c....... 16,002.36 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............. 322,319.86 $533,132.75 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Sugar, Idaho Utah=-ldaho Sugar Co. ERECTED 1904. : DAILY CAPACITY, 702 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 72x330 feet; length of all buildings, 2,553 feet; area of beets grown by 405 independent farmers in 1912, 7,159 acres; by the factory, 1,026 acres. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. BOI oon iin re ts sina sneha a ed le a. a 130071 585 5% Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers. ........... 1,040,323.69 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies. ....... coo esviis seve ansnurnne.. 674,141.80 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ............:......... Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items.......... .. 844.476.94 .. 953,775.94 Total expenditures since date of erection .............cenee.........36,484303.94 76 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Blackfoot, Idaho Utah-ldaho Sugar Co. ERECTED 1904. DAILY CAPACITY, 682 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 62x236 feet; length of all buildings, 1,144 feet; area of beets grown by 356 independent farmers in 1912, 4439 acres; by the factory, 555 acres. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Beets .....occ.v.0vis tlds sir sins an ha a aa ens Ca $1,324,933.99 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 579,340.32 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies. ...... eitintnis nr dso n te h A 330,206.28 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ............c...0v0vuvann, 398,405.04 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............. 466,212.94 $3,099,098.57 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 0 =e. Idaho Falls, Idaho Utah-ldaho Sugar Co. ERECTED 1903. DAILY CAPACITY, 760 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 7314x354 feet; length of all buildings, 1,326 feet; area of beets grown by 442 independent farmers in 1912, 4,623 acres; by the factory, 695 acres. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Boole... in iain ncn se mniniiasse Taie asinine a tee ate a $2,674,839.29 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 890,626.71 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies. ........c.o0eveseende.b. cu ...0, 661,642.05 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ......................... 750,166.31 761,166.78 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items.............. : $5,738,441.14 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Burley, Idaho Amalgamated Sugar Co. ERECTED 1911. DAILY CAPACITY, 500 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 66x286 feet; length of all buildings, 1,066 feet; area of beets grown by 367 independent farmers in 1912, 2,857 acres; by the factory, 132 acres. BEET SBUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 79 Riverdale, Illinois. Charles Pope ERECTED 1904. DAILY CAPACITY, 500 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 100x200 feet; length of all buildings, 500 feet; area of beets grown by 424 independent farmers in 1912, 3,020 acres; by the factory, none. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Begis ....L Mien itn nh a ARN To $987,418.75 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers. ........... 343,154.74 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ......... ................ 226,835.59 80 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Decatur, Indiana Holland -St. Louis Sugar Co. ERECTED 1912. DAILY CAPACITY, 700 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 65x592 feet; area of beets grown by 630 independent farmers in 1912, 2,254 acres; by the factory, none. Waverly, lowa lowa Sugar Co. ERECTED 1907. DAILY CAPACITY, 500 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 62x210 feet; length of all buildings, S880 feet; area of beets grown by 223 independent farmers in 1912, 4,100 acres; by the factory, 6 acres. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Beets ....iioi cri iieiivisisonven, EES Sa $808,630.84 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 371,414.70 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies. ....... .orcisnee vee ersiissvsnisssnnss 228,579.64 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ......................... 280,473.12 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............. 255,148.48 $1,944 246.78 HHL 40 AULSAANI 4vOHAS LHHI (MILLINA SHLVLS I8 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Garden City, Kansas United States Sugar and Land Co. cc ERECTED 1906. DAILY CAPACITY, Bo TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 66x239 feet; length of all buildings, 1,383 feet; area of beets grown by 169 independent farmers in 1912, 6,972 acres; by the factory, 2,783 acres. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. CHhnnn isis Ce eT ee GR Re ER eC a TENA EE $1,940,801.93 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 734,183.95 Freight on beets, sugar and SUPPLHES........ .covvisviet sain vernon 686,243.01 Puel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ................c.vviue.n 489,080.31 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 83 hb Blo B 3,8. 82 Caro, Michigan Michigan Sugar Co. ERECTED 1899. 2 DAILY CAPACITY, 1,200 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Length of all buildings, 1,618; area of beets grown by 1,376 independent farmers in 1912, 10, b56 acres; by the factory, none. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. BOOUR. ovis inns sini vrnnevirasssniniem nse. anions rian 00... 85 601 000.00 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies................ ae tan Ls, 1,623,375.00 Fuel, ime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies .................. i 738,288.75 -> ooo ow ees 84 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Sebewaing, Michigan Michigan Sugar Co. ERECTED 1902. DAILY CAPACITY, 800 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 72x258 feet; length of all buildings, 1,608 feet; area of beets grown by 1,147 independent farmers in 1912, 9,045 acres; by the factory, 914 acres. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Bel stress tieirrt nee ashe sa eRe eek $4,080,000.00 Freight’ on beets, sugar and SUPPHES....... coovreoervviniinnsssasssninns 1,170,000.00 Fuel, Lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ............. . convenes 532,100.00 . BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Alma, Michigan Michigan Sugar Co. ERECTED 1899. DAILY CAPACITY, 1,200 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 70x330 feet; length of all buildings, 2,045 feet; area of beets grown by 1,934 independent farmers in 1912, 9,683 acres; by the factory, none. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. BRBlS ....vnisioviniuevnnvaatasotnsnssasenssuvsenvs resis ivessvnesnessan..34,515000,00 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies... ............. en Shyla 0 1389,375.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ......................... 0318637975 pL (wr BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Bay City, Michigan Michigan Sugar Co. ERECTED 1899. DAILY CAPACITY, 1,200 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 70x330 feet; length of all buildings, 2,112 feet; area of beets grown by 2,269 independent farmers in 1912, 12,523 acres; by the factory, none. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. IE sete ttc ices tien tans serene senses eevee + $35,508,000.00 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies... ..... . ccc... vie ivaivyruivenenss 1,579,500.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ............. cover... 718335.00 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 8 Crosswell, Michigan Michigan Sugar Co. ERECTED 1902. DAILY CAPACITY, 650 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 57x252 feet; length of all buildings, 1,519 feet; area of beets grown by 780 independent farmers in 1912, 3,800 acres; by the factory, none. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. ’ BOOUE isn vinds ie vicinsiammainseas sista sasirsv neh si ins, wa ieaisiain ate see bus 02 98,010,000.00 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies.......... .......................... .. 1,023,750.00 Fuel, ime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ,..................... ... 4065587.50 — Saginaw, Michigan Michigan Sugar Co. ERECTED 1902. DAILY CAPACITY, 900 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 70x250 feet; length of all buildings, 1,380 feet; area of beets grown by 1,873 independent farmers in 1912, 8,000 acres; by the factory, none. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Beets ....... RR in ee ee aa a au ate by i elem sath eh ee ed el SEE $4,845.000.00 Preight on heels, sugar and supplies... ..... ccio.iuve crs nnennsvsahainnions 1,389,375.00 Yuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ......................... 631,868.75 AYLSAANI 94VvHASs LHdd HHL Jd0 SHLVIS JULINA BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Owosso, Michigan Owosso Sugar Co. ERECTED 1903. DAILY CAPACITY, 1,200 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 71x302 feet; length of all buildings, 1,878 feet; area of beets grown by 1,279 independent farmers in 1912, 8,377 acres; by the factory, 554 acres. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. BORE vit vnnennonadiimnasinis sins ssitan smth ana $6,475,000.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers........... 975,000.00 Freight on beets, sugar and supplieg........................... oo... 95,000.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ........................ 1,998,000.00 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............ 565,000.00 $10,108,000.00 89 90 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Lansing, Michigan Owosso Sugar Co. ERECTED 1901. DAILY CAPACITY, 600 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 68x240 feet; length of all buildings, 1,479 feet; area of beets grown by 1,460 independent farmers in 1912, 8326 acres; by the factory, none. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Bell i.e ie rere vanes ra ea enn + 52,887, 804.75 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers........... 848,644.60 Preizht on beets, sugar and supplies...................c..00veeeees vane 202,830.78 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies’ ..............cc.v....... 572,920.79 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............. 266,245.43 $4,798,455.32 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 91 Holland, Michigan Holland-St. Louis Sugar Co. ERECTED 1899. DAILY CAPACITY, 500 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 68x290 feet; length of all buildings, 971 feet; area of beets grown by independent farmers in 1912, 5,373 acres; by the factory, none. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Bal® oii isis iaria vita svnaainarsnnineivin. gals tus uisims tuners. $2,206,665.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 407,753.00 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies............coiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin... 150,000.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ......................... 375,143.00 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............. 100,000.00 $3,239,561.00 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES St. Louis, Michigan Holland=-St. Louis Sugar Co. ERECTED 1903. DAILY CAPACITY, 600 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 66x300 feet; length of all buildings, 620 feet; area of beets grown by independent farmers in 1912, 6,000 acres; by the factory, 468 acres. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Beets ..... 0 iii aii, Pear cash i a ies ih ....$2.389,724.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers. ........... 643,584.00 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies....... Set nina au nays see 1 200.000.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ......................... 31530000 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............. 175,000.00 $3,723,608.00 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Mt. Clemens, Michigan Mt. Clemens Sugar Co. ERECTED 1901. DAILY CAPACITY, 600 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN AND GERMAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 64x260 feet; length of all buildings, 1,418 feet; area of beets grown by 1.752 independent farmers in 1912, 10,000 acres; by the factory, none. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. BRelE ines inseam tisha nieins anise lta itiuich sitisineisivnisneiao ui deb, $3,319,263.99 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers.......... 1,123,804.99 Freight on beets, sugar and sapplies........c. sc 000s, cithb..., 0... 657,434.25 Fuel, lime rock, hags, coke and all other supplies ........................ 601,245.68 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............ 373,984.64 $6,075,733.55 93 9 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Menominee, Michigan Menominee River Sugar Co. ERECTED 1903. DAILY CAPACITY, 1,200 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 64x300 feet; length of all buildings, 1,310 feet; area of beets grown by 3,259 independent farmers in 1912, 11,533 acres; by the factory, none. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. BEES... ca. c ici cai tinea tr sensei arrestee esse »31,086,870.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 709,933.00 Freichi on beets, sugar and Supplies. ....... ....... aivivisnsservannensss 360370.00 ... 450,050.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies .................-.... BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Bay City, Michigan German-American Sugar Co. ERECTED 1901. DAILY CAPACITY, 1,400 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 116x343 feet; length of all buildings, 1,946 feet; area of beets grown by independent farmers in 1912, 17,000 acres; by the factory, none. DISBURSEMENTS FOR 1912. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Baal i eR Re naa aE $3,698,620.78 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 971,583.84 Preight on beets, smgar and supplies... io... 00 con os sr caste a. 673,493.00 TMael, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ...........:............. 621.579.13 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............. 1,246,804.73 $7,212,081.48 96 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Marine City, Michigan Western Sugar Refining Co. ERECTED 1900. DAILY CAPACITY, 600 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 60x350 feet; length of all buildings, 863 feet; area of beets grown by 755 independent farmers in 1912, 5,640 acres; by the factory, none. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. BeOS nce tase esa tas ia aah $1,157,450.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 376,866.00 Freight on beets, sugar and Supplies. ....... .c..c.e.eiiiniiniinivnrernss 199,143.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies................... viciuvvin 242,370.00 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............. 108,829.00 $2,084,658.00 Blissfield, Michigan Continental Sugar Co. ERECTED 1905. DAILY CAPACITY, 800 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Boole ......00hineisnivesones. $4,224,956.32 Freight ion heats... ...o0..o ooo. $ 154,785.04 Fuel ....... cist tits res 279,212.64 Freight on SWAT... ccooone evn 269,750.96 Lime rock. .... 00. v.00. io cennssies 75,499.60 rr — Bans oe re tra sate 81,653.12 $6,663,918.48 Other supplies and labor... ......... 1,578,060.80 SHLVLS ddLINA HHL 40 AYLSAANI 9vHAS LUHd BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Chaska, Minnesota Minnesota Sugar Co. ERECTED 1906. DAILY CAPACITY, 800 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 64x258 feet; length of all buildings, 1,086 feet; area of beets grown by 1,811 independent farmers in 1912, 7,000 acres; by the factory, 250 acres. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. ChE ee CER Se a GON ef els SC SR RR $1,114,782.83 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 410,286,88 Freight on beets, sugar and Supplies. .......creeeucssisrivrnrrsvicornssnss 151,361.56 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies .............. Cee 315,451.05 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............. 169,757.52 $2,161,639.84 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 99 & NE ey, Billings, Montana Billings Sugar Co. ERECTED 1906. DAILY CAPACITY, 1,903 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 70x302 feet; length of all buildings, 1,938 feet; area of beets grown by 935 independent farmers in 1912, 20,798 acres; by the factory, 67 acres. See Page 58 100 BEBT SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Scottsbluff, Nebraska Scottsbluff Sugar Co. ERECTED 1910. DAILY CAPACITY, 1,444 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 84x269 feet; length of all buildings, 930 feet; area of beets grown by 585 independent farmers in 1912, 17,327 acres; by the factory, none. See Page 58 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES © ERECTED 1890. Grand Island, Nebraska American Beet Sugar Co. EQUIPPED WITH FRENCH AND AMERICAN MACHINERY. Area of beets grown by 295 independent farmers in 1912, 4,440 acres; by the factory, none. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Bogle nhac ir ih deans navn ans aaa a ah ne yi deals wale $2,831,840.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 576,720.00 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies... . ec. co esos srens rss tnarensse sive. 909,240.00 Puel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ............ cas ceaee. in. 836,130.00 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other implements........ 410,450,00 $5,564,380.00 DAILY CAPACITY, 350 TONS OF BEETS. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES « © « Fallon, Nevada Nevada Sugar Co. DAILY CAPACITY, 500 TONS OF BEETS. ERECTED 1912. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main buildings, 70x292 feet and 50x100 feet; length of all buildings, 989 feet; area of beets grown by 125 independent farmers in 1912, 970 acres; by the factory, 530 acres. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 103 Fremont, Ohio Continental Sugar Co. ERECTED 1900. DAILY CAPACITY, 500 TONS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN ‘MACHINERY. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Beals... it ves eh $2,163,984.00 Preicht on beets. ....... oc. ois $ 92,918.40 Buel oo ee 174,412.80 Freight on Sugar. ..... ue. i.. oon 140,208.00 Lime voek ....... 0. 00s. 27,715.20 SR Wamy il d , 55,488.00 $4,120,444.80 Other supplies and labor........... 1,465,718.00 104 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Findlay, Ohio Continental Sugar Co. ERECTED 1911. DAILY CAPACITY, 650 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Dn RS a NE SE $788,393.44 Freight on beets.................. $ 14,536.66 Buel ................. ....... 0 5 49 528.84 Freicht on sugar................... 46,313.20 JAE rock ...:....... cocci ivi ininei 11,858.20 — BaON ees cirri 19,662.28 $1,218.424.86 Other supplies and labor............ 288,132.24 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Paulding, Ohio German-American Sugar Co. ERECTED 1910. DAILY CAPACITY, 700 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 68x268 feet; length of all buildings, 1,334 feet; area of beets grown by 1,246 independent farmers in 1912, 11,000 acres; by the factory, none. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Beals .....viesdbivvus vais iisiiiiess nanos vensioaninnaetasniss sissies ent) $1,328,121.54 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, nianagers and officers............ 388,788.53 Freight on Deets, sngar and supplies. vc... co sree ices: crs taerneen. ase. on, 241,060.67 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ......................... 248,565.03 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............. 272,162.88 $2,478,698.65 Toledo, Ohio Toledo Sugar Co. ERECTED 1912. DAILY CAPACITY, 1,000 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 65x274 feet; length of all buildings, 616 feet; area of beets grown by 1,163 independent farmers in 1912, 7,997 acres; by the factory, none. 901 AULSAANI 94V9HAS LUHd HO AHLINA UHL SHLVLS BEET . SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES ERECTED 1912. Ottowa, Ohio Ottowa Sugar Co. DAILY CAPACITY, 600 TONS OF BEETS. 107 108 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Lehi, Utah Utah-ldaho Sugar Co. ERECTED 1891. DAILY CAPACITY, 1,266 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. ED. ed Size of main building, 108x205 feet; length of all buildings, 2,899 feet; area of beets grown by 3 independent farmers in 1912, 11,165 acres; by the factory, 22 acres. 1,87 APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Bells i. c cc tar iret s etre ts stats rsa a rea ney ve $7,775,673.97 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers........... 2,291,029.57 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies. ....... .....coivivrnrtsavsrrsrrassns 1,656,393.18 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ............c.ovvsuve.nn 1,889,090.59 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............ 1,963,615.86 $15,575,803.17 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES : 109 Elsinore, Utah Utah-ldaho Sugar Co. ERECTED 1911. DAILY CAPACITY, 500 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 69x16614 feet; length of of all buildings, 1,211 feet; area of beets grown by 544 independent farmers in 1912, 5,735 acres; by the factory, none. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. BEES ..vivnnsinian bitoni vain tains starnaiy suri va sa es das eed $407,505.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and ofvors, ware vee 117,800.55 Preight on beets, sugar and zupplies.................... Sh nant ee 74,598.82 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ........ seas eas 11273493 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other IbleTecate, ey 54,601.60 $787,130.90 110 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Garland, Utah Utah-ldaho Sugar Co. ERECTED 1903. DAILY CAPACITY, 770 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 72x340 feet; length of all buildings, 1,473 feet; area of beets grown by 576 independent farmers in 1912, 5,683 acres; by the factory, 153 acres. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Cn I LC Sa NE CS $2,907,149.43 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers. ........... 875,072.15 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies. ..... site een aa en tae ae ren 966,513.93 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other Supt: eta ies 747,295.70 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items............. 506,072.64 $6,002,103.85 EBET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 111 Lewiston, Utah Amalgamated Sugar Co. ERECTED 1905. DAILY CAPACITY, 800 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 66x300 feet; length of all buildings, 1,100 feet; area of beets grown by 506 independent farmers in 1912, 5,216 acres; by the factory, none. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Beelss. 0... oi Sah kaas a i Sh ee ay a Cee .$2,400,000.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 760,000.00 Freight on heets, sugar and supplies. ...................; ar faa 680,000.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ......................... 950,000.00 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES gr Ogden, Utah Amalgamated Sugar Co. ERECTED 1898. DAILY CAPACITY, 500 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 66x286 feet; length of all buildings, 1,106 feet; area of beets grown by 996 independent farmers in 1912, 6,430 acres; by the factory, none. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Beets tts r neers dass esos drat Et ta dae i a rear $3,480,000.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 1,260,000.00 Freight on beets, sugar and Sapplies. ....... ............c.. i vivaransnnnes 1,040,000.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies .................v i vaesvs 1,584,000.00 QQ o> ee BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Logan, Utah Amalgamated Sugar Co. ERECTED, 1901. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 66x286 feet; length of all buildings, 1,106 feet; area of beets grown by 618 independent farmers in 1912, 4,843 acres; by the factory, none. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. ET LE IE CL a $3,360,000.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers........... 1,440,000.00 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies... ...,.. ............. cc. J... ., 1,200,000.00 Yuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ......................... 2,000,000.00 DAILY CAPACITY, 600 TONS OF BEETS. 113 - Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin Wisconsin Sugar Co. ERECTED 1901. DAILY CAPACITY, 600 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 100x300 feet; area of beets grown by 1,030 independent farmers in 1912, 6,042 acres; by the factory, 10 acres. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. BeBlR oo. oii ihe i et fre ess a ols rests s stile vss iy stig ar Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers. .... Preight on beets, sugar and supplies. ............. Cee wigin Puel, lime rock, hags, coke and all other supplies ...............:;. .......$4,050,000.00 oesses 900,000.00 ‘iia. 67500000 cia vs -810,000:00 VIL Hel r a {LH HHL 40 ANILSAANI 4vHAaSs AMLINA NHLLV.LS BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin Chippewa Sugar Co. ERECTED 1904. DAILY CAPACITY, 600 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, S80x400 feet; area of beets grown by 1,185 independent farmers in 1912, 5,166 acres; by the factory, 137 acres. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. Beagle oo. aes CR a a hes Ser sed LS LE ..$2,632,500.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers. . ... Joao B85.000.00 Freight on heets, sugar and supplies..................... St , Fe 438,750.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ...... Cala na eee duces) 14526.000.00 116 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Madison, Wisconsin United States Sugar Co. ERECTED, 1907. DAILY CAPACITY, 600 TONS OF BEETS. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, S80x375 feet; area of beets grown by 706 independent farmers in 1912, 4,542 acres: by the factory, none. PARTIAL DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. BBE i cect recta vresareen risa eer a $1,620.000.00 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers... ........ 360,000.00 Ereigcht on beets, sugar and supplies... ...... ...... ........ 0 0iviininessen 270,000.00 Fuel, lime rock, bags, coke and all other supplies ............. ccovvnnnn.s 324,000.00 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 117 ERECTED 1904. im i ror ob. J om, emma HELLER LRH [eh an, 8] 408 103 0 eee A LEE Janesville, Wisconsin Rock County Sugar Co. EQUIPPED WITH AMERICAN MACHINERY. Size of main building, 64x940 feet; length of all buildings, 2,151 feet; area of beets grown by 1,400 independent farmers in 1912, 6,824 acres; by the factory, none. APPROXIMATE DISBURSEMENTS SINCE ERECTION OF FACTORY. BOBLR vlh vinnie mates i hr ha eee ais ine erie ah eee, $2,075,706.47 Wage earners, office help, superintendents, managers and officers............ 1,191,542.54 Freight on beets, sugar and supplies. ...... cc. cio nessa vasa iene 404.894.59 Puel, hme rock, bags, coke and all other supplies. ,............. cc. nv... .: 481,578.11 Experiments, insurance, brokerage, repairs and all other items.............. 350,670.47 $4,504,392.18 DAILY CAPACITY, 700 TONS OF BEETS. rece se ocoe ceases ® BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES Local The benefits derived from the establishment of beet sugar factories are not confined to the farming community and to the employees in the factories. They are shared by all classes of business and professional men, mechanics and la- borers, in fact, by every member of society. Public officials throughout the beet sugar districts have written me at length concerning this subject and below I re- produce one of the shorter letters. SoME COMPARATIVE DATA oN BILLINGS AND THE BILLINGS SuGAarR Factory, BiLrings, MoNTANA. Population in 1906. .............ccccuviinianess 5,250 Population today... ........ co cceconenraniannicns 13,500 Assessed valuation town realty, 1906........... $2,898,221 Assessed valuation town today................. 5,949,900 Average price of residence lots in 1906... $75 Average price of residence lots today... 350 Average price of business lots, 1906.... 1,500 Average price of business lots today. ... 4,500 Average price agricultural lands, 1906.. 5.50 non-irrigated Average price agricultural lands today. 20.00 non-irrigated Average price agricultural lands, 1906. . 37.50 irrigated Average price agricultural lands today. 75.00 irrigated The greatest factor in the agricultural development of the Billings district was, and is today, the Billings Sugar Factory. The era of marked increase in the population and business activity began with the opening to settlement of the Huntley U. 8. Irrigation Project, while the success of the settlers on the 40 acre irrigated farms was absolutely dependent on the Sugar Factory. Without the factory more than 90 per cent of the original settlers who are prosperous today would have gone broke. The placing in circulation of more than a million dollars annually, which otherwise would have been lost to the com- munity, cannot help having a marked influence for good on business generally, and particularly on mercantile pursuits. Therefore, it is safe to say that the Sugar Factory has doubled the assessed valuation in many instances and in- creased business 50 per cent. Within the zone of influence of the Sugar Factory agricultural land has increased from 50 to 100 per cent. Approximately 1,150 buildings have been erected since the erection of the Sugar Factory, with an estimated cost of $3,500,000. Benefits The population of the city of Billings has more than doubled since the establishment of the Sugar Factory, while the rural population has increased more than 300 per cent and fully 50% of the increase may be directly and indirectly attributed to the Sugar Factory. The Factory has a marked effect on the prosperity of the farmers of the surrounding region. First, it has made pos- sible the fattening of thousands of heads of sheep and cat- tle at a season not possible before, and at the same time creating a local market, not only for range stock but for alfalfa. Mortgage indebtedness has decreased about 27 per cent during the past six years, and fully one-half may be at- tributed to the Sugar Factory. The Billings Sugar Factory and the dissemination of scientific agricultural information by the Company Farm Experts has done more to raise the standard of agricultural methods and to increase the yield in all lines of farm pro- duction than all the Experiment Station and Government Institute work combined. The average gross proceeds ag- gregate $65; net $21. Gross proceeds are 175 per cent higher than any other crop, except that of fruit growing and garden truck, the for- mer being in its infancy and the latter having but a limited market. The net proceeds are about the same as alfalfa, and from 30 to 50 per cent higher than the net yield from grain crops. As our farmers become familiar with beet raising they are exceedingly more desirous of raising beets. While the Billings Sugar Factory has steadily increased its output from handling 55,000 tons of beets, grown in 1906, to a total of 203,000 tons in 1912. The factory has been com- pelled to turn down contracts each year and turned down a larger number in 1912 than ever before. (Signed) C. H. NEWMAN, Chairman Board of Commissioners. (Signed) MARC SORENSON, Commissioner. (Signed) Jonn S. Topp, Commissioner. Attest: (Signed) F. E. WILLIAMS, Clerk. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 119 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY IN EUROPE LTHOUGH the manufacture of sugar from cane ante- dates its production from beets by several centuries, the latter were put to practical use fourteen centu- ries before refined sugar was produced from the “sweet- sticks” of the East. In the first century, Pliny, the Elder, wrote; “Next to grain and beans there is no more ser- viceable plant than the white beet, the root of which is used for human and animal food, the young sprouts as a vegetable, and the leaves as an accessory fodder. * * * Beets should not be grown continuously on the same soil, but a rota- tion should be observed.” advice which Europe follows religiously, though it has not been accepted generally by American farmers, which ac- counts for their inferior yields of both beets and cereal Crops. The consumption of sugar is a development of modern civilization. It was used only in the arts and sciences until in the sixteenth century Queen Klizabeth became its Patron Saint by placing it on her table. By 1800 the world was consuming one million tons of sugar annually, all of which was derived from the cane of the tropics. Then came the manufacture of sugar from beet roots, a development of the nineteenth century, and today 8,000,000 tons, or one- half of the world’s supply of sugar, is derived from sugar beets grown in the temperate zone. OLIVIER DE SERRES, 1539-1619. First to determine that the beet contained true sugar. The first to suspect the presence of sugar in the beet was the famous French Agronomist, Olivier de Serres, who, through noting the fact that alcohol could be obtained from the fermentation, became convinced that it contained sugar. At the request of his Sovereign and friend, King Henry IV, de Serres wrote a book on agriculture in 1600, which attracted such attention that nineteen successive editions were issued during the following seventy-five years. In this book, he said: “The beet on being cooked yields a syrup which is beautiful to look at on account of its vermillion color.” But de Serres’ discovery led to no immediate results. A century and a half later the scene had shifted to Ger- many, where, in 1747, the distinguished German chemist, Andreas Marggraf, Professor of Physics in the Academy of ANDREAS MARGGRAF, 1709-1782. First to extract sugar from the beet. Science of Berlin, succeeded in producing a few crystals of sugar from beet roots. The French claim that de Serres’ writings conveyed the idea to Marggraf, while the Germans assert that the idea was original with their countryman. Marggraf wrote a thesis on “Chemical Experiments made with the object to extract real sugar from divers plants that are growing in our Country,” but he did not carry the work beyond the laboratory stage. Marggraf’s pupil and successor, Franz Carl Achard, devoted his scientific career to applying Marggraf’s dis- covery to industrial purposes. Through the liberal assist ance of Frederic the Great, Achard carried on experiments near Berlin for a number of years, but on the death of his Sovereign he was compelled to abandon the work until Friederich Wilhelm IIT interested himself in it and made FRANZ CARL ACHARD, 1753-1821. Inventor of a process for extracting sugar from the beet and builder of the first beet sugar factory in the world. him a grant of 9,000 thalers ($25,000). In 1799, Achard was able to present his Sovereign with beet sugar loaves which in every respect were comparable to the best ‘ane sugar. The King then loaned him 50,000 thalers, which, later, he donated, and in 1802, Achard erected at BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES THE FIRST BEET SUGAR FACTORY IN THE WORLD. BUILDING STILL STANDING. ERECTED AT CUNERN, SILESIA, IN 1S02. Cunern, Lower Nilesia, the first beet sugar factory in the world. The factory was a primitive affair, with a capacity of but a few hundred pounds of beets per day, the beets being rasped and the juice pressed out, as with the cane. The beets contained but 3 to 4 per cent. of sugar, and it cost sixteen cents per pound to produce. But the laurels were not to remain with Germany. A treatise written by Achard was translated into French and attracted the attention of Napoleon Bonaparte, who appointed a commission composed of scientists, which jour- neyed to Nilesia to investigate Achard’s factory. Upon their return, two small factories were erected in the en- virons of Paris, and while both were unsuccessful, it was in consequence of these factories that the French made a dis- covery which was destined to revolutionize methods of tillage, establish modern scientific agriculture, and by doubling the acreage yield of cereals, add more to the wealth of the world and its ability to maintain population than has any other discovery, before or since. NaroLeoN 1., 1769-1821. Father of the Beet Sugar Industry and of modern sci- entific agriculture through the introduction of hoed root crops in rotation with cereals. At that time, the cereal crop yields of the Continent were but 12 bushels per acre, and starvation threatened the rap- idly increasing population. In alternating beets with cereal crops, Bonaparte’s scientists discovered that the yield of cereals was increased nearly two-fold, and when the French Emperor became convinced of this fact, he dictated a note to his Minister of the Interior, in which he said (March 18, 1811): “The Minister of the Interior will make a report to be sent to the council of state, in which the ad- vantages of developing the manufacture of beet sugar will be included. All steps shall be taken to encourage this culture, and if necessary by modi- fying the customhouse tariff for a period of five years, or even the possibility of prohibiting abso- lutely the importation of colonial or foreign sugars. The Minister will take steps to make trials in a very extensive manner and to establish schools for teaching the manufacture of beet sugar. “The Minister will apportion among the different departments 60,000 arpents of land, on which it will be necessary to grow beet roots sufficient for the entire consumption of France. The proper offi- cers will be appointed to see that the cultivators deliver their proportions. “The Minister will also advise the cultivators that the growing of beet roots improves the soil and that the residue of the fabrication furnishes an ex- cellent food for cattle.” On March 25, 1811, Napoleon issued a decree appropri- ating 1,000,000 frances ($200,000) for the establishment of six technical beet-sugar schools, compelling the peasant farmers to plant 79,000 acres to sugar beets the following season, and decreed that “From the 1st of January, 1813, * * * the sugar and indigo of the two Indies shall be prohibited.” On January 12, 1812, Napoleon issued a decree providing that 100 students should be selected from the schools of medicine, pharmacy and chemistry and transferred to the technical beet-sugar schools he had established the year be- fore; that 150,000 acres should be sown to beets; that finan- cial inducements be extended to scientists to further perfect the process of extraction and to capitalists to engage in the manufacture, and for the immediate erection of four im- perial beet-sugar factories. As a result of this vigorous action, 334 factories were erected during the ensuing two vears, and they produced 7,700,000 pounds of sugar, an average of eleven tons to the factory. The beets were low in sugar content and the cost of pro- duction was much greater than in producing sugar from cane, but French genius was to solve the problem while P. Louis LEVEQUE DE VILMORIN, 1816-1860. First to increase the sugar conteut of the beet. Achard dreamed on in Silesia. P. Louis Leveque de Vil- morin, who had devoted his life to the culture of flower and other seed, began experimenting with beet seed, with a view to increasing the size and the sugar content of the beet. Vilmorin's efforts met with marvelous success, and later other seed men in the various countries of Europe BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY QF THE UNITED STATES 121 devoted themselves to the work. Other plants have been highly developed both as to size and beauty, but the intrinsic ralue of no other plant is dependent upon its chemical analysis, and hence the sugar beet is the embodiment of scientific plant breeding. Beginning with a slender fibrous root which weighed but a few ounces and contained only a small percentage of sugar, the beet of today weighs from BEET SUGAR FACTORY AT VIERVEKLATEN, NEAR GRONIN- GEN, HOLLAND. 2,400 TONS DAILY CAPACITY. two to three pounds and from one-sixth to one-fifth of its entire weight is pure sugar. So carefully is it bred that Rabbetke and Giesecke, of Klein Wanzleben, Germany, the largest growers in the world, are able to show a photograph and the pedigree of every mother beet they have grown for the past twenty years. The factory beet of today contains more pure sugar than the total weight of the original beet and the tonnage se- cured from a single acre is more than originally could be secured from a good sized farm. But to revert to the early progress of the industry. The downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte brought disaster to this— one of his greatest achievements. The Cossacks stabled their horses in his beet sugar factories even as he had stabled his BEET SUGAR FACTORY AT VILLENOY, NEAR MEAUX, FRANCE, DAILY CAPACITY, 2,400 TONS AT MAIN FACTORY AND 12 SLICING STATIONS horses in the cathedral at Cologne, and but one factory sur- vived. While the French sugar industry languished under Louis XVIII. and Charles X., it flourished under Louis Phillipe, and in 1836-7, 542 factories produced 35,000 tons of sugar as compared with a production of but 1,408 tons in Germany the same year. When Napoleon III. became Emperor he so stimulated the industry that by 1853 the French output of sugar had doubled, and when in that year the Emperor and Empress came to Valenciennes, a triumphal arch was erected, which bore the following inscriptions: SUGAR MANUFACTURE. NAPOLEON I, WHO CREATED NAPOLEON III, WHO PRO- Hy TECTED IT. Since the manufacture of beet sugar was introduced the arron- Before the manufacture of beet sugar the arrondissement of Val- enciennes produced 695,750 bush- dissement of Valenciennes pro- els of wheat and fattened 709 duces 1,157,750 bushels of wheat oxen. and fattens 11,500 oxen. Meanwhile, the Germans had become convinced of the value of the indirect agricultural advantages of sugar beet rotation and laws were enacted which were designed to coax German farmers to grow the crop. So successful were they that by 1854 the German output of sugar exceeded that of France. From 1840 to 1903, the German government paid to its sugar manufacturers $351,000,000 in export boun- ties, and as a result of legislative encouragement, Germany today is the largest sugar producer in the world. Austria Hungary, Russia, Holland, Belgium and other countries fol- lowed suit, and now, after supplying their population of 400,000,000 people with sugar, these countries export sev- eral million tons to other countries of the world, for which they receive something over $150,000,000 a year. Great as is this sum, it is the smallest advantage which these people Zuckerfabrik Make} BEET SUGAR FACTORY AT NAKEL, POSEN (EAST) GERMANY. DAILY CAPACITY, 2,400 TONS. secure from the industry. The effect of planting beets in rotation with other crops has doubled and quadrupled the acreage yield of all cereals and has made the meagre yields of America look ridiculous in comparison. Due to the PORTION OF BEET SUGAR FACTORY AND SUGAR BEEY SEED ESTABLISHMENT AT KLEIN WANZLEBEN, NEAR MAGDEBURG (WEST) GERMANY. introduction of sugar beet culture, Germany has in- creased her collective average acreage yield of wheat, rye, barley and oats 80 per cent during the past 30 years, as compared with an increase of but 6.6 per cent increase in 122 BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES yield of the same crops in the United States during the same period. The present value of Germany's annual yield of wheat, rye, barley and oats is $986,000,000, of which, due to the introduction of sugar beets and other hoed crops which naturally followed their introduction, the excess yield alone is worth $438,000,000 a year. A half century ago, Germany with a population of but 30,000,000 people was assisting emigration to North and BEET SUGAR FACTORY AT LEOPOLDSDORF, AUSTRIA. South America because of inability to feed her people, while today with a population of 65,000,000 people she imports 800,000 seasonal workers a year to till her fields and work in her factories. Germany’s experience in sugar beet culture confirms in every respect the statement of Louis Napoleon that: It retains workmen in the country, and gives them employment in the dullest months of the year; it diffuses among the agricultural classes good methods of culture, calling to their aid in- dustrial science and the arts of practical chemistry and mechanics. It multiplies the centers of labor. It promotes, in consequence, those sound princi- ples upon which rest the organization of society and the security of governments; for the prosperity of a people is ‘the basis of public order. ®* = Wherever the beet is cultivated the value of land is enhanced, the wages of the workmen are increas- ed and the general prosperity is promoted. In order to build up their domestic sugar industry, Eu- ropean nations erected high sugar tariff walls and in their universities they established courses in which the economic benefits of the industry to the nation were expounded. In their technical and scientific schools their scientists worked out the chemical and mechanical improvements which en- abled them to lower the cost of production. At their agri- cultural schools and colleges they experimented in field work, and from there sent out lecturers to talk to farmers in the school houses throughout the country. Whoever distinguished himself in discovery or in any line of en- deavor in connection with the industry was decorated by his Sovereign, and in these and other ways the best thought of various classes of people has been devoted to the expan- sion of this most important industry. The cane sugar industry of the tropics has had its ups and downs, but the development of the beet sugar industry, wherever established outside of a Republic, has been con- tinuous. The import duties on sugar have been reduced from time to time in various beet sugar producing countries, but never to a point which would permit of the importa- tion of foreign cane sugar. In fact, the importations of foreign cane sugar by Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Spain and Italy have ceased, while in 1910-11, we, of the United States, imported 1.850,000 tons, for which we paid foreign nations $103,000,000. BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES 123 The German Sugar Industry, and the Influence of Sugar Beet Culture on the Yield of other Crops (Excerpt from article in Blitter Fir Zuckerribenbau, by Pro- fessor Dr. von Riimker, who occupies the chair of agronomy in the University of Breslau, Germany, and is conceded to be one of, if not the most profound of Germany’s many economists and scientific men. He has been a voluminous writer on agricultural subjects, devoting especial attention to the influence of sugar beet culture on the yield of other crops.) “The labor question is one of the elements endangering beet culture. Laborers who used to live near the beet fields have gone in large numbers to the cities to work in the various industries and this was the main cause that forced us to bring laborers from a distance for the season, also, as beet culture was extended, we had to get large numbers from abroad. Ever-increasing wages had to be paid to “season laborers” and could not be withheld from native laborers working by the year and even in that case they could not be induced to stay permanently on the farm. (Field wages have increased from 23.8 cents to 4115 cents per day.) “It is getting more and more difficult to get laborers, breaches of contract occur more frequently—and the cost of procuring labor becomes more and more exorbitant, and it is therefore out of the question to reduce the expenditure in connection with cultivating beets by approved methods. What should worry us most is the fact that we are becom- ing more dependent on foreign countries for our labor sup- ply and at that, we have serious competition to contend with. If our neighboring countries should, for some reason or another, decide to close their frontiers preventing im- migration to our beet fields, disastrous consequences would ensue not only for German beet culture but for German agriculture in general, and our whole economic life would be subjected to a great upheaval. “It is one of the most important and weightiest questions which confronts not only German agriculture, but the whole nation and forms an important item in National social problems. Another danger threatens the beet sugar in- dustry, and that is the difficulty of marketing the sugar. “This is the situation: We produce far more sugar than we consume and foreign countries take little of our sugar (1,230,757 tons in 1910-11), it being dislodged by competi- tion. On account of material losses and interest on capital invested, we cannot indefinitely store our sugar, and the question naturally arises: Can we effect a decrease in our beet acreage? It is not desirable that this be done, for the revenue for the government would be diminished and agriculture in general would be prejudiced by a decrease of other crops—to prove this we must ask: ‘Why is beet culture an important factor to agriculture?’ “Not only was the fear that the extension of the area for beet culture would diminish our chances to feed our popu- lation with home grown cereals, without foundation, but the introduction of beet culture has even contributed to in- crease the yield of the following cereal crops: Increase over Normal Wheat, S00 Kos................ ...ives 1100 Kgs. per ha. Rye, G00 Wow... .. 0a ia 800 Kgs. per ha. Barley, 1000 Wos........ ... ....... cols 1400 Kgs. per ha. Oats, GILT se ae 800 Kgs. per ha. “This has proved to be the case on the average of num- erous farms investigated. This is explained by the fact that beets require a great deal of care, diligent work, fertilizer and constant attention; also by the fact that with beet culture, nothing but the hydrates of carbon, sugar starch, etc, all consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, are carried away from the farm, all of which are drawn from the atmosphere. Whereas, the nutritive mineral elements absorbed by the plant from the soil in the shape of by- products and residue from agricultural and industrial estab- lishments who manufacture sugar, alcohol and starch, are returned to the soil and the grower gets also the benefit of the residue from slices, molasses, scum, beet leaves, tops, pulp, ete. This leads to a permanent improvement of the soil, preventing its exhaustion and indirectly enriching it; all the fodder obtained from by-products being rich in nutri- tive substances it enables the beet grower to keep live- stock and get an abundant supply of manure. Not only the acreage planted to beets, but also the acreage planted to cereals, could thus be fertilized with more and better manure. By adopting a rotation of hoed crops with cereals the soil became more fertile and yields cereals more abund- antly. “Hoed crops, especially beets, required deeper ploughing and were the cause of steam ploughs being introduced, caus- ing a flourishing industry for a special class of agricultural machinery to grow up. Beet culture has not only indus- trialized agricultural estates on which it is carried on, but as said before, it has been the main factor and nucleus for manufacturing agricultural machinery. “In consequence of deep plowing for beet culture a richer fertilizer was needed so as to prevent the subsoil from being starved, and this was not only beneficial to the beet, but to all cereals planted in rotation so that when the turn of the beet came again, a vigorous soil and not an exhausted one was there to receive it. “Thus, in fertilizing richly for the beet, other crops bene- fited by it in rotation. The many improvements introduced into the technique of agricultural production put nature in the background and brought the other two productive factors, namely, work and capital, prominently forward. To this preponderance of labor, aided by capital over Na- ture, was due a higher and more uniform, also a surer hary- est of all cereals and an increase in the general yield. But not only agriculture was furthered, cattle raising, owing to the vast quantities of fodder furnished, increased in number. “The extraordinary demand for draught horses and oxen brought about the raising of powerful oxen and horses that had to be procured from a distance. “Thus the influence of beet culture was very far reaching, prompting stock raising and. increasing meat production. Beet culture helped to increase freight in coal, beet slices, molasses, sugar, lime, fertilizers of different kinds, machin- ery, seeds, meat and cattle. “Organized farm management and new methods of agri- culture have been favorably influenced by beet culture. “Capital and labor went hand in hand, resulting in aston- BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES ishingly high yields which brought in respectable net profits. A beet farm assumed the character of a business or an in- dustrial establishment. “A complicated method of book-keeping had to be adopted by agriculturists in connection with the principal branches of farming. Farmers learned to take advantage of favor- able markets, errors of the past were recognized; they learned to avoid losses and grasp profits, in fact, farmers became alert, versatile, and got rid of old-fashioned methods to which they had been clinging so long with bucolic tenacity. “Germany made vast strides in beet culture, for whereas, in the beginning 18 to 20 centners of beets were required to produce one centuner of sugar; only 5 to 6 centners are now necessary to produce the same amount of sugar; that is to say, the sugar content of beets were in the beginning 5% to 6%, whereas, now, in consequence of scientific culture, they have been so developed that they contain 20% to 25% sugar and nearly every factory asks for beets of 16%. “Side by side with beet culture on a scientific basis, tech- nical improvements in the manufacture of sugar make it possible to vastly increase the amount of sugar extracted from the raw material. “If we take all this into consideration we find that sugar beet culture was doubtless one of the most important levers in bringing about a tremendous progress of German agri- culture as a whole, and even now, sugar beet culture is, as it were, the high school of intensive agriculture, or rather, beet culture is an agricultural industry and is the founda- tion and strongest support for cultivating heavy soils. “For lighter soils, potato culture is one of the same im- portance. Whosoever therefore attempts to put the axe to our hoed crops endangers our whole agricultural production and the possibility to supply at home our need in bread and meat. “Shall we allow this to be done? No, and emphatically “no. The Government cannot allow the successful cultiva- tion of beets and hoed crops to be interfered with, for not only would a respectable amount of taxes be lost for the Government—but a general depression in the receipts of the total production of agricultural (raw) material neces- sary for clothing and feeding people would take place; a consequent diminishing of railroad freights, and small farmers and owners of large estates all over Germany would feel the effects of an attack on beet culture and hoed crops.” In a treatise which Dr. von Riimker wrote in 1896, he said : “The origin of this intensive agriculture, whose develop- ment is only briefly indicated here, is to be found in the development of a rational method of sugar-beet raising. The impulse to progress in other fields indicated here, arose from it and from natural necessity, member by member, united in this chain”? * * * “In short, we see from this sketch that beet culture is in fact the basis of our modern and intensive industrial agri- culture; that it not only assisted agriculture greatly, but that it increased our entire soil culture, large and small, in whole and in part; stock raising and agriculture and cal- culations were advanced, intensified and sharpened; that it raised the spiritual and material condition of all regions participating and even the neighboring areas. Beet cul- ture is the lever that supports and carries our modern agri- cultural industry on a better foundation. Raising the axe against this point, would strike against agriculture and against the possibility of feeding our people with their own bread, and against a considerable part of our national wealth in a manner such that it could not be more destructive. “Beet culture, therefore, is not only valuable and im- portant to our agriculture, but also to our national eco- nomy. It is almost impossible that it can be replaced by other means on account of its peculiar influence on the elevation of our entire national culture, as is seen from this sketch.” ERRATA. My referenice to Olivier de Serres (p. 119) was based upon the writings of the French. Since the announcement of the work was published, German authorities have written me, questioning de Serres’ right to the credit which I accorded him. It is not strange that authorities jealously guard the claims of their respective nations to the discovery that gave birth to scientific agriculture, which has resulted in doubling the crop yields of Europe, has removed the necessity of emigration and has saved multitudes from starvation. : : At the time I wrote the sketch, the fact that Germans dispute the French claims for de Serres, had escaped my mind, or I should have noted the fact. - Below I give the reference to de Serres as it appears in the ‘Centennial History of the Sugar Beet,”’ by Jules Hélot, one of the leading sugar authorities of France, also a letter received from Prof. Dr. von Lippmann of Halle, Germany, one of the foremost sugar authorities of that country, author of a standard work, ‘‘ ‘The History of Sugar.’ (Translation from the French.) EXCERPT FROM THE HISTORIE CENTENNALE DU SUCRE DE BETTERAVE. Olivier de Serves 6. 1539 d. 1619. A great French Agronomist, called the father of Agriculture, Olivier de Serres was able to find out that the beet-root eaitnined sugar long before Marggraf set about to extract sugar from this root. Olivier de Serres wrote : ““ The beet-root when being boiled, id a juice similar to syrup of sugar, which is beautiful to look at on account of its vermilion color.’ Olivier de Serres was born at Villeneuve de Berg in the Vivarais. A militant Calvinist, like his brother John, he had in consequence of his studies and struggles no liking for agriculture; it was rather in order to forget the religious wars that he retired on his estate of Pradel near Privas and devoted himself to the service of Agronomics. He laid down rules for the proper treatment of the soil, drew the attention upon pastures and artificial meadows, made people acquainted with the proper planting of mulberry trees and their utilization for the purpose of raising silk-worms. Responding to a desire expressed by Henry IV, he wrote in 1600, ‘‘ Le Theatre d’agriculture le mesnage des Champs,’’ from which the above quotation on beets is an excerpt. (p. 483, 2d edition, 1617.) This book caused a great stir and it was successively published in nineteen editions between the year 1600 and 1675. (Translation from the German, Dr. von Lippmann’s letter.) FIATLE, GERMANY, August 27, 1913. MY DEAR SIR: It gave me great pleasure to receive your letter of the 5th of August, and accompanying it, the copy of “Sugar at a Glance,’”’ which I had read, but which I did not have the good fortune to possess. I will again peruse this work at my leisure and inform you of the result of my study, and should there be any suggestion I can offer, or any improvement, I will be glad to let you know. I am very much interested regarding the announcement of your new work, but I hasten to say, that Olivier de Serres is not the one to have discovered the sugar content in the beet. He has never claimed in his writings that he ever made such a discovery, nor has he ever mentioned that he was the discoverer. He did mention the fact ‘‘that the boiled juice of the red beet was similar in appearance to sugar syrup’’ (that is to say similar to molasses which they used to boil out in an open fire in olden times). Anything to the contrary is incorrect, and I would therefore recommend that you eliminate this reference in your new book, or if it already has been printed, that you attach a slip indicating the correction, so that your work may not be the means of creating a false impression. If you wish, you are at liberty to refer any one to my communication and I authorize you so to do. With hearty greetings and esteem, and again thanking you, I remain Very devotedly, (Signed) PROF. Dr. E. voN LIPPMANN. CO4L7L983k TE EE i!) heap tsa an 0