■»■» "» »»»■» ■» o » Please handle this volume with care. The University of Connecticut Libraries, Storrs ■»-» " »«»« » ■■»■■» » » » hbl, stx f 272.G55 1761a Colonial South Carolina: ™53 00bH33lH O Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/colonialsouthcarOOglen SOUTH CAROLINIANA ROBERT L. MERIWETHER General Editor From the Collections of The University South Caroliniana Society and The South Caroliniana Library SOUTH CAROLINIANA Sesquicentennial Series No. i. Colonial South Carolina: Two Contemporary Descriptions. Edited by Chapman J. Milling Colonial South Carolina Two Contemporary Descriptions By GOVERNOR JAMES GLEN DOCTOR GEORGE MILLIGEN-JOHNSTON Edited by Chapman J. Milling University of South Carolina Press Columbia 1951 (S^tSt Lithography and Letterpress by The State Commercial Printing Company Columbia IV FOREWORD The beginning of this series of South Caroliniana is a culmi- nation of the joint program of two agencies — one a private incor- porated society, the other the library of a state university. The University South Caroliniana Society has brought to the South Caroliniana Library priceless books and papers ; the Library in turn has supplied staff and equipment for the care of these treasures and for those otherwise acquired. It is most appropriate therefore that some of the results of this partnership should be put into print under the name which distinguishes both organizations. The volumes to be issued in the odd-numbered years will alternate with publication of two or more pamphlets of proper size for binding into the complete set. The latter, even more than the former, should provide a distinctive service, making available, as they will, papers too long for the periodical, too short for separate volumes, yet oftentimes of greater importance than more extensive publica- tions. To seven members of the Society — Mrs. Caroline McKissick Belser, Mrs. Arney R. Childs, Mr. J. H. Easterby, Misses Caro- line and Susan R. Guignard, Mrs. Margaret Babcock Meriwether, and Mr. E. G. Seibels — for help generously given, is due the grateful appreciation of those interested in the launching of the enterprise. It is a happy collaboration between the Society and the Sesquicentennial Committee of the University which includes the first four numbers of South Caroliniana in the publications celebrating the founding of the South Carolina College. The original suggestion that the University of South Carolina Press publish a series of books and pamphlets from the collections of the Society and the Library was made by Mrs. Louise Jones DuBose, Managing Editor of the Press and a member of the Society j it is a pleasure to extend hearty thanks for her assistance in planning the series and in the publication of the first volume. In the passages quoted in this volume, superscript letters have been lowered, "&" reproduced as "and" except when it occurs as "&c," and other abbreviations, now uncommon, spelled out or modernized. Vagaries of spelling, capitalization and punctua- tion have been changed to conform to the author's general prac- tice and further corrections made when they have seemed nec- essary for clarity. Otherwise, the original has been faithfully followed even to the extent of reproducing significant eccen- tricities. R. L. M. VI CONTENTS Page Foreword v Thomas Kitchin's Map of the Carolinas and Georgia, c. 1765.. viii Introduction . ix Dr. Milligen-Johnston's Note Explaining Publication of Gov- ernor Glen's "Description" 2 A Description of South Carolina (By James Glen) 3 Dr. Milligen-Johnston's "Additions" to his Pamphlet 105 A Short Description of the Province of South-Carolina (By George Milligen-Johnston, M.D.) in Index 207 vn INTRODUCTION The middle decades of the eighteenth century were heroic years throughout the southeastern part of what is now the United States of America. They were romantic years, too, and especially in South Carolina, where a few far-seeing men realized the impor- tant role they were playing in the building of an empire based on Anglo-Saxon culture and tradition. To the north and west still powerful Indian nations were striving valiantly to defend and hold the lands they had inherited from their fathers. Beyond the mountains lay the great domain claimed by France, stretching from Canada down the Mississippi valley to the Gulf of Mexico. And in Florida the Spaniards of St. Augustine, though no longer as formidable as they once had been, glowered ominously at the peo- ple of Carolina and those settled in the new colony of Georgia. Center of social life, business and government was Charleston, where a brilliant society was already an established fact, where energetic merchants were creating and accumulating wealth and where able professional men found a suitable field for their talents and training. Beyond the city walls lay the great plantations, little principalities in themselves, producing rice and indigo for export and most of the necessities for their own use. The plan- tations were chiefly on the rivers, which were then the principal highways. The masters of these plantations were generally the sons or grandsons of the pioneers who had settled upon them and cleared the land. In less than a century what once had been a wilderness had been so transformed by man that it was yielding wealth to many and a living to all. Yet even in the low country there were still areas of primeval forest where wild turkeys, deer and the black bear and panther were relatively abundant. Farther up the rivers toward the fall line were the townships where newer settlers clung precariously to lands which had been granted them but a few years before. These were the real frontier people who feared the Lord and had a marked distaste for Indians and Episcopalians. On the Pee Dee were the Welsh, on Black River the Scotch-Irish, on the Wateree and the Congaree the Eng- lish, on the Edisto and Saluda the Germans and Swiss. Between these outposts and the tidewater belt a gradual infiltration was taking place from both above and below. The great tide of Scotch- Irish did not overflow the piedmont until after Braddock's defeat in 1755, when fearing annihilation by French and Indians, they ix left their holdings in Pennsylvania and the Valley of Virginia and settled above the fall line. From the first there was a merg- ing of these and other elements and long before the American Revolution the people of the "back country," as it was called, had become pretty well united, except on ecclesiastical matters. But for many years they were to nurse a feeling of neglect on the part of the Charleston government. They had to bear the brunt of Indian attacks; they had to travel all the way to Charleston to settle court matters j they resented the affluence and comparative security of the low country people. Of all the contemporary accounts of this period in the history of South Carolina, two of the best were written by men who had an active part in the drama as it unfolded. Histories are generally written by bystanders, but these two were set down by the actors themselves. Both were given almost the same title. Omitting its long subtitle, Governor Glen's account is called A Description of South Carolina, while Doctor Milligen-Johnston's is A Short De- scription of the Province of South-Carolina. They were published but a few years apart and both anonymously, although their author- ship was well known at the time. James Glen, in many respects the ablest of colonial governors, was a Scotchman of good family and influential friends. He was born at Linlithgow in 1701 and educated at Ley den. A lawyer by profession, he became Justice of the Peace and Inspector of Seignories. At one time he held the office of High Sheriff and received the backing of Duncan Forbes, the Lord Advocate of Scotland. While in office he forced the Scotch liquor dealers to pay their license fees. He was appointed Governor of South Carolina in 1738 but did not arrive in the province until December 17, 1743; he was received with military pomp and conducted to the Council Chamber where he took the oath of office. 1 Glen almost immediately became a controversial figure; he would today be called an extrovert, a man of action who had little patience with red tape. Usually seeing to the heart of a mat- 1 Gulielma M. Kaminer, A Dictionary of South Carolina Biography During the Period of the Royal Government, 1719-1776, MS (South Caroliniana Li- brary), article on Glen, pp. 31-32; D. D. Wallace, History of South Carolina (4 vols.; New York, 1934), I, 441-42. For assistance in the assembling of the material for this Introduction the writer extends his appreciative acknowledgments to the staffs of the Historical Commission of South Carolina and the South Caroliniana Library of the Uni- versity, and to Mr. A. S. Salley, State Historian Emeritus. ter, his impulse was to effect a quick solution and he took calcu- lated risks in which he occasionally lost. He insisted on the pre- rogatives of the crown and of the governor as the king's represent- ative, yet he was often the champion of the Commons House in its disputes with the Council. He wished to be liked, was always ac- cessible and willing to listen to anyone with a story of injustice, but never yielded principle for popularity. He was fond of pomp and ceremony and possessed not a little showmanship — on one occasion he helped to put out a fire with his own hands. He thor- oughly enjoyed receiving delegations of Indians, whom he fre- quently entertained in his own home. He gave them the salute of cannon due visiting dignitaries and made them feel that they were honored friends. 2 The problems of the early years of Glen's long administra- tion were chiefly civil and internal as the province strove to work its way out of the dangers and economic distress of the 'forties. Glen's contribution was intelligent and honest administration of the government, but the initiative was taken by the Commons House j energetic efforts, encouraged by legislative bounties and exemptions, brought new crops to success, especially indigo, while embargoes restrained the importation of slaves. A factor in this recovery was the growth of the new settlements, and Glen's quick demands on the Assembly for aid in response to their calls for help in Indian alarms, his usually wise choice of officials, earned the gratitude of frontiersmen. "I cannot forget," wrote Moses Thom- son as Glen was leaving office, "my senceableness of your Fraternal care of the Province of South Carolina . . . and likewise your great care of our back Inhabitants for whom I was Major under your Excellency." 3 Glen arrived in South Carolina as the Anglo-French contest for control of North America was approaching a climax, and force of circumstances and his own eager ambition made Indian and imperial affairs the chief issues of his administration. Charleston supplied most of the trade of the vast region south of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi, but in absence of any imperial control of Indian trade and affairs, the South Carolina government had to devise its own system of Indian relations. Prior to Glen's arrival "Wallace, History of S. C, I, 4+2-43. ^Statutes of South Carolina, ed. by Thomas Cooper and D. J. McCord (9 vols.; Columbia, 1836-41), III, 556-68, 587, 613-16, 671; Indian Books, MS (Historical Commission of South Carolina), V. 129. xi colonial officials had seen their best protection in setting the Indians against each other. But Glen, believing the French the real enemy, and with a humanitarian interest in the Indians as human beings, which he probably would not have admitted, undertook to unite all the tribes friendly to the English as allies of one another. Even when dealing severely with hostile or criminal Indians his motive was partly that of protecting the tribe. He knew that one isolated murder by an Indian could bring on a frontier war with all its horrible consequences. He knew that the inevitable result of such a war would be the death of innocent people on both sides ; that one possible result might be the total extirpation of a small or weak tribe. 4 Pursuant to his policy of reconciling pro-English tribes to one another, Glen made peace between the Creeks and the Cherokee. He secured the cooperation of Governor Clinton of New York to assist in making a peace between the Catawba and the Six Nations. He stopped in its inception what might have been a serious war between the Catawba and the eastern band of Chickasaw. He sought to impress upon the Board of Trade the importance of the southwestern Indians, and, incidentally, the value of his own service: The five Nations at the back of New York do not exceed a thousand men . . . and yet in former times a great deal of Work has been made about them . . . our Indians, exclusive ... of the Choctaws are six or seven thousand Gun men .... The . . . close watch that I have kept upon the beginnings of Evil have helped to keep all these Indians united to his Majesty, notwithstanding the utmost efforts of the French j this I hope your Lordships will be of opinion is a real Service, though it makes no show, and although no parading paragraphs have been put in Newspapers about it. 5 Glen's real entry into the larger fields of Indian diplomacy began with his 174.6 tour of the South Carolina border. Alarmed by a series of incidents he called upon the headmen of the several tribes to meet him at the appointed places — the Catawba at the Congarees, the Cherokee at Ninety Six, the Creeks and Chickasaw at Fort Moore on the Savannah. In these conferences he settled disputes between the smaller tribes and secured promises from the *See for instance his handling of the Natchez affair (C. J. Milling, Red Carolinians — Chapel Hill, 1940 — p. 240 ). 5 Public Records of South Carolina, MS (Historical Commission) , XXIV, 422 (Glen to Board of Trade, December, 1751). xii Cherokee and Creeks to prevent the encroachments of the French. He graphically describes the hardships of the journey: It has rained incessantly for several days and as such weather is little expected here at this season of the year, and as we had no time to provide necessarys for such an under- taking, few of our people have tents but make a sort of shade every night of the bark of trees and lye on the wett Earth. . . . The River at this place is exceeding high and there being neither bridge nor boat, we have been obliged to swim our Horses, and to make boats of Buffalo hides sewed together with the bark of trees, to carry over our ammunition and provisions dry. But with two hundred men provided by the Assembly, fifty gen- tlemen volunteers and their servants, "we have a greater body than has ever been seen in this part of the world at once." It was a masterful stroke of frontier diplomacy. 6 In a venture of the next year, however, Glen fared not so well, the Choctaw, the most numerous of the Southern Indian nations, were consistently the allies of the French, but in 1746 two daring Carolina traders, James Adair and James Campbell, won over a faction to the English interest. Cementing this friendship de- pended upon adequate supplies of goods and ammunition, but in- stead of giving the monopoly to Adair who had risked nearly all his own stock of goods in the affair, Glen, for reasons which have never become quite clear, granted it to another group of traders whose blunders caused prompt collapse of the alliance. Adair de- nounced the governor, and in his classic History of the American Indians thirty pages are devoted to his part in the episode, its subse- quent mismanagement and Glen's ingratitude. 7 If Governor Glen came off badly in his Choctaw plan, he fared much better with the Cherokee. In 1753 Fort Prince George was erected on the Keowee River on lands ceded for that purpose as the chiefs had promised. Glen had announced an ambitious plan to secure the cession of the entire Cherokee country to the crown, to send a Cherokee delegation to England and to build forts on the Tennessee and Ohio Rivers. Astonishing as it may appear, he was able to see a substantial part of this plan materialize. * "Ibid., XXII, 149-55 (Glen to Newcastle, May 3, 1746). 7 James Adair, History of the American Indians (London, 1775), pp. 314-43} R. L. Meriwether, Expansion of South Carolina, 1729-1765 (King-sport, 1940), pp. 195-97. xiii By the treaty of Saluda Old Town, the lame Cherokee Emperor, Conocortee, called by the traders Old Hop, acknowledged the sovereignty of the English and granted all the Cherokee lands to England. 8 In 1756 Fort Prince George was extensively repaired and renovated and in the same year the engineer, William Gerard de Brahm, was commissioned to build another fort at the junction of the Little Tennessee River with the Tellico. The site for Fort Loudoun had already been selected by the Indians who appeared anxious to have the white garrison as a protection against the Shaw- nee and the Ohio Valley tribes adherent to the French interest. The fort and its garrison were to come to grief four years later, during the administration of Glen's successor, William Henry Lyttelton, whose blunders precipitated the Cherokee War. 9 Governor Glen's humane treatment of prisoners is another evidence of a warm and generous heart. In 1745 a French vessel was taken by his Majesty's ship Flambro and was brought into Charleston harbor with about sixty Frenchmen and fifteen Span- iards aboard. A number of the captives were wounded and these were immediately placed under the care of surgeons, to be returned to Havana or St. Augustine when sufficiently recovered. The most notable instance of his concern for the underdog was his almost single-handed fight for the Acadian exiles who were thrust upon the province in 1755. Heart-broken and starving, they be- came the objects of his pity rather than of the fear and hatred they excited in so many lesser people. To the end of his adminis- tration he braved the indifference of the Council and Assembly to demand that they be sheltered and fed. Finally a few others were sufficiently aroused and provision made for them, but with the advent of Governor Lyttleton most of them were manacled with irons and dragged out of Charleston to be "distributed" in the parishes. 10 In June, 1756, Governor Glen was relieved by his incompetent successor, William Henry Lyttelton, and on June 21, 1761, the "Milling, Red Carolinians, p. 285; South Carolina Historical and Genea- logical Magazine, X (Jan., 1909), 54-65. "DeBrahm's account in P. C. J. Weston, Documents Connected with the History of South Carolina (London, 1856), pp. 205-12; Milling, Red Caro- linians, p. 285. "Public Records, XXII, 20-2 3 (Glen to Board, Feb. 2, 1745) ; C. J. Milling Exile Without an End (Columbia, 1943). xiv man who was probably South Carolina's greatest colonial governor sailed from her shores forever. 11 Little is known about Governor Glen's life after he left the province. What he thought of the tragic and eventful years which followed his administration is not a matter of record. But he could well look back with pride on what he had done. He had found Charleston and the province "in Ashes, Defenceless, De- clining," he left them "Fair, Fortified and Flourishing." He had saved a helpless and stricken people, the Acadiansj he had encour- aged the settlement of the back country ; and, while an English expansionist, he had striven to treat the red man with fairness. He died in London, July 18, 1777, and was buried in his native Linlithgow. The inscription on his coffin reads "James Glen, Esq. of Longcroft, Late Governor of South Carolina." 12 The story of the writing and publishing of Glen's account of South Carolina makes a small history in itself. Although P. C. J. Weston's, the second publication of the pamphlet, 13 was, with a few minor errors, an accurate rendering of the original, it is the first, the pirated edition of 1761, which has been most used by historians. This popularization has been due to B. R. Carroll's reprint of 1836, 14 which, however, did nothing to dispel the mys- tery of its original printing. On May 5, 1749, William Bull, Jr., then Speaker of the Commons House, laid before that body "a paper entitled Answers from James Glen to the Queries" of the Board of Trade, saying that the Governor desired the advice of that body on them. In his letter transmitting the "Answers" to the Board Glen wrote that the Council accepted them without change, and that "the As- sembly . . . returned them, without any alteration but in one Word." Actually the House proposed a dozen amendments, six of which Glen incorporated in his final draft. Three of these were mere verbal alterations, the others were corrections of the Gover- nor's statements about yields of rice and corn and the extraction of the indigo dye which he incorporated for the most part in his final draft. Of all the alterations which the Commons proposed the most interesting is that which it offered as the explanation for the "Wallace, History of S. C, II, 12-14. 12 See p. 2; the date of his death and place of burial are on the copper plate (from his outer casket), on the wall of the State House, Columbia. 13 Entitled "Glen's Answers to the Lords of Trade" in Documents, pp. 61-99. ^Historical Collections of South Carolina (2 vols.; New York, 1856). XV assignment of seats in the Commons House: "the other Parishes," declared that body in words which anticipated the representation principle of the State's constitution of 1778 and the famous amend- ment of 1808, "send Members in proportion to the Number and Wealth of the Inhabitants." 15 This, however, was one of the suggestions which Glen considered needless. There was little in Glen's careful description of the province which he could not derive by observation or by inquiry among friends and associates. His prefatory remarks were based on John Oldmixon's History of the British Emfire, and he accepted Old- mixon's statement that the colony was named for Charles IX of France despite the obvious fact that it was named for Charles I of England and renamed for Charles II. 16 Glen's report, still unfinished in a few details, was sent to the Board July 19, 1749, but it was not until five years after he was replaced in his position, and during the year of his departure from Charleston, that the clerk in the office of the Secretary of the province "brought a Copy of it to England, and published it in this form, without the Governours Consent or Knowledge." 17 The final preparation of the "Answers" for publication as A Description of South Carolina was apparently done in London and by one unfamiliar with South Carolina. The editor undertook, at times successfully, to improve the literary form of the report - 7 but, finding a note of some linens made in the Scotch-Irish settlement in Williamsburg — referring to a shortlived industry in that South Carolina community — changed it to the absurd statement that they were imported from Williamsburg, Virginia. An account of the Charleston fortifications was left out — a reasonable omission for a wartime publication. 18 The pamphlet was padded to no pages chiefly by "a long catchpenny index" and by pages on the introduction of rice, taken from The Importance of the British Emfire, a pamphlet published "Public Records, XXIII, 336-83 (Glen to Board, July 19, 1749); Journal of the Commons House of Assembly, MS (Historical Commission), May 5, 6, 8, 10, 16, 1749; R. L. Meriwether, The Constitution of 1778 (Historical Com- mission, 1951). "See A. S. Salley, Jr., The Origin of Carolina (Bulletins of the Historical Commission of South Carolina — Columbia, 1908). "See p. 2. 18 No one in Carolina could have been excused for setting the date of the introduction of rice at about 1700 — see p. 103. xvi in London in 1731, and others from the 1741 edition of Old- mixon's History of the British Empire. But even though pirated by a subordinate, adulterated with additional material, and out-of- date when published, the Governor's pamphlet is a good picture of South Carolina in her youth. In it is much of the best of Glen's hearty style of writing and it shows him and his contemporaries as they lived and planned and built their civilization against a picturesque background of forest and trading path, of deer and panthers and buffalo, when Charleston was queen of the Atlantic and Georgia was the West. In the second volume of Carroll's Historical Collections of South Carolina will be found a reprint entitled A Short Descrip- tion of the Province of South Carolina With an Account of the Air, Weather And Diseases at Charles Town. Written in the Year 1763- The author's name is not given on the title page but the compiler of the Collections credits the tract to Dr. George Milligen, a prominent physician well known to historians of the late colonial period in South Carolina's history. No one appears to have had doubts about the name of the author until the appear- ance several years ago in a book catalogue of the same title, listed as the work of Dr. George Milligen Johnston. The copy so ad- vertised was described as bound in one volume with the equally rare tract by Governor Glen and additional pages of notes in Milligen-Johnston's own hand. 19 Why this surgeon became Johnston after he left South Caro- lina does not appear, but Milligen he was until that time, and by that name it seems appropriate to call him. In a petition in 1771 for a larger salary Milligen related that after three years in the military service in England he was in July, 1748, appointed as sur- geon's mate in Oglethorpe's Georgia regiment. The next year the regiment was disbanded and three "Independent Companies" formed out of it to do duty in South Carolina. Continuing his service until July, 1753, Milligen advanced in rank by purchasing for four hundred pounds sterling a commission as Surgeon. On Lieutenant Governor Bull's recommendation in 1760 he was granted an Ensign's commission by General Amherst, and served with the independent companies until their discharge in 1 764, upon which he was retired on half pay. In 1768 he was commissioned "Correspondence with Mr. Samuel Stager, President of the Cadmus Book Shop, Inc., New York, to whom the writer and the University South Caroliniana Society are indebted for his interest and for the opportunity to acquire the Milligen- Johnston volume for the South Caroliniana Library. xvii by the crown as Surgeon to all the royal forces in South Carolina, but the promotion meant merely an annual stipend of sixty-seven pounds. Although at that period there were none of the king's troops stationed in the province, he was required to attend parties passing through and to assume other duties, and declared that the radius of these activities extended "upwards of two hundred miles in an expensive Country and unkindly Climate." 20 While in the province he was among the foremost physicians of his day, his name occurring many times in the public records along with similar references to Dr. John Lining, whose experi- ments he describes in his pamphlet, and Dr. Lionel Chalmers. Milligen was a member of the Charleston Library Society and wrote the fine "advertisement" for the Society which appears in his pamphlet. His name appears on the Society's roster of April 21, 1750. According to his own account he served in Lyttelton's abortive expedition against the Cherokee Indians, and his de- scription of the bitter and needless war which followed is one of the classics of Indian warfare. In 1773 he applied for the land to which he was entitled because of his military service, and received four thousand acres in the southwest in Granville and Colleton Counties. In May, 1768, one of the Charleston papers announced that "Dr. George Milligan and Lady Sailed for England," but a year later he was again in Charleston, recovering from a serious illness. 21 As the controversy between the colonies and the mother coun- try became critical, Milligen's rigid loyalty made him a target for the Revolutionists. In 1770 Lieutenant Governor Bull had made an unsuccessful effort to get him appointed Associate Justice, declaring him "well affected to the King's person and govern- ment." In the summer of 1775 the revolutionary General Com- mittee undertook to coerce the loyalists and would-be neutrals to take the oath of obedience to the new regime, and Milligen's re- fusal brought the wrath of the radicals upon him. His account 20 Public Records, XXXIII, 73-77 (Bull to Secretary of State Hillsborough, July 9, 1771. Nov. 19, 1749, Milligen married Mary Watson (A. S. Salley, Jr., Register of St. Philip's Parish . . . 1720-1758 — Charleston, 1904 — p. 193). The birth and death of their son was recorded as that of William (Johnson) Johnston, son of George Milligan (D. E. H. Smith and A. S. Salley, Jr., Register of St. Philip's Parish . . . 1754-1810 — Charleston, 1927 — pp. 52, 312). Appended to Milligen's copy of his pamphlet are three pages of "Elegiac Verses," a touching tribute to the child who died in 1766 at the age of three and a half years. 21 S. C. Hist, and Gen. Mag.; XXI (Jan. 1920), 11, 16; XXIII (Oct. 1922), 170; Journal of the Council, MS (Historical Commission), May 5, 1773. xviii of the affair, an effective description of the breakdown of the British empire and the rise of the new republic, was written at sea on his final leave of the province. It is in melancholy con- trast with his glowing description of the Charlestonians in his pamphlet: 22 On the 7th or 8th of June, I was called upon by John Fullerton, a House Carpenter and William Johnson, a Blacksmith, with the Subscription Paper, and desired to sign my name to it. I told them I would have nothing to do with it and that I was both the subject and servant to their Sover- eign and mine. About the latter end of June, I was called upon again by Daniel Cannon a House Carpenter and Ed- ward Weyman Clerk of St. Philip's Church to subscribe this lying Association Paper. I told them I would not. Mr. Can- non then said I must expect to be treated agreeable to the rules of sound policy. I answered him I was prepared for the worst they could do to me. On the 2 2d of July I received a summons to attend the General Committee next day, and to give reasons why I refused to sign the Association. I imme- diately waited on his Excellency, Lord William Campbell, our Governor, to inform him of this, and that I had no inclina- tion to give any Countenance to their assumed power by at- tending on them. The Governor advised me to submit to a force I could not resist, and told me that the Gentlemen of His Majesty's Council, the Judges, Attorney General, &c. &c. intended to wait on the Committee. I went in company with the Gentlemen next day, and spoke as follows to the Com- mittee: Gentlemen, I yesterday received a printed paper signed Peter Tim- othy, requiring my attendance this forenoon on the General Committee and to give reasons why I have refused to sign the Association entered into by the Congress. I have complied, and altho' I have many reasons to give, shall trouble you with the following only. Thirty-eight years ago I began to eat the King's bread, when it was impossible for me to earn it, and near thirty years ago in November 1745, I entered His Majesty's service a Volunteer, and then dedicated my life to "Public Records, XXXII, 407-17 (Bull to Hillsborough); XXXV, 229-4+ ("Mr. Milligen's Report of the State of South Carolina," Sept., 15, 1775) S. C. Hist, and Gen. Mag., XXVII (July, 1926), 126-30, 135. XIX him and my Country. I have continued in the service from that time under different Commissions, with, I hope, an irreproachable character, and as I have now the honor of a Commission from His Majesty, I intend, God willing, to be true to the trust reposed in me. Therefore, Gentlemen, Allegiance as a Subject, Gratitude as a Man, Honor as a Gen- tleman, and my duty to the King as an Officer, all forbid my joining in your Association. These are my sentiments which can never change. At the same time I dare avow that I wish as well as any Man whatever to the Civil and Religious rights of Mankind. I was informed by a member of the Committee that these reasons gave great offence, but this I disregarded as I did not mean to please them. On the 4th of August I received another order to attend the Committee on Tuesday, the 15th. On the 1 2th being the Birthday of his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, about two o'clock in the afternoon, the Mob offended at something the Gunner of Fort Johnson had said, seized his person, stript, tarred and feathered him and then putting him in a Cart paraded through the Town with him till 7 o'clock using him very cruelly all the time, about six o'clock they took it into their heads to pay me a visit with him. I was then sitting at my Wife's Mother's door under a Balcony that projects into the Street the weather being very hot. I saw them coming towards me, but as I expected no insult, I continued in my seat 5 they soon came near me and then halted, calling out from hundreds of mouths Here is the scoundrel Milligen put him into the Cart with the other, he is the greatest villian of the two. I was immediately surrounded by a vast crowd, three or four hundred snakes, hissing, threat- ening, and abusing me. I kept my seat for about ten minutes, irresolute how to act. I could not get away from them, I was alone and unable to resist such a torrent. I had a small sword by my side, but that is a poor weapon against an outrageous Mob. I got up at last and stood on the threshold of Mrs. Watson's door. A number of voices then called out seize the scoundrel and bring him to the Cart. About a dozen advanced towards me. I put my hand to my sword and they stopt. At this instant my wife, who was in a back room seeing my situa- tion, ran up to me, flew into my arms and fainted away. I quitted the door to take care of her, numbers then poured xx into the house and almost terrified to death my Mother in law who is near eighty years of age; to relieve her I resolved to gain my own House, about 3 doors off. I took my wife in my arms and carried her through the Mob, they gave way to us, but closed behind, still threatening me, with some dif- ficulty I got into my house by pushing away those that pressed most upon me, the Mob then forced open a gate that leads into my Yard, one of my Servants, a faithful creature, opposed them, they knocked her down several times, at last I forced them out and locked the gate, on which they left me. The greatest number of this Mob were the new soldiers at the bar- racks and mobbing is the only service they will ever be fit for. Next morning several of my friends called upon me and ad- vised me to leave the Province telling me that I was particular- ly obnoxious to the Committee, as I had always treated them with disrespect and spoke of them with contempt, and that I had tried to form a Party to oppose their proceedings. Dur- ing that day other friends called upon me and gave me the same advice, adding that the mildest treatment I could expect was a disgraceful and dangerous imprisonment — this last from a Member of the Committee. Next morning I waited on the Governor to inform him of my situation, to which, he, I found, was no stranger, he was of the same opinion with my friends that it was necessary for me to leave the Province, and advised me to go on board His Majesty's ship Tamar then in Rebellion Road, and the only Asylum for His Majes- ty's faithful persecuted subjects. This advice I resolved to fol- low, but was determined to attend their Committee once more to know what they had to offer me. Tendered a special oath by a special committee, he refused and was desired to retire: I had this morning taken leave of my wife and Family so immediately (about 1 1 o'clock) I went on board a Canoe, which in an hour's time carried me to the Tamar, where I was very politely received by Capt. Thornborough. If Dr. Milligen's family remained in Charleston it is im- probable that he ever saw them after he left South Carolina. His writings reveal him as a courageous, intelligent gentleman of the highest principles, whose active inquiring mind guided a facile pen. xxi Dr. Milligen's Short Description is a succinct and illuminating view of South Carolina, almost entirely as seen through the au- thor's eyes. Of the Cherokee War, fresh in his mind because of his own part in it, he gives a good account, but this is his only excursion into political history. His scientific mind is preoccupied with the climate and its effect on the human system, and not con- tent with the twenty pages he printed on the subject, most of his later notes are likewise concerned with it — much of the latter, however, taken from Dr. Lionel Chalmers' Account of the Weather and Diseases of South-Carolina. As was the case with other thoughtful Englishmen on this South Atlantic coast, the magnitude of the natural phenomena, the violent contrasts of heat and cold, and above all the strangeness of the climate and the land, filled his mind with speculation as to the outcome of this experi- ment of establishing European people and institutions in it. 2S There is poignant meaning in Milligen's final note that "South Carolina was at this period the most thriving Country perhaps on this Globe and might have been the happiest. ... At last the Demon of rebellion took possession of their hearts, and almost banished humanity from among them, with every other virtue." C. J. M. "Chalmers' work was published in 2 vols., London, 1776; compare Milli- gen's notes with I, 9-20. Alexander Hewat, Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia (2 vols.; London, 1779), II, 216-28, drew upon the account of the Cherokee War in Milligen's pamphlet. XX11 Colonial South Carolina M. Ait V 1 x si a^Q ffU-A. tff*ju«r- fJJtS -*, ^J^^p l<£ zjl,^/ - / /"f Cr v r ~fr**jfi'v\ f% «•«-*«. v a A DESCRIPTION O F SOUTH CAROLINA; CONTAINING, Many curious and interefting Particulars relating to the Civil, Natural and Commercial HISTORY of that COLONY, viz. The Succefiion of European Settlers there j Grants of E n c l i s h Charters •, Boundaries ; Conftitution of the Government •, Taxes ; Number of Inhabitants, and of the neighbouring Indian Nations, &c. The Nature of the Climate; Tabular Accounts of the Altitudes of the Barometer Monthly for Four Years s of the Depths of Rain Monthly for Eleven Years, and of the Winds Direction Daily for One Year, &c. The Culture and Produce of Rice, IndianCorn, and Indigo; the Procefs of extra&ing Tar and Turpentines the State of their Maritime Trade in the Years 1710, 1723, J740 and 1748, with the Number or Tonnage of Shipping employed, and the Species,, Quantities and Values of their Produce exported in One Year, &c To which is added, A very particular Account of their Rice -Trade for Twenty Years,, with their Exports of Raw Silk and Imports of British Silk Manufactures for Twenty - five Years. 7 Z LONDON: Printed for R. and J. Dodsley in Pall-Math M DCC LXL PREFACE. rHE 'Thing chiefly intended by this Defcription of South Carolina, is, to give the People of Great Britain an Account of all fucb Matters and Things relating there to y as they are mofl interejled in knowing ; for which Purpofe y the Maritime Trade of that Colony is here traced as far back as any Particulars of it could be met with, relating to the Species, Quantities or Values of their Exports or lmports y or to the Quantity of Shipping ; from whence this great and national Advantage willarife, that by knowing at what Rate the Trade of South Carolina hath increafed, within Forty Years from iyio to 3750, the fureft Judgment may be formed of its future Increafe ; and thofe Facts may be col- laterally ufeful, by ferving as a Sort of Scale to meafur£ the Increafe of Trade in the other Britifh Colonies on the Continent $f North America, about which the People of this Natum know much lefs than concerns them. After faying this, it ts unneceffary to mention more by Way of Preface than to acquaint the Reader, that every •material Fail or Circwnjbance in this Defcription is indexed tinder its proper Head ; and that fucb of- them as depend upm Time, or have relation to others under the fame Head, are nil ranged in fuch Order, as Date, Place, or natural Gra- dation feem to require, leaving the mifcellaneous Matters tilt the loft j by which Means the Trouble of referring to, and reading, Page after Page, only to know one fingte FatJ $r Circumjiance may be all avoided, for every Article of Pro- duel, Export, and Re-Export^ is indexed and each Parti- cular thereof feparately referred to 5 fo thai if ihtr& be Ten* Twenty, or more Particulars mentioned concerning any one Species of Product, and there are Forty about Rice* the In- dex will fhew in what Page each of them h lq be fowid* and which Species ofPmduZ} are not Arjiiks of Trade,. THE [ vi ] i THE ±\ T E N T SECTION I. 7/£ firfi European Settlers there -, their Expulfion by the Natives ; Engl and' s prior Right by Di/covery - 9 Grants of Englifh Charters ; ancient and prefent Names and Boundaries ; the Latitudes and Longitudes of princi- pal Places -------- Pages i to 5 SECTION II. Quality of the Land ; Nature of the Soil j Methods of cut' tivating Rice, Indian Corn, and Indigo ; the Quantities of Labour required forfuch Culture •, and the ufual yearly Crops per Acre ------- Pages 51011 SECTION III. 'The Nature of the Climate ; uncommon Extreams of Heat and Cold 1 Tabular Accounts of the higbejl and loweji Altitudes of the Barometer, of the Depths of Rain? and of the Winds Direclion > various Obfervations relating to Heat, Cold, Vegetation, &c. ; and the extraordinary Eff ells produced by a fever e Frofi - Pages si to 29 SECTION The C O N T E N T S. vil SECTION IV. The prefen t Number cf white Inhabitants, of Militia Forces^ and of Negroe-Slaves ; late Increafes of People by new Settlers •, and the Probability of many Thoufands more being induced to come and fettle there - Pages 30 &? 3 1 SECTION V. The Nature and Conjlitulion of the Government ; the prin- cipal Officers in each Branch thereof and by whom ap- pointed or eleded --,---..- Pages 31/03^ SECTION VI. The principal Taxes laid for the ordinary and extraordinary Expences of the Province Government ; and the Heads of Expence whereto the Monies thereby raifed commonly are appropriated ------- Pages 34 to 36 SECTION VII. Their Maritime Trade ; the Number and Quantity of Sea- men and Shipping therein employed j the Species of Mer- chandife imported there from Great Britain , the Species* Quantifies, and Values of their own Product exported from thence ; and cf imported Merchandife by them re- exported --. Pages 36 to 58 SECTION VIII. The Situation, Strength, and Connexions of the fever al Na- tions of neighbouring Indians ; the Hoftilities they have com- mitted uponBritiftiSubjecJs at the Injtigation of the French, and lately upon thofe Infligators themf elves •, fome Particulars relating to the French Forts, Forces, and Proceedings in Louifiana and Miffifippi - - - Pages 59 to 65 SECTION viii The CONTENTS, SECTION IX, Species of Natural Producl ; Particulars relating to the Culture,. Manufacture, &c. of Indian Corn, Rice, Turpentine, Tar, Pitch, Oil of Turpentine, Rofin, and Silk •, Accounts of their Maritime Trade, Paper- Ourrcncy, current Coins, Taxes, Prices of Labour, &c. written in the Tear 1710 - - - Pages 66/080 SECTION X. The Number of Inhabitants j Value of their yearly Imports', Tonnage of Shipping and Price of Vitl u ailing ; a De- fcriplion of their Rivers, Sea-ports, &c. about the Tear J 724 - -- Pages 8i to 84 ADDITIONS. The Cafe of South Carolina prefented to Parliament about the Tear 1740, containing an Account of the Quantities of Rice exported from thence in Twenty Tears, fpecifying the Quantity fent to each Country in Ten of thofe Tears, and feveral material Fails relating to the different European Markets for Rice, &c. - - - - Pages 85 to 93 A brief Account of the frft bringing and planting of 'Rice in South Carolina - - - - - Pages 94 &? 95 An Account of the Quantities of Carolina ra& Silk imported into Great Britain in Twenty-five Tears, and of the Quan- tities of Britifh Silk Manufactures exported to Carolina in that Time - - ------- page 95 u u A D E< [ I ] A DESCRIPTION O F SOUTH CAROLINA, SECTION I. Jife 7?r/? European Settlers there \ their Expuljion by the Natives; England',? prior Right by Difcovery^ Grants of Englifh Charters j ancient and prejent Names and Boundaries ; the Latitudes and Longi - tudes of principal Places. 4-^^k-OUTH CAROLINA is a Part of $ s J. that vaft Traft of Land which extends Ijr |f northward as far as the Confines of $>&**&$ Virginia, in the Latitude of Thirty-fix Degrees 5 and fouthward as far as the Bay of Mexico. The whole Extent was formerly called Florida, and hath been fucceffively poiTened by the Spaniards, the French, and the Englijl\ B The 2 A Description of Sect. I. The Name Carolina, afterwards given to that Country, and ftill retained by the Englifh, is gene- rally thought to have been derived from Charles the Ninth of France ; in whofe Reign Admiral Coligny made fome Settlements on the Florida Coaft j but the French were foon after driven from thence by the Spaniards, who in their Turn were alfo expelled by the Natives. From that Time, the whole Country lay as a Derelicl, abandoned by the European Nations, till Charles the Second of England, in Right of our firft Difcovery by Sebaftian Cabot, made a Grant thereof to the Earl of Clarendon and Seven other Proprie- tors, by Charter bearing Date at Wejlminjler> the 27th of March 1663. But the Limits mentioned in that Grant not reaching fo far as our Right of Difcovery extended, it was thought expedient to fix a Boundary more conformable thereto, ,which was done by a fecond Grant of the fame Prince, dated in June 1665 ; and it is by Vertue of thofe Two Grants fo founded upon our Right of firft Difcovery, as alfo in Right of feveral Purchafes from the Princes and Caffiques, the original Inhabitants of Florida, that the Englijh Nation do moft juftly poflefs fuch Parts of the faid Country as are now known by the feveral Names of North Carolina^ South Carolina and Georgia, The Part called South Carolina, is bounded on the Eaft, by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the Weft, by fe- veral Nations of Indians; on the North, by North Carolina -, and on the South, it extends far beyond the fouthern Limit of Georgia, which is bounded on 10 Sect. I. SOUTH CAROLINA. 3 on that Side by the River Alatamaha ; but this not being near fo far to the fouthward as the Limits prefcribed by the before mentioned Charters, nor even fo far as the Spaniards have at all Times readily admitted to be our Right, it is evident that a con- fiderable Part of the Territory of South Carolina lies to the fouthward of Georgia. The North Boundary of South Carolina is not fo well agreed upon as might be expe6led, which is owing to the difhoneft Intentions of many lawlefs People, fettled in thofe Parts without legal Titles, and not to any Want of Attention in Government, nor to any Difficulty in the Thing itfelf ; but thofe People, by keeping up a Difpute about the Boun- daries between North and South Carolina, evade pay- ing Quit-rents for their Lands, &c. and fo long as they can enjoy the Protection of Government with- out contributing their Quotas towards the Expence of it, they will be for keeping up the Difpute about Boundaries. This they have hitherto done in fuch a Manner, as to defeat the good Intention of all the Orders and Inftru£tions from Time to Time given for ter- minating thofe Difputes and afcertaining the faid Boundary - } which, in His Majefty's Inltruclions, is directed to be done by running a Line Thirty Miles to the fouthward of Cape Fear River, parallel to and obferving the Courfe of that River to its Head, for the Boundary on that Side : and though this Order is not only too explicit to be miftaken, but hath been put in Execution, or at leaft is faid to have been fo, the good Intention of it neverthe- lefs continues to be evaded. B 2 The 11 4 A Description of Sect. I. The weflern Boundary of SouthCarolina is formed by various Nations of Indians, viz. the Catawbaws, the Chcrokecs, the Chickefaws, the Creeks, and the Chacl 'aws. The Catawbaws are fituated about Eighty Miles North from Saxagotha, a new Townfhip in South Carolina, and are in Amity with the Britijh Go- vernment. The Cherokees form the North weflern Part of that Boundary ; their neareft Towns are Three Hundred Miles from Charles-Town, and they are in Alliance with us. The Chickefaws, Creeks, and Chattaws, form the other Part of that weflern Boundary. The Latitude of the Bar of Charles -Town, the principal Port in South Carolina, by the exac~lefl Ob- fervations, is 3 2 Degrees 40 Minutes North; the Latitude of Winyaw, another of the Ports there, is ; and of Port Royal is 3 2 Degrees 5 Minutes ; thefe Three are all the Ports of Trade at prefent in South Carolina. St Augufline, belonging to the Spaniards, lies in the Latitude of 29 Degrees 50 Minutes ; the Ha- vannah in 23 Degrees ; Ifle Dauphine, or Maffacre, at the Mouth of the River Mobile in the Bay of Mexico, is in the Latitude of 30 Degrees North ; the Town or Fort Condca is about Thirty Miles due North from the Mouth of the River ; thefe belong to the French : but Penfacola on the Ifle St Rofe is Spanijh, 12 Sect.IL SOUTH CAROLINA 5 Spanijh, and is Fourteen Leagues due Eaft from the Ifle Daiiphine : the other French Settlements upon the Mif/ifippi, and in what they call Louijiana, are all within our Charters. The Longitudes have not been determined by good cceleftial Obfervations ; but by the bed Cor- rection are as follow. — Charles-Town Bar 78 Degrees 45 Minutes Weft from the Meridian of London ; Port Royal 79 Degrees 5 Minutes ; and Winyaw ; St Augujlim is reckoned 79 Degrees ; the Havannah and Mobile 90 Degrees 3 Minutes. SECTION II. Quality of the Land ; Nature of the Soil; the Methods of cultivating Rice, Indian Corn, and Indigo ; the Quantities of Labour required for fuch Culture; and the ufual yearly Crops per Acre, TH E Land of South Carolina, for a Hundred or a Hundred and Fifty Miles back, is flat and woody; interfered with many large Rivers, fome of which rife out of the Cherokee Mountains, and after a winding Courfe of fome Hundreds of Miles, difcharge themfelves into the Sea. It is remarkable for the Diverfity of its Soil; that near the Coaft is generally fandy, but not therefore unfruitful ; in other Parts there is Clay, Loam, and Marie; I have ken of the Soil of fome B 3 high 13 6 ^Description of Sect. II. high Bluffs, near the Sides of Rivers, that exaclly reiembles Cajiile Soap, and is not lefs variegated with red and blue Veins, nor lefs clammy. There are difperfed up and down the Country feveral large Indian old Fields, which are Lands that have been cleared by the Indians, and now remain juft as they left them. There arife in many Places fine Savannahs, or wide extended Plains, which do not produce any Trees ; thefe are a Kind of natural Lawns, and fome of them as beautiful as thofe made by Art. The Country abounds every where with large Swamps, which, when cleared, opened, and fweet- ened by Culture, yield plentiful Crops of Bice: along the Banks of our Rivers and Creeks, there are alfo Swamps and Marines, fit either for Rice, or, by the Hardnefs of their Bottoms, for Pafturage. It would open too large a Field, to enter very minutely into the Nature of the Soil ; and I think that this will fufficiently appear by the following Account of what the Labour of one Negroe em- ployed on our beft Lands will annually produce in Rice, Corn, and Indigo. The beft Land for Rice is a wet, deep, miry Soil; fuch as is generally to be found in Cyprefs Swamps; or a black greafy Mould with a Clay Foundation ; but the very beft Lands may be meliorated by laying them under Water at proper Seafons. Good Sect. II. SOUTH CAROLINA. J Good Crops are produced even the firft Ye< r, when the Surface of the Earth appears in fome Degree covered with the Trunks and Branches of Trees : the proper Months for {"owing Rice are March, April, and May ; the Method is, to plant it in Trenches or Rows made with a Hoe, about Three Inches deep ; the Land mud be kept pretty- clear from Weeds j and at the latter End of Auguji or the Beginning of September, it will be fit to be reaped. Rice is not the worfe for being a little green when cut; they let it remain on the Stubble till dry, which will be in about Two or Three Days, if the Weather be favourable, and then they houfe or put it in large Stacks, Afterwards it is threfhed with a Flail, and then winnowed, which was formerly a very tedious Operation, but it is now performed with great Eafe, by a very fimple Machine, a Wind-Fan, but lately ufed here, and a prodigious Improvement. The next Part of the Procefs is grinding, which is done in fmall Mills made of Wood, of about Two Feet in Diameter : it is then winnowed again, and afterwards put into a Mortar made of Wood, fufficient to contain from half a Bufhel to a Bufhel, where it is beat with a Peftle of a Size fuitable to the Mortar and to the Strength of the Perfon who is to pound it; this is done to free the Rice from a thick Skin, and is the moft laborious Part of the Work. B 4. It 15 IS A Description of Sect. II. It is then fifted from the Flour and Duft, made by the pounding; and afterwards, by a Wire-Sieve called a Market-Sieve, it is feparated from the broken and fmall Rice, which fits it for the Barrels in which it is carried to Market. They reckon Thirty Slaves a proper Number for a Rice-Plantation, and to be tended with one Over- feer; thefe, in favourable Seafons and on good Land, will produce a furprizing Quantity of Rice-, but that I may not be blamed by thofe, who being induced to come here upon fuch favourable Ac- counts, and may not reap fo great a Harveft ; and that I may not miflead any Perfon whatever, I chufe rather to mention the common Computation throughout the Province, communibus Annis-, which is, that each good working Hand employed in a Rice-Plantation makes Four Barrels and a Half of Rice, each Barrel weighing Five Hundred Pounds Weight neat ; befides a fufficient Quantity of Pro- vifions of all Kinds, for the Slaves, Horfes, Cattle, and Poultry of the Plantation, for the enfuing Year. Rice laft Year bore a good Price, being at a Medium about Forty- five Shillings of our Currency per Hundred Weight ; and all this Year it hath been iFifty- five Shillings and Three Pounds ; though not many Years ago it was fold at fuch low Prices as Ten or Twelve Shillings per Hundred. Indian Corn delights in high loofe Land, it does not agree with Clay, and is killed by much Wet; it is generally planted in Ridges made by the Plow or 16 Sect. II. SOUTH CAROLINA. 9 or Hoe, and in Holes about Six or Eight Feet from each other ; it requires to be kept free from Weeds, and will produce, according to the Goodnefs of the Land, from Fifteen to Fifty Bufhels an Acre ; fome extraordinary rich Land, in good Seafons, will yield Eighty Bufhels j but the common Computation is, that a Negroe will tend Six Acres, and that each Acre will produce from Ten to Thirty-five Bufhels ; it fells generally for about Ten Shillings Currency a Bufhel, but is at prefent Fifteen. Indigo is of feveral Sorts ; what we have gone moftly upon, is, the Sort generally cultivated in the Sugar- I/lands, which requires a high loofe Soil, to- lerably rich, and is an annual Plant ; but the wild Sort, which is common in this Country, is much more hardy and luxuriant, and is perennial; its ftalk dies every Year, but it fhoots up again next Spring ; the Indigo made from it, is of as good a Quality as the other, and it will grow on very in- different Land, provided it be dry and loofe. An Acre of good Land may produce about Eighty Pounds weight of good Indigo; and one Slave may manage two Acres and upwards, and raife Provifions befides, and have all the Winter Months to faw Lumber and be otherwiie employed in : but as much of the Land hitherto uied for Indigo is improper, I am peduaded that not above Thirty Pounds weight, of good Indigo per Acre, can be expected from the Land at prefent cultivated : perhaps we are not converfant enough in this Com- modity, either in the Culture of the Plant, or in the Method of managing or manufacturing it, to write with Certainty. I am 17 io A Description of Sect. II, I am afraid that the Lime-water which fome ufe, to make the Particles fubfide, contrary as I have been informed to the Practice of the French, is prejudicial to it, by precipitating different Kinds of Particles ; and coniequently, incorporating them with the Indigo. But I cannot leave this Subject without obferving, how conveniently and profitably, as to the Charge of Labour, both Indigo and Rice may be managed by the fame Perfons ; for the Labour attending Indigo being over in the Summer Months, thofe who were employed in it may afterwards manufacture Rice, in the enfuing Part of the Year, when it becomes moff. laborious ; and after doing all this, they will have fome Time to fpare for fawing Lumber, and making Hog/head and other Staves, to fupply the Sugar-Colonies. This Country abounds in many other ufeful Productions, of which it is not in my Power to give a particular Account ; but fuch of them as there is a Demand for in other Countries, are all fpecified in my Account of the Exports from Charles-Town, herewith tranfmitted j I have alfo mentioned the Quantity of each Species fo ex- ported, and the Price it bore with us at the Time -, the Knowledge of which Two Particulars in rela- tion to each Sort, will, I believe, be more fatisfactory in a national Senfe, than any thing elfe that could be faid about them. I mufl therefore beg Leave to refer to the faid Account, and (hall conclude this Head with ob- ferving. Sect. III. SOUTH CAROLINA. ti ferving, that hitherto there have not been any Mines difcovered in this Province. SECTION III. 'The Nature of the Climate ; uncommon Extr earns ofHeai and Cold -j Tabular Accounts of the highejl and lowejl Altitudes of the Barometer ■, of the Depths of Rain, and of the Wind's Direclion ; various OhferixUiom relating to Heat, Cold, Vegetation, &c.s 9 ami tbo extraordinary Effect s produced iy ajevfre JFroft. OUR Climate is various and uncertain to fuch an extraordinary Degree, that I fear not to affirm, there are no People upon Earth who, I think, can fuffer greater Extreams of Heat and Cold : it is happy for us that they are not of long Duration. No Idea of either the one or the other can be formed from our Latitude, which, on other Con- tinents, is found to be very defirable ; nor dare I to trace by any phyfical Reafoning, the Caufes of thefe Extreams ; left I fhould amufe with vague Conjectures, thole to whom I would not write any thing but Truth ; I fhall therefore content myfelf with fetting down what we are fure of by Experi- ments. In Summer the Thermometer hath been known to rife to 98 Degrees, and in Winter to fall to 10 Degrees. I had 19 iz A Description of Sect. Ill, I had for fome Time kept a Diary of the Wea- ther, to pleafe myfelf only ; but having met with a Gentleman here, who is curious in my own Way, and who hath done it with more Accuracy, than the little Portions of Time ftolen from the Duties of my Station, would permit me to do ; I mall here give you his Tables, which are the Refult of Four Years Barometrical Obfervations taken Twice a Day, viz. at Noon and at Night -, and of Four Years Thermometrical Obfervations by Farenheifs Thermometer ; and alfo, his Account of the Depths of Rain which have fallen in Charles-Town, within each Month and Year for Eleven Years paft ■, to- gether with a Table of the Winds. TABLES 20 Sect. III. SOUTH CAROLINA. TABLES OF THE Higheft and Loweft ALTITUDES OF THE BAROMETER, A T Charles 'Town in South Carolina 3 Within each Month of the Years 1737 to 1740; AND ALSO The feveral Directions which the WIND had at the Times of thofe Altitudes. EXPLANATIONS. Where a * is annexed to the Wind's Dire&ion, it is to be underftood that a North or Eaft Wind preceded or fucceeded ; AND Where a J is fo annexed, it is to .denote that a Weft or South Wind blew before or after. N° I. 21 H A Description of Sect, III, N° I. In the Year 1737. The The The The Months. greateft Winds leaft Winds Altitudes. Dire&ion. Altitudes. Direction. Inches v , Parts inches r , rarts January- — — — — . February — — ■— » — . — . March 0— «_ . _ ■ April 30 : 42 E 29 : 48 w May 30 : 23 NE 29 : 85 s June 30 : 20 NE 29: 85 w July 3 o: *3 ssw* 29 : 83 svv Auguft 30: 18 E 29 : 88 sw September 3° : 33 NNE 29: 85 SE Oclober 3° : 33 E 29 : 83 WNW November 3° : 5 8 N 29 : 72 s December 30 : 60 N tf° IT. 2 9 : 93 w In the Year 2738. January 30: 48 N 29. ■ 88 sw February 30: 3* NE 29 68 s March 30 ■ 26 SE 29 = 58 s April 3° : 33 W* 29 .78 wsw May 3° : 35 E 29 : 30 w June 3° : 30 E 29 : 98 sw July 30 ■ 38 E 3° : sw Auguft 3° : 3 8 NE 29 •98 sw September 3° = 38 E 29 : 88 NW October 30 : 45 E 29 68 w November 3° 35 NE 29 58 w December 3° 5» N 29 : 75 NNWt N° III. 22 Sect. III. SOUTH CAROLINA. j 5 N° III. In the Year 1739. Months. The greateft Altitudes. The Winds Direction. Jnche January February March April May June J ul y Auguft September October November December 100 Parts 30 : jo 3° : 55 30 : 50 30 : 32 30 : 28 30 : 18 30 : 8 30 : 26 30 : 28 30 : 32 30 : 51 30 : 60 N N SE E E S* SSE* E NE NNE N ENE The lead Altitudes. Inches * ° Parts 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 5° 85 °5 75 85 86 *5 l* 85 72 72 86 The Winds Direction. NW + W w S s ssw w NE't sw s sw N° IV. In the Year 1740. January 30 : 46 NNE 29: 7 6 February 30 : 54 NNE 29: 72 March 30 : 40 ENE 29 : 60 April 30: 48 E 29: 58 May 30: 3° S* 29 : 90 June 30 : 28 ESE 29 : 9° July 30 : 22 W 29: 9 8 Auguft 30: 2 5 NE 29: 95 September So. 36 NE 29 : 86 Oclober 30: 5° N 29 : 95 November 30 55 NNW 29 : 71 December 3o : 5 8 NNE 29 65 w WSW w w ssw NE + SW N S w sw WNW ft The Barometer's mean Range. ft 83 74 78 75 44 34 29 37 48 61 81 79 The 23 j6 A Description of Sect. III. The greateft Height of the Mercury in the Ba- rometer in this Province is 30 : 70 Inches; its leaft Height is 29:48 Inches; and for thefe Twelve Years laft pall, all the Variations of the Barometer have been confined between thofe Two Extreams. Therefore, its Range in this Province being 1 : 22 Inch, our Atmofphere varies only T j [One Twenty-filth] Part of its whole Weight; and in the warm Months I never have feen the Range of the Barometer exceed -^~- [Fifty-eight Hundredth] Parts of an Inch. The mean Barometrical Station taken from its greateft and leaft Heights is 30 : 09 Inches. Our Eafterly and Northerly Winds elevate the Mercury in the Barometer ; and by Southerly and Wefterly Winds the Mercury fubfides. The Weather perhaps is no where more variable, with refpect to Heat and Cold, than in Carolina ; the Changes are frequent, fudden, and great ; but the Decreafes of Heat are always greater and more fudden than its Increafes. The greateft Incalefcences of the Air, which, in the Courfe of near Eight Years Obfervation, I have known take Place in Twenty- four or Thirty Hours, were, 19 Degrees in the Spring, 24 in the Summer, 1 3 in Autumn, and 1 6 in the Winter. Whereas the grcateft Decreafes of Heat inTwenty- four or Thirty Hours, were 35 Degrees in the Spring, 24 Sect. III. SOUTH CAROLINA. 17 Spring, 32 in the Summer, 27 in Autumn, and 44 in the Winter ; and it frequently happens that one Day is 1 o or more Degrees colder or warmer than the preceding Day. On the 10th of January 1745, at Two o'th' Clock in the Afternoon, the Thermometer was at 70 De- grees ; but the next Morning it was at only 1 5 Degrees ; which was the greateft and moft fudden Change that I have feen. In Summer, the Heat of the (haded Air, at Two or Three o'th' Clock in the Afternoon, is frequently between 90 and 95 Degrees; but fuch Extreams of Heat, being foon productive of Thunder- Showers, are not of long Duration. On the 14th, 15th, and 16th of June 1738, at Three o'th' Clock in the Afternoon, the Thermo- meter was at 98 Degrees; a Heat equal to the greateft Heat of the human Body in Health ! — I then applied a Thermometer to my Arm-pits, and it funk one Degree ; but in my Mouth and Hands it continued at 98 Degrees. In my Table of Thermometrical Obfervations, 2 1 Degrees is the lowerr. Station of the Thermo- meter ; but fince the Time for which that Table was formed, I have frequently feen the Thermo- meter much lower; particularly on the 6th of February 1747, at 8 o'th' Clock in the Morning, it was at the Tenth Degree, and no Doubt had been lower fome Hours before that, as the Spirits in the Thermometer were then riling, the Air being warmed by the Sun. C The 25 i8 A Description of Sect. IIL The Difference therefore between the moft in- tanfe Heat and Cold, of the (haded Air in this Province, is Eighty-eight Degrees; which is a much grcarer Range than could well have been expected in this Latitude. If the Mean is taken between thefe Extreams of Heat and Cold, Fifty-four Degrees fhould be the temperate Heat in this Province ; but the Sum of theThermometrical Stations divided by the Number of Obiervations which I have made, for fome Years together, gives Sixty-five and a Half Degrees, which therefore may more juftly be called the temperate Heat in Carolina j which exceeds 48 Degrees, the temperate Heat in England, more than that exceeds 3 2 Degrees, the freezing Point. The mean Heat of the fhaded Air, taken from the mean nocturnal Heat and from the mean Heat at Two or Three o'th' Clock in the Afternoon, during the Four Seafons of the Year, is as followeth; in Spring, 61 Degrees; in Summer, 78; in Au- tumn, j 1 ; and in Winter, 52. The mean Heat of the fhaded Air, at Two or Three o'th' Clock in the Afternoon, is 65 Degrees in the Spring, 82 in the Summer, 75 in Autumn, and 55 in the Winter. The mean nocturnal Heat in thofe Seafons, is 5j Degrees in the Spring, 74 in the Summer, 68 in Autumn, and 49 in the Winter .Therefore, our Winters mean nocturnal Heat exceeds the temperate Heat in England, As 26 Sect. III. SOUTH CAROLINA. 19 As the Weather here is generally very ferene, the Sun's Rays exert more conftantly their full Force ; and therefore when we are abroad, and expofed to the Sun, we are acted upon by a much greater Degree of Heat than that of the fhaded Air; for the Thermometer when fufpended Five Feet from the Ground, and expoled to the Sun and to reflected Rays from our fandy Streets, hath fre- quently rifen in a few Minutes from 15 to 26 Degrees above what were at thofe Times the De- grees of Heat in the fhaded Air. But I have never yet made that Experiment when the Heat of the fhaded Air was above 88 Degrees ; when therefore we are in the Streets in a ferene Day in the Summer, the Air we walk in and infpire, is many Degrees hotter than that of the human Blood; for fuppofing the Heat of the ihaded Air be 88 Degrees, when the Thermometer would rife 26 Degrees higher, if fufpended and ex- pofed to the Sun, &c. a? before-mentioned; or iuppofe that the Heat of the fhaded Air be 98 De- grees, when the Thermometer would rife 26 De- grees higher by fuch Sufpenfion and Expofure ; in the nrft of thofe Two Cafes, the Heat of the Air in the Streets would exceed 98, the natural Heat of the human Blood, by fixteen Degrees ; and in the lad Cafe, it would exceed fuch Heat by Twenty- fix Degrees. C 2 TABLES 27 Sict. III. SOUTH CAROLINA 2i TABLES OF THE DEPTHS of RAIN, WHICH FELL AT Charles -Town in South Carolina, Within Eleven Years from 1738 to 1748; SHEWING, The DEPTH that fell In each MONTH, In each SEASON, AND, In each YEAR: ALSO, The general medium DEPTHS, taken upon all thofe Eleven Years, For each MONTH, For each SEASON, AND For a YEAR. Whole is exprefled in Inches and Millennial Parts of Inches. C 3 N° V. 29 2Z A Description of Sect. III. N° V. For the YEARS *73 8 > x 739, 374c Inches Inches Inches In and and ?nd what Millennial Millefimal Millefima! Times Parts Parts Parts Each Month January I, 09I 2'JIO 4-8 7 J February 4' 4 i 6 2 'S75 3*084 March 4'S3» 5*6 09 L.4X April Lot. °M95 *"* ' 9 2 May 3* i » 7 5'i jo 5*6 1 s. June I s « 7 J 5-8 J9 4"6 4 8 July IO-660 5*4 5 a 3'o 1 1 Auguft 4*i 04 I2. ftIX 7*3 1 September io. 792 4'8 J + J'too October L 35 3 6 '593 I# i j s November 2, 656 I. J, »5J I '8 4 g December 3*8 7 7 3'68 9 2, 7 5« Each Seajon Spring IO-ojo 8-679 5*3 I 7 Summer J5-354 26. + I1 *3'a 7 3 Autumn i6. 2J + 2 3'6 J8 "'t/i Winter 7*6 j 7'. I 4 9-457 Each Tear 49-**8 ^J- 9 6* 39-sos N e VI. 30 Sect. III. SOUTH CAROLINA. 23 N° VI. For the YEA c I74ij *74 2 > i?43« In what Times Each Month January February March April May- June July Auguft September October November December Each Seafon Spring Summer Autumn Winter Inches and Millennial Parts 4-4 9 1 4" x 74 8 - General Mediums Inches Inches Inches In and and and what Millefimal Millefimal Millefimal Times Parts Parts Parts Each Month January 3*4 2 9 2 2.',.6 February 2-S6o 1-573 3 * J 6 J March 2 '5 « S 3'° 4 7 3*o 8 i April *■»■ z 9 z °*9 7 9 •7*7 May °'9U I'8j6 3*5 o 7 June 2. A *4 7 o I «8 J 9 5'i 3 7 J^y 6-4-M 9-*7 3 6 '573 Auguft 4-8 9 5 ^•8 8 i 6 -6 9 c September 7'i i 6 /•44 2 5-o«, October 9-5C4 5* S 5 o 3-« 96 November I'o 5 6 5*3 6 8 2 -j 6 December 2. 5'S8 8 3*6 9 a ~Each Seafon Spring 5*7 3 7 5*5 9 9 8.0 8 1 Summer 9-8 C7 I2 -95S ^•..r Autumn 2I-6IS ^••7i I 4'9°o Winter /'4 o 6 ^3*o 6 8 8 -7.4 iw£ 2^#r 44-56$ 5 1 •498 46. 912 N° IX. 33 2D A Description of Sect. III. N° E of the Winds Direction ? The Winds I Spring Nature Diredion i %-, i w : ! u o fa s r s ssw sw Warm< WSW I W 1 SSE I SE i • 7 : j : 6=i 04 I I 4* 10 bummer Temperate 1 ESE E ENE NE 5* o • s 18 2 3 1 1 ; 8< 4 : 4 : s : >-. io : 6 4 fWNW 5 : 5 : 5 J NW | 6: 4: 3 Cold <{ NNW 3: 2: 2 j NE ! 3: <;: — [ N I 7: 8: 1 5: 8 2 • 2 4' 10 1: — • 7'. 2- «: 4-: 29 2 2 6 Autumn bij CJ CO 19 I f 2-> o eg o 6 ' 6: 2°° 2: • • 5 : 8 = 6' 2: 2 : 3: 6: 2: 1 " 9* 2 • 9: 7 10: 3 : 3 : 5 : 2: j 1 : 12^24: The above Table of the Winds Direction is for One Year $ during which, Three Obfervations were made almoft every Day ; viz. in the Morn- ing, at Two o'th'Clock in the Afternoon, and at Bed-time. — The Numerical Figures in the Co- lumns, for each Month, Seafon, and the whole Year, fhew 34 Sect. III. SOUTH CAROLINA. 27 IX. at Chai -hs-Town in. South Carol 'ina The Winds Winter Total N° of T imes in I 1 Nature Direaion :November : December January co • si • c • c . £ . E : 1 : J5 :< : ■4-J C The whole Year Warm^ ssw s'w wsw 3 : - : 4 4 : ~ • 3 3 : 3 : 4 3 : 4 : 2 16; 12 ' IB! IO' 34^9: 36:11: 24=14= 7 7 10 9 86 36 75 57 w SSE I SE 1 2 *• 1 4 : 1 1 3° 5 46; 19 7; 5 37 3 132 26 17 f ESE 3 : * : J 1 1 7I14 S 37 Moift, but) E Temperate) ENE I NE 7° 6:11 3 : 3 : 8 2 : — : 1 x 9 21 *7 J 9: 2 3 9: 10 j 5 : 1 8 .24 H 2 85 54 5 2 r-WNW 4° 18: 6 *.? •io' : i3 •28 66 NW Cold < MNW 3 : M : 5 4 : 2 : 1 *3 6 : 4:14 : 2 : 3 :i 9 : 7 5° 18 | NE 1: 4: 3 8 : 6; ic : 8 3 2 [ N 14: 9 : 6 ,16 : 8:47 ;2 9 100 fhew how many Times within each reflectively, the Wind, at the Hours of Obfervation, blew from thofe Points of the Compafs which are exprefled by the initial Letters thereof and feverally placed on the fame Lines as the Numerical Figures whereuntp they belong Thefe s8 A Description of Sect. III. Thefe Obfervations and Tables were made and formed by a very curious Gentleman, one Doctor L-n-ng ; and to them I mail add a few other Ob- fervations relating to the intenfe Cold we fome- times have here ; becaufe it is much to be wondered at, confide ring how intenfe the Heat is at other Times, and what great Deviations thefe are from thofe fuperior and general Laws of Nature whereby Heat and Cold in every Climate are commonly un- derstood to be chiefly governed and graduated. The firft Inftance of intenfe Cold that I mail mention, relates to a healthy young Perfon of my Family, who at the Time was Two or Three and Twenty Years of Age, and ufually flept in a Room without a Fire : That Perfon carried Two Quart Bottles of hot Water to Bed, which was of Down and covered with Englifh Blankets; the Bottles were between the Sheets ; but in the Morning they were both fplit to Pieces, and the Water folid Lumps of Ice. In the Kitchen where there was a Fire, the Water in a Jar, in which was a large live Eel, was frozen to the Bottom ; and I found feveral fmall Birds frozen to Death near my Houfe ; they could not have died for Want of Food, the Froft having been but of one Day's Continuance, But an Effect much to, be regretted, is, that it deftroyed almoft all the Orange-Trees in the Country; I loft above Three Hundred bearing Trees, and an Olive -Tree of fuch a prodigious Size, that I thought it Proof again ft all Weathers ; it 36 Sect. IIL SOUTH CAROLINA 29 it was near a Foot and Half Diameter in the Trunk, and bore many Bufhels of excellent Olives every Year. This Froft happened on the 7th of February 1747; and the Winter having been mild with us till then, the Juices were fo far rifen that the Orange-Trees were ready to bloflbm j under which Circumftances that Froft burfl all their Veflels, for not only the Bark of all of them, but even the Bodies of many of them were fplit, and all on the Side next the Sun. Laft Year, however, many of them (hot up again from the Root, and I have meafured many Shoots, which were from Twelve to Fifteen Feet in Height, and of a tolerable Thicknefs ! — a furprizing Inftance of Vegetation in a few Months; and though about the firft Week of January in this Winter we had a pretty fmart Froft of Two or Three Days Conti- nuance, with fome Snow, it did not injure the tendered Shoots ; but a Month after we had another fmart Froft, when the Juices were rifmg, and that has quite killed moft of thofe Shoots. SECTION 37 3Q A Description of SectJV, SECTION IV, The prefent Number of white Inhabitants^ bf Militia Forces, and of Negroe- Slaves ; late Increafcs of People by new Settlers ; and the Probability of many ^Thcufands more bei?ig induced to come and fettle there. TH E Number of white Inhabitants in South Carolina is at prefent near Twenty-five Thoufand; and the Number of Negroes there, is at leaf! Thirty-nine Thoufand ; of the latter J can be more pofitive, becaufe a Tax is paid for them ; and I make my Computation of the former, by the Number of Men borne upon the Mutter Rolls for the Militia, which is about Five Thou- iimd, between the Ages of Sixteen and Sixty. Within thefe Three or Four Years, above Two Hundred Families of Germans have come and fettled in this Province ; and within the laft Year or Two, about the like Number of Families from other Bntilh Colonies have come to us : while on the other Hand, the Number of Inhabitants who have Ich this Province is but about Five or Six, and thofe being indebted here, run off with their Slaves into Georgia. As Numbers of People well employed make the Riches and Strength or every Country, I am de-r ter mined, from the Time of the Proclamation of Peace, 38 Sect. V. SOUTH CAROLINA. 31 Peace, to obferve very particularly the Increafe of Inhabitants in this Province, either in the nafural Way, or by the Accretion from other BritiJJj Colonies, or by the Acceflion of Foreigners : which, by the BlelTing of God, and His Majefly's Pro- tection and Favour, I think may be feveral Thou- fands in a few Years. And my Reafons for being of that Opinion are, becaufe here is a large Tract of Territory hitherto but thinly inhabited, Numbers of navigahle Rivers which make Carriage eafy and afford fafe Ports, a fertile Soil and a pretty healthful Climate, Liberty of Confcience, equal Laws, eafy Taxes, and, I hope I may add with Truth, a mild Administration of the Government. 0.% *,«■ »■•" #,»" «,» > t » o.tt >•» >.<£ »' V f A '#>% FtW #(>> *■» ».* '*,» #.» #.* fA #,» *•»*•»"•,»'•#,% "J^J - SECTION V. The Nature and Conflitution of the Government j the principal Officers in each Branch thereof, and by whom appointed or elccled. TH E Government of South' Carolina is one of thofe called Royal Governments, to diftin- guiih it I prefume from the Charter Governments, fuch as MaJ/dchuJets-Bay, Connecticut, and Rhode- Jfland\ and from the Proprietary Governments, fuch as Penfhania and Maryland. Its Conftitution is formed after the Model of our Mother Country : The Governor, Council, and AifembJy 39 32 A Description of Sect. V. AfTembly conftitute the Three Branches of the Legiilature, and have Power to make fuch Laws as may be thought neceflary for the better Go- vernment of the Province, not repugnant to the Laws of Great Britain^ nor departing from them, beyond what Neceffity may require. The Governor is appointed by Patent, by the Title of Governor in chief and Captain-general in and over the Province ; he receives alfo a Vice Admiral's Commiflion : But alas ! thefe high- founding Titles convey very little Power, and I have often wifhed that Governors had more ; I cannot however help making this difinterefted Remark, that though a virtuous Perfon might be trufted with a little more Power, perhaps there may be as much already given, as can fafely be delegated to a weak or a wicked Perfon ; and con- fidering that fuch may in ill Times happen to be employed, a wife and good Prince will therefore guard againfl it. The Members of the Council are appointed by the King, under His Royal Sign Manual, and are Twelve in Number; to which Number the Sur- veyor-general of the Cuftoms mu ft be added, he having a Seat in Council in all the Governments within his DiftricT:. The AfTembly confifts of Forty-four Members, elected every third Year by the Freeholders of Sixteen different Parifhes ; but the Reprefentation feems to be unequal ; fome Parifhes returning Five, others Four, Three, Two, or only One; and ibme Towns which, by the King's lnftru&ions, have 40 Sect. V. SOUTH CAROLINA. 33 have a Right to be erected into Parifhes, and to fend Two Members, are not allowed to fend any. There is a Court of Chancery, compofed of the Governor and Council, and there is a Matter in Chancery, and a Regifter belonging to the laid Court. The Court of King's Bench confifts of a Chief Juftice appointed by his Majefty, and fome affiftant Juftices : the fame Perfons conftitute the Court of Common Pleas : there is a Clerk of the Crown, who is alfo Clerk of the Pleas : an Attorney-general, and a Provoft-marlhal. There is a Secretary of the Province, who is alfo Regifter, and pretends a Right to be, and appoints, the Clerk of the Council j there is alfo a Clerk of the AfTembly, a Surveyor-general of the Land, a Receiver-general of the Quit- rents, & Vendue Mailer, and Naval Officer; all which Officers are ap- pointed by the Crown. There is a Court of Vice Admiralty ; the Judge, Regifter, and Marfhal thereof, are appointed by the Lords Commiflloners of the Admiralty. There is a Comptroller of the Cuftoms j Three Collectors, one at each Port, vt%. Charles-Town, Port Royal, and Winy aw ; there likewife are two Searchers at Charles-Town ; and all thefe are ap- pointed by the CommiiTioners of the Cuftoms, or by the Lords Commiftioners of the Treafury. D The 41 34. A Description of Sect. VI. The public Trcafurer, the Country Comptroller, the Commiflioncrs for Indian Affairs, and feveral other Officers, are appointed by the General Afleinbly. The Clergy are elected by the People. The Governor appoints Juftices of the Peace, and Officers in the Militia, which are Offices of no Profit and fome Trouble, and therefore few will accept of them unlefs they are much courted. SECTION VI. The principal Taxes laid for the ordinary and extra- ordinary Expences of the Province Government ; and the "Heads of Expcnce whereto the Monies thereby raifed commonly are appropriated. TH E public Revenues within the Province of south Carolina arife partly from Duties upon Goods imported, impofed by a Law called the General Duty-Law ; and partly from Taxes upon real and perfonal Eftates, wherein are compre- hended Lands- Houfes % Money at Inter eft, Stock in Trade, &c. The Species of Goods liable to Duties, are Sugar, Rum, Madeira Wine, and a few other Sorts of Com- modities; but not one Commodity of the Produce or 42 Sect. VI. SOUTH CAROLINA. 35 or Manufacture of Great Britain is charged with any Duty in this Province. The Monies railed as aforefaid are appropriated to defray the ordinary and extraordinary Expences of the Province Government, excepting fome parti- cular' Expences which are provided for by other Funds j and the after mentioned Heads of Appro- priation will beft fhew in what Manner thofe public Revenues are applied. Province Debts, fuch as were contracted by the Expedition to St. Augujline, and for the Relief of Georgia, The Salaries of fuch Civil Officers as have not Appointments upon Quit-rents. The Stipends of our Clergy The Salaries of School-mailers and Ufhers The Salary, &c. of our Agent in Great Britain The Pay of Gunners at our feveral Forts The fettling foreign Proteilants in this Province The additional Pay allowed to the Three inde- pendent Companies of regular Troops ferving here The keeping in Repair our Fortifications and public Buildings. Prefents to the Chiefs of the Indian Nations > D 2 but 43 36 A Description of Sect. VII, but his Majefty hath been gracioufly pleafed tQ relieve us from this Article of Expence. Troops of Rangers cafually taken into Pay upon any Alarm, for which I hope there will not here- after be much Occafion. Two Gallies equipped and kept in Pay for the Defence of our Ifland Pafiages ; they are now laid afide, but the Expence of them ufed to be about Fourteen Thoufand Pounds a Year. ~ r ~ Eight Look-outs, which are alfo laid aflde ; the Expence of them was about Three Thoufand Five Hundred Pounds per Annum. ~£ *HHT Quantities) and Values of their own 'Produce exported from thence ; and of imported Merchandize by them re-exported. TFI E maritime Trade of South Carolina hath of late Years been much more beneficial to the Inhabitants of that Province than formerly it was ; which is partly owing to a great Increafe in the Value of their Exports, and partly to a consi- derable Decreafe in their Imports from the Colonies of New Torky Penfihania % &c. For thofe Two Colonies 44 Sect. VII. SOUTH CAROLINA. 37 Colonies ufed to drain us of all the little Money and Bills we could gain upon our Trade with other Places, in Payment for the great Quantities of Bread j Flour, Beer, Hams, Bacon, and other Com- modities of their Produce wherewith they then fupplied us : all which, excepting Beer, our new Townfhips, inhabited by Germans \ begin to fupply us with. And the Importation of Negroe-SJaves, which formerly was a confiderable Article of Expence to us, hath not only been faved for a Time, but is likely to continue fo for the future -, a Law having been made in this Province whereby fo heavy a Duty was laid on Negroes imported here, that it amounted to*a Prohibition ; and though, fince the Expiration of that Law, the War hath hitherto prevented any from being imported, I do not find that in above Nine Years Time our Number of Negroes is diminifhed, but on the contrary in- creafed ; fo that in all Appearance the Negroes bred from our own Stock will continually recruit and keep it up, if not enable us to fupply the Sugar Colonies with a fmall Number of Negroes. As to the increafed Value of our Exports, I have already faid that the Price of our principal Com- modity Rice, was fome Years ago fo low as Ten or Twelve Shillings per Hundred Pounds weight, which is only One Fourth Part of the Price we have lately fold our Rice for; the medium Price laft Year being about 45 s. Currency per Cent. lb. and all this Year it has been from 555. to 60s. per Cent, lb: fo that our main Article of Export is not only qua- drupled in Value to us, but much increafed in D 3 Quantity 45 3.S A Description,^. Sect. VII. Quantity alfoj and the quick Progrefs we have already made in the Culture of Indigo, gives Reafon to expect that it will one Time or other prove to be a Commodity of as great Profit to this Province as Rice hath hitherto been* But with all this Trade we have few or no Ships of our own : we depend in a great Meafure upon thofe fent from Great Britain, or on fuch as are built in New England for Britifi Merchants, and which generally take this Country in their Way, to get a Freight to England: the Confideration whereof naturally leads me to take Notice of the Advantages we bring to our Mother Country, by producing fuch vaft Quantities of marketable Com- modities which do not interfere with her own Produce, and by confining ourfelves to the Colony Profits from thence arifing j the latter whereof is a Matter of the higher! Importance to Great Britain as a Naval Power, and it would be doing Injuftice to South Carolina not to fhew our National Value in that Refpect. * * * * * * * * • ♦ * M * 46 Description cf Sect. Vll. — V o o o .J3 fcjQ '5 o O O o CO 6 • i—i M CO 'fa § U v -5 S I o u 5 Nn o o O CO (M 6 vO O O^ "^ co"oo vcT ^ « o bJO ., o o o o o £ vO ^- CO >■> vo *— CO u 1-1 CO o cT ha CO to lJ~.CO O c*>> c t-O !— 1 o) O c ^1 O r% w -1 O ^fr- »-i SO »=1 >»i C3 o H 48 Sect. VII. SOUTH CARO LI NA. 41 000 jj o o o « OO KN g CM O ^O «g CM " t*- s CO N C/3 6 ^ 3 .s o o o a £ o o o r? "-I •-• <-i e •■— < o b «; vo •<+• co fcjo rr cm cm g ** - CO c NNro o •» •» «\ O CN WS oc o ^ CO VO CO" h3 G S -s poo O Jg .. w> 'S 000 O £ u. * * OsO K CO a O OnO «-n t>^ « »o *o e O O CO O »-o »•* ^ 06 ^ ^ "*- t^ M «r-t OO w ON *£ vO ON ^t" O t\ ^ « vo GO 1 *-T 6 • 1—1 5— t .3 O O O o O +-> vO ^ CO c^ S? -+ r^ vo On ON M to c sn ONOO C O ^J- CM ~ #\ m ** GO H CO ""*" m Ctf 5=1 1 ■ »«1 •^ T3 Si U 3 O .0 5 O a it w IS Si **- CO ON co w-> co tv. O ON CO 10 co cm CO "c4 *-» O ta 00 KN > v© CO CO CM ON 05 O 49 42 A Description of Sect 6 VIL From the preceding Account it appears, that the Trade of South Carolina gives Employment to Fifteen Thoufand Tons of Shipping, and toFifteen Hundred Seamen, all of which are, or might be, Britijh ; and admitting them to be fuch, the very Freight of our Produce brings in a Profit of about One Hundred Thoufand Pounds Sterling a Year to our Mother Country, over and above the Addition of Naval Power from thence arifing: than which, there needs not a more linking Proof how nearly it concerns Great Britain to keep the Freight of all her Colony Produce to herfelf. For there is Reafon to believe that the Rice, and other principal Articles exported from SouthCarolina, do not in Tonnage make more than One Tenth Part of the ufeful Commodities which all the Britijh Northern Colonies are very capable of pro- ducing for Exportation ; and this without inter- fering with Great Britain or with Ireland, by ex~ porting Com, Flour, Bifcuit, Cheefe, Butter, Beer 9 Beef, Fork, and by catching, curing, and cart ying Salted Cod and other Fifh to various Markets ; for the fingle Article of Tobacco yearly exported from. North America makes about Thirty Thoufand Tons. And when it is confidered how naturally capable the Northern Colonies are of wholly Supplying Great Britain, Ireland, the Sugar-Colonies, &c. with Skip-Timber, Mafts, Lumber, Pitch, Tar, Turpentine? Hemp, Flax, Iron, &c. and what great Numbers of Ships are employed In carrying Commodities from one Part of America to another^ befides thofe em- ployed 50 Sect. VII. SOUTH CAROLINA. 43 ployed in catching, curing, and carrying to various Markets faked Cod and other Fifh ; there will, upon the whole, appear abundant Reafon for thinking, that the Freight of all thofe Commodities might be made to employ Fifteen Thoufand Britijh Seamen, and to bring One Million of Pounds Sterling yearly into Great Britain. Much more might be faid upon this important Subject, but what I have already mentioned fuffi- ciently mews the national Value of South Carolina, in reibett of Shipping and Naval Power : I (hall therefore proceed to (hew how far we contribute to the Profperity of our Mother Country by the Con- fumption of fuch Commodities and Manufactures as (he produces or fupplies us with ; but previous thereto, I cannot help exprefiing my Surprize and Concern to find that there are annually imported into this Province, confiderable Quantities of fine Flanders Laces, the fineft Dutch Linens, and French Cambricks, Chints, Hyfon Tea, and other Eaji India Goods, Silks, Gold and Silver Lace, &c. By thefe Means we are kept in low Circum- ftances : and though it may have the Appearance of being for the prefent beneficial to the Britijh Merchants, yet it retards our Increafe both in People and Wealth, and confequently renders us lefs profitable to Great Britain ; for the Riches of all Colonies muft at Length centre in the Mother Country, more efpecially when they are not en- couraged to go upon Manufacturies, and when they do not rival her in her Produce. For 51 44 -^ Description tf Sect. VII. For thefe Reafons I have always endeavoured to correct, and reftrain the Vices of Extravagance and Luxury, by my own Example j and by my Advice to inculcate the Neceflity of Diligence, Induftry and Frugality ; telling them, that by purfuing thefe Maxims, the Dutch from low Beginnings climbed up to be High and Mighty States ; and that, by following the contrary Methods, the Common- wealth of Rome, fell rrom being Miftrefs of the World. The following Lift of the various Sorts of Com- modities and Manufactures ufually imported into this Province from Great Britain, contains the beft Information I can give in relation to the feveral Species and Quantities of Britijh Manufactures confumed here ; the Duties of my Station not permitting me to fpare fo much Time as would be requifite to find out the precife Quantity of each Species of Manufactures fo imported; however, I am enabled to fay thus much concerning them, that, in general, the Quantity feems to be too great, and the Quality of them too fine, and ill calculated for the Circumftances of an infant Colony. A List 52 Britijl? Woollen Manufactures Sect. VII. SOUTH CAROLINA. 45 A List of the feveral Species of Commodities and Manufactures which are ufually imported into the Province of South Carolina from Great Britahu "Druggets and Drabs Duffils and Duroys Serges and Shalloons Camblets and Grograms Cloths, broad and narrow, of all Sorts, from the fined broad Cloth dovmtoNegroeCloth; none having been manufactured here, except- ing a little Negrce-Cloth, and that only when the Produce of this Province bore but a low Price Cloaths, ready made : our Imports in thefe Two laft Articles are to a great Value. Blankets, of all Sorts Flannels Hats, woollen and beaver Stockings Shrouds Carpets -Buttons and Mohair Cloth of every Kind, from Cambrick toOznabrigs; of the Manufacture of Germany, Holland [, England, Scot- land, and Ireland, to a great Value j we alfo import fmall Quantities of Linen that is made by Irijh People fettled in the Townfhips of Williamfburgh in Virginia. Sail-cloth Ticking Checquered and printed Linens , Haberd afhery- wares Linen Manufactures I 53 46 A Description of Sect. VII. Eaft India and f Callicoes, white and printed Cotton < Muflins Manufactures I Dimity and Fuftian f Stuffs oiBritiJh Manufacture Silk i — - of Eaft India Manufacture Manufactures | Stockings and Handkerchiefs I Gloves and Ribbands Laces Of Gold, Silver, and Thread "Iron, eaft and wrought into all Sorts of Houfhold Utenfils and Cutlery-wares Guns, Piftols, Swords, &c> Nails of ail Sorts Metallic 1 Lead in Sheets, Bullets, and Shot Manufactures 1 Tin- wares Pewter, in Houfhold Utenfils, &c . Brafs wrought, of all Sorts Copper wrought, of ail Sorts Plate and Silver, wrought Watches, Gold and Silver r Books Cables and Cordage China and other Earthen-wares Chairs and Beds Fans and other Millinery- wares Glafs- wares, as Looking- glaffes, Mifcellaneous , Drinking-glafles, and Bottles Manufactures Leather wrought into Shoes, Boots, Saddles, Bridles, &c> Gloves of all Sorts Paper of all Sorts Pictures and Prints j Stationary- wares I Tiles Edibles 54 Edibles Liquors Sect. VII, SOUTH CAROLINA 47 fCheefe J Grocery-wares \ Oil, fallad, &c LSak fBeer, in Calks and Bottles j Tea of all Sorts I Wines of various Sorts ; but the 1 Wine chiefly drank here is Ma- I deira, imported directly from the J Place of Growth f Coals Corks Drugs and Medicines Miscellaneous ° rind - ft ° nes Commodities i Gunpowder Iron, in Bars Painters Colours Quills •Snuff We have very little Trade with any Foreign Plantation ; and none with any Part of Europe be- fides Great Britain, unlefs our fending Rice to Lijbon may be called fo. The Civilities I had an Opportunity of fhewing to the Spanifh Prifoners of Difrinclion who have been brought in here during the War, and the Humanity with which even the meanefr. were treated, has opened #■#'#■'## - : #'■#■#.# » [ bath been productive of fuch national Advantages as might be expected from Men who have a high Senfe of and Obligation. 1 55 4$ A Description of Sect. VII. No Country in this Part of the World hath lefs illegal Trade than South Carolina ; at leaft, fo far as I can learn ; though if there was any, it would be difficult to prevent it, by Reafon of the great Num- bers of Rivers and Creeks, and the fmall Number of Officers of the Cuftoms. I therefore think it would be of Service, if the Commiffioners of the Cuftoms were to appoint another Searcher for this Province, and Two Waiters for the Port of Charles-Town, with Salaries which they might live upon ; for at prefent, it is almoft impomble for a Collector and Two Search- ers to tranfact all the Bufinefs in that Port. The Two following Accounts of Exports from Charles-Town, in the Year 1748, exhibit a View of the feveral Species of Commodities and Manu- factures ufually exported from this Province. I have been very careful in feparating fuch of them as are of our own Produce, from thofe which were brought here from Great Britain and other Countries ; well knowing, that without fuch Dif- tinction, fome or other of the latter might have been miftaken for the former, and prejudicial No- tions thereby raifed upon a fahe Foundation, But nothing of this Sort can happen now that the Exports of South Carolina Produce are inferted in one Account, and the Re-exports of imported Commodities and Manufactures in another ; the latter whereof may be of farther Ufe, in helping more nearly to determine what Quantities of Britijh Commodities 56 Sect. VII. SOUTH CAROLINA 49 Commodities and Manufactures really are con- fumed in this Province. Becaufe in fuch Cafes, the Value of a Colony to her Mother-Country is not to be eftimated by the Quantities of Commodities and Manufactures yearly exported from the latter to the former j but by the Quantities confumed thereof in fuch Colony, or by People with whom that Colony -can and her Mother- Country cannot carry on Trade in fuch Sorts of Merchandize. And confidering that the Re-exportation oiBrkijh Commodities and Manufactures from our Northern Colonies may be a Means of introducing Colony Manufactures of the like Sorts into various foreign Markets ; the fame Difpofition that led me to fhew the National Value of South Carolina y in refpecr. of Freight and Naval Power, alio leads me to make thefe Obfervations concerning Re-exports. AN 57 5° C > *-3 s « | »o vO | 1 ""I « " • ffflL .-. t«» co «-o « ^ co d Q in i^ en M 8-OOQ co xh S2 5 co co c« 3 «J O CO *-0 O O — O co \5) S- «-o co CO "q3 CO a> cu r: 3 s cs o o t^ o o o O O O M o i g l-ss o u a ! S w>*v*°** co o co O ITS ^ "O b "^ S rt *J e£>qcq O Q-. p^ o '5 C 5S Sect. VII. SOUTH CAROLINA. 51 CD P •— « > in S. Carolina Currency. <-* 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 00 O O ^O O ^o O O ^n O ^t- ts. "**■ O s •^i O «u CD Ji O 03 > CO c p Q .1.1.1 .Lit-.! '!,!!! « 1' i 1 2 1 « ! "r i? 2 2' 2 <^ h ro I O O I OO tt ** CJ C* o* 1=5 CO "*>» fl) » O rr//Z »00 tax I l^l^lO . . . ir> I ►=« 1-1 h* 00 00 CO « ^O ^NNts ^"iirr 11 11 1 co co u, & g »^ 03 oj O * pq.cQPnU CO CO CO CO (/} ""53 '-4-. l_ 3 CO 1 1 ! 1 o r3 "2 «-noo O O <-* 3 <» o V S o < CO ion 0/ Sect. VII. ii i i I \+ » i i •* i i 1 1 i" =2 « 2 T co O O 'O^O l\-* *OvO irixO ON O fs» co '-O OO M co •"* « co ^ rJ-sO ■^ .Xj J2 r£i o u o .£3 ctf c3 W rt 3 ^ ? o • i-i Q I I I I °» I '( i i ^s? losO O >-< o rt irO / £ n A« « H fa fa fa fa ^ OsOO nO O^OO « SJ\£\I>%NCQ ON"-* C* 4> C .ft Wf-j o ~* i__,j w ^OO CO *o %& S Mafts — Bolt-(prits Booms — Oars — Vegetable Produce of Indigo — 134,1 Pot- allies qj * f- ^ C «- co •-• g.8 -S^^ Co Species H g « g v ^-^- ? J2 gt§ • — v- — * O (jl Jaquinq 6o Sect. VII. 3 u q •— i i^ & F, > £ CO <4-l D o c u ^. ,,H ^ ^ 3 £ 2 « B ^ 'i z a 2 1 'i y 1 i' i 1 1* O ^ 00 onoo i\o ■sj- — v O ■* J O) CO — CC sO *-000 Os tO CO lj-) "tf- O NNOxoo On l\ -^- t\ O pi CC CM Ln On CM oT co QJ CO CO v. W W W w w w «, O^J O O jrj >-> j£ r-< r— <) O CJ O u O U U vi O aJ ctf as M 1— ( Cd 03 1-1 W l-H WWW r- t i— » W w W N U Q I * I I I i ! I I 1 I I i I I «* i 2 i i 1^ iri 2 I 1 l i i t m 010001 1 M- 1 -vh co ^t- I I CO CO ^h O «-0 CM CM CO *-■ O %> trt \^ ^ ^ C VA ■k» O t£ s 8 c £ 'C CO *./// co co co ^ co cm 100 Q co Os coob ro 6 H O -- •«*■ co ->sh co cm LOCO CODC* CO 6 CO rh— "*h «>0 "<*■ I r^- c> M On OnnO — co tC.00 M CM Tj- 4) M c ccs a. v — " O o o o r^ O t^NO o »-l «-T) n »■ *s CM ^O CM co co SO Hi S «j UJ c s C > ff PQ co co co r* O OnO coo 3 c "c3 v ■Lj 61 54 *c3 A Description sf Sect. VIL *-> c a o B < I I I I I 1 •i 12 1 I 1 I I I i I i I I I I 1 I I 1 t tst O CO •"• F " 1 OtMOOO'*'OO l o OCO O h vo«o O viK co w O CO "- 1 COO N t-i el ■*, r|,g|Q 6 o o o O to to o -• &3 W -* to "53 ^ ~J g o g> "fc u a M 5 3 " ^O DQ 0- CU c-wEcq « « ^ .4B gill i I I I • til <* I 2 1 I C^ CO M C4 N 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 till 1 1 1 1 1119 2 II 1 1 J LT> IT* ** N O O O rj- O I J Iu-> M i o I I co or Q s6 ** COCO cood sq *o \0 i-t "2 "$* f «-oc6 oo ^3 oo NxHo ■*J- «>0 i CO N ^ I ] - 1 I II O w 8 C8 CO s-O i N 1 I I \ 1 — CO **-' *" TO o U I rri CO S5 & < § 3 un>0 CO O O N C^ Q O O t^ 62 Sect.VIL SOUTH CAROLINA. i i i i • iii I { I I co O O in N r^ — o Q > « i 9 e t 1 » I CO 1 1 1 ^ »-i O >-o CU 3 X o o . Ph cq cq .a •-o CO O cT tN T3 C C ri ** ,!l*..JK'-*.V&..tt'- .M»..S>V...»' I *..V'»..*»»'V »w"5S" - 5S"i.<"M *i« *.»•*.*"•«!* •■>.* "M*f 4 <" ».« •;»«;« *;*.- *;* V *i ';* *;• *i" v . V ■ •;* *? SECTION VIII. f77# Situation j Strength and Connections of the federal Nations of neighbouring Indians; /& Hoftilities they have committed upon Britiih Subjects at the In- Jiigaiion of the French, ^W /#/f/>> ar^wz /^/? /«/?/- gators themfehcs; feme Particulars relating to the French .Ferft, Forces #W Proceedings in Louifiana W Mirlifippi. ' 1 s H E Concerns of this Country are fo clofely J[ connected and interwoven with Indian Af- fairs, and not only a great Branch of our Trade, hut even the Safety of this Province, do fo much depend upon our continuing in Friendfhip with the Indians^ that I thought it highly neceilary to gain all the Knowledge I could of them ; and I hope that the Accounts which I have from Time to Time tranfmitted of Indian Affair* will fhew, that J am pretty well acquainted with the Subject. However, I think it expedient upon the prefent Occafion to give a general Account of the feveral Tribes and Nations of Indians with whom the In- habitants of this Province are or may be connecled in Intereft ; which is the more neceflary, as all we have to apprehend from the French in this Part of the World, will much more depend upon the Indians than upon any Strength of their own ; for that is fo inconfiderable in itielf, and fo far diftant from 67 £o A Description of Sect. VIII. from us, that without Indian Affiftance, it cannot, if exerted, do us much Harm. There are among our Settlements feveral fmall Tribes of Indians, confifting only of fome few Fa~ milies each ; but thole Tribes of Indians which we, on Account of their being numerous and having Lands of their own, call Nations, are all of them iituated on the weftern Side of this Province, and at various Diftances, as I have already men- tioned. The Catawbaw Nation of Indians hath about Three Hundred fighting Men ; brave Fellows as any on the Continent of America, and our firm Friends; their Country is about Two Hundred Miles from Charles-Town, The Cherokees live at theDiftance of about Three Hundred Miles from Charles-Town, though indeed their hunting Grounds ftretch much nearer to us j they have about Three Thoufand Gun-Men, and are in Alliance with this Government. I lately made a confiderable Purchafe from that Indian Nation, of fome of thofe hunting Grounds, which are now become the Property of the Britifh Crown, at the Charge of this Province ; I had the Deeds of Conveyance formally executed in their own Country, by their head Men, in the Name of the whole People, and with their univerfal Appro- bation and good Will. They inhabit a Tract of Country about Two Hundred Miles in Extent, and form a good Bar- rier, 68 Sect. VIII. SOUTH CAROLINA. 6x rier, which is naturally ftrengthened by a Country hilly and mountainous; but laid to be interfperfed with pleafant and fruitful Vallies, and watered by many limpid and wholefome Brooks and Rivulets, which run among the Hills, and give thofe real Pleafures which we in the lower Lands have only in Imagination. The Creek Indians are fituated about Five Hun- dred Miles from Charles-Town ; their Number of fighting Men is about Two Thoufand Five Hun- dred, and they arc in Friendfhip with us. The Chickefaws live at the Diftance of near Eight Hundred Miles from Charles-Town ; they have bravely flood their Ground againil the repeated Attacks of the French and their Indians ; but are now reduced to Two or Three Hundred Men. The Choctaw Nation of Indians is fituated at a ibmewhat greater Diftance from us, and have till within this Year or Two been in the Intereft of the French ; by whom they were reckoned to be the moft numerous of any Nation of Lidiatts in America, and faid to confift of many Thoufand Men. The People of moft Experience in the Affairs of this Country, have always dreaded a French War, from, an Apprehenfion that an Indian War would be the Confequence of it; for which Keafons I have, ever fince the firft breaking out of War with France^ redoubled my Attention to Indian Affairs ; and, I hope, not without Succefs. For 69 6& A Description of Sect. VIII* For notwithstanding all the Intrigues of the French^ they have not been able to get the leaft Footing among our Nations of Indians ; as very plainly appears by thofe Nations (till continuing to give rrein Proofs of their Attachment to us ; and 1 have had the Happinefs to bring over and fix the Friendihip of the Cbaclaiv Nation of Indians in the Britifi Intereft. This powerful Engine, which the* French, for many Years .part, played againft us and our Indians* even in Times of Peace 3 is now happily turned againft themfelves, and 1 believe they feel the Force of it. For according to the lafr Accounts, which I have received from thence, by the Captain of a Sloop that touched at Mobile about Two Months ago, the ChaBaw Indians had driven into the Town oiMobite, all the French Planters who were fettled either upon the River bearing the fa me Name or in the neighbouring Country, and there kept them in a Manner befieged, fo that a few of the French who ventured out of the Town to hunt up Cattle were immediately fcalpcd. Monfieur Vaudrciiiile, the Governor of Louifiana, was then in Mobile endeavouring to fupport his People, and trying to recover the Friendihip of thole Indians ; at the fame Time there were ibmc head Men with about Twenty of their People in Charles-Town. I have been the fuller in my Relation of this Matter, becauie I humbly conceive it to be a very delicate 70 Sect. VIII. SOUTH CAROLINA. 63 delicate Affair ; for thefe Cha&aw Indians have formerly, and even fo lately as fince I have been in this Province, at the Initigation of the French and afTifted and headed by them, in Time of Peace, murdered ourTraders in their Way to the Chickejaw Indians, and robbed them of their Goods ; but I hope the French Governors never will have it in their Power to charge us with fuch unfair Practices. I fhall be particularly cautious of doing any Thing ihcc.-ftftent with the Peace fo lately con- cluded j but I think it incumbent on me to fay, that it will be impofiible to retain thofe Indians, or any other, in His Majeft y's Intereil, unlefs we con- tinue to trade with them. And fince War and Hunting are the Bulinefs of their Lives, both Arms and Ammunition, as well as Cloaths and other NecefTaries, are the Goods for which there is the greater! Demand among them ; I therefore hope to receive Inftru&ions in this particular, as a Rule for my Conduct. There are a pretty many Indians among the Kays, about the Cape of Florida, who might be ealily fecured to the Britijh Intereft ; but as they have little Communication with any others on the main Land, and have not any Goods to trade for, they could not be of any Advantage either in Peace or War : There are alfo a few Yamafees, about Twenty Men, near St. Augujiine-, and thefe are all the Indians in this Part of the World that are in the liiterelt of the Crown of Spain. The 71 64. A Description of Sect. VIlL The French have the Friendfhip of fome few of the Creek Indians, fuch as inhabit near the Holbama Fort ; and fome of the ChacJaw Indians have not as yet declared againft them t They hav« alio fome Tribes upon Mtjjifippi River and Ouabafh, and in other Parts ; but moft of thefe, and all other Indians whatfoever, inhabit above a Thoufand Miles from Charles-Town ; and yet it may be pro- per to give Attention even to what happens among thofe who are fo far from us ; for to an Indian, a Thoufand Miles is as One Mile, their Provifions being in the Woods, and they are never out of the Way ; they are flow, faying the Sun will rife again to morrow, but they are fteddy. We have little Intercoufe with the French ; but unlefs there have been Alterations lately, the Accounts I have formerly fent may be relied on 5 there are not above Six Hundred Men (Soldiers) in what they call Louijiana, and thofe thinly fpread over a widely extended Country ; fome at new Orleans, fome at Mobile, and fome as far up as the Ilinois. They had a Fort at the Mouth of the Mifjij _ River, called the Balize, but they found it was not of any Service, and therefore they have built another farther up, where it commands the PalTage ; their Forts Holbama, Chaclawhatche, Notche, Notchitoff^ and another on Ouabajh, are all inconfiderable ftockadoed Forts, garrifoned by Forty and fome by only Twenty Men each, Jf 72 Sect. VIII. SOUTH CAROLINA 65 If ever the French Settlements on the Mi/Jijippi grow great, they may have pernicious Effects upon South Carolina, becaufe they produce the fame Sorts of Commodities as are produced there, viz. Rice and Indigo ; but hitherto, the only Inconvenience that I know of, is, their attempting to withdraw our Indians from us, and attacking thofe who are moll attached to our Intereft. I beg Leave to allure you, that I mall never do any thing inconfiftent with that good Faith which is the Bafis of all His Majefty's Meafures ; but it is eafy for me at prefent to divert the French in their own Way, and to find them Bufinefs for double the Number of Men they have in that Country. However, this, and even the Tranquillity of South Carolina, will depend upon preferving our Intereft with the Indians, which it will be very difficult to do, unlefs the Prefents are continued to them, and thofe Forts built which I have for- merly propofed, or at leaft, one of them, and that £9 be in the Country of the Cherokees. — / The 73 66 A Description of Sect. IX. The Two next Seclicm will flew what a great Increctfe there bath been in the Trade of South Carolina^/foc? the Year 1710, according to the befl Accounts which could be met with, after much Inquiry -, and they con- tai ■ r various other Particulars relating to the Natural Produce, Hujbandry, Coin, Paper- Currency, Inhabi- tants, Prices of Labour, Rivers, Sea-Pcrts, &c. not mentioned in the former Sections* The Account of Natural Produce might have been made a few Lines Jhorter, by leaving outfuch Species thereof as are named in the Seventh SecJion, but that would have made this Account much lefs fatisfaflory -, efpe- daily as the aboriginal Species of Produce are here di/linguijhed jrom thofe which have been tranfptanted to South Carolina from other Countries, which many Perfons will be apt to think a necefary Dijlinclion. SECTION IX. Species of 'Natural Produce 5 Particulars relating to the Culture, Manufaclure, Wc. of Indian Corn, Rice, Turpentine, Tar, Pitch, Oil of Turpentine, Rofin, and S'\\k; Accounts of their Maritime Trade, Paper- Currency, current Coins, Taxes, Prices of Labour, &c. Written in the Year 17 10. NATURAL PRODUCE. Roots, Fruit 's 3 Corn % and Grain. OOUTH CAROLINA naturally produces black *-* Mulberries j Walnuts; Chefnuts; Chincapines, which are fmall Chefnuts j Acorns, of Five or Six Sorts, which the Indians, like the primitive Race of Mankind, 74 Sect. IX, SOUTH CAROL IN J. 67 Mankind, make Ufe of for Food ; wild Potatoes, and fevcral other eatable Roots; wild Plums; Va- riety of Grapes; Medlars; Huckle-berries ; Straw- berries; Hakl-nuts; Myrtle-berries, of which Wax is made* Cedar- berries; Shumac; Safiafras; China- root; great and fmall Snake- root; with Variety of other physical Roots and Herbs j and many Flowers, which fpring up of themfelves, and flouriih in their Kind, every Seafon of the Year. Other Fruits, and feveral Sorts of Corn, which have been tranfplanted to South Carolina, thrive very well there; viz. white Mulberries; Grapes, from the Madeira Iflands- and other Countries ; all Sorts ofEngliJb Garden-herbs; Potatoes, of Six or Seven Sorts, and all of them very good.; Indian Corn, Three Sorts 1 Indiai* Peafe, of Five or Six Sorts j Indian Beans, feveral Sorts; Pompions; Squaihes; Gourds j Pomelons ; Cucumbers j Mufk-melons ; Water-melons; Tobacco; Rice, of Three or Four Sorts; Oats; Rye; Barley; and fome Wheat, though not much,. Their. other. Fruits are, Ap- ples ; Pears 5 Quinces 5 Figs, of Three or Four Sorts ; Oranges'; Pomegranates 5 and Peaches, of Fourteen or Fifteen -Sorts. Though they have as great Variety of good Peaches as there are in any Country, perhaps, in the whole World 5 yet, the principal Ufe made of them is to feed Hogs; for which Pur pofe large Orchards of them are planted : the Peach-trees there 4 are all Standards: they yield-Fruit in Threo Years from the Time of letting ''the Stone 5 ths Fourth Year, bear plentifully; and the Fifth* are large fpreading Trees. Moil Kinds ■ ®f Briii/b F 2 Fruits 75 68 A Description of Sect. IX, Fruits profper beft up in the Country, at fome Diftance from Salt-water; but Figs, Peaches, Pomegranates, and the like, grow beft nigh the Sea. Peaches, Nectarines, &c. of one Sort or other, are in Perfection from 20 June to the En4 of September. Neat Cattle, Hogs, Sheep, &c. South Carolina abounds with black Cattle, to a Degree much beyond any other Englifo Colony ; which is chiefly owing to the Mildnefs of the Win- ter, whereby the Planters are freed from the Charge and Trouble of providing for their Cattle, fuffer- ing them to feed all the Winter in the Woods. — Thefe Creatures have mightily increafed fince the firft fettling of the Colony, about Forty Years ago: It was then reckoned a great Matter for a Planter to have Three or Four Cows : but now, fome People have a Thoufand Head of Cattle, and for one Man to have Two Hundred is very common. —They like wife have Hogs in abundance, which go daily to feed in the Woods, and come Home at Night. Alfo, fome Sheep and Goats. Wild Bea/ls, &c. of the Forejl. The wild Beafts which the Woods of South Ca- rolina afford for Profit and for Game, are, Rabbets, Foxes, Raccoons, PoiTums, Squirrels, wild Cats, Deer, Elks, Buffaloes, Bears, Tygers, wild Kine, and wild Hogs : — fome of thefe Creatures may in- deed be thought dangerous in that Country, as they are in other Parts of the World 5 but the Carolina People find by Experience, that every Sort of wild Beaft there will run from a Man 5 the fierceft of them not venturing to attack any larger or 76 Sect. IX. SOUTH CAROLINA 69 or better defended Animals than Sheep, Hogs, or young Calves ; and the devouring of fome of thefe is all the Injury fuflained by wild Beafts there. Fowls, tame and wild. There are tame Fowls of all Sorts ; and great Variety of wild Fowl; the Sorts of wild Fowl which frequent the inland Parts of the Country, areTur- keys, Gee(e, Ducks, Pidgeons, Partridges, Brants, Sheldrakes, and Teal \ the other Sorts, found near the Sea, are Curlews, Cranes, Herons, Snipes, Pelicans, Gannets> ^Sea-larks, and many others. Vijh, for Sujlenante, or for Trade. The Sea-coaft is full of Iflands, Sounds, Bays^ Rivers, and Creeks, which are well ftored with great Variety of excellent Fifh ; the mod common whereof are, Bafs, Drum, Whitings, Trouts, Her- rings, Mullets, Rocks, Sturgeons, Shads, Sheeps- heads, Plaice, Flounders, fmall Turtle, Crabs, Oyfters, Mufcles, Cockles, Shrimps, &c. the other Sorts of Fifh common there, and not eaten, are Whales, Grampoifes, Porpoifes, Sharks, Dog-fifh, Garb, Stingrays, Saw- fifh, Fidlers, and Peii- wincles. Timber, &c. Trees, The uncultivated Part of South Carolina, may be called one continued Foreft, well flocked with Oaks of feveral Sorts, Chefnut, Walnut, Hickery, Pine, Fir of feveral Species, Two Sorts of Cyprefs, Cedar, Poplar, or the Tulip- tree, Laurel, Bay, Myrtle, Hafel, Beech, Afh, Elm, and Variety of other Sorts of TreeSj the Names of which are fcarcely known. F 3 HUS- 77 7© A Description of Sect. DC HUSBANDRY, &c. Concerning the J? reduce of Indian Corn s The ufuai Produce of an Acre of Indian Corn, is from Eighteen to Thirty Bufhelsj : and Six Bumels of Indian Peafe, which run like a Vine among the Corn. — . About a Gallon of Indian Com fows an Acre. Concerning the Culture, Produce, and Mmmfa&ury of Rice. Rice is fowed in Furrows about Eighteen Inches diftant j a Peck ufually fows an Acre, which yields feldorn lefs than Thirty Bufhels, or more than Sixty Bufnels ; but generally between thefe Two, according as the Land is better or worfe. — Rice is cleaned by Mills, turned with Oxen or HorfeSe*— The Planters in this Colony fow much Rice, not only becauft it is a vendible ■ Commodity^ •• but thriving beft in low moifl Lands 4 , it inclines People to improve that Sort of Ground., which- being- planted a few Years with Rice, and then laid fal- low, it turns to the bell Failure, Concerning the Extraction, Preparation, &c. of Turpentine & Tar, Pitch, Oil of Turpentine, and Rofin, The Five Sorts of Commodities known by thefe Names, are all extracted from a Species of Pine- Tree, called the Pitch-Pine ; and may rather be faid to be one and the fame Thing under different Modes of Preparation, than Five differing Sorts of Com- modities, becaufe they are all included in the Gum or Refin of the Pine-Tree* Turpentine 78 Sect. IX. SOUTH CAROLINA. yi Turpentine is the Gum in a liquid State, extracted by Incifion and the Heat of the Sun, while the Tree is growing. Oil of Turpentine is obtained by the Diftillation of Turpentine. Rofm is the Refiduum, or Remainder, of fuch Turpentine, after the Oil is diftilled from it. Tar is the Gum in a liquid State, but forced out by a proper Degree of confined Fire Heat, after the Tree is cut down, fplit in Pieces, and dried. Pitch isthefolid Part otTar> feparated from the liquid Part by boiling. Turpentine is obtained by cutting Channels in the {landing green Trees, fo as to meet in a Point at the Foot of the Tree, where a Box or feveral Pieces of Board are fitted to receive it: the Channels are cut as high as a Man can reach with an Axe, and the Bark is peeled off from thofe Parts of the Tree which are expofed to the Sun, that the Heat of it may more eafily draw out the Turpentine. The Procefs of extracting Tar is as followeth : — Firft, they prepare a circular Floor of Clay, de- clining a little towards the Centre; from which there is laid a Pipe of Wood, extending near horizon- tally, Two Feet without the Circumference, and io let into the Ground that its upper Side is near level with the Floor : at the outer End of this Pipe they dig a Hole large enough to hold the Barrels for the Tar, which when forced out of the Wood, F 4 naturally 79 72 A Description of Sect. IX. naturally runs to the Centre of the Floor, as the lowefl Part, and from thence along the Pipe into the Barrels ; thefe Matters being firfl prepared, they raife upon that Clay Floor a large Pile of dry Pine-woody ijplit in Pieces, and inclofe the whole Pile with a Wall of Earth, leaving only a little Hole at the Top, where the Fire is to be kindled ; and when that is done* fo that the inclofed Wood begins to burn, the whole is flopped up with Earth j to the End that there may not be any Flame, but only Heat fufficient to force the T'ar out of the Wood and make it run down to the Floor : they temper the Heat as they think proper, by thrufling a Stick through the Earth, and letting the Air in, at as many Places as they find necef- fary. Concerning the Breeding of Silk-worms and the Production of Silk. Silk-worms in South-Carolina are hatched from the Eggs about the Sixth of March ; Nature having wifely ordained them to enter into this new Form? of Being, at the fa me Time that theMa/&rry-leaves s which are their Food, begin to open. — Being at- tended and fed Six Weeks, they eat no more, but have fmall Bufhes fet up for them, where they fpin themfelves into Balls, which are thrown into warm Water and then the Silk is wound off them. MARITIME TRADE. The Trade between South Carolina and Great Britain, one Year with another, employs Twenty- two Sail of Ships. Thofe 80 Sect. IX. SOUTH CAROLINA. 73 Thofe Ships bring from Great Britain to South Carolina, all Sorts of Woollen Cloths, Stuffs, and Druggets j Linens, Hollands, printed Callicoes and Linens; Silks and Muflins; Nails of all Sizes, Hoes, Hatchets, and all Kinds of Iron Wares ; Bed-ticks, ftrong Beer, bottled Cyder, Raifins, fine Earthen - wares, Pipes, Paper, Rugs, Blankets, Quilts; Hats from 2s. to 1 2 s. Price; Stockings from 1 j. to 8 j. Price; Gloves, Pewter-difhes and Plates; Brafs and Copper Wares ; Guns, Powder, Bullets, Flints, Glafs-beads, Cordage, Woollen and Cotton Cards, Steel Hand-mills, Grind-ftones ; Looking and Drinking -GlafTes ; Lace, Thread coarfe and fine ; Mohair, and all Kinds of Trim- ming for Cloaths, Pins, Needles, &c. In Return for thefe Commodities and Manu- factures, there are fent from South Carolina to Great Britain, about Seventy Thoufand Deer-fkins a Year ; fome Furs, Rofin, Pitch, Tar, Raw-filk, Rice ; and formerly, Indigo : — - But all thefe not being fufficient to pay for the European Goods, and Negroe Slaves with which the EngliJJj Merchants are continually fupplying the South Carolina People ; the latter likewife fend to England ibme Cocoa-nuts, Sugar, Tortoife-fhell, Money, and other Things which they have from the American Iflands, in re- turn for the Provifions they fend there. Befides the Twenty-two Sail of Ships which trade between South Carolina and Great Britain, as before mentioned ; there enter and clear annually at the Port of Charles-Town, about Sixty Sail of Ships, Sloops, and Brigantines, which are employed in 33^ 74 Cedar and Pine Boards, Shingles, Hoop-ltaves, and Heads for Barrels. The Commodities fent in Return from thofe Places to South Carolina, are, Sugar, Rum, Melafles, Cotton, Chocolate made up, Cocoa-nuts, Negroe- Slaves, and Money. The Trade between South Carolina and New E?igland> New Tork, and Penfihama. The Commodities fent from South Carolina to thofe other Northern Colonies, are, tanned Hides, fmall Deer-fkins, Gloves, Rice, Slaves taken by the Indians in War, fome Tar and Pitch. The Commodities fent in Return from thofe other Northern Colonies to. South Carolina, are, Wheat -flour, Bifcuit, ftrong Beer, Cyder, falted Fifh, Onions, Apples, Hops. The Trade between South Carolina and the Ma- deira and Weftern Iflands [belonging to Portugal], The Commodities, fent from South Carolina to thofe Iflands, are Beef, Pork, Butter, Rice, Cafk- Haves, Heading for Barrels, &c. The Commodities fent in Return from thofe Iflands to South Carolina, are Wines* N. B. The 82 Sect. IX. SOUTH CAROLINA j$ N. B. The Salt ufed in South Carolina is brought from the Bahama I (lands. From Guinea, and other Parts of the Coaft of Africa, NegroeSlaves are imported into South Ca- rolina j but the Ships which bring them there, be- ing fent from England with Effects to purchafe them, the Carolina Returns for the fame are fent thither. PAPER CURRENCY. During the former Part of Queen Amies War, the Inhabitants of South Carolina exerted themfelves very much in Defence of that Colony, not only by fortifying Charles-Town, and building a Fort to command the Entrance of Afiley River, but by undertaking feveral Expeditions againft the Spa- niards and Indians in Florida, &c. the Charges of all which Fortifications and Expeditions brought the South Carolina People fo much in Debt, that their AfTembly finding it was in vain to ftruggle with the Difficulty, by raifing annual Taxes, which could not have been levied foon enough to anfwer. the prefent Exigency, they came to a Determina- tion to fhike Bills of Credit ; at firft, for about Six Thoufand Pounds ; and having had Experience of them, they afterwards ifTued more, to the Amount of about Ten Thoufand Pounds. By the Laws which eftablifhed thofe Bills of Cre- dit, their Currency was fecured : to proffer any Payment with them was a Tender in Law, fo that if the Creditor refufed to take them he loft his Mo- ney, and the Debtor was difcharged from the Mi- <-int ■•» 83 yb A Description of Sect. IX. nute of fuch Refufal : but they had not any In- ftance of that Kind, the Funds upon which thofe Bills were charged being fo good, that they pafled in all Payments without any Demur or DilTatis- faction. The firft iflued of thofe Bills had an Intereft of Twelve per Cent, per Annum annexed to them ; but upon making the Second Parcel of them, the Af- fembly was ienfible of the great Inconvenience of that Method. For. it not only made the Currency of them more difficult, by Reafon of the Indorfe- ments, and computing the Times they had been in the Treafury j but gave the Treafurer an Op- portunity of injuring the Public, by giving Credit for what Time he thought fit, as often as they came into his Hands. Befides, the Intereft gave Encouragement to People to hoard them, which was a common Prejudice, by keeping fo great a Part of the Cafh [Paper-Money] from circulating in Trade. And laftly, this devouring Rate of In- tereft was fuch a conftant Addition to the Public Debt, that, if continued, it would have made it impoffible to fink [pay] the Bills in any reafonable Time, unlefs by burthenfome Taxes. For thefe feveral Reafons, the AfTembly enacted, That from that Time forward, the Bills of Credit fhould run to all Intents and Purpofes as they had done, but without bearing any Intereft at all ; and the People quickly found the Beneiic of it j for this both eafed the Public of a great Burthen ; and made the Bills circulate more in Trade, and with lefs Difficulty among the common People. The Af- iembly indeed, by this Ac"t, expofed themfelves to the 34 Sect. IX. SOUTH CAROLINA. 77 the Cenfure of thofe who little regarded the Public fo long as their own private Intereft was advanced ; but they wifely confidered, that laving the Public Two Thoufand Pounds a Year was more to be re- garded, than gratifying the unreafonable Avarice of fome particular Perfons : and fuch is the Opinion of their Integrity, as well as of the Ability of the Colony, that thofe Bills never have yet circulated for lefs Value than they were ifTued. CURRENT COINS. Befides thofe Bills of Credit, or Paper-Currency, there are various Sorts of Gold and Silver Coins circulating in South Carolina : the mod common of thofe Coins are, French Pifloles, Spanijlo and Arabian Gold j all of which pafTed at Six Shillings and Three Pence the Penny- weight, and Three Pence every odd Grain, before the Currency of Money in the Englijh Colonies was regulated by an Englijh Law ; and before that Regulation took Place, the feveral Sorts of Silver Coin current in South Carolina were re- ceived and paid at the following Rates ; viz. Dutch and German Dollars, and Peruvian Pieces of Eight, pafTed at Five Shillings each ; Mexican Pieces of Eight, weighing Twelve Penny- weight, went at the fame Rate, and for every Penny- weight, above Twelve to Seventeen, that thofe laft Pieces weighed, Three Pence Half Penny more was allowed : other Pieces of Spanijh Silver Money, commonly callev Ryafe and Half Ryals were current, the former at Seven Pence Half Penny, and the latter at Three Pence Half fenny.— There was not much Englijh Money among them, but what they had, pafTed [Anno 1710] at Fifty per Cent, advance 3 that is, a Crown at Seven 85 y$ A Description of Sect. IX. Seven Shillings and Six-pence ; a Guinea at Thirty- two Shillings Three Pence - 3 and fo in Proportion. Conformable to thofe Rates of Currency of Englijh Coins, the Courfe or Rate of Exchange between South Carolina and TLngland> in the Year 1 7 1 o, was £ 1 50 South Carolina Currency for £ 1 oo Sterling. T A X E S, &c. There are not at prefent in South Carolina any Taxes upon either real or perfonal Eftates : the Public Revenues being all raifed by Duties laid upon every Sort of Spirituous Liquor, Wines, and other Liquors -, upon Sugar, Melafles, Flour, Bifcuit, Negroe-Slaves, &c. upon all dry Goods imported, Three per Cent. : and upon ail Deer- ikins exported, Three Pence per Skin. — Thefe feveral Duties have of late produced about Four Thoufand Five Hundred Pounds per Annum ; out of which the yearly Difburfements, for Charges of Government^ are as follow. Stipends to Ten Miniflers of the Church of England -------- JT 1,000 For finiihing and repairing Fortifications 1,000 For the Officers & Soldiers doing Duty in Forts 600 To the Governor -------- 2 co For Military Stores -------300 Accidb-utal Charges -------400 Total - - - - 3,500 Which Sum being taken out of - - - 4,500 There will remain yearly ----- 1,000 to cancel Bills of Credit to that Amount. 9 / Sect. IX. SOUTH CAROLINA 79 INHABITANTS. The Proportions which the feveral Sorts of People inhabiting South Carolina bore to each other, as to Employment and national Diftinclions. Of the white People, The Planters were - - 8^1 The Traders - - - i^->of 12 Parts The Artifans - - - 2 J Of all the Inhabitants, The white People were 12I -7* The Indian Subjects - 66 >of 100 Parts The Negroe-Shves - - 22 j The Proportions which the feveral Sorts of white People inhabiting South Carolina bore to each other, as to Matters of Religion. The Epifcopal Party were 4^1 The Prefbyterians, including thofe.Fra?a&who retain their : r „ own Difciplbe - - - 4 iK ,oPart » The Anabaptifts - - - i The Quakers - - - - o~\ " ^ jQ t } 8/ So A Description of Sect. IX* PRICES OF LABOUR, &e. per Day — Currency-/- For a Taylor - - - - Five Shillings a Shoemaker - - Two Shillings Six Pence a Smith - - - - Seven Shillings Six Pence a Weaver - - - Three Shillings a Bricklayer - - Six Shillings a Cooper - - - Four Shillings Carpenters and Joiners have from Three to Five Shillings a Day. J^toc^^c^Lm^ t*^-~^ J" A Labourer hath from One Shilling and Three Pence to Two Shillings a Day, with Lodging and Diet. t ^y^jL^t^cyt^t^ ^*-**^ Thofe who overfee Plantations have from Fifteen to Forty Pounds per Annum* Jf#*± &«W y jo $£ jf-'v/*- c^x, -^^ ^ ^LxJ^A %z A Description of Sect.X. Of the Commodities and Manufactures (o im- ported into South Carolina % I reckon to the Value of One Hundred Thou/and Pounds Sterling, for Ex- ports from Great Britain to that Colony, and for Negroe-Slavcs brought there in Britijh Ships :■ the other Twenty Thoufand Founds Worth of thofe Imports, I take to be brought in their own or other trading Vefleis from the Weft-India Hands and Northern Colonies. When they trade at any ©f the French Xflands, they receive fome Money along with the Rum and Sugar they bring from thence u — I have known a fmall Sloop bring to South Carolina from Cape Francois, Three Hundred Piftoles at one Time s befides Rum, Sugar and MeMes, all which were the Produce of her own Cargoe only. SHIPPING and VICTUALLING, The Quantity of Britijh Shipping employed by Means of South Carolina, is not lefs than Eight Thoufand Tons j «— and I cannot eftimate the Shipping that is owned and employed by the In- habitants of that Colony at leis than Seven Hun- dred Tons. The Shipping at Charles-Town are fupplled all the Year round with Beef, at lefs than Seven Shil- lings Sterling per Hundred Pounds Weight, S E A- 90 Sect.X. SOUTH CAROLINA. £3 SEA-COAST, RIVERS, HARBOURS. South Carolina hath Seventy Leagues of Sea-Coaft, reckoning from Cape Fear northward, to the River May fouthward. I am unacquainted with the Depth of Water in all the Rivers to the fouthward of Port Royal, though I have known Sloops fail in moft of them : but of the other Rivers in South Carolina I can fpeak by my own Experience, and therefore fhall begin with Port Royal River. That River has Depth of Water enough for any Ship in the World, in or out, and as good a Har- bour as any that Nature hath made, fufficient to hold and contain all the Royal Navy ; and perhaps in all Refpects the propereft. Place of Rendevous for the Weft -India Squadron of Men of War : — With Regard to its Situation for any Expedition to the Windward Jflands, or for fpeaking with any Ships coming through the Gulf of Florida, it is as well as can be defired ; for nothing could efcape the Sight of a Cruifer there. The next River is South Edi/lo t a good River for Ships and VefTels not drawing above Twelve Feet Water. North Edifto River is equally good, and hath a clear Entrance. Stone Harbour is a very good Harbour for any VeflSbl not drawing above Eleven Feet Water. G 2 Charles- 91 84 A Description of Sect. X. Charles-Town Harbour is fit for all Veflels which do not exceed Fifteen Feet Draught. Sewee and Santee Rivers are for fmall Craft not drawing more than Eight or Nine Feet. Into the Port of Winyaw there is a Channel Twelve Feet Deep, as I have lately been told. Cape Tear River, alias Clarendon River, the re- puted Boundary between North and South Carolina^ is a very fine bold River for any Ship in fair Wea- ther ; or at any other Time, for Ships not exceed- ing Fifteen or Sixteen Feet Draught, there not being lefs than* Three Fathom deep at low Water, in the worft Part of the Channel. There are many other Rivers and Creeks of lefler Note, but thefe are all large Rivers, fome of them being navigable Forty or Fifty Miles above the Entrance, for Ships of any Burthen. The Tide flows from Five to Seven Feet high> on the Coafl of South Carolina, wLJfc The 92 M§#§§§MMM§MMMM#§#§&####& The following Reprefentation on Behalf of the Province of South Carolina, and of the Merchants concerned in the Trade thereof; was made at the Beginning of the Iaft War, while a Bill was depending before the Honourable Houfe of Commons, to prohibit the Exportation of Rice and other Produce from North America, in order to diilrefs the then Enemies of Great Britain. It contains an Account of the Quantities of Rice exported from South Carolina in Twenty Years, and many interefting Particulars relating to the Rice-Trade, which make it a valuable and ne- celTary Supplement to the preceding Defcription of that Province, becaufe the Matters treated of in the one are not mentioned in the other, though both relate to the fame Subject. The Facts therein dated, are printed conformably to the Manufcript Copy ; but the other Part of the Matter appearing to have been haftily put together, it was thought proper to alter the Ex- preflion in feveral Places, and to free it from a Number of Improprieties which would of courfe have been (truck out if the Peribns who drew up the Reprefentation had afterwards taken the Trouble to revile it. <&<^c&cJoc^c£cfcc^cj5^ THE 93 THE CASE OF THE PROVINCE OT SOUTH CAROLINA, AND OF The MERCHANTS concerned in the Trade thereof; fuppoiing the prefent BILL to prevent the Exportation of RICE into a L a w. ^S**^^ HE Inhabitants of South Carolina have ^Fv Jih not an y Manufactures of their own, T i„ but are fupplied from Great Britain with all their Cloathing, and the other &&£"$&'$ Manufactures by them confumed, to the Amount of One Hundred and Fifty Thou/and Founds Sterling per Annum. The only Commodity of Confequence produced in South Carolina is Rice, and they reckon it as much their ftaple Commodity, as Sugar is to Barbadoes and Jamaica, or Tobacco to Virginia and Maryland -, fo that if any Stop be put to the Exportation of Rice from South Carolina to Europe, it will not only render the Planters there incapable of paying their DebtSj but will alfo reduce the Government of that G 4 Province 95 S8 A Description of Province to fuch Difficulties for Want of Money, as at this prefent precarious Time may render the whole Colony an eafy Prey to their neighbouring Enemies the Indians and Spaniards, and alio to thole yet more dangerous Enemies their own Negroes, who are ready to revolt on the firft Opportunity, and are Eight Times as many in Number as there are white Men able to bear Arms; and the Danger in this refpect is greater fmce the unhappy Expe- dition to St Augujiine. From the Year 1729, when His Majefty pur- chafed the Colony of South Carolina, the Trade of it hath fo increafed, that their annual Exports and Imports of late have been double the Value of what they were in the faid Year ; and their Exports of Rice in particular have increafed in a greater Pro- portion, as will appear by the following State of the Quantities of Rice exported from thence in Twenty Years, viz. From 1 7 20 to 17 29, being 10 )«, , _ , . t ■ ~ r- v a. Lii? . c, ,oo t Barrels— making 44,08 iTons Yrs, the whole Export was 204,488 \ ° TT From 1730 to 1739, being 10 1 Barrels— making qq 00 -Tons Yrs, the whole Export was 499,525 3 6 yy ' v 5 So that the la.fl 10 Yrs Export 1 r> ■[ o t , , 7 f 1 ~ t Barrels, or . .,. 55,824x0ns exceeded the former, by .. 235,037 J ' JJ T And of the vaft Quantities of Rice thus exported, fbarcely One Fifteenth Part is confumed either in Great Britain or in any Part of the Briti/h Domi- nions, fo that the Produce of the other Fourteen Parts is clear Gain to the Nation j whereas almoft all the Sugar, and One Fourth of the Tobacco ex- ported from the Britijh Colonies, are confumed by the People of Great Britain or hy Britijh Subjects; from 96 SOUTH CAROLINA. 89 from whence it is evident, that the National Gain arifing from Rice is feveral Times as great in Pro- portion, as the National Gain arifing from either Sugar or Tobacco. This Year in particular we (hall export from South Carolina above Ninety Thoufand Barrels of Rice, of which Quantity there will not be Three Thoufand Barrels ufed here, fo that the clear Na- tional Gain upon that Export will be very great; for at the loweft Computation of Twenty- five Shil- lings Sterling per Barrel, the Eighty- feven Thoufand Barrels exported will amount in Value to One Hun- dred and Eight Thoufand Seven Hundred and Fifty Pounds at the nrft Hand ; whereto there muft be added the Charge of Freight, &c. from South Ca- rolina to Europe , which amount to more than the tii it Coll: of the Rice, and are alfo Gain to Great Britain; fo that the- leaft Gain upon this Article, for the prefent Year, will be Two Hundred and Twenty Thoufand Pounds, over and above the Naval Advantage of annually employing more than One Hundred and Sixty Ships of One Hundred Tons each. Rice being an enumerated Commodity, it can- not be exported from South Carolina without giving Bond for Double the Value, that the fame fhall be landed in Great Britain or in fome of the Britijh Plantations, excepting to the Southward of Cafe Fini/krre; which laft was permitted by a Law made in the Year 1729 ; and the Motive for fuch Per- miffion was, that the Rice might arrive more feajbn- ably and in better Condition at Market. We 97 g© A Description of We have hereunto fubjoined, an Account of the feveral Quantities of Rice which have been exported from South Carolina to the different European Mar- kets, fmce the faid Law was made ; and it will thereby appear that we have not in thofe Ten Years been able to find Sale for any considerable Quantity of Rice in Spain ; for in all that Time we ]have not fold above Three Thoufand Five Hun- dred and Seventy Barrels to the Spaniards, making only 3 57 Barrels annually upon a Medium $ nor can we for the Time to come expect any Alteration in favour of our Rice Trade there, becaufe the Spa- niards are iupplied with an inferior Sort of Rice from Ttirky, &c. equally agreeable to them, and a great deal cheaper than ours ; the Truth whereof appears by the Rice taken in a Ship called The Baltic Merchant^ and carried into St Sebajlians, where it was fold at a Price fo much under the Market Rate here or in Holland, as to encourage the fending of it from thence to Holland and Hamburgh, In France, the Importation of Carolina Rice with- out Licence is prohibited .5 and though during the laft and prefent Years there hath by Permiffion been fome Confumption of it there, yet, the whole did not exceed Nine Thoufand Barrels 5 and they have received from Turky fo much Rice of the pre^- fent Year's Growth, as to make that Commodity Five Shillings Sterling per Cent. lb. cheaper at Mar- feilles than here -, and even at Dunkirk it is One Shilling and Six Pence per Cent. lb. cheaper than here; fb that there is not any ProfpecT: of a Demand for Carolina Rice in France, even if Liberty could be obtained 98 SOUTH CAROLINA. ot obtained for fending the fame to any Part of that Kingdom. Germany and Holland are the Countries where we find the beft Markets for our Rice, and there the far greater Part of it is confumed ; fo that the pre- fent intended Embargo, or prohibitory Law, can- not have any other Effect in relation to Rice, than that of preventing our Allies from ufing what our Enemies do not want, nor we ourfelves confume naore than a Twentieth Part of ; and which is of fo perifhable a Nature, that even in a cold Climate it doth not keep above a Year without decaying, and in a warm Climate it perifhes in- The great Confumption of Rice m Germany and Holland, is during the Winter Seafon, when Peafe ^and all Kinds of Pulfe ? &c. are fcarce 5 and the Rice intended for thofe Markets ought to be brought there before the Froft begins, time enough to be carried up the Rivers 5 fo that preventing the Ex- portation only a few Days may be attended with this bad Confequence, that by Froft the Winter Sale may be loft. And as we have now, viz. fince 2 1 Nov. above Ten Thoufand Barrels of old Rice arrived, fo we may in a few Weeks expect double that Quantity, befides the new Crop now (hipping off from Caro- lina § the flopping of all which in a Country where there is not any Sale for it, inftead of permitting the fame to be carried to the only Places of Con- fumption, muft foon reduce the Price thereof to fo low a Rate, that the Merchants who have pur- chafed 99 92 A Description of chafed that Rice will not be able to fell it for the prime Coft ; much lefs will they be able to recover the Money they have paid for Duty, Freight and other Charges thereon, which amount to double the firft Coft ; for the Rice that £ i oo will pur- chafe in South Carolina cofts the Importer £ 200 more in Britifo Duties, Freight, and other Charges. Thus it appears, that by prohibiting the Ex- portation of Rice from this Kingdom, the Mer- chants who have purchafed the vaft Quantities be- fore mentioned, will not only lofe the Money it coft them, but Twice as much more in Duties, Freight and other Charges, by their having a pe- rifhable Commodity embargoed in a Country where it is not ufed. Or if inftead of laying the Prohibition here, it be laid in South Carolina % that Province, the Plan- ters there, and the Merchants who deal with them, rauft all be involved in Ruin ; the Province, for want of Means to fupport the Expences of Govern- ment; the Planters, for want of Means to pay their Debts and provide future Supplies ; and the Merchants, by not only lofing thofe Debts, but Twice as much more, in the Freight, Duties and other Charges upon Rice which they cannot fell. So that in either Cafe, a very profitable Colony, and the Merchants concerned in the Trade of it, would be ruined for the prefent, if not totally loft to this Kingdom, by prohibiting the Exporta- tion of Rice - y and all this, without doing any Na- tional Good in another Way, for fuch Prohibition could not in any Shape diftrefs our Enemies. It 100 SOUTH CAROLINA. 93 It is therefore moff. humbly hoped that Rice will be excepted out of the Bill now before The Ho- nourable Houfe of Commons. An ACCOUNT of the Quantities of Rice which have been exported from the Province of Scutb Carolina within Ten Years from 1730 to 1739 ; diftinguifhing the Total Quantity fent to each of the Countries or Dominions whereunto the fame was exported. Barrels To Portugal, in all ------ 83,379 To Gibraltar -------- g^S To Spain --------- 3>5/C» ToFrance,ovfc] thelaftTwoYears,atmofl: 9,500 To Great Britain, Ireland, and the Britifi Plantations— by the largeft Calculation cannot exceed ------- 30,000 To Holland, Hamburgh, and Bremen, in- cluding about 7,000 Barrels to Sweden and Denmark ------- 372,118 The Total Exported in thefe Ten Years 499,525 * * * * * * * * + V" V *f* V * * * * An IOI g4 A Description of ,j*j„j"j..j r j..j'j...» T j •^•■;"j"^s«j;;—;'j— I'C"?-!- -;'*■•}*—}!*• JIC— 5ii- ; SX -, 2?i— *• « r £ ■38"y*-5 1 J"''t— ^'— ^» *I he following Extract is infer ted to few by what Means that prof table Commodity Rice £#/#£? /o be firjl planted in South Carolina ; for as it was not done with any previous ProfpeB of great Gai?t i bat owing to a lucky Occident and a private Experiment \ many Perfons "will naturally be defrous of knowing the fever al Cir- cumjlances relating id an Affair fo fortunate for this Kingdom ; and it may ferve as a new Injlance of the great Share that Accident hath had in making Dis- coveries for the Benefit of Mankind, TH E Production of Rice in South Carolina, which is of fuch prodigious Advantage^ was owing to the following Accident. A Brigantine from the Ifland of 'Madagascar hap- pened to put in to that Colony : — « They had a little Seed- jR/V* left, not exceeding a Peck or Quarter of a Bufhel, which the Captain offered, and gave to a Gentleman of the Name of Woodward :— =from a Part of this he had a very good Crop, but was ignorant for fome Years how to clean it :— -It was foon difperfed over the Province ; and by frequent Experiments andObiervations they found out Ways of producing and manufacturing it to fo great Per- fection, that it is thought to exceed any other Rice in Value : *— the Writer of this hath feen the faid Captain 102 SOUTH CAROLINA. 9 $ Captain in Carolina, where he received a handfome Gratuity from the Gentlemen of that Country, in Acknowledgement of the Service he had done that Province. It is likewife reported, that Mr DuBois, Treafurer of the Eqft India Company, did fend to that Country a fmail Bag of Seed-Rice, fome fhort Time after ; from whence it is reafonable enough to fuppofe there might come thofe Two Sorts of that Com- modity, the one called red-Rice, inContradiftinclion to the white -Rice, from the Rednefs of the inner Hufk or Rind of this Sort, though they both clean, and become alike white. The Writer of this ExtraB hath not mentioned the Time when Rice wasjirjl planted in South Carolina 5 but it appears, in Page 70 of this Defcription, that Rice was generally planted in that Colony in the Tear 17 10, and therefore the frfi Planting of it mufl have been about the Tear 1 700* if not fooner* An 103 9 6 A Description, &c. An ACCOUNT of the Quantities of Raw Silk which have been imported from North and South Carolina into Great Britain within25 Years from 1731101755; and alfo of the Quantities of wrought Silk and mixed filken Stuffs of the Manufacture of Great Britain, which have been exported from thence to North and South Carolina within each of thofe 25 Years. ■ Imports Exports— Britifh Silk Manufactures Years Raw Silk Silk Silk with Silk with Silk with wrought Worfted 1 Jncle Grogram Pounds wt. Founds wt. Founds wt. 1 J ounds wt. Pounds wt. *73' 97O 537 173* 774 892 '733 ',015 1,341 1734 943 937 1735 IHS7 864 i73 6 1,222 516 l 737 691 790 173* 1,111 '^77 l 739 h*73 *77 -1740 i,4J4 1,492 1741 2,798 2,452 440 7 1742 \'n i,57 6 i,35o 144 J 743 1,427 1,262 122 . . . *744 i,Q35 1,296 l8l 1745 544 615 184 40 1746 929 590 330 3 '747 h3i3 2,050 386 ... 1748 52 i,77 2 1,658 155 34 '749 46 U77* 1,065 74 . . . 1750 118 1,519 1,258 223 50 i75i • • • 2,404 i,933 291 . . . *75* . . • 3,3 6 5 2,860 218 7 l 753 1 r 3^27 2,236 I9Q . . . *754 . . . 2,682 2,300 374 150 1755 S\ 3,416 2,634 337 . . . %-ZT 104 2 THE ^aa^sr&esi DR. MILLIGEN-JOHNSTON'S "ADDITIONS" TO HIS PAMPHLET The following Short Description &c. of South Carolina was written at Charlestown in the year 1763 by George Milligen John- ston M. D., at that time Lieut, and Surgeon to His Majestys three Independent Companies stationed in that Province. He was after the disbanding of these Companies appointed chief Surgeon to all the Garrisons for his Majestys forces in So Carolina and Georgia, he continued in that Country till August 1775 when he was obliged to remove himself from it. In the interval between the writing of this pamphlet, and 1775 very considerable improve- ments were made in Agriculture, and great accession of numbers and wealth were added to the province. It is intended to note these here, with some other additional matters. Additions to Chaf 2d The dews are in some seasons so great, that those who are abroad at night, are presently so damp'd and chilled by them, that a general and irksome lassitude is quickly perceived, and it is well if nothing worse happens; for so penetrating are these dews, that they quickly pass to the Skin, no apparel being proof against them, and thus convey the cool damp air to the surface of the body; besides the ill consequences that may ensue to the lungs and passages leading to these organs. I have said that fogs are not so frequent as in Britain, yet in the winter they will sometimes obscure the sun for several days to- gether; during this dark weather, water may be seen pouring down- looking Glasses, and whatever is painted; candles burn dimly, the flames appearing as if surrounded with Small halos. Marshy grounds, ditches, sinks and Shallow standing waters, emit an offen- sive Smell; and all things are so damp'd within doors where no fires are kept, that on entering a house, one is Sensible of such a mephitical frousy Smell, as is perceived in the apartments of those who are Sweating in fevers. 105 The temperature of the air is lyable to as great changes as can possibly happen in any Country. But, happily, the greatest varia- tions are from warm and moist, to cold and clear weather, these vicissitudes, are most frequent in the Spring and winter, tho in the Autumn the difference between the heat of the day and night often exceeds twenty degrees; and the general difference through- out the year may be from ten to fifteen degrees in the Space of twenty four hours when the weather is Settled, but this is to be understood of the Shaded air in the day; between which and the heat those sustain, who are exposed to the direct rays of the sun, the difference will be twenty degrees, and even more in some situations. Mediums of Fahrenheits Thermometer, in the Shaded air at Charles town, and of the rain in each Season for ten years. Seasons Thermom Rain deg inches Spring 59 6.09 Summer 78 I2 -73 Autumn 72 16.90 Winter 52 6.01 Year 66.3 42.03 From this Sketch of the weather it appears that the yearly mean heat at Charlestown is 66 deg. This exceeds 48, which is nearly the medium heat in Great Britain, more than that does the freezing point. The lowest Station of the Thermometer for these ten years was 18 deg. and the highest 10 1, the difference between which being 83 deg. may be esteemed the outmost variation in the tem- perature of the Shaded air for the above Space of time. This indeed seems greater than might be expected in so Southerly a Situation or latitude, yet some years before the mercury fell to the tenth division or 22 deg. below freezing. I have said that the highest Station of the Thermometer for ten years was 101 deg. in the Shaded air, but when the Thermometer was then carried into the Sunshine it rose to 130 deg. and higher. Solid bodies, more especially metals, absorb so much heat at such times, that there is no laying a hand on them, for a short time, without feeling very uneasy; nay a beef stake of the common thickness, has been so deprived of its juices, when laid on a Cannon for the Space of twenty minutes, as to be overdone, as the phraise is. During this hot season, when the Shaded air was warmer than 106 the natural heat of the human body, those whose employments exposed them to the open sunshine, sustaind a degree of heat, greatly surpassing any that ever Shew'd itself in the most acute disease ; yet labourers and tradesmen worked abroad as usual ; and blacksmiths, as well as Cooks, did their business within doors j a few accidents happen'd to those only who lived in Small rooms, or who overheated themselves by walking or drinking too freely of Spirituous liquors, more especially if they laid down to Sleep immediately after, and Some were Seized with appoplexies, who happened to be hemmed in at public sales by a crowd. But the inhabitants were generally healthy while the hot and dry weather continued. During 27 years that the writer of this resided in Charlestown, the Summer of 1752 was the most intensely hot. The Spring pre- ceding was unusually dry, and we had not a Shower from the 20 of June to the 21st of July, the weather all the time excessively hot. The consequence was, that the vapours which floated in the air, were so elevated by rarefaction, that dews soon fail'dj the great heat of the night contributed to their being detain'd aloft in the air, so that by the 1 2th of July a general drought prevail'd. The Earth became so dry and parched, that plants Shrunk and withered. All standing waters were dried up as were many wells and Springs. Many Cattle died for want of pasture and water, as probably did many birds, that require drink, for none of them were to be seen among us. For 20 Successive days the temperature of the Shaded air varied between 90 and 101 degrees, and gen- erally about 2 PM, 30 deg. warmer in the open Sunshine. When the mercury rose to the 97 and 98 deg. in the Shade, the atmos- phere Seemed in a glow, as if fires were kindled round us, the air being so thick and smoaky, that the sun appeared as a ball of redhot metal, and Shined very faintly. In breathing, the air felt as if it had passed through a fire, and the nights were as distressing as the days. Refreshing Sleep was a Stranger to our eyes, and though we lay on thin matresses upon the floor, with all the win- dows and doors open, we were constantly bathed in Sweat. Other animals Seem'd equally affected; horses Sweated profusely in the Stable, and flag'd presently when ridden. Dogs sought the Shade and lay panting, as if they had long pursued the Chace; poultry drooped the wing, and breathed with open throats, in the manner cocks do when much heated in fighting; in short the distresses of man and beast at this time, is not to be described. The debility of 107 body and dejection of mind that were now universal among us were much increased by the dreadfull apprehension's we had that a Mortal Malignant disease was about to make its appearance among us, when to our ineffable joy and the relief of all animated nature, on the 2ist of July, a plentiful Shower of rain rescued us from our truly distressed situation. This was succeeded by more Showers, but all of them were accompanied by the most tre- mendous thunder and lightening, by which several people were killed. Lightening and thunder happen at all seasons, when it rains immediately after a Shift of wind; but from April to September we seldom have a Shower without both. The Short Storms called thundergusts, are most violent after great heat, and a particular sultriness in the air, which affects us very sensibly, tho' the Ther- mometer shews nothing of it. These thunder clouds are formed in a Surprising short time, our atmosphere from being clear and Serene, except on one part, generally west, a Small black Spot, Scarcely visible, may be seen, will in a quarter of an hour be over- cast with a gloomy darkness, for clouds rush from all directions towards that part whence the thunder shower is to be expected. The air is darkened so much that we are often obliged to light candles, while the sun is some hours above the Horizon, a Strong Storm of wind with a deluge of rain, or perhaps hail follows, together with incessant flashing of lightening, and thunder rolling or Cracking over our heads; several people are every year killed by the lightening, besides the damage that is done to houses and Shops during these sudden gusts; at such times, the rain does not always pour down with equal violence, Short pauses inter- veening, during which the greatest damage is generally done by the lightening, much of the electrical fluid descending silently, when the rain is most heavy. Tho disagreeable accidents are sometimes the consequence of these thunder gusts, yet they are without doubt of great benefit to mankind in so hot a climate, where during the Summer the air is ventilated and renewed as it were, by these temporary agitations; and by which the pernicious vapours are either precipitated with the rain or dispersed by the wind. Hurricanes have the same effect on the atmosphere, in a greater degree. I never knew the Inhabitants of Charlestown, so healthy, as in the year following the hurricane of 1752. 108 The medium quantity of rain that fell at Charlestown for ten years was 42 inches annually. During that period, the greatest depth of rain in one year was 54.^-, and the least 3 1 .^- inches. The most in twelve hours 9. ^-inches and on the 28 of July 1750 the rain of two hours was 5. ^-inches. This quantity will appear large to those who live in more temperate climates, yet I have good reason to believe that the rains were formerly still greater here. It appears from the table in Governour Glen's pamphlet that in the year 1739 the quantity of rain that fell was 65 inches. Additions to Chapter 3d In the year 1775 the number of white inhabitants had increased to about 70,000; in the Spring of that year there were 14,000 on the Militia roll, as I was informed by Lt. Governour Bull at that time Commander in chief over the province. This great accession of inhabitants was owing to emigrations from Europe, and more especially from North Carolina and Virginia. The number of negro's was likewise increased to upwards of 100,000 and their value increased from £10 to £15 per head. The quantity of rice exported had increased to 130,000 barrels, that of indigo amounted to 1,200,000 pounds weight; tobacco was become a Considerable branch — indeed the General Exporta- tion about this time trebled that of 1749. In Governour Glens pamphlet, the total value of exports in 1748 was £161,365 Ster. but in 1775 it was allowed to exceed £600,000 Ster. South Caro- lina was at this period the most thriving Country perhaps on this Globe and might have been the happiest, but luxury had found its way among them, and kept an equal pace at least with the increase of their fortunes, and almost expell'd that hospitality for which they were formerly so much and justly famed. At last the Demon of rebellion took possession of their hearts, and almost banished humanity from among them, with every other virtue. Additions to Chaf. 4 South Carolina in 1775 was divided into 4 counties and 7 Dis- tricts, 21 parishes and 7 towns. In Charlestown there were about 1400 houses and 7000 white inhabitants, the militia of the town amounting to 1400 the negro's 7000. In the year 1770 a large handsome exchange was erected on the bay Street, one front to the river the other to broad street. It is built of brick and Portland 109 Stone, is open all round, over it are offices for the officers of the Customs. About the same time a large Armoury and a Guard house were built in broad street opposite the Statehouse. When bills of mortality were annually printed the number of inhabitants being then less than 4000, it appeared from them, that one in thirty Seven died yearly — I mean of the white inhabitants — no account was ever kept of the births and deaths among the negro's. no SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE PROVINCE O F SOUTH-CAROLINA, WITH AN ACCOUNT O* The Air, Weather, andDisEASEs, AT CH A RLE S-T O W N. I76j. 6l WRITTEN IN THE^YEAR 1763. ^7 oc+^ty LONDON Printed for John H i n t o n, at the Kind's- Arms, in P&ter- Nofter Row. MDCCLXX. [Price One Shilling ] III Advertifement. TH E following fhort Account of South-Carolina was firft written for the Information and private Ufe of a Gen- tleman in England, without any Intention of its being ever expofed to the Public View; and that it is now published is not owing to any Value the Author puts upon it, who is very fenfible of its Imperfections; but to the Defires of fome, who imagine, that the Medical Part may be of Ufe to thofe who may become Settlers in our new Colonies of Eajl and Wejl- Florida, where the Climate and Soil much refemble South- Carolina i confequently the Difeafes, and the Cure of them, will be little different. — If it ever proves of any Ufe to them, the Writer, who is an Author with Reluctance, will think himfelf fufficiently repaid for his Trouble ; and, if the Critics will forgive this firfl EfTay, he promifes never to tref- pafs this Way again, being determined, Cum tot abique Libris occur r as, per it ur a par cere Charts. A2 ii3 ACCOUNT O F T H E Situation, Air, Weather, and Diseases of SOUTH- CAROLINA, CHAP. I. Of its Situation, Soil, andfome of its natu- ral Productions. rrOUTIt-CJROLINd is Part of that exten- ^ five Country on the Eaftern Shore of North- erner? ca, named by the Spaniards Florida, and by the Engli/h, in the Days of Queen Elifabetb, Virginia. By the late Regulation of the South Provin- ces, it is bounded on the South and Weft by the River Savannah, whole Mouth is in Latitude 31 Deg. 52 Min. North ; and is divided from North-Carolina by a little River, about thirty Miles South of Cape- Fear, Lat % 35, towards the Sea ; and more to the Weftward, by a Line whofe Situation is not yet exactly fixed. It for- merly extended South to the 29th Degree, in- cluding 115 [ 6 ] eluding the Province of Georgia, whofe North Bounds, following theCourfe ofthe Savannah Ri- ver, reduces this Province to a fmallCompafs, by meeting the Line, that, when fixed, will divide the two Carolina's, with an acute Angle, near the Cherokee Indian Town of Keowee, about three Hundred and twenty Miles diftant from Charles- iToian. The French made a Settlement here, which had a fhort Duration, in the Reign of Charles IX, under their Admiral Coligni, who named the Country La Caroline, in Honour of that Prince. It was fettled by the Englifh, in the Year 1663, by a Grant from King Charles the Second, after whom it is named, to the Earl of Clarendon and others : A Plan for the Govern- ment of it was defigned by that great Statefman Anthony AJhley Cooper, Earl of Shaft efbury ; and digefted into Form by the excellent Mr. Locke ; whence great Expectations were raifed : But, however fpecious their Plan might appear, Ex- perience foon fhewed its Impracticability, and pointed out the Neceflity of getting rid of it by putting the Province into the Hands and under the Protection of King George the Second -f. This Remedy has anfwered all that the moft San- guine could have expected from it ; it has long thrown off that drooping and languifhing State ■f This Change was promoted by the Inability of the Lords Proprietors to protedl their Colony from the Reve- nues arifing out of their Rents, and their Reluctance to ad- vance any Money out of their Eilates in England towards the Expence. its 116 [ 7 ] its firft fine-fpun Conftitution kept it under -, and it is now become one of the mod opulent and thriving among the Britijb Colonies. The Surface of the Earth here, and in all the maritime Parts of North -America., exhibits a lively Reprefentation of the State of Nature, as defcribed by Sir William Temple^ in his Mif- celianies ; it is almoft certain, by the Appear- ance the level Surface gives, that the Sea was once poffeffed of this Region, and, upon its Sub» fiding, left the different Strata to confolidate, according to the Rules of fpecific Gravity ; and this I am confirmed in by examining Wells, Pits, and Surfaces of Bluffs, where either Rivers or Speets of Rain have worn them down perpendicularly. Without Doubt, all over was left a plain Extent, upon the firft. Recefs of the Sea -, but, the Fountains taking their Rife from the Mountains, in feeking their Way towards the Ocean, wherever they met with either Refiflance or Cavity they bed- ded, and thereby formed the immenfe Number of Moraffes, Savannahs, Cane and Cyprefs. Gallsj that are evcry-where interfperfed in the Country, and thereafter forced their Channels to the Sea. This low, flat and moift Surface extends iixty or feventy Miles back from the Ocean * t about this Diflance the Ground begins to rife, and little Hills appear gradually above one another. 117 [ 8 1 another, till they reach their majeftic Summit called the Blue Mountain, the Pride of the Apa- lachian Hills, about three Hundred and fifty Miles Weft of the Atlantic Sea : Here, ■ the mournful T .arch Its drooping Foliage hangs ; theftately Pines 'Their Boughs together mix'd> in clofe Array, (Wed^d like the ancient Phalanx) from the Ax Rear their tall Heads fecure, on craggy Cliffs Rooted, or over Precipices dread, fVaving their Umbrage broad.- Keate. The Soil is known and diftinguifhed by its na- tural Productions, and may be divided into four Kinds, viz. Pine-land, Oak-land, Swamps, and Marines. The Pine-land is by far of the greatcft Ex- tent near the Sea', the Soil is of a dry whitilh Sand, producing a great Variety of Shrubs, and acoarfe Kind of Grafs, that Cattle are not fond of eating ; though here and there is a little of a better Kind, efpecially in the Meadows called Savannahs : It naturally bears two Kinds of Fruit, viz. Whortleberries, much like thofe of England-, and Chinquopin Nuts, a Kind of dwarf Chefnut, about the Size of an Acorn ; it likewife bears Peaches well, and the white Mul- berry, which ferves to feed Silk- Worms ; the 2 black 1 18 [ 9 1 black Mulberry is about the Size of a black Cherry, and has much the fame Flavour. The Oakland commonly lies in narrow Streaks, between Pineland and Swamps, Creeks or Rivers ; the Soil is a blackifh Sand, pro- ducing feveral Kinds of Oak, Bay, Laurel, Afti, Walnut, Gum-Tree, Dog-Tree, Hickory, tiff. On the choiceft Part of the Land grow Parfimon- Trees, a few black Mulberry and American Cherry Trees •, wild Grapes grow on this Land, and are of two Sorts, both red - 7 viz. Fox-Grapes, about the Size of a fmall Cherry % and Clufter-Grapes, about the Bignefs of a white Currant ; this Land isjuftly efteemed the molt valuable for Corn or Indigo. A Swamp is any low, watery Place, that is covered with Trees or Canes ; there are three Kinds of them, Cyprefs, River, and Cane Swamps : They are called the Golden Mines of Carolina ; from them all our Rice is produced, confequently they are the Source of infinite Wealth, and will always reward the induftrious and perfevering Planter. Marines are of two Sorts, hard and foft •, they abound much on the Sea Ifiands : The foft and fait Marines have as yet been of little Ufe, on Account of the great hxpence of damming out the Salt-water ; the Hard produce a Grafs that is efteemed good Feeding for Horfes. B The 119 [ io ] The Apdachian Mountains are faid to have % large Share of the Mineral Kingdom ; 1 have feen ieveral Pieces of Copper, Lead, and Sul- phur Ores, brought from thence : I believe, from Accounts I have received, that Copper may be had in great Plenty-, but the high Price of Labour, with the certain and eafy Liveli- hood obtained here by other Means, has hi- therto rendered thofe fubterranean Riches ufe- lefs and neglected. Thefe Mountains are more extenfive than the Alps and Apennine added to- gether •, they ftretch from the Back of the Pro- vinces of New-England almoft to the Cape of Florida, a Courfe of more than fifteen Hundred Miles : In this wild Scene of Nature* s true Sublime, What Profpecls rife P Rocks above Rocks appear, Mix with the incumbent Clouds, and laugh to Scorn All the proud Boafls of Art : In purefl Snow Some mantled, others their enormous Backs Heave high, with Forejls crowned ; nor, *midfl the View, Are wanting thofe who their infulting Heads Uprear, barren and bleak, as in Contempt Of Vegetative haws. . "Deep within their Bowels lies The Marble variouj-vein "d -, and the rich Ore Winds its flow Growth ; Nor here unfrequent found The Cryflal, catching from its Mineral Bed A change- no [ » ] A changeful Tinge, yellow , or red, or green. Azure, or violet, wanting Strength alone To be the Gem it mimics. — On thefe Heights Blooms many a modeft Floweret, fcarcely known Even to the Vale beneath, tho 1 fweet as thofe, That, when proud Rome was Mijlrefs of the World, Adorn* d the Shrines of Flora ; many a Shrub Of Sovereign Ufe, and Medicinal Herb, Spread humbly forth their Leaves, by carelefs Foot Of Savage trampled, tillfome Chance difclofe Their latent Virtues. Keate. Thefe Mountains give Rife to many large and navigable Rivers. Thofe that run from the Eaft Side all empty themfelves into the Atlantic Ocean ; thofe that run from the Weft Side mix their Streams with the Rivers St. Laurence and MiJJiffippi, or the Canada Lakes : And, as they glide along, furvey their Banks Circled with Mountains, that appear to bend Beneath the Woods they bear. About two Hundred Miles North-weft of Charles-town, I obferved very largeRocksof grey Marble, variegated with red or blue Veins -, the Part above Ground generally appeared coarfe ; that under Ground is no Doubt of a better Qua- lity. — About this Place is great Plenty of the B 2 fquamous 121 [ " ] iquamous Affile Species of Stone, called by the JNaturaliffo Lapis Specularis t or 'Talc •, it is like {q many Sheets of Paper on the Surface of the Earth, of a very different Shape and Size; is ex- tremely bright and glittering, fometimes clear and tranfparent, but generally of a beautiful bluifh-green Colour, and breaks like Slate : It is called Marienglafs in Ruffia, and ufed for Win- dows and Lanthorns all over Siberia^ and indeed in every Part of the Ruffian Empire ; it looks more beautiful than Glafs, and, as it will (land r the Explofion of Cannon, muft be preferable jr*~-^ ft hh crf tQ it^Cryftals of a beautiful Water, inferior Ay^-iA on ty t0 t ^ ie Diamond, are frequently picked up here.— About fixty Miles South-eaft from the Indian Town of Keswee^ there is a rocky Hill, called Diamond- Hill', where Pieces of Cryftal, in various Figures, generally hexagonal, hang, like Icicles from the Rocks, and feem to be Exudati- ons from them in the fame Manner as Gums are from Trees ; they require a great Force to fepa- rate them from the Rocks, and are often very large. The Province is well fupplied with Springs ; fome of them are impregnated with Iron, and ochers with Sulphur : Banks of Oifter-fhells are met with frequently, at a great Diftance from the Sea \ I faw one, once, about one Hundred and thirty Miles in-land •, the Oifter-fhells were of a very large Size, many of them petri- fied, but the greateft Number in their natural State : 122 [ '3 J State : As they are always on the Surface of the Ground, and upon fuch Places as were for- merly certainly poiTefTed by the Indians, I fee no Reafon to fuppofe them the Relics of an Inundation, (the general Opinion) but that they were brought there by the Indians. There is, in many Places of the Province, Va- riety of Clays, of which Tobacco-pipes, and the fineft Earthen-ware or China, may be manu- factured •, likewife, Maries, Boles, nitrous Earths, Chajk-ftpnes, and fome bituminous Foffils. CHAP. 123 [ H ] CHAP. II. Of the Air and Weather, TH E Summers are generally dry, clear calm, and excefiive hot ; the Autumn xnoift, warm, and unequal jone Minute ferene, the nextcloudyand tempeftuGus : The Winter is near the fame Length as in England, and pretty cool» though the mid-day Sun is always warm, even when the Evenings and Mornings are fharp, and the Nights piercing cold : The Spring is a mod delightful Seafon s our boundlefs Forefts are then cloathed with Leaves, and inamclled with aro- matic Flowers and Bloffoms of the moft lively Colours, perfuming the ambient Air; the wing- ed Songfters chirping on every Bough, with in- chanting Melody : No gradual Bloom is wanting, from the Bud, Firfi-born of Spring, to Summer 's mujky 'Tribes-, Nor Hyacinths deep-purpled, nor Jonquils Of potent Fragrance ; nor Narcifius/iz/V, As o\r the fabled Fountain hanging ftill -, Nor broad Carnations -, nor gay fpotted Pink \ Nor Jhower'd from every Bufh the damajk Rofe ; Infinite Numbers, Delicacies, Smells, With Flues on Hues, Exprejfwn can-not paint : The Breatb of Nature, and her endlefs Bloom. ■Every Copfe Thick 124 [ '5 ] Thick wove, and Tree irregular, and Bufh, Bending with juicy Moijlure, o'er the Heads Of the coy Choirifters, that lodge within^ Are prodigal of Harmony : The Thrujh And Woodlark, o'er the kind contending Throng Superior beard, run through the five et eft Length Of Notes 5— — — -joined to thefe Innumerous Songfters, in the frefhening Shade Of new-fprung Leaves, their Modulation mix Mellifluous. The Jay, the Rook, the Daw, And each hard Pipe difcordant heard alone, Aid the full Concert: While the Stock-Dove breathes A melancholy Murmur, thro" the Whole. Thomson. The Air is more clear and pure here than in Britain, being feldom darkened with Fogs ; the Dews, however, are great, efpecially in the End of Summer, and Beginning of the Fall. The Rains are heavy but commonly fhort, and obferve no particular Seafon or Time of the Year. The Winds are generally changeable and erra- tic, blowing from different Points of the Com- pafs, without any Regularity i about the vernal and autumnal Equinoxes, they are commonly very boifterous •, at other Seafons moderate. — The Northerly Winds are cold, dry, and healthy — They difperfe Fogs and Mifts, giving a clear Sky.— The North-weft is the coldeft we have; r it 125 [ '6 ] it comes to us over an immenfe Tract of Land, and from the Snow-capped^tf/tff£;'tf» Mountains; whenever it blows, the Air is cool ; and in the Winter it generally brings us Froft, and often Snow : It is vulgarly and defervedly called the great Phyfician of the Country, as by its Force it clears the Air of the putrid autumnal Effluvia, and by its Coolnefs fhuts up the Pores of the Earth and of the Trees, keeping in their Va- pours, the principal Sources of the Epidemics of the warm Seafon : This refrelhing, invigorating, and bracing Wind is anxioufly expected, about the Month of Oclober, by all ; but by thofe par- ticularly who have the Misfortune to be afflicted with the more obftinate Intermittents, to whom it generally affords Relief: The Eafterly Winds are always cool ; from them we have our moft refrefhing Summer Showers; when they blow for any Continuance, they occafion Coughs and catarrhal Fevers. The South and South-weft Winds are warmed and mod unhealthy ; in whatever Seafon they blow, the Air is foggy and affects the Breathing : In Summer, they are fultry and fuffocating ; an excefflve Dejection of Spirits, and Debility of Body, are then jwnni- verfal Complaint/; if this Conftitution lads any confiderable Time, Hyfterics, Hypo, inter- mitting and remitting, putrid, flow, or ner- vous Fevers, are produced. The Changes from Heat to Cold, and vice verfa, in the Spring and Fall, are often fudden and 126 [ >7 ] and confiderable, and abfolutely depend on the Direction and Force of the Wind : I have fome- times known a Difference of more than twenty Degrees in Fareinheit's Thermometer in a few Hours. In Thermometers graduated by his Scale, kept in the Shade, where the Air has free Accefs, the Mercury yearly rifes in the hot Months, to the 96th, fometimes to the 100th Degree, and (what is mod infupportable) the Nights are then very little cooler than the Days : In the Winter ; it always falls confiderably below the freezing Point. This Province is fubjeit to frequent and dreadful Tempefts of Thunder and Lightning, in May, June, July, and Augujl ; I muft ufe the Words of the defcriptive Mr. Thompfon, to give a juft Idea of the awful Appearance of the Artillery of the Sky, whofe Reports are fo loud and fharp, and frequently deftru&ive, as to confound the moft Undaunted : *Tis foybtr^F Fear, and dumb Amazement all ; cat /11 ttc. When, to tbeftartled Eye, the fudden Glance v Appears far South, eruptive thro* the Clouds j And, following flower in Explofwn vafl, The Thunder raifes his tremendous Voice : At firft, heard folemn o*er the Verge ofHeav*n 9 The Tempejl growls ; but as it nearer comes, And rolls its awful Burthen in the Wind, The Lightnings flajb a larger Curve, and mere The Ncife ajlounds \ till o'er Head a Sheet C Of 127 [ i8 ] Of livid Flame difclofes wide, thenjhuts And opens wider, fmits and opens JIM Expanfive, wrapping Ether in a Blaze ; Follows the loofen'd, aggravated Roar, Enlarging, deepening, mingling, Peal on Peal, Crujh'd horrible, convulfing Heaven and Earth. We have fuffered very little from Lightning, fmce the Erecting of fharp Points in many of the public Buildings, and in fome private Houfes of this Town, recommended by the ingenious Mr. Franklin of Philadelphia, to draw the elec- trical Fluid (or Fire, or by whatever Name I ought to call it) from the Clouds that are charg- ed with it, and thereby prevent an Explofion. Earthquakes are unknown here, or fo tri- fling as to havepaffed unnoticed. There are three remarkable Hurricanes re- membered by the Inhabitants •, the laft happen- ed on the 1 5th of September, 1 752. The Summer preceding was uncommonly dry and hot ; for feveral Days together, about the Middle of July, the Mercury in Fareinheit's Thermometer always reached ninety-nine or one Hundred Degrees. Very little Rain fell between that Time and Sep~ tember the 1 4th, when the Wind in the Afternoon began to blow with great Violence from the North-eaftand continued increafingtill the Morn- ing of the 15th, when its Force was irrefiftible ; it flopped the Courfe of the Gulf* Stream, which poured * The Gulf of Florida. 128 [ '9 ] poured in upon us like a Torrent, filling the Har- bour in a few Minutes ; before Eleven o'Clock, A. M. all the VefTels in the Harbour were on /? ,f) Shore, except the Hornet Man of War, mim ij£aF{a/-&**^ rode it out by cutting away her Mafls ; all the Wharfs and Bridges were ruined, and every Houfe and Store, &c. upon them beaten down, as were alfo many Houfes in the Town, with Abundance of Roofs, Chimnies, &c. almoft all the tiled or flated Houfes were uncovered, and great Quantities of Merchandife, &V. in the Stores of the Bay-ftreet> were damaged by their Doors being burft open. The Town was likewife overflowed, the Water having rifen ten Feet above High- water Mark at Spring-tide£ ; and nothing was to be feen but Ruins of Houfes, Canoes, Wrecks of Boats, Marts, Yards, Bar- rels, Staves, &c. floating and driving with great Violence through the Streets, and round about the Town : The Inhabitants, findino- themfelves in the midfl of a tempeftous Sea, the Violence of the Wind continuing, the Tide (according to its common Courfc) being expect- ed to flow, till after One o'Clock, and many of the People being up to their Necks in Water in their Houfes, began now to defpair of Life-, but (here we muft record as fignal an Inflance of the immediate Interpofition of Divine Provi- dence as ever appeared) they were foon deliver- ed from their Apprehenfions •, for, about ten Minutes after Eleven o'Clock, the Wind veered to the E. S. E, S. and S. W. very quick, and C 2 then 129 [ 2 ] then (though its Violence continued, the Sea ftill beating and dafhing with amazing Impetuo- jfity) the Waters fell above five Feet in the Space ol ten Minutes-, without which fudden and un- expected Fall, every Houfe and Inhabitant of this Town mud, in all Probability, have perifh- ed. This Shifting of the Wind left the Stream of the Gulf of Florida, to follow its wonted Courfe \ and, before Three o'Clock, P. M. the Hurricane wasintirely over ; many People were drowned, and others much hurt by the Fall of Houfes : For about forty Miles round Charles- teivn, there was hardly a Plantation that did not lofe every Out- houfe upon it, and the Roads, for Years afterwards, were incumbered with Trees blown and broken down. W T hirlwinds are fometimes felt here ; a moft violent one of that Kind, commonly known un- der the Title of Typhones, palled down Afhley River on the 4th of May, 1761 ; and fell upon the Shipping in Rebellion Road, with fuch Fury as to threaten the Deftruction of a large Fleet, lying there, ready to fail for Europe. This ter- rible Phenomenon was feen by many of the Inha- bitants of Charles-town, coming down Wap- pec-creek, refembling a large Column of Smoke and Vapour, whofe Motion was very irregular and tumultuous, as well as that of the neigh- bouring Clouds, which appeared to be driving down nearly in the fame Direction, (from the S.W.) and with great Swiftnefs : The Quantity of 130 [ 21 ] of Vapour which compofed this impetuous Co- lumn, and its prodigious Velocity, gave it fuch a furprifing Momentum, as to plow Ajhley Ri- ver to the Bottom, and to lay the Channel bare, of which many People were Eye-WitnefTes : When it was coming down Ajhley River, it made fo great a Noife as to be heard by moft of the People in Town, which was taken by many for a conftant Thunder ; its Diameter, at that Time, has generally been judged to be about three Hundred Fathoms, and in Heighth, to a Perfon in Broad-Jireet, to be about thirty- five Degrees, though it increafed in its Progrefs to the Road : As it parTed the Town, it was met by another Guft, which came down Cooper River •> this was not of equal Strength or Impetuofity with the other, but, upon their Meeting together, the tumultuous and whirling Agitations of the Air were feemingly much greater, infomuch that the Froth and Vapour feemed to be thrown up to the apparent Heighth of thirty-five or forty Degrees towards the Middle, whilft the CJouds, that were now driving in all Directions to this Place, appeared to-be precipitated, and whirled round, at the fame Time, with incredible Velo- city •, juft after this, it fell on the Shipping in the Road, and was fcarce three Minutes in its Paffage •, the Diftance is near two Leagues ; fiveVefifels were funk outright-, his Majefty's Ship the Dolphin and many others loft their Mails. Whether was this done by the immenfe Weight of this Column preffing them inftantaneoufly 3 into 131 [ 22 ] into the Deep ? Or was it done by the Water being fuddenly forced from under them, and thereby letting them fink fo low as to be imme- diately covered and ingulphed by the lateral Mafs of Water ? This tremendous Column was feen, at Noon, upwards of thirty Miles South-weft from Charles-town, where it arrived about twenty-five Minutes after Two, making an Avenue in its Courfe of a great Width, tear- ing up Trees, Houfes, and every Thing that op- poled it ; great Quantities of Leaves, Branches of Trees, even large Limbs, were feen furioufly driven about, and agitated in the Body of the Column as it paffed along : The Sky was over- caft and cloudy all the Forenoon ; about One o'Clock it began to thunder, and continued more or lefs till Three -, the Mercury in Farein- heit's Thermometer, at Two o'Clock, flood at Deg. 77 : By Four o'Clock the Wind was quite fallen, the Sun fhone out, and the Sky was clear and ferene •> we could fcarce believe that fuch a dreadful Scene had been fo recently exhibited, were not the finking and difmantled VefTels fo many ftnking and melancholy Proofs of its Reality. That Kind of Meteor known by the Name of Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, are fome- times feen in the Autumn, and generally denote warm and dry Weather ; they appear in the Form of large Pillars or Streamers, a little to the North of the Place where the Sun fets in June • 132 [ *3 ] June i their Motions are commonly languid, and they foon difappear. I have not obferved them to rife more than twenty-five Degrees above the Horizon. Halo's round both the Sun and Moon are frequent in dry Weather, and arc imagined Signs of approaching Rain. CHAP, i33 [ 2 4 ] CHAP. III. Of the Inhabitants and their Food. TH E Inhabitants are either white or black •, the White are between thirty and forty Thoufand ; all the Males, from fixteen Years of Age to fixty, are muttered, and carry Arms in the Militia Regiments, and form toge- ther a Body of about feven Thoufand : Their Complexion is little different from the Inhabi- tants of Britain i and they are generally of a good Stature $nd well-made, with lively and agree- able Countenances ; fenfible, fpiritcd, and open- hearted, and exceed mod People in Acts of Be- nevolence, Hofpitality, and Charity. The Men and Women who have a Right to the Clafs of Gentry (who are more numerous here than in any other Colony in North- America) drefs with Elegance and Neatnefs : The perfonal Qualities of the Ladies are much to their Credit and Ad- vantage i they are generally of a middling Sta- ture, genteel and (lender; they have fair Com- plexions, without the Help of Art, and regular Features ; their Air is eafy and natural •, their Manner free and unaffected •, their Eyes fpark- ling, penetrating, and inchantingly fweet: They are fond of Dancing, an Exercife they per- form very gracefully ; and many fmg well, and play upon the Harpfichord and Guitar with great Skill - f nor are they lefs remarkable for Good- 134 [ *J ] Goodnefs of Heart, Sweetnefs of Difpofnion, and that charming Modefty and Diffidence, which command Refpect whilft they invite Love, and equally diftinguiili and adorn the Sex In Ihort, all, who have the Happinefs of their Acquaintance, will acquit me of Parti- ality, when I fay they are excelled by none in the Practice of all the focial Virtues, necefiary for the Happinefs of the other Sex, as Daugh- ters, Wives, or Mothers. The Weather is much too hot in Summer, for any Kind of Diverfion or Exercife, except Riding on Horfeback, or in Chaifes, (which few are without) in the Evenings and Mornings •, and this is much practifed. In the Autumn, Winter, and Spring, there is Variety and Plenty of Game for the Gun or Dogs ; the Gentlemen are not backward in the Chace. During this Seafon, there is once in two Weeks a Dancing-afTembly in Cbarles-tozvn, where is always a brilliant Ap- pearance of lovely well-dreffed Women : We have likewife a genteel Playhoufe, where a very tolerable Set of Actors, called the American Company of Comedians, frequeatly exhibit ; and often Concerts of vocal and inflrumentai Mufic, generally performed by Gentlemen. The Negro Slaves are about feventy Thou- fand ; they, with a few Exceptions, do all the Labour or hard Work in the Country, and are a confiderable Part of the Riches of the Pro- D vince r 135 [ z6 ] vince \ they are fuppofed worth, upon an Ave- rage, about forty Pounds Sterling each •, and the annual Labour of the working Slaves, who may be about forty Thoufand, is valued at ten Pounds Sterling each — They are in this Cli- mate neceffary, but very dangerous Domeftics, their Number fo much exceeding the Whites ; a natural Diflike and Antipathy, thatfubfifts be- tween them and our Indian Neighbours, is a ve- Ty lucky Circumftance, and for this Reafon: In our Quarrels with the Indians, however proper and necefTary it may be to give them Correction, it can never be our Intereft to extirpate them, or to force them from their Lands ; their Ground would be foon taken up by runaway Negroes from our Settlements, whofe Numbers would daily increafe, and quickly become more formidable Enemies than Indians can ever be, as they fpeak. our Language, and would never be at a Lofs for Intelligence. The General AfTembly, about two Years ago, (underflanding that there was in the Trea- fury a confiderabie Sum of that Money appro- priated by the General Duty Act, for the En- couragement of poor Proteflants to become Set- lers in the Province) pafTed an Act to increafe the Bounty to be given to each ; which is now four Pounds Sterling to all above the Age of twelve Years, and two Pounds to thofe who are between two Years and twelve, and one Pound to all under two Years \ beficles this, his Majef- tv s 136 t 27 ] ty's Bounty is one Hundred Acres of Land, wherever they chufe it, provided it has not been granted before, to the Head of every Fa- mily, Male or Female; and fifty Acres for every Child, indented Servant, or Slave, the Family confifts of. If this Aft has the defired Ef- fect, the Security and Opulence of the Province will be increafed, and the Adventurers will be pleafed to find a Change from Poverty and Dif- trefs to Eafe and Plenty ; they are invited to a Country not yet half fettled, v/here the Rivers are crouded with Fifli, and the Forefts with Game-, and no Game- Aft to reftrain them from enjoying thofe Bounties of Providence, no heavy Taxes to impoverifh them, nor oppreffive Land- lords to fnatch the hard-earned Morfel from the Mouth of Indigence, and where Induflry will certainly inrich them. There is both great Plenty and Variety of Food, for the Subfiftence of the Inhabitants, at reafonable Prices.-— I fhall here only name the different Sorts, as it will be fufficient for my pre- fent Furpofe j and begin with the Vegetables : Of thefe, the Indian Corn, or Maize, is of moft general Ufe, being the chief Subfiftence of the Plantation Slaves.- — —Rice, which is produced here in great Quantity and Perfection ; up- wards of one Hundred Thoufand Barrels of it are now exported annually to Europe, to the Nor- thern Colonies, and to the lVeft-lndies y each Bar- rel containing between five and fix Hundred D 2 Weight. 137 [ rt ] Weight. Wheat is cultivated, with much Succefs, by the German Protejlants, who are fet- tled on the interior Parts of the Province ; they would have been able to fupply the Province with all the Flour we confume, by this Time, had they not been interrupted by the Cherokee War. Thefe induftrious People diftil a pala- table Brandy from Peaches, which they have in great Plenty ; likewife from Potatoes, Indian Corn, and Rye : But to return to our Vegeta- ble Food : We have Plenty of Potatoes, both IriJJj and Spanijh ; Pompions, Peafe, and Beans, of different Kinds ; Apples, Pears, Nectarines, Peaches, Plums of feveral Sorts, Chefnuts, Walnuts, Olives, Pomgranates, Oranges, Le- mons, Figs, Citrons, Melons, with a great Va- riety of other Fruits, and many of the Euro- pean Pot-herbs, as Cabbages, Brocoli, Colli- flower, &c. &c. In enumerating the Ani- mal Part of our Food, I begin with the Fifh : — Mullet, Whiting, Black-fifti, Rock-fifh, Stur- geon, Porgys, Trout, Bream, and many other Sorts of fiat Fifh. j likewife, Oiflers, Crabs, Shrimps, and fometimes Turtle. Black Cat- tle are extremely plentiful, many Gentlemen owning from five Hundred to fifteen Hundred Head ; the Beef is bed about Chrijlmas, the Stall-fed Cattle being then brought to Market -, the Sheep are numerous •, Poultry and Pork we have in Plenty, and very good, though I can- not agree with the Inhabitants, who believe they have both thefe of a Kind fuperior to the reft 3 138 [ 29 ] reft ef the World : In the Woods and Fields are Plenty of wild Turkeys of a large Size, Geefe, Ducks, Doves, Pigeons, Partridges, Hares, Rabbits, Raccoons, PorTums, &c. like- wife a beautiful Species of Deer : The Hunting of them is a healthy Exercife, and a very entertain- ing Diverfion ; they are the principal Animal Food of our back Settlers, and of the Indians ; and likewife a confiderable Branch of Trade, great Quantities of their Skins being yearly ex- ported; a fmall Duty laid on them is appropria- ted for the Support and Maintenance of the Cler- gy. — The Buffalo's are fometirnes found in the Woods near the Mountains -, but they are not near fo numerous as they were a few Years ago ; they are ufed as Food, though their Beef is hard and difagreeable to the Palate. o Madeira Wine and Punch are the common Drinks of the Inhabitants ; yet, few Gentlemen are without Claret, Port, Lifbon, and other Wines, of the French, Spanijh, or Portugal Vin- tages. -The Ladies, I mention it to their Credit, are extremely temperate, and generally drink Water ; which, in Cbarles-tGwn, and all Places near the Sea, is very unwholefome-, as the Soil is not folid enough to ftrain it fufficiently, it has always a Mixture of Sand or Earth in it. Before I finifh this Chapter, it may not be improper to add, that Indigo * is cultivated here • Vid. Chapter VII. with 139 [ 3° ] with much Succefs ; between four and five Hun- dred Thoufand Weight of it is yearly exported j and that the Soil, in many Parts of the Province, is very proper for the Cultivation of Olive- Treesand Vines, Articles that have been hither- to almofl totally neglected * a little Attention to them would fave much Money expended on Oil and Wine, which we now import. The Cotton-Tree likewife grows naturally in this Pro- vince, and might be of great Ufe in cloathing the poorer Sort of white Inhabitants and the Negroes, if any Pains were taken to cultivate it. The Honourable Society for the Propagation of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, may be af- fured, that their mod fanguine Expectations would be gratified in the Culture of many other ufeful Commodities, native and exotic, ifpur- fued here with Vigour and Perfeverance ; the Situation and Climate of the Colony, and of all other Places about the fame Diftance from the Equator in both Hemifpheres, being univerfally allowed to be the bell for the Production of all the NecefTaries and Conveniencies of Life. CHAP. 140 [ 3i ] CHAP. IV. Of Charles- town and the other Towns and Garrifons. TH E Province is divided into four Coun- ties and nineteen Parifhes. — —Charles- town is the Metropolis, which is happily fituated on a Neck of Land, or Peninfula, formed by two navigable Rivers, where they mix their Streams, and prefent us with a large commodi- ous Harbour •, JJhley-River walhes the Town on the Weft and South, and Cooper-River on the Eaft ; thefe Rivers run parallel to one another, at about a Mile's Diftance, for a confiderable Way into the Country, gradually feparating to their Sources. — The Streets are broad, ftraight, and uniform, interfering one another at Right- angles -, thofe that run Eaft and Weft extend from one River to the other ; the Bay-ftreet which fronts Cooper-River and the Ocean, is real- ly handfome, and muft delight the Stranger who approacheth it from the Sea. There are about eleven Hundred Dweliing- Houfes in the Town, built with Wood or Brick ; many of them have a genteel Appearance, though generally incumbered with Balconies or Piazzas j and are always decently, and often elegantly, 141 [ 3 2 1 elegantly, furnifhed ; the Apartments are con- trived for Coolnefs, a very neceffary Confidera- ticn. The white Inhabitants are about four Thou- fand, and the Negro Servants near the fame Number. — I have examined a pretty exact Re- gifterofthe Births and Burials for fifteen Years, and find them,, excepting when the Small-pox prevailed, nearly equal; the Advantage, though fmall, is in Favour of the Births ; though to the Burials are added all tranfient People who die here, as- Sailors, Soldiers, or the Inhabitants of the Country, whofe Bufinefs or Pleafure bring them frequently to this Metropolis. TheSouth- Eaft Part of the Town fronts the Sea ? from which it is about three Leagues diftant, and from whence, in the hot Seaion, we have re- frefhing Breezes, which the Flood-tide always brings or increafes. The Town is divided into two PariflieSj St. Philip's and St. Michael's ; St. Philip's Church is one of the handlbmeft Buildings in America: It is of Brick plaiftered, and well enlightened^ on the Infidef the Roof is arched except over the Galleries •, two Rows of Tufcan Pillars fupport the Galleries and Arch that extend over the Body of the Church •, the Pillars are ornament- ed, on the Infide, with fluted Corinthian Pilaf- ters, whofe Capitals are as high as the Cheru- bims over the Center of each Arch, fupporring their 142 [ 33 1 thfiir proper Cornice : The Weft End of the Church is adorned with four Tufcan Columns, fupporting a double Pediment, which has an agreeable Effect ; the two fide Doors, which en- ter into the Belfry, are ornamented with round Columns of the fame Order, which fupport an- gular Pediments that project a confiderable Way, and give the Church fome Refemblance of a Crofs : Pilafters of the fame Order with the Co- lumns are continued round the- Body of the Church ; over the double Pediment is a Gallery with Banifters ; from this the Steeple rifes octo- gonal, with Windows in each Face of the fecond Courfe, ornamented with Ionic Pilafters, whofe Intablature fupports a Baluftrade ; from this the Tower ftill rifes octogonal, with fafhed Win- dows on every other Face, till it is terminated by a Dome, upon which ftands a Lanthorn for the Bells, and from which rifes a Vane in the Form of a Cock. St. MicbaeFs Church is built of Brick ; it is not yet quite finimed.— It confifts of a Body of a regular Shape, and a lofty and well-proporti- oned Steeple, formed of a Tower and Spire j the Tower is fquare from the Ground, and in this Form rifes to a confiderable Height ; the principal Decoration of the tower Part is a handfome Portico with Doric Columns, fup- porting a large angular Pediment, with a Mo- dilion Cornice ; over this rifes two fquare Ruf- tic Courfes ; in the lower one are fmall round E Windows, H3 [ 34 ] Windows, on the North and South; in theother, fmall fquare ones : On the Eaft and Weft from this the Steeple rifes octangular, having Win- dows on each Face, with Ionic Pilafters between each, whofe Cornice fupports a Baluftrade ; the next Courfe is likewife octogonal, has Talli- ed Windows and Feftoons alternately on each, Face, with Pilafters and a Cornice, upon which rifes a circular Range of Corinthian Pillars, with a Baluftrade connecting them ; from whence is a beautiful and extenfive Profpect over the Town and Harbour, along the Coaft, and into the Sea, as far as the Eye can carry one ; this charming Profpect is frequently heighthen- ed by the Appearance of Ships, at a Diftance, failing towards the Port. —The Body of the Stee- ple is carried up octangular within the Pillars, on whofe Intablature the Spire rifes, and is ter- minated by a gilt Globe, from which rifes a Vane, in the Form of a Dragon : This Steeple is one Hundred and ninety-two Feet in Height, and is very ufeful to the Shipping, who fee it long before they make any other Part of the Land ; which eminently diftinguillies this Place from the reft of the Coaft s where there is a Samenefs very dangerous to Mariners, The Church is eighty Feet in Length, without in- cluding the Tower and retired Place for the Al- tar, and fifty-eight Feet wide. Befides the Churches, there are Meeting- hcufes for the Members of the Church of Scot- land, 144 [ 35 ] land, for thofe called Independents, two for Bap- tifts, one for French, and one for German Pro- tectants: Though all of them are neat, large, and convenient, they are too plain to merit particu- lar Defcriptions. Near the Center of the Town is the State - Houfe, a large, commodious Brick Building; the South Front is decorated with four ^ Columns of the Compofite Order, whofe Capi- tals are highly flnifhed, fupporting a large an- gular Pediment and Cornice ; it confifts of two Stories befides the Roof; on the lower are the Court-room, the Secretary's Office, and Apart- ments for the Houfe-keeper ; on the upper Sto- ry are two large, handfome Rooms ; one is for the Governor and Council, the other for the Re- prefentatives of the People, with Lobbies and Rooms for their Clerks : The Room, called the Council-Chamber, appears rather crouded and difgufting, than ornamented and pleafing, by the great Profufion of carved Work in it ; in the upper Part of the Houfe or Roof is a large Room for the Provincial Armory : Near the State-Houfe is a very neat Market-place, well- regulated and plentifully fupplied with Pro- vifions. Above three Hundred Top-fail VefTels enter and clear at this Port, annually, bringing us Ne- cefTaries and Luxuries from every Quarter of E 2 the 145 [ 36 ] the Globe, and carrying our Produce to Europe, the Northern Colonies, and the Weft-Indies. About ten Years ago, a Plan was approved of for fortifying Charles-town in a very refpecTa- blc Manner, and foon after began to be put in Execution, on the South and South-eaft of the Town, but was difcontinued without finifhing any Part of it, though much Money had been laid out for that Purpofe •, the Town is at pre- sent defended, towards the Water, by (even Batteries or Baltions, of which three are confl- derable ones, connected byCourtine Lines, hav- ing Platforms with about one Hundred heavy Cannon mounted. The old Fortification, on the Land Side, is in Ruins; a new Work was begun in 1757, a little without the other; the Plan was a Horn-work, to be built with Tappy, and flanked with little Batteriss and Redoubts, at proper Diftances ; the Whole to extend from one River to the other, but a Stop was put to this likewife, after a confiderable Progrefs was made in it, either for Want of Money, which is proba- ble •, or from an Opinion, that it was unnecef- fary : Befides thefe Works, the Harbour is de- fended by Fort-Jobnfon> about two Miles diftant from Charles- town, on a Sea Ifland, which forms one Side of the Harbour : It is placed within point-blank Shot of the Channel, through which the Ships mud pafs in their Way to the Town : The lower Battery is on a Level with the Water, and has fifteen Eighteen-pounders, and 146 [ 37 ] and five Nine-pounders, mounted en Barbette ; the upper Part of this Fort is old and very irregalar -, it has two Demi-baftions towards the Water, and a third Projection in the Form of a Swallow's Tail, all of them having Platforms and Cannon mounted. — Towards the Land is a Gate with a Ravelin, two Ditches, two Bridges, and a Glacis, with the Beginning of a new Work built with Tappy, on the North- weft, left unfinifhed. The Captain of this Fort is commiffioned by the King. — There are Bar- racks in it for fifty Men ; but, on the Approach of an Enemy, the Militia of the Ifland march into it for its Defence. There are feveral charitable Societies in the Town j the principal of them is called the Caro- Una-Society, which, by an eafy Subfcription, maintains many decayed Families, and educates many Orphans ; I muft not forget to mention the St. Andrew's Club, which is chiefly compof- ed of Scot/men, but whofe charitable Donations are confined to no Country. There is a Society calculated for the Promotion of Literature, nam- ed the Library -Society , at prefent in a flourifhing State, and through whofe Means many ufeful and valuable Books have been already introduced into the Province, which probably would not other- wife have foon found their Way here, private Fortunes not being equal to theExpence. The following Account of the Intentions of this So- ciety H7 [ 3« ] ciety was publi fried, about two Years ago 9 by Way of Introduction to their Rules. •'ADVERTISEMENT, ■ — Et Artes trans mare currunt. The Advantages, arifing to Mankind fr6m Learning, are fo evident, that ail civilifed Soci- eties, both ancient and modern, have given the greatelt Encouragement to the Promotion of it, and ever held it in the higheft Veneration and Efteem : As this is not to be acquired, but by a liberal Education, together with the Ufe of va- luable Books, the Charles-town Library Society, having both thefe Points in View, mult appear in a very favourable Light, to all who have the lead Degree of generous Regard for the Welfare and Happinefs of Pofterity. Though any Attempt to enumerate or recom- mend the Benefits of Education may appear fu- perfluous, yet, the following mod obvious Con- trail: cannot fail to make the ftrongell Xmprefii- ons in Favour of our Undertaking ; let a Perfon of any Confideration or Humanity take a feri- ous View of the Indian Inhabitants of this exten- five Continent, and it will be impoflible for him to reflect without very mortifying Sentiments, how little Human Nature, uncultivated, differs from the Brute j on the other Hand, with what exalted [ 39 ] exalted Pleafure, will he contemplate the fplen- did Figure, which Great Britain, the Admira- tion and Envy of the World, at prefent makes, when compared with its rude and favage State, in the Days of Julius Ca[ar ; and who, without the mod melancholy Reflections, can call his Eye on the ancient State of Babylon, Egypt, and Greece, thofe Seats of Empire, thofe Fountains of Learning, and Nurfes of Arts arid Sciences, and from thence turn to their prefent miferable Condition, opprefled with Slavery, their Learn- ing extinct, their Arts baniflied by a fuccefiive Inundation of Barbarians ? As the grofs Ignorance of the naked Indian muil raife our Pity, and his favage Difpofition our Horror and Deteftation, it is our Duty as Men, ourlnterefl as Members of a Community, to take every Step, purfue every Method in our Power, to prevent our Defendants from finking into a fimilar Situation •, to obviate this pofiible Evil, and to obtain the defirable End, of hand- ing down the European Arts and Manners to the lateft Times, is the great Aim of the Members of this Society, who are ambitious of approv- ing themfelves worthy of their Mother- Country, by imitating her Humanity, as well as her In- duftry, and by tranfporting from her the Im- provements in the finer as well as in the inferior Arts. Defirous, H9 r 4° i Defirous, therefore, that this laudable Am- bition may be as extenfive as the Province, they invite every Lover of his Country, every "Well-vvifher to Pofterity, to join with them in promoting the good Purpofes intended by this Society." Then follows an Account of the- Rife, Pro- grefs, and prefent State of the Society, not ne- ceflary to be copied here ; I fhall only add, that Lieutenant Governor Bull is Prefident of the Society, and a fanguine Promoter of their com- mendable Purfuits. Beaufort is the next mod confiderable Place, though a fmall Town, about feventy Miles S.W. from Charles-town, pleafantly fituated on the South Side of a Sea Ifland, named Port-Royal, from its Harbour, which is capacious and fafe, and into which Ships of a large Size may fail ; here is a Collector, with other Cuftom-Houfe Officers. The Harbour is defended by 2 fmall Fort, lately built of Tappy, a Cement compof- ed of Oifter-fhells beat fmall, with a Mixture of Lime and Water, and is very durable. — The Fort has two Demi-Baftions to the River, and one Baftion to the Land, with a Gate and Ditch ; the Barracks are very good, and will lodge one Hundred Men, with their Officers ; there are in it fixteen weighty Cannon, not yet mounted, the Platforms and Parapet Wall not being Sniffl- ed for Want of Money. 3 George- 150 [ 4i ] George-town is aboutJixty Miles N. E. diftant from Charles-town \ it is near the Size of Beau- fort, and is likewife a Port of Entry, having a Collector and other Cuftom-Houfe Officers. « 'The General AfTembly provided Money to build a Fort, fome Years ago, for the Defence of the Harbour ; but I have not heard that it has yet had a Beginning. There are feveral Look-outs, as they are called, along the Coaft, having two or more Guns and three or four Men each ; who are to alarm the Inhabitants on the Approach of Ene- mies in Privateers, or the more formidable Danger of Fleets. On our Weftern Frontiers, about three Hun- dred and twenty Miles N. W. from Charles-town, is Fort- Prince George, fkuate in a fertile Valley, through which runs a confiderable River, named here Keowee River, from the Indian Town on the Weft Bank of it : This Fort was built by Governer Glen, and lately repaired by Colonel Grant \ it is a regular Square, has an Earthen Rampart about fix Feet high, on which Stoo- cades are fixed ; with a Ditch, a natural Glacis on two Sides, and Baftions at the Angles, on each of which are four fmall Cannon mounted ; it is within Gun-mot of the Indian Town, and has very good Barracks for one Hundred Men, F Near 151 [ 42 ] Near New-Windfor, about one Hundred and feventy Miles lower down on the fame River, but now called Savannah- River, on a beautiful and commanding Situation, is another Fort, named Fortmore, about one Hundred and fifty Miles Weft from Charles-town j it is built of fix- inch Plank nailed to Pofts of light Wood, with four Towers or Baflions on the Angles, on which arefmall Cannon mounted^ on the Infide is a Banquet, with Loop-holes in the Courtines for Small-arms ; it has neither Ditch nor Glacis, but very good Barracks for one Hundred Men. This Fort, though not built above fifteen Years, is already in a ruinous Condition ; this and all the other Forts, with two in Georgia, are garri- foned by his Majefty's three Independent Com- panies flationed here. ft-/, & &^6~r x>«— :w^oJ <- f/6^ CHAP. 152 [ 43 ] CHAP, V. Of the Difeafes mojl frequent in Charles - town and its Neighbourhood. SECTION I. TH E Difeafes, that may be termed Epide- mics, are either acute or chronic : The acute Difeafes may be fubdivided into thofe of the warm and thofe of the cold Seafons. The firft are Intermittents of all Kinds, Flux- es, and Cholera Morbus : The Winter Difeafes are Pleurifies, Peripneumonies, and Catarrhal Fevers. The Chronic Difeafes are Obftructions of the Abdominal Vifcera, Haemorrhoids, Ruptures, Worm-fevers, and what is called the Lame Dif- temper. * Intermittents appear in different Forms, fuch as Tertian, Double-tertian, Quotidian, and Remitting Fevers •, all which, however they may vary in their Type, in different Conftitu- tions and other Circumftances, are, neverthe* * Vid. Pringle's Obfervations on the Difeafes of the Ar- my, and Clegborn% Difeafes of Minorca, F 2 tefst i53 [ 44 ] Jefs, of the fame Nature, and proceed from the fame Caufe, viz. Heat and Moifture. A prin- cipal Source of Humidity is from the under- ground Water, which is always near the Surface; and, as the Soil is light, the Moifture eafily tranfpires by the Heat of the Sun loading the Air with Vapours, even where no Water is vifi- ble. Another, and more general Caufe of the Humidity and Corruption of the Atmofphere is from the imperfect Ventilation, there being no Hills to receive the Winds, or to direct them in Streams upon the lower Grounds ; hence the Air is apt to ftagnate, and the more fo by Rea- fon of the great Quantities of Trees, which not only confine but moiften the Air by Tranfpira- tions from their Bodies and Leaves : This is an excrementitious Moifture, whofe former falubri- ous Parts were fpent in the Nutrition of the Trees, Plants, and their Efflorefcencies ; and the Remainder, being perfpirant, floats for a Time in the Air, till the grofTer Parts fubfide, and the finer rife higher. The great Heat, in the Summer Time, con- fpires with the Moifture to relax the Solids, and difpofe the Humours to Putrefaction j and, ac- cording to the various Degrees of Heat and Moif- ture of the Seafon, the Epidemics appear foon- er or later, are of a longer or fhorter Duration, and are attended with mild or alarming Symp- toms. The Summer Difeafes begin commonly in July t and difappear about Chrijlmas. In Cbarles- 154 t 45 J Charles- town, thefe Difeafes are proportionably lefs frequent, and milder than in the Country; for here we are pretty clear of Trees, have a large Opening to the Sea, a Kind of Ventilation in the Streets, befides a Thoufand culinary Fires in thehotteft Seafon to dry the Air: In the Coun- try they have none of thofe Advantages, and the Inhabitants in general (being more careful to ac- quire fplendid Fortunes, than to preferve their Healths) build their Houfes near their Rice- Fields, or Indigo-Dams, where they muft al- ways keep ftagnating Water. It may not be amifs to remark here, (what has been obferved by Dr. Pringle of ano- ther Country) that moift and rainy Seafons are very different in this Climate ; intenfe and conti- nued Heat occafion the greateft Moifture in the Atmofphere, by the immenfe Exhalations they raife; whereas frequent Showers, during this Sea- fon, cool the Air, check the Excefs of Vapours, dilute and refrefh the corrupted and ftagnated Water, and precipitate all noxious and putrid Effluvia. The Cholera Morbus, Diarrhea's and Dyfen- teries, appear in the fame Seafon with the Fever of the Intermitting Kind, and feem to be only particular Determinations of the corrupted Hu- mours ; to which if the firft PafTages give Vent, a Cholera or Flux enfues ; but, if they are retain- ed or affumed, they occafion Intermitting, Re- mitting, and fometimes Continual Fevers. The late i55 [ 46 1 late ingenious Dr, Lining, of this Town, by an indefatigable Series of Statical Experiments made on himfelf, for a whole Year, found, that, in the Spring, the Excretion of Urine was to Per- fpiration as fifty-three to thirty- three, and to alvine Difcharges as twenty-fix •, in Summer, as thirty-fix to fifty-one and twenty-nine ; in Au- tumn, as thirty-feven to forty-eight and forty; in Winter, as fifty-three to thirty-one and twen- ty-fix : So that the Difcharge of the Skin is greateft in Summer, and leaft in Winter ; and the Urine much alike in Winter and Spring, but leaft in Summer. The Stools are much the largeft in Autumn •, hence the Prevalency and Caufe of the Cholera Morbus and Fluxes may be eafily accounted for at that Seafon •, for the Ori- fices of the Excretory Duds of the Skin are ftraitened, and their Difcharges leffened, one thirteenth Part, or from fifty-one to forty-eight ; and the Urinary Paflages enlarged only one thir- ty -feventh •, and the Mufcular Coat of the Bow- els, having loft a great Part of its Strength and Elafticity, by the preceding Summer Heat, muft neceffarily, in weak Perfons, or fuch as Jive more irregularly, or are often expofed to fud- den Heats and Colds common at this Seafon 9 have a Colluvies thrown upon them, which, ac- cumulating for feme Time, will, at laft, burft out in a Loofenefs s but, if there is greater Stag- nation in the Inteftines and Stomach, a Flagging of the Appetite, and a Pumping of the Bile up- wards, a Cholera will happen, followed by a bilious 156 [ 47 ] bilious Loofenefs. If the Seafon is cloudy, fog- gy, haizy, moift, mifty, or rainy, Diarrheas will prevail mod, and their Excretions will be thin and watery : If the Seafon is otherwife con- tinued, Cholera's will abound moft, and the Patient's Stools will be more bilious, and attend- ed with greater Gripings and Tormina Ventris, &c. By Dr. Lining's Experiments, we find, that the Excretions of Urine, Perfpiration, and the alvine Difcharges, added together, arecon- fiderably lefs in the Winter and Spring than in the other Seafons ; at the fame Time the Appe- tite is keener and Digeftion better, demanding a larger Supply of Nourifhment, and confequently a larger Quantity of Food mud go into, and be retained, in the Habit of the Body j which will occafion a greater Fulnefs in the Veilels, and from their Dilatation they become weaker, and the fmaller Ramifications lefs able to refift the Approach and Ingrefs of too large Globules or Particles ; whence a Plethora will arife, which will produce inflammatory Fevers, greater Diffi- culty in the Circulation and topical Inflammati- ons of the vital Organs, the Brain, the Lungs, and even fometimes the Heart. The Winter Dif- eafes feldom appear before Cbrijlmas % and are moft frequent in February and March. From Dr. Lining's Experiments we may likewife fee the Reafon why People generally look better, frefli- er, and fuller in the Winter; becaufe the autum- nal 157 [ 48 ] nal Perfpiration of forty-eight is reduced from that to thirty-one; and their alvine Difcharges, from forty to twenty-fix ; yet the Appe- tite and Digeftion are both better and ftronger : This alfo gives the Keafon why People in the Fall are weakefl and fainted, and can leaft bear any Evacuations •, for the Quantity of Urine dis- charged, after all the exhautting Summer Heat, is increafed from thirty-fix to thirty-feven ; and of their Stools from thirty-fix to forty. SECTION II. Though the remote Caufes of all Fevers may be different, they too varying confiderably in different Conftitutions and Seafons of the Year; yet the immediate or proximate Caufe is, in all, the fame •, and Nature, in all of them, operates in the fame uniform Manner, though with dif- ferent Degrees of Force, in her Endeavours to relieve herfelf of what is injurious to her; hence there is a greater Simplicity and Uniformity in the Cure of them all, than could well be ex- pected, or is generally imagined. The following very plain Account of the Me- thod of curing feveral Fevers, &c. which I have found mod fuccefsful, during a long and pretty general Practice, (and for Part of which I am obliged to the late Dr. TAning) will be a Proof of this Aflertion, if any is needed : I begin with 2 Con- 158 [ 49 J Continual Fev,rs : Though not frequent in this Climate, yet they fometimes appear in particular Conftituti- ons of the Weather, and from Caufes not eafily affignable, and continue feven or fourteen Days, or to a much longer Period. The Patient ought to be kept quiet in Bed, vvith his Head raifed high, and covered with no more than his ufualBed-cloaths ; the Room fhould be darkened, not too warm, and frem Air frequently admitted into it, but not to blow upon the Patient ; a cooling Diet is abfolutely necefTary, fuch as Gruel without Seafoning, which fhould be taken frequently, a Teacup full at a Time ; the Drink mould be Sage Tea, Barley-water, andthelike, warm; toanyofwhich fome of the Juice of Lemons or Oranges may be added. All heating and fpirituous Drinks fhould be abftained from. In the firft Day of theDif- eafe the following Mixture will be of Service : R Sal. Mf'rab.Glaub. ^xii, aq. font. %vi, ft. folutio ; cuiaddeKerm. Miner alls gr. vi, 01. Menth. (Saccb. except.) Gutt. iv M. Of this a Spoonful is to be taken every Hour, with a Cupful of warm Gruel after every Dofe. This Mixture generally pro- cures fome loofe Stools, and caufes a general warm Sweat, which ought to be encouraged by frequent Draughts of warm Tea, the Patient lying ftiil and not turning himfelf often in Bed ; when he has Occafion to go to Stool, he muft not uncover or get out of Bed, but muft ufe a Bed-pan or Pot, and keep the Bed-cloaths G well i59 f 50 ] well wrapt about him ; while taking this Medicine, the Patient muft avoid all Acids : On the fecond Day of the Difeafe, if there is no Abatement of the Symptoms, after fome loofe Stools have been procured by the Mixture ; if the Patient is full of Blood, and the Fever ra- ther increafed than leffened, it will be proper to take away fome Blood, the Quantity to be de- termined by the Age and Strength of the Pati- ent, or Violence of the Symptoms. It is not however right always to delay Bleeding fo long, for in corpulent People, efpecially thofe of a flo- rid Complexion ; in hard Drinkers, or in thofe who have been much expofed to the Sun in the warm Months ; the Fever often rifes fo high in a few Hours, as to make immediate Bleeding necefTary ; I mention this the rather, as we are here generally too fparing of the Lancet. After Bleeding when neceflary, if there is any Abate- ment of the Symptoms, that Opportunity fhould be embraced to give a Vomit •, or even if no fuch Opportunity offers, and the Patient is fick and opprefTed at his Stomach, a few Grains of Ipecacuan may be taken with Safety. If the Fever ftill continues to rage, repeat the Medicine above prefcribed, and afterwards give the following : R Aq. Menth. $vi, Tart, regenerat. 3 "» puh, Croci gr. xxiv, aq. theriacal, %fs M. Take two Spoonfuls every two Hours, till the Fever re- mits, and then give the faline Mixture of Sal, Ahfinth. and Succ. Lemon, two Spoonfuls every two or three Hours, until a perfect Intermiflion is obtained ; after which the Patient is to be treated, as I mail mention in the Section of Inter* 3 mic- 160 [ 5' ] mittents. If a Delirium, conftanfc-WatchfuI- nefs, or great Sleepinefs attend the Fever, even after the Patient has taken the Mixture firft prefcribed with Effect, apply a Blifter' to the Head, and others afterwards to the different Parts of the Body ; a Blifter applied to the Head fhould lie on forty-eight Hours ; they however ought not to be applied in the Beginning of Continual Fevers, nor for fome Time after the Patient has been blooded, and taken at lead two Phials of the firft Mixture •, when the Watch- fulnefs is obftinate, and the Patient has been two Days or longer without Sleep, it will be necefla- ry to give at Night twenty or twenty-five Drops of Laudanum. When the Heat of the Fever is great, give twenty Grains of Sal. Nitri in a Cup of Gruel every fecond or third Hour. When Worms are fufpected to irritate the Symptoms and keep up the Fever, give the In- dian Pink in the following Manner : R honker* (vulgo Indian Pink) totius Plant* 3 U, # S £m - fanicttl.d. contuf. JfifAq. Font. %x-ii, coquc adxpiii. H CoJatur.6 167 I 5« ] Celatura adde Sap'on. Venet. 5 i M. pro Clyfmate t repetatur pro re nata. Mi' When thefe Seabala are all expelled, the Cure* is to be completed by a proper Adminiftration of the Vitr. cerat. Antimonii^ os? fmall Dofes of Ipecacuan Powder, aflifted by Aftringents and Balfamics j among .which I would recommend the following Decoction, which I can affirm to be very efficacious : Take Logwood,* diced thin and cut in fmall Pieces, oneOz. burnt Hartf- horn finely powdered, Pomgranate Skins, of each half an Oz. Sumach-roots, one Oz. Cin- namon, one Quarter of an Oz. Water, three Pints-, boil a Third away, and drain the Decocti- on through a Hair-fieve, and give a Tea-cup full every fecond or third Hour. To this Decoction, if the Patient is much weakened, and has no Fe- ver, fome Brandy or Rum may be added ; but, if the Patient has a Fever, all Aftringents are to be avoided. The mod proper Diet is Rice-gruel, Panado, Sago or Salop, and Jellies of Hartf- horn-Shavings, without any Lemon or Orange Juice in them, or Wine j and all to be taken warm. The Dyfentcry is often very obflinate, and frequently becomes a Chronic Difeafe ; in fuch Cafes I would recommend, befides a proper ge- nerous Diet and general Strengthened, a De- coction of the Connejft Bark, with Sumach-roots and Pomgranate Skins, not made too ftrong, and ufed for common Drink s in fuch Cafes Lime- 168 [ 59 1 Lime-water is a very good Medicine ; but no Medicine will avail in fome Cafes in this Cli- mate, and a Removal to a colder is abfolutely neceflary to preferve Life •, nor mould this, if in the Patient's Power, be delayed too long. SECTION VL Of the Pleurijy and PeripJieumony. The Patient mould lofe fome Blood from the Arm, as foon as poflibie after the Attack of this Difeafe ; the Quantity to be determined by the Pain and Difficulty of Breathing, or as the Fever is more or lefs violent \ when thefe Symptoms are very fevere, it is neceflary to let the Blood continue running till there be an Abatement of them, or to repeat the Bleeding in a few Hours afterwards. In more moderate Attacks of this Difeafe, a Repetition of Bleeding is rarely ne- ceflary. The Patient, immediately after the flrft Bleeding, mull be put to Bed in a Room where he will neither be expofed to the Wind or Air pafling through Crevices, and muft be kept moderately warm with Bed-cloaths : Then give the following Medicine : R Sal. CrJbart. 5x11, Aq. Font, $vi t ft.feIutio •, cut adde Kerm. Mineral Gr. vi t Sacch. Alb. 3/ M. Give the Patient one Spoonful every Hour, with fome Sage Tea or Gruel after every Dofe. In grown People one Phial of this Mixture generally procures fome Joofe Stools, and caufes a general warm Sweat j which lafl ought to be encouraged by frequent Draughts of warm Tea, the Patient lying ftill \ H 2 and, 169 [ 60 ] and, when he has Occafion to go to Stool, or make Water, he muft not uncover, but ufe a Bed-pan, or fome other Conveniency, keeping the Bed-cloaths well wrapt about him. In five or fix Hours after the Operation of this Mixture by Stool is over, if there is no confiderable Abatement of the Pain, give the following : R Pulv. Crajf. Serp. Senicce 3 Hi, coq. in^xii Aq. Font. ad. %vi, colatur; cut addeKerm. Mineral. Gr. -17, Sacch. Alb. %i M. Give^of this one Spoonful every Hour ; and, when there is an Abatement of Pain, every fecond or third Flour. It will be of great Advantage to the Patient, and haften his Recovery, efpecially in very cold Weather, or if he was violently feized, to keep fome warm Bricks, or Quart-bottles filled with warm Wa- ter, conftantly to his Feet and Legs, under the Bed - cloaths : Bathing the Feet and Legs in warm Water might have a better Effect, only it would be attended with fome Danger, as the Patient might catch Cold. — About the End of the firft or fecond Day, from the Ufe of thefe Medicines and Directions, the Patient is generally much relieved, and commonly free from Danger ; the Breathing and Pain in the Side are eafier ; the Fever, Heat, and Thirfi: are more moderate ; the Tongue is moifter, though its Whitenefs perhaps remains ; the Pulfe, which in the Begin- ning was quick, fmall, and hard, is now lefs frequent, fuller, and fofter •, when thefe Altera- tions happen, the Patient is on the Recovery, and there is feldom Occafion for doing any Thing farther, than giving him a Diet of eafy Digeftion, and taking Care he does not catch Cold. 170 [ 6i ] Cold. If an obftinate Coftivenefs attends the Difeafe, which frequently happens, when the Patient has been either very feverely attacked, or neglected in the Beginning •, or when the Head is much affected ;Care mould be taken to procure Joofe Stools as foon as poflible, for, while the Cof- tivenefs continues, the Benefit, arifing to the Pati- ent from the Medicines given him, wili fcarce be perceptible ; wherefore, after the Patient has ta- ken a Phial of the Mixture firft prefcribed in this Section without Effect, give a Clyfter of Corn- gruel, with Epfom Salts, to be repeated pro re nata : After this repeat the Mixture, of which the Patient mould take fo much as, with the Help of the Clyfters, will, every twenty-four Hours, procure five or fix Stools, till there be a great Abatement of Pain, Fever, and Difficulty of Breathing. When a Loofenefs with Gripes attends this Difeafe in the Beginning, the Patient will not bear fuch plentiful Bleeding as otherwife might be necefTary ; it is then fafeft to take away a fmall Quantity at a Time, and to repeat the Bleeding occafionally. When the Heat attending the Fever is great, (which will feldom be the Cafe, if the Directions before given have been followed, and the Belly has thereby been kept fufhciently open) it is pro- per to give 20 Grains of Salt-petre, every fecond Hour, in Sage-Tea or Gruel •, but, at the fame Time, the Directions given, with regard to the 3 other 171 [ 62 ] other Medicines, mud be followed. If the Pain in theSide continues fixed in one Place (for, when it fhifts, there is lefs Danger) after the above Di- rections have been carefully followed, for above 48 Hours, apply a Blifter to the Part affected. The Expectoration, when fuppreffed, is to be promoted by the Patient's drawing the Steams of warm Water frequently through a Funnel into the Lungs : After the third Day, if the Cough is great, and prevents the Patient from fleeping at Nights, give 15 or 20 Drops of Laudanum every Night in his common Drink, or, which I prefer, the following Mixture : R Capit. Papav. alb. contuf. 3fs, fern, Fcsnicuh d. conL dii, Sua, Li- quorit. %/s, Aq. Font. % xii, coq. ad%vi, colat. adde Acet. Scbillit. velOxymel Scbillit. %fs M. Of this give two Spoonfuls every two Hours, or oftener, while the Cough is troublefome. The Fever, continuing after the Pain in the Side is gone, is to be cured firfl by drinking Plenty of Sage or Balm Tea, or Gruel, warm; fecondly, by Bliftering-plaifters, applied, at convenient Inter- vals, to different Parts •, thirdly, by continuing the Mixture prepared of Rad. Serp. Senica & Ker- mes, &c. every third Hour; or in Place of it 15 or 20 Drops of Huxbam'& EJfentia Antiwomi, eve- ry third Hour, in Sage- tea ; fourthly, by keep- ing the Belly open; and, fifthly, as the Irritation may be kept up by Worms, to give the Patient the Pink-root as before directed, Seft. II. From 172 [ «3 ] From the Beginning of the Difeafe, till the Symptoms are much abated, the Diet muft be light andofeafyDigeftion, fuch as Water-gruel, which muft always be taken warm, and in fmall Quantities at a Time •, the Drink may be Sage or Balm Tea, a DecocYion of Mallows, Lettuce* or Mullein-leaves in Water, or Flax-feed bruif- ed ; of any of which the Patient fhould frequent- ly take a Cupful warm, and mud avoid all fpi- rituous Liquors and cold Water. When the Symptoms are much abated, and no Complaint but Weaknefs remaining, the Patient may be allowed Chicken-broth, and fome Toddy and Sangre. In the Beginning of the Winter, and of the Spring, if the Weather is unfeafonably warm, Pleurifies frequently terminate in Intermitting Fevers j in which Cafe the Patient fhould be treat- ed, according to the Directions given in that Difeafe. There is a Difeafe, with which Negroes are of- ten feized, and frequently proves fatal in lefs than 24 Hours - s in which the Patient complains of a fharp, conftant, and violent Pain in one of his Eyes, or in a particular Part of his Head, and is vulgarly called The Pleurify of the Eye, or Head : This Difeafe requires the fame Method of Cure as the Pleurify, only, on Account of its Acute- nefs, there is lefs Time to be loft ; therefore the Medicines above directed muft begiven at fhorter Intervals, that Stools may be procured as foon as poHible, 173 [ 6+ ] poflible, the Patient having been firft plentifully blooded : It is highly necefifary to keep the Pati- ent's Feet and Legs conftantly warm, with warm Bricks or Bottles of warm Water. SECTION VII. Of the Peripneumony, A Peripneumony, or an Inflammation of the Lungs, is a much more dangerous Difeafe, and more difficult to cure than a Pleurify, on Ac- count of the great Importance of that Organ to Life. In this Difeafe the Breathing is fhort and difficult, the Patient complains of a Load at his Breaft, and the Cough is more troublefome and frequent than in the Pleurify s it is frequent- ly combined with the Pleurify, and then called Pleuro -peripneumony ; the fame Method of Cure, which has been directed for the Pleurify, is to be followed in it, excepting in the following Things. The Room where the Patient lies mould be large, and the Air in it rather cool, and his Head railed high in the Bed. When great Part of the Lungs is inflamed (which is known by the Shortnefs in Breathing, and the Load or Oppreflion at the Breaft being both very great) the Pulfe is thereby, for obvious Reafons, ren- dered fo fmall and weak, that Bleeding may be judged unneceflary ; This is, however, a dange- rous Miftake ; for this Cafe requires plentiful Bleeding, and it will be found, that, as the In- flammation of the Lungs is thereby abated, the Pulfe 174 [ 65 1 Pulfe not only becomes fuller, but the Oppreffi- on at the Breaft and quick Breathing will be greatly relieved. A Peripneumony generally terminates with an Expectoration, which is indeed a favourable- Event, when the Patient has been unfortunate enough not to be relieved by Bleeding, and the early Ufe of the Medicines prefcribed in the Pleu- rify ; when that is the Cafe, the Expectoration muft be promoted •, to effect which, the Patient mould frequently draw the Steams of warm Wa- ter, through a Funnel, into his Lungs, and drink plentifully of warm Gruel made thin, Bar- ley-water, Tea made of HylTop, Sage or Balm fweetened with Honey •, to which, every third Hour, add 20 Grains of Saltpetre. The Mat- ter, when freely fpit up, gives great Relief to the Breathing and Oppreflion at the Bread, and the Difeafe generally goes off on the feventh Day ; the Cough, after the End of the fecond Day, muft be mitigated by the Decoction of Poppy- heads, csV. prefcribed in the Pleurify, to which two Drachms of the Seneka Snake-root may be added with great Advantage. SECTION VIII. Of the Chronic Difea es. The Chronic Difeafes, mentioned above, ap- pear at all Times of the Year •, the Frequency of obftructed Vifcera feems to be occafioned,* firft, I by (*Vid. Cleghorn on the DifeaiVs of Minorca ) 175 [ 66 ] by the intenfe and long-continued Summer- Heats •, they, diffipating the fineft Particles of the Animal Juices, neceflarily leave the reft of a groffer and more earthly Nature ; and thus a great Proportion of that Kind of Matter is ge- nerated in the Blood, which the Ancients called Atrabilious-, and this, being depofited in the Vifcera, occafions the Obstructions. Befides, fecondly, thefe Obstructions may be occafioned by the Frequency of the Acute Difeafes, efpeci- ally of Tertian Fevers, which, as they often gooff with an imperfect Crifis, and frequently relapfc, weaken the Tone of the Chylopoetic Vifcera, and at laft terminate in hard fchirrous Tumours of the Spleen, Liver, and Mefentery. The Hasmorhoidal Flux is very common ; however, it is of great Service in all the vifce- ral Obstructions, and therefore, however fre- quent or troublefome, mould be rather consi- dered as a Benefit than aDifeafe, moreefpecially as it prevents Pleurifies and Peripneumonies, according to the Doctrine of Hippocrates. Ruptures are likewife common ; they may be owing to this Caufe, viz. the obstructed Vifce- ra being fwelled beyond their natural Size, the Inteftines are too much confined, and, by the Na- ture of the Aliment, and bad Digestion, being frequently diftended with Wind, it is not to be wondered at, that they often pafs through the Rings of the Abdominal Mufcles. Worm- 176 [ 6 7 ] Worm-Fevers are very frequent, and com- mon to all Ages, though Children under 5Years of Age fuffer moft, particularly in the Spring and Beginning of Summer. The Sweet Potato, Indian Corn or Maize, and Pompion, all much ufed in Diet, feem to have a larger Share of the Eggs of thefe mifchievous Infects, than the reft of the farinaceous or leguminous Kind. -&■ When a Fever, in young People particularly, is attended with irregular Symptoms, and is of a longer Duration than ufual, not eafily other- wife accounted for, we may be allured that Worms are the Caufe of them : In fuch Cafes I know of no Medicine more likely to be of Ser- vice than the Decoction of Pink-root, mention- ed in Section II, and to be continued till theDif- eafe terminates ; Blifters, and other Medicines proper for particular Symptoms that may occur, are not to be neglected. 'to The following Form is a very good Vermifuge : R Puh. Rad. Louicera (vulgo Pink-root j %fs 9 JEthiop. Mineral. %iii, 01. Rut a Gutt. xii M. et di- vide inxviii Dofib. Take one every Night and Morning. This Dofe is calculated for Children from 5 to 8 Years of Age •, if the Patient has a Purging, change the Mthiop. for the fame Quantity of Ocul. Cancrorum. The Pink-root has been long and much ufed in the Province, as a Vermifuge jbut, when over-dofed, often occa- fions alarming and troublefome Giddinefs and Blindnefs in the Patient j a ftrong narcotic Qua- lity in it is the Caufe of this, which may always I 2 be 177 [ 68 ] he prevented by adding fome of the Chymical Oil of Rue, or Wormwood, to each Dofe 3 as in the laft Prefcription. I have often attended to the following Advice of the judicious Hoffman, with Benefit : " Ad 1 Vermes ex tenuibus Inteflinis exturbandos pro- ' deft ante Purgantium et Specificorum Ufum, 4 Clyfterum ex Melleet Ladle paratum Ano in- ' fundere ; ut Beftiolas illae, Dulcedine ^feSiE, 4 ex Loculis fuis ad Inteftina facilius defcen- ' dant. Afcaridcs ff recto innidulantur,Clyfteres ' detergentes ladtaei, quibusTanacetum, Ruta, c Allium vel Scordif Folia incodta funt, optimum 4 prseftantErTedtum. Neque minus turn Tem- 4 poris Enemata commodum invenient Locum, 4 fi quando verminofa Progenies^ poll Purgati- c cnem per Alvum non ejicitur, quod faspius * Ufu venit, fi ifta in Caeco Inteftino, quodPur- 4 gans non valet attingere, Nidum obtinet. ' Emplaftra velEpithemata Epigaftrii etUmbi- 4 lici Regione applicanda, ex Abfinthio, Felle 4 Tauri, Aloe, &c. &c. conflari poflunt. E. G. 4 R Fell, taurin. 3«, Colocyntb. pulv. Aloes pulv. ' an. yi y 01. Abfinth 3/j M t ft. el Emplajlrum, 4 Abdomini applicandum" The Difeafe, called the Lame ~DiJlemper % is faid to be frequently occafioned by the Catching of Cold ; but, wherever I have feen it, I have al- waysJufpedted a Venereal or Yawifli Taint. The DifeaTe ihews itfelf in fpreading corroding Ul- cers of the Phagedenic Kind (which betray a great Degree of Acrimony in the Blood) in dif- 3 ferenc 178 [ 69 ] ferent Parts of the Body, but moft: frequently about the Fauces, deftroying, unlefs prevented in a fhort Time, the Uvula^TonfilJze, &c.l3c. Sometimes the firft Alarm or Sufpicion the Pa- tient has of his unhappy Condition is by a Perforation in his Palate, without any other pre- vious Complaint •, then a little Uneafinefs from a Pimple, as he imagined it, in the Roof of his Mouth, with a Drynefs and difagreeable Smell 'in his Nofe : This happens ofteneft, when the Difeafe is hereditary, and the Ulcer foon fpreads to and erodes the Bones of the Nofe, to the great Deformity and Mifery of the Patient. When this Difeafe makes its Attack on the Fauces, ic may be for fome Time miftaken for the ulce- rated Sore- throat of the putrid Kind, very com- mon in America, and well defcribed by the two moft excellent Phyficians, Huxham and Fot bergi 11 1 and is then to bediftinguifhed from it only by a fmaller Degree of Fever, and not fubmitting to the antifeptic Medicines commonly given in the other with Succefs; but in a fhort Time Swellings in the Os Front is- Tibi*, Sec. &c. put the Difeafe out of Doubt. The Intentions, neceflary to be purfued in the Cure of this Difeafe, are, firft, to difToive and thin the vifcid coagulated Humours, to fit them for Expulfion : Secondly, to expel them in the moft: efficacious Manner j and, laftly, the Patient's Strength and Health are to be recovered and preferved by a well-regulated Diet. Alterative Mercurial Medicines, taken for two or three Months, will anfwer belt in the firft Intention i 179 [ 7° ] Intention ; I have found the Solution of the Sub- limate, as recommended by the Baron Van Swieten, or the Mercurius Diapboret. Jovial, of Hoffman, by much the beft Medicines : Here I mufl remark, that the morbid Humours in this Difeafe are fometimes fo tough and vifcid, that Mercury alone cannot act upon them, and mufl go off, without any Benefit to the Patient, by Stool : In fuch Cafes, I learned, many Years age, from the excellent Hoffman, to give Salt of Wormwood, or any of the fixed alcaline Salts, with every Dofe of Mercury •, by whole Affif- tancethe latter obtained an Entrance among the vifcid Humours, and feldom afterwards fruflra- ted my Endeavours for my Patient's Relief. Dr. Grainger , in his Monita Syphilica, has claim- ed this Manner of giving Mercury, as an In- vention of his own j his Words are, " Ante " quatuor Annos me Remedium in Sale Ab- " finthii ad Vires Mercurii in Sanguinem tuto, " cito, expediundasinveniffegloriabar." As this Gentleman was no Stranger to Hoffman's Works, it is very poflible that he took the Hint from him •, vid. Obfer. 3 Sett. 1 Cap. 2 Vol. Pag. 29, T>e Febre ghiartana, Fol. Edit. Fred. Hoffman. When the Blood and Humours are fufficiently fufed or dififolved, and fitted for Expulfion, by the Ufe of the Mercurial Alteratives ; give the Patient for eight or ten Days a Decoction of the Woods, in which Sarfaparilla and China-Root Ihould be principal Ingredients •, this Decoction ought to be taken in large Quantities, even until the Patient appears bloated with it 3 who is then to 180 t 71 1 to be put into a Sweating-box (fuch as Vlrk m^r-J^. Hutton ufed, and is much recommended by Boerhaave) once or twice every Day, if thePatient can bear it •, and to continue in the Box from 8 to 1 5 Minutes ; when he is taken out, his Skin muft be carefully dried with Towels, rubbed brifkly about him, and he put to Bed, where he mould drink a large Draught of the Decoction, to en- courage the Sweat he will then be in : During this Courfe, the Patient mould be careful of his Diet, abftaining from all fat, oily, fait or pick- led Meats, and from all fpirituous or heating Drink ; and, if poffible, confine himfelf to Wheat-bread well-raifed, or Bifcuit and Raifins; and his Drink to be Spruce-beer, brewed with MelafTes •, and this mould be purfued with Ex- adtnefs and Perfeverance, even for fome Months after he has difcontinued the Ufe of the Sweat- ing-box ; which is not to be done till the Ulcers, wherever they may be feated, are healed up, and all the other Symptoms of the Difeafe vanifhed. If the Ulcers are in the Throat, they mould be warned with Lime-water and Mel. Rofar. But, if they are on external Parts of the Body, they are to be dreffed daily in the common Way. CHAP. 181 [ 7* ] CHAP. VI. Of the Indian Tribes, in the Neighbourhood of South- Carolina. IT has long been aDifpute among the Learn- ed, when, how, or from whence America was peopled ; I muft join in Opinion with thofe who imagine it was by Emigrations from the Northern Parts of Europe and Afia ; my Reafons are the great Similarity of Looks and Appear- ance between Indians and Tartars, and fome Cuftoms that now prevail among Indians^ ufed by no other People •, which were practifed by the Scythians, Anceftors of the Tartars, in the Days of Herodotus •, for Inftance, the Scalping of the Heads of their Enemies : Herodotus tells us, that the Scythians flayed their Enemies Heads by cut- ting a Circle round their Neck clofe under their Ears, and dripping offthe Skin as they would do that of an Ox -, then they foftened the Skins with their Hands, and hanged them on the Bridles of their Horfes, when they rode. He who had the greateft Number of thefe Scalps' thought beftof himfelf, and was accounted a valiant Man. The Practice of the Scythian Prophets, as defcribed by Herodotus, has likewife a near Refemblance to that ufed at this Day by the Indian Conjurers. The Arrival of Europeans in this new World has been productive of the mod ruinous Confe- quences to the old Inhabitants, who have loft their ancient Habitations, and the beft of their Lands, either by the Force of Arms, or of tri- fling 182 [ 72 ) fling Prefents made to them j but this is not all their Misfortune : The New-comers have intro- duced among them many Vices and numerous Difeafes, the Confequences of Vice, all for- merly unknown to them \ by which many popu- lous Tribes are already extinct, and their very Names forgot •, the few that remain daily de- creafe in their Numbers, a Circumftance that gives them much Concern, however agreeable it may be to the felfim and all-grafping Europe- ans. * The Indians, on this Part of the Continent, are of a dark olive Complexion, with open Counte- nances and good Features •, they are generally tall, lean, and active, but not ftrong •, and may be compared rather to Beafts of Prey than to thofe of Burthen ; they are eafily provoked to Anger and of impetuous Difpofitions, and will not foon forgive or forget Injuries, though very capable of Gratitude, even to a romantic Pitch, to their Friends and Benefactors : Their Hair is always black, without Curls ; the Men cut and drefs theirs with Beads and other Ornaments in various Shapes, by which the Tribes eafily dif- tinguifti one another. In thofe I have feen, there is but little Diverfity with refpect to Complexion, Manners, or Cuftoms •, their Languages are very fcanty, yet fome of them have an Energy, and are fufceptible of Elegance, particularly the Creek Language ; but all of them want Terms to exprefs abftract and general Ideas, which is an evident Proof of the little Improvement of the Underftanding among them j Time, Duration, K Space, * Vide Mr. De la Condaminch Voyage to South- America. 183 [ 74 ] Space, Subftance, Matter, Body, and many fuch Words, have nothing equivalent in their Languages •, not only thofe of a Metaphyseal, but Hkewife thofe of a Moral Nature, cannot be rendered into their Tongue, but imperfectly, and by a Circumlocution -, they have no Words thac correfpond exactly to thofe of Virtue, Juftice, Liberty, Gratitude, Ingratitude, &c. They ge- nerally live in fmall Bodies, few of their Towns containing above nsoMen-, and enjoy great Li- berty, which muft be the Cafe of all People who depend on Hunting, and not on the Cultivation of the Earth for Subfiftence. Their Inftitutions may rather be called Cuftoms than Laws; there- are very few religious Ceremonies or Myfteries In Ufe among them ; and it is obfervable, that the Tribes neareft to our Settlements, and with whom we have the freeft Communication, have frill fewer than the others. To the Shame of the Chrijiian Name, no Pains has been ever ta- ken to convert them to Chrijlianity ; on the con- trary, their Morals are perverted and corrupted", by the fad Examples they daily have of its de- praved Profeflbrs refiding in their Towns. Po- lygamy is permitted among them ; yet few have more than one Wife at a Time, poffibly on Ac- count of the Expence of fupporting them - s for he is accounted a good Gunfman that provides well for one ; befides, the Indians are not of an amorous Complexion : It is common with them however to repudiate their Wives, if difobliged by them, or tired of them •, the rejected Wo- man, if withChild, generally revenges herfelf for the 184 [ 75 ] the Affront by taking Herbs to procure an Abortion, an Operation that deftroys many of them, and greatly contributes to depopulate them. They purchafe Powder, Ball, and other NecefTaries from our Traders, with Deer, Bear, and other Skins, having no Money among them. The following Obfervations of Baron Montef- quieu are truly Characteriftic of Indians : " That, " when a People have not the Ufe of Money, " they are feldom acquainted with any other In- " juftice than that which fprings from Violence, " and the Weak, by uniting, defend themfelves " from its Effects ; they have nothing there but et political Regulations. But, where Money is " eftablimed, they are fubject to that Injuftice 44 which proceeds from Craft, an Injuftice that " may be exercifed a thoufand Ways : Their *" 6 fuccefsful Warriors, and old Men that re- " member Things paft, have great Authority j " none can be diitinguifhed among them but by tc Wifdom and Valour." Spirit of Laws. To thefe I muft add, that the Indian Nations will not allow themfelves to be Subjects of Britain^ but the Friends and Brethren of the Englijh ; cer- tain it is that they are not fubject to our Laws $ that they have no Magiftrates appointed over them by our Kings-, that they have noReprefen- tatives in our Affemblies ; that their own Confent is neceffary to engage them in War on our Side ; and that they have the Power of Life and Death, Peace and War, in their own Councils, with- out being accountable to us •, Subjection is what they are unacquainted with in their own State* K 2 there 185 [ 76 ] there being no fuch Thing as coercive Power among them : Their Chiefs are fuch only in Virtue of their Credit, and not their Power ; there being, in all other Circumttances, a perfect Equality among them. The Tribes I fhall particularly mention are the Catawbas, Cherokees, Creeks, and Chickefaws. The Catawbas have been long in our Intereft; many of them joined our Forces acting on the Ohio, in the Campaigns againft Fort Duquejne, till it was reduced; there they unluckily got the Small-pox, and carried the Infection Home with them, which has almoft extirpated this lit- tle Nation ; the few Men that furvived ferved in Colonel Grant's Army in the laft Expedition againft the Cherokees : They live about 250 Miles North of Charles-town, and are furround- ed on all Sides by our Plantations. The neareft Settlement of the Cherokees is about 320 Miles diftant, North-weft, from Charles-town. This Tribe inhabits one of the heaJthieft and mod beautiful Countries in the World, in four Divifions among the Apalachian Mountains ; and, before their laft War with Ca- rolina, they had 40 Villages or Towns, contain- ing about 10,000 Souls, of which about 2000 were Warriors, or Men able to go to War. They have been generally accounted inferior, in Point of Courage, to their Neighbours; but, I believe, without fufBcient Reafon. This Tribe, with fome others, were at War with this Colony in the Year 1 7 j 5 ^ in the Year following Peace was made with them, which continued till 1 759, when it was interrupted in the following Manner; 3 **> 186 [ 77 ] In the Beginning of the laft War with France, the Cherokee >s 9 then*hearty in our Intereft, fent, at different Times, three or four Hundred Men to the Affiftance of our Forces intended againft Fort-Du-Quefne. — In their Return Home from the Campaign of i 758, they loft many of their Horfes, and, without Ceremony, made Ufe of fuch ftray ones as fell in their Way, travelling through the Weft Frontiers of Virginia \ and this they imagined to be no Crime, as they faw it frequently practifed by the white Men among them : However, it was refented, and punifhed with much Severity by fome of the Inhabitants of that Province, who attacked feveral fmall Parties of the unfufpecting Indians, killing at different Times. about 12 or 14 of them ; the Savages were not backward in taking Satisfac- tion for their flain Countrymen ; and this was the Beginning of a War, which, in the Sequel, was the Occafion of much Expence and Trouble to this Province. — There is no Acquitting thofe People who attacked the Cberokees oflngratitude: The Indians had been to war in their Defence, neglecting their Hunting Seafon, (to them their Harveft) and fubje<5ling themfelves to all the Inconveniencies and Dangers attending a long March of 1000 or 1 200 Miles, out and Home : Befides this, the Indians had many other Grie- vances to complain of, particularly againft the Traders refiding among them, licenfed by dif- ferent Colonies. I have had Occafion to know fome of thofe Fellows, and muft own, that, generally fpeaking, they are a Shame to Huma- nity, and the Difgrace of Chriftianity ; by their iniquitous 187 [ 78 3 iniquitous and foolifh Conduct, they changed the idea of fuperior Vaiour, Honour, and Difcre- tion, the Indians had been ufed to form of the Englijh, into a general Contempt and Diflike. — The Savages daily faw themfelves cheated in "Weight and Meafure ; their Women debauched, and their young Men corrupted : Thefe Wrongs and Infults were made the molt of by French EmifTaries amongft them, who took much Pains, with Succefs enough, to alienate their Affections from the Englijh. The Cherckees, in carrying on the Quarrel again ft Virginia, were foon involv- ed in War with the neighbouring Colonies : Their War-Parties, fent agai,nft that Colony, being unacquainted with its Southward Bounds, frequently committed Murders in North-Caroli- na y and once fcalped a Woman and her Child on Broad-River, in this Province (who, by the bye, both got to Charles-town and recovered). — ■ Towards the End of Summer, 1759, we had Accounts, that the Upper Cherokees, and the Gar- rifon of Fort- Loudon, were at Variance, and that the Indians feemed refolved to ftarve them ; and that a Packhorfe-man was actually killed in the Nation. — This Government, beingjuftly offend- ed at thefe Infults, began in September to make Preparations to put a Stop to them, and to refent them : The Cherokees were informed of this, and immediately there came to Charles-town the greateft Number of Head-men, that had ever, at one Time, left the Nation, to endeavour to pacify the Governor, and to prevent a War, if poffibie, with South-Carolina : They arrived, on the 20th of Qftober* with full Kefolution to give every 188 [ 79 ] every Satisfaction in their Power, for what Mif~ chief their young Men, for it was all laid on them, might have done to us. The Governor, in a few Days, met them in the Council-Cham- ber, and, among other Things, told them, " That he Was well acquainted with all the Acts " of Hostility they had been guilty of, and like- " wife thofe they intended againft the Englijh, *' and enumerated fome of them ; and then ad- " ded, thit he would foon be in their Country "with an Army, and, when there, would Iec " them know his Demands, and the Satisfac- " tionherequired, which hecertainly would take, " if they then refufed it-, as they came to " Charles-town to treat with him as Friends, they " mould go Home with Safety, and not a Hair " of their Head mould be touched ; but, as he if they muft remain fuch, it was of little Moment to them under what Denomina- tion they were kept: About this Time another Indian was delivered up, for whom one of the Hoftages was releafed ; thefe three Fellows, gi- ten up by their Countrymen, were carried to Charles-town^ where they died in Confinement. On the 29th of December^ the Small -pox appear- ed in our Camp •, it had raged for fome Time before our Arrival in iht Indian Town, and kill- ed almoft every one it attacked* Mr. Lyttelton took many Precautions to prevent the Infection fpreading into our Army, which was incamped on the Banks of the River oppofite to and near Jteowee ; among other Means of Prevention, the Governor defired the Indians to burn the Houfes fcnd Cloaths of thofe who had died of it; which was complied with ; but, in my Opinion, it hur- ried the Difeafe among us, by the Smoke driv- ing the infectious Particles towards us.— Dr. Mead, in his EflTay on the Plague, informs us, " That, ztSkipton, a little Town upon the River Stcur, in fVcrcefterJbire, a poor Vagabond was feen walking in the Streets, with the Small-pox upon him ; the People, frightened, took Care to have him carried to a little Houfe at fomeDif- tance from the Town, providing him withNe- cefiaries. In a few Days, the Man died ; they ordered him to be buried deep in the Ground, 2nd his Houfe and Cloaths to be burnt ; the Wind 194 [ «5 ] Wind blew the Smoke upon the Houfes on one Side of the Town j in that Part, fome Days af- ter, eight Perfons were feized with the Small- pox : So dangerous is Heat in all Kinds of pefti- lential Diforders, and fodiffufive of Contagion." As very few in our little Army had gone thro' the Small-pox, and being every Way unprovi- ded for fuch an Accident •, all immediately fe- parated to return to the Settlements, dreading and avoiding any Intercourfe with one another ; and fuffered much from Hunger : The Gover- nor followed next Day, and arrived in Charles- town, January 8, 1760 ; where he was receiv- ed as a Conqueror, with Illuminations, Bone- fires, and Addreffes from every Society and Pro- feflion j fuch as the Intrepidity of a fVolfe, or the gallant and exemplary Behaviour of a Lord Howe, or fuch-like, could only deferve : The Propriety of their Application to Mr. Lyttelion t on this Occafion, I leave to the Reader's Judg- ment. This Expedition, which coft the Province about £25,000 Sterling, and from which much greater Things had been expected, only increaf- ed the Ill-humour of the Cherokees, who received many Infults during the Courfe of it, which converted their Defire of Peace into a Rage for War : No Notice was taken of the many Grie- vances and Opprefllons they had to complain of; and, to convince them that no Redrefs was in- tended, a Perfon they knew to be their Enemy, and had too much Reafon to diflike, was left to command the Fort, from whom they expected every i95 [ 86 ] every Infult and Mortification in his Power ; but what they refented above all was thelmprifoning of their Head- Men, contrary to natural Right, national Juftice, and thePromifes made to them in Charles- town •■> for thefe Reafons, before the End of January, they attacked the Houfe of a Trader, about a Mile from Fort-Prince-George y where they killed about 14 white Men -, and then made feveral unfuccefsful Attempts to fur- prife the Fort, and releafe their Friends confin- ed there. They next contrived the following Stratagem, to deftroy the Commanding Officer, which fuc- ceeded too well : Occonojiota, about the Middle of February, fent an Indian Woman, whom he knew to be always made welcome at the Fort, to tell the Commanding Officer, that he had fomething of Confequence to communicate to him, and would be glad to fpeak with him at the River-fide ; this Gentleman imprudently confented, and was mot at, and mortally wound- ed, while talking with the Warrior, by a Party of Indians, who had been hid among the Bufhes for this bafe Purpofe : To revenge this, the Sol- diers of the Garrifon were permitted to kill the innocent and unfortunate Prifoners, called Hof- tages •, who were butchered to Death, in a Man- ner too mocking to relate. By this MafTacre, for I can give it no fofter Name, mo ft of the Head- Warriors loft Relations and Friends, which fired them with an implacable Defire of Revenge-, they fet out immediately in fmall Parties againfl the Settlements, and their Ven- geance 196 [ 3? ] gcance fell, with a mercilefs and heavy Hand, on the innocent and defencelefs Planters : Many Men, Women, and Children, were barbaroufly kilied •, many who fled into the Woods, for Safe- ty, loft themfelves and miferably perifhed, and a confiderable Number were carried into Capti- vity, fuffering every Species of Diftrefs a favage and provoked Enemy could inflict upon them ; the luckieft, who efcaped the Indians and gained the lower Settlements, were reduced, from Af- fluence, Plenty and Independence, to Poverty, Beggary, and Want. This Defolation extended upwards of 100 Miles ; every Hour brought to Charles-tcwn Accounts of Ravages, Depredati- ons, Scalpings, and Ruin ; the unhappy Suffer- ers calling aloud for Afflftance and Support^ but alas ! the Province (diftrefTed by the Expences of the late Expedition, and at the fame Time afflicted with the Small-pox, of which dange- rous Difeafe no lefs than 4000 then lay ill in Charles- town) was unable of itfelf to manage this War, unwifely brought upon us. The Governor applied to General Amherjl for Afliftance, who immediately ordered i2co choice Men, under the Command of the Ho- nourable Colonel Montgomery ; this gallant Offi- cer arrived in April, and marched directly to- wards the Indians •, and on the 1 ft of June, by a very fpirited and unufual March of 60 Miles, without hairing to fleep, reached and furprifed the lower Towns, burnt them all, took about 4oPrifoners, and drove the reft to feekfor Shel- ter and Subfiftence among the other Divifions. The 197 The Colonel refted his Men, fome Time after this, at Fort-Prince-George, and then proceeded to give the Indians further Chaftifement : He penetrated into their middle Settlements, but was attacked on his March by a large Body of Indians, who had taken Poffeflion of a very ad- vantageous Poft on his Road, from which he drove them with Difficulty ; they killed and wounded about ioo of his Men, on whofe Ac- count he was obliged to return to the Settlement; for his Party, being intended only for a Coup de Main, was not provided with Tools to form Pofts for the Wounded. Some Time in July he received General Amherfi\ Orders to embark for New-Tork, which he did about the Middle of Auguft, leaving four Companies of the Royal Scots to guard our weftern Frontiers, if the In- dians fhould be hardy enough, after the Drub- bing they had received, to commit any further Infults. About this Time the unhappy Garrifon of Fort-Loudon, which confided of a Detachment of ioo Men from his Majefty's Independent Companies, and about as many Provincials, was reduced to the deplorable Alternative of ftarving in their Fort, or fubmitting themfelves to the Mercy of the Indians ; they had long ftruggled with uncommon Hardfhips, their only Food for fome Months pad being poor Horfe-flefli, and that in a fmall Quantity, with what Vegetables they could pick up within the Fort; but now even thefe were confumed, and no Appearance of Relief from any Quarter : By the Addrefs of Captain 198 [ 8 9 ] Captain Stuart, of the Provincials, they made a Capitulation with the Savages, to whom they agreed to deliver up the Fort, with the Stores, Cannon, and Part of the Ammunition ; Part they were allowed to carry with them. The Che- rokee* promifed to protect them on their March to the neareft Englijh Settlement, and to hunt for their Subfiftence ; but this they perfidioufiy broke, and early on the Morning of Augujl the 9th, the fecond Day of their March, they at- tacked the Garrifon with great Numbers •, but, after killing 26 or 29, including all the Officers, except Captain Stuart, (who was carried by Force, by fome friendly Indians, from the reft) the Savages- ftopt their flaughtering Hands; they intended this as a Satisfaction for the Fort- Prince-George Maflfacre, and wanted to kill only a Number of Whites equal to what their Nation loft there ; the Survivors were all carried into Captivity, and were afterwards redeemed, at a great Expence, by the Province. Our People were fo weakened and difpirited by Famine and Fatigue, that they made no Refiftance ; befides the Attack was unexpected, and fo foon over, that they had no Time to recollect themfelves, or to form any Plan for their Defence. Fort- Loudon was built in 1756, and is feated on the TanaJJee River, in the Upper Cherokees y upwards of 500 Miles from Charles-town ; where it is impoffible, in Time of War, to fupport or relieve it, if the Indians chufe to oppofe us, without an Army too large to be fubfifted at fo great a Diftance from the Settlements, on Ac* M count 199 [ 9° 1 count of the very long and difficult Land Car- riage : Mr. Lyttelton could not help obferving this, while he was at Fort-Prince-George -, when he was often put in Mind of drawing off the Fort- Loudon Garrifon, which at that Time might have been eafily effected, but he always refufed it. This Conduct of the Cherokees convinced us, that they were not yet heartily difpofed for Peace : Lieutenant Governor Bull, who now happily, prefided in the Government, applied once more to General Amherft for Afiiftance. The General fent Colonel James Grant with about 1000 Soldiers. The Province exerted itfelf ve- ry confiderably -, a new Provincial Regiment was raifed ; the Rangers were regimented, and both put under the Command of the Colonel, who marched towards the Enemy, as foon as the neceffary Number of Carriages was pro- vided. — He entered the Cherokee Country fome Time in May, 1761-, and in the Beginning of June was attacked by a large Party of Indians, near the fame Place where they fought Colonel Montgomery the Year before •, he eafily difperfed them, and marched into their middle Settle- ments, where he deftroyed 15 Towns, with all their growing Crop of Provifions ; and continu- ed 30 Days in the Heart of their Country, with- out any Oppofition.— It muft be owned, that the Indians poorly defended their Country, which is all mountainous, where a few refolute Men might eafily defend themfelves againft any Num- ber, and are attacked with great Hazard. Co- lonel 200 [ 9i 1 lonel Grant returned to Fort-Prince-George, fome Time in July ; and incamped there to wait the Effedts of this laft Chaftifement. The Indians now defpaired of Help from the French, who had flattered them with Hopes of Affiftance ; and, being heartily tired of the War, in which they had fuffered much, and were generally worfted, they fued for Peace, which was given them on Terms very advantageous to the Province, and to the Honour of Colonel Grant, by the Lieu- tenant Governor. The Creek is the next Nation to us, in Point of Diftance ; they have two Divifions, called Up- per and Lower j the laft about 400 Miles, the other 500 diftant S. W. from Charles-town ; they inhabit a very fine Country extremely well wa- tered, and have fomething more than 2000 Gun- men : They are politic, warlike, and jealous of their Independence ; and play an artful Game between the Englijh, French, and Spaniards ; they are much courted by thefe European Nati- ons ; they make the moft of us, and are not in- fenfible of the Importance of their Friendihip, particularly in Time of War : They have lately infulted and killed feveral Carolina Traders, for which no Satisfaction has been yet given or de- manded.— The late Treaty of Peace with France and Spain, by the Ceffion of all Florida and Part ofLouiJiana to Britain, has given us a great Advantage over this Indian Tribe, who may ve- ry eafily be attacked from Mobille, which is not 150 Miles from the Heart of their Country a and has Water Carriage all the Way. M a The 201 [ 92 ] The laft Tribe I have to take Notice of is the Cbickefaws, the faithful Friends and conftant Allies of the Englijh ; they live between 6 and 700 Miles, due Weft, diftant from Charles- town, near the Banks of the Mijfijfippi •, they have juftly obtained the Character of the moft warlike of Indians known to us ; and have, in Defence of their Liberty, maintained a conftant War againft the whole Force of the French in Louifi- ana, fince their fettling in it; they have often met this European People in open Fields, have fought and beat them •, they are at prefent greatly leffened in their Number by this perpe- tual War, and have but one Town, and about 30(5 Gun- men : They fpeak the fame Language with the Chatlaws, who acknowledge the Chicke- faios to be their elder Brothers. — This Province is kind to them, and fupports them, as well as the great Diftance will permit ; it is but juft to fay, that they deferve every Service in our Pow- er, nor can we do too much for fuch bold and fteady Defenders of Liberty, a Character Bri- tons are proud to be diftinguifhed by : They af- filed us in the late Cherokee War. CHAP. 202 [ 93 ] CHAP. VII. Of Indigo. TH E following Directions, for the Culti- vation of the Indigo Plant, and Extract- ing the Dye from it, were fent to me by an inge- nious Planter, who has long practifed them with Succefs : " As the Quantity and Quality of Indigo greatly depend on the Cultivation of the Plant, it is proper to obferve, that it feems to thrive beft in a rich, light Soil, unmixt with Clay or Sand ; the Ground to be planted mould be ploughed, or turned up with Hoes, fome Time in December, that the Froft may render it rich and mellow ; it muft alfo be well harrowed, and cleanfed from all Grafs, Roots, Stumps of Trees, &c. to facilitate the Hoeing, after the Weed appears above Ground. The next Thing to be confidered is the Choice of Seed, in which the Planter mould be very nice ; there is great Variety of it, and from every Sort good Indigo may be made, but none anfwers fo well in this Colony as the true Guatimala\ which, if good, is afmall, oblong, blackSeed, very bright and full, and, when rubbed in the Hand, will appear as if finely polifhed. We generally begin to plant here, about tha Beginning of April, in the following Manner : The Ground (being well prepared) is to be fur- rowed with a Drill-plough or Hoe, 2 Inches deep, to receive the Seed, and an 1 S Inches diftant from 203 [ 94 ] from each other ; the Seed mufl be fown regu- larly in thefe Trenches, and not very thick ; then lightly covered with Earth. If the Weather proves warm and ferene, the Plant will appear above Ground in 10 or 14 Days : A Bufhel of Seed will fow 4 Acres. The Ground, though not grafiy, fhould be hoed as foon as the Plant appears, to loofen the Earth about it, which would otherwife much" impede its Growth. When the Weed is in full Bloom, it is to be cut,, without paying any Re- gard to its Height ; its Leaves are then thick and full of Juice, and this generally happens in four Months from the Planting \ previous to the Cutting, a complete Set of Vats rtinft be provid- ed in good Order, and of the following Dimen- lions, for every 7 Acres of Weed : The Steeper, or Vat, wherein the Weed is put to ferment, to be 16 Feet fquare in the Clear, and 2i Feec deep ; the Battery 12 Feet long* 10 Feet wide, and 44 Feet deep, from the Top of the Plate : They mould be made of the bed Cyprefs, or yellow Pine Plank, of 24 Inches thick, well fafcened to the Joints and Studs (which fhould be either live Oak or light Wood; with fever? Inch Spikes, and then calked to prevent Leaking. Vats, thus made, will laft here, notwithftanding the excefllve Heat, at lead 7 Years. When every Thing is in Readinefs, cut the Weed and lay it regular on the Steeper* with the Stalk up- ward, which will haften the Fermentation •, then lay long Rails, the Length of the Vat, at i 8 Inches Diftance from one another 5 and wedge fhem down on the Weed, to prevent its Buoying 2 up* 204 [ 95 ] up, when Water is pumped into the Steeper, for which the fofteft Water anfwers belt; the Quan- tity to be juft fufficient tocover the Weed, which muft now be left to ferment •, this happens foon- er or later, in Proportion to the Heat of the Weather and Ripenefs of the Plant ; generally in 1 2 or 1 5 Hours, when the Water, now load- ed with the Salts and Subftance of the Weed, is to be let out of the Steeper into the Battery, there to be beat: To perform which Operation, many different Machines have been invented ; how- ever, any Inftrument may be made Ufe of that will agitate the Water with Violence ; when this has been done for the Space of 15 or 20 Mi- nutes, take a little of the Liquor up in a Plate, and it will appear as full of a fmall Grain, or curdled ; you are then to let in a Quantity of Lime-water (kept in a Vat for the Purpofe) to augment and precipitate the Faeculae, Hill ftirring and beating vehemently the Indigo- Water, till it becomes of a ftrong purple Colour, and the Grain hardly perceptible j and then left to fettle ? which it wjli do in 8 or 10 Hours ; after this the Water muft be gently drawn out of the Battery through Plug-holes contrived for that Purpofe, and the fettled Fasculse will remain like a Capuc Mortuum at the Bottom of the Vat, which, when taken up, mould be carefully drained thro' a Horfe-hair Sieve, to render the Indigo perfect- ly clean; and then put into Bags, made of Ofna- burghs 18 Inches long and 12 wide, and fuf- pended for about 6 Hours, to drain out the Wa- ter; after which the Mouths of the Bags muft be well faftened, and put into aPrefs, to be intirely freed 205 [ 96 ] freed from any Remains of Water, which would otherwife greatly hurt the Quality of the Indigo. The Prefs I ufe for this Purpofe is a Box of 5 Feet in Length, 2I wideband 2 deep, with Holes at one End to let out the Water ; in this I lay the Bags, one upon another, till the Box is full ; then lay on them a Plank fitted to go into the Box, on which I place a fufficient Number of Weights, which will, by aconilant and gradu- al PreiTure, intireiy fqueeie out the Water, and the Indigo will become a fine ftiff Pafte, to be then taken out of the Bags, and fpread on a Plank, and cut into fmall Pieces abou^2 Inches fquare, and placed in a Drying-Houfe made of Logs, that it may receive all the Advantages of an open and free Air, without being expofed to the Sun, which is very pernicious to the Dye ; I have known Indigo, placed in the Sun, burnt up, in a few Hours, to a perfect Cinder. While the Indigo is in the Drying-Houfe, it fhould be care- fully turned three or four Times a Day, to pre- vent its Rotting; Flies mould likewife be kept from it ; be fure that it is furliciently dry before it is packed, left, after it is headed up in Barrels, it fhould fweat, which will certainly fpoil and rot it." FINIS, 206 INDEX Acadian exiles, xiv-xv Adair, James, his History of the Ameri- can Indians, xiii Appalachian Mountains, 120 "Association", the (1775), xix Attakullakulla, Cherokee, 191 Beaufort, 150 Board of Trade, xii, xv-xvi Bull, William, Jr., Speaker of Com- mons House, xv ; Lieutenant Gover- nor, xvii-xviii, 150, 189, 200 Campbell, James, xiii Campbell, Governor William, xix, xxi Cannon, Daniel, xix Cape Fear River, 11, 92 Carolina Society — see South Carolina Society Carroll, B. R., Historical Collections of S. C, xv, xvii Catawba Indians, xii, 12, 68, 186 Cattle and hogs, 76, 118, 138 Chalmers, Dr. Lionel, xviii; his Weath- er and Diseases of S. C, xxii Charleston, ix, xiv, xv-xviii, 12-13, 92, 105; Indian trade of,^i; weather, 106-9; storms of 1752 and 1761, 128-32; population, 134-35, 142; society, 135; description, 141-48; public buildings, 142-45; fortifica- tions, 146-47-; charitable societies, 147; diseases, 153-81 Charleston Library Society, xviii, 147- 50 Cherokee Indians, xii, 12, 68-69, 73, 186; Glen's conference with, xii-xiii ; cession of lands, xiii-xiv; war with, xiv, xviii, xxii, 186-202; in expedi- tion against Fort DuQuesne, 187 Chickasaw Indians, xii, 12, 69, 202 Choctaw Indians, xii, 12, 69, 192, 202; attempt at alliance with, xiii Churches and clergy, 42, 139, 141-45 Clergy — see Churches and clergy Climate, 19-37, 105-9 Clinton, George, Governor of New York, xii Commons House of Assembly, and Glen's Description, xv-xvi; principle of representation, xvi ; description of, 40 Conocortee, Cherokee Emperor, xiv Congarees (section), xii, 190 Congress, Continental, xix Council, the Provincial, 40 Courts, 41 Coytmore, Lieutenant, 193, 196 Creek Indians, xii-xiii, 12, 69, 183, 201 Currency, origin of S. C, 83-85 DeBrahm, William Gerard, xiv Diseases, 108, 126, 142, 153-81, 194- 95 Florida, 9, 113, 201 Fort Johnson, xx, 146 Fort Moore, xii, 152 Fort Loudoun, building of, xiv, 199; Cherokee siege of, 198; massacre, 198-99 Fort Prince George, xiii-xiv, 151, 190- 201 Franklin, Benjamin, lightning "points," 128 French, ix, xi, xiv, 67-73, 191-92, 201 Fullerton, John, xix Game and fish, 76-77, 135, 138-39 Georgetown, 1 5 1 Georgia, ix, xvii, 10-11, 38, 105, 116, 152 German settlers, 38, 45, 138 Glen, James, early life, x; characteri- zation of, x-xi; writing of his Des- cription of South Carolina, x, xv- xvii; the Southern Indians, xi-xiv, 151; his humanity, xii, xiv; death, xv 207 INDEX (Continued) Government, 39-42 Governor, appointment and power, 40 Grant, Col. James, 200-1 Havana, xiv, 12-13 Hewat, Alexander, xxii n. Hurricane of 1752, 128-30 "Independent Companies," xvii, 105, 152, 19S Indians, 67-73, 123, 136, 182-202; ori- gin of, 182; see also Catawba, Cher- okee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creeks, Iroquois, Shawnee Indigo, cultivation and production of, 17-18, 139-40, 203-6 Iroquois Indians, xii Johnston, George Milligen — see Mill- igen Johnson, William, xix Johnston, William, xviii n. Justices of the peace, 42 Keate, poem quoted, 120-21 Keowee, Cherokee town, 116, 122, 151 Lining, Dr. John, xviii, 36, 157-58 Lisbon, Portugal, 55 Little Carpenter, Cherokee — see At- takullakulla Lords Proprietors, 10, 116 Louisiana, 13, 72, 202 Lyttelton, Governor William Henry, xiv, 189-95 Madagascar, rice seed from, 102 Manufactures, Provincial, xvi, 53 Militia, 38, 42, 190 Milligen (Milligen- Johnston), Dr. George, sketch of, xvii-xviii; expe- riences with S. C. Revolutionists, xix- xxi; his Short Description of South Carolina, xxii Milligen, Mary (Watson), xviii n., xx Mines, 19, 120 Mobile, 12-13, 201 Montesquieu, quotation from his Spirit of Laws, 185 Montgomery, Col., 197-98 Natchez Indians, xii n. Negroes and slaves, 45, 83, 88, 135-36, 173 New Windsor Township, 152 New York, 44-45 Ninety Six, xii North Carolina in the Cherokee War, 188 North-South Carolina boundary, 11, 115 Occonostota, Cherokee, 189, 192 Oglethorpe, James, xvii Ohio Valley, Glen's designs upon, xiii- xiv Oldmixon, History of the British Em- fire, xvi-xvii Pensacola, 1 2 Pennsylvania, 44-45 Physicians, xviii Population, 38-39, 87, 89, 134-35 Port Royal, 12-13, 91 Rangers, in Cherokee War, 200 Rice, cultivation and production of, 14-16, 78, 93-101, 137; price, 45$ trade regulation of, 93-101; con- sumption of in Europe, 98-99; in- troduction of, 102-3 Russia, 122 St. Andrew's Club, Charleston, 147 St. Augustine, ix, xiv, 12-13 St. Michael's Church, Charleston, 142- 44 St. Philip's Church, Charleston, 142-43 Saluda Old Town, xiv Saxe Gotha Township, 12 Settlement, act to encourage, 136-37 Shaftesbury, Earl of, 116 Shawnee Indians, xiv Silk production, 80, 104 208 INDEX (Continued) Slaves — see Negroes South Carolina, about 1750, ix-x; eco- nomic recovery, xi; agriculture, xv, 14-18, 139-40, 203-6; constitutions, xvi; origin of name, xvi, 10, 116; Revolutionists in, xviii-xxi; geog- raphy of, 9-13, 91-92, 115-23; soil, 13-14; climate, 19-37, 105-9, 124- 33; population, 38-39, 87-89, 134- 35; government, 39-42; taxes and appropriations, 42-44, 86; trade, 44- 66, 80-83, 89, 90; Indian tribes, 67-73; products, 74-80; silk pro- duction, 80, 104; currency, 83-86; wages, 88; introduction of rice, 102- 103; diseases, 108, 126, 142, 153-81, 194-95; description of people of, 134-35; food of, 137-39 South Carolina Society, The, 147 Spanish, ix, xiv, 55 Stuart, Capt. John, 199 Tar and pitch, production of, 78-80 Taxes and appropriations, 42-44, 86 Temple, Sir William, his "Miscella- nies," 117 Thomson, poem quoted, 124-25 Thomson, Moses, xi Timothy, Peter, xix Trade, Provincial, 44-66, 80-83, 89- 90 Troops, Provincial, in Cherokee War, 198, 200; see also Militia Virginia, Williamsburg, xvi; frontiers- men of, 187; in Cherokee War, 188 Wages, 88 Watson, Mary — see Milligen, Mary Weston, P. C. J., xv; Documents Con- nected, with the History of South Carolina, xiv, n. Weyman, Edward, xix Wheat, production of, 138 Williamsburg, S. C, xvi Williamsburg, Va., xvi, 53 Winyah (Winyaw), port of, 12-13 209 University of Connecticut Libraries