Please handle this volume with care. The University of Connecticut Libraries, Storrs 3 =1153 D115535T 3 w »^ "^ 00 o ^^ CO ON CO 00 4S MARSH, CAPEN & LYO^. No. 133, Washington St. Boston, PUBLISH THE FOLLOWING VAIiUABIiE BOOK^. PHRENOLOGY, OR THE DOCTRINE OF THE MENTAL PHENOMENA, in two volumes 8vo. Vol. I. Physiological Part, Vol. n. Philosophical Part, with Plates. By J. G. Spurzheim, M. D. 3d. American edition. This work gives a full view of the Science of Phrenology, and furnishes numerous facts illus- trative of the principles of human nature. PHRENOLOGY in connexion with Physiog- nomy. Illustration of Characters, with thirty-five plates. One volume royal 8vo. By J. G. Spurzheim, M. D. To which is prefixed a Biog- raphy of the Author. By Nahum Capen. OBSERVATIONS ON THE DERANGED MANIFESTATIONS OF THE MIND, OR INSANITY. One vol. 8vo. By J. G. Spurz- heim, M. D. With an Appendix. By A. Brig- ham, M. D. First American edition. " An invaluable treatise, frqm the pen of one who, probably, was more intimately acquainted with the nature and diseases of the brain than any man living. It is full of interest."— JV*. Y. Mrror. A VIEW OF THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATION FOUND- ED ON THE STUDY OF THE NATURE OF MAN. One vol. 12mo. By J. G. Spurz- heim, M. D. Third American edition. "Messrs. Mai-sh, Capen & Lyon, have pubHshed another of the works of the lamented Spurzheim on his favorite subject. It is all worth its weight in gold." — Evening Gazette. " To gentlemen engaged in the important and respon- sible business of education, it is, perhaps, of greater value than that of any other similar work in print." — Boston Mirror. PHILOSOPHICAL CATECHISM OF THE NATURAL LAWS OF MAN. One vol. 18 mo. By J. G. Spurzheim, M. D. Third American edition. " Men have long been treated as children ; they have been taught that ignorance and credulity are virtues, and that fear is wisdom ; and that they may glorify God by flattery rather than by moral excellency." — Extract from Preface. OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. Being also a Manual of Reference for the Marked Bust. One vol. 18mo. By J. G. Spurzheim, M. D. Third American edition. EXAMINATION OF THE OBJECTIONS made in Britain against the doctrines of Gall and Spurzheim. By J. G. Spurzheim, M. T>. And Article of the Foreign Quarterly Review. By Rich. Chenevix, Esq. F. R. S. &c. With notes by Dr. Spurzheim. One vol. 12mo. PROF. POLLEN'S ORATION, delivered at the Funeral of Spurzheim. Nov. 17, 1832. SPURZHEIM'S ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN, with a general view of the Nervous System. With an Appendix — with 18 plates. First American edition, revised. REMARKS ON THE INFLUENCE OF MENTAL CULTIVATION AND MEN- TAL EXCITEMENT UPON HEALTH. One Vol. l!2mo. By Amariah Brigham, M. D. Second Edition. OBSERVATIONS ON MENTAL DE- RANGEMENT. Being an appUcation of the Principles of Phrenology to the elucidation of the causes, symptoms, nature, and treatment of Insan- ity. By Andrew Combe, M. D. COMBE'S PHRENOLOGY. A System of Phrenology by George Combe, late President of the Phrenological Society — Second American, revised and enlarged from the third Edinburgh edition. COMBE'S ELEMENTS OF PHRENOL- OGY. Elements of Phrenology, by George Combe, late President of the Phrenological Soci- ety, Edinburgh Second American, from the third Edinburgh edition, improved and enlarged, with plates. ANNALS OF PHRENOLOGY; to consist of Articles from the Edinburgh, Paris, and Lon- don Phrenological Journals, and of such original papers, as may be selected and approved by the Boston Phrenological Society. Each number will contain 128 octavo pages. Published Quarterly — Price 3 dolls, per annum. The numbers are sold separately. OUTLINES PHRENOLOGY: G. S P U R Z H E I M, M. D. OF THE UNIVERSITIES OF VIENNA AND PARIS, AND UCENTIATE OF THE ROYAL COIiLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF LONDON. BEING ALSO A MANUEL OF REFERENCE FOR THE MARKED BUST. THIRD ED I TI ON. BOSTON: MARSH, CAPEN AND LYON, AND CONCORD, N. H. 1834. ^T ^70 c: ^-i^!j rf :^A Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1832, By Marsh, Capen and Lyoiv, Q the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. PREFACE. The aim of this small Volume, is to convey a brief but comprehensive view of the elementary notions of Phrenology. The details of this science are considered in Dr. GalPs work, in my own publica- tions, and in Mr. Combe's System of Phrenology. Illustrative observations ate also contained in the Transactions of the Edinburgh Phrenological Society, and in the Pln-enological Journal of the same city. The various extensive collections of casts in London, Edinburgh, Paris, &c. famish ample evidence of the data on which phrenology is founded. I hope that be- fore long they will not be wanting on this side of the globe. Nature is constant and ever within the reach of those who would examine for themselves, and by self-exam- ination, obtain self- conviction of truth. IV PREFACE. I shall divide these Outlines into three Sections, and consider in the first, the principles of Plirenology ; in the second, the special faculties of the mind, and their respective organs ; and make some re- marks in the third, on the usefulness and practical application of this science. CONTENTS. SECTION I. General Principles of Phrenology. Page Object of Phrenology .... 1 Influence of temperament on the mental func- tions ....... 2 Influence of the viscera on the feelings , 5 The brain is the organ of the mind, as well of its affective as of its intellectual manifesta- tions ....... 6 Objections 7 Absolute or proportionate size of the brain . 8 Plurality of mental power and of cerebral or- gans 10 Means of determining the functions of the cer- ebral parts 11 Proceeding of Gall ... .13 The size of the cerebral parts may be ascertain- ed by the external shape and size of the . head ....... 15 CONTENTS. Phrenology is founded on observation and in- duction . . . . . . 18 Circumstances which induce Phrenologists to consider a faculty as special or fundamen- tal 18 The special powers of the mind must be point- ed out, and the nomenclature of the organs established accordingly . . . 18 Order in which the organs may be examined 19 Best manner of studying Phrenology . 22 SECTION II. Special Faculties of the Mind. ORDER I. — Feelings, or Affective Faculties GENUS I. — Propensities. 1 Desire to live . 24 * Ahmentiveness . 25 1. Destructiveness . ib. 2. Amativeness . 28 3. Philoprogenitiveness . 29 4. Adhesiveness . 30 5. Inhabitiveness . 31 6. Combativeness . . . . . 33 7. Secretiveness . . . . . 34 8. Acquisitiveness . . , . ' . 35 9. Constructiveness . 36 CONTENTS. GENUS II — Sentiments. 10. Cautiousness . 38 11. Approbativeness . 38 12. Self-esteem . 40 13. Benevolence . 41 14. Reverence . 43 15. Firmness .... . 44 16. Conscientiousness . 45 17. Hope 46 18. Marvellousness . 47 19. Ideality . 48 20. Mirthfulness . 49 21. Imitation . . . . . . 50 ORDER II. — Intellectual Faculties GENUS I.— External Senses. Voluntary motion . 51 Feeling . 57 Taste . . . . . ib. Smell . . . . . ib. Hearing . . . . . 58 Sight . . . . . ib. GENUS n. — Perceptive Faculties. 22. Individuality . 59 CONTENTS. 23. Configuration .... . 60 24. Size . . . . ib. 25, Weight and resistance . 61 26. Coloring . ib. 27. Locality . 63 28. Order . 64 29. Calculation . . . . 65 30. Eventuality . . . " . . ib. 31. Time . 66 32. Tune ' • • . 67 33. Artificial language . 68 GENUS III.— Reflective Faculties. 34. Comparison .... . 69 35. Causality . 70 SECTION III Usefulness op Phrenology. Phrenology in relation to Morality and Reli- gion ...... 73 Phrenology is the true philosophy . . 82 Phrenology is indispensable to the study of In- sanity ...... 87 Phrenology guides our judgment in social in- tercourse ...... 92 Phrenology is the basis of education . . 94 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY, SECTION L GENERAL PRINCIPLES. Introductory View. The name Phrenologij is derived from two Greek words, •fp'?" mind, and Aoyos discourse. I have chosen it to designate the doctrine of the special manifestations of the mind, and of the bod- ily conditions under which they have place. Man not being endowed with powers to perceive the essences of things, cannot know the mind in itself, nor its beginning, nor its manner of acting, nor its final destination. These points are objects of metaphysical and theological inquiry. It is evidently necessary first to know the nature and extent of phrenological principles, before their usefulness and practical application can be con- 1 2 OUTLINES OP PHRENOLOGT. ceived. Considerations of that kind, therefore, are reserved for the last Section. I here merely state that Phrenology concerns the most important element in the nature of man : the manifestations of his affective and intellectual faculties ; and that it seems impossible to point out any object more interesting to natural philosophers, anatomists, physiologists, physioians, teachers, moralists and legislators. CHAP. I. On Temperaments. It is an ancient doctrine, that the mind and bo- dy exercise a mutual influence upon each other. The bodily constitution called temperament, has long been and is still often considered sufficient to explain the great differences of the mental dispo- sitions of man. A bilious constitution, for in- stance, is said to be the cause of irascibility and stubbornness, of sound judgment and mental pene- tration ; whilst a sanguine temperament, as it is thought; produces memory, but less judgment, TEMPERAMENTS. 3 amiable feelings, and attachment to sensual pleas- ures. The doctrine of the temperaments as producing determinate powers, may be easily refuted, since there is no regular and constant relation between the^temperaments and mental functions. Every sort of talent, and every kind of feeling, may be ob- served along with every variety of temperament. In Phrenology, hojvever, it is admitted that more or less activity in the digestive, circulatory, respi- ratory, secretory, and other systems, greatly mod- ifies the whole constitution of the body in general, and that of the brain in particular, but it is denied that the special or primitive manifestations of the mind, result from the corporeal constitution. This only gives more or less activity and perfection to the fundamental faculties. I admit four different temperaments, as four different degrees of activity in the powers. The first, styled lymphatic or phlegmatic is recognized by a pale thick skin, round form, repletion of the cellular tissue by fatness, softness of the muscular system., thick lips, fair hair and by languid vital actions, with tardiness and weakness in the whole of the vegetative, affective, and intellectual func- tions. 4 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. The second, or sanguine constitution, is dis- tinguishable by moderate plumpness of person, and tolerable firmness of flesh, light hair inclin- ing to chesnut, blue eyes, fair complexion, great activity of the blood-vessels, easy perspiration and an animated countenance. The bilious temperament, combined with still greater energy, is proclaimed by the black hair, dark skin, moderate fulness and firmness of flesh, harshly expressed outline of the person, and by the strong, marked, aad decided countenance. The nervous, and the most active temperament, is characterized by fine thin hair, delicate health, thin skin, emaciation of muscles, quickness in muscular motion, and vivacity of sensations. In my work on Characters, PI. I. each of these four temperaments is exemplified by a portrait. It must be added, that these temperaments are seldom pure and distinct, but mostly mixed. riSCERA. ""^ 9 i CHAP. II. On the influence of the viscera on feeling. A great number of philosophers and physicians derived the feelings from different viscera of the chest and abdomen. It is true that man and an- imals when affected by strong feelings of joy, fear, anger, and so on, feel some motion in the viscera. But it may be answered generally that from vari- ous phenomena exhibited by different parts of the body, it is impossible to infer that the primitive causes of the sensations are inherent there. The activity of one part commonly produces differer phenomena in others on account of their connexion. Sorrow makes the tears flow, but who asserts that sorrow resides in the lachrymal gland ? The viscera and the brain are under mutual influence. Indi- gestible aliments occasion headach, and strong emotions of the mind disturb the functions of the viscera. There is neither in animals nor in man any relation between their viscera and affec- tive tendencies. The influence of the viscera on the mental phenomena is only mediate. OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. CHAP. III. The hrain is the organ of the mind. The proofs in support of this position are as follows : 1 . Without brain there is no manifestation of feel- ings or of intellectual functions. 2. If the cerebral organization be defective, the manifestations of the mind are also defective; as happens in many idiots from birth. 3. If in the healthy state the development of the brain be very considerable, the manifestations of the affective and intellectual powers are very energetic. 4. The manifestations of the mind follow the ordinary or extraordinary growth of the brain. This organ is pulpy in young children, and the mental powers are scarcely perceptible ; but in proportion as it becomes perfect, the mental fac- ulties appear ; in its state of maturity, the mental powers arrive at the greatest energy, and in pro- portion as it grows old and weak, the energy of the mental faculties diminishes also. 5. Certain faculties are more active in women. FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN. 7 others in men ; the cerebral organization of both sexesj presents diflerences that coincide with those varied manifestations. 6. The feelings and intellectual faculties are hereditary in the same proportion, as the cerebral organization is propagated from parents to chil- dren, 7. The manifestations of the mind are deran- ged, if the respective organs in the brain be in- jured. Objections. There are, however, several objections, more or less plausible, against the first principle of Phre- nology. Metaphysicians, for instance, say, that the manifestations of the mind cannot depend on bodily conditions, since the mind is not conscious of its organs. It must be answered, that the mind does not know the instruments, by which it mani- fests its feelings and intellectual powers, precisely as it is inscious of the muscles by means of which it executes voluntary motions, or of the nerves on which sight, hearing, tasting and smelling de- pend. There are also many cases that record injuries i 8 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. of the brain, and losses of portions of its sub- stance, whilst the mental faculties continued to be manifested. Another objection has been founded on the disease called hydrocephalus, in which the brain was said to be wanting, or disorganized, or disso 1- ved hy water, at the same time that the mental functions continued unimpaired. It has also been asserted, that ossification^ of the brain has not hindered the mind- -fro'in "mani- festing its powers. These objections are answered, to full extent, in my work on Phrenology, and are beyond the reach of this elementary work. I think that the first principle of Phrenology, the brain is the or- gan of the affective and intellectual functions, stands unshaken. y- " CHAP. IV. Cff the absolifle or proportionate size of the brain. A great number of natural philosophers; con- vinced that the brain is the organ of understand- ing, have concluded that its functions must be pro- FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN. 9 portionate to its absolute size. More exact ob- servations however, show this conclusioa to be erroneous. The ox has more brain than the dog, and the elephant more than man, &c. It is in- deed impossible, in animals of different species, and even in various individuals of the same spe- cies, to estimate innate mental dispositions by the absolute size of the brain in genered, or of its parts in particular ; because the size of the cerebral or- gans is not the only condition to the greater or less energy of their functions. Others, therefore, endeavored to show that the powers of the mind are indicated by the propor- tionate volume of the brain to the size of the body. Experience, however, proves that this mode of measurement is also inexact. Small singing birds have larger brains, in proportion to their bodies, than man and the elephant. According to the manner of judging stated, the elephant would be a very stupid animal ; but this is far from thje fact. In mankind, it may. be well to add, that middle-sized persons have commonly the largest brains. | From the preceding considerations it results, that something else must be done in order to establish a doctrine of the mind, in relation to the body. 10 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. CHAP. V. Plurality of mental powers and of cerebral organs. The second principle of Phrenology is, that the mind manifest a pluraUty of faculties, each indi- vidually by means of a peculiar organic apparatus. Phrenologists udnne faculty, each species of feeling and thinking ; and they give the name organs to the apparatuses by means of which the faculties of the mind are manifested. The doctrine of the plurality of mental faculties and the necessity of special organs is very ancient. As soon as philosophers studied the human mind and its manifestations, they found it indispensable to admit several powers. Phrenology, it is true, establishes a greater number of primitive faculties of the mind than emy school of philosophy has yet done, and meiny faculties demonstrated by Phren- ology are different from those hitherto admitted. It also proves every proposition by positive facts r FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN. 11 CHAP. VI. Means of detcnnining the functions of the brain and its paiis. Anatomy shows that the braia is composed of two halves, and that each half is aa aggregation of parts developed in different degrees ; but anat- omy does not reveal the functions of any organ whatever, consequently it can neither show the functions of the brain generally, nor of its parts in particular ; just as it is impossible to infer from the structure of the muscles that they are contractile ; or from the texture of the optic nerve, that it is destined to propagate impressions of light. Yet physiology without anatomy is imperfect, and Phrenology is greatly supported by anatomy, since its anatomical and physiological branches are found to harmonize. Were it possible to prove the absence of differences in the brains of animals whose powers differ ; — or to show that all parts of the brain increase simultaneously ; — or that large hydrocephalic heads, exhibiting intellectual fac- ulties, are without brain, &c.. Phrenology would be completely undermined. But as the anatomi- 12 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. cal discoveries made in the brain are in harmony with the phrenological ideas of its functions, that science stands on more solid ground. Several natural philosophers have endeavored by- mutilations, viz. by cutting away various parts of the brain, to discover their functions. These means have been pursued without fruit and will remain useless. They are too violent, and several faculties might be retained without being manifest- ed ; at all events they cannot teach more than may be ascertained in the healthy state. The best method of determining the nature of the cerebral functions, is that employed by Phrenolo- gists : it is to observe the size of the cerebral parts in relation to particular mental manifestation, and it is the third principle of phrenology, that in the same individualj larger organs show greater, and smaller organs less energy. It is, however, im- portant to remark that, though the size of the or- gans is sufficient to discover the nature of their functions, it does not alone produce their different degrees of activity. Their internal constitution, their exercise and mutual influence also contribute to this ; for which reason Phrenologists cannot compare the same organ in different species of animals, nor even in different individuals of thQ PROCEEDING OF GALL. l3 same species ; but must judge of each animal or man individually ; but then they run no risk of err- ing, for in the same individual larger organs always show more activity than those that are smaller. Gall, to whom is due the great merit of having laid the foundation of this doctrine, compared particular cerebral parts with determinate charac- ters and particular talents, and according to these gave names to the organs he discovered : thus he spoke of the orgems of haughtiness, of ambition, of cunning, of benevolence, of religion, of theft, of murder, of the mechanical arts, of music, of paint- ing, of poetry, of mathematics, of metaphys- ics, &.C. It became necessary, however, to modify this manner of considering Phrenology, as it appear- ed that actions, talents, and determinate char- acters result from the mutual influence of the primitive faculties. I therefore undertook to specify the nature or elements of the fundamen- tal powers, and to name them independently of any action or outward application. I also discovered several new organs, established a new division of the mental powers according to their inherent natures and modes of action, and separated that which belongs to each power itself 14 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. from what depends on its combinations with other faculties. The nomenclature, introduced by Gall, was not only incorrect, inasmuch as it indicated deter- minate actions, or results of combination among the powers, — but it was further objectionable as several organs were even named from abuses of their primitive functions. Disorders, however, are the effect of predominance of powers, on ac- count of the disproportionately large size or over excitement of their organs, but are not to be con- founded with the regular operations of the facul- ties. Gall, it is true, was right in stating that, in inveterate thieves and murderers certain portions of the brain are large, but he erred in speaking of an organ of theft and of another of murder, because the primitive faculties which lead to such criminal actions are not given for that commission ; though they may be abused like every other primitive pow er. The aim and the disorders of every faculty and the influence of its inactivity on the functions of the other active powers, must be distinguished from each other and specified. CRANIOLOOY. 16 CHAP. VII. Craniology. It is certain and may be admitted as the fourth principle of Phrenology, that from birth and through mature years, up to the period when the faculties fall into decay, the size and form of the brain and its parts may be determined by the size and form of the external head. The skull, though its two tables are not uniformly parallel, does not vary in thickness so much as to m\alidate the accuracy of the above position ; for the organs occupy large spaces, offering great varieties in point of size, and the appreciation of very mi- nute differences is not indispensably necessary. The science of Phrenology, however, has its difficulties as well as every other. It is necessa- ry, for instance, to estimate the different thick- ness of the skin and muscles that cover the head ; — to know the bony masses which do not indicate any cerebral development, such as the mastoid process behind the ear, the crucial evo- lution of occiput, the zygomatic process before the ear, and the situation of the longitudinal sinus in the mesial line of the head. It is also difficult 16 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. to determine the size of the cerebral parts around the orbits and at the basis of the forehead, since the organs in these situations are small, and lie behind the frontal sinus and the eyeballs. These points are examined in my work entitled Phreno- logy. The size of the organs is to be considered in all dimensions, in length and in width : The cer- ebral organs are long or short and slender ; and long or short and thick. Their length disposes to frequent action, whilst their thickness gives more intensity. Phrenologists attend too little to the latter dimension, and too much to the elongation of the organs. It will also be well to state, that the general size of the organs is of more important consider- ation than protuberances. Protuberances occur, if one organ be more developed than those in its neighbourhood, but if all vicinant organs be equal in length, the surface is smooth. Now this may happen in heads of all sizes. It must further be remarked, that the organs of the mind are not confined to the surface of the brain ; the mere peripherical expansion of each or- gan, and of some a portion only is in contact with CRANIOLOGY. 17 the skull. Each part, however, as experience proves, is in relation to its whole mass. Finally all organs are double, even those that ^re marked single in the mesial line of the bust and plate. Phrenologists also admit, that in old age, when the mental powers have lost their energy, and in chronic cases of insanity, the external shape and size of the head are no certain indication of the cerebral development ; for it frequently happens that the external head remains the same in appear- ance, whilst the brain diminishes and the skull becomes thicker. Such skulls are shown by op- ponents, but the particulars just mentioned are overlooked. I shall make another and final remark. For the practice of Phrenology it suffices to know that the nature of the cerebral functions can be ascertained by the size of the organs, and that the development of the brain, can, in general, be de- termined by the external configuration and size of the head. It is not a duty on the part of the Phrenologists to conclude concerning the cause of the size and form of the brain and its part : wheth- er they depend on an innate power of growth ; on the skull ; the muscles ; or even whether they be 2* 18 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. the effects of artificial means, such as the pres- sure said to be employed by savages. For the details of these points I refer the reader to my work on Phrenology. CHAP. VIII. Phrenology is established by observation and induction. In Phrenology that faculty is considered as fun damental, primary, or special — 1. Which exists in one kind of animals and not in another ; 2. Which varies in the two sexes of the same species ; 3. Which is not proportionate to the other faculties of individuals ; 4. Which is not manifested simultaneously with the other faculties, that is, which appears or disappears singly, at earlier or later periods of life ; 5. Which may act or rest singly ; 6. Which is propagated in a distinct manner from parents to children ; ORDER OF THE ORGANS. 19 7. Which may singly preserve its proper state of health, or be attacked by disease. Finally, 8. Its existence is placed beyond d?)ubt, if its peculiar organ be made known by repeated ob- servation. Phrenology, like every other physical Science, is established by observations repeated both in the positive and negative way, (1.) in individuals ; (2 ) in both sexes ; (3.) in different nations ; (4.) in criminals ; (5.) in insane persons. It is confirm- ed by anatomy, comparative phrenology and by the natural language. CHAP. IX. Order in which the organs may be treated. The organs, it is plain, can only be examined in succession. Gall changed the order in which he considered them frequently. He was, how- ever, always guided by their localities. He be- gan at the basis of the head and ended at the top. Never having allowed any essential differ- ence in the modes of action of the primary pow- ers, he consequently deemed it sufficient to take 20 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. the mere situation of the respective organs to in- dicate the order of his descriptions, I, on the contrary, admitting different modes of action in the special faculties of the mind, conceive it pos- sible to divide, and to classify them according to their primitive functions. I arrange the mental powers into two orders ; — a division admitted from the remotest antiquity, and known under the names soul and spirit ; — moral and intellectual faculties ; — understanding and will ; — heart and head. — I prefer designating them respectively, — feelings and intellect, or better by the terms, affective and intellectual faculties. Both orders then may be subdivided into several genera, and each genus into several species. Certain affective powers produce de- sires or inclinations only, the activity of which in animals is called instinct. These I denomin- ate by the general title propensities. There are other affective powers which are not confined to mere inclination ; their actions have something superadded that may be called sentiment. All propensities are common to man and animals, but the sentiments — the title I propose for the second genus, are partly common to man and animals, and partly proper to man. ORDER OF THE ORGANS. 21 The second order of mental powers is destined to make us acquainted with the existence of the external world, and to cognize the physical qual- ities of objects and their relations. I call the faculties included in this order intellectual, and subdivide them into three genera. The first com- prises the functions of the external senses and of voluntary motion ; — ^the second, those of the in- ternal senses which make man and animals ac- quainted with external objects, their qualities and their relation. These powers may be called percep- tive. The third genus comprises the faculties which act on all the other sensations and notions, and these 1 name reflective faculties. Each genus of faculties, both affective and in- tellectual, consists of several species, and each species offers several modifications or varieties, even idiosyncrasies. The essence, however, of every faculty is always perceptible ; it is proclaim- ed even in its diseased state. The essential na- ture of each primary power is one and invariable, and no organ can produce two species of tenden- cies. Marked busts are in general use to indicate the situations of the individual organs. Though the order in which these are numbered may vary 22 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. in different casts, the organs of the primitive pow- ers still remain the same. The place of secret- iveness, for instance, is invariable, whether it be marked and referred to as the 7th or 9th organ of the brain. Now as different numerations are used by different Phrenologists, it is advisable never to speak, or to make remarks, in numbers, otherwise confusion will be unavoidable. CHAP. X. Best manner of studying Phrenology. Self-conviction depends on self-observation. Whoever, therefore, wishes to form an opinion concerning the reality of Phrenology, must make himself acquainted (1.) with the situation of the special organs ; (2.) with the true meaning of each fundamental faculty of the mind, as adopted in Phrenology ; (3.) with the different temperaments as giving more or less energy to the function of the organs ; (4.) with the relative development of the four regions of the head : occipital, lateral, fron- tel and sincipital ; (5.) with the proportionate size MANNER OF STUDY. 23 of the basilar to the coronal portion, and with the proportionate size of the three great divisions of the inferior feelings, superior sentiments and in- tellectual faculties ; finally (6.) with the rela- tive development of the special organs in each in- dividual. As the development of the special organs differs in different individuals, Phrenologists should determine on certain terms to indicate the relative size of the cerebral parts. The Edinburgh Phre- nological Society makes use of the following ex- pressions : very small, small, rather small, mod- erate, rather full, full, rather large, large, and very large. It is difficult to study a great num- ber of degrees, or a very detailed scale of devel- opment. Beginners may be satisfied with being able to distinguish four degrees, viz. predominant, large, moderate and small. Assisted by this knowledge, every one will be able to convince himself that the special powers of the mind are manifested by the instrumentality of individual parts of the brain. SECTION II. SPECIAL FACULTIES OF THE MIND. ORDER I.— Feelings. The most essential points concerning the feel- ings, or affective faculties in general, are as fol- low : they have their origin from within, and are not acquired by any external impressions or cir- cumstances. They must be felt to be under- stood, for they cannot be taught ; in themselves they are blind and without understanding, — they do not know the objects of their satisfaction, and act without reflection. Genus I. — Propensities. There are several propensities, but each has a specific nature ; they all exist in animals and in man. t Vitativeness. A special instinct or desire to live seems to me highly probable, and I look for its organ at the basis where the middle and posterior lobes of the PROPENSITIES. 25 brain meet each other, at the internal border of combativeness. * Alimentiveness. The instinct to take food is commonly attri- buted to the nerves of the stomach, but I think this instinct or appetite may be distinguished from the sensation of want of food. Now according to phrenology every sort of instinct depends on the brain. Observation shows that the desire to feed is in relation to the anterior portion of the middle lobes. This cerebral part is developed in early age and larger in youth than in adult age; it is very large in those who delight in an excellent dinner and who find it hard at table to abstain from eating of every dish. The organ is situated before the ear, behind and above the zygomatic process. 1 . — Destructiveness. Observation shows that violent death is an in- stitution of nature ; that the propensity to kill ex- ists beyond a doubt in certain animals, and that disposition is more or less active in particular kinds, and also in some individuals of the same species. Man, it must also be admitted, is en- S6 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. dowed with the same propensity, for he kiJls al- most every variety of animated beings either to procure food or to supply his wants, while the carnivorous tribes of creation confine their de- structive powers to a comparatively small number of kinds, and this merely to supply themselves with nourishment. Moreover, in man, this pro- pensity offers different degrees of activity, from a mere indifference to destruction, to pleasure in seeing animals killed, and even to the greatest desire to kill. — The sight of public executions is insupportable to some individuals and delightful to others. Some highwaymen are satisfied with stealing, others show the most sanguinary incli- nation to kill without necessity. Idiots and the insane sometimes feel an irre- sistable desire to destroy all they lay hands on. Some of the insane thus affected, manifest the strongest aversion to the deeds they would do, and even thank those who coerce and keep them from mischief. The primary nature of this propensity is a sim- ple impulse to destroy ; it does not consider the object of its application, nor the manner of de- stroying. It uses indifferently pointed and cut- ting instruments, poison, water, and fire to ac- PROPENSITIES. 97 complish its desires. It is indispensable to ani- mals which live upon flesh. I do not, however, think that it determines the taste for this kind of aliment. The faculty is commonly more active in children than in adults, yet children generally prefer fruits and vegetables to meat. Besides the necessity of this instinct to procure animal food, its employment in self-defence is not only permitted by justice, but is even rewarded as a virtue. A sword is one of the emblems of state. If the faculty, however, cause the destruc- tion of aught that should not be destroyed it pro- duces disorders, as when it punishes trifling crimes with death, assassinates, murders, administers poison, or sets fire to houses. If we place two skulls, the one of a carnivor- ous, the other of an herbivorous animal, horizon- tally, and trace a vertical line through the opening of the external ear, we shall observe that there is more brain over the ear in the carnivorous than in the herbivorous animal. The organ of destructiveness lies in man and an- imals immediately above the ear, and is covered by the temporal bone. 2S OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY, 2. — Jimativeness. In the special faculty designated amativeness, in- heres that feeling which is called physical love ; its manifestation depends on the cerebellum, because the appetite appears with the development of this part, and is in relation to its size. In children, for instance, the cerebellum is smaller than in ad- ults, and in women and females generally it is less than in men and males. It generally attains its full growth between sixteen to twenty-five years of age, and frequently diminishes in old age. In some adults it is exceedingly small, and in others moderate, and in others again very large. Some- times it is of great magnitude in children, and then its special function, the propensity we treat of, appears in early life. The cerebellum is situated in the neck, between the mastoid process behind the ear, and the occip- ital spine in the middle of the lower and back part of the skull. The space between these two ele^- vations indicates the extent of the organ in man, and its general size, viewed in relation to the other organs, may be compared with the energy of its primitive function in each individual of the human species. PROPENSITIES. 29 3. — Philoprogenitiveness. This word designates a primitive feeling that prompts the beings possessed of it to take care of their offspring. It does not inhere in certain creatures, as insects, reptiles, and fishes ; these resign their eggs to chance, and the influence of some external agent. Of some kind of animals the females alone are attached to their young ; the males being perfectly indifferent about them. Of other tribes again, the males and females are both fond of their progeny; the feeling, however, is still more energetic in the females than in the males. Among the animals too, both sexes of which tend the young, there are females which do not feel the propensity, and males who experience it strongly. Certain women also consider children as a heavy burden, whilst others deem them their greatest treasure and chief source of happiness. This happens quite indiscriminately, among the rich and the poor, among those of good and those of bad breeding. The organ of the propensity of parental love occupies the portion of the occipit immediately above the middle part of the cerebellum. Its size coincides with the energy of this feeling in 3* so OUTLINES OP PHRENOLOGY. individuals, in the sexes, and in nations. In wo- men and females it is commonly larger than in men and males. There is a striking analogy between the heads of each of the feexes both in man and animals, and the two preceding organs in their different de- grees of development, suffices to distinguish the skulls of males from those of females of the same species. The former have the cerebellum, and the latter the organ of philoprogenitiveness the most pronounced. The whole configuration of the head too of each sex differs, those of men and males being commonly shorter and broader ; those of women and females longer and narrower. 4. — Adhesiveness. This name designates a special faculty which produces a tendency in men and animals to at- tach themselves to the beings around them, which binds the individuals of the same species to each other, and gives rise to society. It alse ap- pears modified in those species of animak, the males and females of which live together domes- tically. Another of its modifications is friend- ship. The existence of this primitive feelings is PROPENSITIES. 31 ascertained by all the proofs of the plurality of the fundamental faculties and organs. It is stronger in women than in men. It forms and essential and prominent feature in the female character. The feeling of adhesiveness in itself is of an inferior nature, that is, common to man and animals; it has been often observed very energetic in crim- inals, who have borne the severest tortures, even destroyed themselves, rather than betray their companions in guilt. Persons in whom the pro- pensity is weak, have a tendency to live as her- mits. Its organ is situated outward, and a little high- er than that of philoprogenitiveness, under the middle of the lamdoidal suture. 5. — Inhabiiiveness. In examining the manners of living of different animals, it is obvious that particular kinds are at- tached to different and determinate localities, re- gions, and countries. Some seek the water from the moment of their existence ; the turtle and duck, as soon as they are hatched, run towards it. Cer- tain species, as the chamois, run towards it. Cer- tain species, as the chamois, wild goat, ptarmagan, &c. select elevated regiona for their haunts, others 32 OUTLINES OF PHRExVOLOGY. prefer low countries and plains. Among the in- habitants of the air, some species hover principal- ly in the upper regions ; others, although their pow- er of flying is great, live in lower strata, or on the banks of rivers. Some birds build their nests on the tops of trees, others at the middle branches, others again in the holes of their trunks, or on the earth. In conformity with all these considerations, I admit a primitive faculty and special organ which determines animals in their dwellings. This pow- er, however, is modified in different animals. It varies in land and in water animals, just as the sen- ses of smell and taste vary in herbivorous and car- nivorous animals. Man also has received the feeling to be attach- ed to certain local situations, particularly to his native land. Some savage tribes are wanderers, whilst others were settlers even in the earliest pe- riod of their civilization. The organ of inhabi- tiveness is commonly large in mountaineers ; it is also generally larger in women than in men. Na- ture, by implanting this propensity has provided for the inhabitation of all regions and countries by animals and man. The organ of inhabitiveness is placed above that *, PROPENSITIES. 33 of philoprogenitiveness, at the upper end of the occipital bone. 6 . — CombaUveness. This power produces active courage and the tendency to fight : if very energetic, it leads to at- tack, and feels pleasure in fighting. Its existence IS necessary as soon as animals are attached to offspring, to dwelling places, and stand in need of food. Some entire species of animals and in- dividuals of every species, avoid fighting, others are fond of it. The bull-dog and the game-cock evidence the existence and activity of this. pro- pensity in a remarkable manner. There are hor- ses that are shy and timid, whilst others are sure and bold. This feeling bearing no regular pro- portion to muscular power, cannot originate from bodily strength. Men and animals with small and feeble muscles will often fight and even discomfit others endued with larger and stronger muscles. The game-cock, for example, is smaller in size than the common dunghill fowl. Phrenology proves that the propensity to fight depends on a portion of the brain, situated at the posterior in- ferior angle of the parietal bones behind the ear find above the mastoid process. 34 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. The heads of courageous men and animals are much developed between and behind the ears. It is remarkable, that the ancient Greek artists have given to the heads of their gladiators the greatest mass of brain in the situation of the organ of com- bativeness. 7. — Secretiveness. This power gives the propensity to conceal without determining the object or the manner of concealing. It disposes to be secret in thoughts, words, and deeds. By its influence, the fox is careful not to be observed ; the dog hides the bone he cannot eat ; and the cunning man conceals his intentions, and sometimes professes opinions oppo- site to those he really entertains. It may be ap- plied in an infinite number of ways and employ- ed under many varieties of circumstance and sit- uation. If not directed by justice and the other moral feelings, it disposes to dissimulation, in- trigue, duplicity, hypocrisy, and lying. It finds pleasure in all kinds of underhand doings and clan- destine manoeuvres. Whenever concealment in- terferes, be it for good or for evil purposes, this feeling dictates the course pursued. PROPENSITIES. 35 The organ of secretiveness is situated in the middle of the lateral regions of the head, immedi- ately above that of destructiveness. 8 . — Acquisitiveness. This faculty reduced to its elements, consists in the propensity to covet, to acquire, and to gath- er together, without determining either objects to be acquired, or manners of acquisition. It cov- ets property, money, animals, land, cattle, any thing, and every thing upon earth. If it be very active, it gives a perpetual craving after larger possessions. It is this propensity that prompts that frequent question among mankind : What is this good for : It produces selfishness and the love of riches. It also disposes men and animals to make provisions for the future, but the objects collected and the manner of getting them togeth- er, whether by industry, commerce, gaming, or stealing, depend on other faculties, and on the situation in society, and the circumstances in which the collector is placed. This feeling is undoubtedly one of the great- est obstacles to the practice of morality : it divides society in all its fractions ; it arms individuals against individuals, families against families, •36 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. and nations against nations. The reason, there- fore, is easily conceived [why the Christian code judges its abuses with so much severity. The most common of its disorderly acts is stealing ; a vice that occurs among individuals of good and of bad education, among the rich and the poor, in the state of health, and in that of disease ; for it is a frequent symptom in insanity. The organ of acquisitiveness lies at the upper part of the temples, beneath the anterior and in- ferior angle of the parietal bone. 9 . — Construdiveness. This faculty produces construction of every kind. By means of it birds build nests for their young, rabbits dig burrows, and the beaver makes its dwelling. By its means too, man constructs, from the huts in his savage state, to the palaces of kings, and the temples of God. All kinds of architecture, and varieties, of mechanism, are its offspring. It builds the engines of commerce, manufactures, and war, — ships, fortifications, ma- chinery, instruments, furniture, clothes, fashion- able trinkets, and toys ; it is essential in the arts of drawing, engraving, carving, writing, and sculpture. It gives dexterity in vifee Mse of tools PROPE-NSITIES. 37 generally, and directs skilful workmen of every description. It guides the practical part of con- struction, but does not determine the objects to be constructed. Combined with the organs of configuration and size, it produces accurate draw- ing ; and with the addition of coloring and imita- tion, it paints good portraits. In union with the intellectual faculties that cognize objects, and their physical qualities,it gives a bent towards mechanics. The seat of the organ of constructiveness is an- terior to that of acquisitiveness, and lies under the place v/here the frontal, parietal, and sphe- noidal bones unite. Its appearance and situation vary according to the developme.it of the neigh- boring organs, according to the basis of the head, and the size of the zygomatic process. If the convolutions in the situation indicated, project more than the external angle of the orbit, then the organ of constructiveness may be admitted as large. If the basis of the skull be narrow, it lies a little higher than in heads which are very broad in the basilar region, and across the zygomatic processes. — Moreover it is covered with one of the masticatory muscles ; this must therefore be ex- amined by the touch, before the exact size of the organ in question can be distinguished. 38 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. i. Genus II. — Sentiments. These faculties join to a propensity an emotion, era feeling, of a specific kind. Several of them are common to man and animals and others are peculiar to man. SENTIMENTS COMMON TO MAN AND ANIMALS. 1 0. — Cautiousness, This sentiment prompts animals and man to t ake care, to be cautious. In due quantity, it makes us apprehend danger and consequences, and gives prudence ; in large proportion, however, it occa- sions doubts, irresolution, uncertainty, anxiety, and the host of hesisations and alarms expressed by the word but ; it also disposes to seriousness, melancholy, and sometimes to suicide from dis- ease. It acts in those animals which place senti- nels, and in those which, though they see by day- light, do not dare to seek their food except by night : it may be affected in a way called /ear. Its deficiency disposes to levity and carelessness of behavior, the other faculties not being restrained by its presence, act according to their own natures SENTIMENTS^ 39 and strength, without any shade of reserve or tim- idity to obscure their functions. This feeling is commonly more active in women and females than in men and males. To the female it comes in- stead of the strength and vigor of the male, and seems more especially necessary to her, as the safety of the offspring may often mainly depend on her prudence and care. The organ of cautiousness is situated nearly in the middle of the parietal bones. 1 1 . — Love of approbation. This feeling makes us attentive to the opinion entertained of us by others ; it blindly desires and courts approbation. It may be demanded on the score of trifles and unimportant acts, be claimed for great and useful deeds, or be required for crim- inal and pernicious doings. The direction which it takes, depends on the general faculties with which it is combined. In children its agency ap- pears in emulation ; and in maturity of years, it is proclaimed by the love of glory, of fame, and of distinction. Ambition is the title its activity re- ceives, if the object aspired to be important ; van- ity designates it, if endeavors at distinction be 40 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. made through little things, such as gowns, ribbons, &c. It is the cause of every kind of showy and polite behavior ; it induces us to make ourselves agreeable to others, and give the tone to fine and polished manners in society ; if it predominate, however, and be not under the guidance of supe- rior feeling, it renders man the slave of fashion, in opposition to morality and reason. This sen- timent is more active in women than in men ; its difference is frequently very apparent in cases of insanity. Its deficiency makes us indifferent to the opinions of others, to compliments, and to every kind of showy appearance. The organ is situated on either side of that of self-esteem, at the posterior upper and lateral part of the head. 12. — Self-esteem. This feeling is generally considered as facti- tious, or as the result of social circumstances ; but Phrenology proves that it is fundamental. A vast opinion of their own persons is sometimes observ- ed in individuals, who have no claims to influence over others, or to • particular notice, either by birth, fortune, or personal talents. Pride is a sentiment that is commonly more active in men SENTIMENTS, 41 than in women. By the influence of its organ, the insane fancy themselves great geniuses, kings, emperors, ministers of state, and several even the Supreme Being. The horse, peacock, turkey- cockj &c. manifest feelings analogous to pride. Its great activity in society gives arrogance, self- conceit, pride, haughtiness, and an authoritative behavior. Combined with superior sentiments and intellect, it contributes to true dignity and great- ness of mind : its deficiency disposes to humility. The organ of this sentiment is placed at the top, or crown of the h«ad, precisely at the spot from which the priests of the Roman Catholic Church are obliged to shave the hair. \S.— Benevolence. This feeling differs widely, both among chil- dren and adults. Some are complete egotists in all, and think of themselves alone ; others excel in goodness, and devote their lives to the relief of the poor and the afflicted. Whole tribes are mild and peaceable, whilst others are warlike and cruel. The feeling of benevolence also exists among animals. Several species are naturally meek and good-natured, as the roe and sheep, whilst others 4* 42 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. are savage and mischievous, as the chamois and tiger. Some dogs, horses, monkeys, Sec. are mild and familiar, whilst others of the same kind are bad tempered, fierce, and intractable. In mankind, the feeling is greatly ennobled, and its sphere of activity augmented. It produces kindness, benignity, benevolence, clemency, equity, urbanity ; inshori;, it leads to the fulfilment of the great commandment. Love thy neighbour as thyself. The deficiency of the sentiment is often made very apparent, through the actions of some of the other feelings. Destructiveness, for instance, without the restraint of benevolence, acts in a ciTiel manner, and so on. The organ of benevolence lies on the upper and middle part of the frontal bone. This part of the forehead is much higher in the bust of Sen- eca than in that of Nero. The skulls of Caribs are flatter than those of Hindoos in the same sit- uation. SENTIMENTS PROPER TO MAN. The most important of these feelings are such as are in relation with morality and religion. Ac- SENTIMENTS. 43 cording to Phrenology, man is, by his nature, a moral and religious being, and is created capable of receiving revelation ; This, indeed, only regu- lates the functions of his inherent and innate sen- timents. The moral as well as the religious nature of man is compounded of several fundamental powers. I ^ understand by moral, those feelings which are given to guide our actions with reference to our fellow-creatures, and by religioKS, those which bring us into relation with supernatural beings, and produce all conceptions of the marvellous and supernatural. The first of the moral feelings : Benevolence Jind its organ are already mentioned. I now come to that, the application of which is at one time moral, and at another religious. 14. — Reverence. This sentiment ph*oduces respectfulness and reverence in general, and when directed to su- pernatural beings it leads to adoration and wor- ship. It may be applied to all sort of objects, to persons, and to things. It does not determine the being or thing to be venerated, nor the man- ner of venerating. The ancients worshipped 4 4 OLTLINES DP PHRENOLOGY. many divinities, and the present generation adores the Supreme Being in different ways according to their creeds, and intellectual faculties. The respect we feel for ancestors, parents, benefac- tors of mankind, and holy things, results from this power. ► The feeling, when too active, produces great dis- orders. Applied to ancient opinions, it opposes a formidable obstacle to improvement ; for it op- poses innovation of every description. The organ of reverence is situated in the mid- dle of the sincipital region of the head, at th« place which corresponds with the fontanel in children. 15 — Firmness. It is difficult to define this feeling. Its effects are often called will, and those who have it strong, are prone to say, I uill ; but their will is not an act of reflection, a condition necessary to free will and liberty. The meaning of their I will is, I desire, I command, I insist upon. This feeling contributes to maintain the activity of the other faculties by giving perseverance and constancy. It also gives a love of independence : its too great activity produces stubbornness, obstinacy, and SENTIMENMa. 45 disobedience. Its deficiency renders man incon- stant and changeable. Individuals so constituted have little determination, readily yield in t:...ii- opinions, and are easily diverted from their pur- suits or undertakings. The organ of firmness is placed in the middle of the upper and posterior part of the sincipital region of the head. 16. — Conscientiousness. This faculty produces the feeling of duty, the desire of being just, and the love of truth. It looks for justice, and makes us wish to act justly, but it does not determine what is just or unjust. This determination depends on the combination of the sentiment with other affective and intellec- tual powers. He who unites conscientiousness with active lower propensities, will call that just which another, endowed with conscientiousness, much benevolence and veneration, and little of the lower propensities, calls unjust. 'All the ways of a man' says Solomon, 'are clean in his own eyes, but the Lord weigheth the spirits.' This primitive feeling may be disagreeably af- fected in a way called repentance or remorse. Its 46 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. great and general deficiency among mankind is much to be lamented ; it is this that occasions, as it explains, the many unprincipled acts that are continually done. The organ of conscientiousness lies between those of cautiousness and firmness, in a lateral di- rection forward downward. 17. — Hope. There is a feeling in the mind of hope generally, or of belief in the possibility of acquiring what the other faculties desire ; without, however, being attended by conviction. This depends on reflec- tion. The great energy of hope makes us build castles in the air, and pile project upon project : it is an element in gambling of all kinds ; it also prompts the merchant in his speculations. Re- ligiously directed, it forms an item in faith, by producing belief in a life to come, yet it is also necessary in our present state of being, and brings comfort in almost every situation. Its too great activity deceives, and disposes to credulity ; its want, particularly when cautiousness is large, is apt to leave the mind overshadowed by gloomy despondency. SENTIMENTS. 47 The organ of hope lies on each side, but a Httle backward, of that of veneration. 18. — jyiarvellousness. This feeling disposes man to admire, to be as- tonished, and to believe in supernatural agents, events and conceptions. It is pleased with all sorts of marvellous notions, and is the grand basis of all religious faith ; it believes in revelation, in providence, in the communication of supernatural beings with man, and in the miracles done by those it disposes men to receive as sent from heaven to instruct them in their moral and religious duties. It is an undisputed historical fact, that all religious systems are supported by supernatural authority ; that all prophets proved their mission by miracles, and that even false prophets tried to deceive by the same means. All classes of society in every degree of civil- ization, are amused with fictions and tales of su- pernatural events. Upon the stage supernatural beings are always introduced to the satisfaction of the great mass of spectators. This sentiment also keeps up among many na- tions the belief in their fabulous and wonderful origin. 48 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. Its too great energy makes men often believe in inspirations, phantoms, presentiments, dreams, ghosts, demons, in astrology, magic, or sorcery. Its want leaves us every-day beings, and strips supernaturality and marvellousness of all their charms. The organ of this figeling is situated before that of hope, under the upper and lateral portion of the frontal bone, near the coronal suture. 19. — Idealily. This primitive sentiment exalts the other pow- ers, and makes us enthusiasts, gives warmth to our language, energy to our actions, and fires us with rapture and exultation, or poetic imagination, fancy, and inspiration as it is termed. Poetry, it is evident, neither consists in ver- sification, nor in rhyming, since prose writings may be full of poetry, and verses show none of its glow or its coloring. This feeling makes man aspire after perfection, and look for things as they ought to be. In the arts, it causes the taste for sublimity. The want of this feeling leaves the mind to op- erate by the means of its other elements, and de- prived of exaltation. SEXTI3IENTS, 49 The organ of ideality lies above the temples, in the course of the temporal ridge of the frontal bone. 20. — Mirthf Illness. This sentiment diffuses over the mind a dispo- sition to view objects and events in a ludicrous light, in the same way as ideality tends to exalt all its functions. It may be combined with the affective as well as the intellectual faculties. If along with the higher powers it be applied to ideas and conceptions of importance, its agency is called wit ; directed to common events and les- ser notions, it appears as humor ; in union with constructiveness and configuration, it produces caricatures, and pictures in the manner of Hogarth and of Cailot ; acting, unattended by benevolence, particularly if combativeness and destructiveoess be large at the same time, it originates satire and sarcasm. In short, jest, raillery, mock- ery, ridicule, irony, and every turn of mind or action that excites mirth, gaiety, and laughter, re- sult from this sentiment. In the writings of Vol- taire, Rabelais, Sterne, Prior, Boileau, Swift, Stc. its activity is clearly perceived. The organ of this sentiment is situated at the 6 50 OUTLLNES OF PHRENOLOGY. anterior, superior and lateral part of the forehead, immediately before that of ideality. 21. — Imitation. This power gives a tendency to imitate ; in general, it is very active in children, who learn so many things by imitation, as to have led sev- eral philosophers erroneously to maintain that this is the sole means of acquiring every kind of know- ledge. It gives the talent of imitating the voice and gestures of animals and men ; it is, therefore, an essential faculty in actors ; in the arts of pain- ting, engraving, and sculpture, it gives what is called expression. Those who possess it strong, easily acquire the accent of foreign languages. The organ of imitation lies on either side of that of benevolence. If both of these organs be larger, the superior, anterior portion of the head is elevate*d in a hemispherical form, or at least presents a level surface ; but when the organ of be- nevolence alone is large, and that of imitation small, there is an elevation in the middle, and a declivity on the sides. EXTERNAL SENSES. 51 Thus, positive facts prove, that the affective powers of the mind are numerous, and that each of them is manifested by means of a particular por- tion of the brain. These faculties, it is also to be remarked, act spontaneously, by their own inherent and internal power ; they are, farther, involuntary and quite independent of understanding, the light of which they require to act to good purpose, for by themselves they are blind, and all, without ex- ception, liable to err. ORDER II. — Intellectual Faculties. The essential nature of these faculties is to hww ; they make men and animals acquainted with their own, and the existence of external objects, and with the physical qualities and relations of these. They may be subdivided into external sen" ses, perceptive JacultieSy and reflective powers. Genus I. — External Senses. Generalities. Since the time of Locke the greater number of philosophical systems rest upon the axiom of Aristotle, that the first notions come into the mind by means of the external senses. According to this hypothesis, the perfection of the mental func> 52 OUTLIXES OF PHRENOLOGY. tions depends on the perfection of the external senses. This, however, neither holds good in the case of animals nor of men : Many animals have the senses more active and more perfect than the human kind ; no animal, however, equals man in understanding. Many idiots have the external senses healthy and energetic ; but this is no reme- dy against their deficiency of understanding. A most conclusive proof of the innate dispositions of the mind, is found in the case of the Scotchman, James Mitchel, and Julia Brace, who, deprived of ight and hearing, and without education of any kind, displayed from the earliest age great capaci- ties both as the affective and intellectual function? of the mind are concerned. The external senses, then, are merely the in- struments by means of which the internal facul- ties, acted upon by external impressions, manifest their activity. They do not acquire any knowledge of external objects, or of their qualities and rela- tions ; the eyes, for instance, do not judge of col- ors ; the ears do not appreciate or produce m«>lo- dy, neither do they invent any verbal language ; the smell does not possess local memory, nor does the touch give rise to the instinctive labors of ani- mals, or the mechanical arts of man. EXTERNAL SENSES. 53 The hypothesis, according to which talents are derived from external instruments, is easily re- futed. Many animals have those instruments to which peculiar faculties are ascribed, without the corresponding functions. Monkeys have hands adequate to put wood on a fire, but they have not understanding enough, by doing so, to guard against the cold. Insects, crawfish, lobsters, and especially the cuttlefish, have no idea of geometry, though they have numerous and perfect instruments of touch. External instruments too, are often similar, while the offices performed by them differ en- tirely. The hare and rabbit have similar feet, yet the hare lies in the open field, whilst the rab- bit makes a burrow. On the other hand, similar functions are performed by animals whose instru- ments are quite different. The proboscis is to the elephant what the hand is to man and to the monkey. The hands of monkeys and the Ceet of squirrels and of parrots are very different, yet all hold their food by these instruments when they eat. Finally, if man owe his arts to his hand, why do not idiots invent .'' Why do painters drop the pencil, sculptors the chisel, and architects the rule and compass, as soon as their understanding 5* $4 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. is fatigued or deranged ? And why do individu- als often produce stupendous and admirable works by the assistance of crippled hands or of stumps ? Who can measure the capacities for the mechan- ical and imitative arts by the conformation of the hands? The external instruments, however, it must be allowed, are very useful and important. There is even some relation between them and the inter- nal faculties. Without external instruments the internal powers could not manifest their activity. Carnivorous animals, for instance, could not de- stroy without claws and teeth, but the propensity to destroy must be derived from within. The instru- ments, then, are what the name indicates : means of performing actions dictated by internal fac- ulties. The external senses being frequently the mere instruments employed by internal powers, their functions must be divided into mediate and immedi- ate. The mediate functions cannot be explained by their instrumentality alone ; the particular parts of the brain aid in their production, while the sen- ses themselves suffice for the performance of their immediate functions. It is very difficult to point out the special or EXTERNAL SEXSES. 65 immediate functions of the external senses, as they are so intimately connected with those of the internal faculties. This intimate connection is necessary on account of the mediate functions of the senses. The nerves of motion and feeling, for instance, assist all the internal powers ; they are consequently in communication with the whole of the cerebral organs. Phrenologists endeavor, however, to specify the immediate external as well as the primary internal senses. In doing so, they must keep in mind that each sense performs only one sort of immediate function, that each has its power inherent in itself, and that the functions of each depend on the state of its appropriate organ, and on the observance of certain positive laws. If the organization be per- fect, the functions are perfect also, if the organiza- tion be diseased, the functions are likewise disturb- ed, notwithstanding all preceding exercise. Much has been said of the mutual rectification of the senses. This expression cannot mean that one sense acquires the power of performing its functions from another. Philosophers, it is true, say that a rod, which, plunged into water, appears crooked, is proved by the touch to be straight. — But even though the mind does know the contra- ry, the eyes must still esteem the rod crooked, 56 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. because they cannot see but according to the laws of the refraction of light. In the accepta- tion, however, that each sense cannot produce the same sensations, or make us acquainted with the same bodies, or with the same qualities of ex- ternal objects, there is, it must be admitted, a mutual rectification among the senses. The eyes, in this way, may rectify the touch, and the con- trary. If, without our knowledge, a piece of thin paper were placed between two of our fingers, we might not feel it, but we should see it. Many liquids look like water, and it would be impossible to distinguish them as any thing else by the sense of sight or touch, but the smell or taste detect the difference at once. Thus, the external senses rec- tify each other only to the extent of their several capacities of perceiving peculiar impressions. In natural history, therefore, in order to become ex- actly acquainted with external objects, they are examined by the aid of all the senses. Qualities are then detected by one which had escaped an- other. PARTICULARS OP THE SENSES. It now remains for me to specify the functions of the external senses. EXTERNAL SENSES. 67 Since 1815, in my lectures and publications, En- glish and French, I have constantly maintained that the nerves of motion differ from those of feel- ing, and I have adduced anatomical, physiological, and pathological proofs in support of my position. Feeling. The sense of feeling is the most extensive of all the senses, being continued not only over the whole external surface of the body, but also over the in- testinal canal. It produces the most general per- ceptions of pain and pleasure, of temperature, and of dryness and moisture. All its other functions are mediate, that is, internal faculties perceive the numerous impressions it propagates. Taste. The sphere of activity of taste is confined to the perception of savors, it is particularly useful to nu- trition. Smell. The sense of smell procures the sensations of odor. All its other functions are mediate. By 58 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. its means the world begins to act upon man and animals from a distance, odorous particles being detached from external bodies, and affecting the ol- factory nerves. This sense informs animals of the existence of their food, and of the approach of friends and enemies Hearing. The immediate function of the sense of hearing is the perception of sound ; but it assists many of the internal, more especially of the affective pow- ers. Sight. The sense of sight perceives light and its dif- ferent degrees of intensity ; it also informs man and animals of remote objects by means of an in- termedium. Sight and hearing appear commonly later after birth than the other senses. Some animals, how- ever, come into the world with perfect ears and eyes. Others are said to learn to hear and to see, that is to say, they come into the world with imper- fect organs of sight and hearing. PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 59 Genus II. — Perceptive Faculties. They are destined to make man and animals ac- quainted with existences, with the physical quali- ties of external objects, and with their various re- lations. 22. — Individuality. This power produces the conception of being or existence, and knows objects in their individual ca- pacities. When very active, it is fond of knowing individual objects, and takes pleasure in personify- ing even mere events and phenomena, and persons endowed with it in a high degree, are apt to con- found phenomena with beings or entities. The substantives of artificial language correspond to the knowledge this faculty acquires. The organ of individuality lies behind the root of the nose, between the eyebrows. 60 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOtiV. 23. — Configuration. This faculty procures knowledge of configura-' tion. one of the first qualities of external objects which the mind considers. It makes us attentive to figures, and enables as to recollect persons and forms we have seen before ; combined with acquis- itiveness it leads to the collection of portraits. Crystallography also depends on it. The organ of configuration is situated in the in- ternal angle of the orbit ; if large, it pushes the eyeball outwards and downwards towards the exter nal angle ; and thus separates the eyes from the root of the nose, and from each other. 24i — Size. Another physical quality considered by the mind in external objects is size in all its dimensions. Sight and feeling are not sufficient to conceive no- tions of this kind, which cannot be confounded with ideas of configurations. These two kinds of con- ception differ essentially, and may be acquired in- dependently of each other. The faculty of size measures distances and PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 61 space. In arts of drawing, painting, archi- tecture, and sculpture, it presides over propor- tion. The organ of size is placed in the internal angle of the orbit, above that of configuration, and on both sides of individuality. It is, however, difiicult to point out the organ, partly on account of its smallness, partly on account of the frontal sinus. 25. — Weight. Notions of this kind cannot be attributed to the sense of feeling, though their determinate appli- cation requires previous impressions to be ; aJa on the muscles ; they are the result of an internal operation of the mind. This faculty is proved to be special by the reasons wliich demonstrate the plurality of the faculties and organs in general. The organ of weight lies in the vicinity of that of size, in the ridge of the eyebrows. 26 — Coloring. This faculty presides over our knowledge of colors ; these it recollects, judges in their rela- tions, and determines as to their harmoniousness 6 62 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. or discordancy. It is by no means proportioi*- ate to the power of perceiving light. There are individuals who appreciate all the other qualities of external objects, acquired by the medium of sight, with perfect accuracy, but who cannot dis- tinguish one color from another, green, for in- stance, from red or brown. The faculty of coloring is necessary to paint- ers, dyers, enamellers, and to all who are in any way occupied with colors. It is through its agency that we are charmed by the beauty of the flower-garden, and the' variously tinted landscape, and show good taste in the choice of colors for our dress, and the furniture of our houses. Of this faculty, as of all others, it is important not to confound great with perfect activity. There are individuals, and whole nations, who are fond of showy colors, but have little taste in their arrangement, or little feeling for their har- mony or discord. Animals may possibly feel the harmony of col ors, though they have no painting ; for there is a great difference between the capacity of produc- ing, and that of perceiving. Animals have the senses of smell and taste, but they cannot procure gratifications for these senses by artificial means. PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 63 The seat of the organ of coloring is in the middle of the eyebrow; if large, this pirt is either strong- ly arched, or it is prominent, and gives a peculiar appearance of fulness to the upper eyelid. 27. — Locality. This faculty conceives and remembers the sit- uations and the relative localities of external ob- jects. It thus enables the beings endowed with it to find their dwellings again, to know the places in which they had been before, and was therefore in the order of nature to man and animals, as they must quit their habitation frequently in quest of food for themselves or their young. Some ani- mals possess this power in very high perfection, and excite amazement by the strength of their local memory, others again are almost destitute of it. One dog, having scarcely gone out, loses its way, another finds its usual abode and an old master from an enormous distance. This power also produces the desire to travel, and to see localities ; it further, disposes many an- imals to migrate, and directs them in their cour- ses. Migratory animals not only return at certain periods of the year to the same clime or coun- try, but even to the same window, bush, chim- ney, or tree, they had formerly inhabited. 64 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. These migrations, it is certain, are not occa- sioned by want of food alone, though this may un- questionably influence them ; migratory animals, though confined, and fed abundantly, become un- quiet at the period the species to which they be- long takes its departure. This faculty makes the traveller and geographer; it is also essential to astronomers, geometricians, and landscape painters. The organ of locality is situated above that of size ; it spreads laterally and reaches the middle of the forehead. The frontal sinus seldom ex- tends to this part ; observations on it are therefore made with less difficulty than on the organs of size and weight. 28. — Order. Order supposes plurality, but a number of ob- jects may exist without order. Idiots are some- times fond of order, and like to see every thing at its place ; mankind at large offer the greatest diversities in regard to the exhibition of this facul- ty. It may be appUed to various other powers, as to form, size, weight color, words, tones, and things. It gives method and order, and produces PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 65 physical arrangement. The arrangement, how- ever, v/hich this faculty originates, mast not be confounded with philosophical classification, ac- cording to reason and logical inference. This depends on the reflective faculties. The organ of order lies externally of coloring. 29. — Calculation. This faculty embraces whatever concerns num- ber, unity and plurality. Its object is numeration and calculation in general, hence algebra, arith- metic, and logarithms belong to it. It may be applied to size, configuration, color, tune, and the notions acquired by the other intellectual fac- ulties. Some individuals, even children, excel in the talent of calculating, whilst they are inferior in cilmost every other respect. The organ of calculation is placed at the exter- nal angle of the orbit ; if it be large, this part is depressed, or projects, and appears full. 30. — Eventuality. This faculty acquires the knowledge of events, occurrences, or phenomena ; its essential nature is expressed by the infinitive mood of the part of speech styled verb. It is attentive to all that 6* 66 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. happens, observes the activity of the other pri- mary faculties, excites their activity, and desires knowledge of their functions. Historical know- ledge also belongs to it. The organ of* eventuality is situated above that of individuality. It is proportionately larger in the young than in the adult. Youth requires it, particularly in order to gain experience in the world. SI.— Time. The mind has notions of the succession, of the duration, and of the simultaneous occurrence of events, that is, of time. This power cannot be confounded with that of calculation, nor with that of order, though it may be combined with both, either severally, or in union. Yesterday, today, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, — this con- stitutes a succession and duration, without any re- gard to number of days. This power is essential in music, as it mea- sures the duration of tones. In the study of his- tory it presides over chronology with reference to the duration and succession of events ; the dates of their occurrence are remembered by the faculty of calculation. PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 67 In reflecting on the combinations of time, number, and order, there appears more con- nection between number and order, than between time and number. Time, too, is rather in re- lation to events, order to objects. The organ of time is situated above and be- fore that of order, between those of eventuality and melody, with the functions of which it is inti- mately and importantly connected. 32.— Tune. The power of tune has the same relation to the ear as coloring has to the eye. The ear apprehends sounds, and is agreeably or disa- greeably affected by them, but it has no recol- lection of tones, neither does it judge of their re- lations, as being harmonious or discordant. Sounds, however, as well as colors, may be separately pleasing, and disagreeable in combi- nation. The organ of melody is situated laterally in the forehead, above those of order and calculation. Its external appearance varies according to the form of the convolutions of which it is constituted, and the development of the neighboring organs. 68 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. In Gluck, Gellineck, and Haydn, it has a pyra- midal form ; in Handel, Dusseck, Viotti, and Cherubini, the external corners of the forehead are only rounded and enlarged. This organ exists in singing birds, and its dif- ferent development is very conspicuous in the males and females of the same species. 33. — Language. This faculty acquires knowledge of artificial signs, and arranges them according to natural laws, in the same way as the power of color- ing or of melody does colors or tones. The power of knowing artificial signs must not be confounded with the individual faculties which produce the sensations and ideas indicated by, or which invent, those signs. One individual may have many notions, and feel the greatest difiiculty in expressing them, and another may possess words in abundance and very few ideas. The organ of language is in the lower and back part of the anterior lobe of the brain,' and lies transversely upon the orbitory plate of the frontal bone It pushes the eyes more or less forward and downward, according to its development. If PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 69 it be large, the under eyelid assumes a swollen appearance. It seems to be composed of sever- al portions, one of which, in particular, is destin- ed to learn proper names. Genus III. — Reflective Powers. These powers constitute what is called reason They are applied to all the other faculties, and contribute to direct them in their functions. 34. — Comparison. Each other intellectual faculty compares its own appropriate and peculiar notions. Melody, for instance, compares tones ; coloring, colors ; configuration, forms ; calculation, numbers, &c. ; but this special power compares the functions of all the other primitive faculties, points out resem- blances, analogies, identities, and differences. Its essential nature is to compare ; it is therefore fond of analogies, in the same way as melody likes the harmony of tones, and coloring the har- mony of colors ; but it also appreciates differen- ces, just as melody . and coloring feci discords among their res|)ective impressions. Differen- 70 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. ces, in fact, are the discords of the faculty of com- parison. This power produces discriminationj generalization, abstraction, and induces the mind, wishing to communicate unknown ideas, to refer and to illustrate by such as are known, or to speak in examples. It is destined to establish harmony among all mental phenomena. By the influence of this power, artificial signs become figurative ; the nations, consequently, who have it active, have a metaphorical language. The organ of comparison is placed in the up- per and middle part of the forehead ; it presents, when it is large and the surrounding organs mod- erate or small, the figure of a reversed pyramid outwardly. • 35. — Causality. Individuality makes us acquainted with objects, eventuality with events and occurrences, com- parison-points out their identity, analogy, or dif- ference, and this power gives the idea of connec- tion, as between causes and eflTects. It forces us to think that every event has some cause, and thus by successive steps we arrive at the concep- tion of a first cause of all. The idea of God or PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 71 the Supreme Being therefore depends on the causality. This power applied to actions, make us look for motives, and prompts us on all occa- sion-s to ask Why ? Combined with individuality, eventuality and comparison, the truly philosophic spirit results ; conclusions and inductions arfe drawn, and principles and laws pointed out. Causality is to the understanding what conscien- tiousness is to the feelings, it forms the essential part of reason, as this does of morality. When very active causality attempts to explain every thing, it then acts without the support of data, or it draws mferences from single facts, or it endeavors to penetrate things that must remain unknown to man in this life, such as the origin, nature and end of things, the nature of God, the state of the soul hereafter. When we wander thus far we must believe but we cannot conceive. Man knows only the succession of events, and if one be seen uniformly to succeed another, the precedent is considered as the cause, and the suc- cedent as the effect. The organ of causality is situated by the sides of comparison. 72 OUTLINES OF PHRINOLOGY. The primitive powers and their respective or- gans, being demonstrated by observation and induction, never will be rejected by reasoning ; they m jst be admitted as the will of Him who made every thing. This is the only answer to be given to those who either from timidity or improper mo- tives, take up objections to Phrenology. Let them understand themselves when they say their prayer, ^ Thy will be done on earth, as it is in hea- ven,^ and in acknowledging the functions of the brain they will submit to the laws of the Creator SECTION 111. USEFULNESS OF PHRENOLOGY. In this Section I shall confine myself to some general reflections, the details of which are exam- ined in separate works. I shall first show that Phrenology is not contrary to moral and religious considerations, and then add some remarks on its importance in the study of philosophy, in that of insanity, in social intercourse, and in directing education. I. — Phrenology is kot contrary to Religion and Morality. Incontestable facts prove that the affective and intellectual faculties are inherent in the nature of man, and that their manifestations depend on the cerebral organization ; but several oppose Phre- nology, and find it more convenient to cry out against its dangerous consequences, than to ex- amine the facts on which the doctrine is founded. This in all ages, has been the reception every discovery and every invention has encountered. Some become adversaries from ignorance, others 74 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. from malice ; those of the latter class sometimes have recourse to truths, generally venerated, but which they themselves deride, to make an impres- sion upon the bulk of mankind. Phrenology in particular is accused of leading to Materialism and Fatalism. With Bishop Butler, I most firmly believe that ' there is a much more exact correspondence be- tween the natural and moral world, than we are apt to take notice of How indeed should it be otherwise, since the same Creator must be the cause of both kinds of existences or entities ? Whatever is, is, and must be considered as the will of our Maker. Phrenology, however, is most unjustly libelled in the particulars mentioned. Phrenologists place truth above every other con- sideration, but maintain such propositions only as may be demonstrated by observation. They show, that the manifestations of the mind depend on the brain ; but in saying that each of its facul- ties manifests itself by means of a peculiar portion of that organ, they are no more materialists, than are all anatomists, physiologists, philosophers and moralists, who admit the mind's or soul's depen- dence on the whole of its mass, or even on the whole body. They do not maintain that there USEFULNESS OF PHRENOLOGY. 75 is nothing but matter, they declare belief in the existence of mind, though they make no inquiry into its nature ; and they only understand by the expression organ, an instrument by means of which some faculty makes itself known. The muscles are the organs of voluntary motion, but not the moving power ; as the eyes are the organs of sight, but not the faculty of seeing : in the same way are the cerebral parts, the organs of the affec- tive and intellectual faculties of the mind, but not the faculties themselves. According to Phreno- logy, man is endowed with faculties fitted only to observe phenomena, and the conditions under which they exist and appear, but not to perceive either the beginning, the end, or the essence of any thing under the sun. Thus this doctrine leaves the question of materialism exactly where it was. Phrenology, it is also said, leads to fatalism. This expression has two meanings ; one kind of fatalism implies, that the nature of man as well as of every other created being, has been determined by the Maker ; that the primitive dispositions of vegetative and of phrenic life are unequally distributed, that invariable laws are dic- tated to man, and that without fulfilling them, he can never prosper : Phrenology admits this sort ot 76 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. fatalism. The very existence of man is indepen- dent of his will. No one has called himself into being ; no one has determined his sex ; no one has chosen to be the eldest or youngest born ; to have come from strong or weak, from healthy or diseased parents ; to live under this or that system of government and of religious worship ; no one can change the laws of nutrition or the functions of the viscera ; what is poison by nature, can never be changed into food. The external senses are the effect of creation, their functions depend on positive conditions, and take place according to determinate laws. It is impossible to see as large that which is small, or to behold as red that which is blue. In the same way Phrenology teaches that the number and nature of the affective and intellectu- al faculties are determined by creation, that their manifestations depend on bodily conditions, that they may be more or less perfect according to the existence or absence of these conditions ; that for this reason the powers of the mind occur distribu- ted of different degrees of excellence, and all act according to determinate laws. There are blind, deaf, or paralytic persons, and others who possess the external senses m great perfection. In the ^ USEFULNESS OF PHRENOLOGY. 11 same way there are idiots, and geniuses, and vari- ous sorts oi* characters among men. A certain sort of fatalism has undoubtedly its foundation in nature. Hence the philosophers of China, Hindostan, and Greece, the eastern and western Christians, and the followers of Mahomet, have all blended a certain fatalism with their reli- gious opinions. Phrenology also teaches fatalism in so far as it exists ; and such a doctrine instead of being dangerous to man, like truth in general is rather useful. Showing our nature, and the conditions necessary to success in any undertak- ing, we may be disposed to submit to them, and thus to prosper ; whilst with ignorance and erro- neous opinions as our guides, we are not only prevented from aiding our happiness, but even bring down misery upon our heads. Phrenology, however, includes no doctrine of predestination, nor of irresistibility of actions. It only recognizes the mental powers to be innate, and dependent on conditions, and acting accord- ing to laws. It is therefore interesting to exam- ine how fatalism and liberty, are blendid together, since both must be acknowledged in man. The faculties are given to animals and man, and they are numerous, but all are not active at 78 ' OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. the same moment, and none drives irresistibly to action. Without muscles we could not move, but with muscles we are not forced to walk or to dance ; without eyes we could not see, but with eyes we are not compelled to look at every thing. We suppose that animals, though determinately endowed with powers, are free to act or not to act, else it would be the height of cruelty, to pun- ish them^to prevent their repeating certain ac- tions. Who has not felt that he has combated particular inclinations by other motives : Neither in animals nor in man then are actions irresistible. God in giving the power has not inflicted the necessity. Let us now see to what extent, and under what conditions, animals and man are free. Free will cannot be unbounded in a created being, and neither divine nor civil legislation has ever sup- posed liberty without motives. Such liberty would in itself be contradictory, for there would be no cause for acting reasonably or unreasona- bly, justly or unjustly, in one or another way, moreover education, moral and religious precepts, punishment, rewards, &cc. would all be inefficient and useless. Were such absolute liberty recog- nised, we might expect indifferently from our USEFULNESS OF PHRENOLOGY. 79 best friends and worst enemies, hatred or benev- olence, perfidy or fidelity, hypocrisy or candor, vice or virtue. On the other hand, admitting man to act by motives, then is he subjected like the rest of nature, to the law of cause and effect. This idea of liberty has alone been upheld by ancient philosophers, such liberty is alone sup- posed by morality and religion, which furnish the most noble motives to man in the guidance of his actions. Liberty then is founded on conditions, and in consequence, differs in degree in individuals, sometimes it is entirely wanting or suppressed, as in idiotism and insanity. There are three con- ditions necessary to free will : 1. understanding; for will begins with the perceptive and reflective fac- ulties. In order to decide for or against, or to have will, I must know what has occurred, what will happen, and I must compare and draw infer- ences es to results. Will is the decision of the understanding, and this decision takes place ac- cording to motives. Now the will of man has the greatest extent, because the will is propor- tionate to the understanding, and man acquires more knowledge than any other animal ; he has traditions, compares with most facility the pres- 80 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. ent with the past, and foresees future events, since he knows the relation between cause and effect. Free will increases also in proportion as the understanding is cultivated. The intellectual faculties, however, are not given up to chance. They act according to laws, and cannot decide indistinctly in favor of every thing, nor esteem all motive alike. Will, then, is very different from inclination. Every mental power being active gives desire, this may be very strong, and yet reason dictate its contrary. Will and desire are frequently in opposition ; and we do not act by free will, be- cause we experience an internal satisfaction, but solely when we act according to the laws of re- flection. The second condition to liberty is a plurality of motives. This is required to permit a choice among them. Now it must be remembered that the strongest motive does not constitute free will. This, as already stated, requires the decision of the understanding, which, unfortunately, is so often overpowered by the feelings, that we can seldom flatter ourselves that we act according to its dictates in opposition to our inclinations. The second condition to liberty, viz., plurality USEFULNESS OF PHRENOLOGY. 81 of motives, like the first, varies in different per- sons, and establishes different degrees of free will. The third condition to liberty, is the influence of the understanding upon the instruments by means of which we act. The feelings start into activity independently of the will, but this can regulate the instruments of voluntary motion, the assistance of which is indispensable to outward deeds. If voluntary motion be abstracted from the influence of the will, liberty ceases. This sometimes happens in insanity ; the inclinations are so strong that the understanding loses all pow- er over the instruments of voluntary motion. This is a true idea of liberty, but we have still to define in what the morality of our actions con- sists. Phrenology not only shows the plurality of the faculties, but also determines those which are common to man and animals, and those which are proper and peculiar to man ; moreover, it proves the faculties proper to man as superior to all the rest ; and therefore destined to direct them in their actions. Hence, according to phren- ological views, natural morality depends essen- tially on the faculties proper to man ; whatever is done in conformity with their dictates, is morally 82 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. good ; whatever is done in opposition to their voice, is morally evil. It is obvious that the faculties in themselves can neither be called good nor bad ; these expres- sions being applicable only to their functions. II. — Phrenology is the true Philosophy. The very object of Philosophy is to specify the fundamental powers of the mind. Now it is ob- vious, that the primitive powers admitted in phrenology differ widely from those hitherto rec- ognized by the schools of philosophy ; and I may at once remark generally, that all the notions en- tertained by philosophers of ancient and modern times in reference to the mental powers, concern modified actions principally or effects of the prim- itive powers, such as they are established in Phrenology. Desire, for instance, is oflen considered a pri- mary mental power, whilst Phrenology treats it as an effect of the activity of e^ch special faculty. Desires, therefore, are as different, and as various in kind as the primitive faculties. A person may thus possess one sort of desire very strong, and another very weak, according to the activity of USEFULNESS OF PHRENOLOGY. B3 the peculiar powers that desire respectively. One may be desirous of acquiring, and careless of be- ing conscientious ; one may desire friendship, with- out showing anxiety about religious ceremonies, &c. ^.ffections, too, are generally spoken of as mental powers, whilst they are but different modes of the special faculties being affected. They are general, that is, take place in every primitive I'aculty, or coivmon to several powers, or special in single powers. Pleasure and pain for instance, are general affections. Every facul- ty, being active and satisfied, is pleased, or pro- cures pleasure ; and every faculty being active and not satisfied, is disagreeably affected, or pro- duces pain. Hence, it is easily understood that there are as many kinds of pleasure and pain as primitive faculties of the mind, and that each sort must vary in energy according to the activity of the faculty on which respectively it depends. Among the primary intellectual faculties, phil- osophers commonly reckon aiiention. This, how- ever, is an error ; for attention is the consequence of the activity of the special intellectual faculties, whether aroused by their own inherent powers, or excited by a feeling or by an impression from 84 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. without. Every faculty being active attends to the object with which it is in relation, and its ac- tivity accompanied with cognizance is called at- tention. Perception^ too, is but the cognizance of its function, which every intellectual faculty acquires. There are, therefore, as many sorts of percep- tions as special intellectual faculties of the mind. Neither is memory a primitive faculty ; it is only an effect of a higher degree of activity of every intellectual power, and consists in a repro- duction of previously acquired perceptions or no- tions. A person may, therefore, possess an ex- cellent memory of one kind, be very deficient in another, and be without a third entirely. The memory of the faculty of eventuality, in particular, is styled reminiscence ; it arises from the repeti- tion of the former perceptions by this power. Imagination has two meanings, but in no sense does it indicate a fundamental power. Each in- tellectual faculty may act spontaneously, and search for the objects with which it is in relation. This degree of activity, then leads to invention, and is called imagination ; there is, therefore, no primitive general faculty of invention. The great musician composes by a particular power, the USEFULNESS OF PHRENOLOGY. 85 great mechanician invents machines by special talents, and the poet bodies forth conceptions, and describes by another combination of pecuhar powers. Imagination, therefore, considered as the faculty of invention, is as different as the men- tal powers themselves. Imagination is also employed to signify exalta- tion, and is then the result of the primitive facul- ty of ideality. Judgment is no more fundamental than percep- tion or memory ; it results from the perfect, or more or less imperfect state of activity of the in- tellectual faculties generally. Each of these is in relation to certain objects, and acts according to primitive laws. The power of melody is destin- ed to know and to feel the relation of tones to each other. The result of the perfect operation of this power is called good judgment. An individ- ual, therefore, may possess a good judgment in music, and not judge the perfect performance of other mental functions, with the same accuracy ; he may, for instance, be very inferior in the talent of feeling the harmony or discord of colors. The more or less perfect activity of the percep- tive powers, is called taste as well as judgment. Good or bad taste or judgment for music, for 8 86 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY painting, for architecture, &c. is consequently spoken of. ^he perfect action of the reflective powers constitutes the true philosophical judgment ; it is, however, much assisted by the harmoniously com- bined action of all the primitive faculties, particu- larly of individuality and eventuality. Finally, association has been considered as a special power, whilst it is merely the result of the mutual influence of the fundamental faculties Taking place among the intellectual functions, the name association of ideas, is applied to the men- tal operation, but it occurs also among the feel- ings, and among these and the intellectual facul- ties. Amativeness, or philoprogenitiveness, ex- cites combativeness ; self-esteem may be combin- ed with firmness, constructiveness with configura- tion, size and calculation. Now we may easily conceive that the powers which often act together, should be apt to associate their activity, that is, readily to excite each other. From the few preceding and very general re- marks it may be inferred that Phrenology is a new system of philosophy, founded on observation and induction and on the invariable laws of na- ture. DOCTRIXE ON INSANITY. 87 III. — Phreivology is the Foundation of a sound Doctrine on Insanity. It is a mistake to suppose that medical gentle- men are particularly fitted to decide of the truth or falsehood of Phrenology. This science is founded on observations, and they only \vho ob- serve, have a right to form an opinion. Physi- cians are neither more nor less capaciated or au- thorized to judge of the validity of Phrenology, before they have gone to nature and inquired, than any other class of the community. They, indeed, generally deserve especial blame for their neglect of this most important study, every way calculated to bestow honor on their profession. They, too, who in particular devote themselves to the treatment of insanity, ought to consider it as a prime duty to investigate Phrenology, since it is evidently impossible to conceive just ideas of pathology, or of diseased actions, without pre- vious knowledge of the functions in a healthy state Whatever be the doctrine of the mental functions that is true, it must certainly and necessarily pre- cede sound views on insanity or mental derange- ment. 88 OUTLINES OP PHRENOLOGY. Though this matter principally concerns the medical profession, and is examined in detail in my work on Insanity, there are, however, several points which may be interesting to the inquiring and intelligent part of the public, and that are par- ticularly important to judges and jurymen. These I shall mention briefly, and begin with the ques- tion : In what does insanity consist ? As insanity deprives individuals of their social rights, and produces inconveniences of the gra- vest nature, its definition must be given in relation to medical jurisprudence, rather than to the heal- ing art. Insanity is that peculiar state of the mind which is attended with the loss of moral lib- erty. The intellectual derangements are the most ob- vious, but insanity is not confin ed to them ; many insane persons, if we grant their premises, reason with perfect consistency, some even with in- creased force, so that one sort of insanity is designated by the name reasoning insanity. Ma- ny are throughout sane, except in one feeling. Insanity is commonly partial ; it is very seldom general. It is also intermittent or continued. The principal point to be insisted on is, that the cause of every sort of insanity is corporeal. The USEFULNESS OF PHRENOLOGY 89 mind being immaterial, cannot ])e conceived to become diseased ; it cannot la!! sick any more than it can die. The instruments ol" its manifes- tations can alone be deranged. The mind itself is not considered as diseased in blindness, or in deafness, neither carf it be so esteemed in idiot- cy, nor in any kind or variety of insanity. In- deed, all concurs to prove that the cause of men- tal derangement is corporeal. 1. This complaint, like many other diseases, is hereditary. Now hereditary dispositions can- not be explained by the transmission of mind itself, but they are easily accounted for by sup- posing the propagation of the corporeal conditions on which its manifestations depend. Parents and guardians, therefore, in disposing of iheir children in marriage, ought to know the danger of forming an alliance with a family in which insani- ty, or any other hereditary disease prevails. Every one, it is true, may become insane, with- out having inherited the disposition, but the dan- ger with respect to insanity, as to every other illness, is increased by an hereditary cause. It seems to me a crime to conceal insanity, and to neglect medical advice in the beginning when the disease may generally be cured, and to 8* 90 OUTLINES OP PHRENOLOGY. let a become incurable. It is a horrible preju- dice to conceive that insanity is any disgrace. It is no disgrace, it is the most lamentable of all the host of diseases to which man is liable. If other hereditary complaints of a pulmonary, cu- taneous, or urinary nature, for instance, be taken care of, insanity, or cerebral illness, certainly the most dreadful affliction of all, should not be neg- lected 2. Another proof that insanity is a corporeal disease, lies in the fact of its depending on age. Very young and very old people are less exposed to become insane than middle-aged persons in whom the cerebral organization is the most active, this is between the twentieth and fortieth year. 3. Insanity is more frequent in women than in men. The cause certainly cannot be ascribed to their minds. 4. Insanity is influenced by climate, season, and weather ; its remissions and exacerbations correspond with the changes of the atmospheric temperature ; hence, the disease depends on cor- poreal causes. 5. All that excites, weakens, or disturbs the general bodily health, especially the nervous sys- tem, influences the manifestations of the mind. USEFULNESS OF PHRENOLOGY. 91 Disorders of the digestive functions, intoxication, early dissipation, pregnancy, bad practices, and other circumstances that act solely on the organ- ization, frequently derange the functions of the mind, and produce insanity. 6. Insanity is often accompanied, or alternates with corporeal diseases. The insane often com- plain of noises in the ears, of habitual headache, of pain over the eyes, a sense of weight, stricture and numbness across the forehead, of dizziness, of indigestion, &c. Insanity sometimes alter- nates with intermittent fever, with epilepsy, &c. ; hence, it must be considered as a disease of the organization. 7. The sleep is often disturbed in insanity, and sleep is dependent on corporeal causes. Insane, as other patients, are frequently sleepless. 8. Finally, the course of insanity, its begin- ning, intermittency, periodical exacerbations and remissions, prove its dependency on corporeal causes. Much has been done to improve the condition of the insane, but still more will be effective for their advantage, as soon as Phrenology is gener- ally understood. Then the monstrous error, founded on ignorance, to say that insanity is a dis- 92 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. ease of the mind and a disgrace, and to suppose that it is beyond the reach of the healing art, will be abandoned. Then, too, will a good medical treatment be thought of, and all the common con- siderations upon pathology will be applied to in- sanity. IV. — Phrenology guides our Judgment in SOCIAL Intercourse. Phrenology affords an exposition of human nature generally ; it therefore rectifies the errors commonly committed in judging of others. Each takes his own nature as the measure of his likings or aversions, of his praise or his blame ; but Phre- nology founds all judgment on the knowledge of human nature at large. It proves that the dispo- sitions of all though essentially the same, still dif- fer in degrees ; that some accordingly are slender- ly gifted with talents, and others endowed with ge- nius ; that no two individuals agree precisely, in their modes of feeling and thinking ; hence that none has a right to take himself as the standard of mankind. Phrenologists compassionate men- USEFULNESS OF PHRENOLOGY. 93 tal as well as bodily defects, idiotism and imbeci- lity, as well as deafness and blindness. They de- ny personal immunities and privileges, treat eve- ry one with equal indulgence, and like severity. They assert, that actions universally should be in harmony with the powers proper to man, the an- imal faculties remaining auxiliary and subordinate. Notwithstanding the endless modifications of mental faculties there exists a natural sympathy between certain individuals, while there are oth- ers who feel a mutual antipathy or aversion to each other. The principles of natural sympathy and antipathy are simple : each faculty when active desires, and being satisfied, procures pleasure, hence, every one likes, or sympathizes with those in whose society his active faculties find their grati- fication, or else he dislikes or feels antipathy for others, who obstruct him in the satisfaction of his powers. The more numerous and energetic the active faculties are, the greater is the sympathy or antipathy according as they are satisfied or not. 94 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY V. — Phrenology is the basis of Education. The friends of mankind cannot be satisfied with their general condition, either as their physical, moral or intellectual parts are implicated. Much has been attempted to improve the human race, but it is a lamentable truth that hitherto, edu- cation has effected far less than would have been desirable^ Now either the human kind can- not be perfected, or if it can, the true means of attaining the end have not been employed. Let it first be understood, in what the perfectibility of mankind consists. Man can never be deprived of a primitive power or made to acquire another ; Phrenology admits one species of man, endowed with a certain number of fundamental powers; but these individually are more or less active in differ- ent races or in diflerent individuals of the same race. Now the activity of the special powers may be increased or diminished, and their actions regulated; and to this, the perfectibility of man is confined. I think the great causes to which failure of all attempts at improvement may be ascribed, is the isnorance of human nature ; in other words, the USEFULNESS OF PHRENOLOGY. 95 inconceivable error of considering the minds of children as blank paper, on which every impres- sion may be stamped ; and the unpardonable ne- glect of the natural laws of propagation. The whole system of education will be changed in proportion as the nature of man becomes known. It will then be perceived that he must be perfect- ed like every other created being, under the gui- dance of experience, or by following the lights of observation and induction. The education of man comprehends all that conducts to the cultivation of his nature; that is, the faculties of his body and of his mind, from the moment of conception to that of death, in the healthy and diseased state. Education, as applied to the body is called phy- sical, to the mind it is styled moral. As, how- ever, the mental manifestations depend on the body, its influence must be examined in reference to moral functions. In my work on Education, I pass over this division to speak of the conditions which contribute to the greater or less activity of the body and of the mind, and to examnie into the means of directing the powers to a certain aim. The principal points, considered in the first 95 OUTLINES OF PHRENOLOGY. section, are the laws of propagation; of the vege- tative functions ; of exercise; and those of the mu- tual influence of the fundamental powers. In the second section I examined the importance of mor- ality; and shewed that every power tends to ac- tion; that there is no action without motive; an that the innate powers essentially the same, bui. different in degrees, and modified in both sexes should be attended to. I came to the final con- clusion that, if the true means of excitement ana those of direction be employed, arts and science might be improved, moral evil be diminished, and mankind in general be brought nearer their destination. University of Connecticut Libraries