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PI"" 
 
 FROM CANTERBURY TO CONNECTICUT ^^ 
 
 A Study of the Links in the Apostolic 
 
 Line of Succession 
 
 between the Archiepiscopal See 
 
 of Canterbury 
 
 and 
 
 the first Bishop Consecrated for Connecticut 
 
 with Biographies of Archbishops 
 
 Abbot, Laud, Sheldon, and Sancroft 
 
 and of the intervening Bishops between them 
 
 and 
 
 Bishop Seabury 
 
 Compiled by 
 Edgar Legare Pennington, S. T. D. 
 
 Attention is called to the chart accompanying this monograph. 
 
 CHURCH MISSIONS PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 31-45 Church Street, Hartford, Connecticut 
 
 1941 
 
We acknowledge with thanks the loan of the cut of the Seal of the 
 Diocese of Connecticut, by the Rev. John F. Plumb, D. D. 
 
 Copyright, 1941, by the 
 CHURCH MISSIONS PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 
 Hartford, Connecticut 
 
 Printed in the United States of America 
 at The Country Press, Old Saybrook, Connecticut 
 
FROM CANTERBURY TO CONNECTICUT 
 
 BISHOP SEABURY'S 
 EPISCOPAL LINEAGE 
 
 The members of the Episcopal Church in America point with pride 
 to their apostolic line as uniting the succession of the great Church of 
 England with that of Scotland. Samuel Seabury was consecrated Bishop 
 by the Nonjurors of Scotland, on the 14th of November, 1784. Three 
 Scottish bishops laid their hands on his head — Robert Kilgour, Primus, 
 Bishop of Aberdeen; Arthur Petrie, Bishop of Ross and Caithness; and 
 John Skinner, Coadjutor Bishop of Aberdeen. A little over two years 
 later, February 4th, 1787, two other American presbyters, William White 
 and Samuel Provoost, received the laying on of hands; then the conse- 
 cration took place at Lambeth Chapel, and the bishops participating 
 were John Moore, Archbishop of Canberbury; William Markham, 
 Archbishop of York; Charles Moss, Bishop of Bath and Wells; and 
 John Hinchcliffe, Bishop of Peterborough. More than three years after- 
 wards, James Madison of Virginia was consecrated by Archbishop Moore 
 of Canterbury, Bishop Beilby Porteus of London, and Bishop John 
 Thomas of Rochester. In the consecration of Thomas John Claggett as 
 Bishop of Maryland (September 17, 1792) — the first consecration of a 
 bishop on American soil — all four bishops, Provoost, Seabury, White 
 and Madison — took part; and thereby the union was effected. 
 
 Yet the Scottish line was of English origin, and the antecedents of 
 Bishop Seabury may be traced to the Archbishops of Canterbury as well 
 as to that numerous procession of bishops, whose interlocking hands have 
 preserved the British Episcopate from the days which preceded the land- 
 ing of Augustine at Kent. It is the object of this composition to trace 
 Bishop Seabury and his consecrators back to the Archbishops of Canter- 
 bury who directly consecrated their episcopal "ancestors"; and we have 
 found four points of direct contact with the archepiscopal see, in the 
 persons of Archbishops George Abbot, William Laud, Gilbert Sheldon and 
 William Sancroft. We have not gone back of the forenamed archbishops; 
 had we done so we should have found that they and their co-consecrators 
 
were lineally descended by episcopal succession from most of their arch- 
 episcopal and episcopal predecessors. It is sufficient to establish con- 
 nection with Canterbury and let the case rest. 
 
 Episcopacy was restored to Scotland after the close of Oliver Crom- 
 well's domination, by the consecration of James Sharp, Andrew Fairfowl 
 (Fairfoul, Fairfull), Robert Leighton, and James Hamilton, on the 15th 
 day of December, 1661. They were all consecrated in Westminster 
 Abbey, having been previously ordained deacons and priests, by Gilbert 
 Sheldon, Bishop of London (afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury); 
 George Morley , Bishop of Worcester (afterwards of Winchester) ; Richard 
 Sterne (afterwards Archbishop of York); and Hugh Lloyd, Bishop of 
 Llandaff. Archbishop William Juxon of Canterbury was unable to be 
 present, because of his great age and infirmities; and Archbishop Accepted 
 Frewen of York was prevented from attending. Thanks to the patient 
 labours of the late Doctor William Stubbs, it is easy to trace the conse- 
 crators of the restored Scottish Episcopate back to the See of Canterbury; 
 and it is found that they are all episcopal successors of either Archbishop 
 George Abbot or Archbishop William Laud. 
 
 The newly made Scottish bishops returned to Scotland. On May 
 7th, 1662, three of them participated in six consecrations; on June 3rd 
 of the same year. Doctor James Sharp and two of the bishops consecrated 
 the month before advanced three more presbyters to the episcopate. 
 Thus began the series of consecrations which have continued through 
 the vicissitudes of the Scottish Church down to the present. After the 
 Revolution of 1688, the Episcopal Church of Scotland was disestablished; 
 but from December 15th, 1661, to September 4th, 1688, inclusive, there 
 were no fewer than thirty -eight Scottish bishops consecrated. 
 
 Unfortunately the Diocesan Records and Registers from 1662 to 
 1688 have been lost; and all attempts to ascertain the bishops who assisted 
 at the consecrations since 1662 have failed, save for a few exceptions. 
 Perceval states in his "Apology for the Doctrine of the Apostolical Suc- 
 cession": 
 
 *'It is with regret that I find myself unable to give more 
 particulars of the Consecrations in Scotland between 1662 and 
 1688. A collection of Ecclesiastical Records belonging to the 
 Church of Scotland, which had been deposited by Bishop Camp- 
 bell (43) in the Library of Sion College, London, was burnt in 
 the fire which destroyed the Houses of Parliament, where it had 
 been taken for some purpose of inquiry. These records (I am 
 informed) related to the Archbishopric of Glasgow, and would 
 probably have furnished information of the consecrations in that 
 Archbishopric. It is possible that the Registers of St. Andrews 
 
 [41 
 
may be still in existence, though it is not at present known 
 
 where." 
 
 John Parker Lawson, in his ''History of the Scottish Episcopal 
 Church from the Revolution to the Present Time," has inserted in the 
 long list of blanks the names of two of the consecrators of two bishops in 
 1674 (more properly 1675); and evidence regarding the 1664 consecra- 
 tions has been discovered since Lawson 's time. On the scanty evidence 
 before us, at least one of the consecrators of the post-Revolution Epis- 
 copate can be traced without a break to the Restoration of 1661. Bishop 
 John Paterson, who participated in two consecrations in 1705, was him- 
 self consecrated by Bishop Robert Leighton, one of the original Restor- 
 ation group. 
 
 After Episcopacy was disestablished in Scotland, three of the Scottish 
 bishops of the old regime — John Paterson, Robert Douglas, and Alex- 
 ander Rose — continued to consecrate. By such means, they perpetu- 
 ated the succession. Paterson, as we have noted, had been consecrated 
 by Bishop Leighton. The consecrators of Bishops Douglas and Ross are 
 not known; but it may be conjectured that by the time they were conse- 
 crated — one being the thirty-second and the other the thirty-fifth in 
 the Scottish succession — the Scottish line had become interlaced. In 
 all probability, the antecedents of Bishops Douglas and Ross involved 
 the majority of the bishops previously consecrated. In this study, how- 
 ever, we are confining ourselves to the succession of Leighton and Pater- 
 son, as it is sufficient to establish the chain. 
 
 George Kickes, the English Nonjuror, was consecrated bishop by 
 three deprived English bishops — William Lloyd, formerly Bishop of 
 Norwich; Francis Turner, formerly Bishop of Ely; and Thomas White, 
 formerly Bishop of Peterborough. Bishop Lloyd had been consecrated 
 by Archbishop Gilbert Sheldon, while both Bishops Turner and White 
 had been consecrated by Archbishop William Bancroft. 
 
 In 1712, George Hickes joined with the Scottish Nonjuror line in the 
 consecration of James Gadderar; thus the English and Scottish succes- 
 sions were joined, and two more archiepiscopal antecedents were intro- 
 duced — Sheldon and Bancroft. Gadderar took part in three subsequent 
 consecrations; and by the time of Samuel Seabury's consecration, the 
 Scottish line was interlaced with the English line at least a dozen times. 
 
 Short biographical notices of the archbishops and bishops known to 
 be the episcopal "ancestors" of Bishop Seabury are given. The Scottish 
 bishops from 1662 to 1688, who are not fairly well known to have been 
 in the direct line of succession, are omitted, although the writer has little 
 doubt that most of them were part of Doctor Seabury's apostolic lineage. 
 
 [5] 
 
RECAPITULATION 
 
 A. Episcopacy was restored to Scotland, December 15th, 1661, when 
 JamesSharp, Andrew Fairf owl, Robert Leighton, and James Hamilton 
 were consecrated Bishops by Gilbert Sheldon (later Archbishop of 
 Canterbury), George Morley, Richard Sterne, and Hugh Lloyd. 
 The episcopal lineage of these four consecrators may be traced to 
 Archbishop George Abbot and Archbishop William Laud. 
 
 B. From the restored Scottish line were descended by apostolic succes- 
 sion: 
 
 (a) Alexander Rose (or Ross) — 1647(?)-March 20, 1720 — Bishop 
 of Moray, 1687; of Edinburgh, 1688; deprived by Act abolishing 
 Episcopacy, 1689. 
 
 (b) John Paterson — 1632-Dec. 9, 1708— Bishop of Galloway, 1675; 
 of Edinburgh, 1679; nominated to Glasgow, 1687; banished. 
 
 (c) Robert Douglas— 1625(?)-April 22, 1716 — Bishop of Brechin, 
 1682; of Dunblane, 1684; deprived at the Revolution. 
 
 C. Bishops Rose, Paterson, and Douglas, deprived because of their 
 adherence to King James II, in the Revolution of 1688, continued to 
 consecrate bishops; and their succession was blended with the 
 English Nonjuror succession, February 24th, 1712, at the consecra- 
 tion of James Gadderar. 
 
 D. James Gadderar was consecrated by: 
 
 (a) George Hickes (English Nonjuror bishop). 
 
 (b) Archibald Campbell (who had been consecrated by Bishops 
 Rose and Douglas). 
 
 (c) John Falconar (who had been consecrated by Bishops Rose and 
 Douglas). 
 
 E. George Hickes had been consecrated at Westminster, February 24, 
 1693 94, by: 
 
 (a) William Lloyd, deprived Bishop of Norwich (consecrated, 1675, 
 by Archbishop Gilbert Sheldon of Canterbury). 
 
 (b) Francis Turner, deprived Bishop of Ely (consecrated, 1683, by 
 William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury). 
 
 (c) Thomas White, deprived Bishop of Peterborough (consecrated, 
 1685, by Archbishop Sancroft of Canterbury). 
 
 F. From the union of the Scottish Nonjuror line (represented by Bishops 
 Campbell, Falconar, Cage) with the English Nonjuror line (repre- 
 sented by Hickes), flowed the augmented succession, later to in- 
 clude Robert Kilgour, Arthur Petrie, and John Skinner, who con- 
 secrated Samuel Seabury, November 14, 1784 — the first Bishop of 
 the American Church. 
 
 G. Those who consecrated the first American bishop had contact with 
 
the See of Canterbury through the following Archbishops: 
 
 (a) George Abbot (October 29, 1562-August 4, 1633). 
 
 (b) William Laud (October 7, 1573-January 10, 1645). 
 
 (c) Gilbert Sheldon (July 19, 1598-November 9, 1677). 
 
 (d) William Sancroft (January 30, 1616 17-November 24, 1693). 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON THE BISHOPS 
 
 1. George Abbot (Oct 29, 1562-Aug. 4, 1633). 
 
 Born at Guildford, 30 miles southwest of London. Studied at 
 Balliol College, Oxford (B. A., 1582; probationer fellow, 1583; 
 M. A., 1585; B. D., 1593; D. D., 1597). Ordained in 1585; remained 
 at Oxford as tutor, and became known as an able preacher and lec- 
 turer with strong Puritan sympathies. Master of University College, 
 1597; Dean of Winchester, 1600; vice-chancellor of the University; 
 1600, 1603, 1605. Consecrated Bishop of Lichfield, Dec. 3, 1609, 
 by Richard Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury; Launcelot 
 Andrewes, Bishop of Ely; and Richard Neile, Bishop of Rochester. 
 Bishop of London, 1610. Archbishop of Canterbury, 1611. Much 
 opposed to "popery," and favourable to Calvinism. Not popular 
 with the Anglican party. In 1621, he accidentally killed a game- 
 keeper while hunting. This deeply grieved him, but it was used to 
 annoy him by his opponents. While austere and fanatical, he was 
 faithful to his duty as he understood it, charitable to the poor, and a 
 patron of learning. He was a member of the Oxford New Testament 
 Company for the version of 1611 — the group to which the transla- 
 tion of the four Gospels, Acts, and the Apocalypse was assigned. 
 Through him Cyril Lucar presented the Codex Alexandrinus to 
 King Charles I. He died at Croydon, 10 miles south of London. 
 His writings include: 
 
 Quaestiones sex, totidem Praelectionibus in Schola Theologicae 
 Oxoniae, pro Forma habitis, discussae et disceptatae Anno 1597. 
 Oxford, 1598. 
 
 Exposition upon the Prophet Jonah. London, 1600. 
 
 Treatise of the perpetual Visibility and Succession of the true 
 
 Church in all Ages. London, 1624. 
 
 Briefe Description of the whole World. London, 1634. 
 (The New Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia, I, 5; Lowndes: 
 
 Bibliographer's Manual). 
 
 2. Nicholas Felton ( 1556-Oct. 5, 1626). 
 
 Son of a sailor. Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge, 1583; 
 M. A., 1584; D. D., 1602. Prebendary of St. Paul's, 1616. Conse- 
 
crated Bishop of Bristol, Dec. 14, 1617, by Archbishop George Abbot 
 of Canterbury; Marc' Antonio de Dominis, Archbishop of Spolate; 
 John King, Bishop of London; Launcelot Andre wes. Bishop of Ely; 
 John Buckridge, Bishop of Rochester; and John Overall, Bishop of 
 Lichfield. Master of Pembroke, 1617-19. Bishop of Ely, 1619. 
 Favoured the Puritans. Compiled the statutes for Merchant Taylors' 
 in reference to annual probation days. Helped to translate the 
 Epistles for the Authorized Version of the Bible. 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, XVIII, 308). 
 
 John Williams (March 25, 1582-March 25, 1650). 
 
 Son of Edmund Williams of Conway. Educated at St. John's 
 College, Cambridge (B. A., 1601; fellow, 1603; M. A., 1605). 
 Received living of Honington, Suffolk, 1605. Prebendary of Here- 
 ford, 1612. B. D., 1613. Prebendary and precentor of Lincoln, 
 1613; prebendary of Peterborough, 1616. D. D., 1617. Dean of 
 Salisbury, 1619; of Westminster, 1620. Consecrated Bishop of 
 Lincoln, Nov. 11, 1621, by Archbishop George Abbot of Canter- 
 bury; John Thornborough, Bishop of Worcester; Nicholas Felton, 
 Bishop of Ely; John Kowson, Bishop of Oxford; Theophilus Field, 
 Bishop of Llandaff. Lord Keeper, on the fall of Bacon. Gained the 
 favour of Buckingham, and acted as his adviser. Preached a sermon 
 on ''Great Britain's Solomon" at the solemn funeral of King James I 
 at Westminster Abbey. Required to give up the Great Seal, Oct. 25, 
 1626. Had been regarded by King Charles I with distrust ever since 
 his accession. Lax in the discharge of his duty as bishop; seems never 
 to have resided in his diocese. Retired to his manor at Buckden, 
 where he lived in considerable state. Took the popular side in con- 
 demning arbitrary imprisonment by the sovereign. A case was preferred 
 against him in the Star Chamber of revealing state secrets, to which 
 was added, in 1635, a charge of subornation of perjury. He was con- 
 demned to pay a fine of £10,000, to be deprived of the temporalities 
 of all his benefices, and to be imprisoned during the King's pleasure. 
 Imprisoned in the Tower of London, 1637-40. Condemned in 1639 
 by the Star Chamber for libelling Archbishop William Laud; heavily 
 fined. Recovered his liberty in 1641 on the demand of the House of 
 Lords, who maintained that as a peer he was entitled to be summoned 
 to Parliament. In Dec, 1641, the King, anxious to conciliate public 
 opinion, appointed him Archbishop of York. One of the 12 bishops 
 impeached by the Commons for high treason (Dec, 1641); and 
 committed to the Tower. Released on an undertaking not to go to 
 Yorkshire, a promise which he did not observe. Enthroned at York 
 
 [8] 
 
Minster, June, 1642. On the outbreak of the Civil War, after visiting 
 Conway in the Royalist interest, he joined the King at Oxford. 
 Returned to Wales. Finding that Sir John Owen, acting on the King's 
 orders, had seized certain property in Conway Castle that had been 
 deposited with the Archbishop for safe-keeping, he went over to the 
 Parliamentary side, and assisted in the recapture of Conway Castle 
 in November, 1646. A generous benefactor of St. John's College, 
 Cambridge. His biography was printed at London, 1693; it was 
 written by John Hacket, Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry (Scrinia 
 reserata: the Life of Archbishop Williams). 
 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, LXI, 414; Encyclopaedia Bri- 
 tannica, 14th ed., XXIII, 624; W. H. Hutton: A history of the 
 English Church from the Accession of Charles I to the Death of 
 Anne). 
 
 4. Robert Wright ( 1 560- Aug. ? 1643). 
 
 B. A., Trinity College, Oxford, 1580; fellow, 1581; M. A., 1584; 
 D. D., 1597; canon residentiary and treasurer of Wells, 1601; chap- 
 lain to Queen Elizabeth; chaplain in ordinary to King James I. 
 First warden of Wadham College, Oxford, 1613. Consecrated Bishop 
 of Bristol, March 23, 1623, by Archbishop George Abbot of Canter- 
 bury; Launcelot Andrewes, Bishop of Winchester; John Williams, 
 Bishop of Lincoln; and Valentine Carey, Bishop of Exeter. Bishop 
 of Lichfield and Coventry, 1632. Acted with Archbishop Laud in 
 the crises of 1640 and after. Committed to the Tower of London for 
 participation in the protest of the eleven bishops, 1641. Died at 
 Eccleshall Hall during the siege by Sir William Brereton. 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, LXIII, 123). 
 
 5. Walter Curll ( 1575- 1647). 
 
 Entered at Peterhouse, Cambridge, 1592; fellow; D. D., 1612; 
 chaplain to King James I. Dean of Lichfield, 1621. Consecrated 
 Bishop of Rochester, Sept. 7, 1628, by George Abbot, Archbishop of 
 Canterbury; Richard Neile, Bishop of Winchester; John Buckridge, 
 Bishop of Ely; Francis White, Bishop of Carlisle. Bishop of Bath 
 and Wells, 1629. Bishop of Winchester, 1632. Helped to defend 
 Winchester Castle against Cromwell, 1645. Compelled to surrender; 
 and deprived of his private property and episcopal income, 1645. 
 A sermon preached by Bishop Curll at Whitehall, before King James 
 I, Apr. 28, 1622, was printed, together with "Some Account of the 
 Life of Dr. Walter Curll, Bishop of Winchester and Lord Almoner to 
 King Charles I," in 1712. 
 
 [9] 
 
(Dictionary of National Biography, XIII, 331; Lowndes: Bib- 
 liographer's Manual). 
 
 William Laud (Oct. 7, 1573-Jan. 10, 1645). 
 
 Born at Reading; son of a clothier; Studied at St. John's College 
 Oxford (B. A., 1594; M. A., 1598; D. D., 1608). Ordained in 1601. 
 Became chaplain to the Earl of Devonshire, 1603. Vicar of Stanford, 
 Northamptonshire, 1607; and chaplain to Richard Neile, afterwards 
 Archbishop of York. Rector of Cuxton in Kent, 1610. President of 
 St. John's College, Oxford, 1611. His position there was difficult; 
 the Oxford of his day being Calvinistic, while Laud was equally 
 hostile to Roman Catholics and Presbyterians. Archdeacon of 
 Huntingdon, 1615. Dean of Gloucester, 1616. There he roused oppo- 
 sition by directing that the altar, placed through Puritan influence 
 in the center of the choir, should be restored to its ancient position 
 against the eastern wall. Prebendary of Winchester, 1621. Conse- 
 crated Bishop of St. David's, Nov. 18, 1621, by George Abbot, 
 Archbishop of Canterbury; John Thornborough, Bishop of Wor- 
 cester; Nicholas Felton, Bishop of Ely; George Carleton, Bishop of 
 Chichester; John Howson, Bishop of Oxford; Theophilus Field, 
 Bishop of Llandaff. Became predominant in the English Church in 
 the reign of King Charles I. Sought to force his own views on the 
 entire body of the Church. Excited considerable antipathy. Dean 
 of the Chapel Royal, 1626. Bishop of Bath and Wells, 1626. Privy- 
 councillor, 1627. Bishop of London, 1628. Chancellor of the Univer- 
 sity of Oxford, 1629. Archbishop of Canterbury, 1633, on the death 
 of George Abbot. Received the offer of a cardinal's hat, but refused. 
 Entered energetically on his duties as head of the Church of England. 
 The use of the Prayer Book was enforced; dignity of worship was 
 insisted upon; churches were repaired; aggressive Puritanism was 
 checked. Insisted upon certain ritualistic practices, such as bowing 
 at the name of Jesus. Had the altars placed at the eastern wall of 
 the church, thus distinguishing them from the Puritan communion 
 tables. Urged healthful recreation on Sunday, as contrasted with 
 Puritan asceticism. For these things he was violently assailed. In- 
 curred the hostility of the Queen by his protest against the favoritism 
 shown her Roman Catholic co-religionists. Attempted to force 
 ritualism on the Scotch churches, which were strongly Presbyterian, 
 with disastrous results, leading to riots in the churches and to the 
 renewal of the Solemn League and Covenant in 1638. Impeached of 
 high treason by the House of Commons, 1640; and placed in con- 
 finement. Prisoner in the Tower, March 1, 1641 to May 31, 1643. 
 
 [10] 
 
Resigned the chancellorship of the University of Oxford, June 28, 
 1641; William Prynne printed damaging extracts from the Arch- 
 bishop's diary during his incarceration. Tried, 1644. Beheaded, 
 1645, on Tower Hill. A munificent patron of learning, giving 1300 
 manuscripts to Oxford and founding a chair of Arabic which is still 
 in existence. He was regarded by the Puritans as narrow and cruel, 
 and by the Anglicans as a martyr. His faults were those of his age; 
 and his sincerity and adherence to what he believed right are beyond 
 question. He regarded Puritanism as injurious to the Church; on 
 the other hand he rejected Roman Catholicism as overladen with 
 accretions not recognized by early Christianity. 
 
 "A Relation of the Conference betweene William Lavvd, then 
 Lord Bishop of St. Davids and Mr. Fisher the Jesuite, with an Answer 
 to such Exceptions as A. C. takes against it," was published in Lon- 
 don in 1639. Several of Laud's writings were published posthumously. 
 His collected works were published in 7 volumes, 1847-1860. The 
 bibliography is large. 
 
 (The New Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia, VI, 421-422; 
 Dictionary of National Biography, XXXII, 185). 
 
 William Juxon (Oct. ? , 1582-June 4, 1663). 
 
 Born probably at Chichester; educated at Merchant Taylors' 
 School, London, and at St. John's College, Oxford (B. C. L., 1603; 
 D. C. L., 1622). Vicar of St. Giles, Oxford, 1609-1616. Rector of 
 Somerton, 1615. President of St. John's College, Oxford, 1621-1633. 
 Vice-chancellor, 1626-1627. Chaplain-in-ordinary to King Charles I. 
 Dean or Worcester, 1627. Consecrated Bishop of London, Oct. 27, 
 1633, by William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury; Richard Neile, 
 Archbishop of York; Francis White, Bishop of Ely; William Murray, 
 Bishop of Llandaff; John Bowie, Bishop of Rochester; John Ban- 
 croft, Bishop of Oxford. On March 6, 1636, he became Lord High 
 Treasurer, a difficult post. He resigned the treasurership in May, 
 1641. As Bishop of London, he directed the restoration of St. Paul's 
 and enforced conformity without giving offence. Summoned as 
 a witness against Strafford, whose attainder he advised King Charles 
 I to veto. During the Civil War, he lived undisturbed at Fulham 
 Palace; and his advice was often sought by the King. Attended the 
 King at Newport and during his trial; received his last words on the 
 scaffold. Deprived of his see in 1649; and retired to Little Compton 
 in Gloucestershire. At the restoration of King Charles II, he became 
 Archbishop of Canterbury. He died at Lambeth; and was buried 
 in the chapel of St. John's College, Oxford. He rebuilt the great hall 
 
at Lambeth Palace, and left £7,000 to St. John's College, Oxford. He 
 had a reputation for strict honesty, loyalty to the Church and King, 
 and great charity to the poor. 
 
 (The New Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia, VI, 288; Diction- 
 ary of National Biography, XXX, 233; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 
 14th ed., XIII, 231). 
 
 Matthew Wren (Dec. 23, 1585-Apr. 24, 1667). 
 
 B. A., Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 1605; fellow, 1605; M. A., 
 1608; incorporated at Oxford, 1608; chaplain to Prince Charles, 
 1622. D. D., Cambridge, 1623; D. D., Oxford, 1636. Prebendary of 
 Winchester, 1623. Master of Peterhouse, 1635. Dean of Windsor 
 and registrar of the Garter, 1628. Clerk of the closet, 1633. Governor 
 of Charterhouse, London, 1634. Consecrated Bishop of Hereford, 
 March 8, 1635, by William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury; Rich- 
 ard Neile, Archbishop of York; Walter Curll, Bishop of Winchester; 
 Francis White, Bishop of Ely; Joseph Hall, Bishop of Exeter; William 
 Murray, Bishop of Llandaff. Bishop of Norwich, 1635. Dean of 
 Chapel Royal, London, 1636-1641. Bishop of Ely, 1638. Acted under 
 the supervision of Archbishop Laud; tried to enforce uniformity of 
 ritualistic practices. Incurred much unpopularity. Charged by the 
 House of Commons Committee, July 5, 1641, with having excom- 
 municated, deprived, or punished within two years ''fifty godly, 
 learned and faithful ministers," and with having practised super- 
 stition in his own person. Imprisoned in the Tower of London, 1642- 
 1660. Uncle of Christopher Wren. 
 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, LXIII, 94; W. H. Hutton: 
 A History of the English Church from the Accession of Charles I to 
 the Reign of Anne). 
 
 Robert Skinner (Feb. 10, 1591-June 14, 1670). 
 
 Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, 1613; M. A., 1614; D. D. by 
 diploma, 1636. Rector of Pitsford and chaplain in ordinary, 1628, 
 of Launton, 1631. Consecrated Bishop of Bristol, Jan. 15, 1637, by 
 William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury; Willian Juxon, Bishop 
 of London; Francis White, Bishop of Ely; John Bancroft, Bishop of 
 Oxford; Matthew Wren, Bishop of Norwich. Bishop of Oxford, 
 1641-1663. Bishop of Worcester, 1663-1670. Committed to the 
 Tower of London for protest, 1641. Sequestered during the Common- 
 wealth; but licensed to preach. Conferred orders. 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, LII, 347). 
 
 [12] 
 
10. John Warner (Sept. ? , 1581-Oct. 14, 1666). 
 
 Elected demy of Magdalen College, Oxford, 1599; fellow, 1604- 
 1610; M. A., 1605; D. D., 1616. Beneficed in London, 1614; and 
 Kent, 1619. Prebendary of Canterbury, 1619. A violent royalist. 
 Dean of Lichfield, 1633-1637. Consecrated Bishop of Rochester, 
 Sept. 3, 1637, by William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury; William 
 Juxon, Bishop of London; Walter Curll, Bishop of Winchester; John 
 Bancroft, Bishop of Oxford; William Roberts, Bishop of Bangor. 
 Attended Charles I at York, 1640. Attended convocation, and 
 joined in framing new canons, 1640. Impeached, August, 1641; 
 imprisoned December, 1641. Excluded from the House of Lords, 
 February, 1642. Ejected from his see, 1643. Suffered severely be- 
 cause of his attachment to royalty. Published a pamphlet against 
 the sale of Church lands, 1646; and one on the abhorrence of the 
 King's execution, February, 1649. Restored to his see, 1660; and to 
 Parliament, 1661. Benefactor of Bromley College, Kent. Founded 
 exhibitions for Scottish Episcopalians in Balliol College, Oxford. 
 Besides the above-mentioned publications and in addition to ser- 
 mons. Dr. Warner published in 1656 a Letter to Dr. Jeremy Taylor 
 concerning the Chapter Of Original Sin in the Usum Necessarium. 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, LIX, 394; Allibone's Dictionary 
 of Authors). 
 
 11. Brian Duppa (Mar. 10, 1588-Mar. 26, 1662). 
 
 Educated at Westminster. Student of Christ Church, 1605; 
 and fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford, 1612. M. A., 1614; D.D., 
 1625. Dean of Christ Church, 1629-1638. Vice-chancellor, 1632 
 and 1633. Chancellor of Salisbury, 1634. Tutor to the Prince of 
 Wales and the Duke of Gloucester. Consecrated Bishop of Chi- 
 chester, June 17, 1638, by William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury; 
 Thomas Morton, Bishop of Durham; Robert Wright, Bishop of 
 Lichfield; John Bancroft, Bishop of Oxford; Matthew Wren, Bishop 
 of Ely. Bishop of Salisbury, 1641. Corresponded with Gilbert 
 Sheldon and Sir Edward Hyde on the re-establishment of Episcopacy, 
 1659. Bishop of Winchester, 1660. Lord Almoner, Benefactor of 
 his colleges and bishoprics. Visited by King Charles II. on his death- 
 bed. 
 
 In 1674 there was published his Holy Rules or Helps to Devotion, 
 both in Prayer and Practice; in two parts. During his life Duppa 
 had published sermons and other writings. 
 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, XVI., 242; Allibone's Diction- 
 ary of Authors; Lowndes: Bibliographer's Manual). 
 
 [13] 
 
12 John Towers ( -Jan. 10, 1649). 
 
 Fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, 1608; M. A., 1606; D. 
 D., per literas regias, Oxford, 1624. Held numerous preferments. 
 Dean of Peterborough, 1630. Prebendary of Westminster, 1634. 
 Consecrated Bishop of Peterborough, Jan. 13, 1639, by William Laud, 
 Archbishop of Canterbury; William Juxon, Bishop of London; 
 Walter Curll, Bishop of Winchester; Matthew Wren, Bishop of Ely; 
 John Warner, Bishop of Rochester. Supporter of the Royal pre- 
 rogative. Follower of Laud. Signed the bishops' protest, 1641. 
 Imprisoned by the Parliament. 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, LVII., 90). 
 
 13. John Prideaux (Sept. 17, 1578-July 19, 1650). 
 
 Born at Stowford, Devonshire. Matriculated at Exeter College, 
 Oxford (B. A., 1600; M. A., 1603; B. D., 1611; D. D., 1612). 
 Took orders soon after receiving his Master's degree. Rector of 
 Exeter College, Oxford, 1612-1642. Regius professor of divinity, 
 1615-1641. Canon of Christ Church, 1616. Vicar of Chalgrove and 
 Canon at Salisbury, 1620. Rector of Ewelme, 1629. Vice-chancel- 
 lor of Oxford University, 1619-1621; 1624-1626; 1641-1643. Conse- 
 crated Bishop of Worcester, Dec. 19, 1641, by John Williams, Arch- 
 bishop of York; William Juxon, Bishop of London; Walter Curll, 
 Bishop of Winchester; Robert Wright, Bishop of Lichfield. A loyal- 
 ist. He maintained himself in his see until the end of the war, when 
 he took refuge with his son-in-law, Henry Sutton, rector of Bredon. 
 There he spent his last years in poverty. A diligent writer, mainly 
 in Latin ; his theological works show a dislike of Arminianism. 
 
 Allibone lists the following publications of Dr. Prideaux: — 
 
 (a) Hypomnemata, Logica, Rhetorica, Physica, Metaphysica, Pneu- 
 
 matica, Ethica, Politica, Oeconomica. 
 
 (b) Lectiones decem de totidem Religionis Capitibus, 1626. 
 
 (c) Orationes novem, 1626. 
 
 (d) Tabulae ad Grammatica Graeca Introductoriae, 1629, 1639. 
 
 (e) Doctrine of the Sabbath (translated into English, 1634) — an im- 
 
 portant work. 
 
 (f) 20 Sermons. Oxford, 1636. 
 
 (g) 9 Sermons, 1641. 
 
 (h) Lectiones XXII. de totidem Religionis Capitibus, &c. 
 
 (i) Fasciculus Controversarium Theologicarum. ("A very useful 
 
 work"— Dr. Parr), 
 (j) Scholasticae Theologiae Syntagma Mnemonicum, 1651. 
 (k) Conciliorum Synopsis, 1651. 
 
 114] 
 
(1) History of Successions in States, Countries, or Families, 1653. 
 (m) Euchologia; or, *'The Doctrine of Practical Prayer" — very im- 
 portant; several times republished, 
 (n) The Doctrine of Conscience, 1656. 
 (o) Manuductio ad Theologiam Polemican, 1657. 
 (p) Tractatus de Sabbato, 1658. 
 (q) Sacred Eloquence, 1659. 
 
 Wood's Athenae Oxoniensis eulogises Prideaux: — "All that 
 knew him esteemed him a noted artist, a plentiful fountain of all sorts 
 of learning, an excellent linguist, a person of a prodigious memory, 
 and so profound a divine that they have been pleased to entitle him 
 'columna fidei orthodoxae, and malleus haeresicus, patrum pater, and 
 ingens scolae, and academiae oraculum.' " Although he was in his 
 latter days obliged to convert his furniture and books into bread for 
 his family, Fuller says in his Worthies: — "Such as deny bishops to 
 be peers would have conceived this bishop a prince if present at his 
 interment, with the number and quality of persons attending his 
 funeral." 
 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, XLVI., 354-356; The New 
 Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia, IX., 247; Allibone's Diction- 
 ary of Authors). 
 
 14. Henry King (Jan. 16, 1592-Sept. 30, 1669). 
 
 Eldest son of Dr. John King (1559-1621), Bishop of London, 
 described by King James I. as "the King of Preachers," and by Chief 
 Justice Coke as "the best speaker in the Star-chamber in his time." 
 Born at Wornall, Buckinghamshire. Educated at Christ Church, 
 Oxford (M. A., 1614). Prebendary of St. Paul's, London, 1616; 
 Archdeacon of Colchester, 1617. A royal chaplain, 1617. Canon of 
 Christ Church, Oxford, 1624. D. D., 1625. Dean of Rochester, 
 1639. Consecrated Bishop of Chichester, Feb. 4, 1642, by William 
 Juxon, Bishop of London; Walter Curll, Bishop of Winchester; John 
 Warner, Bishop of Rochester; John Prideaux, Bishop of Worcester. 
 He was a friend of Izaak Walton, Jenson, and Donne. He published 
 a number of sermons, between 1621 and 1665; an Exposition of the 
 Lord's Prayer, 1628; the Psalms in metre, 1651; and some Latin, 
 Greek, and English poems. "The greater part of his poetry (which 
 was either written at an early age, or as a relaxation from severer 
 studies) is neat, and uncommonly elegant" (Henry Headley). 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, XXX L, 133; Allibone's Dic- 
 tionary of Authors). 
 
 [151 
 
15. Accepted Frewen (May ? 1588-Mar. 28, 1664). 
 
 Eldest son of John Frewen (1558-1628), eminent Puritan divine. 
 Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, 1612; M. A. 1612. Chaplain 
 to Lord Digby (Bristol) in Spain. Chaplain to the King and Canon 
 of Canterbury, 1625. President of Magdalen, 1629-1643. Dean of 
 Gloucester, 1631. Mainly instrumental in presentation of University 
 plate to King Charles I., 1642. Consecrated Bishop of Lichfield and 
 Coventry, April, 1644, by John Williams, Archbishop of York; 
 Robert Skinner, Bishop of Oxford; Brian Duppa, Bishop of Salis- 
 bury; John Towers, Bishop of Peterborough; John Prideaux, Bishop 
 of Worcester. His estates declared forfeited by Parliament, 1652. 
 Prescribed by Oliver Cromwell. Archbishop of York, 1660-1664. 
 Benefactor of Magdalen College, Oxford. 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, XX., 271). 
 
 16. Gilbert Sheldon (July 19, 1598-Nov. 9, 1677). 
 
 Born at Ashbourn (13 miles northwest of Derby). Studied at 
 Trinity College, Oxford (B. A., 1617; M. A., 1620; fellow of All 
 Souls', 1622; B. D., 1628; D. D., 1634). Ordained, 1622; almost 
 immediately becoming domestic chaplain to Thomas, Lord Coventry. 
 Prebendary of Gloucester, 1632. Vicar of Hackney, 1633. Rector 
 of Oddington, Oxford, and of Ickford, Buckingham, 1636. Rector of 
 Newington, Oxford, 1639, having been meanwhile warden of All 
 Souls' since 1626. He was a strong anti-Puritan, and was ejected 
 from his wardenship by the Parliamentary visitors in 1648, being im- 
 prisoned for resisting the attempt to take his lodgings. Restored to 
 his office in 1659. Friend of Hyde and Falkland. Took part in 
 negotiations at Uxbridge, 1644; and attended King Charles L at 
 Oxford, Newmarket, and in the Isle of Wight. During the exile of 
 Charles H., Sheldon was constant in his efforts in behalf of the prince, 
 and on the Restoration stood in high favour. He was consecrated 
 Bishop of London, Oct. 28, 1660, in Henry VH.'s Chapel at West- 
 minster, by Brian Duppa, Bishop of Winchester; Accepted Frewen, 
 Archbishop of York; Matthew Wren, Bishop of Ely; John Warner, 
 Bishop of Rochester; and Henry King, Bishop of Chichester. The 
 Savoy Conferences were held at his lodging. Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, 1663. Although he was elected Chancellor of Oxford Uni- 
 versity, 1667, he was not installed, and resigned 1669. He built and 
 endowed the Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford. Prominent adviser of 
 King Charles XL Severe against dissenters, but frequently protected 
 them. Remained at Lambeth during the plague. Active and liberal 
 promoter of the rebuilding of St. Paul's Cathedral, London. Greatly 
 
 [161 
 
interested in the Church beyond the seas. Encouraged Anthony ii 
 Wood, the historian of Oxford. His episcopal career was one of great 
 fidelity to duty. Most marked were his benefactions, both to the 
 poor and in behalf of public interests. His total benefactions were 
 said to have exceeded €72,000 — an enormous sum for those times. 
 His only published work is a sermon before the King, June 20, 1660, 
 though a considerable body of manuscripts is extant. 
 (The New Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia, X., 390; Diction- 
 ary of National Biography, LH., 24; W. H. Hutton: A History of 
 the English Church from the Accession of Charles I. to the Reign of 
 Anne). 
 
 17. HuMFREY Henchman (Dec. ? 1592-Oct. 7, 1675). 
 
 M. A., Christ's College, Cambridge, 1616; D. D., 1628; fellow 
 of Clare Hall, 1616-1623. Canon and precentor of Salisbury, 1623. 
 Rector of Isle of Portlant. Deprived during rebellion. Assisted 
 King Charles II. to escape after Worcester, 1651. Consecrated 
 Bishop of Salisbury at Westminster, Oct. 28, 1660, by Brian Duppa, 
 Bishop of Winchester; Accepted Frewen, Archbishop of York; 
 Matthew Wren, Bishop of Ely; John Warner, Bishop of Rochester; 
 and Henry King, Bishop of Chichester. Took influential part in 
 Savoy Conference, 1661. Bishop of London, 1663-1675. Restored 
 the Cathedral and palace at Salisbury; and contributed to rebuilding 
 of St. Paul's, Aldersgate Palace, and Clare Hall. His publication 
 listed by AUibone: Diatriba Praeliminaris H. Hammondi Tract, de 
 Confirmatione praefixa, Oxford, 1661. 
 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, XXV., 388; Allibone's Diction- 
 ary of Authors). 
 
 18. George Morley (Feb. 27, 1597-Oct. 29, 1684). 
 
 Educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford 
 (M. A., 1621; D. D., 1642). Met at Oxford, Robert Sanderson, 
 Gilbert Sheldon, Edward Hyde (afterwards Earl of Clarendon), and 
 subsequently Edmund Waller and John Hampden. Canon of Christ 
 Church, 1641. Preached before the House of Commons, 1642. 
 Ejected, 1648. Went abroad and performed service for the English 
 royalists wherever he stayed. Sent to England to win the Presby- 
 terians to the Restoration. Regained his canonry. Became Dean of 
 Christ Church, Oxford. Consecrated Bishop of Worcester at West- 
 minster, Oct. 28, 1660, by Brian Duppa, Bishop of Winchester; Ac- 
 cepted Frewen, Archbishop of York; Matthew Wren, Bishop of Ely; 
 
 [17] 
 
John Warner, Bishop of Rochester; and Henry King, Bishop of Chi- 
 chester. Preacher of the coronation sermon, 1661. Translated to 
 Winchester, 1662. Frequently entertained the Duke of York at 
 Farnham Castle. Signified to Clarendon the King's wish that he 
 should leave the country, 1667. Of Calvinistic leanings. His pub- 
 lications consist almost entirely of treatises in opposition to the 
 doctrines ci" the Church of Rome. Published a few sermons. Bene- 
 factor of the Diocese of Winchester, of St. Paul's Cathedral, of Christ 
 Church and Pembroke College, Oxford. 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, XXXIX., 74). 
 
 19. Hugh Lloyd ( 1586-June 7, 1667). 
 
 M. A., Oriel College, Oxford, 1614. Held various livings in 
 Wales, 1617-1644. D. D., 1638. A staunch royalist. His benefices 
 sequestered during the civil wars. Canon and Archdeacon of St. 
 David's, 1644. Consecrated Bishop of Llandaff, at Henry VH.'s, 
 Chapel, Westminster, Dec. 2, 1660, by Accepted Frewen, Archbishop 
 of York; Gilbert Sheldon, Bishop of London; John Warner, Bishop 
 of Rochester; Humfrey Henchman, Bishop of Salisburj'^; and George 
 Morley, Bishop of Worcester. 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, XXXHL, 423). 
 
 20. Richard Sterne ( 1596?-June 18, 1683). 
 
 Great-grandfather of the Rev. Laurence Sterne, the author of 
 Tristram Shandy, Sentimental Journey, Sec. Born at Mansfield, 
 Nottinghamshire. Scholar, Trinity College, Cambridge, 1614; M. 
 A., 1618; B. D., 1625 (Oxford, 1627); fellow Benet (Corpus Christi) 
 College, 1620; master of Jesus College, Cambridge, 1633; ejected, 
 1644. Chaplain to Laud. Rector of Yelverton and Harleton, 1634- 
 1644. D. D., 1635. Arrested for royalism at Cambridge. Im- 
 prisoned. Subsequently taught school during the Commonwealth. 
 Allowed to attend Laud in the Tower of London, 1645. Consecrated 
 Bishop of Carlisle, at Henry VIL's Chapel, Westminster, Dec. 2, 
 1660, by Accepted Frewen, Archbishop of York; Gilbert Sheldon, 
 Bishop of London; John Warner, Bishop of Rochester; Humfrey 
 Henchman, Bishop of Salisbury; and George Morley, Bishop of 
 Worcester. Said to have been a reviser of the Prayer Book. Arch- 
 bishop of York, 1664-1683. Founded scholarships at Jesus and 
 Corpus Christi Colleges, Cambridge. Assisted Brian Walton with 
 his Polyglot Bible. He published a Commentary on Psalm CHI., 
 London, 1649; also Summa Logicae ex optimis Auctoribus collecta; 
 
 [18 J 
 
likewise a number of Latin verses. Ke is one of those to whom the 
 Whole Duty of Man has been ascribed, though the work was probably 
 written by Richard Allestree. 
 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, LIV., 221; Allibone's Dictionary 
 of Authors). 
 
 21. James Sharp (May 4, 1618-May 3, 1679). 
 
 Born in the Castle of Banff; son of William Sharp, provost and 
 sheriff-clerk of Banffshire, and Isobel, daughter of John Leslie of 
 Kininvie. Educated at King's College, Aberdeen (M. A., 1637). 
 Studied divinity under Drs. John Forbes of Corse and Robert Baron. 
 Proceeded to Oxford, where he was an intimate of Jeremy Taylor. 
 Became professor of philosophy, University of St. Andrews, 1643. 
 Ordained to the church of Crail, Jan. 27, 1648. Elected one of the 
 ministers of Edinburgh in 1650. The invasion under Cromwell pre- 
 vented his acceptance. Became leader of the Resolutioners, 1651. 
 Made prisoner by Cromwell's forces at Alyth, Aug. 28, 1651; taken 
 to London, where he lay in the Tower till Apr. 10, 1652. Allowed to 
 return to Scotland, June 17, 1652; later given full liberty. Chosen 
 to plead the Presbyterian cause before the Protector, 1657. When 
 George Monk marched upon London, 1660, he was sent over to 
 Charles II. at Breda to secure the royal confirmation of "the govern- 
 ment of the Church of Scotland, as it is settled by law, without viola- 
 tion," as well as of the act of the Resolutioners. The former was 
 understood in the Presbyterian sense. Sharp, being of the party of 
 the Resolutioners and selected for his mediating position between 
 Charles and the Presbyterians, was charged with duplicity, and with 
 finally betraying the Presbyterians for his own interests. In 1661, 
 the Scottish Parliament annulled all the parliaments held since 1633, 
 with all their proceedings; thus totally abolishing all the laws made in 
 favour of the Presbyterian Church. The Church of Scotland thus 
 became the old Episcopal -Church. Sharp was consecrated at West- 
 minster, Dec. 15, 1661, as Archbishop of St. Andrews, by Gilbert 
 Sheldon, Bishop of London; George Morley, Bishop of Worcester; 
 Richard Sterne, Bishop of Carlisle; Hugh Lloyd, Bishop of Llandaff. 
 With the zeal of a convert, he persecuted his former allies; put in 
 force severe measures for the annihilation of Covenanting principles. 
 Invested with the title and style of Primate of Scotland, he re-erected 
 the Court of High Commission in 1664, which severely punished, 
 some even with death, those who in any ways interfered with his 
 designs, and executed nine persons after the King had required the 
 
 [19 1 
 
persecutions to cease. On July 9, 1668, he narrowly escaped a pistol 
 shot in the High Street of Edinburgh. His companion, Bishop 
 Andrew Honyman of Orkney, was wounded, and never recovered 
 fully. The assailant, James Mitchell, was executed. On May 3, 
 1679, at Magus Moor, near St. Andrews, he met his death at the 
 hands of John Balfour of Burleigh, and others, whose intention was 
 the capturing or slating of the sheriff- substitute of the shire, the chief 
 offender in the persecution of the local Covenanters. He was buried 
 in the parish church of St. Andrews, where an ornate marble monu- 
 ment was erected by his son. His portrait by Lely is in the Scottish 
 National Portrait Gallery. 
 
 **By the Presbyterians, Sharp was execrated as a traitor, bent 
 on his own aggrandisement and advancement, sharing and abetting 
 the King's duplicity. Episcopalian opinion has regarded him as the 
 victim of circumstances, who yielded only when he found that Pres- 
 byterianism could no longer be maintained. Recent research has not 
 altered the first of these judgments. The editor of the Lauderdale 
 Papers (Osmund Airy) (vol. I., p. x.) declares that 'a careful persual 
 of the whole series will save any further biographer from the tempta- 
 tion of endeavouring to palliate a life of petty meanness such as has 
 seldom been exceeded in history.' In the most comprehensive sense 
 of the word. Sharp was a knave, par sang, and one who, to retain the 
 price of his knavery, eagerly submitted to be cajoled, threatened, 
 bullied, or ignored, by bolder men as served their turn." (Scott: 
 Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae, VH., 326-327). 
 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, LI., 404; The New Schaff- 
 Herzog Religious Encyclopedia, X., 385; Scott: Fasti Ecclesiae 
 Scoticanae, VII., 326-327). 
 
 22. Andrew Fairfowl (before Dec. 14, 1606-Nov. 2, 1663). 
 
 Born Dunfermline; baptised, Dec. 16, 1606. Son of John 
 Fairfowl, minister of Anstruther-Wester. Educated at St. Andrews 
 (M. A., 1623). Chaplain to the Earl of Rothes. Admitted to Leslie 
 in Fife, before Apr. 10, 1632. Translated to North Leith, 1636. 
 Presented there by King Charles I., Sept. 25, 1641. Translated to 
 Duns, May 11, 1652. Nominated Archbishop by Charles II., Nov. 
 14, 1661. Consecrated Bishop of Glasgow, Dec. 15, 1661, by Gilbert 
 Sheldon, Bishop of London; George Morley, Bishop of Worcester; 
 Richard Stearne, Bishop of Carisle; Hugh Lloyd, Bishop of Llandoff. 
 On his return to Scotland, participated with Bishops Sharp and 
 Hamilton in the consecration of six bishops, May 7, 1662, thus insur- 
 ing the episcopal succession in Scotland. Died at Edinburgh; 
 
 [20 J 
 
buried at Holyrood. 
 
 (Scott: Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae, VII., 323). 
 
 23. Robert Leighton (1611-June 25, 1684). 
 
 Born probably in London. Son of Alexander Leighton, a Pres- 
 byterian clergyman and physician, who was cruelly persecuted by the 
 Star Chamber. Educated at the University of Edinburgh (M. A., 
 1631). Travelled on the continent. Spent several years in France, 
 where he became attracted to the jansenists. On his return to Scot- 
 land, licensed by the Presbytery of Edinburgh. Ordained, Dec. 16, 
 1641; and inducted into the parish of Newbattle. Sent in 1652 to 
 London by the Synod of Lothian, to negotiate the liberation of the 
 Scottish ministers imprisoned there. Finding himself out of sym- 
 pathy with the political zeal of his colleagues, he resigned his charge, 
 1652. Principal and professor of divinity at the University of Edin- 
 burgh, 1653. When Episcopacy was reestablished in Scotland, he 
 was consecrated Bishop of Dunblane, Dec. 15, 1661, by Gilbert 
 Sheldon, Bishop of London; George Morley, Bishop of Worcester; 
 Richard Sterne, Bishop of Carlisle; Hugh Lloyd, Bishop of Llandaff. 
 With two or three exceptions, all the clergy in his Diocese conformed ; 
 in other dioceses, many clergymen refused to conform, and the per- 
 secution began. Bp. Leighton pleaded with King Charles II. for 
 milder measures; and in 1669 got the first Indulgence. Became 
 Archbishop of Glasgow, 1671 — Archbishop Alexander Burnet hav- 
 ing been deprived for opposing this clemency. Leighton accepted 
 the position on condition that he should be assisted in his efforts to 
 secure the comprehension of the Presbyterians. Failing to get the 
 support of his colleagues, he retired from the archbishopric in 1674. 
 After a short residence at Edinburgh, he went to live with his sister 
 at Broadhurst in Horsted Keynes, Sussex. Died in London. 
 
 His writings were highly esteemed, though nothing was published 
 in his lifetime. Lowndes lists: — 
 
 (a) Sermons. London, 1692. 
 
 (b) Praelectiones theologicae, quibus adjiciuntur Meditationes 
 
 ethico-cripiticae in Psalmes iv., xxxii; cxxx. London, 1693. 
 
 (c) Three posthumous tracts, viz.. Rules for a holy Life, a Sermon 
 
 and a Catechism. London, 1708. 
 
 (d) Expository Works. 
 
 (e) Theological Lectures. 
 
 (f) Practical Commentary upon the first Epistle of St. Peter, and 
 
 other expository Works. London, 1819. 
 
 (g) Remains, with Life by George Jerment. London, 1808. 
 
 121 I 
 
(h) Selections from the Works of Abp. Leigh ton, with a Sketch of 
 his Hfe. By the Rev. W. Wilson, D. D. Edinburgh, 1746. 
 
 (The New Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia, VI., 445; Diction- 
 ary of National Biography, XXXIII., 4; Lowndes: Biblio- 
 grapher's Manual). 
 
 24. James Hamilton (Aug., 1610-May 14, 1674). 
 
 Second son of Sir James Hamilton of Broomhill and Margaret, 
 daughter of William Hamilton of Udston. Educated at University 
 of Glasgow (M. A., 1628). Ordained to Cambusnethan, Dec, 1635; 
 deposed for contumacy, Apr. 11, 1639, but professing repentance was 
 reponed by the General Assembly, Aug. 25, 1637. In 1648, he sup- 
 ported the Engagement. Chaplain in the army raised in behalf of 
 King Charles I. Applied to Galloway, Aug. 14, 1661. Presented, 
 Nov. 14, 1661. Consecrated Bishop, Dec. 15, 1661, by Gilbert 
 Sheldon, Bishop of London; George Morley, Bishop of Worcester; 
 Richard Sterne, Bishop of Carlisle; Hugh Lloyd, Bishop of Llandaff. 
 On his return to Scotland, participated with Bishops Sharp and Fair- 
 fowl in the consecration of six bishops, May 7, 1662, thus insuring the 
 episcopal succession in Scotland. 
 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, XXIV., 184; Scott: Fasti Ec- 
 clesiae Scoticanae, VII., 346-347). 
 
 25. Alexander Young (1628?-Sept., 1683). 
 
 Ordered to Dalmeny, Nov. 28, 1663; translated to Cramond, 
 1664; translated to the Archdeaconry of St. Andrews and admitted, 
 Sept. 28, 1665. Presented to the bishopric of Edinburgh, July 11, 
 1672. The names of his consecrators have been lost. Translated to 
 the See of Edinburgh, Mar. 29, 1679; patent, Apr. 12, 1679. Died at 
 Paris after an operation for stone. 
 (Scott: Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae, VII., 356). 
 
 26. John Paterson (1632-Dec. 9, 1708). 
 
 Son of John Paterson (1604?- 1679), Bishop of Ross. Educated 
 at King's College, Aberdeen; became student of theology at St. 
 Andrews, Mar. 13, 1655. Regent, Feb. 3, 1658. Called to Ellon, 
 Nov. 6, 1659; admitted before July 15, 1660. Minister of the Tron 
 Parish, Edinburgh, being called Jan. 4, 1663. Appointed chaplain to 
 the King, May 6, 1668. Dean of Edinburgh, 1672. Appointed 
 Bishop of Galloway, Oct. 20, 1674. Consecrated, May, 1675, by 
 Robert Leighton, Bishop of Glasgow; Alexander Young, Bishop of 
 Edinburgh; and an unknown bishop. Translated to Edinburgh, 
 
 [22 1 
 
1679. Nominated Bishop of Glasgow, 1687. He was actively en- 
 gaged in all the intolerant measures of the government, and opposed 
 until the accession of James II. the granting of all indulgences. 
 Adhered to King James II. March 19, 1685-6, King James II. 
 granted to him and his successors of Edinburgh the office of Chancellor 
 of the College or University of Edinburgh. Deprived at the Revolu- 
 tion. Assisted, Jan. 25, 1705, in the consecration of Bishops Fullar- 
 ton and Sage, in his own house. His character was painted by his 
 opponents in the blackest colours. Though banished from Scotland 
 before 1695, he was restored by Queen Anne. Died at Edinburgh. 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, XLIV., 18; Keith: An Historical 
 Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, 1824 ed., p. 64; Scott: Fasti 
 Ecclesiae Scoticanae, VII., 324; Lawson: History of the Scottish 
 Episcopal Church from the Revolution to the present Time, pp. 34, 
 35, 85C.). 
 
 27. William Lloyd ( 1637-Jan. 1, 1710). 
 
 A Welshman, born at Bala, in Merionethshire, and educated at 
 Ruthin School. Admitted as a sizar at St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge, Feb. 1654-5. D. D., per liter as regias, 1670. Chaplain to 
 the English Merchants' Factory in Portugal. Vicar of Battersea; 
 chaplain to the Lord Treasurer Clifford. Prebendary of St. Paul's, 
 1672-1676. Consecrated Bishop of Llandaff, Apr. 18, 1675, by 
 Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury; George Morley, Bishop 
 of Winchester; Seth Ward, Bishop of Salisbury; Antony Sparrow, 
 Bishop of Exeter; Peter Mews, Bishop of Bath; Guy Carleton, 
 Bishop of Bristol ; and John Pritchett, Bishop of Gloucester. Bishop 
 of Peterborough, 1679. Bishop of Norwich, 1685. Had the reputa- 
 tion of being an excellent preacher; an active and efficent bishop. 
 Visited the seven bishops in the Tower, and took an active part in 
 helping them to prepare their defence. Enjoyed the greatest confi- 
 dence of Archbishop Sancroft. In the Revolution crisis, Bp. Lloyd 
 identified himself with the Nonjurors. He joined with the other 
 prelates in repudiating any share in producing "the Jacobite Liturgy," 
 which created so great a sensation in 1690; but his known principles 
 made him suspected. In the riots against the Jacobites after the 
 defeat of the English and Dutch fleets by the French off Beachy 
 Head just before the Battle of the Boyne, his London House in Old 
 Street was attacked by the mob ; and he and his family compelled to 
 take refuge in the Temple. Sancroft delegated to him all his arch- 
 episcopal powers. Deprived of his office for refusing the oath of 
 allegiance to William III. (1691), Lloyd lived for nearly twenty years 
 
 1 23 J 
 
at Hammersmith, then a suburb of London. There "he governed his 
 Church with piety, candour, and zeal" (N. Salmon). In his later 
 years, he held a unique position among the Nonjurors, being regarded 
 as an oracle and saint by them. 
 
 (Overton: The Nonjurors — their Lives, Principles, and Writings; 
 Dictionary of National Biography, XXXIIL, 435). 
 
 28. William Sancroft (Jan. 30, 1617-Nov. 24, 1693). 
 
 Born at Fressingfield, Suffolk. Graduated from Emmanuel 
 College, Cambridge (B. A., 1637; M. A., 1641; B. D., 1648). Fellow 
 and tutor, 1642; bursar, 1644. Refused to sign the Solemn League 
 and Covenant; deprived of his fellowship. On leaving Cambridge, 
 he retired to Fressingfield, where he remained nine years. Went 
 abroad in 1657. Returned at the Restoration. Became chaplain to 
 John Cosin, Bishop of Durham, and University preacher. Rector of 
 Houghton-de-Spring, and King's chaplain, 1661. Prebendary at 
 Durham Cathedral, and master of his college, 1662. Dean of York, 
 and of St. Paul's, 1664. Archdeacon of Canterbury, 1668. Con- 
 secrated Archbishop of Canterbury, Jan. 27, 1678, at Westminster, 
 by Henry Compton, Bishop of London; Seth Ward, Bishop of Salis- 
 bury; Joseph Henshaw, Bishop of Peterborough; John Dolben, 
 Bishop of Rochester; Peter Gunning, Bishop of Ely; Guy Carleton, 
 Bishop of Bristol; Thomas Barlow, Bishop of Lincoln; and Thomas 
 Lamplugh, Bishop of Exeter. He attended King Charles H. on his 
 death-bed, Feb., 1685; and crowned King James H., Apr. 23, 1685. 
 He would not act on King James' ecclesiastical commission; and was 
 one of the famous seven bishops who refused to read James' Declara- 
 tion of Indulgence. In consequence they were confined in the Tower, 
 and tried, but were triumphantly acquitted. Sancroft refused to 
 take the oath of allegiance to William and Mary, 1688; and was 
 deprived, Feb. 1, 1691. The Nonjurors regarded him as the bulwark 
 of their cause. Died and buried at Fressingfield. His words on his 
 death-bed: — "What I have done, I have done in the integrity of my 
 heart, indeed, in the great integrity of my heart." 
 (The New Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia, X., 199; Diction- 
 ary of National Biography, L., 244; Overton: The Nonjurors — 
 their Lives, Principles, and Writings). 
 
 29. Robert Douglas (1625?-April 22, 1716). 
 
 Son of Robert Douglas of Nether Kilmonth and Margaret 
 Sibbold; of the Lineal branch of Douglas of Glenberry in the shire 
 of the Mearns, afterwards Earls of Angus, and afterwards Dukes of 
 
 [24] 
 
Douglas. Educated at King's College, Aberdeen. Minister of 
 Laurencekirk in the Mearns, before Jan., 1657; translated to Both- 
 well before Sept. 20, 16^5; translated to Renfrew, Mar. 15, 1669; 
 translated to Hamilton, 1675. Dean of Glasgow. Consecrated 
 Bishop of Brechin, July 25, 1682. The names of his consecrators are 
 lost. Translated to the See of Dunblane, May 23, 1684. Signed an 
 address to James VII., Nov. 3, 1688. Deprived at the abolition of 
 Episcopacy, Apr. 11, 1689. Had a yearly pension of £1200. Died 
 at Dundee, full of piety as well as years. Some authorities give the 
 date of his death as Sept. 22, 1716; others as May 22, 1716. 
 (Scott: Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae, VII., 338; Powicke: Handbook of 
 British Chronology, pp. 218, 221; Keith: An Historical Catalogue of 
 the Scottish Bishops, 1824 ed., pp. 168, 183). 
 
 Francis Turner ( 1638-Nov. 2, 1700). 
 
 Born probably at Fecham, Surrey. Educated at Winchester and 
 at New College, Oxford (B. A., 1659; M. A., 1663; B. D. and D. D., 
 1669). Rector of Therfield, Hertfordshire, 1664. Fellow of St. 
 John's College, Cambridge, 1666. Prebend for Sneating at St. 
 Paul's, London, 1669. Master of St. John's College, Cambridge, 
 1670. Vice-chancellor, 1678. Rector of Great Hasely, Oxfordshire, 
 1683. Dean of Windsor. Consecrated Bishop of Rochester, Nov. 
 11, 1683, by William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury; Henry 
 Compton, Bishop of London; Nathaniel Crewe, Bishop of Durham; 
 Seth Ward, Bishop of Salisbury; William Lloyd, Bishop of Peter- 
 borough. Bishop of Ely, 1684. Preached the sermon at the corona- 
 tion of King James II., April 23, 1685. Joined in the protest of the 
 seven bishops against the King's declaration for liberty of conscience, 
 1688. Refused the oath of allegiance to William and Mary. Sus- 
 pended, 1689; deprived, 1690. Arrested and discharged, 1696. In 
 constant correspondence with the Court of St. Germains. During 
 the last ten years of his life, the restoration of King James II. was 
 the object he continually set before him. A controversialist. Died 
 in London. 
 
 Besides some sermons, he published: — 
 
 a. Vindication of the late Archbishop Sancroft and his Brethren. 
 
 b. Animadversions on the Naked Truth (anonymous). 
 
 c. Letters to the Clergy of his Diocese. 
 
 d. Brief Memoirs of Nicholas Ferrar. 
 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, LVIL, 336; The New Schaff- 
 Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, XII., 41-42; Allibone's 
 Dictionary of Authors; Overton: The Nonjurors — their Lives, 
 
 [25] 
 
Principles, and Writings; Macaulay: History of England, ch. xiv., 
 xvi., xvii.). 
 
 31. Thomas White ( 1628-May 30, 1698). 
 
 B. A., St. John's College, Cambridge, 1646; created D. D., Ox- 
 ford, 1683. Vicar of Newark-on-Trent, 1660. Rector of All Hallows 
 the Great, London, 1666-1679. Rector of Bottesford, 1679-1685. 
 Chaplain to the Lady (afterwards Queen) Anne, 1683. Archdeacon 
 of Nottingham, 1683. Consecrated Bishop of Peterborough, Oct. 
 25, 1685, by William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury; Henry 
 Compton, Bishop of London; William Lloyd, Bishop of St. Asaph; 
 John Lake, Bishop of Chichester; Francis Turner, Bishop of Ely; 
 Thomas Spratt, Bishop of Rochester; James, Bishop of Dunkeld, 
 (according to Stubbs), but at that time the Bishop of Dunkeld was 
 Andrew Bruce. One of the six bishops, who with Sancroft petitioned 
 against King James XL's second Declaration of Indulgence, May 4, 
 1688; and with them tried and acquitted, June, 1688. Refused 
 oaths to William and Mary. Deprived of see, Feb. 1, 1691. One 
 of the five who issued in 1698, "The Charitable Recommenda- 
 tion of the Deprived Bishops," in behalf of the relief fund started by 
 Kettlewell for distressed Nonjurors; and had to appear before the 
 Privy Council. The ceremony of the first consecration of Nonjuror 
 bishops was held in his own lodging in the house of Mr. Giffard, 
 at Southgate, in Middlesex. Attended Sir John Fenwick on the 
 scaffold — an act of considerable daring. 
 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, LXL, 81; Overton: The Non- 
 jurors — their Lives, Principles, and Writings). 
 
 32. Alexander Rose (1647?-March 20, 1720). 
 
 Son of Alexander Rose, minister of Monymusk. Educated at 
 King's College, Aberdeen (M. A., July 26, 1667) and University of 
 Glasgow. Obtained his licentiate from the Presbytery of Glasgow, 
 Apr. 20, 1670. Minister of the Old Church, Perth, 1672-1683. Ap- 
 pointed Professor of Divinity, University of Glasgow, Oct. 9, 1682. 
 Principal of St. Mary's College, Aberdeen, Oct. 22, 1686. Conse- 
 crated Bishop of Moray at St. Andrews, May 1, 1687. Translated 
 to the see of Edinburgh, Jan. 21, 1688. Refused allegiance to 
 William and Mary. Deprived on the abolition of Episcopacy, Apr. 
 11, 1689. Minister of St. Paul's, Carruber's Close, Edinburgh. 
 Primus of the Episcopal Church of Scotland in 1704 on the death of 
 Arthur Ross. This left only five Scottish bishops surviving. Pur- 
 sued the policy of consecrating bishops without jurisdiction. The 
 
 126] 
 
last surviving diocesan bishop; all who remained were merely bishops 
 at large. Died of apoplexy at his sister's house in the Canongate, 
 Edinburgh; buried at Restalrig Church in Lord Balmerine's vault. 
 *'A sweet-natured man, and of a venerable aspect" (R. Keith). 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, XLIX., 252; Scott: Fasti Ec- 
 clesiae Scoticanae, VII., 342-343; Keith: An Historical Catalogue of 
 the Scottish Bishops, 1824 ed., pp. 64-65). 
 
 33. George Hickes (June 20, 1642-Dec. 15, 1715). 
 
 Born at Newsham, near Thirsk (20 miles northwest of York), 
 Yorkshire. Studied at St. John's and Magdalen Colleges, Oxford 
 (B. A., 1663; M. A., 1665; B. D., 1675). Fellow of Lincoln, 1664. 
 Appointed chaplain to the Duke of Lauderdale, 1676; and accom- 
 panied him to Scotland. Prebendary of Worcester, and vicar of All 
 Hallows, Barking, 1680. Chaplain to the King, 1681. Dean of 
 Worcester, 1683. Refusing the oath of allegiance after the Revolu- 
 tion of 1688, he was deprived of his deanery (1690). Lived the rest 
 of his life chiefly in London in more or less close concealment. Con- 
 secrated Bishop of Thetford, at London, Feb. 21, 1693 94, according 
 to the rites of the Church of England, by three deprived bishops: 
 William Lloyd, formerly of Norwich; Francis Turner, formerly of 
 Ely; Thomas White, formerly of Petersborough. Consecrated at 
 Bishop White's lodgings, at the Rev. William Giffard's house at 
 Southgate in Middlesex. "Dr. Hickes was one of the most pro- 
 foundly-learned men of his time, and of inflexible integrity of charac- 
 ter. He published many controversial treatises on religion and 
 politics, and some other works, . . . the most of which are now for- 
 gotten" (Allibone). 
 
 Among his principal productions: — 
 
 (a) Jovian; or, an Answer to Johnson's Julian the Apostate, and 
 
 Passive Obedience Defended, 1673 (anonymous). 
 
 (b) The Spirit of Enthusiasm Exercised; or, a Sermon on I. Cor. 
 
 xii., 4 (London, 1681) — "A very learned and important dis- 
 course" (Bishop Van Milbert). 
 
 (c) Institutiones Grammaticae Anglo-Saxonicae et Maese-Gothicae, 
 
 a G. Hickesie, Grammatica Islandica Runolphi lonae (Ox- 
 ford, 1689) — a very valuable book. It has been stated that 
 "this book discovers an accuracy in this language beyond the 
 attainments of any that had gone before him in that study." 
 
 (d) Linguarum Veterum Septentrionalium Thesaurum Grammatico- 
 
 Criticum et Archaeologicum, 1703-05. "Dr. Hickes, the 
 great master of the Northern languages in general and of the 
 
 [27] 
 
Anglo-Saxon in particular, accomplished the most arduous 
 task in compiling and publishing, amidst the hardships of 
 deprivation and poverty, his famed Thesaurus Linguarum 
 Veterum Septentrionalium" (Dr. Ingram). 
 
 (e) Several Letters which passed between Dr. G. Hickes and a 
 
 Popish Priest, 1705. 
 
 (f) A Second Collection of Letters relating to the Church of Eng- 
 
 land and Church of Rome, 1710. 
 
 (g) Two Treatises: one on the Christian Priesthood, the other of 
 
 the Dignity of the Episcopal Order, &c., 1707 et seq. 
 (h) Sermons, with a Preface by N. Spinckes, 1713. 
 (i) Devotions in the Ancient Way of Offices Reformed, 1717. 
 (j) Life of John Kettlewell, 1718. 
 (k) Sermons, 1712. 
 
 Thomas Babington Macaulay said: — "Of all the Englishmen of 
 his time he was the most versed in the old Teutonic languages; and 
 his knowledge of the early Christian literature was extensive." 
 (The New Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia, V., 274; Diction- 
 ary of National Biography, XXVI., 350; Overton: The Nonjurors 
 — their Lives, Principles, and Writings; Allibone's Dictionary of 
 Authors). 
 
 34. John Fullarton (d. May, 1727). 
 
 Consecrated, Jan. 25, 1705, at Edinburgh, with John Sage, by 
 John Paterson, deprived Archbishop of Glasgow; Alexander 
 Rose, deprived Bishop of Edinburgh; Robert Douglas, deprived 
 Bishop of Dunblane. Lately an incumbent in one of the churches of 
 Paisley. Probably descended from the family of Glendaruel in 
 Argyleshire. On the death of Bishop Rose (1720), the clergy of 
 Edinburgh elected him their bishop. His principal attentions as 
 Primus were *'the accommodation of the differences which subsisted 
 among the clergy in regard to the usages, and the establishment of a 
 regular diocesan superintendence on the part of the bishops." Suc- 
 ceeded in inducing his brethren to assemble at Edinburgh, *'to enter 
 into a close, free, and amicable conference for bringing things to a 
 happy crisis." So successful therein, "that the chief obstacles to a 
 complete understanding were entirely removed; each party being 
 satisfied with the mutual concessions by which their future inter- 
 course in ministerial offices and duties was to be regulated." Cor- 
 responded with Bishops Campbell and Gadderar at London, stating 
 the advantages that would result from a proper distribution of episco- 
 pal superintendence, and particularly from the constant residence of a 
 
 [28] 
 
bishop in the several districts into which the country used to be 
 divided. The difficulties, however, proved insurmountable. 
 (Keith: An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, 1824 ed., 
 pp. 524-525). 
 
 35. John Sage (1652-June 7, 1711). 
 
 Born at Criech, in the county of Fife. M. A., St. Salvator's 
 College, St. Andrews, 1669. ''His youth appears to have been 
 devoted to severe study, though not a little opposed by the difficulties 
 of the times, as well as by the inconveniences which always attend on 
 narrow fortune" (Appendix to Keith's Catalogue). Ordained by 
 Arthur Ross, Archbishop of Glasgow. Minister in Glasgow. Driven 
 from Glasgow to Edinburgh by Cameronian outbreak. There he 
 produced literary works. Banished from Edinburgh for officiating 
 as a nonjuror, 1693. Privately consecrated at Edinburgh as Bishop 
 without jurisdiction, Jan. 25, 1705, by John Paterson, deprived Arch- 
 bishop of Glasgow; Alexander Rose, deprived Bishop of Edinburgh; 
 Robert Douglas, deprived Bishop of Dunblane. John Fullarton and 
 John Sage were the first of the post-Revolution bishops. "No name 
 in the annals of Scottish Episcopacy holds a higher place than that of 
 Sage; and if we estimate justly his learning, his industry, his great 
 talents, his constancy, and his zeal, it will be acknowledged that few 
 such men have adorned the history of the much more opulent and 
 extensive churches" (Appendix to Keith's Catalogue). 
 
 His writings include: — 
 
 (a) Fundamental Charter of Presbytery. 
 
 (b) The Principles of the Cyprianic Age with regard to Episcopal 
 
 Power and Jurisdiction. 
 
 (c) A Vindication of the Discourses entitled. The Principles of the 
 
 Cyprianic Age. 
 
 (d) Letters on Toleration. 
 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, L., 115; Keith: An Historical 
 Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, 1824 ed., p. 519; Allibone's Dic- 
 tionary of Authors). 
 
 36. John Falconar (d. 1723). 
 
 Former minister of Cairnbee in Fife. Consecrated at Dundee, 
 Apr. 28, 1709, with the Rev. Henry Christie, deprived minister of 
 Kinross. Consecrated by Alexander Rose, Bishop of Edinburgh; 
 Robert Douglas, Bishop of Dunblane; and John Sage. "Bishop 
 Falconar is said to have been a man of learning as well as of business. 
 He was, says Mr. Skinner, an intimate acquaintance and great 
 
 [29] 
 
favourite of Bishop Rose, who pressed him most warmly, for the good 
 of the Church, to take the burden of the episcopate upon him in these 
 times of trial and difficulty. And no man could have been better 
 fitted for it in any condition of the Church, as, from the many letters 
 that remain of him, he appears to have been not only a man of great 
 piety and prudence, but likewise a consummate divine, and deeply 
 versed in the doctrines and rites of the primitive Church" (Appendix 
 to Keith's Catalogue, p. 522, referring to Skinner's Ecclesiastical 
 History of Scotland, II., 607). Falconar was requested by the clergy 
 of Angus and Mearns, 1720, to assume the spiritual government and 
 inspection of them. A similar request was made by the clergy in the 
 presbytery of St. Andrews. 
 
 (Keith: An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, 1823 ed., pp. 
 522-523). 
 
 37. Archibald Campbell (d. 1744). 
 
 Commonly called "the Honourable Archibald Campbell." Son 
 of Lord Neil Campbell and Lady Vere Ker, daughter of William, 
 third Earl of Lothian, and grandson of Archibald, first Marquis of 
 Argyll, who was beheaded for treason at the Market Cross of Edin- 
 burgh, May 27, 1661. Said to have taken part in Argyll's invasion, 
 1685. Withdrew to Surinam. A rigid Nonjuror on his return. 
 Frequently imprisoned. Consecrated bishop, but not for any par- 
 ticular see, by Alexander Rose, Bishop of Edinburgh; Robert 
 Douglas, Bishop of Dunblane; and John Falconar. Resided in 
 London. Wrote "The Middle or Intermediate State" (London, 
 1713). Negotiated for the union of the Nonjurors with the Greek 
 Church. This project to effect a union between the Greek Church in 
 Turkey and Russia and the unestablished Episcopalians in Great 
 Britain occupied for two or three years the attention of some of the 
 nonjuring bishops both in England and Scotland. Bishops Camp- 
 bell and Gadderar seem to have acted for their brethren in the north ; 
 and, in conjunction with Bishops Collier, Brett, and Griffin, of the 
 English communion, entered seriously into a negotiation with Ar- 
 senius, metropolitan of Thesbis in Egypt, who happened to be in 
 England, and with the patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, 
 Jerusalem, Antioche Heraclea, Nicomedia, Chalcedon, and Thessa- 
 lonica. The death of the celebrated Czar, Peter the First, who is 
 understood to have favoured the measure, put an end to the cor- 
 respondence and stipulations with which the minds of the prelates on 
 both sides had been most sedulously employed; no other advantage 
 having risen from it besides a more intimate acquaintance than was 
 
 130] 
 
generally possessed in Britain with the tenets and usages of that large 
 portion of the Christian Church. 
 
 A letter of George Lockhart(1673-1731),ofCarnwath, confidential 
 agent to Prince James Edward in Scotland, the "exiled king," dated 
 Apr. 20, 1720, states that he had heard "that Mr. Archibald Camp- 
 bell (who, tho' adorned with none of the qualifications requisite in a 
 bishop, and remarkable for some things inconsistent with the charac- 
 ter of a gentleman, was most imprudently consecrated some years 
 ago) is coming here from London, with a view of forming a party and 
 propagating these doctrines which were at least unseasonably 
 broached some few years ago in England." Lockhart was much 
 annoyed by the introduction of the "usage" controversy. 
 
 Campbell was elected Bishop of Aberdeen, 1721; but resided in 
 London. Resigned, Apr. 3, 1725. Formed a separate nonjuring 
 community. Some ten or eleven books are attributed to him. 
 Overton praised his style. A great book-collector. Dr. Samuel 
 Johnson commented on his library. Many of his books are now in 
 the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh. 
 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, VIII., 339; Keith: An His- 
 torical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, 1824 ed., p. 532; John 
 Dowden: The Bishops of Scotland, pp. 406, 409). 
 
 38. James Gadderar (1655-Feb., 1733). 
 
 Also spelt "Gadderer," "Gedderer," "Gatherer." Restorer of 
 Scottish episcopacy. M. A., Glasgow, 1675. Before the Revolution, 
 minister of Kilmaure in Ayrshire, where he was "rabbled out." 
 Parson of Kilmalcolm. Consecrated, Feb. 24, 1712, bishop at large, 
 by George Hickes, English Nonjuror; Bishop Archibald Campbell; 
 Bishop John Falconar. Thus was effected a union between the 
 Scottish and English Nonjuring lines. Lived in London. Being 
 without a see, he was employed by Bishop Archibald Campbell to 
 act for him in the Diocese of Aberdeen. Returned to Scotland as 
 Bishop Campbell's vicar in 1721. Duly elected Bishop of Aberdeen, 
 1725. Petitioned by the clergy of Moray to supply their want of a 
 bishop. Obtained sanction of the "usages" at Holy Communion. 
 Elected to the See of Moray, 1725. Took part in the consecration of 
 Bishop Rattray at Edinburgh. Published "The Right of Succession 
 to the Kingdom of England, in two books, against the Sophisms of 
 Parsons the Jesuite," translated from the Latin of Sir Thomas Craig, 
 of Riccarton (London, 1703). 
 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, XX., 346; John Dowden: The 
 Bishops of Scotland, pp. 406-407). 
 
 [31] 
 
39. Arthur Millar (1650?-Oct. 9, 1727). 
 
 M. A., King's College. Schoolmaster of Dumbarton. Licensed 
 by presbytery of Dumbarton, 1673. Ordained to Dumbarton, 1677. 
 Presented by John, Duke of Lauderdale. Admitted and instituted, 
 June 9, 1680. Deprived, May 3, 1689, for not obeying the Proclama- 
 tion of the Estates of 13 April, and not praying for William and Mary. 
 Became minister of an Episcopal congregation at Leith. Conse- 
 crated bishop, Oct. 22, 1718, by Alexander Rose, Bishop of Edin- 
 burgh; John Fullarton; John Falconar. Appointed to Edinburgh, 
 1727. One of his descendants was the Rev. John Skinner, author of 
 **Tullockgorum." 
 
 (Scott: Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae, I., 326; Keith: An Historical 
 Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, 1824 ed., p. 526). 
 
 40. William Irvine (d. 1725). 
 
 Formerly minister of Kirkmichael in Ayrshire. Consecrated bishop, 
 Oct. 22, 1718, by Alexander Rose, Bishop of Edinburgh; John 
 Fullarton; John Falconar. Lockhart, confidential agent to Prince 
 James Edward, wrote, Dec. 18, 1725: — **The King has the other day 
 lost a faithful useful servant by the death of Bishop Irvine, and it will 
 be no easy matter to supply his place, as he was the only one of all 
 the present Bishops fit to succeed Fullarton, who is quite dosed, 
 and cannot last long." 
 
 (Lawson : History of the Scottish Episcopal Church from the Revolu- 
 tion to the present Time, pp. 220, 242). 
 
 41. Andrew Cant (1650?Apr. 21, 1730). 
 
 Younger son of Andrew Cant, minister of Banchory-Ternan. 
 M. A., Aberdeen, March 6, 1668. Licensed by George Wishart, 
 Bishop of Edinburgh. Ordained to Second Charge, Leith, Jan. 30, 
 1671. Elected by the Town Council, Jan. 27, 1679. Translated and 
 admitted soon afterwards. Deprived, Apr. 20, 1689, for not reading 
 the proclamation disowning King James VII. and acknowledging 
 William and Mary. Consecrated Bishop of the Nonjurors, Oct. 17, 
 1722, by Bishops John Fullarton, Arthur Millar, and William Irvine. 
 Published a ''Sermon preached on the 30th day of January, 1702 03;" 
 and another on the anniversary of King Charles I.'s execution, 1715. 
 (Scott: Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae, I., 126; Keith: An Historical 
 Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, 1824 ed., p. 553). 
 
 42. Alexander Duncan (1655?-Jan., 1733). 
 
 Probably son of William Duncan, minister of New Kilpatrick. 
 
 132] 
 
M. A., Glasgow, July 20, 1675. Admitted in 1680. Recommended 
 by James, Marquis of Montrose, May 7, 1681, for the parish of 
 Baldermoch, which did not then become vacant. "Outed" in 1688. 
 Sealed in a Nonjurant Episcopal congregation at Glasgow, 1715. 
 ''So keen were his political feelings that he refused the Communion 
 to an English officer, because he could not acknowledge his having 
 held a commission from King George to be a sin." Consecrated 
 bishop at Edinburgh, 1724, by Bishops John Fullarton, William 
 Irvine, and Arthur Millar. 
 (Scott: Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae, III., 102-103). 
 
 43. Thomas Rattray (1684-May 12, 1743). 
 
 Possessed the estate of Craighall in the county of Forfar. Con- 
 secrated, June 24, 1727, at Edinburgh, by Bishops James Gadderar, 
 Arthur Millar, and Andrew Cant. Was not recognized by a section 
 of the Scottish Nonjuror bishops, because the Old Pretender had not 
 assented to his election, and because of some other points of differ- 
 ence. Became Bishop of Dunkeld, terms having been made in 1731. 
 Chosen Primus, 1739, when a new dissension arose which remained 
 unhealed until his death. His chief work was: — "The Ancient 
 Liturgy of the Church of Jerusalem, being the liturgy of St. James, 
 freed from all later additions and interpolations of whatever kind, and 
 so restored to its original purity, by comparing it with the account of 
 that liturgy by St. Cyril in his fifth Mystagogical Catechism and with 
 the Clementine Liturgy, fisc, with an English translation and notes" 
 (published posthumously, 1744). 
 
 Skinner's Ecclesiastical History of Scotland describes him as "a 
 man whom the Church will long look back to with a mixture of 
 pleasure and regret; with pleasure, in the grateful remembrance of 
 having had such a bishop, and with a deep regret for having been 
 so soon deprived of him." His printed works show his learning, 
 which was highly esteemed by his contemporaries both in England 
 and Scotland. His letters, sermons, &c., "display much reading and 
 much sound judgment." 
 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, XLVIL, 312; Keith: An His- 
 torical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, 1824 ed., pp. 537-539). 
 
 44. William Dunbar (1661-Dec., 1745 or early in 1746). 
 
 Born at Moray. Educated at King's College, Aberdeen, M, 
 A., 1681. Tutor to the Sheriff of Moray. Passed trials before 
 presbytery of Forres. Recommended for license, Oct. 19, 1687. 
 Intruded about 1691. Minister of Cruden in Aberdeenshire. De- 
 
 [33] 
 
prived, Oct. 15, 1716, for deserting the Protestant cause and being a 
 Jacobite. Prosecuted with others before the Lords of Justiciary, 
 July 29, 1717, for "intruding into parish churches, leasing, making, 
 and praying for the Pretender;" but the diet was deserted in respect 
 of the King's Act of Grace. Removed from the parish by sentence of 
 the Lords of Justiciary, Apr. 8, 1718, when the entire congregation 
 went out with him. Consecrated by Bishops James Gadderar, 
 Arthur Millar, and Thomas Rattray, at Edinburgh, June 18, 1727. 
 The ''college of bishops" declared his election to Moray and Ross 
 null, and his consecration irregular and uncanonical. On June 5, 
 1733, the presbyters at Aberdeen met at Old Meldrum, and elected 
 him their bishop. Translated to Aberdeen, 1733. Did not resign 
 Moray and Ross for some two years. Resigned his see July 4, 1745. 
 He seems to have resided at Peterhead. 
 
 (Scott: Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae, VL, 188; John Dowden: The 
 Bishops of Scotland, pp. 407-408). 
 
 45. Robert Keith (Feb. 7, 1681-Jan. 26, 1757). 
 
 At Marischal College, Aberdeen. Consecrated bishop at Edin- 
 burgh, June 18, 1727, by Bishops James Gadderar, Arthur Millar, and 
 Thomas Rattray. When Coadjutor to Bishop Millar (1727-1733), 
 he obtained extinction of the project of the college of bishops. Bishop 
 of Fife (1733-1743). After his resignation of Fife, he continued to act 
 as Bishop of Orkney and Caithness. Chosen Primus, 1743. Pub- 
 lished a history of Scotland from the Reformation to 1568 (1734). 
 Published a catalogue of the bishops of Scotland to 1688 (1755); this 
 valuable catalogue was extended and republished in 1824. 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, XXX., 326). 
 
 46. Robert White (d. 1761). 
 
 Had the congregation at Cupar in Fife. Consecrated Bishop of 
 Dunblane, June 24, 1735, at Carsebank near Forfar, by Bishops 
 Thomas Rattray, Robert Keith, and William Dunbar. Elected by 
 the clergy of Fife, 1743. Chosen Primus in 1757, on the death of 
 Bishop Keith. 
 
 (Keith: An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, 1824 ed., 
 pp. 547-548). 
 
 47. William Falconar (1708P-1784). 
 
 Minister of a chapel at Forres. Consecrated, Sept. 10, 1741, at 
 Alloa, by Bishops Thomas Rattray, Robert Keith, and William 
 Dunbar. He was first appointed to the district of Caithness. Re- 
 
 134] 
 
moved the following year to that of Moray. Succeeded Bishop 
 White as Primus in 1761. In 1776, he received Arthur Petrie as his 
 Coadjutor. Elected to Edinburgh. He was a long time very infirm. 
 (Keith: An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, 1824 ed., 
 pp. 528-529, 542). 
 
 48. James Rait (d. 1777). 
 
 Son of William Rait, minister of Monikie. Presbyter in Dundee. 
 
 A highly respected character. Oct. 4, 1742: consecrated bishop 
 by Bishops Thomas Rattray, Robert Keith, and Robert White. 
 Given superintendency of Brechin. A learned correspondent, quoted 
 in Keith, says: — "I know nothing more than that he possessed strong 
 good sense, had a very dignified manner when performing his Episco- 
 pal offices, and that he was a celebrated preacher, — preaching with- 
 out notes till he became a very old man. His charges to the youth 
 whom he confirmed, he delivered without notes and without hesita- 
 tion, long after he was eighty years of age." 
 
 (Keith: An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, 1824 ed., 
 p. 544). 
 
 49. John Alexander (d. 1776). 
 
 Presbyter at Alloa. Chosen by the clergy at Dunkeld to suc- 
 ceed Bishop Rattray on his death. Consecrated at Edinburgh, Aug. 
 9, 1743, by Bishops Robert Keith, Robert White, William Falconar, 
 and James Rait. The small chapel at Alloa was bequeathed by him to 
 his successors in that town. According to the appendix to Keith's 
 Catalogue (1824 ed.), "the reputation of Bishop Alexander still lives 
 in the Church ; and he continues to be spoken of by those who knew 
 him, as a person of apostolical simplicity, piety, and benevolence." 
 He died, '*as he had lived, in the faith and fear of God, and in peace 
 with all men." 
 
 (Keith: An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, 1824 ed., 
 pp. 539-540). 
 
 50. Andrew Gerard (d. Oct. 7, 1767). 
 
 Presbyter in Aberdeen. While a deacon, chaplain in the house 
 of young Balgowan; afterwards in the house of Lord Nairne. Un- 
 animously elected Bishop of Aberdeen. Consecrated at Cupar in 
 Fife, July 17, 1747, by Bishops Robert White, William Falconar, 
 James Rait, and John Alexander. 
 (John Dowden: The Bishops of Scotland, p. 408). 
 
 [35] 
 
51. Robert Forbes (1708-Nov. 18, 1775). 
 
 M. A., Marischal College, Aberdeen, 1726. Episcopal minister 
 at Leith, 1735. Arrested as a Jacobite, Sept. 7, 1745. Confined till 
 May 29, 1746. Elected Bishop of Ross and Caithness, 1769, though 
 still a Jacobite. He had been consecrated at Cupar in Fife, June 24, 
 1762, by Bishops William Falconar, John Alexander, and Andrew- 
 Gerard. The distance of his charge seems not to have prevented him 
 from fulfilling the duties which attached to it. He published "The 
 Lyon in Mourning" (1747-1775). His "Journals" were edited by the 
 Rev. J. B. Craven, in 1886. 
 
 (Dictionary of National Biography, XIX., 409; Keith: An His- 
 torical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, 1824 ed., p. 550). 
 
 52. Robert Kilgour (1714-March 22, 1790). 
 
 Presbyter at Peterhead, where he continued to reside after being 
 elected bishop. Elected as successor to Bishop Gerard, Aug. 16, 
 1768, by a fair majority of the presbyters of Aberdeen. His election 
 confirmed. Considered at Cupar in Fife, Sept. 21, 1768, by Bishop 
 William Falconar (Primus), Bishop James Rait, and Bishop John 
 Alexander. Chosen Primus, Sept. 25, 1782, in the room of Falconar, 
 who had resigned. Participated in the consecration of Samuel Sea- 
 bury, 1784. Resigned, 1786, to Skinner the superintendance of the 
 whole Diocese except PeterTiead. 
 
 53. Charles Rose (d. Apr., 1791). 
 
 Presbyter at Down. Consecrated, Aug. 24, 1774, Bishop of 
 Dunblane, by Bishops Robert Forbes, William Falconar, and James 
 Rait. Succeeded Bishop Alexander in Dunkeld, where he remained 
 till his death. His consecration took place at Forfar. 
 (Keith: An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, 1824 ed., 
 p. 540). 
 
 54. Arthur Petrie (d. 1787). 
 
 Minister of a chapel at Micklefolla in the Diocese of Aberdeen. 
 Consecrated at Dundee, June 27, 1777, as Bishop Coadjutor of Moray, 
 by Bishops William Falconar, James Rait, Robert Kilgour, and 
 Charles Rose. Appointed Bishop of Ross and Caithness, 1778. 
 Soon afterwards entrusted with the sole charge of Moray. One of 
 the consecrators of Samuel Seabury, 1784. 
 
 (Keith: An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, 1824 ed., 
 p. 542). 
 
 136] 
 
John Skinner (May 17, 1744-July 13, 1816). 
 
 Son of John Skinner (1721-1807), song writer, and Episcopal 
 minister of Longside, Aberdeenshire (1742), who had been imprisoned 
 for preaching (1753), and corresponded with Robert Burns, and who 
 had published an "Ecclesiastical History of Scotland." John Skin- 
 ner, Jr., studied at Marischal College, Aberdeen. Ordained, 1763, by 
 Bishop Andrew Gerard. Episcopalian minister in Aberdeenshire; 
 in charge of congregations at Chaplehall and Bernie. Consecrated 
 as Coadjutor to Bishop Kilgour, Sept. 25, 1782. One of the conse- 
 crators of Samuel Seabury. Bishopof Aberdeen, 1786-1816. Primus, 
 1788. Obtained the removal of penal restrictions on the Scottish 
 Episcopal Church, 1792; and effected union of it with the Scottish 
 Anglican congregation, 1804. Published theological treatises, and 
 "Theological Works," with a life of his father. 
 
 He was consecrated in the chapel of the Rev. Alexander Luther- 
 muir, near Laurencekirk, by Bishops Robert Kilgour, Charles Rose, 
 and Arthur Petrie. He had been elected by the clergy of Aberdeen 
 as Coadjutor and successor of Bishop Kilgour. It was in Bishop 
 Skinner's Chapel at Aberdeen, Nov. 14, 1784, that Samuel Seabury 
 was consecrated. 
 
 (John Dowden: The Bishops of Scotland, p. 409; Dictionary of 
 National Biography, LI I., 343). 
 
 Samuel Seabury (Nov. 30, 1729-Feb. 25, 1796). 
 
 First bishop of the American Episcopal Church. Born at 
 North Groton, Conn. Graduated at Yale College, 1748. Began the 
 study of medicine; and went to Edinburgh to complete his medical 
 studies, where he became acquainted with a remnant of the ancient 
 Church of Scotland. Ordained deacon by the Bishop of Lincoln, Dec. 
 21, 1753; and priest two days later at London. Arrived at New 
 Brunswick, New Jersey, as missionary, 1754. Rector at Jamaica, 
 Long Island, 1757-1767; and at Westchester, New York, from 1767. 
 Loyal to the British cause in the Revolutionary War. Wrote a series 
 of controversial pamphlets. He was seized by an armed band, re- 
 moved to Connecticut, and held prisoner for six weeks. Upon 
 being passed through the British lines, he retired to New York, 
 where he supported himself in part by the practice of medicine, served 
 as chaplain of the King's American regiment, and maintained his 
 loyalty till the end of the war. In 1783, he was elected bishop by 
 the clergy of Connecticut, and proceeded to England for ordina- 
 tion. This was refused by the Archbishop of Canterbury, because 
 of certain complications with the civil oath of allegiance; so he 
 
 [37] 
 
turned to Scotland, where he was consecrated at Aberdeen, Nov. 
 14, 1784, by Bishops Robert Kilgour, Arthur Petrie, and John 
 Skinner. He returned to Connecticut, 1785; and his jurisdiction 
 was extended to Rhode Island, upon invitation. Presided over the 
 General Convention of 1789. He united with the American bishops 
 consecrated in England in the consecration of the first Bishop of 
 Maryland, Thomas J. Claggett. Consequently no bishop in the 
 United States has been consecrated without deriving his prerogatives 
 both through the Scottish and Anglican lines of descent. 
 (The New Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia, X., 315-316; large 
 bibliography). 
 
 _^_, 
 
 5" *h=:(K^=H^ 
 
 INDEX TO BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON THE BISHOPS 
 
 Abbot 1 
 
 Alexander 49 
 
 Campbell 37 
 
 Cant 41 
 
 Curll 5 
 
 Douglas 29 
 
 Duncan 42 
 
 Dunbar 44 
 
 Duppa 11 
 
 Fairfowl 22 
 
 Falconar, J 36 
 
 Falconar, W 47 
 
 Felton 2 
 
 Forbes 51 
 
 Frewen 15 
 
 Fullarton 34 
 
 Gadderar 38 
 
 Gerard 50 
 
 Hamilton 24 
 
 Henchman 17 
 
 Hickes 33 
 
 Irvine 40 
 
 Juxon 7 
 
 Keith 45 
 
 Kilgour 52 
 
 King 14 
 
 Laud 6 
 
 Leighton 23 
 
 Lloyd, H 19 
 
 Lloyd, W 27 
 
 Millar 39 
 
 Morley 18 
 
 Paterson 26 
 
 Petrie 54 
 
 Prideaux 13 
 
 Rait 48 
 
 Rattray 43 
 
 Rose, A 32 
 
 [38] 
 
 Rose, C 53 
 
 Sage 35 
 
 Sancroft 28 
 
 Seabury 56 
 
 Sharp 21 
 
 Sheldon 16 
 
 Skinner, J 55 
 
 Skinner, R 9 
 
 Sterne 20 
 
 Towers 12 
 
 Turner 30 
 
 Warner 10 
 
 White, R 46 
 
 White, T 31 
 
 Williams 3 
 
 Wren 8 
 
 Wright 4 
 
 Young 25 
 
♦fc-^vjO. 
 
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