m WS^iKiffiSJai^sift i^^^m Please handle this volume with care. The University of Connecticut Libraries, Storrs ^ » » » »"»■»»■» » DARBY'S EDITION OF UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER,; OR, A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ^ DARBY'S EBITlOl^ OF UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER; OR, A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY: CONTAINING A DESCRIPTION OE THE EMPIRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, PROVINCES, CITIES, TOWNS, FORTS, SEAS, HARBOURS, RIVERS, LAKES, MOUNTAINS, CAPES, &c. WITH THE GOVERNMENT, CUSTOMS, AND MANNERS, OF THE INHABITANTS J The Extent, Bouadaries, and Natural Productions of each Country ; and the Trade, IVIanufactures; and Curiosities of the Cities and Towns. TO WHICH ABE ADDED, THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, AND THE CONSTITUTIONS OF THE RESPECTIVE STATES. Illustrated bij a neat coloured Map of the United States. THE THIRD AMERICAN EDITION, WITH AMPLE ADDITIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS : BY WILLIAM DARBY, ^n^ HEMBEB OF THE ITEW YORE: HISTOBICAL SOCIETY, AUTHOR OF A MAP AND STATISTICAI, ACCeUNT OF LOUISIANA ; EMIGBANt's GUIDE ; TOUR EROM NEW YORK TO DETROIT ; AND MEMOIR ON FEOUIDA, PHILADELPHM : PUBLISHED BY THE EXECUTORS OF BENJAMIN WARNER, 171 MARKET STREET, AND SOLD AT THEIR STORE, RICHMOND, (Va.) WILLIAM P. BASON, CHARLES- TON, (S. C.) AND BENNETT & WALTON, 37 MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA, Eastern District of Pennsylvania, To wilt y.'!fe**?fe!!!?fe« BE IT REMEJIBERED, that on the eighteenth day of January in the forty-seventft 4r I a 4> year of the Independence of the United States of America, A. D. 1823, BENNETT & WALTON, . — of the said district, Iiave deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof ******** ^**^5" '^'•^"° ^ proprietors, in the words following, to wit: " Darby's Edition of Brookes' Universal Gazetteer ; Or, a New Geographical Dictionary : Containing a " Description of the Empires, Kingdoms, States, Proviuoes, Cities, Towns, Forts, Seas, Harbours, Rivers, " Lakes, Mountains, Capes, &c. iii the Known World; with the Government, Customs, and Mannei-s, of " the Inhabitants : The Extent, Boundaries, and Natural Productions of each Country ; and the Trade, " Manufacnn-es, and Curiosities of the Cities and Towns. To which are addeil. The Constitution of the « United States, and the Constitutions of the Respective States. Illustroteil by a neat coloured Map of « the United States. The Third American Edition, with ample Additions and Improvements : by VVil- " liam Daiby, Mi ralier of the New York Historical Society, Author of a Map and Statistical Account of " Louisiana ;' Emigrant's Guide ; Tour from New York to Detroit ; and Memoir on Florida." In confoi-raity to the act of the Congiess of the United States, entitled " An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned."— And also to the act entitled. " An act supiilementary to an act entitled " An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and jjrotuietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned," and^extending the be- nefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." D. CALDWELL, Clerk nf the Eastern District of Pentisylvania,, A HE original work, from whicli the present voIutog has been in part compiled, has long held a respectable rank among elementary treatises on geography. Ex- cept, on the American articles ; I have deviated as little as possible from the Loudon edition of 1819, from which most of the articles except those of America, have been taken. In many instances, howeVer, 1 found that suiRcient care had not been used to notice all tlie recent chanses made on the continent of K^urope. Several articles there- fore differ, very materially from the London copy For instance, Spain is inserted in this volume, as fixed re- cently by the Cortes. Sweden, Denmark, and Norway agreeable to the stipulations of the treaty of Kiel ; and Grermany, Italy, France, the Netherlands, Swiss Can- tons, &c. fixed by the treaties of Paris, Vienna, and others. In the articles included in England and Wales, the original phraseology js preserved. In describing the cities, towns, or other objects, in those two divisions of Great Britain, the description of each place stands in this volume, as it did in the London copy ; and, as if published in Great Britain. This course was pursued, in order to avoid unnecessarily increasing the quantum of matter, in that part of the present edition where such a repetition would be of very little use to the reader. It is respecting America generally, and the United States in particular, that the most essential additions have been made to, and deviations from the original. Very few American articles, stand in the present as they did in any previous edition. Vl PREFACE. This is the first Geographical Dictionary, in which a detailed and regular description of the counties of the United States has been inserted. In the former editions of Brookes, and in several other similar productions, few, comparatively of the United States counties, were so described, as to be easily found on a map from the description. In this volume, their relative position, length, breadth, area, and in a majority of cases the general features ; and in several hundred the staples of the counties are given. No difficulty can therefore occur in finding any given county. The elements of tlie population of the United States, oppose great difficulties to a brief classification. Duly reflecting on this subject, 1 adopted the tabular form, from a conviction, that no other could answer, to render the volume a facile work of reference. So much of the most essential legislation, and so many of the most vital questions in domestick politicks, demand a thorough knowledge of the local position and relative increase or decrease of population, that too much perspicuity cannot be given to that subject. As the tables in this volume are constructed, it is easy, at a single glance, to find any necessary part of the population of any county, as far as the tables of the census of 1810 and 1820, are cor- rect. The classified population, as respects the pursuits of Agriculture, Manufactures, and Commerce, are sub- joined to each county ; inserted from the census of 1820> In using the tabular form, brevity was in some mea- sure sacrificed to perspicuity ; but I trust, the importance of the subject will warrant the procedure. In a general view of the natural features of the Uni- ted States, I have always considered its rivers as objects of primary importance ; therefore, my descriptions of the rivers of the United States are unusually in detail. This is more especially the case under the head of Mississippi^ Missouri^ St Lawrence, Susqueliannali, and some others. The extended detail under these ar- ticles, have tended less to .swell the work, than would PBEFACE. VU appear on a cursory view. I have engrouped the minor parts under one head, and made references where ne- cessary. Respecting the new states and territories^ I have deemed it not only justifiable, but indeed requisite, to be more ample than is common in a Geographical Dic- tionary, comprised in a single octavo volume. It will not be presumption to say, that much is added to the Geography of the United States, by this pub- lication. The editor has travelled extensively over the states of the south, west, and north-west, and wrote respecting most of those sections from personal observa- tion. It was very desirable, that more precise information could have been given on South America ; but so con- fused and indefinite are the political boundaries in that country, that much uncertainty prevails respecting the extent of almost every subdivision. I could not even venture an article under the general head of. United Provinces of La Plata ; though each province is descri- bed as accurately as document could be procured. The Mexican intendancies were so scientifically de- lineated by Humboldt, as to enable future geographers to place that country before their readers with sufficient correctness. I have given the term Mexican empire, when speaking of that country, to save circumlocution ; and not from the circumstance of its present political condition. Abbreviations at best, are perplexing, and have been entirely excluded from this treatise. It cannot be reasonably expected that a work of such texture and magnitude, can be free from error ; such exemption is not in the nature of things possible ; but it has been the sedulous endeavour of the editor to render his production a safe and commodious book of refer- ence, and as free from either omission or mistake, as the present state of the science would admit. The edition of the Constitution of the United States, VIU PREFACE. aud of the respective states, which forms a part of this vo- lume was added by the publishers, iu order to embrace a general view of the geography and constitutional law of the United States. 1 was not the editor of that part of the publication, nor in reality was formal editorship in- dispensably necessary for reprinting matter which ad- mitted of no change or addition. I now take leave of the reader, by clahning a further share of that publick indulgence 1 have so amply re- ceived on former occasions. I place before my fellow citizens the fruit of the painful labours of two years, indulging a hope, that those humble labours have added something to the general stof;k of information on a most useful science. WILLIAM DARBY. Philadeljphiaf January V^ih, 1823. 21ie reader is desired to correct the following errors. In article District of Columbia. See Addenda, under the head of Columbia. In page 548, first column, for Maderia, read Madeira. In the articles Mecklenburg, pages 580 and 581. See Addenda under the head of Mecklenburg, (SiasriEIB^IIa ®ii^IB^^ia2^^< A. A A C -A, river in the ducliy of Courland, which rises in Sarn'>gitia, and flows into the bay of Riga. Jla, river that rises in the department of Somme in France, becomes navigable near St. Omer, passes on to GraveUnes, where it falls into the German ocean. Aa, river in Westphalia, which rises near Munster, waters that city, and falls into the river Embs. Aa, river of Switzerland, which rises in the valley of Rngelberg, crosses Under- walden, from S. to N, and falls into the Waldstaetter Sea. Near the abbey of Engelbers:, it has a noble cataract. Aahus, the capital of a small district of Germany, so named, in the circle of Westphalia, and bishopric of Munster. It h'(s a good casrle, and lies N E. of Coesfeldt. Lon. ? 1 E. lat 52 10 N. Aain-Charin, village near Jerusalem, said to be the place where Zacliarias lived. It is yet frequented by pilgrims ; and near it there is a convent, a large ele- gant building, with a handsome cupola, and under it an extraordinary fine mo- saic pavrment ; the altar, which is a very splendidone encompassed with mar- ble steps, IS said to be built on the very spot where John the Baptist was born. Aafborsr, capital of the bishopric of that nam.', lies on the coast of Lymfur , on the confines of the bishopric of Wi- bnrg Next to Coptnhagen, it is the rich-st and most pop'dous city in Den- mrk. The name signifies Eel-town, great quantities of Eels being caugl:; there. It has an exchange for mer- chants a safe andted for its mineral water. AbbenhaU, small village \2 miles from Gloucester, 3 from Newnham, noted for a mineral spring, very efficacious in the cure of cutaneous eruptions'. Abberxoick. large village near Alnwick, Kortliumberland. Abbeville, a considerable town of France, in the deparment of Sonime, and late province ol Picardy, seated in a pleasant valley, where the river Som* me divides into several branches, and separates the town into two parts. It is prtity well pt^opled : has a woolen manufactory, besides manufactories of sail-cloth. It lies 15 miles E from the British Channel, 2J NW from Amiens, 52 S of Calais, and 80 NW of Paris. Lon. 1 ,55 E, lat. 50 7 N Abbeville, (Wsir^cX. of S C. having P n- dleton district NW, Luurens NK, Edg- field SE, and the Savannah river SVV. Ii is about 31 ms. in length and breadth, having a superficies of about 1000 sq. ms. Tlie surface is agreeably variega- ted with hill and dale, and a considera- ble part of the soil is rich and well wa- tereJ Pop. in 1810. Free while males - - " - 7348 Do. do females - - 7048 Other persons not naturalized 88 Male slaves - . - . 4883 Female do. - - - . 4732 Free blacks and people of colour 64 Total cf slaves Total of free whites Slaves Total pop. 14484 G672 21156 In 1820. Free wlute malfs . - - 6795 Do do. females - - 6693 Other persons not naturalized 22 9679 Total cf whites 13510 Aggr.g.de pop. - - - 22189 Engaged in agriculture - - 7343 Do. commerce - - 57 Do. manufactures - 229 In 1820. Individuals to the sq. m. 23. Abbeif-JBoyle, town of Ireland, in the county ol' Uoscommnn, and prov.nce of Coiinaugh;, remarkable for an old abbey. It lies 23 miles N of Hoscommon. Lon, 8 32 W, lai. 53 56 N. Ahbeij- Green, Village of Scotland, in LaiKirkshire, so named from being built around the ruins of a monastery, found- ed here by King David 1. in 1440, dedi- cated to St, Macule. It contains about 430 inhabitants; and lies 12 miles S of Hamilton, and 4 from Lanark. Abbeii-Holm, town in Cumberland, so called from an abbey built in it by Da^ vid I. King of Scots. It stands on an arm of tlie sea, and is 295 tnil-s from London, and 16 SW from Carlisle. Lou. 3 21 W. lat. 54 53 N. Abbey-J\Iilton, or Abbey-Middlelon, an ancient but mean town in Dorsetshire, where an ai)bey formerly stood. It is 12 miles NE of Dorchester, and 122 from London. Lon. 2 24 W, lat. 50 51 N. Abbington, near Northamptoti. Ab- bington, near Uoyston, Cambridgeshire. Abb'-ii^toa, JMngna, and Parca, near Lin- ton and Boumbridge, Cambridgeshire. Ahbol.tburi/, town in Dorsetshire, so named from an abbey near it, founded by a Norman lady, about 102f», to which Edward the Confessor and Wdliam I. were both b.nefactors. It lies 7 miles SVV of Dorchester, and 127 W by S from London. Lon. 2 42 W, lat. 50 38 N. Abbuts-Caslle, or Apeivood- Castle, an old fort.fication in StaR()rdshire, 7 miles from Wolveriiampton, on the north side of tite road from Shewsbury to London, situated on a lof'v Diind promontory, and a steep ridge of hills, which extend a mile in lengtli, supposed to have been One continued lortiiicaiion, and a work of the ancient Britons. Abbot's-Lunirleii, village in Herts, 4 miles Irom St. Albans, fanicus for beinjj the birth-piacc of Pope Adri-n IV. Abb''s fluad, .S'f. a promontory, forming the sou hern extremity of the Frith of Forth, lying in the Parish of Colding- ham ami the county ot Berwick, Scot- land, about 10 miles N of Berwick, and the same distance S from Dunbar. Lon 1 56 VV,lat. 55 54N. 10 A B E ABE ' Abenrade, town of Denmark, in Sels- ivick, now very flourish incf, being dou- ble the extent it was formerly, and built in a better taste. It is seated on a spac ous open bay in thp Balt'c, sur- rounded on tliree sides by h:gh moun- tains, which render the harbour sate. Lon. 9 14 E, lat. 55 6 N. Abensperg; or JJbeiisberg, town of Bava- ria, seated on the Abens', near the Da- nube, 15 miles SW of Ratisbon. Lon. 11 55E, lat, 41 4$N, ., Mertivon, borough town, of Glamor- gansliire, governed by a port-reeve, seat- ed on the mpiit!) of the Avon, 19 miles NWofCowbridge, and 195 VV from Lon- don. The vicarage, which isdischariced, is worth 45/. yearly. Lon. 3 48 W, 51 35N. ■ •• ■ • Merbrotfnifick, nr Arbroath, small neat town on the ea?t coast of Angusslure, 15 miles NE of St. Andrew's, and 40 NNE from Edinburgh. It is situated on the mouth f)f the small river Brotliick : is a royal burgh, well built, and floiirishing. The number of its mhabitants haaggreat- ly increased within these last 40 years, and they are now estimated at about 7000. The chief manufactures are brown linens, or Osnaburj^hs, sail-cl ths, and white and brovvn thread. There are about 34 vessels belonging to this place, each from 60 to 160 tons, em- ployed in the, Baltic trade. The fo- reign imports are flax, flax-seed, timber, iron, &c. The glory of this place was formerly the abbey, wliose very rqins give some idea of Its ancient magnifi- cence. It was founded by William !. the Lion, in 1178, and dedicated to tlie celebrated primate Thomas-:i-i'ecket.— The founder was buried here, but tlieve are no remains of his tomb. Fairs are on 31st .lanuarv, 3d Wednesday of .Tune, . and ISth July. Lon. 2 29 W, lat. 56 36 N. Abercomeaij, town of Caernarvonshire, pleasantly situated on 'he river Con- way. It has a good harbour, and for- merly carried on a considerable trade in corn. Lon. 4 1, W, Lat. 53 20 \. Jlbercorn, village and parish uf West Lothian, on the south bank of the Fiiih of Forth, 12 miles west from Edinburgh. A monastery existed here in th% seventh century ; and the castle f)f Aberrorn was a place of grsat s'rength in the fa- mily of the Douglasses. Though no traces of these buildings now remain, Abercorn still gives the Bri'ish title of Marquis, and the Scottish title of Earl to a branch of the family of Hamilt" n. The Roman wall is said to have begun m this parish. .■ibercorn, smalltown of Georgia, Uni- ted States 13 mili-s NW of Savannah. Aberdeen, the principal ciy in the north of Sciitlmd, situated on tiie coast of the German ocean, 120 miles >>'E from Eilinbur^h, in lon. 1 45 W, lat. 579 N. Under this deru^mmation are c im- prehended two towns, Old and JVe-ji Aberdeen, which, however are almost united by thf ir respective suburbs. Aberdeen Old, formerly Aberdon, is pleasap.tly situated on a eminence near the mouth of the river Don, about a mile north of. New Aberdeen. It is of great antiquity, ..nd was of some import- ance so long ago as 893, when ace rd- ing to tradition, King Gregory the Great conferred on it some peculiar privi- If ges. By charter the free burgesses of the town are vested with the powtr of choosing their own magistracy, who are a provost, three bailies, a treasurer, and cou' cil with die deacons of six incor- porated trades The lown cons'sts chiefly of one long street. There is a neat town house, a new building, and a Trades Hospital for decayed freemen and their widows, and a hospita- for 12 poor !T,en, f unded by B'shop William Dunbar. But the chief oniam-ntwf Old Aberdeen is ihe iarge and srately fabric of King's College, situa'ed oathe S. side of t*.e town. , Ii is built naind a square, with cloisters oti the south side. The structure contairs a chapel, library, mu- seum, common hall, and lecture rooms, witli a lonL'' range of modern ti<>uses, for the accommodation of the professors and studen's. The hbrarv and museum avi: well furnished. The old town, be- injj forme ly the seat of a bishop, had a most maijnifice' t cathedral, dedicated In St. Machar, hot, like man)' o hers, it fell a sacr fice to tlie rtliciio'is fretizv of tlie reformers. Two very ar.tiquf spires and one isle, which is us d as a church, is all that is left in his cathedral there was a fine library, which was also des- troyed. Over he Don at Old .Aber- deen, there i-' a noble Gothic bridge, of one arch,. 67 feet span, and 34^ high from the surface of Ihe river. On both sides it nsts on a solid ledge of rock. The population of Old Aberdeen and parish was 9911, in 1801. Aberdeen JYenv, is tlie capital of the shire of Aberdeen. For extent, trade, ai.d beaut}', it far exceeds any town in the north of Scotland. It is built on a gentle eininence, rising from a s-^^ali bay, formed by the river Defrneihii, small town in Perthshire, in Scotland, seated near the junction of the Erne with the Tay. It is said to have been the seat of the Pictish kings, as well as the see of an archbishop. In the tovi'ii chnrcli-yard is a round tower 74 feet high and 48 in circumference, the only one besides tliat of Brechin in Scot and. The town is mtich decayed ; the chief.manufacture is that of tiouse- hold linen, and silesias for the market of Perth. Aberysttvith, town of S. Wales, in Cardi- ganshire, seated on the I twitii near its confluence with the Rildall, where they fall into the sea. It lies 203 miles WNW from London, and 30 NE from Cardigan. It was formT'y fortified with a castle, and defended with wails ; but both arc 12 ABO A B Y now in niins. It is, however, rich and populous, havinp^ a great trade in lea.^, a considerable fishing of (lerring's, cod, and whitings, and a g'ood weekly mark- et on Monday. In the bathinj;^ season, this town is a fashionable watering place. Lon 4 W, lat. 52 25 N .ibex, country of Africa, on the Red Sea, which bounds it on 'he east ; on the west it is bounded by Abyssinia and Nubia, on the north by Egypt, and on the south by the coJist of ^ja!l. The chief towns are Arkeko, or Ercoco, and Suaquam ; which last is the capital, and the seat of aguvernor. It is subject to tiie Turks It is 500 miles in length, and 100 in bre;uichcs and two charity-schools. Miugiorif post town and capital of Washington county, Virginia, situated near the east side of the north branch of H 'stein river. Here is a jail, and .% court-iiouse, where the district and county cf)urts are held. It is 300 miles wsw of Richmond, and 557 from Phila- delphia. X. tat. 36 51' W. lon. VV.C. 5 05. Abino creek, of Upper Canada, in the Comity of Lincoln, emptying into lake E ie, in the township of Bertie, at the head of the bay. East of Pomt .\bino. Abino Point, in the township f)f Ber- tie, on lake Erie, is 9 or 10 miles west of Fnrt E'ie. Jlhkhas, one of the seven nations in the countries c mprehended between the Black Sra and tlie Caspian. Their principal and most ancient settlements are on the sou'hern slope of the moun- tains ying between the iver Cuban and the RIack Sea. They are tributary to the Turks, and are divided into two go- vernments, the Western and the East- ern, each subject to a basiiaw, common- ly chosen from am and Luzon. Here the Spaniards havi a fort, and cary on a good trade with their \merican territories, Lon^ 122 15 E, lat. 10 N. Abyssiania, a kingdom of Africa, 800 miles long and 600 br a ',boiindf d on 'he n rth by Nubia, east by the lied Sea and Dancala. west by Gorham, and south by Gmgia and Alaba. I' isoneofthe most moiiiianous and precipi'ous ci'Untnes in the world : but in a few vales the sol] 13 A C A ACE is black and fertile. The rainy season contimies from April to September. This is succeeded, without interval, by a cloudless sky, and a vertical sun. Cold nig'hts as instantly follow these scorch- ing days. The earth, notwi'hstanding these days, is perpetually cold, so as to feel disagreeable to the sol s of the feet ; par ly owing to the six months r=iin, and partly tr> the near equality of nights and days. There is no country in the world that produces a greater variety of quad- rupeds, both wild and tame ; but there are no tigers. 'I'lie hyenas, however, are very numerous, and dreadful in their lavages. Bes-de eagles, vultures, &c. there is a species of glede, called had- dayn, which is frequent in Eirypt, and comes punctually into Abyssinia, <;t the r^-turn of the sun. after the tropical rains; and storks are numerous in May, when the rains become constant : there are few owls ; but these are of an im- mense size and beauty. Tne most re- markable insect is the Ttsahsal, a large fly, which is so fatal to cattle, that in some particular districts, great emigra- tions take place in the beginning of the rainy season, to prevent tlie s'ock of cattle from bei'\g destroyed. There is a remarkable coincidence between the customs in the court of ancient Per- sia anJ those of .\byssinia. According to Mr. Bruce, the celebrated river N 1*^ has its source in thi>- country. Gondar is the metropolis. ./?ca7H6oif,'kingdom on the coast of Gui- nea in .\frica, whose kingisabsotut , and one of the most powcful on the coast ; his s!(bjects tiiough warlike and brave, are haughty, rapacious, and cruel. Jicanini, an inland country om the Gold coast of G'linea, which affords the best gold, and in great plenty : also a town or viMage in that country. Lon. 30 K, lat. 8 30 N. Acnt)uko, a considerable town and oort in Mexico, on the ">outh sea It has a fine iiarbonr, fr >m whence a sh'p, (some- times two) annually sails to Mar.illa in the Philippine islands, near the c ast of China, in Asii ; and another returns an- nually from thence with all the treasures of the East Ttulies, such as diamonds, rubies, sapphires, and* other precious stones; the ric!^ carpets of Persia, the camphire of Borneo ; the benj imin and ivory of Pegu and Cambodia ; the silks, muslins, and calicoes of Mogul; the gold dust, tea, china ware, silk and ca- binets of C'lina and Japan ; besides cinnamon, cloves, nutmegs, and pepper, insomuch that this single -.hip contains more riithes than many whole fleets. Annual ships also arrive from Litita and other ports of Chili and Peru, with ^e- cie, &c. The goods brought to Aca- pulco are carried to the city of Mexico, above 200 miles distant, by mules and pack horses, and from thence to Vera Cruz on the north sea, in order to be shipped for Europe. Acapuico itself is a small place, consisting of about 300 thatched houses, pip. 4000. The air here is hot, heavy, and unwholesome. Upon the arrival of the galleons, traders flock here from all the provinces of Mexico, to exchange European toys, their own cochineal, and about 437,500/. sterling of silvt-r, for spices, muslins, printed linens, silk, perfumes, and the gold w.rks of Asia. Lon. 29 35 W, lat. 16 40 N. Acasabastian, river of Mexico, in the province of Vera Paz, which runs into the gulf of Dulce. Acatulan, village of Mexico, intenden- 6y, Valladolid, N. lat. 19 20, W lon. 100 05. Acadian coast, or Acadia, county of Louisiana, lies along the Mississippi river below Lafouce river. Accomack, co. of Virg. on the Eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay, having Northampton s the Atlantic Ocean e, Worce'-ter co. in Maryland N and the Chesapeake Bay w. It is about 20 ms. li.ngand 10 wi.de, area 240 sq. ms. chief town Drummondstown. The surface generally flat and sandy. Pop. in 1810. Free white males ... 4458 Do. do. females - . 4883 All other persons except indians not taxed .... I860 Slaves 4542 In 1820. Free white males - Do. do. females - Foreigners not naturalized Total whites ... 15743 4598 4788 5 9389 Male slaves ... Female do. ... 2274 2206 Free people of colour. Males . . . - Females ... 990 1120 15969 3976 170 341 Total pop. Engaged in Agriculture Do. in Commerce Do. in Manufactures Individuals to the sq. m. 66. Acerenza, small town of the province of Basilicata, in the kingdom of Naples 14 A C H A C li lomerly the see of an archbishop. Lon. called by the Malays cayen /arrange 16 5E,lat. 40 20N. Loo. 95 34 E, lal. 5 22 N. Acemo, 'own of Italy, in (he citerior Jichlam, viiiage 12 miles trom \,rk, principality of Naples, with a bishop's wher> the boay oi tl^ie Emperor Sev.rus, see ; situated 17 miles SW of Conza, and who died at Yorii, 'was burnt to asties, 12 NE of Salermo. Lon. 15 5 E, lat. 40 agreeably to the custom ot those times. Aclilieien, town ot Austria on the Da- nuue, 12 miles ESE of Ens. 45 N. Acerra, town in the kingdom of Na- ples, in the Terra di Lavora, seated on the river \gno, 7 miles NE of Naples, and 20 SW of Benevento. Lon. 14 30 E, lat. 40 55 N. Jlch, town of Suabia, in the landgrnvate of Nellenburg, on the river Ach, 14 miles NE ot Schaffhansen. Jc/ia7n, country in Asia, bounded on Aclimetschtt, town of Crim Tartary, m the llubsan province of Ta ;rida, anaj^o- vernnient .of Caihanenenslaf It is the residence ot tlie Sullan (Jalga, eiicst son oi the Kiian of Tartary. Lon. 33 20 E, lat. 45 U N Achmim, town of Egypt, the residence of an emir, or prince of the country. It the N by Boutan, on the e by China, on has maimtacturcs of coarse cottons, and tlie S by Burmah, and on the w b> Hin- stands on a smali eminence, on Uie doostan. It is very little known to Euro- peans. »>2c/iee?i, kingdom on the NVV part of the island of Sumatra, in the Indinn ocean, now very diirerent from what it was, in the beginning of the 16lh century, when it was so powerful as to expel the Por- tuguese from the island where they re- peatedly attempted ^o settle ; and when its sovereign received embassies from some of the greatest potentates of Eu- rope. Though no longer the great mart of eastern commodities, it still carries on a considerable trade with the natives of that part of the coast of Hin- Ooostan, called Telinga, who supply it with cotton goods of their country, and receive in return, gold dust, s^pan wood, betel nut, patch leaf, {^coIsils Indi- nis,) a little pepper, sulphur, camphire, and benzoin. The country is supplie4 county, Ohio. rignt bank of the Nile, 240 miles s of Cairo. Lon. 51 56 E, lat 26 40 N. Achrunry, town ot Ireland, in the coun- ty of Sligo, and a bishop's see united to Killala. li IS seated on the Sliannon, 16 miles WbW of Shgo. Achyr, strong town and castle of the Ukraine, on the river Uorskio, 127 rn les E cl Kiow. Lon. 26 lO E, lat. 40 Aqkon, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy ot Magdeburg, with a citadel, on the Elbe, 5 miles NVV of Dessau. Acoma, or St. Estcvan de Acoma, town of New Mexic <, seated on a hill, with a good castle. To go imo the town, one must v/alk up 50 steps cut oat of the rock. It is the capital of that province. Lon. 104 15 W, lat. 35 Q N. iciiornsto-ion, post town of Columbiana with Bengal opium, and also with iron, and many other articles of merchandize, by the European traders. Acheen is esteemed comparatively healthy, being iTiore free from woods and swamps than most other portions of the island. In various respects the Acheenese excel the other inhabitants of Sumatra ; they are taller, stouter, and better propor- tioned ; more sagacious and cunning, fnore active and iiidustfious, as well as better navigntors. Acton, township in Windham county Vt. pop. 181U, 2*5, m 182iJ, about 300. Acton, township, and post village of Middlesex county Massachusetts, 5 ms. NVV. by w trom Concord, pop. m 1810, 885, in 1820, 1047. Actopan, village of Mexico, in the in- tendency of Mexco, about 6j ms. a htile east of N ;rom the citv of Mexico, N lat. 2U 10 W lon. VV.C 21 49. Acqs, town of France, in the depart- ment of Arriege, on the river Arriege, Acheen, or Achem, the capital of the 2u miles SSE ot Foix. kingdom so called, lies 1000 miles SE of Madras, and is situated on a river which runs into the sea near the NW^ point, or Acheen-head, about two miles from the mouth, in a wild valley, formed by two lofty ranges of hills. A considerable fabric of a thick species of cotton cloth, and of stuff for the short drawers Worn by Malays and Achenese, is es- Acqs, or Dux, a city of France, on the river Adour, in the department of Lan- des. It has hot water baths. Acqua, town of Tuscany, noted for its nese, noted for its medicinal waters, 12 warm baths, 15 miles E of Leghorn. Acquariq, town of Italy, in the Mode- miles S ot Modena. Acra, country of Guinea, on the Gold tablished here, and supplies an exten- coast, where some European states have sive demand. They weave also very forts, and each fort its village. Lon. 1 handsome silk pieces, of a par icular OE, lat. 5 25N. form for that part of the dress which is Acre, or St. John d'Acre, a seaport of 15 ABA ADA Syria, in Palestine, and a bishop's see. It is called Pcokmais by t e Greeks, and stands '>n a plain at the north point of a bay, which extends in a semirircle of nine miles to the point of Mount Car- nrii i, :ieai- the mouth ot tiie Kardanah. or ancient Bthis. In the time of the cnisaiies, it underwent sev.-ral sieges ; and nnthinjj is now t> be seen of this ancient city, but the remains of monu- ments erecied by tiie C ristians, and some ruiiis of a chnrcii dedicated to St. Andrew. 'I'he new city is> distant 'one milf from the arcient walls, and the for- tifications are of little importance. The paiace of the grand mast^ r of the order of St. John of Jerusalem is the residf nee of the chief of Acre. Here are tliree mosques, four churches, and a syna- gogue. The chief article of commerce are corn and cotton. In 1759, great damage was done by an earttiquake ; and the year following 5000 persons, near one third of the inhr.bitants, died by the plague. In 1799, aided by tiie British, under Sir Sidney Smith, it with- stood a severe siege by the French un- der Buonaparte, wiio retreated after failing \n a \welth assault. It is 24 miles S of Tyre, and 47 N of Jerusalem. Lon. 35 20 E, lat. 32 32N. Acton- Biirnel. village in Sliropshire, 8 miles of Shrewsbury. Here are considei*- able remam- of a castle, in whicli j par- lianienl was held in the rtign of Ed- ward I. Acttjpan, village of Mexico. N. lat. 20 17 and W lon. 9s 49. Ac-vcrth tow;is!iip of Cheshire coun y in N. H. situated 6 ms. W of Concord, pop. 1810, 1523, and in 182ij. 1,79. Aczn, town of Nat tha ; also a town and a pro\'ince ol Turkistan, in Vsiatic Tar- tary, N of Caschga', J^diiir, cotintA' of Kentucky having Bar- ren count' \V (ireene NW, flasev, VE, Wa' ne - 30' W, Ion. from W. C 5^^ 43'. A^aivam, po.st-town, Hambden county, Massachusetts. Adana, town of Asiatic Turkey, in Carma* nia, and a bishop's see, vi'ith a strong castle. It has a trade in corn, wine, and fruits ; and is seated on a river of the same name, 12 17 ADl^ AF6 Mies from the Mediterranean, and 150 S. E. of Co.^ni L'-iv? 36 6 E. lat. 37 (J N. Adda, river of Switzerland, which rises m the Grisons, passes throujli tlie lake Como, the Vatteline, and the nortli part of the Milanese, falls into the Po, 5 miles above Cremona. Adel, kingdonfi of \frica, called also Zei- ta, fronn a rich tradin.^ town of that name, wtiiated near its coast on the Red sea. It seldom rains here; but the conntry is well watered by rivers, and abounds vvith wheat, millet, frankincense, and pepper. The in- habitants afe Mohi^mniedans. It was for- merly a part of Abyssinia. The capital is Aucagfurel. Adelfors, town of Sweden, in Smoland, noted for its gold mines, 70 miles N. W. of Calmar. Aderhietzmi, province of Persia, bounded on the N. by Armenia, W. by Ghilan, S. by Irac \.fjemi, and \V. by Curdistan. Tauria is the capital. Adiire, river of Lombardy, which rises S. of the Lake of Glace, and pas-'ing' by Tyrol, Rr'xen, Trent, and Verona, falls into the gulf of Venice, a httle N. of the mouth of the Po. A'lmiraUty-TsJantU; a cluster of islands m the Pacific ocean, to the >f. VV. of Vew Ire- land. They were discovered in 1767, and are between 20 and 3U in number ; some ■of them appear of considerable extent ; and the centre one is Supposed to be in Ion. 146 44 E. lat, 15 37 N. Adon, town of Hungary, seated in a fruit- ftd country near the Danube, 12 miles S. of R'lda. Adonr, river of P'rance, which rises in the deoartment of Upper Pyrenees, tiovvs by Tarbes and Dax, and enters the bay of Bisrav, below Bayonne. Tiie FiUglisli Ge- neral, Lord Wellington, effected a passage across this river, with the allied army, in the middle of February, 1314, after cmsi- drrable difficulty, in the presence of the French army, commanded by M Tshal Soult. Adra, seaport of Spain, in Granada, 47 miles S. E. of Granada. Lon. 3 7 \V. lat 36 45 N. Aramiti, town of Asiatic Turkey, in Na- tolia, on the east coast of a gulf of its name, 70 miles N. by W. of Smyrna. Lon 26 50 E. lat. 39 26 isr. Adria, town of Italy, in Polesino di Rovl- go, vvhich gives name to the Adriatic sea, and was formerly of great note, but has been much reduced by frequent inunda- tions. It is seated on the Tartaro, 25 miles S. S. W. of Venice. Adrinnn, mountain of Spairr, in Biscay, over which is a very difficult road to Alba and Old Castle. It is one of tlie hiijliest mountiiins of the Pyrenees and is Only inha- t>ited bv a few shepherds. Adrianople^ city of European Tarkey, in 18 Romania, the see of ah archbishop, and tor- merly the Kuropean seat of the Turkish' dominion. It is eight miles in circu.nfer- ence, s tuate in a plain, on the river Via- rissa, which here receives two tributary streams. Several of the mosques are very splendid, and manvof the houses neat, but the streets are narrow and devious The seraglio is separated from the city by the river Arda, and commands an extensive view of the country, which is fertil< , and famous for excellent vines. The commerce of the city by the river is considerable. The Turks took this city from the Greeks, in 1362 It is 112 miles N. W. of Constan- tinople. Lon. 26 -27 R lat. 41 55 N. Adriatic Sea. See Veiuce, Gn'fof. Adventure Bay, at the S. E. end of Van Diemen's land, so called from the ship in which Captain Furneax sailed; Lon. 147 30 VV. lat. 43 23 S. .ffi^a '/«•>!, or .iEp-ates, three small islands on the W side of Sicily, between Marsella and Trapani ; their names are Levenzo, Fa- vignana, and Maretima. ^Etna, or Etna, a celel^rated burning mountain of Sicily, now called by the na- tives JMunte Gibello, It is situated in the eastern part of the island, in lon. 15 E. lat. 38 N. Pindar who lived 435 yeare before Chris% calls it the Pillar of Heaven, on account of its great heigiit, which is ge- nerally reckoned to be about 11,000 feet ; and its circumference at the base 70 miles. It affords an epitome of all the differences of climate. The summ.t is a league in cir- cumference, and within formed like a vast amphitheatre, from wlience flames, ashes, and sirroke, issue in divers places. Erup- tions of this mountain a"e mt^ntioned by Diolorus Siculus, as happening 1693 years bef 're Christ ; and Thucydides speaks of three eruptions, which happened in' 734, 477, and 425, H, C Fmm this period till 1447, there were about 18 different erup- tions, the most destructive of which were in 1169 and 1 529, There have been other eruptions since, which has done immense dimaa:e, particularly those in 1669, 1780, and 17S7. Aft^hanistan, country of Asia, stretching from the mnuntams of Tartary to the Ara- bian sea, and from the l-adns to the con- fines of Persia. The in-habitan's of this wide domain have no written character, and speik a language peculiar to them- selves. They are a robust hardv race of men; and being generally addicted to a state of prebatory warfare, their manner^ partake of a barbarous insolence ; they avow a fixed contempt for the occupations of civil life ; and are esteemed the most ne- glgent of religious observances of all the Mohammedans. Their common dress con- sist<» of a shirt, which falls over thf iippet part of long and narrow trowsers ; a wool- APR AGA Jen vest, fitted closely to the body, and Teacliing lo tlie middle; and a higli lurned up cap, ot broad chitii or colt^n, usually of one colour, and of a conic form, with two small parallel slits in ihc upper edge of its facing. Tlie principal cities of Afghanis- tan are Candahar a^'d Cabul, the former of which was the capital ; but the late and present sultans +iave kept their court at Cabul. About the year 1720, an army of Afghans invaded Persia, took Ispah.an, and made the sultan Husseyn prisoner. They kept possession of Ispahan am; the south- ern provinces for ten years, when they were defeated in several battle.^, and dri- ven out of the country by Nadir Kuli, com- monly known in Europe by the name of Kouli Khan. After Nadir had deposed Jiis sovereign, Shah Thamas, he laid siege to and took Candahar : but afterwards re- •ceived a considerable body of Afghans into his army, who became his favourite foreign troops. On his assassination, in 1747, the general of the Afghan troops, though fu- riously attacked by the whole Persian ar- my, effected a safe retreat into his own country, where he caused himself to be acknowledged sovereign of the Afghan ter- ritories, by the title of Ahmed Shah. He Was succeeded in 1773, by his son, Timur Shah, and he by Zemaun Shah, the present sultan. Africa, one of the four principal parts of the world ; bounded on the N. of the Me- diterranean sea, W by the Atlantic ocean, S by the Southern ocean, and E by the isthmus of Suez, the Red Sea, and the In- dian ocean. It is a peninsula of prodigious extent, being joined to Asia by the' isth- mus of Suez, which is 40 miles over. In its greatest length, from the most northern part to the Cape of Good Hope, it is 4600 miles ; and in the broadest part, from Cape Verd to Cape Guardafui, it is 3500. The greatest part of it is within tl e torrid zone, which rende:s the heat almost insupporta- ble in many places. However, the coasts in general are very fertile, the fruits excel- lent, and the plants extraordinary. There* are more wild beasts here th in in any other part of the world ; there are also some ani- mals peculiar to this country ; as the hippo- potamus, or river horse ; the rliinoceros, with two horns on its ndse ; and the beauti- ful striped zebra. JSesides these, >here are crocodiles, ostriches, camels, Km! many other animals not to be met with in Eu rope. 'I here art- sevenil deserts, particu- larly one of a large '>xtent, called Zaliara; but these are not quite without iniiablants. There are many large rivers; but the prin- cipal are th. Nile, Niger, Zaire. Senegal, an;1 Gamb'a. The mcst considerable motin- taiiis .re the Atlas, the Mountains of the Moon, and the Sierra Leo' e. The iiha- bitants consist of pagans, Mohammedans, 19 and Christians, In the central parts, on the South, K.pptar to oe Uie uauve legions of the negroes, wiiose colour, features, and hair, distinguish them tnin all oJier races of mankind. In the seventh century, tue Mohamiiiedan Arabs subdued the Norui of Africa, and their descendaals, under tiie name of Moors, consiitute a j^rtat jjari of the present population I he principal di- visions of Africa are Barbaiy, Egypt, Bi-* ledulgerid, Zahara, Negroland, Guinea, Bornou, Cashiia, Fezzan, Senna, NuDia, AL>ysstni.i, Abex, Loango, Congo, Angola, Benguela, Matama, Zanguebar, Monoinota- pa, Monomugi, Sofola, Cafiraria, ana the country ot the Hottentots. In 1788, an as- sociation was formed for tlie purpose of ex- ploring the interior regions of Airica \ and Mr Ledyard and Mr. Lucas, were selected as their missionaries. Mr. Ledyaru died on his journey. Mr. Lucas was prevented from pursuing the plan sketched out for him, and was obhged to content himself with such imperi'ect information as his guides could give him. In 17yj, the Af. rican association despatched Mr. Park to explore this immense continent. His jour- ney has broughi to our knowledge more important facts respecting the geography ot .\frica, than the accounts of any formes? traveller. He has pointed out to us the sources of the great rivers, tlie Senegal, Gambia, and Niger ; the course of this last he has determined to be irom V\ to E, and thus set this much disputed point for ever ac rest. But though the actual east course of the Niger is now determined, tlie hnal dis- charge of that stream remains a problem, not yet solved; and tiiougli its entrance into the Atlantic ocean is probable, the fact is not yet established. Africa, seaport town of Tunis, 70 miles S. S. E. of Tunis. It was taken by Charles V. who demolished the tbrtiticaiions. Lon. 11 10 E. lat. 35 36 N, Afiiquf, Si. small town of Fiance, in the departmem of Averion, six miles E ot Va- bres. Agades, kingdom of Africa, in Negro- land, with a town of the same name, tribu- tary to the king ct Tomboctou. It (Ji'odu- ces excellent senna and manna. Lon. 13 20 E. lat. 19 10 N. Agamenticiis, mcuntain of North Ameri- ca, in the districi ot Maine. It is a noted IiuK'mark forsuilnrs, about eight miles from the sea, in lat. 43 16. AgameiiticiiK, small river in the district of Maiiu-, miming into ti;e Atlantic ocean not far from the town of York. It is navi- gable but a few miles. Agatha, St. a town of Naples, in the UI- teritr Piincipalitj, with a bishop's see, 20 miles N. E. of Naples, Lon, 14 36 E. lat 41 5 N. AGN AJA A^atton, town near tlie mouth of tlie Porm'isa, on tli',- Coast of Guinea, 80 miles S. (if Benin. Lon. 7 6 E lat. 7 20 N. Agde, town o' F ance, in the (fepartment of Horauit, andla'; provinci of Lun.miedoc, seated on the rivrr Heraiiit, a mile and a half from its moutti in the scuf <.f l.}ons, ■where tli< re sa MTiailfort 'odef nd tt.e en- trance It is 17 mi Us N. E of Naroonne. ion. 3 2,S t.. lat. 45; 19 N. Agen, city of France, in the late pro- vince of Guiei ne, th- episcopal see of the depart ni'.'nt of Av eron. It is s^^ated on. the G.troiiMe, in a pltasant cou try. Prnnes, on account of the^r antiKCorbiitic property, ff.rm here a considerable object of com- pile re e i of winch the Duicii take great qnaniities for long voyages. ,Grcat part of fhf iieirir- \<.\ the neig^hbonrhood is ma- ll ijfacured into table linen, which is sent to Ci.diz, and tlience expor ed to the Spa- nish islands. Here are likewise manufac- tures of cambli'is, serges, and sailcloth. A^ei is lOd milrs S. K. of Bourdeaux. JLo. . 40 E. lai, 42 12 N. Ag-fnabat, town of 'rransyl.vania: 10 miles N. E. of H&rmanstadt. Lon. 24 50 E. lat. 46 ;3-2 N Ager, sm.ill town of Catalonia in Spain. Lon. I 50 E lat. 41 50 N. Arga, or Aiffiojiu, town and district on the coast of Guinea, in whicli tlie English have a fort. Lon. 5 E. lat 6 N. Azg-crlmys, town of jNor.way, and capi- tal . i'a province of the same name, winch is f"!i o1 mountains. It is 3o miles N. W. of Fr derickshalL Lon. 10 20 E. lat. 59 30. See Christiana. Aghrim. vill ge in the county of Galway, jneniurable for the victory, gained by king 'VVilliani, over James JI. A^Jinn., town in the county of Wicklow, 13 miles S. W of Wicklow. Lon. G 21 W. lat 52 45 N. Agimere, or Azmere, capital of a territory of tile same name in Uindoostan Proper, built at th? foot of a high mountain : on the top of which is a fortress of great strength, it is 230 miles \V of Agra. Lon. ■ 75 20 E. lat. 26 35 N. Agincourt, village of France, in the de- parinienl of the straits of Calais, and late coiiny of Artois, even miles Is' of Hcsdin, famous for the victory ol^tained b} Henry V. <'f England, over tlie Frencli in 1415. Agmut, town of Morocco, on a river of the same name, and on the declivity of one of the mountains of Atia.'i, where the soil is I'eriile. It is 16 miles S of Morocco. Lon. 7 15 W lat. 30 56 N. Aq-mujuh'sham. See Amersham. Aguudel/oa, village of the iM)lanese, fa- mous for a victory gained by Louis XII, over the Venetians, in 1509, and by the duke of V'endome over prince Eugene, in 3,705. It is seated on the canal between 20 Adda and Serio, five miles S. E. of Cassa- na, and 10 N of Lodi. Lon. 9 26 E. lat. 45 25 N Agnano, circular lake in the kingdom of Naples, seven miles fiom Puzzoli. It is about half a mile in diameter, surrounded by mountains ; and on its margin is the fa- mous Grotto de; Cane. See Cane, Groita del. Agosta, seaport town of Sicily, with an excellent harbour. The greatest part of it was destroyed by an eartliquake in 1693. Lon. 15 15 E. lat. 37 35 N. Agra, capital of a province of the same name, in Hindocstan Proper, on the S bank of the river Jumna, which is seldom ford- able. It was once the most splendid of all the Indian cities, and now exhibits the most magnificent ruins. About the year 1566, the emperor Acbar made it his ca. pital, and gave his name to it ; since which time it is often named Acbarabad. It was then a small I'ortified town ; but it soon sprimg up an extensive well up built city, regularly fortified according to the Indian method, and with a fine citadel of red free- stone. Agra is 100 miles 8 by E of Delhi. Lon. 78 3(1 E. lat. 27 N. Agreda, town of Spain in Old Castile, eight miles S. W. of I'aracona, Lon. 2 W. lat. 41 5o N. Agriu, small, but strong town of Upper Hungary, and a bishop's see, with a cita- del, k was taken by the Turks, in 1596, and retaken in 1687. It is seated on the river Agria, 47 miles N. E. of Buda. Lon. 20 10 E. lat 48 10 N. Agrigvun, one of the Ladrone islands, which IS- 40 miles in compass. Lon. 146 E. lat. 19 40 X. Agvu de Pao, tov.n in tlie isLnd of St. Michael, one of the Azores, in the Atlantic. Lon. 25 40 W. lat. 38 N. Agnus Bellas, town of Portugal, in Estra maduj'a, with a district of two parishes. Lon. 8 5 \\. lat. 39 40 N. Aguila, town of the kingdom of Fez, sealed on the river of that name. .'igtdlar, town of Spain in the kingdom of Navaire, 24 mdes AV" of Eslella. Lon. 2 3o E. lat. 42 35 N It is also the name of another town in Old Castile. Agvrmide, small town oi Fiance in the department of ludre and late province of lie ry. Lon. 2 10 E. lat. 47 2u N. .iliKys, town of Sweden, strong- by situa- tion, in the jirovir.ce of Gothland, with a good harbour, 15 miles S. E. of t'hristians- tadt. Lon. 14 15 E. lat. 56 15 N. Ai, town of Judea, to the north of Jeri- cho, taken by Joshua. AJuccio, or Ajazzo, fine seaport of Corsi- ca on the \V side of the i.sland, built on a point of land that juts into the gulf. Lon. 8 50 E. lat. 35 50 N. Ajazzo, seaport of Natolia, in the pro- vince of Caramauiti, anciently Silgsia seated AIL AiX on the Miditerranean, 30 miles N of Anti- och, and 40 VV of Aleppo, where stood llif city of Issus, and where Alexander fought liis second battle with Darius. Lon. 33 lU E. lat. 37 N. . lich, town of Bavaria, on the Par, taken by the Swedes in 1634, and afterwards burnt, Lon. 11 20 E. lat. 48 30 N. Mdistat, town of Franconia, capital of a bishopric of the same name. It is remark- able for a curious piece of workmanship, called the Sun of the Holy Sacrament, v;hich is in the church . it is of massy gold, and is enriched with 350 diamonds, 1400 pearls, 250 rubies, and other precious stones. This place is moderately large, and lies in a valley, on the river Allmul, 30 miles S of Nuremberg'. Lon. 11 10 E. lat. 48 57 N. The bishopric is 45 miles in length, .and 17 in brtadth. Aiello, small town in Naples in Abruzzo Ulterior, belonging to the hereditary prince of Modena. Lon. 15 20 E. lat. 41 40 N. ^iigle, town in Switzerland, on the can- ton of Bern, seated on the Rhone, six miles from its entrance into the lake of Geneva. All the houses, even the meanest, are built of white marble, found in tlie neigh- bourhood. ^iigle, small town of France, in the de- partment of Orne and late province of Nor- mandy, 47 miles S W of Uouen. Lon, 1 E. lat. 48 A5 N. Mgnan, St. town of France in the de- partment of Loire and Clier and late pro- vince of Blasois. It is in the sliape of an jim])lntheatre, at the foot of wliich runs the liver Cher, at the distance of 60 miles from 3'ourges. ^igiie jyiorte, town of France, in the de- partment of the Mouths of the Hhone and late province of Languedoc. It is very strong, on account of its situation among the morasses, though at some distance from the sea. It had a harbour which is now choked up. Lon. 4 3 E. lat 43 34 N. ^iigiw-Perse, town of France in tiie de- partment of Fuy De Dome and late province of Auvergne, 18 miles N of Clermont, and 261 S of Paris. It has a fountain, once re- ;^arded as a prodigy, its cold water having the appearance of boiling. The water of iliis spring is said to be fatal to the uni- mals that drink it. Lon. 2 30 E, lat. 46 6 N. Jlilah, town of Arabia Fetrea, on the E side of the lied Sea, near the road which the i)ilgrims take from Egypt to Mecca. Lon. 56 40 E, lat, 29 10 N. Ailesbury, largest and most populous town in Buckinghamshire, wilh a market on Saturday. It consists of several streets though the houses are not very contiguous ; these lie about tlie market place, in the middle of which is a convenient hall, in which this town shares the assizes with Buckingham. It is also the centre of the 21 business of the vale of Ailesbury which oc- cupies the Centre of the county, and is one oi the moot >erlile tracts in England. Tlie inhabitams ot tliis town and its neigh- bouriiood, supjjly the London niarket with early ducldini;s. They carry this tiade to such an exient, that it is sa-d 3uui//. have been received at Ailesbury from London in six weeks for that article. This town sends two members tu parliament, and .s 16 milis S E of Buckingliam, and 4l N VV of of London. Lon. 42 VV, lat. al 5u N. AikUy gre^t insuiattu rock, to the S of the isle of Arran, ui Scotland, its base is two miles in circumfeience. It cons.sts of a stupt-ndous assemblage ot precipitous cffis, ri.-ing in a wdd series, forming a py- raiiiidal mountain, 900 leethigh, accessible only on the N E. Aime, or Axima, small town in Savoy, on the r:ver Isere. Ain, department ot France, lately the pro\ince of IJresse. Ainsa, X.u\\ n of Spain, in Arragon, seated in a plain, on the river Ara Aire, town oi J'rance, in the department of Landes, and late province ot Gasconj*, seated on the river Adour, on the decLvitj- of a mountain, 65 miles S of Bourdeax. Lon. 16 E, lat. 43 42 N. Aire, strong town in the department 6f the straits of Calais, and late prcvince of Artois. It is seated on the river Lis, 22 miles S of Dunkirk, and communicates with St. Omer, by a canal from the river Aa. Lon 2 29 E, lat. 30 42 N. Aisne, department of France, including the late provinces of Soissannois and "S'er- mandois. Aix, ancient city of France. It was the capital of the late province of Provence, when it had a parliament. It is seated in a plain, where there are hot baths near the river Arc. It is 75 miles E of Mont- pellier. Lon. 5 31 E, lat. 43 32 N. Aix, ancient town of Savoy, on tlie lake of Bourget. Here are mineral waters, much frequented. It is eight miies N of Cham- berry . Lon. 6 10 E, lat 45 42 N. Aix, small island on the coast of France, between the Isle of Oleron and the conti- nent. It is memorable for an inglorious ex- ])edition of the Englisi) in 1757, against Kochfort, when they returned without do- ing any tiling, except demolish.ing the I'ort of this island. It is 12 miles N VV of Kochc- fort. Lon. 15 VV, lat. 46 5 N. Aix-la-Chapelle free and inperial city of Westphalia, 'i'he emperor i;harlemagne chose this jjlace tor his residence on acr count of its beauty. He is interred in the churcli of Notre Dame, where they keep his sword and belt, and the Four Evange- lists, written in letters of gold, which are made use of at the coronation of emperors. Its famous mineral waters draw a great ALA ALA number of persons every year. In 1668 and 1748, it was distn'guisiied by two ce- lebPiited tieaties of peace. The French took it in 1792 ; it was retaki-n b> ttie Aus- triansinl793, and again taken by the French in 1794 It is seated in a bottom, sur- rounded by mountains, 22 miles N E of Liege. Lon 6 3 E, lat. 50 48 N ^ikissat; ancient Tliyatyra, a town of Na- tolia, built in a fine plain 18 miles broad, ■whici produces plenty of corn and cotton. It is inhabited by about 500 Mohammrdans and is seated on the river Hermits, 50 miles S E of Ptrgamo. Lon. 28 30 E, lat. 38 48 N. Maba, or Alava, one of the three smal- lest districts of Biscay in Spain, but pretty fertile in rye, barley, and fruits. There are in it very good mines of iron. Vitoria isthecapi al. .Slabatva, one of the United States, hav- ing Tennessee N ; (ieorgia E ; Florida, and the gulf rif Mexico S; and tht Mississippi "W This state extends from N. lat. 30 12 to N. at. 35, or 334 miles with a mean Width of 155 miles; extending over 51,770 «q>iare miks, 33,132,800 acres. The face of Alabama is mucii variegated, the soil alsr. differs in quality from the worst lo the best; That secton of the sta'e -vvhich hes along tt e gull of Mexico, is low and sandy, but this character of country rapidly chan- ges, within 10 or 12 miles from the coast, th' hills coirmence, and gradually gain ele- vaiiofi advancing nnrlh. The bay of Mo- bile penetrates this section 30 miles, and and is followed t)j an overflow, d tract, which extends : gain 32 miles to the junc- tion of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers. Between the head of Mobile bay, and the union < f the two latter ^trl ams, a number of channels wind through the alluvial tract, the principal of which, are thfse of the llobile and Tensati. The bay and the al- luvial lotttnjs above are limited on each side by hills of nmderate elevation covered with pine timber. The pine region ex- tends into the centre of the state, and forms much tie largest portion of iis soil The Tombigbee, Biackwarrior, Catawba, Coosa, Tallapoosa, Alabama, and some mi- nor streams peninsulate the pine seciion of Alabama. P^.x^ensive bcdies (f river al- luvicn skirt tl ose rivi rs. and much interval land ot second rate quality, spread be- tween the river hott(.nis and tin open pine W"(5(!s; but the far greater sh: re of the central p.irts of the state is barrtn. The foregoing character con'innes to the sour- ces oft. e waters flowing towards tlie ^iilf of Mexico, Te'nessee river enters the stau' at tl e northeasi corner, and U avesit at thai of the north-west, sweeping by an elVipiical curve t(; tiie south as far as N. lat. 34 17. Tht northern extremity of the stete is the most fertile, and valuable 22 of its natural sections. The spurs of the -\ppalachicn ridges extend in^o, and cross Alabama obUquely, rendering its central and northern extremity much broken ; the rivers wind in deep valleys. The climate and seasons partake of the extended var e- ty of latitude and natural physiognomy. Stretching through near 5 degrees, and dif- fering so much in relative elevation, the temperature and vegetable production ex- hibits a very rich variety. It IS productive in maize in all parts of the state ; and small grain, in the hdi) and northern sections. Cotton is, however the staple commodity, cultivated for export, though some tobacco is also raised for mar- ket in small quantities. A very great va- riety of fruit trees and garden vegetables are cultivated ; the principal fruits are, ap- ples, peaches, pears, plums, and towards the gulf of Mexico, the pomegranate and fig. By the census of 1820 Alaban.a con- tained the following counties, with the pop- ulation annexed to each Autauga Baldwin Bibb Blount p Butler, Cataco r Clark Conecuh Dallas Franklin Green f Henry Jackson Lauderdale Limestone Madison Marengo Mobile Monroe Montgomery Shelby St. Clair Tuscaloosa Wilcox » Total - - - 127,901 The foregoing was the population of Al- abania 1820 fron^ the Marshals return ; but, by .subseqvieit inforniation laid before the Congress of tht United States, it appeared that the enumeration wastoo small by more than 16,000 persons ; and, consequently tlie state contained above 143,000 inliabi- tants. Of tl ese, about 35,000 m ere engaged in agriculture, in commerce 500; and, in m>.nufac'ures 8000. Cahaba, is the seat of governmi nt. Jllabaiva, post town of Monroe county Alabamii, on the Alabama river, a*^out 10 miles below Fort Jackson. dlabaina, river in Alabama is formed by 3,853 1,713 3,676 2,415 1,405 5,263 5,839 5,713 6,003 4,988 4,554< 2,638 8,751 4,963 9,871 17,481 2,933 2,762 8,838 6,604 2,416 4,166 8,229 2,917 ALA ALd the unTted streams of Coosa, and Tallapoo- sa. The g-eaeral coarse of this river is from north-east to south-west, and follow- itig the windings of near 300 miles in leng'th ; it receives only One considfirable bra-Kh, the Cahaba from the north, and unitin.^ with the rombigbee at N^. lat. 31 06 forms the Mobile, about 35 miles above the iiead of Mobile bay. The banks of the Alabama are in general extremely fertile. Cotton and tobacco chief staples. It is navigable by schooners drawing 5 feet water, to the first rapid near Firt Clai- borne, and for boats of considerable ton- nage to the head, at the mouth of Coosa, and Tallapoosa. Alabaster See Elenthera. Alachua, prairie of Florida, 70 miles west from St. Augustine. Tins extensive sa- vannah is about 50 miles in circumference, without timber, has some spots of good soil, but is in general low and sandj'. A'aacranes, a range of rocks rising near the surface of the sea, opposite to the coast of Jucatan, at V. lat. W. Ion. W. C. 14°. AladtiUa, province of Asiatic Turkey having the Mediterranean south, Carama- nia west, and Syria south-east; it answers nearly to the ancient Ciiicia. The country is hilly and in some parts mountainous ; but abounds in horses and camels. A'a^oa, town of St. Michaels one .of the Azores islands. Alais, town of France in the department of the Card, 40 miles north from Montpel- lier; population 80,000 ; carries an exten- sive trade in grain, wine, olives, oil, and silk. N. lat. 44 08. Ion. E. London 4. Aland, an island in the Baltic sea, lying in ti)e moutli of the gvilf of Finland, about midway between Upsal in Sweden, and Abo, in Finland. It is 40 miles long, and 30 broad, with 8 parisnes, and about 12.000 inhabitants. It was ceded to Russia in 1809. N. lat. 60 20. E Ion. London 20''. Alasey JVtmintains, of Asiatic Flussia, be- tween tne Indigerka and Kovyma rivers. Alass utrait, between the idands of Sum- bawa, and Lomboe, in the East Indian seas. N. lat. 8 S. Lon. E. London 115 40. Alatamaha, river of Georgia in the Uni- ted States, \dvancing along the Atlantic ocean from Cape Florida, the Alatamaha is tbe first river wh^se sources are within the spurs of the Appallachian ridges. It is formed by two great branches, the Oak- mulgee, and Obonee, with many lesser tri- butaries. Both the two main branches have their sources in the mountains. Boats of 30 tons can be navigated up t'te Alata- maha, and Oconee to M lledgville, 300 miles by the windings of the rivers, and about an equal distance following the Oak- mulgee branch. This river i« discharged between St. Simonds, and Sapelo islands, at N. lat 31 30, W. lon. W. C, 4 37". ThQ depth of water on the bar at low tide is 14 feet. A/atri, town of Italy, in the states of the church, 40mileseast, south-east from Rome. N. lat. 41 43 ; Lon. E. London 13 14. Alati/r, town of Asiatic Russia, govern- ment of Simbirsk, at the point or conflu- ence of the Sura, and Alatyr rivers. N. lat. 54 45. Lon. B. London 46 14. Alnva, south point of the island Revilla gigedo, in the Pacific ocean. N. lat. 35 8.'W lon. W C. 54 01. Alageia, river of .\siattc Russia, runs into the Frozen ocean. N. lat. 72 40 E. Ion. London 142 14. A/aitsi, province of Quito S. America. Alaiisi, capital of a province of the same name S. lat. 2 12. lon. W. W. C. 1 39. Alausi, river of Quito, flows in the gulf of Guayaquail. Alaziershci, settlement of Asiatic Russia, on the Alazeia or Alapsey river, about 90 miles west-north-west from Nishnei Kovins- koi. It was near this place where the re- mains of a Mammoth was discovered a few years past. N. lat. 69 40. lon. E. London 144 14. Albecete, town of Spain, 80 miles south- west from Valencia, famous for its saflTron trade; population 7, or 8000. N. lat. 38 51. Ion. W. London 2 02. Albania, province of European Turkey, nearly commens- irate with ancient Epirus, and the southern part of Illyria. It is about 140 miies long and 80 miles wide, stretch- ing from north to south, along the Ionian sea, and gulf of Venice. It is a fine region producing in abundance, wine, oil, grain, and fruits. Albano, town of Italy, 14 miles south-east from Rome. Albany, post town of Oxford county Ma'ue, 18 miles north-we^t from Paris; population in 1810, 165, in 1820, 288. Albany, post town of Orleans county in Vermont, 40 miles north-east from Mont- pellier. Albany, county of New York, on the south side of the Hudson river; hav ng Greene cotinty south, Schoharie west, Schenectady north, the Molnwk river north-east, and the Hudson river east. This county is ge- nerally tiilly, though many parts is fertile and productive in grain, meadow gras3, pasturage, and fruit ; ii is about 20 miles square, or covering 400 square miles. Population in 1810, including the city of Albany. Frf-e white m.ales . - 16,925 Do, do. females . - 16,109 All other free persons - • 866 Slaves 7r2 Total 54,666 In 1820, exclusive of tbe city of Albany. ALB ALB Free mates l)o. do. females - Foreigners not naturalized Total whites - > - Free people of colour. Males . . . . Females Slaves males . . . Females do. - . . Total pop. . . . 12,646 13,208 84 25,938 103 112 160 144 26,457 Engaged in Agriculture - 4,911 Do. in Commerce - • 87 Do. in Manufactures - • 900 Popidttion to the square mile, 66. Albany, city, capital, and post town of Albany county ; state of New York it is also the seat of government of the state, situated on the right bank of the Hudson, 143 miles north from the city of New York. It is divided into 5 wards with a popula- tion in 1820, of 12,867 ; and in commerce, wealth, and general improvement, is the second cty in the state. The situation is excellent, as an entrepot between the city of New York and the intenor country. Sloops of large tannage go up to Troy, 5 miles still higher on tiie Hudson, and when the two tfreat canals of Champlaiu and Erie are completed, Albany and Troy will occupy th-^ common centre of an immense inland tra le. Albany possesses many splendid private buildings; a state house iipon a very commanding site, an acade- my, 4 banks, 11 or 12 places of public worship; it is supplied by p'pes, with excellent water from a fountain distant 5 miles. This city is one of the most an- cient in the United States, the Dutch having a fort there as early as 1612. Ma- ny of the old fashioned buildings with their g.d)1e ends to tiie sti-eets still remain. A large and very nspectable body of the in- hahit: which sends two members to parliament It is fifteen miles N W of York, and 205 N by W of London. Lon. 1 10 W. lat. 54 8 N. Alden, town of Portugal, in Estramadura, 30 miles S E of Lisbon. Lon, 8 55 VV. lat. 38 36 N. Aldea de Ta/iacjjas, town of Brazil. Alderbury, village in Wiltshire, on a heal- thy hill, two miles from Salisbury, near the Avon, and to the Av' n and Salisbury canal, 77 miles from London. It carries on a ma- nufacture of fustians, and received conside- rable damage by a fire in 177", when 200 houses were destroyed. Alderney, island in the English channel ; ISmlles north- east from Guernsey it is eight miles in compass, separated from the coast of Normandy, by a strait called the Race of Alderney, which is a very dangerous passage, on accoimt of the rocks under wa- ter. It is a healthful island, and fruitful in corn and pasture ; but has only one church, in a town of the same name. Lon. 2 7 W. lat. 49 45 N. Aldereltc, small town of Portugal, in Alen- tejo, on the river Caia, which falls into the Guadiana, a little below Badajoz. It is 7 miles S E of Portalegre. Lon. 7 25 W. lat. 35 2 N. Alempignor Lake, lies to the northward of lake Superior, and is about the size of lake Nip i sing. Alentejo, fertile province of Portugal, be- tween the Tajo and the Guadiana. The in habitants are very industrious. Alengon, large handsome town of France, m the department of Orne and late pro- vince of Normandy. Near it are stone quaiTies, fit for building, v/herein is found a sort of crystal like Brist"! stones. It is seated in an open country, abounding in all sorts of corn and fruits, on the river Sar , 20 miles N of Mans, and 97 S W of Paris. Lon. 10 B. lat. 48 \'> N. ^Alentejo, large provincr- of Portugal, ha- ving Algave south ; Spanish Estiamadura east ; the river Tagus north ; and Atlantic ocean west. Chief towns Evora, Beja, Ebo- as and Villa Viciosa. 26 Aleppo, capital ,of Syria, inhabited hj Turks, and different denominations of Chris- tians, who have each a bishop and a church, and the free exercise of thi-ir reli.^ion. The city and suburbs contain 235,000 persons. Next to Constantinople and Cairo, it is the most considerable city in the Turkish em- pire. It is situated in the vast plain, which extends from the Orontes to the Euphra- tes, and which towards the south termi- nates in the desert. It is built on eight hills, on the highest of which the castle is erected, and is supposed to be the castle of Ber2ea. The houses are large and com- modious, having terraces on their tops, and generally sky-lights in form of a dome, to let the light into the rooms, which from their loftiness, the gilding on the windov/- shutters, cupboards, &c. have at first en- trance a very i»greeable effect. The streets are carefully puved ; have gutters and a foot pavement on each side ; and the mid- dle of the street is laiiA with brick, the- small end upwards, for the convenience of horses. There is also a cleanliness observed here, unknown to the other citirs of Turkey, there being ass drivers who (?o about the city and take up the rubbish and dust,which each inhabitant is obliged to sweep toge- ther. Thejnosqties are numerous and some of them ma,unificent. Before each of them is an area, with a fountain in the middle, designed for ablutions before prayers. The bazars or market-places are long covered nari'ow streets, on each side of which are a great number of small shops, just suffi- cient to hold the tradesman and his goods, the buy r being obliged to stand without. The situation of Aleppo, besides the advan- tage of a rich and fruitful soil, possesses abo that of a stream of fresh water, which never becomes dry. Near Aleppo, its banks are covered with a fertile earth, and laid cut in gardens, or rather orchards, which in a hot country, and espeoially in Turkey, cannot but be delightful. The city is itself one of the most agreeable in Syria. On whatever side it is approached, its nu- merous minarets and domes present an agreeable prospect to the eye, fatigued with the continued sameness of the brown and parched plams. A eppo is the empo- rium of Armenia and the iarbekar ; sends caravan-* to Bagdad and into Persia ; and communicates with the Persian gulf and India, by Bassora, with Egypt and Mecca by Damascus, and with Europe and Alex- aniirettaand Latakia. Their chief commo- dities are raw or spun cottons, clumsy li- nens fa; >ricated in the villages, silk stuffs manuactured in the city, copper, coarse clotlis, goat^'■hai^, 'he gall-nuts of the Kourde-tan, the merchandise of India, such a-, shawls and musfr.s EJ;,hteen miles S E of Aleppo, is a large plain, called the Valley of Salt, bounded by low rocky hillSj ALE ALE ■whicli form a kind of natural basin that re- tains the rain descending from the rocks, together with the water rising from a few springs, and cause the whole to be over- flowed in winter. The extent of the sur- face prevents tiiis water from being of any great depth ; so tliat it is soon evap-irated by tlie sun, when it leaves a cake of salt, in some places lialt an inch thick ; and, m April, people are employed t gather this salt, which is sufficient to supply all this part of the comtry. Ale|)po is seated on a small bro"k, 7u miles E of Alexandrelta, and 170 N by E of Damascus. Lon. 37 20 E lat. 55 45 N. ^lessano, town of Naples, in the province of Otranto, with a bishop's see, 15 miles S W of Otranto. Lon. 18 25 E. lat. 40 ION. Jilessia, town of Albania, with a bishop's see, near the mouth of the Drino. Lon. 20 6 E. lai. 42 8 N. Messio, town of Turkish Dalmatia, with a bishop's see, seated on a mountain 25 miles frojn Spalatro. Alet, town of France, in the depariment of Aude a.'.d late province of Languedoc. It was lately an episcopal see, and is re- markable for its baths, and for the grains of gold and silver found in th? stream which runs from the Pyrenees, .tl the foot of which it stands. It is -eatvd on the river Aude, 15 miles S of Carcassone. Lon. 2 25 E. lat. 42 59 N. Aleutian hlands, or Northern Archipela- go ; a long range of islands stretching be- tween North America, and Asia, from the peninsula of Alaska, to cpe Lopa- .ka the south point of Kamschatca It is an im- mense chain extending upwards of 900 ge- ographic miles. They are included in the Russian province of Irkutsk, and exceed 40 in number. Between N. lat. 52 and 54 W. lon. W. C. from 85 to 113. Alexander, post town of Genesee county New York, population 1820, 1496. Alexander, townsliip of .\thens county Ohio, population 1820, 837. Alexander, county of Illinois, at the con- fluence of the Ohio and Missi-^sippi. The features of this county is varied; these parts extending along the rivers, are low, flat, and to a considerable extent, annually in- undated; in the interior rise hills of consi- derabl? elevation. The soil s in general fertile. Some cotton lias been cultivated, but the climate is rather too cold for the growth of that vegetable. Maize, v.'heat, rye, oats, &.c. are produred in abundance, as are garden vegetables, and fruit trees, such as apples, peaches, pears, and plums. Pop. in 1820. Free svhite males ... 293 Do. do. females - - 333 Foreigners not naturalised - 2 Total of whiles 62S 27 Free coloured persons - - nunc Slaves none Engaged in Agriculture - - llG Do. in Commerce - - none Do. in -Manufactures - - none Alexandsville, village of Ohio in Mont- gomery county, situated on the Miami river, 7 miles below Dayton * Alexandrelta, or Scanderoon, town of Sy- ria, in Ash, at the extiemity of the Medi. terranean sea, and the seaport of .Vleopo, from winch it is distant 28 or 30 leagues. It is now properly speakuig nothing else but a village without walls, in which the tombs are more iiumerous than the houses, and which entirely owes its existence to the road which it commands. This is the only load of all Syria, where ve-sels an- chor on a* lid bottom, wittiout their cables being li.io river. A very slight inspection of the Map of Pennsylva- nia will convince a per-on that this river will at some future day, perhaps not very distant, be one of the- great chanaels of communication between the Western and E.-s ern waters of the Ur.ited States. At presen! the transportation is con.iiderable on on- ot its small branches. French creek is the only stream of con equence which the Alleghanv receives from the \\'estward. ALL ALL The creek has its source near Lake Erie, from which to Waterford the conimencing point of navigation there is a portage over a turnpike of 14 nniles. Upwards of 70,000 bushels of salt fi-om the Onondaga works in New York, were entered in one year at Erie, a considerable portion of which de- scended French creek and the Ailegh..ny for the supply of the different Ohio river towns. It is the Eastern branches of the Alleghany which interlocking with the na- vigable branches of the Susquehanna make this river of great importance to (he ^tate of Pennsylvania. Of these branches, To- by's creek from the N W and Kiskimenetas river from the S W are tiie most conspicu- ous. The navigable branches of the for- mer approach the navigable wa.ers of the W branch of the Susquehunna within 20 m-.les, while the navigable head water-, of the former may be connected with the na- vigable waters of Junia>ta by a portage of 25 miles. Thus, nature has left compara- tively but little for the exertions of man to form a complete wa'.er commanication be- tween New York and Philadelphia and the •Ohio waters, giving the industrious plant- er and merchant a choice of a market ei- ther in the Gulf of Mexico, or in the me- tropolis of their own state, one at a distance of 2000 miles, the other not more than 300 from his own door. Jille^hany, county of New York, having Pennsylvania S. C.ittarargus W. Niag;ira N W. Genesee, and Ontario N and Steuben E. It is 52 miles long from north lo south, and 30 miles wide fi-om east to west, and covering an area of 1560 square miles. The face of the country is hilly, and even mountainous, though containing much fer- tile land. Chief 'own Angelica. Population in 1810. Free white males - - . 1,013 Do. Do, females - - 90S All other persons except Indians not taxed ... none Slaves - - - . . 21 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males Do. Do. females Total whites . . . Free persons of colour males Do. do. females Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820 Of these ; Engaged in Agricultui-e do, iu Mamdactarcs 31 1,942 4.382 4,919 9,301 Engaged in Commerce - = i^ Foreigners not naturalized - 30 Population to tl;e square mile, 6, Alleghany, county >- f Penll^y iv^nia, having Washington S W. Beaver n' W. Hutler N. and Westmoreland E. ii is 32 miles long, with a mean width of about 18, extending over an area of 565 square miles. It is finely iiiter.--ectt-d by the AUegliany, Mi)n- ongahfcla and Ohio rivers : the surtace is hilly, but the soil ot 'be river and creek? bottoms, a: id indeed most of the hill sides are superabundantly fertile. Chief town the City of Pittsburg. Population m 1810. Fi ee wiiite males ... 12,921 D.(. Do. fema;les - - 11,958 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - . . 414 Slaves 24 Toial population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males Do. do. females Total of whites Free persons of colour males Do. Do. females Slaves .... 25,317 17,875 16,351 34,226 345 349 1 34,921 Total poptdation in 1820 - Of ihese ; Foreigners not naturalized - 726 Engaged in Agriotdtu re - - 4,303 Do. do. in M^nuf ctures . 2,38S Do. do ia Conimerce - - 146 Populdtio 1 to the square mile 61, inclu- ding the city of Pittsburg. Mleo'ha7V', county of Maryland, having Fayette, Somersctt, and Beiiford counties in Pennsylvania to the north ; Washington in ^laryland N Z. the Potomac river south and S. E. and Monongahela county in Vir- ginia W. It is 65 miles in length from east to west, with a mean width of 124. Area 812 square miles ; face of the country mountaiu'.ius. Population in 1810 Free white males ... 3233 Do. do. females - - - 2943 All other persons except Indians not taxed 113 Slaves . - - ' - - 620 6 Total popula' ion in 1810 6909 Poptdation in 1820 Free white males ... 408O Do. do. females - - ~ 3584 Total white population in 1820 7664 2,167 Free people of colour, males - 102 193 Do. do. females 9.1 ALL A L P- ^Inie slaves Female do. Total population in 1820 Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture Do. Commerce Do. Manufactures 399 396 8654 103 1675 35 391 Population to the square mile 10 Allclmrch, villag'e of Worcestershire. It has an alms-house founded in 1580, and the Roman Ickneld street passes through it. The bishop of Worcester had formerly a palace here ; and the church, several parts of which are of Ssxon architecture, con- tains many antique monuments. It is five miles E by N of Bromsgrove. Allegranza, one of the Canary Isl.mds, lying to the N of Graciosa, and to the E of St. Clare. There are several castles that defend the harbour. Allendoru small town in the landgravate of Hesse-Cassel, rcfnarkable for its salt- works, and thrf e stone bridges. I' is seat- ed on the Weser, 15 miles E of Cassel. Lon. 9 59 E. lat. 51 19 N, Alleii Countij, Kentucky, having Tenne- see S. Warren S AV. N W. and N. and Bar- ren E. The face of this county is gene, rally level the soil much varied in quality. Its form is elliptical extending over about 500 square miles. Chief town Scotts- ville. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 2,248 Do. Do. females - - 2,346 Foreigners not naturalized Total whites Free coloured males Dp. Do. females - Slaves, males Do. Do. females - Total population in 1820 4,594 585 5,327 PopuLition to the square mile 13. AUen Counli', Ohio, having Mercer and Vanvert W ; Putnam N ; Hardin E : and Logan and Shelby S. It extends ab>ut 23 miles from north to soath, with a wij'.h of 22 miles from east to west ; area 500 square miles. Population in 182u, none as the country has eniy been recently purchased fron. tlie Indians, andsurveyed, consequently remains unsettled. Allejiiovm, see JVorthamptGn in Lehigh county. Allen^s Fresh, small town in Cliarles coun. ty, Marylsnd. It lies about 90 miles S S W of Baltimore, and about 50 S of the city of Washington. .lllensiG-.cn, township in Rockingham '*(iuntv, and state of New Hampshire : about ~ ,5f2 ■ 25 miles N \V of Exeter, and about 4-0 fronl Portsm-iuth. It has but few inhabitants. Alknto-Mi, post-town in Monmouth coun- ty, New Jersey, 10 miles S E of Trenton, 22 S by W of Monmouth court-house, and 40 N E of Philadelphia. AlUer, river which rises In the duchy of Magdeburg, waters Zeli, and falls into the W 'ser below Verden. Alkria, decayed town in Corsica, a bi- shop's see, and the place where king The- odore first landed in 1736. Lon. 8 50-^. '-iijj^ lat. 42 5 N. ^^ AUier, department of France, lately the province of Bourbonnois. Population 255,000. Alligator, river of North Carolina, falling into Albemarle Sound. Alloa, commercial town, en the Frith of Forth, about 20 miles higher up the river than Leith, and five miles E of Stirling, I consists of one spacious street, well paved, and shaded with rows of hme trees. Here is a custom-house for the convenience of shipping in this psrt of the north, and it is the resor* of all the coal vessels in the neighbourhood. It has a glass-house and some other manufactures. Lon. 3 45 W. lat. 56 10 N. Ailmacarron, a seaport of Spain, in the province of Murcia, at the mouth of the Guadalantine, near the Mediterranean, 20 miles S W of Carthagena. Lon. 56 W. lat. 37 28 N. Allouettes, point in the St. Lawrence ri- ver at the month of the Sagnenery river. . lllo-way creek, town of Salem county New .Jersey. All-saints Parish, George-town South Ca- rolina. Almaguer, city of Quito, South America, , 20 miles south from Propajar. N. lat. l*i^*i' 56'. W. lon. W. C. 0" 06'. Almamlrel, town of South America, on the coast of Cliili. Ahnanza, town of New Castile, remark- able for the defeat of t e allies, by the Fre- ch and Spaniards, in 1707, when most of the Engli:-h were killed or taken, havin.'i; been abando'^ed by the Portuguese hor.se at the first charge, it is 50 miles S W of Valencia. Lon.'0 56W lat. 38 54 N, Ahneda, town of Portugal, in Estramadu- ra, se:;ted on the Tajo, opposite Lisbon. Lon 9 4 W Lit. 38 33 N. Almediu, town of Portugal, in the pro- vince of Tra-1 'H-montes, on the confines of Lfon. 17 miles N W of Civldad Eodrigo. Lon.'6 15 W. bt. 40 45N. Almeida, fortified town of Portugal, in the province of Beira, on the river Coa. Lon. 8 15 W. lat. 40 38 N. Almendvalaio, town of Spain, in Estra- madura, near tlie borders of Portugai. Lon 5 6 W. lat. 38 36 N. Ahnma. sew-' -^"^T-hv '•> ♦■?.» t-""v;.....- A L S ALT of Oi'irti^'i'i with a bishop's ?ee, seated on tile river Almeria, 62 inilcs S E of Granada. Lon. 2 \V. lit. 36 51 N. .iln^L'ich, the county town of N'orthum- berland, with a market on Saturday. Ii is seate.d on the river Alne, and is a popu- lous well-built town, with a town-house. It has three ijates, which remain Hlmoit entire, and show that it was formerly sur- rounded by a wall. It was defended by an old stately Gu'i c cpstle, the scat of the duke of Northumberland, which has been lately repaired and beautified. It is 30 miles N of Newcastle, 26 S of Berwick, and 305 N bv W of London. Lon. 1 30 W. lat. 55 25 N. 'Alntvlck; township of Nor'lhumberland County, Upper Canada, lies in the rear and north of rialdimaud. JUost, town of Flanders, on the river Dender, in the mid-way between Brussels and Ghent. Lon. 4 12 E. lat. 50 58 N. Alpnach, town of Swisserland, in Under- walden, seated on lake Alpnach, an arm of the lake of tlie Four Cantons, with which it unites near Stantzstadt. Alps, the highest mountain in Europe se- jiarating Italy from France and Germany. They begin on the side of France tow.irds the Mediterranean, between the territory of Genoa and country of Nice ; and termi- nate at the gulf of Carmero, which is part of the gulf of Venice. They consist of lof- ty chains of mountains, ranging one upon another, v.'ith only nisrrow valleys between. They are composed of stupendous rocky masses, two, four and even six being piled upon each other, and from 4000 to 12000 feet Iiigh. T!ierc are few passes over them, and those of diSicult access. Swisserland take up a good part of these m-^untains, or rather the valleys between them. The fa- mous Hannibal crossed the Alns on the side of I'iedmont, in trie winter sesison, wlien ho i;,v-aded Italy, and lost mo.st of"hib-elei)hants among ihem. .lips, Upj)cr, a dep:trtment of France, comprehending nart of the hi'e provi:ice of Duuphiny. Population 129,000. Alps, Lor:er, a department of France, conlainiog p:!rt of the Lite i)rovince of Provence. Fopulation 150,000. Aipnxares, high mountains of Granada in Sp.;in, n^.r the coast oftiie Mediterra- nean, inhabited by the Moriscoes, who carefully cultivate the ground, wliich pro- duces exce'lent wines and fruits. .Ilreaforcl, a town in Hampshire, with a market on Tiiurs.lay. It has about 200 houses, 'two principal streets, which are Ijvge and broad, and a small manufactuie of linseys. It is IS-n.les ENH ofSouih- amptim, and 5/ WSW of London. Lon. 2, i W. lat. 51 6 N. • .Tisacr,^. late province of France, bound- ed on tire V. by the Rhine, on the S bv E Swilzcrhind and Franc'.'.e Comtc, on the AV b}'^ Lorrain, and on the N by the pala- tinate of t!ie Rhine, now included in the departments of the Upper and Lower Rhine, which see. Alsace, a township of Berks coimty, in th.e State of Pennsylvania, on the eastside- of tiie river Schuylkill, Population ia 181 0, 1275, in 1820, 1640. A/sen, an Island of Denmark, in the Lit tie Belt, or entrance into the Baltic, be- tween Slesvvick and Funen. It has noth- ing remarkable but two castles, and is 100 miles W of Copenhagen. . lls/Ad, an ancient town of Germany, in the landgravate of Hesse Castle, 12 miles N\V of Marbi\rg. It Is an ancient town, and its inhabitants were the first of this country who embraced the refoi'mation. Lon. 9' E lat. 50 55 N. Alslieda, a town of Sweden, in the pro- vince of Smoland, near which a gold mine was discovered in 1733. Alston-Moor, a town in Cumberland. Near this time are expensive lead mines, and near the town is' plenty of lead ore. It is 20 miles E by S of Carlisle, and 303 NNW of London. Lon. 2 14 W. lat. 50 54 N. Altaian, mountains. This term has been erroneously applied to the whole great central chain of Asia, wliich near the Ar.al lake, branches north eastv/ard by east, and reaches the sea of Ochot kto theNVVfr.im the mouth of t!ie Amur river, at N lat. 56. The distinctive name of Altai, or Allay,is proper- ly given to that part of the chain west from die Selenga river. Thus restricted the Altaian mountains for.m, nevertheless, an immense range of upwards of 1400 miles in length, rising in some places to 10,000 feet. This cliain is pierced by the south- ern sources of the ritysh,Oby, and Yenisei rivers, which rise on the elevated valley between the Altaian moun'ains and those of Bogdo. Altamira, town of Mexico, on the bordec between the Lstendancies of Vera Cruz, and San Lou's Potosi, on the north side of the bay of Tampica, and near the gulf of Mexico. N lat. 22 26, W lon. Wl C. 21 11. Altamira, river of Mexico rising near the the city of San Louis I^otoii, an£ B PiMssians and Austriaiis invaded Trance iu 1792, it was taken by them, but evacuated on their retreat. Lon. 3 35 E, lat. 50 27 N. ^Amantea, seaport town of Naples in Ca- labria Citerior, near the bay of Eufemia, 20 miles S W of Cosenza. Lon. 16 10 E, lat. 39 12 N. . _ Amapalta, seaport of X. A-merica, in Gua- timala, seated on a gulf of the same name, 220 miles S E of Gualimala. N lat. 12 50, W ion. W C 11 56. Amapalla, or Fonseca, large bay or gulf of N America, between the province of Guatimala and Nicaragua. .iniaro,Juan, town of Brazil, in the Cap- tain Generalship of Bahia, on the Pannaco river, S lat. 13 20, E. lon. W C 36 50. Amada, ancient town of Natolia, the birthplace of Strabo, the geographer. It is the residence of a bashaw, and gives its name to the province it stands in, where there are the best wines and fruits of Na- tolia. It was destroyed by an earthquake, July 3f 1794. It is seated near the river Casalmack, 36 miles N of Tocat. Lon. oo OE. Iat.40 31 N. Amazon^ or Orellana, a great river of S. America, which has its source in Peru, not far from the Pacific Ocean, and running E falls into the Atlantic Ocean by a number of channels, which in the rainy season over- flow their banks, and fertilize the country. Its course is betv/een 4 and 5000 miles, in- eluding all its windings. The country in- cluded within its varicas mouths. It is 150 miles broad) and receives in its pro- gress, near 200 other riv^ers, many of wliich liave a course of 5 or 690 leagues. Tlie principal of these tributary streams are the Napo, Japura and Negro from the north ; the Tocantinas, Xingus, Tapajos, Madeira, Jurus, Intay, Grand Vara, Gualaga, and Lauricoclia from the south. The Amazon, including' all its confluents and their tribu- taries drains an area of more than 2,800,000 square miles. Jt enters the Atlantic Ocean under the equator, Lon. E W C 28. .imazonia, a country in S. America, bounded on the N by Terra Firma and Guiana, on the E by the Atlantic Ocean and Brazil, on the S by La Plata, and on tlie W by P^ru. It is indeed a vague term to designate all the interior regions of South 'Amefica, watered by the Am.azon river, and yet inhabited only by the native tribes of savages. It was discovered in 1580, by Francisco Orellana, who sailed down the river Amazon to the Atlantic. Observing companies of women in arms on its banl|s, he called the country Amazon- nia, and gave tlie nam.e of Amazon to the river. But this was probably a fiction, for M. Condamine could perceive no such women. It is generally a flat region, abounding in woods, lakes, rivers, bogs, and morasses. The soil is verv rich and fertile ; tiie trees and plants are verdant all the year. The rivers and lakes are infest- ed by alligators and water-serpents. Their banks are inhabited by different tribes of Indians, governed by petty sovereigns. The Spaniards have made many vain at- tempts to settle this country. On that part of the coast between Cape North and the mouth of the Amazon and aloi.g that rivei;, the Portuguese have indeed some settlements. . « Amber, a post village in Onondago coun- ty Nesv York. .imber Bai', of Yucatan on the coast of Honduras. N lat. 39 40, W lon. W C 11 50.- Amber^, a handsome town of Germany, capital of the Upper Palatinate of Bavaria. It has a strong castle, and is seated on the river Ills, 40 miles E of Kuremburg. Lon. 32 7E. kt. 49 20 N. Ambert, a town of France in the depart- ment of the Puy ^e Dome and late pro- vince of Auvergne, seated in a beautiful valley on the river Ore. It was remarka- ble, before the French devolution, for the great number of paper.manufticlurers in its viciniiy, and for its trade in coarse laces, camlets, l<.c. It is 21 miles E of Issoire^ and 300 S by E of Paris. Lon. 3 50 E. lat. 45 25 N. Ambergrense-Keij, island in the bay of Honduras, on the coast of Yucatan. N lat, 18 50, Wlon. W C 11 48. Ambleside, a town of Westmoreland, with a market on Wednesday, seated on Winan- der-mere ; 13 miles N W of Kendal, and 271 N N W of London. Lon. 3 6 W, lat. 54 28 N. Amblalevse, seaport of France, in the de- partment of the Straits of Calais and late jirovince of Plcardy> 8 miles N of Bou- logne, defended bv a batterv of cannon, Lon. 1 41 E, lai. 50 49 N. Amboise, town of France, in the depart- ment of Indre and Loire and late province of Touraiue, seated at the confluence of the Loire and Massee. It is 12 miles E of Tours, and 118 S by W of Paris. Lon. 54 E, lat. 47 25 N. ' Amboy, sometimes called Perth Ambo)', city and post-town of East Jersey, in Mid- dlesex county. This town is finely situated for a seaport, lying open to Sandyhook, and approachable from the sea with any wind that blows. Population in 1810, 815; in 1820, 798. It lies in the lat. of 40 31 N, .nnd E lon. W C 2 44. 25 miles from New York, and 70 from Philadelphia. Amboif, Sontli, township of Middlesex county, New Jersey, lying south of Amboy bay. Population in 1810, 3041, and in 1820, 3406. Amboy. bay between South Amboy and Staten island^ formed by the union of the KaritCn and Passaick rivers. 35 A M E A M ?: Amboyna, un isi.iiul of Asia, in the liidiir.i Ocean, with a garrison town of the same name. It is the chief of the Moluccas, and rcmarkuble for tite quantity ot chnes and nu-raet^s it proJuci-s. T. e English and D itch had factories liere at the begin- ning of the 17th century ; but tiie Dutch expelled ihe English. Lon. 12? E, lat. 4 OS. Ambresbufy, a town in Wiltshire, with a market on Friday, and three f.Srs; 6 miles N of Sail bury, and 78 wo'f London. Lon. 1 40 W, lat. 51-11 N. Ambrym, one of the New Hebrides, in the S. Pacific Ocean. Lon. 168 12 E, lat. 16 ION. Amedabad, a large and populuns citj' of Hindoosvan, and tlic capital of the province Guzerat. It is one of tlie best fortified places in India, but was taken by ge:ieral Goddard, in 1780, from the Poouali lh\\\- rattas, to whonti it was restored in 1783. It s'ands in a beautifiil plain on the bunks of a navigable river thai falls into tlie gulf of Cambay, 321 miles N of Uombay. Lon. 72 37 E, lat. 22 58 N. _ Amednaaw; a city of Hindoostan in th.e Deccan ; once the capital of the soubah of the same name, whicli now is belter known by that of Dowlatabad. This city was the resid.'-nce of the emperor Aurungzebe, during his conquest of the Deccan, and the Carnatic. It is 181 miles by Poonah, from Bombay. Lon. 75 E, lat 19 10 N. Amelia, an episcopal city of Ital}', in the state of the church, in the duchy of Spo- letto, 20 miles S W of Spolctta, and 45 X 9f Rome. Lon. 12 30 E, lat. 41 33 N. Amelia, a county in the state of Virginia, lying between the waters of the Nottoway and Appomatox rivers. ILiving Nottaway S AV ; Prince Edvrard W ; Cumberland N W; Pohatan and Che'sterfield N E ; and Dinwiddle S E. It is about 30 miles long, with a mean width of 10, embracing an area of 300 squai-e miles. The f 'ce of this county is agreeably diversified, and soil lo- lerably fertile. Population in IS 10. Free white males - v - 1,664 do. do. females - - -• 1^589 All other free persons except In- dians not taxed .- - - 1,55 Slaves 7,186 .Slaves, females .... 3,6.1-i All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - -' . 110 Total papulation' in 1820 11,106 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - Foreigners not naturalized Total whites . . . . Free persons of colour, m iles • do. do. females Slaves, males - - . . 36 10,594 1,697 1,710 3,409 86 101 3,786 Ofihese; Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,732 do. in Commerce - - 27 do. in Manufactures - - 347 Population to the square mile, 37. Amelia Island, in the Atlantic Ocean, coast of East Florid:^, sit\!ated 20 miles nortli of St. Augustine,* and extending 13 miles ii'om th.e mouth of Nassau to St. Ma- ry's rivers, with a mean width exceeding a mile. Ameliaaburgh ToTvnship. in the county of Prince Edward, is the westernmost town- ship of tiiat county, bounded by the carry- ing place, whicli leads from the head of the ba_\- of Qulnte to lake Ontario, and is wash- eel by the waters of the bay and the lake. Amenia, township of Duchess county, in t')e state of New York. It contained about 3,114 inhahitanis in 1820. A]^1EM1C A, continent of, one of the great sub-divisions of the terraqueous globe. Taken in its fullest extent, America extends from S lat. 5(i, to the utmost known land to- wards the north pole. It is washed on the east by the .\tlantic Ocean, which separates it from Africa and Europe ; by the Pacific Ocean west, separating it from Asia, Austral Asia, and Polynesia; and on the north by the Frozen Ocean, and the various inlets separating ti;e numerous islands of that in- hospitable region. America is naturally di-* vided into two immense sections, whicii have received tlie relative adjective najTies of Nortli America, and South Americ:i. North America extends from the isthmus of Darien N lat, 8 to tlic utmost known re- gions of the north, and spreads from Bhe- ring's straits to those of DeHisle, or rather fo embrace Greenland. Its breadtii is very irregular, not exceeding 15 or 20 miles near Panama, whilst from Bhersng's straits to tlie straits of Bellisle, it extends to a dis- tance of 3,300 gcogruphical, or 3,800 Eng- lish miles, bearing N 76 \V. From the straits of Bellisle to tlie isthmus of Darien is 4,500 geographical, equal to 5212 Eng- lish miles. • North America i^traversed by two great chains, and several minor ranges of mountains. The Appali^chjan or Alle- gany mountains extend through ihe United States from N E to S. W from the state of New York, to Georgia^ Alabama^and Mis- sissippi, with a mean width :f qjpout 50 miles. Several detached ranges or groups rise north-east ofl" the Hudson, and south- east off the St. Lawrence. The Maserne or Ozark mountains extend from the cen- tre of the state of Missouri towards Texas, a!id the 6thep Spanish' internal province?. A M E A M E in a direcUon nearly parallel lo the Appa- lachian chain. The length of the Appala- chian is about 900 miles wi^th a mean ele- \-ation of, from 1,200 to 2,000 feet. The extent of the Masserne chain is not very accurately known, but must exceed 600 miles; its mean hciglit cannot, in the pre- sent state of Geograpiiical knowledge, be estimated with any approximate degree of accuracy. The great spine of North Ame- rica is the Chippewan, Rocky, or as it is termed in Mexico that of Anahuac. This immense chain reaches from the peninsula of Tehuantepec N lat. 16, to the Frozen Ocean at N lat. 68, or through upwards of 50 degrees of latitude ; encircling nearly one-seventh part of the globe. In neither the Appalachian, or Masserne chains, nor in any of their neighbouring groups, have any active or extinct volcanoes been dis- covered ; but in the soutliern part of the greut central chain an immense range of volcatioes or volcanic summits rise to from 10,000 to 17,700 feet. It is generally sup- posed that tlie mountains of the isthmus of Darien are continuations of the cliain of Aujiliuac ; but there is strong reason to be- lieve that tlie former are distinct and un- connected with the latter. A nameless range skirt?, along the Pacific Ocean, wiiich from the defective surveys yet taken, can- not be very distinctly delineated. That part of Nortli America west of the Chip- pewan mountains, and north of Colorado river, except the central parts of (he val- ley of Columbia, remains eitlier imperfectly or entirely unknown. Nortli America has live great systems of rivers ; that of the Atlantic Ocean -, that of tlie gulf of Mexico ; that of tlie Frozen Ocean ; that of Hudson's bay ; and that of the Pacific Ocean. In the Atlantic system the principal ri- I'crs are, St. .To'r.n's of Florida, Altamalia, Savannah, Saiitee, Pedee, Cape Fear, llo- anoke, James, Potomac, Susquehanna, De- laware, Hudson, Connecticut, Kenebec, I'enobscot, St. John's of New Brunswick, and St. Lawrence. In tjie system of Hud- son's bay are included, besides many streams of lesser note, Ilupeit's, Albany, Severn, an.d Sasiiasshawin rivers. Into the Northern Ocean M'Kenzie's, Peace, or Utjjiga river is the only stream of considerable magni- tude yet known to enter from the conti- nent of North .■\n^erica. The rivers of the central valley of North America, are dis- charged into the gulf of .Vicxico, amongst v.liich the Mississippi presents its ov r- whelming flood ; but besides that vast ri- ver, the Ajijialachicola, Mobile, Colorado, of tl;e gulf of Mexico, Itio Grande del Norte, and several others, are stream.s of great magnitude. The Santiago, Iliaqui, the Colorado or the gulf of California, and tlie Columbia, are the only extensive rivers the courses of which are correctlv known, and which enter the Pacific Ocean from the continen'. of North America. South America reaches from Cape Vela, N lat. 12 15, to Cape Horn, S lat. 56, or through more than 68 degrees of latitude, in nearly a north and south direction, ex- ceeding 4,700 miles in length. Its greatest breadth is nearly at right angles to its great- est length ; the former stretching from Cape St Iloque, in the Atlantic Ocean, to Cape Blanco in the Pacific Ocean, through 35 degrees of longitude, on S lat. 5, or over upwards of 2760 miles. South America is traversed by three great chains of moun- tains, the Andes, ranging along the west- ern coast ; the mountains of Bra«Il ; antl those of Caracas or Venezuela. The AncJ^s are commensurate with South America iu its utmost length. Like the Appalachian the Andes chain is composed of a numbei* of coUaterul or rather parallel ridges. Those of the Andes rise to enormous volcanic sum- raits of from 10,000 to upwards of 20,000 feet, and are, those of tlie Asiatic chain of Himmalaya excepted, the highest on the globe. Tlie Andes also similar to the chain of Anahuac, rise into and extend wide elevated habitable valleys from 2,000 to 9,000 feet elevation. From tliis vast sys- tem of mountains the largest rivers of the earth have their sources, pouring theii' mighty volumes, however, from the position of the mountains, all towards the Atlantic ocean. The Magdalen, Orinoco, Amazon, and Plate, have but comparative rills as con'rasts on the "Pacific side of the conti- nent. The chain of Caracas seems to be rather an embranchment of the general chain of the Andes than a distinct system. The course of the Caracas chain from west to east, appears to form its most distinguish- ing feature, whilst ths general range of the Andes are from north tl^ soutli nearly. The Caracas chain in no part' rises above about 8450 ; it extends along the coast at no great distance from the sea, and expires towards the gulf of Cora, or mouth of t!ie Orinoco river. The Brazillian chain is distinct, rising about S lat. 30, and stretching to- wards the equator, expires near the Atlan- tic Ocean, between the mouth of the xVma- zon river and Cape St lloquc. This chain extends ujjwards of 2,000 miles, but is no plai;e very elevated. South America exhi- h\t'> four systems of rivers ; thai of the Pa- cific .Ocean ; ih.'t of the Caribbean sta ; the great centra) system, and that of Biazilia. The Pacfic system of South American ri- vers presents, in a distance of near 5,000 miles, an innumerable list of small streams; but from the approximation of the Cordi- lera to the Pacific Ocean, no single river of any considerable magnitude. The Cali- calla. Imperial, Biobio, Quillota, and a few others in Chili, with the Cuaquil in Quito, ai'e tlie principal streams discharged west- ■37 A M E A M E v/ird from the Andes. Atrato, Magdalena, and Tacuya, in the republic of Columbia, are the only rivei-s of the Caribbean system of any magnitude vvorthj^ notice. The most interestmg river system not only in America, but upon the globe, is that of the centre of South America. This vast sys- tem extends i'fom the 52 S lat to the 10 N lat. through upwards of 4300 miles m length, with a breadth from the extreme western sources to tne mouth of the Ama- zon, river, through 30 degrees of longitude on the equator, -r above 2000 miles. Over this immense surface flow, besides innumer- able small T streams, the Orinoco, Amazon, and Plite, with their various branches, nv§ny of wliich are themselves rivers off great length and magnitude. An elonga- tion of this -.ystem reaches beyond the Plate, and s'retchcs to the river Galegas, or Cape Fairweather, S lat. il 30. In this space is included the rivers Colorado, Ne- gro, St. Vlathias, Cainerones, Point Desire, and Gallegos. '!"he fourth and last of the ri- ver systems of South America, extendsfrom Cape' Santa Maria S lat. 34 30, to S lat. 1, and is bounded west by the BiaziHian moimtams, or dividing line between the waters of the Amazon and Plate rivers, and those included within itself, and on all other sides by the Atlantic ocean. Tuis system may be correctly designated the Brazillian, and contains the streams of the Rio Grande, Parayba, Doce, Patuxo, St. Francisco, Par- naiba, Pinare, and Gurupy. The islands of the West Indies form a part of America, but it is difficult to assign any point of di- %'ision in this Archipelago, to mark the line of separation between the two great sec- tions of the continent. Indeed any sucli division must be arbitrary. In common estiination the Caribbean islands, from Bar- bada to Trinidad Inclusive, are viewed at- tached to South America, wliilst the Lee- ward islands, and St. Domingo, Jamaica, Cuba, and the Bahamas, are joined w-ith Korth America. Each great section has, however, numerous islands unequivocally belonging to it. To Xortii America may be added the vast but desolate expanse of Greenland, together v/ith a nameless maze of frozen islands along the entii'e northern extent of the continent. Iceland, from its proximity to Greenland, is decidedly an American island. In the gulf of St. Law- rence are the islands of Newfoundland, Anticosti, the Magdalen i.slands. Prince Ed- ward, Cape Breton, and some of lesser note. Along the Pacific side of North America are fuund a few small islands in the gulf of Panama ; the group of Revillagigedo, west of Mexico, and south of the Peninsula of California ; Quadra and Vancouver, Queen Charlotte, Prince of Wales and King George, with many smaller islands, lie op-^ posite and close to the coast between N. * lat. 48 and N. lat. 58. ' In the great bay between the peninsula of Alaska and Prince William's sound, beside several others, are the islands of Montagu and Kightak. The Fox or Aleutian islands extend S W and W from the point of Alaska towards Asia. Along the North American coast, and ivithin the sea of Kamschatka, some unim- portant islands exist, and completes the list of North American islands. South America, compared with its extent, is in a remark- able manner unaccompanied with islands. However, independent of those already noticed, are found along the Columbiap. coast, Curagoa, Buenos Ayres, OrchiUa, and Margantta. In the mouth of the Ama- zon and Tocantinas, and the Delta of the Orinoco are an immense number of name- less islands, with a few of sufficient impor- tance to merit designating terms. Joannes in he estuary of the Amazon is the most extensive of those two groups. From the mouth of the Amazon to the straits of Ma- gellan are innumerable small and iirterest- ing islands, btit no one the size of which would entitle it to particular notice in a general view. Separated from the conti- nent by tile straits of Magellan, spreads tlie large but desolate island of Terra del Fuego ; and about 300 mdes to the N E of the latier, stands the still more barren and inhospitable group of the Falkland islands. Passing the straits of Magellan into the Pa- cific Ocean, and following the South Ame- rican co:-.st, are first met the group of the Toledo islands ; farther north the island of Madre de Dios j the fine Archipelago of Chiloe opens between S lat. 42 and 44. Tile group of Juan Fernando, S. lat. 34, W Ion. W C 3, is generally considered as American. Beyond t!ie latter, proceeding north, at a long interval, we find a few small islands in the bay of Guaquil; and under the equator, W Ion. W C 13, the Galipagos g-oup closes the list of South American islands. Independent of the aborigines, America is now held by Kussia, Great Britain, Den- mark, the United States, Mexico, Colum- bia, Spain, France, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Portugal, Buenos Ayres, Chili, and Peru. Russian America extends agree- ble to the claims of that government, along the coast of Norlh America, from N. lat. 51 to the utmost known lands north, extend- ing indefinitely inland, and embracing all the islands within 100 ijiiles off the coast ; and must include 1,160,000 square miles of land. British America consists of all the northern parts of the continent east of the Russian territories, and north from those of the United States, with the islands of Newfoundland, Anticosti, Cape Breton, Prince Edward, Bahamas, Virgin islands, Jamaica, Trinidad, and some others of les- ser note. Mexican America extends from A M E A M H the confines of the kingdom of Guatimaia, W of the gulf of Mexico, and S W of the United States, as far as N lat. 42. , The re- public of Columbia embraces the vast re- gions formerly included in the captain-ge- neralship of Venezuela, and the viceroy- alty of New Grenada, with a part of northern Peru. Spanish America contains the still unsevered fragments of the once mighty American empire of that nation, consist- ing chiefly of Guatimaia, Cuba, and Porto Rico. Danish America includes Iceland, Greenland, and the small islands of St. Croix and St. Thomas, The kingdom of the Netherlands claims St. Eustatiiis, and some other islands of little note, with ex- tensive territories on the South American coast" in Guyana. France holds Guada- loupe, Martinico, and a part of Guyana. The wide spread regions held by the Por- tuguese in America, extend from the 4^f)f Nlat. to the 35 of S lat. along the \tlantic Ocean, and inland to the 72 of Ion. west of London, and embracing a territory of 2,700 miles in length from north to south, and 2,600 miles in breadth from east to west. The United Provinces of Buenos Ayres or La Plate, claim all that formerly appertain- ed to Spain upon the waters of that mighty river, as do Chili and Peru along the Pa- cific Ocean, from the limits of New Gre- nada to the utmost bounds of civilized set- tlement towards the southern extremity of the continent. SUMMAtlT. Square miles. 1,160,000 2,660,000 500,000 2,200,000 Russian America, British America, Danish do. - United States Spanish America entire Portuguese America, 3,000,000 Swedish Dutch, ^ 2jgooo French, 3 Negroes of St. ^ Domingo, S Inhabitants. 200,000 1,850,000 60,000 10,000,000 5,250,000 18,000,(300 6,000,000 590,000 20,000 700,000 37,400,000 If taken nationally, this mass will stand thus : Whites in the English, Danish, Swedish, Dutch, French, and United States territories, 9,110,000 Spaniards & their white Creoles, 10,900,000 Portiiguese and their white Creoles, .... 3,000,000' Indians in all America, - - 10,800,000 Blacks, entire on the continent and contiguous islands, - 3,590,000 37,400,000 ^mersfort, town of Holland, In the state of Utrecht. It has a trade in beer and to- bacco, and goods from Germany are ship. ped here for Amsterdam. It is seated in a fertile country, on the river Embs, 10 miles E N fc of Utrecht. Atnersham, or Agmoncksham, borough in Buckinghamshire, with a market on Tues- day. The townhall is the handsomest in the county. It is seated on a vale between wo dy hills, 26 miles N W of London. Ames, town of Athens county, Ohio, in the township of Amesville, 12 miles N E from Athens. Amesbury, town in Essex count}', and state of Massachusetts, about four miles from Newburyport, and 50 miles N by E from Boston It is a flourishing place, be- ing situated on a navigable nver. Amewell, township of Hunterdon county, in the state of New Jersey, about 34 miles N by E of Philadelphia Population, 1810, 5777, and in 1820, 6749. Amesbtiry or Amhresbury, a town in Wilt- shire with a market on Friday. It is 6 miles N of Salisbury, and 77 W of London, Amesville, township of Athens coimty, Ohio. Population in 1810, 608, in 1820, 707. Amherst Island, in the county of Ontario, formerly called Isle Tonti, contains about 16,000 acres; it lies opposite to Ernest town and part of Fredericksburgh, in lake Ontario, towards the entrance of the bay of Qninte. Amherslsbiivff, town of Upper Canada, on the left shore ot Detroit river, commonly known by the name of Fort Maiden. It is situated but a short* distance above lake Erie. N. lat. 42 3, W. Ion. W C 5 5. Amherst, township and post town of New Hampshire, Hilsbofough county. The Au- rean academy was founded here in 1790. It is situate on a north branch of the Sou- hegan, 5c, miles N W of Boston, and 60 W S W of Portsmouth. Lon. 71 33 W, Jat, 42 54 N. Population in 1810, 1554, and in 1820, 1622. Amhei'st, town of J^'ova Scotia, Cumber- kind county, on Chignecto bay. AiTiherst, township of Hampshire county, Ma'^sachusetts, with a population in 1810, ot 1469, and in 1820, 191:^, Amherst, county of Virgiiii.;, having the Blue Ridge, or Rockbridge, N W ; Nelson N E ; James river or Buckingham and Campbell S E ; James river or Bedford S W ; being 22 miles in length, with 19 miles in breadth, or 418 square miles. The face of the country is agreeably diversified by hill and dale, and abounds in excellent spring water. The soil, like the .features of the country, admits of great variety, but is in many places extremely productive. Population in 1810. Free white males - - _. ' 2,549 do. do. females ... 3,574 All other persons except Indians not taxed 198 39 A M I A M P Slaves . . . . Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - Poreiguers not naturalized Total whites . . - 5,207 Slaves, females 1"0,548 "2,335 2,275 4,613 1,416 6,859 Free persons of colour, males 127 do. do. females 119 Slaves, males .... 2,817 do. females - . - 2,750 Total population in 1820 10,426 Of these ; Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,132 do. in Manufactures - - 146 do. in Commerce - - 170 Population to the square mile, 25. Amherst Spri7igs, post village in Amherst county, Virginia. Amiens, a large and populous town of France in the department of Somne. Three branches of the river Somne pass through this city, and afterwards unite. It has ma- nufactures of linen and woollen cloth, which employ in the citv and adjacent country, 30,000 people. • It is 20 mil'es S E of Ahbe- ville, and 75 N of Paris. Lon. 2 IS E, kt. 49 54 N. Amikoues, river of the, runs into lake Huron from the north shore, east of the Missassaga river. Amite, county of Mississippi, having Wil- kinson W; Frank'in N ; Pike E ; .and the parishes of St. Helena and New Feliciana, in Louisiana S. It is 30 miles in length from east to west, and 24 miles broad from north to south, covering an area of 960 square miles. The soil along the streams and slopes of the hills good second-rate soil, but the greatest part of the surface is open pine woods. Cotton principal staple. Chief town. Liberty. Population in 1810. Free white males - - ^ 1,844 do. do. females - - - 1,468 All other free persons, except In- dians not tased - - - 16 Slaves 1,422 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - Foreigners not naturalized '4,750 2,169 1,837 6 4,012 Total whites Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females 7 Slaves, males . - . ^ 1,417 40 Total population in 1820 - Of these; "^ Engaged in Agriculture - - • 2,771 do. in Commerce - - 28 do. in Manufactures - - 7 Population to the square mile, 7. Jlmity, post village of Orange county, .N w York. Amity, township of Berks county> Penn- sylvania. PopuLtionin 1810, 1090, and in •18 0, 1279. Amity, post village Of Washington coun- ty Pennsylvania, situated on Bane's fork of Ten mile creek in Amwell township, on the road from Washington to Waynesborough. Alimvich, a town of Wales, on theiNW coast of Anglesea, with a harbour for small vessels. In 1768, when the Parysmines were opened, it did not contain above six houses ; but now they amount to more than 2000. It is 25 miles AV of Beauma- ris, and 275 NW of London. See Parys. Ammercot, fort in H.ndnostan Proper, in a very extensive sandy desert, between the Indus, the territories of Agimere and Moultan, and the Puddar. It is 190 miles NbyEofTatta. Amol, a town of Asia, in Usbec Tartary, seated on the river Gihon, 60 miles W of Bokhara. Lon. 64 30 E. lat. 39 20 N. Amorgris, an island of the Archipelago, fertile in wnie, oil, and cam. It is 30 miles in circumference, and 67 N of Can- dia. Lon. 26 15 E. lat. 36 20 N. Amonoosuck, Upper arid Lotoer, names of two rivers in the state of New Hampshire, both of wiiich rise in the White mountain, and fall into the Connecticut river, about thirty miles apart. .'Imoslceag falls, in the Merimac,'15 miles bclovv' Concord, a canal has been complet- ed around these falls, the descent 48J feet, in a distance ofhalfa mile. Amotnpc, village of Peru, near the Gulf of Guftvaqnll, and between Tumbez and Piura 'S lat. 40 50, W lon. W. C. 3 46. ' Ainoyar.ibo, town of South America, in Tucuman. Av!07ir, river of Asia, whose source is in Siberia ; it runs E through Chinese Tarta- ry, and fall', into the channel of Tartary or La Perou.se's Strait. N lat. 55 30. .'■Imay, :in island on the SW coast of Chin.i. The Engli.^li had a factory here, but abandoned it, on account of the impo- sitions of the inhabitants. . Amphipoils, town of Turkey in Europe, now Jamboli, on the river Strymon, the modern Strumona, 70 miles NE of Saior,i- chi. Lcn. 24 16 E. .at. 41 38 X. Ainplepuis, tov/n of France in th^' depart- ment of Rhone and Loire Tt is celebrated for its wines, and is 16 miles E of Roanne. AmptldV, town in Bedfordshire, with :<■ ANA IToarket on Thursday, seated pleasantly between two hills, but in a barren soil. It is six miles S of Bt dford, and 45 NVV of London. Lon. 30 W. lat. 52 6 N. Ampurias seaport of Spain, in Catalo- nia, si-ated at the mouth of ihe river Fl*- via. 60 mdes NE of Barcelona. Lon. 3 6 E. lat. 42 5 N, Amras, very strong caslle in Germany, seated in the Tirol, two mifes SE of In- spruck. It s remarkable for a ricli library adorned with the portraits of many learn- ed men. Lon. 11 29 E. lat 47 9 N. Amsterdam, township of Montgomery county, in the state of New York. Popu- lation in 1820, 3iri. A^nsterdam, large, rich and populous city in Holland, capi alof the United Provinces. The wa!l^ are high, and well fbriifir-d ; and the bridge which joins tlie rampart is built over the river Amstel, and ^s one of the finest pieces of Architecture in these parts. Pew cities have their public build- ings so fine, numerous, and well kept. Here are many handsome churches, and hospitals for persons of all religions and countries. The exchange is one of the principal ornaments of the city, and the harbour is one of the larg st and finest in Europe, where a va^t number of merchant ships may always be seen ; though there is a bar at its emrance, which is, however, a great security against foreign enemies. The foundation of tliis town is laid pon piles, driven into a morass, and under the stadthonse aloiie are 13,000 The streets are spacious and well paved, and most of them have canals, with rows of trees on each side. It n computed to be about hair as lari^e is Loni!oT>. It surrendered 'o the king of Prussia in 178r, when tlia prince invaded Holi .nd, in favour of the .stadi holder, but was evacuaed on the restoration of the hitter to his rights. Since it surrendered to the Frencli in 1795. It is seated at he conflue :ce of the rivers .\mstel and Wy, 65 miles N oC Antwerp, 175 E by N of London, 240 N by E of Paris, HP.d 560 NW of Vienna. Lon 4 50 Eu lat. 52 23 N. Amsterdam, island in the South Indian Ocean, between the Cape of Good Hnpe, and Nev/ Holland. S lat. 38 15 E lon Lon- don 163 30. Amsterdam, New, capital of Berbice in Du^ch Guayana, N lat. 6 20, E. Ion. \V. C. 19 45. Amur, see Amoiu. AymoeU, village near Ware, in Hertford- shire, famous for giving rise to ti:e New Eiver, which supplies London with water. AvnveU, township in Washington count}', Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1673. and ill 1820, 1825. ^Ilmdiy, considerable river" of STberia in AND Asia, that falls into the sea Kamschatka. N lat. 64. A ifj^7ii, small town of Italy, in Kampag- na di K ,ma : a bishop's see, 32 miles E of K me. Lon. 13 25 E. lat. 41 56 N Anauri Pecu, or Arauni Pecu, rirer of Portuguese Guayana, falls into the" north side of the estuary of the Amazon, nearly on the equator, lon. W. C. 26 E. Anacopir, the c.pital of the nation of the Abkh .s, on the river Makai, which falls be- low it ihto the Black Sea, Anuttom, an island, one of the New He- brides, m the S uth Pacific Ocean. Lon, 170 9 E. lat. 20 10 S. Aiicararto, town of Italy, in the marqul- sate if Ancona-j live mi es N of Ascoli. and 82 NE of Rome. Lon. 13 29 E. lat. 42 48 N. Ancaster, small town in Lincolnshire, 15 miles S .f Lincoln. It was anciently a Ro- man village, on a R man highway, and lies under a hill iboanding with antiquities. Ancaster To^vnsliip, lies to the southward of Dundas-street, an,! is bounded on the east by B^rion and Giantord, Upper Cana- da. Alice Grand, part of the island of Marti- nic ■■ on the northern co ist. Ance, Grand Bay, name of several bays of Gia ialoiipe, and some other islands of the West Indies. Ance, Petite, 5 miles S from Cape Fran- cois. Anchor Point, east side of Cooke's Inlet, N. VV. coa-. of North America. Ancenis, town of France, seated on the Loire, m the department of Lower Loire, and ,aie province of Bietagni% 20 miles B of Nuntes Lon. 1 5 W lat. 47 15 N. Anclam, town oi Germaiij, in Pumera- nia, on the river Pc-ne, 20 miles S of Grisp- wall. L.n. 14 2 E. lat. 53 52 N. Ancobev, territory on the gold coast of Guin a, having a river of the same name fl)wingt,iiough it, the ba.ks of which are ado ned with lofty trees. On the western bank is a p -pulous village. Ancocm. rivtrof New J rsey, falling into ill- r.ver U laware about 6 miles below Bnrlintiton. Ancona, province in the ecclesiastical state. Ancona, ancient town and citadel of Italy, on the j^ul of Venice, in the miqui- sate ot Ancona It is 116 mles N by E of Rome. L n. 13 35 E lat. 43 38 N. Andalusia, provi ce of Spain, 250 miles in length, and 150 in brtadth I is bound- ed on the S by Granada, on he W by Al. garva and the Alanic, on 'he N by E-tra- madura, and on the E by Murcia. The Gua. dalquiver runs through its whole length ; and is the best, most fertile, and trading part in Spain. Tne capital is Seville. .■'Jndanmn Islands, on the E side of the 41. A X H 4 N 1) .entrance into the bay of Bengal. Tke in- habitants are savage. Andaye, fortified town of France, in the department of the Lower Pyrenees and late territory of Basques, famous for its br.indy. It is situate at the mouth of the river Bidsa- soa, opposite Fontanibia, Spain, 18 miles SW of Bayonne. Lon.l 45 W_. lat. 4s3 25 N. .'hidely, town of France, in the depart- ment of Eure and late provir.ce of Nor- mandy, parted by a paved causeway into little towns called Great and Little Andely, a mile from each other. Great Andely, is in a valley, on the little river Gambons. It is 20 miles SE of Rouen, and 60 NW of Paris. Lon. 1 30 E. lat. 49 20 N. Jindernach, ancient city of Germany, in the electorate of Cologne, seated on the Rhine, 10 miles NW of Coblentz. Lon. 7 22 E. lat. 50 29 N, Anderoy St, seaport of Spain in the bay of Biscay, where the Spaniards build and lay up some of their men of war. It is 60 miles W of Bilboa. Lon. 4 30 E. lat. 43 25 N. Andersoii, countj' of East Tennessee, having Roane county SW, Morgan NW, Campbell NE and Knox, or Clinch river SE. It is about 30 miles long with a mean breadth of 25, extending over 750 square miles. Cumberland mountain traverses this country and protrudes several spurs from the main ridge ; it is therefore moun- tainous, broken and rocky, though possess- ing much good soil ; it is also well watered and healthy. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 1873 do. do. females - - 1821 All other persons except Indians not ta.^ed . . ' - - 5 Slaves 260 Total population in 1810 - 3959 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 2147 do. do. females 2154 Total of whites 4301 Free persons of colour, males do. do. females - 15 . 9 Slaves 349 Total population In 1820 - Of these ; 4674 ^Foreigners not naturalized * Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures none 1310 46 do. in Commerce 4 Population to the square mile 6. Anderson, township of Hamilton county Ohio. Population in 1810, 1358, and in 1820, 2122, Anderson- s store, post village uf ^VortJi Carolina, in Caswell county 56 miles NW from Ralf igh. Anderson's creek, Indiana separates Perry and Spencer counties, and falls into the Ohio at and below Troy. Andersonville, post village Edgefield Dis- trict, North Carolina. Andes, township of Delaware county, New york. P"opulation in 1820, 1378. Andes, or Cordilleras, chsi\n of mountains in South America, w:.ich running from the most northern part of Peru, to the straits of Magellan, are the longest and most re- markable m the world. They divide the whole southern part of America, and run a length of 4300 miles. They are much su- periour in heigi>t to any other known moun- tains ; those of Gangetic Hindoostan ex- cepted, for the plain of Quito, which may be considered as the base of the Andes, is elevated nearly as far above the sea as the top of the Pyrenees ; and they rise, in dif- ferent places, more than one third above the Peak of Teneriffe, once thought to be the highest land in the ancient hemisjjhere. The Andes may literally be said to hide their heads in the clouds ; the storms often roll, and the thunder bur-ts below their summits, which, though exposed to the rays of the sun in the torrid zone, are covered with everlasting snow. The Andes are not composed of one continued, but of many collateral ridges, with, .m many places very wide and elevated valleys. The following are the most elevated peaks of this chain, which have been sqientifically measured, but it is supp sed that a num- ber of the summits in that part of the Andes which traverses Chili, are as elevat- ed as any of those within the tropical re- gions. Chimborazo .... 21,440 Disca Casada .... 19,570 Cayambe Urcu ... - 19,392 Antesina .... 19,150 Cotopaxi .... 18,864 Altair .... 17,472 Sangal . . - . 17,152 Tunguragua - - - - 16,579 All the climates of the world are includ- ed in the slopes and valleys of the Andes, and upon its snow clad summits. Indeed many of its mbst elevated pe:sava, cocoa, maize, indigo, sugar, cotton, cofi'ee, »nd other very lender piants. Below 9000 feet the oreal gramma, tlie ap. le.and ma .y other European vegetables, bat above tliat eleva- tion, large trees begi:i todis.ppe r. Gra se-, appear as high . s 15,000 fet-t, but above that elevation the lichens close tlie last vestige of vegetable life, and leave the highest summits cloih d with e'ernal frost. The truth of the cominonly receiv- ed opinion is very pr >blematical, that the Andes of Soutli America, and tiie Mexican mountains are detached parts of tiie same chain. .Andover, borough in Hampshire, with a market on Saturday, a manufacture of shalloons, and a considerable trade in malt, A navigable canal pas- s iience to South- ampton water. It is situate near the river Ande, 10 miles N by W of Winchester, and 63 W by S of London. Lon. 120 W. lat. 51 14 N. Aadover, tovv'n of Massachusetts, in Ess?x county. Here is an excellent acade- my, called Philips \cademy, with m 1820, about 140 students. Its funds amount to 50,000 dollars ; and its establishments, to one principal, and three assistanls. Also manufactures of paper and gunpowdr. It is situate on the Shaw-heen, 20 miles WSW of Newburyport, and 22 NNVV of Boston. Aiidover, post-town of Windsor county Termont, 20 miles SW from Windsor. Popul^tio'i 1820, 960 ■ JJiidover, post-town of Hillsborough county, NiiW Hampshire, s;tuated on the Merimick, 18 miles NW from Concord. Population 1820. 1642. Andover, posi-town of Tolland cotinty, Connecticut, 15 miles E from Hartford. Population 1820, 100. Andover, town of Sussex county New xTersey, 50 miles N from Trenton, and 40 . miles WNW from New York, Andrexu, St, parish of Charleston district, in the state of S. Car Una. • It is stuuted on the A-shlcy rlv. r, and ;n the year 1800 conta ned abo it 600 free whiles with apo pulation of 4500 slavfs, Andrew's St. city in Fifesiiire, with a university. It was formerly the see of an archbis'jop, and is sealed ut the bottom of a bay, on the level top of a small hlU. ex- tending E and W, having an opt-n pros- pect of iiie German Oct an. It is oO miles NE of Edinburgh. L> n. 2 45 W. lat. 56 18 N ^ Andna, town of Naples, in Bari, with a bishop'.-, see, four miles S of Barietia. Lon. 1.^ 32 E. iai. 41 25 N, Andros, island and town ii> the Archi- pelago. 'I'lie in abitants re of the Greek cmrcii, :ind have . bisliop and se\er.d mona^itri-s TIk p mcipal ,ich-,s,.f ihis island consis in sdks, and the Helds are veiy pleasant ad tVrtue; be. g |)ian ed, grow with orange-., ci rons, mnlhtrrieL-., po- megranates, and figs. It lies to the N of Can- dia. Lon. 25 30 E. lat. 37 50 N Androscoggin, m s >m map- c-lled the Am .ri c ggm, ■ co'isiaeiable r ver in New Hiinpsliire and M.une. It rises in the fornirr, in C los county, and fl .vvc^ig ESE en era the latter in Oxfor> are very i:.zy, .p's s-e, and rem rkable for some remains of antiquity. Here they breed goats, the hair is of a fine white, aim st like silk, which they work into the finest stufTs, particularly camlets. It is 212 miles SE of Constantinople. Lon. 32 5 E.kt. 39 30 N. Angra, the capital of Tercera, one of the Azores. It is a bishop's see, and the residence of the governor of the Azores. Lon. 27 7 W. lat. 38 39 N. Angra de los Reyes, city, Brazil, in Rio Janeiro. Lon. 44 11 VV. lat. 23 4 S. Angnila, the most northern of the Carib- bee, 30 miles in length and 10 in breadth. Its productions are tobacco, ma;ze, and su^gar, lat. 18, 12, N, Ion. VV C 12 40 E. AngidUa, one of the B;diama islands. N W of the i land is the Angudla Bank, or C ,0- de los Paques. Lat." 23 36 N. ion, W C 1 50 E. Anguine, C ipe, on the W coast of New- foundl.nd. Lat. 47 57 N Ion. W C 17 SO. E Annapob'n, p v-rof Nova Scotia, runs into th© .^ay of funday. It is navigable for 44 ships of any burthen 10 miles ; aud Ij miles for those of 100 tons. Annuf)olis, couniy of Nuva Scotia, on An- nap .lis R.v er. Annapo in Royal s aporl of Nova Scotia, on ihe river and bay of Annapolis. The po 1 is on of ti:e fin. st in the world, from 5 to 18 Tat onis deep, and large enough to contain several hundred sliips. This city Was the Port R'\al of the French, and was ft unded as early as 1608. Lon. W C 10 38 E, lat 44 49 N. Aimupolis, c'ny Anne Arundel county Md. on he S Dank of the Severn, 30 miles S fr m Baltimore, 40 ENE Washington. Population about miles long, with a mean width of 23, extending over 760 square miles. The face of the country is broken, and rather mountainous. The river lands are fertile but the uplands are of a thin, and unprotluctive soil. Chief town Sneadsborough. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 3,535 do. do, females - - 2,883 All other persons except In- dians not taxed - . - 88 Slaves 2,325 Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Free white males »• do. do. females Total whites ... Bree persons of colour, males do do. females Slaves, males ... into the Hudson from the west, 7 miles above the Moliawk. Antibes, seaport of France, in the late province of Provence, now in tl.e depart- mtni ot Van, witli a stronj< castle. Lon. 7 13 E. lat. 43 35 N. Its territory produces excellent fruit Stated on the Mediterra- nean, nine miles \\ of Nice. Anticost, a barren island of N America, lying in the mouth of the river St. Law« rencc. Lon. 64 16 W. lat. from 49 to 53 N. Antietem, small river in Washington coun- ty, Mar\land, which falls into the Potomac, near Shepherd's town. Antigua, one of the English Leeward Islands in the W In ies about 2u miles in length and breadth. This Island having no rivers and but few springs, or such as are brackisii, the inliabiiants are obliged to preserve the rain water in cisterns. The air here is m t so wholesome as in the neigiibouring islands, and it '\-> more subject to hurricanes. It has excellent haruours. The chief produce i^ sugar. The capital is St. John. It is 60 miles E of St. Christo- pher's. N lat. 17" 17' lon. W. C. 16." E. Antilles, the name which the French give 45 A, N T A F A. to the Carlbbee islands, discovered by Co- lumbus, in 1492 .See Indies, West, Antio, promontory of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter, near whicii is a harbour lately made. It takes its name from the ancient city of Antium, the ruins of which extend over a long tract of land. Antiocha, or Aniioch, an island in the Me- diterranean near Sardinia, taken from his Sardinijin majes y, by the French in Febru- ary 1793, but evacuated soon after. Jlntioch, now Anlhakia, an ancient and celebrated town of Syria, of which it was formerly the capital ; but it is now a ruin- ous town, whose houses, built with mud and straw, and narrow miry streets, exhi- bit every appearance of misery ; the mag- nificent ruins which remain are sad memo- rials of Its former grandeur. It is seated on the river Orontes, now called A-^si, 15 miles E of the Mediterranean and 40 S VV of Aleppo. Lon. 36 45 E. lat 35 17 N. Antiochetta, town of Turkey in Asia, in Caramania, w^ith a bishop's see, opposite the I^land of Cyprus. Lon. 32 15 E. lat. 36 42 N. Aniiparos^^e ancient Olearos, an island of the Archipela; on tire A P O V r t n\ev Assi, 35 miles S of Antioch. Lon. 36 56 E. lat. 34 32 N. Apanomia, tow n of the island of Santori- ni, in the sea of Candia, It has a spacious harbour in the shape of a crescent, which is so deep, that there is no anchorage. Lon. 25 59 E. lat. 36 18 N. Apee, one of the New Hebrides, near Mallicolla, in the S Pacific Ocean. Lon. 168 32 E. lat. 16 46 S. Apenradey town of Denmark, in Sleswick, with a citadel, seated at tlie bottom of a gulf of the Baltic sea, 27 miles N of Sles- wick. Lon, 9 38 E. lat 55 6 X. Aphiom Karahissart, town of Natolia, cal- led Aphiom. It produces a great deal of opium. Lon. 31 48 E. lat. 38 35 N. Apiochama, river of Peru, runs north of la Paz, into the Beni. Apostles, the Twelve, lie off the southern cape, which makes West bay, in lake Su- perior. Apostles, group of islands in the straits of Magellan, lat. 52 34 S. lon. W CI 54 E. Jlppalachicola, river of the United States The basin of the Appalachicola is remark- able, as forming the connecting link be- tween ihe waters which flow into (he gulf of Mexico, from those which enter the At- lantic Ocean The "Appalachicola is formed by twq^streams, the Chatahooche and Flint rivers. The former rises in the Apdlachi- an mountains, at N lat. 35°, interlocking with the sources of Tennessee, Oakmulj^'-ee, Oconee, and Savannah rivers ; and flowing south west by south through two degrees of latitude, turns tiience nearly due south, to N lat. 30° 45', where it receives the Flint. The latter, an inferior stream to the former has it> sources in the angle between the Oakmulgee, and Chatahooche rivers, at N lat. 33° 40', flowing south-west by south, 200 miles, unites with the Chata- hooche, and forms the Appalachicola. This latter fine river flows a little west bf south, to N lat. 29 50, having an entire course of about 70 miles ; its mouth is into St. George's sound. The basin of the Appalachicola affords an inland navigable expanse of 4U0 miles in length, wilh a mean width of 150 miles, and having an area of about 20,000 square miles. Though interrupted by some falls, and many shoals, the rivers of Chatahooche and Flint are navigable almost to tlieir sources ; and schooners of considerable size ascend the Appalachicol,', lo its head. Cotton, tobacco, grain, tar, and lumber, are the common staples of ihis basin. Apalachie, river of Georgia, the wesi branch of the Oconee^ which it joins 4 miles W of Greensboro'. Apolabamba, province of Peru, in La Paz, N of Larecaja. Population 30,000, chiefly civilized Indians, Chief town, St, Antonia, AppauiuUox, river of the state of Virgi- nia, rising in Buckingham and Prince Ed- ward counties, and joining the James river, near City Point. Appanee River, running through the front of the township of Camden, divides Frt-de- ricksburgh from Richmond, and empties itself into the bay of Quint e, at the Mo- hawk settlement. Appennines, chain of mountains v/hich divide Italy throughout its whole length, as far as the southern extremity of the king- dom of Naples, Hence proceed, except the northern and western branches ot the Po, all the other rivers which fertilize Italy. Appenzel, town of Swisserland, capital of the canton of the same name, which is di- vided into twelve communities; six caLed the interior are Roman catholics ; the sis exterior are protestants. It is4U miles east of Zuric. Lon. 9 31 E, lat. 47 21 N. Appleby the county town of Westmore- land, with a good corn market on Monday. It has gone greatly to decay being unly one broad street of mean houses. The church stands at the lower end of the town, and at the upper part is the castle and town hous . It is sealed on the river Eden, by which .t is alii'ost surrounded, and sends twi. members to parliament ; and is 10 miles S E ..f Penr th, and 266 N N \V of London, Lon. 2 34 W, lat. 54 34 N. Appleton, plantati .11 and township of Lin- coln countv, Muine ; population m 1810, 316 and in 1«20» 510. Appling, county of Georgia, in tiie west- ern part of the state. Population in 1820. Free white males - . - 5S1 do. do. fem.Ues - - - 597 Total whites - ' - Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males - - - • - do. females . _ . Totsl population in 1820 - Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in .Manufact;ire3 do. in CoTTimerce Population to the square mile uncertain. Applington, town and capital of Colum- bia county, Georgia. Appoquinimink, creek, Newcastle county, Delaware, runs into Delaware bay, 2 miles belovv- Reedy Inland. It rises in Coecil county, Maryland, and flowmg nearly due easi 15 miles, is one of the natural chan- nels which have claimed attention as afford- ing the means of opening a canal between Delaware and Chesapeake bay. 47 1,178- 5 40 1,264 none, 430 none. none. A It A A R ii ^Jfypoquinimink, township of Delawai'e. !Populat!oii in 1810, 3559, ansi in 1-820, 3388 Apt, ancient own of France, m the de- partment of the mouths oi the Riionc, ami late province o' Provence. Tiiere ire many fine Roman antiquities, and it is seat- ed on the C.daroii, 20 miles N ..f Alx, ao'i 25 S E of Orange. Lon. 5 30 B, lat. 43 51 N. Apulia, the E ■ ide of the kingdom of Na- pies, on the gulf of Venice. It is divided into three provinces, whose modern names are Capit;ina a, B:>ri, and Otranto. Apniima, or Apornmia, very rapid river of ^outh America, in f'eru. Aqua-JVegra, -mahtownof Italy, in the Mantuan, on tlie rive>- Chiesa, 12 miles W of Mantua Lon. 10 25 ti, lal. 45 12 N Aquia, small town vipon Aquia crt-ek, in Stafford county, Virginia. It is about 45 miles below the city of Washington. Aqnila, town of Naples, capital of Abruz- zo Ulterior, with a bishop's see an 1 a cas- tle. An eartliqiiake happ.-ned here in 1700, by which 24,000 per ons were killed. It is seated on the Poscara 52 miles N E of Rome. Lon. 13 39 R, lat 42 20 N Aquileia, formerly a trading town of Italy, in V^enetian Friuli. It was seated near the gulf of Venice, 57 miles NE of Vcmce. Lon. 13 8 E, lat 46 N. Aquino, town of Naples, in Terra di La- vora. It is a bishop's -ee, out was ruined by the emperor Conrade, and now consists of about 35 houses. It was he birthplace of tlie Roman satiris' Jovenal, and is 30 miles \ VV of Capua. Lon. 13 50 E. lat. 41 36 N. Arabia, countiy of A-ia, bounded on the N by the ancient Me-opotamia; on the Fi by the gulis of Persia and Ormiis; on the S by thf Indian Ocean ; and on the W by the Red Sea and EgyDt It is di- vided into three parts, Araijia Petrea, De- ser'a, and Felix. Arabia Petrea is the smallest of the three, and towards the N, is full of mountains, with few inhabitants, on account of its barrenness. It had its name from the to-vn Petrea, its .ancient ca- pital, now destroyed. It dififers little from Arabia Des-rta, so called from the nature of the soil, which is generally a barren saiid : but there are great flocks of sheep and her.ls of catle near the Euphrates, where the lami is good. In the desert are great number "f ostriches, and there is a fi'c breed of camels in several places. Ara bia Fe ix is so cai!*'d, on acount of its fer- tility vVth regard t the rest The Arabs in 'he desert live wandering lives, removing from place to place, partly for the sake of pasture, ad partly to he in v/ait for the cara'ans, which they often rob, as they tra- vel over part of this desert from Bussora to Aleppo, and from Egypt to .Mecca, in or- Qffv to visit Rlabomet's totob. Arabia Felix 4& produces frankincense, myrrh, balm of Gi- iead, gum anibic, and coffee, of which lat- ter tliey export prodigious quantities The famous Mahome' was . native of t'ni'^ coun- try, and Ins followers, soon ^fter his de;.th, conquered a great part of Asia, Africa, and Europe, establishingtheirreiigion wherever tiiey came. It lies between i5 and 60 E lon. and 12 and 33 N lat. extending 1430 miles in :ength, and 1200 m breadth. Aracan or Reccan, country of Asia, bounded on the N by R.)shaan, on the E by Burniah, on the S by tiie coast of Ava, and on tiie W by tiie gulf of Bengal. They have only two seasons, tlie rainy season, which continues from A.prir to October, and the fair season which includes all the rest of the year, and is called the summer. There are such numbers of elephants, buf- falors, and tigers, that but few places are inhabiied on account of the ravages made by these animals. The commodities are timber, lead, tin, and elephants' teeth; and somi^times the traders meet with dia- monds, rubies, and other precious stones. Arak lake of Asia, 200 miles E of the Caspian sea. It is 300 miles in length, and in some places 150 in breadth. Ii lies be- tween 58 and 62 of E lon. and between 42 and 47 Nit. Arande-de-Ditero, handsome town of Spai:., in Old Castile, on the Douero, 42 miles E of Valladolid. Lon. 3 30 W, lat. 4. 40 N. Ararat, high moitniain of Asia, in Arme- nia, where it is said Noah's ark rested. Ararat, mountain in North Carolina, about 9 miles N VV of Bethany, in Stokes comity. This is a very lofty mountain, whicii affords from its top a very extensive view of the adjacent country. Arassi, maritime and popvilous town of Italy, \n the territory of Gf! oa, 5 miles S W of .\lt)enguay. Lon. 7 56 E, lat. 14 2 N. Arava, fortress of Upper Hungary, si- tuated on a river of the same name, 72 miles N W of -Cassovia. Lon. 20 E, lat. 49 >0 N. Arau, or Aaraii, in Swisserland, derives its na lie from the river .\ar on wliich it is seated. It is 27 miles W of Zarlc. Lun. 7 50 E, lat. 47 25 N. Aravco, fortress and town of Chili, in South America, situated in a fine vall&y, on a river of 'he same name. The natives are verv brave, and drove the Spaniards out of their country, though they had no fire arms. Lon. 7:^ 20 W, lat. 37 30 S. Araxes, or Aras, river of Asia, whicb ri-^es in Georgia, and runs S E across Ar- menia, falls into the Kur. Arbe, episcopal town of the republic of Ven ce, in an island of the same name, on th.e coast of Dalmatia, fiwm which it is 5 miles distant. .ftrf/ela, town of A^iiij m Cttrdjstfm, wlrei'fi' A R li A R K Alexander fought tlie last battle with Da- rius. It is about 60 miles S E of Moiisul. Lpn. 42 25 E, lat. 35 5 N. J}rberg, a town of Swisserland, in the canton of Bern, on a kind of island formed by the two branches of the Aar. It is 10 miles N W of Bern. Lon. 7 5 E, lat. 47 ON. Arbois, populous town of France, now in the department of Jura, lately in tlie province of Franche-Comte, fiimous for its white wines. It is 22 miles S VV of Besan- con. Lon. 5 40 E. lat. 46 55 N. Arbon, ancient town of Swisserland, on the S side of the lake Constance, in Tluir- gau. The majority of the inhabitants are protestants. It is 12 miles S E of Con- stance. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 47 30 N. Arbroath. See Aberbroifavick. Arburff, or Aqrbiirg, town of Swisser- land, in Argau, seated on the Aar, willi a citadel cut out of a rock, 12 miles E. of So- leure. Arcadia, town of the Mores, near the gulf of the same name, and in the province of Belvedere, 22 miles N of Navarin. Lon. 21 42 E, lat. 37 24 N. Arcis-sur-Aube, small town of France, in the department of Aube and late province of Champagne, seated on the river Aube, 15 miles N of Tpoyes. Lon. 4 12 E, lat. 48 32 N. Arco, town and castle in the Trentin, taken by the French in 1703, and aban- doned soon after. It stands on tlie river Sarca, 15 miles S W of Trent. Lon. 11 12 E, lat. 46 N. .Ircos, town of Spain in Andalusia, on a craggy rock, at the foot of wliicli runs t!ie Gaudaleto, 23 miles NE of Cadiz. Lon. 5 46 W, lat. 36 52 X. Arcot, city and capital of the Carnatic, in the peninsu'a of Ilindoostan. It is 72 miles V/ by S of Madras, and 217 E bv N of Seringapatam. Lon. 79 E, lat. 12 30 N. Arciiiel, village of France, three miles S of Paris, remarkable for an aqueduct, which is thought to eqvial tlie works of the ancient Romans. It was built in 1524, by Mary de Medicis : its water is distributed iiUo different puits of Paris. Archangel, seaport of Russia, capit.al of tlie government of Uie same nairie. It was the only seaport of Russia for rnaiiy years, and was first resorted to by the English in 1553. Great part of tlie city was burnt to the ground in 1793 : but it is now rebuild- ing with neatness and even elegance. Arch- angel is seated on the D\vi?',a, four miles from the Wiilte Sea, and 400 N E of Peters- burgh. Lon. 39 E. lai 64 34 N. Archer, township of Harrisun county, Ohio. Population in 1S20, 1105. ArcMfyelago^ a considerable part of tlie; Mediterranean Sea, having Romania on the N ; Natolia on tlie E ; Macedonia, Livadia, and the Morea on the W, and the ible of Candia on the S. It is partly in Europe, and partly in Asia, containing 45 principal islands. It is the ancient jEgean .Sea. Ardebil, one of the most famous and an- cient towns of Persia, the residence and burial place of many kings ; particularly of Shiek Sessi, the autliov of ihe Persian sect Pilgrims resort to this place from all pans of Persia. It is 25 miles E of Tauris. Lon. 48 20 E, lat. 38 15 N. Ardeclie, department of France, part of the late province of Daiiphuiy. Avdenburg, town of Dutch Flanders, 10 miles N E of Bruges. Lon. 3 30 E, lat. 51 16 N. Ardennes, department of France, part of the late province of Ciiampagne, so named from tiie famous foi'esi of thut name. Ardennes, famous forest lying on the ri- ver Meuse, extending, in Csesar's time, far into Germany. What remains of it lies be- tween Thionville and Liege. Ardrnh, small kingdom of Africa, in Gui- nea. It lies at the bo torn of the gvdf of St. Thomas. The inhaBiianls are very li- centious, and have neitlicr tempi nor any placi for religious worship. However they are very courageous, and their king was absolute, till the king of D.;homy reduced and burnt the towns. The a^r is very un- wholesome to Europeans ; yet the natives live to a great age ; but the small pox makes a great destruction among them. This country is fertile in Indian corn, palm win?, plants, and fruits, v.hich last all the year ; and tliey make a great deal of salt. h has a town of tlie same name. Lon. 3 5 E, lat. 6 N. Ardres, town of France, nov/ in the de- partment of the Straits of Calais, lately in the province of Picardy. It is eight miles S of Cal..is. Lon. 1 59 E, lat. 50 50 N. Arfbo, or Arebon, town on the Slave Coast of Guinea, a the mouth of the river Formoso. Tlie En.t^lish had once a factory here, as tiie Dutch have still. Lon. 5 5 E, lat. 6 N. Arekea, seaport of the Red Sea, 55 miles from Suaquam. Aremherg, town of Westphalia, capital of a county of tlie same name. It is seated on a river, 22 miles S. of Cologne. Lon. 7 3 E, lat. .50 22 N. Arensburg, town of Westphalia, on a hill in the county of tiie same name, by the river Roer, 50 miles N E of Cologne. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 51 25 N. Arensburg, episcopal see and seaport in the isle of Oesel. It is included in the RiL^sian government of Riga. Lon. 25 4U E, lat 5,0 15 N. . ' Arenshard, tract in the duchy of Sleswick, 49 A K (ji ARK containing the greatest part of tlie famous rampart, built by the Danisli king Gotric, in the beginning of the 9th century, as a defence against the irruptions of the Sax- ons. It extends across the country about nine miles in length. Arensivalde, town of the neAV marche of Brandenburg, on the lake Slauin. Lon. 15 52 E. lat. 53 13 N. Areqidpa, episcopal town of S America in Peru, seated on a I'iver in a fertile coun- try, 290 miles S by E of Lima. Near it is a dreadful volcano. Lon. 75 30 W, lat. 16 40 S. Arezso, ancient episcopal town of Tus- cany. It is seated on a mountain, 15 miles W of Citta-di-Castello. Lon. 12 E, lat. 43 27 N. Argaii, or Aargau, province of Swisser- land in the canton of Bern. Argences, town of France, seated on the river Meauce, now in the department of Calvados, lately in the province of Nor- mandy, 10 miles E. of Caen. Lon. 2 W, lat. 49 12 N. Argentan, town of F-rance, in the de- partment of Ome, and late province of Normandy. It is seated on an eminence, in the middle of a fertile plain, on the banks of the river Orne, and carries on a considerable trade in lace. It is 12 mdes N W of Seez, and 110 W of Paris. Lon. 5 E, lat. 48 45 N. Argenteidl, town of the Isle of France, on the Seine, five miles N W of Paris. It is a very beautiful place, with a fine vine- yard ; and, in the environs tiiey have quar- ries of the plaster of Paris. Lon. 2 22 E, lat. 48 52 N. Argentiera, barren island of the Archi- pelago, which takes its name from the sil- ver mines in it. There is but one village in the island, and it has no water but what is kept in cisterns. Lon. 23 10 E, lat 36 50 N. Argenliere, tov;n of France, in the de- partment of Ardeche and late province of Provence, five miles S W of Aubenes, and 17 W of Viviers. Lon. 4 22 E, lat. 44 30 N. Argetnon, town of France, in the depart- ment of Indre and late province of Berry, divided into two parts by tlie river Creuse. It is 37 miles S \V of Bo rges. Lon. 1 38 E, lat. 46 35 N. Argos, seaport of Turkey in Europe, in the Morea, 25 miles S. of Corinth. Lon. 25 5 E, lat. 37 30 N. Argoslol, seaport of the isle of Cepha- lonia, opposite Albania ; it is the best har- bour in all the island, and the proveditor resides i,n the fortress, which is five miles distant. Argiiin, island and fort of Africa, on the coast of Zaliara, 30 miles S E of Cape Blanco. Lon. 17 5 W, lat. 20 30 N. 50 Argun, river of Asia, which in part di-» vides tlie Russian from the Chinese empire, Argun, town of East Tartar}', on the frontiers of the Chinese empire. There are mines of silver and le d near it ; and a pearl fishery in the river Argun. Lon. 103 56 E, lat. 42 30 N. Argyle, township of Washington county and state of New York ; situated on the E side of the river Hudson, S of Kinsburg, and contained, in 1820, 2811 inhabitants. Argyleshire, county of Scotland, bounded on the N by Inverness-shire, on the E by the counties of Perth and Dumbarton, on the S and W by the Atlantic Ocean, by which it is broken into islands and penin- sulas. Its extent is very considerable, be- ing not less than 90 miles in length and 70 in breadth. This county affords a very wild prospect of hdls, rocks, and huge mountains, piled upon each other in dread- ful disorder, bare, bleak, and barren to the view ; or covered with shagged heath, which in summer is variegated with au agreeable bloom of a purple colour. These high grounds, though little fitted for cul- tivation, afford excellent pasture. Arhuseii, seaport of Denmark, in North .Jutland, with a bishop's see. It is seated on the Baltic Sea, at the mouth of the Guda, and surrounded by forests full of game. It is 25 miles S of Wiberg. Lon. •9 50 E, lat. 56 5 N. Ariano, town of Naples, in Principato Ulteriore, with a bishop's see ; 15 miles E of Benevento, and 10 N W of Trevico. Lon. 15 19 E, lat. 41 8 N. Ariano, town of Italy, in the Ferrarese, on a branch of the river Po, 22 miles NE of Ferrara. Lon. 12 8 E, lat. 45 N. Arica, seaport of Peru, 550 miles S E of Lima. Here the treasure broug'it from Polosi is shipped ; and there are many farms employed in the cultivation of Gui- nea pepper, in which it has a great trade to Lima. Lon. 71 6 W, lat. 18 27 S. Aripo, town on the west coast of Ceylon, at the mouth of the river Sarunda. To the cast of it is a pearl fishery. Lon. 80 25 E, lat. 8 42 N. Arkansas, river of the United States, which rises in the Chippewan or Rocky mountains, about lat. 40 N, lon. W C 37 W; and joins the Mississippi river at lat 34 N, lon. W C. 14 W. This great river has a general orcomparatlve course of more than 1400 miles, and by its windings exceeds 2000 miles. It receives numerous branches, the principal of which are the Canadian, Fork. Negracka, and Potean. The Arkan- sas flows through, and gives name to the territory of the same name. Arkansas, territory of the United States, formed out of the ancient Louisiana. It is bounded E by the Mississippi river ; S by ARK A n M Louisiana, and Red river ; west by Texas ; and N by the unappropriated territories of the U. S. and by Missouri ; being' about 550 miles in length from east to west, with a mean width of near 200, extending over an area of about 100,000 square miles. It lies between N lat. 33, and 36 30. The face of the country from its great extent, is very much diversified. It is intersected, by besides the Arkansas, the branches of Red, Ouachita and White rivers. The Ozark or Maserne mountains traverse From NE to SW rising in Missouri, and stretch- ing through Arkansas, extend into Texas. That part of the territory to the southeast off the Masernes is generally low and in many places liable to annual submersion. To the northwest of the mountains the physiognomy of the country presents a ge- nerally open expanse of prairie, without wood, except near the margin of the streams. The seasons of the year pai-take also of the extremes incident to so great an extent, and in a country where the face of earth affords so much difference of level. The summers are as remarkable as is the winters for extremes of temperature. As low as N lat. 35, and on a level with the Arkansas river, the thermometer ranges from 97 above, to upwards of 20 below zero. The soil exhibits every variety fi'om the most productive to tlie most sterile ; therefore it may be easily con- ceived, that in a region where the tempe- rature of the air, and the qualities of tlte soil offer so much variety, vegetation must be very greatly mfluenced. The indige- nous forest trees are specifically numerous and very large. The principal species, are oaks, many species ; hickory many species ; ash, many species ; sycamore, cotton wood, linden, majjle three or four species : lirco- dendron tulipifera, locust, and pine. The cultivated fruit trees are the apple, pear, peach, plum, nectarine, cherry and quince. The various kinds of small grain, succeeds well, such as wheat, rye, oats, barley, and maize. Garden plants are abundant and grow luxuriantly. In metalic wealth, Ar. kansas is productive in iron ore, gypsum, and common salt. Indications of other minerals are common, but t!ie country has been too imperfectly surveyed todevelope its fossil resources. Cotton, Indian corn, flour, peltry, salted provisions, and lumber are the staples of the territory. Arkansas, was amongst the most ancient settlements of the French in Louisiana. That nation had a hunting and trading post on the Ar- kansas river as early as the beginning of the eighteenth century ; but from the pe- culiar situation of the acljacer.l country, the settlements upon tliat rivr-r madt little advance before the traiisier of Louisiana to the United States. Since that period Ar- kansas has been involved in the various vi- cissitudes of the country of which it farm- ed a part ■ and on the formation of Missouri into a state, became a territory of the Uni- ted States. In 1820, it was politically divided into the following counties, vvliich had the number of inhabitants annexed to each respectively. Lawrence 5602 Phillips - . . - . 1201 Arkansas - ... - 1260 Puloski 1923 Clark 1040 Hempstead . - . - • 2248 Miller ^ - -^ - - 999 niis population is composed of Free whites, males do. do. females * 14,2r3 6971 5611 18 Total of whites ... Free people of colour, males - do. do. females Male slaves ... do. female . . ^ All other persons except In- dians not taxed If the whole territory is taken into view the above abstract will yield about 7 square miles to an individual. Arklo-a^, seaport of Ireland, in the county of Wicklow, 13 miles S of Wicklow. Lon. 6 5 W. lat. 52 42 N. Aries, ancient city of France, in the de- partment of the Mouths of the Rhone and Lite province of Provence. Before the French Revolution it was an archiepiscopal see. The country around is very pleasant, and produces good wine, vermilion, manna, oil and fruits. There are a great number of antiquities, of which the amphitheatre and obelisk are the most remarkable : and the emjjeror Constamine took great de- light in it. It is seated on the Rhone, 12 miles SE of Nismes. Lon. 4 42 E. lat. 43 41 N. j Arleslieim, handsome town of Swisser- land in the bishopric of Basle, where the canons of that city reside. Jlrlington, township in Bennington coun- ty and state of Vermont. It is situated about 12 miles N of Bennington, and con- tains about 2000 inhabitants. .itioii, an ancient town of the Austrian Netherlands, now dismantled. It is seated on a mountain, 10 miles NW of Luxem- burg. Lon. 5 56 E. iat. 49 45 N. Armagh, county of Ireland, bounded on the E by Down, on the W by Tyrone and Monaghan, on tiie N by Lougii Neagh, and on the S by Louth. It is in length 32 miles, and in breadtii 17, contains 4^ pa- rishes, and sends six members to parlia- ment. Armagh, city of Ireland, once aconsidep* 51 A li U A R It able town, now a small village^ but it gnes name to a county, ann is tlie see of ail ai'chbishop, who is pj-iniate of all Ire- land. It is 45 miles SE of Londonderry. Lon. 6 34 W. lat. 54 37 N. Armagh, towr. of Centre county, in'the state of Penr.sylvanis. Armagvac, late province of Guienne, in France, 55 milesin leiiRth and 40 in breadiii This province wilii Gascony, i.s now in- cliidcd in the departmeiU of Gtrs Armenia^ a large country in Asia, bound- ed on tlie W by the Euphrates, on the S by Diarbeker and Curdistan, en tl'c E by Schirviii, and on the N by Geors^'ia. Ii is one of the most fertile countries in Asia, being watered by se^e^ai large rivers. Vart of it belongs to the Persians and part to the Turks. . The inhabitants are mi'ch attached to commerce, aind undertuke long' jovu'nies to carry it en. They are Christians, and have a patriarch and an archbishop. Polygamy is net aliD's-f d among them. The- country in general is full of mountains and valleys, lakes and rivers, and produces rice, cotton, flax, me- lons, and grapes. Armmtiers, town of France, in the de- partment of the North Flanders, seated on l! e Lis, eight m.iles NW of LjsIc. Lon. 3 3 E, lat. 50 40 X. Ai?mers, town of Frar.ce, in the depart- ment of North Hainault, seated on the Sambre. 20 miles S of Mons. Lon. 4 3 E. lat. 50 7 N. Armiro. town of Macedonia, on the gulf of Velo, 30 miles SE of Larissa. Lon. 23 22 E. lat. 39 30 N. Armstrong, county of Penns) ivanin, hav- ing Westmoreland and Allegany SW ; Hut- ler W ; Venango N W ; .Tefie^i^on NE and Indiana E and SE It is about 55 miles in length wi'h a mean width of 20, extending over 700 square miles. The Ail.egany river intersects this county, winding from the northwest angle in an eiiipt'c;d curve to the snuihwest. The face ofti.'e coun- try is liilly rocky and broken, tiiough much of the soil particularly that of the river bottoms is composed of a fertile loam. Chief town Rittanning. Population in 1810. Free whites, males - - 5216 do. do. females - - 2925 All other persons except Indians not taxed 4 Total population in 1819 6143 Population in 1820. Free wliile maies - . - - 5279 do. do. females - - 5003 Total whites .... 1{,283 ■s Free persons of colour, males - 22 52 Free persons of colour, females - 20 Total population in 1820 - 10324 OF these; Foreigners not naturalized - 72 Engaged in Agriculture - 1997 do. in Manufactures •■ 347 do. in Commerce - - 16 Population to tlie square mile, 15. Armityden, seaport of the United Pro^ vinces, in the island of Walcheren, now inconsiderable, the sea having stoped up the harbour. The salt works are its chief resource. It is three miles E of Middle- burg. Lo>!. 3 42 E. lat. 51 31 N. Avr.a, seaport of AiKlros, an island of the Archipelago, witii a good port. Arnay 1e-Dttc, town of France, in tlie department of Cote d'Or and late province of Burgundy. It is seated in a valley, near the river Arraux, 25 miles NW of Baure. Lon. 4 26 E. lat. 47 7 N. Arneberg, tfiwn of Germany, in Branden- burg, on !ht Ellie, three miles from Wer- bern, taken by the Swedes in 1631. Arnedo, seaport of Peru, 25 miles N of Lima. Arnheimi strong town of Holland, in Gel- derland, capital of the quarter or county of its name. It was formerly the residence of tlie dukes of Gelderland, and is seated on the Rhine, 8 miles N of Nimeguen. Lon. 5 54 E. lat. 52 2 N. Arno, river of Tuscany, which rises in the Appenines, and passing by Florence and Pisa, enters the gulf of Genoa, a little below the latter town. Arnsheim, town of Germany, in the pala- tinate of the Rhine, eight miles from Kreu- zenach. Arnstadi, town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, With a castle, a palace, and three churches ; seated on the Gera, 11 Hiiles S ol Erfurt. Arqitcs, t:)wn of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Seine, with an ancient cas- tle. Here Henry IV. gained a complete victory over the duke of .Mayenne, general of the league, in 1589. It stands on a river of its name, four miles SE of Dieppe, Arracijfe, seaport of Brazil, in the pro- vince of Fernambuco. It is built on a nar- row channel, with a castle to defend the entrance, and esteemed tlie strongest place in all Brazil. Lon. 36 10 W. lat. 8 20 S. Anngeti, province of Spain, bounded on the N by the Fyremes, U' by Navarre and the Two Casiiles, S by Valencia, and E by Valencia, and Catalonia. 'l"he country, though .'ibounding in rivers, is in want of good water. It is fertile ui com, wine, flkx, and fruit, near the rivers, but in other places dry and sandy. It produces saffjon. A R U A S C and there are many mines of salt. Sara- gossa is the capital. .Irrnh, town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, 33 miles W by S of Patiia. Arran, island of Scotland, in the frith of Clyde, to the S of tiie isle of Bute. Ro- bert Bruce took refuge in this island, dur- ing- the time of his greatest distress. Among the rocks are found iron ore, spar, and great variety of beautiful pebbles. On the coast are many wonderful caverns, which often aflibrd shelter to smugglers. The principal place is Lamlash. Arras, fortified city of France, capital of the department of Pas de Calais, and an episcopal see. It is seated on tlie Scarpe, 22 miles WNW of Cambray. Lon. 2 46 E. lat. 50 17 N. Arrie^e, department of France, contain- ing the late provinces of Couserans and Foix. Foix is the capital. Arroe, small island of Denmark, in the Baltic, between the islands of Funen and Alsen. Lon. 10 20 E. lat. 55 10 N. Arrojo-de-St, Serva?!, town of Spain, in Estramadura, eight miles S of Merida, and 25 E of Badaioz. Lon. 6 20 W. lat. 38 36 N. Arzrouin, see Erzentm. Arta, ancient seaport of Turkey, in Eu- rope, in Albania, v/ith a Greek archbishop's see. It carries on a considerable trade, and is seated on the river Asdhas, 70 miles NNW of Lapanto. Lon. 21 20 E. lat. 30 28 N. Artois, late province of the French Ne- therlands. It now forms part of the de- partment of the Straits of Cabis. Aruba, island near Terra Firma, in S. America, subject to the Dutch. Lon. 67 45 W, lat. 12 SON. Arve, rapid river of Savoy, which rises in Paiicigny, and joins the Rhone below Ge- neva. It has a cataract near Salenche in .Savoy. Its fall is said to be above 1100 feet rushing with great noise and violence from a prodigious impending rock. See Arpeiias. Aniv, river of Sussex, which meandering through a beautiful country, hUs mto the English ch.-uinel, below Arundel. It is famous for mullets. Arundel, borough in Sussex, with a mar- ket on Wednesday and Satuniay. It is seated on the side'of a hill, on the Aran, where small ships m.iy ride. Tiie castle, the ancient seat of the dukes of Norfolk, stands on the summit of a hill, and is said to be a mile in compass. It is said to be governed by a mayor, sends two members to parliament, and is eight miles E of Chi- chester, and 68 3SW of London. Lon. 29 W. lat. 50 55 N. Arundel, township of York county, in the district of Maine. It is situated along the Saco river, about 20 miles from York, Population in 1820, 2371, and in 1820, 2478. Arxuangen, castle-and village of Swisser- land, on the river Aar, over which it has a covCTcd bridge. Arzil/a, ancient seaport of Africa, in the kingdom of Fez, once in possession of the Portuguese, who abandoned it. It is 50 miles bSW of Tangier. Lon. 6 3 W. lat. 35 30 N. Arziiia, river of Russian Lapland, into a bay of which, in 1553, two English ships (which had penetrated as high as the 72 N lat. to Spitsbergen) were forced by stress of weather ; and their crews were frozen to death. Asaph, St. city sf Flintshire, on the river Elway, where it unites with the Clwyd ; and over both is a bridge. It is a poor place, of note only for its cathedral. It is 24 miles AV of Chester, and 203 NW of London. L'-n. 3 36 VV. lat. 53 12 N. Ascension, barren, uninhabited island, in the Atlantic. 600 miles NW of St. Helena. Lon. 14 18 W. lat. 7 40 N. • Asce7ision, parish of Louisiana, lying along both banks ef the Mississippi river; having Assumption, and St. James SE ; the Atcha- talaya river SW ; Iberville NW and the Amite river NE. It is 40 miles long from northeast to southwest, with a mean breadth of 10 ; area 400 square miles. The face of this parish is an almost undeviating plain. The sod is exuberantly productive, though the margins of the rivers excepted, liable to annual submersion. Staples, su- gar and cotton. Chief town Donaldson- ville. Population in 1810. Free white males - . . 620 do. do. females - - . 521 All other persons except Indians not taxed 47 Slaves ..... 1031 Total population in 18101 - Popvdation in 1820. Free white males - . - do. do. females - . - Total whites - . . _ Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males .... do. females ... Total population in 1820 - Of these; Foi-eigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - *- do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 9. 53 2219 837 658 1495 3728 50 1896 16 18 A S H A S II Aschaffenburg, town of Germany subject to the elecior of Mentz, who has a palace bere. li is 40 miles E of Mentz. Lon. 9 5 E. lat. 50 40 N. ^ Ascoli, populous town of Ilaly, in the rnarquisate ot Ancona, with a bishop's see. It is heated on a mounlain, at the bottom of which runs the Fronto, 80 rr. les NE cf Rome. Lon. 13 29 E, lai. 42 44 N. Ascoli-di-Sutriano, episcopal city of Italy in the kingdom of Naples, seated on a mountain 70 miles E of Naples. Lon. 15 50 E. lat. 41 1 N, Jlseer, nv Aseergur, strong fortress of the Soubah of Candeish, in the Deccan of Hin- doostan, 20 miles NK of Burhanpour. Lon. 76 OE. lai. 21 35 N. Ashbom, town in Derbyshire, with a market on Saturday, seated between the rivers Dove and C mpton, 10 miles NE of Utoxeter, and 130NN\V of London. Lon. 1 44 W. lat. 53 3 N. Ashborough, small town in Randolph coimty, N. Carolina, about SO miles W of Raleigh. Ashbtirnham, township of Worcester county, Ma sachusetts. It lies about 50 miles WNW of Boston, and contains about 1000 inhabitants. Ashburton, borough in Devonshire. It is seated among tiie hills (which are remark- able for tin and copper) near the river Dart, 19 miles SW of Exeter, and 193 W by S of London. It has a handsome church Lon. 3 50 W. lat. 50 30 N. Ashby cle la Zouch, town in Leicester- shire, with a market on Saturday. It had a castle with a very high lower, great part of which is still standing, and it has a free school. A canal is now made fmm this town, which communicates with the Co- ventry canal. Ashby i.- 13 miles S of Der- by, and 115 NNW of London. Lon. 3 50 W. lat. 50 80 N. ./SsAf/en, village in Essex, three miles NW of Saftron VValden. Aslwy a county in the State of North Ca- rolina, containing about 4000 inhabitants. Ashforcl, township of Wmdham county, in the State of Connecticut, lying princi- pally between the Biggalons and Mount- hope rivers. Ashford, town in Kent, with a market on Saturday, and a large church that was for- merly collegiate. It is seated on the river Ash or Esh, <;4 miles SE of Maidstone and 57 of London. Lon. 52 E. lat. 51 4 N. Ash, counly of Nortn Carolina, forming the northwest angle of that state, having Buncombe SW ; Burke S ; Wilikes SE by E, and part of Virginia N ; and part of Tennessee W. It is 64 miles long, from southwest to nonhcrsst, with a mean width of 12 miles, area 768 square miles. The surface of the coiuity is hilly and even 54 mountainous. The air is pure and healthy, and the soil in pan productive.' Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 1808 do. do. females ... 1733 All other free persons, except In- dians not taxed - . . 6 Slaves I4r Total popuktion in 1810 - . 3,694 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 2093 do. do. females ... 1952 Total whites .... 4,045 Free persons of colour, males - 27 do. do. females IS Slaves, males .... 135 do. females ... 115 Total population in 1820 - - 4,335 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 4 Engaged in Agriculture - - 785 do. in Manufactures - - 26 do. in Commerce - - 7 Population to the square mile, 6, nearly. Ashtabula, small river or creek of the state of Ohio, in the county of Ashtabula. It is about 30 miles in length and flows into Lake Erie. Ashtabula, county of Ohio, forming the northeast angle of that state, having Trum- bull S, Geauga W; Lake Erie NW, and part of Pennsylvania E. It is 28 miles in length, and 25 in breadth, extending over an area of 700 square miles. The face of this country is hilly ; the soil is, however, fertile, and well wooded and watered- Jefferson is the chief town. Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites 5878 5493 7,371 Free persons of colour, males - 3 do. do. females - 1 Slaves, males ... none do. females - - - none All other persons except Indians not taxed - . . . 7 Total population in 1820 - 7382 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 16 Engaged in AgricuUure - - 1479 do. in Manufactures - - 271 do. in Commerce - - 19 Population to the square mile, 10, A S O AsMon-wider-Line, village In Lancashire, seven miles E of Manchester, with a ma- nufactory of cotton, and an iron foundery. Ash-well, villajje in Hertfor Ishive, on he river Uhee, that issues from a rock at the S end of the town. Near the church are the remains of a Koma;i camp, which con- sists of 12 acres of land, enclosed by .< deep ditch, and formerly a rampart. It is four miles N of Baldock. ASIA, one of the four great parts of the world, situated between Ion. 25 and 180 E from London, and between the equator and kt, 80 N, It extends 4.740 miles from the Dardanelles on the W, to Bhering's straits; and, 4,380 miles from the most southern part of Malacca, to the most northern cape of Nova Zembla ; being su- perior in extent, as well as in many other respects, to Africa and Europe. It is se- parated from Europe, according to the English geographers, by the Mediterranean, the Archipelago, the Black Sea, the Palus Mseotis, the Don, p irt of the VVolga, and the Ural mountains ; from America by Bhe- ring's straits, and the Pacific Ocean ; and from Africa by the Red Sea and the isth- mus of Suez But the French and German geographers, separate Asia and Europe, by the Ural mountains, Ural river, Caspian Sea, Caucausus mountains. Black Sea, straits of the Bosphorus, sea of Marnora, straits of Dardanelles, and Archipelago. All the other parts are surrounded by the ocean. The principal countries in this continent are Siberia, Tartary, China, Thibet, Hin- doostan, Siam, Biirmah, Persia, Ar miles S E from Co- lumbus, and 41 west from Marietta. Lat. 39 23 N, lon. W C 5 5. W. Atherston, town in Warwickshire, with a market on Tuesday ; seated on the Anker, indifferently Large and well built ; 10 miles N of Coventry, and 104 N W of London. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 52 40 N. Athlone. town of Ireland, in the county of West Meath, seated on the Shannon, 60 miles W of Dublin. Lon. 7 41 W, lat. 53 22 N. A T U A I K ^'fthol, district of Perthshire; a beautiful, romantic, and mountainous country, con- taining some fine lakes. Atliol, township in Worcester county, Ma->sachusetts. Population in 1810, 1041, and in 1820, 1211, Athal, post town of Worcester county, Massachusetts, 70 miles N W from Boston. Athol, township in W .irren county, New York. Population in 1820, 570. Athos, vr Monte-Santo, mountain of Ma- cedonia, in a peninsula, to the S of the gulf of Contessa, aboui 30 miles in circum- ference, and two in perpendicular height It is inhabited by a great number of Greek monks, who have many fortified monaste- ries upon it. Here they cultivate olives and vines ; and are carpentern, masons, &c. leading an austere life, and living to a great age. It is 70 miles E of Sulonichi. Lon. 26 20 E, lat 40 30 N. Mhy, town ot Ireland, in the county of Kildare, and province of Leinster, seated on the river Barrow, 12 miles S of Kildare. Lon. 6 37 W, lat. 52 58 N. Atkinson, a pomt of the north-west coast of North America. Lat, 49 21 N, lon. W C 45 55 W. Atkinson, township in Penobscot county, Maine, Popvdation in 1820, 245. Atkinson, township in Uockmgham coun- ty. New Hampshire. Population in 1810, 556, and in 1820, 563. Atlantic, or Atlantic Ocfan, takes its name from mount .\tlas in Africa, and lies be- tween the W continents of Africa and Eu- rope, and the E continent of America. Its least breadth, from Guinea in Africa, to Brasil in South America, is 2300 miles. On one side of the equator it is called the North Atlantic Ocean ; and on the other the South Atlantic Ocean. Atlas, chain of high mountains in Afri- ca, separating Barbary from Biledulgerid. They are Inhabited almost in every place, except where thi extreme cold will not permit. The highest summit of this chain is estimated at about 12,000 feet above the surface of the Atlantic Ocean. Atlixco, town of Mexico, in the inten- dancy Puebla ; situated 20 miles S W from the city of Puebla. Lat. 18 50 N, lon. W C 11 40 W. Atokas, or Tabicoak liiver runs into lake Ontai'io, west of York and the river Hum- ber. The mouth of this river is the boun- dary between the Missas.saga lands and the East Riding of the county of York. It is now generally called the Etobreake. Atooi, one of the Sandwich islands, dis- covered by captain Cook, in 1778. To- wards the N E and N W the face of the country is ragged and broken ; but to the S it is more even. The hills rise from the seaside with a gentle acclivity, and at a little distance back are covered with wood. Aiovague, small river of Texas ; it is a branch of the Sabine. Atn, episcopal town of Naples, in Abruz- zo Ukeiiore. It is seated on a craggy mountain, four miles from the gulf of Ve- nice, and 10 S E of Teramo, Lon. 13 4^ E, lat. 41 35 N. Alston, village in Burlington county, New Jersey, where there is a valuable iron foundcry, and a post-ofiice ; 26 miles W ofTuckerton, 29 £ by S of Philadelphia. Aitascocito, branch of the Sabine river, rises in Texas, about 20 miles E from Na- cogdoches. Attica, township in Genessee county, New York. Population in 1820, 1519. Attica, bay on the S side of the Ottawa river, at the mouth of the river of the same name. Attica, river of Upper Canada, a branch of the Ottawa river. Attleborovgh, township in Bristol county, Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 2716, and in 1820, 3055. Attlehnry, town in Norfolk, with a mar- ket on Tuesday, 14 miles N E of Thetford, and 93 of London. Lon, 1 5 E, lat. 52 35 N. Attack, city and fortress of Hindoostan Proper, on the E bank of the Indus; sup- posed to stand on the site of the Taxila of Alexandei-, where he crossed that river. It is 180 miles N W of Lahore. Lon. 70 36 E, lat. 32 27 N. Attack, river v/hich rises in the Tartarian mountains, N of Hindoostan, passes by Ca- bul,and iiows into the Indus above Attock, Atwaier, township in Portage county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 320. Auburn, town in Wdtshire, with a mar- ket on Tuesday. It is but an indifierent town, seated on a branch of the Kennet, eight miles N E of Marlborough, and 81 W of London. Lon, I 32 W, lat, 51 31 N. Auburn, post town and scat of justice in Cayvigo county, New York. It is situated upon the great western turnpike road, at the outlet of the Owasco lake, 170 miles W from Albany, it has, beside the ordi- nary county buildings, a state prison capa- ble of containing 1000 prisoners. The po- pulation exceeds 2,000. Anburn, township in Susquehanna coun- ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 208. Auburn, township of Richland count\ , Ohio. Population in 1820, 9169. Auburn, township in Geaga county, Ohio. A2ibe, department of France, the late province of Champagne. Aubenas, town of France, in the depart- ment of Ardeche and late province of Dauphiny. It has a manufacture of cloths of Spanish wool, and of red cotton, in imi- tation of Indian handkerchiefs. Beside corn and wine, its district produces truffles, 59 AUG A U G oranges, figs, olives, c!ies;iuti, imd walnutK. The silk-worm an;! mulberry-tree succeed well liere. Aubenas is seated on Uie Ar- deche, at the foot of tlie Cevennes, ne:ir the mineral waters of Valtz, and 15 miles N W of Vivicrs. Lon. 4 30 K, lat. 44 40 N. Aubigmj, town of France iu the depart- ment of Cher and late province of Berry. It has a castle, and is seated in a fine plain, on the river Xerre. It whs a diiki'doni and belonged to tiie dukes if Kicliinond ; and was confirmed to the present duke. At the revolution in France- it shared tiie fate of all other titles of nobility. Aubun, town of the island of Jersey, with a good harbour and a fort. Aiibin da Cormier, tovvn of France, in the dc'parlment of lie and Vilan:- .nd late province of Bretasjne ; famous for a baltle between viscount Tremou lie and the duke of Orlean^., afterwaids Lewis XII, in 1483, when the latter was made priscjrif-r. It is ten miles E of lieniies. JLon. 1 23 W, lat. 48 15 N Atibonne, \\^L'^(].s'^>me town of Swisserland, in the canton of Bern, on a river of the same name, 10 mdes W of Lusanne. Lon. 6 30 E, lat. 46 30 N. Aiibnsson, town o^ France, in the de- partment of Crtuse and late territory of Marche. It had a manufactory of tapestry, which made it populous. It is seated on the river Creuse, 3?" miles N E of Limoges. Lon. 2 15 E, lat. 45 58 N. Aucarigrel, tovv'n of Africa, capital of tlie kingdom of Adel, seated on a mountain. Lon. 44 25 E, lat. 10 N. Azich, episcop 1 city of France, in the department of Gers, lately an archi-epi.=;co- pai see, and the capital of Gascony. It lies on the summit and declivity of a steep hill, at the foot of which runs'the Gers The cathedral is one of the finest in France ; the buildings are modern and elegant, and the streets, though ge-.erally n .rrow, are clean and well paved. The inhabitants are computed to be 8000 ; and they have ma- nufactures of velvet , serges, crapes, hats, and leather. Auch is 37 miles W of Tou- louse. Lon. 40 F, lat. 43 39 N. Auckland, Bishop's, town in the bishop- ric of Durham, with a market on Thursday- It is pleasantly seated on the side of a hill, and noted for its beautiful castle and for its chapel, whose architecture is very curious. It is eight miles S by W of Durham, and 251 N N W of London. Lon. 1 31 W, lat. 54 43 N. Aude, department of France, part of the late province of Languedoc. Population, 241.000. Auglaize, township in Wood county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 216, ^ Auglaize, southern branch of Maumee river, Ohio, rising in Allen county, and 60 flowing nearly N 80 miles, falls into Mau- mee, near fort Defiance. Augsburg, city of Siiabia, lately impe- rial, and a bishop's see, but now the capi- tal of a principality subject to Bavaria. It is a large fortified plac--, lias a variety of uianufaciures, and is one of the principal trading towns ui Germany. The cathedral, towndiouse, and other public buildings, are magnificent. In the bishop's palace, the Lutlicrans presented tiieir confess'on of faith to enipe or Ch;lrk's^^ in 1550, hence called the Conf«fSsion of Augsburg. It was taken by the French in 17u3, and ogam in 1796. It is seated between the Werdach and Lech, 30 miles N W of Munich. Lon. 10 55 E, lat, 48 17 N. Augusta, town.sliip of Grenviile county, Uppt r Canada. Augusla, township in Kennebec county, Maine. I'opulation in 18l0, 1805, and in 1820, 2457. Augusta, township in Oneida county, New York. Population in 1820, 2771. Augusta, township in Northumberland county, Pennsvlvaiiia. Population in 1810, 1373, and in 1820, 2075. Augusta, seat of justice of Bracken county, Kentucky, is a small town delight- fully Situated on a h.indsome bank of tlie Ohio river. It is 18 miles below Limestone, and 65 miles from Lexington. Population in 1820, 260. Augusta, county of Virginia, lying bC' tween the south-west n ountain and Blue Ividge, iKtving Rockbridge S W ; Bath and Pendleton NW; Rockingham NE; and Albemarle and Nelson, S E ; It is in form of a square of 30 miles each side ; 900 square miles. The face of the county wavmg, or rather hilly; soil variegated, but generally productive. Staples, tobacco, flour, and jjork. Chief town, Staunton. Population in 1810. ^ Free white males ... 5,847 do. do. females . - 5,415 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 196 Slaves - -- - . - 2,880 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. 14,338 Free white males ... 6,646 do. do. females 6,3ir Total whites .... 12,963 Free persons of colour, males 144 do. do. females - 123 Slaves, males .... 1,817 do. feaiales 1,695 Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 16,742 122 A V U A U S Engaged in Agriculture - 3,391 do. in Manufactures - 1,022 do. in Commerce - - 52 Population to the square mile, 19 nearly. Augiif:ta, township in Columbiana county, Ohio. Population in 1820,533. Jlugusta, capital and ]50st town of Geor- gia, situate on the S W ba;ik of the river Savannah, 120 miles N W of the town of Savannah. It is sealed on a fine plain, and enjoys the best soil, with the advan- tage of a central situation between the ui)per and lower countries, and is vising into importance. Population in 1820, about 4000. Lat. 33 20 N, Ion. W C 5" \V. Augustine, St. town of North America, on the E coast of Florida. It vv.is ceded by the Sp:iniards to the English in 1763, but restored to them again by the peace of 1783. The town is situated at the foot of a pleasant hill, weli covered wish trees ; but the coast is too shallow to be apprached by vessels that draw more than 12 feet Winter ; so that this place is ill-situated for trade, though it is the chief towr. of F,ast Florida, Lat. 29 50 N. Ion. W 4 30 W. Angustine, cape of S. America, in Brazil, 300 miles NE .vf the bay of All-Saints. Lat. '8 30 S. lon.WC 42 E. Augnsto-w, small but strong town of Po- land, in Polachia, seated on the Xarieu, 44 miies N of Bielisk. Lon. 23 40 E. lat. 53 25 N. Aiigustus, Fort, small fortress of Inver- ness-shire, at the he;.d of Loch Ness, be- tween the rivers Taarf and Oich. Avigliano, small town of Italy, in Pied- mont, seven miles W of Turin. Lon. 7 38 E, lat. 45 5 N. Avignon, city of Fr.ince, capital of a ter- ritory of the same name, which depended lat.-ly on the pope, with an archbishop's see, and a university. It was formerly the residence of the popes, who afterward returned to Rome. The cl-.urches are handsome ; that of Notre Dame is ancient but not large, and is one of the best adorn- ed in the city. It is advantageously seated on the Rhone, 20 miles E of Nismes. Lon. 4 53 E. lat. 43 57 N. Aulcester, town in Warwickshire, with a market on Tuesday. It was a Roman sta- tion, as appears from the coins, bricks, &.c. often dug up in and near it, and from the lloiTian Ickneild street passing through it. It is seven miles VV of Stratford upon Avon, and 102 NW of London. Lon. 1 52 W. lat. 52 16 N. Ardps, town of France, in the depart- ment of Var and late province of Provence. Lon. 6 30 E. lat. 43 40 N. Aunts, lately small territory of France in Poitou, anil now forming part of the de- partment of Lower Charente. Auray, small seaport of France, on the gulf of Morbihan, in the department of that name and late province of Bretagnc, eight miles \v ot Vannes. Lon. 2 33 \\ . lat. 37 40 N. Awelius, post town, Cayuga county, N. York ; the township is situated at the head oiOwasco lake, between the townships of Junius and Marcellas. Population 1820, 7923. Aureli^is, township in Washington coun- ty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 239. Aurich. town of Wesiphuliii, in E. Fries- land, with a castle, where the count re- sides. It is seated ni a plain surrounded by torests full of game, 12 miles NE of Enibden. Lon. 7 12 E lat. 53 28 N. Aurillac, populous trading town of France, on the river Jordanne, in the de- partment of Cantid and late province of Auvergne. Quantities of lace and velvet are manufactured here. It is 30 miles SW of St. Flour, and 250 S of Pans. Lon. 2 22 E lat. 44 55 N. Aurora Island,ime of the New Hebrides, in the S. Pacific Ocean. It is about twelve leagues long, but not above five broad. Lon. 168 24 E. Sat. 15 8 S. Aurora, lownsliip in Niagara county, N. York. P.,pula!i n in 1820. 1285. Aurora, townsliip in Portage county, Ohio. Population in 1810, 189, and in 1820, 549. Aurungabad, considerable city of Asia, in the Deccan of Hiiuloostan. It is but a modern city ; owing its rise from a small town, to the capital of Dowlatabad, to the great Aurungzebe, from whom it had it.s name. It is 260 miles NE of Bombay. Lon. 76 2 E. It. 19 45 N. Austeriiiz, or Slawkoiv, town of Moravia. Near this place, a great and decisive victo- ry was obtuin;-d by the French, command- ed by Buonaparte, over the Austrians and Russians, on the 2d of Dec. 1805, which led to the treaty of Presburg, It is 12 miles E of Bran, and 30 SSW of Olniutz. Austerlitz, Xo\\ns\\\};i\n Columbia county. New York. Populatien in 1820, 2355. Austinburgh, township in Ashtabula county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 445. Austiutorjn, township in Trumbull coun- ty, Ohio. Population in 1810, 440, and in 1820, 1720. Anstinville, village with a post office, in Wythe county, Virginia, situated on the E side of Kanhawa river 24 miles E of Wythe court house, and 366 from the city of W;ishinglon. Australasia, name applied by some geo- graphers to those islands that he S of the continent of Avia, as New Holland, New Guinea, New Britain, New In land. New Caledonii, New Zealand, and those of So- lomon, Arroo, New Hebrides, &c. Austria, circk- ot Germany, bounded on the E by Hun,^ary, S by Italy and Croatia, W bv Switzerland, and N by Suabia, Ba- «1 A U 1' A V A varia, Bohemia, and Moravia. It contains the archduchy of Austria, the duchies of Stiria, Carinthia and Curniola, the county of Tyrol, and the principahties of Brixen and Trent. .Austria, archduchy of Germany, and em- pire. The Archducliy in the circle of the same name, contains 637,000 square acres. The river Ens divides it into Upp?r and Lower : Vienna is the capital of tlie Lower and Lintz of the Upper. The inhabitants are polite, intelligent, and giy ; fond of honour, which they strive to gain by the arts and sciences, or by arms ; and there is no country in Germany where foreigners are more courteous]) enTer'amed. • Aus- tria excels all the provinces of Germany in the fenility of its soil; corn, wine. ::!)d fruit, are plentiful ; and the s fFron is bel- ter t 'an that of the East Indies. The prin- cipal rivers are the Danube, Ens, Inn, Drave, and Save. In 1804, Francis IT. em- peror of Germany, renounced that title in a foi-mal manner, erected his own domin- ions inio an hereditary empire, and was crowned emperor of Austria. To the em- pire appertains, Austria Proper, Stiria, Ca- rinthia, Carniola, Bohemia, M'>r.ivia, Hun- gary, Transylvania, part of Polaid under the name of Galicia, Sclavonia, Croatia, Morlachia, Bosnia, part of Servia, and part of Walachia. The metropolis ofthe empire is Vienna. See Geniinny. ^^utauga, county of Alabama, having the Alab.ma river, or Montgomery SE and S ; Dallas SW ; Cahaba w' ; Shelby N ; and Coosa riz r Npj. It is about 43 by 18 mile-^ ; area 774 ; surface hilly, and soil varied in quality from first rate along 'he stre ms to exremely sterile ridges. Staples cot- ton. Population in 1820. Free wliite males . - - 1183 Free white females - - 1020 Total whites . - . . 2203 Free persons of colour, males - 2 df). do. females - 1 Slaves, males .... 856 do. females . . - "791 Total population in 1820 - 3853 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 1 Engaged in Agriculture - 1461 do. in Manufactures - 9 do. in Commerce - - 8 Population to the square mile, 5. Autun, ancient town of France, the epis- copal see of the department of Saone and Loire, in the late province of Burgundy ; it contains a great many mines, and produ- ces a great quantity of sulphur. It is 45 miles E by S of Nevers, and 162 SB of Paris. Lon, 4 23 E. lat. 46 57 N. 62 Auvergne, late province of France, 100 miles in length, and 75 in breadth ; bound- ed on the N by the Bourbonnois, on the E by P'orez and Vclao, on the VV by Limosin, Querci, anfl La Marche, and on the S by Rouergue and the Cevennes. It now forms the two departments ot Cantal and Puy-de- Dome. .-Jwe Loch, one of the most beautiful lakes of Scotland, in Argyleshire, 30 miles long, and in some parts, above two broad. It contains many fine little islands, tutted with trees. The river Awe, the outlet of this lake, is discharged into Loch Etive, at the village of Burawe. Auxerre, ancient town of France, in the department of \onne, lately an episcopal see of Burgundy, advantageously, situated on the Yonne. The inhabitants are com- puted at 16,000 ; and it contains many fountains and squares. It is 25 miles S of Sens. Lon. 3 39 E. lat. 47 48 N. Aiixonne, town of France in the depart- ment of Cote d'Or and late province of Burgundy, with a castle, an arsenal, hand- some barracks, and a f bundery for cannon. It is seated on tiie Saone, over which there is a bridge of 23 arches, and is 17 miles E of D'jon. Lon. 5 22 E. lat. 47 11 N. Ava, large river which rises in Thibet, and crossing the kingdoms of Burmah, and Pegu, falls into the bay of Bengal by se- veral m uths. Ava, large city in Asia, capital of the kingdom of Burmili, and seated on the river \va. The houses are built with tim- ber or Bamboo canes, with thatched roofs, a".d floors mnde of teak plank or split bam- boo. The streets are very straight with rows of trees planted on each side. The royal palace is a mean structure, although very large and built with stone. The in- habitants are v\eil-shaped, have good fea- tures, and an olive complexion ; but the women, who are small, are whiter than" the -! en. Ava is 1150 miles NE of Calcutta. Lon. 96 40 E. lat. 21 N. Ava, long tract of coast in Asia, on the E side of the gulf of Bengal, extending from the S extremity of .\racan to Cape Ne- grais, and divided from Pegu, on the E by the river Ava. Avaloa, ancient town of France, in the department of Yonne and late province of Burgundy. It is 20 miles SE of Auxerre. Lon. 3 52 E. lat. 47 30 N. Aveiro, town of Portugal, on the lake of Vouga, with a good harbour, 30 miles S of Oporto. Lon. 8 30 W. lat. 40 40 N. Aveiro7i, department of France, including the late province of Rouergue. Avelliiio, episcopal town of Naples, in Priiicipato Cit<:riore. L was almost ruin- ed by an earthquake in 1694, and is 25 miles E of Naples. Lon. 15 E. lat. 40 50 N. A V O A X B Avenche, town of Svvisserland, in the canton of Bern, formerly capital of Swis- serland, but now shows its former great- ness only by its ruins. It is 15 miles W of Bern. Lon. 6 52 E. lat.46 50 N. Averach, fortified town of Germany, in the S part of Suabia, and duchy of Wiriem- burg, seated at the foot of a mountain on the nvulet Ermst, 15 miles E of Tubingen. Lon. 9 22 E. lat. 48 26 N. Avernot a lake of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, two miles long, and one broad. Virgil and others have said that the water was so bad, that birds drop dead when flying over it, and hence they call it the laJce of he.l ; but it is now found lo have no poisonous quality ; for birds not only fly over it, but swiin upon it. A little to the W of the lake is a cave, where some pre- tend they went formerly to consult the Cumican Sybil. There are also some old walls, which some suppose to be the ruins of a temple of Apollo, and others of Pluto. Jlversa, town of Naples, with a bishop's see. It is seated in a very fine plain, eight miles N of Naples. Lon. 14 20 E. lat. 40 59 N. Jlverys'boro', nost town of Cumberland county, North Carolina ; standing on the E side of the NW branch of Cape Fear river, 35 miles N of Fayetteville, and 36 S of Raleigh. Aves, or the Islands of Birds, so called from the great number of birds that fre- quent them. They are 70 miles E by S of Curacoa, and 1000 N of the coast of Terra Firma. ^vsnes, sm .llbut strong town of France, in tiie department of tfie North and late province of Hainault, seated on the riesper, 25 miles E of Cambray, and 100 NE of Paris. Lon. 3 58 K. lat. 50 8 N. Avila, ancient town of Spain, in Old Castile It has a university, and a con- siderable bishopric. It stands in the mid- die of a fine large plain, surrounded with mountains, and covered with fruit-trees and vineyards, 40 miles NW of Madrid. Lon, 4 35 W. lai, 40 40 N. Aviles, town of Spain, in Asturias d' Oviedo, on the bay of Biscay, 25 mile.s N. of Oviedo. Lon. 6 5 W. lat. 43 27 N. Avis, small town of Portusral, in Alente- jo, seated on an eminence with a castle near the river Avis Hence the military order of the knights of Avis have their name. It is 65 miles E of Lisbon. Lon. 7 40 W. lat. 38 46 N. Avon, river that rises in Wilts, and coast- ing the edge of tlie New forest, falls into the English channel at Christchurch Bay in Hampshire. Avon, river that rises in Leicestersliire, and running SW by Wi.rwick and Ever- sham, falls into the Severn, at Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire. Avm, Lower, mer that rises in Wilts, and running W to Bath, becomes naviga» ble there, continues its course to Bristol, and falls into the Severn. Avon, township in Somerset county, Maine. Population in 1810, 304 and in 1820, 450. Avon, township in Ontario county, New York. Population in 1820, 1933. Avoyelles, parish of Louisiana, having Opelousas, or St. Landre SW ; Rapides NW ; Red River NE ; Mississippi and At- chafalaya rivers E. Is is 35 by 20 miles ; area 700 square miles. The general sur- face of Avoyelles is a dead level, and annu- ally overflown alluvial plain ; but the prai- rie or arable part of about 15 miles by frona two to five, lies 20 or 25 feet above over- flow, with a very productive soil. Staple cotton. No town of any consequence. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 419 do. do. females - - 364 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - 22 Slaves 404 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white mules do. do. females Total of whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females - Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 1209 782 656 1438 24 1 422 360 2245 13 636 9 4 Population to the square mile 3. Avranches, ancient town of France, in the department of the channel and late pro- vince oi Normandy ; the city is mean but is finely stated on an eminence, near which the sea runs about a mile and a half from tlie ocean and 30 E of St. Malo. Lon. 1 18 W. lat 48 41 N. Aivatsha-Bay, harbour of Kamtschatka, the safes' and most extensive that has been disr-overed, and the only one in that part of the world, that can admit vessels of a considerable burden. Lon. 158 48 E. lat. 52 51 N. A~^den, small imperial town of Suabia, on the "iver Cnchen, 15 miles W of Of ting. I' was taken by the French in August 1796. Lon 10 15 E. lat. 48 36 N. Axbrid^e, corporate town in Somerset- shire, with a market on Thursday. It i.s seated on the river .\x under the iVIendip hills, where there is a good pasturage. 10 6T BAB BAB miles NWof Wells, and 132 W of London. Lon. 3 W. lut. 51 17 N. • ^ixelySvnM furtifieii town of Dutch Flan- ders, seated in a morass, lu miles N oi Ghent. It was taki n by the French in 1794 Lon. 3 4j E, lat 51 13 N. Axholm, i land i'l tlie NW part of Lm- colnsiiire, in England. Ii is fornied by tne Trent, Dun, and Idle, and is ten miles long and five bro.id. It is a rich tract, m which mud) flax is cultivated. Axim, ten lUay on the G Id Coust ol Guinea, coiuaining two or three villages on the sea shore. The inhab tunts are gener- ally rich, and sell a great di ai of gold to the English and Dutch. They t.rt- like- wise industrious m fiihing and tilling the ground. The excessive moisture of the climate renders it very unhealtii}, but it produces picnty of rice, water-unions, lemons, oranges, &:c. Ttie Dutch have a fort and a factory here, called St. Anthou} . Axminstei\ town of Dev nshire, on the river Ax, wiih a mai ket on Saturday. It was a place of note in the time of the Sax- ons, but now contams only 200 houses. Here is a manufacture of broad and nar- row cloths, and a f;mious one for carpt ts. It is 18 m.les E by N of Exeter, au'l 147 VV of London. Lon. 3 8 VV. laU 50 46 N. Axum, formerly a large city, and once the capital of Abyssinia, its ruins are very extensive, but consist altogether of public buildings. It is 125 miles VV of the Red Sea, Lon. 35 4 E. lat. 14 6N. Ayamo7ite, seaport of Spain, in Andalu- sia, with a strong castle bui!t o:i a rock at the mouth ot the river Guadiana, opposite Castro-Murino, 80 miles NW of Cadiz. Lon. 7 15 VV, lat. 37 12 N. Aylesha?n,\ own in Norfolk, with a mar- ket on Saturday, 12 miles N of Norwich, and 121 NE of London Lon. 1 17 E. lai. 52 53 N. Aymouth, town of Scotland, in Berwick- shire, six miles N of Berwick, fornnerly for- tified to curb the garrison of that town. Lon. 1 46 W. lat. 5t) 11 N. Ayr, borough of Scotland, capital of an extensive cou'.i.y of the same name. It is >ituate nn a sandy plain, On both sides ot the r;ver Ayr, over which is a bridge of our arches. Ayr is 65 miles SVV of Edin- burgh. Lon. 4 39 E. lat. 55 30 N. Ayrs/iiie. county of Scotland, bounded on tiie VV and N by the Frith of Clyde and Renfrew thire, on the E by the counties of La erk and DuuifricS, and on tlie SE and S by the slnres of Kircudbright and VV^gh- ton. It exhibits th'^ shape of two wings, extentiing to the NW and SW, andf-rm- ini; a vas' bay at tiie mouth of the frith of Clyde. Between its extreme points it is about 53 miles ; its greaiest breadtli is not quite 27. Its most northerly division is Cunningham, the NW angle of which though mountainoiis, is rich in pasture. Azamar, small se.;port of Africa in the kingdom of Morocco ; formerly very con- siilerable, but ruined by the Portuguese in 1513. Lon. 7 VV, lat. 32 50 N. Azem, see Assam. Azof, see Asoph. Azores, or Ue stem- Islands, a group of islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, between 25 and 33 V*' lo and between 37 and 20 N lat. 900 miles VV of Portugal, and is many E of New oi.ndhind. 'I'hey were discovered by the Flemings in the I5th century, but were afterwards taken possession of by the Por- tuguese, to whom they have been subject ever since. They are nine in number, viz. St. Maria, St. Michael, Tercera, St. George, Gracioso, Fyal, Pico, Flores, and Corvo. They were called the Azores, from the number of hawks found among them. The two westernmost were named Flores and Corvo, from the abundance of flowers on the one, and of crows on the other. They are subject to a governor-general, who resides at Angra, in Tercera. No poison- ous animal it is said, is to be found in the Azores, and if carried thitlier it will expiire in a few hours. All of them are fertile, and enjoy a salubrious air, but are subject; to violent earthquakes.. B liaal Beck, or the Valley of Baal, a fer- tile country of Asia, between Lebanon and Antilibanus, about 30 miies fronn Damascus, where there wts formerly a magnificent temple of the Sun, the ruins of which are still admired by travellers. Some geo- graphers make it a part, and the others the whole of Cxlosyria; but all agree, tliai it was one of tlie most pleasant spots on the earth. -Saifl, town of European Turkey, in Bul- garia, celebrated for its knives and s,'.ord blades. It .stands on a gulf of its name, in the Black sc.i, 90 miles NE of Sllistria, Lnn..28 38 E.lat. 44 40 N. Jkihchnandel, strait between the coast of .\by^9 nia and Arabia, uniting the lied sea With tlie Indian Ocean. In it is a small i-iland, and a mountain of the same name. Lon. 43 50 E. lat. 12 50 N. Habeiihausen, town of Suabia, in Germa- ny, five miles N of Tubingen. Bahingly, or Baburgltley, a village of Norfolk. It is noted as being the place when- Felix the Burgundian first landed, to 'nytructthe East Angles i-i t'le docli'incs BAD BAG of the gospel, and wher- the first church is said to have been erected. It is iour miles NE of Lynn. Babuyanes, cluster of six or seven small islands in the North Pacific Ocean, 10 leagues N of the isle of Luconia. The chief produce is was, ebony, baianas, co- coas, and plan aii-,s. Babylon, capital of the ancient kingdom of Babylonia or Chaldca It was supposed to have stood in Ion. 44 E. lat. 32 N*. Baca, or Baza, town of Spain, in Grana- da, "^5 miles NE of Guadix. B.ich, or Batha, town of Hungary, form- erly the see of a bishop, sea.ed near the J3anube, 30 mdes ENE of Funfkirchen, and 85 Sof Buda. Bacbarach, town of France, in the dr-- partment of the Rhine and Moselie, lately of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine. It is famous for its wine, and siands at vhe foot of a mountain, near the Rhnie, 24 miles S by E of Coblentz. Bacheldors, tov^nship in Oxford count/,', Maine. Population in 1810, 91. Bachonuiio7i, river of Upper Canada, fulls inlo lake Superior about midsvay between the falls oi St. Mary and Red river. Bacheserai, town of Russa, in the pro- vince of Tamida. It was lately the resi- dence of the Tarterchans of the Crimea. It is 70 miles S of Precop. Lon. 35 40 E. lat. 45 20 X. Bacarrach, town of Germany, In the pa- latinate oftheRliine, formerly imperial.. It is famous for its wines, and is seated on the Rhine, 20 miles W of .Meii'.z. Lon. 7 52 E. lat. 49 55 N, Bnchian, or.e of the Molucca islands, in the East Indies, whicli produces cloves. It is very fruitful and belon;^s to the Dutch. Lon, 125 5 E. lat, 25 S. Badajoz. town of Spain, capital of Estre- mitdura, and a bisliop's see. It is famous for a bridge built by the Romans over the Guadiana. On this bridge, the Porniguese were defeated by don John of Asturias, in 1661. Badajoz was taken by the French in 1809, and retaken by the allied army, under Lord Wtllington, in 1811. Il is a frontier town toward Portugal, and well fortified. It is 14 miles E of Elvas, and 175 S by W of xMadrid. Lon. 6 40 W. lar. 38 45 ic. BaiLikshav, city of Usbec Tartary, capi- tal of the province ofKilan. Gold, silver, and nibie.-s are found in its vicinity ; anil caravans pass by this city to Cabul and China. It is seated on the Harrat, or Amu, in a branch of the Belur ranintHins, 320 miles V, of Balk. Lon. 70 35 E. 36 o5 N. i'afA;-,'!, town of Suabia, capital of a mar- gravate of the same name, with a cattle, on the toj) of a mountain, where tiie prince often resides. It is remarkable for its baths, wlience it takes it<5 name, and is sealed near the Rhine, four miles S of Bas- tadt. Lon. 8 14 E. lit. 43 50 N. Baden, margravate of Suab.a, bounded on tiie N by the Palatinate of tlie Rhine and bishopric of Spire, on the E by the duchy of Wn-tembu g and principality of Fustenburg, on the S by the Brisgaw, and on the VV by the Rhine. It is divided into the Upper and Lower. Baden, ancient and liand^ome town in a county of the same name in Swisseriand. It is remarkable for its baths mentioned by the inhabitants under the names of Aqujc and Thermae Helvetica; and for the treaty- concluded here in 1714, between Germany and Spain. It is sealed on liie Limniat, 10 mile. N\V of Zuric. Lon. 8 20 E. lat. 47 25 N. Baden, neat little walled town of Aus- tria, famous for its hot baths ; seated on the rivt;r Sucehat, 15 miles SW of Vienna, Lon. 16 25 E. lat. 48 1 N. Bademvdllev, t iwn of Suabia, belonging to liie lower margravate of Baden, seat- ed ne;ir t'ne Rhine, 10 mdes SE i.f Friburg. Lon. 7 52 E. lat. 48 1 N. Badffetvorth, village in Gloticestershire, remirkable for a spring of mineral water, called Cold Pi.ol, nearly the same as those of Cheltenham. It is seven miles NE of Gloucester. Baeza, town of Spain, in Andal'isia. It is the see of a bishop and has > university, seated on the Guadalquiver, 15 miles NE of Jaen. Lon. 3 18 W. lat. S7 45 N. Biiffln's Bay, large biv, to the N f-f Hud- son Bay, Slid to be discovered in 1C62, by Baffin, an Englishman, who attempted to find a XW passage that way to the South sea. Mr. Pinkerton hid the temerity to doubt the existence of this bay, but recent researclies particularly bycapt. Parry, has establislied the accuracy of Baffin, and add- ed mucli to t!ie extent of tliis inland sea. Bn^ij, considerable town in the island of Cyprus, Viilh a fort near the ancient Pap- hos, of wliich considerable ruins remain, part'cularly some broken coluiP.ns, which proba'-ily belonged to the temple of Venus. Lon. 32 30 E. lat. 34 50 N. Bagdad, falsely supposed to be ancient Babylon, a populous city, capital of Irac Arabia, seated on the Tigris, and inhabit- ed by Chrisiians, Turks, 8cc. This city was tlie capital of the Saracen empire, till taken by the Mongols in 1253, since which, it has been taken and retaken several times by the Mongols, Tartars, Turks and Persians ; and last of all by the Turks in 1638. It is 250 miles N by VV of Bassora. Lon. 43 52 E. lat. 33 20 N. Baglana, or Bocklana, country of Hin- do'iStan, in the Deccan, wiiich extends from the Surat river to Poonah, and is en- closed by a ridge of mountains, called the Gauts, It is bounded oi the N bv Can' (=,5 B A fi B A L, de'ish, on the SW by Vislapoar, and on the SE by Dowlatabad. Ba^nnra, seaport of Naples, eight miles S of Valma. In this town 3017 persons perished by the dreadfiil earthquake in 1783. Lon. 16 8 E. lat. 38 15 N. Bagnarea, town of Italy, witli a bishop's see, in the patrimony of St. Peter, five miles S of Orvleto. Lon. 12 28 E. lat. 42 36 N. Bagnares, town of France in the depart- ment of the Upper Pyrenees and late pro- vince of Bigorre. It lies at the foot of the Pyrenees, on the river Adour. It is much frequented, on account of its hot mineral waters, and is 10 miles SE of Tarbes. Lon. 12 E. lat. 43 3 N. Bagnoh, town of France, in the depart- ment of Herault, and late province of Lan- guedoc, near tlie river Cese, eight miles SW of Pont St. Esprit. It has a hand- some square and two fountains which rise in the middle of the town. Lon. 4 43 E. lat. 44 ION. Baliama, or Lucaija Islands, situated to the S of Carolina, between 22 and 27 N. lat. and 73 and 81 W lon. They extend along the coast of Florida to Cuba, «nd are said to be 500 in number, some of them only mere rocks, but 12 of them are large, fertile, and in nothing different from the soil of Carolina. These islands were the fu'st fruits of Columlnis' discover es, but they are all uninhabited, except Provi- dence, and are subject to tlie En^iish, to whom they were not known till 1667, when captain Seyle being driven among them in his passage to Carolina, gave tiis name to one of them, and, being a second time driven upon it, called it Providence. The cotton seed has been recently introduced into these islands from Georgia, and is well adapted to the soil and climate. Bahama Channel, between Florida, and the Bahamia islands. Tlie currents here set, but with varying force, continually north. Bahar, country of Hindoostan Proper, bounded on the W by Allahabad and Oude, on the N by Napaul, on the E by Bengal, and on the S by Orissa. It is subject to the English E. India Company; and most of the saltpetre they export is manufactur- ed in this province, of which Patna is the capital. Baheren Island, lies in the gulf of Per- sia, and was once famous for its pearl fish- ery. Lop. 49 5 E. lat. 26 ION. Bahia Honda, port of the north side of the Cuba. Lat. 22 58 N. lon. 6 06 E. W C. Bahuia n. 2 55 E, lat. 50 45 N. Bainbridge, township in Chenango coun- ty, New York, Population in 1820, 2290. Bainbridge, township in Geauga county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 199. Bainbridge, town in Ross county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 146. Bain Go7iga, or Bain River, river of Hindoostan, which rises near the Nerbud- da, runs southward through Berar, and, after a course of near 400 miles unites with tlie Godavey, within the hills that bound the British Circars. Bai'^dstotvn, post town of Nelson county, Kentucky, witii ab^ut 600 inhabitants. It is situated on the N side of Beech creek (a branch of Rolling river) 16 mdes NE of Bealsburg, and 55 SW of Frankfort. Lat. o7 50. lon. W C 8 15 W. BakciueU, town in tlie Peak of Derby- sliire, with a market on Monday, seated on the river Wye, among the hills, 20 miles NNW of Derby and 151 of London. Lon. 2 42 W. lat. 53 15 N. Baku, town of Persia, in the province of Scliirvan, the most commodious haven of the Caspian Sea, on the W coast of which it is situated. The number ot shoals and sandbanks r- nder the entrance somewhat difficult. B;.ku is a fortress surrounded by high brick walls, 300 miles S of Astra- can. Lon. 49 15 E. lat. 40 2 N. Bala, town in Merionethshire, with a market on Saturdav. It is 50 miles SSE of Holyhead, and 105 NW of London. Lon. 3 35 W, lat. 52 50 N. Balagat, province in the Deccan of Hin- doostan, and the largest of the three which compose that kingdom. It consists of a vast extent of fertile and populous plains, supported in the nature of a terrace, by a stupendous Wf.U of mQuntaiiis, called the a A L ]} A 1. f^^auts, which rises abruptly from the low country called the Concan. This tract is so elevated, that the air is cool and plea- sant. It extends through the peninsula, to the southern extremity of Mysore. Balaguer, fortified town of Spain, in Ca- talonia, on the river Segra, at the foot of a craggy rock, 75 miles NW of Barcelona. Lon, 1 'l E.lat.41 55 N. Balurnc, town of France, near the road from Montpellier to Toulouse ; noted for its bath. Balasore, seaport to the N\V of the bay of Bengal. The inhabitants raake^stuffs of silk, cotton, and a sort of grass. It is 124 miles SW of Calcutta. Lon. 6 46 E. lat, 21 26 N. Balbasiro, episcopal town of Spain, in Arragon, on the river Vero, 42 miles NE of Saragossa, Lon. 27 E. lat. 42 8 N. Balbec, city of Asia in Syria, anciently called Heliopolis. It is situated at the foot of Anti-Lebanon, precisely on the last ris- ing ground, where the mountain terminates in a plain. On the E side are the remains of ancient rums, of whose magnificence it is difficult to give an adequate idea. Among the most magnificent are the ruins of the temple of the Sun, for a particular descrip- tion of which we refer our readers to Mr. Wood and Mr. Dav.kins and to Volney. It is 2i7 miles N of Damascus, Lon, 37 20 E. lat, 34 22 N, Balchy town of Usbec Tartary, on the frontiers of Persia, 200 miles S of Bokhara. Lon. 69 E. kt. o7 20 N. Baldivia, seaport of Chili, in South Ame- rica. It was built by the Spanish general Baldivia, about 1551, after he had conquer- ed Chili. It belongs to the Spaniards, and stands between tlie Callacalles and Portero, where they fall into the P;;cific Ocean. Ijon. W C 3 40 E. lat. 39 38 S. Bahhck. town in Herts, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated between the hills in a chalky soil, and chiefly of note for its trading in malt: It is nine miles ^VSVV' of Rovsion, and 37 NNW of London. I^on. 5 \V. lat. 52 2 N. Bakleagle, a mountain of Pennsylvania, between the main branch of Susquehannah, and the West Branch; separatmg North- umberland and Columbia, from Lycoming-, and extending to the northeast into Lu- zerne. Bald-Eagle, river of Pennsylvania in Cen- tre count) , falls mto the West Branch of Susqnehannaii. 7?aW-£(2^/e, township in Lycoming coun- ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 246, and in 1820, 281. Balil-Eagle, township in Centre county, Pennsylvania. Population m 1810, 1145, and in 1820, 685. ^ Bald-Head, light-hotise, on a s;-nall island near the mouth of Cape Fear river In N. Carolina. Lat. ':io 51 N. lon. W C 1 13 W. Bald Head, point in Norton sound on the northwest coast of North America, in Nor- ton sound. Lat. 64 43 N . lon. W C 84 42 W. Baldivia, see Valdivia. Bale, see Basle. Baldivin, township in Cumberland coun- ty, Maine. Population in 1810, 546 and in 1820, 1120. Baldaiii, county of Georgia, having .Tones W; Putnam and Hancock N ; Han- cock E and Wilkinson S. It is 30 miles long by 27 wide ; area 810 square miles ; face of the country rolling, and soil of mid- dling quality in general. Chief town Mil- ledgeville. Population in 1810. Free white males ,- - - 1,490 do. do. females - - - 1,273 All other free persons except In- dians not taxed ... 13 Slaves 2,324 Total population in 1810 - 5,100 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females . . - 1,369 1,253 Total whites . - . . Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males - - - , do. females Total population in 1839 - 2,622 1 none 1,581 1,461 5,665 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 2 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,960 do. in Manufactures - 13 do. in Commerce - - none Population to the square mile, 7. Baldwin, county of Alabama, having Mo' bile S ; part of Mississippi W ; Washing' ton N and Tombigbee and Mobde rivers E* It is 33 miks in length wi'h a mean width oi'20; area 660 square- miles; face of the country hilly except upon the streams; soil in general thin and covered with pine timber, though the alluvial lands along the rivers is highly productive. Staple cotton. Population in 1810. Free wliite males - - - 375 do. do. females - - - 291 All other persons except Indians not taxed 43 Slaves .... 717 Total population in 1810 - - 1426 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 359 67 B A I. K A 1. 1713 3 485 none none Free white females - Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males .... do. fem.ales ... Total population in 1820 . Of these; Foreigners not natiirallzed Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 2^. lialearic, a group of islands in the Medi- terranean sea, betvi'een Spnin, and Sardi- nia. Tiie principal are, M.ijorca, Mi.norca, and ivlca, or Iviza. Ba'ize, river of North America in Yuca- tan, fallmg into the Gulf of Iloiiduras. On its banks the PInglish have their principal establishments for cutting IL-.hogany. Jinli, island formmg the N side of the straits of Java, through which the East In- dia ships sometirf;es return from China; but the passage is commonly very difficult, on account of contrary winds. This island is extremely populous, and abounds in rice and ad sorts of fruits. Balkan, tho Turkish nsme of the ancient mount ilaemus, which separates Koumelia, from Baigiria. Bulk, city of Usbec Tartary, capital of a province or the same name. It has a con- side .able trade in silk, and is the chief seat of the commerce between Bokharia and Hindoostan. The khan's castle is a magnificent structure, built of marble, dug, out of the neighbouring mountains. It i« seated toward tne borders of Ptrsiji, on the river Dewasb, which flows into t!ie Amu, 220 miles SE of Bokhara. Lon. 67 16 E. lat. 36 28 N. Ballard's Cape, part of the island of Newfynndiand. Lat. 46 35 N. lon. W C 24 34 E. Ballyconnel, town of Ireland, In the county of Cavan, 11 mdps KE of Cavan. Lon. 7 25 W lal. 54 ION Baliynakill, borough of Ireland, in Quet-n's couiitv, 18 miles NW oi' Kilkenny. Lon. 7 25 W.'lat. 52 50 N. Bally shannon, hn-ge seaport of Ireland, in the county of Uonnegal, with a good hcirbour, 110 miles NW of Dublin. Lon. 7 50 W. lat. 54 33 N. BoUochistan, country of Hindoostan Pro- per, bordt-ring on hc-"N -..f M. wut, ad ap- proaching w.thm 14 miles oi' Delhi It is 80 or 90 mi es long, ;.nd from .SO to 40 broad. VVestvvai-d it borders on the coun- try of the Sf ks, J?a&row72, township of Saratoga county, New York, with 2000 inhabitants. Here is a post office, 25 NW of Waterford, and 30 N of Albany. Population in 1220, 2407. BalistoTjn Springs, (,r Ballstoivn Spa, post village in Saratoga county. New York, remarkable a? being the site of very cele- brated mineral Springs. Tuese waters are within the precincis of the town, and are eminent for their medicinal virtues. There are several b.ath.ing houses erected, and the accommodations for visiters are very con- venient, and splendid. The number of visitants is crjnsider:tble ; in 1821, they amounted to near 3U00. Ballsto-ion, post village, in Saratoga coun. ty about 4 miles from Ballstown Spa. Per- sons directing letters to either of these places ought to be very careful to designate which, as they are frequently confounded, and each ])o=3ebses its own post office. Ballsville, post village of Virginia, in Powhatan countw Baltic, large sea between Denmark and Sweden to the \V. and Germany, Poland and l>ussia to the E. from which run the gulf of Bothnia, Finland, Riga and Dantzlc. It is remarkable that this ;^ea neither ebbs nor flows, and a current always lets through the Sound into the Ocean. Yellow amber is found on the coast. Baltimore, JVew, township in Green coun- ty. New York. Popidation in 1820, 2036. BallimorL'jXnwn of Ireland, in the count of Cork, seated on a headland which run., into the sea, nine tniles NE of Cape Clear. Lon. 9 J 4 W. lat. 51 24 N. Balti"wrj, couiUy of ^Jaryland, having Anne Arundel SW ; Freiierlck NW; York county in Pennsj Iv.inia N : Hartford E, and the bay of Chesapeake SE. It is about 30 miles in iengtii, and 25 mean width, area 750 square miles. The face of the coun- try is very pleasantly diversified by hill and dale, and is well wooded and watered. The soil is good for grazing, for the culti- vation of small grain, and for orchards, Chief town Baltimore. Independer.t of the city the following table represents the po- p lation of the coiintv at the respective periods of 1810 and 1S20. Population in 1810. Free whiles, males . - 10,700 do. do. females - - 10,321 All other persons except Indians not taxed ..... 3,537 Total population in 1810 29,255 Population in 1820. Free while males ... 12,511 do. do. females - - - 12,069 Total whites .... 24,580 Free persons of colour, males - 1,077 do. do. females . 1,086 a A 1, ij A :. Slaves, males _ . . . 3,704 do, females - - - 2,907 Total population in 1820 - 33,354 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 462 Engaged in A.griculture - 7,747" do. in Manufactures •- 1,994 do. in Commerce - - 102 Population to tlie square mile, 44. Baltimore, city and port of entry, Balti- more county, Maryland, situated on the N side of the Patapsco river, 14 miles above North Point, 88 miles N E from Washing- ton ; 100 miles S VV from Fhiladelpliia. Lat. 39 17 N, Lon. W C 27 E. This city is built at the head of a bay, which extends from the Patapsco river. Its harbour is spacious and convenient. Be- low the city the bay narrows to a very con- fined strait, which is amply commanded by Fort M'Henry. Jones' Falls creek divides the city and harbour into two sections. The lower part of the city is called Fell's point, to which vessels of 600 tons can ascend, but the water sh.illows so rapidly, that at the city the depth is insufficienifor any of heavier draught than 200 tons. Bal- timore is extremely well situated for com- inercial connexion with the valley of Ohio ; it commands the trade of Maryland, more than one half of that of Pennsylvaniu, and a part of Ne.\K York. Having the advan- tage of climate, the harbour of Baltimore is not so liable to obstruction from ice as that of Philadelphia. Its relative amount of shipping places it the third in rank in the Unites; States. The edirices necessary for the t' .'.nsaction of judicial and commercial business are splendid and convenient, v.liilst the inte- rests of science and elegant amusements, have met their due share of encourage- ment. The city con'Lains a slate peniten- tiary ; alms-house ; a court-house and jail ; a customhouse ; an exchange ; a museum ; theatre; and hospital. Besidts the fore going, there are in this city three market houses, 10 banks, and upwards o.* 30 places cf public worship. Washington's monu- ment, erected of marble, at the north' eiid oi Chailes street, on an elevated spot, will be, when completed, a very sublime pro- duction of art. It is intended to be 163 feel in height, exclusive of the statue of Wasliington, which isto crowntiie edifice. The monument erected to the memoiy of the men who (ell in defence of the city, on the 12th and 13th of September, 1814, is a handsome structure in north Calvert street. The hterary institutions of this ciiy are respectable. In 1807 a medical cohege was founded, which subsequently received the title cf the University of IMarvland, and embraces tiic ordinarj' pursuits coii- nected with such an institution. St. Mary's college possesses a fine library, with a che- mical and philosophical apparatus, and is supported by about 150 students. Balti- more college has about 50 students, 1 he increase of Baltimore has been fully commensurate with the advantages of its local position. In 1790 it contained 13,503 inhabitants ; and in 1800, 26,514. The fol- lowing table exhibits its subsequent ad- v-ance. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 14,793 do. do. females - - - 13,104 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . . . 3,973 Slaves - . . . . 3,713 Total population in 1810 . - 35,5.']3 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 23,822 do. do. females ... 34,233 Total whites - . . . 48,055 Free persons of colour, males - 4,363 do. do. females 5,963 Slaves, males .... 1,968 do. females . - . 2,389 Total population in 1820 62,738 1,359 127 4,601 2,389 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Baltimore, townsiiip in Sussex county, Delaware, including the hundreds of Days- borough, Indian jJiver, Fewes, Uehoboth, and Broad Kiln. Population in 1810, 10,107. Baltimoie alone, in 1820, 2,057. Bambtrg, large, handsome town of Fran- ccjnia, formerly imperial, but now capital of a bishopric of the same name, ol consi- derable extent, with a universit\ . It was tai;en in 1758, and in 1762, by the Prus- sians, and in 1794 surrendered to the French. It is seated at the confluence of the Maine and liednits, 55 mdes N of Nu- remberg. Lcn. 11 7 E, lat. 50 2 K. Bamberg, a town of Bohemia, seated at the foot of a mountain, 30 miles S of Glatz. Lon. 16 50 E, lat. 49 55 N. Bampton, town of Oxfordshire, with a market on Monday, seated near the Thames, 12 miles W of Oxtbrd, ami 70 W by N of London. Lon. 1 25 W, lat. 51 46 N. Bampton, town in Devonshire, with a market on Saturdaj-, seated in a bottom surrounded by hiils. It is 14 miles N N E of Exeter, and 163 W by S of" London. Lon. 3 38 W, lat. 51 2 Is. Bcmburii, borough hi Oxfordshire, with a market on Tiuirsdav. It is seated on the (■9 BAN K A xS Chanvell, 75 miles N N W of London. Lon. 1 11 W, lat. 52 4 N. Banco, isiund o\' Asia, in the East Indies, on the E coast cf Sumatra, with a town and strait of tlie same name. Lon. 106 50 E, lat. 2 35 S. Baiicalis, seaport on the E coast of Su- matra, where the Dutch have a settlement. It is 130 miles W of Malacca. Lon. 100 7 E, lat. 1 15 N. Hancock, town of Asia, in the kingdom of Siam, with a fort, once in the possession of the French, who were expelled in 1688. It is 17 miles N of the sea; r.nd 40 S of Siam. Lon. 101 5 E, lat. 13 35 N. Banda, the general name of five islands in the East Indies, of which Banda is the chief. These islands are remarkable for the prodiiction of nutmeg and mace ; have been subject to the Dutch, ever suice 16u9, uhen the) expelled both the English and natives. Since the present war (1800) they have been captured by the British. They are all very small, the largest being scarcely 26 miles m lengih ; and are subject to earthquakes. Banda is 75 miles S E of Amboyna. Lon. 128 5 E, lat. 4 50 S. Bander Congo, seaport of Persia, seated on the Persian gulf, 80 miles W of Gom- broon. Lon. 55 8 B, lat. 27 10 N. Bandevas, bay of Mexico on the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 20 30 N. Bandora, town of Hindoostan, and the capital of Salsetle, an island separated from Bombay by a narrow ch.annel. Lon. 72 40 E, lal. 19 ON. Banff, seaport, and the county town of Banffshire, pleasantly situated on the side of a hill, at the mouth of the Deveron, over which is a handsome bridge of seven arches, erected by government. Here is a manufacture of thread, and another of stockings ; and the children attend the fac- tory and school alternately ; so that edu- cation and industry are united. It lies in 4 beautiful plain washed by the Deveron, the lofiy banks of which clothed w^ith wood on the opposite side, afford a delightful con- trast to the soft vale beneath. Banff is 32 miles N \V of Aberdeen. Lon. 2 15 W, lat. 57 35 N. Banffshire, county of Scotland, bounded on the N by the Muiray Friih, on the S E by Aberdeenshire, and on the N W by Murrayshire. Its greatest length is 50 miles, and its extent along the coast nearly 30. Population in 1801, 35,807; 1811, 36,668; and in 1821, 43,561. Square miles, 217. Bangalore, city of Hindoostan, in My- sore Ithad a strong fort, built by Hyder, deemed tite bulwark of Mysore, toward Arcot : it was i;;ken by the English in 1791, and restored the next year to Tippoo, who destroyed it. The palace is composed of mud, vet not without some degree of mag- 70 nificencc ; and there are two extensive gardens made by the two sultans. The chief manufactures are silk and cotton cloths, muslins, leather, and oil. It is 74 N E of Seringapatam. Lon. 77 37 E, lat. 13 ON. Bangor, a city of Wales, in Carnarvon- shire, with a market on Wednesday. It was once so considerable, that it was called Bangor the Great, and defended by a cas- tle. The princ'pal buildings are the cathe- dral and the bishop's palace. The see is of very great antiquity. The church was dedicated by St. Daniel, who was bishop about the year 516. It is 36 miles W of St. Asaph, and 251 N W of London. Lon. 4 12 W, lat. 53 12 N. Bangor, borough of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Down, on the S shore of Carrickfer- gus, opposite the town of that name. Lon. 5 42 W, lat. 54 40 N. Bangor, post town and capital of Penob- scot county, Maine ; lying on the W side of the river Penobscot, at the head of winter navigation, about 37 miles N of Castine, on the same river. Population in 1810, 850, and in 1820, 1,221. In 1810 this township was included in Handcock county, but is now in Penobscot. It is 35 miles N from Castine, and 52 above the entrance of Pe- nobscot bay. Bangor, township in Franklin county. New York. Population in 1820, 370. Banjalvka, a town of European Turkej', in Bosnia, supposed Ho contain 18,000 in- habitants. It is seated at the confluence of the Verbania with the Verbas, 70 miles N W of Serai, 160 miles S from Vienna, and and 155 W of Belgrade. Lon. 18 5 E, lat. 44 44 N. Banjer, considerable river in the island of Borneo, which flows almost due S from the centre of the country to tlie harbour of Banjermassing, and at its mouth the Dutch have their principal factory. Bangermassing, kingdom in the S part of the island of Borneo, the capital of which is Martapura. The country produces great quantities of pepper ; also gold, iron, dia- monds, canes, bird's nests, wax and dra- gon's blood. It has a town of the same name, with a good harbour, at the mouth of the river Banjer. Lon. 114 30 E, lat. 3 15 S. Banks Island, island in the Pacific Ocean, on the E side of New Zealans!, about 100 miles in circumference. Lon. 174 B, lat. 43 30 S. Banks Jslajid, island in the Pacific Ocean, near the W coast of N America, about 60 miles long and 5 broad, Lon. 130 W, lut. 53 SO ?.. Ban7i, river of Ireland, which issues from the Mourne mountains, in the county of Down, flows N W into Armagh, through Lough Neagh, and thence forms the boun- B A K B A K dary between Londonderry and Antrim, enterlno' the sea 4 miles beiow Colerain. Banr^vidge, town of Ireland, in the county of Down, on the river Bann, 14 miles N by E of N ewry. Bannockburn, villa.s^e of Scotland, on the river Bannock, two miles S of Stirling. It is noted for a battle between Edward II. and Robert Bruce, in 1314, in which the former was defeated. Here also James III. in 1487, was defeated by his subjects, wounded, and soon after murdered by a priest taking 'lis confession. Bannoxu, town of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, seated on the east shore of a bay to which it gives mine, 20 miles S W of Wexford. Lon. 6 50 W. hit. 52 12 N^ Banstead. villige of Surry, noted for its downs, one of the most rlelightful spots 'n England, on account of its fi le carpet ground, covered with short herbage, per- fumed with thyme and juniper. These downs form a tract of 30 miles, extending, under different denominations, from Crov- don to Farnham. Barnstead is 13 mi'es 5 S W of London. Bantam, large town on the N W coast of .lava. It is tlie capital of a kingdom of the same name, with a good harbour, ind a castle. It is divided into two towns l)y a river. The produce is pepper, of which they export vast quantities. Ban'am, once populous and fl )urishing, is now a poor and wretched pltce. Lon. 105 26 E, lat 6 20 S. Bantry, town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, on a bay of the Atlantic, to which it gives name. Lon. 9 25 W, !at. 51 36 N. Bapaume, strong tov/n of France, in the denarfment of the Straits of Calais and late province of Artois, 12 miles S E of Arras. Lon. 2 35 E, lat. 50 8 N. Bar, strong town of Poland, in Podolia, on the river Bog, 40 miles N W of Brack- law. Lon. 27 30 E, lat. 49 14 N. Barataria, bay of Louisiana ; it is the entrance from the sea to a chain of lakes and small bayons, reacit'ng to the Missis- sippi at the city of Xew Orleans. Boats and canoes can pass from t'>e river ai se- veral points, and penetrxte to Barararia bay The adjacent country an open flat sea marsh. Bar, or Barrois, late duchy of France,, lying on both sides the Meuse, be' ween Lorrain and Champagne. It now forms the department of Meuse Barbadoes, the eaiternmost of the Wind- ward Islands, in tlie W. Indies, 25 miles in length, and 15 in breadth. It belongs to the English ; and the number of the whites is about 20,000, who have 100,000 slaves. Their exports are sugar, rum, cotton, in- digo, and ginger ; and they have most oi the fruits common to the climate. Tiie sugar exported hence ia whiter and finer than that of any other plantation ; and they have one particular production, called Bar- badoes tar, w 'ich rises out of the earth, and swims upon the surface of the water. This island lias sufl'ered much from hurri- canes ; partiodarly from a dreadful one, Oct. 10 1780. It is 70 miles E of St. Vin- cent. The capital is Bridgetown. Barbarii, country of Africa, between the Atlantic ocean, the Mediterranean sea, and Egypt ; cont lining the countries of Barca, Tripoli, Tunis, AI.j;iers, Fez, anrl Morocco. It is ne.Hr 2000 miles in length, and, in some places, 750 in breadth. It was known to the ancient^ by the names of Mauritania, Nuinidia, Proper .\frica, and Lvbia. It is the best c Hin'ry in all \frica, except Egypt, and fertile in corn, wine, citrons, oranges, figs, alin,)nds, olives, dates, and melons. The chief »rade consists in fruits, in the horses called barbs, Morocco leather, ostpches feathers, indigo, wax, tin, and coral. The established religion is the Ma- hometan, and tliere are so:ne Jews ; but no Chri. ians, except the slaves. Barbas, cape of Africa, in tlie \tlantic Ocean. Lon. 162 40 W, la-. 2 15 X. Barbs, St. a town of Mexico, in New Bi-icay. near which are rich silver mines. It is 500 miles N W of Mexico. Lon. 107 5 W, l.t. 26 N. Barherino, town of Tuscany, at the foot of t'le \p,ienines, on the rver Sieva, 12 miles N of Florence. Barbezienx, town of France in the de- part ment of Charente, with a min.ral spring, aula manufacture of linen cloth. It is 45 miles N E of Bourdeaux. Barboitsville, post t nvn and capital of Knox county, Kentucky; 125 miles S from Frankfort. BarboiisviUe, post town of Orange cou tj-, Virginia, 80 miles N W from llicimond. Barbuda, one r,f the Leeward Islands, in the West Indies, 20 miles long and 10 broad. It has a good road for shipping, but no divecf trnile to Briiaiiv I'l^e inha- bi'ants (about 1500) are chiefly employed in raising'corn, and breeding cattle, for the use of the neighbouring islands. It is 'j5 miles N of Antigua. Lon, 61 50 W, lat. 17 50 X. Bnrbue, river of Upper Canada, falls into lake E'ie, 40 miles W from Long Point. It is now commonly called the Orwell. Barbue, river of the United States, in the peninsula of Michigan ; falls into lake NUchigan. Barby, town of Upper Saxony, capital of a county of its name, with an ancient castle, and an academical college, founded by the United Brethren, in 1754. It is seated on the Elbe, 15 miles S E of Mag- deburg. Lon. 12 4 E, lat. 52 2 N. Barca, country of Barbary, on the S coast of the Mediterranean, between Tri- 71 li A it 1] A ki poll and Egypt. The S part is a barren de- sert, inhabited by wandering Arabs. The N part along the coists is fertile and well peopled. It belongs to the Turks, and is governed by a sangiac, dependant on t!ie bashaw, who resides at Tripoli. Uerna is the capital. Barcelona, city of Spain, capital of Ca- talonia, and a bishop's see, with a good harbour, on the Mediierranean. It is of an oblong form, defended by a strong fort, called iVIontjoy, which stands on a rocky mountain, a mile W of the vown. It h;;3 double wails on the N and E, and the sea on the S, with a mole for the security of ships. It is divided into the new and old town, by a wall and ditcli : and tlie sea having retired considerably from the port- gates, a whole quarter of the town now stands on 'lie s .ndsthat were once the bot- tom of the harbour. It has a fine univer- sity, an inquisition, a cathedral with two lofty towers, a palace for the viceroy, a large exchange, an extensive cannon foun- dery, an arsenal containing arms for seve- ral thousand men, and docks for the build- ing of galleys. It is a place of great trade, lias curious works in glass, ancl its swords, knives, shoes, and blankets, are in great reputation. The inhabitants are computed at more than 100,000. In 1705, it was taken by the earl of Peterborough, after a siege of three v.-eeks. In 1706, Philip V. invested it wi'h a numerous army, but was obliged to raise the siege. In 1714, it was taken by the French und Spaniards, and a citadel budt to keep it in awe. The French took this city m 1808. It is 250 miles N E by E of Madrid. Lon. 2 8 E. lat. 41 23 N. Barcelona, town of Columbia, South America, on the Caribbean sea, 40 miles S W by W from Cum'ana. Lat. 10 1 N, Lon. W C 12 5 E. Barcelonette, town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Alps, seated on the Hubave, 12 rniles S E of Embrun. Barcelore, or Barciira, a town of Hin- donstan, on the coast of Cahara, which gives name to a district, but has been long in ruins. It is 40 miles N N W of Manga- lore. Bar-le-duc, town of France, in the do partment of Meuse, capital of the late duchy of Bar, with a handsome castle. It is divided into the upper and lower town ; being seated on the side of a hill, 30 miles W of Toul, and 138 E of Paris. Lon. 5 20 E, lat. 48 44 N. Jiar-sur-./lube, town of France, in the department of Aube, famous for its wines ; seated at the foot of a mountain, 18 miles S W oi JoinviUe. Bav-sur- Seine, town of France, in the department of Aube, on the river Seine, at the foot of a mountain, 20 miles S W of l?ar-sar-Aube. Barkhampstead, township in Litchfield countv, Connecticut. Population in 1810, 1,506,' and in 1820, 1,592. _Ba)'/ow, township in Washington county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 316. Barcelos, town of Portugal, in Entre Douero e Minho, near the river Cavado, 10 miles W S W of Braga. Banle-vic'i, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Lunnenberg, on tlie river U- menau, 17 miles S E of Hamburg. Bardi, town of Italy, in the Parmesan, with a magnificent castle, 30 miles S VV of PaiT.,a. Bardt, town of Germany, in Swedisli Pomerania, with a castle and harbour, near tlie Baltic, 12 mile3 VV by N of Stralsund. Lon. 13 12 E, lat. 54 23 N. Barefields, post town of Liberty county, South Carolina, 414 miles from Washing- ton. Bareffes, village of France, much fre- quented on account of its mineral batiis. It is seated in a vallej' of the same name, 12 miles S of Bagneres. Bardth, town of Franconia, in the mar- gravate of Culembach, witii a famous col- lege, 15 miles S E of Culembach. Lon. if 56 E, lat. 50 N. Barjleur, town of France, in the depart- ment of the Channel and late province of Normandy. The cape of that name is 12 miles E of Cherburg, and near it, part of the navy of France was destroyed by the English, in 1692. It is 17o miles N W of Paris. Lon. 1 6 W, lat. 49 40 N. Bargainio-.vn, post village of Gloucester comity, New Jersey. Baril, Islands of, in the St. Lawrence river, above Ogdeiishurg. Baril, Point, in St. Lawrence river, above Ogdensburg. Bari, formerly a good seaport town of Ny.ple-, tdl its harbour was ruined by the Venetians. It is seated in the gulf of Ve- nice, is tlie capital of Terra di Bari, and an archbishop's see. It is 20 miles E of 'I'rani. Lon. 17 5 E, lat. 41 26 N. Bari, or Terra di Bari, province of Na- ples, on the gulf of Venice. The air i temperate, and the soil fertile ; but there are many serpents and tarantulas. Barkadorev, district of the Logwood country, cast side of Yucatan. Jiarkin^, a town of Essex, with a market on Saturday, seated on the river Rodirg, near the Thames, in an unwholesome aiiv. It is ciiiefly celebrated for a magnificent nuriuery Ibunded in 675, a gateway and a part of the walls of which are .still visible. It is seven miles E of London. Lon. 1- E, lat. 51 52 N. Bark-^daL; post village t-.f I/\ncoln county. Georgia, with about 1000 inhabitants, or.. third slaves. Barlt'tt, township of Grafton county, 1; BAR BAR the state of New Hampshire, containing Durham, and 244 N NW of London Lon. 700 inhabi ants. 1 4y W, lat. 54 35 N. Barletta, liandsome ajid strong town of Barnardston, townsliip in Franklin coun- Naples, in Bari, wiih a b shop's see, i,ea cd ty, Ma>suclniseUs. Populaiion in 1820, 912. in the gulf of Ve'iice, 25 miles W S W of Barneato-wn, post tr-wn, Montgdmcry Bar. Lon. 16 32 E, lat. 41 30 N. county, Maryland, 37 mil<^s from Baltimore, Barnard, townsliip of Windsor county, in the state of Vermont, containing about 1,650 iiiliabitants. Abnut 60 miles N E from Bennington, and 21 N W from Wind- sor. Barnard, post village, Meigs county, Ohio. Barnegat, inlet from the Atlantic ocean, on the E coast of New Jersey, about 70 miles N E from Cape May. Barnegat, village of Duchess county. New York, on the E side of the Hudson, 10 miles S from Poughkeepsie. Baniegat-batf, of New Jer ey, in Mon- mouth county, 63 miU s N E by N. from Cape xMay. Lat. 39 47 N, lun. W C 2 47 E. Barnet, town in Caledonia county, Ver- mont, on the W side of Connecticut ri- and 36 rom Was ington city. Barnesville, post town of Belmont coun- ty, Ohio, 11 miles S W from St. Clairsville. Burnet, post town of Caledonia county, Vermont, on the west side of Connecticut river, below the mouth of Passampsick ri- ver. Barnet's, post village in Fauquier county, V rginia, 60 miles W from Washington city. BarnMable, county of Massachusetts, having Plymouth N W ; Buzzard's bay W ; the Atlantic Ocean S E ; and Cape Cod bay N. This county is peculiar in respect to form ; it includes tliat remarkable penin- sula to which the name of Cape Cod has been extended, and includes, besides the peninsula, tiie Elizabeth group, and some other small islands. Following the curva- ver, 19 miles N of Haverhill, New Hamp- ture of the cape, it is about 65 miles in shire. This township is settled princi- length, with a mean width if 5 miles area; pally by emigrants from Scotland, as the 325 squa' e miles. The surface is generally name implies, who were estimated at 858 flat ; soil sandy and barren ; but the air is in 1800 Here is a post office 596 miles heathful. Chief town, Barnstable, from Washington. Population in 1810. Barnet, town partly in Middlesex, and Free white males . . - 10 905 partly in Herts, with a market on Monday. do. do. females - - - 11,069 It is in the parish of East Barnet, and si- All other persons except Indians tuated on the top of a hill, whence it is not taxed .... 235 call d High Barnet, and also Chipping Barnet, from a market granted here, by Total population in 1810 - - 22,211 Henry [I. to the monks of St. Alban's. At the meeting of the St. Alban's and Hat- Population in 1820- field roads is a column, with an inscription Free white males to commemorate the decisive battle which was fought, 1471, near this place, between the houses of York and Lancaster. Barnet is 11 miles N by W of London. Lon. 5 W, lat. 51 42 N. Barnsborough, village in Gloucester county, of the sta'e of New Jersey, about 14 miles below Philadelphia. Barnestead, township of Strafford county, in the state of New Hampshire, containing about 1500 inhabitants. It is 30 miles N W of Portsmouth. Barnsley, town in the \V riding of York- shire, With a market on Wednesday, and a consider ble manufacture of coarse linen. It is seated on the side of a hill, 13 miles N of Sheffield, and 174 N by W of Lon- don. Lon. 1 28 W, lat. 53 35 N. Barnsley, village of Gloucestershire. It is noted for large quarries of excellent free- stone, and 4 miles N E of Cirencester. Barnard Castle, town in the county of Durham, with a market on Wednesday. It is seated on the river Tees, and has a manufacture of stockings, 30 miles S W cff K - 11,765 do. do. females - - - 12,080 Tot.al whites . . - . 23,845 Free persons of colour, males - 98 do do. females 83 Slaves, males .... do. females ... Total population in 1820 • 24,046 Of these ; Foreigrers not naturalized - 29 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,558 do in Manufactures - - 912 do. in Commerce - - 3,363 Population to the square mile, 74 nearly. Barnstable, post town and capital of Ranista!)!e county, Massachusetts. It is situated in Barnstable bay, a part of Cape Cod bay, 64 miles S 3 E from Boston. This town is flourishing and commercial. Po- pulation, 3650. Barnstable, township in Barnstable coun- ty, Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 3,Ci6, and in 1820, 3,824 Banuttead, township in StraiFord county. li A R U A R New Hampshire. Population in ISIO, 1171, and in 1820, 1805. Barn-ivell, district of South Carolina, having Savannah river SW ; Edgefield NW; brangeburgh NE ; Colleton and Beau- fort SE ; being 50 miles in length by a mean width of 35 ; area 1050 square miles ; surface hilly, and soil of middling quality. Staples, cotton and grain. Chief town, Barnwell. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 4,096 do. do. females . - - 3,873 All other free persons, except In- dians not taxed - - - 158 Slaves 4,153 Total population in 1810 males - females 12,280 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - Total whites Free persons of colour, : do. do. Slaves, males do. females 4,115 4,047 8,162 157 95 ■ 3,224 3,112 Total population in 1820 14,750 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 11 Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,800 do. in Manufactures - - 117 do. in Commerce - - 19 Population to the square mile, 14. Barnwell, cai/ital of Barnwell district. South Carolina. Lat. jZ 13 N, Ion. 4 20 W. Baroach, town in the Deccan of Hin- doostan, on the S bank of the Nerbiidda, 40 miles N of Surat, formerly a very com- mercial place. Lon. 72 55 E, lat. 21 25 X. Barrmix, fortress of Dauphiny, at the entrance of the valley of Gresivaudan, built by a duke of Savoy in 1597. It is seated on the Isere, six miles S. of Cham- berry. Lon. 5 52 B, lat. 45 29 N. Barre, post town of Worcester county, Massachusetts : it is distant about 60 miles W from Boston, and contained in 1810. 1,991, and in 1820, 2077 inhabitants. And a village with a post office in Orange coun- ty, Vermont, about 15 miles from Newbury, the county town. Barre, township in Genessee connty, New York. Population in 1820, 1,767. Barre, township in Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania Population in 1810, 1,053, and in 1820, 1,387. Barren, Great and IJiiIe, two consider- able branches of Green river, in the state of Kentucky. Barren, county of Kentucky, having a part of Tennessee S ; Allen S W ; Warren 74 W ; Hardin N ; and Greene, Adair, and Cumberland E ; the surface generally level, and soil of middling quality. It is 45 miles in length, by a mean width of 20 ; area 900 square miles. Chief town, Glasgow. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 4,801 do. do. females - - 4,578 All other persons except In- dians not taxed ... 7 Slaves 1,656 Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females 11,042 4,021 3,854 7,875 Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do do. females 4 Slaves, males .... 1,213 do. females - - - 1,233 Total population in 1820, 10,328 I 2,531 69 Of these ; Foreigners not natur.alized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce - - o:^ Population to the square mile 11. Barrier Point, the W point, where the river Petite Nation enters the Ottawa. Barrington, township of Bristol county, in the state of Rhode Island, situated on the S W side of Warren river. Popula- tion in 1810, 604, and in 1820, 634. Barrington, townsliip of New Hampshire, about 30 miles N W of Portsmouth. Po. pulation in 1810, 3,564, and in 1820, 1610. Barrington Greaf, township of Berkshire, Massachusetts, about 150 miles westward from Boston. Population in 1810, 1,784, and in 1820, 1908. Burt, township in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1099, and in 1820, 1,423. Bartholomew, St. one of the Caribbee islands, in the West Indies, 30 miles N of St, Christopher. It is 20 miles in circum- ference, and has a good harbour. The French ceded it to the Swedes in 1785. Lon. 63 low, lat. 17 36 N. Bartholomew, St. parish of South Caro- lina, in the district of Charleston, contain- ing about 13,000 inhabitants, three-fourths slaves. Bartholemew, small river of Arkatssas and Louisiana, rising in the former, and falling into Onachitta, in the latter. Bartholemew, Cape, south point of Staten Island, in the straits of Le Maire. Bartlett, township in Coos county, New Hampshire, Population in 1810, 436. ant^, in 1820, 511. r, A a A & Barton, town in Lincolnshire, situated on the Humber, where there is a ferry into Yorkshire, of great advantage to the town, which is 35 miles N of Lincoln and 166 of London. It has a market on Monday. Lon. 20 W, lat. 55 42 N. Barton, post town of Orleans county, Vermont. Barton, township in the county of Lin- coln, Upper Canada. Barton, small river of Vermont, rising in Orleans county, and falling into lake Memphramagog. Baruth, once a considerable town of Sy- ria, with a Christian church, 30 miles N E of Seyda. Lon. 36 30 E, lat. 34 10 N. Basartschick, a town of Turkey in Eu- rope, in Romania. It has a great trade, and is seated on the river Meritz or Maritza. Lon. 24 40 E, lat. 42 19 N. Basel, or Basle, canton of Swisserland, 24 miles long and 21 broad ; bounded on the N by Brisgau ; E by the Forest towns; S by the canton of Soleure, and W by the bishopric of Basel and France. It contains about 38,000 inhabitants, and is of the Calvinist religion. Basel, bishopric in tlie N W part of Swisserland ; bounded on the E by the canton of Basel ; S by that of Soleure, and W and X by France. The bishop was a prince of the German empire. In 1798, the French seized on this territory, an- nexed it to France, and made it a new de- partment, called xMont Terrible. Basel, the capital of the canton of the same name, and the largest town in -Swis- serland. It is surrounded by thick walls, flanked by towers and bastions ; and is di- vided into two parts by the Rhine, whicit communicate by a handsome bridge. The largest part is on the side of Swisserland, and the least on that of Germany. The larger has five gates, six suburbs, numer- ous streets and fountains, and is partly seated on a hill : the other stands on a ])lain, and has but two gates, with several streets and fountains. The principal church is an elegant Gothic building, but disfi- gured by rose-coloured paint spread over the whole edifice. Under a marble tomb in it, is interred the great Erasmus. The town-house, and fine paintings in fresco, are much admired. The university, found- ed in 1459, has a fine library, and a rich cabinet of medals. The clocks here are always an hour too fast ; because the town- clock went so on a day appointed to mur- der the magistrates, by which the con- .spiracy was disconcerted. Basel has se- veral manufactures, particularly of paper, ribands, and cottons ; and it carries on an extensive trade. Three treaties of peace were concluded here in one year, 1795, with the French republic; namely, by Prussia, Spain, and Ilesse Cassel. The al- lies jjassed through this city when tlicy in- vaded France, in December, 1813. Basel is capable of containing 100,000 inhabi- tants ; but the number is scarcely more than 14,000. It is 1 74 miles N by E of Ge- neva, and 250 E bv S of Paris. Lon. 7 30 E, lat 47 o5 N. Bnshee, island in the China sea, the most eastern of a cluster called, fi-om this, the Bashee islands, lying to the S of Formosa. The productions are piantaias, bananas, pine-apples, sugar-cane, potatoes, yams, and cotton. The quadrupeds are goats and hogs. Bashee is of a circular form, six miles in diameter, and has a town of the same name. Lon. 121 50 E, lat. 20 30 N. Basilicata, province of Naples, bounded on the N by Capitanata and Bari ; E by the gulf of Taranta ; S by Calabria Citeriore ; and W by Principato Citeriore and Ulte- riore. Jt has some mountains continually covered with snow, but is fertile in corn, wine, oil, coiton, honey, and saffron. Ace- renza is tlic capital. Basilipntamo, river of European Turkey, in the Morca, which flows into the gulf of Colocythia. It was called Eurotas by the ancients. Basin-ffarbor, post village of Addison county, Vermont. Basin Minas, bay or small gulf at the N E extremity of tlie bay of Fundy. Basingstoke, a corporate town in Hamp- shire, with a market on Wednesday. It has a great trade in corn and malt, a manufac- ture of druggets and shalloons, and a navi- gable canal to the river Wey, near its en- trance into the Thames. It is 18 miles N N E of Winchester, and 4o W by S of London. Baskenridgc, post town of Somerset county. New Jersey, seven miles SSWfrom Morristovv-n. Here, on the 13th Decem- ber, 1776, General Lee was taken prisoner by Colonel Harcourt of the British ■Avmy. Basques, late territory of France, which included Lower Navarre, Labourd, and Soule, and now forms, with Beam, the de- partment of Lower Pyrenees. Bass, an insulated rock near the coast of Scotland, at the entrance of the frith of Forth, between the towns of N Ber- wick and Dunbar. On the S side it is almost conic ; on the other it overhangs the sea in a tremendous manner. It is inaccessible on all sidii-s, except thf; SW, and there it is with difliculty a man can climb up by the help of a rope f)r lad- der. In May and June it is quite co- vered with the nests, eggs, and young birds of the gannets. or solan geese. The rock is one mile in circumfer- ence, aiid lias a rabbit warrei^ and pas- ture, for a few sheep. A ruinous castle, '•nee the state prison of Scotland, stands 75 B A S BAT at the edt;e of the precipice. The gar- rison, in i694, surrendertd to kinii; Wil- liam, and the fortifications were demo- lished. /iass Strait, channel about iO leagues wide, which separaies Van Dieint-n Land from the S extremity of N w Hol- land. It contains a chain of small isl- ands extending N and S. It was disco- Aered in 1798 by surgeon Bass. Bassano, town of Viccnlino, in the terriiory of Venice, on the river Brante, in a country fertile in excellent wine Lon. 11 24E. lat. 45 51 N. Basse, town of France, in the depart ment of the North and late province of Flanders, tarn -us for the many siegts it has sL;s:;iined : but its fi.rtihrations are now demolished. It is 18 miles SVV of Lisle. Lnn 2 52 E lat 50 28 N. . Ba&seen, city and fortr ss in the D c- can of Hindoostan, oppi^sitr the N end of Salsette, It is 27 iniles N of Bombay. Lon 72 10 E. lat. 19 19 N. ' Basseni hivaite-ivat cr . a fine lake in Cumbi.rl.nd, three iniks NW ot K.s- wick. It is lour miles lung, bouiided on one side by high hills, woi ded, in many places, to thdr bases ; on the other, by the fields, and ihe skins of Skid aw Buf,se'erre capital of St. Chri.^tdpl^er, bui't by the French, before the is. and was ceded to the English in 1713. Ba&seierre, cajiital of Guadahiupe, in a district of the same name, in the W part < f the island It is <.V fendi d by a citadel and • tin r fortifications Lon. 61 59 VV. lat 15 o9N Bass Co-ve, in Adolphustown, bay of Qui te, Upp< r (Canada. Bass Island, in the bay of Quint.-, lies off near to the t)wn plot in Adolphus- town. Bass Tsla7ids. an interesting group in lake Erie, pperta ning t Huron coun- ty Onio. Tnis cluster is coiDp sed of three principal and several snal er isl- ands. In the soutliern Bass island is the fine harbour ./f Put-in-bay about 5 or 6 miles west of which on S' ptember 10th 1!-!13, c.iptain Ptrrycaptund the Bri tihh fleet, under the command of captain Bare' ay. Bassora, or Bussarah. city and sea- port of Turkey in Asia, 40 miles NVV f the gulf of Persia It stands on the Eu- phrates, a canal from whicli divid> s the city into two patts; and ovtr it i> a bridge of bnuts. The houses are c:>n- st' ucted of bricks dri< d in the sun, and have a vi ry mean aspect. T'^e circum jac^-nt tract is lo' ked up n by th-^' Arabs to he one of the m-^st delii^litful spots in Asia, and ever, as one of the mobt beau- re tiful gardens in the world. The hot winds that blow here are very trouble- some to travellers, some timesoverwhelm- ing them with sand driven out of the neigiibouring deserts. In 1691, the plague destroyed 80,000 of the inhabitants. It is 240 mih s S by E of Bagdad. Lon. 44 52 E. lat. 29 26 N. Bastard, township of Upper Canada, between Lansdowne and Leeds. /iastia, seapnri in Albania, in Turkey in Eur 'pe, opposite the island of Corfu, at the mouth of the river Calamu. Lon. 20 20 E. lat. 39 40 N. Basliu, capital of Corsica, with a good harljour, a strong castle, and a bishop's see It surrendered to lord H od, in 1794, but has since revolted to France. It is 70 miles SSVV of Leghorn. Lon 9 30 E. lat. 42 39 N. Bastimen'os, the name of some small i'^lands near I'erra Firma, in South Ame- rica, at the m' utii ot the bay of Nombre de Dii'S, \y\\.h a fi-rt and a good harbour. L.u 9 ,2 N. Ion W C 2 40 W. Bas'i'gne, town of Austrian Luxem- burg. 25 mil s NW ■ f Luxemburn Lon. 6 E lat 50 N. Baracola, se.acred by the natives, becausr one of their bull dogs killed a consecrated cow. Bataseck. tower of Lower Hungary, on the D ioulje 70 miles S of Buda Lon. 19 20 E. lat 6 15 N Ba'av'a, city of the island of Java, ca- pital ot all thi Dutch settlements in the East Irdies. In gem ral, the place is ve- ry beautiful and built of white stones; they have canals in the principal streets, planted on each side with evergreen trtes. It is the residence of the gover- nor g'-nerai of all the Dutch colonies in t'u- East Indies. It has a handsome hospital and arsfnal ; and all the goods brought from other parts of the East In- dies are laid up h( re, till they are ex- port! d to their places of destination The air is very unwholesome ; and this place is represented as the grave of Europe- an navigators. Shortly after the Dutch declared war against England. Batavia was captured by the British. Lon 106 51 E lat 6 lu S Baiavia, post town and capital of Ge- n- ssee c unty New York 48 miles west frem Canandaigua, and 38 miles east from Buffalce. it is a thriving village ; B A T BAT population, including the township of the same name, in 1820, 2597. JSatvaia, township of Geauga county Ohio. Population in 1820 355. Batavia, township in Clermont county Ohio. Popalation in 1820 1208 Batca/i, town of M xico, in Yucatan, on the side of the bay of Campeachy. Bath, city in Somersetshire, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It has b en famous from the time of the Ro- mans, for its hot springs, which are not only used as baths, but internally as a medicine. The reputation of tht >e wa- ters las so mucli increas> d, that Bath is become the principal resort, n( xt to the metropolis, for the nobility and gentry, and the constai.t residenc- of mi-ny opu- lent invalids, as well as cf numerous vo- tarus of dissipation. In s])h odour and el gancr of buildings, it exce ds every towr- it) England ; tliey are constructed of a white stone, and the fronts, which are all thr e stories high, are adorned with three rows of columns in pairs of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders. The principal seasons for the waters ar - spring and autumn Tin poor who om - h- re to drink tWe wairrs, may be received into a magnificent hospital Bath is seated on the Avon, which has been made na- vigable hence to Brii^tol : 12 miles ESE of Bristol, and 107 W of London. Lon. 2 21 W. lat. 51 32 N Bath, township in Steuben county. New York. Population in 1820, 2578. Ba(/i, village in Steuben county, New York with a post-office, 20 miles N W of the P-iinted Post, and 40 miles south from Canandaigua. Baih post-town, township, and port of entry Lincoln county Maine, on the right bank of the Kenebec, 34 miles NE from Portland. Population in 1810, 2491, and in 1820, 3026. Ba(/i: township in Grafton county. New Hampshire. Pnpulation in 1810, 1316, and in 1820, 1498. Bath, village in Rensallaer county New York, on the east side of the Hudson, opposite the Upper part of Albany. Bath, town of Bn-kely county Virgin- ia, 104 miles NW from Washington. Here are the Berkely springs. Bath, township in Medina county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 176. Baih, township in Greene county Ohio. Population in 1810, 913, and in 1820, 1185. Bath, county of Virginia, having Bot- tetourt and Monroe S Greenbriar W ; Randolph NW ; P<-ndletnn NE ; A us- ta E ; and Rockbridge SE. It is 45 miles in length with a mean breadth of 20 miles; and 900 square miles, Situated in the Appalachian ridges, the face of this county is mountainous ; the air is pure and healthy ; the soil in general rather sti rde, though some very produc- tive land lies along the streams. Chief town, Warren Springs. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 2,006 do. do. females - - 1,900 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - 49 Slaves 882 Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Frte white males do. do. females 4,837 2,012 1,953 Total whites - - - 3,965 Free persons of colour, males 31 do. do. females, 331 Slaves, males _ _ - 586 do. females _ - - 616 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - 6 Total population in 1820 - 5,237 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized - 3 Engaged in Agriculture - 1,697 do. in Manufactures - 84 do in Commerce - I2 Population to the square mile, 6 nearly. Bath court house, post town of Bath county, Virf-inia, and the principal seat of justice, 50 miles W from Staunton, and 227 from Washifigton. Bath post towi; of Beaufort county North Carolina, 61 miles SE of Eden- ton, situated on Tar river 24 miles above Pamlicoe sound Lat. 35 31 N. Bath- countj' of Kentucky, having Ni- cholas NW ; Flemming NE; Floyd SE; and Mi.nlgomery SW. It is 34 miles in length, with a mean breadth of 10 ; area 340 square miles. Chief town Ow- ingsville. Population in 1820. Free white males - - 3,443 do. do. females - - 3,242 Total whites - . - 6,685 Free persons of colour, males 28 do. do. females, 24 Slaves, males - . - - 655 do. females ... 589 Total population in 1820 - 7,961 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - none Engaged in Agriculture • 1,865 77 B \ r li A \ Engaged in Manufactures - 178 do- in Commerce - 9 Population to the square mile, 23. Bat/ia, or Bachia, town of Hungary, in a county of the saaie name, on the Da- nube, 110 miles SSE of Buda. Lon. 20 40 E. iat. 45 36 N. Battel, town in Sussex, with a market on Thursday, famous for a decisive vic- tory gained by William I. over Harold in 1066; in memory of which he founded here a celebrated abbey, which its re- mains show to have been a noble struc- ture. This town is noted for a manufac- ture of gunpowder, well known by the name of Battle powder. It is 22 miles E of L>-wes, and 57 SE of London. Lon 33 E, hit 50 55 N. liatecola, fortified town on the east coast of Ceylon. Lon. 81 3 E. Iat. 5 55 N. Battenburgh, town of Dutch Guelder- land, seated on the N bank cf the Meuse, ten miles SW of Nimuguen. Lon. 5 33 E. Iat 51 43 N. Batteraux, island in the river St. Lawrence, above Bearded Island. Battersea, village in Surry, noted for its fine asparagus Near it stands a dis- tillery and a curious horizontal airmill. Here Sir Wake'- St. John founded a free-schi,ol ; aiid here is a timber bridge over the Thames to Chelsea. Batter- sea is four miles WSW of London. Baton Rouge, post town of Louisiana, on the left bank of the river Mississippi. Herein the ascending the river banks i ise to any considerable height above the elevation of the water in freshets. It is about 138 miles above New Orleans following the river. Here the coun- try is finely improved. The town con- tains ab. ut 60 or 70 houses and 350 in- habitants. Baton Rouge, east, parish of Louisi- ana, on the left bank of the Mississippi river, ht)ving, that stream W ; New Fe- liciana N ; the Amiter iver, or St. He- lena E ; Iberville river, or St. Gabriel S. It is 26 miles in length with a mean width of 15 ; area 400 .square miles. Its surface is rolling towards the north, but becomes generally level to the southward. The soil is fertile and in its natural state covered with a dense forest. Staple, cotton. Chief town Baton Rouge. Population in 1820. Free white males - - 1,407 do. do. females - - 1,193 Total whites - - - 2,600 Free persons of colour, males 49 do. do. females. 8.^ 78 Slaves, males - - - 1,074 do. females _ _ . 1,002 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - 412 Total population in 1820 - 5,220 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 55 Engaged in Agriculture - 1,612 do. in Manufactures - 153 do. in Commerce - 81 Population to the square mile, 13. Baton Rouge, west, parish of Louisi- ana, on the right bank of the Mississippi, opposite east Baton Rouge, having the Mississippi river E ; Plaquemine river, or St. Gabriel SE ; Atchafalaya river SW and W ; and Pointe Coupee N. It is 30 milt s in length by 25 mean width ; area 750 square miles. Its surface a dead alluvial plain, extremely fertile, but except near the margin of the Missis- sippi, and some other streams, liable to annual submersion. Staple, cotton. Population in 1820. Free white males - - 503 do. do. females - - 405 Tot.al whites - - - 908 Free persons of colour, males 63 do. do. females, 61 Slaves, males . - - - 734 do. females - - - 569 Total population in 1820 - 2^335 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 16 Engaged in Agriculture - 833 do. in Manufactures ~ 8 do. in Commerce - 7 Population to the square mile, 3. This population is however confined in great part to the bank of the Mississippi river. Haltle field, village in Shropshire, five miles N of Shrewsbury, where the de- cisive victory was gained by Henry IV. over Henry Percy, surnamed Hotspur. Battleioivn, post town of Frederick county, Virginia, 11 miles E by N from Stevensburg, six E from Winchester, and 16 NW of Washington. Batturc Grand, on the Ottawa river, below the Portage du Chene. Upper Canada. Batuculla, town of Hindoostan, in Ca- nara, with iwo mosques, and upwards of seventy ten^ples. It is seated near the mouth fjf the Sancada, which waters a beautiful valley, 27 miles NNW of Kun- dapura. Bavaria, late circle and electorate of B A V B A \ Germany, now a kingdom. It is bound- ed NE and S by the Austrian empire ; W by VVittemburg and Baden ; and N by several Germaii states. It contains Ba- varia Prnper. the Upper Palatinate, the bishopricks oi Freissingen and Passau ; the duchy of Npuburg, and the archbishop- ric of Saltzburg, and some other states, ■with 35 cities, 94 towns, 753 castles, 4700 villages, 8 great abbeys, and 75 cloisters and monasteries, besides those of the mendicants ; comprehending in all a superficial area of 32,000 English square miles.a population of 3,560,000 and a revenue of 2,600,000/ Among the nu- merous revolutions which the power of France has brought about on the Conti- nent, this electorate has assumed its an- cient regal honours, having been erected into a kingdom by Napolean Buonaparte who has nearly doubled her territory at the expense of Austria, and was acknow- ledged an independent kingdom by the emperor of Austria, at the treaty of peace concluded between Austria and France, at Presburg, in 1805, and since that by the European powers. The po- licy of France, was admirably directed in this measure to its own interest, by reducing the dangerous power of Aus- tria, and establishing a useful ally on that important side of the French terri- tories. But notwithstanding, the king of Bavaria withdrew his troops from those of France, and joined the Grand Alliance against that empire, in October, 1813, on condition of their guaranteeing the inte- grity of his dominions. The accession which Bavaria received to support this regal dignity, has been the incorporation of the whole of the German and Italian Tyrol, the bishopric of Anspach, with several other large bishoprics and lord- ships in Germany ; and all claims to fiefs and manorial rights the emperor has re- signed. The inhabitnnts are strong and laborious and exercise themselves in shooting with rifle muskets at a mark, to render themselves expert against an enemy. Bavaria Proper, late duchy, and the principal part of the late circle of Bavaria. It is 125 miles long and 87 broad, and di- vided into Upper and Lower Bavaria. Toward the S the country is mountainous, intersected with forests, lakes, morasses pastures : and toward the N are large plains which produce plenty of corn ; there arc likewise many salt v/orks, medicinal springs and balhs, mines of copper, silver, and lead, and quarries of excellent marble. The principal rivers are the Danube, Inn, Iser, and Nab. The inhabitants are deem- ed the most zealous catholics in Europe, Tlie capital is Munich. Bavaria, Palatinate of, late duchy, some* times c.lled JVordgmt, trim its situauon in the N part of the lait- circle oi Bavaria ; and somevi^ies^the Upper Falatinntes, dis- tiiigaisii ii irom ihp la e palatinate of the Rhine, often called the L.)wer Palatit'ate. It IS verv ter.ile, and watered by the Nub, and several smaller rivers. The capital is Amberg. Bavaif, town of France, in the depart- ment of Nord. It was taken by the Aus- trians, in 1792, but recovered the same year. It is six miles NE of Quesnoy, and 12 SW of Mons. Baiige, town sif France, in the department of Mayenne and Loire, sei^ted on the Coes- nsn, 18 miies E of Angers. Beiigenci, town of France, in the depart- ment of Lo.re, and late province of Orlea- nois, seated on a hill, at the foot of which runs the Loire. It is famous for its wines, and is six miles W of Orleans. Baugkman, township in Wayne county, Ohio. Poptilation in 1820, 553. Baiime-les-Ji'ones, town of France, in ihe department of Daubs and lale province of Tranche Comte. It had before 'he French revolution a rich nunnery, from which it received its appellation. Baume is 15 miles SW of Besancon. Lon. 6 24 E. lat. 47 24 N. Bausk or BaiUko, small but important town of Courland, on the frontiers of Po- land, with a castle on a rock. It is seated on the river Musza, 15 miles SE of Mittau. Lon. 23 56 E. lat. 56 30 N Bautzen, considerable town of Germany and capital of Upper Lusatia, with a strong citadel. It stands on the river Spree, 50 miles E of Dresden. Lon. 14 42 E lat. 51 ION. Bajix, tovin of France, In the department of the Mouths of the Rhone and late pro- vince of Pi'ovence. It is built upon a r. ir,vented The hams aid chocolate of B»)onne ar: famous. It is 25 miles S\V of Dax, and 425 S by W of Pans. Lon. 1 20 W. 1 X. 4 5 29 N. Bazas, town of Fr.ince, in the department of Girond.- and late province ofGnienne, and !a e!y an episcopal see. Lon. 2 W. lat. 44 22 N. Bazetta, town.-hip in Trumbull county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 196. Beach Island, township in Hancock county, Maine. Population in 1810, 4, and in 1820, 8. Beachyhead, promontory on the coast of Sussex, between Has'ings and Shoreham, where the French fleet defeated the Eng- lish and Dutch in 1690. Lon. 19 E. lat. 50 54 N. Beacomsfiehl, town in Biicks, with a mar- ket on Thursday The Poet Waller died here, and is interred in tlie ciiurch-yard, as is likewise the late Edmund Muike who resided here. It is 23 miles WNW of London. Lon. 30 W. lat. 51 36 N. Beami/ister, town in Dorsetshire, with a market on Thursday, seated on the Beri, 15 miles WNW of Dorchester, and 138 W by S of London. Lon. 2 52 W. lat. 50 50 N. Bearded Is/and, in tlie river St. Lavv- rence, above lake St. Francis. Bearjield, township in Perry county, Ohio. Population in 1S20, 428. Bear creek-, small branch of Tennessee, which gains importance from being for a short space the boundary between the states of Alabama and Mississippi. Bear creek, also another inconsiderable stream, running into the western side of Miami river in Montgomery county Ohio. Bear Gap, small post village of North- umberland county, Pen^,sylv.^nia. Bear Lnhe, one of the sources of the Mississippi, about lat. 48 20 N. Beard's creek, in Georgia, a small brancli of Alatamahah river, in Liberty coiintv. 80 Beard'' s Mill, post office, Rowan county, Npnh f;arolina. Bearn, late province of France, bounded on the E by Bigorre, on the S by Spanish Ntvarre, on the W by Saule and a part of Lower Navarre, and on the N by Gascony and \rmagnac. It now forms with Basques, the department of the Lower Py- renees. Beattie's Ford, post office of L'ncoln county, Nortli Carolina. Beaucaire, town of France, in the de- partment of Gard on the Rhone, opposite Tarascon, with which it has a communica- tion by a bridge of boats. It is 10 miles E of Nismes. Lon, 4 39 E. lat. 43 50 N. Beauce, late province of France, be- tween the Isle of France, Blasois, and Or- leanois. It now forms the department of Eure md Loire. Beanchamois Me, in the north-easterly part of lake Superior, not a great way from the shore, and eastward of Isle Hocquart. Beauclere, port in an island on the NW coast of America. Lat. 56 17 N. Ion. W C 56 37 AV. Beaufort, small town of France, in the department of Maine and Loire and late province of Anjou, contaitiing about 100 houses. It is 15 miles E of Angers. Lon. 9 W. lat. 47 26 N. Beaufort, strong town of Savoy, in Italy on the river Oron, 12 miles NE of Mon- stier. Lon. 6 28 E. lat. 45 50 N. _ Beaufort, district in South Carolina, con- t.iiinng four parishes, havmg the Atlantic Ocean SE ; Savannah river SW ; Barnwell NW ; and Combahee river, or Codeton district NE. It is 60 miles in length, by a mean width of 30 miles, or 18000 square miles. Chief towns Beaufort and Coosa- hatchie. Tliis is a maritime district, and has a considerable proportion of light 'and ; the rest yields pretty good crops of cotton, Indian corn, rice and indigo. Papulation in 1810. Free white males - - - 2,491 do. do. females - - 2,301 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - 181 Slaves 20,914 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females 25,887 - 2,248 Total whites - - - 4679 Free persons of colour, males - 100 do. do. females - 81 Slaves, males . - - - 13,635 do. fem-ales . - - - 13,704 Total population in 1820 52,199 B E A Of these ; J'oreigners not naturalized • 18 Engaged in Agriculture - - 15,409 do. in Manufactures - 168 do. in Commerce - - 59 Population to the square mile 18 nearly. Beaufort, seaport, and post to'.vn of Be lufoit district, South Carohna. on P Tt Royal Island, 75 miles S from Charleston,. and 53 N from Savan lah. its harbour is deep and spacious. H'-r- .is a chartered college, but in a languishmg sta'e. Pre- sent population about 1000 Shipping in 1815, upwards of 1500 ions. Lat 32 25 N. Ion. 3 30 W. Beaufort, county of North Carolina, in Newbern district: !iavi;i:r Craven SW; Pitt NVV; Martin and W .shington N: and Hyde, and Pamllcoe E. Leiigtli 40 miles, mean breadth 17 ; area 670. It is general- ly level. Chief town Batli. Population 'in 1810. Free whites, males do. do. females All other persons except In- dians not taxed Slaves - - . - Total population in 1810. 2,154 2,215 266 2,503 7,203 Population in 1820. Free white niales ... 2,914 do. do. females 2,955 Total whites . - . . 5.869 Free persons of colour, males 156 do, do. females - 170 Slaves, males - - . . 1,951 do. females - . - 1,751 Total population in 1820 9,900 1 2,855 239 ■ 97 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Eng.aged in Agricidture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 10 Beaufort, seaport town and capital of Ca- teret county. North Carolina, on (Jore sound 44 miles S from NeA bern. Vessels drawing 14 feet water can ascend to this place. It is well situated to become an ex- tensive depot of trade ; and it is proposed, to connect its sound with the Neuse, Tar, and R')anoke rivers. Its present popula- tion about 500 shipping in 1815, exceeded 1530 tons. Lat. 34 40 N. due south from WC. Beaujeii, town of France, in] the depart- ment of .'Rhone and Loire, and late pro- vince of Lyonois, with an old castle. It is seated on the river Ardicre, at the foot of L 13 E A a mountain, eight miles W of Saone. Lon. 4 40 E lat. 46 9 VV. Beaumarin, county town of Anglesey witii a market on Wednesday and Sa urdiy. It is g -verned by a mayor, and sends one meinher to parliament. It is 59 miles W by N of Chester, and 241 NW of London. Lon. 4 15 W. lat 5:^ 15 N Beaumont, t')wn of France, in the de- partment of :he Nortii and late French Ha nauU. It wa-. ceded to 'tie French in 1684, and taken by the Englisii in 1691, wh 1 ble^v up t le castle. Ii is s^-atfed be- tween the M ese and Sambre, 10 miles E of Maub^ugp. Lon 4 19 E lat. 50 12 N. Beaumont de Lomagne, town o* France in the department of Upper Gar nnj, on llie Gim ne, five inile fro.Ti the mouth of that rive ■, a'ld 12 SE of Lectoure. Bemimont le- Roger, town of France, in the department of L wer Seine and late province of Normandy, 22 miles SW of Rouen. Lon. 56 E. lat. 49 7 N. Beaumont-Ie-Vicotnte, town of France, in the dep rtment of Sarte, and lat province of Maine, 10 miles N of Mans Lon. 12 E, la . 48 4 N. Beaumont-sur-Oise, town of France, in the dep atment of Seine and Oise, and late province of the isle of France, seated on the declivity of a hill, on the river Oise, which has a bridge, 20 miles N of Paris. Lon. 2 26 E. lat. 42 9 N. Bcaune. town of France in the departr ment of C5ote d'Or and late province of Burgundy, remarkable for its excellent win.'. It is 25 miles SW of D jon. Lon. 4 47 E. lat. 47 N, Bennport, seigniory, Quebec county. Lower Canada, at the mouth of the Mont- morenci river, on the north side of the St. Lawrence. Benuriyage, river of Lower Canada, en- ters tile dhaudiere, about four miles above its mouth. Beanvois episcopal city of France, in the department of Oise and late province of the Isle of France. It was besieged in 1452, by the duke of Burgundy, when the women, under the conduct of Jeanne Ha- chette, forced the duke to raise the seige ; and in memory of their exploits, they used to walk first in a proce.-sion on the lOlh of Jidy, the anniversary of their deliverance. It iri seattd on the river Thesin, 42 miles N ot Paris. Lon. 2 5 E. 49 26 N. Bdauvoir-siir-Mnr, seaport of France, in the department of Vendee and late pro- vince of Poiton, 25 miles SW of Nantes. Lon.l 54 V»^ lat. 46 53 N. Beaver Creek, rises in the townsiiip of Caistor, Upper Canada, and running through part of Giinsborough, etnpties it- self into Welland, to which river it runs close, and nearly parallel, for ulmost four miles, before its discharge, 81 B E A BEG Beaver Creek, in the township of Hum- berstone, runs into lake Erie, west of Kow's Point, Upper Canada. Beaver Creek, runs into laise Superior, on the north side, between river Aupie and river Rouge, Upper Canada. Beaver Creek, or Bi^'lBeaver. See Afa- 'honing: Beaver Creek, usually called Little Bea- ver, to distinguish it from the large stream above-mentioned, is an excellent mill stream in Columbiana county, Ohio rising in the northern parts of that county, and after running generally in a southeastwardly di- rection 30 miles, falls into the Ohio river just within the borders of Pennsylvania. it affords a vast number of excellent mill seats ; many of which are already improv- ed. And among numerous others, are two paper'mills'; beside several forges and fur- naces. Beaver Creek, handsome mill stream in Clark county, running northwardly into Buck creek, a little distance above Spring- field. Beaver Creek, name of a creek running into the west side 6f little Miami river, in Green county. Beaver Creek, also the name of a town- ship situated on the above stream, in Green county. Population in 1820, 384. Beaver, township of Green coyntv Ohio. Population in 1810, 799, and in 1820, 757. Beaver River, empties itself into the Narrows, a little below the Falls of St. Mary's running from north to south, Up- per Canada Beaver, county of Pennsylvania, on both sides of Ohio river, having part of the state of Ohio W ; Mercer N ; Butler E ; Alle- gany SE ; and Washington S. It is about 40 miles in length along the state of Ohio, with a mean breadth of 15 miles ; area 600 square miles ; features hilly and broken ; soil generally, however, fertile, and well wooded and watered. Chief town Beaver, Population in 1810. Free white males ... 6,192 do. do. females • - - 5,393 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 7*5 Slaves .... 8 15,o4u 92 2,585 474 19 Total population In 1810. 12,168 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 7,802 do. do. females - - - 7,432 Total whites ... 15,234 Free persons of colour, males - 56 do. do. females 45 Slaves, males ... i do. females ... 4 82 Total population in 1820. Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 25^7. Beaver, big; Beaver county, Pennsylva- nia. Population in 1810, 702, and in 1820, 742. Beaver, township in Crawford county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 236, and in 1820, 419. Beaver, township, in Union county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 2036. Beaver, borough township in Beaver county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 426, and in 1820, 351. Beaver Dam, township, in Erie, county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 142. Beaver, Little, township in Beaver coun- ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1379, and in 1820, 1144: Beaver, JVorth, township in Beaver county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 932, and in 1820, 1206. Beaver, South, township in Beaver coun- ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1331, and in 1820, 800. Beaver, small town, Crawford county, Pennsylvania. Beaver, post town,Northumberland coun- ty, 51 miles NW from Harrisburg. Beaver, the southeasternmost township of Pike county. Population in 1820, 525. Beaver, trifling creek, in the eastern part of Huron county, running northward- ly into lake Erie. Beaver, township of Columbiana county. Population in 1810, 483, and in 1820, 639, Beaver, the southeasternmost township of Guernsey countv. Population in 1820, 556. Bebelingiten, town of Suabia, in the dwchy of Wirtemburg, seated on a lake, from which runs tlie river ^A orm, 10 miles NW of Stutgard. Lon. 9 2 E. lat, 48 58 N. Bee, town oi' France, in the department of Lower Seine and late province of Nor- mandy. Lon. 0.52 E. lat. 49 14 N Becancour, river of Lower Canada, en- ters the St. Lawrence, opposite the mouth of the river St. Maurice. Its sources eft- terlock with those of the Cliaudiere. Beccaria, township in Clearfield county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 236. Becket, post town of Berkshire county, Massachusetts, on the head of Westfield river, 17 miles SE from Lenox, and 25 W from Northampton. Beckhamsville, post town, Chester dis- trict. South Carolma, on the Wateree, 32 miles NW from Camden, BED BED Beekmansville, post town, Schoharie county, New York, Seekmantoxvn, townsliip in Clinton coun- ty, New Yort. Population in 1820, 1343. Bedding-ton, town of Maine, Washington county, near the source of Pleasant river, 35 miles NW by W from Machias. Bsccles, town in Suffolk, on the naviga- ble rivei' Waveney, with a market on Sa- turday. It has a noble church, with a lof- ty steeple ; and two free schools, one of them with ten scholarships for Emanuel College, Cambridge. It is 12 miles SW of Yarmouth, and 108 NE of London. Lon. 1 45 E. lat. 52 36 N. Bec-'d:4rieuT, or Bedarieux, town of France, in the province of Herault and late province of Languedoc, on the river Obe, 20 miles N of Beziers. Lon. 3 20 E. lat. 43 32 N. Bec/iin, town of Bohemia, situated on the river Lausnics, 55 miles S of Prague. Lon. 14 53 E. lat. 49 13 N. Becket, township in Berkshire and slate of Massachusetts, about 1"0 miles W of Boston. Population in 1810, 1028, and in 1820, 984. BecJcitm, town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Munster, situated at the source of the river Nerse, 22 miles SE of Munster. Lon. BSE. lat. 51 44 N. Becsangil, province of Asia, in Natolia, bounded on the N by the Black Sea, on the W by the Sea of Marmora, on the S by Proper Natolia, and on the E by the pro- vince of Uolii. It was anciently called Bithy- cia. The capital is Bursa. Bed^l, town in the north riding of York- shire, through which passes a Roman causeway. It is 10 miles SE of Hiclimond, and 220 NNW of London. Lon. 1 25 W lat. 54 20 N. Beddington, village near Croyden, iri Sur- ry. Here is Beddington Park, the ancient seat of the Carews, one of the many said to have been the residence ofqueen Elizabetli, The church is a Gothic pile, with stalls in the aisles, like a cathedral. Beden, or Beding, village in Sussex, 13 miles W of Lewes, near a river of its own name, which runs into the English chan- nel at New Shoreham. Beder, fortified city of the Deccan of Ilindoostan, in Dowlatabad, once the capi- tal of a considerable kingdom. It is 80 miles NW of Hydrabad, Lon. 78 E. lat. 17 ON. Bedford, borough, and a county town of Bediordshire, with a market on Tuesday and Saturday. It is divided into two parts by the Ouse, over whicti there is a bridge with a gate at each end. It has five churches, and formerly had a s'.rong castle, whose site is now a bowling green. It is governed by a mayor, sends two me nbers to parliament, and is 27 m.il°s E by N of Buckingham, and 50 N by W of I^ondon; Lon. 30 W. lat. 52 13 N. Bedford, township in Hillsborough coun- ty. New Hampshire. Population in 1810, 1296, and in 1820, 1375. Bedford, townsliip in Middlesex county, Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 592, and in 1820, 648. Bedford, township in Westchester coun- ty. New York. Population hi 1820, 2432, Bedford, village with a post office, in West Chester county. New York, about 35 miles northeastwardly from the city of New York, and has about 2400 inhabitants. Bedford, boroughj and capital, of Bed- ford countv, Pennsylvania, about 189 miles W of Phila'delphia, 91 E byS of Pittsburg, and 150 NWfrom Washington. The situation of this town is extremely romantic, being surrounded by mountains. It is now much frequented in the summer season on ac- count of the mineral springs in its neigh- bourhood. Population in 1810, 547, and in 1820, 789. The county was divided from Cumberland, and Bedford erected into a county town, March, 1771 . It has a post office and about 730 inhabitants. Bedford, county of Pennsylvania, having Maryland S ; Somerset W ; Cambria NW ; Huntingdon NE ; and FrankHn SE. Length 52 ; mean breadth, about 31 ; 1600 square miles ; swrface extremely diversifi- ed by mountains, hills, and valleys ; soil equally varied ; in general rocky and bar- ren in the mountains but fertde and well- watered in the valleys. Staples grain, flour, whiskey, and salted provisions. It is very productive in excellent iron, and possesses some mineral coal. The springs near Bed- ford have became a place of fashionable re- sort in the months of July, August and September. Cliieftown Bedford, Population in 1810. Free white males ... 8,035 do. do. females . . - 7,590 All other free persons except In. dians not taxed ... 120 Slaves 1 Total population in 1810 • Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - 15,746 10,312 9,590 Total whites .... 19,902 Free persons of colour, males - 171 do. do. females 170 Slaves, males ... 2 do, females ... 3 Total population in 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Encaged in Agriculture 83 20,248 4,35c BED B K D Engaged in Manufactures - 905 do. in Comnii.-rce - - 41 Population to the square mile, 12. Bedford, township in Bedford county, Pen■■s^ Ivania PrJpulatiun in 1810, 1342, and I. 1820, 1321. Bedford, JVew, town of M-.-sacl-msetts, in Bristol county, situ^.tf a: the 1 ead of na- vigiiiion on Acci'-hnet rivirr, 58 mile- S by V. of B st..n. . Popniati n 'W 1820, 3947. Lon. W C 6 58 E lat. 42 41 N. see JXew Bedford. Bedford, counly of Virjrinia, having Frai.kin SW ; Boitetourt W and NW; RuckbiiilKe N ; Amherst NE ; Campbeil SE ; and Pittsylvania S. I is 30 miies m length b\ .< mean breadth of 22 ; area 660 square miles separated by the Blue Rulge from Botiei' urt county, a part of Bedford is m:)untkinous ; it is \i\ gener.l, howevtr, billy, and moderately fertile. S'aples to- bacco and grain. Ciiief town, Liberty. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 5,033 do. do. females - r - 4,696 All other persons except Indians not taxed 212 Slaves 6,147 Total population in 1810 Poptilation in 1820. 16,088 Free white mal s - - do. do. females - Total whites Free persons of colour, mal do. do. fem Slaves; males . . - do. females es ales 5,573 5,383 10,953 153 158 4,102 3,929 Total population in 1820 - 19,305 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures - do. in Commeice 7 5,948 351 36 Population to the square mile, 30. Bedford, county of West Tennessee on Duck river, having Maury W : Williamson NW ; Rutherford N ; Warren NE ; Frank- lin SE ; Lincoln S. Length 35 miles ; mean width 25 ; area 875 square miles ; surface rolhng. Staples cotton and small grain. Chief town Shelbyvllle. Population in 1810. Free whitts, males - - 3,697 do. do. females - - 3,360 All other persons except Indians not taxed ..... 5 Slaves - . - ■ . - 1,180 Total population in 1810 8,242 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 6,327 do. do. females - - - 6,007 Tctal whites .... 12,334 Free persons of colour, males - 49 do. do. females . 33 Slaves, m.les ... - 1,952 do, females - - - 1,638 Total population in 1820 - 16,006 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 2 Enga^^ed in Agriculture - 2,307 do. in Mannf.ictures - 137 do. in Commerce - . 15 Population to ifie square mile, 18. Bedford Level, tract of fenny land, ^ about S'JO acres, in the counties of t' Ni.rfclk, Sufli'k, Camb idge, Hunting- don, Nortliampton, and Lincoln. After various attem])ls to drain these fens, in the reign of H nry VI., and Charks I, William, earl of Bradford, in 1649, un- dertook and comph ted it ; and, in the reign of CharUs II. a corporation was established for the governmmt of this great level. In thtse fens are several decoys, in which innumerable quantities of wild fowls are taken during the sea- son. Bedfordnh re, couniy of England, boun- ded on the SE by Huntingfordshire, E by Cambridgeshire, SE by Hertfordshire, SW by Buckinghamshire, and NW by Northamptonshire. Its utmost length is 35 miles, and its greatest breadth, 22, containing 260,000 acres. It is divided into 9 hundreds, and 124 parishes : and has 10 market towns. The number of inhabitants in it in 1801, was 63,393, 1811. was 70,213 ; and in 1821, 83,716; population to the square mile 206; sends 4 members to parliament. The princi- pal rivers are the Ouse and the Ivel. Its chief products are corn, butter and ful- lers earth ; its manufactures, lace, straw hats, baskets, ar.d toys. Bedminsler, township in Bucks coun- tv, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, n99, and in 1820, 1248. Bedminster, township in Somerset county. New .fersey. Population in 1810, 1312, and in 1820, 1393. Bednore, or Hidanore, town in the peninsula of Hindoostan, in Mysore. It is 452 miles SE of Bombay, and 187 NW of Seringapatam. Lon. 75 30 E, lat. 14 ON Bedouins, modern name of the wild Arabs, who live in tents, and are dis- jjersed all over Arabia, Egypt, and the North of Africa, governed by their own chiefs, in the same manner as the pa- BEL P. E I. triarchs were formerly ; their piiiicipal employment is the grazing of cattle. Hedwin, Great, borough in Wiltshire, by prescription which sends two mem- bers to parliament. It is live miles 6W of Hungerford, and 71 W of London. Lon. 133 VV.lat. 512JN. Beekman, township in Dutchess coun- ty, New York. Population in 1820, 4257. Beelin's ferry, post village of Cum- berland county Pennsylvania. Beemali, river of Hindoostan, which rises in the mountains to the N of Poo- nah, and flows SE upward of 300 miles till it joins the Kistna, near Edghir. Beering Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean, about 90 miles long and oO wide 30 leagues E of Kamschatka. Lon. 166 30 E lat. 55 30 N. Beering, or Bhering's Slrait,' the nar- row sea between the VV coast of N. America, and the east coa^l ol Asia. It is 13 k'dgues wide, in the narrowest part, between the capes Prince of Wales and Tchukotskdi. fieering's, formerly Admirality Bay, NVV coast of North America. Lon. W C. 62 W lat. 59 20 N. Bcering's Island, m the sea of Kam- schatka, or North Pacific ocean. Ou this is and on November 5it\ 1741, the worthy but unfortunate captain Beering, the discoverer of the straits which bear his name was wrtcked, and >f Antrim, seated on Car rick tergus bay. It is one of the most flourishing cominerci il towns nf Ireland. A canal was cut in 1793, connecting the harbour with Lough Neagh. Lon. 5 52 W. iaf, 54 46 N. Belfast, post town of Hancock county, M iii:e, near the mouth of Puiobscot ri- ver, 31 miles N of Tliomastown on Pe- nobscot bay. Population in 1810, 1274, and in 1820, 2026. Belfast, township in Bedford county, Pennsylvania. Fop'.uation in 1810, 750 and in lb2v^, 1196. Bclffst, [)ust village of Lawrence dis- trict S nth ('aroliiia. Belgium, tlie ancient name of the Nether'n.ids, or low countries on the Rhin;-, M.iese, and Sciitidt. The name was revived by the French when in pos- essi ius of the couiilry. and divided into the nine following depart.Tients. Sheldt, Gemappe, Dyle, Deux Ncthes, Sanibre and Meu^e, Onitlu-, Li.ire, .Maes, and Forets. This fine conniry is now part of the kingdom of the Netherlands. Belgorod, town of Russia, and capi- tal of a province of the same name. It is seated 80 miles SE of Bender. Belgrade, town of Turkey in Europe, the capital of Servia, and a (Jreek bish- op's see. It is seated on the Danube, a little above its confluence with the Savov. 85 BEL Tlie streets, where the greatest trade is carried on, are covered with wood to shel- ter the dealers from tlie sun and rain. It was taken in 1789 by marbiial Laadohn, but rest .ivd at the peace of Reichenbach, in 1790 It is 265 milcs SE of Vienna, and 400 NVV of Constantinople. Lon. 21 2 E. lat. 45 10 N Belgrade, small town of Romania, in European Turkey, on tlie strait of Con- stantinople, 20 miles N of tliat city. Lon. E lat 41 22 N. Belgrade, township in Kennebec coun- ty, Maine. Population in 1810, 996, and in 1820, 1121. . ticlgrado, town of Italy, in Friuli. seated near the Tojamenta, 81 miles S by W of Udina. Belida, or Bleeda, town of Algiers, in the province of Titeria, at the foot of a ridge of mountains, 15 miles SE of Al- giers. Belitz, town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, with a manufacture of cloth ; seated on the river of the same name, 27 miles SW of Berlin. Bellac, town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Vienne, seated on the Vincon, 2o miles N of Limoi;es. Bellaire, seigniority Lower Canada, Hampshire county, on the north side of St. Lawrence river, 24 miles above Que- bec. BelUiire, post-office Lancaster district South Carolina. Bellaire, town of Maryland, capital of Hartford cr.unty, 22 miles NE of Balti- more, and 86 WSW of Philadelphia, BeUbrook, town so called in Sugar creek township, Greene county, Ohio, 8 miles south v/est from Xenia. Bellfontaine, small town and seat of justice for Logan county, Ohio, 18 miles ni.rth frum Urbana, and 56 northwest from Columbus Bellefonie, township, borough, and post town of centre county, Pennsylva- jiia. Population in 1810, 203, and in 1820, 433. Bellegardf, strong place of France, in the departnieiit of the Eastern Pyrenees, and late province of Rousslllon, above the defile of Pertuis. It is an important place, on account of its being a passage to the Pyrenees. It surrendered to the Spaniards in 179*, but was re-taken the next year, after an obstinate defence, and named by the French government Sud Libre. Lon. 2 56 E, lat. 42 27 N. Bellegardt', town of France, in the de- partment of Saone and Loire, and late province of Burgundy, seated on the river Saone, 15 miles NE of Ch^ns. Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 46 57 N. Belleinle, island of France, 15 miles from 86 Ji E L the coast of Brittany. It is a n-.ixture of crag^^ry rocks, and pleasant fertile plains. The principal place of Palais, a fortified town with a citadel. It was taken by the Englisli in 1761, and restored in 1763. Lon. 3 6 \V,lat. 47 17 N. Belleisle, i>,land of North America, at the moiitb of the strait between New Britain and Newfoundland whence the straits take also the name of Belleisle. Lon. W C 21 oS W, l:.t. 51 55 N. Belle River runs into St. Clair, to the eastward of river aux Puces, and is naviga- ble for boats some way up. BeUeume, town of France, in tl;e depart- ment of Orne and late province of Perche, with an ancient castle, 75 miles SW of Paris. Lon. 42 E, lat. 48 23 N. Bellevie~u>, post town and settlement of Washington county Missouri, in the Mine district, it contains about lOOO inhabitants. Belleville, post village of Essex count)', New Jersey, 5 miles above Newark on the Passaic river. Belleville, post town of Wood county, Virginia, on the left bank of Ohio river at the mouth of Lees creek. Belleville, post village of Mifflin county, Pennsylvania. Belleville, town and post office, Logan county, Ohio. Belleville, post town of Richland county, Ohio, on the west branch of Mohiccon creek. Belleville, post town of St. Clair coun- ty, Illinois, 16 miles nearly E. from Ca- hokia. Bellevieii, fief of Lower Canada, in Surry county, on the right bank of St. Lawrence, 22 miles NE from Montreal. Belley, episcopal town of France, in the department of Ain and late province of Bresse, near the Rhone, 12 miles N of Chamberrv, and 250 SE of Paris. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 45 47 N. Bellingham, town in Northumberland, with a market on Tuesday, 14 miles NNW of Hexham and 294 of London. Lon. 2 10 W, lat. 55 10 N. • Bellingham, township in Norfolk county, Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 766, an I in 1820, 1034. Bellinzona, town of Italy, in the Milanese. It is seated on the Tesino, five miles above the place where it falls into the Lago Mag- g;iore. Lon. 8 16 E, lat 46 6 N. Belloivs Falls, in Connecticut river be- tween Walpole and Rockingham. The whole pitch in about half a mile is 42 feet. Bello-ws Falls, village and post office of Cheshire countyj New Hampshire, at Bel- low's falls. Bethinese, territorj' of Itah% belonging to the Venetians, lying between Fruilu, Cado- rino, Feltrimo, the bishopric of Trent, and BEL U E JSi Tirol. It has iron mines. Belluno is the only place of note. Belluno, town of Italy, capital of the Bel- lunese, and formerly a bishop's see. It is seated among the Alps, on the river Piave, 15 miles NE of Feltri. Lon. 12 9 E, lat. 43 13 N. Bellvue, extensive prairie of Louisiana, in the Opelousas. It lies between the waters of the Teche and Vermilion, and those of the Mermentau river. Belmonte, town of Naples in Calabria Citeriore, on the coast of Tuscan Sea, 10 miles W of Cozenza. Lon. 19 5 E, lat. 39 20 N. Belmonte, county of Ohio, having the Ohio river E ; Monroe S ; Guernsey W ; and Harrison and Jefferson N. It is 25 miles in length, by 20 wide ; area 500 square miles ; surface hilly ; soil very pro- ductive. Staples grain and salted provi- sions. Chief town, VVoodfield. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 5,721 do. do. females ... 5,288 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 88 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males . . - do. females Total population in 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 11,079 10,247 9,855 20,102 113 114 20,329 220 4,371 711 50 Population to the square mile, 40 Belmont, post town of ■ Hancock county, Maine, 19 miles W from Castine, and 8 miles SW from Belfast. Belmont, township in Hancock county, Maine. Population in 1820, 744. Belper, town in Derbyshire, with a mar- ket on Saturday. Here are several larje cotton-mills, a bleaching-mill, and an iron- forge. It is seated on \hv Derwent, 8 miles N of Derby, and 134 NNVV of London. Be/pre, town of Washington county, Ohio, on tlie NW bank of the Ohio, oppo- site the mouth of the Little Kanhaway, 14 TTiiles SVV of Marietta, and 46 NE of Gal- liopolis. Belpre, town and township in Washing- ton county, Ohio. Ponuli<,uon in IblO, 4r94, undinlS2Q, 1151. Bdpuig, town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a famous convent, 18 miles ENE of Lerida. Belt, Great, strait of Denmark, between the islands of Zealand and Funen, at the entrance of the Baltic Sea. It is not so commodious, nor so much frequented as the Sound. In 1658, it was fi-ozen over so hard, that Cliarles Xll. marched over it with a design to take Copenhagen. Belt, Little, strait to the W of the Great Belt, between Funen and North Jutland. It is one of the passages from the German Ocean to the Baltic, though not three miles in breadth, and very crooked. Belturbet, borough of Ireland, in the county of Cavan ; sealed on the river Erne, 9 miles NNW of Cavan, Beltz, or Belzo, u town of Poland, in Red Russia, capital of a palatinate of the same name. It is 30 miles N by W of Lemburg. Lon. 24 5 E, lat. 50 20 N. Belum, town of Lower Saxony, near the mouth of the Oste, 24 miles NW of Stade. Belvez, town of France, n the depart- ment of Dordogne, 27 miles SSE of Peri- guex. Belvedere, town o? Greece, capital of a proviiice of the same name, in the Morea. This province lies on the W coast, and is the most fertile in all the Morea. The town is delightfully >>ituated, 17 miles NE of Chirueza. It is subject to the Turks: and the raisins, called Belvederes, come from this place. Lon. 21 45, E, lat. 38 N. Belvidere, post town of Franklin county^ Vermont, on the waters of La Moelle river, 38 miles N from Monipellier. Belvidere, post town of New Jersey, on the left bank of the Delaware 11 miles above Easton, in Sussex county. Belvider, post tov\n in Sussex county. New Jersey about 12 miles above Easton in Delaware, and 10 S by W of Hcfe. Belvoir Castle, in Lincolnsiuie, four miles W of Grantham, the ancient seat of the dukes of Rutland, supposed to have been a Roman .station, as manv of their antiquities have been dug up here. Its foundation was iai,d soon after the Norman conquest. Benares, district of Uindoostan Proper, between Hahar and (Jnde ; containing the circars of Benares, J ionp( ur, Chunar. and Cizypour. It "asct-deus to the Ganges and Burram- pooter, are overflowed, and present a sur- face of water more than 100 miles wide. As some of the lands in Bengal would re- ceive damage from such a copious inunda- tion, they mus'. for this reason be guarded by strong dykes to resist the waters, and admit only a certain quantity. One parti- cular branch of the Ganges is conducted for 70 miles betu'een dykes : and when full, the passengers look down upon the adjacent country as from an eminence. Its principal products are sugar, silk, fruit, pepper, opium, rice, saltpetre, lac, and civit. It is compared to Egy pt for fertility ; the Ganges dividing here into several streams, and, like the Nile, annually over- flowing the country. Bengal has been sub- ject, ever since 1765, to the English East India Company. Its annual revenue, in- cluding that of Benares, is near 1,290,000/. and its population is 11,000,000. Calcutta is the capital. Bengal, post town of Oneida county. New York. Benguela, kingdom of "West Africa, bounded on the N by Angola ; on tlie S by Mataman ; on the E by tiie river Rimba ; and on tiie W by the Atlantic. Its coast begins at Cape Ledo on the N, and ex- tends to cape Negro on the S ; that is, from lat. 9 20 to 16 30 S. The climate is very pernicious to Europeans. Bengutila, capital of a kingdom of the same name, where the Portuguese have a fort. It lies to the N of the bav of Ben- guela. Lon. 12 30 E, lat. 10 30 S. Benin, kingdom of Africa, bounded on the W by Dahomy and the Atlantic ; on the N by Biafara; on the E by parts unknown; and on the S by Loango. It begins in 1 S lat. and extends to about 9 N lat. The country exhibits many beautiful landscapes; but is very low and marshy ; this renders it very unhealthy. Benin, the capital of ^ kingdom of the B E N B E 11 same name in Africa, situated on the iiver Benin or Formosa. Lon. 5 4 E, lat. 7 30 N. Jienlawera, mountain of Scotland, in Perthshire, on the E side of Loch Tay. It rises in a conical shape to the height of 4015 feet above the level of the sea. Benlomoncl, mountain of Scotland, in Dumbartonshire, on the E side of Loch Lomond, rising to the height of 3262 feet above the level of the sea. Its sides, par- ticularly toward the lake, are finely co- vered with trees, and it produces a num- ber of rare plants. Bennexis, mountain of Scotland, in In- verness-shire, E of Fort \^ illiam. It is the highest in Great Britain, rising 43/0 feet above the level of the sea. On the XE side it presents a precipice, nearly perpen- dicular, of about 1500 feet in height. Beiminglon, county of Vermont, forming the SW angle of that state ; having Rut- land N ; "Windsor NB ; AA'indham E ; Berk- shire in Massachusetts S ; and Washington county. New York, W. It is 40 miles in length, with a mean width of 17 ; area 680 square miles : its features are hilly in ge- neral, and in part mountainous. The soil is productive in grain, pasturage, and fruits. Staples, flour, salted provisions, and lum- ber. Chief town, Bennington. Population in 1810. Free white males • - - 7,8G7 do. do. females - - 7,981 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 45 Total population In 1810 Population in 1820. Free while males do. do. females Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females - - Total population, in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 15,892 8,006 8,040 16,046 34 45 16,125 6 4,024 784 _.. _ - 32 Population to the square mile, 24 nearly. Bejinington, the chief town of Benning- ton county, Vermont, 36 miles NE from Albany, 36 miles W of Brattleborough, and 33 N of Pittsfiekl in Massachusetts. It contained 2,283 inhabitants in 1800, and is famous for a victory obtained here, August 16th, 1777, by the troops of the United States under General Starke, over a de- tachment of the British annv, or rather M Hessians, under Colonels Bawn and lii-cy- man, wiiich was a prelude to the decisive victory at Saratoga, by which General B , and por- celain ; and by its enamelled, inlaid, and embroidered works. It is seated on the river Spree, from wiiich there is a canal to the Oder on the K, and another to the Kli)e on the W ; that it has a communication by water, both with the Baltic sea and the German Ocean. This city was taken, in 1760, by an army of Russians, Austrians, and Saxons, who were obliged to evacuate it in a few days. In 1806, ten days after the battle of Jena, tlie French entered this V?2 city, and Buonaparte held a court in the palace. It is 100 miles N of Dresden, and 185 miles NW off Breslau. Lon. 13 22 E, lat. 52 31 N. Berlin, township in Worcester county, Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 591, and in 1820, 625. Berlin, jiost town of Hartford county, Connecticut, 10 miles S of Hartford. Po- pulation, 800. Berlin, township in Hartford county, Connecticut. Population in 1810, 2,798, and in 1820, 2,877. Berlin, township in Rensallaer county, New York. Population in 1820, 1,986. Berlin, borough in Somerset county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 330, and in 1820, 382. Berlin, village with a post office, in Adams county, Pennsylvania, six miles N of Abbot.stown, 20 S of Carlisle, and about 100 W of Philadelphia. Berlin, township in Coshocton county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 395. Berlin, township in Delaware county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 482. Berlinville, post viLage on the main road from Easton, Pennsylvania to Berwick, about two miles below the I.ehigh water Gap, and one mile from Lehigh river. Bermutla Hundred, or City Point, a port of entry, in Chesterfield county and state of Virginia. It is seated on the W side of James River, about 20 miles below Rich- mond. It maintains a considerable foreign trade. The tot.al value of its exports is about 100,000 dollars. Lon. VV C 30 W, lat. 37 18 N. Bermuda, Some^, or Summer Islands, a cluster of small islands, nearly in the form of a shepherd's crook, and surrounded by rocks, which render them almost inacces- sible to strangers. They lie in the Atlan- tic Ocean, 500 miles E of Carolina, and are inhabited by the English. They were dis- covered by Juan Bermudez, a Spaniard ; but not inhabited till 1609, when Sir George Somers was castawa^v upon them, and they have belonged to Britain ever since. It is universally agreed that the nature of these islands has undergone a surprising altera- tion to the worse since they were disco- vered ; the air being much more inclement, and the soil much more barren than for- merly. The town of St. George on St. George's Island, is the capital. Lon. 63 28 W, lat. 32 35 N. Bern, largest of 13 cantons of Swisser- land, 150 miles in length, and 75 in breadth. It is divided into two principal parts called the German and Koman ; hut the last is most commonly called ttie i\vs de V.iud. The religion is Calvinism, and Bern the capital. Bern, capital of the canton of Bern in Swisssrland. Here is a celebrated school, B E R a rich librarj', and 12 companies of traJes- men, in one ot" which evtry inhabitant is obhged to be enrolled before he can enjoy any office. The iiousesave mostly built of white freestone, and in the principal streets have piazzas or arches under them for the conveniency of walkmg in wet weather. The public buildings are magnificent. In 1799 Bern was, together with the rest of Swisserland, obliged to surrender to the French. Bern is 70 miles NE of Geneva. Lon. 7 W E, lat. 46 52 N. Bern, township in Albany county, New York. Population in 1820, 5531. Bern, Upper, township in Berks county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,2017. Bern, post town in Berks county, Penn- sylvania, 16 miles NW from Reading. Bern, Lower, township in Berks county, Pennsylvania Popula.ion in 1820, 1791. Bernard, town of Germans, m the elec- torate of Brandenburg, five miles from Ber- lin, famous for its excellent beer. Bernard, Great, St. mountain of Swisser- land, between Vallais and Val-d'Aousta, at the source of the river Drance The top of it is always covered with snow, and there is a large convent, wliere the monks entertain all strangers gratis for three days without any distinction of religion. Bernard, to^^nship m Somerset county, New Jersey P. palatum in 1810, 1879, and in 1820, 2063. Bemay, irad mg town of Fraijce, in the department of Eu:e and late province of Norman;!y, seated on the river Carantonne, 20 miles SW of Rouen. Lon 50 E. lat. 49 6N. Berne, township in Fairfield county, Ohio, Population in 1810, 976, and in 1820, 923. Bernbnrg, town of Germany, in tlie prin- cipaUy of Anhalt, where a branch of the house of Anhalt resides. It is seated on the river Sara, 22 miles SW of Magdeburg. Lon. 11 46 E. lat. 51 51 N. Benicastle, town of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, with a castle. It is remarkable for its good wine, and is seat- ed on the Moselle, nearTrarbach. Berrij, late province of France, fertile in corn, fruit, hemp and flax ; and there is excellent wine in some i>laces. It is now included in the departments of Cher and Indre. Berthier, village and seigniory of Lower Canada, Warwick county, on the left shore of St. Lawrence river. Berthier, seigniory of Lower Canada in Ileresford county, on the right side of the St. Lawrence river. BsrseUa, fortified town of Italy, in the Modenese, seated near the confluence of the Liaza and Po, 10 miles NE of Parma. Lon. 10 56 E. lat. 44 45 N. Bermire, town of France, in the depart- B E R ment of the Sevres and late province of Poiton, 12 miles SW of Thouars. Lon. 27 W. lat 4-6 52 N. Bertie, township on the west side of Nia- gara river in the county of Lincoln, Up- per Camda; it Hes south of Willoughby and is open to lake Erie Bertie, county of North Carolina, on the Roanoke ; bounded, S and SW by the Roan >ke river, or Martin ; W by Halifax ; NW by Northampton: N by Herford ; E by Chowan river, and SE by Roanoke river or Washington county. Length 28, .mean width 25; area 700 square miles; surface generally level, and part marshy ; soil of middling quality. Staple tobacco. Chief town Windsor. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 2,415 do do. females - - * 2,530 All other persons except Indians not taxed • . - . 274 Slaves - - , - - 6,059 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free wiiite males do. do. females Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males do. females - - - Total population in 1820. - Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agricultare do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce 14,218 2,278 2,552 4,130 125 125 2,277 2,748 10,805 none 3,430 none 11 Population to the square mile, 15. Bertinero, town of Italy in Romagna, with a strong citadel and a bishop's see. It is seated on a hill, 50 miles NE of Flor- ence. Lon. 11 40 E. lat. 44 18 N. Bertrand, St, town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Garonne and late pro- vince of Languedoc, 43 miles S of Auch. Lon. 48 E. lat. 42 56 N. Beniie, seaport and borough in the county of Kincardine, at tlie mouth of a river of the same name, 25 miles SW of Aberdeen. Lon. 2 W. lat. 56 40 N. Berwick, town and county of itself, on the boi-ders of England ai.d Scotland, with a market on Saturday, It is governed by a maj'or; an:' was once a strong fov^ress, of great importance when England and Scot- land v/ere hostile nations. It had a strong castle now in ruins. It is large and popu- lous, has a good trade in corn and salmon, and is seated on the Tweed, over which is a handsome bridge of 15 arches. It sends 93 U E S B E T two members to parliament, and is 147 miles N of York, 52 SE of Edinburgh, and 336 N by W of London. Lon. 1 46 W. lat. 55 45 N. Berwick JK'orth, borough in the county of East LoUiian on the frith of Forth, 20 miles NW of Berwick upon Tweed. Lon. 2 33 W lat. 56 5 N. Berwickshire, county of Scotland, some- times called tlie Mers ; bounded on the E by the German Ocean, on the SE by the Tweed, on tlie S by Roxburgshire, on the W by EdiiiburgshJre, and on the NW by Haddingtonshire. It is 40 miles in length With a mean width of 18 ; area 720 square miles. Popuktion In 1801, 30,621 ; 1811, 30,779 ; and in 1821, 83,385. Population to the square mile, 46. It abounds with corn and grass, and being a low and flat country, is sometimes called the How [Hollow] of the Mers. The principal ri- vers are the Tweed Leather, Blackadder, Whiteadder and Eye. Benuick, township in York county, Maine. Population in 1810, 4455, and in 1820, (exclusive of South Berwick) 2736. Berivick, South, post town of York coun- ty, Maine, on the E side of Piscataqua ri- ver, about seven miles from York, the county town. It has a post office, and an academy. The township contains 3891 in- habitants. Benvick, North, post town of \"ork coun- ty, Maine, 10 miles NW from York. Berwick, South, township in York coun- ty, Maine Population in 1820, 1473. Berwick, township in Adams county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1799, and in 1820, 1207. Berwick, village with a post-office, in Columbia county, Pennsylvania, situated on the W side of Sisquehannah river, oppo- site to the head of the turnpike road, be- tween this river and the Lehigh, a branch of the river Delaware. It is 16 miles NE of Cattawissey, 37 of Northumberland, and about 35 W of the navigable part of the Lehigh. Berwick, sometimes called Abbotstown, a town of York county, in the state of Penn- sylvania ; about 15 miles W of Yorktown, and lOOofPh.ladelphia. Bethany, townsh p in Genessee county, New York. Population in 1820, 1691. Berwyn Hills, lofty hills at the NE an- gle of Merionethshire, beneath which spreads the fine vale, in which flows the infant river Dee. Besangon, ancient and populous city of France, in the department of Doubs and late province of Tranche Comte. The triumphal arch of Aurelian, and other Ro- man antiquities are still to be seen. The streets are wide and handsome, and the houses are well built with freestone. It is 94 52 miles E of Dijon, and 208 SE of Paris, Lon. 6 2 E. lat. 47 13 N. Bessarabia, territory of Turkey in Eu- rope, between the Danube and the Dnei- ster, along whose banks the Tartar inha- bitants rove and maintain themselves by their cattle, by husbandry and by robbery. Their common food is the flesh of oxen and horses, cheese, and mare's milk. Ben- der is the capital. Bestricia, town of Transylvania, remark- able for the gold mines near it, 85 miles NW of Hermanstadt, and 90 E of Tockay. Lon. 23 45 E. lat. 47 30 N. Betanzas, town of Spain in Galicia, seat- ed on the Mandeo, on a bay of the Atlantic, 20 miles S of Ferrol. Lon. 7 55 W. lat. 43 12 N. Betelfagni, town of Arabia Felix, famous for the vast quantity of coflTee bought and sold here to the Europeans. It is 25 miles E of the Red Sea. Lon. 44 30 E. lat. 15 40 N. Bethabara, Moravian settlement, in Stokes county. North Carolina, 4 miles SE from Bethany. Bethany, township in Wayne county, Pennsylvania, Population in 1820, 193. Bethania, post town of Stokes county. North Carolina ; a Moravian settlement, about iour miles distam from Bethabara, their capital town, 10 SW of Germantown, and 15 NE of Huntsville. It has about 200 inhabitants. Bethel, township of Berks county, Penn- sylvania, adjoining to another township of the same name, in Dauphin county. They are both watered by a small stream, called the Little Swatara, and contain about 2000 inhabitants. Bethel, township of York county, in the district of Maine, situated chiefly on the south bank of the Androscoggin river. Bethel, township of Windsor county, and state of Vermont, about 40 miles from Rutland in the same state. Bethel, township in Delaware county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 299, and in 1820, 324. Bethel, township in Lebanon county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 3059. Bethel, borough, in Lebanon county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1437. Bethel, township in Oxford county, Maine. Population in 1810, 975, and in 1820, 1267. Bethel, township in Sullivan county. New York. Popul.ition in 1820, 1096. Bethel, township in Berks county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1294. Bethel, township in Clark county Ohio. Population in 1820. 970. Bethel, township in Huron county Ohio. Population in 1820, 164. Bethel, township in Miami county, D E T Ji E 1' Ohio. Population in 1810, 506, and in 1820, 1043. Bethel, township in Bedford county, Pennsylvania. Population 1810, 1095, and in 1820, 1083. Bethlem, township in Hunterdon coun- ty, New Jersey. Population in 1810, 1738, and in 1820, 2002. Bethlem, township in Litchfield coun- ty, Connecticut. Population in 1810, 1118, and in 1820. 932. Bethlehem, town of Palestine, famous for the birth of Christ. It is seated on the ridge of a hill, running from E to W, and has a delightful prospect. It is now an inconsiderable place, but much visited by pilgrims. Here is a church yet entire, erected by the famous Hele- na, in the form of a cross ; also a cha- pel, called the Chapel of the Nativity, where they pretend to show the man- ger in which Christ was laid ; as also another, called the chnpel of Joseph ; and a third of the Holy Innocents A ftw Greeks reside here, k is six miles S of Jerusalem. Lon. 25 25 E. lat 31 50 N. Bethlehem, town of Austi an Br^i^ant, two miles N of Louvain. Lon. 4 49 E. lat. 50 55 N. Berhkhem, town on Albany county New York, situated on the W side cf Hudson river eight miles S of the city of A.ba- ny. The township is famous for its dairies, and contained 3095 inhabitants in 1800. Bethlehem, township in Albany coun- ty. New York. Population in 1820, 5114. Bethlehem, township m Gr''.fto:i coun- ty. New Hampshire, Population in 1810, 422, and in 1820,467. Bethlehem, post town and township in Northampton county, Pennsylvania, at lat. of 40 37 N. and lon. VV C 1 46 E. The united brethren were settled here by Count Zinzendorf in 1741. In 1800 the town contained 543 inhabitants, and the township 1343. In 1810, the town- ship contained 1436, and in 1820, I860 inhabitants, principally of the same sect. The buildings are not remarkable for grandeur or elegance ; but are gt nerally comfortable. They have one house for public worship, a separate apartment for the residence of the single brethren, and another for the sisters There likewise, is a seminary for the education of your.g ladies, in which are taught all the use- ful and some of the ornamental branches of education ; and so great is the repu- tation of these schools, for the attention paid to the morals as well as ths litera- ry improvement of the pupils, as to in- vite them from Philadelphia and other capital cities. The scenery around Beth- lehem, and the primitive manners of its inhabitants, give the place an aspect of peculiar interest to the eye of a travel- ler, and render it emmently calculated to refine the taste, and preserve the morals of the students. It may be doubt- ed whether the world affords a more pleasing scene than can be enjoyed in a fine summer evening in Bethlehem, when the groups of beautiful, simply but ele- gantly dressed, and happy young females, are " let loose from school." It is the principal town of the Moravi- ans, or Unitas Fratrium, in Pennsylva- nia, is situated on the north or left bank of the river Lehigh, in a township of the same name, at the mouth of Manockicy crt'ek, on ground descending towards the river, and towards the creek, which gives it a fine appearance, when viewed from the south or west. It is closely built on three streets, the principal ones, extending north and south, and the other two running from this to- wards the ea.st The pib'ic buildings, are a large Si07ie Church, built in the Gothic sryle and plastered utside with a ejay ce- ment It is M2 feet 'on.^, and 68 fpet wide, ol a propor*";onable hti^ht and having a small tower rising from the centre of the top, surm.junted with an elegant dome, in which is a small bell. It is handsum ly furnislud in the inside, hav- ings rows of benches on each side for the two sexes. A Sif^trrhouse or build- ing for the uiimarried women. A semi- nary f . r viung ladies, where all the fe- males Moravian children, are cducat'd, and also many rthers from vari"us p'lrts of the Unit' d States. The number at present is one hundred. A Public Tu' •vern, being the only one per:rritt(d in tile town, v/here of course all strangers are lodgtd. Their burial ground, i.s in thfr NE part of the town, and is laid out in n-gular al'eysand walks, planted with trees The graves, contrary to the cus- tom of citht r Christiaii.s. are laid with their feet to the snuth The nunibt r of dwelling houses is 72. b sides shops and other out-houses, and thf y ar genf rally built of stone unly one story higi.. f irtuing a great contrast Avith their lart^e church. Bethlehem is 11 mi<..s W by S from Eas- ton, and fifty two N bv W fr"in Phi- ladelphia H<^-re is a wooden bridge over Lfthi>;h 400 feet 1' ng and 4 arche?. Bethlehem, east tovr.ship in Washing- ton county, Per>',sylvania. Population in 1810 1806, and iii 1820. 2239. Bethlehem, west, township in Wash- ington county. Pennsylvania. Population in ISIO, 1849, and in 1820, 2187. Bethlehem, townsii'p in Stark countv, Ohio. PoDulation in 1820, 489. B E V BIB Bethlehemi post village of Clarke county, Indiana. Bethtchem^s Creek, or Coeymai^s Kill, falls into tlie right bank of the Hudson, 7 miles below Albany. Bethlehem Crosn Roads, post village Southampton county, Virginia. Bethlehem, post town of Litchfield coun- ty, Connecticut, 9 miles south from Litch- field, and 33 NNW from Wew Haven. Bethune, fortified town of France, in the department of tlie Straits of Calais and late county of Artois, with a castle. It is seated on a rock, by the river Brette, 20 miles E of St. Omer and 120 N of Paris, Lon. 2 35 E, lat. 50 45 N. Betley, town in Staffordshire, with a mar- ket on Thursday, 16 miles NNW of Staf- ford and 156 of London. Lon. 2 10 W, lat. 53 5^. Betlis, town of Asia, in Curdistan, situa- ted on a steep rock, on the frontiers of Turkey and Persia, but subject to its own bey, and a sanctuary for the subjects of the neighbouring powers. It is 150 miles E of Diarbekar. Lon. 42 50 E, lat. 37 30 N. Betton^s Island, near the coast of Revilla- gigedo. Lat. 55 21 N, Ion. WC 54 42 W. Bettshirg, post village in Jerusalem, Chenango county, New York. Betuwe, fertile island of Dutch Guelder- land, 40 miles long and 10 broad, contain- ing, in that space, eight cities, and several hundred villages. It was the ancient Bata- via, and formerly gave the name of Bata- vians, to the inhabitants of the Dutch Neth- erlands ; and it was principally hence that the Dutch spread themselves over the dif- ferent provinces. Bevecum, town of Austrian Brabant, 17 miles S of Louvain- Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 50 36 N. Beveland, N and S, two i'-;lands of the United p^o^ inces, in Zealand, between tlie E and W branches of the Scheldt. Bevergorn, town of Westphalia, 22 miles from Munster. Beverley, borough in the E riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday, and two churches, beside the minster. It is seated on the river Hull, 9 miles N of Hidl and 182 of London. Lon. 15 W, lat. 53 52 N. Bex-eningen, town of Germany, in the diocess of Paderborn, at the confluence of the Beve and Weser, 22 miles E of Pader- born. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 51 46 N. Beverly Toxvnship, in the West Riding of the county of York, lies west of Flambo- rough, on Dundas-street. Beverly, town in Essex county, Massa- chusetts, 15 miles N by E of Boston, and separated from Salem by a bridge. In 1800 the inhabitants were 3881, in 1810, 4608, and in 1820, 4283. 9S Beula, small town in Cambria county Pennsylvania, planted chiefly by emigrants from Wales, (G B) about 60 miles E of Pittsburg. Bewcastle, village in Cumberland, on the Leven, said to have been built about the time ^f the Norman conquest. The church is in ruins : and in tlie church yard is an ancient cross, with several sculptures, on which are illegible inscriptions. Beivdley, borough of Worcestershire, with a market on Saturday. It sends one member to parliament, and is seated on the Severn, 14 miles N of Worcester, and 128 NW of London. Lon. 2 W, lat. 52 20 N. Bewley, or BemiUeii, river which rises in the N of Inverness-shire, and flowing along the S border of Ross-shire, forms the fine estuary on which stand Inverness and Fort St. George, and which terminates in the frith of Murray. Bex, village of Swisserland, in the can- ton of Bern, near the town of St. Maurice, remarkable for its delightful situation, and the salt works near it, the largest of which is entered by a passage cut out of the solid rock. Travellers who have the curiosity to explore these gloomy abodes, are fur- nished with lighted torches, and dressed in a coarse h.ibit, for defending them from the drippings that fall from the roof and sides of the passage, Beziers, town of France, in the depart- ment of lieratilt and late province of Lan- guedoc. It is seated near the Royal Canal, on a hill, at the foot of which flows the Orbre, 12 miles NE of Narbonne. Lon. 3 18 E, lat. 21 N. Bicifor, capital of a kingdom of the same name, in Negroland, situated to the E of Benin, on the river Los-Camarones. Lon. 17 40 E, lat. 6 10 N. Biava, town of Hindoostan Pro])er, re- markable for excellent indigo, 50 miles W of Agra. Lon. 80 50 E, lat. 26 30 N. Bihb, county of Alabama. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 1,551 do. do. females - - - 1.379 Total whites . . - . 2,930 Free persons of colour, males - do do, females ^J. Slaves, males - . . - oi i> do, females ... 373 Total population in 1820 - 3,676 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agricilture - - 1,294 do. in Manufactures - - do. in Commerce - - Populalion to the square mile, uncertain. a i E B I y Sibcrach, free imperial lown of Suabia. It has a manufacture of fustians, and is seated in » pleasant valley, on the Reuss, 17 miles S\V of Ulm. LiJn. 10 2 E, lat. 48 ION. Bicester, or Barcesier, town in Oxford- shire, with a market on Friday, between Oxford and Buckingham, 13 miles N of the former and 57 W by N of London. Lon. 1 10 AV, lat. 51 5 IN. Bicha, river of South America, enters the Orinoco near the fulls of Ature. Biche, Maraia a la, empties itself into lake Ontario, at the north-east part of the township of Grantham, Upper Canada. Bidache, town of Fraiice, in the depart- ment of the Lower Pyrenees and late province of Basques, seated on ihe^ river Bidouse, 12 miles E of Bayonne, Lon. 1 9 W, lat 43, 31 N. Bidassoa, river of Spain, wliich has its source m the Pyrenees, and falls into the bay of Biscay between Andaye and Fonta- rabia. Biddcford, seaport and town corporate in Devonshire, with a market on Tuesday ; seated on the Torridge, over which is a stone bridge of 24 arches. It is a well inhabited trading place 14 miles S by W of Ilfracombe, and 203 W of London. Lon. 4 10 W lat. 51 10 N. Biddeford, port of entry, and post town in York county, Maine. It is situated on the sea coast, near caae Porpoise, 23 miles S by W of Portland, and 40 NE of Ports- mouth, New Hampshire. Population 1560. Biddefovd, a township in York county, Maine. Population in 1810, 1563, and in 1820, 1738. Biddle, hike, one of the sources of Bi^'- horn river. Bieka, Crab island, 9 miles SE from Porto Bico. Lat. 18 N, Lon WC 11 45 E. Biesz, town of Poland, in Cracovia, re- markable for its mines of Vitrol ; seated on the Weseloke, 50 miles SE of Cracow. Lon. 21 5 E, lat. 49 50 N.. Biela, town of I'iedmoiit, capital of tlie Bellese, near the river Cerva, 20 miles W of Verc?il. Lon. 7 58 E, lat. 45 35 N. Biehg-07'o'd, sti'ong town of Bessarabia, on lake Vid^no, near the Black Sea, 42 miles SW of Oczakow. Lon. 30 10 E, lat. 45 20 N. Bielsk, town of Poland, in the palatinate of Polachia, near one of the sources of the river Narew, 100 miles NE of Warsaw. Lon. 23 39 E, lat. 52 40 N Bienne, town of Russia, in ilie govern- ment of Smolensko, 80 miles NE of Smo- lensko, and 170 Wof Moscow. Lon. 3'o 5 E, lat. 55 40 N". Bienne, town of Swisserland, on a lake of the same name, at the foot of Moiiot Jura. It is 17 miles N\V of Bern. Lon. 7 10 E, lat. 47 UN. N Bieiiveiiu, a bayou, or creek of Louisiana, purish of Orleans, rises to tne north of the city of New Orleans, runs east into Lake Borf^ne, after a course of 10 miles. It was by the route of this channel that the British army readied the bank of the Mississippi December 23, 1814. Bieroliet, town of Dutch Flanders, two miles N of Sluys. Lon. 3 39 E, lat. 51 21 N. Bigbay, settlement and post village of Illinois, in Johnson county. Big black, river, a small branch of the Mississippi, rising in the state of Mississippi, and having its discharge at the grand gulf, 62 miles above Natchez. Big-blue, river of Indiana, falls into Ohio, 15 miles W from Corydon, dividing Craw- ford and Harrison counties. Big Bone Lick Creek, small stream in Woodford county, state of Kentucky ; fa- . mous on account of the animal bones of an enormous size that have been found here. Some have supposed these to be the bones of the Mammoth, and others of a non des- cript animal. .Big drij, branch of Missouri, on the right of that stream, about 150 miles above the Yellow-stone river. Big-fats, post village of New York in Elmira, Tioga county. Biggleswade, town in Bedfordshire, with a market on Wednesday, one of the great- est barley markets in England. It is seated on the Ivel, over which is a neat stone bridge, 10 miles NW of Bedford, and 45 NNW of London. Lon. 21 W, lat. 52 6 N. Bighorn, river, large south-eastern branch of the Yellow Stone river, rises in the Rocky or Chippewan mountains, and flow- ing NE by N by comparative courses, 450 miles falls into Yellow Stone river from the rigiit at Manue's Fort. Lat. 46 N lon. W C 29 21 W. Big Lick, post village of Bottelout coun- ty Virginia. Big Prairie, town of Missouri in New Madrid county. Big River, town of Missouri, Jefferson county. Big Rock, \.QSf;w%\\\]i of Askansaw. Popu- lation in 1820, 328. Big Sandy river, branch of Ohio, having its s:)urces in the Cumberland mountain, interlocking with those of tlie Cumberland, Tennessee, and Great Kenhavva, and flow- ing north-west, about 150 miles by" com- parative courses, fixlls into Olilo Lat. 38 27 N, lon W C 5 30 W. For about 65 miles this river is the boundary between Virginia and Kentucky. Big Sandy creek, branch of Oconee river in Georgia, falls into the Oconee about 20 miles qbove Dublin. Uio^ Scionx river, branch of Missouri, •9/ B I L B I X fvom tlie left having its source between those of St. Peter's branch of the Mississip- pi, and St. Jacques's branch of Missouri, and flowing Swuth, falls into the latter about 800 miles above its mouth. Big Springs, post village of Washington county, Maryland, above the mouth of Lilile Conuococheague. Biff Muddy Creek, post Village of Illinois in Ilandolph county. Bigorre, late province of France, bound- ed on the N by Armagriac, on the E by Cumminges, on the W by Beam, and on the S by the Pyrenees. It is now inclu- ded in the department of the Upper Py- renees. Big Wahiui Creek, large easterly branch of Sciota river, rises in the north-eastern angle of Delaware county. Its course is nearly south 50 miles through Delaware, across Franklin into the north border of Pickaway coanty, where it joins the Sciota. Bijinagur. See Bisnagur. Bijore, province of Ilindoostan Proper, between the rivers Indus and Attock, having Cabul on the W, the Bockharian mountains on the N, Cashmere on the E, and Peishore on the S. It is 40 miles fr m N to S, and 30 from E to W. It is full of mountains and wilds, inhabited by a savage and turbulent race. Bilboa, city of Spain, capital of Biscay, with a ^ood harbour. Its exports are wood, sword-blades, and other manufac- tures in iron and steel. It is remarkable for the wholesomeness of its air, and the fertility of the soil about it. It is seated at the mouth of Ibaicabal which enters the bay of Biscav, 50 miles W of St. Seba-tian, and 180 N of Madrid. Lon. 3 10 W, lat. 43 33 N. BiUleston, town in Suffolk, with a market on Wednesday. It has one large churcii, about a quai-ter of a mile from the town, and is seated on the river Breton. The only business of the town consists in spin- ning of yarn. It is 12 miles S E of Bury, and 63 NE of London. Lon. 55 E, lat. 52 16 N. Biledulgeiid, county of Barbary, bounded on the N by Tunis, on thelE by Tripoli, on the S by Guerguia, and on the W by Tug- gurt. It lies between 5 and 11 E lon. and 28 and 32 N lat. The air is wholesome but hot, and the soil yields a great deal of barley. Bilevelt, town of Germany in Westpiia- lia, in tlie county of Ravensburg, seven miles SE of liavensburg. Lon. 8 50 E, lat. 52 ION. Bill Birs Key, small island near the Spanish Main on the Musquito shore. BiUei'icay, town in Essex, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on a hill, before which opens a bf^autiful prospect over a rich vallev, to the Thames, nine miles SW 98 of Chelmsford, and 23 E of London. Loii, 31 E, lat. 51 30 N. Bellerica, post town of Middlesex county, Massachusetts, about 20 miles NW ot Bos- ton, and 10 S of Dracut on the Merrimack river. It contained 383 inhabitants in 1800. Billerica, township in Middlesex county, Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 1289, and in 1820, 1380. Billimead, town of Vermont, Caledonia county, on the sources of the Fatsamp- sick river. Billingsport, village in New Jersey, on the river Delaware, about 12 miles below Philadelphia. Here was a fortification du- ring the war of Independence, which de- fended the channel of the river. Billom, town of France, in the depart- ment'of Puy-de-Dome and late province of Auvergne, 15 miles SE of Clermont. Lon. 3 28 E, lat. 45 41 N. Bilma, a burning desert of Africa, to the. SE of Fezzan, between 21 and 25 N lat. Bihden, town in Leicestershue, 96 miles N by W of London. Lon. 51 W, lat. 52 35 N. Bilson, town of Westphalia, in the bish- opric of Liege, on the river Demer, 15 miles N of Liege. Lon. 5 29 E, lat. 50 50 N. Bimini, one of the Bahama islands, near the Channel of Bahama, eight miles in length, and as much in breadth. It is very woody, and difficult of access on account of the shoals, but is a very pleasant place, and inhabited bv the native Americans. Lon. W C. 2 30 W. lat. 25 N. Bimlipatam, seaport of Golconda, in the Deccan of Ilindoostan, seated on the bay of Bengal, 12 miles N of Visagapatam. Lon. 83 5 E, lat. 18 N. Binavos, small town of Spain, in Valen- cia, remark.ible f.ir good wine ; seated near the Mediterranean, 20 miles S of Tortosa, Lon. :i5 E, lat. 40 33 N. Binbrook, township in the county of Lincoln, Upper Canada ; situated between Saltfleet, Glandford and Caistor. Binch, little fortified town of Austrian Ilainault, nine miles E of Mons. Lon. 4 15 E, lat. 50 24 N. Binchester, village on the river Were, near Durham. Several inscriptions and monuments show it to have been the Ro- man Vinovium ; many Roman coins are dug up here, which are called Binchester Pen- nies ; and two altars have been discovered from which it appear^ that the 20th legion was stationed in this place. Bincaza, seaport ot Alrica, in the king- dom of Tripoli, 140 miles W of Derna. Lon. 19 10 E, lat 32 20 N. Binfeld, village in Berkshire, in Wind- sor forest, three miles N by E of Gking- ham. Binfield was the scene of Pope's B I U B I R youthful days, and here he wrote his Wind- sor Forest. Bingen, ancient town of Germany, in the arclibishopric of Mentz, seated al the place wh^re the river Nahe falls into the Rhine, with a stniie bi'idfje over the former. It is 15 miles W by s' of Mentz. Lon. 8 E, lat. 49 49 N. Jiingham, town in Nottingliamshire, with a small mai-ket on Thursday, nine miles E of Nottingham, and 120 N by W of Lon- don. Loii. 51 W, lat. 52 58 N, Bingham, post town of Via ne, Somerset county, on the east or left side of ihe Ken- nebec river, above the Cariotunk falls. BinghnmptoTt, po-.t town and seat '>f jus- tice ill Broome count}'. New York, at the junction of the Unadilla and Chenango rivers, 145 miles SW from Albany and 40 miles SE from Ithica. Biobea, river of South .\merica in Chili, rises in the Andes, and enters the bay of Conception Lat. 36 45 S. Bionieburg, (own of Finland, in Sweden neir the mouth of the Kune, in the gulf of Boh.-mia, 75 miles N ol Abo. Lon. 22 5 E. lat. 61 42 N. Bircli Bay, N\V coast of America, in the guif of Georgia. Lat. 48 5.3 N. lon. W C 45 27 W. , Bir Of Beer, town of Diarbeck in Tur- key in Asia, with a castle, where tiie go- vern >r resides. It stam'.s on the E bank of the Eupln-at'^s, near a lugh moi.ntain, in a fruitful country. It is 50 miles NE of Aleppo. Bird^ small island, or rather rock in the head of Niagar ; nver, between the harbour of Biifi'aio, and Fort Erie. Bird, towiisiiip of Ohio, Brown county. Bird Islands, a. cluster in the C=rit)b(an sea opposite to the coast of Columbia, about 50 miles SE from Cura^oa. Lat. 12 N. lon. VV C 10 E. It is also the name of many inc' nsiderable islands in various parts of the earth. Birdsborough, post town of Berks county, Pennsylvania, on tlie right ' side of the Schuylkill, 8 miles below Re:. ding. Birdsviile, post vdlage of Burke county, Georgia. Birkenfeld, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Upper Rhine ; sea: ed near the river Nahe, 25 miles ESE of Tr> ves. Birmah, extensive empire in Asia, to tlie S of the bay of Bengal; containing the kingdoms of Birmah, Cassay, Aracan, and Pegu, and all the VV coast of Slam, The kingdom of Birmah, frequently called Ava, from the name of its ancient capital, has Pegu on the S, and occupies both sides f the river Irrawaddy to the frontiers of As- sam on theN; on the W it has Aracan and Cassay, and on the E Chma and Upper Siam. This kingdom was conquered in 1752, by the king of Pegu, who carried the Birman monarcli prisoner to Pegu, and caused him to be murdered there iq 1754. But Alompra, a Birman of low distinction who was continued by tlie conqueror as chief at Monchabon, a small place to theN of Ava, revolted against the Peguese, got possebsion of Ava in 176.3, and after con- tinued battles, with various sisccess, be- came the conqueror of Pegu, in 1757. This deliverer of his country continued in a state of warfare to his death, in 1760 ; and his successors have since added the other countries, which mw form the Bir- man empire. The climate of Birmah is very salubrious ; the seasons being regular, and the extremes of heat and cold seldom experienced. 'I'lie soil is remarkably fer- tile, producing rice, sugar canes, tobacco, indigo, cotton, and all the tropical fruits in perfection ; and on the banks of the Irra- waddy, which runs S through the whole country, is produced pure amber, and the finest teak timber in the world The king- dom of Birmah abounds in minerals ; it has mines of gold, silver, rubies, and sapphires ; and affords amethysts, garnets, chrysclites, jasper, load-sione, and marble. The gene- ral disposition of the Birmans is strikingly coirated with that of the natives of llin- doostan, though separated only by a nar- row ridge of mountains, in several places admitting of an easy intercourse. The Birmans are a lively inquisitive race, ac- tive, irascible, and impatient ; but the character of their Bengal neighbours is known to be the reverse. The passion of jealousy, which prompts most eastern na- tions to immure their women, and surround them with guards, seems to have little in- fluence on the minds of the Birmans ; for their wives and daughters have as free rn- tercourDC with the other sex as the rules of Eur jpeau society admit. The Birmans are extremely fond both of poetry and music. Tiieir religion is, in fact, that of the Hin- doos, though they are not votaiies of Bra- ma, but sectaries of Boodh. Their system of jurisprudence is distinguished above any ot'ier Hindoo commentary for perspicuity and good sense. The emperor of Birmaii is a despotic monarch; and, like the so- vereign of China, acknowledges no equal. The prevailing characteristic of the Bir- man court is pride. There are no heredi- tary dignities or employments in the go- vernment ; fir all honours and offices, on the demise of the possessor; revert to the crown. The cap;tal of tlie kingdom, and metropolis of the empire, is Ummerapoora. Birmingham, tfiwn in Warwickshire, with a market on Thursday. It is a place of great antiquity, and stands on the side of a hill, forming nc;.rly a, halfmoon. The lower nart is filled with workshops and 99 B I S B I S warehouses, and consists ch'efiy of old building's. The upper part c mtains many new and regular streets, and a hunv'isome square.. It iias two churches ; one in tl.e lower part of the town, wliich, though l:ite- ]y cased with brick, is a very ancient build- ing, with a loi'ty spire , the other, a grand modern structure, having a square stone tower, witli a cupola and turret ; it has also two chapels, several meeting-houses, a large school endowed by Edv/ard VI an ekgant theatre, and the complctest s-?t of baths in tlie kingdom. Tne hardware manufactures of Birmin:^ham have been noted for a considerable period ; but of late years, by great additions to its trade' from a vast variety of articles, sucli as me- tal but'ons, buckles, plated gonds, japann- ed and paper ware. Sec. it has risen greatly in population ; and in 1811, contained up- ward of 70,000 inhabitaiits. It is plentiful- ly supplied with dial by means of a canal to Wedn-sbury; and it iias a ccmtnun na- tion with the Great Trunk from t!ie Trent to the Severn, by a branch passing by Wol- verhampton. The improved stram en- gines, made here by Bolton and Watt, de- serve to rank high am mg the production of human ingenuity ; their application to various mechanical purposes, and particu- larly to the draining of mines, places them among^ the mnst valuable inventions of the age. Birmingham is IT miles NW from Coventry and 116 from London. Lon. 1 50 AV. 1.1' . 52 30 N. Birmlrigliam, township in Cliester coun- ty, Penis\ Ivaiiia. Population in 1810, 290, and in 1820, 323. Birmingham, township in Delaware coun- ty, Pennsvivania. Population in 1810, 586, and in 1820, 515. Birmingham, town hip and post town in Hifnlhigdon county, Pennsylvania. Popu- lation in 1820, 43. Birmingham, post town of Clarke county, PL-nnsylvania. Birr, town of Ireland, in King's county, near the borders of Tipperary, 34 miles NE of Limmerick, and 34 NNW of Kilken- ny. Birse, town of Scotland, in Aberdeen- shire, seated on the Dee, 28 miles W of Aberdeen. Birtley, ^ illage in the county of Durham, 10 miles N of Durham, noted for a valua- ble salt spring, and an extensive manufac- ture of salt. Birviesca. town of Spain, in Old Castile, 10 mdes N of Burgos. Birza, town of Poland, in Samogitia, 42 miles SE of Mittau. Bisaciai town of Naples, in Principato UUeriore, 15 miles NE ot Conza. Biscara, town of Algers, in the province of Constantia, and the chief place of the 100 district of Zaab. It is an ancient town, 120 miles SSW of Constantina. Lon. 5 12 W. iat. 33 36 N. Biscay, prov.nce of Spain, 97 miles long and 50 broad; bounded on the N by the bay of Biscay, E by Upper Navarre, S by Old Castile, and W by Asturias. It con- tains tiiree divisions ; Biscay Pi oper, Gui- piiscoa, and Alaba. This province is a kmd of republic, in the hands of the nobility, under the protection of the crown. Here. are neither garrisons, custom-houses, stamps, nor excise ; and of all the royal taxes, none are known but the donativo, or gratuitous donation. Biscay receives by m.ere condescension a corregidor and a commissary of marines; but does not per- mit any order of the Spanish government to be executed without the sanction of the province. It produces apples, vines and grain ; an;l has also wood for build- ing ships, and mines of iron and lead. The Biscayans are stout, brave, nnd choleric to a proverb: and the lowest labourer deems himself a gentleman. They speak the- ancient Cantabrian language, which has no uflfinity with any other in Europe. Bilboa is the capital. Biscay, Bay of, extensive bay of the At- lantic, between Cape Ortegal, in lon. 7 35 W. Iat. 43 48 N. and the isle of Ushant, in lon. 5^0 W. Iat. 48 30 N. Biscay, JVew, province of Mexico, noted for its silver mines. It has New Mexico on the N, and Zacatecas on the S ; the Rio de las Nassas runs through. a great part of it. It form>- the southeastern part of the intendancy of Durango. Biscaiino, island in the Florida channel. Lat. 25 '55 N lon. W C 3 23 W. Bischo/sheim, town of Franconia, in the duchy of Wurtzburg, seated on .tlie Tau- ber, 20 miles SSW of Wur'zburg. — An- other seated on the Rhom, 44 miles N by E of Wurtzburg. Bischof slack, town of Germany in Camio- la, with a good trade in linen and worsted, 17 miles W by N of Laubach. Bischofswerda, town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, s- atcd on the Weiseritz, 18 miles E of Dresden Bischofswerder, town of Prussia, in the province of Oberland, on the river Oss, 28 miles NE of Culm. Bischofzell, town of Switzerland,- in Thurgau, with a castle ; seated at the con- fluence of the Sitter and ThQr, 12 mdes S of Constance. Bischiviler, town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Rhine, with a fortress, 14 miles W by N of Haguenau. BisegUa, town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, on a hill, near the gulf of Venice, six mdes E of Trani. Biserta, seaport of the kingdom ofTunis, B L A B L A in a country abounding in corn, fruit, oil, cotton, and other valuable productions. It stands on a canal, which communicates with a gulf of the Mediierran( ;jn, 37 miles N\V of Tunis, Lon. 9 46 E lat. o7 10 N. Bishop Auckland, and ioi- oiher places with the same prefix, see Auckland, &c. Bishops-castk, borough n Shiopshire, wil.h a m.rket on Friday, mush frequented by the Welsh. It is seated near the river Clun, 8 miles E of Montgomery, and 159 WNW of London. Bisigmmo, town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, with a castle ; seated on a hill, near the river Boccona, 16 miles N of Co- senza. Blsley, village in Gloucestershire, three miles SE of Stroud. It has a large church standing on an eminence, and a manufac- ture of broad cloth. Bisnagur, town of Hindoostan, in the country of Sanore. It was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Narsinga, and for- merly a large city. It is seated on the river Nigouden, 28 miles SSE of Sanore, and 105 N by W of Chitteldroog. Lon. 76 2E. lat. 15 20 N. Bisnee, town of Bootan, capital of a dis- trict on the borders of Bengal and Assam. It is 50 miles ENE of Rangamuvty, and 130 SE of Tassasildon. Lon. 90 45 E. lat. 26 27 N. Bistineau, lake of Louisiana, 30 miles long and from haif a mile, to three miles wide, lying in nearly a north and south po- sition, receiving Dacheet river, at its north- ern, and falling into Red river at its south- ern extremity. Bistriez, town of Transylvania, on a ri- ver of the same name, 142 miles NE' of Col.^svvar, Lon. 25 3 E. lat. 4733 N. Bitche, fortified town of France, in the department of Moselle and la:e province of Lorrain, with a castle, on a rock. It is sca'ed at the foot of a mountain, near the Schwelb. 30 miles N to W of Strasburg Lon. 7 44 E. lat 49 5 N. Biionio, episcopal town of Naples, in Terra de Bari, ien miles WSAV of Bari, and 117 E by N of Naples, Lon. 16 30 E. lat 41 .6 N. Black Bay, on the north shore of lake Superior, lies a little east of Isle de Muiat- te, and west of Shanguenac, Upper Ca- nada, Black Creek, in the countv of Lincoln, discharges itself into the river Niag-ra, in the township of Willoughby, some miles above Chippewa, Upper Canada. Blackburn's iSpi-ings, post village of Tennessee, Jackson county. Blackford town of Indiana, in Possey cougty. Blackheath, post town of Illinois, in Ran- dolph county. Blnck-ffnrse, post village of Burlington county. New Jersey, 17 miles from Tren- ton. Black-Horse-Tapern, post village of Pennsylvania, in Chester county. Black Lake, or Oswegaic/ue, lake of N. York, in St. Lawrence county. It receives Indian river at its southwest extremitj^, and extending 20 miles in a northeast di- rection, contracts again to the size of a small river, and joins the Oswegatchie' se- ven mies above its mouth at Ogdensburg. B lack Lake, river of Louisiana, rises in the pine fores s in the NW part of the state, flows south 60 miles, expands into Black Lake, a sheet of water about 10 miles long, again contracts to a small river, turns sputh- east 20 miles and joins SaLne river. Blackbank, town of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Armagh, seven miles S of Armagh. Lon. 6 35 W, lat. 5 20 N. Blackburn, town in Lancashire, with a maiket «n Monday. It carries on a vast trade in calicoes for printing, and is seated mar the Derwent, 203 miles NNW of Lon- don. Lon. 2 35 W, lat. 53 42 N. Blackheath, elevated plain, SE of Lon- don, commanding some fine prospects, and adorned with many villas. Black Lick, township in Indiana county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 965, and in 1820, 1303. Black Lick, river of Ohio, branch of Big Walnut. Black, river in Vermont, v>hich rising in Rutland county, passes through the country in a SE course to the Connecticut river, with which it unites near Charleston ; and another entering lake Memphrama^og. Black, river in the state of New York. It rises in Herkemer couny, and running nearly a NW course tlirongh Oneida, Lewis, and Jefferson counties, falls into lake Ontario, at Sackett's Harbour, eight miles below Brownsville, after a compa- rative course of about 100 miles. Black, river of North Carolina, which unites with Cape Fear river, about 20 miles above Wilmington, in the same state. Black, river of Ohio, rises in Medina county, over which, and Cayahoga, it flows a northerly course of o5 miles into lake Erie. Black Forest, forest of Germany, in the W of the circle of Suabia. It is part of the ancient Hercynian forest. Black Island, township in Hancock coun- ty, Maine. Population in 1820, 9 Black River, township in Huron county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 354. Black, river of Missouri, main northern branch of White river, rising in Missouri, and flowing E about 180 miles, turns to S and SW 200 miles, in which latter dis- tance it enters Arkansas territorj', and joins White river. It is augmented by a great 101 " ' B L A B L A number of tributary streams. 'J'he coun- try it waters is in general fertile, and pro- ductive in grain and fruits. Black, river of Lo'asana, formed by the junction of Ocatahoola, VVasi.it .u, and Tensaw ; flows soutii by avtrj- circuitous channel of 40 nnles, falls 'into Red river 30 miles above Us mouth. Black Ruck, harbour, Fairfield cunty, Connecticut, at the mouth of Ash creek, 3i nnies SE f om Hridgep rt. Black Rock, post vihage, Niagara county, New Yoik, ort the riglit bank of Niagara river, two miles N from Bufal e. It con- tains 40 or 50 houses, and about 200 inha- bitants. Black Sea, the ancient Euxine, bounded on the N by Taurica, and the sea of Asoph ; on the E by Mmgrelia, Circassia, and Georgia; on the S by Natolia ; and on the W by Romania, Bulgaria, and Bessarabia. It lies between Ion. 2>2> and 44 E, and lat, 42 and 46 N. Black Slocks, post village, Chester dis- trict. South Carohna. Black Sivamp, post village, St. Peter's parish, South C:uniies, turns to the S, ai d unites with theN 'tta>»ay almost on the line between Virginia and North Carolina Blachwaler, creek of Pickaway count}', Ohio Bladen, county, North C.irolina, on both sides of Cape Fear river ; bounded SW by South Carolina ; by Robeson W ; Cum- berland NAY ; Sampson and New Hanover 102 NE; and Brunswick SE ; being 50 miles in length, by a mean width of 30 ; area 1500 square miles ; surface generally level; soil of middling quality ; staples, grain, to- bacco, &c.. Chief town, Elizabethtown. Population in 18^0. Free white males ... 1,863 do. do. females - - - 1,709 All other free persons, except In- dians not taxed ... 114 Slaves 1,785 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females ? 5,671 2,076 2,270 Total whites .... 4,346 Free persons of colour, males - 78 do. do. females 64 Slaves, males - . - . 1,382 do. females ... 1,406 Total population in 1820 - - 7,276 or these; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agrictdture - - 2,417 do in Manufactures - . - do. in Comm rce - - Pop lation to the square mile, 5 nearly. Blailetisburg, town in Prince George county, Maryland, where there is a post oflice, six miles from the city of Washing- ton, on the post road to Baltimore, and 35 miles from i-he latter. Ban'r-ivil/f. post village, York '(Uatrict, South Carolina. Blair Athol, village in Perthshire, in an angle formed by the rivers Tilt and Garry. CI se by it is Bl^ir Clastlt-, a castle belong- ing to the duke of Athol; and in its vici- nity are many romantic waterfalls. Blair Atiiol is 28 miles NW of Perth. Hloisois, late province of France, which now forms the department of Loire and Cher. lilaize, see San Blass, cape of Flo- rida, at the miuth of Appalachicola ri- ver, bttween Apalachc and St. Joseph's bays. Biakely, post town of Alabama, si- tuated on the Tensaw branch of Mo- bile river, at the head of Mobile bay. I'his town is of recent constrnction, not dating farther back than 1816. The ground on which it isbuilt is a high bank of earth The harbour is spacious, and water sufficif ntly deep for any vessels that can pass the bars ;i Mobile bay, either at the mouth of the bay, or below the mouth of Tensaw river. Biakely contains about 600 inhabitants, a few stores, and a bank. Lat. 30 40 N. Lon. W CIO 44. VV. B L A B L E Blakely, township in Lucerne county, Pennsylvania Population in 1820, 450 Blakesburg. town of Penobscot coun- ty, Maine, 21 miles N from Bangor. Blamont, town of France, in the de- partment of Mi^urthe and late province of Lorrain, seated on the little river Ve- zouze, 12 miles S of Luneville. Lon. 6 52 E, lat. 48 40 N. Blanchard's Fork, large eastern branch of the Auglaize river. It rises within about one mile of Scioto river, in a cen- tral part of Hnrdin county, and runs northwardly about 26 miles ; then turns west and flows 38 miles further, into the Auglaize. jilanct town of France, in»the depart- ment of Indre and late province of Ber- ry, with a castle, seated on the river Creusc, 35 miles E of Poitiers. Lon. 1 13 E, lat. 46 38 N. Bianco, cape of South America, in Patagonia. • Lon. 64 42 W, lat. 47 20 S. Blanco, cape of Peru, on the Snuth sea, 120 miles SW of Guayaquil. Lat. 3 45 S. lon. W C 6 W Blanco, cape of North America, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean, forming the southern extremity of the peninsula of Popagayo. Lat. 9 20 N. lon. W C 9 W. Blanco, cape of North America, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 43 33 N. lon. W C 47 W. tilanco, cape of Africa, on the Atlan- tic Ocean, 350 miles N of the rivt-r Se- negal. Lon. 17 10 W, !at. 20 55 N. Blanco Cape, cape of Africa, on the Atlantic Ocean, nearly due east from the Madeira islands, between Cape Cantin and the M rbese river. Lat. 33 N, lon. 8 45 W. Blandford, township in the West Riding of the county of York, lies to the northward of Dundas street, adjoining Oxford, on the river Thames. Blandford, township in Hampden county, Massachusetts. Population in 1820, 1515. Blandford, post town of Hampden county, Massachusetts, 16 miles NW by W from Springfield. Blandford, town of Prince George's county, Virginia, includf-d within the in- corporated limits of Petersburg, from which it is only separated by a small creek. Blanes, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, near the mouth of the Tordera, 20 miles S of Gironne. Blankenberg, town and fort of the Netherlands, in Flanders, situate on the German Ocean, eight miles NE of Os- tend. Blakenbergy town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, on the river Sieg, 1~ miles E of Bonn. Blankenburg, town of Lower Saxony, capital of a principality of the same name. The castle stands on a craggy mountain, and is one of the finest build- ings (if the kind in Germany. It is 30 miles SE of Wolfenbuttle. Lon. 11 10 E, lat 51 51 N. Blannerhassetfs Island, a remarkably beautiful and fertile island of about 300 acres, in the Ohio river, opposite Belpre. It is so named from a Mr. Blannerhas- sect, an Irish gentleman of large fortune ; who having, with his family, left Ireland in 1801, purchased and removed to this island ; where he reared a costly and spletidid edifice for his dwelling house. A considerable part of the island was laid out into gardens after the m(;st ap- proved models of European taste; and the whole scenei'y combined, seemed like the fabled fields of Elysium. But the' house was mcst unfortunately burnt down in December, 1810, and shortly after- wards the garden was totally destroyed ; and few or no vestiges now remain of its transient splendour and nriai^nificence. Bleregnies, See Malplacjuet, Blabturen, a town of Suabia, in the kingd^im of Wirtemburg, with a castle on a hill. Great quantities of fustian- and linen cloth are made here. It is seated at the confluence of the Arch with the Blau, U miles W of Ulm. . Blaye, a seaport of France, in the de- partment of Gironde It has a good ci- tadel, and a fort on an island m the Gi- ronde, which is here 3800 yards wide. Its trade consists in the wines fif the ad- j icent country. Its harbour is much fre- quented, and the ships which go to Bour- deaux ^re obliged ti leave their guns here. It is 17 miles N of Bourdcaux. Lon. 35 W, lat. 46 7 N. Bledsoe, county of East Tennessee, bciunded by Marion S ; Ftanklin, War- ren, and White NW ; Roane N; and Rhea SE. Length 35 miles ; mean width 13; area 455 square miles ; surface hilly, and part mountainous ; soil varied, but in some parts highly productive in grain and fruits. Chief town, Pikeville. Population in 1820. Free white males - - 1,842 do. do. females - - 1,774 Total whites - - - 3,616 Free persons of colour, males 15 do. do. females, ' 13 Slaves, males - - - '^77 do. females - . . 184 Total population in 1820 103 4,005 6 L O B L O Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - o Engaged in Agriculture - 1,054 do. in Manufactures - 116 do. in Commerce - 5 Population to the square mile, 9. Blekingen, province of Sweden, in Gothland, on the coast of the Baltic. It is 90 miles long and 21 brrad; and, though mountainous, is one of the most agreeable countries in the kingdom The principal trade is in potash, pitch, tar, tallow, hides, and timber. The chief town is Carlscrona. Blenheim, village of Suabia, seated on the Danube, three miles NE of Hoch- stet. It is memorable for the sign;^l vic- tory over the French and Bavarians, gained August 2, 1704, by the duke of Marlborough and prince Eugene. The Austrians were defeated by the French near this place in 1800. Blenheim^ township in the W Riding of the county of Yuik, !'c . to ihe iM.ith- ward of Hu.idas-street, opposite Benford, tapper Canada. Blenheim, township in Schoharie coun- ty, N-w York. P(ipulation in 1320, 1.862. Blenheim, post town in Schoharie county. New York, on the W side of "the Schoharie river, 40 miles S W by W from Albany. Blere, town of France, in the depart- ment of Tidre and Loire, on the river Cher, 18 miles E by S of Tnurs Blessington, borough of Ireland, in the county of VVicklow, seated on a rising ground, near the Liffey, 14 miles SSW of Dublin. Bletchingly, borough in Surry, which has no market ; seated on a hill, four miles E of Ryegate, and 21 S of Lon- don. Bleurie, seignory, on the Sore!, in Bed- ford county, T^nwer Canada, 23 miles SE from Montreal. Blights Island, NW coast of North Atnerica, between Point Grauma bay, and Point Freemantle, 30 mil's N from Montagu Island. Lat 60 52 N, Ion. VV C 69 17 W. Block hland, in the Atlantic Ocean, 13 miles NE from M'>ntaug Point, the eastern ►'Xtremity i.t' Long- Islard, and 10 m^'es SW fr m Point Judith. It is the town of N?w Short ham, in Newport. county, Rhode Island Population 1810, 722; and in 18^0 9.5:'. Bloddey. township in Ph'ladplnh'a coun- ty, Pennsyi^-'*''ia, on the Sdi'iyikiH three m'les from Pliilaii-'ohia. P 'ptiiation in ISIO, 161.S, and in 1820, 2655 BIoclczii!, town (jCIToII ntl, in Overyssel, with a fort; seated, at llie mouth or the Aa, ou the Zuydev Zc-, where there is a 104 good harbour, eight miles NVV of Steen- wick. Lon. 5 39 E. lat. 52 44 N. Blois, ciiy of France, capital of the department of Loire and Cher, and lately an episcopd see. In this castle Lewis XII was born, and here, in 1588, Henry III caused the duke of Guise, and his brother the cardinal, to be assassinated. The principal commerce is in win and brandy : and the chief manufactures are serges and ticken. It is seated on the Loire, 37 miles ENE of Tours, and 100 SSW of Paris. Lon. 1 20 E. lat. 47 35 N. Bloody-nm, post town of Bedfsrd coun- ty, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the Juniata river^righi miles E from Bedford. Bloom, po«t town of Columbia county, Penn.sylvania. Population 1200. Bloom, township in Columbia county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1626. Bloom, post to»vn oi Fairfield county, Ohio, seven mi!e NW f-orr. Lancaster. Bloom, township in Fairfield county, Ohi... Population m 1810, 839, and in 1820. 1613. Bloom, township of Morgan county, Ohio. Popula ion in 1820,445. Bloom, tovvnsiiip of Sciota coimty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 205. . Bloomfidd, post town of Somerset coun- ty, Maine, right side of Kennebec river, seven miles E fom Norj'idgpwock. Bloomfield, township in Somerset coun- ty, M;in'f. P.)pidation in 1820, 889. Bloomjield, post town of Ontario county, New York, eight mdes W from Canandai- gua. Bloomjield, township in Ontario county, NewYo k. PopulaUnn in 1820,3621 Bloomjield, post town of Essex county, New j> r ey,five mile- NW from Xe\\\.rk. Bh'imjield, township in E^sex county. New Jersey. Population in 1820, o0o5.' Bloomjield, pos'. town »f Crawford coun- ty, Pennsylvania. Bloomjield, township in Crawford county, Pennsvlvania. Population in 1810, 114, andin 1820, 214. Bloomfidd, post village of Virginia in Loudoi; coi/Jity. Bloomjield, post village of Nelson courity, Kentucky. Bloomjield, township and post town in Trumbull county, Ohio. Population in 1820. 166. Blooiiific'd, township in J?ckson count}', Ohio, i'opuktionin 1820, 318. BlooiiJ'ekl, sm:-.ll town or viii:iji-e in W:;vne ' township, n thf western b.irders of Jeffer- son comty, 14 miles we-terly fr m Steu- btnviUe, on the road from tliat place to Carliz. Bloomjield. po=st town of Pickaway coun- tt', upon WVinut plan's, on the road from Columbus to Chilr, die ; 17 miles south from Columbus, and 8 N from Circleville. B L O B L L Hloomfield, township in Knox county, Ohio. JP.ipulation in 1820, 468. Bloomin^burff, post village of New York, in SuHivan couifty. Bloomi7ig-dale, village on the Hudson, se- ven miles above the city of New York. Blooming Grove, township and post town in Orange county, New York. Population in 1820,2219. lilooming Grove, town of Richland coun- ty, Ohio. Blooming Grove, township in Richland county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 168. Bloomingsbtirg, village F.tyette county, Ohio, 40 miles SW from Columbus. Bloomivgtoji, post village and chief town of Monroe county, Indiana, on Bean-blos- som branch of White river, about 70 miles NE from Vincennes. Bloomsburg. post town, of Hunterdon county, New Jersey Bloomsburg, post village of Halifax county. Virginia. Bloomsville, post village of Ontario coun- ty. New York, 13 miles W from Canan- daigua. Bloinez, town of Poland, in Masovia, 20 miles W of Warsaw. Blore, village in Staffordshire, 10 miles N of Utoxeter, Its heath is famous for a battle between the houses of York and Lan- caster, September 1459, in which Nevil earl of Salisbury, for York, v^ith 500 men only, defeased lord Audley with 10,000. The lattev was killed, and on 'he spot is erected a stone cross to his memory.. Blount, county of Tennessee, bounded by the Cherokee lands SSW and W ; Holston river separating it from Knox, and Roane NWandN; and by Sevier E; length 38 miles ; mean width 15 miles ; area 570 square miles; surface hilly; soil varied, Staples, grain, flour, salted provisions, and some cotton. Chief town, Maryville. Population in ISIO. Free white males - - - 4,122 do. do. females - - 3,886 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - 26 Slaves - ... - 805 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white m_ales . . - do. do. females 8,839 5,119 5,035 Total whites . . - Free persons of colour, males t do. do. females - Slaves, males ' - do. females - - - - 10,154 27 27 552 • 491 Total population in 1820 O 11,258 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized . r.qne Engaged in AgMculture - 1,531 ■ do. . in Manufactures - ,137 do. in Commerce - - lO Population to the square mile, 20 nearlj'. Blount, county of Alabama, bounded S by Shelby and Jefferson ; W by N by Cotaco; E by and SE by St. Clair ; length 32, breadth 30 ; area 960 square miles ; surface hilly. Staple cotton. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 1,158 do. do. females - . - 1,088 Total whites .... 2,239 Free persons of colour, males - none do. do. females - 1 Slave?, males . _ - - fy do. females ... gs Total population in 1820 - 2,415 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - none Engaged in Agriculture - - 805 do. in Manufactures - 22 do. in Commerce - - 1 Population to the square mile, 2. Blonntsville, post town, and capital of SuUivan county, East Tenressee, on the Watauga branch of Holston rivei'; 25 miles W from Elizabethtown, and 109 tbove Knoxville. Blnc-earih, river, branch of Kansas river. Blvi'field Bay, between Luana Point and Cabarilla Point, island of Jamaica, lat. 18 10 N. lon.WC. 1 25 W. Blue Field, river of Nortli America, which separates Honduras, from Nicara- gtia, and is discharged inL« Bluefields Bay. Lon. W C 4 30 \Y . lat. 12 N. Bine-Hill, township and post town of Hancock county, Maine. Population in 1820, 653. Blue Lick, Upper, on Lickirg rive", Fleming county, Kentucky. Blue Lick, Lower, see Ellisville. Blue Mountain, sometimes called ITitta- tiny, wss originally called by the Indians Kaatatin chunk, which is said to signify " main or principal mountain." It crosses the Delaware, which forms a deep gap, through it, about 24 miles above Jiaston, and running WSW, crosses the Lehigh, whicli forms also a gap, through it and continues nearly the same direction west- ward of the Susqiiehannah. The height of this mountain is at three points in the county of Nortiiampton, as follows : On the Vilest side of the Delaware, at the Dela- ware W:iter;::ap, it is ibund to be 1250 feet ; on the west side of Lehigh Watergap, it measures 1175 feet, and on the east side of Kunkles Cap, op Allentown road, it mea i05 B L Y Ji O 1) sures 1135 feet. These measurements were taken by the common geometrical method, and will give the average height of the Mountain in the county of Northampton, at 1186 feet. The Bkie Mountain so far as it extends in Northampton county, is a very regular ridge, nearly uniform in its height, and has properly but four pa-ses or Gaps, in the county. These are the Delaware Water Gap, the Wind Gap, the Lehigh Water Gap, and Little Gap, between the Wind Gap, and Lehigh Water Gap. The Mountain is in all places steep, thinly covered with poor timber, generally rocky, and unfit for cultivation. Blue Ridge, one of the ranges of the Ap- palachian, or Allegany mountains, and ge- nerally, though erroneously considered the southeast ridge of that system. It extends from the Hudson river into Georgia. The great Limestone valley, as it is called by pre-eminence extends along the NW side of the Blue ridge. The real Limestone range, is, however, much more limited than generally believed. In New Jersey and Pennsylvania it is seldom as much as 10 miles wide from the foot of the mountain, and followed by clay slate, which forms the substrata, on the NW side of the valley. The line of separation crosses the Delaware about 20 miles above the borough of Eas- ton ; the Lehigh at the Slates : the Schuyl- kill above the mouth of Maiden creek ; and the Susquehannah at H .rrisburg. Be- tween the Susquehannah, and Potomac, the relative distances and distinction be- tween the two formations, maintain a nea!-- ly similar position. From the latter stream SW we are unprepared to mark their re- spective limits. The entire length of the Blue Ridge as a separate range, is upwards of 700 miles. Its general elevation varies considerably. In New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Mary- land it is humble ; but in Bedford county, Virginia the Peaks of Otter exceed 5000 feet above the level of the Atlantic Ocean ; and are the most elevated part of the Ap- palachian system SW from Hudson river. Slue Rock, post town and township in Muskingham county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 557. Blue Stone, river of Virginia, rises in Tazewell and flows NE into Kenhawa ri- ver in Giles county, having an entire course of 40 miles. Blue Water, river, southern branch of Missouri, which it joins nine miles below the mouth of the Kansas. Bluff- Springs, post village, Jefferson county, Mississippi. Blufton, town of Howard county, Mis- souri. Blyth, town in Nottinghamshire, with a markel oh Thursday. Here are some re- mains of a castle and priorv. It is 23 lOfi NNVV of Newark, and 151 N by W of Lon- don. Boardman, township and post town, 10 miles SE from Warren, in* Trumbull coun- ty, Ohio. Population in 1810, 343, and in 1820, 604. Boat-mn, post village, Clermont county, Ohio. Boat-yard, post village of Sullivan county, Tennessee, upon the Natouga river 16 miles helow Blountsville. Bobenhauseii, town of Germany, in Wc- teravia, with a castle, three miles SE of Francfort on the Main, and seated on the river Gersbrentz. Bobio, episcopal town of Italy, in the Milanese, on the Trebia, 25 miles SE of Pavia. Lon. 9 12 E lat. 44 45 N. Bocat, valley of Syria, in Asia, in which are the famous ruins of Balbec. Bocca-Chica,x\\Q entrance into the har- bour of Carthagena, in S. America. It is defended by several forts, which were all taken by the English in 1741. Boea del Drago the W entrance into , Chiriqui bay, on the Atlantic side of the isthftiusof Darien. Lat. 9 05 N. Ion. W C4 W. Boca del Toro, entrance into the bay of Chiriqui or Almirante, E from the island Bocaloro. Lat. 9 12 N. lat. W C 3 45 W. Bocaloro, island at the mouth of the bay of Chiriqui or Almirante. Lat. 9 12 N. lon. W C 3 50 W. BocauWs Bay, South America in the straits of Magellan. Lat. 54 S. lon. W C 5 54 E. Bocca Tigris, bay, or estuary of the river Pekiang. The great commercial city of Canton stands at its bead. Bochetta, chain of mountains, in the ter- ritory of Genoa, over which is the road leading from Lombardy to Genoa. On the peak of the highest mountain is a pass, whicii will hardly admit three men to go abreist ; this pass, is properly, the Bochet- ta ; for the defence of which there are three forts. It is the key of Genoa, and was taken in 1746 by the Austrians. Bockholt, town of WestphaUa, in the diocess of Muns'er, 20 miles E of Cleves. Lon. 6 22 E. lat. 51 42 N. Boccing, large village in Essex, adjoin- ing to Braintree. It has a great manufac- ture of baize, and is 41 miles NE of London. Lon. 40 E.kt. 51 56 N. Bodcau, lake of Louisiana, six miles W from Lake Bistineau. It discharges its waters into lied river at the south, and re- ceives Bodcau river at the northern extre- mity. Bodcau, river of Louisiana, and Arksfti- saw ; rises in the latter N. lat. 33 40 W. lon. W C 17 interlocking with the waters of Little river of the South, Little Missou- ri, and Dacheet : the entire length of the B O E B O I Bodcau is about 100 miles, one third of rises in the Pine forests between Ope- which is in Louisiana ; it enters the north- lorsas and the rapids of Red river, flow- east extension of the lake of the same ing first north-east, turns gradually to name. The country drained by the Bod- south-east, enters on the low lands south cau is hilly, covered with pine and oak of Red river, and after continuing to woods; soil thin and sterile. flow by comparative courses 60 miles, Bodega, port on the W coast of North unites with the Crocodile to form the America. Lat. 38 21 N. Ion. W C 47 W. Courtableau river. Bodet, River au. Upper Canada, in the Boggs, a township in Centre county, township of Lancaster, falls into lake St. Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 847. Francis east of Pointe au Bodet. Bogota, the capital of New Granada, Bodlio, town of Italy, in the county qP in Terra Firma. See Santa Fe. Nice, 25 miles NW of Nice. Lon. 7 6 E^- ' Bogota, river of South America, rising lat. 44 2 N. in the mountains near Santa Fe, and Bodmin, borough in Cornwall, with a flowhig to the SW, falls into the Mag- market on Saturday, ft sends two menj- dalena. It is rendered in a i)eculiar man- bers to parliament, and is 32 miles NE of n^r interesting by the great cataract of l^nlt-nrMtf K nnrl ^lA. \.V Kir S ctf f.nnrlon. T'ennt^nHama Falmouth, and 234 W by S of London. Lon. 4 40 \V. lat. 50 32 N. Bodon, fortified town of Turkey in Eu- rope, in Bulgaria, with an Archbishop's see ; seated on the river Danube, 26 miles W of Viden. Lon. 25 54 E lat. 44 10 N. Bodroch, town of Hungary, on the Danube, 100 m.iles SE of Buda. Lon. 19 52 E. lat. 45 55 N. Boeschot, town in the prcivince of Aus- trian Brabant, seated on the river Nethe, 12 miles NE of MecliUn. Lon. 4 42E. lat. 51 8N. Bog, river of Poland, which runs SW through Podolia and Budziac Tartary, Bohtvua, kingdom of Europe, bounded on the N by Misinia and Lusatia, on the E by Silesia and Moravia, ftn the S by Austria, and on the W by Bavaria. It is 200 miles in length, and 150 in breadth, and is fertile in corn, saffron, hops, and pasture. In the mountains are mines of gold and silver, and, in some places they find diamonds, granates, copper, and lead. The Roman catholic religion is the principal ; though . >ere are many protestants. The chief rivers are the Muldaw, Elbe, and Oder. Their language is Sclavonian, with a mixture ?l!L"?i"\l?.L?^^l^;»!fil' '°^^^^^'' ^^'^- of German. It is an integral of the ^^^^^._^^ ^^p.^^ r^^^ capital townjs Prague. Bohemia, creek on the eastern shore of Maryland, which unites with E!k river a few miles above its junction with Chesa- of Mississippi, and P^^j^^j^^'r, cape of Africa, in Negroland, discovered by the Portuguese in 1412, and doubled by them in 1433. Lon. 14 27 W, lat. 26 12 N. Boiano, episcopal town of Naples, in the Molise, at the foot of the Appen- nines, near the river Tilerno, 45 miles N of Naples. Lon. 14 40 E, lat. 41 30 N. Bois /i/a?zc, island of Michigan, in the Detroit river opposite Amherstsburg. Though lying within a quarter of a mile off the eastern shore of the strait, the main ship chaiihtl passes between the kow and the river Dnieper. Bogdo, mountain of Asia, separating the sources of the Selenga river from those of the Upper Irtish and the Dscherbehan, or LTpper Oby. The centre of the Bogdo, is about 95 E. from London, lat. 45 N Boque Chitto, river Louisiana, rises in Lawrence county, in the former state, flows SSE through Lawrence and Pike counties, 50 miles, crosses tlie line between Louisiana and Mississippi, N lat. 31 turns SE through St. Tammany, 60 miles f.-.lls into Pearl river, about 40 miles above the mouth of tlie latter. Tiie gene- ral character of the country drained by Boque Cliiito, is in every essential respect simi ur to that watered by Pearl- river. Boeuf, Le, laite in Erie county, Pennsyl- vania, di'.c!iurices its waters into French creek, branch Of Ohio. The postage from ,- , , . ■ u i i. e LeBoeuf to Presquisle on lake Erie is about island and Amnerstsourg, with depth of 14 miles. ' water for the largest vessels. The island ' BoeuKiown of Frankhn countv. Mis- contains between one and two hundred acres of excellent land. Bois Blanc, lake between lake Supe- rior and the lake of the Woods. Bois-le-Duc, large well fortified town of Dutch Brabant, between the Dommel and Aa, situate among Morasses, 22 miles E by N of Breda, ^S NE of Ant- werj), and 45 SSE of Amsterdam. It is the capital of a district of the same name. Boeuf, Banoii, or Creek of Louisiana, It was taken by the Dutch in 1629, and soun. . Bueiif, river of Arkansas, and Louisiana. It rises in the ibrmer, interlocking its sources with those of the Mason and Bar- thelemy, Rows -ou'.h, enters Louisiana, and turns to SW by S. Continuing thyt course upwards of 100 mile^ between Wu-iiitHU and Mason, joins ihe fonner opposite the west end of Sicily island, at N lat. 31 47 B O L B O L bv the French in 1794. Lon. 5 16 E, ]ii 51 40 N. Baitnitz, town of Upper Hungary, in the county of Zoll, remarkable for its baths, and the quantity of saffron about it. Lon 19 10 E lat. 48 42 N. Bokhara, city of Usbec Tartary, capi- tal of Bokharia, 138 miles W by Sof Sa- marcand. Lon 65 50 E, lat. 39 15 N. Bokharia, Bocharia, or Bucharia, a general name for all that vast tract of land lying between Karazm, and the sandy desert biirdering on China. It is divided into Great and Little Bukharia. Great Bukharia is situated between 34 and 46 N lat. and 76 and 92 E long. It is bounded c i the N by the river Sir ; on the E by the kingdom of Kashgar, on the S by Persia and the peninsula within the Ganges, and on the VV by the country of Karazm. if is an exceeding rich and fertile country ; the mountains abound with the richest mines ; the valleys are of an astonishing fertility ; the fields are covered with grass the height of a man, and the rivers abound with excel- lent fish. Little Bukharia is sufhciently p ipulous and fertile ; but the great eleva- tion of its land, joined to the height of the mountains which bound it in several parts, renders it much colder than from its situation might be expected. It con- tains rich mines of gold and silver. ,Bolabola one of the Society islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, four leagues l^W of Otunted very uuhealthy ; but, by draining the bogs, aiifl otiur methods, thr air is j^ rally altered tcr the better- It has arjunda^.ce of cocoa-mics, but scarce any corn or cattle. The in- habitants are of several natii.nsand very numerous. It is 150 miles S of Surat. Lon. 72 38 E lat. 18 58 N. Bombay Hook, a point and small island \\\ the Delaware river, i;; Kent cour.ty, Delaware, 17 miles SE by S from Reedy island. Bomene, seaport of the United Pro- vinces, in Zealand, on the N shore of the island of Schovven. Lon. 4 E, lat. 51 42 N. Bommd, town of the United Provin- ces, in the isle of Overilacke, seven miles W of William stadt. Bnimnel, handsome town of Dutch Gueklerland, in the island of Bommel- Waert, seated on the Waal, six miles N E of Huesden Bommel-Waert, island of Dutch Guelderland, formed by the junction of the Waul and the Maese. It is 15 miles long and five broad. It was taken bv the French in 1791. Bona, seaport of Algiers, in the pro- vince of Constantina. Near it are the ruins of the ancient Hippo Regius. It has a trade in corn, oil, wax, and wool, and is 270 milts E of Alu>;iers. Long. 7 45 E, lat. 36 52 N. Jionair, fertile island near the N coast of I>rra Firfna, to the E of Curacoa. It is 60 miles in circuit, and has a good harbour and road on the SW side. Lon. W C. 8 42 E, lat. 12 10 N. Bonavista, the most eastern of the Cape de Verd Islands. Lon. 22 47 W, lat. 16 N. Bonuvista^ a cape on the E side of the island of Newfoundland. Lon. W C. 24 26 E lat. 48 15 N. Bond, county of lUir.ois, on both sides of Koskaskias river ; bounded by Jefferson SE ; Washington S ; Mndison W ; and the Indian country N ; length 30 ; breadth 18; area 540 square miles ; surface level or moderately hilly ; soil productive. Chief towns, Ripley, Perrysville, and In- dependence. Population in 1820. Free vvinte males - - " 1,546 . do. do. females - - 1,336 Total whites - - - 2,882 Free persons of colour, males 10 do. do. • females, 12 Slaves, males .... 16 do. females _ . . li Total population in 1820 2,951 Of these ; Foreiy:ners not naturalized - 6 Engaged in As;ricultui'e ' - 283 do in M-.i'-on. 112 27 F,, lat. 4 55 N. Bornholm, island of the Baltic Sea, 20 miles SE of 8chonen m Sweden. Lon. 14 56 E, lat. 54 55 N. Bornoa, exterjsive country in Africa, bounded on the NW by Fezzan ; on the N by the desert of Bilma ; on the SE by Cashna ; and on the SW by Nubia. It ex- tends from 12 to 22 degrees of E lon. and from 17 to 21 degrees of N Jat. The northern part is poor, and like the rest of the provinces of Zaara : but all the rest is well watered by springs and rivers that tumble down with a dreaclfiil noise from the mountains: rendering the country pro- lific in corn, grass, and fruits, and giving it a pleasmg aspect. The eastern and western frontiers are divided into moun- tains and valleys, the latter being all co- vered with flocks of cattle, fields of rice and millet, and many of the mountains with wood, fruit-trees, and cotton. The climate is said to be characterized by ex- cessive, though not by imiform heat. Two seasons, one commencing soon after the middle of April, the otiier a. the same pe- riod in October, divide the year. The first is introduced by violent winds, that bring with them, from the SE and S an intense heat, with a deluge of sultry rain, and suoh tempests of '.hunder and lightning as de- stroy multitudes of tlie cattle and many of the people. At the commencement of the second season, the ardent heat subsides ; the air becomes soft and mild, and tlie wea- ther perfectly serene. T'le complexion of the natives is black ; but they are not of the negro cast. The capital is of the fame name. Bomou, the capital of the empire of Rornou, situated in a flat country. Lat. 40 7i. Borodino, on the iloskwa, village of Rus- sia, 90 miles W. from Moscow, .famous for a sanguinary battle between the French and Russians, Sc-])temiier 7th, 1812. BorougJi, townsliip in Heaver cotmty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 244. Boroughbridgc, borough in the N Riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday ; seated on the Ure, over which is a stone bridge. It sends two members to parlia- ment; and is 17 miles NVV of York, and 218 N by \V of London. Lon. 1 25 W, lat. 54 10 N'. Bnrrntodale, dreary district in the S part of Cumberland, abounding, beyond any other part of the world, with the finest sort of black lead or wad ; the mines of which are only opened at intervals, and then carefully closed again, lest this pre- cious substance should become too com- IIJ mon. Copper, lead, and calamine, are also found in this tr ct. Borrowstouwuss, or Boness, village of Lin;itligowshirp, on the frith of Forth, surrounded with coal pits and salt pans. It has a good port, but its trade is not on the increase. Bosa, ancient seaport of Sardinia, with a bishop's see, and a castle, on a river of the same name, 17 miles SE of Algeri. Lon. 8 50 E, lat. 40 29 N. Bosca-wen, township of Hillsborough county. New Hampshire, situated on the W side of the Merrimack river, about 10 miles N of Concord. Population in 1810, 1,829, and in ltf20, 2,113. Bosco, or Bosdd, town of Italy, in the Milanese, seated on the Arbe, five miles E of Alexandria. Lon. 8 52 E, lat. 44 ■54 N. Boscobel, village in Shropshire, nine miles SE of Newport, noted for the Oak, in which Charles was hid, and saw the parlia- ment soldiers pass by in quest of him, after the battle of Worcester. The tree is now almost cut away by travellers. B'jsna Serago, large and strong tow^n of Turkey, and capital of Bosnia, seated on the river Bosna, 110 miles SW of Belgrade. Lon. 17 -57 E, lat. 44 40 N. Bosnia, province of Turkey in Europe, bounded on the N by Sclavonia, on the E by Servia, on the S by Albania, and on the W by Croatia and Dalmatia. Ceraio is the capital. Bosphorus, ancient name of two remark- able straits ; the T^iracian Bosphorus, now straits of Constantinople ; and the Cimme- rian Bosphorus, now straits of KafTa, Za- bach, or Jenicale. Bossiney, borough in Cornwall, that sends two members to parliament. It is seated on the Bristol Channel, 17 miles NW of Launceston, and 233 W by S of London. Lon. 4 40 W, lat. 50 45 N. Bost, strong town of Persia, capital of Sablestan.- Lon. 64 15 E, lat. 31 50 N. Boston, borough of Lincolnshire, seated on both sides of the Witham, not far from its influx into tlie sea ; but its harbour can admit vessels of inferior burden only. It has a navigation from Lincoln, partly by the Witham, and partly by a canal, at the ter- mination of which, in Boston, is a large and curious sluice ; and there is anotlier canal to Bourn, it is a flourishing town, with a spacious market-place, and the tower of its Gothic ch'irch is one of the most lofty and eUgantof the kind, and a nottd seamark. It is 37 miies SE of Lincoln, and 115 N of London. Lon. 5 E, lat. 53 1 N. Boston, seaport and city of Massachu- setts, m SufiTolk county, on a fine peninsula extending into Massachusett's bay about two miles, with a mean breadth of one a s EOT nille. The suiTace on which the city siancis js unchilatin_^, and gives an aEjreeable va- riety to the streets, and affords, with the aid of the buildings, particularly the slate house, some very fine prospects of the ad- jacent country, bay, and inlands. The har- bour is spacior.^s, and has sufficient water for the admission of the largest vessels, and adequately land-locked for their pro- tection from all winds. It is very seldom so much incommoded with ice, as to ren- der it inaccessible at the severest seasons of frost. The entrance is narrow, and de- fended by forts Warren and Independence. Boston is a very commercial city, and in proportion to her resident population, con- tains an immense mass of wealth. In point of tonnage the sliipping. of Boston stands next, amongst the cities of the United States, to New York. In 1815, the tonnage of the former exceeded 143,000 tons. I'o facilitate the operations of commerce, agri- culture, and internal intercourse. Boston is connected with the surrounding country by excellent roads, and the interior of Massachusetts and"New Hampshire, by the Middlesex canal. This city is indeed flou- rishing and prosperous. It is not, liowever, from the amount of its capital, or the ex- tent of its commerce, that Boston founds its m'>st solid claim to tlie respectable rank it possesses amongst the cities of tli.e Uniterl Spates ; it is upon the number and exalted character of its literary institu- tions which this city has based her true grandeur. It WDuld be to swell this arti- cle to a mucli too ext- nsive length to enu merate its various literary establishments ; we may tlierefore notice the Atlienxum, with 18,000, and the Boston library witli 6000 volumes, as rich stores of intellectual wealth ; and as in a scientific point of view Cambridge is only a suburb of Boston, v/e may in this view include the most exten- sive collection in the United States, ex- ceeding 2.5,000 volumes, which appertains to the university in the former place. The natural disadvantages which must have existed in mutual communication be- tween town and country, from the insular situation of Boston, is amply obviated by four fine bridges. One over Chailes river, fi'om Boston to Charleston, exceeds 1500 feet in len;.,'-th, with a breadth of 42 feet ; West Boston bridge, leading to Caml-.ridge, is based on ISO piers, and extends 3,483 feet ; Craigies bridge is between the two former. A fourth bridge over the bay to the S\V from Boston, with a wing .dam, constructed to procure. by aid of tlte tide, an immense water power, intended to put in operation different kinds of machinery. The appenrance of the streets and houses of Boston aObrds ample mmmments of the change of taste, wealth, and viev.s of con- venience. In the ancient parts of t!;e ritv. P the streets are narrow and crooked ; and the houses low and plain ; but in the u est- ern, and more modern quarters, the streets are wide, and cutting each other at right angles; and the houses in a high degree spacious, splendid, and elegant. The public buildings of Boston are nu- merous and spacious. The state house, standing upon an elevated spot, with the park, an open space of near 10 acres, and a fine descending slope from the front of the edifice, presents, particularly from its dome, an expansive prospect over the har- bour, with its numerous islands, and the adjacent city and country. The new court house, a fine building, reared at an expense of near 100,000 dollars ; Faneuil hall; an alms ho'ise ; custom house ; and near 30 places of public worship adorn the city. The population has constantly advanced; in 1800, it stood at 24,93";" in 1810, at 32,250 ; and in 1820, at 42,526. The vi- cinity is also very populous, v.'ell cultivated, and embellished with the most splendid country seats in the United States: 115 miles from Portland in Maine , 40 miles from Providence, Rhode Island ; 100 from Hartford, Connecticut ; 210 from New York; 300 from Fhi.adelphia ; and 436 from Washington. Lon. W C 5 58 E, lat. 42 22 N. Boston, township in Niagara county. New York. Population in 1820, 686. Boston, towns!; p in the western part of Portage county, Oliio. Pojjulation m 1820, 270. Boswovth J\Iaiket, town in Leicester- shire, with a market on Wednesday. In its vicinity was fough the famous battle between Richard IH and the earl 'f Rich- mond, afterward Henry Vil, in which the former lost his crown and life. It is seated en a hill, 13 miles W of Leicester, and 106 NNW of London. Botany Bay, bay of New South Wales, discovered by Captain Cook in 1770, and so called from llie great quantity of herbs found on the sliore. The pro nontorJes which form its entrance are n..med Cape Banks and Point Solander It was origin- ally fixed on for a colony of convlcs from Great Britain, v.hich, in the sequel, took place at Port JacksDU, 13 miUs further to the N Lon 151 21 E, (at. .34 S. Botany Inland, sir.all island in the Pacific Ocean, to the SE of New Caledonia. Lon. 167 17 v., lat. 22 27 S. Botesdale, town in Suffolk, with a market on 'I'liursilay, sealed in a valley, 1.5 miles NK of Bury, and 86 of London. Butetotirl, county, on the sources of Jumes and Roanoke rivers; bounded by Franklin S ; Mon'comcrv and Giles S W; Monroe W ; Bath X; Rockbridge NE ; and Bedfoid SE ; length 40 ; mean width 23 ; area 1,120 squ.iro niiles. Km- B U T B <) fT bracing a part of the great limestone and slate valley NW from the Blue Ridge, much excellent soil exists in this country, though much of its surface is mountainous. Chief town, Fincastle. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 6,305 do. do. females - - 4,421 AH other persons except In- dians not taxed - - - 300 Slaves 2^275 Total population in 1810, Topulation in 1820. Free white males do. do. females 13,301 5,282 5,211 Total whites . . - - 10,493 Free persons of colour, males 145 do do. females 145 Slaves, males - - - - ^'^^^ o. females ... l,olo Total population in 1820, 13,589 26 3,358 598 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures - ■ do. in Commerce - - 32 Population to the square mile 12. Bothnia, East, province of Sweden, in Finland, on the E side of the gulf of Both- nia, between the provinces of Kimi and Finland Proper and Russia. It is 300 miles in length, and from 90 to 220 in breadth. On the seacoast, and toward the S, the land is low and marshy, and the summers are often so cold as to destroy great part of the crops. The inhabitants are thinly spread over this large space, the cattle small, and bears numerous. The principng. The principal population is near the river. Boivmans J\lountain, called the Bald Mountain, near the western limits of Lu- zerne county, is a high regular barren range, whose average height may be 1000 feet. This extends fVom the East, to the West Bi-aticlics of the Susquehannah river, be- tween which it appeal's to have no other name, tlian those mentioned, except, that in a small territory, on the head of Fishing- Creek, the inhabitants call it the JVorlli JMountam. Westward of the waters of the Siisqu hannah, it forms the main ridge of Allegany Mountains. It crosses the East Branch of Susquehannah, at the mouth of Tunkhannock ar.d Bowman's creeks, and extending north east-.vardly — it is called Tunkltamwck Mountain, and terminates in Susquehannah count_v, where it is called the Elk Mountain. Bo-isijei-'s Bluff, precipice of liinestone rock, forming the W point of Washington harbour, Green bay, lake Michigan, about 100 miles SW from Mackinaw. Bovyer, Fort, situated on Mobile point. This was merely a small water battery erected to defend the main pass into Mo- bile bay. Here on Sept 15tli, 1814, ma- jor W. Lawrence, with a garrison of 158 'm: n, repulsed an attiick m;ide by a Bri- ti;-:!i squadron, of which the Hennes of 28 g-.ins was destroyed The fort was invest- ed by 3 hind and naval forcf on the 8th of Feb. 1815, and surrendered to general Lambert, by m.ijor Lawrence on the 10th of the sime'monlh ; and on the ratification of peace w.is restored to the U. S. » li A B K A Boviijersvllle, post town Southampton county, Virginia. Boxboroush, townsliip in Middlesex county, Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 388, and in 1820, 424. Boxford, township of Esses county, in the state of Mass?.chusetts, about 16 miles W of Newbury port. Boxford, township and post town, Es- ses county, Massachusetts, 15 miles N from Salem. Population in 1810, 880, and in 1820, 906. Boxley, village in Kent, near Maidstone, famous for an abbey of Cisiertian monks, founded by William earl of Kent in 1146, the remains of which still exist. In this abbe}', Edward II. granted the charter to the city of London, empowering them to elect a mayor from their own body. Boxtel, town of Dutch Brabant, on the river Bommel, eight miles S of Rois-leduc. Lon. 5 15 E. lat. 51 32 N. Boxthude, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Bremen seated on a brook which falls into the Elbe, 12 miles SW of Ham- burg. Lon. 9 45 E. lat. 53 26 N. BoycPs creek, post village of Sevier coun- ty, Tennessee. Boyd's Landing, post office, Caldwell county, Illinois. Boydsto-wn, post village and seat of jus- tice \n Mecklenberg county, Virginia. Boyle, post town Ontario county, New York. Boyle, or Abbey Boyle, borovigh of Ire- land, in the county of Roscommon. It is seated near lake Key, 23 miles N of Ros- common. Boyleston, West, post town, of Worcester county, in Massachusetts, about nine miles E of Worcester. It Contains about 630 In- habitants. Boyleston, township and post town, Wor- cester county, Ma?.sacliusetts. Population in 1810, 800, and in 1820, 902. Boyleston, West, towiishij) in Worcester county, Massachus Its. Population in 1810, 632, and in 1820, 886. Boyne, river of Ireland, which vises in Qu;"en's county, and runs l)y Trim and Cavan, into the Irish chaimel, below Drog- heda. Here the decisive battle was fought between James II and William III. Boyolo, town of Italy in the duchy of Mantua, capital of a territo'-y of the same nam?, subject to the house of .\ustria. It is 15 miles SW of Mantua. Lon. 10 35 E. lat. 45 6N. Bnzra, township in New London county, Connecticiit. Population in 1810, 960, and in 1820, 1803. Braan, river • • Scotland, which descend- ing from the hills of Perthshire, E by loch Tay, falls into the Tay above Dunkeld. Upon this river is a grand scene, at a place called the Rumbling Bridge. Under an arch, thrown over a narrow chasm, be- tween two projecting rocks, the river is prccipiiated in a fall of near 50 feet. Brabant, duchy of the Nethtilands, bounded on the N by Holland, on the NE by Guelderland, on the E by L.ege, on the S by Namur, and on the W by Hainault, Flanders ar.d Zealand. Bracbiano, town of Italy in the patrimo- ny of St. Peter, on a lake of the same name, 12 miles NW ol Rome. There are some celebrated baths to the W of the town, Lon. 12 24 E, lat. 42 N. Braceville, township in Trumbull county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 380. Bracken, county of Kentucky ; bounded by Ohio rivei NE ; by Mason SE ; by Harrison S and SW; and by Pendleton W ; length 22, mean breadth 12 : area 264 square miles ; surface hilly, and soil productive. Staple, grain, flour, tobacco, and salted provisions. Chief town Augus- ta. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 1,619 do. do. females - - - 1,507 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 50 Slaves - . - - 295 Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - Total whiles Free persons of colour, male^ do. do. females Slaves, males - - do. females . . - 3,451 2,294 2,266 4,560 23 21 363 313 5.280 Total population in 1820, Ofthe.'^e; Foreigners not naturalized - none Engaged in Agriculture - 993 do. in Manufactures - 153 do. in C<;mmerce - - 29 Population to the square mile, 23. BrnckloTv, strong town of Poland in Po- dolia, on the river Bog, 85 miles E of Kammieck. Lon. 28 3o'e. lat. 48 49 N. Brackley, borough in Northamptonshire, with a market on Wednesday. It is seat- ed on the river Ouse, and contains two churches, and had formerly a college, now a freescliDol, It lies 18 miles S of North- amptcn, and 64 NW of London. Lon. 1 10 W lat. 52 2 N. Braddock's-Jield, eight miles from Pitts- burg, on Turtle creek, Allega::y couiity, Penr.sylvauia, Here, July 1755, the Bri- tish and provincial army was defeated by the French and Indians. General Brad- dock was mortally wounded, and died shortly after. It was here the military ta- iir BRA BRA ients of Geoi'ge Washington, then a pro- vincial major, were first cor.spicuously dis- ed. JBradJock's bay, S side of lake Ontario, at the mouth of Solomon creek, eight miles W from Gencst e river, Bradsley, or Badsley, village near Broomtgiove, in Worcestershire, whrre are the rums '.;f a superb abbey, founded by empress Maud, mother of Henry II. Bradjield, town in Esscx, witli a marktt on Thursday, 16 miles N of Chelmsford. Lon. 20 E. lat. 51 58 N. Bradford, lown in Wilts, with a market on Monday. It is the centre of the great- est manufacture of superfine cloths in Eng- land, which it sitares with the surrounding towns of Trowbridge, Melksliam, Corsham, and Chippenham. It is seated on the Avon, 11 miles W of Devizes and 102 of London, Lon. 2 20 W. lat. 51 20 N. Bradford, town in the W riding of Yorkbhire, with a market on Monday. It is sealed on a branch of the Aire, 36 miles SW of York, and 193 NNW of London, and has a trade in shalloons, everlastings, &c. which are made in the neighbourhood. Lon. 1 40 W. lat. 53 49 N. Bradford, towns!) ip and post town in Hislsborough county, New II:.nipshire, 20 miles W from Concord. Populalion in 1810, 1034, and in 1820, 1318. Bradford, township and pf:st town, Es- sex county, Massachusetts, on the right bank oi the Merrimack, opposite Haver- hill. Population in 1810, 1369, and in 1820. 1600. Bradford, 'East, township in Chester county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1003, and in 1820, 1217. Bradford, West, township in Chester county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1219, and in 1820, 1739. Bradford, county of Pennsylvania, on both sides of the Susquehannah river; bounded N by the state of New York ; E by Susquehannah county ; SE by Lu- zerne ; SW by Lycoming ; and \V by Tioga; length 38 miles, mean width 35; area 1330 square miles ; features hilly, and rocky ; and soil varied. On the Susque- hannah, and other streams, large bodies of first rate all.ivial s.'il exists, but extensive tracts of broken and poor land spread be- tween the water courses. Staples, grain, flour, whiskey, fruit, salted provisions, live stock and lumber. Chief towns Tioga, aud Meansville. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 6,052 do. do. females - - 5,467 Total •.vh.tes . - . . 11,519 Free persons of colour, males - 18 do. do. females - 17 118 Slaves, males .... none do. females ... none Total population in 1820 - 11,554 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized . 2 Engaged m Agriculture - 3,076 do. in Manufactures - none do. in Commerce - . none Population to the square mile, 8. Bradford, township in Clearfield county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 572. Brady, and Easto-wn Grant, township in Oxford county, Maine. Population in 1820, 8. Bradley's vale, town of Vermont, Cale- donia^vCounty, on the waters of the Pos- sampsick river, 40 miles NE from Mont- pelller. Bradleysville, post town of Litchfield county. Brae-Mar, fertile vale in Aberdeen- shire, surrounded by rugged precipices. Here the earl of Mar began the rebellion in 1715. It is 27 miles NW of Aberdeen. Braga, town ot Portugal, capital of En- tre-Minlioe-e-Douero, seated on the river Cavado, 180 miles N of Lisbon. Lon. 8 29 W. lat. 41 42 N. Braganza, capital of the duchy of Bra- ganza, in Portugal. It is seated on the Sabor, 32 miles NW of Miranda. Lon. 6 30 W. lat. 42 2 N. Braila, town of Turkey in Europe, in Walachia, on the Danuhe. It has a castle taken by the Russians, in 1711, but after- ward given back. Brailo-w, town of Poland, in Podolia, on the river Bog, 50 miles NW of Bracklaw. Lon. 28 E. lat. 49 13 N. Brain le Comte, town of Austrian Hai- nault, 15 miles SW of Brussels. Lon. 4 6 E. lat. 50 41 N. Brainei'd, chief station of the American Board of Commissioners, in tlie Cherokee nation ; situate on the Chickamaugah, branch of Tennessee, about 145 miles WSW from Knoxville. Brcinard's bridge, post village in Nassau, SE part of Rensallaer county. New York. ^Braintree, town in Essex, with a market on Wednesday, noted for a considerable manufacture of baize. It is 12 miles N of Chelmsford, and 41 NE of London. Lon. 40 E. lat. 51 55 N. Braintree, township of Norfolk county, in tiie state of Massachusetts, about eight miles from Bo ton. Population in 1810, 1357, and in 1820, 466 Braintree, town>-hip of Orange county, Vermont, on Third Bi\ i ch, creek of Wnite river. Braintree, JVe^o, see JVew Braintree. Braintrem, post town in Luzerne county, Pennsvlvania, on the SW ?ide of the rivei* li R A BRA Siisquehannah. It has a post office 50 and nearly opposite the mouth of Saguenal miles above VVillkesbarre, and 303 miles river. from Washington. Brakel, town of Westphalia, in the bish- opric of Paderborn, seated on the rivulet Brught, 12 miles E of Paderborn. , jLon. 9 12 E. lat. 51 46 N".' Bralio, mountain of the Alps, in the Brandy-wine, a considerable stream which rises in Cnesler county, Pennsylvania, and empties into the Delaware river, in the state of Delaware. It is distinguished for the numerous merchant mills erected near its mouth. These nulls are employed in country of the ^Grisons, which separates the manufacture of flour, gun-powder and the valley of Munster from the county of paper. The commercial facililiej,, to and Bormio, from these mills adds much to their value. Bramanl,' town of Savoy, on the river The commodities are shipped from the Arck, 35 miles NW of Turin. Lon. 7 5 mill iioMses. The water power is so im- E. lat. 45 23 N. mense as lo admit indefinite increase of Bramber, borough in Sussex, that sends the manutacturing establishments, two members to parliament. It is 47 Brandyivine, township in Chester coun- miles S by W of London. Lon. 12 W. lat. 50 52 N. Brampton," town in 'Cumberland, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on the river Itshin, near the Picts Wall. It is eight miles NE of Carlisle, and 311 NNW of London. Lon. 2 40 ,W. lat 54 58 N. ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1257, and in 1820,1431. Brandyivine, township in New Castle county, Delaware. Pf)pulation in 1810, 2275, and in 1820, 2796. Branford, post town and township, New Haven county, Connecticut. Population Brampt-m, village in Herefordshire, one in 1810, 1932, and in 1820, 2230. mile S of Ross. Here are tlie ruins of a magnificent castle. Brancaster, village in Norfolk, the ancient Branodunum, a considerable Roman city, where ancient coins have been frequently dug up. Branchon, town of the Austrian Nether- lands, in Namur, on the river Mehaigne, eight miles N of Namur. Lon. 4 40 E. lat. 50 36 ]Sf. Brantrim, township in Luzerne county Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 525. Brant's village, on Grand river. Upper Canada. Branska, town of Transylvania, on the river Meiish, 35 miles S of Weissemburg, Lon* 24 16 E. lat. 46 N. Brassa, one of the Shetland Islands, where is the noted Brassa Sound ; in , which 1000 sail may at once find commo» Brandels, town o( Bohemia, on ihe river dious mooring. Elbe, 10 miles NE of Prague. Lon. 14 45 Brassarv, or Cronstadt, strong town of E. lat. 50 15 N. Transylvania, on the river Burczel, 50 Brandenburgh, country of Germany, miles E by N of Hermatistadt. Lon. 25 bounded on the N by Pomerania and 55 E. lat. 46 35 N. Mecklenburg ; on the E by Poland ; on Brasil, an extensive country of South the S by Silesia, Lusatia, Upper Saxony, America, claimed and in part possessed by and Magdeburg; and on the W by Lu- Portugal. It extends along the Alantic nenburg. It is divided into five principal Ocean from Cape Orange, lat. 4 N. to near parts; the Old Marche, Pregnitz, the lat. 33 S and from Cape St. Rocque lon; Middle Marche, Uncker Marche, and the W C 44 E to the mouth of the Jivary New Marche. Berhn is the capital : and river, lon. W C 5 E ; extending through the principal rivers are the Elbe, Havel, 39 degrees of latitude. It is bounded NE Spree, Ucker, Oder, and Warte. The by the A.thntic Ocean ; N by Guayana and greatest part of the inhabi; ants are Luther- Columbia; NW by Columbia; SW by ans: but the Roman Catholics are tolerated. Peru, and the United Provinces of La ^ranJenSwr^A, town of Germany, divid- Plata;' and SE and E by the Atlantic ed into the Old and New Town, by the ^^^^"' . ^^ '^ intersected by a cham of Havel, which separates the fort from both. n»"nt3ms ranging along the Atlantic coast It is 26 miles W of Berlin. Lon. 14 5 E. ^^"^ ^ ^'^'^- ^^ ^^ ^^- '^""^ ''^P^'^* »* * lat. 52 45 N country of such vast extent must present ' , * -i, ■ c cf t^ .1 an indefinite variety of surface and soil; 5ra,»io«, vdlage m Suffolk, seated on Bras.l is. however in general rather plain the Little Ouse, over which is a bridge ^j,^^ mountainous. The Amazon, with its anda^rryata mile's distance. It is 12 numerous branches water and feitilizes' mi es 01 Bury. ^ these immense regions, affording the most Brandon, post town' of Rutland county extensive tracts of productive soil in one A'ermont, 16 miles N of Rutland, on Otter connected body, ever united under one creek. Population 1400. sovereignty. Brandy Pots, islands in the St. Law- The Brasiis is about 2500 miles in length rence river, about 100 miles below Quebec, and breadth, with an area of about three 119 BRA B R E millions of square miles. It is very diffi- cult to fix its population ; supposed to he about 2,000,000, independent of the abori- gines not subject or tributary to the crown of Portugal. ' It is divided into the cap- tain generalships of Rio Grand, St. Pauls, Minas Ceraes, Janeiro, Bahia, Pern.imbu- co, Ceara, Maranham, Grand Para, Matta- grosso and Goias. It would be needless to enumerate the productions of Brasll, either mineral or vegetable : it is sufficient to ob- serve that in both kingdoms, the objects are almost commensurate with all that can administer to the wants, comforts, or luxu- ry of i.uman beings. Brassos a Dios, river of Texas, in the intendancy of St. Louis Potosi; the sources of the Brassos, are not correctly known, but are supposed to be south of lied river, about N lat. 33, and W Ion. W 29. The length of this river exceeds four hundred miles ; the country near its sources is mostly prairie, with narrow borders of woods along the banks of the river, and some of its branches. The quantity of water at its mouth is generally reported to be about 10 or 12 feet. Brattleboro, post town of Vermont in Windham county or Whetstone creek, 33 miles E from Bennington. Brnttleboroiigh, town of Windham coun- ty, Vermont ; situated on the W side of Connecticut River, 36 miles E of Benning- ton, nine S of Pultney, and has about 2000, inhabitants. The post office is 445 miles from Washington. Braubach, town of Germany, in Wetera- via, with a castle, seated on the Rhine, eight miles S of Goblentz. Braunaiv, town of Germany, in Lower Bavaria, seated on the river Kiun, 25 miles SW of Paussau. Lon. 13 3 E. lat. 48 10 N. Braunsburg, town of Poland, in New Prussia, with a commodious harbour, seat- ed near the Baltic, 50 miles E of Dantzic. Lon. 20 6 E. lat. 54 22 N. Braunfdd, town of Germany, in the county of Soims, with a handsome palace, 26 miles N by W of Francfort. Lon. 8 32 E. lat. 50 21 N. Brava, town of Africa, on the coast of Ajan, with a pretty good harbour. Tt is 80 miles from Magadoxo. Lon. 43 25 E. lat. 1 20 N. Bravo, one of the Cape-de-Verd Islands, remarkable for excellent wine, and inhabit- ed by the Portuguese. Lon. 24 59 W. lat. '14 52 N. ^mj/, seaport of Ireland, in the county of Wicklenv, seated on St. Gen'g.''s Chan- nel, 10 miles S of Dublin. Lon. 6 1 W. lat. 53 11 N. Bray, village in Rerkshir?, seated on tiie Thames, one mile S of Maidenhead. Jtrrizza, lown and island on the coast of 120 Dalmatia, in the gulf of Venice, opposite Spalatro, and subjects to Venice. Lon. 17 35 E. lat. 43 50 N. Brechin, borough in Angusshire, washed by the river Southesk, over which there is a stone bridge of two large arches. It is a royal borough, and with four others sends a member to parliament. It lies at eight miles distance from Montrose, and the tide flows within two miles of the»town. It is 70 miles NTB of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 18 E, lat. 56 40 N. Breckenridge, county of Kentuck}', bounded by the Ohio river NW ; by Har- din E and SE ; by Grayson S ; and by Ohio, and Daviess SW ; length 38 ; mean width 20 ; area 760 square miles ; surface broken, and soil generally productive. Staples, gruin, flour, tobacco, and salted provisions. Chief town, Hardensburg. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 1,529 do. do, females - - 1,390 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 6 Slaves . . - - . 505 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites - - - . Free persoRS of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males - - - do. females Total population in 1820 3,430 3,233 2,984 7,485 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 2 Engaged in Agriculture - - 20,98 do. in Manufactures - 34 do. in Commerce - - 9 Population to the square mile, 9. Brecknock, or Brecon, the capital of Brecknockshire, called by the Welsh Ab- ber-Honddey, and seated at the confluence of the Honddey and Usk. It is an ancient place, as appears by the Roma.n coins that arc often dug up liere. It sends one mem- ber to parliament, and Is 34 miles NW of Monmou*h, and 162 W by N of London. Lon, 3 22 W, lat. 51 54 N. Brecknock, township in Berks county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 495, and in 1820, 5b6. Brecknock, township in Lancaster coun- ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 890, and in 1820, 1062. Brecknockshire, county of S Wales, 39 miles in length, and 27 in breadth ; area 731 square miles. Bounded on the E by Herefo-'dsliirc and INIonmouthshire on the U R E B R E S by Glamorganshire, on the VV by Car- marthenshire and Cardiganshire, and on the N by Kadnorshirc. tt is full of mountains, some of which are exceedingly high, par- ticularly Monuchdenny Hill, not far from Brecknock ; but there are large fertile plains and valleys, wliicl) yield plenty of corn, and feed great numbers of caltle. Its principal rivers are the Wye and the Usk. Population in 1801, 31,6o3, in 1811, " 37,735, and in 1821, 43,613. Population lo the square mile, 60. JBreda, city of Dutch Brabant, large populous, and well built. It is regularly fortified after the modern way, and is one of the strongest places on the Duich fron- tiers. It is scited on the river Meek, in a marshy country, which may be overflow- ed and renderetl inaccessible to an army. It is 22 miles W by S of Bois-le-duc, 25 NNE. of Antwerp, and 60 S of Amsterdam. Lou. 4 50 E, lat. 51 2,5 N. Bregentz, town of Germany, capital of a county of the same name, in the Tirol. It is seated on the lake of Constance, 70 miles NE of Appenzel. Lon. 9 45 E, lat. 47 27 N. Brehar, the most mountainous of the Scilly Islands, 30 miles W of the Land's End. Lon. 6 42 W, lat. 50 2 N. Brele, river of France, which divides th.e department of Lower Seine from that of Somme, and watering Eu, enters the Eng- lish channel. Bremgarten, town of Swisserland, in the free lower bailiwics, watered by the Reuss between the cantons of Zuric and Bern. The inhabitants dealt chiefly in paper ; and are Roman Catholics. It is divided into the Upper and Lower Town, has a handsome bridge over the Reuss, and is 10 miles W of Zuric. Lon. 8 17 E, lat. 47 20 N. Bremen, considerable town of Germany, capital of a duchy of the same name, with an archbisliop's see, which is secularized. It is divided by the .AVesfr into the Old and New Town. In 1739, while the in- habitants were asleep, the magazine of powder was set on fire by lightning, and all the houses were shaken, as if there iiad been an earthquake. It is 22 miles E of Oldenburg. Lon. 8 48 E, lat. 53 6 N. Bremen, duchy of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, lying between the \Veser and the Elbe, of which the former sepa- rates it from Oldenburg, and the other from Holstein. The air is cold ; but the country is fertile and well peopled. It formerly belonged to the Swedes, but was sold to the elector of Hanover, in 1716. In the winter it is subject to inundations, and particidarly in 1617, on Christmas-day, several thousand cattle were drowned ; beside several hundreds of men. Bremen is the capital. Bre7neiavoeriI, town of German v, in the Q duchv of Bremen, 27 miles N of Bremen. Lon. "8 45 E, lat. 5o 33 N. Brent, town of Devonshire, with a market on Saturday, 26 miles S\V of Exeter, and 200 W by S of London. Lon. 4 2 E, lat. 50 33 N. Brent, river in Somersetshii-e, which rises in Selwood Forest, on the edge of Wilts, and falls into Bridgewater Bay. Brente, river which rises in the bishop- ric of Trent, and falls into the gulf of Ve- nice, opposite that city. Brentford, town in Middlesex, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on the Thames, into which at the W end of the town, flows a rivulet called the Brent. Here the freeholders of Middlesex choose the kniglits of the shire. It is divided into Old and New Brentford, in which last are the cliurch and market-house. It is seven miles W of London. Lon. 10 W, lat. 51 26 N. Brentford, township in Rockingham county, New Hampshire, 15 miles \vVrom Portsmouth. Population in 1810, 905, and in 1820, 892. Brentwood, town in Essex, with a market on Thursday. It stands on a fine emi- nence, 11 miles WSW of Chelmsford, and 18 ENE of London. Lon. 25 E, lat. 51 36 X. Breiitvjood, township of Rockingham county, in the state of New Hampshire, about 20 miles southwestward from Ports- mouth. It contains about 1000 inhabitants. Brescia, town of Italy, capital of Brescia- no, with a citadel, and a bishop's see. It is seated on the Garza, 95 miles W of Ve- nice. Lon. 10 5 E, lat. 45 51 N. Bresciano, province of Italy, in the ter- ritory of A'enice ; bounded on the X by the country of the Grisons and the bishopric of Trent ; on the E by lake Garda, the Vero- nese, and the Hantaan; on the S by the Matituan and the Creraonese ; and on the W by Cremasco, Bergamo, and the Valte- hne. It is watered by several small rivers, and is full of towns and villages, of which Brescia is the capital. BreseUo, town of I^aly, in the Modenese, on the river Po, 27 miles N W of Modena. Lon. 10 41 E, lat. 44 50 N, « Bresknu, large, rich, and populous town of Germany, capital of Silesia, with a bish- op's see, and a imiversity. It is seated at the conflux of the Oder and Ola, which last runs through several of the streets. All the houses are built with stone, and i.s sur- rounded by good walls, strengthened with ramparts and other works. There are two i.slands near it, formed by the Oder; in one of which is a church, whose tower was burnt by lightning in 1730; in the other called Tluim, is the cathedral. The royal l)a!:.ce was obtained by the Jesuits, whei'e tliey founded a university in 1702. The ERE a u I two principal churches belong to the Pro- testants ; near one of wliich is a college. It is 112 miles NE of Prague, and 165 N of Vienna. Lon. 17 8 E/lat. 51 3 N. Bresse, late province of France, which now forms the department of Ain, It is bounded on the N by Burgundy and Tranche Comte, on the E by Savoy, on the 5 by the Viennois, and on the W by the Lyonois. Bressici, or Brzesk, the capital of Pole- sia in Poland, seated on the river Bog, 100 miles E of Warsaw. It is a fortified town, and has a castle built upon a rock. Here is a sj'nagogue, resorted to by the Jews from all the countries in Europe. Lon. 24 6 E, lat. 52 4 N. Bressuire, town of France, lately in the province of Poitou, now included in the department of the Two Sevres. Brest, town of France, in the depart- ment of Finisterre and late province of Brittany, with a castle seated on a craggy rock by the sea-side. The streets are nar- row, crooked, and all upon a declivity. The quay is above a mile in length. The arsenal was built by Lewis XIV. whose successor established a marine academy here in 1752. This is the best port in France, and has every accommodation for the navy. The English attempted in vain to take this place in 1694. It is 30 miies SE of Morlaix, and 325 W of Paris. Lon. 4 30 W, lat. 48 22 N\ Bretagny, or Bntlaiuj, late province of France, 150 miles in length, and 112 in breadth. It is surrounded by the ocean except on the E where it is united to An- jou, Maine, Normandy, and Poitou. The air Is temperate, and it has large forests. It now forms the departments of the North Coast, Finisterre, Isle and Villaine, Lower Loire, and Morbin.in. Breteuil, town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Seine and late province of Normandy, seated on the Iton, 15 miles SW of Evreiix, and 65 W of Paris. Lon. 1 E, lat. 48 56 N Breton, Cape, island of North America, between 45 and 47 N lat. separated from Nova Scotia by a narrov/ strait called Can- so, and is* 100 miles in length, and 50 in breadth. .It is a barren country, subject to fogsthronghout tlie year, and covered with snow in the winter. There is an excel- lent fishery on this coast. It was confirm- ed to England by treaty in 1763. See Louisbourg. Breton, island of Louisiana, or rather two small islands lying SW from the Grand Gosier. There is a diannel containing 12 feet water between the inlands of Grand Gosier and Breton island, and another SW of tlie latter, leading into Chandeleur bay, with 18 feet water. N, lat. 29 26 W, lon. W C. 2 20. Bretlon Woods, township in Cos county;, New Hampshire. Population in 1810, 12, and in 1820, 19. Brertelle, post office in Louisiana, parish of Natchitoches. Brevordl, town of Dutch Guelderland, 24 miles SE of Zutphen. Lon. 6 25 E, lat. 52 2N. . Brewers Haven, good harbour on the N end of the island of Chiloe, on the coast of Chili. The Dutch landed here in 1643. designing to get possession of some part of Chili ; but they were driven from thence by the Spaniards and natives. Lon. 74 W, lat 42 30 S. Bre-wers, post town and township of Pe- nobscot countv, Maine. Population in 1820, 744. Breiver's Lagoon, on the coast of Hondu- ras to the NW from Cape Gracios a Dios. Lon. W C. 7 40 W, lat 15 48 N. Brewood, town in Staffordshire, with a market on Tuesdav, 10 miles S by W of Stafford, and 130 NW of London. Lon. 2 5 W,lat 52 43 N. Brewster, township and post town in Barns'able county, Massachusetts, 16 miies E from Barnstable. Population in 1810, 1112, and in 1820, 1285. Brey, town of Westphalia, in the bishop- ric of Liege, 14 miles N of Maestricht. Lon. 5 39 E, lat. 51 4 N. Briangon, town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Alps and late province of Dauphiny, with a castle seated on a craggy rock. It is remarkable for the manna gathered in its neighbourhood, which at first appears on the leaves, and small branches of a sort of pine tree ; but they make incisions into the bark, to get larger quantities. It has a noble bridge over the Durance, and had a handsome church ; it is 17 miles NW of Embrun. Lon. 6 25 E, lat. 44 46 N. Briaire, town of France, in the depart- ment of Loiret and Tate province of Orlea- nois, seated on the Loire, and remarkable for a canal of communication between that river and tiie Seine. It is 35 miles SE of Orleans, and 88 S of Paris. Lon. 2 47 E, lat. 47 40 N. Briar Creek, township in Columbia county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1719. Briar Creek, small branch of Savannah river, which it joins between Augusta and Savannah. Bricksville, township in Cuyahoga coun- ty, Ohio. Population in 1820", 315. Bridgend, town in Glamori^anshire, with a market on Samrday : seated on tlie Og- more, which divides it into tno parts, joined by a stone bridge. It is 7 miles W by N of Cowbridge, and 178 W of London. Lon. 3 38 W, lat. 51 30 N. Bridgehampton, post town of Suffolk B R 1 B R 1 count)-, in the state of New York ; situated at the NE end of Long Island. Bridgenorth, a borough in Shropshire, with a market on Saturday ; seated on the Severn, which divides it into the Upper and Lower Town, joined by a stone bridge. It sends two members to parliament, and is 20 mils W by N of Birmingham, and 139 NW of London. Lon. 2 28 W, lat. 52 36 N. Bridgeport^ town in Fairfield county, Connecticut, situated on Long Island Sound, on the E side of Sa co river, oppo- site to F. rfield, 10 miles SW of S ratford ai'.d 10 NE of Norwalk. Here is a post office 304 miles from IFuBMngton. Bridgeport, post town and borough of Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela river at the mouth of Dunlap's creek, Fayette county. It is separated from Brownsville by a bridge over Dunlap's creek Popu- lation in 1820, 624. Bridglon, township and post town, Cum- berland V ounty, Maine, 30 miles NW from Portland Population in 1810, 882, and in 1820, 1160. Bridgetown, the capital of the island of Barbadoes, situated in the inmost part of Carlisle Bay. It contains 1500 houses, and would make a figure in any kingdom of Europe. The streets are broad, the houses well built and finished, and their rents as high as such houses would let for in Lon- don. The wharves and quays are conve- nient, and the forts strong. Lon. W C 26 24 E, lat. 13 5 N. Bridgetown, post town of Grafton coun- ty. New Hampshire, on the Merrimack, 26 miles above Concord. Bridgetovjii, principal town of Cumber- land county. New Jersey, 14 miles S of Sa- lem, 48 N by W from Cape May, and about 50 from Philadelphia. Here isap- st office 185 miles from Washington, and 55 miles SSK from Philadelphia. It is situated on Cohawgie river, 20 miles from ils en- trance into Delaware bay. Vessels of 100 tons are navigated to Bridgetown. The shipping of the place, in 1815, amounted to near 15,000 tons. Bridgetotvn, town of Queen Anne county, Maryland, on the west side of Tuckahoe creek, 8 miles E from Centreville. Bridgetoiun, post office of Kent county, iNlaryland, on the north side of Chester river, 20 miles above Chester. Bridge^vater, borough in Somersetshire, with a market on Thursday and Saturday, and a large handsome church. It is seated on the river Parret, over which is a stone bridge, and near it ships of 100 tons bur- den may ride It is eight miles S of the Bristol Channel, 31 SSW of Bristol, and 137 W by S of London. Lon. 3 10 W, lat. 51 7 N. Bridgeymter, township, and post town in Grafton county. New Hampshire, on the Merrimack. Population in 1810, 1104, and in 1820, 727. Bridge-water, town of Windsor county, Vermont, 17 miles NW from Windsor. Bridge-tvater, post town in Plymouth county, Massachusetts, 22 miles S of Bos- ton. In 1800 the 'ownship contained 5,200 inhabitants; in 1810, 5157; and in 1820, 5670. BHdgewater, township and post town In Oneida county, New York. Population in 1820, 1,533. Bridge-water, township in Somerset coun- ty. New Jersey. Population in 1810, 2906, and in 1820, 3147, Bridge^uater, township in Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1,994 Bridgeivnter, post town of Lucerne coun- ty, Pennsylvania. Bridlington, or Burlington, seaport in the E riding of Yorkshire, witli a market on Saturday. It is seated on a creek near Flamborough-head, with a commodious quay for ships, and is a place of good trade, 36 miles N of Hull and 208 of London. Lon. 5 W, lat. 54 8 N. Bridport, borough in Dorsetshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated between two rivers, and had once a harbour, which is now choked up with sand. It is 12 miles W of Dorchester and 135 W by S of Lon- don. Lon. 2 52 AV, lat. 50 42 N. Bridport, post town and township of Ad- dison county, Vermont, on lake Champlain, near Crownpoint, 15 miles S from Ver- gennes, and 5 W from Middleburg. Brieg, handsome town of Silesia, capi- tal of a territory of the same name, with a col.ege, and an academy for the nobility. It is seated on the Oder, 20 miles SE of Breslaw. Lon 17 35 E, lat. 50 50 N. Breil, town of the United Provinces, ca- pital of the island of Voorn, seated at the mouth of the Maese, 13 miles SW of Rot- terdam. Lon. 4 23 E, lat 51 50 N. Brientz, lake of Swisserl md, in the can- ton of Bern, three leagues long and one broad. The Aar runs through the wliolc extent of this lake, and unites it to that of Thun. Brieux, St. town of France, in the de- partment of the North Coast and late pro- vince of Brittany, with a good harbour. It is seated near the English Channel, 50 miles NW of Rennes. Lon. 2 38 W, lat. 48 31 N. Bviey, town of France, now in the de- partment of Moselle, lately in the province of Lorraine, seated near the river Manse ; 30 miles NE of St. Michael. Bngg See Gland fordbridge. Blight elms ton, or Brighton, seaport in Sussex, with a market on Thursday. It i>i the station of the packet-bouts to and from i23 B R I B R i Dieppe, and is 56 miles S of London, and 74 NW of Dieppe. Lon. 6 E, lat. 50 52 N. Brighton, post town of Massacliusetts, in Middlesex county, five miles W from Bos- ton. It is the cattle market of B-ston. Bnghton, township in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, Population in 1810, 608, and in 1820, 702. Brightoii, township and post town jn On- tario county, New York. Population in 1820, 1,972. Brighton, township in Beaver county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1320, 738. Brignolles, town of Fr.nce, iu the de- partment of Var and lite province of Pro- vence, famous for its prunes. It is seated among- niouniains, in a pleasant country, 325 miles SSE of I'aris. Lon 6 15 E, lat. 4^ 24. N. Bi-ihuega, town of Spain in New Castile, sealed at the foot of the mountain Tujuna, 43 miles NE of Madrid. Lon. 4 10 W, lat. 40 50 N. BnmJielJ. post town of Hampshire coun- ty, Massachusetts, situated on the E side of Coiniecticut river. It contains about 1500 inhabitants. Brimjield, township and post town in Hampden countv, Massachusetts. Popu- lation in 1820, 16 i2. Brlmfeld, S. township in Hampden coun- ty, Massachusetts. Population in 1820, 683. Bnm/ifield, village in Gloucestersliire, at the sources of the river Stroud, where are the foundations of a caslle long destroyed. It has also a nunnery. It is seven miles SE of Gloucester. Brindici, ancient Brundusium, seaport of Naples, in Otranto, with an archbishop's bee, and a fortress. It is seated on the gulf of "\'enice, 32 miles E of Tarento. Lon. 18 15 E, lat. 40 45 N. BrinkleysviUc, post town of Halifax coun- ty. North Carolina. Brinn, town of Moravia, where the as- sembly of the states meet. It is seated at the confluence of the Zwitta and Swart, 53 miles N of Vienna, and 27 SW of Olmutz, Lon. 16 40 E, lat. 49 6 N. Brioude, in France, the name of two towns, a mile distant from eacli other, now in the department of Upper Loire, lately in the province of Velay. Old Brioude is seated on the river Allier, over which is a bridge of one arch, whose diameter is 173 feet. It is 16 miles S of Issoire, and 225 S by E of Paris. Lon, 2 50 E. lat. 45 16 N. Briqneras, town of Piedmont in the val- ley of Lucern, three miles from the town of I hat name Lon. 7 34 E, 3:it. 44 56 N. Brisach, Old, town of Suabia, once the capital of Brisgaw, seated on the Rhine, over which is a" bridge of boats, 25 miles S of Strasburg. Lon. 7 49 E, lat. 48 2 N. 124 Brisach, JWiu, fortified town of France , in the cjepartment of Upper lliiine, and late province of Alsace. It is built oppo- site Old Brisach, about a mile from the Rhine, and 23 S of Strasburg. Lo;i. 7 40 E, lat. 48 5 N. Brisgarv, territory of Suabia, on the S side of the Rhine, which separates it from the department of Upper Rhine. Brissac, a town of France in the depart- ment of Maine and Loire, and late pro- vince of Anjou, seated on the river Au- bence, 13 miles S of Angers. Lon. 27 W, lat. 47 20 N. Bristol, city and seaport in Gloucester- shire and Somersetshire ; to which last county it was accounted to belong, before it formed a separate jurisdiction. In wealth, trade, and population, it has long been reckoned tlie second in this kingdom. It is seated at the confluence of the Avon with the Frnme, 10 miles from the influx of the Avon into the Severn. Bristol has a prodigious trade ; for it is reckoned that hence 2000 shij^s sail yearly. The tide rising to a great height in these narrow ri- vers, brings vessels of considerable bur- den to the quay. But the largest ships are discharged at Kingroad, four miles be- low the city, and the goods are brought to the quay by lighters. There are some considerable woollen manufactures ; and no less than 15 glass-houses, and a sugar refinery, v.'hich is one of its principal ma- nufactures. For supplying the city with water tiiere are six public conduits ; and handsome hackney coaches may be hired at reasonable rales. Hither is a great re- sort in t!ie summer of invalids as well as other company ; for whose accommodation and entertainment there is a pump-room, ball-room, coffee-house, with taverns, and a great number of elegant lodging houses, both below, on a level with the v.ell, and above in tiie delightful village of Clifton, which is situated on the brow of a hill, from whence there are downs extending several m les where the company ride out for exercise. It has 18 churches, beside the cathedral, a bridge over the Avon, a custom-house, and an exchange. The Hot Well, ab )ut a mile from the town, on the side of the Avon,^is much resorted to : It is of great purity, and has obtained a high reputation in consumptive cases. In St. Vincent's Rock, above this well, are found tliose native chrystals, .so well known un- der the name of Bristol stones. Besides this well, there is a cold sprmg which gushes out of a rock on the side of a river that supplies the cold b.ith. Hf-rc are used sledges instead of carts, because the vaults and common sewers would be injured by them. Bristol is governed by a mayor, has a market on Wednesday, Friday, and Sa- turday, and sends two members to parlia. 15 \l 1 B R 1 ment. It is 12 n.iles WNW of Bath, 34 SSW of Gl c. ster, and 124 VV of Lon- don. Lon. ? 36 \V, lat. 51 28 N. Bristol, a post town, in Lincoln county, Maine ; situated on Booth hay, 12 miles SE of Wiscasset, and 200 NE of Boston. Bristol, township and post town in Lin- cohi count)', Maine. Population in 1810, 2,753, and in 1820, 2,946. Bristol, township in Grafton county. New Hampshire. Population in 1820, 675. B'istol, township and post town in Hart- fo:*d countv, Connecticut. Population in 1310, 1428, and in 1820, 1,362. Bristol, county of Mass 'chusetts ; bound- ed N by Norfolk ; E by Plymouth ; SE by Buzzar.l's bay ; and W by Rhode Island ; length 35 ; mean width 17 ; area 600 square miles. It is generally level, though some parts are hilly ; soil of middling quality. Chief town, Taunton. Population in ISIO. Free white males ... 17,578 do. do. females - - . 18,666 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - . 924 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820, Free white males ... do. do. females ... 37,168 19,239 20,871 Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females - Slaves, males .... do. females 40,110 378 420 Total population in 1820 - 40,908 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized . 86 Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,641 do. in Manufactures - 2,136 do. in Commerce . . 974 Population to the square mile, 58. Bristol, county, of Rhode Island ; bound- ed N and NE by iua:i.5;i(.husetts ; W by Narragansett bay ; E by Jiount Hope bay ; length 10 miles; mean width 4; area 40 square miles; soil in general rocky, but productive ; surface hilly, and very plea- santly diversified. Chief town, Bristol. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 2,372 do. do. fen)aies - - . 2,443 All other pe-f-sons except Iiidians not taxed .... 221 Slaves - . . . . 37 Total populatlcn in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males 5 073 2,554 Free white females - - - 2,779 lotal whites ... - 5,333 Free persons of colour, males - 149 do. do. females 153 Slaves, males .... do. females ... 2 Total population in 1820 . - 5,637 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized . 6 Engaged in Agriculture - - 513 do. in Manufactures - 393 do. in Commerce . - 381 Population to the square mile, 140. Bristol, township in Bristol county, Rhode Island, including Bris ol town. Population in 1810, 2693, and in 1820, 3197. Bristol, seaport, post town, and capital of Bristol county, Rhode Island, 13 miles N from Newport, and .15 S from Provi. dence. The site of this town is in a high degree pleasant, on a point of land between Taunton river and Narragansett bay. It is a place of considerable commerce ; the shipping in 1815 exceeded 6,900 tons ; and its present population 2700. Bristol, township in Ontario county. New York. Population in 1820, 2,429. Bristol, borough and post town of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware ri- ver, opposite Burlington in New Jersey ; 20 miles above Philadelphia, and 12 miles below Trenton. Population in 1810, 628, and in 1820, 908. Bristol, township in "Philadelphia county, Pennsvlvania. Ponulation in 1810, 965, and in 1820, 1,257.' Bristol, township in Bucks county, Peim- sylvania. Population in 1810, 1,008, and in 1820, 1667. Bristol, township in Trumbull county, Ohio. Population in 1810, 212, and in 1820, 313. Bristol, township in Morgan county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 452 Bristol, bay on the NW coast of North America, lying between the peninsula of Alaska, and cape Newnbam. Lon. W C from 80 to 85 W, lat. 56 to 58 N. Bristol Channel, between the S coast of Wales, and the counties of Somerset, De- von, and Cornwall. Britaiii, or Great Britain, the most con- siderable of all the European islands, ex. tending 550 miles from N to S, and 290 from E to W. It lies to the N of France, from which il is separaied by the Er.glisli Channel. The ancient name of the island v.as Albion, which, in process of time gave wa\ to that of Britain, by which it was known to Julius Cx^ar. The general di- vision o) the island is into England, Scot- land, and Wales Hritnin, .A'Vvf, counlrv in N America, 12.-, B R B Jl (J commonly called the Esquimaux country. It is subject to Great Britain ; and lies be- tween 5U and 70 N lat. and between 50 and 100 W. ion. There are innumerable lakes and morasses, which are covered with ice and snow a great part of the year. The principal settlements belonging to the Eng- lish Hudson's Bay Company are Churchill, Neison, New Severn, and Albany on the W side ot Hudson's Bay. Bri am, .'Vew, i-land to the N of New Guinea. It is divided into two islands by a strait through which Capt. Carteret sailed in 1767. New Britain lies in I-n. 152 19 E, and lat. 4 S. The inhabitants are black, and wooll\ -headed, like negroes, but have n')t their flat nuses and thick iips. Biives la-Gaillarde, ancient town of France, in the department of Correz and late province of Limosen. It is seated near the confluence ol the Correze and the Ve- zere, in a delightful valley, and has a hand- some hospital and ollege ; and a fine walk, planted with trees, which surrounds the town, and adds to the beauty of its si- tuation. It is 37 miles S of Limoges, and 220 S by W of Paris. Lon. 1 25 E, lat. 45 15 N. Brixen, town of Germany in the Tirol, capital of the bishopric of the same name. It is seated at the confluence ot the Ritntz andEysoch, 15 mile-s E of Trol, and 40 N of Trent. Lon 11 47 E, 'at 46 45 N. Biixen, bishopric of Germany, ;n the Tirol. It is surrounded with mountains which produce excellent wine. Tiie bi- shop is a prince of the empire. Brizen or Brietzeji, town of Germany, in the middle niarciie of Erand^nburgh, seated on the river Adah, 12 miles NE of Wir- lemberg. Broadalbin, township in Montgomery county. New York. Population in 1820, 2,428. Broad Creek, township in Sussex coun- ty, Delaware. Pfpulation in 1810, 3,789, and in 1820, 2,599. B'-oad Creek, post village in Queen Anne CO nty, Maryland. Broadfield, postvillage of Virginia, West- mor land county. Broadkiln, to>." nship and post village in Suss-x county, Delaware. Population in 1820,2731. Broad River, river of South Carolina, at the mouth of which is sea'ed the town of Beau tort. Broad Hiver, river of Georgia, enters the right Mde of Savannah river, between Savannah and Lisbon. B^'ochviHe, sea' of justice for the county of Leetis, Upper Canad. , on the left bank of St. Lawrence, 16 miles abo'-e Prescott, It !s a very flourishing place, in a fertile, well cultivated neighbourhood. Brodcra, principal fortress and town of 126 Hindoostan Proper, in Guzerat, in the NE part of the tract lying between the rivers Tapty and Myhie. It is 95 miles S by W of the former, and 195 NE of the latter. Lon. 7:i HE, lat. 22 15 N. Brod, or Brodt, strong place of Hungary, on the river Save, famous fur a battle gained by the Turks in 1688. It is 20 miles SE of Posega. Lon, 19 25 E, lat. 45 20 N. Brod-JYemiki, or Teutch-Brod, town of Bohemia, s ated on the river Sozawa, 20 miles S by E of Czazlaw. Lon. 15 40 E, lat. 49 33 N. Broek, town of We-tphalia, in the duchy of Berg, the capital of a county of the same name ; seated on the Roer, 11 miles N of Dusseldorp, Lon 6 53 E, lat. 51 23 N. Boek, beautiful village in North Hol- land, six miles from Amsterdam. The in- habitants, though peasants only, are all rich. The streets are paved in mosaic work, with variegated bricks. The houses are painted on tiie outside, and look as fresh as if quite new. The gardens are adorned with china vases, grottos of shell-work, irees, and flo vers ; with borders composed of minute particles of glass, of different co- lours, and disposed into a varietj' of forms. Behind th.e h uses and gardens, are mea- dows, full of cattle grazing ; the out houses are likewise behind, so that wagons, carts, and cattle, never enter these neat streets. Broken Bay, bay of New S Wales, on the E coast of New Holland. It is formed by the mouth of a great river called the Hawkesbur>. Lon. 151 27 E, lat. 33 34 S. Broken Sxvord, name of a creek in the new county of Crawfcrd, running sonth- vvesiwai-dly into Sai. dusky river. Broken Stra-!v, township in Warren coun- ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 379, and in 1820, 902. Broken Stra~w, creek, post village, Craw- ford county, Pennsylvania. Brornberg, city of Prussia, in the Grand Duchy of Posen, capital of the district of the Netze. This city is very important, as from it a canal extends which unites the Vistula, Oder, and Elbe rivers, by connect- ing the Bruhe near Bromberg, wiih the Netz ne'ir Nackel. It is 30 miles NW from Thorn, and 160 miles E from Berlin. Bromley, town in Kent, with a market on Thursday, situated on the river Ravens- burn Bromley is 10 miles S by E from London. Lon. 6 E, lat. 51 23 E. Bromley, town in Staffordshire, with a market on Tuesday. It w,.s formerly called Abbot's-Bromley, and afterwards Paget's- Biom'e, , being given to Lord Paget when Henry VIII. suppressed the abbies. It is ^even miles E of Stidford, and 130 NW of London. Lun. 1 35 W, lat. 52 50 N. Bromley, village near Bow, in Middlesex. li R O It had formerly a monastery, the church of which is still used by the inhabitants. Brompton, village in Middlesex, two miles W by S of London. Brompton, village in Kent, situated on an easy ascent from Chatham, and containing the fine barracks for the military of that garrison. Bromsgrove, town in Worcestershire, seated on the river Salwarp. It is a pretty good town, 15 miles NNE of Worcester, and 115 NW of London. Lon. 1 50 W, lat, 52 25 N. Bromyard, town in Herefordshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is 18 miles W of Worcester, and 125 WNW of London. Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 50 8 N. Bronno, town of Italy, in ihe Milanese, 10 miles SE of Pavia. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 45 6 N. Brooke, the most northerly county of Virginia, situated in an angle formed by the river Ohio and the state of Pennsylva- nia ; bounded W and N by Ohio river ; E by Pennsylvania ; and S by Ohio county in Virginia ; length 30 ; mean breadth 5 ; area 150 square miles; surface extremely hilly, though the soil is in a high degree fertile. Staples, grain, flour, whiskey, fruit, and some iron. Chief town, Wellsburg. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 2,819 do. do. females - - - 2,653 All other free persons, except In- dians not taxed ... 59 Slaves 332 Total population in 1810 - 5,tf43 Population in 1820. Free white males - - . 3,152 do. do. females ... 3,018 Total whites - - - . 6,170 Free persons of colour, males - 24 do. do. females 34 Slaves, males . - - . 191 do. females - - - 192 Total population in 1820 - - 6,611 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 9 Engaged in Agricdtwi-e - - 1,526 do. in Manufactures - - 237 do. in Commi'rce - - 40 Population to the sq'iare mile, 44. Brompton., town of Lower Canada in Buckingham county, on S'- Fvuicis river. Brookfield, township in Strafford coun- ty. New Hampshire. Population in 1810, QST, and in 1820. 690. Brookfii'ldy town of Orange county, Vermont, 17 miles S from Moatpelier. Population, 14u0. Brookfidd, township and post town in B \\ O Worcester county, Massachusetts. Po- pulation ill 1810,3170, and in 1820, 2,292. Brookfidd, Korth, township and post town in Worcester county, Massachu- setts Population in 1820, 1095. Brookfidd, township and post town in Fairfield county, Connecticut. Popula- tion in 1810, 1037, and in 1820, 1159. Brookfield, township and post town in Madiso . county, New York. Population in 18 -'0, 4240, Brookfidd, township and post village in Trumbull county, Ohio. Population in 1810, 345, and in 1820, 524. Brookfield, township and post village in Morgan county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 314. Brookhaven, township and post town in Suffolk county. New York. Popula- tion in 1820, 5,218. Brookhill, post town of Tennessee, in Montgomery county. Bookline, township in Hillsborough county. New Hampshire. Population in 1810, 528, and in 1820, 592. Brookline, post town of Hillsborough county, New Hampshire. Population, 550. Brookline, township in Norfolk county, Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 784, and it! 1820, 900. Brooklyn, township in Windham coun- ty, Connecticut. Population in 1810, 1,200, and in 1820, 1,264. Brooklyn, post town and township of King's county. New York, on Long Island, opposite the city ot New York, from which it is only separated by the East river three fourths of a mile wide. The site of this town is pleasantly waving, and gives an air of variety and openess to the streets and houses. Many of the buildings are elegant, and the adjacent country in a nigh staie of cuUiva'>un, To tilt- NE of th ■ tf^kvn, on a point between E.ist river and the WallaliDUt bay, is one of the United States navy yards. Pnpu- lation in 1820, 7,175 ; and at prese t about 7,500. Brooklyn, township in C'uyahoga coun- ty, Ohio Population in 1820, s'lS Brooks, townshi}) in Hancock county, Maine. Pc.'ulativn in 18 ?0, 318. Brooksville, township in Haricock courity. Alrtine. P-'i illation io i3.'0. 9r2. fsrook-oHle post town i-i M nigom) ry cour:y, M^^rylfcnrl, on th':- W sidf- -if the rivoi Pautuxent, 20 mik-s from Wash- ington. Brookville, town of Indiana, seat of justice for Franklin county, on the point in the forks oi' White river, branch of Great Miami, AQ miles NW from Cin- cinnati. It is a flourishing village, laid 127 B K (J B li O out in 1811, and now contains more than 100 houses, and 500 inhabitants. Broom Loch, and an extensive salt ■water and arm of the sea, in Rosshire, on the W coast of Scotland. It has long been noted for its excellent herrings, and is esteemed one of the best fishing stations on the coast. Broome, county of New York, bounded by Pennsylvania S; Tioga W; Court- landt and Chenanj^o N ; and Del ^ware E ; length 43 ; mean width -^0 miies ; area 860 square miles. Surface hilly, though being intersected by the Susque- hanna river, and its numerous branches, the soil is in general productive, and ni part extremely fertile. Chief town, Che- nango. Population in 1810. Free white :ales - - - 4,210 do. do. females - - 3,867 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 30 Slaves 23 Total population in 181 .0 , males - females 8,130 Population in 1820. Free white mules do. do. females - Total whites Free persons of colour. do. do. Slaves, males - do, females 7,318 6,937 14,255 33 30 8 17 Total population in 1820 14,343 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 56 Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,092 do. in Manufactures - 496 do. in Comnierce - - 51 Popidatlon to the square mile, 16. BrooTie, township and post town in Schoharie county. New York. Popula- tion in 1820, 2,680. Brora, seaport on the E coast of Su- therlandshire, Scotland. Here is a coal mine which was lately worked, and the coal used in the manufacture of salt; but it cannot be carried to any distance, as it takes fit:e on being exposed to the air. Brora is 40 miles N by E of Inver- ness. Brora, river in Sutherlandsbire, which issues from a lake of the same name. Above the town of Brora it forms seve- ral fine cascades ; and, below that vil- lage falls into the British Ocean. Brouage, town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Charente, and late province of Salntonge. Its salt works are the finest in France, and the salt is n'8 called Bay salt, because it lies on a bay of the sea. It is 17 miles b < f R. chelle, and 170 SW of Pans. Lun. 1 4 W. lat. 45 52 N. Brouca, town of Sicily, on the S side of the gulf of Caania, 15 rniles S of Ca- tania. Lon 15 30 E, lat. 37 25 N. Brouershaven, seaport of the United Provinces, in the island of Schoneu, nine miles SW of Helvoetsluys, Lon. 4 15 E, lat. 51 40 N Broue'.'e, river of Indiana, in Vigo couniy, falls into the right side of the Wabasli, 10 miles above Terre liante. Broug/iion, town of Lower (xanada, Buckingham couijty, 35 miles S from Qui^!:*ec. Brown, a southern county of Ohio, borderin<^ f^n Wn Oiiio I'iver. It i>. bound- ed on the N by Clinton and Highland counties ; E by Highland and Adams ; b by the Ohio river ; and on tiie W by Clermont county. It is .% miies long from N to S, by 17 broad from E to W ; and contains about 470 square miles. It contains the towns of Ripley, the tem- porary seat of justice, and Decatur. I'he surface of this county is in general hilly, but its soil fertile. Population in 1820. Free white males - - 6,501 do. do. females • - 6.217 Total whites - - - JJ,018 Free persons of colour, males 160 do. do. females, 178 Slaves, males ... do. females - _ - o Total population in 1820 - 13,356 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 22 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,727 ' do. in Manutactures - 327 do. in Commerce - 22 Population to the square mile, 30 nearly. Brother''s Valley, township in Somerset county, Pennsylvania. Popalation m 1810, 1314, and in 1820, 1301. .Btou'H, county of Michigan, W from lake Michigan, and contiguous to Green bay. Fort Brown, chief town. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 785 do. do. females - - - 166 Total whites .... 951 Free pei ,ons of colour, males - 1 do. do. females - none Slaves, males ... - none do, females ... none Total population in 1820 - 952 B R O B R U Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 62 60 10 16 Fopulatioii to the square mile, uncertain. tice in Jackson county, Illinois, 40 miles E from Ivaskaskias. Brownville, town of Penobscot county, Maine, on Pleasant river, 40 miles N from Bangor. Bro-wnville, township, and post town, in JBroxvn, township in Lycoming county, Jefferson cour\ty, New York, on the right Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 322. Brown, township, in Miami county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 349. Brown, township in Stark county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 365. Broiviifield, township and post town in Oxford county, Maine, on Saco river. Po- pulation in 1810, 388, and in 1820, 747. Broiunhebn, township in Huron county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 282. Brottinington, post town, Orleans county. bank ot Black river eight miles NE from Sackets Harbour. Population in 1820, 3990. Broyle, harbour, and settlement, E side of tlie island of Newfoundland, between the city of St. Johns, and Cape Race. Lon. W C 24 30 E. lat. 47 10. N. BmceviUe, post village, Knox county, Indiana, Briichval, town of Germany, In the bish- opric of Spire, seated on the river Satz , Vermont, near Barton river, 55 miles NE five miles SE of Philipsberg-. Lon. 8 36 by N from Montpelier. E. lat. 49 11 N, Bro-ivnsburg, post town, of Rockbridge _ J^'^igg; or Broug, town of Swisserland, county, Virginia, on Hays creek, 13 miles i" Argau, sealed on the river Aar, over NE by N from Lexington. which is a bridge. It is 22 miles SE of Brownshurg, post village, Washington Basil. Lon. 8 4 E. lat. 47 21 N. county, Tennessee, near French Broad Bruges, large episcop.il city of Austrian river, 15 miles E from Greensville. Flanders, once the greatest trading town Brown's corner, post village, Kennebeck i"} Europe ; but in the 16th centurv, the county, Maine. civil wars occasioned by the tyranny of Brown's cross-roads, post office, Pike l*'iillip H. drove tiie trade first to Antwerp, count j^ Ohio. and then to Amsterdam, It is seated in Brown's Passage, between Dundas and * plain, eight miles from the sea, and has a Stephen's islands, NW coast of North communication by canals, with Ghent, Os- America, leading into Observatory Inlet, tend, Sluys, Newport, Furnes, Ypres, and Lon. W C 53 23 W. lat. 54 17 N. Dunkirk. Bruges has been often taken Bro-an's Point, cape, S extremity of th^ ?"^ retaken, the last time by the French, island of Tobago in Uie West Indies. *" ^"^^- ^^ ^^ ^'S^^ ™'l^s E of Ostend. Lon. W C 15 20 E. lat. 11 10 N. ■'^°" o 5 E, lat. 51 12 N. Brown'stown, post town and capital of .Tackson county, Indiana, on the left bank of the East Fork of White river, 100 miles W from Cincinnati, and 45 N from Louis- ville. Brownsville, township in Fayette county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 769, Brownsville, formerly called Red Stone Bnigge, or Bruggen, town of Lower Sajiony, in the bishopiic of Hildesheim, six miles from the city of that name. Lon. 10 5 E. Lat. 52 6 N. Bnignelo, episcopal town of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, at the foot of the Ap- penines, 35 miles SE of Genoa. Lon. 9 30 E. lat. 44 15 N. Brule, river of the NVV territory of the Old Fort, post town in Fayette county, U. S. falls into the SW part of lake Su Pennsylvanii included in tiie foregoing perior. township ; on the E side of the river Mo- nongahela, 12 miles NW from Union, 25 SE from Washington, and 35 S from Pitts- burg. It is in the centre of a settlement composed considerably of Friends. This town is connected with Bridgeport by a chain bridge thrown across Dunlap's creek, a small stream of wa'er running between Bnmetto, strong and important place in Piedmont, near Susa, which it defends. Brunsuttle, seaport of Germany, in Hol- stein at the mouth of the Elbe, 13 miles NW of Gluckstadt. Lon. 9 2 E. lat. 54 2N. Brunswick, country of Germany, in the them. Both together contain "about 200 circle of Lower Saxony, bounded on the N houses, and in 1820, 1600 inhabitants, by Lunenburg, on the'W by the circle of Brownsville is in a flourishmg state, beinij Westph:ilia, on the S by Hesse, and on the in the centre of a well cultivated and rich E by Anhalt, Ilerberstadt, and Magdeburg, country. It is the general rendezvous of The principal rivers are the Wesar, Ocker, emigrants from Virginia and Maryland, on and Lyne. It is divided into three princi- their passage down the Ohio. palitie's. Wolfenbuttle, Ceubenhagen, _BroYunm^/e, post village of Marlborough and Calenberg, which also comprehends district. South Carolina. the duchy of Gottingen. The principality Brownsville, post town, and seat of ;us- of Wolfenbuttle has its own dukes ; but H " 1 29 B R U fl R U the other two belong to the elector of Hanover. Brumwick, large city of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick. It was formerly an imperial and hanseatic town till it was ta- ken by the dike of Brunswick Wolfenbut- tle in 1671, who built a citadel to keep it in awe. In the square before the castle is a famous stone statue, with a lion made of block-tin, done after the life. The num- ber of inhabitants is about 24,000. It is seated on the Ocker, 55 miles W of Magde- burg. Lon. 10 42 E. lat. 52 25 N. Brunstvick, post town of Georgia, in North America, in Glynn county. It has a safe harbour capable of containing a nu- merous fleet of men of war ; from its situa- tion, and the fertility of the inland coun- try it promises to be a place of conse- quence. It is 70 miles WSW of Savannah, and 752 from Washington. Lat. 31 10 N. lon, 8 2 W. Bnmswick, township In Cumberland county, Maine. Population in 1820, 2931. Brimswick, township in Rensallaer coun- ty. New York. Population in 1820, 2318. Brunsivick, South, township in Middle- sex county. New Jersey. Population in 1810, 2332, and in 1820, 2489. Bmns-anck, JVew, township in Middle- sex county. New Jersey. Population in 1810, 3980, and in 1820, 4275. Brunsxuick, city of New Jersey, in North America, situate on the Raritan, 12 miles above Perth Amboy. This city has a considerable inland trade, and many small vessels belongs to the port. Here was formerly a flourishing college, called Queen's college, which has of late declin- ed. Population about 6000. Brims-u>ick, j\reiu, in North America, one of the two provinces into which Nova Scotia was divided in 1784 ; bounded on the W by New England, on the N by Ca- nada, on the E by the gulf of St. Lawrence, and on the S by the bay of Fundy and Nova Scotia. St. John's is the capital. Population about 60,000. Bnmsruick, township in Schuylkill coun- ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1974. Bruns-wick, township in Medina county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 172. Brunswick, township of Essex county, Vermont, 65 miles from Montpelier, on the Connecticut river. _ Brimsidck, covmiy of Virginia, on both sides of Meherin river ; bi.unded South by North Carolina ; W by Mecklenberg, and Lunenberg ; N by Nottoway ; NE by Din- widdie ; and E by Greenville ; length 27 ; breadth 21 ; area 570 ; surface rather rolling than level ; soil of middling quality. Sta- ples grain and tobacco. Chief town, Percival. Population in 1810 Tree white males - - . 2,884 130 Free white females - - - 2,951 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . . . - Slaves - . . . . 378 9,308 Total population in 1810 - 15,411 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - do. do. females ... 2,925 2,964 Total whites .... 5,889 Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males - - . - do. females 394 323 5,201 4,880 Total population in 1820 - 16,687 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce ■12 5,130 100 39 Population to the square mile, 30 nearly. Bruns-wick, county of North Carolina, situated near the mouth of Cape Fear ri- ver ; and bounded S by the Atlantic Ocean ; by South Carolina SW ; by Bladen NW ; and Cape Fear river NE and E ; length 45 miles ; breadth 28 miles ; area 1260 square miles ; surface level, part marshy ; and soil generally poor and thin. Chief town, Smithville. Population in 1810. Free white males . - - 1,173 do do. females . . - 1,141 All other persons except Indians not taxed • - . - - 210 Slaves - - , . - 2,254 Total population in 1810 4,778 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 1,495 do. do. females - i . 1,442 Total whites .... 2,937 Free persons of colour, males - 101 do. do. females - 108 Slaves, males ... - 1,196 do. females . - - - 1,138 Total population in 1820. - - 5,480 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - - 2 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,761 do. in Manufactures - - 88 do. in Commerce - - 44 Population to the square mile, 4. Brunswick, post town, seaport, and seat of justice in Glyme, district of Georgia, on Turtle river, 10 miles S from Darien. Lat. 31 10 N, B R Y BUG Brussels, fortified city of Brabant, and capital of the kingdom of the Netherlands . It has many magnificent squares, public buildings, walks, and fountains. The Ho- tel de Ville, in the grand market-place, is a remarkable structure : the turret is 364 feet in height, aud on the top is the figure of St. Michael, of copper gilt, 17 feet high, which turns with the wind. Here is a kind of nunnery, called the Beguinage, which is like a little town, and surrounded by a wall and a ditch ; the women educa- ted here are allowed to leave it when they choose to marry. Brussels is celebrated for its fine lace, camblets, and tapestry ; and contains 80,000 inhabitants. It has a communication with the Scheldt by a ca- nal, 20 miles long. It was bombarded by marshal Villeroy, in 1695, by which 14 churches, and 4000 houses were destroyed. It has been several times taken since. It is seated partly on an eminence, and partly on the river Senne, 25 miles S of Antwerp, and 148 N by E of Paris. Lon. 4 18 E, lat. 50 51 N. Brush Creek, township in Scioto county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 288. Brush Creek, township in Highland county, Ohio. Population in 1810, 551, and in 1820, 1173. Brush Creek, township in Muskingum county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 699. Bruton, town in Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday. Here are manufac- tures of silk and hosiery ; a free-school, founded by Edward VI. ; and a stately almsliouse, consisting of the ruins of a priory. It is seated on the river Brue, 12 miles SE of Wells, and 100 W of London. Brutus, township in Cayuga county, New York. Population in 1820, 3579. Bruyeres, town of France, in the depart- ment of Vosges, 11 miles ENE of Ept- nal. Bryan, county of Georgia ; bounded by the Atlantic Ocean SE ; Liberty S\V ; Tatu- all and Bullock NW, and Effingham and Chatham NE ; length 35 ; mean width 12 ; area 420 square miles ; surface level, and soil thin. Staples, grain, tobacco, and cot- ton. Chief town. Hard wick. Population in 1810. Free white males . - - 296 do. do. females - - - 261 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - 6 Slaves 2,264 Free persons of colour, females 1 1 Slaves, males - - - - 1,1 19 do. females - - - 1,119 Total population in 1810 - - 2,827 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 391 do. do. females - - - 368 Total whites . . - . 759 Free persons of colour, males - 13 Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce 3,021 1 1,337 24 Population to the square mile, 8 nearly, Bryansbrid^e, town of Ireland, in the county of Clare, seated on tlie Shannon eight miles N of Limerick. Brzesc, fortified town of Lithuania, capi- tal of Polensia, or the palatinate of Brzesc, with a castle on a rock. Here is a large synagogue, resorted to by Jews from all parts of Europe. It is seated on the river Bug, 90 miles S by W of Grodno. Lon. 24 6 E, lat. 52 4 N. Brzesc, town of Poland, capital of a pala- tinate of the same name. It is surrounded by a wall, and seated in a marshy plain, 95 miles WNW of Warsaw. Lon. 18 30 E, lat. 52 40 N. Brzesnitz, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, with manufactures of lace, fire- arms, and hardware, 24 miles WNW of Saatz. — Another, in the circle of Prachin, 18 miles WNW of Pisek. Bua, island in the gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia, called likewise Partridge island, because frequented by those birds. It is joined by a bridge to the town of Traon. Buarcos, town of Portugal, in Beira, on the seacoast, at the moutii of the Mondego, 27 miles S of Aveira. Buccari, or Bnchari, seaport of Morla- chia, on the NE partof the gulf of Venice, declared by the emperor, in 1780, a free port for commerce with the East Indies. It is 12 miles E of Fiume. Lon. 14 26 E. lat. 45 17 X. Buchannes, the most eastern promontory of Scotland, to the E of Pcterliead in Aberdeenshire, in lon. 1 34 W, lat 57 27 N. Near this promontory are the Bullers of Buchan, and other stupendous rocks and precipices, much admired for the aw- ful grandeur they exhibited. Bncharla. See Bokhariu. Bucliau, town of Suabia, with a nunner}', seated on a small lake, called Feyder See, 25 miles SW of U!m. Buchau, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Saatz, 26 miles SW of Saatz. Bucholz, town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker mark, seated on the Dahmc, 23 miles SSE of Berlin. Bucharest, strong city of European Tur- key, capital of Walachia, where the hospo- dar commonly resides. The patriarchal church is large, adjoining to the palace of ^ 131 B U C li u c the archbishop ; and in a square, near the centre of the town, is the great church of St. Georg'e, the patron saint of Walachia. The inhal^itants are estimated at 60,000. It is seated on the Domboriza, 35 miles SSE of Tergovist, and 200 N by W of Adriano- ple. Lon. 26 8 E, lat. 44 57 N. Buchorn, town of Suabia, seated on the lake of Constance, 18 miles ENE of Con- stance. liuck Creek, a large mill stream of Clark county, Ohio, a branch of Mad river, on ■which has been erected, besides a consid- erable number of mills, a cotton and wool- len manufactory. Jiuckden, village in Huntingdonshire, 5 miles S\V of Huntingdon. Here is a superb palace of the bishops of Lincoln, and seve- ral of the prelates have been interred in the church. Buckebitrg, town of Westphalia, in the county of Schauenburg, with a castle on the river Aa, three miles ESE of Minden. Biickenham, town in Norfolk, with a mar- ket on Saturday, 12 miles E by N of Thet- ford, and 93 NE of London. JBnckfastleigh, village in Devonshire, three miles S by W of Ashbarton. Here are some remains of an abbey ; and many of the houses are built with materials from its ruins. BuckfielJ, town in Oxford county, Maine. Population in 1810, 1251, and in 1820, 1501. Buchanan, post town of Virginia In Har- rison county. Buck-head, creek of Georgia, falls into the Ogrechee river 60 miles below Louisville. Buckhorn- falls, post office of North Caro- lina, in Chatham county. B ckinghum, borough and the capital of Buckinghamshire, with a market on Satur- day. It is almos. surrounded by the Ouse, over which are three stone bridges. There was formerly a castle, on a mount, in the middle of the town. Here is little trade or manufacture, except lacc-making, and some paper mills on the river. Two miles to the NVV is Stjwe, tlie celebrated seat of the marquis of Buckingliam. The town sufiered greatly by fire, in 1725. It is 25 miles NE of Oxford, and 55 N\V of London. Lon.O 5SW.lat.51 58 N, Buckinghamshire, county of England, 39 miles long and 18 broad; bounded on the N by Northamtonshire, E by Bedfordshire, and Middlesex, S by Berkshire, and W by Oxfordshire. It contains 318,400 acres ; is divided into eight hundreds, and 185 pa- rishes ; has 15 market towns; and sends 14 members to parliament. The number of inhabitants in 1801, 107,444 ; in ISll, 117,650, and in 1821, 134,068. Its prin- cipal rivers are the Thames, Coin, Ouse, and Tame. The soil is rich, being chiefly chalk or marl ; and the woods of the hills, 132 chiefly bsech, form a considerable article of profit, both as fuel and timber. The most general manufacture is bone lace and paper. Buckingham, county of Lower Canada, in the district of Three rivers, on the right side of St. Lawrence river. Buckingham, town of Lower Canada, in York county, on the Ottawa river. Buckingham, township in Wayne county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 153, and in 1820, 385. Buckingham, post town of Pennsylvania, Bucks county. Buckingham, county of Virginia, bound- ed NW and NE by James river ; SE by Cumberland ; and SW by Prince Edward, Churlotle and Campbell counties ; length 34, and mean width 20 miles ; area, 680 square miles, surface hilly and rocky ; soil of middling quality. Staples tobacco, grain, and salted provisions. Chief town, Maysville. Population'in 1810. Free whites, males - - 4,111 do. do. females - - 3,669 All other persons except In- dians not taxed - - 694 Slaves 11,675 Total population in 1810 2,0059 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females o,65o 3,692 Total whites Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females - Slaves, males ... do. females 7,345 150 144 5,138 4,801 Total population in 1820 17,572 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 2 Engaged in Agricidture - - 1,347 do. in Manufactures - - 171 do. in Commerce • - 130 Population to the sqware mile, 26. Btickiiigham, townsiiip in Bucks count}-, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1,715, and in 1820, 1862. Buckland, town of Hertford county. Lower Canada, on the right side of St. Lawrence, 20 miles SE from Quebec. Buckland, township in Franklin county, New Hampshire. Population in 1820, 1037. Buckland, post town of Virginia, in the SW part of Prince Wilii&m county, on Broadrun creek, branch of Occuq»jhau river. Bucklerstoxt'n, Berkeh' county, Virginia. Bucks, county of Pennsylvania, on the Delaware, bounded SW by Philadelphia, B U 1) B U E and Montgomery, N\V by Lehigh, and Nordiampton ; and on the NR and SE, se- parated from New Jersey by the Dela- ware river ; length S7 miles ; mean width 16 miles : area 600 square miles : the surface hilly, or rather rolling, and delightfully variegated ; soil in general excellent. Staples, grain, flour, whiskey, fruit, cider, hay, and a great variety of other articles of minor importance. Besides the Dela- ware it is watered by the Neshaminy, and Tochicon creeks, both fine mill streams ; the Perkiomen also rises m Bucks county. It is abundant in mills, and presents the aspect of a well cultivated and flourishing county. Chief towns, Doylestown, New- town, and Bristol. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 16,041 do. do. females - - 15,336 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - . . 983 Slaves 11 Total population in 1810 - 32,371 Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females ... Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females - Slaves, males . . . - do. females .... |18,147 18,141 36,551 699 582 none 2 Total population in 1820 • 37,842 Of tiiese ; Foreigners not naturalized . 69 Engaged in Agriculture - 5,100 do. in Manufactures - 2,188 do. in Commerce - - 25 Population to the square mile, 63. Buckskin, township in Koss county, Ohio. Population in 1810, 781, and in 1820, 1331. Bucksport, township in Hancock countv, Mame. Population in 1820, 1658. Buckiotun, town of Vlaryland in Dorches- ter county, between Blackwater and Transqu:iking creeks. Buckler' s-Iiavd, village in Hampshire, on Beauheu river, nine miles SSW of South- ampton. The inhabitants are principally employed in ship-building, and many fri- gates have been built iiere. Buda, or Offoi, the capital of Lower Hungary, situate on the side of a hill, on the W side of the Danube, over which is a bridge of boats to Pest. The in!;ubitanis are t-itiaia'.ed at 25,000. The clmrches and public buillings are Iiandso;ne. In the adjacent country are vinevards, wiiiclt produce excellent wine , and hot baths t!;at were in go id order, with magnificent rooms, while the Turks had possession of this place. The Turks took it?in 1520, and it was afterward besieged several times by tiie Germans to no purpose till 1686, when it was taken. It is 94 miles E SE of Presburg, and 200 NNW of Bel- grade. Lo(..T9 5 E. lat. 47 30 N. Budelich,town of Germany, in the terri- tory of Treves ; seated on the Traen, 12 miles ENE of Treves. Budorich, or Biirich, town of Germanj', in the duchy of Cleves ; seated on]| the Ithine, 22 miles SE of Cleves. Bitdin, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Bakonitz, with a castle, nine miles S by W of Leutmeritz. Budingen, town of Germany, in Wette* ravia with a castle; situate on the Sam- bach, 25 miles ENE of Frankfort. Budissen,see Bmitzen, Budoa, srong seaport of Dalmatia, and a bisliop's see. It sustained a seige byjthe Turks, in 1686, and is 30 miles SE of Ra- gusa. Lon, 18 58 E. lat. 42 30 N. Budrio, town of Italy, in the Bolognese, eight miles E of Bologna. Budwsis, tortified town of Bohemia, in the circle of Bechin, and lately a bishop's see. In ihe environs are mines of gold and silver. It is seated on the Muldau, 75 miles S by W of Prague. Lon. 14 25 E, lat. 49 2 N. Biidzac, see Bessarabia. Buenaventura, bay, town and settle- ment of New California. Lon. W C 42 W. lat. 34 20 N. Buenaventura, seaport of South America, on the Pacific Ocean, at the mouth of Choco bay. Lon. W C 10 VV. lat. 3 55 N. Buenos Jlyres, city and seaport, the capi- tal of Paraguay and the seat of a late vice- I'oyalty, and now of the united provinces of La Plata. A great part of the treasures and merchandise of Peru and Ciiili are brought here, which are exported to Spain. It was founded by Mendosa, in 1535, but afterward abandoned ; and in 1544, an other colony of the Spaniards came here, who !efi it also ; but it was rebuilt in 1582, and inhabited by Spaniards and the native Americans. It is a bishop's see, and has an elegant cathedral, a small Indian church, two monasteries, five convents, a college, a beauiiful square, and about 70,000 iniiabit- ants. Tile trade Is carried on with the provinces of Peru by means of carts drawn by oxen, wh;ch travel together in caravans^ The country around is quite open and level, furnishing every species of American and European productions, but the most extraordinary c'vcumstance is the propa- gati'-n of '.atile. wl'.ich have rr.'altiplied so immensely uiat a great many are killed merely for their hides. The trade of tiiis city already considerable may become im- mense. Placed upon the bank of the 133 B U F B UA. Plata river, its situation would enable an enterprising peop'e to form it 'mto an em- porium rbr the merch 'ndize o<' the wide spread regiiinsdiained by lliat ^.treim and its ntimrious confiuenis. At nreseni the exports are, gold, .silver, I)eef, tallow, hides, k.c. ; and imports mar.ufactured goods, p'mcipally from Great Brita n. An extensive inland comm^-rce, oy caravans is carried on over tiie Andes, to Ciuli and Peru. The liarb ur is vet an open ro«d without moles or quays, but the advance of commerce in the hands of a free people, will superinduce the necessary improve- ments. Of the present population about one third are civilized Indians. In 1806, Buenos Ayres was surrendered to the Eng- lish, under major-general (now lord) Be- resford ; but was retaken by the Spanish forces about two months afterwards, when the general and his army were made pri- soners of war. In July, 1807, the English again made an attack on this place, with 10,000 men, but without success. It has since shared the vicissitudes of the revo- lutionary war, but may now be considered as the seat of a new and rising empire. It is seated on the Plata, 220 miles from the ocean, though the river there is 21 miles in breadth. Lon. W C 18 29 E. lat. 34 25 .S. Buenos Ayres, province of South Ame- rica one of the United provinces of La Plata; bounded SE by the Atlantic Ocean; SW by the Colorado nver ; W by Cordova; and NK by he Rio de la Plata ; length from the SW to NE 400; mean width 200 miles; area, about 80,000 square miles. It is in general an open and flat country, with a soil of exuberant fertility ; and situa- ted between 33 and 40 of S lat. produces in abundance the grains and fruits of a temperate climate. The extent of its un- wooded plains, however, invite to and su- perinduce pastoral pursuits. Agriculture is too much neglected and the attention of the inhabitants drawn to the rearing of cat- tle and horses. Manufactures can scarcely be said to exist in their most incipient state. Relative population uncertain. Buffalo, lake, of North America, laid down by Heume. Lon. W C 34 W. lat. 67 20 N. Buffalo, port of entry, post town, and seat of justice in Niagara county. New York, on lake Erie, at the head of Niagara river, 22 miles above Niagara falls. This town is admirably situ-ited to become a great interior mart. BufFaloe creek is of sufficient depth, 12 feet, to admit an ex- cellent harbour, and the necessary works to meliorate its entrancejto lake Erie, and to facilitate, the ingress, and egress of ves- sels,arenowinan inconsiderable statelof for- wardness. The grand canal of N. York, is intended to debouch into lake Erie, at 134 Buffalo harbour. The town is built upon an elevated and dry plain, extending in i;rem the harbour to the interior of New Y.>rk. This fine vil- I acre was urnt by the British m the late war, but ha:, risen in au improved state from its tshes. The uresent population in the village separate from the other parts of ".he township i-xceeds a thousand. Buffalo, township in Niagara county. New York, including Buffalo village. Po- pulation in 1820, 2095. Buffalo, township in Perry county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 875. Buffalo, township in Union county, Penn- sylvania. Population in 1820, 2376. Buffalo, West, township in Union coun- ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1183. Buffalo, township in Washington, county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1416, and in 1820, 1430. Buffalo, township in Butler county, Penn- sylvania. Population in 1810, 375, and in 1820, 582. Buffalo, township in Armstrong county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1110, 1150, and in 1820, 1597. Buffalo, township in Guernsey county, Ohio. Population in 1810, 285, and in 1820, 482. Buffalo, post village of Virginia, Mason county. Buffalo, town of Pike county, Missouri. Buffalo, creek or river of New York, falls into lake Erie at Buffalo, and forms the harbour of that town. It rises by se- veral branches in Niagara and Genessee counties. Buffalo, creek, of Centre and Union counties, Pennsylvania, falls into the W branch of the Susquehannah ; after water- ing a fertile strip of land, called Buffalo valley, and flowing 22 miles. Buffalo, creek of Virginia, and Pennsyl- vania, rises in Washington county of the latter and falls into Ohio river at Wells- burg, in Brooke county of the former. Buffalo, creek of North and South Caro- lina, rises in the former, and falls into Broad river in the latter. Buffalo, creek of Georgia, branch of Ocone river, which it joins about 40 miles below Milledgeville. Buffalo, small river of Mississippi "in Wilkinson county, its course nearly W 40 miles, falls into the Mississippi, nine miles below the mouth of Homochitto. The soil watered by this stream is generally hilly but fertile, producing cotton, and maize in abundance. Buffalo, small branch of White river, Arkansas territory. Bug, river of Europe, the south-eastern branch of Vistula. It rises near Lemburg, B U L. B U L and flowing NW separates Galicia from "Volhynia, as far as the town of Drohiczyn, where it leaves Volhynia, ainl separates Galicia from Warsovia, until its union with the Vistula, 20 miles below War- saw. Bugey, formerly province of Francp, be- tween Franche Compte, Bresse, Dauphiny and Savoy ; it is now included in the de- partment of the Ain. Jiuen .^yre, see Biiair. JSuffia, province of Algiers, in Africa, surrounded with mountains, and very fer- tile in corn. Bugia, seaport of the kingdom of Al- giers, at the mouth of the M^jor, on a bay of the Mediterranean. It is 75 miles E of Algiers. Lon. 3 58 E. lat. 36 49 N. Bidlth, town in Brecknockshire, seated on the Wye, over which is a wooden bridge into Radnorshire. It has a market on Monday and Saturday, and is 12 miles N of Brecknock, and 171 Vf by N of London . Lon. 3 14 W. lat. 52 8 N. Buis, town of France, now in the depart- ment of Drome, lately In the province of Dauphiny, 40 miles SW of Gap. Bukari, small but well built town of Hungarian Balmatia, with a harbour on the gulf of Bikeriza, near the gulf of Venice, ten miles NE of Veglia. Lon. 14 59 E. lat. 45 29 N. Bulac, town of Egypt, on the Nile, two miles W of Grand Cairo, being the sea- port of that city. On the N side of it is the Calisch, whose banks are cut every year to convey the waters of the Nile, by a canal, in Grand Cairo. Lon. 51 22 E. lat. 30 2 N. Bulam, island of Africa, at the mouth of the Rio Grande. The soil is good ; and as it was uninhabited, a settlement of free blacks was formed here, in 1792, by the English, who purchased it of the neigh- bouring king, but has been since entirely relinquished. Lon. 15 W. lat. 11 ON. Bulgaria, province of Turkey in Europe, bounded on the N by Walachia, on the E by the Black Sea. on the S by Romania and Macedonia, and on the W by Servia. It is the ancient Moesia. Bulness or Bowness, village in Cumber- berland, at the end of the Picts Wall, on the Solway Frith. It was a Roman sta- tion, called Blatum Bulgium ; and hence Antoninus began his Itinerary. It is 13 miles W by N of Carlisle. Bullitt, county in the state of Kentucky bounded by the Ohio river W ; Salt river SW ; Nelson S ; Shelby E, and Jefferson N ; length 30, mean width 10, area 300 square miles ; surface hilly, and soil, though varied, in general productive. Staples, grain, flour, and salted provisions. Chief town, Shepardsville, Population in 1810. Free whites, males - - 1,717 do. do. females - - 1,594 All other persons except Indians not taxed ..... 14 Slaves . - - . - 976 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - Total whites - . . Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males - - - do. females Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 4,301 2,340 2,238 4,578 5 679 566 5,831 none 1,228 265 7 Population to the square mile, 19. BuUelsburg, post town, Kentucky, in Boone county. Bullock, county of Georgia, bounded by Bryan SE ; Tatuall SW ; Emanuel NW ; and Scriven and Effingham NE ; length 45; mean breadth 12; area 540 square miles. Surface part level, and part hilly ; soil of middling quality. Staples, grain, cotton, tobacco, &c. Chief town, States- boro. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 930 do. do. females ... 931 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 18 Slaves 426 Total population in 1810 - 2,305 Population in 1820. Free white males . . - 954 do. do. females ... 922 Total whites . . - - 1,877 Free persons of colour, males - 4 do. do. females Slaves, males . . - - 355 do. females - - - . 342 Total population in 1820 - 2,578 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 4 329 1 Population to the square mile, 5 nearlj-. Bull's Bay, on the E coast of Newfound- land, nearly due E 60 miles from Placentia. Lon, W C 24 30 E, lat. 47 20 N, 135 Ji U 11 B U E Bidlskin, township in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, on the Youghiogamy river. Population in 1810, 1439, and in 1820, 1,484. Bundela, or Bundleciind, teriMtory of Hindoostan Proper, on the SW of the river Junna, and separated from it by a narrow tract of a low country. Chatterpour is the capital. Lon. 79 75 E, lat. 25 N. B^incombe, county of Nortii Carolina ; bounded by S Carolina S ; Haywood W ; Tennessee NW ; Ashe Ni: ; and Burke and Rutherford E ; length 85 ; mean width 25 ; area 2,125. Surface generally hilly and mountainous ; and soil rocky, though in part fertile. Staples, grain and flour. Chief town, Ashville. Population In 1810. Free white males - - - 4,404 do. do. females - - - 4,160 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 18 Slaves 695 Total population in 1810 - - 9,277 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 4,861 do. do. females ... 4,606 Total whites .... 9,467 Free persons of colour, males - 19 do. do. females, 14 Slaves, males - - - - 530 do. females - - - 512 Total population in 1820 - 10,542 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,796 do. in Manufactures - 16 do. in Commerce - - 11 Population to the square mile, 5. Bungay, town in Suffolk, with a market on Tluirsday, seated on the Wavriey, which is navigable hence to Yarmouth, It is 36 miles N by E of Ipswich, and 107 NE of London. 'Lon. 1 30 E, lat. 52 35 N. Buvgo, kingdom of Japan, in the island of Ximo, whose capital is Lunay. Buntingford, town of Herts, with a mar- ket on Monday, seven miles S of Royston, and 31 N by E of London. Lon. 6 E, lat. 51 58 N. Bnragrag, river of Barbary, in the king- dom of Fez, which falls into the Atlantic Ocean, at the town of Sallee. Bnrella, or Civita Burrelln, a' town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citerore, 20 miles S of Lanciano. Lon. 14 4S E, lat. 41 58 N. Buren, a town of Dutch Guelderland, whicli gives the title of count of Buren to the prince of Orange. It is 22 miles W of Nimeguen. Lon. 5 12 E, lat. 54 58 ?v'. 136 Buren, town of Westphalia, in the bi« shopric of Paderborn, seated on the Alme, 10 miles S of Paderborn. Lon. 8 53 E, lat. 53 16 N. Buren, town of Swisserland, in the can- ton of Bern, seated on the river Aar, be- tween Arberg and Soleure. Burford, town in Oxfordshire, with a market on Saturday ; seated on the river Windrush, and noted for the making of saddles, and for the downs in its neigh- bourhood. It is 17 miles W by N of Ox- ford, and 71 W of London. Lon. 1 33 W, lat. 51 49 N. Burford, township of Oxford county. Upper Canada, between Windham and Dundas-street. Burg, town of the Dutch Netherlands, in Zutphen, seated on the Old Yisel, 18 miles E of Nimeguen. Lon. 6 15 E, lat. 52 59 N. Burgmo, town and castle of Suabia, ca- pital of a margravate of the same name. It belongs to the House of Austria, and is 26 miles W of Augsburg. Lon. 10 25 E, lat. 48 28 N. Burgdorf, a handsome town of Swisser- land, in the canton of Bern, with a castle. It is pretty large and seated on an emi» nence, eight miles NE of Bern. Lon. 7 19 E, lat.'46 58 N. Burgess, town of Leeds county. Upper Canada, N from Bastard. Burgetstoivn, small post village in Wash- ington county, Pennsylvania, 18 miles NW from Wasiiington. Bitrgh-iipon.Sands, village in Cumber- land, near Solway-Frith, wliere Edward the First died, in 1307. It is five miles NW of Carlisle. Burgos, town of Spain, capital 'of Old Castile, and an archbishop's see. The squares, public buildings, and fountains, are fine, and the walks agreeable. It is seated partly on a mountain, and partly on the river Aranzon, 95 miles E by S of Leon, and 117 N of Madrid. Lon. 3 30 W, lat. 42 20 N. Burgundy, late province of France, which now forms the three departments of Cote'd'Or, Saone, Loire, and Yonne. It is 112 miles in length, and 75 in breadth : bounded on the E b\ Franche Compte ; on the W by Bourbonnols and Nivernois; on the S by Lyonois, and on the N by Cham- pagne. It is fertile in corn, fruits, and ex- cellent wines. Burhanponr, city of Hindoostan in the Deccan, the caphal of Candfish, and, at one period, of the Deccan also. It is yet a flourishing city, and is situated in the midst of a delightful country, 225 miles E by N of Surat. Lon. 76 19 E, lat. 21 25 N. Bnrick, town of Germany, in the duchy of Cleves, seated on the Rhine, opposit'? B U « BUR Wesel, ir miles SE of Cleves. Lon. 6 18 E, kt. 51 32 N. Burke, county of North Carolina; bound- ed by Rutherford S ; Buncomb W and N W ; Wilkes and Iredell NE ; and Lincoln SE ; length 60; mean width 22 ; area 1320 square miles ; sui'face hilly, and in part mountainous ; soil varied ; staples grain, flour, and salted provisions. Chief town Morganton. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 4,876 do. do. females ... 4,638 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 60 Slaves ' 1,433 • Total population in 1810 Population In 1820. 11,007 Free white males do. do, females • 5,801 5,618 Total whites - - - - Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males - - - - do. females 11,419 31 44 950 967 Total population in 1820 - 13,411 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Ag-riculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce - . - 3,799 188 15 Population to the squire mile, 10. Burke, covinty of Georgia; bounded by Ogeeciite river or Emanuel SVV; Jeffer- son NW ; Richmond N ; Savannah river E ; and Scriven S ; length 40 ; mean width 24 ; area 960 square miles. Surface rather waving, and soil generally of middling qua- lity. Chief town, Waynesboro- Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 3,127 do. do. females - - 2,851 All other persons except In- dians not taxed - - - 75' Slaves 4,580 Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females 10,634 2,941 2,732 'i'otal w'lites . - - . 5,673 Free persons of colour, males 39 do do. females 44 Slaves, males .... 2,973 do. females - - - 2,847 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 7 Engaged in \griculture - 4,277 do. in Manufactures - - 103 do. in Commerce - - 27 Population to the square mile, 12. Bnrkhausen, town of Germany, in Lower Bavaria, on the river Saltz, 27 miles N by W of Saltzburg. Lon. 12 50 E, lat. 40 17 No Bmlington. See Bridlington. Bwiini;tnn Bay, forming the extreme western part of lake Ontario ; or rather a separate lake, as the surf has tlirown up a bar of sand and pebbles. Over the outlet a good bridge has been erected. Burlington, post town, pott of entry, and se:a of justice m Chittenden county, Ver- mont, situated on the E side of Lake Cham- plain, four m.les S of Onion river, and 20 miles northerly of Vergeimes. The situa- tion is healthy and plea-ant, which induced the leg slature to pass a law for the esta- blishment of a university at this town. Be- side many other public establishments, the university of Vermont is l-cated m this town. It has a library exceeding 1000 vo- lumes, and a piiilosophical apparatus ; and is ui'dtr the government of a president, 5 professors, and 2 tutors. Income about 1200 dollars annually, arising chiefly from land. Students about 30. Burlington, township in Middlesex coun- ty, Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 4'71, and in 1820, 508. • Burlington, townsliip in Hartford county, Connecticut. Population in 1810, 1467, and in 1820, 1360. Burlington, townsliip and post town of Otsego county. New York, Population in 1820, 2,457. Burlington, county of New Jersey ; bounded by the Atlantic Ocean SE ; Glou- cester SW; Delaware river and Hunting- don coun'y NW ; and Middlesex and Mon- moutl) NE ; length 40 ; mean width 12J miles ; area 500 square miles ; surface ge- nerally level, and soil sandy, though pro- ductive. The staples of this county are grain, flour, salted provisions, with hay, garden vegetables, fruit, and other neces- saries for the Philadelphia market. Chief towns, iMount Holly and Burlington. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 11,894 do. do. females - - 12,046 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - 946 Slaves 93 Total population in 1820, 11,576 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - Total whites 24,979 13,533 13,946 27.^^74 13? r E BUR Free persons of colour, males 660 do. do. females 601 Slaves, males ... 40 do. females ... 42 Total population in 1820 - - 28,822 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 210 Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,042 do. in Manufaciures - - 1,585 do. in Commerce - - ^75 Population to the square mile, 58 nearly. Burlington, ancient city in Burlington county. New Jersey; seated on the SE bank of the river Delaware, opposite to Bristol, ani 20 miles above Philadelphia. It was founded in 1677, and called New Beverley; it has a safe harbour for fehip- ping, with a considerable depth of water. The municipal jurisdiction is vested in a mayor and aldermen. The buildings are principally of bricks, and constructed in a plain commodious stile, with a large gar- den lot to each house. There is an epis- copal church, two or t^ree meeting-houses, a considerable brewery, a court-house, and jail in this town, though the seat of justice has been lately removed to Mount Holly. Burlington, township in Burlington county. New Jersey, including Burling- ton city. Population in 1810, 2,419, and in 1820, 3,758. Burlington, township in Bradford county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 560. Burlington, township in Lawrence county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 140. Burlington, small town of Belmont county, Ohio, about four miles above Wheeling. Burlington, township of Licking coun- ty, Ohio. Burlington, township of Geauga coun- ty, Ohio. Burli7ig[on, post town and seat of jus- tice for Lawrence county, Ohio. It is si- tuated on the north bank of the Ohio ri- ver, at the southern extremity of the county ; 75 miles southeasterly from Chillicothe, and 120 miles in the same di- rection from ('olumbus. Lat. 38 30 N, Ion. W C 5 27 VV. Burmali, see Birmalu Burntcoat Island, township in Han- cock county, Maine. Population in 1820, 218. Bu7mt-Corn, post town and seat of jus- tice in Monroe county, Alabama. Burillsville, township in Providence, Rhode Island, Population in 1810, 1834; and in 1820, 2164, Burnham, town in Norfolk, with a market on Monday and Saturday. It is seated near the sea, 29 miles NW of Nor- 138 ■wich, and 126 NE of London. Lon. 48 E. lat 53 4 N. Burnham, town in Essex, at the mouth of the river Crouch, which is here called Burnham Water. The Walfleet and Burnham oysters are the products of the creeks and pits of this river. Burnham is 11 milts SE of Maiden. Burnley, town in Lancashire, with a market on Monday 35 miles SE of Lan- caster, and 208 NNW of London. Lon. 2 15 W, lat. 53 46 N. Burntisland, borough in Fifeshire, on the frith of Forth, with an excellent har- bour. It is seated under a stupendous rock, 10 miles NW of Edinburgh- Lon. 3 5 W, lat 56 8 N. Burramfiooter, river of Asia, which ri- " ses near the head of the Ganges, in the mountains of Thibet. It first takes its course to the E directly opposite to that of the Ganges, and winding with a rapid current through Thibet, where it is na- med Sampco, or Zanchin, it washes the border of the territory of Lassa, and pro- ceeds SE to within 220 miles of Yunan, the westernmost province of Chma : then turning suddenly to the W through As- sam, it enters Bengal on the NE. where it assumes the name of Burrampooter. It then makes a circle round the western point of the Garrow mountains, and al- tering its course to S, meets the Ganges about 40 miles from the sea, after having meandered for more than 2000 miles. During the last 60 miles before its junc- tion with the Ganges, it forms a stream which is regularly from four to five miles wide ; and, but for its freshness, might pass for an arm of the sea. Common de- scription fails in an attempt to convey an adequate idea of the grandeur of this mn;;n;ficent object. Bursa, or Prusa, one of the largest ci- ties of Turkey in Asia, capital of.Becsan- gil. It stands upon several little hills, at the foot of mount Olympus, and on the edge of a fine plain full of fruit trees. The mosques are elegant, as are the ca- ravansaries Bursa is 99 miles S of Con- stantinople. Lon. 29 5 E, lat. 39 22 N. Burton, a flourishing post-township in Geauga county. It is principally settled with farmers ; but contains the village of Burton, in which is a post-office, and a store. Population in 1810, 517; and in 1820, 506. Burton, township in Stafford county, New Hampshire. Population in 1810, 194 ; and in 1020, 209. Burton ufion-Trent I town in Stafford- shire, with a market on Thursday. It had formerly a large abbey ; and over the Trent is a famous bridge of freestone, a BUS B U T quarter of a mile in length, supported by 37 arches. It consists chiefly of one long street, which runs trom the site of the abbey to the bridge, and has a good mar- ket for corn and provisions. It is 12 miles NE of Litchfield, and 124 NNW of London. Lnn. 1 40 W, lat. 52 48 N. Burtonsville, post-village of Virginia, in Orange county. Burton, town in Lincolnshire, with a markrt nn Monday; seated on a hill, near the river Trent, 3U miles N of Lincoln, and 164 N by W of London. Lon. 36 W, lat. 53 40N. Burton, town in Westmoreland, with a market on Tuesday ; seated in a valley, near a hill called Farleton-Knothili, 11 miles N of Lancaster, and 247 NNW of London. Lon. 2 50 W, lat. 54 10 N. Burville, town in Anderson county, Tenessee, on the north side of Clinch river, 30 miles north of Knoxville. Here is a post office, 570 miles from Washing- ton. Bury, town in Lancashire,*with a mar- ket on Thursday, seated on the Irwe'.l, and noted for its fustian manufacture, and the coarse goods called half-thicks and kerseys. In 1787, the theatre fell, and buried under its ruins more than 300 persons, many of whom were killed or much bruised. Bury is 36 miies SE of Lancaster, and 190 NNW of London. Lon 2 24 W, lat. 53 36 N. Bury, St. Edmunds, borough in Suf- folk, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. The situation is veiy plea- sant, and the air is supposed to be the best in England ; for which rtasnn it is frequented by genteel people. The no- ble ruins of its abbey, are still standing near the two churches, which are both large, and seated in one churchyard. Bu- ry sends two members to parliament, and took its name from St. Edmund the king, who was buried here, after being mur- dered in a wood. The assizes are held here. It is 14 miles E of Newmarket, and 72 NNE of London. Lon. 46 E, lat 52 22 N, Bush, small river in Hartford county, Maryland, which falls into Chesapeake Bay, near its head. Huskill, creek of Northampton county Pennsylvania, falling into the Delaware at Easton It is between 20 and 30 miles long, and one of t!ie finest mill streams in the state. Bushkill, township of Northampton county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1262. Bushkirk's-bridge, post village of New York, in Waslungton county. Bushwick, township in Kings county, New York. Population in 1820, 930. 139 Bushwick, town of Kings county, Long Island ; New York : 3 miles from Brook- lyn, and nearly opposite to Corlaers-hook, part of the city of New Y.>rk. Bussletown, thriving village in Phila- delphia county, PennsylVcinia, 1 i miles N by E of the city. Here is a post oifice, and about 20 dwelling houses. Bustard, river of Lower Canada, en- ters St. Lawrence near Manicor!;ar point. Buteshire, county of Scotland, consist- ing of the islands of Bute, Arran, Inch- marnoc, ana some others of smnller note, which lie in the frith of Clyde. They are fertile in corn and pastures,, and there is a con.siderab!e herring fishery. This shire sends a member to parliament alterncvtely with Caithnesshire. , Area 200 square miles. Pupu'ation in 1801, 11,791; in 1811, 12 033; and in 1821, 13,797 : to the square mile, 68. Butler, county of Pennsylvania, be- tween the Allegany and Beaver rivers: biiunded S by Allegany; W by Beaver; NW by Mercer ; N by Venango ; and E by Armstrong: length 35; mean width 24 ; area 840 square miles ; surface hilly ; but soil generally fertile and well watered. Staples, grain, flour, whiskey, fruit, live stock, and salted provisions: chief town, Butler. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 5,802 do. do, females - - . 3,534 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... lo Total population in 1810 - 7,345 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - do. do. females Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females, Slaves, males - . . - do. females Total population in 1820 - 60,193 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - T3 Engaged in Agriculture - 3,038 do. in Manufactures - 434 do, in Commerce - 23 Population to the square mile, 12. Butter, township in Butler county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 458; and in 1820, 472. Butler, borough and post town in But- ler county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 225. Butler, county of Ohio; bounded on the N by Preble and Montgomery counties; E B TI T BUT by Warren county; Sby Hamilton county and W by Indiana. It is 27 miles long from Eto W by 18 bmad from N toS containing 430 square miles. The land is mostly of an t'xceilent quality for farming, its wa- ters arc- thi Grtat Miami rivtr. Dick's Indiati, St. Clair, Four Mik, and Seven Mile creeks. Cliief town, Hamilton. Population in 1810. Free white males - - . 5 745 do. do. females - - 5,326 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 79 Total population in 1820 3,082 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites - - _ Free persons of colour, males do. do. females, Slaves, males .... do. females Total population in 1820 11,15U 11,206 10.582 Of these : Fr.reigiiers not naturalized - Eiie,agf(t in Aj^ricuhiire . 374 do. in Manufactures - 18 do in Commerce - 3 Population to the square mile 3| nearly. BiLtler, county ot Alabama ; bounded S by Cunecuh ; W by Monroe and Wil- cox ; Montg mery N ; and by Htnry E : length 6i ; mean width 30 ; area 1900 square miles : surface generally flat or gently rolling ; with a thin soil, except along the streams. Staple, cotton. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 451 do. do. females - - . 384 Total whites .... 835 Free persons of colour, males - 1 do. do. females Slaves, males - - - 278 do. females • . • 291 —.^ Total population in 1820 . - 1,405 21,746 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 134 Engaged in Agriculture - 3,961 do in Mariufactures - 1,022 do. in Commerce . . 59 Population to the square mile, 45 Butler, township in Columbiana coun- ty, Ohio. Population in 1810, 516; and in 18 ?0, 998 Butler, county of Kefitucky on Green river, bout;d d S by Logan ; W by Muh- lenberg ; N W by Ohio ; NE by Grayson ; and r)E by Wanen : length oi ; mean width 25; and 825 square miles; surface gently wavin^. or hilly ; soil fertile. Sta- ples, grain, flnur, fruit, live stock, and salted provisions. Chief town Morgan- town Population in 1810. Free white males - - 970 do. do. females - - 929 All other persons excipt Indians not taxed - - - 8 Slaves - -• - - - 273 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males _ _ _ do. females - - - 140 2,181 1,336 1,275 2,611 237 235 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 505 do. in Vlannfactures •- 7 do. in Commerce - . 1 Popalatlon to the square mile, l-J nearly. Broad Mountain, or fourth large ridge from the Biue Mount.commences its eastern extremity in Noithampton county, near t')e head of Pokono creek, and cros.ses the Lehigh at tlie " Turn hole," extends west- erly to the river Sdiuyikill. i's average height is about 1000 fret above its base. Butter Island, to\vn--hip in Ihnicock county, Maine. Population in 1810, 10, an ! iii 1820, 11. Butter, township in Darke county, Ohio. Population in 1820, .323. Butter, township in Montgomery counlv, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1646. Butrinto, ancient Buthrotum, seaport of Kiiro;)ean Turkey, in Albania, and a bish- op's see; seatrd on the canal of Corfu, at the entrance of the gulf of Venice, 30 miles S of Chimara. Lon. 20 9 E. lat. 39 40 N. Butter A'ritts, township and post town in Otsego county. New York. Papulation in 1830,3601. Button''s Islands, in Hudson's Strait. Lon. WC 11 50 E. lat. 60 30 JST. Butto7ih Bay, the N part of Hudson's nay, through which afempts have been m.de to discover a N\V passage to China. It IS so called from Sir Thomas Button, who here lost his ship, and came back in a sloop built in the country. Tl lies between . 60 and 66 N lat. Putfermilk Falls, T.ucernp countv, so CAB CAB called from the colour of the water, below it is a fall of about 15 feet, over a rock form- ed.by a creek o( the same name, on which are iome fine mills. Butra^o, town of Spain, in New Castile, seated on the Lozova, 30 miles N by B of Mi.drid. Lon. 3 5W. lat. 40 46 N. . liuttenuortb, lown of England, in Lan- cashire, two miles from Rockdale. Popu- lation, 482r. Bvttermere Water, lake in Cumberland, eight miles SW of Keswick, two miles li>ng', and nei:rly one broad. This lake is called tlie Upper Lake, and near a mile from it, to the NE is the Lower called Cromach wa er. Butzaw, town of Germany, in the bish- opric ot Schweriii, 17 miies SW of Ro- stock. Lon. 11 55 E lai. 54 N. Buxton, village in Derbyshire, at the entrance of tlie Peak. Thr warm waters of Buxton are the bath consisting- of nine springs, St. Anne's well and St. Peter's well; 32 miles NW of Derby, and 160 NN W of London , Buxton, town of York county, in the district of Maine. It is situated near the moulh of Saco river, and about 115 miles norsheastward from Boston. Population 'in 1810, 2324, and in fl20, 2590. Buzbach, town of Germany, in Wetera- v.a, atid in the county of Solms, 29 miles N bv E of Francfort. Lon. 8 44 E. lat. 50 23 N. Buzzard's Bay, noted bayon the coast of Massachusetts, rimning up between Bris- tol county and the peninsula of Barnestable. Bybi^rry, township in Philadelphia coun- ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 765, and in 1820, 876, Byfield, village, and parish of Essex county, Massachusetts. Dummer Acade- my, and an Acad<-my for young ladies, are located at this place. i'i/c/iow, town of Lithuania, on the Dnie- per, 180 miles SW of Wilna. Lon. 30 E. lat. 53 38 N. Byzantium, see Constantinople. (]Cj= Proper names, particularly those derived from the Arabic are often spelt with a K or C indifferently ; therefore those which cannot be found under one of those letters, may be sought for under the other. Caana, town of Egypt, on the river Nile, whence they transport corn and pulse to Mecca. Some fine fhonuments, covered with hieroglyphical characters, have been found here. It is 320 miles S of Cairo. Lon. 20 23 E. lat. 26 30 N. Cabarras, Coio't house, principal seat of justice in Cabarras county, North Carolina, situated on the N side of Rocky river, a branch of the great Pcdee, 23 m.iles S of Salisbury, and 57 S by W of Salem, the Moravian town. Here is a post office 439 miles from Washington. Cabarras, county of North Carolina, bounded by Montgi>mery SE ; Mecklen- berg SW; Eredell NAV ; and Chowan N. It is in form of a triangle 24 by 20 ; and extending o»er an area of 240 square miles. SurLce broken and even in part mountainous ; wnh a soil of middhng qua- lity. Chief town Concord. Population in 1810- Free white males - - - 2,484 do. do. females - - - 2,437 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 3 Slaves - - - Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Free white males 1,234 6,158 2,8.50 Free white females - - - 2,762 Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820, 7,228 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - none Engaged in Agriculture - 2,029 do. in Manufactures - 11 do. in Commerce - - 7 Population to the square mile, 30. Cabeca de Vide, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, with a castle, 12 miles SW of Portalegro. Cabbin-Pnint, village and post office, Surry county, Virginia. Cabell, county of Virginia, bounded by Ohio river N"V. ; Mason and Kenhawa NE ; Giles and Tazewell SE; and by Kentucky or Rig Sandy river SW ; length 50 ; mean widtli o5 ; area 1750 square miles. It is a mountainous, hilly, and rocky region witli much fertile soil, well watered and Wooded. Population in 1810. Fr;. e white males - - - 1,345 do. do. females • - 1,126 141 A B o A 1; All othei- persons except Indians not taxed ... Slaves - - Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females Total whites . . : . Free persons of colour, males do. do. females - Slaves, males .... do. females 25 221 2,7ir- 2,241 2,147 4,388 2 7 206 186 4,789 Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalizi^d - 8 Engaged in Agriculture - - 10,90 do. in Manufactures - 180 do. in Commercie - - 7 Population to t!ie square mile, 2 A nearly. Cabelloburg, post town of Amherst coun. ty, Virginia, 215 miles SW from Washing, ton. Cabello, or Cavdlo Porto, sea port of Columbia, in the province of Venezuela. It has an excellent harbor, at the bottom of the gulf of Triste, 85 miles W from Cara- cas. Lon. WC 9 10 E, lat. 10 25 N. Cabenda, seaport of Africa, in Congo, 100 miles SE of Loango, sabject to Portu- gal. Lon. 12 2 El, lat. 4 5 S. Cabotia, or British J\''orth America, north from the limits of the United States. This comprehensive term has been adopted by the British geographers, and includes Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Lower Ca- nada, Upper Canada. East Main, New South Wales, and all other British territories in North America, from those we have named to tlie extreme known regions towards the Northern Ocean. Cabot's Head, Upper Canada, very large promontory running into lake Huron, west (jf Gloucester, or Matchedash bay, and embays a large part of that lake at its easternmost extremity, stretching itself towards the Manitou islands. Cabreria, island in the Mediterranean, about seven miles S of Majorca. It has a large harbour defended by a strong castle. Cabul, or Kahxd, province of Hindoostan Proper^ bounded on the W by Persia, on the North by the Hindoo-ko, on the NE by C.'iferis'an, and on the E by Cashmere, and on the S by Candahar. It is a country highly diversified ; consis.fing of moimtains covered wiih eternal snow ; hills of moder- ate height and easy ascent ; rich plains and stately fores s; and these enlivened by in- numerable streams. It produces every ar- ticle necessary to human life, with the most delicate fruits and flowers. It is sometimes called Zabulistan, from Zabul 142 one of the names of Ghizni, which was tiie ancient capital of the country. This pro- vince is subject to the king of Candahar. Cabul, or Kabul, the capital of the pro- vince o' Cabul, and of the dominions of the kinrg of Candahar, seated near the foot of the Hind()"-ko, and the source of the Atoctk, whicii runs near it. la a political light it is considered as the gate of Ihdia towards Tartaw. It is 680 miles NW of Delhi. Lon 68 58 E, lat. 34 36 N, Cacaca, town of the kingdom of Fez, with a fort upon a rock. The Moors re- took it from the Spaniards in 1534. Lon. 2 53 W, lat. 35 2 N. Caceres, town of Spain, in Estramadura, famous for its fine wool, and seated on the Sabrot, 22 miles SE of Alcantara. Lon. 5 44 E, lat. 39 11 N. Cachan, or Cashan, town of Persia, in Irac Agemi, where they carr}' on a con- siderable trade in silks, silver and gold brocades, and fine earthen ware. It is seated in a vast plain, 55 miles N by W of Ispahan. Lon. 51 55 E, lat. 33 20 N. Cachao, the capital of a province of the same name, in Tonquin, on the W side of the river Iloti, 80 miles from the gulf of Tonquin. The factories purchase silks and lackered w.ire, as in China. Lon. 105 31 E, lat. 22 10 N. Cache, township and settlement in Phil- lips county, Arkansas on White nver. Population in 1820, 178. Cacheo, town in Negroland, seated on the river St. Domingo. It is subject to the Portuguese, who have three forts, and carry on a great trade in flax and slaves. Lon. 14 55 E, lat. 12 N. Cacoiigo, small kingdom of Africa, on the river Zaire. The inhabitants have a con- siderable trade ; and tlieir manners, reli- gion and government, are the same as in Loango. It lies in lat. 5 S. Cacorla, town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the rivulet Vega, between two moimtains. It is 15 miles ESE of Ubeda. Lon. 2 55 E, lat. 37 40 N. Caddo, township in Clark's county, Ar- kansas. Population in 1820, 617. Cadenac, town of France in the depart- ment of Lot and late province of Querci, on the river Lot, 27 miles ENE of Cahors. Lon. 2 E, lat 44 32 N. _. Cadene:, town of I'rance, in the depart- ment of the Mouths of the Rhone, 28 miles SE of Avignon. Lon. 5 30 E, lat. 43 42 N. Cadillac, town of France, in the depart- ment of Gironde and late province of Gui- enne, sealed on the Garonne, with a hand- some casile, 15 miles SE of Bourdeaux. Lon. 22 W. lat. 44 40 N. Cadiz, a large and rich city* of Spain in Andalusia, with a good harbour. It is a bishop's see. and seated on an inland, 18 C A E C A E miles in length and nine in breadtli ; but the N\V eiul, wlierc the city stands, is not two broad. It has a communication with the continent, by a bridge. The bay formed by it is 12 miles in length and six in breadti). The S side is inaccessible by sea because it is edged with cr^g-gy rocks j and two forts, the Puntal and Malagorda, command tiie passage into the harbour. • Except the Calle Ancha, all the streets are narrow, ili-paved and insutFcrably 'stinking The rooPs are flat, covered with an impene- trable cement, and few are without a tur- ret for the purpose of commanding a view of the sea. High above all these, stands the tower of signals. Here fiagfc are hung out on the first sight of a sail, marking the size of the ship and the nation it belongs to. The public walk or Alameda is plea- sant in the evening. The sea air prevents the trees from tiiriving, and destroys all hopes of future shade. Westward of the Alameda is Camposanto, a largechplanade, the only airing for coaches. Opposite to it is the fortre^s of St. Sebastian, built on a neck of land running out into ihe sea. The round tower at the extremity is sup- posed to Jiave saved the city in the earth- quake in 1755, from being swept away by the fury of the waves. The inhabitant-^^ are computed at 100,000. It is a very an- cient place, being built by the Phenicians ; it was afterwards a Roman town ; ami there are still several remains of Roman antiqui- ties. It is 45 miles W of Gibraltar, and 90 W by S of Malaga, ^on. 6 11 W, lat ^6 31 N. Cadiz, a post town and seat of justice for Harrison county, Ohio, is a thriving town, situated in a township of tiie same name, on the road from Wheehng to New Philadelphia, 20 miles from the former, and 30 from the latter. Cadiz, township in Harrison county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 2472. Cadiz, town in Harrison county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 5.37. Cadorc, the capital of the district of Ca- dorino, in Italv, 15 miles N of Belluno. Lon. 12 E, lat. 46 28 N. Cai/orJno, province of Italy in the terri- tory of Venice; bounded on the E by Fri- uh Proper, on the S by the Bellunese, and on the N by Brixen. The chief town is Cadore, Cadron, township in Pulaski county, Arkansas. Popidation in 1820, 717. Cadsand, island on the N coast of Flan- ders, at the mouth of the Scheldt, whicli river it commands. Caeii, considerable city of France, in the department of Calvados and late pro- vince of Lower Normandy, of which it was the capital. It has a celebrated university, and an academy of literature, and the m- habitants are compiited at 40.000. Wil- 14.? Ham the conqueror was buried here in tlic abbey of St. Stephen, which he founded. The river Orne runs through the city, to Which the tide brings up large vessels. It is 65 miles W by S ot Rouen, and 125 W of Puns Lon, 17 VV. lat. 49 11 N. C'oer, for some pi icts tljat begins thus, as Caen 1 iff, see under Car. Caeruavon, townshijj of Lancaster conn- ty, and svate ot Pennsylvania. It is water- ea by little C;,nestogoe creek, and bounds on Berks county on he NE. The popu- lation is about lOUO persons, Caermailheiisliive, county of S. Wales, 48 mues long, and 25 broad, area square miles. It is bounded S by Bristol channel; W by Pen-br: ke^hire, N by C..rdig..nshi.e ; and E by Breckn cksliire, and lilaniorganshirc. The principal ri- vers are the Towy, Cotli), and T.ive ; of winch the first abouna^" wuh excellent salmon. It contains 228,000 acres ; js di- vided hiio eiglit hundreds, and 145 pa- riches ; and nas six market town^. In 180l, the ii.iiabitanu amounted 'o 67,317' in 1811, 77,287; and in 1821, 90,.239. It abounds with ancient forts, camps, and tumuli. Near Ca. rmarthen, tnw;>rds the E may De seen the rums ot Kstelk, Kar- ly, and stveri.1 vast caverns, snpr-osed to ha* been c .pper mines of the Ron.ans. J^ar thi< spat is. a f.;untain, which ebbs and Hows twice in 24 liouis. The county and ciiy send each a member to parlia- ment. Caermarthen, borough of Wales, capital of Cuermartnenbuire, with a market on Wc-iJnebday and Saturday. It i.-, seated on the Towy, over v.hich is a stone bridge, to whiCh small vessels may come up. It was firiified witii a wall and a ensile, now in ruins; and on the E s.de of the lown, near the river, are ihe remains of a monastic building of considerable extent. Caermar- t:.en is a county of itsell, governed by a mayor. There are iron and tin mines in the neighbourhood. It ,s 24 miles SE ut Car- digan, and 220 VV bv N of London. Lon. 4 23 \V.lai.9212N, Caernarvonshire, county of N. \\'ales, bounded on ttie N and W by the sea, on the S by Meiioiiethshire, and on the E di- vided from Denb ghshire by the river Conway. It is about 50 miles in length, and 20 in breadth. It contains 310,000 acres: is divided into seven hundreds, and 68 parishes ; has one city and five market touns; and sends two members to parhariient. In 1801, the mhabltants amounted to 41,521 ; .n 1811, to 49,336; and in 1821, to 57,958 The principal ri- vers are the Conway and Seint. Tnis count) being the m. st rugged district of N. Wales, may be truly called the British Alp.".. Us central part is occupied by the famed Snowdon ; and the prospects around G -K C A H are rude and savage in the highest degree, but not without a mixture of beauty, when the dimensions of the vales admit the va- rieties of wood, water, and meadows. The soil in the valleys on the side next Ireland is pretty fer'ile," especially in barley; great numbers of black cattle, sheep, and gnats, are fed on the mountains ; and the sea, lakes, and rivers, abound with variety of fish. Copper mines have been worked in various parts of these muunt.^ins, as well as lead ; and quant, ties ot stone excel- lent for hones, are dug near Snowdon ; to the dreary region of which the rich vale of Conway below forms a pleasing contrast. The chief man'.ifacture is woollen clo h. Caernarvon, borough and seaport of Wales, capital of Caernarvonshire , with a market on Sat'irday. It is seated on a strait of the sea, called Menai, near its^n- trance into Caernavon bay, and carries on a considerable trade with Ireland, and ttie principal English ports It ht.s a celebrat- ed castle, built by Edward I. in which his son Edward il, the first prince of Wales was born. Caemarvon is governed by the constable of the castle, who is al- ways mayor. Here are salt water b; Ids I'lid orcl'.ards, wh"ie a es«elated piaement, and numerous other antiquities have been dis- covered. Caerviys, town of Wales, in Flintshire, with a market on Tuesda} , five miles W of Flint, and 212 NW of London. Ccesars Cree^-, township in Greene coun- ty^ Ohio. Population in 1810,649, and in 1820,11.31. 144 Caffa, or TheoJosia, the largest town ot the Crimea, with an excellent road and har- bour. It was taken, in 1265, by ^he Ge- noese, who made it one of the most flour- ishing towns in A.sia. It was taken from tliem by the Venetians, in 1297, but soon recjvti-ed; however, in 1474, the Tartars, assisted by the Turks, finally expelled them. It was the last post in the Crimea of which the Genoese retained the sove- reignty. Caffa was the Theodosia of the ancients ; a name which has been restored to it since the Russians became possessed of the Crimea. It contains about 20.000 inhabitants, and is constantly well garrison- ed. The trade consists in wax, furs, l.mb- skin leatiier, horses, and female slaves ; most of the latter arc brought from Cir- cassia, and are here sold at from 4 to 800 pounds each, in proportion to their charms. Caffa is seated on a bay of the Black sea, at the foot of some high mountains, 65 miles E by N of Sevastopol, and 130 SE of Pi ecop. Lon. 35 20 E- lat. 45 N. Caffy, Strait of, the ancient Cimmerian Bosphorus, a strait that forms the commu- nication between the Black sea and the sea of Asoph, and a separation between Europe and Asia. Caffraria, a very extensive country of Africa bounded on the N by Negroland and Abyssinia, on the W by part of Gui- nea, Congo, and the sea ; on the S by the Cape (if Good Hope, and on the E by the sea. Cagli, an ancient episcopal town of Ita- ly, in the duciiy of Urbino, at the foot of the Appennines, 20 miles S of Urbino. Lon. 12 42 E, lat. 43 J6 N.- Cagtiari, an ancient and rich city, capi- tal of Sardinia, wi'h an archbishop's see, a university, i castle, and a good harbour. Lon. 9 14 E. lat 39 27 N. Cahaba, river of Mabama, rises in the angle between the Cosa brunch of Alaba- ma, and the Black Warrior branch of Tom- bigbee river, and flowing S over Shel- by, Catiawba, and Dtdlus counties, joins the Alabma at the town of Cahawba, after a comparative course of 120 miles. It wa- ters much good land. CflAa^Q, county of Alabama ; bounded W by I'ucknloosa ; N by Shelby ; E by the Coosa river; and S by Montgomery ai-d Dallas ; length 55 ; breadth 43 ; area 2265. This was one of the counties not in- cluded in the census of 1820. Cahaba, post town and seat of justice in Dallas county, Alabama, at the mouth of the Cahaba, on the left bank of Ala- bama river. It is also the seat cf the late government. Cahoes Falls, in the Mohawk, 3 miles above its junction with the Hudson at Water^rd. The descent is about 70 feet C A 1 C A L It is a sublime and interesting feature in bank of the Nile, 100 miles S of its mouth. American scenery. Lon. 31 18 E, lat. 30 3 N. Cahokia, post town in Illinois on the E Cairo, post town of Greene county, New side of the river Mississippi, 64 miles N York, formerly called Canton, 10 miles by VV of Kaskaskias.aiid 5 from St Louis, above Catskill town on Catskill creek. Cahors, considerable town of France, Cairo, town of Illinois, at the mouth of the Ohio river. in the department of Lot and late pro- vince of Querci, with a bishop's see, and a university. It is stated on a peninsula made by the river Lot. and built part- ly on a craggy rock. There are three bridges over the river. The cathedral is a Gothic structure, and has a large Cairo, township in Green county. New Y. rk. P pulation ill 1820, :2353. Cairoan, town of the kingdom of Tu- nis, and next to the city of Tunis for trade and number of inhabitants. It is situate near a sandy desert, where are square steeple. Cahors is 50 niiles NW found many vestiges of former niagni- of Alby, and 287 S of Paris E lat 44 26 N. Cajanaburg, capital of E Bothnia, in Sweden, on lake Cajania 300 miles NE of Abo. Lon. 27 45 E, lat 64 13 N. Cajazzo or Cajizzo, episcopal town of Naples, in Terri di Lavora, 22 miles NE of Naples. Lon. 14 34 E, lat. 41 10 N. Caicos, islands of the West Indites, to the N of St. Domingo, which take their name from the principal one. Lon. W C 5 30 E, lat. 21 40 N. Caifonff, large £..._ ^-^ - -,• - China, seated on the Hoang ho, in the province of Honan. When besieged by the rebels in 1642, they cut the dikes of the river, which drowned 300,000 of the inhabitants. Lon. 113 27 E, lat. 35 N. Lon. 132 .ficence; it stands on the river Magrida, 60 miles S by E of Tunis. Lon. 10 26 E, lat. 36 5 N. Caistor, town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Monday. Near it are the re- mains of a mona.stary, and many Roman vestiges. It is 12 miles SW of Grimsby, and 165 N of London. Cats tor, township in the county of Lin- colnshire, Uppi-r Canada, lies between Biiibrook and Gainsbumugh, and is wa- tered by the river Welland. „ . - , J 1 •.. f CcJ!iV/i77e5s-5/zirf, most northerly county Caifong, large and^populous aty^of ^f Scotland, 35 miles long and 20 broad , boui.ded on the N by Pentland frith ; E and SE by the German Ocean ; and W by Southerlandshire. The S angle is oc- cupied by mountains ; and a vast ridge of hills forms the SW boundarv ending Cailloma, town of Pennsylvania, near in a promontory called the Ord'of Caith- the source of the Apurimac, between ness, which runs nut into the sea. The Caygo and ^requipo, nearly 50 miles from rest of the county may be deemed an im- the latter and 160 from the former. Lon. mense morass, interspersed with some W C 5 30 E, lat 15 30 S. fruitful spots, producing oats and barley. Caimans, or more correctly Caymans, and others affording pasture for sheep a group of small islands in the Caribbe- and black cattle. Itsother chief products an sea, to the NW of Jamaica. Lon. W are butter, cheese, yarn, skins, feathers. C 5 W, lat. 19 15 N. Ca-Ira, post village in Cumberland county, Virginia. Cairngorn, mountain of Scotland, be- tween the counties of Banff and Murray. It rises in a conical form 1750 feet above the level of a small lake near its base, which is the source of the Avon, and 4050 feet above the level of the sea ; its sides clothed with firs, and its top generally covered with snow. It is fa- mous for beautiful rock-crystals, much esteemed by lapidaries. Cairo, or Grand Cairo, a large city. and kelp. It sends a member to parlia- ment alternatt-ly with Buteshire. Eng- lish is chiefly spoken on the coast, but in the highlands the Ga-lic prevails Popu- lation in 1801, 22,600; in 1811 23,il9 ; and in 1821, 30,238. Wick is the capital. Cakct, town of Persia, near moun'- Caucasus. Its trade consists chiefly in silk Lon. 46 15 E lat. So N. Caiabar, town of the kingdom of Be- nin, capital of a country of the same name. 'Ihe Dutch have a factory here. It is 140 miles SSE of BtTiiii. Lon. 7 15 E, lat. 3 40 N. Calabria, country of Naples, divided capital of Egypt. It consists of three into the pi evinces of Calabria, Critericre, towns, about a mile apart ; Old Cairo, and Calabria Ulteriore, or Hither and New Cairo, and the port termed Bulac. Further Calabria. The first is bounded The population is estimated at 3U0.000. on the S by Calabria Uteriore, N by Old Cairo is now reduced to a small Basilica, and W and E by the Miditer- place. New Cairo is a mile from the ranean. Cosenza is the capital. Cala- river, and seven mi'es incircn nference. bria Ultirii.re is washed by the M diter- This city was taken by the French un- ranean on the SE and W ; and bounded der Buonapart, in 1798, and retaken by by Calabria Citeriore on the N : Catan- the British in 1801. It stands on the right zaro is the capital. T 145 C A L C A L Calahorra, episcopal town of Spain, in old Castile, on the side of a hill, wliich extends to the ElDro, 70 milt s E of Bur- gos. Lon 2 7 W Ut. 42 12 N. Calais, seaport of France, in the de- partment of the straits of Calais and late province of Picardy, with a citadel. It is built in the form of a triangle, one side of which is towards the sea. The forti- fications are good ; but its greati^st strength is its situation among the marsh- es, which may be overflowed at the ap proach of an enc-my. In time of peace there are packet boats wliich go tv.'ice a week, betwe^ n Dnvf-r and Calais. It is 21 m Ips ESE rf D.)ver, and 152 N of Pa- ris. Lon. 1 56 E, l:it. 50 58 N. Calais, township in Washington coun- ty, Maine. Population in 1810, 372 ; and in 1820, 418, Calais, post town of Washington cnun- ty, Maine, on the Passamaquoddy rivt r, 36 miles NE from M ichias. Population 370 . Calais, township of Washington coun- ty, Vermont, about 100 NE of Bi nning- ton. and 9 miles N from M 'ntpt-lier. Calais, St town of France in the de- partment of Sarte and late province of Maine, sixteen miles NW of Vtndome. Calamata, town of Turkey in Europe, in the Morea It stands on the river Spinarza, eight miles from the Mediter- ranean. Lon. 21 55 E, lat 37 N. Calamianes, three small inlands of Asia, between Borneo and the Philippines, and N of Parago, Lon. 118 5 E, lat. 11 ON, Calatajud town of Spain in Arragon, at the confluence of Xalnn and Xiloca, •with a castie on a rock, 37 miles SW of Saragosa. L'ln. 1 9 VV, lat. 41 42 N, Calatrava town of Spain, in New Cas- tile, the chief place -if the mditary order of the knights of Ca'atrava. It is seated near the (iuadiana, 80 miles S of Madrid. Lon 3 20 W. lat. 39 4 N. Calben, town of (iernany. in the old marche of Brandenburg, with a good castle 32 miles N of M;igdeburg. Calcar, town of the duchy of Cleaves, seated near the Rhine eight mil's SE of Cleaves. Lon. 5 55 E lat. 51 4u N. Calcasiu river nf Louisiana, rises in the pine woods. 20 miles S of N.'tchito- ches. The Calcasiu is very remarkable for its alrjinst perfect compliance with the curve of thf Sabne, the two r vers beinj* a trifling d.-viation fnm 35 miUs asu' der, the entire length of the fcrmer : and like the Sabine, the Calcasiu r ceives the largest tributaries from the right After an entire course of 70 miles, thi Calcasiu enters the lake of the same name, at lat, 30 8 N, lon. W C 16 23 W. 146 This stream rises in a forest of pines, which tree composes nine tenths of all the timber found on its banks. About 10 miles in a direct line above the head of the lake Calcasiu, the forest begins to become chequered with prairie, copses of timber gradually become more scattered, and at the head of the lake, trees entire- ly disappear. On the left side the open prairies skirt thf river 15 or 20 miles higher than on the oppcsite shore. In the prairie between Calcasiu and M r- mtrtau, are scattered copies of wood mostly pine, witii a few oaks ; sqil poor and thin V ry little of ihe whole sur- face watered by Calcasiu is fit for cul- ture, though high, dry, and well watered with limpid and excellent spring water. One immense i^ine forest covers thecoun- try around by Calcasiu north of the prai- ries. The tide flows up the Calcasiu as far as the head of the prairies, Calcasiu Lake, of Louisiana, is about 30 miles in letigth. and 10 or 12 miles widr, communicates with the gulf of Mexico a channel of about 8 or 10 miles in h ngth, and from one mile to 200 yards wide. At the mouth of this cutlet is a bar, having not more than four feet wa- t r. The lake, like that of Sabine, is shallow, not ha\'ing more than 506 feet water in any part, and near the shores not more than two or three. The barks of Calcasiu outlet and lake are some- thing higher than those of the Sabine ; but on each the entire absence of timber preclude settlement, Catcalaijres, province of Peru, NE ' from Cuzco. Calcuifa or Fort William, the empo- rium of Benga', situated on the E side of the Hoogly, or western arm of the Gan- ges, lOu miles from the sea, in the bay of Bengal. It is a modern city, having risen on the site if the village of Govin- pour, about 90 years ago. It extends from the western point of Fort William, along the banks of the river, almost to the village of Cossipoor, four miles and a half; the breadth, in many parts, in- considerable In 1756 Calcutta was taken by the sonbah of Bengal, who forced the feeble garrison, to the amount of 145 per- sons, into a j)rison called the Black Hole, a cube of 18 fei^t, out of which only 23 came alive It was retaken the next year; the vict< ry of Plassey f. Slowed; and the inhuman soubah was deposed, and put to d-,ath by his succ; ssor. Im- medintelv after this victory the erection of Fort William comm'-nc>d, which is superior to any fortress in India. Cal- cutta is 1030 miles NNE of Madras, Lon. 88 28 E. lat 22 23 N. Caldnvell, post town and seat of jus- C A L € A L tice in Warren county^ New York, on lake George. Caldivtll, township in Warren county, New York. Population in 1820, 723. Caldwell, township in Essex county, New Jersey. Population in -1810, 2235, and in 1820, 2020. Caldwell, county of Kentucky, on both sides ot Gunnberland rivi-r ; bounded SVV by Tennessee river ; NVV by Livingston ; NE by Hopkins ; SE by Christian ; and S by Tenne ssee ; length 40 ; mean width 20 ; area 8GG square miles. Surface ge- nerally level ; soil fertile. Staples, grain, tobacco, live stock, and salted provisions. Chief town, Eddyville. Population in 1810. 'Free white males - - - 2,027 do. do. females - - 1,658 All other persons except Indians not taxed . _ _ - 4 Slaves ... - - 579 Total population in 1810 4.268 Population in 1820. Free white males - 3,906 do. do. females 3,661 Total whites . - - . 7,567 Free persons of colour, males 10 do. do. females 1 Slaves, males _ _ _ 709 do. females . - _ 735 Total population in 1820 9.022 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - 2,-225 do. in Manufactures 59 do. in Commerce 16 Population to the square mile, 10. Caledonia, county of Vermont ; bound- ed by Washington, SW ; Essex NE and E ; CoiiiK cticut river SE ; and Orange S ; length 37 ; mean width 14 ; area about 500 square mi'es ; surface hilly, ami in part miuntair.Qus: soil ge- nerally productive in grain and pas- turage. Chief town, Domville. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 9,472 do. do. females - - . S),239 All other persons except Indians not taxt d - . - . 29 Total population in 1810 - 18,740 Population in 1820. Free white males - - 8.2 )4 do. do. females - - 8,387 Total whites - - - 16,641 Free pei-sons of colour, males 9 do. do. females, 19 Slaves, males . . -: do. females ... Total population in 1820 - 16,669 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 272 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,930 do. in Manufactures - 387 do. in Commerce - 53 Population to the square mile, 33. Caledonia, post town of New York, W from Genessee river, on the road from Avon to Batavia ; 30 miles W from Canandaugua, and 17 E from Batavia. Gvpsum abounds in the township. Caledonia, township in Genessee coun- ty N.-W York. Population in 1820, 2,645. Caledonia, village of Washington coun- ty, Missouri. Caledonia, JVew, a large islaiid, in the S Pacific Ocean, extending from 19 to 22 S !at. and fr- m 163 to 167 E Ion It was discovered by captain Cook, in 1774. The inhabitants are s'out, tall, and in g nera! well proportioned, their hair and beards black, and much frizzled, so as to be somewhat wooliy in some indivi- duals. Calenbcrg, a princip ility of Lower Saxony, which constitutes a part of the duchy of Brunswick. It is divided into two parts, and the principal towns are Hanover and Gittingm it taki 5 its nan^e from an aucient c>;siie. now in ruins, seate'd on the Leine, 17 miles S of Han- over. CaUiucQ, town on the c< ast of Chiii, inhabited by Spaniards, Mestees, and Indians, ISO miles S of Vaidivia. Lon. W C 3 23 E, lat. 42 4Q S. Call, city of New Granada, in the province of Popayan, in a valley of the Andes on the river Cauca ; 20 miles E from Bonaventura. Lon W C 1 E, lat. 3 15 N. ■ CuUaqua. port of the West Indies, in the west i-art of St. Vincents. California, general name of the western coast of Nrrtii America, from Cape St. Lucas N lat. 22 52 to N lat. 42, or through nearly 20 degrees of latitude. It is divided iito two parts, Old California andNew Cali- fornia. OM California was discovered under the direction, and in part, by the personal observation of Ccrttz, the conqueror of Mtxico, and found to be a long n .rrovv peninsula extending ti rough 11 degrees of latitude, and united to the continent to the NW, by a neck of land reaching from the m uth of I he Colur.;do river, westward 160 miles to a bay since called San Dii go. A chain of mountains ranges through this ex- tensive peninsula. " The sky," says Hura- 117 C A L GAL boldt, " is constantly serene, of a deep blue, and without a cloud." The Cerro Giganta, the highest peak of its mountains reaches to near 5,000 feet Tlie oil is s ndy and arid, mkI rain scanty and unfrequent. Springs of fresh water are also rare. It extends over 56,000 square miles, with a population of not more than 10,000. To- ward the close of the 17th century, the Je- suits formed several settlements here, and endeavoui'ed to govern the natives with the same policy and authority that they ex- ercised in their missions in Paraguay. They seem studiously to have depreciated the climate and soil of the country ; but on their expulsion from the Spanish domin- ions, the court appointed don Joseph Gal- vez to visit this peninsula. His account of the country was favourable ; he found the pearl fi-hery on its coast to be valuable, and he discovered mines of gold of a pro- mising appearance. On the few spots where wa'er is found, the soil is excellent ; and it is reported that vines gr-w naturally in the mountains, and that the Jesuits, when they resided here, made abundance of wine, in taste approachmg to that of Madeira. The chief town is Loreto. New California, extends from Old Cali- fornia to the utmost limits of the Spanish claims, on the North Ami rican coast of the Pacific Ocean, or from the thirty tiiird to the forty second degree of N lat. about 600 miles. The breadth inland is trifling, and the interior unknown, or at least very im- perfectly explored. The whole extent ac- tuall} peopled by civilized inhabitants, does not exceed, if it amounts to 16,000 square miles The soil is, liowever, as remarkable for its fertility and abundance of limpid water, as is that of Old California for its arid sterility. The climate of the Pacific coast of North America, being milder than that of the Atlantic ; the inhabitants ot New California enjoy more temperate seasons than, does those of the United States, from the Carolinas to Connecticut, inclusive. According to Humboldt, this is a very flourishing and valuable colony. The same chain of mountains which ranges through Old California, reach into and in- tersect also. New California. Monterey is the capital. Population in 1803, 15,562. California, gulf of North America, ex- tends from the mouth of the Colorado river, between Sonora and Old California, in a south east direction 800 miles. It gradually widens from its head, at the moutli of the Colorado, to its mouth be- tween Cape Palmo in Old California, and Mazatlan in Sonora, where it is about 120 miles wide. It is full of islands and shoals, and is very difficult to navii^ate. Prom Old CaVirbrnla, no stream of any great con- sequence enters this gulf; but from Sono- ra, it receives, beside the Colorado and Gila, the Ascension, Hiaqul, Mayo, Fuerte, Inaya, Culiacan, labala, Rostla ; and a brook which forms Mazatlan harbour. Calitoor, fortress of the island of Ceylon, at the mouth of a riv^-r of the same name, 28miles S ot Columbo. Calix, town of Sweden, in West Bothnia, on a river of the same name, near its en- trance Into the gulf of Bothnia, 22 miles W of Tornea Calla Calla, river of Chili, rises in the Andes, and falls into the bay of Valdivia. Calland^s Store, post office of Virginia, in Pittsylvania county. Callah, town of Algiers, in the province of Mascara, which has a considerable trade, and the greatest market for carpets in the country. It is 40 miles E of Oran. Callender, town of Scotland, in Perth- shire, with a considerable manufacture of muslin ; seated on the river Teath,30 miles WSW of Perth. Callao, sesport of Peru, with the best harbour on the coast, and a large and safe roadstead defended by the Islands Callao and St. L . do. females - 354 Slaves, males ... - 1,830 do. females - - - 1,838 Total population in 1820 - 4,365 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 12 Engaged in Agriculture - 3,219 do. in Manufactures - 165 do. in Comtnerce - - 71 Population to the square mile, 21. Calumet, Grand, on the Ottowa river, on the south side, above the Portage de Montague, Upper Canada. Calumet, Point au, on lake Superior, Upper Canada, on the N shore, the first peint W of river du Chene, between which places the coast, consisting of per- pendicular rocks, is dangerous Calvi, episcopal town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, eight miles N of Capua. Lon. 14 19 E lat. 41 15 N Calvi, town of Corsica, on a craggy mountain and gulf of the same namt, with a strong fortress, and a good har- bour. It is 32 miles SW of Bastia. Lon. 9 16 E-, lat. 42 26 N. G A M Ca77i, or Grant, river which rises in Herts, and running NE by Cambridge in- to the isle of Ely, there falls into the Oiise, to which river it is navigable from Cambridge. Camana, small district of Aquipo. ly- ing along the Pacific Ocean. Lon W C 3 E, lat 16 S. L'amaron, cape of Honduras, on the N side of that country, at the mouth of the river Tinto. Lon. W C 6 50 W, lat 15 50 8. Camarones, large river of South Ame- rica, in Patagonia, falling into the Atlan- tic Ocean, 44 45 S.^ Camarat, seaport of France, in the de- partment of Fiiiisterre and late province of Brittany. It stands on a bay of the same name. Lavihay, large city of Hindoostan Pro- per, in the province of Guzerat Its pro- ducts and manufactures are inferior to those of few towns in India ; for the coun- try abounds in corn, cattle, and silk ; and cornelian and agate stones are found in its rivers. The inhabitants are noted for embroidery; and some of their quilts have been valued at 4j/ It is subject to the Puonah M^hrattas, is the port of Amena- bad, from which it is distant 56 miles. Lon. 72 10 E, lat. 22 25 N. Cambodia, kingdom of Asia, bounded on the N by Laos, on the E by Cochin- China and Ciampa, and on the S and W by the gulf and kingdom of Siam , divi- ded .by a brge river ca led Mecan, or Cambodia, which annually overflows the country in tiu rainy season, between June and October. Cambodia, capital of a kingdom of the sam- name in Asia, s-ated on the river Mecan, or Cambodia. 15'J miles from its mouth. Lon. 104 5 E, lat. 13 10 N Cambray. fortified city of France, in the department of the North and late pro- vince of the Cambresis. It has a citadel and fort, and a considerable manuiacture ot cambricks, which took their name from this city It is seated on the Scheldt, 22 miles SE of Arras, anil 102 N of Paris. Lon. 5 20 E, lat. 50 11 N. Cambray, or Govcrneur, post office of New York, in St Lawrence county, on the Oswegiitchie river. CambrenJs, late province of France, 25 miles in length : boundi d on the N and E by Hainalt, on the S by Picardy, and on the W by Artois. Cambray is the ca- pital, and it is now comprehended in the depyrtn^ent < f the N.rth. Cambria, township in Niagara county, on Niaj^ara river. New York. Population in i8-;6. 1134 Ca772bria, county of Pennsylvania, be- tween the Allegany mountains and Lau- 149 C A M CAM rel hill : bounded by Sotnerset S ; West- moreland SW ; Indiana W ; Ciearfieid N, and Huntingdon and Btdford E: length 36; mean width 20; area 720 square miles. Surface hilly and rocky ; soil generally of middling quality. Sta- ples, grain, flour, whiskey, salted provi- sions, and live stock. Chief town, Ebens- burg. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 1,685 do. do. females - - " - 1,582 Total whites - - . - 3,267 Free persons of colour, males - .9 do. do. females 11 Total population in 1820 - 3,287 88 614 145 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce - - 3 Population to the square mile 4. Cambria, town in Cambria county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 868; and 1820, 604. . Cambridge, the county-town of Cam- bridgeshire, and seat of a celebrated uni- versity. It takes the name of Cambridge from the bridge over the Cam, which di- vides the town into two pai'ts It is principally remarkable for a much cele- brated university ; consisting of 13 col- leges, 4 halls, several schools, and a very extensive library. It sends four mem- bers to parliament, two for the borough and two for the university, it is 17 miles S of Ely, and 51 N by E of London. Lon. 4 E, lat. 52 12 N. Cambridge, village in Gloucestershire, near Berkley, on the river Cam. Cambridge, post town in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, and a flourishing university, which consists of four elegant brick houses, and is, with respect to its library, philosophical apparatus, and pro- fessorships, the first literary institution in America. It was eiitabiished by the original settlers of Massachusetts in 1638 Its officers are a president, 20 profes- sors, 2 tutors, 4 proctors, and a regei;t. The library is the most extensive in the United States ; and the necessary philo sophical and chemical apparatus very complete. Attached to it also a botani- cal garden, cabinet of mintrals, and an anatomical museum. The buildings are ext'TiSive and appropriate In 1818, the stu''enLs amounted to nearly 400, and the >vhi 1e number, according to Mr. Morse, educated in this seminary, from its in- stitution up to 1818, amounted to 4442. Cambridge^ West, township in Middle- I'TO sex county, Massachusetts. Population in IblO, 971; and in 1820, 1064. Cambridge, township in Middlesex count) , Massachusetts. Population in 18 :0, 2323, including West Cambridge; and in 18 jO, 1518. Cambridge, township in the county of Stormoiit. lies to the S and in the rear of Clarence. Cambridge, township in Washington county. New York. Population in 1820, 2491. Cambridge, post town and seat of jus- tice in Dorchester county, Maryland, on Chcptank river.- Cambndge, prii the ocean for boa's and I) her ves-^els of 7^ tons, which rend- ers Cjmden a place of considerublf^ trade. Two ba tl's were fought here during ti'e revolutionary war ; one August 16th, 1780, in which thf army of the United Spates un- dfr General G;'ies, Wiis defeated by the Br tish under lord C on the E by Uerar ; on the S by Dowlatabad, and on the W by Baglana. Candlemas Isles, near the coast of Sandwich Land. Lon. 27 13 W, lat 57 10 s. • Candoi; township in Tioga county, New York. Population in 1820, 1655, Ca7idy, kingdom of Ceylon, containing about a quarter of the island. It is full of hills, whence rivulets proceed, which abound with fish. The inhabitants are dexterous in turning these rivulets to wa- ter their land, which is fruitful in rice, pulse, and hemp. The king is absolute, and his subjects are idt laters. Candy, capital of a kingdom of the same name, in the island of Ceylon. It was often burnt by the Portuguese, when thev were masters of these coasts. Lon. 80 42 E, lat. 7 45 N. Cane, Grotto del, famous grotto, on the banks of Lake d'Agano, seven miles from Puzzoli, in the kingdom of Naples. A suffocating vapour rises a foot above the bottom of this cave, and is destruc- tive to animal life. A dog having his head held in this vapour, is convulsed in a few minutes, and soon aftt r falls motion- less to the earth. The fellows who at- tend at the cave, have always some mise- rable dogs, with ropes about their necks, ready for this cruel purpose. Can fa, considerable town of the isl- C A N C A IS and of Candia, v/itli a good harbour. Tne environs are adorned with forests of olive-trees, mixed with fields, vineyards, gardens, and brooks, bordered with myr- tle-trees, and laurel-roses. Lon. 24 15 E, lat. 35 20 N. Canesus, small lake of Ontario coun- ty. New York, discharges its waters into Genessee river. Caneto, town of Italy, in the Manfuan, on the river Oglio, often taken and reta- ken by the French and Austrians. It is 20 miles W of Mantua. Lon. 10 22 E, lat. 45 9 N. Cancadea, post town of New York, in Allegany county, Canjield small town with a post office, in Trumbull county, Ohio, 28 miles N by W of Foi't M'Intosh, and 321 from Washington. Vanfield, township in Trumbull county, Ohio. Population in 1810, 494 ; and in 1820, 78r. Canina, capital of a district of the same name, in the N part of Albania, a province of Turkey in Europe, lying near the entrance of the gulf of Venice, eight miles N of Valona. Lon. 19 25 E, lat 41 12 N. See Joanino Cannay, one of the western isles of Scotland, SW of tiie isle of Skye, This island is fertile, and is noted for vast ba- saltic columns, which rise above each other to a great height, in many succes- sive ranges, each separated from the other by a stratum of pebb'y concretions. On the E side of the island, the tops of an immense number of these columns ap- pear at lov/ water, formini^ a sort of cause- way of surprising extent, the surface of ■which is smooth and regular, like on or- dinary paved street. Canister, township in Steuben county, New York. PopuUtion in 1820, 891. Cannaughqiiensing, town of Butler coun- ty, Pennsylvania. Population 1300, Cannaveral, cape of Florida. N lat. 28 22 lon. W C 3 55 W. It was off this cape, April 29th, 1814, that the British brig Epervier of 32 guns, and 128 men, was cap- tured by the U. S. sloop Peacock, captain Warrington, after an action of 42 minutes. Cannonball, river, branch of Missouri, from the W, below the Mandan village, iind above the Wetai'hoo. Camiouche, river of Georgia, branch of the Ogechee, Cannonsburg, township in Washington county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 440. Cannonsburg, post villige in Pennsylva- nia, in Washington county, on the road from Pittsburg to Washington, 18 miles from the former, and 7 from the latter place. It is the seat of Jefferson college, formerly an Academy, but changed from the latter to the former in 1802. The col- lege is under the direction of a president, and 2 professors. The library contains about 1000 volumes, and the philosophical apparatus is respectable. Canobia, town or Italy, in the Milanese, on lake Maggiore, 35 miles NNW of Mi- lan. Lon. 8 44 E, lat. 45 55 N. Canoe- Camp, post village of Pennsylva- nia, in Tioga county. Catioga, small creek of New York, be- tween Seneca and Cayuga lakes, discharges into Seneca outlet. Canoge, the ruins of which are at present of great extent, is a town of Ilindoostan Proper, in the province of Agra, seated on th.e Ganges, near its confluence with the Calini. It is now reduced to the size of a middling toWn. It is said to have been built more than 1000 years before the Cliristian era, and to have been the capital of all Hindoostan, under the predecessor of Porus, who fought against Alexander. In the 6th century, it was said to contain 30,000 shops, in which betel-nut was sold. It is 127 miles SE of Agra. Lon. 80 13 E, lat. 27 3 N. Cannniait, island in Xarraganset bay, belonging to the state of Rhode Island. The soil is fertile and well cultivated ; the .'1 inhabitants are about 600. t|i Canosa, town of the kingdom of Naples, in Terra di Barri. Betv/een Canosa and the river Osanto, are still some traces of the ancient town of Canna:, in the plain of which was fought the celebrated battle be- tween Hannibal and the Romans. Lon. 16 32 E, lat. 41 30 N, lon. \V C 16 05 E. Caiis'j, seaport of Nova Scotia, in North America on a strait which sepai'utes Nova Scotia from Cape Breton. Near this town is a fine fishery for cod. Lon. 55 W, lat. 45 20 N. _ . Canstat, town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemberg, seated on the Neckar, two miles NE of Stutgard. Lon. 19 14 E, lat. 48 53 N. ' Canlal, department of P'rance, including part of the late province of Auvergne, The capital is St. Flour. Cantaziiro, episcopal town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore. It is seated near the sea, 20 miles E of Nicastro. I-on, 16 47 E, lat. 39 3 N. Canterbury, ancient city, the capital of Kent, with an archbishop's see, the metro- politan of all England. The cathedral, a large structure, was once famous for the shrine of Tiiomas Becket, to which so great was the resort, and so rich the offer- ings, that Erasnuis, who was an eye wit- ness of its wealth, says, the whole church and chapel in which he was interred, glit- tered with jewels. But Henry VIII. in 1538, not oniv pillaged this rich shrine, but ' 157 (v A ,N C A V caused tlie saint to be cited in court, tried, and condemned as a traitor ; ordering his name to be struck, out o! the culen.iar, his bones to be burnt, and his ashes tiirown into the air. In this catliedral are intt-rred Ht-nry IV. and Edward tiie Black Prince. The city has lilcewise 14 parish ciiurclies; the remains of many Roman antiquities ; and an ancient castle, witli walls and a deep ditch. It is g-overned by a ma\or, and possesses a share of the silk manufac tures introduced by the Walloons, who have here a church under the cathedral. It sends two members to parliament, and is seated on the river Steur, 26 miles ESE of Rochester and 56 of London. Lon. 1 4 E, lat. 51 19 N. Canterbury, post town and township in Rockingham countv. New Hampshire. Population in 1810, 1526, and in 1820, 1696. Canterbury, post town and township in Windham con: :ty, Connecticut Population in 1810, 1812, and In 1820, 1984. Canterbury, post village of Orange coun- ty, New York, on the right bank of the Hudson, between West-Point and New- burgh. Canterbury, post village in Kent county, Delaware, between Camden and Frede- rica. Canton, or Quangtong; one of the southern provinces of China ; bounded on tiie NE by Fokien : on the N by Kiangsi, on the Why Quan-si, and the kingdom Tonking, and every where else by the seas. The coun- try is diversified with iiilis and plains, and the soil is in general so fertile that it pro- duces two crops annually. Canton is the capital. Canton, large, populous, and wealthy city of China, capital of the province of that name, stands on the river Pekiang. It is a sea port, and one of the finest in th.e empii'e. The number of inhabitants was computed at 1,000,000, but later calculations have made them considei'ably less. Lon. 333 12 E, lat. 23 7 N. Cantoji, township and post town in Nor- folk county, Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 1353, and in 1820, 1268, Canton, township in Hartford county, Connecticut. Population in 1810, 1374, and in 1820, 1322. Canton, township and post town in St. Lawrence county, New York. Population in 1820, 1337. Canton, township in Washington county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1335, and in 1820, 1276. Canton, township in Bradford county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 569. Canton, township in Stark county, Ohio. Population in 1810, 846, and in 1820, 1398. Canton, post town, and seat of justice in 158 Stark county Ohio, on the Nimishiilen creek, over which, in the vicinity of t'.e village four fine bridges have b?en erect- ed, NW from Steubenville 58 ; and NE fr^m Zanesville 90 miles. Canton, small village of Belmont county, Ohio Canton, land district of Ohio, includes part ot Stark, and all of Wayne and Rich- land counties; and is composed of XXI ranges of townships, comprehended be- tween the Greenville treaty line on the S'luth, and the Cmnecticut Western Re- serve on the north, excepting the seven easternmost ranges which beleng to the Steubenville district. The Land office for this district is at Worcester in Wayne county. CanttcelPs Bridge, on the Appoquini- mink, post town in Castle county, Dela- ware, nine miles S from St. Georges, and 19 from New Castle. Caney Fork, branch of Cumberland ri- ver, rises in Warren White and Jackson counties, in Tennessee, and flowing NW enters Smith county, and falls into Cum- berland at Carthage. Cantyre, the southern division of Argyle- shire, in Scotland. It is a narrow peninsu- la between the Atlantic Ocean, and the Fritii of Clyde. To the S the peninsula terminates in a great promontory, sur- rounded by a group of dangerous rocks, called the Mull of Cantyre. The soil, in general, is fertile. Caorlo, small island in the gulf of Ve- nince, on the coast of Venetian Friuli, 20 miles SW of Aqueileia. It has a town of the same name, with a bishop's see. Lon. 12 30 E. lat. 45 42 N. Capaciu, episcopal town of Naples, in Principato Citenore, 16 miles S of Salerno. Lon. 15 3 E. lat. 40 20 N. Cape, township in Cumberland count}', Maine. Popuiation in 1820, 52. Cape Elizabeth, township in Cumber- land county, Maihe. Population in 1810, 1415. and in 1820, 1688. Cape Girardeau, county of MissOHri» bounded by Mississippi river NE ; New Madrid county S ; St. Francis river W, and St. Genevieve county N ; length 48 ; mean width 25 ; area 1200 square miles ; surface mostly level, and in p^irt liable to annual submersion. Soil fertile ; staples, some cotton, Indian corn, live stock, &c. Chief towns, Jackson and Girardeau. Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females 2,658 2,400 5,058 25 20 CAP GAP Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820 432 433 5,968 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 26 Engaged in Agriculture - - l,6r5 do. in Manufactures - - 229 do. in Commerce - - 39 Population to the sq'iare mile, 5. Good Hope, Cape of, the southern ex- tremity of Afiica, discovered by the Por- tuguese navigator, Bartholomew Diaz, in 1493, who gave it th'.- name of Cabo Tor- meuioso, from the boistenus weather which he metwi h near it ; but Emunuel, kmg of Portugal, on the return of Diaz, changed its name to that of Cape of Good Hope, from the hope he enter'ained of findir.g a passage beyond it to India ; and in this he wa'^ not deceiveil, for Vasco de Gama, hav- ing doubled thi cape on the 20th Novem- ber, 1497, proceeded to India, and landed at Calicut, on the 22d of May, 1498. The Cape of Good Hope was first touched at by the Dutch in 1600, and 1650, they es- tablished a settlement at this place, of which they held undisturbed p.^ssession for near 150 years. Here is a neat town called Cape-town, rising in the midst of a desert, surrounded by black and dreary mountains. See Cape Town. Cape of Good Hope, colony, extends over all the souihern regions of Africa ; bovind- ed by the Atlantic Ocean VV ; by the great South Sea S ; by C;,fFtrlaiid NE ; and by the deserts of .interior Africa \ ; length from W 10 E 600 miles ; mean width 200 ; area, abnut 120,000 square m.les It is divided into the districts of the Cape, Zwellingdara, Stellenbosch, and Graafrey- net. This fine Dutcli colony surrendered by capitulation to the British in 1795, but restored in 1802, by tlie treaty of Amiens. It again surrendered to tlie British, in 1806 ; and now forms part of their domin- ions. Cape-Toivn, capital of the cape colony, stands on the W side of Table-bay, in Ion. 18 23 E. lat. 33 56 S. See Hottentots, Country of the. To the SE of the tov/n are some vineyards, which yield the famous wine called Constantia. Tiie store-houses of the Dutch E. India Company are situate next the water, and the private buildings lie beyond them, on a gentie ascent toward the mountains. The caslle, or principal fort, which commands the road, is on the E .'■ide ; and another strong fort, called Amsterdam Fort, is on the W side. The streets are broad and regular ; and the houses, in general, are built of stone, and white washed. Here are two churches ; one for the Calvanists, the established re- ligion, tiic other for the Lutherians. The slaves are lodged and boarded in a spaci- i.us liou-e, wliere they are iikew.s;- ke[:t at work: th-se slaves, a few Hottent -ts ex- cepted, were all originally brought fom the E. Indii's, and principally front Malac- ca. Another great building setves as a hospital for the sailors belonging to the Dutch E. India ships which touch here : it* is situate clo'ie to the Company's gar- dens to ^> hich t!ie convulescents liave free access. The inhabitants, though stout and athletic, have not all that phlegm about tliem which is the characteristic of the Dutch in general. The ladies are lively, g'lodnature!', familinr, and gay. The in- habitants, in generid, travel in a kind of covered wagons, drawn by oxen, which better suit the roughness of the country than inor- elegant vehiclrs ; but stime of the principal people keep coaches, which are drawn by hcses. The moiuitains be- hind Cape town are. the Table Mountain, which is the highest; the Sugar-lof, so named from its form; tiie Lion's head, Charles Motm*^, and James Mount, or the Lion's RutTip. From these mountains des- renl several rivulets which flow into the d'ffer-nt bays, as Table Bay, False Bay, &c. The view fom thf Table nionntain is very extensive ; and along the Vi llpya and rivulets, imong these mountains, are a great nunber of plantations. Cape Breton, very irregular island in the gulf of S;t. La'-rence, about 100 miles in length, and forming a part of the provi. ce of Lower Canada, separated from Nova Scotia by the Strait, or gut of Canso. The s'lores of th s island is remarkable for the antiquity, and abundance ot its fisheries. The interior of the island is fer-ile, and abounds with mineral coal. Population about 3000. Cape Charles, the extreme southern point of the peninsula, between the Atlan- tic Ocean and C'lesapeak bay Cape Cod, remarkable point of land in Massachtisetts, extending in form of a long narrow peninsula, into the Atlantic Ocean. It forms a part of Barnstable county. The extreme NW point of this Cape, is at Ion. W C 6 48 E, 'at. 42 06 N. Cape Cod Bay, between Cape Cod peninsulas, and Barnstable and Plymouth county, in Massachusetts. Cape Fare^uell, southern extremity of Greenland. Lon. W C 33 E, lat. 59 58 N. Cape Fear, southern extremity of Smith's island, at the mouih of Cape Fear river. North Carolina. Lon. W C 1 25 W, lat. 33 32 N. Cape Fear River, the most considerable river which flows entirely in North Caroli- na. It risrs principally in Rockingham and Guilford counties ; whence it pursues a SSE course to the Atlantic Ocean, 159 C A 1' c A j: Cape Henry, opposite Cape Charles, the point to the 8E, off the mouth of Chesa- peak bay. Cape Hinlitpen, in Sussex county, Dela- ware, opposite Cape Mav, from which it is distant NW 22 miles, Lon. W C 1 57 E, lat. 38 44. Cape Hops, light house NW point of Martha's vineyard. Capelle, town of France, now in the de- partment of Aisne, lately in the province of Picardy, eight miles NE of Guise, taken by the Spaniards in 1636, but retaken the year after. Lon 3 50 E, lat. 49 58 N. Cape May, point of land in the state of New Jersey, formed by the Atlantic 0(-ean and the bay "f Delaware. Lon W C 2 18 E, lat. 38 56 N. Cape May Court House, post village and seat of justice in Cape May county. Now Jersey, situated a few miles N from Cape May, 34 SE of Bridgetown, and 74 from Philadelphia, in tlie lat. of 39 N and 75 W. See Midillelo-u>7i. Cape Miiy, county of New Jersey, the southern extremity of that s^ate ; bounded SE by the At antic Ocean ; W by Delaware bay ; NW by Cuinberlaod ; and by Tuck;i- hoe, and Great Egy Harbor rivers NE ; length 31 ; m^an width 10 ; area 310 square- miles ; surface level; soil sandy. Chief town, Middletown. Population in 1310. Free white males - - . 1,803 do. do, fen>aies - - - 1,637 All other persons except Indians not t.ixed - - - - 111 Slaves 81 Total population in 1810 - - 3,632 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 2,095 do, do. females - - - 1,957 Total whites - . - . Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males .... do. females ... Total population in 1820 - 4,265 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 21 Engaged in Agricidture - - 377 do. in Manufactures - - &^ do. in Commerce ■• - 69 Population to the square mile, 14 nearly. Capestan, town of France, in '.he depart, ment of Aude and late province of Lan^uc- doc, near the river Aude, and the famous canal of Languedoc. Lon. 3 ,8 E, lat. 43 Cabc St, Michael, sei^iorv of f.-o\ver 160 Canada, in Surry count}', iiearly opposite Quebec. Cape Vincent, village of Jefferson coun- ty. New York, on the St. Lawrence river, Caplwri- Springs, post village Virginia, in Frederick county. Capitannta, province of Naples ; bounded on the N by the gulf of Venice, on the K by Terra di Bari, on the ■ S by Basilicata and Principato Ulteriore, aiid on the W by ."Molise and Abruzzo.. The capital is Man- fredonia. Capitanata, town of New Granada, 60 miles from Tunja. Capo Fino, a barren rock, in the territo- ry of Genoa, with a castle on its eastern peak. Near it is a small harbour of the same name, 13 miles B^SE of Genoa. Lon. 8 56 E, lat 44 20 N.' Capo D'lstria, town of Italy, in Venetian Istria, on the gulf of Triest, whose princi- pal revenue consists in wine and salt. It is 8 miles S of Triest. Lon. 14 6 E, lat. 45 49 N. Cupolica, small river of Mexico, in the intendancy of Oaxaca, flows into the gulf of Tehuantepec. Lon. W C 19 W, lat. 16 N. Caprala, isle in the Mediterranean Sea, to the NE of Corsica, on which it depends. It has a sti'ong castle, and is 15 miles in circumfeience. Lon. 10 E, lat. 43 5 N, Caprann, nearly coinciding with the an- cient Coronaea of Bocstia, now Livadia ; it is a village on the ancient Cephisus. Capri, island of Naples, in the Mediter- ranean, pposite Soretito, famous for being tiie rereat of the emperor Tiberius. A vast quantity of quails co.me here every year, farming the principal revenue of the bishop, who is hence called tlse Bishop of Quails. It is five miles in length and two in breadth. Capri, capital of ati island of the same name, with a stronjj castle. It was once a delightful place, embellished with magni- ficent works, which were demolished after the death of Tiberius. Lon. 14 8 E, lat. 40 .11 N. 'Captain John's Mills, post village Mont- gomery county, Marylmd. Captina, creek of Ohio, rising in the SW angle of Belmont county, and falling into the Ohio river opposite Captina island, 23 miles by wat^r below Wheeling. Capita, town of Naples, in Terra dl La- vora, with an archbisiiop's see. It is two miles from tlic ancient Capua, and was built out of its ruins. It was taken by the Austrians in 1707 ; and is seaterl i;n the Volturno, 15 miles N of Naples, Lon. 14 19 E, lat. 4L 7 N. Caraccas, province of South America, in the republic of Columbia, included in the W part of the province of Venezuela. It is bounded on the N by the gulf of C A IL CAR Mexico, on llie E by Cumaiia, ruid on the S by New Granada. Tiie coast is rocky and mountainous, interspersed with small fertile valleys, blessed in genei-al witii a clear air and wholesome climate. The chief town is Caracas. Caracas, or -%. Jago de Leon, capital of Caracas. It is situated in an elevated valley between two mountains, 2,900 feet above the level of the sea. It is much sub- jected to earthquakes, one of which oc- curred March 26tb, 1812, which reduced great part of the city to ruin, and the popu- lation from upwards of 32,000, to less than 20,000 persons. I.on. W C 10 14 E, lat. 10 34 N. Caramania, province of Turkey in Asia, in the S part of Natolia. Most of the houses have turrets so contrived as to cool tiie rooms in summer. Stalalia is tlie capital, Caramanta, province of Terra Firma, lying on both sides the river Cauca ; bound- ed on tlie N by the district of Carthagena, on the E by New Granada, on the S and W by Popayan and Pananna. It is a valley surrounded by high mountains, and there are rivulets whence the natives get very good sr.lt. Caramanta, the capital of a province of that name in Terra Firma, republic of Co- lumbia, seated on the Cauca, 240 miles ISINE of Popayan. Lon. 75 IS W, lat. 3 18 N. Carangas, small province of Peru, in the Andes to t!te E oft' Aiica, on both sides of the river Desaguadura. Cu -anso, incoi siderable island in the E Ind es, near Bombay, It affords nothing but somti rice, fowls and goats. Curar:', town ot luscany, in the princi- palit) of Massa, betwf-en Massa and Sar- zana, five mdes from each. Near tiiis place are quarries of marble i>f various colours. Lo >. 9 55 E, lat. 44 5 N Carasii, river of Nalolia, which rises in (Jarimania, crosses part of Aluduia, ^d falls into the M.-diterranean. Carasu JMeslro, river of Romania, which rises in inojint Ilhodope, and falls into the Arcliipelago. C'vasui, l^ke in Bulgaria, said to be 55 milfs in circumfcence, and to contain several islands. It is formed by a branch of 'he Daii'.ibe, not far from its entrance into the Black Sea. Caravacca, town of Spain', among the mountains near the river Segura, in Mur- cia. It is 50 miles NW of Carthagena. Lon. 2 5 W, lat. 38 5 N, CaraveUe, cape of the island of Martinico, on the NE coast. Lon. W C 16 04 E, lat. 14 55 N. Carcassone, ancient town of France, in the department of Aude and late province of Languedoc. Here are manufactures of all sorts of cloth. It is 15 miles W of Nar- X bonne, antl 400 S of Paris. Lon. 2 25 E, lat, 43 14 N. Cardiff, borough of S Wales in Glamor- ganshire, with a maiket on Wednesday and Saturday. It is a large and well built town, and has a castle, a wall, and four gates. It is seated on the Taafe, over which is a bridge, and it has a considerable trade with Bristol. Cardiff is 12 miles E of Cow- bridge, and 164 W of London. Lon. 3 12 W, lat 51 30 N. Cardigan, county-town of Cardiganshire, with a market on Tuesday and Saturday ; situated on the river Tyvy, over which is a handsome stone bridge. The walls and castle are gone to ruin. It is governed by a mayor, sends one member to parliament, and is 33 miles "NE of St. David's and 225 WNW of London. Lon. 4 38 W, lat. 52 10 N. Cardigan Bay, on the coast of Cardigan- shire, at the moutii of the Tyvy, extending to Barsey island in Carnarvonshire. It is 40 miles from one cape to the other, and affords secure shelter for ships. Cardiganshire, county of S Wales, bound- ed on the N by Merionethshire and Mont- gomeryshire, on the E by Radnorshire and Brecknockshire, on the S by Carmarthen- shire, and Pembrokeshire, and on the W by Cardigan Bay. It extends 42 miles from N to S, and 20 from E to W ; and is divi- ded into five hundreds, containing six mar- ket-towns, and 64 parislies, extending over 500,000 acres. It lies in the diocess of St. David's, and sends two members to parlia- ment. The air is milder here than in most parts of Wales. To the S and W are plains fruitful in corn ; but the N and E parts are a continued r dge of mountains, liowever tliere are cattle bred in all parts ; but they have neitiier wood nor coals of their own for fuel. They h?ve fish in plenty with fowls b)th tame and wild. Near the rivers are great numbers of ottei-s ; and in the val- leys ave several lakes. The mountains abound with veins of lead and silver ore ; and the mines have been worked several times to great advantage : Sir Hugh Mid- dleton is said to have cleared 2000/. ii month, for several years together, which enabled him to bring the New River water lo London ; but he expanded the whole on tliat great object. The principal rivers are the Tyvy, the Rydal, and tlie Istwith. Population ISUl, 42,956; in 1811, 50,260; and in 1821, 5r,311. Cardona, town of Spain, in Catalonia, v\ith a castle. Near it is an inexhaustible mountain of salt, of several colours, which, when washed, becomes white ; and there are vineyards, which produce excellent wine. It is seated on an eminence, near the river Cardenero, 30 m^les NW of Bar- celona. Lon. 1 30 E, lat 41 36 N. Carelia, eastern part of Finland It be- 161 C A K 0' A R longed formerly to Sweden, but now to Russia. See Wibjirgh, Carentan, town of France, in the depart- ment of the Channel and late province of Normandy, with an ancient castle, eight miles from the sea. Lon. 1 4 W, lat. 49 16 N. Cares, or Kareis, town of F.uropean Tur- key, in Macedonia, 17 miles SE from Sa- lonica. Carew, village of Wales, on an arm of Milford-haven ; remarkable for its ruins. Carfagnano. See Castel JS'uovo di Car- Jagnaiio. Carhaix, town of France, in the depait- ment of Finisterre, on the river Yer, 19 miles S of Morlaix. Carham, village in Northumberland, five miles E of Kelso. Near it a battle was fought between the English and Danes, in winch 11 bishops and two English counts were slain, beside a great number of sol- diers. Here likewise was a battle be- tween the EngUsh and Scots, in 1018, in which the latter were victorious. In 1370, sir John Liburne was defeated near this place, and taken prisoner by the Scots. Carlaco, gulf of South America, in Cu- mana, extending between the continent anil a long narrow peninsula terminated by cape Araya, NW 17 miles from the city of Cumana. Cariaco, small river falling into the gulf of the same name. Cariaco, tfWn of Cumana, at the head of the Cariaco gulf. Cariati, town of Naples, in Calabria Ci- teriore, near the gulf of Taranto, 25 miles K of St. Severino. Caribbean Sea, that part of the Atlan- tic Ocean lying between Cuba, St. Domiii- £jo, and Porto Rico on the N, and the re- public of Columbia. Caribbe Islands, the most eastern islands of the West Indiis, divided into Wind- ward and Leeward islands. Cariboenf, island in lake Superior about 100 miles NW from the falls of St. Mary. Carical, town of Hindoostan, in the Car- natic, where the French had a settlement, which was taken by the British in 1760. It stands at the mouth of a branch ol the Cavery, eight miles S of Tranguebar. Carignun, town of France, in the de- partment or* Ardennes. It was formerly called Ivoix, and belonged to Luxemburg ; but was ceded to Louis XIV. who chang- ed the name. It is seated on the Chiers, eight miles E3E of Sedan. Carigiian, town of Piedmont, in a dis- trict of the same name, with a castle, seated on the river Po, 12 miles S by W of Turin. Cariman Java, cluster of islands to the north of Java, at the principal of which ships touch for refreshment, in their vov- age to Borneo. Lon. 110 13 K. lat. 5 56 S, T62 Cavinacoii, chief of the Granadilhi islands, in the West Indies, 16 miles NNE of Granada. It produces much cotton, and bus a good harbour. Lon. 61 22 W, lat. 12 28 N. Carinola, town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, seated near Mount Massico, 25 miles NW of Naples. Carinthia, duchy of Germany, in the circle of Austria, E by Stiria, S by Carnio- la and Friuli, and W by Tyrol and Salz- burg. It is mountainous and woody, bmt yields good pasturage, and abounds in ex- cellent iron and lead. Clagenfurt is the capital. Canon Crow, creek of Louisiana, form- ing part of the limit between Opelousas and Attacapas. Carisbrook Castle, ancient castle, near Newport, in the Isle of Wight, one mile S of Newport, remarkable for its castle and church, which are both very ancient. The church had once a conveni of monks an- nexed, part of which is now a farm-house, still retaining the name of the priory. The cajtle stands on an eminence, and was the prison of Charles I. in 1647, before he was delivered to the parliament forces. It is now the seat of tlie governor of the Isle of Wight, and has a strong garrison. Carisio, or Castel Rosso, episcopal town of Greece, at the S extremity of the island of Negropont. Lon. 24 35 E. lat. 38 4 N. Corlentini. See Lentini. Carlingford, borough and seaport of Ire- land, in the county of Lowth, with a castle on a rock. It is noted for excellent oys- ters, and seated on Carlingford bay, 21 miles N of Drogheda. Lon. 6 W. lat. 54 UN. Carlinxuark, village of Scotland, at the N corner of a lake of its name, seven miles NE of Kirkcudbright, with a considerable manufacture of cotton. Carlisle, city and the capital of Cumber- land, v.'ith a market on Wednesday and Saturd;iy. It is governed by a mayor, and contains about 12,000 inhabitants. Car- lisle has co'siderable manufactures of coarse linens, cottons, calicoes, muslins, whips, and fish-hooks. In 1645 it surren- dered, through famine, to the parliamenta- ry forces, .-ifter a blockade of eight months. It was taken by the rebels in 1745, but re- taken by tlve duke of Cumberland. It is 60 miles S of Edinburgh, and 301 NNW of London. Lon. 2 53 W. lat. 54 46 N. Carlisle, township in Middlesex county, Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 672, and in 1820, 681. Carlisle, post village and township in Schoharie county, New York. Population in 1820,1583. Carlisle, post town and capital of Cumber- land county, Pennsylvania, on the south side of Conedogw innetcreek, 1 18 miles W by ^' tC A K C A Ji . from Harrisburg', 37 N by W of York, about NW from Lancaster, and 118 from Phila- delphia. The county was divided from Lancaster, and Carlisle made tlie principal seat of justice of Cumberland county, Jan- uary, 1749-50. The town is pleasantly situated, and the houses are built princi- pally with bricks and limestone, plain and commodious. The streets are laid out in straight li:ies, and of a convenient wid.h. It is the seat of a seminary of learnmg-, called Dickinson c }Ileje, founded in 1783, which after languishing many years, has been revived by the exertions of individuals, and by a liberal grant from the legislature of Pennsylvania. See Dickinson College. Carlisle, post town, borough, and town- ship in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. Popul tion in 1810. 2491, and in 1820, 2908. Carlisle, posit village, of Kentucky Bour- bon county. Carlisle, post village of Nicholas county, Kentucky. Carloiv, or Catherloug-h, county of Ire- land, in the province of Leinster, 28 miles in length, and eight in breadth ; bounded on the E by VVicklov/ and Wexford, on the W by Queen's county and Kilkenny, and on the N by Kildare. CarloiB, or Catlierlo ugh, town of Ireland, in a county of the same name, on the river Barrow, 16 miles NE of Kilkenny. Lon, 7 14 W. lat, 52 48 N. CarloTvitz, town of Sclavonia, seated on the Danube, 38 miles NW of Belgrade. Lon. 20 5 E. lat. 44 45 N. Carlscrona, or Carlscroon, se'iport of Sweden, in the province of Blekingen. It derives its origin and name From Charles XL who first laid the foundations of a new town in 1680, and removed the fleet from Stockholm to this place on account of its advantageous situation in the centre of the Swedish seas. The town contains about 11,000 inhabitants ; and the suburbs are fortified, toward the land by a stone wall. Formerly vessels in this port, when careeit- ed and repaired, were laid upon their sides in the open harbour; until a dock was hollowed in the solid rock, in 1724, capa- ble of receiving a first late man of war. A project for constructing 30 covered d'lcks, anil other improvements, was begun in 1759 : but tliey have proceeded slowly. One dock was finished in 1779, and gives an idea of the expense and greatness of tlie plan ; the bottom ar.d sides are of hewn granite ; rows of granite pillars support the roof, and be.ir leather the appearance of a colonade to a temple than a receptacle for ships. Carlscrona is 220 miles SW of Stockholm. L n. 15 26 E. lat. 56 20 N. Carlstadt, capital of Croatia, on the river Kulp, 140 miles S of Vienna. Lon. 15 21 E. lat. 56 2 N. Cofhtacltfiown of Sweden, in Werme- land, on the island of Tingwalla, wliich is formed by two branches of the Clara Kibe, It is a bishop's see. The town contains 1500 inhabitants, who carry on a trade in iron and wood across lake Wenner. It i* 133 miles W of Stockholm. Lon. 13 43 E. lat, 59 16 N. Carlstadt, town of Germany, in the bish- opric of Wurtzburg, seated on the Maine, 16 miles N of Wurlzburg. Lon. 9 12 E. lat. 49 56 N. Carmagniola, tv^Wn^ town of Piedmon*, wit!) a strong citadel. It was taken by the French in 1691, but retaken by prince Eu- gene the same year. It is seated on a small river, which runs into the Po, 14 miles S of Turin. Lon. 7 45 E. lat 44 51 N. Carmel, a mountain in Palestine, noted for having been the retreat of the prophet Elias, and for a monastery of Carmelites. It is 50 miles N of Jerusalem, Carmd, post town and township in Pe- nobscot countv, Mame. Population in 1820, 153. Carmel, post town and township in Put- nam county, New York. Population in 1820, 2,247. Caniii, post town and seat of justice in White cour.ty, Illinois, on the Little Wa- bash, 20 miles above its mouth, 42 N from Shawneetown. Carnarvon. See Caernarvon. Carnarvon, township in the SE part of Berks coimty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 723, and in 1820, 829. Carnarvon, township in the NE part of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. Popu- lation in 1810, i,084, and in 1820, 1,412. Carnatic, country of the peninsula of Hindoostan, extending from the Guntoor clrcar, along the whole coast of Coromsn- del, 10 Cape Cormorin ; including its ap- pendages, which are Tanjorc, Maravar, Trichinopoly, Madura, and Tinevelley. It is 570 miles from N to S, but no where more than 120 wide, and commonly no more than 75. The annual revenue of the nabob of Arcot, its sovereign, is stated at about 1,500,000/ out of which he pays a subsidy of 160,000/. to the English East India company toward the expense of their military establlsh.ment. The British- pos- sessions in the Carnatic are confined chiefly to the tract called the .Taghire, whose an- nual revenue is 150,000/. There is, be- sides, a land revenue dejjendent on Ma- dras, of 725,000/. The Carnatic is rich, fertile, and populous ; and contains an in- credible number of fortresses ; public mo- numents too, tlie unequivocal marks of ci- vilization and opulence, are more common here than in the northern parts of India. In 1787, the East India company took the Avhcile administration of the Carnfitjc, anrl 163 A I.' C A K tlie collection of the nabob's revenues, into their own hands. Arcot is the capital. Carnesrilk, county town of Frankin county, Georgia, about 60 miles N\V of Columbia. Carniola, a province of Germany, in the circle of Austria ; bounded on the N by Carinthia and Stiria, on the E by Sclavonia and Crotia, on the S by Morlachia and Is- tria, and on the W by Fiiuli. It is full of rocks and mountains, some of which are cultivated, others naked and barren, and others continually buried in snow. Lau- bach is the capital. Carolina, ^Xortli, one of the United Sta'es of North America i bounded on the N by Virginia ; on the E by the Atlantic ; on the S by South Carolina and Georgia, and on theW by Tennessee. It is 460 miles long, and 110 broad ; divided into eight districts and 62 counties. This coun'ry is seated between t'.ie extremities of heat and cold ; the heat being more troublesome in sum- mer, than the cold in winter. The air is generally serene and clear the greater part of the year, but in February the inhabitants have a custom of burning the woods, which causes such a smoke as would seem to pro- ceed from a thickness in the air. Beside the vegetable products common to Ame- rica, there are ground peas which run on the surface of the earth, and are covered by hand with a hglit mould, and the pods grow under ground ; they are eaten raw or roasted, and taste much like a hazle nut. Cotton also is universally cultivated here. The most remarkable of tlieir trees is the pitch pine, which affords pitch, tar, turpen- tine, and various kinds of lumber. Among their medicinal herbs and roots, this coun- try abounds with the ginseng, Virginia and Seneca snake-root, and lion's-heart, a sove- reign remedy for the bite of a serpent. The indigo is, however, inferior to what comes from the Caribbee Islands. The inhabitants of this state were estimated, in 1790, at 210,000 whites, and 60,000 ne- groes. Newbern is the capital. North Carohna is now (1822) divided into the following counties, which, in 1820, contained the relative population annexed to each respectively. Anson Ash Buncombe Burke Beaufort - Bladen Bertie Brunswick Camden - Cumberland Currituck Carteret - Columbus Chatham • 164 14,534 4,335 10,542 13,411 9,850 7,27& 10,805 5,480 6,347 14,446 8,098 5,609 3,912 12,661 Chowan - Craven Cabarras Caswell Uuplin Edgecomb Franklin Guilford Granville Gates Green Hyde Halifax Hertford - Havwood Iredell Jones Johnson Lenoir Lincoln Mecklenburg - M.^rtin Moore Montgomery - Northampton - Nash New Hanover Onslow Orange Pitt Pasquotank Person Perquimai5s Rutherford Rockingham Richmond Randolph Robeson Rowan Surry Stokes Sampson Tyrrel Wilkes - Wake Washington AVarren Wayne 6,464 13,394 7,241 13,253 9,741 13,276 9,741 14.511 18,222 6,837 4,53.3 4,967 17,237 7,712 4,073 13,071 5,216 9.607 6,799 18,147 16,895 6,320 7,12S 8,693 13,242 8,185 10,866 7,016 23,492 10,001 8,008 9,029 6,857 13,351 11,474 7,637 11,331 8,204 26,009 12,320 14,033 8,908 4,319 9,967 20,102 3,986 11,158 9,040 638,829 The population of North Carolina is composed of the following elements — whites, 419,200 ; free coloured persons, 14,612 ; and slaves, 205,017. Area of the state, 48,000 square miles. Population to the square mile, 13, in 1820. Lying be- tween lat. 33 50, and 36 30 N. North Carolina, is natur.ally divided into three sections ; sea sand alluvian ; the hilly region above the falls of the rivers; and the mountainous section. Through the sea sand border, the rivers find tlieir way to the sea, over extensive flats and bars, rendering the coast of this state the least favourable to navigation of any of the C A 11 O A It maritime states of the United States. Cape Fear river, with 18 feet water over its bur, is the best entrance into the inte- rior of North Carolina. Extensive canal improvements have been projected, and partially executed ; but hith. rto, the trade of the northern waters of North Carolina has centred in Virgniia ; w hilst that of tlie interior of the state has generally foujid its discharge at Chai-leston in South Carolna. Laudable efforts are makiiig, to open an easy amd direct communication with the Ocean, which the advance of wealth and popula'ion, will no doubt ultimately effect. The interests of education, formerly much neglected, is at present fostered in this state. Besidt s the University of North Carolina, there are upwards of 50 Acade- mies in operation. The government of the state, is essentially similar to the other states of our confederacy, consisting of a senate and house of commons, annually chosen. The governor is rather tiie crea- ture of the legislature than the people, being chosen by joint ballot of both houses. The staples of tV.is state, are some grain, and flour, tar, pitch, turpentine, lumber, and tobacco. Raleigh is the seat of go- vernment. Carolina South, one of the United States of N. America ; bounded on the E by the Atlantic, on the N by North Carolina, and on the S and SW by the river Savannah, which divides it from Georgia ; its western boundary has not yet been accurately ascer- tained. It is 200 miles long, and 125 broad ; divided into 29 counties. Beside Indian corn, wheat, &c. for home con- sumption, large quanti'ies of tobacco, and some indigo tmd wheat, are raised for ex- portation. Their rivers are large, and abound with delicate fish ; besides water fowl of different kinds. South Carolina, agreeable to the census of 1810, contains the following districts, ■with the annexed population. City of Charleston - 24,780 The parishes of St. Andrews, St. .lohns, Colleton, and St. Philip - - - 33,130 St. Thomas, St Dennis, St, Stephen, Christ's church, St. James, Santee, St. Johns, * and Berkley 22,302 Chester district 14,189 Laurens 17,682 Marlborough - 6,425 Union . _ - 14,126 Pendleton 27,022 Newbern 16,104 Maj'ion 10,201 Lexington 8,083 Williamsburgh - . 8,716 Lancaster 8,716 Darlington 10,949 Edgefield 25,119 Georgetown - 17,603 Chesterfield - 6,645 Horry - - - 5,025 Barnwell 14,750 Abbeville 23,167 Greenville 14,530 Orangeburgh 15.653 Sumpter 25,369 Beaufort 32,194 York - 14,936 Richland 12,321 Colleton 24,404 Spartanburg - 16 989 Fairfield 17,174 490,309 Of this mass. 231,812 are Avhites ; 251,783 slaves ; and 6,714 free people of colour. Area of the state 24,000 square miles. Population to the square mile, 20, in 1820. Lying between lat. 32 and 35 8 N. South Carolina, like North Carolina, is naturally divided into three sections, those of the sea sand alluvion ; hilly above the river falls, and mountainous. The former extends fi oni the coast about 100 miles, and is int. rsected by a num- ber of rivers, winding in slugi^ish chan- nels towards the sea coast. None of the rivers in this state, are navigabie to any considerable distance inland. The San- tee, is united to the harbour of Charles- ton, by a canal 22 miles in length This artificial channel, opens to Charkston the commerce of the interior of both North and South Carolina. The ridge of hills, give rise to the appropriate distinction of lower and upper country, difTering from each other in every essential re- spect. The lower country, with a soil flat and sandy, covered with pine, is in general sterile, interspersed with marsh- es, and in summer and autumn, more or less unhealthy. The hilly region, is ushered in advancing from the sea coast by the sand hills, or hillocks, which ex- tend for 20 or 30 miles, and gradually merge into other and more elevated lulls, which lead into a finely diversified, fer- tile, well watered, and healthy country. This latter region, is terminated by the mountains, which are confined to the extreme NW angle of the state. On the lower or sandy tract, the banks of the streams are in many places compo- sed of excellent soil, upon which rice and cotton are extensively cultivated. The middle, or sand hill zone, partakes of the gt-neral character of the sea sand alluvion, with the exceptions noted, both have an arid and barren aspect. The soil of the upper country is most produc- 165 CAR CAR live ; cotton is there also the common staple. bchools are numerous in South Caro- lina ; and at Columbia. Beaufort, Abber- ville, and Williamburgh, colleges have been erected. Collegiate establish- ments have, however, in most cases languished in the southern sections of the United States. Thirty thousand dollars have been appropriated in South Carolina, by legislature benefaction to support free schools. The government of South ('arolina, is vested in a governor, senate, and house of representatives ; the senate quadren- nially, and the I'epresentatives biennially elected. The governor chosen by joint ballot of both houses. In proportion to extent of surface, South Carolina is a very productive state. In 1818, its exports placed it in the third rank of agricultural value. The princi- pal staples are, cotton, rice, lumber, pitch, tar, turpentine, maize, and other minor articles. Charleston, is the most extensive seaport of the United States, on the Atlantic border, south of Balti- more. Columbia is the seat of govern- ment. Caroline, post village of Tioga county, New York. Caroline, township in Tioga county, including the foregoing village. New York. Population in 1820. 1608. Caroline, county of Maryland, between the W boundary of Delaw ,re, and Tucka- hoe river, bounded E by Delaware ; S by Dorchester county W ; by Talbot ; and NVV by Queen Anne ; length 30 ; mean M^idth 8 ; area 240 square miles ; surface level, and soil sandy. Chief town, Denton. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 3,539 do do. females - . - 3,393 All other persons except Indians not taxed • . - . 1,001 Slaves 1,520 Engaged in Manufactures - - 272 do. in Commerce - - 97 Population to the square mile, 40. CaroUne, county of Virginia, between the Rappahannock, and North Anna ri- vers; bounded SE by Essex, King and Queen, and King William ; SW by Hano- ver or North Anna river; NW by Spot- sylvania ; and NE by Rappahannock river ; length 30 ; mean widtli 20 ; area 600 square miles ; surface hilly ; and soil ge- nerally composed of sand or clay, varying very greatly in quality. Staples, grain, flour, and tobacco. Chief town or rather seat of justice, Bowling-green. Population in 1810. Free whites, males - - 3,159 do. do. females - - 3,293 All other persons except Indians not taxed 328 Slaves . . - . _ 10,764 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males do. females . - - Total population in 1820. - Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agricult-.tre 166 9,453 3,645 3,499 10,108 7 2,057 Total population in 1810 Popfilation in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - 17,544 3,145 3,352 Total whites . 6,497 Free persons of colour, , males 227 do. do. females - 259 Slaves, males - 5,413 do. females . 5,586 All other persons except Indians not taxed - 26 Total population in 1820 - 18,008 Of these ; Fo.'-eigners not naturalized - none Eng'aged in Agriculture - - 4,624 do. in Manufactures - 286 do. in Commerce - 31 Population to the square mile, 30. Carondelet, or Vider Poche, post village of Missouri, in St. Louis county, six miles below St. Louis and opposite Cahokla. Carondelet, Canal of, a; New Orleans, ex- tends from the bayou St. John, two miles to a basin in the rear of the city. Vessels drawing five feet water enter the basin. By tills channel, water communication is open- from New Orleans into lake Port- ch rtain. Caronitchico, or Pava^tia, river of Co- lumbia in South America, rises at N iat. 4 and flowing nearly north f*lls mto the right side of the Orinoco, at N. Iat. 8 30 after a comparative course of upwards of three hundred miles. Its mouth is about 100 miles be ow Angostura, or St. Tome. Carora, city of Columbia, in Venezuela, H-O miles W from Valentia ; and 70 miles SW fi om Coro. Carpathian or Krapasc Jilountains, moun- tains which separate Hungary and Tran- (• A n C A K sylvania from Poland, and Transylvania from Wallachia, and Moldavia. Carpenters- Point, post village, of Orange county, New York. Carpentras, episcopal town of France, in the late province of Pr'veiice, and capital of Venaissin. Before the French revolu- tion, it was subject to the pope. It is seated on the Anson, at the foot of a mountain, 14 miles NE of Avignon. Lon. 5 6 E. lat. 44 8 N. Carpi, town of Italy, in the Modenese, with a castle, ei'xht miles N of Modena. Lon. 11 16 E. lat. 44 41 N. Carpi, town of Italy in the Veronese, sealed on the Adige, 24 miles SE of Ve- rona. Lon. 11 39 E, lat. 45 10 N. Carribean. S e Caribbean Sea. Carrick on Sure, towti of Ireland, in Tipperary, 14 miles N\V of Waterford. Lon. 7 10 W. lat. 52 24 N. Carrickfergiis, populous borough and seaport of Ireland, in Anrim, with a cas- tle. It is seated on a bay in the Irish Channel, of the same name, 85 miles N of Dublin. Lon. 5 46 W, lat. 54 43 N. Carron, river of Siir'.int^shire, which rises on the S side of the Cliamtjsey H lis, and flows into he Frith of Forth, bi low Falkirk. Its stream is small and scarcely deserves the notice of the traveller ; yet there are few rivers which have been the scene of so many memorable transactions. When the Roman empire was in its glory, the banks of Cairon were its boundaries on the NW, and Antonius' w-ill, which v.'as raised to mark the limits of that vast em- pire, ran parallel to this river for several miles. Two miles from its source, it forms afine cascade, called the Fall ot Anchinlilly. Carron, village in Sterlingshire, Scot- land, remarkable for its extensive foundry, belonging to the Carron Company, on the river Carron, one mile from Falkirk, con- sisting of the greatest iron works in Eu- rope. All sorts of iron goods are made in it, from the most iriflmg : r'icle to a cannon that discharges a ball •*' 42 pounds. Th . short piece of ordnance c Ud a carronade, was first made here, and ience received its name- These works were erected in 1761 ; before which time there was not a single house on the spot. At pr. sent the buildings are of vast extent, an 1 the ma- chinery, constructed by Mr. Smeaton, is the first in Britain, both in elegance and correctness ; 6500 tons of iron are smelted annually from the miiieral widi pit-coa!, and cast into cannon, cylinders, &c. in one place, where coal is converted into coak, by dischargmg it of its sulphur, and the fire spreads of course over a large surt: ce, the volumes of smoke, the spiry fl:m,es, and the suffocating heat of the glimmer- ing air, are wonderfully affecting ; and at night, its glare is inconceivably grand. How ^ast the fire is wc may conceive, when we are told that it often burns 100 tons of coal in a day. The fite of the fur- nace thus roused becomes a glowing spot, which tlie eye can no more look at than at the sun. Under such intense heat the rugged stone instantly dissolves in streams of liquid iron. Carri]i7ig river, sometimes called Port- age river,- river of Ohio, flows into the S\V piirt of lake Erie. Cartago, city and capital of Costa Rica, in Guaiimaia, on the Cartago river, 60 miles above its mouth into the gulf of Ni- coya ; and 100 miles from the mouth of St. Juano river. Lon. W C 5 40 W. lat. 9 50 N. Cartago, small river of Costa Rica, flows into the gulf of Nicoya. Cartago, city of South America, near the Magdalena river, 200 miles NE by N from Popayan, and 100 W from Santa Fe de Bogota. Lon. 1 E. lat. 4 40 N. Cart, name of two rivers in Renfrew- shire, distinguished by the appellations of Black and White. Cartama, town of Spain in Granada, at the foot oi a mountain near the river Gua- da!a Medma, eight milts NW of Malaga. Lon. 4 43 \^ . lat. o6 40 N. Cartama", river of Columbia, in New Grenada in the province of Autioquia, flows into the Cauca. Carter, county of Tennessee, on the sources of the Watanga branch of Holstou river; bound, d by North Carolina E and SE ; by Washington county SW ; and by Sudiv^n NW. It is in form of a triaiiglcj each side 34 miles ; area 560 square miles ; surface hilly and in part mountain- ous ; soil in general rather sterile : though with some exceptions of excellent land. Staples, gruin, fiour, &c. Chief to\^n, Eli- zabethtovvn. Population in 1810 Free white males ... 1,939 do. do. females ... 1,969 All other persons except Indiar.s not taxed ..... none Slaves 262 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males . . - do. do. females Total whites . . - - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males . . - . do. females - . . Total population in 1820 - 167 4,190 2,306 2,178 4,484 4 177 168 4,835 C A 14 C A R Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 1 Engaged in Agriculture - - 980 do. in Manufactures - -'' 311 do. in Commerce - - none Population to the square mile, 8. Carteret, county in North Carolina, bounded by the Atlantic Ocean S and SE; Onslow VV ; Craven N ; and Pamlico Sound NE ; length 60 ; mean width 10 ; area 600 square miles ; soil sandy, and in ge- neral sterile ; and surface flat, and in part marshy. Chief town, Beaufort. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 1 ,778 do. do. females - - 1,757 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - 106 Slaves 1,172 Total population in 1810 - - 4,823 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 2,056 do. do. females - - - 2,115 Total whites - - - 4,171 Free persons of colour, males - 62 do. do. females - 47 Slaves, males . - . - 655 do. females .... 674 • Total population ih 1820 • 5,609 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized . 3 Enijaged in Agriculture - 664 do. in Manufictures - 167 do. in Commerce - - 275 Population to the square mile, 9. Carter'' s-store, post office Virginia in Ha- lifax county. Carte^sviUe, post town oi' '\'!tL;inia in (>umbe land otintv, or Jam-is iliver 50 mde- above Kic'iip nd. Carteret Islaml, island in the South Pa- cific Ocean, seen b\ capuiii! Cirteret in 1"^57. It :s sx leagues iongirom E to W. Lon. 159 14 E. iat. 8 26 S. Carthage, f'.inow^ city -f aj^t^quity in Af- rica, wiiiuh for m;inv years d sputeJ the enr.pire of tiie^worid wi'h licne, but vas at length de-troyed by the Rom ns. Some of the ruir,5 are to be sesn on the coast of < 'le Mediterranean, 10 miles NE of Tunis, near a promontory called Cape Carthage. Lon. 10 25 E. lau 36 50 N. Carthage, town of New Spain, in Costa Rica, with a bishop's see, 360 mile. WNW of Panama, Lon. 85 45 W. Iat. 10 15 S. Carth.'ige, post tovi n of Jefierson county. New York. Carthage, post town of New York, in Monroe county, at the lower falls of Ge. nessee river, about 30 miles NW from Ca- nandaigua, J 68 Carthage, post town and seat of justice in Smith county, Tennessee, on the N side of Cumberland river, opposite the mouth of Caney Fork river, about 60 miles above Nashville. Carthage, township in Athens county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 312. Carthage, village of Hamilton county, Ohio, seven miles from Cincinnati. Carthage, or J\1oore Court Jfouse, post town, and the principal seat of justice of Moore county. North Carolina, about 40 miles from Fayetteville, and 390 from Washington. Carthagena, seaport of Spain, in Murcia, built by Asdrubal, a Carthaginian general, and named after the city of Carthage. It has the best harbour in Spain, but nothing else very considerable. It was taken by Sir John Leake in 1706, but the duke of Berwick retook it. It is seated on a gulf of the same name, 27 miles S of Murcia. Lon. 8 W, Iat. 37 37 N. Carthagena, a province of South Ame- rica, in Columbia, bounded on the W by the isthmus of Darien ; on the NW and N b}' the Carribbean Sea ; on the E by Santa Mar'ha; and on the S by Antioquia. Po- pulation, whites, 70.000 ; civilized Indians, 15,000 ; and about 8,000 black slaves. Carthagena, capital of the province of Carthagena, in Columbia, one of the most populous, opulent, and beautiful cities in South America. Its Iiarbour is one of the safest and best fortified in tiie re- public of Columbia. This was not the only circumstance to whicii Carlhaiiena owed Its splendour and importance ; it was chosen as. the po t in wh.icli the galleons s!mu d fir.st begin to trade, on their arrival from Europe, and lo which thcj-^gft'cre di- rerted to selvn-n, m order to ju-epare tor their voyage hoi.iev ard. The lort.ficati.ms both of t'e cii_- ai-d aubarb^ are built after he modern manner and lii'ed with free stoDf. The streets are broad, uniform, anfl well pavf-d. All tite houses are built of s:! tide ; and, on account of its frequent shoals, is navigable only for vessels draw- ing from 9 to 10 feet water ; it has strong currents, and its water is salt. There are certain winds that domineer over it with such absolute sway, that vessels are often deprived of every resource, and in the whole extent of it there is not a port that can truly be called safe. The sur- face of this lake or sea, has been found bv recent admeasurement, upwards of 320 feet depressed below that of the Euxine or Black sea. Ca.i/iian, small lake of Vermont, in Greensborough, Caledonia county, Ver- mont. Cassa7io, town of Italy, in the duchy of Mil^in, with a castle, memorable for the defeat of Prince Eugene by the duke de Vendome, in attempting to force the passage of the Adda Cissano is seated on the Adda, 1.5 miles NE of Milan. Lon. 9 24 E. lat. 45 30 N. Cassano, town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, with a bishop's see, 35 miles- N of Cosenza. Lon. 16 20 E, lat. 39 55' N. Casscl, capital of the landgravate of Hesse-Cassel, divided into the Old and New Town. The streets are broad, the market places spacious, and there are four churches. The castle, or palace, whence there is an extensive and de- lightful prospect, is built of free stone. The gardens, the arsenal, and the cabi- net of curiosities, deserve the attention of travellers. It is seated on the Fnlda, 40 miles S of Paderborn. Lon. 9 29 E, lat. 51 19 N. CasscI, town of France, in the depart- ment of the North, and late French Flanders, seated on a mountain, whence may be seen 32 towns, and the German Ocean, though 50 miles from it. It is 10 miles NE of St. Omer. Lon. 2 36 E, lat. 50 48 N. Cussel, strong town of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, situated on the Rhine, opposite Mentz, with which it has a communication by a bridge of boats. Cassina, lake, so named by Mr. School- craft, in honour of General Cass. It forms one of the sources of the Mississip- pi river, above lake Winnipeg. Cassina, Cos/iJia, or IVassaria, county of the interior of Africa, on the Niger. See Cashna and JVassana. Casskjuari, river of South America, in Columbia. It is that singular stream which Hows from Orinoco, into the Rio Negro, and forms a connect- ng channel between the basins of the Orinoco and Amazon rivers. According to Tanner's CAS CAS map, this remarkable separation takes place at Lon. W C 10 40 E. lat. 3 N. Cassovia, or Cas/iaiv, strong town of Hungary, with a fine ar?enal, seated near the river Horat, 55 miles NE of Agria. Lon. 21 25 E, lat. 46 48 N Castanovitz, town of Austrian Croatia, seated on the river Unna, which divides that country from Turkey. Lon. 17 19 E, lat. 45 40 N. Castelamara, town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Citjriore, wiUi a bishop's see ; and a good harbour, 15 miles SR of Na])les. Lon. 14 35 E, lat. 41 40 N. Castel-.irii0inese, sea])ort of Sardinia, with a bishop's see, 20 miles NE of Sas- saria. Lon. 9 1 E, lat. 40 56 N, Cast el daldo, town of Italy, in the Veronese, on the river Adige, 35 miles SE ot Verona. Lon. 12 7 E, lat. 45 5 N. Castelbar, town of Irejand, in the county ot Mayo, 35 miles N of Galway. Lon. "9 15 W, lat. 53 54 N. Cast el- Branca, town of Portugal, capi- tal of Beira, situated on the river Lvra, 38 miles NW of Alcantana. Lon. 6 40 W, lat. 39 52 N. Castel-di-Vide, town in Portugal, in A'.Liitejo, eiuht miles N of Portalegre. Lun. 7 31 VV, iat. 39 15 N. Castel, Foiu, town of Sjjain, in Cata- lonia, on ail inaceessible eminence, near the river Fulvia, 15 miles W of Gironna. CastelGondolfo, village in Campagna di Roma, ntar Lake Aibano. Ntar tliis village is the villa Barbarini, wiihin the gardens 'of which are the ruins of an im- mense palace, built by the emperor Do- mitian. It is 10 miles S by E of Rome. Cartel- Jaloux, town of France, lately in the province of Guienne, now in the department of Let and Gaonne. It is seated on tlie Avance, 2(J miles E of Ba- zas. Lon. 25 E, lat. 44 20 N Castel-JVuovo, town of Venetian Dal- matia, situated on vhe gulf of Cataro, 12 miles N by W of Cataro. Lon. 18 29 E, lat. 42 36 N. Castel- Rodrigo, town of Portugal, in the province of Tra-losMontes, 30 miles NW of Cividad-Rodrigo. Lon. 6 22 W, lat. 41 N. Casiel-Nuovo-di- Carfag7ia7ia, town of Italy, in the Aindenese, with a strong fort It is the capital of the valley of Carfagnana, and seated on the river Ser- chio, 17 miles above Lucca. Lon. 10 40 E lat 44 5 N. Castellarie, town of France, in the de- partment of the Lower Alps, and late province of Province. It is seated on the Verdon, in a hilly country, 27 miles S by E of Senez. Lon. 6 34 E, lat. 43 55 N. Castellon, town of Spain, in Calalonia, five miles NW of Roses. Lon. 24 58 E, lat. 42 18 N. Castebiaudary^ town of France, in tlie department of Aude, and late province of Languedoc, on an eniintnce. The Languedoc Canal here forms a basin about 3600 feet in circumference. Cas- telnaudary is 15 miles W of Curoassonne. Lon. 2 E, lat. 43 19 N. Castiglionc, town of Italy, in tlie Man- tuan, with a castle. It was taken by the French on August 5, 1796. It is 20 miles NW Qf Mantua. Lon. 10 32 E, lat. 45 23 N. Castile, principal and most opulent of the kingdoms into which Spain was for- merly divided. It now forms the two provinces of Old Castile and New Cas- tile. Castile Old, province of Spain, 192 miles in length, and 115 in breadth; bounded on theS by New Castile, on the E by Arragon and Navarre, on the N by Biscay and the Asturias, and on the \V by Leon. Burgos is the capital. Castile, A^eiu, or Toledo, jjrovince of Spain, 200 miles in length, and 134 in breadth ; bounded on the N by Old Cas- tile, on the E by Arragon and \'alencia, on the S by Murcia and Andalusia, and on the W i)y Estramadura. It is divided into three parts ; Argaiia to the N, Mancha to the E, and Sierra to the S. Madrid is the capital. Castile del Oro, or Ne.iv Castile, in America. See Terra Firma. Castillara, tov/n of Italy, in the duchy of Mantua, six miles NE of Mantua. Lon. 10 54 E, lat 45 14 N. Castillon, town of France, in the de- partment of Gironde, and late province of Guienne ; famous for a victory gained by the French over the English in 1451. It is seated on the Dordogne, 25 miles E of Bourdeaux. Lon. 2 E, lat. 44 52 N. CastiTie, post town in Hancock county, Maine ; situated on the E side of Penob- scot bay, 4 miles S of Penobscot, in the lat. of 44 24 N, and lon. W C 29 E. It is a placs of considerable foreign trade. Castinr, township in Hancock county, Maine, including the above post town. P.>pulation in ISIO, 1036, and in 1820, 975. Castle-Cary, town in Somersetshire,^ v/lth a market on Tuesday, 12 miles SE of Wells, and 112 W by S of London. Lon. 2 32 W. lat. 51 5 N. Castle-Comb, town in Wiltshire, so call' ed from iis ancient castle. It formerly had a mar'rct. It is 12 miles N^'Pi 'n' IVith. CAS GAT Castle-Hedingham, ^■illage in Essex, seven miles SW of Sunbury, Castle- Rising, borough in Norfolk, which had a market, now disused, on account of its harbour being choked up, but it is go- verned by a mayor, ana sends tw o mem- bers to parliitment. The castle, whence it has its name, has now fallen int • ruins. It is seven miles NE of Lynn, and lOS NNE of London. L.^n. 30 E. lat. 50 52 N. Castleton, village m the peak of Derby- shire, at the foot of a rock above 250 feet high, on which are the remains of a cas- tle, ascribed to William Peverel, natural son of the Conqueror. Castleton, pest town, in Rutland county, state of Vermont, si uated 20 miles E of Moimt Ir.dependence, containing about 1200 inhabitants. Castleton, post village, Rensallaer coun- ty. New York. Castletoivn, township of Richmond coun- ty, Stattn Island, New York. It is situat- ed on Staten Island, and contained, in 1820, 1527 inhiibiunts. Castletoivn, capital of the isle of Man, with a c jsile, but of no great importance, on account ot" its distance from the rockj- and shallow harbour. Lon- 4 35 W. lat. 5-3 55 N. Caston, town in Norfolk, with a market on Monday, 10 miles NNW of Norwich, and 113 NE of London. Lon. 1 22 E, lat. 52 48 N Castor, town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Si.turilay, 15 miles NE of Lin- coln, and 159 N of London Lon. 9 W. lat. 53 30 N, Caitres, 'own of France, in the depart- ment of Tar'i, and late province of Lan- gutdoc, of which it was re: ently an epis- copal see. It is seated in a fine valley, on the Agout, 20 miles S of Alby. Lon."2 20 E. lat .'43 27 N. Castri, 'own of European Turkey, an- cient Delphi. Castro, town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, 40 miles N W of Rome, Lon. 11 54 E. lat. 42 23 N. Castro, mari ime town of the kingdom of Naples, six miles S of Olranto. Lon. 18 31 E lat. 40 16 N. Castro, town ot South Am.=rica, in Chili, capital of the island of Chiioe. It is 180 miles S of Baldivia. Lon. 75 5 W. lat. 42 4S. Castro-Marino, town of Portugal, in Al- garve. I is strong by situation, and seat- ed near the mouth of the Guadiana, 55 miles S of Beja. Lon. 7 12 W. lat. 37 6N. Castro-Vereyna, town of Peru, remarka- ble for mines ot silver, good tobacco, and wholesome air. It is 125 miles SE frim Lima. Lon. W C 2 16 E Lt. 12 50 S. Caswell, county of North Cai oiina ; bounded by Vircrinia, or Dan river N; 172 Person E ; Orange S ; and Rockingham W ; 20 miles square ; area 400 square miles ; surface hilly ; soil of middling qualitv. Chief town, Leasburg. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 3,818 do. do. females . - - 3,725 Total whites - . - . 7,543 Free persons of colour, males - 164 do. do. females 129 Slaves, males - - . . 2,771 do. females . ■ - 2,645 Total population in 1820 ^ - 12.253 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 20 Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,541 do. in Manufactures - 481 do. in Commerce - - 54 Population to the square mile, 33. Cat Island, Guanahanni, or St, Salvador, one of the Bahamas. This was the first land ot America, discovered by Columbus, October 12th, 1492. Cat Island, on the coast of Louisiana, and Mississippi, about six miles long by ^ mile mean widtii ; lying between the passes of Marianne and SE. It was on the outside of this island that the British fleet lay during the invasion of Louisiana, 1814, and 1815 ; 53 miles NE by E from New- Orleans. Catabambee, town and province of Peru, SW from Cusco. Catahoola, parish of Louisiana, bounded bv Concordia E and SE ; Rapides S and S W : and by Ooachit a, N W and N ; length 80 ; mean width 25 ; area 2000 square miles. Surface hilly, in the SW part, and level in ihe NE. It is nearly intersected into two equai sections by Ouachitta river. The soil is in general extremely sterile, and covered with pine timber. Some very productive tracts lie along the streams, upon the small prairies, and on Sicily Island. Staples, cotton, live stock and lumber. No town of any consequence. See Ocatahoola. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 479 do. do females - - 329 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 8 Slaves 348 Total population in 1810 - 1,164 Popidation in 1820. Fre white males ... 870 do. do. females - - 654 Total whites - - - - 1,524 Free persons of colour, males - 9 do. do. females - 3 C A T Slaves, males do. females 391 360 2,287 12 716 157 24 Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foresfjners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce - Population to the square mile, 2. Catahoola, river of Louisiana, rises in the parishes of Natchitoches and Ouachitla, and flowing SE enters the parish of the same name, expands into a lake 300 miles in length by from 3 to 6 miles wide, turns E, contracts again to a river of about 70 yards wide, flows 10 miles and joins the Ouachitta and forms Blackriver, after an entire comparative course of 120 miles. The country dramed by the Catahoola is generally sterile pine woods. See Ocata- fioola. Catahoola, lake of Louisiana. This lake is one of a species, perhaps peculiar to .Louisiana. It is a natural reservoir, filled and emptied by turns. When the Missis- sippi river is rising, it throws a volume over the iniermediate space into the Oua- chitta which thus swelled forces the cur- rent to repulse into the Catahoola lake, v/hich then becomes filled ; h\iX as the Mississippi depresses, the water drains from the lake, and in autumn its bottom becomes one great meadow of succulent herbage, with the river Winding its devi- ous way through its wide spread plain. Catabaiv, river of North and South Caro- lina, rises in the latter, and flowing SE by S into the latter, and takes the name of Wateree, joins tiie Congaree, and together forms the Santee. See JVateree. Catalina, harbour on the east coast of Newfoundland, S from Cape Bonavista. Lon. VV C 24 50 E. lat. 48 40 N. Catalonia, province of Spain, bounded on the N by the Pyrenees, on the E and S by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the W by Arragon and Valencia. Its greatest extent from E to W is 112 miles, and from N to S 148. It is 155 miles in length and 100 in breadth. The air is wholesome ; and it is full of high mountains, covered with forest and fruit trees. It abounds m wine, corn, and pulse, and there are several quarries of marble of all colours, chrystal, alabaster, amethysts and lapis lazuli. Bar- celonia is the capital. Catamain, river of South America, in Quito, talis into the Pacific Ocean, S trom Gape B;anco. Catania, celebrated city of Sicily on a gulf ot the same nyme, with a bishop's see, and a iiniversily, tne only one in the island. The land about it is fenile in corn, excellent wine and fruits C A T troyed : and in 1593, it was entirely swal- lowed up by an earthquake, which buried 18,000 people in the ruins. It is 52 miles SW of Messina. Lon. 15 29 E. lat. c>7 36 N. Catanzaro, town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, with a bishop's see, seated on a mountain, 13 miles SAV of Belcastro. Lon. 16 48 E. lat. 39 N- Cataract nver, branch of Columbia, which it joins from the north 200 miles from the Pacific Ocean. Cataraugus, county of New York, bound- ed by Pennsylvania S ; by Chatauque W ; by Erie N ; Gennesee NE, and Allegany E ; length 39 ; mean width 36 ; area 14U0 square miles ; surface hilly ; and soil pro- ductive. Chiet town, Hamilton. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 2,250 do. do. females - - - 1,834 Total whites - . . - Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males do. females - - - Total population in 1820 4,084 2 2 none 2 4,090 none none lor 6 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile S. Catarmigiis, river of New York, in Ca- taraugus county, falls into lake Erie. Catarwism, townsliip and post town, Columbia county, Pennsylvania. Popula- tion in 1820, 2520. Cataro, town of Venetian Dalmatiji, with a castle, and a bishop's see ; seated on a gulf of its own name, 30 miles W of Scu- tari. Lon. 18 40 E. lat. 42 40 N. Cateaii. See Chateau Cambresis. Catenate, gulf between Sweden and Denmark, by which the Baltic communi- cates with the ocean. Catharineslaf, or Bcatterrinendaf, go. vernment of liie Russian empire, divided into two provinces; namely, Catharinen- slaf, which includes New Russia, and the late government of Asoph : and Taurida which includes the Crimea. Catharineslaf, capital of a province of the same name, built by the late empress of Russia ; and its name signifies. The Glory of Catharine. It is seated near the confluence of tiie Kiltzin and Samara, 178 miles NE of Cherson. Lon. 35 15 E. lat. 47 23 N. Catharine's, St. principal island on the By an eruption coast of the S part of Brasil, with a har- •■ • '•— It is 27 of Etna, m 1603, it was aijioit tjtaHy des- hour defended bv several forts. 173 C A T G A U miles long, but not more tlian six broad. Lon. W C 27 43\V. lat. 27 35 S. Catherine's, St. island on the coast of Georgia, in the lat. of 31 30 N. on 81 W. Catharine, I'^wnship in Tioga county, New Y' r!c. Popuhitioii in 1621/, j^816. Cat/ierine, S . crtek of Adam's coun- ty, Miisisbippi, falls into the Mississippi river, II milts below Natchez. Catherines, post town of Tioga county, New York. Calmandu, capital of Napaul, in Hin- dodstan PropL-r, 445 nniles E of Delhi. Lon 84 51 E. lat. 28 6 N. Calo, township and pobt town of Cayu- ga county, New York. Population ifi 1820, 4021. Catoche, Cafie, NE promontory of Yu- catan, in N America, where the Enghsh adventurers from Jamaica, first attempt- ed to cut logwood. Lim. W C 8 50 W, lat. 22 10 N. bee Honduras. Catskill, post tuwn in Green county, New York ; situated on the W sidt- of Hudson rivtr, at the mouth of Catskill creek. 8 miles fron) the city of Hudson, and 114 N of New Yurk. Catskill, township in Green county, Ni'V/ Ycik. Population in IbiO, 3510. Catskill, crtek ot Greene couity, New- York, rises in the Catskill mountains, ard falls into the Hudson river at the town of Catskill CatfikiU, mountains, rai.-ges through Nt w York, in tiie counties ot Sullivan, Ulster, Greene, and Schoharie. Some of the i-'eaks of these mountains in Wind- ham, (iretne county, exceed 3,500 feet, the Rou:;d top, 3,804, and High peak, 3,718. Cat lack, or Cut tack, the capital of Orissa, a province of Hindoostan, in the JDeccan. It is a post of consequence on the Mahanuddy, as it lit s on the only road between Bengal and the Northern Cir- cars. Cattack is seated on the Maha- nuddv, near its influx into the bay of Bengal, 220 miles SW of Calcutta. Lon. 86 1 E, lat. 20 51 N. Cattarick, village near Richmond, in the .W riding of Yorkshire. It has a brid>!,e over 'the river Swale, and a sort of cataract near it, from which it seems to have derived its name. It appears to have been a great city in the time of the Romans, one of whose highways crossed the river here, on the banks of which are the foundations of great walls, and a mount cast up to a vast height. Many coins and urns have been dug up here. The final destruction of this city was by the. Danes Cattaro, town of the Austrian empire, on the E side of the gulf of Venice, at •he head of the gulf of Cattaro. 30 miles 174 SSE from Ragusa. Lon. 18 58 E, lat. 42 22 N. Caitatuessy, thriving post town on the E bank ot Susquehannah river in Co- lumbia county, Pennsylvania, at the distance of 21 miles E by N of North- umberland, and 150 miles NW of Phila- delphia. Catwick, village of Holland, on the German Ocean, near which the only branch of the Rhine that retains its ori- ginal name, is lost in the sands. It is 6 miles N by W of Leyden. Caitca, river ot South America, the south western branch of the Magdaiena, in New Granada, rises near the city of Popayan, at 2 30 N lat and flowing north, a little east, joins the Magdaiena at 9 30 N lat. after a comparative course of 350 miles. Caucassian mountains, are part of an immense chain, extending from Europe to India ; from the Dardanells to the sources ot the Indus, Sihon, Ganges, and Burrampooter. Caucasus very high mountain of Asia, being one of that great ridge of moun- tains that runs betwten th> Black and Casp.an seas. ( )f this ridge mi unt Cau- casus is the highest and most difhcult to pass. The tt-p of some ot the peaks, rise to the region of perpetual snow, but the other j-arts are very fruittul, abound- ing in honey, corn, fiuits, hogs and large cattle. Caucasus, government of the Russian empire, divided into the two provinces of Astracanand Caucasus. The province of Caucasus comprises the Cuban, and ail that district to the E and S, now in the possession of Russia, between the rivers Don and Cuban, and between the Black Sea and the Caspian, extending as far as the confines of Georgia. Caudcbec, rich and populous trading town of France, in the department of Lower Seine and late province of Nor- mandy, at the foot of a mountain, near the Seine, IB miles NVV of Rouen. Lon. 1 26 E, Lit. 49 31 N. Caug/inawQgo, post town in Mont- gomery county. New York, on the river Mohawk, 30 milts VV by N of Schenec- tady, and 206 NNVV of 'New York. Caune, town of France, ir. the depart- ment of Tarn and late province of Lan- guedoc, seated near the mountains, where the river Agout has its source. It is 21 miles NE of Castres. Lon. 2 43 E, lat. 43 40 N. Cauterets, village of France, in the department of the Upper P) renees and late province of Bigorre, noted for its mineral water. It is 18 miles SW of Bagneres. C A X « . A Y Cauvery, or Caverij, considerable river of the peninsula of Hindoostan, which rises annong the Gauts, and water- ins^ Seringapatam and Tanjore, enters the bay of Bengal, by several mouths, be- tween Curldalore and Trichinoply. Cava, considerable and populous town of Naples, in Principatn ('iteriore, with a bishop's see ; seated at the foot of Mount Metelian, three miles W of Salerno. Lon. 14 55 E, lat. 40 26 N. Cavaillon, town of France, in Venais- sin. It lately had an episcopal see, and was subject to the pope. It is seated on the*Durance, 20 miles SE of Avignon. Lon. 5 17 E, lat. 43 34 N. Cavaillon, town of St. Domingo, on the NW Peninsula, 16 miles W by S from St. L luis. Cavan, county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Ulster,- 47 miles in length, and 23 in breadth ; bounded on the N by Fernaanagh and Monac;han, on the E by the latter county and Louth, on the VV by Leitrim, and on the S by Lonford, West Meath and East Meath. It has but two towns of any note, Cavan and Kilmore. It sent six members to the Irish parliament, and it contains 37 parishes. Cavan, borough of Ireland, capital of the county of Cavan, 60 miles NW of Dublin. Lon. 7 23 W, lat. 54 51 N. Cavendish, post town of Windsor county, Vermont ; situated on the N s'de of Elack river, between Weathersfield and Ludlow, 32 miles SE of Rutland river, containing 1016 inhabitants. Cavele, seaport on the W coast of the island of Luconia. See Manilla. Caviana, island, at the moutii of the Amazon river, about 100 miles in cir- cuit. Lon. W C 28 E, lat. 10 N. Cavina, town in the islai^d of Manilla, with a strong cas'le, a harbour and a dock. It is 10 miles from the city of Manilla. Canvood, town in the K riding of York- shire, with a market on VWdnesf'sy. 12 miles S of York, and 186 NW rf Lon- don. Lon. low. lat. 53 47 N. Caxamarca, town of Ptru, capital of a terri ery of its own name, on the river Tuiiguragua. It was noted for a sump- tuous palace belonging to the Incas and a magnificent temple dedicated to the sun. It is 300 miles NNE of Lima. Lon. W C 32 E, lat. 7 25 S. CaxamarquUla, city and province of Peru, on the river Tunguragua, to the north of Caxamarea. Caxatamba, city and province of Peru, nearly midway between Lima and Caxa- marea. Lon. VV C 30 W, lat. 10 30 S. Cnxton, town ii^ Cambridgeshire, with a market ou Tuesday, 10 miles W by S of Cambridge, and 49 N of London. Lon . 10 W, lat. 10 N Caija, river of Portugal which rises near Portalegre, and running SE divides Spain from Portugal, and falls into the Guadiana, at Badajoz. Caija/wga. See Cuyahoga, Cayambe Urcu, one of the highest peaks of the Andes. It is 19,386 feet above the level of the Ocean, 150 miles NE from Chimborazo, and nearly on the Equator. Cayenne, rich town and island on the coast of Guiana, in South America, ca- pita! of the French si ttlements there, and bounded on the W by the Dutch colony of Surinam. The French settled here in 1635, but left it in 1654, and it was suc- cessively in the possession of the E.-.glish, French, and Dutch ; but the latter were expelled by the French in 1677. The island is about 16 miiesin circumference, and is only separated from the continent by two rivers. By a particular forma- tion, uncommon in islands, the land is highest near the water-side and low in the middle. Hence it is so full of moras- ses, that all communication between the different parts of it is impt.ssiblC: without taking a great circuit. Cayenne pepper, sugar, and coffee, are the principal com- modities. Lon. W C 24 45 E, lat 5 N. Cuycs, seaport of the NW part of St. Domingo, 50 miles W from St Louis. Lon. W C 4 E, lat. 19 12 N Cayuga, lake of New York, commen- ces at the mouth of Fall creek, in Tom- kin's county and exit nding nearly north, with a mean width of 2 miles ; 40 miles to the village of Cayuga, where it again contracts into a small rivtr, which a short distance bilow Cayuga, unites with the Seneca outlet. Cayuga lake, forms part of the natural channel of water communication from the grand canal of New York, to the Susquehannah river. A stfam boat aln-ady runs be- tween I hica and Cayuga. Cayuga, county of New York ; bound- ed S by Tomkins; W by Cayuga lake, Cayuga outlet, and Seneca county ; NW by lake Ontario; N by Oswego, and E by Ononda.fo, and Courtlan.i , length 55 ; m.ean width IS^ ; area 740 square miles , surface in general hilly, with a V( ry pro- ductive soil. Staples grain, f^our, whis- key, live stock, salted meat, butter, cheese, 8cc. Chief town, Auburn. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 15,352 do do. females - - 14,330 All other persons except Indians not taxed . , - S6 Slaves r.5 C E L C E L Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males - do. do. females 29,843 i'ree white females 5,725 19,862 18,796 Total whites .... 38,658 Free persons of colour, males 119 do. do. females, 72 Slaves, males - . - . 17 do. females - . . 31 Total whites .... 11,923 Free persons of colour, males 874 do do. females 909 Slaves, males .... 1,296 do. females - '- - 1,046 Total population in 1820 38,897 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 211 Engaged in .\!l;i iculture - 7,69.5 do. in Mii'.iufactures - 1,773 do. in Commerce - 127 Population to thf square mile, 52. Cayuga, post town in Cayuga county, on the right bank of Cayuga outlet, on the road from Auburn to Geneva, 10 miles from the form' i', and 12 from the latter place. A st. am boat now plies between Cayuga and Ithaca. Cavu^a. creek of New York, rises in Gennessee, and flowing W into Er e cnunty, joins Boffiio river .i miles abuve its miiuth at Htiffilo harbour. Cuiju'a, township in Tioga county, New Yuik Population in 1820, 1839. Cazenovia, post t:\vnot Madison C')iiiity, New York . near the head of Chenengo river, aho^it 40 miles W from Utica, and 130 W from Albany. Cazenovia, township in Madison county, New York Pojnda'ion in 1820, 3,909. Cczimer, town of L.ittle I'o'aiH, in the palatinate of l,u"^lni, seated on the Vistula, 80 miies E of Zarnaw. l^on. 22 3 E, lat. 51 N. Ci'lin, <.ne of tlie most south, rly of the Phil'.ppine moun'.ains. Ceci'. coun'y of Maryland, forming the NE ar.i^'e of the state; boimded >f ijy Prnnsylvaii^u ; B by Delaware; S by Kent county, and VV by Cliesupcake bay, .nd S\isqnehanna river; !fnp;th 21; mean v/iJth 12; ar a, 2.50 .;ra:'i, Hour, f uit, whiskey, and salnd ;neat. Ch ( ftown, Elkton. Popirl.ition in 1810. Free white mules - - . 5.036 do. do. females . . 4 616 All o her persons except In- dians not taxed - - - 947 Slaves - - -^ - - 2,467 Total population in 18-0, Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Free white males 176 13,066 S,19[ 16,048 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 141 Engaged in .\griculture . 5,045 do. in Manufactures - - 1,453 do. in Commerce - - 268 Population to the square mile, 60. Cecil, township in Washington county, P.ennsvlvania. Population in 1810, 1,167, and in 1820, 1,154. Cedar Creek, township, Sussex coimty, Delaware. Population in 1810, 3,874, and in 1820, 2,280. Cedar, creek of Rockbridge count)', Virginia, is a small stream falling into the left side of James river. The natural bridge over this civek, which gives name to the county, is in itseli a very curious phenomeaori, which, there are, however, in .\merica, several others > f a similar na- ture See atwal Bridges. Cedar, to n of Missouri, in Howard coun y. Cedar-crce\-moHth, post village of Frank- lin county, Kentucky. Cedar, la';e i)f British North America, between lake Winmpig, and the Soskat- chv'witie river. Lon. W C 22 30 VV, lat. 5:!, N Cedar Pa.nt, rape of St Mary's county, Maryland, SE ^ de of the mouth of Pa- tuxent river. Cedar Point, in Charles county, Mary- hind, at the mouth uf Naniemy or Nanje- nioy I- ver. Cedi-m, villageTiWBf^ppr Canada, on the lef. bank of Si. La > rence, 30 miles above Montreal. Cedarville, post town, Cumberland coun- ty, iVew Jersey. Cedonga, town of Naples, in Pri'>cipato Ultenore, with a bishop's see ; seated at the fo't of the Ap;)7 miles NE of Ratisbon. Lon. 12 55 E. lat. 49 14 N. Chamberry, populous town, the capital of Savoy, with a castle. It is watered by many streams, which have tlieir sources in St. Martin's Hill, and run through several of the streets. It was taken by the French in 1792. It is 27 miles NE of Grenoble, and 85 NW of Turin. Lon. 5 50 E. lat. 45 35 N. Chambersburg, post town, and seat of justice in Fianklin county, Pennsylvania; situated on the Conegoctieague creek, 11 miles SW of Shippensburg, 50 of Carlisle, and 143 W of Philadelphia. Tnis is a thriving town, being seated in the bosom of a very ferliie limestone valley, and a po- pulous settlement. Lon. W C 32 W. lat. 39 57 N. Chumbly, seigniory, and town of Lower Canada, in Bedtord, and Kent counties, on the left o^nk of the Ssrelle river 12 miles SE oy E from Montrcrd. diamond, town ot France in the de- partment ol Rhone and Loire and late pro- vince of Lyonois, with a strong castle, on the river Giez, 17 miles S of Lyons. Lon. 4 55 E. lat. 45 29 N. Champagne, late province of France, 162 miles in length, and 112 in breadth, bounded on the N by Hainault and Lux- emburg, on ihe E by Lorrain and Franche Comte, on the S by IB'.irgundy, and on the W by the Isle of France aisd Sois^onnois. It now forms the department of Ardennes, Aube, Marne, and Upper Marne. Champaign, .'ounty of Osiio- bounded by Logan NW, undN; by Union NE ; Madi- son E ; Clark S ; and Miami W % length 29 ; width 16 ; area 460 square miles. Surface generally level, and part flat, and swampy ; soil exuberantly fertile, produc- ing grain, particularly maize, and fruits in abundance. Chiefiown, Urbana, Population in 1810. Free white males ... do. do. females ... All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - . Slaves . - 3,302 2,936 65 Total population in 1810 - - 6,303 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 4,366 do. do. females ... 3,964 Total whites .... 8,330 Free persons of colour, males - 67 do. do. females - 82 Slaves, males . - - . no e do. females ... none Total population in 1820 - - 8,479 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 16 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,677 do. in Manufactures - 285 do. in Commerce - - 19 Population to the square mile, IS. Champion, township and post town, Jef- ferson county. New York. Population in 1820, 2080. Champion, village of Ohio, in Geaug£( county, Painseville township. Champion, township in Trumbull county, Ohio. Champlain, lake of North America, ex- tending (rom Whitehall in New York, in a north direction, 112 miles, to Ashisland in Canada, with a width from 1 to 16 miles. Its shores are mostly bold and rock}', in some places they are precipitous. From the NW angle it receives the discharge ot* lake George, from the S Wood creek, Paulet and Hubberton, and from the east. Otter, Onion, La Moelle, and Mississque rivers. From the W ; Bojiquet, Sable, Sa- ranac and Chazy. Its outlet is the river Sorelle. Considerable commerce is carri- ed on upon this lake, amounting to perhaps 8000 tons ot shipping. Lake Champlain is now united to Hudson river by a navigable canal, cut from Whitehall to a point on Hudson river below Glenn's Falls. This lake was discovered and named by M. Champlain, first governor of Canada, in 1611, In 1814, a British fleet and ar.my attacked Plaisburgii, in Clinton county, at the mouth of Saranac. On the lllh Sep- tember this fleet was attacked, defeated, and nearly entirely captured by a squadron of United States vessels, and the nivadmg army compelled to retreat precipitately in- to Canada. Champlain, townsh'p, and post town in Clinton county. New York. Population in 182a, 1611. Chancay, province of Peru, on the Pa- cific Ocean ; bounded N by Santa, W by the Pacific, S by Cereado, E by Canta, a:»d NE by Cax .tamba. Chancay, capital of the province of the same name, is 50 miles NW from Lima, Lon. W C 10 W, lat. 10 20 S. Chavceford, upper Township and p^st 179 < H" li A village in York count)', Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 966, and in 1820, 1248. Chanceford, lower, township in York county, Pennsylvania, Population in 1810, 818, and "in 1820, 955. Chancha, rich and considerable town of Egypt five miles from Cairo, at the entrance of the desert which leads to M'lunt Sinai. Chanda, considerable city of Berar, in the Deccan of Hindoostan, subjt-ct to the chief of the Eistern Mahrattas. It is seated on a branch of the (iodavery. 70 G. miles S of Nagpour. Lon. 79 40 E, lat. 20 10 N. Chandernagorey large town of Hin- doostan Proper, in Bengal. It was a French settlement, and had a very strong fort, destroyed by Admiral Watson in 1757 ; and, in 179.3, the English again dis- possessed the French of this settlement. It is a ntat and pretty large town, and is seated two leagues and a half above Cal- cutta, with an excellent harbour. Chandler s-ville, post town in the dis- trict of Maine, situated on a river of the same, about 10 miles SE of Machias. Chandler's Gore, township in Oxford township, Maine. Population in 1810, 9, and in 1820, 42. Chang hai. town of China, in the pro- vince 01 Kiang-nan. In this town, and the villages dependant on it, are more than 200,000 weavers of common cotton eloth. Chanmann'mg, city of Thibet, which has been the residence of the grand La- ma. It is 130 miles W of Lassa. Lon. 89 45 E, lat. 31 N. Channeray, village in Ross-shire, near the Frith of Murray, 30 miles W of El- gin. Chan-si, province of China, and one of the smallest in the empire, is bounded on the E by Petchcli, on the S by Hnnan, on the VV by Chen- si, and on the N by the Great wall. The climate is healthy and agreeable, and the soil generally fer- tile, though the country is full of moun- tains. Chan-tong, province of China, bound- ed on the E by Petcheli and part of Ho- nan, on the S by Kiang-nan, on the E by the sea. and on the N by the sea and part of Pt tcheli. The country is well •watered by lakes, streams, and rivers. Chapala lake of Mexico in Guadalaxa- ra, it is 50 ;i)iles long, and, about 20 wide, united s lies 58,468 Population in 1820. Free wuite males do. do. females Total whites Free perhons of colour, mal do. do. fern J Slaves, males do. females 4.538 4,185 8723 985 1,155 22,955 21,614 Total population in 1320 55.432 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized - 151 Engaged in Agriculture - 28,6/'6 do. in Mtnufactures - 925 do in Commerce - 532 Population to the square mile, 25 ne-irly. Charleston, City, and sciip ;rt in Charleston district, S«5uth Carolina, at the junction of Cnrper and Ash'rv rivers. Lon W C 2 54 VV, 79 54 W froio L^n- don; lat. 32 50 N 112 miles SSE from Columbia; and 550 SSW from Wtsh- ton. Ashley river is navigabU 20 miks above the city hy vessels of considerable 182 burden ; but it being placed on a low spot of ground, and in the vicinity of the Ocean, it is subject to be inundated by high tides, and has often suffei'ed from this cause, as well as by fires and tre- mendous whirlwinds. The harbour is united to Santee river by a fine naviga- ble canal, 22 miles in length, which opens to its merchants the trade of the interior of South Carolina, and North Carolina. The harbour has two chan- nels of entrance, the deepest of which admit vessels drawing 16 feet water. The entrance of the harbour is defended by a fort on Sullivan's Island, al)out six miles below the city. This fort repelled the attack of a British fleet under Sir P. Parker; in the revolution war, with a very destructive effect to the assailants. Cliarleston is nevertheless a capital of great riches and commerce ; the ex- ports of 1803 amounting to g7,811,108 ; and in 1815, its tonnage exceeded 36,470 tons. — The banks of the rivers above and below the town are beautified with fine plantations, and walks, interspersed with rows of trees. The streets that lie E and W, run in straight lines, from river to river, and are intersected by others at right angles, tliough they have one com- mon fault of being too narrow, some of them being not above 35 feet wide Most, if not all of them are provided with sub- terranean drains that carry off the water and filth of the city. — The houses lately built are principally o* brick, and some of them in a style of co;V)j).irJitiv(r gran- deur and elegance. The chief public edifices are an exchange, a stat; b',;ase, a bank, an avmtiury. and r public aims- house, with ten or a dozen placet) of reli- gious w. rship. Here are two banks, be- sides a branch of the United States' bank. The Orphan Asylum is a very respecta- ble foundation, consisting of a large and spacious budning, where 150 children are protected, clothed, fed and educated, A Library Society formed sosr.e years past, have now a library exceeding 13,000 vol- umes. This city has kept full pace with the ''tlier great se^p'Tt towns of the Unik die town, with the ships in the basni, demolished he forti- iic.tioiis and ruined the other works \vhich ha 1 been 1 ng b gun for ihe purpose of rn- larging the harlx.ui-, and reiidt-ring it more safe and convenient. Chf, bourg i^ 50 miles NW ■ f Caen. Lon. 1 33 E, l:.i. 49 38 N. Cheresoul, town of Turkey in Asi.i, capi- tal of Curdistan, 150 miles N of Bagdad. Lon 44 15 E, hit. :!>5 50 N. Cherokee-corner, post village, Georgia, in Oglethorpe county. Cherokees, nation of Indians residing in Te ness^e, Alabama, and Mi.-sis-ippi. Sen ol aid Missionary establishmems have been e^tahlis led amongst thib people ; but more efficacious means of civilization have bet'n mtroduced through the agency of agrculture and the mechanic arts. The Cherokee^ have ma^.e the most extensive and effective advance, in he arts, and modes of poli-hed Ife, of any nation of In- dian-: within the limits of the United States. C/ierrii- creek, rises at the foot of the Blue Mouiit on the N side, in Northampton county, near the V.'indgap, and running ENE along tiie fo t of the mountain, falls into the Deiavv;ire, at its entrance into the Wat( rgap ; ii :s not navig.ble, rapid, and has S'"v r 1 mills erected in it. Cherrvfield, towns-np in Washington couiitv, ii ine, 30 miles W from M.ichias. Populaiior. in 1810, 181, ;indi;i 1820, 2il. Cherry Jshind,u\ t lie Pacific Ocean. Lon. W C 80 W iai. 11 2rs. Cherry Island, in the Northern Ocean, between Norvav and Greenland. Lon. 20 5 E, tat. 74 oO N. Cherry Valley, posf town in Otsego coun- ty, New York, 12 miles NK of Cooper's town, and 60 W of \.b. ny. It is an ancient establishment. The houses built m the old Dutch mode. Cherry Valley, township in Otspgo coun- ty. New Y..rk. Including the village, po- pul^-irn \r, 1820, 3684. Cherry Tree (,ewiship in Venango coun ty, Pcnn.'^ylvania. Pupul.ition in 1810, 391, and in 182i.i, 297. Cherryton. seaport of the Eastern shore of N'irg> 'ia, N nhampton county. Cherryville. post village, No'thampton couiitv, IVnns) ivinia, on the Berwick r- ad, 13^ miles NW fro n Bethlehem, and four from the Lehigh watergap. Cherso, island in the gulf of Venice, with a town of tiie san'e name, near Croatia, belonging to the Venetians. The soil is 190 stony ; but it abounds in wine, cattle, oilj and excellent honey. Lon. 14 40 E. lat. 45 11 N Cherson, capital of New Russia, in the govt r m nt of Cadiarineslaf Ii is a new town erected by Ca !iari.ie II. on the N b nk of tht^ Dneiper, 10 miles below the mouth of the Ingulec. It is intended to be th prncipal mait of ;dl the commod.ti.-s of export and import. It has a dock, for the conr-Tociion of large vessels from which several men of war and mercliant ships have been already launched. It is suppli- ed Witn fuel by reeds only, of which there is an int xhuustible forest in the shallows of the Dneipcr, opposite the town. Rails, and even temporary houses, are made of them. They are tall and strong, and af- ford shelter to various kinds of aquatic birds, some of which are very beautiful. The fori ificaiions are made, and the plan- tations formed, by malefactors, who amount to .'.onie hundreds. In 1787, the empress made a triumphant journey to this capital, and met the empeor Joseph II. Her in- tention it is said, was to be crowned here queen of Taurica, and empress of the East. But the design, whatever it was, did not take place ; and she was content to have inscribed over one of the gates of the city, " Throtjgh this gate lies the road to Byzantium " In this place, in 1790, the excellent Mr. Howard, so well known for his pians of reform of the different hospitals anu prisons of Europe, fell a victim to his in.'efatitrable humanity. Cherson is 50 miles E of Ocz.kow. Lon. 33 10 E. lat. 46 5 N. Chertsey, town in Surry, with a market on Wednesday. It is seated in a low wet situation not far from the river Thames, over which is a handsome stone bridge of seven arches. It is seven miles W of Kings- ton, and 20 W by S of London. Lon. 20 W. lat. 51 25 N. Cherz, ancient town of Poland, in Maso- via, 15 miles from Warsaw. Lon. 21 8 W. lat. 52 1 N. Chennpeuk, bay, has its entrance between Cape C^ ar es and Cape Henry in Virg nia, 18 miks wide, and it exvend- 180 miles to the N, dividing Virgiiiia fronn Maryland, through this ex'ent it is from seven to 18 miles bro d, and generally nine fathoms deeo ; affording man> commodious har- bours, and a safe navigation. It receives the Si.squeh;'nn.ih, P tomac, Rappahan- noc, York, .md James Kivers, which are all large nd navigable. Chesapeuk, town, post village of Cecil coui t). Mar} la;id. Chesham, town in Bucks, with a market on Wcdnesdav, 12 mile.s SE of Ailesburv, and 29 \V by N of London. Lon. 36 W. lat. 51 42 N. Ches/iire, English county palatine, bound- CHE c; H B ed on the N by Lancashire, on the NE by Yorkshire, on the E by Derbyshire, on the SB by StafFordshire, on the S by Shropshire, on the VV by Denbighshire and FUntshire, and on the NW by the Irish Sea. This county extends 33 miles from N to S, and 42 from E to VV, without in- cluding a peninsula 13 mdes in length and six in breadth, which projects into the Irish Sea, or a narrow tract of land which stretches between Lancashire and Derby- shire, to Yorkshire, on the NE. Popula- tion in 1801, 191,751 ; in Ifill, 227,031 ; and in 1820, 270,098. It is remarkable for its cheese and rock salt. Cheshire, county of New Hampshire, forming the SW angle of the state ; bound- ed S by Massachuset's, W by Vermont, or Connecticut river, N by Grafton, and E by Hillsborough ; 60 miles in length ; mean width 20 ; area 1200 square miles : sur- face hilly and rocky, but delightfully va- riegated, well watered and the soil pro- ductive in grain, fruits and pasturage. Chief towns, Keene and Ciiarlestown. Population in 1810. Free white males - . . 20,438 do, do. females - - 20,489 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - . - 61 Slaves none Total population in 1810 Population in 1820, Free white males do. do. females 40,988 22,275 23,021 Total whites - - - 45,996 Free persons of colour, males - 36 do. do. females - 44 Slaves, males - - - . none do. females - - - - none Total population in 1820 45,376 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized , 3 Engaged in Agriculture - 7,968 do. in Manufactures - 1,620 do. in Commerce - - 82 Population to the square mile, 38, Cheshire, township and post town, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, 140 miles WNW from Boston, Population in 1810, 1,315, and in 1820, 1,202. Cheshire, post town of New Haven county, Connecticut, 13 miles N from New Haven, It is the seat of the Epis- copal Academy of Connecticut. Cheshire, township, including the pre- ceding post town, in New Haven county, Connecticut. Population in 1810, 2,29 do. do. females - - 4,383 All other pirsons except Indians not taxtd - - - - 14 Slaves ----- 2,743 Total population in 1810 Popuhtion in 1820. Free white males do. do, females 11,479 4,890 4.721 Total whites - - - 9,811 Free persons of colour, males 20 do. do. females, 16 Slaves, males - - - 2,294 do. females - - - 2 248 Total population in 1820 14,389 Of these ; Foreign- rs not na'uralized - 25 Eiig.ig.. d in Agriculture - 4,767 do in Manufactures - 334 do. in Cc^mmcrce • 45 Population to the square mile. 36 nearly. Chester, river of West Florida, flow- ing into Pt nsacola bay. Chesterjield, town in Derbyshire, with a market on Saturday, and a handsome church, remarkable for its carved spire C H E (:' it E Chesterfield is seated on a hill, between the rivulets Ibber and Rother, 22 miles N of Derby, and 149 NNVV of London. Lon. 1 27 W, lat 53 18 N. Chesterfield, township in Kennebec county, Maine. Population in 1810, 430; and in 1820. 612. Chesterfield, post town of New Hamji- shire, Cheshire county, 11 miles SW tVomKeene. Chesterfield, township in Cheshire coun- ty. New Hampshire, Population in 1810, 1839; and in 1820,2110. Chesterfield, township and post town in Hampshire county, Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 1408; and in 1820, 1447. Chesterfield, post town and township of Essex county, New York, on the point between the riviere an Sable and lake Champlain; 18 miles ii from Pittsburgh. Population, 6 67. Chesterfield, township in Bjrlington county. New Jersey. Population in 1310, 1839 ; and in 1820, 2087. Chesterfield, county of Virginia, oppo- site Richmond, between James and Ap- pomatox rivers; bounded by Powhatan NVV ; James river NE ; and SE by S the Appomatox river ; length 30 ; mean width \^; area about 480 square miles. Surface hilly, and soil of middlini? quali- ty in general, though considerable tracts upon the streams are in a high degree productive. Staples, grain, flour, and tobacco. Chief town, Manchester. Population in 1310. Free white males . . - 1,863 do. do. females - - - 1,829 All other persons e.xcept Indians not taxed . - . _ 2T2 Slaves . , . . . 6,015 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white mules do. do. females - Total whites l-'ree persons of colour, Juales do. do, females Slaves, males ... do. females Total population in 1820 9,979 822 477 470 5,007 4,506 18,003 iingtcn SE ; and Kershaw and Lancaster districts or Lynch creek SW ; k.ngili 30 ; mean width 36; area 780 square miles. Surface hilly ; soil sandy in general, and of middling quality. Chief town, Ches- terville. Population in 1810 Free white males ... 1,951 do. do. females . - - 1,916 All other persons except Indians r.ot taxed 158 Slaves - - - . . 1,639 Total population in 1810 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 65 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,995 do. in Manufactures - - 501 do. in Commerce - - 21 Popidation to the square mile, ot. Chesterfield, district of S Carolina ; bounded by N Carolina N ; Alarlborough flisUrct o.r Great Pedee river E ; Dar- S^S^Hii Population in 1S20. Free white mal s - 2,173 do. do. females - - 2,239 Total whites ^ 4,412 Free persons of colour. , males 91 do. do. females 80 Slaves, mules - 1,032 do. females - 1,030 ^'otal population in 1820 6,645 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 3 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,034 do, in Manufactures - - 138 do. in Commerce - - 29 Population to the square mile. Chest erfi.eld, chief town of Chesterfield district, S Carolina, en Thompson's creek, a branch of Great Pedee', 159 miles N from the city of Charleston. Chesterfield, inlet or strait, extending to an unknown distance westward from Hudson's Bay; outlet lon. WC 13 20 VV, lat. 63 30 N. Chesterfield, Key, N side of the island of Cuba. Chestertotvn, seaport, post town, and seat of justice for Ktnt county, Marj'- land ; on the right bank of Chester river, 40 miles SSE from Baltimore. Lon WC 1 E, lat. 39 13 N. Population. 700. A very respectable academy exists in this town. The remains of Washington col- lege, founded there in 1782, but subse- quently removed. Chesterville, post town of Kennebec county, Maine, on sandy river, 30 miles NW from Augusta. Chestnut Hill, township in Xorthamptoa coiintv, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1128,'and in 1820, 1026, Chesiincook, lake of Maine, crossed by the line between S 'mersett and Penobscot counties. It receives from the NW, the Upper Penobscot, and several lesser breams. Chetimaches, lake of Louisiana, between the Atchafalaya and Teche Fivers, is about ^Q miles in length, with a breadth froro 193 L il I ^■: H j one to six miles. It is shallow, and envi- roned by a low, annually inundated and uninhabitable country. At high water, it communicates in every direction with the Atchafiilaya, and at all seasons, at its SE extremity with the Teche river. Chetican Ilmd, cape on the NW coast of the island of Cape Kreton. Lon. W C 16 14 E, lat. 46 40 N. Cheveanx, Point mix, on the north shore of lake Ontario, and to the eastward of river Ganaraska, Upper Canada. Cheviot, England, district in Northum- berland, to the SW of Wooller, on the borders of Scotland, famous for the free chace, ranch used here by the Ens^lish and Scots gentry. The adjacent country being hilly is called the Cheviot Hills, of which one la so high that it is seen 60 miles off, and is the first land discovered by ships coming from the E. This is the Cheviot famous for the fierce encounter between the English and Scots under the earls Per- cy and Douglas, which is celebrated in the ballad of Chevy Chace. Chevrotiere, river of Lower Canada, flows into St. Lawrence from the Xorth, 40 miles above Quebec. C/^frt/>a, province of Guatimala; bounded NW and N by Vera Cruz ; E by Yucatan ; SE by Vera Paz; and SW by Guatimala Proper. It is an inland country, drained by the Sumasinta and Tabasco rivers, flow- ing into the gulf of Mexico. Central lat. 16 30 K. CIdapa-el- Heal, town in North America, 5n the province of its own name, with a bishop's see. Its principal trade consists in cocoa-nuts, cotton, and sugar. Lon. W C 16 low, lat. 17 10 N. Chiarensa, seaport of Turkey in Europe, in the Morea, opposite the island of Zante. Lon. 21 35 E, lat. 37 50 N. Chiavi, town of Italy, in the Bresclano, where the Imperialists defeated the French m 1701. Lon. 10 17 E, lat. 45 30 N. Chiaro Monte, town of Sicily, on a moun- tain, 25 miles W of Syracuse. Lon. 14 59 E. lat. 37 3 N. CIdavenna, town of Swisserland, capital of a country of the same name, under the sovereignty of the Grisons. It is a trading place, esp'ecially in wine_ and delicute fruits ; but its chief support is the transport of merchandise, it being the principal com- munication between the Milanese and Germany- Chiavenna is seated near the lakes of Chiavenna and Como. Lon. 9 19 E, lat. 46 19 N. Chiavenna, Laghctto di, small lake of the country of the Grisons, in Swisserland, near the town of Chiavenna, remarkable for its delightful views, which are wild and magnificent. It Is surrounded by barren rocks, craggy, and rising into spires sprink- led with snow. The bases of these dread- 194 ful precipices are lost in the overshadowed water, dangerous on account of its malig- nant vapours, and aflfording no asylum, scarcely a landing place, to the crews of those frail boats, which are caught unwa- rily ?n the violent storms to which it is sub- ject. Chicago, small, but very important river entering lake Michigan at its southern ex- tremity. The country over which it flows, is a low flat prairie. Its mouth is obstruct- ed by a bv.r, over which, vessels drawing more than 3 feet water cannot enter, though inside adequate depth is found for ships of almost any tonnage. The postage between Chicago and Uiviereaux Plains, a branch of Illinois, is only about 9 miles. At high water, vessels of considerable size already pass, and a canal is contemplated to unite lake Michigan with Illinois. Chicama, small river of Peru, falls into the Pacific Ocean, 20 miles NW from Truxillo- Lat. 7 45 S. Chicasatos, nation of Indians, settled on the h«ad branches of the Tombecbe, Mo- bile, and Yazoo rivers, in the NW of Geor- gia, and NE of Alabama. Chickapee, river of Massachusetts, rises in the counties of Franklin and Worcester, flows SW into Hampshire, where it turns W, and falls into Connecticut river at North Springfield. Chichas y Tarija, province of South America, in Potosi, now appertaii\ing to the United Provinces of La Plata. It is drain- ed by the Rio Grande and Pilcomayo ; and bounded W by the Andes Central lati- tude 24 S, lon. W C 10 E. Chichester, England, capital of Sussex, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is surrounded with a wall, which has four gates answering to the four cardinal points; from which run two streets that cross one another in the middle and form a square, where the market is kept, and where is a fine stone piazzo built by bishop Red. The principal manufacture is malt and needles. Its market is noted for fish, vvhe.it, barley, malt and oats : the finest lobsters in England, are bred in the Lavant, and it is observable, that this river unlike most others is very low in winter, but in summer often overflows its banks. It is 61 miles SW of London. Lon. 48 W, lat, 50 50 N. Chichester, township, Rockingham coun- ty. New Hampshire. Population in 1810, 951, and in 1820, 1010. Chichester, Utiper, tuwns'iip in Delaware countv, Pennsylvania. Poi»u!ationin 1810, 417, and in 1820, 413. Chichester, Lower, township in Delawsre county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 511, and in 1820, 502. Cldckahominy, ri er of Virginia, branch of James' river, rises in Hanover, and flow- ir 1 C II I jng SE, separates Henrico and Charles' city from Hanover ; New Kent and James' city, falls into James' above Point Comfort. It is navigable for 12 feet vessels, 8 miles. Chickasatv Jlgency, post office, Mississip- pi, loU miles bW from Hmitsville. Chickasaw Bluff, higli bank of the Mis- sissippi river, 115 miles below the mouth of Ohio, at the NW angle of the state of Mississippi, CIdckasa-Mhay River, north eastern, and main branch of Pascagoula. (See Pasca- goula ) The Chickasawhay, rises in the Choctaw country. N lat. 32 40, flows nearly south, through pine forests, crosses Wayne and Greene, and enters Jackson county, on the borders of which, at N lat. 30 57, it joins Leaf river and forms Pasca- goula. The entire length of Chickasawhay, is about 120 miles. Chickasawhay, post office, Greene coun- ty, Mississippi. Chidley, Cape, on the north-eastern coast of Labrador, has Davis' Straits NE, and the bay of Unguva SW. Lon. W C 12 10 E, lat. 60 12 N. Chielef a, town of Turkey in Europe, in the Morea. It was taken by the Venetians in 1685 ; but the Turks retook it. Lon. 22 28 E, lat. 36 35 N, 12 miles W from Kolikithia. Chiemsee, lake of Germany, In Bavaria, which contains an island and town of the same name, with a bishop's see. The island is 17 miles in circumference, and the town is 22 miles VVS W of Saltzburg. Chieri, fortified town of Piedmont, seated on the declivity of a hill, in a pleasant country, bounded on all sides by hills covered with vines. It is eight miles E of Turin. Chifti, town of Naples, capital of Abruz- zo Citcriore, with an archbishop's see. It is seated on a mountain near the ri^'er Pes- cara, eight miles SW of Pescara. Lon. 15 7 E, lat. 42 20 N. Chifuncte, river of Louisiana in St, Tam- many, rises in the north part of that parish, flowing SSB 50 miles, falls into lake Pont- chartrain, in a direction nearly north from the city of New Orleans, There is depth of water at the mouh of the Chifuncte sufficient to admit vessels drawing six or seven feet water, as far as the mouth of the Bogue Falaya. C/j/!§-n(?rit-, bay of Nova Scotia, the NW arm of the bay of Fundy. Chig-ivsll, vi.lage in Essex, 10 miles NE of London. It is no'ed for a free-school, founded by archbishop Harsnett, who had been vicar of this place, and lies buried in the church. Chihuahva, city of the internal provin- ces of Spain in North America ; situ;itt.d near the river Conchos, a branch of liio- granddlff Norte, in the province of New Biscay. It is the capital of the Internal Provinces, and environed by some very rich mines. Population 12,000. Lat. 2S 50 N, lon. W C 27 20 W. Chili, large country of South America, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean, discover- ed by Diego d'Ahnagro in 1525, extending from the desert of Attacamas. S lat. 24 30, to Chiloe S lat. 44. The mountainous part of it is possessed by the Puelches, Araucns, and other tribes of its original inhabitants, who are still formidable neigh- bours to the Spaniards. That part of Chili, tiierefore, which may be properly deemed Spanish, is a narrow district, extending along the coast, from the desert of Ataka- mas to the island of Chiloe, above 900 miles. Though bordering on the torrid zone, it never feels the extremity of heat, being screened on the E by the Andes, and re- freshed from the W by cooling sea-breezes.. The fertility of the soil corresponds with the benign ty of the climate, and is won- derfully accommodated to European pro- ductions. The most valuable of these, corn, wine, and oil, abound in Chili, as if they had been native in the country. Here all the fruits imported from Europe attain to fi.ll maturity ; and the animals not only multiply, but improve. The horned cattle are of larger size than those of Spain ; and its horses excel in beauty and spirit the fa- mous Andalusian race, from which they sprung. Nature, too, has enriched Chili witii valuable mines of gold, silver, copper, and lead. The population of Chili, has been for the last two centuries increasing, and at present, besides the independent tribes of natives, exceeds, it is probable 1,500,000. Since Februar), 1818, this fine country has been virtually one of the civilized nations of the earth, and was by the government of the United States so recognised, in the Congressof 1821— 22. Chilka, lake in the Deccan of Hindco- stan, which bounds the five Circars on the N. It lies on the coast of the bay of Bengal, and seems the effect ot the breach of the sea over a flat sandy surface, whose elevation was something above the level of the country within. It commu- nicates with the sea by a very narrow but deep opening. Chilian, province of Chili, bounded on the E by the Andes ; on the N by Maule ; VV by Itata, and S by Arauco. Chillau, capital of the province of the same name, on the Chillau river. Lon. VVt: 6 E. lat. 55 30 N. Chilkolhe, post town and seat of jus- tice in Ko.ss county, Ohio, on the bank of the river Kciota, 45 miles S from Co- lumbus, and 73 E by N frrm fJincinnati. Lon. VVC 5 5:i W, lat. 39 20 N. The site of the town is a plain, or river level, 195 R H I o; II I but tiie adjacent countiy vises into bold hills of from 200 to SOO'feet, affording a fine diversity of surface. It Wiis laid out ill 1796, and in 1810 the t'.wi.'ship con- taint-d 1369, and in 1820, 2426 inhabitants. There are in this town two printing of- fices, three banks, and about thirty mer- cantile stores. Manufacturing establish- ments are numerous and flourishing, con- sisting of cotton spinning factories, oil, fulling, fl )ur, and saw mil's. Chilkoihe, land district, is composed of thr 9 westeriimnst of the 22 ranges of townships of the United States army lands. The refugee tracts, and the seven westernmnst of the 22 ranges of town- ships of the United States lands south of the refugee tract. It includes parts of Delaware, Knox, Licking, Frank ii. Fair- field, Pickaway, Ross, Athens, Hccking, Lachfor, Lawrence. P ke,Sciota,and G^- lia counties, but nr t the whole if either. Chillkoihe, township in Ross county, Ohio, P(.pul ountair.s. They pretend to have a great veneration for their ancestors; and some keep images of tlicm in tiieir houses, to which they pa) a sort of adoiation. They liave laws which regidate the civilities and ceremonious salut, lions chey pay to each other, for winch reason they always appear to be extremely good-natured ; and yet they are as deceitful as any people in the world. The gove.nment is absohite, and the emperor has tiie privilege of liaming his successor ; liut the ciiief mandarin has permission to tell him of his fuilts. He looks upon^iis subjects as his ciuldren, and professes to govern them with paternal'af' ■[97 1. ti i t'ection. Their empire is very ancient, and they pretend tliat it existed many thousand years before Noah's flood : it is generally allowed to have commence d 2500 years be- fore the birth of Christ. The Chinese em- pire now includes Tibet, the greatest part of Tartary, Corea, and numerous islands on the S and E coasls of China, the principal of which are Lieu-kieu, Formosa, and Hai- nan. The annual lievenues of the crown, according to Sir George Staunton, are said to be 66 OOO.OUOZ. sterling ; and the army in the pay of China, including Tartars, amount to 1,000,000 infantry and 800,000 cavalry. Peking is the capital. China, township in Kennebec county, Maine. Population in 1820, 894. China, townsh p in Genesee count)', New York. Population in 1820, 780. China-Grove, post office, Georgeiown district, South Carolina. Chinca, seaport of Peru, seated on a river, in a valley of its own name, 90 miles S of Lima. Lon. W C 45 E, lat. 13 10 S. Chine, La, village of Lower Canada, 6 miles from Montreal upon the same island. It is the upper part of that city ; here all boats arrive from, and depart, whicii are employed in the commerce of the St. Law- rence or Otlawas rivers. A canal is now cutting from La Chine to Montreal, in or- der to obviate the dangers of the interve- ning rapids of St. Louis. Cliinon, ancient town of France, in tlie department of Indre and Loire, and late province of Touraine, with a castle, in which Henry II. king of England expired. Chinon is the birth place of Rabelais and of Quillet. It is seated on the Vienne, 10 miles N of Richelieu, and 150 SW of Paris. Lon. 22 E, lat. 47 12 N. Chinsura, town of Hindoostan Proper, in Bengal. It is a settlement of the Dutch, and is seated on the river Hoogly, nearly midway between Chandernagore, and the old town of Hoogly. It contains several good houses, and a church, with a little mole projecting into the river. It was taken by the English in 1795. Chiny, town of the Netherlands, capital of a country of the same name, in Austrian Luxemburg, 57 miles W of Luxemburg. Lon. 5 37 E, lat. 49 45 N. Chios, Scio, or A7o, by the Turks called Saki Saduci, an island lying near the coast of Ionia, in Asia Minor, about 100 miles W of Smyrna. It is mountainous and rocky, and about 100 miles in circuit. The num- ber of its inhabitants is almost incredible, having, besides others, upwards of a mil- lion of Greeks, who have 300 churches here, besides chapels and monasteries. It abounds with excellent wines ; and from thence the ancients had their nectar. Chios, capital of the above island. It stands on the E coast, is as we!I built as most of the towns in the Levant, tlie Ge* lioese having been long in the possession of it. The natives pretend that Homev was born here, and show a place they call his sch'iol, at the foot of mount Epos, about four miles from the city. Lon. 27 5E, lat. 38 6 N. Chiourlic, ancient town of Romania, with the see of a Greek bishop. It is seated on a river of the same name, 47 miles VV of Constantinople Lon. 27 57 E, lat. 41 8 N. Chiozzo, anciently Fossa Claudia, a town and island of Italy, in the territory of Ve- nice, with a bishop's see, and a harbour de- fended by a fort. It is 18 miles S of Venice. Lon 12 9 E, lat. 45 17 N. Chippenham, borough in Wilts, with a market on Saturday. It sends two mem- bers to parlia(pent ; and is seated on the Avon, over which is a stone bridge of 16 arches, 21 miles E '^f Bristol, and 94 W of London. Lon. 2 8 W, lat. 51 27 N. Chippe-cvan, mountains of North America. This great chain is the principal spine of that continent, and by various names, ex- tends from the Isthmus of Darien to the Frozen Ocean, through 60 degrees of lati- tude, or 4,150 miles. In Mexico, it is known as by the general term Anahuac. Farther north, the Spaniards designate it as the mountains of New Mexico. In the United States, it is known as the Rocky mountains. In Cabotia or British America, by its true native name Chippewan, or Chippewyan. In Mexico and Guatimala, it rises into Volcanic summits, elevated far above the region of perpetual snow. Po- pocatepetl, Citlaltepetl, or Peak d'Oriza- ba, Pico Frailes, and Corede Perote, all Tise above 13,500 feet. In the United States, the elevation of this chain remains undetermined, but must be considerable, from the length and rapidity of the streams flowing from its opposite sides. Chippetvaij, small river or creek, Lincoln county, Upper Canada, falls into Niagara river, at the village of Chippeway. Chi/ifieivay, village of Lincoln county. Upper Canada, on Niagara river, at the mouth of Chippeway creek. Here a san- guinary battle was fought between the British and the United States armies, Ju'y 5th, 1814. Chifitierjay , river of the United States NW territory, rises with the Montreal, and other streams of lake Superior, pur- sues a SW course, and falls into the left bank of the Mississippi at lake Pepin. Lat. 44 30 N, lon. WC 14 58 VV. Chijifieiva, township in Beave county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 443. ChJ/ifienva. township in Wayne county, Ohio Population in 18^0, 681. Chirambia, remark'ible cape of South America, 30 miles NV' from Choco bay. It is the point of separation on the Pari- C H ) C il O lie Ocean, between Raposa and Novita. Lon. WC 3 30 W, lat. 4 15 N. Chirigui, river and district of Vera- qua, on the Pacific side. Chiame, or Cistne, ancient Cyssus, N lat. 38 24 ; seaport of NatoUa, Asiatic Turkey, 40 miles SW by W from Smyr- na, and nearly opposite to the southern point of the island of Scio, on the ancient Clazomenian promontory ; famous for two naval battles. One in which the fliet of Antiochus king of Syria was defeated by the Romans, AC 192. The second in 1770, when a large Turkish fleet was destroyed by the Russians. See Myon- neaaus- Chiswell, isles on the NW coast of North America, group lying near the mainland, between cape Elizabeth and Montague island. Lon. WC 71 4 VV, lat. 59 33 N. Chiawick, village in Middlesex, on the Thames. Here is Chiswick House, a ce- lebrated villa of the duke of Devonshire, built by the earl of Burlington, after a design of Palladio. In the church yard is a monument to Hogarth with an epi- taph by Garrick. It is five miles W by S of London. Chitor, capital of a province W the same name in the Hither India. ■ This city is supposed to have been the seat of Porus' dominions, who engaged Alexan- der. It lies 256 miles NE of Surat, and is subject to the Gi'eat Mogul. Lon. 76 10 E. lat. 2^ 30 N. Chitor, city of Piedmont in Italy, situ- ated on the Po, tt- n miles N of Turin ; it ■was taken by the French after a trail ant defence in 1705, but recovered by the confederates the following year : it is subject to the king of Sardinia. Lon. 7 35 E, lat 45 12 N. Chitro, tow^n of Macedonia, on the bay of Salonichi, where the mother, wife, and son of Alexander were murdered by Cassander ,- and where Perseus was de- feated by the Romans. Lon 22 35 E, lat. 40 20 N. Chittenden, county of Vermont, on lake Champlain, on both sides of Onion rivtr ; bounded W by lake Champlnin ; NE by Franklin; SE by Washinge n, and S by Ad'lism; length 30; mean width "1; area 630 ; surface in the wester;', jan W\y, and in the east rn rnnuMtaiiious. Tiie whole w 11 watered; sol pr dnotive in grain and pasturage. Chief town, Bur- lington. Populauon in 1810. Free white ir.ales - - - 9,223 do dc. feniaies - - 8,330 All other persons except Indians not taxed • . - . , 67 Total population in 1810 18,120 Population in 1820. Free while males - - ■ 8,176 do. do. females - - 7,757 Total whites .... 15,933 Free persons of colour, males - 55 do. do. females - 67 Slaves, males ... - do. females Total population in 1820. - - 16,055 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - - 217 Engaged in Agriculture . - 2,607 do. in Manuf ctures - • 668 do. in Commtrce • - 81 Population lo the -.quare mile, 25. Chittenden, town of Rutland county, Vermont, 30 miles NW from Windsor. Population. 450. Chitterdroog, town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 117 miles N by W of Seringapatam. Lon. 76 15 E, lat. 14 5 N. Chitieningo, large creek of Madison county. New York; is one of the feeders of the Grand Canal, which it crosses, and flows into Oneida lake. Chittinham, township in Montgomery county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 783 ; and in 1820, 956. Chivas, town of Piedmont, which has been several times taken and retaken It is so advantageously situated near the river Po, that it is called the key of Ita- ly It is 12 miles NE or Turin. Lon. 7 i7 E lat. 45 13 N Chiusi, episcopal town of Tuscany, poorly peopled, on account of its un- wholesome air, It is 35 miies SE of Sien- na. Lon. 10 52 E, lat 43 U N. Chiutaye, town of Turkey in Asia, capital of Natolia proper, and the resi- dence of the Grand Seignior before the taking of Cunstantinonle It is seated on the river Ay ila, 7S miles E of Bursa. Lon 30 47 E, lat. 39 30 N Choco, province of South Amrrica. in New Granac'a. It has Darien N, B'ru- qiie W ; aud Novita S: watered by the rivf-r Atr:.to. Central lai 7 N Choconut, creek of Susquehannah county Pennsylvania is the diicha^'ge of Silver lake, flows north-easterly into New Yv rk and fall into Susquehannah river, a short distance below Chenango point Choconut. township of Susquehannah couHtv, Pennsylvania, at the mouth of 199 c n o (J H it Choconut creek. Population in 1820, 508. See Cocoamit. Choctaw, river of Florida and Alaba- ma, rises in the latter, and flowing into the former, falls into St. Rosa bay. 1 his river rises in the pine woods, between the source of Yellow-water and some creeksfalling into Apalachicola river, and has a nearly southern course of 60 or 70 miles into the bay of St. Rosa. Choctaw, nation of Indians, residing on the waters of Tombigbee river, in Mis- sissippi and Alabama, The Choctaws reside to the SW from the Chicasaws. These nations have both for upwards of 20 years been in considerable numbers migrating over the Mississippi river. Choczim, town of Moldavia, on the Dniester. It surrendered in 1788 to the Russians and Austrians? but was restor- ed to the Turks at the subsequent peace. It is 110 miles NVV of Jassy. Lon. 26 25 W, lat. 48 46 N. Chalet, town of France, in the de- partment of Maine and Loire, and late province of Anj ^u, with a castle, ITO miles SVV of Paris. Lon. 45 W, lat. 47 ION. Cholula, city of Mexico, in the inten- dancy (jf Putbla, 60 n.iles SE by E from Mexico. Pipulatinn, 16,000. Lon. \VC 21 20 W, iat. 19 Id N. Cholula. ancient republic of Mexico, corresponding nearly to tlie district ap- pertaining to the present city of Cholula. Cholula, ancient pyramid of Mexico, in the intendancv of Puebla. It is 177 feet high. Lon.'VVC 21 20, W, lat. 19 2N. Chonat, episcopal town of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name, on the Merich, 25 miles E of Segedin Lon. 21 4 E, lat. 46 :0 N. Chonos, !y S of Chester ;o«vr, and the sara; hstance N by E of (kntrtvillp. Ckwch Hill, post village o! Spartansberg district, Houto Carolina. Church Ml!, cape in Hudson's bay, 40 miles E tiom the mouth o» Ci-iiKh Hill river. Lon. WC 16 VV lat. 58 54 N. Church Hill, river (/f N; w S; nth Wales, failing into Hudson'.s bay at Fort Clu rcli- bilt, 29 miles from the cape of the same name. Church Fori, on Hudson's bay, at the mputh of Cburcli-bills' river. 30.2 Vh^isan, island on the E coast of China, where the English East India company had once a f .ctory. Lon. 124 E lat. 30 N, Chnseslan, province of Modern Persia, corre?ponding in some degree to the an- cient Susiana, bounded N by Irac Agrmi ; E by Farsistan ; S by the Persiaii Gulf, and W by the Tigris river. Ciampa, or Chiampa, kingdom of Asia, bounded on the E and S by the Indian ocean, on the N by Cochin-China, and on the W by Camb nlia. Cicasica, province and city of the United Provinces of La Plata, on the river Dessa- gudro, and VV froni C chahamba. Central latitude 18 S, lon. W C 9 E. Cicero, township in Onondaga county. New York. Population in 1820, 1303. Ciclui, or Cicltijh, frontier town of Dal- matia, on a rocky hill on the W bank of the Narentha. It was taken from the Turks by the Venetians, in 1694. Lon. 18 22 E. lat. 43 29 N. Cilicia, now the SE part of Caramania in Asiatic Turkey. This singular triangular Valley occupies the region adjacent to the NE angle of the Mediterr;byterian, two methodist, one episcopa- lian, and onf friends' meeting houses ; be- side an elegant and costly court house and j dl, and two extensive market houses ; one of which, called the lower market, is built with triple rows of pillars 300 feet long. The markets are held in them four davs irt CI N C i N a week, two days at eacb, alternately. Here are also several manufacturing establish- ments for cotton and woollen goods ; for paper, and for siU'Cr, brass, copper and iron wares, and machinery of various des- criptions. Here are also four printing offices, three of which print weekly news- p.ipers; likewise four book stores, a type foundary, and a manufactory for making cards for carding machines. One of the machines in this establishment is a great specimen of human ingenuity. By the simple process merely, of a boy turning a small crank, the wire is drawn from areel, cut oflT at a suitable length, bent into card teeth, the leather perforated, and the teeth set therein, all by the one process above mentioned. In January, 1819, a Medical College was established here, by the Oliio legislature ; and during the same month, the L'incSnnati college was also chartered ; both of which are now progressing, with a prospect of becoming useful institutions for tlie west- ern country. The faculties of bo'.h col- leges are, in some measure, united, and both occupy, conjointly, the public edifices designed for then* accommodation. Cincinnati was formerly, the seat of the old territorial government, until 1800 ; and in January, 1819, vi^as incorporated as a city. Bistance, south by west from D;n/- toii 52 miles, 110 SW from Columbus, 93 W by S from Chilicothe, and 82 N by E from Frankfort in Kentucky. Lat. 39 6 N. Ion. 7 25 W. The following account of the local situa- tion of Cincinnati ; and enumeration, and description of the various public edifices, and improvements, are taken from Doctor Daniel Drake's valuable "Picture of Cin- cinnati and the Jliami country," published in 1815, " lis site is the eastern part of a tract of alluvial or bottom land, bounded on the N by a chain of ridges, on the W by Mill- creek, on tile S by the river, and on the E by Deer creek, a brook which originates ia the n^ig bouring uplands, The area of this pi am is about four square miles. It is imequaliy elevated, and the upper and lower tables have received from the inha- bitants, t!)e names of Flill and Hotom. The latter (gradually w;dening) s rt^tclips v/ej-twnrdly, from the mouth of Deer creek wh; re it is but 200 feet broad, to the inter- val lands of Mill creek. Its medium breadth is about 800 feet. The northwest portioiis of this slip are the lowest. T!iey hi'-ve been overflown a few times since t!ie se tlem;nt of ihe town, and in March 1793, ihe whole uf tins p ain was inunda- ted. Tiie Hill rises ub.nii. 50 feet ,l)ovetlie Bottom. The ascent, whicli is :a first steep, soon becomes gradual, and continues for the distance of "nearly 1000 feet, when the surface declines gently to the base of the ?.d joining highlan:ls — The medium breadth of this table is about one mile. Its western portions are imeven, and towards Mill creek descend to tlie level of tite Bottom. On the opposite side of the ri, ver, the valley has nearly the ^ame expan- sion. The ranges of hills bordering these extensive plains, intersect each other in such directions as to compose an imper- fect square, tiirough the northeast and southwest angles of which the Ohio enters and passes out. Being variously divided by streams and rivulets, lying at different dis'ances from the town, and having a dense covermg of tall trees, hese ridges aft'^)rd a pleasant termination to the view. " Phdadelphia seems to have been the model after which that portion of this town first laid out, was planned. Between Broadway and Western Row there are six streets, each 66 feet wide, running from the river N. 169 W, and lying 396 feet asunder. These are inters cted at right angles by others of the same width, and at the Ertme distance from each other; except Water and Front street, and Second and I'hird street, tiie former of wliich are nearer, and the latter, on account of tiie brov/ of the Hi:], more distant. Not a single alley, court, or diagonal street, and but one com- mon v/as laid out. The blocks or squares were each divided into eight lots, 99 by 198 feet, except those lying between Se- cond and Third street, which made ten lots each ; and those between Front and Water s'reet. The out-lots, 81 in num- ber, contain four acres each, and lie chief- ly in the north of the town. This pla:i was not deposited in the public archives for r.^cord until tiie 29th of April, 1802. Tiie s r.'ets m tliat part of the town L-id out by John C. Symmes, are but 60 feet wide. Titose intersecting' the river ran north 44 degrees west, and lie at the same distance from each other as tlie streets in •tlie or:ginr.l town ; but tlie cross streets are nearer, and IiCnce the lots of this quarter are shorter. The plan of this survey was not recorded by thejjroprietor till the 12th of September, 1811. Trie reseivalioii of the Genera! GiVernment was surveyed so as to oiiiiect the pla's jtisted. The dilTeicnt subdivisions w:ll be best under- stood by a reference to tne engraved plan. " The new Presbytenan cluirch is a very spacious brick edifice, measuring 68 by 85 feet. Its eastern and narrower front looks towards Main strset, and is cornered witli square turrets crowned wi ii cupolas From tiie rear is an octagonal projection, for a v-'itrv. Ti'C roof is of a common form. The height i\-«m the ground lo t!ie caves is oidy 4j (c;.t, to the top of the cupola 80, which is less than either side including the. lowers, and hence the aspect of the Hnild- 20? jng IS low and hcaw. — 'llic siair cases arc in liie basements of the Utrrets, and are entered without passing into the bouse. The inside is divided into one hundred and twelve pews, and five capacious aisles. "The Episcopalian church, in Sixth street, is a handsonse and commodious brick edifice, 40 by 55 feet, well furnished with doors and windows, ornamented with a balustrade, and finished inside with taste. "The Cincinnati college on "Walnut street, in the rear of the Presbyterian church, is an extensive two story brick edifice, consisting of two oblong wings, ex- tending from Walnut street 88 feet deep. Near the front, t!iey are connected by an apartment, for stair cases, 18 by 30 feet, out of whiclj arises a dome capped peristyle, designed for an obsei-vatory. The front of this intermediate apartment is to be decor- ated with a colonnade, forming a hand- some portico, 12 feet deep and 30 feet long. The front and each side are orna- mented witli a pediment and Corinthian cornice. The aspect of the building is liglit and airy. " Tlie buildings of tlie Cincinnati Manu- facturing Compan)', on the bank above Deer creek, are numerous and extensive ; the main edifice is 150 feet long, from 20 to S7 feet wide, and from two to four stories high. " The most capacious, elevated and per- manent building in this place, is the Steam Mill, erected in the years, 1812, '15 and '14, on the river beach, upon a bedof hori- zontal limestone rocks, and in high floods is for its svhole length e^rposed to the cur- rent. The foundation is 62 by 87 feet, and about 10 feet thick. Its height is 110 feet, and the number of stories nine , includ- ing two above the caves. To the height of 40 feet, the wall h battered, or drawn in ; above, it is perpendicular. The cornice is of brick, und the roof of wood, in the com- mon style. It has 24 doors and 90 win- dows. The limestone with which it was built were quarried at various places in the bed of the river, and measure in tlie wall 6,620 perches, Besid-s this, it swallowed up 90,000 bricks, 14,800 bushels of lime, and 81.200 cubic feet of timber. Its weight is estimated at 15,655 tons. Through the bu Iding there is a wall dividing each story in'.o two untrqual apartments the one designed for manufacturing flour ; the other for receivmg wool and cotton ma- chinery, a flax seed oil mill, fulling mill, and s^iveral other machines. Popuhtif>n in 1810. Free white malos ... 1,358 do. do. females - . _ 1,100 All otlier persons except Indians not taxed ... 82 Slaves - ... none "I'otal population in 1810, Population in 1820. 2,540 Free white males ... do. do, females - Total whites Free persons of colour, males - do, do. females Slaves, males . . . do. females Total population in 1820, 4,919 4,290 9,209 219 214 none nones 9,642 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 240 99 753 313 2»4 Cincinnati, land district in Ohio, and In- diana, extends W from the Virginia military tract and of Symmes' purchase. It in- cludes all Miami, Dark, Prebble and Mont- gomery ; and part of Champaign, Warren, Butler and Hamilton counties, with a con- siderable extent in Indiana. Cincinnaiusy township in Courtland coun- ty, Nev/ York, Population including the city of the same name, in 1820, 885. Ci?ieif, town of the Netherlands, in the archbishopric of Liege, eight miles E of Dinant, Lon, 4 57 L lat. 50 18 N. Cinque Ports, certain ports on the coast of Kent and Sussex, so called by way of eminence, on account of their superior im- portance, as having been thought bj'-'our kings to'merit a particular regard for their preservation against invasion. Tiicy were five in number, when their first charter was granted by AVilliam I. in 1077. These were Dover, Hastings, Ilythe, Romney, and Sandwich ; to which were afterward added, Winchelsea, Seaford, and Rye. That king appointed a constable of Dover Castle (who is now called Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports) and invested him with the command of these parts, whose inh.ibitants had considerable privileges. Cinthiania, post town of Kentucky, in Harrison county, on a branch of Licking river, 13 miles N from Paris. Cinira, cape of Portugal, in Estramadu- ra, called the Rock of Lisbon, on the N side of the entrance of the Tajo. On it is a town of the same name, 14 miles W of Lisbon, Lon. 9 30 W, lat. 38 46 N, Ciotaf, seaport of France, in the depart, ment of the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence, defended by a strong fort. It is famous for Muscadine wine, and is seated on the bay of Laquee, be- tween Marseilles and Toulon. Lon. 5 46 E, lat. 43 12 N, Circars, J\''orther?i, five provinces on the , W coast of the bay of Bengal, They were originally denominated Northern, from G ] C L A tiieir position in respect to Madras, ou which they depend. Of the five Northern circars, Cicacole, Rajamunihy, EUore, and Condapilly are in the possession of the Enghsh, and Guntoor is in the hands of the Nizam. The first four extend from the N bank of the,Kistna to Cliilka Lake ; forming a narrow slip of country 350 niiK s ion^, and from 26 to 75 broad, bounded by mountains and extensive forests on llie side opposite the sea. The Enghsh circars had been ceded to the French, by t)ie Nizam of the Deccan, in 1753 -, hut ihey were conqiiered by colonel Clive in 1759, and pindict- ar. aimual revenue of 360,1/00^ See Gun- toor. Circassia, large country of Asia, situated between 45 and 50 degress of N latitude, and between 40 and 50 of E Icngiude It is bounded by Russia on the N ; by Astra- can and the Caspian sea on the E ; by Georgia and Dagistan on the S ; and by the river Don, the Halus Meotis, and the ijiack St a on the W. This country has loiv^ been celebrated, for the extraordinary beauty of its women ; and here it was that the prac- tice of inoculating for the small pox first began. Terki, the principal city, is ,-eated in a very spacious plain, very swampy, towards the sea side, in 43 deg. 23 min. N latitude ; it is about three vversts in com- pass, well fortified with ramparts and bas- tions in the modern style, wel' stored with cannon, and has always a considerable gar- rison in it, under the command of a govrr- nor. Cirencester, considerable borough in Gloucestershire, with a market on \i> nday and Friday. It is seated on the river Churn, and was a p'ace of great accouiit in the time of the Romans. The ruins of the walls and streets are to be seen in the ad- jacent meadows wliere many Roman coins, checquered pavements, and inscrip'iins of marble, have been found. It liad aiso a castle and an abbey. Many Roman Hnti- quities have been discovered ; and here the Roman roads crossed each other. It is oneoftiie greatest marts in England for wool, sends two members to parliament, and is 18 miles SE of Gloucester, and 89 W of London. Lnn. 1 58 W, lai 51 43 N. CircleviUe, post town and seat of jus- tice in Pickaway county, Oiiio, on the E side of the Sciota river, at VV Ion W C 5 5, lat. 39 36 N, 26 nniles below Colum- bia. It derives its name from some an- cient work? in a rude circular form, on the site of which it is situated. The ad- jacent courstry is amongst the most fertile of the Ohio valley. Cirenza, town of Naples, capital of Ba- silicata, with a bishop's see. h is seat- ed on the river Brandonn, at the t-iot of the Appennines, 97 mih-s E of Naples. Lon. 16 leE, lat. 40 44 N. Cittadello, seaport and capital of Mi- norca, on the W side of that island. Lon. 3 34 E, lat. 39 54 N. Citta-di-Castdlo, populous city of Ita- ly, capital of a county <:f the same name, in Umbra, with a bishop's see. It is seat- ed on the Tiber, 27 miles SW of Urbino. Lin. 12 3 8 E, lat. 43 32 N. Citta-JVouva, city of Italy, in the mar- quisate of Aiicona, containing lb church- es and convents within its walls, and 15 without. It is seated on the gulf of Ve- nice, 10 milfs S of Lor-c-tto. Lon. 13 40 E. lat 43 16 N. Citta-Mjuva, seaport of Venetian Is- t'ia, with a bishi.p's set-, 60 miles E of Venice L n 14 2 E, lat. 4:5 36 N Cicy- Point, post town and post of en- try, in Pri>!ce Gv-orge county, Viri^inia, on James at th-.- mouth ot Apjwmattox river. 20 miles belovy Richmond. Ciudad- RftaL town of hpain, capital of Mancha. The inhabitants 'are noted for dressing leather for gicvcs. It is two miles from ti^e Guadiana, and 90 S of Madrid. Lon. 3 25 W, lat 38 58 N- ^ Ciudad-Rodrigo, town of Sjiain, in Le- on, with a bishop's see, seated on the river Aquada. 40 miles SW of Salaman- ca, Lon. 5 58 W, lat. 40 33 N. Civita di-Friuli^ small but ancient town of Italy, in Venetian Friuli, seated on the Natisona, 10 miles Eot Udena. Lon. 13 15 E, iHt. 46 12 N Civita-di-Penna, ancient town of Na- ples, iii Ambruzza Ulteriore, with a bi- shop's see, near t^e river Salino, 35 miles NE of Aquila. Lon. 14 52 E, lat. 42 27 N. Ci-vita-Castilana, town joi Italy, in Campagua di Romana, on a high rock, at the foot of which is a river, which falls into the Tiber, it is 25 miles NW of Rome, Lon. 12 35 E, lat. 42 25 N. Civita- Vecchia, seaport t.f Italy, in the patrimony of St. Pi ter, with an arse- nal. Here the pope's galUys were for- merly stationed, and it was a free port ; but the air is unwholesome. It is 35 miles NW of Rome. Lon 11 51 E, lat. 42 5 N. Clucka?}>us, river of United States, en- ter tlijc Wallamut, of Columbia. Clackmannan, small t'>w!» in Scotland, and capical oi the county of the same name. It is seated on the N shore of the Forth, atid stands on a hill, on the top of which IS a castle, com man^ ling a n^ble prospect. A large square tower in this castle derives its name from the illus- trious Rob rt Bruce, whose great sword atid casque are here preserved. A large sword is also shown, said to have be- longed to Sir John Graham, the faithful attendant of the heroic Wallace, It is 205 OLA C b A 23 miles N by E of Glasgow. Lon. 3 40 W, lat. 56 5 N. Clackmannan&hrre, county of Scotland, bounded on the E bv Fifcshire, on t'lf' N and W by Pertlishire, and on the S by the Forth. It is ei^ht miles in length, and five in breadth. The country is plain and fertile towards the Frith, pro- ducing corn and pasture in abundance. This shire, with Kinross, sends one mem- ber to parliament It is watered by the rivers Forth and Dt-van. Population in 1801, lu.858; in 1811, 10,010; and in 1821. 13 263. Clagenfurt, town of Germany, capi- tal of C rinthia, 5 J miles SVV of Vienna. Lon. 14 20 E, lat. 46 53 N. Claiborne., county of Mississippi ; bounded NW by Mississippi and Big- black rivers, E bnundinj^ county uncer- tain, and S by Jefferson ; surface, except along the bounding rivers, hilly; length 32, mean width 12, area 384 , soil varied, productive on the alluvion of tiie streams, but towards the eastern part sterile pine woods. Staple, cotton. Chitf town, Gib- son-port. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 899 do. do. females - - 653 All other persons exc pt Indians not taxed . . - 12 Slaves ----- 1,538 Total population in 1810 'S lies 5.102 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites Free persons of colour, mal do. do. fema Slaves, males do. females 1,599 1,241 2,840 19 17 1,515 Total population in 1820 - 5.963 . Ofthts^ : F'ireigiiei"s not natur3lized - Engaged in A.'ilif.ijltare - 1,983 do. in M injfdcture.3 - d in Cov:imei'"e - Population to tht square mi'e, 12. Claiborne^ Fort, post town on tlie le ba'ik "f A.iHbama rivtr, in M nro- coun- ty, .^^a'jama, al the hea.l of Schooner navigation, 25 miles E from fort bt. Ste- phens Claibornt, county of Tennessee, be- tween Clinch and Powell's i-ivers: bound- ed by Virginia N ; by Hawkins county in Tennessee E ; Clinch river, or Granger, 20'-; and Knox SE ; and Powell's river, oi- Campbell NW : length 40 ; mean width 10 miles ; area 400 square miles : surface hilly, and in part mountainous; soil of middling quality. Chief town, Taze- well. Population in 1810. Free white males . - , 2,277 do. do. females ... 2,159 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . . , 35 Slaves 327 Total population in 1810 - - 4,798 Population in 1820, Free white males ... do. do. females - - - Total whites - - - . Free persons of colour, males - do. do, females Slaves, males - . - . do. females ... Total population in 1820 - - 5,508 or these; Foreigners not naturalized - 4 Engaged in .\grculture - - 1,397 do. in Manufactures - 15 do. in Commerce - - 9 Population to the square mile, 14 nearly. Clameci, town of France, in the de- partment of Nievre and late province of Nivernois. Clameci is seated at the con- fluence of the Beuvron and Yonne, 112 mi'esS by E of Paris. Lon. 3 36 E, lat. 47 28 N. Clafiham, village in Surry, noted for many handsome villas, which chiefly sur- round a beautiful cimmon. In the old p.in-h church divine service is perform- t.d at tunerals only ; an elegant new church hiving been erected on the com- mon, but without an adjoining cemetery. Clapii.uTi is three miies SVV of London. Clara St small island of South Ame- rica, in Peru, in the hav of Guaiaquil, 70 mdes SW of Guaiaquil. Lon. 82 20 W lat. 2 20 S, Clare St., small island or rather rock, one of th'- Canaries, between Lancerota and A Iegrall^a. Clare, town of Suffolk, with a market on Monday The ruins of a cast'e and of a collrgiate cliurch are still visible ; and here is a manufacture of baize. It is seated near the Stour, 15 miles Sof St. Edmunti's Bury, and 56 NE of London. Lo!. 3o E, lat. 52 12 N, Clare, county of Ireland in the pro- vince of Munster, 55 miles in length, and 38 in breadth : bounded on the E C i: A U JL A and S by the Shannon, which separates it from Tipperary, Limeric, and Kerry ; on the W by the Atlantic, and on the N by Galway. It contains two rnarktt-towns and 73 parishes, and before the union sent four members to the Irish parlia- ment. Clare^ town of Ireland, capital of a couiuv of the same name, 17 miles NW of Limeric. Lon. 8 46 W. lat 52 52 N. Claremont, township in Chesliire cmn- ty. New Hampshire. Population in 1810, 2094 ; and in 1820, 2090. Claremont, county in Sumpter district, South Carolina, Clarence, township in Niagara county. New York. Population in 1820, 3278. Clarence, township in Stnrmont coun- ty, Upper Canada, on the Ottawa river. Clarence, Duke of, straits, on the N W coast of North America, between duke of York and pi-ince of Wales islands ; and between prince of Wales island and Point Barry. Lon. W C 56 W, lat. 56 30 N. Clarendon, post town, Rutland county, Vermont, 30 miles W from Windsor. Population 1820, 1800. Clarendon, township of Vermont, situa- ted in Rutland county, about 40 miles NE of Benning-ton, and containing 2000 inhabi- tants. Clarendon, village, three miles E of Salis- bury, where Henry 11. summoned a council of the barons and prelates, in 1164, who enacted the laws, called the Constitutions of Clarendon ; and here were two palaces built by king John. Clarens, or CA«^i/Za>' J, village of Swisser- land, in the Pays de Vaud, delightfully situated not far from Vevay, on an emi- nence, whose declivity slopes gradually towards the lake of Geneva. Claridon, township in Geauga county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 588. Claritza, seaport of European Turkey, in the ancient Thessaly, to the south from the mouth of the Peneus. Lon. 22 54 E, lat. 39 45 N. Clark, township in Clinton countv, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1210. Clark, township in Brown county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1892. Clark, interior county, Ohio; bounded on the north by Champaign, east by Madi- son, south by Green, and on he west by Montgomery and Miami counties. It is 29 miles long from east to wes', ind 17 Uroad from north to south ; and c ntaining 400 square miles. Soil generally fertile. Chief town, Springfield. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 4,970 Free wiiile females Total whites 4,521 Total whites - . - - Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females laves, males . - . do. females - - - Total population in 1820 9,535 or these ; Foreigners not naturalized - od Eng;igt-d in Agriculture - - 1,256 do. in Manuf^iCtures - 221 do. in Commerce - - 6 Population to the square mile, 24 nearly. Clark, county of Illinois; boundaries and extent undefined. It is on the waters of Kaskaskia and Little Wabash. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 490 do. do. females - - - 440 Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males ■ do. do. females Slaves, males - - - . do. females Total population in 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, uncertain. Clark, county of Arkansas ; boundaries and area uncertain. Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females 930 1 931 204 13 Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males - do. females Total population in 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufictures do. in Commerce 522 448 970 o7 1,040 250 Population to the square mde, uncertain. Clarke, county of Georgia ; bounded by •TacBson NW ; Ma'".isou NE ; OgU^thorpe E ; Greene S, and Morgan SW ; k-ngth 21 ; mean width 11: area 230 square miles; surface hilly, and soil fertile. Chief town, Athens. 307 L A C L A Population in IBli. Free while'males do. do. females - - - All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - . Slaves - . . _ . Total population in 1810 - soil generally very productive. Chief town, 2,475 Charleston. 2,355 Population in 1810. Free white mnles - - - 2,943 30 do. do. females - - 2,606 2,405 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 40 7,265 Slaves 81 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - Total whites Free persons of colour, do. do. Slaves, males do. females males - females. 2,757 2,528 5,285 14 7 1,801 1,760 Total population in 1820 - 8,867 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 3 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,756 do. in Manufactures - 134 do. in Commerce - - 36 Population to the square mile, 38. Clarke, county of Kentucky ; bounded by Madison and Fayette SW ; Bourbon NW; Montgomery NE, and Estill SE ; length 25 ; mean width 8 ; ai-ea 200 square miles; surface moderately hilly, and soil productive. Chief town, Winchester. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 4,210 do. do. females - - 4,053 All other persons except In- dians not taxed ... 23 Slaves 2,695 Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do do. females Slaves, males - do. females Total population in 1820, Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce 10,981 4,098 3,847 7,945 20 21 1,735 1,728 11,449 2 6,423 215 41 Population to the square mile, 57. Clarke, county of Indiana ; bounded by the Ohio river SE ; Harrison SW ; Wash- ington W, and NW ; Jennings N, and Jef- ferson NE; length 26; mean width 19; area 500 square miles. Surface hillv, but 208 • Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites - - _ Free persons of colour, males do. do. females, Slaves, males . - . . do. females Total population in 1820 5,670 4,478 4,093 8,709 Of these ; ForeijTners not naturalized 17 Engaged in Agriculture - 1,590 do. in Manufactures - ' 389 do. in Commerce - - Population to the square mile, 22 nearly. Clarke, county of Alabama ; bounded W by Tombigbee river, N by Marengo, and E by Monroe ; length 45 ; mean width 14 ; area 640 square miles. Surface rather hilly, and except on the stream.s soil sterile. Chief town, Jackson. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 2,030 do. do. females - - 1,748 Total whites . - . Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged m Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Conri'iierce Population to the square mile, uncertain . Clarhesvillc, post office Green county,. Pennsylvania. ClarkesviUe, post town, and the capital of Montpnmery county, Tennessee ; situated on the N side of Cumberland river, about 45 miles NW of Nashville, and 790 from Washington. ClarkesviUe, post town of Clarke county, Indiana, at the lower part of the rapids of Ohio. Clarksbo'rouirJh post town, Jackson coun- 5,839 7' 1,820 84 29 C L A C L v. ty, Georgia, on a branch of Oconee river, 10 miles S from Jefferson. Clarksburg, township and post town of Berkshire county, Massachusetts, on Hoo- sack river, 33 miles NNW from Lenox. Population in 1810, 231, and in 1820, 274. Clarksburg, post town, Montgomery couniy, Maryland. Clarksburg, post town and seat of justice for Harrison county, Virginia, on the riglit bank of the Monongahela, 40 miles SSW from Morgantown. Clarksburg, post town In Jackson county, Georgia ; situated on the N fork of the Ap- palachy river, 110 miles NVV of Augusta, and 704 from Washington . Clarksburg, town of Ross county, Ohio, 16 miles NVV from Chilicothe. Clark's Ferry, post office, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. Clark^s Fork, river, one of the great branches of the Yellow Stone, falls into that stream from the south, about 100 miles above the mouth of Bighorn river. Clarkson, township in Genesee county, New York. Population in 1320, 1612. Clark''s River, the great middle branch of Columbia river, rises in the Chippewan mountains, interlocking with the sources of ihe Missouri, flows SW, W, and NW, by a course of about 800 miles, joins Lewis' river, and forms the Columbia. Clarksioivn, township, post town and seat of justice, Rockland county, New York. Population in 1820, 1808. Clarksville, post village, Clinton county, Oliio, 8 miles from Wilmington. Clavernck, township in Columbia coun- ty. New York. Population in 1820, 2813. Clavei-ack, post town in Columbia coun- ty, New York, five miles E ot Hudson. Claude, St. handsome city of France, in the department of Jura and late province of Franclie Comte ; with a bishop's see. It is seated between three high mountains, on the river Lison, and owes its origin lo a ce- lebrated abbey, built in 425, in t'nis then barren and uninhabited country. The ca- thedral is extremely elegant. In this ci;y are many public fountains with large ba-iin-. It is "o5 miies NW of Geiieva. Lon. 6 18 B. lat. 45 24 N. Clausenburg, town of Transylvania, on the river Samos, 60 miles NW of Harm .n- stadt. On one of the gates is an inscription in honour of the emperor Trajan. Lon. 23 20 E. lat. 46 53 N. Clay, town in Norfolk, seated on an arm of the sea, belv/een two rivers, 20 miles NW of Norwich. Here are some large salt-works. Clay, county of Kentucky, on the head waters of Cumberland and Kentucky ri- vers ; boimded by Knox SE; Rockcastle W : Madison, Estell and Floyd N ; and Flovd E ; length 50 ; mean v.'idth about 40 D d miles ; area 2000 square miles ; surface very hilly and rocky ; soil in some few places productive, but in general of mid- dling quality. Chieftown, Manchester. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 1,202 do. do. females - - 1,055 All other persons except Indians not ta.xed .... none Slaves 141 Total population in 1810 - - 2,398 Population in 1820. Free white males . - . 2,112 do. do. females - - - 1,906 Total wliites - - - - 4,018 Free persons of colour, males 40 do. do. females 50 Slaves, males ... 180 do. females . - - 105 Total population in 1820 - - 4,393 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 3 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,455 do. in Manufactures - - 499 do. in Commerce - - 4 Population to the square mile, 2^ nearly. Clay-ponds, light-house, on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Claysville, post village, Washington county, Pennsylvunia. Clayton, eastern townsliip of Perry coun- ty, Oiiio, oa tiie waters of Hockhocking nver. Clear, Cape, promontory of a little island on the 8 of Irei.snd. Lon. 11 45 W. lat. 51 18 N. Clear, creek of Ohio, joining the Great Miami, from the left in the NE corner of But cr county. Clear Creek, township in Warren coun- ty, Ohio. Population m 1820, 2444. Clear Creek, township in Richland, county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 309. Clear Creek, township in Fairfield coun- ty, Ohio. Population in 1810, 1126, and in 1820, 1174. Clearfield, county of Pennsylvania, on the waters of S'.isqueliannati; bounded by Indiana W ; Jcfferr^on NW ; M'Kean N ; Lyconiing NE, andC-n're SE : length 45; breadth 32 ; area 1425. This county is yet but very thinly peopled, though much of the soil is excellent, and the climate dehghifu!. It is a true Alpine region rich in the most varied scenery. Ci-arfieid is drained by the higher creeks, and west branch of Susq".eh mnah, p.articularly Sin- namahtning, and Mushannon cre'ks. Some of the waters of Toby's creek, Sa"i!y ere k, and .Mohiilbuctitun branches of AlLgany 209 C L £ CLE rivei" rise on ahd flow from the western part' of this countj'. The surface is gener- ally broken, and mucli of it mountainous. There are extensive indicatians of metalic ores, particularly iron. Chief town, Clear- field. Population in 1810. !Pree whiles, maies - - 437 do. do. females - - 403 All other pei'sons except Indians not taxed 53 Slaves - - - • - none 875 1,307 1,000 2,307 18 17 none none 2,342 9 708 none 1 Total population in 1810 Popvilation ia 1820. Free white males do. do. females - Total whites - . - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce - Population to the squire mile, 1^. Clearfield, township in Butler county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 288; and in 1820, 515. Clebury, town in Shropshire, with a market on Thursday, seated on the river Rea, 28 miles SE of Shrewsbury, and 136 NW of London. Lon. 2 23 W, lat. 52 21N. CleraCy or Clairac, lately in the pro- vince of Guienne, now in the department of Lot and Garonne. It is seated on the river Lot, 10 miles NW of Agen. Lon. 25 E, lat. 44 20 N. Clermont, county of Camden district. South Carolina ; bounded on the W by Wateree river, which divides it from Richland county, in the same state. It contains 5000 inhabitants. Clermont, town of France, in the de- partment of Meuse and late territory of Barrois, 127 miles NW of Paris. Lon. 5 .9 E, lat. 49 34 N. Clermont, town of-France, in the de- partment of Oise and late province of the Isle of France, 37 miles N of Paris. Lon. 2 25 E, lat. 49 25 N. Clertnont, considerable city of France, in the department of Puy de Dome, and late province of Auvergne, with a bi- shop's see. Many Roman antiquities are found in the neighbourhood. There are also some mineral springs ; and that of 21.0 the suburb St. AUyre has formed a natU" ral bridge over the brook into which it falls : it is called the Mineral bridge, and carriages may pass over it. Cler- mont contains 30,000 inhabitants, and has manufactures of ratteeqp, druggets, serges, and leather. It is the birth place of the celebrated Pascal ; and is 300 miles S of Paris. Lon. 3 10 E, lat. 45 47 N. Clermont, town in Columbia county. New York, on the E side of Hudson ri- ver, and 15 miles S of the city of Hudson, The township has 1150 inhabitants. The post office is 361 miles from Washing] ton. Clermont , county of Ohio ; bounded by Ohio river E and SE ; Hamilton W ; Warren N, and Brown E : length 32 ; mean width 13 ; area 416 square miles. A great portion of the soil is of first rate quality. Staples, grain, flour, and salt provisions. Population in 1810, Free white males ... 4,981 do. do. females - - - 4,947 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - 27 Total population in 1810 - - 9,965 Population in 1820, Free white males - - - 8,090 do. do. females - - - 7,701 Total whites .... 15,791 Free persons of colour, males , - 13 do. do. females 16 Slaves, mules ... - do. females . - - - Total population in 1820 - - 15,820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 26 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,824 do. in Manufactures - 727 do. in Commerce - - 30 Population to the square mile, 38. Clermont, township in Columbia coun- ty, New York. Population in 1820, 11 )4. Clery, village in France, nine mi es SW of Orleans, once famous for the pil- grimage to our lady of Clery. Here was the tomb of that monster, Lewis XL who appeared, in white marble, as the saint and the patriot king. Gierke's Islartd, lies in the North Pa- cific Ocean, between the coast of Kamt- schatka and that of North America. It was discovered by captain Cook in 1788, and was so named in honour of captain Clerke, his second in command. A land- ing could not be effected. Near its E ex- C L I O I, i tremity, is a little island, i-emarkable fov having three elevated rocks upon it. It is quite uninhabited. Lon.WC 92 30 W, lat. 63 15 N. Cleveland, township in Cuyahoga coun- ty, Ohio. Population in 1810, 547, and in 1820, 606. Cleveland, post town and seat of jus- tice for Cuyahoga county, Ohio, at the mouth of Cuyahoga river, on lake Erie. Population, 605. It has a bank, styled the Commercial bank of lake Erie, and a printing office. Distance 54 miles N from Warren, 131 NW from Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania, and 150 NE from Co- lumbus Lon. 4 44 W, lat. 41 31 N. Cleves, duchy of Germany, in the cir- cle of Westphalia, divided into two parts by the Rhine. It is a fine country, de- lightfully variegated with hills, woods, fields, towns, and villages ; and is subject to the king of Prussia. Cleves, city of Westphalia, capital of the duchy of Cleves. It is seated on the eastern side of three lulls, about a mile wi t of the Rhine ; with which it communicates by means of a canal, which is large enough for great barges. It has a castle built by Julius Caesar. It has been often taken and retaken : the last time by the French, in 1794. It is 15 miles SEof Nimeguen. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 51 45 N, C/c7;es,town of Virginia, King George's county, on the Rappahannock. Cleybrook, Great and Little, two vil- lages in Leicestershire, on the NW side of Lutterworth. They are supposed to have been a part of Cleycester, situated one mile to the W, which was a flourish- ing city of the Romans, and where their bricks and coins have been frequently found. Clief, town in Northamptonshire, with a market on Tuesday, 30 miles NE of Northampton, and 88 NNW of London. Lon. 37 W, lat. 52 53 N. Clifford, township in Susquehannah county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 681. Clifton, village in Westmoreland, three miles SSE of Penrith, noted for a skir- mish between the king's forces and the rebels in 1745, in which the latter had the advantage. Cl-fton. village in Gloucestershire, near Bristol, noted for the hot well in its neigh- houi'hood, upon the lower Avon, at the foot -if St Vincent's rock. Clifton, town of Buckingham county. Lower Canada. Clinch, navigable river of the state of Tennessee, which rises in Clinch moun- tain, and after running through Powell's vallev, flows into the Tennessee river at 211 SVV point, or Kingston, and forms Ten- nessee. Clinch, mountain of Tennessee, ranges between Clinch and Holstnn rivers. Clinton, town of Buckingham coui.ty. Lower Canada. Clinton, county of New York; l-.onnd- ed by Lower Canada N ; Lake Cham- plain E ; Essex county S; and Franklin W ; length 40 ; mean width 3,5 ; area 1400 square miles. It forms the NE an- gle of the state. The surface is hilly, and in part mountainous. Soil s^enerally indiflFerent. Chief town, Platsburgh. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 4,196 do. do. females - • 3,745 All other persons except Indians not taxed - . - - 32 Slaves ----- 29 Total population in 1810 Population in jSSO. Free white males - . - do. do. females Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females, Slaves, males do. females - . - Total population in 1820 8,002 6,510 5,462 11,972 48 48 12,070 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - „ ^^^ Engaged in Agriculture - 3,044 do. in Manufactures - 763 do. in Commerce - 119 Population to the square mile, 8. Clinton, tov/nship in Dutchess county, New York. Population in 1820, 6611. Clinton, county of Lincoln, Upper Cana- da, on lake Ontario. Clinton, township and post village, Kcr.- nebec countv, Maln^. Population in ISlQ, 1050, ar.d in 1820, 1356. Clinton, ^.o\\•ns\\^p and post town, Knox county, Ohio. Population in 1810, 7I4, and in 1820,834. Clinton, township in Franklin county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 518. Clinton, township in Jackson county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 338. Clinton, county of Ohio, on the waters of Little Miami, bounded by Warren Vt' ; Green and Fayetve N ; Clinton E ; Higli- Lmd SE i and Hrown S ; length 22; me.nn width IS; ara 360 square miles. Sur- face diversified by hiil antl dale ; sod ge- nerally highly productive. Chief town, Wilmington. C L O C O A Population in 1810. Free white males - - 1316 do. do. females - - 1,349 All other persons except Indians not taxed - . . . 9 Slaves - . . - . none Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females - - - 2,674 4,104 3,935 Total whites - - - - Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females - Slaves, males _ . . - do. females - - . 8,039 34 22 none none Total population In 1820 8,085 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 3 Enj^aged in .\griculture - - 1,315 do. in Manufactures - 168 do. in Commerce - - 12 Population to the square mile, 22. Clinton, post village, Oneida county, N. York, on Oriskanr.y creek, nine miles M^ SW from Uiica. Hamilton college, near this village was incorporited in 1812, and from the lib pal support given by public and private patronage is a flourishmg insti- tution. It IS under the direction of a pre- sident, three pro'essors, and two tutors ; tlie students about 70. Clinton, seat of justice, and post town of Jones county, Georgia, 20 miles W from Milledgeville. CUntonville, post village of Onondago county. New York. Clissa, fort of Dahnatia, taken from the Turks by the Venetiais. It is seated on a craggy mountain, six miles N of Spalatro. Lon. 17 31 E. lat. 44 10 N. Clisson, town of Fr.mce in the depart- ment of Lower Loire, and late province of Bri'tagne, on the river Seure, 12 miles S ■ of Nantes. Lon. 1 28 W lat. 47 1 N. Clithero, borough in Lancasliire, with a market on Saturday, and the remains of an ancient castle. It sends two members to parliament, and is seated near Pendil Hill, 36 miles SK of Lancaster, and 213 NNW of London Lon. 2 21 W. lat. 53 54 N. Clock7>ilIe, post village, Madison county. New York. Clos^her, episcopal town and borough of Ireland, in Tyrone. Lon. 6 50 W. lat. 54 30 N. Clonmel, borough of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, seated on the river Sure, 19 miles SE of Tipperary. Lon. 7 27 W, lat. 52 14 N. Cleud, St, town of France, fjiir miles W 212 of Paris, seated on the Seine, , Here was lately a magnificent royal palace, gardens, fcnd a beautiful cascade. Clover dale, post office, Virginia, in Bo- tetourt county. Clover Gcrden, post village of Chatham county N'-rth Carolina. ClougbJ\£ills, post office, Laurens South Carolina. Clozvay, rivi r and lake of British North America. The lake lies about 30° W from W C at lal. 62 30 N and discharges its wa- ters to the SW which flowing about 200 miles enter Great Slave Lake. Lon. W C 35 VV lat 62 N. Cloyne, episcopal town and borough of Ireland, in the county of Cork, 16 miles E of Cork Lon. SOW, lat. 41 54. Cluny, town of France in the depart- m' nt of Saone and Loire and late province of Burgundy, remarkable for its late fa- mous Benedictine abbey. It is seated on the Grosne, 10 miles NVV of Macon. Lon. 4 33 E. lat. 46 24 N. Cliise, town of Savoy, in Faucigny, seat- ed on the Arve, 22 miles SE of Geneva. Lon 6 29 E. lat. 45 57 N. Cltvyd, c; lebrated vale of Denbighshire, extending from its upper end to the Irish Sea, above 20 miles ; its breadth varying from tiiree to eight, according to the ap- proach or recess of the high motintains en- closing it, through which, in different parts, are gaps formed by nature for en- ti'ances. A river of the same name, which rises in the middle of the county, runs along this vale, and having entered Flint* shire, falls into the Irish Sea. Clyde, river in Scotland, which arises in Annandale, falls into the sea over against the Isle of Bute. Clyde, river of Orleans county, Vermont, which falls into lake Memphramagog, at its SE corner. Clydesdale, wild district in the S part of Lanerkshire. Amid the mountains here, particles of gold have sometimes been washed down by the rains and streams of water ; but this tract is chiefly remarkable for producing metals of inferior worth. The veins of lead lie mostly N and I'2, and their thickness, which seldom exceeds 40 feet, varies grea'ly in different pans. The scanty pasture here feeds some sheep and cattle. CoalMines, post office, Chesterfield county, Virginia. Co'ils-Mouth, post office, Kenhawa coun- t}', Virginia. Coanaminc, river of Guiana. Coast Castle, Cape, principal settlement of the English on the coast of Giiinea, with a strong citadel. It is 30 miles E by N of St. George del Mina. Lun. lat. 5 6 N. c o c COD Coatlan, river of M "xico, falls into tiie Pacific Ocean. See Gucvetlan. Coatesville, post office, Ciiester county, Pennsylvania. Cobagua, riv-r of Soulh America. Cobagua, island in the Carib;;ean sea. Lon. VV C 13 34 E, lat. 10 50 NT. Cubbescomte, river, Kennebec conniy, Maine, the drain of a number of small lak(-S between Kennebec and Amiroscogi^in, which unite in the town of Gardner, and enter the right side of Kennebec river. Cobham, village in Dinwiddle couii'y, Virginia ; situated on the S side of James' river, opposite to James' town, and about 12 miles S of Williamsburg. Cobijah, seaport of Peru. Lat. 22 24 S. Coblentz, ancient city of Germany, in the electorate of Treves ; seated at the conflu- ence of the Rhme and Moselle, 50 mdes NE of Tr. ves. Lon. 7 32 E, lat 50 24 N. Cobleskill, township and post town of Schoharie county. New York. l:*opula'ion in 1820, 2440. Cobscook, post town, Maine, in Washing- ton county. Coburg, town of Germany in the circle of Franconia, capital of a principality of the same name, with a college, a f.rt, and a castle. This town, and its principality, be- longs to the house of Saxony. It is seated on the Itch, 20 miles N of Bamberg. Lon. 11 18 E, lat. 50 22 N. Coca, river of Colombia, is the north western branch of the JVapo, which see. Coca, town of Spain, in Old Castile, near which is a strong castle for state prisoners. It is seated among mountains, at the con- fluence of the Morvedro and E,ez(-na, 25 miles XNE of Segovia. Lon. 3 34 W, lat. 41 irN. Cochabamba, province of the United pro- vinces of La Plata ; bounded \V by the Andes ; S by Charcas, and dfained by the sources of the Para, and Magda ena rivers. It is a fine healthy and fertile country, of about 4,500 square miles, and peopled by 100,000 inhabitants. Central, lon. W C 11 E, lat. 18 S. Cochinm, town in the electorate of Treves, formerly imperial. It was forced to surrender to the French in 1794, and is seated on the Moselle, 25 miles SW of Coblenlz. L'.n. 7 2 E, lat. 50 12 N, Cochin, seaport on < he coast of Malabar, in Travancore. It is a Dutch -ettl ment, and was captured by the British fleet in 1795. It .s 120 m.les S bv E of Calcut, Lon. 75 30 E, lat. 10 N Cochin China, k'ngdom uf Asia; bounded on the E by the Eastern Ocean, on the N by Tonquin, on the \V by Cambodia, and on the S b\ Ciampa. C'jc/iran's Store, post village, North Caro- lina. Person countu. LochransviVe, post \'illage, Chester coun- ty, l^eiins\lvahia. Cjche, county of E;tst Tennessee ; bound- ed by Nortii Carolina SE ; Sevier and Jef- ferson W j J fFe;-oii N, and Grei-ne NK ; lerigth 22 ; mean vvidil> 17 ; area 374 sqiare miles Surface mount inuus, and soil gi ne- rally of middling quality. Chief town, Ne.' port. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 2,438 do. do. females - - 2,264 All other persons except Indi; ns not taxed .... 16 Slaves 436 Total population in 181C [julationin 1820. ), •. 5,154 Po, Free white males . . 2,229 do. do. females - - - 2.180 Total whites 4,409 Free persons of colour, males . 13 do. do. femah :S 2 Slave! 5, males . . _ 193 do. females . . 275 Total population in 1820 4,892 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in ,\t;Ticultiire - - 1,408 do. in Manufac ures - 60 do. in Commerce - - 10 Population to the square mile, 13. Cocker, river which rises in the S of Cumberland, and flowing tlirough the lakes of Buttermere, Croniack-water, and Lowes-water, joins the Derwent, IdcIow Cocke rmouth. Cockermozith, populous borough .in Cum- berland, with a m Tket on Mondi.y. It lies between the Derwent and Cocker, over which latter are two stone bridges ; and between two hills, on one of which stands a handsome church ; and on the other a stLtely castle. It sends two members to parliament, and is 27 miles SW of Carlisle, and 290 XNW ot London. Lon. 3 25 W, lat 54 42 N. Cocoamit, See Choconut. Coconato, town of Piedmont, remarkable for being the birth place of Columbus. It is 20 miles E of Turin. Lon. 8 9 E, lat. 45 5N. Cod, Cape, on the S side of Boston Bay, in the state of Massachusetts, in North America. Lon. 70 18 W, lat, 42 N. Cndogno, towi. of Italj' in the duchy of Milan. It wr.s taken by the French in May, 1796. It is seated near the conflu- ence of th.e Adda and Po, 33 miles E of Pavia. Lon. 10 49 E, lat. 45 6 N. Corlorur, creek of Pennsvlvania, in York 213 (; Q 1 G O I. county, flows nearly north, through the bo- rough of York, falls into the Susquehannah. Codorus, township in York county, Penn- sylvan a. Population in 1810, 1975, and in 1820, 2183. Cod's Fe'Tt/, post office, Wabash county, Illinois. Coesfeld, town of Germany in the terri- tories of the bishop of Munster, where he often resides. It is seated near the river Burkel, 22 miles SW of Munster. Lon. 7 30 E, lat. 51 48 N. Coevordeii, fortified town of the United Provinces in Overyssel, seated in a morass, 30 miles S of Groningen. Lon. 6 44 E, lat. 52 44 N. C'oei/mans, township and post town, Al- bany count}"^, New York. Population in 1820, 2872. Coghnaivago, Indian village, Huntingdon county, Lower Canada, on the right side of St. Lawrence river. Cognac, town of France, now in the de- partment of Charente, lately in the pro- vince of Angoumois, with a castle, where Francis I. was born. It is remarkable for excellent brandy, and is seated on the Cliarente, 17 miles W of Angoulesme. Lon. 10 W, lat. 45 44 N. Cogni, ancient town of Turkey, in Asia, in Caramania, in a country abounding in corn, fruits, pulse, and cattle. Here are sheep, whose tails weigh 30 pounds. It is 270 miles SR of Constantinople. Lon. 35 56 E, lat. 37 56 N. Cohansti, river of New Jersey, which rises in Salem count)', and enters the bay of Delaware, about 8 miles below Green- wich. Cohasset, seaport and post town, in Nor- folk countv, Massachusetts, about 25 miles NE of Igoston. Cohasset, township, including the forego- ing post town, Norfolk county, Massachu- setts. Populatiim in 1810, 994, and in 1820, 1699. Coimhettore. province and town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, in the kingdom of Mysore. Since tlie defeat and death of Tippoo Sultan, it belongs to tlie E st In- dia Cmipany. It is 100 miles S by E of Seringapatam. L-n. 77 10 E, ht. 10 5 N. Coimhra, town of Portugal, capital of Beira, with a bishop's see, and a un ver- sity. It stands on a mountain, by the side ' of the river Mondego, 100 miles NE of Lisbon, in a very pleasant country, abound- ing in vineyards, olive trees, and fruits. Lon. 8 17 W, lat. 40 12 N. Coire, 'own of Ssvisser'and, capital of the country of the Grisons. It is situated at t:>e fo'it of the Alps, in a rich p ain, and is sur- j'oiinded by ancient brick wails, with square and round towers, in the style of fortification, prior to the invention of gun- powder. The streets are narrow and 214 dirty ; and the inhabitants .ire computed at 3000. It is seated near the Rhine, 48 mil's S of Constance. Lon. 9 25 E, lat. 46 50 N. Coitsville, township in Trumbull county, Ohio. Population in 1810, 429, and in 1820, 541. Cokalaldskit, river of the United States, rises m the Chippewan mounta ns, and flowing NW, falls into Chark's river. Lon. W C 35 W, lat. 47 N. Cokenhausen, strong town of Russia, in the government of Livonia, on the river Dwina, 50 miles SE of Riga. Lon. 25 50 E, lat, 56 30 N. Col, one of the Western Islands of Scot- land, nine miles SW from the point of Ard- namurchan, in Argyleshire. It is rich in corn and pasture, and abounds with fish, Lon. 7 15 W, lat. 57 N. Colallco, township in Lancaster county, Pennsvlvania. Population in 1810, 4024, and in 1820, 4590. Colbrook, township in Litchfield county, Connecticut. Population in 1810, 1243, and ii, 1820, 1274. Colberg. seaport of Prussian Pomerania, remarkable for its salt-works. It wa- taken by the Russians in 1761, but restored at the subsequent peace. It is seated at the mouth of the Persant, on the Baltic, 60 miles NE of Stettin. Lon. 15 39 E, kt. "54 21 N. Colchester, borough of Essex, governed by a mayor, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is seated on an eminence OR the Coin, which is navigable to a place called Hythe, where the custom house is situated. In 1811. the irimber of inhabi- tants was 12,544, It is 22 miles SW of Ipswich, and 51 ENE of London. Lon. 58 E, lat. 51 53 N. Colchester, township of Essex count}'. Upper Canada, on lake Erie, below Mai- den. Colchester, town of Chittendon county, Vermont, at the mouth of Onion river. Population 660 Colchester, p st town and township. New London county, Connecticut. In this town was located in 1801, an Academy v/hich has since become one of the most flourishing institutions in the United States. Colchester, township and post town, Dela- ware county. New York. It is mountain- ous, and watt red by the head streams of the river Delaware. Population in 1820, 1064. Colchester, town in Fairfax county, Vir- ginia, 16 miles S by W of Alexandria, and 26 irom W - ington, being situated on Oc- qnakan creek, a branch of the Potomac river. Coldirigliam. he.ithy tract near the roast, in the county of Berwick, in Scotland, an- cientlv noted for a nunnerv, built in the COL G U L 12th century by Edgar, king ot' Scotland. Ebba, one of the abbesses, renowned in tradition for her chastity, gave ramc to the nei^iibouring nroinontory called St. Abb's Head. Coldinff, town of Denmark, in N Jutland, remarkable for its bridge, over which all the cattle pass, that go from Jutland into Holstein, and pa\ a small toll, which brings in a considerable revenue 'o the king. Here is a royal paiace, containing a suite of 190 rooms. It is situated at the extreniity of a bay of the Little Hclt, 50 miles S b> E of Wiburg, on an eminence in a pleasant country abounding with game. Lon. 10 15 E, lat. 53 35 N. Cold Spring, post office, New Jersey, in Cape May county. Cold Spring Cove, near Burlington, New Jersey. Coldstream, town in the county of Ber- wick, seated on the Tweed, ov46; and in I82u, 866. Coleran, town.ship ot Belmont county, NE trom Clainsville Population in 1810, 471 ; an^' in 1820, 778. Colerain, township in Hamilton county, Ohio, on the E side of the Great Miami river, 15 miles from its mouth, and op- posite to Crosby. Population in 1810, 1058 ; and in 1820, 1906. Colerain, tov/nship of Hampshire coun- ty, Massachusetts ; hourded north v/ard by th.. line that divides this state trom Vermont Colerain township of Bt-df' rd county, Pennsylvania. It is situated near the N line which divides Maryland and Penn- sylvania, and contains about 3000 inha- bitants Coleshill, town in Warwickshire, seat- ed on the side of a hill, on the Coin, over which is a stone bridge. It is 11 ir.iles N W ot Coventry, and 105 ot London. Lon, 1 35 W. lat. 52 32 N C o/r.vt;?£7e,post viilageof Windsorcoun- ty. New York. Colesvi'le, pust village of Montgomery countv, Maryland. C^lesvi'le, post town of Chesterfield county, Virginia, 152 miles from VVabh- iugton. Cohford. town in Glor.cestershire. with a market on Tursdav. 14 miles S tif Here- ford, and 123 W b\ N of London. L:n. 2 40 W, lat. 51 48 N. CoUma, town of Mexico, caj-ital of a fertile vallty of the same name. It is seated at the mouth of a river, near the N rtli Pacific Oc an, 300 mdes W of Mexico, in the intenduicy of Vaila(!olid, near a volcinic mountain Lon. W C 26 10, lat 9 .ON. Cdioure. seaport vi France, in the de- partment of th.- Eastern Pyrenees and late i)ri)vince of R. usilion. It is a small, but a stroni; town, seated at the fi^t of the Pyrtnees, 10 n ilesSEof Ptrpignb'n. Lon. 3 8 E. lat. 42 34 N. Colin, village of Bfhemia, 28 miles E from Prague ; remarkab'e, as being the scene of a sanguinary battle, June 17th, 1757, in which th' Prussians, under Fre- d< rick the Gn at, were def' ated by the Austrians under marshal Daun. Colle. episcopal town of Tuscany. 10 mil. s NW of Sienna. Lon. 11 7 E, lat. 43 16 N. I'oUege Grant township in C'os county. New Hampshire. Population in 182" 33. Collfge, townships, are tv/o tracts of land, each miles square, situated in the 215 COL COL centre of Athens county, Ohio, adjoining each other, the one on the N, the other S. Through the northernmost, runs the Hockhocking river, adjactnt to many parts of which are several tracts of ex- cellent land. The names ot those town- ships arose from the circumstance of their having been granted as a donation to the college of Athens; the right of soil to which, belongs exclusively to the said college. College^ township of Ohio, six miles square, in the western border of Butler county, belonging to the Miami universi- ty. See Oxford. Colleton, district of South Carolina ; bounded by the Atlantic Ocean and Charleston district SE ; Beau-ort SW ; Barnwell and Orangeburgh N\V ; and part of Charleston NE : length 57, mean width 30 ; area 1700 square miles. Sur- face generally flat ; and soil, except on the streams, of indifferent quality. Sta- ples, rice, cotton, and tobacco. Chief town, Waterborough. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 2,344 do. do. females - - 1,946 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - . 211 Slaves 21,858 Total population in 1810 - 26,359 Population in 1820. Free white males - do. do. females Total whites - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males _ _ _ do. females - - _ Total population in 1820 - 26,373 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 3 Engaged in Agricultiu'e - - 1,060 do. in Manufactures - 5 do. in Commerce - 52 Population to the square mile, 16. Collmore's-'ridge, plantation in Lincoln county, Maine. Cnlniar, city of France, capital of the department of U])per Rliine, and late province of Uj^per Alsace. It is seated near the river 111, 35 miles S bv W of Strasburg. Lon. 7 27 E, lat 48 5 N. C'olmars, town of France, now in ihe department of the Lower Alps, latelv in the province of Provpnce, 20 milts E of Digne. Lon. 6 33 E. lat. 44 7 N. Cobnagarod, tov;n of Russia, in an island formed by the river Dwina, with an arch- bishop's see, 30 miles SE of Archangel. Lon. 39 42 E, lat. 64 14 N. Co/7i,name of several of the small rivers in England, the chief of which rises near Clare in .SuflTnlk, and passing by Haistead and Colchester, in Essex, falls into the German Ocean, b.tween Mersey Island and the mainland. In the inlets and pools, at the mouth of this river, are bred the famous Colchester oysters. Culnbrook, town of Bucks, with a nnar- ket on Wednesday, seated on the river Coin, 17 miles W of London. Lon. 25 VV, lat. 51 29 N. Colne, town in Lancashire, with a mar- ket on Wednesday, seated on a hill, 36 miles SE of Lancaster, and 214 NNW of London. Lon. 2 5 W, lat. 53 50 N. Cohiei, cape of New California, SW from the town of St. Thomas, and bay of Virgins. Lon. W C 40 50 W, lat. 31 40 N. Colocc, town of South America, in the Upper part of Santa Crug de la Sienna, on the river Guapey. Lon. W C 12 50 E. lat. 13 20 S Colochina, ancient town of Turkey, in the Morea, 50 miles SE of Misitra. Lon. 23 22 E. lat. 36 32 N. Colocza, town of Hungary, on the Da- nube, capital of the county of Bath, with an archbishop's see, 57 miles SE of Buda. Lon. 18 29 E. lat. 46 38 N. Cologna, town of Italy, in the Paduan, 26 miles S W of Padau. Lon. 17 27 E. lat. 45 14 N. Cologne, electorate of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, bounded on the N by the duchy of Cleves and Cuelderland, on the E by the duchy of Berg, on the S by the archbishopric of Treves, and on the W by the duchy of Juliers. It is one of the most fertile countries in the empire, abounding- with all the necessaries of life. Cologne, ancent city of Germany, capi- tal of the electorate of Cologne, with a bishop's see, and a famous university, seat- ed on the river Rhine, 17 miles E of .Ju- liers. Lon. 7 10 E.lat. 50 55 N. Colombia, republic of South America, composid of the former vice royalty of New Granada and the captain general- ship of Venezuela, or Caracas. It is bound- ed by the Pacific Ocean from the mouth of Tumbez river. South America, lat. 3 45 .S, to Dnlcebay, in North America, lon. W C 5 10 V*'. Itit 8 30 N ; thence crossing the Isthmus between Dnlce and Carlago bays, mcliiding the provinces of Panama, and Veragiia, on the gulf of Nicaragua : thence along the Carribean sea, and Atlantic Ocean, to Cape Nassau, between Spanisli and Dutch Guyana, lon. W C 18 22 E.lat. 8 N ; thence S to Issequibo river, and up that stream to its source in the mountains, separating Colombia from the Portuguese COL COL territories: thence VV along thosa moun- tains, to the source of the Orinoco, wliere the bounilary indues to S\V, and continues in that direciion to the Rio Negro at Fort de Saint Jose. Here commences an artifi- cial hmit which, in a direction something W of S, continues to St. Fernando at the mouth of the Rio lea on the Amazon ; thence wp the latter, the Tunguragaa, and Lauricocha, to the foot ol'ihe Andes at Ion. W G 1 30 W. lat. 6 20 S ; thence crossing the Andes, and turnmg to NVV by N be- tween Jaeii, and Piur.i, to the place of be- ginning at Tumbez. Th:s vast empire includes besides innu- merable smull^r sireams, the entire waters of the Orinoco, and Magdalena, toijether with tiie northwestern confluents of the Amazo >. In respect to climate, it em- braces from Pom (iail na-, 10 20 N. to the banks of the Lauricocha, at the southern extension of Jaen, lat. 6 S. It includes, independent of minor indentings, on the Pacfic Ocean 17u0 miles of sea coast ; 1700 miles on the Cafribl)ean sea ; and 300 miles on the Atlantic Ocean ; giving an aggre- gate navigable ocean border of o700 miles. Tlie interior land frontier exceeds 2400 mdes, the wliole yielding an outline of 6100 miles. Within this wide perimiter, are enclosed all the varieties of soil from the frozen summits of Chimborazo, Cayam- be Urcu, and Cotopaxi, to the almost illi- mitable plains of Cassinare, and the allu- vial Delta of the Orinoco. The ocean lim- its present a front to the commerce of Asia, one to the United States and Mexico, and one to Europe and Africa. In the interi- or the highly navigable confluents of the Amazon, and Orinoco renders these exten sive regions accessible at almost everv point by water. It is obvious that in this greatly diversified expanse, every vegeta- ble production of the earth can be matur- ed with ease, and in abundance. The whole surface amounts to within a small fraction of 1,100,000 square miles. The following table is taken from an official statement in the Columbian Gazette, pub- li.hed at Bogota, and republished in the Aurora. 17-=:== Departments Provinces Provincial po- Departmenta Senators. Represenla pulation. population. tives, fGuayana 45,000 2 Orinoco J Cumana ^. Barcelona Lvi»igaretta 70,000 45,000 o 2 15,000 175,000 4 1 Venezuela C (J:iracas I Rarinas 350.000 80,000 430,000 4 12 3 rCoro j Truxillo A Merida 30,000 1 Suha 33,400 50,000 1 2 l^Maricaibo 48,700 162,100 4 2 fTunja 200,000 7 j Socoro 150,000 S Boyacca "^ Piiiiplona 75,000 3 I^Casanare 19,000 444,000 4 1 I^Bogola 172,000 6 Cundinamar- I Antioquia ■> Mariqiiita 104,000 45,000 3 2 ca I^Neiba 50,000 371,000 4 ^ Cauca r Popayan I Choco 171,000 6 22,000 193,000 4 1 #-Carthagena 170,000 6 Magdalena 3 Santa Martha 6:.700 2 V Rio Hacha 7,000 239,300 4 1 Quit') 250,000 3 Quijos, Majas 35,000 1 Cuenca 78,000 3 Jaen 13,000 1 Mainas 56,000 1 Loja 48,000 2 Guayaquil 90,000 550,000 3 Panama] 50,000 2 Veragua 30,000 80,000 1 2,644,800 28 90 2i; C U L G O L The former seven provinces known un- der the i^eneral name of Quito, has not been distributed into departments or sena- torial districts ; nor h;id the two North Ameiicm provinces of Panama and Vera- gua. It is, however, supposed ihat the en- suing' congress will compr.se those nine provinces into three deparuntnts, which from the senatorial ratio of four senators to each department will raise that body to 50 members. From (he apportionment of re- presentation already adopted, toe nine pro- vinces, will have five memliers, augmenting the lowei' house to ninety five, Colombo, town of Ceylon, and seat of the British establishmen s on that island. Lat. 7 4N. Colombotz, castle of Turkey in Europe, in Holj^aria, on a hill, under which is the stroll}^ pass of Urania. Colomey, or Colomia, town of Poland, in Red Russia, seated on the river Pruth, 42 miles SE of Hahtz. Lon. 25 40 E. lat. 43 41 N. CoIoTina, town of Italy, in Campagna. C'oloi-ado, river of Mexico, in the Pro- vincias Internas, or rather unconquered country, N\\ of Sonera, and New Mexico. This stream rises in the mountains which give also source to the confluents of Mis- souri, Columbia ar.d Rio Grande del Norte, at N lat. 41, and W Ion from W G 35. Its general course is SW by S receiving nu- merous antl large branches from the east, joins the Uio Gila, N lat, 33, dilates into a vt ry wide estuary, which has received the distinctive name of the guif of California. The regions watered by this great river is very defectively known. Its entire length if the gulf is included exceeds 1200 miles, Colorado, r.ver of Mexico, province of Texas, rises in the unexplored country be- tween the Red and Rio Grande rivp-rs, and falls into the gulf of Mexico N lat. 29, W lo... \Y C 19. Colorado, river of South America, rises in the Andes S lat. 32, and pursuing a SK course falls into the Atlantic Ocewn at lut. 40 S after an entire length of 700 miles by comparative courses. Colorno, town of Italy, in the Parmasan, reir die Po, eight miles from Parma. The duke of Parma had a pleasure house here, vk'liich was o-e of the mosi ,ielik:htful in Italv, and the gardens were very fine. Lon. 10 22 E. lat. 44 54 N. Colos-ivar, hr^e to'.'n of Transylvania, where the states meet. It is se;i'ed on the river Sam- s, 37 miles NW of Wei,-sem- burg, £.nd 120 E by S of Vienna. Lon. 23 15 E. lat 46 53 N. Colraiiie, towns'iip in Franklin county, Massuchuset's. Population in 1820,1961. Coloiiri, anrient Salamis. small island of Greece, ix miles W from Athens. Columbia, Oregon, or liiver of the West. This is amongst the most singular streams 218 in America. W of the Chippewan moun» tains, a valley extends nearly parallel to the coa^t of the Pjcific Oce>n, along which another nameless chain extends to an un- known distance. The intervening valley is about 350 mile» wide, and very hilly and broken where known. In this valley about N. lat. 54 rises the extreme north- ei'n source of Columbia, which flowing S upwards of 400 miles, receives Clarks ri- ver from the NE. B low the moutb of Clarks river the Columbia assumes a SW course 200 miles, receives at N lat. 46 10 Lewis's river fr m tlie NE Below the mouth of Lewis's river, the Columb a con- tinues to fl vv S as low as N lat. 46, where it urns abruptly, and assumes from that P'int TO it!> moutli a genend course nearly W. The Multnom.h or gn-ai t^outhcrn branch of Columbia joins that stream 288 miles by water, below the mouth of Lew- is's river. Thus, the Columbia is formed by four large branches, the Columbia pro- per, Clark's river, Lewis's river and Mult- nomah. Of these branches, the first and last are very imperfectly known. The Columbia proper enlerlocks, in the Chippewan mountains with the sources of the Unjiga, and Siishishawin rivers. When seen by M'Kenzie, it was a stream of considerable size, but from that point to the mouth of Cliik's river, the intermediate tributaries of C ilumbia are unknown. Clark's rivf^r rise s by a great number of branches in the Ch ppewan range, enter- locks with the sources ot Missouri, and S brunch of Sashashawin rivers. The ex- treme southern source of Clark's river, is about N lat. 45, ;.nd W lon W C 34 30 ; it thence flows NW by N 500 miles be- yond N lat. 49, gradually curves W and SW, finally joins the Columbia after an en- tire comparative course of upwards of 500 miles. Lewis's river rises at N lat. 43, enter- locks with the sources of the Arkansaw, Plate, and Yello'vst.me river, it thence flows W iwo hundr-.d miles and assumes a northern course of 200 miles, receives its northern br.nch, a 1 rge tributary s ream of above 200 miles in length. Bdow the mouth of t'te northern branch, Lewis's ri- ver curves gradually to tlie "W 2ij0 miles, unites witli the Columbia, after an entire cour e of oOU miles. The M'iti omah, draws its waters from a terra incignila The Spanish tiavellers fro n Mex'co, ascend ngtiir- C lorado, to its source, found to the N of that river two streams flowing wo-stwai.i, to one of which they gave the name of Rio de Buenaven- tura, and to 'he other, and most northerly, that of Riode San Clementini. From ana- logy with the otiier rivers, and the general configuration of that part of N. America the San Clementini, is supposed to be the ex- COL COL treme SE ource of the Multnomah. If so, Colmnbia, pnst town, Maine in Washing- thai river rLs! s at N. lal. 41, and \V Ion. W ton ciuiity, 20 miles \V from Machias, C 34, and has an entire comparative course Columbia, township in Washington coun- of 7 a region of more than 700 miles bv 500 miles, or above 350,000 square miles, which is utterly unexplored. This is a wide field for future enterprise. From the concurrent testimony of all Foreigners not naturalized - travellers :md voyagers, wlio have vi^ited Engaged in Agriculture the west coa'-t of N America. The climate do. in Manuf ctures - is much mo;e mdd than in similar lati- do. in Commerce tudes, in the Mississippi, B-siii or Atlantic Population to the square mile, 64 nearly, slope. This incrt-ased w rmih on the Columbia, post village, St. Lawrence western coast of America is in perfect county. New York. analogy with the plienomena of climate on Columbia, townsliip in Herkimer county, the opposing continent. As far, therefore. New York. Population in 1820, 2051. as the seasons are concerned, our Colum- Columbia, po>t town and town.sliip in bian territory will be more habitable than Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, on the will be the corresponding latitudes east of Susqueh nnah rivor, 11 miles SWbyW the Ciiippewan mouDtams. As in Eii.ope fom Lancaster. At this village a very fine and Asia, the zones of vegetable life will be bridge has been erected over the Susque- found to cut thos.e of latitude obliquely in hannah river. Population in 1820, 1891. N. Amerira. f-'thnvh'a, county of Pcnnsvlvania, on ' 2!9 18,0"S 18,433 36,516 525 528 474 387 38,330 133 7,604 2,175 271 i.: o L, COL bolh sides of the Susquehannah river, bounded SW and W, by Northumberland NW, by Lycoming; E by Luzerne; and SE by Schuylkill ; !ength 52 ; mean width 22; area abou' 709 square miles. Sur ace much variegaved b\ mount in-, hids, val lies, and by the fine bottoms of the Susque- hann-ih Thr soii of the river alluvi .1 lands vernment of Con- gress, and for local pui'poses, subdivided into, Washington City, c;mnty of Washing- ton, Alexandria, and Georgetown. The surface of the District of Columbia, is generally but very pleasantly diversified by hill and dale. The soil in its natural state, rather sterile. The climate is esteemed very healthy. The following tabl s will exhibit the progressive advance, and state of the population in 1820. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 8,140 do. do. females - - 7,949 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 2,549 Slaves ..... 5,395 Total whites - - - 22,614 Free persons of colour, males - 1,731 do. do. females - 2,317 Slaves, males .... 3,007 do. females . . , . 3,370 Add to the above. Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manuf. ctures do. in Commerce 33,039 564. 853 2,184 512 Total population in 1810 320 24,033 Total population in 1820 * 37,152 Population to the square mile, 371. From its po-^ition, Columbia is necessa- rily the centre of a very extensive and in- creasing commerce. Ti'e first falls in the Potomac at Georgetown, has been passed by a navigable casial ; and other canals have been formed at various place;- on the Poto- mac and Shenandoah rivers, which have opened to Columbia, the rich interior of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania. The quantity of flour and other domestic pro- duce, brought down the Potomac annually, is very considerable. The principal ship- ping interest of this district, centers at Alexandria, but extensive business is also done at Georgetown. The amount of ex- ports in 1817, amounted to near 1,800,000 dollars, and the sh-pping to about 21,750 tons. At the junction of the East branch with the Potomac, the Urited States have a Navy yard, to which vessels of the largest tonnage can ascend. A college has been organised in Wash- ington City ; as have also a medical society, a botanical society, and the Columbian in- stitute. Columbia, post town of Fluviana cotnity, Virginia, on the right bank of Rivanna river, 45 miles above Richmond, and 35 from Charlotteville. Columbia, post town, Richland district. South Carolina. It is also the capital of the state on the left bank of the Congaree, immediiitely below the confluence of Broad and Saluda rivf-rs. It is regularly laid out, upon ground considerably elevated above the neighbouring streams Boats of large draught a.-cend thus high, and a steam boat has recently been built, intended to ply be- tween '^olumbia and Charleston. Besides the ordinary buildings, suitable to legisla- tive and judicial proceedings, and for reli- gious purposes, a college, under the title of the " South Carolina College," was es- tablished in this town in 1801, under the direct patronage of the state. It has now a president, 4 professors, 2 tutors, and above 100 students., with an excellent li- COL brary, exceeding 5,000 volumes. It is in- deed one of the most flourishing institu- ti..'ns in the United States ; south vest from the Potomac. Columbia, county of Georgia ; b mnded bv Savannah rivir or North Carolina NK ; H.chmoiid SE ; Warren SW, and Wilkes and Lincoln NW; surface rather waving than hilly ; some vcy productive soil, w th much of a middling quality. Staples, gr lin, and coUon. Chief town, Aplmgt n. Popidation in 1810 Free wliite males ... 2,637 do. do. females - - • 2,592 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... - 33 Slaves ..... 5,980 U U L Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females ... All other persons except Indians not taxed . . . - Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - - - Total whites .... Kree persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males - . . - do. females Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white mal s - - do. do. females 11,242 Total population in 1820 5,529 5,250 99 10,878 11,238 10,635 21,873 91 69 22,033 2,663 2,550 Total whites - . - - 5,213 Free persons of colour, males 32 do. do. females 30 Slaves, males .... 3,763 do. females ... 3,657 Total population in 1820 - - 12,695 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 8 Engaged in Agricnltui'e - - 4,048 do. in Manufactures - - 39 do. in Commerce - - 7 Population to 'he square mile, uncertain. Columbia, post town and stat of justice, Maury coimty Ten essee, on the left bank of Duck river. Columbia, post town and seat of justice, .\dair county, Kentucky. Columbia, towns) ip in Cayah 'ga county, Ohio, Population in 1810, 205, and in 1820, 181. Columbia, township and post town, Ham- ilton county, Ohio. Population in 1810, 2U51, and in 1820, 2814. Columbia, township in Me'gs county, Ohio. Popul tion in 1820, 128. Columbia, post village of Indiana, in Gib. son county. Columbia, township in Lawrence county, Arkansas. Population in 1820, 520. Columbiana, county of Ohi' ; bounded by Pennsylvania E ; Jefferson and Harrison S ; Stark 'W, and Portage and Trumbull N j length 30 ; breadth 3U. It would contain 900 square miles, if a small triangle of 36 square miles were not cut fiom the SE cor. ner by the Ohio river, leaving 864 square miles. Surface extremely broken, and billy, though the soil is in most parts fer. tile. This county abounds in iron ore and mineral coal, and with excellent mill Etreams. Chief town, New Lisbon. Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 243 Engaged in Agricidlure - - 3,427 do. in Manufactures - • 1,029 do. in Commerce - - 1 Population to the square mile, 25. Columbiana, post town of Columbiana county, Ohio, on the waters of Great Bea- ver, 10 miles NNE from Nevv Lisbon. Columb, St. town in Cornwall, with a market on Thursday, seated on a hill 10 m'les W of B.^dmin. Lon. 4 52 W, lat. 50 20 N. Columbton, town in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday. It has a woollen manufacture, and is seated on the river Columb, over which there is a bridge. It is 12 miles NE of Exeter, and 164 W of London. Lon. 3 23 W, lat. 50 53 N. Columbus, post town. New York, Che- nango county. Population in 1820, 18U5. Columbus, county of North Carolina; bounded by South Carolina SW; Robeson NW ; Bladen NE, and Brunswick SE ; length 32 ; mean width 13 ; area about 400 square miles Surface fiat, Iv ing between the Wagim^w river, and Great Swamp creek. Soil generally, but of middling' quality. Chief town, Whitesville. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 1,081 do. do. females - - 1,211 All other persons except Indians not taxed _ _ - 27 Slaves 7Qo Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total wliites Fiee pc-rsons of colour, males do. do. females 221 3,022 (; o M C O M Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820 453 460 3,912 Of these; Foreigners not natiu-ilized - Engaged in Aj^riculture - - 516 do. in Manufactures - - do. in Commerce - - 3 Population to the square mile, 9^. Columbus, post town, seat of justice, and capital .;f the state, Frariklin c;>uiity, Oido, on t!ie left bank of the Sciota river, -15 miles above Chilicothe, and 110 miles NE from Cmcinnati. This town was laid out in 1812, and in 182U, contai led upwards of 200 houses, and moi e than 140U inhabitants. Beside the ordinary public buildings, f r stale and county purposes, it contains a penitentiary, a nuniber ot piace5 of public worsh p, some scliools, iw^ printing offices, and a number of m: rcantile stoes Cohimna, town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Moscow, with an archbishop's see, 50 miles SE of Moscow. I.on. 38 25 E, iat. 55 5 N. Com, populous town of Persia, in Irac Agenii, 100 m les N of Ispahan. Lon. 51 56 E, lat. 34 5 N. Comachio. episcopd town of Italy, in the FeiTaiesf. Tlie air is bad, for wiiicii rea- son it IS inhabited by a few fislu rmen on- ly. It is sf aled in a lake of the same name, 27 miles SE of Ferrara. Lon. 12 10 E, lat. 44 45 N. Comachio, lake of Italy, in the Ferrarese, between the two moviths < f the river E'o. It is 10 miles in circumference ; but dry m several places, and on one part a town of the same name i'^ built. Comanagotta, town of South America, in Terra Firma, 10 nules W of Comana. Lon. 64 40 W, lat. 10 10 N. Coinb-Mbey, village in Warwickshire, '3 miles from Covfntry, once famous for a I'ich abbey The cisurch is demohshed, but the abbey, modernized, is the soal of lord Craven. Combahee, river o'" Son'.h Carolina, rises between Savar.nah and SaiMee rivers, and flows SE, uito St. Helena Sound. Comb-J^Iartin, town in Devonshire, with a market on Tuesday. It 's seated on the British Channel, < here it has an inlet which I'uns through tl'C town. It is but a small place five miles E of Ilfracomb, and 176 W by S of London, L<.n. 4 2 W, lat. 51 13 N Comines, town of France, in the depart- ment i.f the North and late French Flan- ders, seated on die Lis, five miles S W of Menin. Lon. 3 4 E, lat. 50 45 N. C'o;«/i^, small river, rising on the limit between Lo'.iisiai:a and Mississipji, and flowing nearly S, crosses New Feliciana in the latter state, and falls into the Amite, 12 miles E from B.iton Rouge. Commercey, town of France in the de- partment ot Meuse and la e duchy ot Har, with a magnificen. castle, built by canhnal de Retz. It is seated on the river .Meuse, 160 aides E of Paris. Lo i. 5 44 E. lat. 48 40 N. Como, populous town of Italy, in the Mi- lanese, x\ith a bishop's see ; siuiuteu in a valley, enclosed by fertile mils, on the S ex reinity of a lake ot the same name. Tue houses are neatly built of stone ; and the catheilrul is a handsome edifice of white marble, hewn fiomthc neighbouring quar- ries. Como is 80 miles NE of Turin. Lon. 9 7 E, :at. 45 45 N. Como, the largest lake in Italy, in the Milanese. It is 88 miles in circumference, but not above six miles over in any one part. Comora Islands, five islands in the Indian Ocean, between the coast of Zanguebar and tiie N part of the island of Madagas- car. They are callefi Hinzuan, Mayoita, Mohilla, Angt zeia, and Comora. See Uin- zuun. Comorin, Cape, the most southern point of the peninsula of Hindoostan. Lon. 77 32 E, lat 7 50 N. Comorta, town of Lower Hungary, capi- tal of a territory of the same name. It is so well fortified, that the Turks could never take it. The greatest part of tiie inhabi- tants are of the Greek religion. It is seated on the Danube, in the island of Sibut, 70 miles S b)' E of Vienna. Lon 18 5 E, lat. 47 46 N. Compeigne, town of France, in the de- partment of tJise and late province of the Isle of France. It has a paiuce, in which the kings ol France otlen rtsided. The Maid of Orleans was taken prisoner here, in 1430 It is -eated near an extensive forest, ai the confluence oi the Aisne and Oiise. 45 miles NE of Paris. Lon. 2 55 E, lat. 49 25 N. Compostella, celebrated town of Spain, capital of (ialicia, with an archbish' p's see, and a university 'fhe archbis! op is one oi' tiie ricliest prelates in Sjiain, having 70,000 c;o«ns a \ear. From this ionn the mditary order of St. Jago, or St. James, had its orij;in. It is seated on a peninsula, formed by the Tanibra and Ulla, 265 miles NW of JVladnd. Lon. 8 17 W, lat. 42 52 N. Compostella, town of Mexico, in Guada- laxana, ntar the mouth of the Santiago river. Lon. W C 27 30 W, lat. 21 15 N. Compton, tov;nship in Bc^rgen county. New. Jersey. Population in 1820, 2818. Conujobary, post town in .Montgomery county, New York, on the S side of -Moiiock river, 41 miles W by N of Schenectady, and 57 NW of Albany. " (JON U O N Cona-waiigo, small river flowing tiom Chatauque and Casada lakes, Chatauqiie county, New York, and entering I'eniisyl- vania, falls into Allegany river at Warren. Concan, low tract of country, on the W coast of the Deccan of Hindoostan. From this tract rises abruptly that stupendous wall of mountains called the Gauts. It is subject to the Mahruttas, and lies between 15 and 20 degrees X lat. Concarneau, sc'poi't of France, in the departiTient of Finisterre and la'e provi ce of Brittany, with a castle 12 miles SE of Quimp r.' Lon. 4 2 E, lat. 47 46 N". Conception, seaport of Ver igua, in the Caribbean sea, 9U miles \V from Panama. Lon. W C 3U 2U \\, lut. 8 N. Conception, small town or post, on the coast of New California. Lon. W C 42 25 W, Lit. 34 40 N. Conception, bay of Newfoundland, be- tween tlie point of Grates, and Cape St. Francis. Central latitude 47 40, N lon. W C 24 E. Conception, town of New Granada, on the Meta. Conception del Pao, town of Colombia, in Venezaela. .Lon. VV C 11 50 E, lat. 8 45 N. Conception, town of Chili, on the Pacific Ocean, with a bishop's see, with a very large harbour. It has been often tak n and ravaged by the native Americans, and is seated on the South Pacific Ocean, 230 miles N of Baldivia. Lon. W C 3 40 E, lat. 36 40 S. Conchas, river of .Mexico, in Durango, rises in a range of mountains in the western part of that province, and flows first south, th-^n east, finally turns nearly to due north, falls into the right bank of Rio Grande del Norte, a little above N, lat. 31, after a comparative course of about 300 mile.s. Concord, township in Rockingham coun- ty. New Hampshire. Population m 1810, 2393, and in 1«20, 2838. Concord, post town of Rockingham coun- ty. New Ha.npsliire,in the foregoing town- ship, ft is the seat of the st-^te government, and stands on the we»t bank 'f Merrimack river, 60 miles N\W from B ston, at N lat. 43 12 N, lon W C 5 30 E From its po- sition, and by means of the Middlt- sex ca- nal, and other improvements i i the naviga- tion of the Merrimack, Concord lias a direct water communication with Boston, and Newburyport, and is a place of consideraMe inland commerce. It has now about 200 houses and 1000 inhabitants. Concord, township in Grafton coiin.ty. New Hampshire. Population in 1810, 1126, and in 1820, 1126. Concord, township in Middlesex county, Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 163"3i and in 1820, 1788. Concord, post town, Vermont in Esstx county, on Connecticut river, 40 miles ENE from .Montpelier. Ccncord, river of Massachusetts, rising in Norfolk, but having most of its sources and course in Middlesex county ; it falls into the M rrimac belov/ Chelm.-ford. The fine Middlesex canal is chiefly supplied with water by this stream. Concord, post town, Middlesex county, Massachusetts, 18 mdes NW from Boston. It is alternaiely witii Cambridge, the seat of justice for the county. Concord, township in Erie county, New York, south from Buflldoe. Population m 1820, 278. Concord, township in Saratoga county. New York. Population in 1820, 571. Concord, township in Delaware county, Pennsylvania, on Chester creek. Popula- tion in 1810, 1061, and in 1820. 1032. Concord, post town of Sussex county, Delaware, on Bcoad creek, branch of Nan- tikoke river, on the road from Georgetown to Laurel county Concord, post village of Campbell coun- ty, Virginia. Concord, post town and seat of justice, Cabawas county. North Carolina, 30 miles SW fp-m Salisbury. Concord, township, Erie county, Penn- sylvania Population in 1820, 53- Concord, township of Favette count}', Oiilo P .pulation in 1820. 347. Concord, township of Highland cotinty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1035. Concord, township in Mi. mi county, Ohio Population in 1810, 679, and in 1820, 591. Concord, township, Ross county, Ohio. Population in 1810, 1277, and in 1820, 2234. Concord, township of Delaware countv, Ohio. Population in 1820, 209. Concord, township in Champaign county, Oliio. Population in 1820. 507. Concord, township of Washington coun- ty, M ssouri. Concoidia, town of Italy, in the duchy of Mirand )la, on the river Sechia, five mi es VV of Mirandoia. Lon. 11 13 E. lat. 4^/; 52 N. Concordia, town of Italy, in Venetian P'ri'ili, with a bishop's see, 28 miies SSW ot Udina. It is now Imo^t ruined, and the bishop resides at Porto Gruaro. Concordia, parish of Loui^iana on the W side of the Missi'^.^ppi ; bouiulfd by the Mi'r- mandv. Ft is 15 miles VV of Paris. Lon. 37 W. lat. 48 50 N. C'ondecedo, cape of North America, in Yucii'iin, 100 miles W o: Merida. Lon. W C 27 W. lat. 20 50 N. Condestiios de ^ireqnipa, province of Peru, on the Pacific Oce;m. Condom, large tov. nof France, in the dep irttnent of Gers, and late provitice of Gascopy. It was l.itelv an ep}sco!)al see; and is seated on the Raise, 22 miles VV of Aurh. Lon.O 36 E. lat. 44 1 N Condore, capital of a Tiumber of islands, in the Indian Ocean. It produces man- goes, which grow on trees, as large as ap- ple-trees; the fruit isoftlie size o* a small peach, and when rip' has a plensant smell and t:ste. The inh bitants a-e small in stature, vve'1 shaped, and of a dark olive- complexion ; their faces are long, with black straight hair, small black eyes, high noses, thin lips, white teeth, and little mouths. The English East India Compa- 224 ny had a settlement here in 1701 ; but tite factors falling oit with the natives, most of tUem nere murdered, and the rest driven t'lence in 1705. Lon. 107 26 E. lat. 2 40 N. Condrien, town of F:ance in the depavt- mciit of Rhone and' l^o re and l.te pro- vince o*"Lyonois, rematkahle fur its excel- lent wines. It is seated at the fo' t of a hdl near the Xhone 17 m les S of Lyons. Lon. 4 53 E. lat 45 23 N. C'lnecocheagiie, small river of Pennsylva- nia and Maryland, ri esin the former by two brmchrs ; one iieading on the bound- ary between Perry and Fr.inklin couny, and between North and Ttiscarora moun- tains, and the other near Cliambersburg, enterlockmg with the sources of the Cone- dogwinil. The two branches fi,f England, France, Venice and Hoiland reside. This city is built in the fofm of a triangle; and as the ground rises gradually, there is a view of the ■whole town from tiie sea, Th.e public buildings, such as the p daces, .he mos- ques, bagnois, and caravansaries for the en- tertainment of strangers, are many of them verv magn.ficent. Lon. ■^9 20 E. lat. 41 4N. Constantinople, Strait of, ancicn ly the Thracian Bosphorus, and forming tlje com- munication between the Euxine or Black Sea, and the Proriontis, or sea I'f Marmora. It is 20 miles long, and three fourths of a mile broad, where narrowest. Th.e Turks have built two castles opposite to each other, to defend the passage. It forms the separation here between Europe and Asia. On one side of it is situated Cons ant.no- ple, and on the other Scutari, where ^he grand seignior has his seraglio. ConstantinQiu, t^wn of Poland, in Volhi- nia, on the river Selucza, 62 miles NE of Karrinieck. Lui. 27 20 E iat. 49 58 N. Contesso, seaport of Turkey in Europe, on a guU of the same name, ancient Stry mouicus Sinus, in the Archipelago, 200 miles VV of Coi^stantinople. Lon. 23 58 E. 1 .1 41 8 N Co7iti, town of France, in the depa: tment of SoiTme and late province of Picuidy. It firmeily gave the tiUe of prince to a branch of the royal family of France. It is seated on the Sedle, 14 miles SW of Amiens, and 62 N of Paris. Lon. 2 13 E. Iat. 49 42 N. Contacook, river of New Hampshire, rises in Cheshire county, and flowing NE over Hillsborough, falls into the Merrimac at Concord. Contrecoeur, seigniory, Surry county. Lower Canada, on the right side of 3t. Lawrence, and on both sides of Sorelle river. Conversano, town of Naples, in Terradi Bari, with a bishop's see, 12 miles SE of Bari. Lon. 17 6 E, lat. 41 20 N. C'o7zwny, t"vvn in Carnarvonshire, with a market on Friday ; seated at the mouth of the Conway, :nd distinguished by the massy vemai'^s of its castle, formerly one of the most magnificrnt st.ructur^s of the kind in the kingdom. It is 18 miles RNE of Cfirnarvon, and 235 VVNW of London. Lon. 4 1 W. lat. 53 20 N. Con-way, river of N. Wales, which flow- ing through 9. fertile vale of the same name, 228 along the whole eastern border of Carnar- vonshire, falls into the Irish Sea, at the town of Conway. Comvay, town of Sudbury county, New- Brunswick, on the light baivk of St. John's river, and near the bay of Fundy. Conivay, township and post town, Straf- ford county. New Hampshire, Population in 1820. 1365. Conivay, township and post town, Frank- lin co'mty, Massachusetts. Population in 1820, 1705. Contuot/, borough, post office, Horry dis- trict, Soutn Carol na. Conyatt, tovvnhhip in Crawford county, Penu^yiv;inia. Population in 1810, 285 and in 1820, 265. See Conemight. Conyngham, village and post town, Lu- zerne county, situated in Nescopeck Val- ley, upon the turnpike, leading from Ber- wick towards Bethlehem. It is 12 miles from the Susquehannah at Berwick, and 18 miles from the Lehigh at Lansanne. It'is biult upon one street, at the foot of the Buck Mountain Conxa, town of Naples, in Principato UUeri re, with an archbishop's see. It was so greatly ruined by an earthquake in 1694, that the place where the cathedral stood is hardlv known. It is 52 miies E of Naples. L n. 15 35 E. Iat. 40 50 N. Cook's River, large river of N. America, which flows into the N. Pacific Ocean. It was discovered in 1778, by Captain Cook, who leit a blank for its name which was filled up by the earl of Sandwich. This riv r was traced as high as lai. 61 30 N, which is above 70 leagues from its mouth, m lon. 152 W. Cooke's-La-w office, post office, Elbert couiity, Georgia. Cook's Strait, strait dividing the two islands of which New Zealand is compos- ed : it is about four or five leagues broad. Coolspring, township in Mercer county) Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 521, and ill 1820, 596. Cooper, river of South Carolina, which rises in the district of Georgetown, and falls into Charlestown harbour, on the E side of the city. The Santee canal which unites Charleston harbour with Santee ri- ver, is extended from the head of Cooper river. See Santee. Cooper's To-um, po^t town, and seat of justice, Otsego county, New York, on Ot- sego lake, wesi side of its oudet into Sus- queliann.h river. Cooper, county of Missoiu'i, between Osage and Missouri rivers. Boundaries and extent uncertain. Surface of the coun- try diversified, with considerable pnirie. The alluvial soil of the rivers of first rate quality. Chief town, Boonville. c^o o Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females - Total whites • . - - Free persons of colour, males - do. do, females Slaves, males . - . do. females - - - Total population in 1820 3,383 2,924 6,307 13 2 344 293 6,959 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 2 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,605 do. in Manufactures - 157 do. in Commerce - - 28 Population to the square mile, uncertain. Coos, northern county of New Hamp- shire, bounded by Connecticut river NW ; by Lower Canada N ; by Maine E ; by Straflord county New Hampshire S ; and by Grafton SW ; length 84 ; mean width 20; area 1680 square miles. Tiie highest mountains m the United States is in tliis county ; the While hills rising to 7,300 feet above the level of the Ocean. Inde- pendent of the mountains the face of the country is in general broken, veiy hilly, and highly picture-^que. Much of the soil is, however, productive in grain and pas- turage. Chiet town, Lancaster. Population in 1810. Free white males . . - 2,366 do. do. females ... 1,905 All other persons except Indians not taxed - . . . 20 Slaves Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males . . . do. do. females - - - Total whites - . - . Free persons of colour, males ■ do. do. females Slaves, males . , - . do. females - . - Total population in 1820 - 3,991 2,737 2,808 5,549 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 8 Engaged in Agrcultuie - - 1,760 do. in Manufactures - 71 do. in Commerce - - 12 Population to the square mile, 3^. Coosa River, the NW and main branch of Abbama, rises in the nortii-we;t part of Georgia, flowing first SW about 100 miles, enters Alabama, and gradually turns to a south course nearly, in which direction it C O Q continues 200 miles to its junction with the Tallapoosa, or head of Alabama river. It is boatable generally to Wettumka falls, 7 miles above its mouth, and at high water, to the junction of Etowlah and Oostenalah rivers in Georgia. Coosaxvutchy, river of South Carolina, fails into Port Royal Sound. Coosa-watchy, post town and seat of jus- tice, in Beaufort county. South Carolina ; lying on the Coosahatchie river, about 7S miles westward from Charleston, Cootstoivn, post town, Berks county, Pennsylvania; situated on Maiden creek, a branch of the river Schuylkill, and about 17 miles NE of Reading. Copenhagen, capital of the kingdom of Denmark ; situated on the eastern shore of the island of Zealand, upon a fine bay of the Baltic sea, not far from the strait called the Sound. Lon. 13 E, lat. 55 30 N. Copenhagen is the best built city of the north ; for although Petersburg excels it in superb edifices, yet as it contains no wooden houses, it does not display that striking contrast of meanness and magnificence, but in general exhibits a more equable and uni- form appearance. This city is five miles in circumference, and seated on the E shore of the isle of Zealand, 300 miles SW of Stockholm, and 500 NE of London. See Amak. Copely, township in Medina county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 169, Copiapo, Cape, town and province of northern Ciiili. The province lies between the Andes mountains and Pacific Ocean. The town is near the Cape of the same name. Lon. W C 6 15 E, lat. 26 55 S. Copilowats, town of Turkey, in Europe, in Bulgaria. Lon. 56 35 E, lat. 46 40 N. Coporia, town of Ingria, in the Russian government of Petersburg, at the mouth of a river of the same name. Lon. 29 E, lat. 59 34 N. Copper-Mine, river of British North America, entering the sea, according to Hearne the discoverer. Lon. W C 34 W, iat. 69 N. Copper-Mine Faint, Upper Canada, oh the south side ot Lake Superior, between Mamonce point and Montreal river. Coijvet, river in Northumberland, which crossing the centre of that country, falls into the German Ocean, at Warkworth. Coquet, island on the coast of Northum- btrlaiid, opposite the mouth of the river Coquet. Coqmmbo, seaport of Chili, on a river of the same name. It has been otten pillaged by the English. Lon. W C 5 42 \V, lat. 29 54 S. Coqunnbo, province of Chili, betv.een the Andes mountains and Pacific Ocean. It is a most delightful region, enjoying almost perennial spring. Coquimbo is the capital- COR COR Cora, capital of the island of Samso. Coraco, cape on the east side of the island of Metelin and Lesbos. Corah or Corahjehmabad, city of Hin- doosthn Proper, in Dooab, subject to the naSob of Oude. It is 60 miles SSW of Lucknow. Lon. 79 45 E, lat. 26 5 N. Corbach, t-wn of Gtrmany, in tiie princi- pality of Waldeck, 10 miles N\V of VVal- deck. Lon 8 58 E, lat. 51 20 N". Corbeck, town of Ausirian Brabant, three miles S of Louvain. Lon. 4 49 E, lat. 50 50 N. CorbeiU town of Fr-nce, in the depart- ment of Seine and Oise and late provmce of the isle of Prince, seated on the Seine, 17 miles S of Paris. Lon. 2 25 E, lat. 48 33 N. Corbie, town of Fiance, in the depart- ment of Somme and late province of Picar- dy, with a late celebrated Beneuicti;ie ab- bey, seated on the Somme, 10 miles E of Amiens. Lon. 2 38 E, lat 49 54 N. Corby, t. wn of Germany, on the con- fines of Westphalia, with a famous ab- bey, who^e abbot is a sovereign prince. It is seated on the Weser, 30 miles E by N of Paderborn. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 51 50 N. Cordova, episcopal town of Spain, in Andalusia, remarkable for its antiquity, and for having preserved its splendour and riches through so many ages, it being well known to the Romans by the name of Cor- duba. In 1759, Abdoulrahman only heir of the Ommiad line fixed his royal residence at Cordova. Then began those flourishing ages of Arabian gallantry and magnificence, which rendered the Moors of Spain supe- rior to all their cotemporaries in arts and arms, and made Cordova one of the most splendid cities of the world. When Eu- rope was buried in ignorance and debased by brutality of manners, it became the centre of politeness, industry and genius. Great and expensive monuments of archi- tecture were undertaken and completed by many of these Spanish monarchs ; whose remains nobody can behold witliout being strongly impressed with a high idea of tl»e genius of the artists, as well as the gr.an- deur cf the prince who carried them into execution. It is seated on the Guadalqui- ver, over which is a magnificent stone bridge. The circumference is !arge, but it is not peop'ied in pr >portion to its ex- tent, for there are many orcliards and gardens witliin the walls. The palaces, churches, and religious houses are superb, particularly tiie cathedral, which is very magnificent. It was a mosque when tlie Moors possessed the town : for which rea- son it still retains the nime of Mezquita. The sqtiare, called the Plaza Major, is sur- rounded by fine houses under which ara piazzas. The trade consists in wine, silk 2.30- and Cordovan leather ; and in the neigh- bourhood are a vast number of orange and lemou trees. The best horses in Spain come ht-nce. Cordova is 75 miles NE of Seville, and 137 S bv W of Madrid. Lon. 4 4 W, lat. 32 10 S. Cordova, town of S. America, in Tucu- man, with a bishop's see, 180 iniles E bvN of St. Jago. Lon. W C 13 R, lat. 31 23 S.' 1 It is situated in an extensive level country, Cordova, ex'ensive province of the U:iited Provinces of La Plata, of which the preceding place of the same name is the capital. Its limits are uncertain ; its popu- lation eslimaled at about 75,000. Chief trade, mules ond horses. Cordova, flourishing town of Mexico, in Vera Cruz, containing about 4,000 inhabi- tants, 60 miles W from Vera Cruz, and 140 ESE trom Mexico. Lon. W C 20 W, lat. 18 50 N. Corduan, famous lighthouse of France, at the mouth of the Gironde, 55 miles NW of Bordeaux. Lon. 1 9 W, lat. 45 36 N. Corea, peninsula of Asia, extending be- tween China and Japan. It is bounded on the N by Manshuria, on the E by the sea and isles of Japan, on the S by the Ocean, and on the W by the gulf and province of Leao-tong. This kingdom is commonly reckoned 2(;0 leagues from N to S, and 100 from E to W. Corentin, small river of Guania, falls into the Atlantic Ocean, west from Berbice. Core Sound, on the coast of North Caro- lina, extends from Beaufort inlet to Pamlico Sound, 20 miles in length. Corfe- Castle, boi'ough in Dorsetshire, with a market on Thursday. It is seated in a peninsula, called the Isle of Purbeck, on a river, between two hilfs, on one of which stands the castle, formerly a place of great importance. It is 21 miles E of Dor- chester, and 120 W by S of London. Lon. 2 4 W, lat. 50 36 N. Corfu, island of the Mediterranean, near Albania, subject to tlie British government, and forms the principal part of the repub- lic of the 7 islands, or Ionian republic. It is defended by an impregnable castle. Lon. 20 E, lat. 39 40 N. Corfu, ancient Corcyra, capital of the island of Corfu. It is a very strong, but ill built town, with about 15,000 inhabitants. Lon. 20 E, lat. 39 40 N. Coria, episcopal town of Spain, In Leon ; seated on the Alagon, 120 miles SW of Madiid. Lon. 5 30 W, lat 40 N. Corinth, now called Corantho, or Go- rame, a celebrated city, in the Morea, with a Greek archbishop's see It was one of the most important places in Greece, on account of its situation on the isthmus into the Morea ; its castle on the top of an al- most inaccessible rock j its harbours on the COR COR guiphs of Lepanto and Engia ; its riches, and its architects, sculptors and painters, who were the most skilful in Greece. It is now greatly decayed ; for the houses are not contiguous, but intermixed wiih fields and gardens, which make it look like a vil- lage. The country about it abounds with corn, wine and oil, and from the castle is a fine prospect over the sea to the E and W, and a fertile country N and S. The in- habitants are chiefly Christians of the Greek church. It is forty miles NW from Athens. Lon. 23 3 E, lat. 38 14 N. Corinth, Isthmus of, in the Morea, a neck of land which joins the Morea to Livadia, and reaches from the gulf of Lepanto to that of Engia. T!ie nanoweiii part o; it ;s six miles over; and on a mount there, called Oneius, were formerly celebrated the Isthmian games. Jiihus Caesar, Caligula, and Nero, in vain attempted to cut a chan- nel through the isthmus ; they therefore built a wall across it, called Hexamilium, because it was six mdes in length. This was demoHshed by Amuradi II. rebuilt by the Venetians, and levelled a second time by Mahomet II. Corinth, township and post town, Pe- nobscot county, Maine. Population in 1820, 296. Corinth, post town. Orange county, Ver- mont. Population 1900. Corinth, township of Orange county, Vermont; situated between Washington and Moreton townships, about 12 miles W of Mount Sawer. It contains 1500 inhabi- tants. Corinth, post town, Saratoga county, New York. Population in 1820, 1490. CynVa, town of Spain, in Leon, 23 miles E of Salamanca. Lon. 5 49 W, lat. 41 5 N. Cork, county of Ireland, in the province of Munster, 80 miles m length, and 50 in breadth ; bounded on the W by Kerry and the Atlantic, on the N by Limerick, on the E by Watertbrd, and on the S and SE by St. George's Channel. It contains 232 parishes, and before the Irish Union sent 26 members to parliament. It is fertile and populous, and has two remarkable rivers, the Blackwater and Lee. Cork, capital of the county of Cork, with a bishop's see. It is a neat, wealthy and populous place, on the river Lee, where it has a commodious harbour. It is the first town of Ireland for trade except Dublin. It was taken by the earl of Marl- borough in 1690. It is 14 miles from St. George's Channel, and 124 SW of Dublin. Lon. 8 23 W, lat. 51 54 N, Corlal, town of Asia Minor, near the gulf of Is Nickmid, near the rmns of Chatcedon. Corlin, town of Prussian Pomerani.-t, seated on the river Persant, eight miles SE of Colberg. Lon. 15 47 E, lat. 54 16 N. Cormachiti, cape of Cyprus, on the north sld I't'the island. It is probably so called from the ancient group of smali islands, called Carpassae. Cormentin, fortress on the Gold Coast of Guinea, belonging to the Dutch. Near it is the town, which is large and popu- lous. Lon. 15 W, lat 5 30 N Cormertj town of France, in the de- partment ef Indre and Loire and late province of Touraine. It had before the French revolution a rich Benedictine abbey, and is seated on the Indre, eight miles from Tours. Lon. 28 E, lat. 47 30 N. Cornet, castle on the island of Guern- sey. L' n. 2 40 W, lat 49 30 N. Corneto, town of Itoly, in the patri- mony of St. Pet r, wnh a b'shop's see, seat* d on the Marta, 3 miies E of the sea, and o7 NW of Rome Lon. 11 53 E. lat. 42 15 N. Cornish, township and post town of Y rk county, Maine. It is a mountainous country, situated on Saco river. Popu- lation in 1820, 1088. Cornish, township and post town of Cheshire county, in the state of New Hampshire It is situated on the E side of Connecticut river, about 20 miles N of Charleston. Population in 1820 1701. CornvUle, township and post town. Some rset county, Maine, 44 miles N from Hallowell. Population in 1810, 504, and in 1820, 652. Cornwall, county which forms the SW extremity of England ; bnundtd on the E by Devonshire, on the S by the English Channel, and on the NW by St. Geor- ge's Channel This country is 80 miles long, 40 broad, and 250 in circumference, containing 960 600 acres. Population in 1801. 188,269, in 1811.216,687, and m 1S21, 257,447. Its c'ief rivers are the Tamar, Tale, Cober, Loo, Camel, Fowe, Haile, Lemara, Keiise and Aire. Its principal capes or head lands are the Land's End, the Lizard, Cape Cornwall, Dead-man's Head, Rame Head, &c.and a cluster of islands, 145 in number, called the Scilly isles, supposed formerly to have belonged to the mainland, though now 30 miles d stant ; abounding with antiquities particularly druidical. As Cornwall is surrounded by the sea on all sides except the E, the summers are less hot, and the winters less cold, than in other parts of England, and the spring and harvest are observed to be more backward. High and sudden winds are also more common in this than in other counties of England. The soil, as it is 231 COR shallow, is not very fruitful, especially in the centre or the hilly p^rts ; the valleys are vtry pleasai.t and fertile, yielding great plenty ':)oth of corn and pasture. The Phenicians early visited these coasts, some think 400 or 450 years he- fore Christ. It derives its chief impor- tance from its minerals. The mines of tin are numerous, and nre in {general, very rich in ore; the e have rendered this countv famous in all ages. There has been sometimes found a small quan tity of ijold a'.d silver, but not worthy of notice. With the metalline ores are in- termixed lar^e quantities of mundic and arsenic, Many sorts of stones are also found here, particularly monrstone which is used both in buildings and for mill- stones; whf-n polished, it appears more beautiful than any of the marble kind, and makes the richest furniture, as ta- bles, chimney pieces, &c. but bein? ex- ceedin^lv hard, the polishing is expen- sive. The copper mines are also nu- merous, and rich in ore. In many cavernous parts of the rocks are found transparent crystal-^, called Cornish dia- monds, they being very hridiant when well polished. This country was one of the places to which the ancient Britons retreated, whose language was retained even to this century, but it is now quite extinct. The king's eldest son is born duke of Cornwall, and derives a revenue, not only from lands appertaining to the duchy, but from tlie mines of tin and copper ; he has under him an officer, called lord warden of the Stannary Courts, whose jurisdiction extends over the mines and miners of Cornwall and Devonshire ; and he appoints in his privy council, the sheriff of the former county. Launceston is the capital. Cornwall, township of Upper Canada, county of Stormont, on the left bank of the St. Lawrence, between Osnaburg and Charlottenburg. Cornnvall. village of Stormont county, Upoer Canada, nearly opposite the In- dian village of St. Regis. Cornwall, township of Addison coun- ty, Vermont, on Otter river, 36 miles S from Burlington. Population 1280. Cot-nwall, pos town and township, Litchfield county, Connecticut, 10 miler, N W from Litchfield. Popula-ion in 1820, 1662. There is a foreign missionarj- school in this town. Cornwall, township and post town. Orange county, New York, 52 miles above the city of New York. Population in 1820, 3020. Coniwall-brulgfi, post town, Litchfield countv, Connecticut. COR CornwalUs, county of Lower Canada, be- tween Devonshire and Gaspe. CoriuvaUis, lown of Nova Scotia, on the W cotst, 45 miles N\V from Halifax. CornivalliH Point, cape of N)rth .\meri- ca. Lon. W C 57 VV. lat. S7 N. Cornij, aMcient Vpain-a, at the conflu* ence of the Euphrates and Tigris. Coro, seaoort of Coiambi i m Venezuela, on th>" Caribbean ~ea, 21,0 miles W from Caracas. Lom W C 7 20 E. lat 11 20 N. Coromandel . Coast of, t!ie most eastern part of the Hither Ind\a, lying between 10 and 20 deg. N lat. and 79 30 and 86 30 B lon. It is terminated by Golconda on the V, by the bav of Beno^al on the E, by Ma- dura on the S, and by Bisnagar Proper on the W. Some geographers consider the southern limit of Golconda to be Cape Co- morin, and the northern Masulipatam. On this coast, Madras or Fort St. George, Pon- dicherry, ind many other Vjiropean forts and factories are situa' ■■ 'om whence chintz, calicoe'S and musiins are exported to Europe, togetiier with some diamonds. Th -re is not a port for large Ships on the whole coast. Madras is the principal t'>wn. ' Coron, sf^aport of the Morea, seated on a bav, 15 miles SE of Modon. Lon. 21 50 E, lat. 36 50 V, It is the ancient Appolo- nis Corinthi Templum, of Messenia, near the promontory '>f .\r,ritas, now cape Gallo. Cominiion Cape, cape of tfie island of New Caledonia, in the S Pacific Ocean. Lon. 167 8 E. lat. 22 5 S. Corregio, town of Itaty, capital of a ter- ritory of the same name in the Modenese, with a castle, nine miles NB of Reggio. Lon. 11 12 E. lat. 44 46 N. C'orre.re, department of France, contain- ing the late province of Limosin. It takes its name from a river, which falls into the Vezere, after having watered Tulles and Brives. Tulles is the capital. Corrientes, cape on the Pacific Ocean, South America, in Novita. Lon. W C 10 W. lat. 5 30 N. Carrientes, cape of, SW part of Cuba. Lon. W C 7 30 W. lat. 21 _ 40 N. Corriejites, cape of Mexico, in Gnadala- xara. Lon W C 28 25 W. lat. 20 22 N. Corrina, township in Somerset county, Maine. Population in 1820,411. Corsham. town in Wilts, wltere the Sax- on king Eth-^lred had a palace. Here are some considerable clothiers. It is four miles SW of Chipp-vnham. Corsica, island in the Mediterranean, be- tween 8 and 10 E lon. and 41 and 43 N. lat. On the S it is separated from Sardi- nia, by the strait of Bonifacio; to the E it has the Tuscan Sea ; to the N the gulf of Genoa ; and to the W it is opposite the coasts of France and Spain. It is 150 miles from N to S, jtnd from 40 to 50 in • C O It COS breadth. On the coast are many excellent harbours. The aii- is very unwholesome, and the land hilly, full of stones, ai:l culti- vated very poorly : how^-ver the valleys produce wheat, and the hills fruiis, viz. olives, figs, grapes, almonds and chesnuts. They have ivorses also of a very fiei-y na- ture. Besides, there are mines of iron, and a gre^t deal of fish and coral on me even's which followed the revolution of 1792, Paoli re- volted; the French, by the as5i^tance of the English, were expelled from the island ; and Corsica, on the 19tli of June 1794, w ;s declared annexed to the crown of Great Britain, according to a new consiiiution, which had been previously formed It has since revolted to France and the Enghs'i viceroy has been recalled. It remains to France, and forms two departments, Golo, and Liamore. Napoleon Buonaparie, late emperor of France, w.ts born on this Island at Ajaccio. Corsoer, town of Denmark, en the W side of the isle of Z aland, on a peninsula, in the Great Belt. It his a good h:(rl)our for liglit ves'^els, and is defended !)y a ci- tadel." Lon. 11 12 E. 111. 55 12 N. Corte, town of Italy, in the island of Corsica, seated parity ut the foot, and partly on the declivity of a rock, at the confluence of the Tavignano anri Restoni- ca. On t!ie point of a r >ck, rising above tlie rest, at the back of the town is a cas- tle, which has only oie winding passage to climb up, in which onlv two persons can go abreast. It is 27 miles SW of Dastia. Lon 9 26 E. lat. 42 6 N. Cortis, town of Germany, in the bisli- opric of Liege, 10 miles ME of Kamillies. • Lon. 4 59 e! lat. 50 46 N, Cortlandt, township an 1 post town of West Ch ster county, in the sta'e of New York. From its vicinity to the capit.d it has been well settled and highly improv- ed. Fop'ilalion in 1820, 3421. Cortlavrlt coMOfty of New York, on the hearls of the Toni )go river, branch of Clie- n mgo, b"unde'' hv Tompkuxs :rks of Indian creek, 25 miles WSVV fr )m JeffersonvUe at the rapids of Ohio. Population ab nit 1200. Con See SlancMo. Corzola, is'iiid in the gulf of Venice, on the c tsi of Dalm .ti». Lon. 17 E. lat. 43 16 V. C'fjseuza, ci'y of Naples, capital of Cala- bria C; eriore, with an arciibi -hop's ;.ee, and a c stle. U is seated on th-.' river C atf, 11 mile^ from die s^-a, and, 105 BE of N iples. Lon. 16 10 E. I *t. 39 20 N. Coahocton^ post village on the Delaware, in SuUivan conntj^. New York, 60^ miles W fr »m N'^^vvburg. Coshoctov, CO mty, Ohio, bounded by Muskingum S ; Licking SW ; Knox W ; COS COT %Vayne N ; Tuscarawas E ; and Guernsey SE ; lenp:th 30 ; mean width 30 ; area 900 square niiles. Surface hilly, and soil vari- ed. On the streams highly fertile, but ge- nerally of middling cjuality. Chief town, Coshocton. Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites Free persons of colour, males ■ do. do. females Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820, Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 3,705 3,362 7,067 11 none none 7,086 50 1,622 31 7 110 miles N of Calcutta. Lon. 85 22 E, lat. 23 40 N. Costa^nazzar, highest mountain of Tur- key in Europe, in Romania, anciently call- ed Hsemus. Costo Rica, province of North America, in Guatimala, bounded on the NB by the gulf of Mexico, on the SW by the Pacific Ocean, on the NW by Nicaragua, and on the SE by Veragua. New Carthage is the capital. Cotaco, county of Alabama, bounded by Tennessee N ; by Lawrence W ; Blount S and E uncertain, 18 miles square ; area 324 square miles. Surface hilly, soil va- ried. Chief town, Somerville. ' Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 2,243 do. do. females - - 2,151 Population to the square mile, 6 nearly. Coshocton, post town and seat of justice, Coshocton county, Ohio, on tiie E side of Muskingum river opposite to the mouth of White Woman's river. Lat. 40 17 N. lon. W C 4 55 W. Cossinissn, small island of Greece. Lon. 25 44 E. lal . 36 36 N. near the ancient los, modern Nio. CosHn, town of Prussian Pomerania, 10 miles V. of Colberg. Come, town of France in the department of Nievre and late prov'uce of Nivernois. It is seated at the confluence of the Loire and Noain, 88 miles S of Paris. Lon. 3 6 E. lat. 47 23 N. Cossacs, people inhabiting the confines of Poland, Russia, Tartary, and Turkey. They are divided into the Kosakki-saPa- rovi, the Kosakki-Donski, and the Uralian Cos'acs. The Cossacs are tall and well made, with aquiline noses, and a good mtin. They ai-e hardy, vigorous and brave ; but fickle and wavering; tiie women are hanvl- some, well shaped, and complaisant to strangers. The Uralian Cos«acs dwell in their villages, along the banks of the Ural, and their chief town is Uralsk. Tiie coun- try which the Kosakki-sa-Parovi iiliabit, is called the Ukraine ; and their towns are built of v/ood after the manner of tlie Rus- sians. Th'" Kosakki-Donski, dwell on botli sides of the Bon, .ire under the protection of Russia, and profess the same religion. See Ukraine and Uralian Cossacs. Cossimbazar, small city of Hindoostan Proper, in Bengal, nearly adjacent to Moorshedabad. It has been at all times the residence of the different European factors, this being the centre of their trade. It is seated on an island, in Hoogly River. ■734 Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females Total population in 1820 4,394 6 5 432 429 1 5,263 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 1 Engaged in Agriculture - 1,155 do. in Manufactures - 37 do. in Commerce - - 3 Population to the square mile, 16. Cotbus, town of Lower Lusatia, subject to the king of Prussia. It is noted for ex- cellent beer, pitch, and the cultivation of flax. It is seated on the river Spree, 60 miles S by E of Berfin. Lon. 14 12 E. lat. 51 36 N. Cote d^or, department of France, con- taining part of the late province of Burgun- dy. Djon is the capital. Cotes du J\rord, department of France, so named from its northerly maritime po- sition, containing part of the late province ofBretagne. St. Brieux is the capital. Cole-sans-dessein, town ol Missouri, on the Missouri river, opposite the mouth of Osage river. It is the temporary seat of government. Cotignac, iown of France, in the depart- ment (»f Var and late province of Provence, on \.\\i river Argens. Cotistookl, or Cois-ii'old Hills, long tract of hi.^'i^. ground in the E part of Glouces- tt-rshire. Affording in many places a fine short gTass for the feed of sheep, and others are devoted to thegrovvth of corn. Cotapaxi, mountain and volc.;no of Co- lombia in Qui'o, rising to nearly 18,900 faet above the level of the Ocean : It is the most enormous, anil most elevated vol- cano known. Its eruptions are frequent and terrible. The most memorable since the. c o ^ Spanish conquest of Quito, were, in 1698, 1738, 1742, 1744, 1766, 1768, and in 1803. Cotton- Gin Fort, town of Ali-sissippi, at the head of boat navigation in the Tombig- bce. Cotton Port, post town, and seat of jus- tice of Limestone county, Alabama, one mile from the lett bank of Tennessee on Limestone creek, 40 miles SWfrom Hunts- %'ille. Coney, town of Pi-ance, in the depart- ment of Aisne, nme miles N of Soissons. Lon. 3 13 E. lat. 49 31 N. Coventry, c\\.y in Warwickshire, which, with Litchfield, is a bishop's see. It is a county of itself, governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. It has a communication with the Staffordshire Grand Trunk, by a canal to Fradley ; and by another canal, which joins the Oxford canal at Braunston, it has a communication with the Thames. Coventry is 91 miles N\V of London. Lon. 1 28 W. lat. 52 28 N. Coventry, post town, Orleans county, Vermont, 48 miles N from Montpelier. Coventry, township in Grafton county, New HaTiipshire. P.-pulation in 1810, 162, and in 1820, 315. Coventry, township in Tolland county Connecticut. Population in 1810, 1938, and in 1820, 2058. Coventry, township in Kent county, Hhode Island. Population in 1810, 2928, and in 1820, 3139. Coventry, township in Chester county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1608, and in 1820, 1977. Coventry, township in Portage county Ohio. Population in 1820, 400. Covert, township in Seneca county, Xew York PopuLtion in 1820, 3439. Covington, township in Tioga county, Pennsylvania, formerly Putnam. Popu- lation in 1820, 555. Covington, township in Clearfield coun- ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 90. Covington, township in Genesee county, New York. Population in 1820, 2144. Covington, township in Luzerne county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820,373. Covington, post town, Campbell county, Kentucky, opposite the city of Cincinnati, on the bank uf Ohio, below the mouth of Lickling river, by which it is separated from Newport, The great road from the central purts of Keniucky to Cincinnati passes through this town. A bridge over Licking river connects it with Newport. C'oM'n^/ort,'post town and seat of justice, Washington county, Illinois, on Kaskas- kias river. Covington, county of Mississippi, bound- ed by the Choctaw country NVV ; Wayne E; Perry S, and Lawrence W ; length G O 1 20 ; mean width 25 ; area 750 square miles : surface hilly. Some good soil, but in general sterile, and clothed with pine timber. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 927 do. do. females - - - 897 Total whites .... 1,824 Free persons of coloui', males . G do. do. females . Slaves, males ... - 213 do. females - - - 193 Total population in 1820 - 2,330 Of these; Poreignei-s not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 663 do. in Manulactures - 8 do. in Commerce . - 5 Population to the square mile, 3. Covoerden, town of the United Provinces in Overyssel, with a fortress in the marshes, strong both by nature and art. It is 35 miles NE of Deventer. Lon. 6 35 E. lat. 52 46 N. Council Bluff, on the W side of the Jlis- snuri river, a short distance above the raoutli of Kises river. Lon. W C 19 40 E. lat 41 SO N. Cournoyer, seigniory, Lown- Canada, Surry coiuily, on the Richelieu river. Courtablean, river of Louisiana, in Opc" lousas, formed by the junction of two large creeks, the Boeuf, and Crocodile, which unite 10 miles N from St. Landre seat of justice for the parish of St. Landre, Opelou- i-As, and fiowuig SE, about 25 miles com- parative course falls into the Atchafalaya. It is the commercial outlet from Opelou- sas to the Mississippi river. Conrland, duchy of Europe, bounded on the N by the Baltic, on the E by Livonia, and on the S and W by Poland. It is di. vided into Courland Proper and Semignl- lia; its length is about 150 miles, and its breadth is in some places 30, in others, scarcely 10, and towards the SE it stretches to a point. The country swells into gen- tle hills, and is fertile in corn, hemp, and flax. It is nominally a feudatory province of Poland, but, in reality, deptndent on Russia. Mittauis the capital. Courtray, town of the Austrian Nether- land-:, on the liver Lis, 22 miles E of Ypres. It was taken by the Fri-ncii in April, 1794, in whose poss-ssion it siill remains. Lon. 3 6 E. lat. 50 50 N, Couserans, late province of France, lying along the river Satat, and forming with Foix, the department of Arriege. Contanca, seaport of France, in the de- parlment of die Channel and late province C R A U R A oPNormandv. It is 22 miles N of Avrau- ches. Lon.' 1 23 E. Lit. 49 3 N Coutras, Town of Frmce, in the depurl- ment of D )rdogne and late province of Pe-ig'orcl, eaied on the Uordogne, 20 miles \E of Uourdeaux. Lon. 3 W. lat. 40 4 N. Co-.vbridffc, corporate town in Glamor- gansliire, with a market on Tuesday. It is called, by the Welsh, Font-Van, from tiie stone bridge over the river, wliicli soon after falls into the Bristol Channei. Tlie streets are broad and paved ; and here the assizes for the county are held. It is 12 miles W ol Cardiff and 176 of London. Lon. 3 So W. lat. 51 28 N. Covjdersport, seat of justice in Potter county, Pennsylvania. CotvUskee, river, branch cf Columbia, falling into the hitter from the north. Coivcs, seaport on the NE side of the jsle of Wiglit, 8 miles SW of Portsmouth. Lon. 1 15 W. lat 50 46 N. Co7c/)astnre, river of Virginia, rising in the valley of the Appalachian mountams, flows SW and forms one of the principal sources of James river. Cowpens, Union District, South Carolina. Here the U. S. army under general Mor- ga-i defeated tl)at of ti)e British uisder ge- neral Ta; leton, January llth, 1781. CoxvpershiU, post >iilage, Robertson county. North Carolina. Coxakie, township and post town. Green countv, ^iew York. Population in 1820,2355. Cozumcl, island of North America, on the E coast of Yucaran, where Cortez landed and refreshed his troops, before he aitempt- ed the conquest of Mexico. It abouv-ds with fruits, pulse, cattle, and fowls. The original natives possess this island, but are subject to Spain. Crab-bottom, post village, Pendleton county, Virginia. Crab-orchard, post village, Washington county, Pennsylvania. Crab-orchard, post village, Lincoln coun- tv, Kentucky, 25 miles SE trom Danville. CrflCfl«o«,'southernmost of a cluster of islands in the entrance of the straits cf Sunda. The population is consioerable, and its coral reefs afford small turtles in abundance. Lon. 105 56 E. lat. & 6 N. Cracow, city, formerly the capital of Po- land, where the kings were elected and crowned. It was once almost the centre of the Polish dominions, but since the parti- tion of Poland in 1774, it is become a fron- tier town. When the ceneialinsiinecicn broke out, in 1794, against the Prussian aid Russian usurpers of the Polish terruory, Kosciusko, the chief of the patriotic insur- gents, expelled the fJuss'an ^.arnsoii trc-m this ci'y, on the 24ih of Aiarcl., 17S4; Lul having marched, m the sequel, to the pro- 236 tecLion of Warsaw. Cracow surrendered to the Prussians, on the 15th of June. It is seated on the Vistula, 130 mdes SSW of W;ir>aw. L-m. 19 50 E. 50 10 N. Craftsburg; post toivn, Orleans county, Vermont, 28 miles N from .Montpelier. Crcigie's »lij/Zs, po-t office, Oxford coun- ty, Maine. Craig point, W coast of North America, o;; Duke of York's island. Lon. W C 55 20 W. lat. 56 30 N. Craigmillar, ruinous castle, two miles S E of Edinburgh, in which Miiry queer, of Sc>'S resided, after her remrn from Paris, in 1562. Her French retinue were lodged in an adjacent village, thence called Little France. Crail, borough in Fifeshire, at the mouth of 'he Frith of Forth, seven miles SEofSt. Andrew's. Lon. 2 36 W. lat. 56 15 N. Crainburg, town of Germany, in Carnio- la. on the river Save, 20 n.iles NW of Lau- bach. Lon. 14 5 E. lat. 46 36 N. Cramahe, township in the coui ty of Nor- thumbcrian , Upper Canada, lies west of Murra}-, and fronts lake Ontario. Crammond, mall village of Midlothian Scotland, remarkable for the traces of a Roman staton. Crammond tVater, river in Edinburgh- shire, called also the Almond. F'or sever- al miles it divides this county from Linlith- gowshire, and falls into the Frith of Forth, at the village of Crammond. Cranbourn, town in Dorsetshire, 'with a market on Wednesday. It is well watered with streams, and has a fine chase. Cranberry Islands, two small islands on the coast of Mane, SE from Motmt Desart, and forms part of Hancock county. Cranberrij, post town, Middlesex coun- ty. New Jersey, nine miles E from Middle- town. Cra?iber)v/, township and post town iij Butlt r count}', Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 543, and in 1820,765. Cranbrook, t(.wn in Kent, with a market on Satiirday, 13 miles S of Maidstone, and 52 SE of London. Lon. 39 E. lat. 51 4 N. Craney Island, in the moutli of James and Elizabetli rivers, Virginia. It is small hav- ing only siifhcieni extent for ;; fort, which witlt Fort George commands the entrance of both rivers. Cravganore, town and fort on the coast of Malabar, until lately subject to the Dutch by whom ii was taken from the Portuguese in 1662. Crar^ani re is seated at the mouth of a river, 24 n iles N by W of Co- chin. Lon. 76 30 E. lat. 10 23 'n. CTfl7Js<&7!, lownship in Providence coun- ty, Rhode Island ; situated between Provi- dence river ci. the E, and Sciticase town- ship on the Vv . I oj uLtit.n in 1820, 2274. Crato, town of Portugal, in Alentejo, seven miles E of Portalegra. It has 29 OKA CR A parishes, under its jurisdiction, beside the cap.tal prioiy blunging to the order of M Ita. Lon. 7 20 W. lat. 39 6 N. Craven, conn y of North Carolina, in N wbcrn di-tnct. It is siuated -n both sides of the river Nens, b'.unde'i i>y Crie- ret S, JamesSW ; LenMiran.i GreenNW; Pitt N ; Bc'ii'ifort NE; and Pamlico Sound E; length 60; mean width 17; area 1020 square milts. Surface v^-enerally flat ; soil in part sandy and marshy. Cbiei town, Newbern. Pnpulation in 1810. Free white males do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - Slaves . - . - - Total population in 1820 9,397 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males - . - do. do. females Total whites - - - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males _ . _ do. females _ - - Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agricnitute - do. in iVlanufactures do. in Oimmt-rce 3,134 3,367 1,125 5.050 12,676 3,:00 450 133 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 84 Engaged in .\griculuire - 2,020 do. ii< Manufactures - 195 do. in Ci,mmevc^ - - 13 Population to the square mile, 8. Crawford, county, Michigan, Bounda- ries and extent un^ert^in. Po))ulhtion iii 1820. Free white males - - - 243 do. do. females - - 102 Population to the square mile, 13. Crawford, cotinly of Pennsylvania, bound ed by Eric N ; Warren E ; Venango SEJ MircerS; and state of Ohio W ; length 47; mean width 24; area about 1130 square miles. Surface gently hilly. ;.nd soil product ve in grain, fiuits and pastur- age. Chief town, Me:idvilie. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 3,195 do. do. females ... 2,961 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 20 Slaves ..... 2 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1S'20. Free white n^jles do. do. f< niales - Total whites . . . - Free persons of colour, males ■ do. do. females Slaves, males . . . . do. females - - . 6.178 4,900 4,456 9,356 23 IS 345 V 9 noric none 131 492 Total whites - - . . Free persons of colour, males do. do. females, Slaves, males - . . . do. femahs ... \t\ other persons except Indians not taxed - _ . . Total population in ISvO Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 101 Engaged in Agriculture - 70 do. in Manufactures - 29 do. in Cornmtrce - 58 Population to the square mile, tmcertain. Crawford, cauniv ot Itidiana, on Ohio, behw Its junction with Great Biije river; bounded by Ohio SE ; by Pt rry KVV ; Dub'^is VV ; Orange N ; Washington NE, and Hdtrisori E ; iciigtr 22; mta" width 12; area 264; suttuce hilly, a!:d soil generally productive. Chief town, Fre- donia. Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. ffinales Slaves, males _ _ . do. females _ _ - Total population in 1820 - 2.583 Of til. se : Foi eigne rs not naturalized - 2 Engaged it> Agriculture - 681 do. in Manufactures - 36 do hi CcnitTjerce - 1 Population to the square mile, 9. Cj-cufhrd, county of Illinois ; bounded by Clarb N . V\ abash river E ; Edwards, VV ayne, and Jtfiti.scn S, and Bond W; length 75 ; Uitan width 35 ; area 2625; surface part hilly, and part flat, with much good soil. P( |)u)rttion in 1820. P\iee white males - - 1,535 dc. do. females - - 1,392 237 ORE CUE Total whites . . - Free persons of colour, males do. do, females, Slaves, males ... - do. female? All other persons exctpt Indians not taxed • - Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged m Aijricultiire do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 2,927 S3 39 23 5 975 21 5 Population to the square mile, li. Cranvford, township in Pulaski coun- ty, Arkaiisas. Population in 1820, 547. Crecy, or Cressy, village of France, in the dtpartrnt-nt of the Straits of Calais and late province of Picardy, remarka- ble for the victory gained by Edward ITT, in 1346. It is 32 miles S by E of Calais. Credit River, Ujjper Canada, dis- charges itsf U into lake Oitario, between the head of that 1 ke and Y. rk, in the Mississaga t^rritoi-y. It is a gi-eat resort for thfse and otlier Indian tribes, and abounds in fish. Crediton. town in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday. It has a Ciiisidtra- ble manufacture of serges, and is seated between two hills, 12 miles NW of Exe- ter, and 181 W by N of London. Lon. 3 45 W lat. 50 49 N. . Creegers-(07vn, on the Monocccy creek, Fredf rick county, Maryland on the road from Frtderick to Gettysburg, in Penn- sylvania, 12 miles fn m tht former, and 22 from tlie latter place. C^ee/c Indians, or m re correctly Mus- coeees, inhabiting the westtrn part of Georgia, and east part of Alabama. Creetown, small port if .'^cot'ai d, on the E ide of Wis^ton Bay, in Kirkcud- brightshire. Here seviial sli"(>ps are constantly emplnyrd in carrying sea- snells coast WIS' . or importing coal and li.T^ie from Cun:iTrlanc! Crtiff. \v\ix\ in Perthshire, v-ith an annual fair toi c ttl< , ont <:f the .greatest in Scoilai'd. It is seated r.n tiie Earn, 20 miles VV of P^rti'. Crril. ir.wii of France, now in tht de- p:irtm>:iit of Oist, l..-te!y n the pri vince of thi Ish- f F-aiice, sealt-don ihe C)isc, five miles E of Senlis. Lon. 2 4S E. iat. 49 13 N. Crema, town of Italv, capital of Cre- m&scx), with a bishop'? s. e It is stated on the Serio, 20 milts N of Placentia. Lon. 9 50 E, l.'t. 45 25 N.^ Cremiu, town of France, in the depart- ment of Isere and late province of Dau- phiny. It is seated at the foot of % moun- tain near the Rhone, 20 mies NE of Vienna. Lon. 5 2u E. lat. 45 44 N. Crtmn tz, principal mine-towii of L^p- p. r Hui gary. 70 mii< s NE of Presburg. L(-n. ly 6 E.lat. 48 32 N. Cremona, town of Italy, capital of the Cremonese, defended by a strong castle. The streets are broad and straight, the houses well buiit, the churches hand- some, and the squares large. It was the see of a bishop, and had a universitv. It is seated on the Po, 30 miles NW of Paiina. Lon. 9 58 E, iat. 45 « N. Cremonest, teiiitory of Italy, in the duchy of Milan ; bounded on tlie E by Mantua, on the N by Bresciano, on the VV by Cremasco, and on the S by Parma. It is fertile in wine and fruits. Cremona is the capital. Cremfieri, town of Germany, in the duchy of Holstein, five miles from Ham- buri;h. Cre&apsburg, post town of Alleghany county, Maryland, oc the W side uf Poto- mac river seven miles SW of Cumber- land, eight N of Frankford, and 155 from Washington. Crescentino, town of Pitdmont, on the river Po. It was taken by the French in 17u4, and by the allies in 1706. It is 20 miles NE of Turin. Lon. 8 E, lat. 45 20 N. Cresfiy, town of France in the depart- ment ot Oise and late province ot the Isle ot France, 32 miles NW of Paris. Lon. 2 35 E, lat. 49 10 N. C'resi, town of FratiCe, in the depart- ment of Dnuse and late province of Dauphir y, seated on the Drome, 15 miles SE . f Valence. Lon. 5 26 E, lat. 44 40 N. Crevecaur, town of France in the de- partment of the North and late province of Cambifcsis, on the Scheldt, five miles 5 of Cambray. Lon. 3 20 E, lat. 50 6 N. Crevectsur, town and fort of Dutch Brabant, at the confiuenee of tiie Dom- ait- with the Mat sr, four tmles NW of Bois le-Duc. . it was taken by the French in 1794, when tliey overran Hol- land. Cvtu&e, departnunt of France, con- taining the latfc province of Marche. Gueret is the capital. , Crevse River. Part of the Ottawa river IS so caltd, above les Alumets. LrtutzTiach. towti of Gtrmany, in the circle (.1 ihe Lower Rhine, with a castle, on an eminence It has been frequt iitly taken duti' g the present vvar, the last time by the French in 1796. It is seated on the Nahe, over which is a stone G K 1 C K U bridge, -20 miles SW of Mentz. Lod. 7 55 E. lat 49 44 N. Crewkerne, town in Somersetshire, with a mat ket on Saturday. It is seated near a branch of the Parret, 25 miles S of Wells, and 132 WSW of London. Lon. 3 W, lat. 50 50 N. Crewsville, post town of Goochland county, Viri^inia, lying on the S side of South Anna river, a branch of Pamunkey river, 20 mil^s SE nf Cnlumbia Court- house, and 122 from Washington. Crickhowely town in Brecknockshire, with a market on Thui'sday. It is seat- ed on the river Usk, 10 miles SE of Brecknock, and 149 W by N of London. Lon. 3 r W, lat. 51 49 N. Crickladc, borough in Wilts, with a market on Saturday. It is almost sur- rounded by the Thames ; and is 25 miles W by S of Oxford, and 83 W by N of London. Lon. 1 50 W, lat. 51 38 N, Crimea^ or Crim Tartary, the ancient Taurica Chersonesus, a peninsula in Asia ; bounded on the S and W by the Black Sea ; on the N by the province of Catharinenslaf, with which it commu- nicates by the isthmus of Perekop , and on the NE, and E. by the sea of Asoph, and the strait of Caffa. The mountain- ous parts were inhabited by the Tauri, probably a colony of Scythians; and its coasts on the W, the E, and the S, by Greeks. The Scythians were driven out by Mithridates ; the Greeks by the Sarmatians; and these again by the Alani and Goths, a northern horde of Scy- thians. The Hungarians, the Cossacks, and Tartars succeeded in their turn ; while the Genot-se in the 12th cen'ury, held a temporary and precarious possfs- sion of the seaports, which they were obliged to yield to the Turks in 1475. At the peace of 1774, the Tartars of the Crimea were declared independent. The mountains are well covered with woods fit for the purpose of ship-build- ing, and contain plentv of wild beasts. The valleys consist of fine arable land ; on the sides of the hills grow corn and vines in great abundance, and the earth is rich in mines. But these mountaineers are as careless and negligent as the in- habitants of the deserts: sighting all these a'.lva);tages ; and, lik thiir breth- ren of the lowlands, are sniiicieatly hap- py if they are in p iss ssion of a fat slieep and as much bread is serves them ti. eat. In 1783. the Russ' ins took posses sion of the countrv wjfh in arny ; the following year it was crd d to them by the Turks; and the peaceable possession of the whole was secured to them in 1791, by the cession of the fortress of Oczakow. The Crimea is divided into two parts, by mountains which run E and W. The N division is flat, poor, and fit for pasturage only. In the S parts, the valleys are astonishingly productive, and the climate extr-mely mild, from the exclusion of th ise violent winds by which the N division is frequently incommoded. Besides the ports of Kerth and Jenikale, the road of CafFa, and the harbour of Baluclava, there is. near Sebastapol, one of the finest harbours in the world. The Crimea now forms one of the two pro- vinces of the government of Catharinen- slaf, under the name of Taurida : in some late maps it is called Taurica. Achmetschet was made the capital in 1785. Crio, Cafie, ancient Criumetopon pro- montory, SVV point of the island of Crete. Cris, Big and Little, two points on the north sh: re on lake Superior, Upper Canada, east of isle Grange, and sur- rounded by islands ; between these points is a noted and safe harbour. Crissu, ancient Crissa, village of Greece on Mount Parnassus. Croatia, formerly a part of the ancient lUyricum, now a province of Hungary ; bounded on the N by Sclavonia, on the E by Bosnia, on the S by Dalmatia, and. the gulf of Venice, and on the W by Carniola. The greatest part of it be- longs to the house of Austria. Carlstadt is the capital. Croghan's, town of Sandusky county, Ohio, on the east side of Sandusky river, opposite Fort Stephenson, 98 miles N from Columbus and 18 by water, above tlie mouth of Sandusky river. Popula- tion in 1S;30, 78. Croghan's-Gafi, post office, Cumber- land county, Pennsylvania. Croia, town of Albania, with a bishop's see ; seated near the gulf of Venice, 13 miles NE i^f Durazzo. Lon. 19 27 E, lat. 42 6 N. Croisic, or Croisil, town of France, now in the department of Lower Loire, lately in the province of Brt^tagne. It is seated on the bay of Biscay, between the mimths of th^" L'Mre and Vilaine, o5 miles W of Nantes. Lon. 2 31 VV, lat. 47 1 7 N. Croix, St. river of North Amprica, which forms th'- NE boundary of the United Stvites, and falls into the Bay of Fiindv. Cromack-tuater, lake of Cuml)erland, between Buttermere wafer and Lowes- water, with each of which it is connect- ed by the river Cocker. It is four miles long, and near half a mile over ; beauti- 239 C li o C R O tied with three small isles, oce of them a rock. Cromarty, county of Scotland, which comprehends a part of a peninsula on the Sside of the Frith to which it gives name. It is bounded on all sides by Ross-shire, except on the E, where it is bounded by the Murray Frith. It is 12 miles fronn E to VV, and three is its greatest breadth. Cromarttj, capital of the shire of Cro- marty, at the mouth il pr ductive in grain, pastur- age, and fruit. Siaples, wheat, rye, oats, flour, wii skey, iip iles, cider, peacii and ap')le hr :ndy, live stock and salted pr;)Vi- sions. Chief town, C rhsle. Pop :lation in 1810. Free wlii'cs, ma'es - - 13,482 do. do. fem ,les - - 12 703 All other persoiis except Indians not taxed 265 Slaves - . - . - 3 or Total popuUtion in 1810 26,757' Population in 1820. Free white males ... 11,622 do. do. females - - - 11,239 Total whites - . - . 22,861 Fi ee persons of colour, males - 372 do. do. females - 356 Slaves, males - - - 6 do. females . - - ii Total population in 1820 - 23,606 OF these ; Fo'^eigners not naturalized - 162 Engaged in Agriculture • • 2,074 do. in Manufactures - 1,408 do. in Commerce - 89 Population to the squ .ve mile, 43. Cumberland, t wn-hip in Adams county, •Tim.-.->->nia. Population in 1820, 1022. Cumbeiand. F^, to;vnsS^rp IH^ j8ga?J?i ooai.Lv, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 570, and in 1820, 683. Cumberland, post town, and seat of jus- tice in Allegany county, Maryland, on the north side of Potomac river, above the niouth of Wills creek, 150 miles W by N fi om Baltimore, and 105 NW from Wash- ington city. Lon, W C 1 46 W. lat. 39 38 N. Ciimbcrland, county of Virginia, hounded by Amelia and Prince Edward SE, and S ; Buckingham NW ; James rlvci' or Gooch- land NE, and Powhatan E; length 32; mean width 10 : area 320 square miles. Surface hilly, and soil varied in quality. Staples, grain, flour and tobacco. Chief town, Carterville. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 2,020 do. do. females - ■ 1,795 All other persons except Indians not taxed - . - - 175 Slaves ----- 6,102 Total population in 1810 Popul-Htinn in 1820. Free white nnales do. do. females Total whites . . - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females, Slaves, males . . - do. females _ _ - Total population in 1 820 10,092 1,988 1,978 11,023 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - , 5 Engaged in Agriculture - 3,207 do. in Manufactures - 330 do. in Commerce - HI Population to the square mile, 34. Cumberland, town (# New Kent county, Virginia, on the Paillfmkey river, 65 miles ENE from Richmond. Cumberland, ca\in\.y of North Carolina, bounded bv Robeson and Bladen S ; Moore and Chath'am NW ; Wake N ; .Johnson NE, and Sampson E; length 50; mean width 30 ; area 9500 square miles. Sur- face hilly. Soil of middling quality. Staples, grain, flour, tar, turpentine and to- bacco. Chief town, FayetLeviUe. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 3,253 do. do. females - - 3,238 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 95 Slaves 2,791 Total population in 1810, 9,382 C b M G U K .Vree while females - 4,610 Total whites . 9,230 Free persons of coloui- , males - 288 do. do. females 276 Slaves, males - . 2,394 do. females - 2,357 Totaj population in 1820 - 14,546 Of these j Eoreigners not naturalized - 8 Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,098 do. in Manufuciures - 715 do. in Commerce - - 177 Population to the square mile, 9|. Cumberland, Cimnty ot Kenmck), bound- ed by Tennessee -S ; Barren \V ; Ad.iir N, andWa}neE; length 47 ; me.,n width 22; area, 1034 square miles. Cuiet town, JJurkville. Population in 1810. Free white males - - . 2,683 do. do. females - - - 2,497 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - . . 3 Slaves 902 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white mules do. do. females - males - females 3,433 3,279 Total whites I-'ree persons oi colour, do. do. Slaves, males do. females 6,712 6 8 659 673 Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce 8,058 1,617 59 18 Population to the square mile, 8. Cuinberlandfovd, post village, Knox coun- t}', Kentucky. Citmberland-ffap, post oflice, Claiborne county, Tennessee. Cumberland House, one of the Hudsons Bay Company lactories on Saskatchawaine river, at the outlet of Pme Island lake. Lon. W C 25 W. iat. 54 N. Cumberland, island on the coast of (Geor- gia, extending from Santilla t« Si. Mary's river. It is generally a IcvlI sandy plani, but with some fertile spots. Cumberland Mountains, one of the ridges of the Appalachian chaiij, .ind the continu- ation, in Virginia, Ken ucky and Tennes- see, of the Laurel mouniains (^f Pennsyl- vania. As a separate ridge Cumberland mountam, distinctly commences southwest from tlic Great Sandy river, and following: a direction of nearly SW, separates Ken- tucky irom Viigiiiia, and e: tering Tennes- see, traverses that stale, and entering Ala- buuia, crosses Tei.ne?jee riv^r, and gra- duall} ijicrges into h.lls in the north part of Alabama. Cumberland, river, rises on the weitern slopes ot Cumberland m lunUin, nearly west through Kaox, WhiUey, PuUski, VV^yne an l Cumbtiland counties, in Ken- tuck), li-'nis to SW, atid enieis i'ennebsee, through wl)icii it Hows b} a ge:.eral west- ern course, though curving co:.sidtr.ibly to the south. After having aaverst-d or bounded in Tennessee, tlie couniies of Jackson, Snr.ti:, V»'iison, Summer, Uavid- so.i, iiobertson, Montgoinery, Dickson and Stewart, ihe Cumberland turn- near- ly norh and re-eattis Kentucky, jja-.sing ihioiign tiie coufi'.ies oi Ciirislian, Cahi- W( If ami Livingston, und fii^aiiy eiuers Oliio river, 11 miles above the inoulh of Tennessee. The CiiimberliDd by ct)mpa- rative courses flows, in Upper Kentucky, 220 miles ; in Tennes-ee 170 ; and in Lower Kentucky 50 ; li^iving an entire comparative course of 440 miles ; upwards of 3oO of which are navigable at nearly all seasons. Cambray, Great and Little, two islands in the Frith of Clyde, to the L of the isle of Bute. The former is remarkaible for its excellent freestone quarries, and the ruins of an ancient cathedral dedicated to St. Cviluwibia. Cummmglon, post town and township of Hampshire county, Massuctuisetis, 2o miles NW trout Northampion. Populaiion m 181U, 10U9, and in 1820. 1060, Cumree, towiis!ii[!, Berks county, Penn- sylvania. Population in 1810, 2017, and in i82U, 2462. Cwrent, town hip in Lawrence county, Arkansas. Population in 1820, 422. Cunningham, mo.st nor' hcriy division of Ayrsliire. The NW angle of tiiis district, though rnou!itainoiis atlords rich pasturage. Its chief town is Irvin. Cunninghams Island, situaled at the west- ern end of lake Erie, and soutiicaiterly from the Ba^s islands, state of Ohio. Cuper, royal borough of Fiieshire, and the coiiniytown It is seated in a rich valley on the N side of the Eden, eight mile:, WSW of St. Andrew's. Lon. 2 55 W. lai. 56 15 N. Cupar in Jlngiis, small town in Forfar- shire, Sco'land, vvhi)lly eniployed in the manufacture of linen cloth. Fair, Thurs- day before Easter. Cnrafoa, island, oil" the coa>-t of Colom- bia in the Caribbean aea, 30 miies long and 10 broad. It is a barren spot, destitute of iresh water, and important as a commercial 245 U \i C U Y station. Central Ion. W C 8 2u E. lat. 12 05 N. Curdistan, country of Asia, seated be- tween the Turkish empire and Perbia, ly- ing along' the ei;siern coast of tiie river Tigris, and comprehending great p rt of ancient Ass) ria, it is the Gaiduchi ot Xeno- phon. Some of the inhabitants live in towns and vilU^ges, and others rove from place to place, having tents like the wild Arabs, and being robbers like them Their religion is partly Christianity and partly aiahomelanism but they are very loose in regard to either. Curia-Maria, an island on the coast of Arabia F. lix, opposite the mouth of the river Prim. Lon. 55 25 E. lat 17 N. Curico, town of Chili, on the road from ChuUan to Santiago Lon. W C 6 10 E, lat. 34 35 S. Cicriches Haff, a bay of Polish Prus- sia. It is in reality the outlet or estuary of the Memnel, and reaches about 70 miles from Mulzen to Memnel. Currant River, Missouri, one of the western confluents of the Black river, branch of White river. Currituck, county of North Carolina ; bounded by Virginia N ; Ail.iutic Ocean E ; Albtmarle S^und S, and Pasquotank W ; length 42 ; mean width 10; area 420 square miles Surface level, and soil generally sandy and barren. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 2,6.18 do. do. females - - 2,596 All other persons except Indians not taxed _ _ - 120 Slaves - - - - - 3,631 Total population in 1810 6,985 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females 3,087 3,011 Total whites Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males . . - rfo. females 6,098 75 71 978 876 Total population in 1820 8,098 Ofthe.se ; Foreigners not naturalized - 12 Engaged in Agriculture - - 807 do. in Manufactures - - 127 do. in Commerce - - 302 Population to the square mile, 19. Cursoliers, small islands of Livadia, in the gulf of Patras, ancient Echinadts insf^rlae. Curzola, island in the gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia, ancient Corcyra 246 Nitra, about 20 miles long. It belongs to the Venetians, and has a town of the same name, with a bishop's see. ■ Lon. 17 15 E, lat. 36 N. Curzola, capital of the island of Curzo- la. Lon. 17 06 E. lat. 43 12 N. Cushing, township in Lincoln county, Maine Population in 1810, 532, and m 1820, 600. Cussewago Creek, branch of French creek, which it joins at Meadviile. Cussewago, township in Crawford county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 642. Cushat, river of North Carolina, which falls into Albemarle Sound. Cushing, township of Lincoln county, in the district of Main.' ; situated on St George's river, about SO miles NE of Portland Cusset, town of France, now in the department of AUier, lately in the pro- vince of Bourbonnoi.s, 17 miles N of Ro- anne. Lon 4 5 E, lat 46 17 N. Cu^trin, capital of the new marche of Brandenburg, with a castle, seated at the confluence of the Oder and Warta. In 1760, it was bombarded and reduced to ashes by the Russians. Custrin is 46 milt s E by N of Berlin. Lon. 14 40 E, lat. 52 4u N. Cusu Leuvu, river of South America. It ris^s in the Andes mountains, and in the province of Mendoza, and assuming a SE course, separates the United Pro- vinces of La Plata from Patf.gonia, and after a comparative course of about 600 miles, falls into the Atlantic Ocean at S lat. 41, between the mouth of the Colo- rado and the bay of St. Mathias. Cutais, town of Turkey, the capital of Imeritia and the residence of its sove- reign. The remains of its cathedral seem to prove that it was once a con. siderable place, but it now scarcely de- serves the name of a village. Lon. 43 E, lat. 43 25 N. CiUch, territory in Hindoostan Proper, governed by a rajah, and situated on the SE of Sindy : the E branch of the Indus separating the two countries. It extends along the N coast of the gulf of Cutch, and is separated from Guzerat by the river Puddar. Cuttock, district of Hindoostan in Orisa, south from Bengal, and between the bay of Bengal and a range of mountains. In this country is the famous temple of Juggernaut. It lies between lat. 19 and 22 N. Cuyahoga, viver of Ohio, rises in Geau- ga county, flows SW into Portage, in which it turns first west, and on the west border of the county nearly north, enters Cuyaloga county, and falls into G Y L € Z O iake Erie at Cleveland, after a compara- tive course of 80 miles. This river forms a part of tlie natural channel through which the contemplated Grand Canal of Ohio is intended to be formed. Cuyahoga, county of Ohio, on both sides of Cuyahoga river ; bounded by late Erie N ; Geauga E ; Portage SE ; Medina SK, and H'.iroii W ; length 36 ; mean width 13 ; area 468 square m les. Surface part hilly, and part levei, wiUi a soil generally fertile. Chief town, Clevehmd. Population in 1810 Free white males ... 798 do. do. females ... 647 All other persons except Indians not taxed 14 Total population in 1810 - - 1,459 Population in 1820. Free white males . - = do. do. females - - - Total whites . . - , Free persons of col.mr, males do. do. females Slaves, males . . - - do. females .... Total population in 1820 - - 6,328 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 47 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,739 do. in Manufactures - . 232 do. in Commerce - - 62 Population to the square mile, 9. Cuyo, province of the United Provinces of Li Plata, in Peru ; bounded by the An- des VV. Cuzco, town of Peru, formerly the resi- dence of the Incas. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, and is buiit in a -quare form, in the middle of which is the best market in all America ; four large streets terminate in the square, which are all as straight as a line, and regard the four quar- ters of the world. It contains eight large parishes, and five religious houses, and 'he number of the inhabitants is about 50,000, of which three-fourths are the original Americans, Streams of water run through the town, which are a great convenience in so hot a country where it seldom rains. It is 320 miles S of Lima. Lon. 73 47 \V, lat. 12 S. Cuzumely small island in the Caribi)ean sea, E from the coast of Yucatan. Lon W C 8 20 W, lat. 19 N. Cylades, ancient name of the Grecian islands SE from Attica, and so called from lying round the island of Delos. The principal of these islands advancing from tlic north, were Andros, Teno, Myconus, Ithenea,. Delos ; to the west, were Syros, Ceos, Cythnus, Seriphus, Syphnns, and Melos ; and to the south from Delos, were Naxos, Paros, Amorgos, and Astypalaea. C'ypnis-Bridge, post town of Chatham coun'y, North Caro ina. Cyprus, island in the Mediterranean, near tlie coa-t of Syria. The soil is an excellent fertile clay -, and, if the natives were industrious, they might make it a paradise. The exports of the island are silk, wool and wine. Nicosia is the capital. Cyr, St. villag*' of France, two miles from Versailles, celebra ed for a nunnery, founded by Lews XIV, undt-rthe patronage oi mada r.e de .Main'enon, who was herself the abbess till her death in 1719. This nunnery has been abolished since the French revolution. Czack-thtm, strong place of Austria, be- tween the rivers Drave and iVIi hir, 100 miles S of Vienna. Lon. 17 10 E, lat. 46 44 N Czaslau, town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name. Here is t' e high- est tower in Bohemia, and near this place the king of Prussia gained a vict' ry over the Austrians in 1742 It is seated on the river Crudenka. 40 miles SE of Prague, Lon. 15 33 E, lat. 49 50 N. Czenstokow, town of Poland, in Cracovisj with a fort, in which is kept a rich trea- sure, called the Treasure of the V rgin Mary. The pilgrims flock hither so much for the sake of a convent near it, that it is called the Loretto of Poland. It is seated on the river Watte. 50 miles N by W of Cracow. Lon. 19 15 E, lat. 50 48 N. Cxercassi, town of Russia, in the Ukraine, with a ca>tle. It. is seated near the Dnie- per, 85 miles SE of Kinw. Lon, 32 5 B, lat. 49 N. Czernic, town of Carniola, in the circle of Austria. I' is remarkable for its lake, which is 15 miles in length, and five in breadth, and produces fish and corn ever}' year ; for when the waters fiill from the giountains, it becomes full, and abounds v/ith fish ; and, after some time it sinks into the earth, and then it is cultivated, and pro- duces grass and corn. Lon. 15 E, la'. 46 6 N. Czer7iikou, town of Russia, capital of a duchy of the same name, with a casile. It is seated on the Dezna, 70 miles N by E of Kiow. Lon. 31 53 E, lat. 51 29 N. Czersko, town of Poland, on the Vistula, 20 miles NVV of Warsaw. Lon. 21 31 E, lat. 52 26 N. Czongrodt, town of Hungarj% capital of a territoiy of the same name, at the con- fluence of the Teisse and Keres, 13 miles N ot Sagedin. Lon, 20 54 E, lat. 46 36 N. 247 D Babul, town of the Deccan of Hin- doostan, on the coast of Concan, 75 miles S by W of Bombay. Lon. 72 50 E, lat. 18 N. Dacca, city of Hindoostan Proper, on the E quarter of Bengal, beyond ^he prin- cipal stream of the Ganges, ahhough a very capital branch runs near it. It is the provincial capital of this quarter, and is the third city in Bengal in point of extent and population. Indeed, within the prese^it century it has been the capital of ail Ben- gal. It has a vast trade in muslins, and manufactures the most delicate ones among those which are most sought after in Eu- rope ; the cotton is produced within the province. Dacca is situated 100 miles above the mouth of the Ganges, and 180 by the road from Calcutta. It is 160 miles NE of Calcutta. I.on. 90 25 E, lat. 23 55 N. Dachaw, town of Bavaria, where the elector has a palace, with fine gaidens. It is seated on a mountain near the river Am- ber, 10 miles NW of Munich. Lon. 11 30 E, lat. 48 20 N. Dacheet, river of Arkansas and Louisiana, rises in the former, and flowing south into the latter, falls into the head of lake Bisti- neau Daclistein, town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Rhii^ and l; A N iiijf in the state of Virginia, miis in a ser- pentine course near the line which divides the two states. Near Mecklenburg It falls into the river Roanoke, and loses its name in that of the greater stream. The falls at Danville near the line between Virginia and North Carolina, impedes the naviga- tion ; but measures have been taken to form a canal around this obstruction, which if completed, will render the Dan naviga- ble to its junction with Irvine river. Dana, township in Worcester county, Massachusetts. Population in 1810, 625, and in 1820, £64. Danbnriu village in Essex, situated on a hill five miles E of Chelmsford, and 16 W of tlie sea. The spire of the church was burnt with lightning in 1750, but was soon after rt built, and forms a seamark. Danburij, township in Grafton county. New Hampshire, 25 miles NW from Con- cord. Population in 1810, 345, and in 1820, 467. Danbury, post town of Fairfield county, Connecticut, 10 miles N of Ridgefirld, and about 33 NW of New Haven. This town and a large quantity of military stores lodged tliere were burnt by the British troops in 1777. Danbury, township in Fairfield county, Connecticut, 54 miles SW from Hartford. Population in 1810, 3606, and in 1820, 3873. Banbury, townsliip in Huron counlj', Ohio, on the Peninsula, between Sandusky bay and Portage river. Population in 1820, 157. Danbij, post town in Rutland county, Vermont, 21 S of Rutland. It has a post- office, and about 1730 inhabitants. Danby, township and post town in Tioga county, I^ew York, 10 miles N from Spen- cer. Population in 1820, 2001. Dancey' s-store, post village, Northamp- ton county. North Carolina. Dandridge, post town, and seat of jus- tice, Jefferson county, Tennessee, on the right bank of Broad river, on the road from Knoxville to Greenville, 45 miles above tiie former place. Danger, Isles of, three islands in the S. Pacific Ocean, seen by commodore Byron in 1765. They appeared crowded with people, but were so surrounded by rocks and breakers, that it was unsafe to attempt to land. The commodore supposed them to be the i&'andsseen by Quiros, in the be- ginning of the 17th century, and named Solomon's Islands. Lon. 169 28 W lat. 10 15 S. ' Damelsvilh, post village, Spotsylvania count}', Virginia. Danielsviile., post town and seat of jus- tice, Madison county, Georgia, on a brancli of Broad river, 80 niiles N {rom MlUedge- ville. Dansville, township in Steuben county. New York, Population in 1820, 1565, 250 Danneberg, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, seated on the Tetze, near the Elbe, 40 miles SE of Lu- nenberg. Lon. 11 29 E. lat. 53 4 N. "Dantzic, capital of Western Prussia, standing on a branch of the Vistula, about four miles above where it falls into the Baltic; in lon. 16 36 E, lat. 54 20 N. This city is famous in history on many ac- counts, particularly that of its being form- erly at the head of the Hanseatic associa- tion, commonly called the Honsetowns. It is lai'ge, beautiful, populous, and rich ; its houses generally are five stories high ; and many of its streets are planted wit h Chesnut trees. The houses are well built of stone or brick, six or seven stories high, and the granaries are still higher, to which the ships lie close, and take in their lading The established religion is the Lutheran ; but Roman Catholics, Calvinists and Ana- baptists are tolerated. The inhabitants have been computed at 200,000, but other com- putations have mudethem considerably less. In- 1700, upwards of 30,000 persons died of the plague. It has now lost its inde- pendence, being forced to submit to the king of Prussia, who forcibly usurped the sovereignty, in a second partition of the Polish dominions. Besides corn, of which great quantities are exported, they trade in naval stores, and a great variety of other articles. It is seated on the Vistula, near the gulf of Angil, in the Baltic, 30 miles SE of Marienburg, and 160 NW of Warsaw. Danube, one of the largest rivers in Eu- rope, called the Ister by the ancients. It rises at Doneschingen, in Suabia, and flows NE by Ulm ; then E through Bavaria and Austria, by Ratisbon, Passau, Ens, and Vienna ; it then enters Hungary, and runs SE by Presburg, Buda and Belgrade; af- ter which it divides Bulgaria, from Morla- chia and Moldavia, discharging itself by several channels into the Black Sea. It be- gins to be navigable for boats at Ulm, and receives several large rivers as it passes along. It is so deep between Buda and Belgrade, that the Turks and Germans have had men of war upon it ; yet it is not navi- gable to the Black Sea, on account of the cataracts. See Doneschingen. Danube, circle of the Upper, one of .the great divisions of Bavaria. Capiti>l, Eich- staut. Danube, circle of the Lower, one of the great siib-divisions of the kingdom of Ba- varia. C:ipital Passau. Danube, Circle of, district of the Grand Duchy of Baden. Capital, Vil.ingcn. Danube, District of one of the sub-divi- sion- of the kingdom of Wcrtemberg. Danube, township and po^t village, Her- kimer county. New York. Population in 1820, 3187. Danvers, post town, of Essex county, Massachusetts, about one mile N from Sa- D A R o A 1< km. This village is in reality a continua- tion of Salem. It is noted for the extent and impo'tance of its manufactures. ♦ Danvers, townshp in Essex county, • Massachusetts, including' the foregoing vil- lage. Population in 1810, 3127, and in 1820, 3646. Danville, township in Cumberland coun- ty, Maine. Population in 1820, 1085. Danville, post town and seat of justice, Caledonia county, Vermont, 25 miles NE from Montpelier. Population, 2240. Danville, post town, and township, Steu- ben county. New York. Population, 1565. Danville, post town and seat of justice, Columbia county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the Susquehannah, 35 miles above Northumberland. Danville, post town, of Pittsylvania coun- ty, Virginia, on the right bank of Dan ri- ver, 150 miles SW from Richmond. It is a very thriving place situated at ti^e falls of Dan river. The navigation for boats is un- interrupted, except by low water in sum- mer, and autumn thus far. Canal improve- ments are in operation to permit boats to pass the falls at Danville, and will, when completed, open v.-ater communication to Hen'-y and Patrick counties in Virginin, arid to Rockingham, and Stokes counties in North Carolina. Danville, post town in Mercer co'.tnty, Kentucky, about 40 miles S from Frankfort, near and W from Dicks river. It has about 200 houses and 1000 inhabitants. Danville, town of Knox county, Ohio, on Owl creek, 13 mi^es NE from Mount Ver- non. Darby, village of Lower Darby township, in Delaware county, Pennsylvania, on the E side of Darby creek, 7 mdes SW of Phi- ladelphia. Darby, Upper, township of Delaware county, Pennsylvania. Population 1820, 1004. Darby Lo-uier, township of Delaware county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 692. Darby, township of Union county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 445. Darby, post town and township, Madison county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 392. Darby, township in the NW part of Pickaway county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 536. Darby River, one of tlic western branch- es of the Sc!0 a river, rises in L'nion Ch,.mp-ign and Franklin counties ; ard h<- a comparative co'-rse of 65 miles SSE, falls into Sciota river oppo^te Circleville, Darby, cape of North America, on the Northern Pacific Ocean, SW from the mouth of Nurn^an river. Lon. W C 86 30 \V, !at. 64 ii N. Darda, town and fort of Lower Hungary, built by the Turks in 1686, and taken by the Austrians the next year. It is seated on the Drave, at the end of the bridge of Esseck, eight miles S of Baranwhar, and 80 NW of Belgrade. Lon. 19 56 E, lat. 45 45 N. Dardanelles, two castles of Turkey ; on each side the ancient Hellespont, novv the strait of Gallipoli, tlie SW entrance of which they command ; tlie one is called Sestos, seated in Romania ; the ot'ier Abydos, in Natolia. At the latter, the cargoes of all ships sailing from Constanti- nople are searched. Lon. 25 30 E,lut. 46 N. Dardenne, post town, St. Charles county, Missouri. Darfoor, kingdom of central Africa, to the west from Sennaar and Abyssinia. Darel-Hamara, town oi the kingdom of Fez, built by the Roma:i?. Its trade con- sisis in oil and covn ; and it is seated on a mountain Lon. 6 SS W, lat. 34 20 N. Darien Isthmus, which unites the two Americas. The narrowe-t part is from the bay of Panama to that of Mandingo, which does not exceed 20 miles from bay to bay. Tlie intermediate space is mountainous, thotigh not very elevated. Darien, province of Colombia, in Ncv/ Granada ; is bounded by Novita S ; the Pa- cific Ocean and bay of Panama W ; province of Panama NW; gulf of Darien NE, and Choco E. See Colombia. Darien, large gnif stretching into Colom- bia, between Darien and Carthagena. It receives at its extreme head, the rivers Atrato and Guacaba. Darien, township of Fairfield countj', Connecticut. Population in 1820, 1126. Darien, post town and sea port M'Intosh county, Georgia, on the north side and principal channel of the Alatamaha, 12 miles above the bar, and 190 below Mil- ledgeville. Lon. W C 4 57 W, lut. 31 23 N. The town is situated upon a sandy bluff, and has advanced in wealth and popu- lation with great rapidity. In 1810, the number of inhabitants only a little exceeded 200, it now, 1822, probably contains ten times that number. It has a bank with a capital of 150,000 dollars. A steam boat navigation h^s been opened from this town to Mdledgevlile. The 'n^r ut the mouth of the Alatam-ha, has 12 feet wuter at ordi- nary tides Rut little f.oniparative xpense, it is probable, woiid procu-ea much great- er depth, and admit merchant vessels of the largest cl.ss. Darke, cotm^y of Ohio; bounded W by Indiana; N by Mercer; E Iv-'Sh'lby and Miami ; SR by Montgomeiy, and S by Prebhie ; length 32 ; width 21 ; area 672 square mile.s It is watered by the he<ranch of Great Miami. Surface in part hilh,', but generally rather level with some prairie, 251 DAK D A R Soil productive in grain, fruits, and pastu- rage. Chief town, Greenville. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 1,939 do. do. females - - . 1,760 Total whites .... 3,699 Free persons of colour, males - 8 do. do. females 10 Slaves, males - . - . do. females ... Total population in 1820 - - 3,717 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 8 Engaged in Agriculture - - 554 do. in Manufactures - 85 do. in Commerce - - 1 This table includes the population of Mercer connty, 528 square mil: s, which added to 672, gives 1200 square miles, or a very sma I frac ion above 3 to tiie square mile in both counties. Darkijig. or Dorking, town in Surry, wi h a market on Thursday, noied for corn and p ultrv. It is se^ited on the river M .Je, 23 miles SW of London. Lon. 14 W, lat. 51 17 N. Darlasion, village near Stone, in Stafford- shire, where are the remains of a castle, on a hill. Darling Island, the largest of two islands in the entrance ot lake Simcoe, Upper Canada Darlings, post town, on Owl creek, Knox county, Ohio, 15 miles E from Mount VLrnon. Darlington, town in the county of Dur- ham, with ;■ market on Monday, seated in a flat, on the river Skerne, which fails into the Tees. It h;is a spacious market-place, and ,• long stone bridge o'. er the r ver. A curious water machine for grinding optical glasses, and spinning linen yarn has been erected h(re, the invention of a native of the town. Darlington is 19 miles S of Dur- ham, and 239 N by W of London. Lon. 1 25 W, la(. 54 32 N. Darlington Township, in the county of Durliam, Upper Ca ada, lies to the west of Clarke, and fronts upon lake Ontario. Darlington, district of South Carolina ; bounded by Sum iter SW ; Kershaw W ; Chesierfield NW; M rib' roi;gh NE, and Mariiin and VV.ILamsburg SE ; length 34 ; width 28; area 950 square miles. Lying between Lynch's creek and Gre t Pedee river, the surface is rather level than hilly ; soil generally of middling quality. Staple cotton Cief town, Darlington. Population m 1810. Free white males ... 3,097 do. do. females - . 3,162 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - . . 57 252 Slaves Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females 2,731 9,047 3.221 3,181 Total whites - - - 6,407 Free persons of colour, males - 34 do. do. females - 35 Slaves, males - - - - 2,200 do. females - - - . 2,273 Total population in 1820 - - 10,949 Of these : ;- Foreigners not naturalized . 4 Engaged in Agriculture - 3,938 , do. in Manufictures - 90 do. in Commerce - - 39 Population to the square mile, 11^. Darlington, town of Darlington, district of South Car lina, on Black creek, 40 miles E from Camden. Darmstadt, capital of the landgravate of Hesse Darmstadt, with a castle, where its own prince generally resides. It has hand- some suburbs and a good college. It is seated on a river of the same name, 30 miles NW of Heidelberg. Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 49 43 N. Dames, post village of Montgomery county, Maryland. Dart, river in Devonshire, which rises at the foot of Dartmoor Hills, crosses Dart- moor to Ashburton, and falls into the English Channel, at Dartmouth. Dartford, town in Kent, with a market on Saturday, seated on the Darent, not far from its influx into the Thames. Here are the remains of a fine nunnery, founded by Edward III. The town is finely watered by two or three very good springs, and is full of inns, by reason of its being a great thoroughfare from I>ondon to Dover. It is 16 miles E by S of London. Lon. 16 E, Lt. 51 25 N. Dartmoor, extensive Moorish tract in Devonshire ; bounded on the N by bleak hills, and extending southward quite through the centre of the county to the sea. It is watered by the river Dart. On this moor prison, barracks were erected during the last war between Great Britain and the United States. Here on the 6th of Ai ril, 1815, by order of the commandant, 7 American piisoners were massacred, and 56 dangero'isly wounded. Dartmouth, borough of Devonshire, with a market on Friday. It is seated near the river Dart, near its fall into the sea, and has a spacious harbour defended by a fort. It has a considerable trade to the S of Eu- rope and to Newfoundland, as well as a share in the coasting traffic. It contains three churches, and is 30 miles SSW of D A V 1) A V Exeter, and 204 W by S of London. Lon. 3 45 W, lat 50 22 N. Dartmouth College. This itistitution is located in the town of Hanover, Grafton county, New Hampshire. It was bounded in 1769, by the Revd, Dr Eleazer Wheelock, and named in himour of William, earl of Dartmouth, one of its most munificent bene- factors. In 1797, a Medical Institution was annexed to the college. The officers of this college, are, a president, 4 professors, 2 lecturjers, and 3 tutors. The number of students, ordinarily about 150, and from 50 to 60 medical students. The college li- brary exceeds 4,000 volumes ; and two other hbraries with about 2,000 volumes each, have been formed by associations of students. The medical department pos- sesses a laboratory', anatomical museum, 2 lecture rooms and chapel. The college has attached to its other establishments, an extensive and valuable philosophical and chemical apparatus. The site of Dart- mouth college is pleasant and healthful, which, with the judicious arrangement of concerns, have rendered it a very flourish- ing instituiion. Its funds are chiefly drawn from lands, amounting to about 1600 dol- lars, annually. This revenue, added to the sums paid by students, yields a neat yearly amount of about 4000 dollars. Dartmouth, post town and seaport of Massachusetts, in Bristol county. It is situated on the NW side of Buzzard's bay, about 75 miles S of Boston. Population in 1820, 3636. Dassen-Eyland, or Isle of Deer, one of the three j-mall islands to the N of the Cape of Good Hope, so called, on account of the great number ofdeer which were first car- ried thither in 1601. Here are also sheep whose tails weigh from 10 to 20 pounds. Lon. 18 7 E, lat? 33 25 S. Davenport, township of Delaware county, New York. Population in 1820, 1384. Daventrij, corporate town in Northamp- tonshire, with a market on Wednesday. It is governed by a mayor, and seated on the side of a hill, 10 miles W of North- ampton, and 72 N W of London. Lon. 1 10 W. lat. 52 15 N. David Point, cape of the island of Gre- nada, on the north. Lon. W C 15 26 E. lat. 12 20 N. David's St. city in Pembrokeshire, with a market on Wednesday ; seated in a bar- ran soil, on the river Hen, scarcely a mile from the seashore. |It was once a consi- derable place, and the cathedral is said to have the highest roof of any in England. It is 24 miles NW of Pembroke, and 255 W by N of London. Lon. 5 15 W. lat. 51 56 N. David, Fort St. English fort, on the coast of CororaandeJ. It was taken and destrov- ed by the French in 1758, and has not yet been rebuilt. It is 80 miles S of Fort St. George. Lon. 79 45 E. lat. 11 30 N. Davis' Straits, ar^. of the sea, between Green and and N. America, discovered by capt. Davis, in 1585, which he enceavour- ed to find out a northwest ^passage. Davidson, comny in the state of Tennes- see ; situated on the W side of Cumber- land mountains, bounded by Robertson N ; Summer NE ; Wilson and Rutherford E ; Williamson S, and Dickson W ; length 26; mean width 22 ; area 570 square miles. Surface rather uneven than hilly ; soil ge- nerally fertile. Chief town, Nashville. Population in 1810. Free white males . - - 4,931 do. do. females - - - 4,252 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - . 130 Slaves - . . . . 6,305 Total population in 1810 Population in 1320. Free white males do. do, females - 15,618 6,390 5,676 Total whites - . - . 12,066 Free persons of colour, males - 109 do. do. females 80 Slaves, males . - - . 4,045 do. females - - . 3,854 Total population in 1820 - - 20,154 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 95 Engaged in Agriculture - - 5,070 do. in Manufactures - 963 do. in Commerce - - 141 Population to the square mile, 36 nearly. Davidson, post town and seat of justice, Lawrence county, Arkansas. Davidstoiun, town of New .Jersey in Hun- terdon county, 10 miles above Trenton on the Asanpink creek. Daviess, county of Kentuck)', bounded by Ohio river N ; Breckenridge NE ; Ohio SE; Muhlenburg S ; Hopkins SVV, and Henderson W ; length 30 ; mean width 20 ; area 600 square miles. Surface hilly except near the streams : soil generally productive. Chief town, Owensburg. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 1,538 do. do. females - - . 1,479 Total whites - - . . Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males - - - do. females . - - Total population in 1820 253 3,876 1) A TJ D A L Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - S Engaged in Agriculture - - 997 do. in Manufactures - 67 do. in Commerce - • 22 Population to the square mile, 6. Davies, 9ounl3' of Irdianv, be \V:^en the two main branches of White river, bound- ed by Dubois SE and S ; Gibson SW ; Knox W ; Sullivan NW, and Monroe and Lawrence NE ; length 60 ; mean width 15 ; area 900 square miles. Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females 1,810 1,590 Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males do do. females Slaves, males - - . . do. femrdes - - . 3,400 15 17 Total population in 1820, 5,432 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 7 F.ngaged in Agriculture - 924 do. in Manufactures - - 62 do. in Commerce - - 2 Population to the square mile, 4 nearly. Davies, post village, Mecklenberg coun- ty, Virgmia. Davisbtirg, town of Christian county, Kentucky. Davis' -store, post office, Rapide, parish Louisiana. Davis' Inlet, or Strait, E coast of Labra- dor. Lon. VV C 16 50 E. lat. 56 20 N. Davis' Straits, an immense openin;^ in- to Hudson's and Baffins bays, between N. America and Greenland. This inland sea bears NW and SE ; 700 miles in length and 450 miles wide. Davis' Tavern, post office, Sussex coun- ty, Virginia. J>a7(7i, town of Germany, in the electo- rite of Treves, seated on the Lezer, at the foot of a mountain, on which is a castle. It is 12 miles N of Mont Royal. Dauphin, river of British North America, flowing into Little Wmnipic lake. Lon. W C 23 W, lat. 52 20 N. Dauphin, county of Pennsylvania, on the east side of Susquehannah river ; bounded by Lancaster and Lebanon SE ; by Susque- hannah river W ; NorthumS^erland N, and Schuylkill NE ; length 33 ; mean width 16 ; area 528 square miles. This coimtrv is extremely diversified in surface. The SE part of the country is hilly and broken, but with a soil highly productive. The Swa- tara rises in Schuylkill, and traverses Leba- non into Dauphin, passing over the south- eastern section of the latter, into the Sus- quehannah river. This part of the countv 254 lies below the Kittatinny range of moun- tains, and covering about 230 square miles, is subdivided into nearly equal portions by the limestone and slate regions. See JEi7- tutinny Valley. Above the Kittatinny moun- tain, the residence of the county is exces- sively broken by mountains and hills, with a generally sterile soil. The staples of Daupliin are, grain, flour, whiskey, salted provisions and live stock. Chief town, Harrisburg. Population in 1810. Free white males - • - 16,011 do. do. females - - 15,593 All o'her persons except In- dians not taxed ... 253 Slaves 26 Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males _ . . do. females Total p.ipulation in 1820 31,885 10,73 S 10,409 21,663 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 132 Engaged in .\gricuUure - - 2,353 do. in Manufactures - 1,410 do. in Commerce - - 104 population lo the square mile, 41. Dauphin, island of Alabama, off the mouth of Mobile bay. It is a sandy flat, covered with a few trees, about 6 miles long, and from two miles ti> a quarter of a mile wide. The Pass au Heron into M*>bile bay, enters from Pascagoula Sound, north from Dau- phin Island ; the main Pass enters between the island and Mobile Point. Dauphin Fort, seaport of St. Domingo, on the north side of the island. Lon. W C 4 40 E, lat. 19 41 xM. Danp/tiny, late province of France, ex- tending 40 leagues from N to S, and 36 from E to W ; bounded on the W by the Rhone, N by the Rhone and Savoy, S by Proveace, and E by the Alps. Hence the heir apparent of the kings of France is called the Dauphin. Two-thirds of Dau- phiny are intersected by m-untains, which afford good pasturage ; plenty of t-niber, fir-trees in particular, for the bwiiding of shij^s ; and very scarce simples. In these mountains, which are branclies of the Alps, are bears, chamois, marmots, eagl':s, hawks, &c . and mines of iron, copper, and lead. The vr.lleys afford wheat, and the hills, in the vicinity of the Rhone, excclle;nt wines, olives, and silk. The principal rivers are D E A the Rlione, Durance, Isere, and Drome. It now forms the departments of Dromo, Isere, and Upper Alps. J5«x, or Jcqs, ancient town of France, in the department of Landes and late prov ince of Gascony, with a bishop's see, and some famous hot baths. It is seated on the Adour, 24 miles NE of Bayonne. Lon. 1 W, lat, 43 42 N Bat/ton, flourishing post town and seat of justice for Montgomery county, Ohio. It is situated on level ground, upon the eastern bank of the Great Miami river, just below the confluence of that and Mad river. It contains an academy, a printing office, a bank, S''veral mercantile stores, and three apothecary shops ; also a pres- byterian m cting hous°, one for methodist, a court house and jail, and above 130 dwel- ling houses, and 1000 inhabitants. There are numerous mills in the vicinity, particu- larly on Mad river, near its moutii, where it is peculiarly well calculated for mills and other machinery necessary to be propelled by water. Distance 66 miles, west by south from Columbus, ;>>d 52 northerly from Cincinnati. Lat. 39 42 N, lon. 7 8 VV. Dayton, townsliip of Montgomery coan- ty, Ohio, in which the preceding town is situated. Population in 1820, 2530. Deadman^s-ffead, c£tpe in Cornwall, be- tween St. Mav's and Fowr;y. Dead Sfa, lake of Palestine, ancient As- phaitites, into which the river Jordon runs. It is 70 mil's long, and 20 broad, enclosed on the E and W by high mountains. It abounds in bitumen. Deal, S'-aport in Kent with a market on Thursday. It is seated on a strait of Do- vei-, and is a member of the Cinque Port of Sandwich, governed by a mayor. It has ab^iut 1000 houses, which are mostly built of brick. The inhabitants amount to 4500, and, as no manufacture is carried on here, they chiefly depend on the seafaring men who resort hither. The port is defenoJed by two castles ; Deal or Walmer castle to the S, and Sandown castle to the N Be- tween this place and the Godwin Sands, are the Downs, where the ships usually ride at their leaving or coming into ihe river Thames. It is seven nules S by E of Sandwich, and 72 E by S of London. Lou. 1 29 E, lat. 51 13 N. Deal, village of New Jersey ; situated on the sea shore in Monmouth county, famous as a watering place, 7 miles S from Shrews- bury. Dearborn, post town and township Ken- nebec county, Maine. Ponnlation in 1820, 463. Z>ea?-6or7f, county of Indiana, on Ohio ri- ver, bounded by the state of Oliio and Ohio rver E ; Switzerland S ; Riplev W ; and Franklin TV ; length 27 ; mean "width 15; area about 400 square miles, Surface DEC very hilly, though with a productive soil. Chief town, Lawrenceberg Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 3,750 do. do. fem-.les - - - 3,460 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - . 92 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white m.iles do. do. females . . - Total whites . . - - Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females. Slaves, males . - - . do. females . . , Total population in 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agi-icnlture do. in Manufactures (\■^. in Com'Ti ice 7,310 6,029 5,367 11,468 93 1,722 245 57 Population to the square mile, 28. Dearborn, river, a wps*r"n brr'iicf of Mis- souri, int') W.I ch 1' fails .bove the rapids. Oeben, river in Suffolk, which rises near Debenham, an-! expands into a long nar- row arm of the German Ocean, a little to the N of Ilarwicli. Debenham, town in Suffolk, with a mar- ket on Friday, seated near the head of the Doben,on the side of a hill, 24 miles E of Bury St. Ed'nund's, and 84 NE of London. Lon. 1 17 E. lat. 52 22 N. Debrecen, town of Upper Hungary, capi- tal of a district of the same name. Ir is 106 miles E of B.ida. Lon. 22 11 E. lat, 47 32 N. Debretzin, town of Hungary and th seat of a very respectable academy, possessing a library of upwards of 20,000 volumes. The number of students are considerable, exceeding five hundred. It is situated about 160 miles ESE from Vienna, Decatur, post town and townsiiip, of Ot- sego county. New York, nine miles W from West Union. Population In 1820, 902. Decatur, post town and township. Brown county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 101. -DecaiJO', township, Mifflin county, Penn- sylvania. Population in 1820, 635. Deccan, f x.ensive tract of country, iu Asia, wliicli, in its ordinary acceptation, means oid> the countries situated between liindoostan Proper, the Carna'ic a id Oris- sa, that is the provinces of Candeise, Dow- latabad, Visiapour, Golconda, and 'he \V partofBerar. It is bounded on the N by the river Nerbudda, by Bengal, and by Bahar ; and the river Kistna forms its se- paration on the S from the neninsula of •?5." DEE DEL Hindoostan. Candeish, Visiapour, and a Deep River, in North Carolina, one of part of Dowlatabad, are subject to the the main and higher branches of Cape Fear Mahrattas ; the remainder, to the Nizam of river, the Deccan. Oeer Creek, south westernmost township Deception, bay of North America, on the Pickaway county, Ohio. Population in Pacific Ocean. Lon. W C 48 W. lat. 46 1°20, 1532. 12 N, Deer Cr-eeil", township of Ohio, Madison Deception Passage, strait of North Ame- county. Population in 1820, 584. rica on the Pacific Ocean. Lon. W C 48 Deerfield, post town and township, Rock- W lat. 47 10 N. inghani county, New Hampshire. Popula- Decision Cape, south point of an island, tion in 1820, 2133. lying between Prince of Wales' Island, and Deerfield, p st town and township, Frank- King George's Island. Lon. VV C 56 56 lin county, Massachusetts, on the W side W, lat. 56 05 N. of Connecticut river, 17 miles N from Decise, ancient town of France, in the de- Northampton. Population in 1820, 1868. partment of Ni( vre and late province of Deerfield, township of Oneida county, Nivernois, seated in an island formed by New York, opposite Utica, on the Mohawk. the Loire, 16 mihs SE of Nevers. Lon. Population in 1820, 2344. 4 31 E. lat. 46 50 N. Deerfield, \i(iS\.\ovir\, Cumberland coun- Deckendorf, town of Lower Bavari.i, ty, New Jersey. Population 1900. seated near the Danube, 37 miles SE of Deerfield, township in the SE angle of Ratisbon. It wa- taken by tl.e Swedes in Portage county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1641. Lon. 12 55 E, la» 48 42 N. UeckerstoTvn, post town, Sussex county. New Jersey. Deddington, town in Oxfordshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is 16 miles N of Oxford, and 70 W\W of London. Lon. 1 1'2W. lai. 52 2N. 430. Deerfield, township of Morgan county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 558. Deerfield, township of Ross county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1804. Deerfield river, rises in Vermont, ''and flowing S enters Massachusetts, turns to Dedham, village in Essex, noted for an nearly E and falls into Connecticut Jriver ancient large church, which has a fine Go- between ^.Greenfield "and Deerfield. thic steeple. It is six miles N of Colches- D wild country till It reaches the fertile vale of Brae-mar, from the Severn. Deer Park, post' town. Orange county. New York. Pojiuiation in 1820, 1340. Deinse, or Deynse, town of Austrian Flanders, seated on the Lis, eight mdes SVV of Ghent. Lon. 3 39 E lut. 50 59 N. DeKalb, post town, St. Lawrence coun- ty. New York, on Oswegatchie river, 20 whence it proceeds in an easterly direction miles above its junction with St. Lawrence, to Aberdeen, below which it falls into the Population in 1820, 709 British Ocean. Over it there is a bndge of seven arches. it abounds with salmon, so as to form ore of the greatest salmon fishe"ies in Scotland. Delagoa, bay of Africa, on the Indian Ocean. Lat. 27 S. Delaware, river of the United States. The Delaware basin, intervening between Dee, river of Scotland, which rises m that of Susquehannah and that of the Hud- the NW part of Kircudbrightslnre, and son, extends about 250 miles from north joining the Ken, below New Galloway, falls to soutli, with a mean width of 60 miles, into the Irish Sea, at Kirkcudbright. extending over an ar^-a of 15,600 square Deeping, town in Lincolnshire, with a miles. The Dt^la-vure ri.-es by two branches market on Thursday. It is seated on the in the Catsbergs, drai.'iing the angle be- Wr.Hand, m a fenny country, six miles E tween the Su-qiiehan uh and Schoharie of Stan^ford, and 90 N of London. Lon. branch of Mohawk. The sources of the 21 W. lat. 52 42 N. Delaware flow SW by cornparative courses. Deep Creek, post office, Pasquotank 50 miles, through Delaware county, in countv. North Carolina. New York, uniteat the NE .ingle of Penn- 4.56 DEL DEL sylvanla, and turn at right angles to a course ofSE; following the latter direction, by comparative courses, 7J mile,-, to the NW angle of New Jerse\ , ami tiie btise of the Kitatitiny niwuntain ; again turning with the aioiintain to the S\V, follows that course along its base, by comparative co'irses, 40 miles, to the mouth of Broad- head creek, wliere the river again turns, and p isses tlie Kitta'.inny mountain. Tne g-eneral physiognomy of the Susquehannah and Delaware, every where remaikable, is in no other place so striking as in the val- ley between the Kiit.itinny mountain and the continuation of the Blue Ridge, below Easton and tlie moutli of the Lehigh. Tills river has a very crooked course ab >ve and even below the Blue Moun'ains ; tlie country is very mo>Miaiiiou-, through winch it passes, until it leaves the Watergap. It con.inues hilly along its banks, below the mountain as tiir down as Wells falls below the village of New Hupe, in Bucks county. It has many rapids an 1 shallows along iis whole length, until it reaches Trenton falls, where it meets the tide. Boat navigation is vt-ry difficult above Easton. From Eas- ton to the tide, the navigation has been improved, and at present, a very consider- able trade is Carried on m this part ot the river. In the Kittatinny valley, 25 miles, by comparative courses, below the Delaware v/atergap, the Lehigh comes in from the northwest. The latter stream claims a very large share of attention, as being one of the great channels from which the city of Phi- ladelphia, and indeed the whole Atlantic coast, is destined to receive exhaustless supplies of coal. This branch of the Delaware rises in Wayne, Luzerne, and Northampton, and is, empliatically, a mountain str am. Flow- ing first to S W, curves to S and SE, pierces the Kittatinny mountain, crosses the Kit. tan-iy valley in a SE direction, is turned by the SE mountain at Allentown, where it winds to NE, and joins the Delav/are at the borough of Easton, after a compara- tive cjurse of aboDt 80 miles. See Le- high. Below the SE mountain, the Delaware turns to a SE course 35 mles, ti where it leaves the primitive, and falis into 'he al- luvial formation at tlie head of tide water. Continuing over the alluvion four or five miles, the Delaware again turns to S\V, nearly parallel to, antl about five miifs dis- tant fr!jm, the primitive ledge, in which di- rection it flows, by comparative courses, 35 miles, to th? mouth of ilie Schuylkill. Respecting the Schuylkill, it is sufficient to observe, that, it has its principal sources in Northampton and Schuylkill cotmties : that its general course is from NW to SE, K k by comparative courses, 120 miles. Few secondary rivers of the American conti- nent are destined to become of equal im- portance with the Schuylkill, as a channel of inland navigaaon. The general course of SW is mainiained by the Delaware, about 30 miles below the mouth of the Schuylkill, or about five miles b-low New Castle. Here the river, already considera- bly expanded in width, opens mto a wide triangular bay, &5 miles in length, and 30 wide, between Capes Hinlopen and May. See Schuylkill. Ddaivare Bay, the estuary of the Dela' ware river, between New Jersey and Penn- sylvania, and between New Jersey and De- laware. This bay in strictness commences at Trenton, at the hem Fishers Point b. low New Castle to r;apes May aid H n- lopen. Thus ler^tncled it rs about 65 miles long, aul v .u-ymg in width from 3 to 30 miles. It admits the entra-icc or the larg- est vessels though much impeded by shoals. DeUnvnre, one of the United States. Tills stjte is boun led by an ex'erior limit, from its SE angle at Fenwick's island to Cape Hinlopen 20 Along the right shore of Dela- ware bay - - - • 90 Around the semicircle of 12 miles radius from New Castle - 25 Thence nearly south along Mary- land .... sr Thence due east to Fenwick's Island - - - - 36 Having an entire outline of - 258 Area, 2120 square miles, equal to 1,356,800 acres. Extreme length from south to north, 96 miles ; greatest breadth along^ its south boundarv 36 miles. - Extending from lat. 38 29, to 39 54 N. Tile state of Delaware from its confined extent, and position presents the most uniform mrface of any of the great politi- cal sections of the United States. That pan of D laware bordering on Pennsylva- nia, rises into liiils of sor.e litle elevation, and is extremely well watered Reced- ing, how. ver, down Delaware bay, or rather ulo ig the intervening peninsula between that and Chesapeak bay the face of the countiy becomes m .re monotonous, and finally smks to a near y g-neral level. Some parts of he lower sections of the state are marshy, some sandy, but inters- persed with productive tracts. Tiie res- pective fcrility of the different divisions of the stae can bs' se n liy reference to the different counties with their comparative population. in the northern part of the state the soil is well adapted to the production of grain DEL DEL aiid pasturage. Grain and flour are there- fore staple commodities. For the manu- facture of the latter article few places in any country can possess greater natural facilities, than docs higher Delaware. Brandy wine creek ris ng on the primitive, and secondary formations in Pennsylvania is precipitated over considerable rapids in its passage from the primitive rock to the alluvial tract below. Red Cky and White Clay creeks, branches of Christiana river present similar features io Brandy wine, and taken together, affird an uncommon assemblage of seats for mills and other manufactories. Much has been done to improve those natural advantages. Manu- factories of paper, gunpowder, and cotton and woollen goods have been extensively estabhshed. A canal to unite the Dela- ware and Chesapeak bays, and to crop the state of Delaware, was undertaken in May, 1804. This enterprise, after consi- derable labour and funds had been ex- pended, was from various causes, suspend- ed, in 1805 ; but now, (1822) is again re- vived, with the most flattering hopes of success. For political and legal purposes Dela- ware is subdivided into the following coun- ties ; having the population respectively annexed, in 1820. New Castle - - 2^,899 Kent - - - 20,793 Sussex - - - 24,057 72,749 Free persons of colour, females S9 Slaves, males - . . 33 do. females . . « 23 Total population in 1820, 26,587 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 558 Engaged in Agriculture - 5,771 do. in Manufactures - 735 do. in Commerce - - 44 Population to the square mile, 16, Delarware, county of Pennsylvania, on the Delaware river ; bounded by Delaware river SE ; state of Delaware SW ; Chester NW ; Montgomery and Philadelphia coun- ties NE ; length 20 ; mean width 10 ; area 300 square miles. Surface generally hilly, with a soil naturally productive, and much improven in many places by artificial means. The Staples of this county, consist of grain, flour, fruit, and an indefinite number of articles for the Philadelphia market. Chief town, Chester. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 7,084 do. do. females . - - 6,828 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - 822 In the convention held at Philadelphia in 1787, the inhabitants were computed at 37,000. According to the census of 1790, they amounted to 59,000 ; m IbOO, they had risen to 64,273. Delatvare, county of \ew York ; bounded by Pennsylvania SVV ; Broome W ; Otsego N ; Schoharie and Greene NE, and Ulster and Sullivan SE ; length 45 ; mem width 36 ; area 1630 square miles. Surface hilly in general, and in part mountainous. Soil nevertheless fertile, and productive in grain, fruits and meadow grasses. Chief town, Delhi. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 10,409 do. do females - - 9,762 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 77 Slaves ... - - 55 Total population in 1810 - 20,303 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 13,441 do. do. females ... 13,008 Total whites - - - 26,449 ^^e persons of colour, males 43 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - Total whites . - - - Free persons of colour, males ■ do. do. females Slaves, males . . . « do. females - - - Total population in 1820 - 14,734 7,001 6,700 14,810 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - HO Engaged in Agriculture - 2,111 do. in Manufactures - 843 do. in Commerce ~ - 48 Population to the square mile, 74. Delaware, township of Wayne county, Pennsylvania. Delaware, township of Mercer county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 424. Delaware, town of Virginia, King William county, on the point between the Pamunky and Matapony rivers. Delaiuare, county of Ohio, on Sciota and Whitsione rivers, and on Ailum creek; bounded by Franklin S; Madison SW; Union W ; Marion N, and Knox and Lick- ing E ; leng'.h 27 ; mean breadth 24 ; area about 650 square miles. Surface rather waving than hilly ; soil in general produc- tive. Chief town, Delaware DEL. DEM Population in 1810, Free white males ... 1,033 do, do, fem;iles - - . 923 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 44 Total population in 1810 - - 2,000 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 3,986 do. do. females - • 3,616 Total whites - - - - 7,602- Free persons of colour, males - 19 do. do, females - 18 Slaves, males .... do. females ... Total population in 1820 - 7,639 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 38 Engaged m Agriculture - 1,163 do. in Manufactures - 198 do, in Commerce - • Population to the square mile, 12, nearly, Delery, seigniory, Lower Canada, Hun- tingdon county, on the Sorelle rivei', 27 mdes SSE from Montreal, Isle Aux Noix is in this seigniory. Delft, city of the United Provinces, in Holland. It is clean and well built, wiih canals in the streets, planted on each side with trees It is about two miles in cir- cumference ; and has a fine arsenal well furnished. It is noted for a considerable manufacture of earthen ware known by the name of Delft ware. It is seated on the Schie, eight miles NW of Rotterdam, and 30 SW of Amsterdam, Lon. 4 24 E, lat. 52 4 N, Delftshaven, fortified town of Holland, on the N side of the Maese, with a canal to Delft, 84c. It is between Rotterdam and Schiedam, not tliree miles from each, Delfzy, fortress of the United Provinces, in Groningen. It is seated on the river Damster, 13 miles NE of Groningen. Dellii, province of Hindoostan Proper ; bounded on the NW by Lahore, on the NE by Serinagur, on the E by the Rohilla country, on the S by Agra, and on the W by Moultan. Having been the seat of con- tinual wars for above 50 years, it is almost depopulated ; and a tract of country that possess every advantage that can be deri- ved from nature, contains the most misera- ble of inhabitants. It is now all that re- mains to the Great Mogul of his once ex- tensive empire. Delhi, capital of a province of the same name, in Hindoostan Proper, seated on the river Jumna, It is the nominal capital of all Hindoostan, and was the actual capital during the greatest part of the time since the Mahometan conquest. In 1738, when Nadir Shah invaded Hindoostan, he entered Delhi, and dreadful were the massacres and famine that followed ; 100,000 of the inhabitants perished by the sworJ ; and plunder, to the amount of 62,u00,O00A ster- ling, was said to be collected. The same calamitief they endured on the subsequent invasions of Abdalla, king of Candahar. Delhi is 80 miles NNE of Bombay, Lon. 77 40 E, lat. 28 37 N. Delhi, post town and seat of justice, in Delaware county, New York, on Coquago branch ot Delaware river, 70 miles WSW from Albany. Delhi, township of Delaware count}', New York, includuig the foregoing village. Population in 1820, 2285. Delichi, river of ,\lbania, the Acheron of the ancient poets, who feigned it to be in hell. Delmcnhorst, town of Westphalia, in the county of Delmenliorst, belonging to Den- mark. It is seated on the Delm, near the Weser eiglit miles SW of Bremen. Dehs, island of the Archipelago, now called Dili. There are abundance of fine ruins supposed to be of the temples of Diana and Apollo, whose birtli-place it is said to be. 1 1 is six miles in circiunference, but now destitute of inhabitants. Lon. 25 59 E, lat. 37 30 N. Delphi, or Delphos, town of Livadia, seated in a valley, near mount Parnassus, It was famous for the oracle of Apollo, which people came f om all p r;s to consult. Delsperg, town of Sv.'is crianci, in the bishopric of B:isle, 10 liiiles KW ot Soleure, Lon, 7 23 E, lat. 47 17 N. Delta, part of lower Kgypt, l.ttween tiie branches of tSie Nile and the Mediterra- nean. The ancients called it the isle of Delta, because it is in the shape of a trian- gle, like the Greek letter of that name. It is 130 miles along the coast i"r.)m Damietta to Alexandria, and 70 on the sides, from the place where the Ni e begins to divide it- self. It is the most plentitul country of all Egypt, and it ruins more here than in other parts ; but its fertility is chiefly owing- to the inundations of the Nile, The princi- pal towns on the coast are Damietta, Ro- setta, and Alexandria. Demer, river which rises in the bishopric of Litge, waters TIasselt, Diest, Sichem, Arschot, and Mechlin, below wiiich it joins the Senne, and takes the n me of Rupel. Demerara, river of South America, in Guiana, rises -t about lat. 4 N, and flowing nearly north 20J miles, falls into the Atlan- lic Ocean, 10 miles E from the mouth of tlje Isiquiljo river. Demerara, province formerly of Dutch Guiana, lying on both sides of the Deme- rar.i river. It was ceded to Great Britain in 1814, Detneraru, settlement formerly belonging 259 BEN D E K to the Dutch in Guiana, on a river of the same name, three leagues W of Paramari- bo. It was taken by the English in April, 1796. Uemmin, ancient town of Swedish Pome- rania, in the duchy of Stet n, seated on the river Peen. Lon, 13 22 E, la- . S3 52 N. .Demona, fort of Piedmi nt, on the river Sture, 10 miles S\V of Coni, Lon. 7 28 E, lat. 48 18 N Denain, village of France in the depart- ment of the North and lute province of Hainault. It is s< ated on the Scheldt 8 miles W of Vali nciennes. Denbigh, county-town of Denbieb shire ; situate on the side of a ro ky lull, on a branch of the river Clvvyde. Its ruined castle, with its vast enclosui-e crowning the top of the hill, forms a slrikin.c objt-ct. It has a market on Wednesduv, seiids one member to parhament, and s 27 miles W of Chester, and 208 N\V of London. Lon. 3 35 W, lat. 53 UN. DenbigJishire, county of Wales, bounded on the S by Merioneth and Montgomery shires, on the N by F intshire and il-e Irish Sea, on the VV by Caernarvon and jjart of Merionethshire. Ii is about 40 miles long and 21 broad. Tiie air is wholrsome, but sharp; the coMuty being pretty hilly, and tiie snow lying long ^n the tops of the mountains. The soil in general is barren The chief commodities are black cattle, sheep, goats, rye, and lead ore The coun- ty sends two members to parliaiiefit. Population in 1801. 60,352, in 1811, 64,240, and in 1821, 74,511. DendeVfUvey of Austrian Hainault, which waters Leuze, .\th, Lessincs, Grammont, Ninove, and Alost, and jo.ns ihe Scheldt at Di'nd^rmonde. Dendevmonife, city of Flanders, with a strong citadel. It was taken by the French in 1794, when they overran Holland It is surrounded by marches and fine meadows, which can be covered with water, and is seated at the confluence of the Dender and Scheldt, 16 miUs W of Mechlin. Lon. 4 IDE, lat. 51 3N. Benia, ancient seaport of Spain, in Va- lencia. It is seatid at the foot of a m >un- tain, on the Mediterranean, 52 miles E of Alicant. Lon. 36 E, lat. 33 44 N. Denmark, kinjjdom of Europe ; bounded on the E by the Baltic sea, W ai'd N by the Ocean, and S by Germany. The country ifl generally flat, and the sod sandy 'I'he air is rendered foggy by the neighbuurhood of the seas and lakes, of which it is full ; but it has no considerable river. Denmaik, properly so called, consists of Jutland and the islands of Zealand and Fimen, with the little isles about them. The king of Den- mark's dominions, however, con air the duchy of Holstein, Iceluid, the Farroe islands, and also Norway till lately ; but in 260 consequence of Denmark being in alliance witii Franc. , during the grand confedi racy against that Power, in 1813, th^- allies, un>- der the crown prince of Sweden, soon after the battle of Leipsic, entered the king's diiminion^ in the North of Germany ; and after several severe- battles, in wliich the Danes had to contend w th ver> superior numbers, the king was compelled to con- clude a treaty, wherein he ceded Norway to S-veden, and was to receive in exchange, Swedish Ponii rania, and the Isle of Rwgen. In the East Indies, Denmark possesses Tranquebar on the coa^t of Coromandel, and the Nicobar islands; in the West In- dies, ;he islands of St Thomas, St. Croix, and St. John ; Christiatiburg on the coast of Guinea; and a small part of Greenland. Di-nmark was once a limited and elective monarchy ; but, in 1660, it was made abso- lute and hereditary, by a revolution almost imp ralleled iu liistory ; a free people voluntarily resigning tiieir liberties into the hands of their sovereign. The inhabita' ts are protestants since the year 1522, when they embrced the co' fession ot Augsburg. The manners and customs of the superior classes dift'er little from those in other parts of Europe ; but the peasantry continue in a state of vassal ge, except those of the crown. The revenues, which arise fiom tlie crown and duties, are supposed to amount to 1,50: ,000^ a year The har- bou!'s of Denmark are well calculated for trade ; and c mmercial companies are es- tablished to the East Indies, West Indies, and Africa. The pr.)duce of Denmark, be- side fir and other timber, is black cattle, horses, butter, tal'cw, hides, pitch, tar, fish, oil, and iron. Copenhagen is the capital. Denmark now contains: Population. Jutland - ^ - - 400,000 The islands of Zealand, Fu- nen, Langland, Laland, Falster, &c. - - 550,000 Holstein - - - 350,000 Sleswick - - - 300,G00 Lauenburgh - - 40,000 Iceland - - - 60,000 Faroe Islands - - 5,000 Sittlements in the East and West Indies - - 100,000 1,805,000 Denmark; post town, Lewis county. New York, on Black river, on the road from Utica to Sackett's Harbor. Denmark, township of New York, in Lewis county. Population in 1820. 1745. Denmark, post town and township, Oxford county, Maine, on Saco river. Population in 1820, 792. D E R D E R Demnark, township, Ashtabula county, Ohio, 6 miles E tnm J'-ffersuii. Dennis, p'St town and township, in BanisLablf county, M.issdchus' its, about eight milts troin Barnstable. Popuiation in IS2U, 1997. Dennis, post village, Amelia county, Virginia. IJcnnis- Creek; post office, Cape Mary county, Nf w Jersey. Dennynville post town and township, Washington county, Maine, on the left bank of Denny's river, 23 milts NE from Machias, and 17 NW from East- port Denny's River, rises in Madvbemp lake, Washington countv, Maine, and flowing SE, falls into Cnbbescook bay. Denton, post town, and capital of Caroline county, Maryland ; standing on the E side of Choptank river, about seven miles E from Hillsborough, and 8 S from Greensborough. Dentrecanteaux' s Channel separates Bruny's island from Van Uii-man's land. Deny'a, St. famous town of France, in the department of Paris. Ht^re is an an- cient and magnificent church, in which were the tombs of many of the French kings : and in the treasuiy, among other Curiositifs, the swords of St. Lewis and the Maid of Orleans, and the sceptre of Charhmagne It is seated on the river Crould, near the Seine, five miles N of Paris. Lnn 2 26 E, lat- 48 56 N. Deposit, post office Delaware county. New York, on Delaware river, 105 miles W from Cats kill. Depiford, town of Kent, four miles E of London It has a bridge over the river at Ravensbourn, near its influx into the Thames, where it once had a deep ford from whence it had its name. It is remarkable for its fine docks and for the king's yard and storehouses. It was an ciently called West Greenwich. It is divided into Upper and Lower D( ptfurd, and has two parish churches. Here is a hospital, incorporated by Henry VIII. called Trinity House of Dep'ford Strond. It contains 21 houses : a more modern structure, and a finer one, called Tr ni- ty Hospital, contains 38. Both these are for decayed pilots, or masters of ships, or their widows, who have a handsome monthly allowance. Deptford is four mil»-s Efrom London. Lon. 4 E, lat. 51 30 N. Drptford, township of Gloucester county. New Jersey. Population in 1820, 3281. Derbane, river of Louisiana, in the parishes of Natchitoches and Ouachitta ; it rises in a hilly pine ridge in the parish of Natchitoches, enterlocking with t^e sources of Dacheet and Black Lake river. i"h cnciri length of Derbane is about 80 mile-i, it enters Ouachitta 3 miivs above fort Miro. This little stream is navi- gable at high water thirty or forty miles; some good farming lands lie along the outer vales, between t e w>,tcr courses' and hills, but in general, the country drained by the D rbane, is open unpro- ductive jjine woods. Dtrbane, small river of Louisiana; rises in the parish of the interior of La- fourche, and flowing SE falls into the gulf. of M xico, 10 miles W from the mouth of Lafourche river. Derbane, creek {bayou) of Louisiana, in Opelonsas, fails into the Courtableau from the left. Derbent, seaport and fortress of Per- sia, in the province of Schirvan, on the W coast of the Caspian Sea. The town is inhabited chiefly by Persians, Tartars, and a few Armenians It is said to have been built by Alexander the Great, and is surrounded by high brick walls. The fortress surrendered tc* the Russians, in May, 1796, after a siege ot ten days. It is seated at the foot "f Mount Caucasus., Lon. 50 E, lat 42 8 N. Derby, county town of Derbyshire, with a market on Friday. It is seated on the Derwent, over which is a hand- some stone bridge. In 1734, a machine was erected here by sir Thomas Lombe, for the manufacturing of siik, the model of which was brought from Italy. Derby possesses also a considerable manufac- ture of silk, cotton, and fine worsted stockings ; and has a fabric of porcelain, equal, if not superior in quality, to any in the kingdom Several hands are em- ployed in the lai)idary and jewellery branches ; and Derbyshire marbles, spars and crystals, are wrought into a variety of ornamental articles. Derby sends two members to parliament, and is governed by a mayor It is 36 miles N of Coven- try, and 126 NNW of London. Lon. 1 '25 W, lat. 52 58 N. Derby post town. New Haven county, Connecticut, on the left bank of Housa- tonick, at its junction with the Nauga- tuck river. This place is remarkable for its mills and other manufactories, erected at the falls of the Naugatuck and Eight Mile rivers. Derby, post town of Vermont, in Or- leans County on lake Memphramagog. Population in 1820, 710. Derby, township of New Haven coun- ty, Connecticut. Population in 1820, 2088. Derbyshire, English county, bounded on the N by Yorkshire, on the E by Not- tinghamshire, on the S by Leicestershire 261 D E K D a. T and Warwickshii-e, on the W by Staf- tbrdbhire, and o.i ihetto, or Zagoria, town in Bulgaria, not far from the see of a Greek archb'.shop. It is situated near the Black Sea, 100 miles N of Constantinople. Lon. 27 22 E. lat, 42 25 N. Devizes, borough in Wilts with a market on Thursday, and a manufacture of serges and other woollen btuflTs. It is seated on a hill, sends two members to parliament, ,ind is 24 miles NW of Salisbury, and 89 \V of London. Lon. 2 2 W. lat. 51 20 N. Devon, river of Perthshire, over which, in the beautiful vale ot Gletidevon, is a great curiosity, called the Rumbling Bridge. It consists of one arch, thrown over a horrible chasm, worii by the river, about 80 feet deep, and very narrow. In other places, the river has forced its way in a surprising manner, through the rocks. At the Ch Idron-lin, it has worn away the softer parts of the stone, and formed im- mense pits, into which the water falls with a tremendous noise. Below this, the whole river is precipitated in one sheet, from a height of 40 feet. Devonshire, county of England, 70 mile.g long and 64 broad, bounded on the N W and N by the Bristol channel, E by Somerset- shire and Dorsetshire, • SE and S by the English channel, and W by Cornwall. It contains 1,600,000 acres ; is divided into 32 hundreds, and 398 parishe- ; and has one city and 35 market towns. The air is so mild in the valleys, that the myrtle grows unsheltered ; but it is cold and bleak on the mountains. The soil is various, for the lower grout^ds are naturally fertile, and the hills are very barren. In the eastern part there is plenty of good corn, and fine pasturage for sheep, where the srrourd'; 1) I c DIE are dry ami chalky. The southern part is remarkably ferriie; and frui' trees are pleiitifu esieciillv .ipples, with which a great quan i y otc;-itr is m de. On the coast is found a peculiar rich sand, ot sipi^ulyr aervici- to husbandmen The middie part is occupied by the forest of Dartmoor. The western part abounds with game, especially hares, pheasants, and wood-cocks ; and here is a bird so very small that it is reputed a humming-bird, and like that constructs its nests n the extreme branches of trees. Devonshire was formerly more celebrated for its mines than even Coin- wall ; and although the latter has nearly mompolized the trade, the stannary laws in some degree remain in force. Here are veins of loadstone ; likewise quarries of good stone and slate, great quantities of which are exported. In the SW parts are much marble, and in many places marble rocks are the basis of the high road. The principal rivers are the Tamar, Taw, Torridge, Ex, Teign, and Dart. Exeter is the capital. Popu Htion in 1801, 343.001, in 1811, 385, .108. and in 1821, 43Q 04,-. Druprug, town of Tiuet, in the county of Sinia ;ur. seated at the ronflnx of the Allaknandara with the Ganges, 23 miles S of Si'ii.Hgur. Deux Fonts, or Zeivybrucken, late duchv of Gt.'r:nany, in the palatinate of the Rhine. The country is mountainous, but celebrated for mines of quicksilver, and yields abundance of corn, wood, and wine. Deux Fonts, town of Germany, once the capital of the duchy of the same name, with a magnificent palace. It is seated on the Erbach, 49 miles NNW of Strasburg, and 50 SW of Mentz. Lon. 7 28 E iat. 49 15 N. Devon, county of Lower Canada, south, off the St. Lawrence, between Hertford and Cornwallis counties. Diarbeck, or Diarbekir, province of Asiatic Turkey, between the Tigris and Euphrates ; bounded on the N by Ar- menia, E by Curdistan, S by Irac-Arabi, and W by Syria. It was the ancient Mesopotamia. Diarbckir, town of Asiatic Turkey, capital of the province of Diarbek. and the residence of a pacha The Turks are more affable here than in other pla- ces, with regard to the Christians, v.ho are about 20,000 in number. It has a great trade in Red Turk y leather, and cotton cloth of the same colour. It is seated on the Tigris. 150 miles NNE of Aleppo. Lon. 39 40 E, Iat. 3r 18 N. Dickinson, township of Franklin coun- ty, TSfew York. Population in 1820, 495. Dickinson College. See Car/is/e, Penn- sylvania. Dickinson, cownship »if Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820. 2007 Dicfcin&on^s Store, post office, Caroline county, Virginia. Dickinsonville, post office, Franklin county, Virginia. Dick's, river of "K ntucky ; rises in Rockcastle, and Lincoln counties, and flowing NNW, separates Mf^rcer from Garrard counties, falls into K' ntucky river, 10 miles NE from Harrodsburg. Dickson, cuinty of West 1 ennessee ; bounded by Hickman S; Humphreys VV; Sti wart NW ; Montgnmery N ; Robert- son NE, and Davidson and Williamson E; length 36; mi an width 30; area 1080. . Surface hilly in general ; soil generally of but middling quality. Chief town, Charlotte. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 1,837 do. do. females - - 1,699 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - _ _ o Slaves 980 Total population in 1810 - 4,516 Population m 1820. Free white males - . - 1,976 do. do. females • - 1,885 Total whites - - - 3,861 Free persons of colour, males lO do. do, females 14 Slaves, males _ _ _ G67 do. females _ - - 658 Total population in 1820 - 5,190 2 1,164 93 II Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 5 nearly. Die town of France in the depart- ment of Dn>me and late province of Dauphiny. It was lately an episcopal see, and is seated on the Drone, 24 miles SE of Valence. Lon. 5 23 E, Iat. 44 42 N- Diepholi, town of Westphalia, capital of a country of the same name, subject to the elector of Hanover. It is seated on the Dummer Like, 30 miles NW of M nden Lon. 8 45 E, Iat 52 36 N. Dieppe, town of France in the depart- ment of Lower Seine and late province of Normandy, with a good harbour, formed ^y the mouth of the river Ar- ques, an old castle, and two piers. It is D I L D I N not now so considerable as formerly. It is 30 miles N of Rouen, and 132 NW of Paris. Lon. 1 9 E, lat. 49 55 N. Diessenhofeen, considerable town of Swisserland, in Thurgaus, seated on the Rhine, five miles S of SchafFhauseu. Lon. 8 42 E, lat. 47 "2,5 N. Diest, town of Austrian Brabant, on the river Demer, 15 miles NE of Lou- vain. Lon. 5 9 E, lat. 5U 59 N. Dietz, town of Weteravia, capital of a county of the same name, with a strong castle. It is subject to the prince of Nassau-Dillenburg, and is seated on the Lohn, 16 miles E of Coblentz. Lon. 7 35 E, lat. 50 12 N. Dieuzc, town of France, now in the department of Meurthe lately in the pro- vince of Lorrain, remarkable for wcrlls of salt water, which produce much salt. It is seated on the Scille, 22 miles NE of Nanci. Lon. 6 45 E, lat. 48 53 N. Diez, St, town of France, in the de- partment of the Vnsges and late province of Lorrain. It is seated on the Meurthe, 30 miles SE of Luneville. Lon. 7 4 E, lat 48 20 N. Digby, township of Nova Scotia, on the bay of Annapolis, 18 miles SW from Annapolis. Dighton, post town and port of entry, Bristol county, Massachusetts, on the right side of Taunton river, 39 miles S from Boston, and 7 miles S from Taun- ton. Population in 1820, 653. Digmaii's- Ferry, post office, Pike coun>ty, Pennsylvania. Bignan, town of Istria, three miles from the e;uU of Venice. Lon. 13 5 E, lat 45 10 N Bigne, town of Frar.ce, in the depart- ment of the Lower Alps and late pro- vince of Provence, with a bishop's see. It is famous for its hot l)atiis, and is seated 30 miles S hv VV of Embrun. Lon. 6 12 E. lat. 44 10 N. Bijon, iiiicifnt city of France, in the department of Cote d'Or and late pro- vince of Burt^uudy. It lias an academy of sciences and belles-lettres. The pub- lic structures, and particuhirly t!)e churcbes, are very fine, and in one of the squares was a statue of Lewis XIV. which iias been destn-ed since the French i-e volution. In front of the Palace Royal, is the aiscient palace of the dukes of Burgundy ; and at the gates of Dijnn is a late chartreuse, in which some of those princes are interred; Dijon is seated in a pleasant plait), which produ- ces excellent wine, between two small rivers, 48 miles NE of Autun. The in- habitants are computed at 20,000 Lon. 5 7 E. lat. 47 19 N. Bili^ ^n Delos.'-' I. I Billa, Mount, remarkable promontory on the Malabar coast, 20 miles N by W of Tellicherry. Lon. 75 2 E, lat. 12 1 N. Billenburg, town of Weteravia, capi- tal of acouiity of the sahne nan>e, subject to the prince of Nassau Dillenburg. It is 22 miles NW ti Marpurg. Lon. 8 27 E, lat. 50 48 N Billtngen, town of Suabia, with a uni- versity. Here the bishop of Augsburg resides. It is seated near the Danube, 17 miles NE of Augsburg. Lon. 10 20 E, lat. 48 30 N. BilliardsvUle, post office, Rutherford county, Tennessee. Billsberg, post office, York county, Pennsylvania. Bilh-Ferry, post office, Northampton county, Pennsylvania. Binwiuc, town of Romania, with a Greek archbishop's see It is seated on a mountain, surrounded by the Merizza, 12 milts SW of Adrianijpie. Lon. 25 15 E, lat. 41 25 N Biiiant, town of France, now in the departntent of th< N.ith Coast, lately in the province of Br.tagne. It is seated on a craggy mountain, at the foot of which is the river Ranee, 20 miles S of St. Malo. Lon. 1 58 W, lat. 48 20 N. Binant, town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Liege, with a castle. It is seated near the Meuse, 12 miles S of Na- mur. Lon. 4 58 E, lat. 50 17 N. Binasjnondy , town in Merionethshire, with a market on Friday, 18 miles S of Bala, and 196 NW of London. Lon. 3 40 W, lat. 52 37 N. Binchurch village in Kent, in Rom- nty Marsh. It is three miles NE of Romney. BinckensfiiL free imperial town of Suabia, seated on the river Wcrnitz It has a great and little council ; t!ie former is a mixture of Ruman Catholics and Lutherans: but the little one is all Ro- man Catholics. It carries on a trade in cloth and reaping-hotks, and is 37 ■ ■liles SW of Nuremburg, Lon. 10 20 E. lat. 49 N. Jlingeljing. town of Germany, in Low- er Brivaria, seated en the Iser, 20 miles NE of Landschut. Lon. 12 36 E, lat. 48 40 N. Bingle, seaport of Ireland in the county of Derry, seated on Dingle Bay, four miles W of Limerick. Lon. 8 40 \V. lat 52 42 N. Bingnvall, royal borough in Ross-shire, seatea at the head of the Frith of Cro- marty, 15 miles VV of the town of Cro- marty. Near it runs, the river Conol, famous for producing pearls. Some lineia D 1 S D ] X yarn is manufactured here, and there is a lint-mill in the neighbourhood. Lon. 4 23 W, lat. 57 45 N. Binividdie, county of Virginia ; situa- ted on the SW side of Appomattnx river, which separates it irom Ches- terfield county ; bounded by Bruns- wick SW ; Nottoway W ; Amelia NW ; Chesterfield NE ; Prince George E, and Sussex and Greenville SE ; length 27 ; mean width 22 ; area about 600 square miles. Surface uneven, rather than hilly, Soil in many places of first rate quality, and in general good second rate land. Chief town, Pet^ rsburg. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 3,308 do. do. females - - 2,298 All other persons except Indians net taxed - . - - 476 Slaves ----- 7,442 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females 13,524 2,639 2,734 Total whites - - - ^",373 Free persons of colour, males 326 do. do. females, ,342 Slaves, males .... 4,059 do. females - - - 3,692 Total population in 1820 13792 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 4 Engaged in Agriculture - 4,323 do. in Manufactures - 365 do. in Commerce . - Poi)ulation to the square mile, 23. Disapfiointinent y Cajie, cape of the island of Southern Georgia, in the South Pacific Ocean. Lon. 36 15 W, lat. 54 53 S. Disafif}oi7itvicnc, Cajie. It is the N point of the mouth of Columbia river. Lon. W C 48, lat. 46 19 N. Dismal Swamfi, marshy tract, on the coast of North Carolina, 50 miles long and 30 broad. It occupies the whole country between Albermarle Sound and Pamlico Sound. From the general course of the Black- water and of the Chowan rivers, below their junction, an extensive flat peninsula is formed between Albermarle Sound, Chesapeak bay, and James' river, of about 70 miles in length from north to south, by 50 mean width, east and west, or 3500 square miles. This extensive flat region is occupied by Currituck, C imdcn Pa.squotank, Perquimans, Cho- wan, and Gates's countie?? :n N'^rth Carolina, ana cy the Isle of Wight, Nasi' semond, Norfolk and Princess A.nne counties in Virginia. It is the central parts which are occupied by the Dismal Swamp, but much of the residue is marshy, yet, by the census of 1820, the ten cr>unties comprise a population of 87,510 inhabitants. The canal already executed between the Albermarle Sound and Nansemond river penetrates this tract. Diss, town in Norfolk, with a market on Friday. It is seated en the river Waveney, on the side of a hill ; and at the W end of the town is a large muddy lake, abounding with eels. Here are manufactures of sail-cloth, linen cloth, hose and stays. It is 19 miles S of Nor- wich, and 92 NNE of London. Lon. 1 9 E, lat. 52 25 N. Diu, island at the entrance of the gulf of Cambay, in theDeccan of Hindoos tan, three miles long, and one broad. On it is a large fortified town of the same name, built of freestone and marble ; and it contains some fine churches, erected by the Portuguese, about the time they took possession of the island in 1515. It is pretty large, and fortified by a high stone wall, well furnished with cannon. The trade of the town, once so important, is almost entirely removed to Surat. It is 180 miles W by S of Surat, and 20.J N W of Bombay. Lon. 69 52 E^, lat. 20 43 N. Dividing Creek, post office in Cum- berland county. New Jersey. Dividing Creek, small stream of Vir- ginia, flowing into Chesapeak bay, be- tween Northumberland and Lancaster counties. Division, post town, NE part of Tomp- kins ct uniy, New York. Tiixan, first town in Abyssinia, on the side of Taranta. Dixjield, post town, Oxford county, Maine, IS miles NE from Paris. Popu- lation in 1820, 595 Dixhills, post oflice, Suffolk county. Long Island, New York. Dixmont. post town Penobscot county, Maine, 20 miles W from Bangor. Popu- lation in 1820, 555. Dixmude, town of Austrian F!anders, which has been often taken. It was forced to surrender to the French in 1794. It is celebrated fnr its excellent butter ; and is seated on the river Yper- lee. 10 milfcs NW of Ypres. Lon. 2 57 E, lat. 51 2 N. Dixon, township oT Prebble county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 841. Dixon's Entrance, west coast of North A.merica, betv.'een Qn^r" Cbarl <:'*:•■"• D (5 E D O 3S1 and Prince of Wales' Islands. Lon. W C 55 W, lat. 54 N. Dixon's Springs, post office, Smith county, Tennessee. Dixville, township of Coos county, New Hampshire. Population in 1820, 2. Dixville, post office, Henry county, Virginia. Dizier, S(. considerable town of France, in the dei)artmeiit of Upper Marne and late province of Champagne, seat- ed on the Marne, where it begins to be navigable for boats, 15 miles SE of Vitri le-Francois. Lon. 4 54 E, lat. 48 35 N. Dnieper, anciently the Boristhenes, a large river of Russia, which rises in the government of Smolensko, and flowing in a southerly direction, enters the Black sea, between Cherson and Oczakow. From its source to its mouth, it now flows entirely through the Russian do- minions; and through this whole course of above 800 milf s, its navigation is only once interrupted by a series of cataracts, which begin below the mouth of the Samara, and continue for above 40 miles ; but these may be passed in spring, without much hazard, even by loaded barks. Dniester, ancient Tyras, more recent- ly Danaster, and modern Dmeftter, fine river which rises in Galicia, ii) Austrian Poland, and taking a SE direction visits Chocsim, dividing Podolia from Molda- via ; it then separates Bessarabia from the Russian government of Catharinen- slaf, and having watered Bender, falls into the Black Sea, between the mouths of the Dnieper and the Danube. Dobbs, Cape, in Hudson's bay. mouth of Wager river. Lon. W C 9 30 W, lat. 65 N. Dobelin, town of Courland, 20 miles SW of Mittau. Lon. 23 35 E, lai. 56 28 N. Doboy, soimd and inlet, receives the main left channel of the Alatamaha. Dobrzi7i, town of Poland, in Masovia, capital of a territory of the same name, seated on a rock near the Vistula, 14 miles NW of I'iocksko. Lon. 19 5 E, lat. 52 54 N. Dobson's Cross- Roads, post office, Stokes county, N-irlh Carolina. Doce Rio, fine river of Minaes Geraes in Brazil, flows by a general course NE by E, about 300 miles, by comparative courses, falls into the Atlantic Ocean, lat. 19 30 S. Dockum, town of the United Provin- ces, in W Friesland, at the mouth of the river Ee, 10 miles NE of Lewarden. Lon. 5 41 E, lat. 53 18 N. jOod. :ovr> the b^se liirougr. which flows the little river Vaivnne. It is 35 miles NW nf Alcncon. Lon. 43 W, lat. 48 38 N. Doniiiigo St, or Hii/}aniola,bne ci the richest islands in the West Indies, 400 miles in length, and 75 in breadth It was discovered by Columbus, in 1492, and is surrounded by craggy rocks and dangerous shoals. The heat to the N and SE would be insu])portable for six months of the year, if not qualified by the easterly winds, and frequent rains ; but the latter soon spoil the flesh, bread, and fruits. It has a 'j;rt'at many rivers, and mines of gold, talc, and crystal. The Spaniards had possession of the whole island for 120 years. They were afterward forced to divide the island with the French, who obtained the W part ; and the Spaniards retained the E, the most extensive and fruitful. Since the revolution in France this island hns been subject to great calamities. In 1791 an insurrection began in the French plantations and in a short time not less than lOu.oOO blacks were in arms; the manufactures and plantations appeared as one general conflagration, and the plains and mountains were covered with carnage and blood. An African by birth, named Toussaint, was afterward invested with the command of the blacks and mulattoes. In 1802 the French sent an additional force, and after several en- counters the negro chief was induced to accept of apparently favdurable terms; but soon aft'rr he was perfidiously seized, and sent in irons to France, where he perished in a dungeon. The other black chiefs, Dessaliues and Christophe, saved themselves l)y flight ; the natives again flew to arms ; and the French troops fell victims to the climate. Dessalines succeeded to the authority of 'i'oussaint, and in 1804 caused himself to be pro- claimed emperor of Hayti, the ancient name of the island !n 1806 the chiefs begun to war against each other, and the black emperor was kill d. Christophe was elected chief in his place. This latter chief perished in a war with Boyer, the successor of Petion, in 1820, leavi'g the latter master of the whole of what was French St. Domingo. In 1821, the Spanish part f. II also under the authori- ty of Boyer. St Domingo has Cuba W ; Porto Rico E, and Jamaica SW. The population of this island in 1789, was from the best authorities, about 660,0'.)0 inhabitants, of which nearly 268 jGO 000 were black slaves. The French part contained 535,000, of whom 480,000 were slaves ; the Spanish part 125,000 ; l.^.OOiJof whom, were slaves. It is proba- ble that the present numbers do not ma- terially differ in extent, though the num- ber of whites have uc doubt greatly di- miniKshed. The trade of this island has greatly declined. The value nl exports in 1791, exceeded 5,370.000 pounds sterling ; 23,832,800 dollars. Coffee amounted to 84,617,328 lbs. Sugar 217.463 casks. Iiidigo 3,257,610 lbs. Cocoa 1,536,017 lbs. and Cotton 11,317,226 lbs. Domingo, St capital of the E part of the island of St. Domingo, and an arch- bishop's see. The cathedral is a superb structure. It is seated on a navigable river, and had formerly a harbour, which is now choaked up with sand Though its trade has been long extinct, it was in a respectable condition while it continued in the hands of the Spaniards. The city itself is largp, well built of stone, and de- fended by batteries. Lon. 70 10 W, lat. 18 20 N. Boniinica, one of the Windward Ca- ribbee islands in the West Indies. It lies about half way between Guadaloupe and Martinico,. and is 28 miles long and 13 broad. It was taken by the English in 1761, and confirmed to them by the peace of 1763. The French took it in 1778, but restored it in 1783. It suffered great damage by a tremendous hurricane in 1806. The soil is thin, and better adapted to the rearing of coffee than su- gar ; but the sides of the hills bear the finest trees in the West Indies, and the island is well supplied with rivulets. The capital is Charlotte-town. Dominica, largest of the islands of the Pacific Ocean, called the Marquesas. Lon. 139 2 W, lat. 9 41 S. DominOt St. one of the Tremiti islands, in the gulf of Venice, 15 miles from the coast of Naples. Domitz, town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, with a fort, seated at the confluence of the Elve and Elbe, 25 miles S of Schwerin. Dommel, river of Dutch Brabant, which receives the Aa below Bois le Due, and then flows into the Meuse. Domo d'Ossola, town of Italy, in the Milanese, with a castle, seated on the Tosa, 20 miles N of Varallo. Domfiaire, town of France, in the department of Vosges, 10 miles WNW of Epinal. i5ow?*cw!/-/fl-Pz/cfuV, village of France, in the department of Meuse and late province of Barrois, remarkable for the birth of Joan of Arc, the Maid of Or-^ I) o ?^ D O it leans. It is sealed on the Mcuse, live miles from Neufchateau. Bon, large river that separates Europe from Asia. It issues from lake St John, in the government of Moscow, and di- vides, near Tcherkask, into three streams which fall into the sea of Asoph. This river has so many windings, is in many parts so shallow, and abounds with such numerous shoals, as to be scarcely navigable, except in the spring, on the melting of the snows ; and its mouths also are so choaked up with land, that only fiat-bottnm boats, except in the same season, can pass into the sea of Asoph. Don, rivf-r of Scotland, which rises in Aberdeenshire, joins the Erie Water at Inverary. and passing by Kintore, falls into the German Ocean at Aberdeen, within two miirs of the m^mth of the Dee Upon both of these rivers is an excellent salmon fishery, Bon, river in Yorkshire, which waters Sheffield, Rotherham, and Doncaster, and joins the Aire, near its termination with the Ouse. Bonaldson, post office, Rowan county, North Carolina. Bonaldsonville, post town and seat of justice, of the parish of Ascension, Loui- siana. It stands on the point formed by the Mississippi, and the efflux of La- fourche river, below the latter ; contains 30 or 40 houses, and from 150 to 200 in- habitants, 81 milts abfive New Orleans. Bonawert, strong town of Germany on the frontiers of Suibia, subject to the duke of Bavaria It is seated on the N side of the Danube, 25 miles N cf Augs- burg. Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 48 52 N. Boncaster corporate town in the West riding of Yorkshire, with a mark t > n Saturday. It is seated on the river D n, and has a castle now in ruins. It is lar)!e and well built, and governed by a mayor. It was i.ot> d for knitting worsted st ck- ings, but that article of trade is now on th<" decline. It i^ 37 miles S of York, and 160 N bv W of L. ndon. Lon. 1 12 W, lat. 53 3'j Is. Boncherry, handsome t'wn of France, in the department < f Ardennt s and late province of Champagne, seated on the Meuse, three miles from Sedan. Lon. 5 2 E, !at. 49 42 N. BonegaLcoGTiXy of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Ulster. 68 miles in length, and 44 in breadth ; bounded on the E by Londonderry and Tyrone, on the VV and N by the Ocean, and on the S bv Fer- managh and the bay of Donegal. It con- tains 43 parishes, and before the Irish Union Kent 12 members to the Irish par- liament. It is in general, a champaign country, and abounds with harbours. Bonegal, town of Ireland, capital of a county of the same name, seated on the bay of Donegal, 10 miles N of Bally, shannon. Lon. 7 47 W, lat. 54 42 N. Bonegal, populous township of Lan- caster county, Pennsylvania ; situated in the NW corner of the county, about 14 miles NW of the borough of Lancaster. Population in 1820, 3986. Bonegal, township of Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 2564. Bonegal, township, Butler county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 960. Bonegal. township, Washington coun- ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 18 iO, 1879 Boneschingen, town of Suabia, in the principality of Furstenburgh. It is the chief residence of the prince of Fursten- burgh. in the court-yard of whose palace the Danube takes its rise. Some' small springs bubbling from the ground, form a basin of clear water, about 30 feet square. From this issues the Danube, where is here only a little brook ; and though the small rivers Bribach and Brege, uniting below the t< wn, are far more considerable than this stream, which flows into them soon after their junction, yet has this alone the honour of being called the source of the Danube. Bongala, or Bancala, town of Nubia, with a castie seated on the Nile, among niountains, 150 miles N ( f Sennar. Lon. 30 35 F^, lat. 21 N. Bonzy, town of France in the depart- ment of Ni^vre, and late territorvo' Ni- vernuis, 22 miles N of Nevers. Lon. 3 14 R, 'at. 47 2 N Booab, f r Boabah tract uf iand in Hinddostin Proper, occupying all the flat country bt tween the Ganges an.d thi N mountains, as wrtl as t^'e principal part of that tract l\ing between the Ganges andJumnah. The print ipj! {)artotit is su^j< ct t rht' nabob of Oude. Boon, I ocli. lake of Ayrshire, in the SF part cf Kv e, six miles in length, and of cot siderabe breacUh On an island in this lake slaiuis Bdllncli Ca.stle. Boon river of Sc: tland, which issuing from L ch Dnon, runs NW divides the district ot Kylf from Carrick, the south- ern division of Avrsliire, and falls into the Frith of Clyde. Borut, town of France, now in the department of Uppt-r Vicnne, lately in the territory of Limosin. seated on the Abrax, near its confluence with the Sfvre, 25 mih-s N of Limoges. Lon. 1 24 E. lat. 56 12 N. Bor Chester, county -town of Dorsetshire. 269 U O K D O J; with a market on Wednesday and Satur- day. It has three churches, sends two inembers to parHament, and is governed by a mayoi'. It is stated on the river Frome, on a Roman road, eight miles N of Weymouth, and 120 W by S of Lon- don. Lon. 2 45 W, lat. 50 42 N. Dorchester, town in Oxfordshire, which was a station of the Romans, and ruined in the wars with the Danes. It was the see of a bishop 500 yeai-s till 1086, when Wilham the conqueror translated it to Lincoln. It gives the title of baron to the family of Carleton, and is seated on the Tame, 10 miles SE of Oxford, and 49 WNW of London. Lon. 1 OW, lat. 51 39 N. Borchester, township of Norfolk coun- ty, Massachusetts, in the vicinity of Bos- ton. It was settled at an early period of the colony in 1630. Population in 1820, 3684. Borchester, county of Lower Canada, along both banks of the Chaudiere river, and extending to the St. Lawrence. Borchester, township of Norfolk coun- ty, Upper Canada, on the river Thames. Borchester, township of Grafton coun- ty. New Hampshire. Population in 1820, 584. Borchester, town of Cumberland coun- ty. New Jersiy, on the left bank of Mor- ris' river, between Port Elizabeth and Leesburg. Borchester, county of Maryland ; bounded by Chesapeak bay S, and SW ; Choptank river, and Caroline N ; Dela- ware E, and Nanticoke river SE ; length 32 ; mean width 20 ; area 640 square miles. Surface rather level, in part marshy ; soil generally sandy and of se- cond rate quality. Chief town, Cam- bridge. Population in 1810, Free white males - - - 5,194 do. do. females - • - 5,221 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 2,661 Slaves - . . . . 5,032 Total population in 1810 - - 13,108 Population in 1S20. Free v/hite males - - 5,132 do. do. females - - 4,963 Total whites - - - 10,095 Free persoris of colour^ males 1,194 do. do. females 1,303 Slaves, males - . _ 2,698 c'.o. females > - - 2,410 Total population in J820 - 17,700 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized - J Engaged in Agriculture - 2,153 do. in Manufactures - 41 do. in Commerce - 30 Population to the square mile, 29. Borchester, post town and seat of justice Colleton district, South Car;4ina, on the left bank of Ashley river, 18 miles WNW iroi.T Charlesvon. Dordogiie, department of France, which includes the late province of Perigord. Born, village in a detached psrt of Wor- chestershire, three miles SE of Campden ill Gloucestershire, where have been lound abundance of Roman and British coins. Bvrnocfi, royal borough, the county- town of Sutherla'idshire, at the entrance of a frith of the same name, over which it has a ferry to Taim. Part ot the cathedral serves for a parish church ; the other part is in ruins. It is a small place, and half in ruins, but v/as the residence of the bishops of Caithness. It is 40 miles NE of Inver- ness. Lon. 3 48 W. lat. 57 52 N. Borpt, or Borpat, town of Livonia, on the Ember, between the lakes Wosero and Pepas, 60 miles S of Narva. Lon. 27 52 E. lat. 58 18 N. Borsetshire, county of England, bounded on the S by the English channel, on the N by Somersetshire and Wiltshire, on the E by Hampshire, and on the W by Devon- shire, and some part of Somersetshire. It is between 40 and 50 miles long from E to W, and 34 broad from S to N, and contains 34 hundreds, 22 market-towns, and 248 parishes. Tliis county enjoys a mild plea- sant, and wholesome air, and a deep, rich, and fertile soil, finely diversified. Towards the N it is level, under the high lands that divide it from Somersetshire, where there are fine arable ground that will yield large crops of different kinds of grain. It is dis- tinguished fur its woollen manufactures, and its fine ale and beer. Dorchester is the capital. See Portland and Purbeck, Population in 1801, 115,319; in 1811, 124,693 ; and in 1821, 144,499. It extends over 1129 sqtiave miles, consequentiy it has 127 to each square mile. Borset, post town of B'nnlngton county, Vermnnt, about 25 miles N of Bennington. It conwiins about 1500 inh' bita:it.''. Bort, or Bordrccht, city in Holland, fa- mous fir a protestant syn-.id held in 1618, which condemned the tenets of Arminius, It is srattd ; n an isknd of the Meusc, op- posite tint of Ysselmond. It was detached from the miiii lanu in 1431 by a flood occa- sioned by the breaking diuvii of ttie dyke, v/bich overwhelmed 70 villages and about 100.000 persons. In 1457, this city wan almost entirely destroyed by fire. It was t^ken by tb^ French in JaaH»r^ 1795. It '?70 D O T DO 17 is 10 miles SE of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 48 E. lat. 51 50 N. Dortmnnd, strong imparial town of West- phalia, in the county of Marck, seated on the Enister, 35 miles NE of Cologne. Lon. 7 35 E. lat. 51 26 N", Douay, city of France in the department of the North and late French Flanders. It is seated on the river Scarpe in a very pleasant and fertile country. The town is larg« and populous, and exceedingly well fortified. It is seated on the river Scarpe, whence there is a canal to the Deule, 15 miles NW of Cambray. Lon. 3 10 E. lat. 50 22 N. Double-bridge y post office, Lunenburg county, Virginia. Ooubs, department of France, including part of the late province of Franche Compte. Boubs, river of France, rises in Mount Jura, and flowing first north, then west turns south and joins the Saone at Verdun. Done, small : own of Fr .nee, in the de- partment of Maine and Loire and late pro- vince of Anjou. It has one of the finest fountains in France : and near it is a vast Roman amphitheatre, cut out of the solid rock. It is nine miles SW of Sanmur. Dove, river in Deibyshire, which rises in the Peik parts, the county from Stafford- shire, and falls into the Trent, four miles N of Burton. The Staffordshire canal is carried over this river in an aqueduct of 23 arches. Dove, cape on the coast of Nova Scotia, NE fro.m Halifax. Lon. W C 13 E. lat. 44 20 N. Dovedale, one cf the most romantic spo's in Derbyshire, in the neighbourhood of Ashhorn. Here the rver Dove runs in a chasm between precipitous rocks. Dover, seaport of England in the county of Kent, with a ra.jrket on Wednesday and Saturday. It sends two membei's to par- liament, who are styled Barons of the cinque parts of which Dover is the chief. It is situated between two high cliffs, on one of which is an ancient castle, E from the town. It was repaired in 1756. and there are barracks in it tor 3000 men. It is the station of the packet boats that, in ti-ie of pcice, pass between Dove; and Calais, from whicli it is li^tant onh 21 miles. Th harbour is mad' by ;< gap in the cliffs, who>e height i- riiiy sublime. Hence, in fine weath r, is a pn-spect oi di coast .;f F ance. D ver is 15 miles SE of Canterbury a<>d 72 of Ljndon. Lon 1 23 E. lat. 51 8 N. Dover^ Kent county, Upper Canada, on the right bank of the Thames, opposite Raleigh. Dover, post town and seat of justice, of Strafford county, New Hampshire, lying on the rivpr Gochncho, 15 miles N by W of Portsmouth. This town was incorporated in 1633. Population in 1820, 2871. Dover, township, Norfolk county, Mas- sachusetts, 16 miles SW from Boston. Population in 1820, 548. Dover, post town of Kent county, Dela- ware, and the seat of a state government ; situated on Jones' creek, near its junction with the river Delaware, about 36 miles S of New Castle. This small town is neatly built; the houses being mostly of bricks, and the streets disposed with regularity. In the centre is a handsome square, on which the state house and public offices are erected. It lies in the lat. of 59 10 N. and lon 75 30 W. Population in 18205- aoout 600. Dover, town of York county, Pennsylva^ nia, situated about eight miles westward from York, and containing 1500 inhabit- ants. Dover, post town and township, Dutchess county, New York. Population in 1820, 2193. Dover, township of Monmouth county New Jersey, on Cedar bay creek, 40 miles E from Philadelphia. Population in 1820, 1916. Dover, post town, York county, Pennsyl- vania, on a branch of Conewago creek. Population in 1820, 1816. Dover, township, C:iuyahoga county, Ohio. Population m 1820, 308. Dover, township of Athens county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 592. Dover, post town, and township Tusca- rawas county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 718. Dover, post town, and seat of justice, Stuart county, Tennessee, on the left bank of Cumberland river, 'o5 miles below Clarks- ville. Dover-mills, post office, Goochland coun- ty, Virginia. Douero, or Doiiro, river in Spain, which rises in Old Cas ile, in the raountumS of Urbjon. It runs W by several towns, and crossing Portugil, falls into tne Atlantic Ocean, ne-r Oporto. Douglass, town in. Lunerkhire, on a ri- ver of he same n;,me that fails uro the Clyde, above l.anerk. Here is Douglas Ca-'tle, for many ages the residence ot the se>"nr.d f mily in Scotlnd. A modern building lias be n 'reeled on the s.ime side, in imitation otthe ancient asile. It is 37 miles SW i)f Edinbiiigii. Douglass, seaport of the Isle of Maii,near-= ly at he s me dis aiici^ from tlu: t.niii>h, Scotch, and h sh shores, ;.nd the best iiar- bour in the isiind. L isdeend'-d iiy an impiegnable fort. Lm. 4 20 W, 1 t. 54 12 N. Douglass, Cape, lofty promontory on the W coast of America, within theentrancf- of '"'oolr'q I?"'ver It was discovered by cap' ij O "W^ D R E tain Cook in 1778. Its summit forming- two very high mountains. Lon. W C 75 30 W. lat. 58 N. Douglass, post town and township, Wor- cester county, Massachusetts, 17 miles S from Worcester. Population in 1820, 1375. Douglass, township of Montgomery county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 750. ' Douglass, township, Berks county, Penn- sylvania. Population in 1820, 709. Douglass-mills, post office, Cumberland, Pennsylvania. Dourac, town of Persia near the conflu- ence of the Euphraies and Tigris, remirk- able for the reed of which they make pens. Lon. 56 57 E. lat. 32 15 N. Dourdan, town of France, in the depart- of.Seine and Oise and late province of the Isle of France, with a manufacture of silk and worsted stockings. It is seated on the Orge, 25 miles SW of Paris. Lon. 2 10 E. lat. 48 35 N. Dourlach, town of Suabia, capital of Ba- den Dourlach. The inhabitants are pro- testants. It is seated ctfi the Giessen, 12 miles S of Philipsburg. Lon. 9 28 E. lat. 49 2 N. Doulens, or Dourlens, town of France, now in the department of Somme lately in the province of Picardy, with two citadels. It is seated on tlie Autie, 15 miles N of Amiens. Lon. 2 23 E. lat. 50 10 N. Dowlatabcd, formerly called Amednagur, a province of the Deccan of Hindoostan. It is bounded on the N by Candeish and Mal- way, on the W by the Gauts, on the S by Visiapour and G jlconda, and on the E by Berar. Aurungabad is the capital. DoTvlatabad, fortress in the Deccan of Hindoostan, 15 miles NW of Auru; gabad. Near it are the Pagodas or Elora, most of which are cut out of the natural rock. Lon, 76 E. lat. 19 55 N. Doitm, county of IreLind, in the province ofUist.T, 42 miles in length, and 34 in breadth: bounded on the E by the In-h Sea, on the W by A magh, on the NW liy Antrim, and on the S by C .rlingfoid Bay and the ocean. It contains 72 parishes, and before the Irish union sent 14 mem- bers io the Irish pirHument. This coun y is rougli and full of hills, and yet the aii is temperate and heHlthy. The so 1 naurally produces wood, unless constaniiy k^pi open and pionghed ; and ihe 1 w grounds degenerate into begs and moss, where the drains are neglected. But by the indu try of the inhabitants if prnducfs goo ! crops of corn, particularly oats ; and, where marl is found, barley. Down, capital of the county of Down, in Ireland. It is a borough and market-town, seated on the river Newrv, scvcri miles W of Stranford Bay. Lon. 5 49 W. lat. 54 29 N. Dow?js, "roads on the E coast of Kent, be- tween the N and S Foreland. It is a fa- mous rendezvous for shipping. "See God- ■win Sands. Doiune, township of Cumberland county. New Jersey. Population in 1820, 1749. Do-uitham, town in Norfolk, with a mar- ket on Saturday. It is seated on the Ousa, 35 miles NE of Cambridge, and 86 N by E of London. Lon. 20 E lat. 52 40 N. Doivningtow7i, post town, Chester county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of Brandy- wine creek, 33 miles W by N from Phila- delphia. Doionton, borough in Wilts, with a mar - ket on Friday It is governed by a mayor, sends two members to parliament, and is seated on the Avon, six miles SE of Salis- bury, and 84WSW of London. Lon. 1 36 W. lat. 51 N. Doylesto-wn, post town and township of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, 26 miles N from Philadelphia. PoDulaiion in 1820, 1430. Doylesville, post office, pari.sh of New Feliciana, in Louisiana. Dracut, town of Middlesex county, Mas- sachusetts ; situated on the N side of the river Merrimack, about 35 miles NW of Boston. Population in 1820, 1407. Dragiiignan, town of France, in the de- partment of Var and late province of Pro- vence, 10 miles NW of Frejus. Lon. 6 35 E. lat. 43 31 N. Drake, Port Sir Franc s, bay W coast of Mexico. Lon. W C 46 W. lat. 38 N. Drakenstein, district of the colony at the cape of Good Hopt-, 40 miles from cape town, celebrated for it.- fi e wine. Drave, considerable river of Germany, which rises in the Tirol, run> across Carin- th;a, and entering S^ iria continues its course by Marpurg ; then it runs along the con- fines of Sclavonia and Lower Hungary, passes by Esseck, and a little after falls in- to the Danube. Drayton, town in Shropshire, with a mar- ket on Wednesday, seated on the river Torn, wl)ich separ.tes this county from StaO'ordshire. It is 17 miles NE of S'^rews- bury, and 154 NW of London. Lon. 2 22 W lat. 52 34 N. Drentelhurg, town of Germany in the princip lity of Hesse. Lon. 8 57 E. lat. 51 23 N. Dresden, city of Germany, and the capi* tulofthe kingdom of Sa.Kony. It is divid- ed by thr E>;.ie into the old and new town, which are united by a grand bridge, and surrounded bv s.r ^ng iortifictions. It has a cabtle, an academy of paintngand sculp- ture, and a magnificent chui ch for the Ko» man catholics. The houses are built of freestone, almost all of the same heigh*:. D 11 I D R O and though the palaces are few, it is deem- ed the handsomest city in Germany. The palaces of Holland and Japan are full of curiosities from that country and China ; and the picture gallery may claim prece- dence over every individual gallery in Italy. The city and suburbs are estimated to con- tain 50,000 inhabitants, near 5000 of whom are catholics, and there are about 800 Jews. Here are manufactures of gold and silver lace, jewellery, porcelain, paper- hangings, and wind instruments of music. It was taken by the king of Prussia in 1745, and again in 1756, but r-taken in 1759 ; and it was bombarded by him in 1760, for nine days, when he was obhged to raise the siege. Dresden is rendered memora- ble for its neighbourhood being the princi- pal theatre of operations between the allied and French armies during the greater part of the year 1813. The Russian and Prus- sian troops having entered it in the month of March was obliged to quit it in May af- ter the battle of Lulzen ; and Buonaparte afterwards lield his head-quarters here for a long time. On the 26th and 27th of Au- gust of the same year, the allied army, 200,000 strong, under prince Schwartzt-n- burg, attempted to carry the town by as- sault; but Buonaparte h:iving arrived from Silesia, with his guards, the night before the attack, repulsed them with great loss in killed, wounded and prisoners. It was at this time, the celebrated general Mo- reau, received a mortal wound, while in conversation with the emperor of Russia. The allies, in consequence of tliis disaster, immed'ately commenced their retreat into liohemia ; and the French, being too eager to profit of their succes--, had sent general Vandamme with about 30,000 men, into the niOuntain=! of t!u.t otintry to cut off their retreat. But on their arrival near Culm, ihey were assailed on all sides ; and after a furious conflict, the whole army v/as near- ly destroyed, and the commander with the whole of his staff were made prisoners. Soon after the brittle of Leipsic, Dresden surrendered to the allies, with a garrison of about 25,000 men. It is 80 miles NNW of Prague. Lon. 13 50 E. lat. 51 6 N Dresden, post town and township, Lin- coln county, Maine, eight miles NW from Wiscasset. Population in 1820, 1338. Dresden, post town, Ohio, Mtiskingham couiHy, 15 miles N from Zanesville. Dreux, town of France, in the depart- ment of Eure and Loire and late province ofBeauce. It has a considerable manu- facture in cloth for the army, and is seated on the river Blaise, at the foot cf a moun- tain, 48 miles W of Paris. Lon. 1 25 E. lat. 48 44 N. Driessen, strong town of Germany, in the new marche of Bradenburg, with a strong M m fort, on the river Warta, 20 miles E of Landsperg. Lon. 15 43 E. lat 52 53 N. Drinaivard, town of Tuikey in Europe, in Servia. It stands on a small island formed by the Drino, on the confines of B.>snia. Dvino, river of Turkey m Europe, which has its source in the fnmtieis of Albania, and f :lls into a bay of the same name in the gulf of Venice. Drino, seaport of Turkey in Europe, on a bay of the sam-^ name, in the gulf of Ve- nice, 50 miles SE of Ragusa. Ljn. 10 19 E. lat. 42 48 N. Drogheda, seaport and borough of Ire- lund, in the county of Louth. It is a strong place, and well inhabited, having an excel- lent harbour. It is seated on the Boyne, five miles VV of the Irish -ea, and 23 N of Dublin. Lon. 6 1 W. lat. 51 53 N. Droitwich, borough in Worcestershire, with a market on Friday noted for excel- lent white salt made fr^m the salt springs in its neighbourhood. It is seated on the Salwarp, six miles ENE of Worcester, and 118 WNW of London. Lon. 1 48 W. lat. 52 15 N. Drome, denartment of France, including part of the la* province of Dauphiny. Dromore, town of Ireland, in the county of Down. It is a very ancient town and the seat of a bishopric, The cathedral is small, but the episcopal palace is hands< me and convenient. It Is se.ited on the Lag- gan, 15 miles SW of Belfast. Lon. 6 8 E. lat. 54 25 N. Dromore, township and post town, Lan- caster county, Pennsylvania, situated on the E side of Susquehannah river, between Pequea and Octorara creeks. Population in 1820, 1500. Dronero, town of Piedmont, seated at the foot of the Alps on the river Maera, over which is a bridge of prodigious height. Dronfeld, town in Derbyshire, with a market on Thursday, and a free-school, ft is so resorted to, on account of its whole- some air, that it abounds with gentry and handsome buddings. It is 28 miles N of Derby, and 155 NNW of London. Lon. 1 25 W. lat. 53 18 N, Drontheim, province of Norway, bounded on the W by the ocean, on the N by the government of Wardshuys, ©n the S by tliat of Bergen, and on the E by Sweden, from which it is separated by high moun- tains. It is but thin ol people. Drontheim, city of Norway, capital of a government of the same name, with an archbishop's see, and a good harbour. It carries on a great trade ; is almost sur- rounded by 'he sea and the river Piddet ; and is 270 miles NW of Stockholm. Lon. 11 9E. lat. 63 25 N. Drowned Lands, valuable tract of about 50,000 acres, in the state of New York, on DUB DUB the N side of the mountains, in Orange county. The waters, which descend from the surrounding hills, being slowly dis- charged by the river Wa kill, cover the>e vast n.eadows every winter, and render them extremely fertile. Drowned Meado-w, post office, Suffolk county, New York, on Long Island. Z>rwn6o«e, town of Ireland, in the county of Monaghan, eight miles W of Dundalk. Lon 6 31 W. lat. 54 10 N. Dnimlaimg, town in Dumfriesshire in the district of Nithsdale ; remarkable for a wood of o;ik six miles in length. Here is a noble seat of the duke of Queensberry, skreened by woody hills, and adorned with beautiful gardens. Drumlanrig is seated on the river Nith 13 miles N of Dumfries. Lon. 3 31 W. lat. 55 25 N. Drummond's Island, in lake Huron, 36 miles E from Mackinaw. Here the Bri- tish government maintain a garrison, and trading post. Brurmnond-toim, post town and seat of justice, Accomack county, Virginia, on a small creek discharging into the Atlantic Ocean, 45 miles N from Cape Charles. Druses, people of Syria, on the moun- tains Libanus and Antilibanus. They are warlike, inured to labour, are great ene- mies to the Turks, and have their particu- lar princes, called Emirs. Dryden, one of the miliary townships in the state of New York, situated at the SE end of Cavuga lake. Population in 1820, 39.il. Duanesbtirg, township of New York, in Schenectady county, 25 miies \V from Al- bany. Pojjulation in 1820, 3510. Dublin county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Lei ister, 2r miles in length, and 17 in breadth ; bounded on the E by the Irish Sea, on the N by East Meath and the Irish Sea, on the W by East Meath and Kddare, and on the S by Wicklow. Be- fore the Union it sent ten members to the Irish parliament. Dublin, capital of Ireland, in a county of the same name, with a bishop's see ; seat- ed on the Liffey, in view of the Irish Sea on the E. Its f .rm is that of a square, two miles and a h If in extent on each side, and it contains about 22,000 houses, whose inhabitants are estimated at 156,000. With respect to its streets, Dublin bears a near resemblance to London ; some of the old streets were formerly narrow, but great improvements h .ve been lately made, in regard both to convenience and embellish- ment ; and there are several magnificent squares, the largest of which is St. Stephen green, nearly a mile in circuit. It has a cathedral and a collegiate church, 18 par- ish churches, 8 chapels, 16 Roman catho- lic chapels, numerous meeting-houses for 274 dissenters of various denominations, fout' foreign churches, and a synagogue. Amrng the principal public buildings are the castle (the residence of the vice- roy) the national bank. Trinty college, the hall of justice, the royal exchange, the custom-house, the royal hospital of Kil- mainham for invalids, the linen-huli, the barracks, the tollsell, or town-house, and Essex bridge and Sarah-bridge, two of the six bridges over the Liffey. The hospi- tals and other charitable institutions are nu- merous ; and it has two theatres. The PhcEnix park, at the W end of the town, is a royal enclosui-e, seven miles in circuit • and, beside the Hibernian school, is adorn- ed with the villa of the viceroy, the seat of the principal secretary, and few others ; also a salute battery of 22 pieces of can- non, and the ammunition magazine, a strong fortification An obs' rvatory is erected on a rocky hill, about four miles NVV of the city. The civil government of Dublin is executed by a lord mayor, re- corder, two sheriffs, 24 aldermen, and a common council, formed of representatives from the 25 corporations. Beside 'he silk, woollen, and cotton manufactures car- ried on in tlie suburbs, o her branches of useful manufacture are establishing in dif- ferent parts of the metropolis ; and its fo- reign trade is considerable. The harbour is incommoded by two banks of sand, which prevent vessels of large burden from going over the bar : it has a mole nearly four miles in length, with a lighthouse at the extremity, and an- other on the promontory opposite, called the hill of Howth. Three miles below the city, at a place called the Pigeon-house, is a commodious dock; and here the pack- ets receive and land their passengei-s. The LifPey divides the city almost into two equal parts, and has spacious and noble quays on both sides A grand canal has been made from the Liffey, which commu- nicates with the Sliannon near Clonfort. Dublin is seated at the end of a spacious bav seven miles from the Irish Sea, 60 W of 'Holyhead, in Wales, and 300 WNW of London. Lon. 6 18 W. lat. 5o 21 N. Dublin, post town, and township of Che- shire county. New Hampshire, 34 miles SW from Concord. The township includes the Grand Monadnoch mountain. Popu- lation in 1820, 1260. Dublin, township of Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania. Population, in 1820, 632. Dublin, township, Bedford county, Penn- sylvania. Population in 1820, 713. Dublin, Loiaer, township of Philadel- phia, county, Pennsylvania, on Delaware river, 10 miles above Philadelphia. Po- pulation in 1820, 2640. Dublin, C//>6er, township of^Montgome• DUD B U K vy county, Pennsylvania, slUiated between Abington and Gwinned townships, 15 miles NW of Philadelphia. Dublin, pest town and seat of justice in Laurens county, Georgia, on the right bank of the Oconee, 55 miles below Mil- ledgeville. Dublin, post town, Franklin county, Ohio, on the right bank of Sciota river, 12 miles NW from Columbus. Population in 1820, about 50. Dubois, Lake of the Woods, lake of Bri- tish North America, west from Lake La Pluie, or lake Rain. The river La Pluie, flows from the latter to the former. The discharge of the Lake of the Woods is again into lake Winnipic. The NW bound- ary of the United States on N. lart. 49 in- tersects the west bank of the Lake of the Woods. Dubois, county of Indiana, bounded by Perry SE ; Spencer S ; Warrick SW, Pike W: Davies NW ; Owen N; and Orange and Crawf )rd E ; length 20 ; mean width 18 ; area o7S square miles. Sur- face generally hillj', and soil varied. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - do. do. females 612 548 1.160 Total whites - - - - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females, 5 Slaves, males - - . . none do. females - . . none Total population in 1820 1,168 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - -343 do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce - Population to the square mile, 3. Dubose's-ferry, post office, Sumptei" county, South Carolina. Duck Creek, sometimes called Salesbury, post town and hundred, of Kent, Dela- ware, 12 miles N by W of Dover, aud 28 S of New Castle. Population in 1820, 3951, Duck river, Tennessee, rises in Franklin county, and pursuing a comparative course of about 150 miles WNW falls into Ten- nessee river, after having traversed Bed- ford, Maury, Hickman, Williamson, Dick- son and Humphrey counties. It is naviga- ble for boats at high water following the bends about 100 miles. Duck Island, tov/nship, Hancock county, Maine. Population in 1820, 18. Dudley, town in W^orcestershire, with a market on Satin-day, and a great n>anufac- ture of nails and other iron wares. There !S a church at each end of the longest street. It is ten miles NW of Birming- ham and 120 of London. Lon. 2 W. lat. 52 33 N. Dudley, post town and township of Wor- cester county, Massachusetts, situated on the line which divides this state from Con- necticut, and on the E side of Lockwood river. Population in 1820, 1615. Duff^s Forks, post office, Fayette coun- ty, Ohio. Duerstade. See Tfick-de- Duerstade. Didns, or Doino, seaport in the duchy of Carniola. eight miles NW of Trieste. Lon. 13 46 E. lat. 45 55 N. Duisburg, town of Westphalia, in tlie. duchy ot Cleves, with a university, seated on the Roer, near the Rhine, 12 miles N of Dusseldorf Lon. 6 50 E. lat. 51 22 N. Duitz, or Duytz, town of Westphaha, on the E side of the Rhine, opposite Cologne. It is chiefly inhabited by Jews. Dttke of Yoj-k^s Island, island in the South I'acific Ocean, discovered by com- modore Byron i:i 1765, lying N of the Friendly Islands. The ground was cover- ed by land crabs, but no other animal was seen. Lon. 172 30 W. lat. SOS. Dttke of York's Island, island in the South Pacific Ocean, about 10 miles long, lying between lord Howe's Group and the SE point of New Ireland. The nutmeg was seen by captain Hunter, who anchored in Port Hunter Bay, in this island, in May, 1791. Lon. 152 42 E. lat. 4 7 8. Dukes, county, Massachusetts, comprises Martha's Vineyard island, Chabaquiddick island, Nomans island, and the group of Elizabeth islands. The whole surface amounting to about 120 square miles of habitable land. Soil of middling quality. Chieftown, Edgartown. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 1,489 do. do. females - - 1,645 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - 156 SLives - . . - . Total population in 1810 - 3,290 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 1,543 do. do. females - - 1,652 Total whites - - - 3,195 Free persons of colour, males - 50 do. do. females 47 Total population in 1820 - 3,292 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 10 Engaged in Agriciiltiire - - 281 do. in Manufactures - - 90 do. in Commerce - - 34,1 Population to the pquare mile. 27^. 275 D U M D IT N Buia!:, village on the NE side of the isle of Anglesey, much freqaented on account of the corn and butter trade, and for fern ashes. Dulce, river of North America, in Costa Rica, and Veragua, falls into the gulf of Dulce, after separating the two provinces from which it flows. Buhe, gulf of the Pacific Ocean, into which the river Dulce is discharged. Lon. W C 5 20 W. lat. 9 N. Dulderstadt, town of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick. It is seated on the riVer VVhippe;, 15 miles E of Gottingen, and 130 NE of Mentz. Lon. 10 14 E. lat. 51 28 N. Bulmen, town of Westphalia, in the bi>-hopric of Munster, 18 miles SW of Muister. Lon. 7 4 W. lat 51 47 N. Bulverton, town in Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday, seated on a branch of the Ex, 24 miles E of Barnstaple, and 164 W by S of London. Lon. 3 40 W. lat. 51 4N. Dulidch, village in Surry, five miles S of London. Biimbarto7i, borough, the capital of Dum- bartonshire, seated at the confluence of the Leven and Clyde, witli a stone bridge over the former. Its principal manufacture is glass ; but many of the young women are employed m the print-fields on the banks of the Leven. It is almost surrounded by the Leven and the Clyde. Dumbarton is 15 miles WNW of Glasgow. Lon. 4 30 W. lat. 50 N. Dumbarton, townsliip, Strafford county, New Hampshire. Population in 1820, 1450. Btimbartonshire, or Lenox, runs far N among a cluster of hills, and is bounded on the S by the Frith and river of Clyde ; on the E by Lanerkshire and Sterlingsliire ; on the NE by Perthshire and the Grampian- hills ; and on the W by Argyleshire and Loch Long. It is above 20 miles broad from E to W, and about 40 long from N to S. That part which lies to the E is very fruitful in corn ; the other parts being hilly, feed vast flocks of sheep. Population in 1801, 20,710 ; in 1811, 24,189 ; and in 1821, 27,313. Bumblane^ village in Perthshire, remark- able for a battle, called the battle of She- riff-m.uir, between the duke of Argyle and the rebel earl of Mar, in 1715. At the up- per end of the village is a ruinous cathe- dral It is 30 miles NVV of Edinburgh. Bumfermline, bornugh in Fifeshire, whicli is a considerable manufacturing town, and has a good trade in linen goods, particular- ly diapers. It is 15 miles NW of Edin burgh. Lon. 3 37 W, lat. 56 5 N. JDumfries, post town and seat of justice in Prince William county, Virginia, on 276 Uuantico creek, 32 miles SSW from Wasi)- ington, and 23 miles NNE from Fredericks- burg. Bumfries, royal borough of Scotland, capital of Dumfriesshire, pleasantly seated between two hills, on the river Nith. It is a regular well-built town, eight miles N of Solway Frith, and 30 WNW of Carlisle. Lon. 3 29 W. lat, 55 12 N. Bumfries, county of Scotland, which in- cludes Annandale and Niddisdale ; it is bounded on the N by part of Ayrshire, Lanerkshire, Peeblesshire and Selkirk- shire ; on the W by Selkirkshire and Rox- burghshire ; on tiie S by the Solway Frith ; and on the W by the counties of Ayr and Kircudbright ; extending about 50 miles in length and 30 in breadth. Eusdale is the most eastern division, and divided from Annandale by Eskdale. Annandale lies on the banks of the river Annan which runs through the middle of the county and falls into the Solway Fnth, after a coui'se of 27 miles. This division is a stewarty, abound- ing with pasture and pleasant woods, is about 27 miles long and 14 broad. Nid- disdale or Nithdale receives its name from the river Nid, that passes through it and runs into the Solway Frith; this is the western division, abounds in pastures and arable lands, produces abundance of corn, and some woods and forests ; gold has been found in some of its brooks after great rains. Its chief rivers are, the Esk, Annan, and Nid. Its cliief towns are, Annan and Dumfries. Population in 1801, 54,597 ; in 1811, 62,960, and in 1821,70,878, Bumtner, township in Coos county. New Hampshire. Population in 1820, 42. Bummerston, post town and township, Windham county, Vermont, on Connecti- cut river, at the mouth of West river. Po- pulation 1800. Buiiamond, town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Riga. It is situated near the mouth of the Dwina, 15 miles NW of Riga. Bunbar, royal borough in Haddington- shire, seated near the German Ocean. It has a good harbour, formerly defended by a castle. Under the rock, on which the casile stands, are two natural arches through which the tide flows : and be- tween the harbour and the castle is a stra- tum of vast basaltic columns. Dunbar is remarkable for the defeat of John Bahol's army by earl Warenne, in 1296, and for a victory gained by Ctomwell over the Scots, in 1650. It is 25 miles E of Edin- burgh. Lon. 2 34 W. lat. 57 12 N. Bunbar, townshij) of Fayette county, in Pennsylvania, on the SAV side of Youghiogany river, opposite Connelsville. Population in 1820, 1895. Bunbarton, township of Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, situated on the D U K D U N W side of Merrimack river. 35 niiies W of Portsmouth. Population in 1820, 1450. Duncansboro' , town, Orleans county, Vermont, on lake Memphramagog. Popu- lation 150. Duncanno7i, fortress and town of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, seated on t e river Ross, six miles E of Waterford. Lon. 6 46 W. lat. 54 12 N. Duncansville, post office, Barnwell dis- trict. South Carolina. Dundalk, seaport of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Louth, on a bay of the same name, 20 miles NNVV of Drogheda. Lon. 6 17 W. lat. 52 16 N. Dmidas, county of Upper Canada ; bounded E by Stormont ; SE by St. Law- rence river ; W by Grenville, and N by Ot- tawa river. Dundee, royal borough in Angusshire, with an excellent harbour. Its situation for commerce is very advantageous. Trading vessels of the largest burden can get into the harbour : and on the quay there are three very convenient and hand- some warehouses, built in 1756, as well as good room for ship-building, which is car- ried on to a large extent. The houses are built of stone, generally three or four stories high. The population in 1788 amounted to nearly 20,000, but tlie inha- bitants have increased to 23 or 24,000. It is seated on the N side of the Frith of Tay 12 miles from its mouth, 40 NE of Edin- burgh, 22 E of Perth, and 14 NW of St. Andrews. Lon. 2 55 W. iat. 56 30 N. Duneburg, town of Lavonia, on the Dwina, 90 miles SE of Riga. Lon. 27 E. lat 56 8 N. Dungannon, town of Ireland, in the county Tyrone, 11 miles NNW of Armagh. Lon. 6 39 W, lat. 54 48 N. Dungarvon, seaport of Ireland, in the county of Waterford, seated on Dungar- von Bay, 22 miles S W of Waterford. Lon. 7 29 W, lat 52 6 N. Dungeness, cape on the coast of Kent, eight miles S by W of Romney. Lon. 29 E. lat. 50 52 N. Dunkavd, township of Pennsylvania, situated on the W side of the river Monon- gahela, in Greene county, and bounded on the S by the line that divides this state from Virginia. Population in 1820, 1472. Dwikeld, town of Scotland, in the shire of Perth, seated on the N side of the river Tay, in a situation truly romantic, un'^er and among very high, and almost inacces' sible crags. Bunkeld is 12 miles N of Paris. Lon. 3 36 W. lat. 56 35 N. Dunkirk, considerable seaport of France, in the department of the North and late French Flanders. It v/as taken from the Spaniards by the English and French in 1658, and put into the hands of the English, but sold to the French, by Charles IJ. iji 1662. Lewis XIV. made it one of the best fortified ports in the kingdom : but all the vast and expensive works were demolished, and the bnsais filled up, in consequence of th^ treaty of Utrecht, in 17l3 The French afterwards resumed the works ; but they were ordered to be demolished by the peace of 1763. By the peace of 1783, the commissary was withdrawn, and the French were left to resume the works. This pi ice was besieged by the English in 1793, but they were forced to retire with loss. It is 22 miles SW of Ostend. Lon. 2 28 E, lat. 51 2 N. Dunkirk, small village and port on lake Erie, Chatauque county N. York. The har- bour lies in form of a semi-eHipss. It is shel- tered to the NW by a j oint of land, and on the N by a reef of rocks, on which there is only about 2 feet water. It is tlie only harbor from Buffalo to Erie, on the New York and Penn ylvania shore From Buf- falo 45 miles, and from Canadaway or Fre- donia 4 m les. Dunkirk, post town in King and Queen county, Virginia, 116 miles from Wash- ington. Dunklin's, post office, Newbury c(>unty. South Carolina. Du7i le-roi, town of France, in the de- partment of Cher, and late province of Berry, 20 mies SofBourges. Lon. 2 29 E, lat. 46 45 N. Dunlop, village in Ayrshire, in the dis- trict of Cunningham, celebrated for rich and delicate cheese. Dunmow, Great, town of Essex, with a market on Saturday, and a manufacture of baize It is 1,3 rniles N of Chelmsford, and 46 NE of London Lon. 24 E, lat. 51 54 N Dunmow, Little, village in Essex, adjoin- ing to Great Dunmow Dimnington. town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Saturday, 27 miles SE of Lincoln and 111 N of London. Lon. 7 W, lat, 52 55 N. Dunnose, cape on the S side of the Isle of Wight. Lon. 1 16 W, lat. 50 33 N. Dumisbury, post office, Lycoming coun- ty, Pennsylvania. Dunse, town in Berwickshire ; situate between the forks of the rivers Blackadder and Whiteadder, in a rich and fertile coun- try, 12 miles W of Berwick upon Tweed. Lon. 2 5 W, lat. 55 46 N. Dunstable, town in Bedfordshire, with a market iin Wednesday. It is seated on a 5ry ch Iky hill, and hasfmr streets which regard the four cardinal points. The church is the remainder of a piiory, and oppi site to it is a farm-house, once a royal palace. Dunstable is famous for elegant baskets, &c. made of straw, which are even 277 \) V r D L >; an article of exportation. It is 34 miles NVV of London. Lon. 29 W, lat. 51 59 N. Dunstable, post town in Hillsborough county, !*few Hampshire, lying on the river Merrimack, about 40 miles NVV of Boston. Population in 1820 1142. Dunstable, township of Middlesex county, Massachusetts ; situated on the W side of Merrimack river, 25 miles NW of Boston. Population in 1820, 584. Dunstable, township of Lycoming coun- ty, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 474. Dtmstaffnage, venerable castle, near Loch Etive, in Argyleshire, formerly a royal palace, and afterward the seat of the lord of the isles. Dimster, town in Somersetshire, with a market on Friday, and a harbour on the Bris'ol Channel. ' It is 20 miles NW of Tawnton, and 158 W of London. Lon. 3 41 W, lat. 51 13 N. Dunxvich, borough in Suffolk, with a market on Saturday. It is seated at the top of a loose cliff, and was formerly a bishop's see, but it is now only the remains of a town, all but two parishes being swal- lowed up by the sea. It sends two mem- bers to parliament, and is 24 miles S of Yarmouth, and 99 N of London. Lon. 1 55 E, lat. 52 21 N. Duuivich Township, Upper Canada, in the county of Suffolk, lies to the west of Southwold, h ving the river Thames for its nortli, and lake Erie for its south boun- dary. Dupage, lake of Indiana, in the river Des Pi tues, 6 miles above its junction with the Kanhakee Duplin, county of North Carolina; bound, ed by Nev/ Hanover S ; Sampson W ; Wayne N" ; Lenoir and Jones XE, and Onslou E ; length 32 ; mean width 20 ; area 640 square miles. Surface generally level or moderately hilly, and soil thin and rather sterile. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 2,784 do. d ). females - - - 2,634 All oiher persons except Indians not taxed ... - 29 Slaves 2,416 Total population in 1810 . - 7,863 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 2,913 do. do. females ... 3,171 Total whites .... 6,084 Free pers. )ns of colour, males - 32 do. do. females 29 Slaves, males .... 1,874 do, females - . - 1,725 Total population in 1820 - 9,744 278 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized • 23 Engaged in Agricvdlure - . 3,270 do. in Manufactures - - 9 do. in Commerce . - 2 Population to the square mile, 15. Duplin, Old, post office, Duplin county. North Carolma. Dupreeville, post town in Northampton county. North Carolina ; situated between Meherrin and Roanake rivers, 245 miles SSW of Washington. Duquela, province of Africa, in the king- dom iif Morocco about 75 miles in length, and 85 in breadth. It abounds in corn and cattle. Durampour, town of the Deccan of Hin- doostan in the province of Guzarat, 46 miles NNE of Bombay. Lon. 7o 14 E, lat. 20 32 N. Durance, river of France, which rises near Biia^tcon, and watering Embrun, Tal- lard, Sisteron, Monosque, and Cavaillon, falls into the Rhone, below Avignon. Durancl, township of Coos county. New Hampshire. Population in 1820, 78. Durango, city of New Spain, province of New B scaj', and capital of the intendancy of the same name ; situated 500 miles in a direct line from the city of Mexico, and 900 from Santa Fe. The height of the town is nearly 7,000 feet above the Ocean. Its environs appear to be volcanic. One of the largest masses of native iron ever dis- covered, exists lear tlie city of Dur-^ngo ; its weight has been calculated to be above 40,000 lbs. avoirdupois. N lat. 24 25 W, lon. W C 26 35. Population 12,000. Durango, intendancy of Mexico, better known by the name of v\ew Biscay, belong- ing to the Captain Generalship of the In- ternal provinces , bounded W by Sonora ; N by regions yet inhabited by Savages; NE by Texas ; SE by a p rt of San Louis Potosi, and S by Zacatecas and Gaajialaxa- ra. Area 118,922 square miles; length from north to south, from the mines of Guarissamay 650 miles; mean breadth 180 miles. Population 160,000. The surface of Durango, is in general mountamous, and for its latitude cold. The soil is in m ,'St places dry and arid. Im- mense barren plain-, cover this intendancy, over which the Spanish and Indian horse- men ro;.m at large, in never ceasing hos- tility to e.ch other. No races of men dif- fer moie essentially than the Spanish Creok' of the Viceroyalty, and the Euro- pean descendants in the Provincies Inter- nis, and the native Indian of Mexico, and tie aborigines on the Rio Grande. Active, bold, brave, and extremely athletic, the inhabitants of the Internal provinces, civili- zed and Savage, know perhaps less of dis- ease, than any part of the bnman species U U It D U '1 )ti any age or country. Durango lies on the table land of Anahuac, in nnost places elevated upwards of 6,500 feet above the Ocean, but declining to the east and west. Its pi'oductions are European jj;rain and fruits. Chief towns, Durango, Chihuahua, San Juan del Rio, Nombre de Dios, Pas- quiaro, Saltillo, Paras and Sta Rosa de Cosigniriachi. JJurant's Bay, North C irolina, Albe- marle Sound, ton. \V C 44 E. DurazzOi village of Albania, with a Greek archbishop's see. It has a ruined fortress, and a good harbour, on the gulf of Venice, 50 miles N of Valona. Lon 19 19 E, lat. 41 54 N Durby, town of French Luxemburg, capita! of a county of the same name, seat- ed on the Outre, 20 miles S of Liege. Lon. 5 28 E, lat. 58 18 ?J. Dwcheim, town of Germany, in the pala- tinate of the Rhine, 12 miles NE of Neu- stadt. Lon. 8 21 E. lat. 49 26 N. Duren, town of Germuiy, in the djichy of Juliers, on the river Roer, 12 miles S of Juliers Lon. 6 40 E, lat. 50 44 N. Duvhain, covmty o? En;.^land, cal ed the bishoprc of Durham; bounded on t!ie N by Northumberland, on the E hy ihe G>-r- raan Ocean, on t!ie S and SW by York- shire, and on the VV by Wes moreland and Cumberland. It extends 37 mdes from N to S, and 47 from E to W ; contains one city, seven market towns, and 113 parish- es ; and sends four members t> p;^rliament. Its rivers are the Tees, Tine, Vv^ere, Tame, Lune, Derwent, Gauntless, Skerii, &c. Its principal products are leud, coals, iion, corn, mustard, saU, glasSj fine ale, with es;- ceilent butter and salmon. The soil is various ; the south is rich, but the wes ern parts rocky and moorish. Population in 1801, 160,361, in 1811, 177,625, and in 1821, 207,673 Durham, capital of the conity of Dur- ham, with a market on S it^urd ly, and a bisliop's see. Has a manufactun- of shal- loons, tammies and cal imancoes; and around it are grown large quan ities of the best mustard. Nevil's Cross, near the c;ty, wa-^ erected in memory of the victory obtained by queen Philippa in 1346, over David Bruce, king of Scotland, vviio was taken prisoner in this battle. Durham sends two members to parliament ; is 14 miles S of Newcastle, and 257 N by W of London. Lon. 1 27 W, lat 54 50 N 2);«r/jaOT, tow. iship of Buckingham coun- ty. Lower Camda, between Wick am and Melborne, 60 miles E from Montreal Durham, township of Cumberland, Mai le, situated on the SW side of S gadohoc river, about 12 miles a'sove its junction with the river Kennebec. Population in 1820, 1562. Durham, post town and township, Staf- ford county, New Hampshire, west from Great Bay, and 12 miles W from Ports- mouih. Population in 1820, 1538. Durham, x^ast tow a and toi^ns.iip, Mid- dlesex county, Connecticut, 7 miles S from Middletown. Population in 1820, 1196. Durham, post town and township, Green ounty, New York, 20 miles NW from Athens. Population m 1820, 2979. Durham County, Upper Canada ; bound- ed on the east by the county of Northum- berland; on the south by lake Ontario until it meets the westernmost point of Long Beach ; thence by a line running north 16 degrees v*^e.st, until it intersects the soutiiern boundary of a tract of land belonging to the Missassago Indians ; and thence along the said tract, parallel to lake Ontario, until it meets the north western- most boundary of the county of Northum- berland. Durham, northern township of Bucks county, P nnsylvania ; situated on the W side of the river Delaware, 12 mdes S from Eas on. P ipulation in 1820, 485. D/rsley, town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Thursday, and a castle, now in rums. It is inhabited by clothiers, and seated near the Severn, 13 miles SW of Gloucester, and 107 W of London. Lon, 2 23 W, lat. 51 40 N. Durial, town of France, in the depart- ment of \Iaine and Loire, and late province of Anjou, whose chief trade consists in tanning. Dusky Buy, bay of the island of New Zeal '.ml, in tiie South Pacific Ocean. Lon. 166 18 E, 1 .t. 45 47 S. Dassddorf, su^ng city, capital of the duchy of Bci-g. It contains about 18,000 inhabitants, includin::^ the garrison Dus- seldorf derives an air of dignity from its pu!ace and great chui'ch. It is s ated on the r.ver Dussei, near he Rhine, 22 miles \W of Cologne. Lon. 6 52 E, lat. 51 12 N. i)Knd Holyrood-housc, is long and spa- ciotis, and the houses are very high. Frf»m this street many narrow lanes or closes run ofl'at riglit angles, towards ihe N and S, The ca>tle is seated on a vast perpendicu- lar rock, accessible only by a drawbridge on one side, and in ancient times was con- sidered as almost ifripregnabL». In 1811 tie number of inhabitants, exclusive of Leith, was 103,000. It is supplied with water conveyed in iron pipes, from Comis- ton, four miles to the W. It is governed by a lord provost, a dean of guild, a guild covincil, and 25 common cour.cil. Here are 14 incorporated trades, each li.aving its deacon or warden. Edinburgli is two miles SSW of Leith (whicii is its port) and 377 N by W from London. Lon. 3 12 VV, Iat. 55 58 N. This city has become deservedly cele- brated for the nurpiber, extent, and excel- lence of its liiera y institutions. Tlie uni- versity of Edinburgh was founded in 15S2, and now-, embraces professorships, on al- most every important pursuit of the iiuman intellect. The number of students ordina- rily exceeds 2000. To the university is attached a library containing above 50,000 volumes. As a medical school, the repu- tation of this university occupies a most exalted rank. The other literary charita- ble, religious and legal institutions are nu- merous and highly respectable. Of all the great cities of the British empire, Edin- burgh is supposed to derive the least com- parative emolum.ent from trade, commerce or manufacturers. Edinburghsldre, or .Mid Lothian, county of Scotland, 27 miles long and from 6 to 16 broad, bounded on the N by the Frith of Forth, E by the shires of Haddington. R D W E F F Berwick, and Roxbursf, S by those of Sel- kirk, Peebles and Lanerk, and \V by Lin- lithgovv:-hire. It is divid-.d intool jarislies. The soil is fertile and [jrodiires corn of all sorts, with plenty of grass , also, coal, iron, limestone, and black marble. Tiie prmci- pal rivers are the Esk, Leitli, Amond, and Gala. Population in 1801, 122,954 ; in 1811, 148,607 ; and in 1821, 191,514. EiUnbitrgh, township of Saratoga county. New York, 28 miles NNW from Balslon Spa. Population in 1820, 1469. Edinburgh, village of Elbert county, in Georgia, on the right bank of Savannah river, 65 miies above Augusta. Edinburgh, township of Portage county, Ohio, SW from Ravenna, and along the right bank of Cuyahoga river. Popula- tion in 1820, uncertain. Edinburgh, township. Dearborn countj-, Indiana, Edisto, post town in Orange county, South Carolina, 577 miles from Washing- ton. Edisto, considerable river nf South Ca- rolina, which riSirs in the ilistric if Erlge- field, and after meandering in a SE threc- tion, between Barnwell and Orangeb'.irgh, enters Colleton and falls jjito the ocean by two separate outlets in the lat. (.f32 25 N. Edisto, island ot Georgia, formed by the two outlets of Edisto river. It is separat- ed from Wadmeiaii island, by North Edisto, and is fertile and well cultivated. Staple, cotton. Edmeston, post town, and township of Otsego county. New York, 20 miles W from Cooperstown. Population in 1820, 1841. Ednam, village near Kelso, in Roxburgh- shire, Scotland, seated on the Tweed, where Thomson, tlie auth.or of the seasons, was born. Edward, cape of west coast of Nortli America on King George's Island, 40 miles N from Cane Edgecombe. Lon. W C 58 45 W lat 57 40 N. Edwards, county of Illinois, on Wabash ; hounded by White S : Wayne W ; Craw- ford N, and Wabash river SE ; length 33 ; mean width 30 ; area 990 squared miles. Surface rather waving than hilly ; soil ge- nerally fertile. Chief town, Palenyra. liirkbeck's settlement is in the SE part of this county. Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites - . . , Free persons of colour, males • do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females Total population in 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized En^raged in Agriculture do. in Manufactiires do. in Commerce 387 767 87 21 Population to the square mile, 3^. Edwurdsville, township of Greenville county. Upper Canada. EdiuardsvUle, post town and seat of jus- tice, .Madison county, Illinois, on the left bank of Cahokia river, 22 miles NE from St. Louis. A land office, a bank, and one pnnting office, have been located in this town. Eel river, small branch of Wabash, en- ters from the NW, 20 miles nearly S from Fori Wayne. Efferdiiig, town of Upper Austria, de- fended by two castles, eight miles W of Lintz. Lon. 13 52 E. lat. 48 18 N. Effingham, village in Surry, once, ac- cording to tradition, a populous town, con- taining 16 churches. It is 12 miles NE of Guilford, and 17 SW of London. Effingham, coumy of Lower Canada, ex- tends from the O tawa r ver, opposite Isle Jesus, in a NE direction between York and Leinster countie,-. It lies NW from Montreal. Effingham, township of Strafford county. New Hampshire, 43 miles NE from Con- cord. Population in 1820, 1368. Effingham, county of Genrgia, between Savannah, and Great Ogeechee river, and bounded S by Chatham; W by Great Ogeecjjee river ; NW by Scriven ; and NE and E by Savannah river ; length 26 ; mean width 18 ; area about 470 square milts. Surface level and soil sandy. Chief town, Springfield. Staple, cotton. Population in 181U. Free white males . - . 830 do. do, fem.'Jes - - - 745 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - . - 1 Slaves ----- 1,010 Total population in 1810 Population in 182n. Free white males do, do. females - 2,586 782 part of Total whites . . - - 1,654 Free persons of colour, males - 9 do. do. females. 8 1,861 Slaves, males . . - - 761 1.561 do. females Total population in 1820 - 586 3,422 3,018 8 Of these; _. 7 Foreigners not naturalized 3 Engaged in Agriculture 1,084. 4 do. in Manufactures none do. in Commerce 18 3,444. Population to the square mile, 6, 285 E G \ EG! .Bgg-Harboiir, Great, inlet of Gloucester county, New Jersey, receiving from the NW Great Kgg Harbour river. The inlet and nver are navigable about 20 miles for vessels of 200 tons burtlien. Egg-Harbour, Little, inlet between Bur- lington and Monmouth counties, New Jer- sey. It is navigable 20 miles for 60 ton vessels. Egg-Harbour, Great, posttoun, se-port, and port of entry, Gloucester count}. New Jersey, on the N side of Great Egg- Harbour Lilet, 60 miles SE from Phladel- phia. The township in 1820, contamed 1635 mhabitanis. Egg- Harbour, ij«/e, post town, seaport ' and port of eniry, Biu-lington cou!ity. New Jersey, at the mouth of Little Egg-Har- bour Inlet. Population in 1820, 1192, in the township. Egg Island, small island of Cumberland county. New Jersey, on the N side of De- laware bay Egmount, bay of the inland of St. Johns, in ine gulf of St. Lawrence, nearly oppo- site bay Oeite in New Brunswick. Lon. W C 13 E. l;!i.46 SON. Egmount, island in the gulf if Mexico, on the W coast of Florida 2tj miles NW from the mouth of Tampa bay. Lon. W C 6 20 W.lat 28 N Egg, fertile little island, one of the He- brides of Scotland, to the S of Skye. Egham, village in Surry, which has two neat almsiiouses for six men and six wo- men, with a school for the educawon of 20 boys. Egham is seated near the Thames, 18 miles W by S of London. Eglisau, ancient town of Swisserlarid, in the canton of Zuric, seated on the Rhine, 13 miles N of Zuric. Lon. 8 30 E. lat. 47 33 N. Egra, town of Bohemia, formerly impe- rial. It was taken by the French in 1742, but they were forced to evacuate it the next year. Its mineral watei's are fiimous. It is seated on the Eger, 90 miles W of Prague. Lon. 12 40 E. lat. 50 9 N. Egremont, trAvn in Cumberland, with a market on Saturday. It is seated near the Irish Sea, on the river Eben, over which are two bridges ; and on the peak of a hill is a castle. It sen*, members to parliament in the reign of Edward I. and is 14 miles SW of Cockermouth, and 299 NW of Lon- don. Lon. 3 35 W. lat. 54 32 N. Egremont, township and post town, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, on the Housatonick, 18 miles SSW from Lenox. Population in 1820, 865. Egypt, country of Africa, 600 miles in length, and 250 where broadest : bounded on the N by the MediteiTanean, on the S by Nubia, on the E by the Red Sea and the isthmus of Suez, and on the W by the de- serts to Die E of Fezzan. The "broadest "!86 parfe is from Alexandria to Damletta, and tlience it gradually grows narrower, till it approaches Nubia. It is divided into the Upper, Middle and Lnwer ; which last comprehends the D,.-ita ; and though the air is naturally hot, and not very whole- some, it enjoys so many other advantages, that it has been always extremely popu- lous. Egypt carried on a considerable trade in East India commodities, till the P'jrtUriuehe found the vvjy round the Cape of Good Hope. However the merch ints 01 Europe visit ihe harbours of the Medi- ten-anean, and import and export several sorts of merchandize ; and from other parts the natives get elephant's teeth ; ebony, gold dust, musk, civet, ambergris, and c .ft'ee. The gold dust is brought from Negroland, to Fez, and Morocco, and thence to Cairo, over immense deserts. T!ie priiicipat commodities which the mer- chants purchase are coffee, senna, cassia, rhubarb, sal ammoniac, myrrh, saffron, saltpetre, aloes, opium, indigo, sugar, san- d.il wood, dales, cotton, cloth, &c. The complexion of the Egyptians is tawny, and the further S the darker, so that those near Nubia are jlmo>t black. They arc gener- ally indolent and cowardly ; the richer sort do nothing all day but drmk coffee, smoke tobacco and sleep ; and they are ignorant, proud, haughty, and ridiculously vain. From March to Noverrber, the heat to a European, is almost insupportable ; but the ( ther months are more temperate. The S winds are by the natives called poi- sonous winds, or the hot winds, of the de- serts ; they are of such extreme heat, and aridity, that no animated body exposed to it can withstand its fatal influence. Dur- ing the three days that it generally lasts, the streets are deserted ; and wo to the traveller whom this wind surprises remote from shelter. It rains very seldom in Egypt ; but that want is fully supplied by the annual inundation of the Nile. When the waters retire, all the ground is covered with mud ; then they only harrow their corn into it, and in the following Marcli, they have usu.illy a plentiful harvest ; their rice fields are supplied with water from canals and reservoirs. There is no place in the world better furnished with corn, flesh, fish, sugai", fruits and all sorts of garden stuff ; and in LoM'er Egypt, are oranges, lemons, figs, dates, almonds, cassia, and plantains, in great plent}'. The sands are so subtile that they penetrate into the clo- sets, chests and cabinets, which, with the hot winds, are probabl}' the cause of sore eyes being so very common here. The animals of E;"vpt are tigers, hyenas, ante- lopes, apes, liick cattle, fine horses, large asses, crocodiles, the hippopotamus, the cameleon, and a kind of rat called ichneu- mon ; ostriches, eagles, hawks pelicans- F- tx \ E I S water t'owJsoi ail kinds, and the ibis wiiicli resembles a duck, and was deified by ihe ancient Egyptians, on account o'' its de- stroying serpents u'ld n )xious insects. Here is a serpent called the cerastes, or burned viper, whose bite is fatal to those who have not the secret of gnvirding against it; for some ef the natives can play witii the cerastes, and it will not attempt to bite them ; but when applied to a hen, or any other animal, it has instantly bit and killed them. The pyramids of Egypt are noticed by all travellers ; the largest takes up ten acres of ground, and is, as well as the rest, built upon a rock. Here are also caverns, out of which they get the mummies, or em- balmed dead bodies, which are found in coffins, set upright in niches of the walls, and have contiuued there at least 4000 years ; many of these have been brougiit to E igland, and were formerly deemed of great use in medicine. The principal city is Cairo. The ancient kings governed Eg^T^t, till Cambyses became master of it, 525 years B. C and in their time all those "wonderful structures were raised, which we cannot beliold without astonishment. These are the pyramids, the labyrinths, the immense grottos of the Thebals ; the obelisks, temples, and pompous palaces ; the lake Moeris, and the vast canals, which served both for trade and to render the land fruitful. After this conquest Camby- ses demolished the temples and persecut- ed the priests. After his death, this coun- try continued under the Persian yoke till the time of Alexander the Great, who hav- ing conquered Persia, built tlie famous city of Alexandria. He was succeeded by Ptolemy, the son of Lagos, 324 years B. C. Ten kings of that name succeeded each other, till Cleopatria, the sisrer of the last Ptolemy, ascended the throne ; when Egypt became a R.jman province, and con- tinued so till the reign of Omar, ihe second calif of the successors of Mahomet, who drove away the Romans, after it had been in tlieir hands 700 years When the power of the califs declined, Saladine set up the empire of the Mamloucks, which became so powerful in time, that they extended their dominions over a great part of Africa, Syria and Arabia, Egypt .was then con- quered by Selim, a Turkish emperor, and great numbers of its ancient inhabitants withdrew into the plains. An attempt %vas then made to deprive the Ottoman Porte of its authority over Egypt by Ali Bey, who having been for some time extremely fortunate, was at last defeated and killed in 1773. Egypt has been since torn by civil wars between the adherents of Ali, and other beys or princes, who rose on his ruins. Alternately expelled from Cairo, they finally agreed to a compromise in 1789. From this period nothing of im- portance occurs till ir99, when this coun- try was invaded by the French under Bou- naparte ; thry landed at Alexandria, which surrendered to them after a feeble resistance. Tiiey then proceeded to Ro- setta and Cairo, whicii they took without much difficulty. They would probably have subdued the whole country, and final- ly overturned the Turkish empire, had not their progress been arrested at St. John d'Acre, by the gallant Sir Sidney Smith, who defended that inconsider.ible place with such invincible courage and skill, that t!te enemy were compelled after innumer- able desperate attacks to abandon the at- tempt. They were shortly afterwards de- serted by their commander, who has re- turned to Fr.ince. A treaty was entered into by Sir Sidney Smith, which did not meet the approbation of the British go- vernment. The country was subsequently abandoned by French and British, and has since submitted to the nominal authoriiy of the Turks, but is really subject to the Bey, or Pacha. ^ Egypten, town of Poland in the duchy of Courland, 100 miles SE of iMittau. Lon. 10 40 E. lat. 56 2 N. Ehigen, name of two small towns of Suabia, the one near the Danube, and the other on the Neckar. They belong to the house of Austria. The former is in lon. 9 45 E. lat. 48 15 N, and the latter, in lon, 8 45 E. lat. 45 25 N. Ehre/ibreltstem, very ancient castle, in the electorate of Treves, on the E bank of the Rhine, opposite Coblentz. It is seat- ed on the summit of a stupendous rock, not less than 800 feet above the level of the river, and is thought, when supported by a competent garrison, to be impregna- ble. It has a communication with Cob- lentz, by subterraneous passages, cut out of the solid rock; and is plentifully sup- plied with water from a well 280 feet deep. The prospect from this castle is majeciic, extensive, and variegated ^ and the stream at its foot is decorated with two small islands, on eacli of which is a con- vent. In the vale of Ehrenbreitstein, is the old palace of the elector. Eimeo, one of the Society Isles, in the South Pacific Ocean, lying near Otaheite, and visited by captain Cook, in his last voy- age. Eiinbeck, toVv"n of Germany, in the terri- tory of Grubenhagen, 25 miles S of Hilde- sheim. Lon. 10 E.kt. 51 46 N, Einsidlin, town of Switzerland, in the canton of Schwitz. It is situated on the river Sihl, between the lofty mountains, whose distant summits are covered with snow. Eisleben, town of Germany, in the coun- ty of Mansfield, famoas as the birth place of Luther. It is five miles E of Mansfield, Lon, 12 16E, lat. 51 42 N. 287 E L ii E i. IS ELsnach, town of Tlmringia, capital of a district of the same name, with a celebrat- ed college, 36 miles W of Erfurt. Lon. 10 25E.lat. 50 59 N. Eithen, or Ytlum, river in Aberdeenshire, which crosses th:it couuly in a SE direc- tion, and falls into the British Ocean at Newburgh. Ekereford, town of Denmarlt, in the duchy of Sleswick, seated on the Baltic, 12 miles SE of Sleswick. Lon. 10 30 E. lat. 54 56 N. Elba, island on the coast of Tuscany, re- markable for mines of iron and loadstone, and quarries of marble. Elba, island in the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and the island of Corsica, and separated from Tuscany by the chan- nel of Piombino. It was known to the Greeks by the name of iEtlialiu, and to the Romans by that of liva. The form of the island is very irregular, the length from E to W is about 14 miles, and the greatest breadth, which is at the W end, is between eight and nine miles ; and contains a po- pulation of 13,r00 souls. The whole island presents numerous mountains, se- parated by deep valleys, and some pLiiis of considerable extent; ilie southwest part is the most elevated, and are composed of black and white granite, susceptible of a fine polish. Elba has been renowned for its mines of iron and loadstoue, for a pe- riod beyond the reach of history. Aristo- tle speaks of them as opened from time immemorial ; it lias also quarries of fine marble. On the XE part, is the mountain, or mine of iron ore, which supplies most of the forges of Italy. The tower of Vol- torajo stands on this mountain, on a shaggy rock. Tile view fnm this tower is won- derfully fine every way, as the eye over- looks tlie whole island, that of Corsica, many scattered islets, the channel of Piom- bino, and a great range of continent. On the E side of the mountain, stands llio, a village inhabited by miners. Under it breaks out the only rivulet in Elba which does not run abovi a mile before it falls in- to the sea ; but the water gushes out of the rock in sucli abundance, that it turns 17 mills in that short course. The soil of Elba is very narrow, with scanty room for cultivation, and few places level enough for corn, producing little more than six months provisions for its inhabitants : but the island is so situated, that it can, in spile of a blockading fleet, be always sup- plied with provisions, and the garrison v/ith reinforcements. The wine is good, if made with care and properly kept; the fruit of its standard trees are excellent, though not in great plenty; orange and lemon trees thrive very well in the shelter- ed valleys and narrow plains near the sea. There are several snriniTS of excellent water in the island ; and the climate is much milder than the adjacent continent, for it produces many fruits and plants that cannot stand the Tuscan winters. Among the animals and birds, are wild boar.s, hedge-hogs, partritlges, quails, canary- birds, nightingales, ortolans, &.c. It has no rivers ; but there are a number of rivu- lets. This island was held, with Piombino, by the Appiani, as a fief of the empire, till Cliarles V. thonglit proper to transfer it to Cosmo I. duke of Florence, that h.e might rescue it and the adjacent coasts from the Turks and French. Before the French i-evolution, it was subject to the prince of Pioinbino, except Porto Ferrajo, and Porto Longone, the former belonging to the duke of Tuscany, and t!ie latter to the king of Naples ; but in 1801, the French became possessed of the whole island. In consequence of the late political events in Europe, this island has attracted a consi- derable degree of interest, on account of Napoleon Buonaparte, emperor of the French, having chosen it for his future re- sidence. By the treaty concluded vvitii him in April, 1814, which was guaranteed by all the powers of Europe, the full so- veregnty of the island is vested in him, as his sole pr >perty, during the remainder of his life ; and to form a separate principa- lity. On the 4th of May following, he landed with his suite, at Porto Ferrajo, (which he left on the 26th of February, 1815, on his last expedition into France) the ctpital of the island. Lon. 16 15 ,E. lat. 42 50 N. Elba, township of Genesee county New York. Population in 1820, 1333. Elbassano, town of .Vlbania. 45 miles SE of Durazzo. Lon. 20 9 E. lat. 41 34 N. Elbe, large river of Germany, which rises in tiie mountain of the Giants, on the confines of Bohemia and Sle-sia ; flows to Koningsgratz, Leiitzmeritz, Dresden, Des- saw. Meissen, Wittemberg, Magdeburg, Hamburg, and Giuckstadt, and enters the German Ocean, at Cruxhaven. It is navi- gable tor large ships to Hamburg, which is 70 miles from the sea. Elbert, county of Georgia, between Broad and Savannah rivers : bounded NE by Savannah river; SW by Broad river, and N by Franklin cjunty ia Georgia ; lengtli 3S ; mean width 16 ; area 800 square miles. Surface hilly and soil pro- ductive. Chief town, Piilberlon. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 3,882 do. do. females ... 3,650 All otb.er persons except Indians not taxed - . . - •' 50 Slaves - - - . . 4,574 ToUl population in 1810 12,156 £ L E ELI Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 3,362 do. do. females » - - 3,Sf67 Total whites .... 6,629 Slaves, males ... - 2,604 do. females - • - 2,555 Total population in 1820 - - 11,788 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized • Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,954 do. in Manufactures - 130 do. in Commerce - - 150 Population to the square mile, 13. Elberston, small town of Effingham coun- ty, Georgia, on the Ogeeciiee, 20 miles W from Ebenezer. Elb.Tton, post town and seat of jus- tice, in Elbert county, Georgia, 23 miles NW of Petersl)urg on liie Savannah river, and 30 SE of Carnesville. Elbeuf, town of France, in the depart- ment of Power Seine and late province of Normandy. It lias a manufacture of cloth, and is seated on tlie Seine, 10 miles S of Rouen, nnd 65 NW of Paris. Lon. 1 3 E. lat. 49 19 N. Elbing-, strong town of Western Prus- sia, in the paiatin«te of Mari::fnburg. It carries on a considerable trade, and is seat- ed near the Baltic Sea, 30 mJes SE of DanTzic, and 100 N by W of Warsaw. Lon. 19 35 B. lat. 54 9 N. E/bogen, town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the sums name, wih a citadel, on the river Eger, 16 miies NE of Egra. Lon. 13 OE. lat. 50 16 N. Elbridge, post town, Onondago connly, New York, on Skeneateles outlet 60 miles W from Canandaiiqua. Elburg, town of the United Provinces, in Guelderland, on t!ie E coast of the Zui- der-Zee, ten miles NE of Harderwick. Lon. 5 50 E. lat. 52 30 N. Elcatif, seaport of Arabia Felix, on the W coast of the guUof Persia, 300 miles S of Bassora. Lon. 53 5 E. lat. 26 N. Elchfi, town of Spain, in Valencia, 20 miles S\V of Alicaut. Lon. 23 W. lat. 38 7E. Eldridge, township of Huron county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 376 Eleanor, Point, northern extremity of Knights island, on the NW coasit of Nor'.h America. Lon. W C 70 \V . lat. 60 S7 N, Elephanta, island on t!ic W coast tif the Deccan of FlindoosUn, five miles from the castle of Bombay, It contains one of the most inexplicable antiquities m the world. It is ab^iut 3 miles in compass and consists of almost all hill, at the foot of which you land you see the figure of an elephant, of Total whites O o tiie natural size, cut coarsely In stone. An easy slope then leads to the portal of » magnificent temple, hewn out of the solid rock It is an oblong square, 80 feet long, and 49 broad. The roof whicli is about 10 feet high, is cut flat, and is supported by regid;ir rows of pillars, with capitals re- sembling large cushions, as if pressed by the incumbent mountain. At the further end are three gigantic figures, which were mutilated by the absurd ze^l of the Portu- guese, when this island was in their posses- sion. Elephants was ceded to the Eng- lish by the Mahrattas. Eleven-point-river, one of the western branches of Black river fork of White ri- ver, enters the latter, nearly on the line between Missouri and Arkansas, and be- tween Thomas' fork and Strawberry ri- vers. Eleutkex, kingdom of Tartary, lying to the NW of Chinese Tartary. It was con- quered in 1759, by the emperor of China. See Kalmucks. Elgin, county-town of Murrayshire, Sco'hind, pleasantly seated on the r.ver Lossi. Here are many large old buildings erected over piazzas. Its cathedral, founded in 1224, was one of the most mag- nificent Gothic structures in Scotland. Its magnificent ruins sufficiently prove its former grandeur. It is five miies S of Murray Frith, and 37 E of Inverness. Lon. 3 15 W. 1st. 57 37 N. Elizabeth, small river of Virginia, rises by several branches in Princes Anne and Norfolk counties, and flowing generally NW, passes Norfolk, and falls into Hamp- ton roads 10 miles below the former place. It admits vessels of 18 feet draught to Norfolk. Its mouth is defended by Cra- ney island fort. The dismal swamp canal, leads from the middle branch of Eliza- betli river, nine miies above Norfolk. Elizabeth, Cape, the NE point at the en- trance of Cook's Inlet. Lon. W C 63 30 W. lat. 59 09 N. Elizabeth City, county of Virginia, be- tween York and James river, bounded by Chesapeak bay E ; Hampton-roads S ; War- wick W; and York N; length 8 ; breadth 8 ; area 64 .square miles. Popidation in 1810. F-ree whiles, inates ~ - 820 do. do. females - - 909 All other persons except Indians not taxed 75 Slaves - . » . Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - 289 1,?'34. 3,608 1,175 901 2,07ri ELI ELK Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males do. females 41 above Wilming-ton, and 55 below FaycUe- 29 ville. ' 819 EHzabethtown, post town and seat of jus- 824 tice, Hardin coiintv, Kentucky, on the — — head o^■Nolin creek, branch ot Greene ri« 3,789 ver, 45 miles nearly S from Louisville. _ EHzabethto-MH, post town and seat of jus- 88 tice. Carter county, Teniiesssee, on the 817 left bank of Watauga river, 130 miles above 18 Knoxville. 5 Elizabethtoivn, post town, Harrison coun- ty, Indiana. Elizabeth City, post town, and seat of Elizabeth, township in the eastern part justice, Pasquotank coun'>y. North Cai'oli- of Miami county, Ohio. Population in na, on the right bank of Pasquotank river, 1820, 768. Total pipulation in 1820 Of tliese ; Foreigners not naturalized Eng'aged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce - Population to the squire mile, 59. Elizabeth, township in the western part of Lawrence county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 295, Elizaville, post town, Fleming county. 45 miles S from Norfolk, and 35 NE from Edenton. Elizabeth Islands, a group on the coast of Massachusetts, stretching .SW from Buz- zard's bay, between the island of Martha's Kentucky. Vineyard and Elizabeth bay. They form Elkholm, seapoit of Sweden, in Bickin- part of Dukes county, are 12 or 13 in num- gen, seated on the Baltic, 24 miles W of ber, the principal of which are Nashawn, Carlescroon. Lon. 14 15 E, lat. 56 20 N, Pasqui, Nasahawenua, Pineguese and Chat- Elk, small river on the eastern shore of tahunk. Maryland, which runs into the Chesapcak ' Elizabeth, township of Leeds count)', bay, near its head, and between North Upper Canada, opposite Morristown, St. East and Sassafras nvers. ii is from tliis Lawrence county, New York. BrockviUe, stream that a feeder canal has been pro- scat of justice for the county, is in this jected, and in part executed, to supply the township. Chesapeak and Delaware canal. Elizabeth, post town and seat of justice. Elk, river of Western Virginia, rises in K-sex county, New York, on Bouquet river, Randolph county, and flowing westward 130 miles N from Albany. Population in by comparative courses about 100 miles 1820, 889. falls into the Great Kenhawa at Charleston, Elizabethto-iun, post town and borough, after having traversed Randolph and Ken- Essex county, New .Jersey, on a creek of awa counties. the same name, which discharges into the Elk, river of Tennessee and Alabama, Kills, or Sound of Staten Island. Tliere is rises on the western slope of Cumberland in this village a bank, an academy, and se- mountain in Franklin county, Tennessee, veral places of public worship. Vessels and flowing SW by W through Franklin, of 300 tons come to Elizabetlitown point, Lincoln and Giles counties, enters Aiaba- two miles distant, and small vessels of 30 ma in Limestone county, over which it tons reach the village. From Newark meanders, and falls into Tennessee river, 6 miles, Ne-v York 15 miles. A steam at the upper end of the Muscle shoals, in boat plies between Ehzabeth town-point the NE angle of Lauderdale county. En- and New York. Population in 1820, 3515 tire comparative course, about 100 miles, in the township. Elk, townsliip, Athens county, Ohio. E'izabcthtotm, post town, Lancaster coun- Population in 1820, 537. Ij', Pennsylvania : seated near the mouth Elkland, township, Lycoming county, of Conewago creek, about 18 miles NVV of Pennsylvania. On the waters of LoyaU the borough of Lancaster, containing 1928 sock creek, 20 miles NE from Williams- inhabitants in 1820. port. Elizabethtoivn, township and post town Elkland, township of Tioga county, in Allegany county, Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania, between Cowanesque and E side of Monongahela river, about 12 crooked creeks, 20 miles SW from Painted miles above its junction with the Ohio, and Post. Population in 1820, 509. the same distance S by E from Pittsburg. Elk river, township of Columbiana, Ohio. ' Population in 1820, 1356. Elk creek, township of Erie county, Pennsylvania, on the heads of Conneaut, Elk creek, and Cassewago, 17 miles SW from Erie, and 18 NNW from Meadville. Population in 1820, 288. Elk Horn, river of Kentucky, branch of Kentucky river, rises in Fayette, and flow- Popidation in 1820, 4381 Elizabethtoivn, post town and seat of jus- tice, Washington county, Maryland, (some- times called Hagerstowii) on Antietam creek, 26 miles NW from Frederickstown, and 14 N of Sharpsburg ; containing about 2000 inhabitants. Elizabethtoivn, post town and seat of jus- tice, Bladen county. North Carolina, on the ing north-west through that county, and right bank cf Cape Fear river, 40 miles ^iao Scott, Woodward and Franklin, falls 290 ELL E L B into Kentucky river 10 miles below Frank- fort. Elk Horn, township, Montgomery coun- ty, Missouri. Elk Lake, small lake between lake Su- perior and the lake of the Woods. Elk Lick, township otSomersett county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1087. Elk Marsh, post village, Faquier county. Elk Ridge, town of A.nne-Arundel coun- ty, Maryland, on the right bank of Patap- sco river, 8 miles SW from Baltimore. Elk Run Church, post office, Fauquier county, Virginia, 15 miles W from Dum- fries. Elkton, post town and the capital of Ce- cil coimty, Maryland ; seated on Elk river, at the head of navigation, at the distance of 10 miles E by N from Chai'leston, and 45 SW from Philadelphia. It is the intrepot of a considerable trade between Baltimore and Philadelphia, being the general ren- dezvous of the regular stages that travel between the two cities. Elkton, post town, Giles county, Tennes- see, on the right bank of Elk river, 80 miles SW from Murfrees borough, and 30 NW from Huntsville. Elkton, post town, Todd county, Ken- tucky, 20 miles W from Russelville. EUerena, episco::)al to.vn of Spain, in Es- tramadura, 54 miles N of Seville. Lon. 5 20 W, lat. 38 26 N. Ellesmere, town in Shropshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on a large mere, in a small but fertile district of the same name, 16 miles XNW of Shrewsbury, and 176 NW of London. Lon. 2 52 W, la:. 52 53 N. Ellichpour, capital of the W part of Be- rar, in the Deccan of Hindoostan. It is a fine city subject to the Nizam of the Dec- can ; and is 395 miles NE of Bombay. Lon. 77 46 E, lat. 21 12 N. EUicott, township of Chatauque county. New York, lying in tlie SE part of the county on Casdago creek. Population in 1820, 1462. EUicott's Cross Roach, post office, Cum- berland count}', Kentucky. Ellicoits,ov Eleven. Mile Creek, SE branch of the Tonnewanto creek ; rises in Gen- nessee and flowing NW into Erie county. falls into the Tonnewanto near tlie mouth of that stream. EUicofJs Mills, post office, Baltimore connty, Maryland, on Potapsco river, 12 miles nearly due \V from Baltimore. Ellicottsville. See Seltzersloivn. EUijigton, township of Tolland county, Connecticut, 15 miles NE from Hartford. Population in 1830, 1196. EJliott, Missionary station of the Ameri- can board of Foreign Missions, on a branch of the Yazoo, 150 miles NE inm WaJnut- Hillso At this place have been erected, since 1818, a village containing about 20 houses, a Lancasterian School established, and other judicious measures adopted to civilize the neighbouring Savages. Elliot, township of Yoik county, Maine. Population in 1820, 1679. Elliotts Island, in the Gulf of Florida, between Florida peninsula and the Cat Keys. Lon. W C 3 5 VV, lat. 25 33 N. Ellisbury, post town and township, Jefferson county. New Yoric, at tlie mouth of Sandy creek. Population in 1820. 3531. Ellisvillc, post office, Warren county. North Carolina. EUisville, or Lower Blue Lick, post village, Nicholas county, Kentucky, on a small branch of Licking river, 50 miles NE by E from Frankfort. Ellstvorth, post town and township, Grafton county, Maine, 12 miles NNW" from Plymouth. Population in 1820, 213. Ellsworihy post town and township, Hancock county, Maine, 24 miles NE from Castine. Population in 1820, 892. Ellsivcrth, post village, Sharon, Litch- field county, Connecticut, on Oblong creek, branch of Housatonick river, 12 miles W from Litchfield. Ellsworth, township of Trumbul coun- ty, Ohio, adjoining Canfield, and on a branch of Big Beaver. Population in 1820. 50S. Elmadia, or Mahadia, town of the kingdom of Tunis, seated on the gulf of Capes. It is surrounded by the sea, is well fortified, and has a good harbour. It was taken by the emperor Charles V. but retaken soon after. Lon. 8 47 W, lat. 35 4 N. Elme, St. castle of the isle of Malta ; seated on a rock near the city of Va- letta, at the mouth of :;. very fine har- bour. E'mira, post town, Tioga county. New York. See .Ye^utown. Elmo, E'ort, fortress of France, in the department of the Eastern Pyrenees. It surrendered to the Spaniards in 1793, but was retaken in 1794. It is seated oa the river 'let, five miles N of Colioure. FAmore, township, Orleans county, Vermont, 17 miles N from Montpelier. Population 160 Elmsley Towjishifi, in the eastern dis- trict. Upper Can.uia, lies to the south, and in the rear of Cumberland. Elora. See Dowlatabad. Elfihin, tov;n of Ireland, in the county of Roscommon, and the see of a bishop. Elrich, trading town of Upper Saxony, formerly the capital of the county of Klettenbarg. 291 E T. Y K M M Elsmburg, seaport of Sweden, in the province of Gothland, seven miles E of Elsimore. Lon. 13 20 E, lat. 56 N. JElsJnborough, township of Salem coun- ty. New Jersey. Population in 1820, 505. Elsinore, seaport of Denmark, seated on the Sound, in the isle of Zealand. It is the most commercial place in Den- mark, next to Copenhagen ; and con- tains 5000 inhabitants, among whom are a considerable number of foreign mer- chants, and the consuls of the principal nations trading to the Baltic. The pas- sage of the Sound is guarded by the cas- tle of Cronborg, situate on the edge of a peninsular promontory, the nearest point of land from the opposite coast of Swe- den. The tolls of the Sound, and of the two Belts, produce an annual revenue of above 100 000/. Lon. 13 23 E, lat. 55 N. See Cronborg, Elteman, town of Franconia, in the bishopric of Wurtsburg, on the river Maine. Lon. 10 52 E, lat. 50 8 N. Eltham, town in Kent, with a market en Monday, eight miles S of London. Here are to be seen, the ruins of a pa- lace, in which Edward II. often resided, and his son, John of Eltham was born. Its stately hall, still entire is converted into a barn. Eltor. See Tor. EUzy town of Germany, in the bishop- ric of Heldesheim, seated on the Leina, 10 miles SW of Hildesheim. Lon. 10 5 E, lat. 52 5 N. Elvas, strong frontier town of Portu- gal, in Alentejo, with a castle and bish- op's see. A royal academy, for yowng gentlemen, was founded here in 1733. It is seated on a mountain, near the Guadiana. 50 miles NE of Evora, and 100 E of Lisbon. Lon. 7 3 W, lat. 58 43 N. Elvira, township of Illinois, on the waters of Cash river. Elivangen, town of Suabia, with a chapter, whose provost is a prince of the empire and lord of the town. It is seated en the Jaxt, 17 miles SE of Halle, and 25 SW of Anspach. Lon. 10 28 E, lat. 49 2 N. Ely, city of Cambridgeshire, with a bishop's see, and a market on Saturday. It is seated on the Ouse (which is navi- gable hence to Lynn) in the fenny tract called the isle of Ely. It is 17 miles N of Cambridge, and 68 N by E of Lon- don. Lon. 9 E, lat. 52 24 N. Ely, township (if Buckingham and Richelieu counties, Lower Canada, on the Riviere a la Tortue, 60 miles E from Montreal. Elyria, township and village in the eas- 292 icrn part of Huron county, Ohio. I'he township lies on bcth sides, and the village in the forks of Black river. Population in 1820, 174. Elysian Fields, post office, Amite county, Mississippi. Emden, strong town of Westphalia, capital of E Friesiand, with a good har- bour. It belongs to the king of Prussia, and is seated at the mouth of the Embs, opposite Do'.lart Bay, 23 miles NE of Groningerv. Lon- 7 5 E, lat. 53 26 N. Embden, township, Somersett county, Maine, on the right bank of Kennebec river, 16 miles above Norridgewock. P( pulation in 1820, 664. Embo, village near Brora, on the E coast of Sutherlandshire. Emboly, town of Macedonia, with a Greek archbishop's see, seated on the Stromona, 40 miles NE of Salonichi. Lon. 25 55 E, lat. 40 59 N. Embrun, strong city of France, in the department of the Upper Alps and late province of Dauphiny. It is stated on a craggy rock, near the river Durance, 17 miles E of Gap. Lon. 6 34 E, lat. 44 34 N. Embs, river of Westphalia, which rises in the county of Lippe, and falls into the Doliart, a bay of the German Ocean, near Embden. Emersonville, post town, Gibson coun- ty, Indiana. Emivanuel, coxxnly of Georgia; bound- ed by Tatnall SE ; Montgomery SW ; Laurens and Washington W ; Jefferson N ; Burke NE, and BiUlock E ; length 49; mean width 20; area 800 square miles. Surface moderately hilly, and soil sandy. Staples cotton and tobacco. Population in 1820. Free white males - . . 1,272 do. do. females - - 1,254 Total whites - - - 2,526 Free persons of colour, males 20 do. do. females 15 Slaves, males - _ _ 187" do. females - . _ igQ Total population in 1820 2,928 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in AgricaUure - - 1,011 do. in Manufactures - 17 do. in Commerce - Population to the square mile, 3|. Emmaus, post town, and one of the settlements of the United Brethren, commonly calltil Moravians, in the township of Salisbary, 5 miles SSW from AUentown or Northampton. Population about 100. E N P E > I. Emessa, town of Syria, in the govern* ment of Damascus. There are still noble ruins, that show it was anciently a magnificent city. JLmmerick, large city of Germany, in the Duchy of Cleves. It carries on a considerable trade with Holland, and is seated near the Rhine, eight miles E of Cleves. Lon. 6 4 E, lat. 51 45 N. Emmittsburg, post town of Frederick county, Maryland, abuui 18 miles NW from Taney town, and about 50 in the same direction from Baltimore. Eiiiouy, or Hiamen. island of China, lying off the coast of the province of Fo- kien. It is celebrated for its port, which is enclosed, on one side, by the island, and on the other by the main land, and is so extensive, that it can contain many thousands of vessels ; and so deep, that the largest ships may lie close to the shore without danger. This island is particularly celebrated on account of the magnificence of its principal pagod, de- dicated to their god Fo. Lon. 116 27 E, lat 24 3 N Emfioli, town of Tuscany, with a bishop's see, seated on the Arno, \7 miles SW of Florence. Lon. 11 6 E, lat. 43 42 N. Enckauysen, seaport of N Holland, on the Zuider-Zee. It was once a flour- ishing place ; but its harbour being ob- structed by sand it has lost its former consequence. It is 25 miles NE of Am- sterdam. Lon. 5 4 E, lat. 52 45 N. E7idetn>our Strait, lies in the S Pacific Ocean, and separates New Guinea from New Holland. Its length is 10 leagues, and its breadth about five, except at the NE entrance, Avhere it is contracted to less than two miles, by the islands called Prince of Wales' Islands, It was ex- plored by Captain Cook in 1770, from whom it received its name. Ending, town of Suabia, in Austrian Brisgaw, formerly free and imperial. It is seated near the Rhine, 10 miles below Bi'isach. Endkiofii7ig, town of Sweden, in Up- land ; situated on a river, close to an inlet of Lake Maelar. It consists chiefly of wooden houses, which are red. It n 40 miles W of Stockholm. Lon. li 59 E, lat. 5? 45 N. Enfield, town in Middlesex, with a market on Saturday. It was once fa- mous for an extensive royal chase, dis- forested in 17r9. Here was a royal palace, whence Edward VI. went in pro- cession to the Tower, on his accession to the throne, which is now taken down. It is 10 miles N of London. Lon. 2 E. lat. 51 41 N. Enjield, township of Grafton county, New Hampshire, containing in 1820, 1370 inhabitants. Enfield, township of Hampshire coun- ty, Massachusetts. Population in 1820, 873 Enfield, township of Hartford county, Connecticut ; situated on the E side of Connecticut river, 6 miles N of East Windsor, and 12 miles NW of Tolland. Population in 1820, 2065. Enfieid, post town, Halifax county. North Carolina. Engadina, country of the Grisons, in the m uiitains of the Alps. It is divided into Upper and Lower, extending along the banks of the river Inn, from its source to the Tirolese. Upper Engadina is a beautiful valley, yet, on account of its elevation, produces nothing but rye and barley. The winter s6'.,s in early, and even in summer, the air is cold and pier- cing, and the corn occasionally much damaged by the hoar-frost. Engelberg, valley of Swisserland, 10 miles long, entirely surrounded by very lofty and barren mountains, and bounded by the cantons of Bern, Uri, and Under- walden. It was formerly subject to the abbot of a Benedictine monastery of the same name, who was under the protec- tion of the cantons of Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, and Underwalden. The ro- mantic scenery of this country has al- ways delighted the traveller, and en. gaged the attention of the naturalist. Glaciers, of a very great extent, and ex- tremely diversified, are found on the- side of very fertile mountains, and exhibit singular points of view There is abun- dance of line black marble, white veined ; a vitriolic earth, slate impregnated with vitriol ; small crystals, called Swiss dia- monds; silver, and vitriol. The abbey is 12 miles SW of Altdorf. See Titlis- berg. Engers, town of Germany, in the elec- torate of Treves, capital of a county of the same name. It is seated on the Rhine, 11 miles N of Cobltntz. Lon. 7 32 E, lat. 50 35 N. Enghein, town of Austrian Hainault, near which was fought the famous bat- tle of Steenkirk. It is 15 miles SW of Brussels. Lon 4 5 E, lat. 50 42 N. Etigia, or Engina, ancient Aegina, island of Turkey in Europe, in a gulf of the same name, between Livadia and the Morea. There is a town upon it of the same name, 22 miles S of Athens. Lon 23 59 E. lat. 37 45 N. Engia, ancient Saroiiic gulf of Greece, between Livadia and the Morea. In ancient times it separated Attica and Megara from Argolis. England, the southern part of the 293 E N G E N G island of Great Britain, is bounded on the E by the German Ocean ; on the S by the English channel ; on the W by St. George's channel, the principality of Wales, and the Irish sea ; on the N by the Cheviot hills, and by the river Tweed. Its extent is computed at 5S,335 square miles; and the population in 1811, amounted to 9,499-400. Its external surface somewhat resembles the form of a triangle, and from the South Foreland in Kent, which may be termed the E point of the triangle to Berwick upon Tweed, which is the N p'.;int, its length is 345 miles. From that point to the Land's end in Cornwall, which is the W, it is 425 ; and the breadth thence to the South Foreland, is 340. The face of the country aflfords all that beautiful varit-ty ■which can be found in the most exten- sive tracts of the globe ; not, however, without romantic, and even dreary scenes, lofty mountains, craggy rocks, black barren moors, and wide unculti- vated heaths; and yet, few countries have a smaller proportion of land abso- lutely sterile and incapable of culture. The richest parts are, in general, the midland and southern Towards the N it partakes of the barrenness of the neighbouring Scotland. The E coast is, in many parts, sandy and marshy. A I'ange of rude and elevated land, some- times risi:ig into lofty mountains, extends from the borders of Scotland to the very heart of England, forming a natural di- vision between the E and W sides of the kingdom. Cornwall is also a rough hilly tract ; and a similar characfrr prevails in part of the adjacent countiefe. These mountainous tracts abound with various mineral treasures. The rivers are nu- merous ; and the most considerable of them are the Thames, Severn, Humber, Mersey, Medway, Trent, Ouse, Tyne, Tees, Eden, Avon, and Dee. The lakes are neither numerous nor extensive, and are chiefly in the NW counties : those nf Westmoreland and Cumbrrlaiid, in par- ticular, exhibit such vanities of beauti- ful scenery, as to become the object of summer excursions from every part of the country With resp ct tu climate, England is situate in the N part of the temperate z(jne, so that it enj'ys but a scanty share of the genial influence of the sun. Its atmosphere is inclined to chillness and moisture, subject to fre- quent and suc!d-n changes ; and is more favourable to the growth, than to the ripening of the products of the earth. No country is clothed with a more beauti- ful and lasting verdure ; but the harvests, especially in the northern parts, fre- quently suffer from unseasonable rains, ?94 The rigours of winter, however, and the heats of summer, are felt here in a much less degree than in parallel climates on the continent; a circumstance common to all islands. The whole country, some particular spots excepted, is sufficiently healthy ; and the longevity of its inhabi- tants is equal to that of almost any re- gion. All its most valuable productions, both animal and vegetable, have been imported from foreign countries, and ha\e been kept up and improved by con- stant attention. England has now no other wild quadrupeds than some of the smaller kinds ; as the fox, badger, mar- ten, otter, hare, rabbit, squirrel, &c. On the other hand, every kind of domes- tic animal, imported from abroad, has been reared to the greatest degree of per- fection. The horse has been trained up for all the various purposes of strength and swiftness, so as to excel in those qualities the same animal in every other country. The horned cattle have been, brought to the largest size and greatest justness of shape. The different races of sheep are variously distinguished, either for uncommon size, goodness of flesh, and plenty or fineness of wool. The deer of its parks, which are origi- nally a foreign breed, are superior in beauty of skin, and delicacy of flesh, to those of most countries. Even the several kinds of dogs have been trained to degrees of courage, strength, and sa- gacity, rarely to be met with elsewhere. Tne improvement in the vegetable pro- ducts of this island is not less striking than in the animal. Nuts, acorns, crabs, and a few wild berries, were almost all the variety of vegetable food which its woods could boast. To other countries, and to the efforts of culture, it is indebt- ed for corn, esculent roots, and plants, and all its garden fruits. The rivers and seas of England are stocked with a great variety of fish, which yield a plen- tiful article of provision to all ranks of people. The manufactures and com- merce of this country are vast, exten- sive, and various: in the woollen, linen, cotton, and hardware manufactures in particular, it has long maintained a pre- eminence ; nor must the recent one of elegant earthenware be omitted ; and though nature has denied it the rich fruits of other countries yet the manu- facture, if it may be so called, of home- made wines, in imitation of the foreign, has been brouQ^ht to an uncommon de- gree of perfection. The English manu- factures have been lately estimated at thf annual value cf 63,000 000/. ; and supposed to employ 1,585,000 people ; of Avhich sum the woollen manufacture is E N G E PE stated to produce about 15,000,000 ; the leather 10,000.000; the iron, tin, and lead, 10 000,000; and the cotton 9,000,000/ The government of Enghmd is a limited monarchy ; the legislative power residing in th^ king lords and cumiTions ; and the executive in the king, the great officers of state, the judges, and the inferior gra- dations of magistracy The army, du- ring the late war, was supposed to ex- ceed 170,000, with 30 000 fencibles, and 80,000 miHtia. But the great rampart and supreme glory of England consist in her Navy, which in size, strength, and number of ships, far exceeds any thing on record in the history of the world. This, indeed, must be apparent lo every one who examines the list of ships and vessels into which the British naval force is divided, according to one of which, at the conclusion of the war, there were 256 ships of the line, 39 of 40 from to 50 guns, 257 frigates, 16 fire- ships, 219 brigs, 33 cutters, 103 schoon- ers or luggers, and making a total of 1113 ships and vessels of war exclusive of the hired armed vessels, which are chiefly employed in protecting the coast- ing trade. From this immense fleet, the number of seamen araounts to 120,000, a number which no other country, ancient or modern, could have supplied. The civil division of the country is into six circuits, and 40 counties : these last are subdivided into wapen-takes or hun- dreds, and parishes. In each of the circuits, for the most part, two of the judges administer justice twice a year They are, 1. The Home Circuit, which contains the counties of Hertford, Essex, Kent, Surry, and Sussex. 2. The Nor- folk, containing Buckingham, Bedford, Huntingdon, Cambridge, Suffiik, and Norfolk. 3. The Oxford, containing Oxford, Berks, Gloucester, Worcester, Monm-'uth, Hr reford, Sal-ip, and Staf- ford. 4. The Midland, containing War- wick, Leicester, Derijy, Nottingham, Lincoln, Rutland, and Northampton. 5 The Northern, containing York, Dur- ham, Northumberland, Lancaster, West- moreland, and Cumbt-rland 6. The Western, containing Hants, Wilts. Dor- set, Somerset, Di-von, and Cornwall. Two other counties, Mi^ldlesex and Chester, are not included in any circuit. The established religion, as contained in the Articles of the Church oi England, is Calvinism; but these articles are inter- preted, by the clergy in general, accord- ing to the more liberal principles of Arminius; and all other religions are tolerated. The ecclesiastical d vision of England is into two arc ibishoprics, called the provinces of Canterbury and York. That of Canterbury contains the dioceses of London, Winchester, Bath and Wells, Bristol, Chichester, Ely, Exeter Glnucesttr, Hereford, Litchfield and Coventry, Liiicoln, Norwich, Ox- ford, Peterborough, Rochester. Salisbu- ry, and W^orcester, beside the four Welsh bishoprics of St. David, Bangor, LandafF and St. Asaph The province of York contains the dioceses of Durham, Chester, and Carlisle, and that of Sodor and Man. Every pi'elate of the sees enumerated, that of Sodor and Man excepted, has a seat in the house of lords London is the capital, and the metrop .lis also of the whole British em- pire. For the population and other re- markable objects in the topography of England, see the respi ctive counties. JEnglish Harbor, convenient haven of the island of Antigua. Lon. W C 5 33 E, lat. 17 8 N. E7iglish Town, post village, Monmouth county. NeAv Jersey, 18 miles E from Princeton. E?iglish Turn, Detour Des Aiiglais, remarkable bend of the Mississippi river, 18 miles below New Orleans. Eno, river of North Carolina, rises in Orange county, and with Little river and Flat river, forms the Neuse, 17 miles below Hillsborough. Eno, or Enos, town of Romania, near the gulf of En', with a Greek arbishop's see, 125 miles W of Constantinople. Lon. 26 15 E lat. 40 46 N. Enos, maritime town of European Turkey in Roumelia, 63 miles S from Adrianop!e. Enoibiirg. post town of Franklin county. Vermont, on Missisque river, 36 miles NE trom Burlington. Population 700. Enoshurg, township of Vermont, situa- ted in Franklin county, on th- SE side of Michiscoui river, between Hungerford and M"ntgomf ry. Ens, town of Upper Austria, on a river of the same name, 12 miles SE of Lintz, and 90 W of Vienna. Lon. 14 22 E, lat. 48 !3 N Ensis/iei?n, town of France, in the de- partment of the Upper Rhine and late province of Aisace, seated on the 111, 10 miles SVV of Brisach. Lon. 7 30 E. lat. 47 58 N. Enskirke7i, town of Germany in the duchy of Julier.s. 15 miles SW of Colog- ne. Lon 6 29 E, la'. 31 N. Emre-Douerrj-e-Minho, province of Portugal, 45 miles in length and breadth. Bragji is the capital Eficrics, town of Upper Hungary, ca- pital of the county of Saros, remarkable for its mines of salt. It is seated on the 295 £ P P E it I i'atza, 20 miles N of Cassovia. Lon. 21 13 E. lat. 49 8 N. Efiernay, ancient town of France, in the department of Marne and late pro- vince of Champagne. The wines pro- duced in its neighbourhood, are very ex- quisite. It is 17 miles N W of Chalons. Lon. 4 E, lat. 49 5 N. Efihesusy ancient and celebrated city of Natolia, in that part, anciently called Ionia. It is now called Ajasalouc, by the Turks ; but of its former splendour there is nothing to be seen but heaps of marble, overturned walls, columns, capi- tals, and pieces of statues. The fortress, which is upon an eminence, seems to be the work of the Greek emperors. Ephe- sus is seated near a gulf of the same name, and has still a good harbour, 40 miles S of Smyrna. Lon. '27 33 E, lat. 37 48 N. Ephrata, or Tunkerstonvn, town of Pennsylvania, in the county of Lancas- ter. It is the principal settlement of a sect, who are professionally baptists, of German extraction, and first appeared in America in 1719. It is 60 miles W of Philadelphia. Ep.inal, town in France, in the depart- ment of the Vosges and late province of Lorrain. It is seated on the Moselle, near the mountains of the Vosges, and is oS miles SE of Nanci. Lon. 6 E, lat, 48 9 N. Efiinglesy les, on the soutii-west branch of the Ottawa river, Upper Ca- nada, above the main or upper forks, be- tween P irtage a la Rose, and Portage Paresseux, but nearest to the latter ; it is nearly half way from the fork to the lake Nipissing Portage. E/iirus, NW part of Greece. It was anciently bound'-d W by the Ionian sea ; S by the gulf of Ambracia, and E by Thessaly. To the N, in no age has Epi- I'us had a definite limit. By the ancients it was in that quarter confounded with lUyria, and by the moderns with Alba- ma E/ifiing; f^wn in Essex, with a market on Friday. Its butter is highly esteemed in London. Epping is seated at the N end of a fon^st of the same name, 17 miles NNE ■ f London. Lon. 9 E, lat. 51 46 N. Ef I fling Forest, fine forest in the SW of Essf X, formerly a much mort exten- sive district, that contained a great part of the county. Epfiing, post town of Rockingham county. New Hampshire, about 20 miles W of Portsmouth, and 8 S of Notting- ham, with 1120 inhabitants- Efifiing, post town, Rockingham couu- ty, New Hampshire, twenty miles W from Portsmouth. Population in 1820, 1158. Ep/iingen, town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, with a castle, seated on the Elfats, 20 miles NE of Phillipsburg. Lon. 9 E, lat. 49 24 N. Epsom, town in Surry, that has, from the number of opulent people residing in and near it, a daily market. It is cele- brated for its mineral waters and salts. It is 15 miles SSW of London. Lon. 15 W, lat. 51 25 N. Epsom, township and post town, in New Hampshire, in the county of Rock- ingham, 34 miles VV by N of Portsmouth, and 14 SE of Concord. Population in 1820, 1336. Epnvorth, village of the isle of Axholm, in Lincolnshire, 9 miles N of Gainsbo- rough. It is the birth place of John Wes- ley, one of the founders of the sect of the methodists. Eraklea, ancient Heraclea, town of Turkey in Europe, in Roumelia, on the Marmora sea, 46 miles W from Constan- tinople. Ericho, ancient Oricum, harbour of Albania in the gulf of Aulona, now Va- lona. Lon. London, 19 28 E, lat. 40 36 N. Erfurt, town of Germany, capital of Upper Thuringia, with a university. It was formerly imperial, but is now sub- ject to the elector of Mentz, and is de- fended by two strong forts. It is seated on the river Gere, 30 miK s ESE of Mal- hausen. Lon. 11 23 E, lat. 51 N. Eribol Loch, arm of the sea, on the N coast of Sutherlandshire, capable cf aflFording a safe retreat to the largest vessels It receives several streams ; particularly that which flows from a lake called Lnto another, called Loch Rann ch. Erie, lari^e lake of the Ujiittd States and Upper Canada extt ndin • in form cf an oval, SW by W, and NE by E. 280 miles in length. It is about 65 miles wide where broadest. Extreme south part at N lat. 43, extreme S. N lat. 41 20 and reaching itoxa. one degree E, to 6 W lon. W C. The area of this lake is about 12,000 square miles. When com- pared to any of the ether four great Ca- te II i E R I nadian lakes, lake Erie is shallow, sel- dom exceeding 40 or 50 fathoms. Its shores are in some places low and sandy, and in others rock bound. The mouths of its rivers, Detroit and Niagara ex- cepted are shallow, and not very favoura- ble to commerce. Its position, however, and the fertility and extent of the adja- cent regions, superinduces a very exten- sive trade on this great inland sea. It receives from the NVV by the Detroit, the immense volume discharged from the Superior, Huron, and Michigan. From the peninsula of Upper Canada, the Ouse flows into Erie from the NW, from the peninsula of Michigan, it re- ceives the Huron and Raisin rivers ; from Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York, Maumee, Portage, Sandusky, Hu- ron, Vermilion, Black, Cuyahoga, Grand, Ashtabula, Conneauht, Catta- i-augus, and BufFaloe rivers. The Uni- ted States, possess at present, it is pro- bable more than 3,000 tons of shipping on this lake. Independent of Detroit and Niagara, Erie has, at seasons of high water, a natural communication with Illinois river. The Great Western Ca- nal of New York, will unite it with the Atlantic Ocean through the Hudson, as will that by Cuyahoga and Muskingum river with the Ohio The whole form- ing an unequalled interior chain of com- mercial connexion. Erie, Fort, strong for!incation in the township of Bertie, Upper Canada ; situated on the north shore of lake Erie, and on the vti.igara, which see. Erie, NW cout^y of Pennsylvania ; bounded by lake Erie >x\v ; Chatauque county in New York Ne ; Warren countv in Pennsylvania E; Crawford S, and Ashtabula county in Ohio W ; length 36 ; breadth 20 ; area 720 square miles. Surface rather waving than hilly; soil generally productive. Chief town, Erie. Population in fSlO. Free white males ... 1,947 do. do. females ... 1,762 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - . . 31 Slaves ..... IS Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - 3,758 4,527 3,942 Total whites . - . . 8,469 Free persons of colour, males - 48 do. do. females 23 Slaves, males ... - do. females .... 1 A.11 other persons except Indians not taxed - - - . . 12 Total population in 1820 - 8,553 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 15 Engaged in Agriculture - 1,484 do. in Manufactures - 372 do. in Commerce - - 23 Population to the square mi'e, 12 nearly. Erie, post town, boro'gh, and seat of justice, in Erie county. ^Pennsylvania. It is the Presquile of theJpi'ench, but stands on the main land, opposite the peninsula, from which its n--nfie is derived. The best part of the villagi- extends in one street from th^ harbour, on the road towards Pit«burg. The harbour is formed by t^- main shore, peninsula and a reef of J'^nd. Over th** latter, without an extraordinary swell of the lake there is onV 8 feet water ; the depth and an- chorage within, are comncodious and s?ie. 'rbe trade of this town is considera- ole and increasing. A turnpike road extends from there to Pittsburg, distant fr^»274 Free persons of colour, males ^ do. do. females, 7 1,645 1,629 Total population in 1820 29^ 3,284 ESS 4 . 1,016 87 4 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce - Population to the square mile, 4. £s*ex, town of Chittenden county, Ver- mont, IQ miles E from Burlington, on Onion river. Population in 1820, 1000. Essex, county of Massachusetts, bound- ed by the Atlantic Ocean NE. E and SE, Middlesex county SW, and Rockingham county in New Hampshire NW; length and breadth about 19 miles each; area 360 square miles. Surface rather rough than hilly. Soil of middhng quality. Chief towns, Salem and Newburyport. Population in 1810, Free v^hite males ... do do females ... All other persons except Indians not taxed • . - . 34,539 36,489 860 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white ma'es do. do. females - Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Total popiU^tion in 1820. - 71,^ 35,207 37,969 73,176 328 326 73,930 Free persons of colour, males » 19 do. do. females - 9 Slaves, males . . . , 3 do. females ... q Total population in 1820 - 12,811 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 189 Engaged m Agriculture - 3,345 do. in Manufactures - 558 do. in Commerce - - 37 Population to the square mile, 8. Essex, post town of Essex county. New York, 140 miles N from Albany. Popula- tion in 1820, 1225. Essex, county of New Jersey, on Passaic river, bounded E by Passaic river ; S by Middlesex; SW by Somerset ; W by Mor- ris, and N by Bergen, or Passaic river ; length 21 ; mean width 12 ; area 252. Surface hilly, and soil fertile. Chief tovyn, Newark. Population in 1810. Free white males - do. do f.-males Of these ; Foreigners not nituralized - 374 Engaged in Agricul.,r^ . . 3.615 do. in Manufaclu-es. - 5,355 do. in Commerce . . 2 473 Population to tiie square mje, 203, includ- ing the large towns. , Essex, township of Essex coitvty Massa- chusetts, on Chebac.-.o r.ver, eigii mile- N E from Salem. Population in 1820, xio/. £ssex, county of New York, boundi-i e by lake Champlain ; S by Warren ; WSy Hamdton, and Fr.inklin ; an'! N by Ciniton ; length '45; mean, width 34; area 1530 square miles. Surface hilly, nnd even mountainous; with a rocky and sterile soil in general. Chief town, Elizabeth- town. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 4,944 do. do. fem les ... 4,530 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 3 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females 9,477 6,481 6,199 All other persons except Indians not taxed Slaves ..... Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males . . - do. do. females . - - Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do. do.. , females Slaves, males ... do. females . . _ Total population in 1820, 12,212 11,883 758 1,129 25,984 14,423 14,301 30.773 Of these; • I'r.reigners not'naturalized - 433 Engaged \n Agriculture - 2,844 do. in ilanufactures - 3,543 ■lo, in Commerce - - 253 Poptlation to tht square mile, 122. £ssey, county of Virginia, bounded NE by Rnpp^Jianntck river, SE by Middlesex .- SW by K'u^ an Queens : and NW by Caroline. Ler.gth 28; mean width 10; area 280 square miles. Surface moderate- , ly hdly ; and ^oil generally of second rate quality. Chief town, "Rappahannock. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 1,668 do. do. females - - . 1,743 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 306 Slaves - - - . . 5,652 Total whites ■300 12,780 Total population in 1810 9,376 E T A E R W Population in 1820. ^ree white males do. do. females Total whites Free persons of colour, do. do. Slaves, males do. females males females 1,762 1,737 3,499 180 184 3,112 2,934 Total population in 1820 9,909 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized - 10 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,798 do. in Manufactures - 571 do. in Commerce - 34 Population to the square mile, 35. Esslington, Port, sound on the coast of New Cornwall, on the Pacific coast of North America. Lon. W C 53 W. lat. 54 15 N. EsUng, village of Austria, on the left bank of the Danube, six English miles be- low Vienna: nndered remarkable for a battle fought on the 21st and 22d of May, 1809, between the Firench and Austrian armies. Estachar, small town of Persia, in Ears, or Farsistan, near the ruins of Persepolis, about 30 miles NNE from Shires. Lat. 30 05 N. Estramadnra, province of Spain, 17 miles in length, and 100 in breadth, bounded on the N by Leon and Old Castile, on the E New Castile, on the S by Andalusia, and on the W by Portugal. It abounds with corn, wine and/ruits ; but the air is bad for fo- reigners, on account of the excessive heat. It now makes a part of New Castile. Estramadura, province of Portugal, ly- ing about the mouth of the Tajo ; bounded on the N by Beira, on the E and S by Alentejo, and on the VV by the Atlantic Ocean. It abounds with wine, excellent . oil, honey, and oranges. Here the oran- ges were first planted that were brought from China, and which are known by the name of China oranges. Lisbon is the capital. Estravayer, town of Swisserland, in the canton of Friburg, with a fine castle, seat- ed on the lake of Neufchatel. Lon 6 56 E. lat. 46 55 N. Estremos, town of Portugal in Alentejo, divided into the upper town and the lower. It is seated on the river Terra, which falls into the Tajo, 15 miles W of B.idajoz, and 75 E of LisDon. Lon. 7 16 W. lat. 38 44 N. Eswecen, town of Germany, in the land- gravaie ot Hesse-Cassel, 25 milps SE of Cassel. Lon. 10 9 E. lat. 51 11 N. Etain, town of France, in the depart- ment of Meuse and late duchy of Bar, 15 miles NE of Verdun. Lon. 5 35 E. lat. 49 15 N. Etampes, town of France, in the depart- ment of Seine and Oise, and late province of the isle of France, seated on the river Loet or Etampes, which abounds with crawfish. It is 15 miles E of Chartres. Lon. 2 10 E. lai. 48 30 N. Etaya, town of Hindoostan Proper, in the province of Agra, situated on a high bank of the .Tumna. It is a large, but very wretched town, having but two tolerable houses. It is 62 miles SE of Agra. Lon. 79 25 E. lat. 26 43 N. Ethiopia, name by which a vast region of Africa, ha* been distinguished by some geographers, who have divided it into Up- per and Lower Ethiopia. The first in- cluded the centrical part of Africa, under the equinoctial line. The second contains what is now called Nigriiia or Negroland. Etienne, St. city of France, in the de- partment of Rhone and Loire and late pro- vince of Forez, remarkable for its manu" fuctures in iron and steel, for the temper- ing of which, the water of the brook Eu- rens, on which it is seated is extremely good. It carries on likewise a considera- ble manufacture-of ribands. Coal is found in its neighbourhood, and also a soft stone fit for grindstones. Its merchandize is con- veyed to Paris, Nantes, and Dunkirk, by the Loire, which begins to be navigable for small barges at St. Lambero. St. Etienne is 22 miles SE of Fuers, and 260 S by E of Paris. Lon. 4 30 E. lat. 'i5 22 N. Etlingen, ancient town of Suabia, of the margravdte pf Bader-Dourlach, seated at the confluence of the Wirim, and Entz, tiiree miles 3 uf Douilach. Lon. 9 30 E. lat. 48 59 N. Etna, Mojint, volcano of Sicily, now called Gibel by the inhabitants. It is 62 miles in circumference at the base, and 10,954 feet in height. The first eruption of Etna, on record, is that mentioned by Diodorus Siculus, without fixing the period when it happened ; but the second record- ed by Thucydides, was in the year 784 B. C. From this period to the year 1447, there were 18 more eruptions. After this it ceased to emit fire near 90 years. The next was in 1536 ; others followed in 1537, 1567, 1603 (which continued till 1736,) 1564 (which continued 14 years) 1682, 1686, 1693, 1755, 1763, 1764, 1766, 1780, 1787, and 1794. Of all its erupdons, that of 1763 was the most terrible ; it was at- tended with an earthquake that overturn- ed the town of Catania, and buried 18,000 persons in its rums. It is 10 miles W of Catania. Etna, township of Penobscot county, Maine. Population in 1820, 194. Er-ivin Grant, township of Franklin coun- 301 E V E £ U 11 ty, Massachusetts. Population in 1820, 331. EtoUa, ancient province of Northern Greece, bounded W by Acainynia ; S by tlie Ionian Sea, and gulf of Corinth ; E by the Locri Ozolae ; and N by the mountains of Thessaly. It is now southern Albania. £^071, town of Bucks, sealed on the Thames, over which is a bridge to Wind- sor. It is famous for a school and college ; founded by Henry VI. and King's college in Cambridge admits no other students for fellows but what have been brought up here. It is 20 miles W of London. J-on. 36 W. lat. 50 30 N. Etotoah, river of Georgia, rises in the Appalachian mountains, interlocking with the sources of tiie Chatahoochee, and flow- ing SW, joins in Alabama, the Oostenalah, and forms the Coosa. Etncria, village in Staffordshire, near Newcastle. It is the principal seat of the potteries in this county, and here the most elegant vases of every use and form are made. Ettrick, river in Selkirkshire, which rises from the mountainous region in the SW, and having formed a junction with the Yarrow, their united streums meet the Tweed, where that river .er.ters Ruxbiirg- shire. From the woods, formerly on the banks of this river, tiie county obtained the name of Ettrick Forest. Ettrick Banks are tlie subject of a pastoral Scotch ditty. Evansham, post town and seat of justice, Wythe county, Virginia, on Reed creek, branch of Great Kenhawa, 56 miles SW from Christiansburg. Evansville, post town, Alablima, in Mon- roe county. Eu, seaport of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Seine and late province of Normandy, with a strong castle, and a handsome square. The principal trade is in serges and lace. It is seated in a valley, on the river Brele, 15 miles NE of Dieppe. Lon. 1 30 E. lat. 50 3 N. Evaiix, town of France in the depart- ment of Creuse and late province of Marclie 20 miles from Mount Lacon. Lon, 2 35 E. lat. 46 13 N. Euclid, post town and townsiiip of Cuya- hoga county, Ohio, eight miles NE from Cleveland, on tjie shore of lake Erie. Po- puktion in 1820, 809. Everding, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Austria, seated on the Danube, 12 miles W of Lintz, Lon. 13 46 E. lat. 48 19N. Evershot, town in Dorsetshire, with a market on Friday, 12 miles NW of Dor- chester, and 129 W by S of London. Lon. 2 55 W. lat. 50 52 N. Evesham, borough in Worcestershire, with a market on Monday. It has a manu- 30? facture of stockings, is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parlia-' ment. It is seated on a gradual ascent from the Avon, which almost surrounds it, and over which is a -^tone bridge. It was formerly noted for its abbey, and still con- tains three parish churches. It gives name to an adjacent vale, remarkable for produc- ing plenty of corn. It is 14miles|SEof Worcester, and 95 N W of London. Lon. 1 45 W. lat. 52 4 N. Evesham, township of Burlington county, New Jersey, situated eight mdes NE of Haddonfield, and about 16 miles E of Phil- adelphia. Eugnbio, epiocopal town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbiiio, 35 miles S of Urbino, and 87 N of Rome. Lon. 13 37 E, lat, 43 18 N. Evian, town of Savoy, in Ghablais, on the S side of the lake of Geneva, 22 miles NE of Geneva. Lon. fr 50 E. lat. 46 21 N. Evoli, town of Naples, in Principato Ci- teriore," 12 miles E of Salerno. Lon. 15 16 E. ht. 40 46 N. Evora, fortified town of Portugal, capi- tal of Alentejo, with an archbishop's see. and a university. It is seated in a coun- try, which, though a little unequal, is very pleasant, surrounded on all sides by moun- tains, and planted with large trees of di- vers sorts. It is 65 miles E by S of Lis- bon. Lon. 7 30 W. lat. 38 28 N. Eiiphemia, seaport of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, seated on a bay, 50 miles NE of Reggio. Lon. 16 32 E, lat. 38 44 N. Euingsvjlle, post village. Christian coun- ty, Kpntiicky, Euphrates, one of the most celebrated ri- vers in the world, and the principal of Turkey in Asia. It has its rise near Erze- rum, in Armenia, from two sources on high mountains covered with snow most part of the year. The plain of Erzerum is enclos- ed between these two fine streams, which, when united, are called the Euphrates, or the Frat. After this junction it begins to be navigably for boats ; but the channel is so rocky, that the navigation- is not safe. It first divides Armenia from Natolia, then Syria from Diarbeck ;. after which it runs through Irac-Arabia, and receives the Ti- gris on the confines of the Persian province of Kusistan ; it then waters Bussarah, and 40 miles SE ot it enters the gulf of Persia. It is also the NE boundary of the great de- sert of Arabia. Eiire, department of France, which in- cludes part of the late province of Nor- mandy. Eure and Lure, department of France so called from the rivers of that name. It contains the late province of Beauce, and its capital is Chartres. i> (j K EXE Bvreiix, ancient town of France, seated In the department of Euie. It is the capi- tal of Ihe department, and its cathedral is a handsome structure. The trade consists in corn, linen and woollen cloth ; a;vl it ;:as a manufacture of cotton velvets, and ano- ther of tick. l\ is seated on thf river Iton, 25 miles S of Rouen, and 55 XW of Paris Lon. 1 14 E. Iat.49 1 N. EUROPE, one of thf four general parts of the world, bounded on th ■ N by the Fro- zen Ocean, on the S by the Mediterranean, on the VV by the Atlantic and N ifther'i Ocean, and on the E by \sia. From cape St. Vincent to the mouth of the Oby, it is near 3,6U0 miles in length ; and from cape Matapan in the More a, to the Xor'^ cape in Lapland, about 2,200 in breadth. It is much less than either Asia or Africa, but surpasses them in many particulars. It is entirely within the temperate zone, ex- cept a small part of Xonvay and Rus.ia ; so that there is neither the excessive heat, nor the insupportable cold of the other parts of the continent. It is much more populous, and better cultivated, than either Asia, or Africa ; is fuller o;' villai^'es, towns, and cities, and the buildings are stronger, more elegant and commodious. The inhabitants are all whites, and, for the most part, much better made than the Af- ricans, or even the Asiatics. With regard to arts and sciences, there is no manner of comparison ; nor yet in trade, navigation, and war. Europe contains at present the Christian governments q/ Sweden, Russia, Prussia, Denmark, Great Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Sardinia; the two Sici. lies, the Popes dominions ; and several mi- nor states in Italy ; Austria, Bavaria, Wir- temberg and Saxony, with other minor states of Germany. Mahometan Europe embraces all Greece, Epirus, or .\lban;a, Macedonia, Thessaly, Thrace, Bulgaria, Servia and Bosnia, with part of Croatia, and Herzegowina : or briefly, all the con- tinent and most of the islands of Europe, SE from the Save and Danube rivers. The languages are the Italian, French, Spanish and Portuguese, which are dia- lects of the Latin ; the German, Flemish, Dutch, Swedish, Danish and English, ■which proceed from the Teutonic ; the Sclavonian, which reigns (though in dis- guise) in Poland, Russia, Bohemia, and a great part of Turkey in Europe; the Cel- tic, of which there are dialects in Wales, the Highlands of Scotland, Ireland, Bre- tagne in France, and Lapland ; the modern Greek, and several others. The principal rivers are the Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, Vistula, Volga, Dwina, Bog, Don, Scheldt, Hhine, Rhone, Seine, Loire, Garonne, Groyne, Tajo, Thames, and Severn. The principal lakes are those of Constance, Geneva, Lausanne, Wenner, Ladoga and Onega. The chief mountains are the Alps, Appcnnines, and Pyrenees. Th-- preval- ingreligioa is the Ghri-.tian divided into Gfeek, Romish md Protestant churches. There are a!si Jews in every country, and Mahometinism is the established though not general religion in the Turkish empire. Eustis, \ ke .f the United S^cttes one qf the source of Yellowstone river Lon. W C 31 3! W lat. 43 N. Eniino Springs, small stream of South Car'iliiia, flowing into the Santee rver, in the NVV part of Charles on d str ci, 60 miles from Charleston. Here September 8, 17^1, General Greene defeated the Bri- tish army, and terminated the revolution- ary wa: 1:1 the southern states. Euxine. See Black Sea E'us'atii, v. one of the -mallest of the Leeward Islands in the W st Indies. 1 is a mountain in the form of a suga--loafi who-e lop is hollow, and lies t> the XW of St. Chr.stophe-. It was taken from the Ditch by the English in 1781; but was af erwards aken by the. F ench, nd re- stored to the Dutch in 1783. Lo.. 63 10 W iat. 17 29 iN Eutim, town of Hols'ein, with a castle, where the bi hon of Lubec resides. It is seveH m les f om Lubec. •£^ye/, town in Surry, with a market on Thursday, seated on a rivulet v/iiich emp- ties itself into the Tiamcs, at Kingston. It is 10 miles NXE of Darking, and 13 SSE of London. Lon. 15 W. lat 51 26 N. Ex, river, which rises in the forest of Exmoor, in Somersetsh re, and after being joined by several httle streams, leaver that county below Dulverton, and r ms to Ti- verton, Exeter and Topsham. from whence it fo'-ms an estu'iry, which' lerminntes in the Englisii Channel, at Exmouth, after a course of 40 miles. Exeter, capital city of Devonshire, situa- ted on the river Ex, 10 md s N of the Bri- tish channel. It is large, populous and vvealtliv, v.ith gates, walls, and suburbs; the circumference of the whole is about three miles. Ships of burden formerly came up to this city ; but the navigation was almost destroyed by Henry Courtney, earl of Devon, and though repaired, could not be restored to its formends two members to parliament, and is 68 miles SW of Bristol, and 173 W by S of London. Lon. 3 33 W. lat, 50 44 N Exeter, township of Penobscot county, Maine. Population in 1820. 582. Exeter, post town and township of Rock- 203 F A C F A H ingham county, New Hampshire, on Exe- ter river, branch of Piscataqu ', at tht h- ad of tide water, 15 miles SW from Ports- mouth, seated at the fall of the Bxeier ri- ver. The village -f Exeter has become the seat of numerous flouris i ig manufac- tures, of wo lleii Hntl cotton -1 tlis and ..Iso ordnance and small arms. Bxt-tT academy is a very respectable institution, originally founded by the hon. John Piillips, L. L. D. m 1781. It is supported by the stu- dent-, amounting to about 80, and by funds exceeding 80,000 dollars. Exeter, small but Important river of Mew Hamjshire, rising in Rocking- ham county, and flowing past Exeter into Great Bay. Expter, township of Washington county, Rhode Island, 25 miles StV from PrDvi- dence. Population m 1820,2581. Exeter, po-tiown, Otsego county. New York, 10 NVV from Cooiierstown. Popu- lation in 1820, 1430. Exeter, post town, Luzerne county, Penns>!vania, on the Susqueliannah river 10 iniies .lina, on the ti fork, of cape Fear 'iver, 36 miles a*iove '^Vilmington. Exeter, town of Harrison county. In- diana. Exilles, strong fort oF France, now m the dep rtment of the Upper Mps. hteiy in he pr:>vi ce of Dauphiny. It was t.iken by the duke of Savoy in 1708, but restored by the reaty of U recht. It is an import- ant passage, SIX miles W of Suza, and 40 NE of Einbrun. Exmoor, forest in Somersetshire, in the JfiV rornor of that c fvity, extending thence inu) Devonshire. Exmouth, village in Devonshire, on the E side of the bay which forms the mouth of the river Ex, 10 miles S by E of Exeter. It is much frequented for the benefit of sea- battling. Exiima, lon» narrow island in the group o' the Bahamas. Lon. W C 1 15 E. lat. 23 25 N Exuma Sound, extending SE from Elen- thera, to Yuma, and between Guanahanni, and Exuma Keys. Exuma Keys, long and dangerous reef, composed of rocks, sand banks, and small islets stretching NW from Exuma island towards New Providence. Eye, borough in Suffolk, with a market on Saturday. It sends twa members to parliament, and has the ruins of a castle, and a Benedictine abbey. It is a mean built place, wnh narrow streets; the chief manufacture is bonelace and spinning. It is 20 miles N of Ipswich, and 91 NE of London. Loi. 1 10 E, lat. 52 20 N. Eye, river, which rises in the NW of Berwickshire, and falls into the British Ocean at Eyem uth. Eyernoutft, seaport in Berwickshire, at the mou h of tiie Eye, for nerl^' fortified to curb tUe garrison of Berwick from which it is fi stant nine miles. Lon. 1 50 W. lat* 55 51 N. Eyesdale, small island on the coast of \rgyleshire, to the SE of Mull. It is noted for its slate quarries. Eyhiv, town of Prussian Poland, about 30 miles nearly S from Koningsberg. Here a s.mguinary battle- took place on the 8th of February, 18 J7, between the French and Russians. Eyndhoveii, town of Dutch Brabant, in the d strict of British-le-Duc, at the conflu- ence of the Eynds and Dommel, 13 miles SE of Bois-le Due. Lon. 5 26 E, lat. 51 31 N. Eusoch, river of t!ie bishopric of Brixen which waters the town of that name, and falls into the Adiere below Meran. F Faaborg, seaport of Denmark, on the S coast of the island of Funeii. Lon. 10 16 E. lat. 55 12 N. Fahius, post town in Ononcjago county, New York. It is situated on t!ie hea i springs of Chenango river, 148 miles W of Albany, and contained in 1820, 2494 inha- bitants. Fabriano, town of Italy, in the marqui- site of Ancoiia, famous for its good paper. It is 25 miles NE of Foligui. 'Lon. 12 32 E. lat. 43 10 N. Factories, post office, Hambden county, Massachusetts. .304 Faen:a, ancient town of Italy, in Romag- na, with a bishop's see. It is famous for fine earthen ware, invented here : and is se.ited on the river Amona, 12 miles SW of Ravenna. Fahlun, town of Sweden, capital of Da- lecarlia, situate in the midst of rocks and hills, between the lakes of Run and War- pen. It contains two churches, and (in- cluding the miners) 7000 inhabitants, whose houses are generally of wood, two stories high. It is chiefly celebrated for its copper mine, which is on the E side of h' A 1 i' A i Ibe town. It is; 30 miles NW of Hedemo- ra. Lon. 16 42 E. lat. 60 34 N. Fairblujf, post village, NorJi Carolina, in Colambus county. Fairfax, post town and township, Ken- nebec count}-, Maine, 26 miles N from Augusta, Population in 1820, 1204. Fairfax, post town and township, Frank- lin county, Vermont, on the river Lamo- elle, 20 miles NNE from Burlingion. Fairfax, county of Virginia, o!) llie Poto- mac, opposite the district of Columbia, bounded by the Potomac river and District of Columbia NE, the Potomac river E; Prince William SW ; and Loudon NW ; length 25 ; mean width 18 ; area 450 square miles; surface broken, and soil in most parts thin and sterile. Cliief town, Centreville. Population in 1810. Free white niales - - - 3,269 do. do. females - - 3,357 All other piireons except Indians not taxed .... 543 Slaves 5,942 Total population in 1810 - 13,111 Population in 1820. Free white males - 3,054 do. do. females - 3,170 Total whites 6,224 Free persons of colour, males 261 do. do. females Slaves, males - 2,353 do. females - 2,320 Total population in 1820 11,404 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 61 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,896 do. in Manufuciures - - 292 do. in Commerce - - 44 Population to the square mile, 24. Fairfax, post town and seat of justice, Culpepper county, Virginia, on Mountain creek, branch of Rappaliannock, 38 miles above Fredericksburg, and 7s SW from Washington. Fidrfidd, post town and townsiiip on the right s:de of the Ken'iebec river, in the ex- treme south p:irt of Somerset county, Maine. Population in 1820, 1609. Fair/idd, post town and township, Frank- lin county, Verm^iiit, on Black river a branch of Missisque river, 26 miles NXE from Burlington. Population in 1820, about 1350. Fairfield, county of Connecticut, on tiie SW angle of that state ; bounded by Nev/ York W ; Litchfield N ; Nc.- Haven NE ; and E; and Long Island Sound SE; length 35; mean width \7 -. aica about '^00 ?nna.^e mile? > ' *' '■- coimty is most delightftil'y variegated by hill and dale. The soil though not gener- ally very fertile, is yet productive, and well cultivated. The shore along the Sound is very much indented by small creeks, bays and inlets, affording a very convenient navigation. Staples are too numerous for discrimination, consistiug of a great variety of articles suitable to the New York market. Chief towns, Daubury and Fairfield . Population in 1810. Free white males - - 19,895 do. do. females - - 19,877 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 1,185 Slaves 83 Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - 40,940 20,505 20,852 Total whites .... 41,357 Free persons of colour, males . 673 do. do. females 677 Slaves, males . - . 10 do. females - - - 17 All other free persons, except In- dians not taxed ... 5 Total population in 1820 42,739 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 96 Engaged in Agriculture - - 6,149 do. in Manufactures - 2,083 do. in Commerce - - 472 Population to the square mile, 71. Fairfield, post town, township and port of entry, in Fairfield county, Connecticut, of which it is the seat of justice, on Long Island, 54 miles NE from New York. It is a place of considerable commerce. It is also the seat of an academy, and contains the ordinary buildings appertaining to a seat of jusdce. Population of the town- siiip in "1820, 4151. See Greenfield Hill, Saugatnck, Black Rock, and JVIiU-rixer. Fuirfidd, post tov.m and township, Her- kimer co<:nty. New York, on the east side of Wtst Can ida creek, 10 miles N from Ilerk.mfcr. Population in 1820, 2610. Fairfield, township of Cumberland cou7i- t}', New Jersey. Population in 1820, 1869. Fairfield, townsiiip of Crawford county, Pennsylvania, right bank of French creek, and south from the township of Mead. Po- pulation in 1820, 1553. Fairfield, V/estmoreland county, Penn- sylvania, between Loyalhannon and Con- vimaup'h rivevp. andi between thf^ Caurcl. F A 1 F A 1 600 square miles. The surface of this Hill and Chesnut ridge. Population in 1820,2685. Fairfield, post town, of Adams county, Pennsylvania, seven miles S^V by W from Gettysburg, and at the foot of Jacks moun- tain. Fairjeld, post village, Rockbridge coun- ty, Virginia, 12 miles NE from Lexington. Falrjield, district of South Carolina; bounded by Broad river SW and W ; Ches- ter N ; Wateree river NE ; Kershaw E ; and Rickland S ; length 30 ; mean width 23 ; area 690 square miles. Surface mo- derately hilly and soil fertile. Chief town, Winnisborough. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 4,149 do. do. females - - 3,637 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 37 Slaves 4,034 Total population in 1810 - 11,857 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 4,770 do. do. females - 4,608 Total whites - - . - 9 378 Free persons of colour, males . 20 do. do. females - 28 Slaves, males .... 3,822 do. females - - - 3,926 Total population in 1820 - 17,174 Of these ; Foreigners not natur.alized - 77 Engaged in Agriculture - 6,265 do. in Manufactures - . 227 do. in Commerce - . 30 Population to tlie square mile, 24. Fairfield, post village, Columbia coun- ty, Georgia. Fairfield, post village, Putnam county, Georgia. Fairfield, post village, Neson county, Kentucky. Fairfield, county of Ohio ; bounded by HockiHg SE ; Pickaway SW , Franklin NW ; Licking N, and Pt-rry E ; length 30; breadth 24 ; area 540 square miles. The surface of t'lis county is peculiar, it is mostly level hard soil, with abrupt, and comparatively el vated and precipi- tous piles of rock iiiterspersed. Prairies or barrens existed in the natural state of the country. The soil, though not gene- rally very fertile, is high, dry, and tole- rably well adapted to the cultivation of grain. Chiet town, Lancaster. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 5,928 do. do. females - .'J,398 306 All other persons except Indians not taxed Slaves - _ - _ _ Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites . . _ Free persons of ceSour, males do. do. females, Slaves, nnales do. females - . . Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 35 11,361 8,691 7,920 16,633 17 2,888 284 28 Population to the square mile, 32. Fairfield, township of Jefferson county, Ohio. ' Fairfield, township of Columbiana county, Ohio. Population in 18.;0, 1287. Fairfield, township in the northern parts of Highland county, Ohio. Popula- tion in 1823, 2100. Fairfield, township of Tuscarawas county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 342. Fairfield, township of Jefferson county, Ohio. Fairfield, post town, and township of Greene county, Ohio. Fairfield, township of Butler county, Ohio Population in 1820. 1867. Fairfield, township of Licking county, Ohio, 4 miles N from Newark. Fan-ford, town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Thursday. The church has 28 lart^e windows, curiously painted with scripture historit- s, in beau- tiful colours, and designed by the famous Albert Durer It is seated on the Coin, 25 miles SE of Gloucester, and 80 W by N of London. Lon. 1 44 W, lat. 51 40 N. Fair/iaven, post town of Vermont, in Rutland county, 18 miles W of Rutland, and 50 N of Bennington, with about 650 inhabitants. Fairhaven, township of Bri.=itol county, Massachusetts, on Acushnet river oppo- site Bedford. Population in 1820, 2733. Fair Isle, island of the Northern Ocean, between Shetland and Orkney, trom both which its high towering rocks are visible. On the E side, the duke of M. dina Sidonia, admiral of the Spanish armada was wrecked in 1588. Fairlee, post town of Orange county, Vermont, on Connecticut river opposite F A 1- F7A L Oxford, in Grafton county. New Hamp- shire. J'^air/iort, new and flourishing town, on the east bank ef Grand river, in Geauga county, Oliio, on the southern shore of lake Erie; and has a tolerable good port, or harbour, for vessels usually navi- gating the lakes. It is 32 miles NE from Cleveland, and 180 in the same di- rection from Columbus. jFair Tonon, post town, Cumberland county, New Ji^rsty, on Cohanzy creek, 4 miles S from Bridgeton, and 25 SE from Salem. Fa'j-valcy post village, Washington county, New York. Fairvieiv, township, in the extreme north part of York county, Pennsylvania, between the Susquehannah river and Yellow Breeches creek. Population in 1820, 1764. Fairvieiv, post village, Erie county, Pennsylvania, on lake Erie, at the mouth of Walnut creek, 8 miles SW by W from Erie Fairvieiv, new town of Guernsey county, Ohio, on the road from Zanes- ville to Wheeling, 25 miles east from Cambridge, and adjoining the east line of the county Fainveather, cape of Patagonia, at the mouth of the Gallegos river, on the At- lantic coast. Lon. W C 8 10 E, lat. 51 30 S FairweatheTy cape of North America, in the Pacific Ocean. Lon. W C 60 20 W, lat. 58 50 N Fairweatlier, Mount, high and re- markable isolated mountain, 12 miles N E from Cape Fair weather of North A- merica. Faiaans, island in the river Bidassoa, ■which separates France from Sp lin. it is also called the isle of Conference, he- cause Lewis XIV. and Philip IV. here swore to observe the peace of the Pyre- nees, in 1660, after 24 conferences be- tween their ministers Here also the hostages of France and Spain are receiv- ed and delivered ; this being a neutral island, the sole dominion of which can be claimed by neither kingdom. It is situated between Andaye and Fontara- bia Lon. 1 46 \V, lat. 43 20 N. , Fakenliam, town in Norfolk, vvith a market on Thursday ; situated on a hill, 20 miles NW of Norwich, and 110 NNE of London. Lon, 58 E, lat. 52 53 N. Falaise, town of France, in the de- partment of Calvadns and late province of Normandy, with a cast'e, and one of the finest towers in France. It is re- markable for being the birth place of William the Conqueror. It has a good trade in serges, linen, and lace ; and its fair, which begins on August 16, is the most famous in France, next to that of Bf aucare. It is seated on the river Ante, 20 mih s SE ot Caen, and 115 W of P, ris. L.n 2 W. lat 48 35 N. -Fa/Ar^^z^er^^ S'.aport of Swt'deii on the Baltic, 17 niiesNWof H Imsladt Lon. 12 50 E, lat 56 52 N, Falkenburg strong town of Gtrmaiiy, in the new marche of Brandenburg, seated on the river Traje, 60 miles E of Stetin. L.in. 15 -iS E, lat. 53 :^5 N. Falkingham, town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Thursday 18 miles W by S of Boston, and 104 N of London. Lon 20 W, lat. 52 48 N. Falkirk, town in Stirlingshire, re- markable lor a battle trained by Edward I, over the Scots, in 1298, and where the high landers m 174o dtfeattd the king's forces. It is 9 mil- s S of Stirling, iyjn. 4 58 W lat 55 57 N. Falkland, small town in Fifcshire, made a royal borough by Jairit s II. in 1458. It is 20 milts N of Edinburgh. Lon 3 7 W, lat. 56 18 N Falkland Idands, near the straits of Magellan, in S America, discovered by Sir Richard Hawkins, in 1594. Lon. W C 17 E lat. 52 S. Fall Creek, small stream in Tompkins county. New York, remarkable lor a fine cascade of 6 ) feet, perpendicular de- scent. Falling Springs, creek of Virginia, in BathC' unty. li is a branch of Jackson's river, and ab'tut 25 miles SW from the Warm Springs, is precijjitated on a ledge of rockb of 2uiJ fef't pr rp'.-ndicu!ar height. Falling Waters post village, Berkeley county, Virj^io'a. Falloivfi'-ld E and IV, tv/o townships of Chester county, Pennsylvania. They are contiguous, on the W branch of the river Brandywine, about 40 miles W of Philadelphia See East Falloivfield, and West Fal'oivjield. Falloivjleld, townsliip of Washington county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of Monongahela river on trie waters of Pigon cr ck. Population in 1820, 2020. Fallowfield, township, Crawford county, Pennsylvania, on the sources of Big Beaver river, 10 rn lesSW from Meadville. Popu- lation in 1820, 742. Fall River, post town, Bristol county, Massachusetts. Falls, township of P>ficlc cf)unty, in tlie Great Bend of Delaware river, opposite B'lrdentov/n. Ponnlati >n in 182j, 1880. Falh, township in Mnskingum county, immediately wes. fr;>iii ZancaVille, Ohio. Poptdatitm in 1820, 1112. J: A N is A. a Falls, township of Hocking county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1001. Fallsuigton, village of Bucks coun£y, Pennsylvania, 5 miles SW from Trenton. Fallsto~Mi, post town. North Carolina, Iredell county. Fah7iouth, corporate town and seaport in ('ornwall; situated where the river Fale runs into the English Channel. Tiie harbour is so extensive and commo- dious that ships of the greatest burden come up to the quay. It is guarded by the castle of Maircs and Pendennis, on a high rock at the entrance, and there is such excellent shelter in many creeks belonging to it that the whole royal navy might ride rafe here in any wind. It is 268 miles WSW of London. Lon. 5 2 W, lat. 50 8 N. Falmoutli, seaport town of Barnstable county, Ma£S;ichusetts ; situated at the S W end ofthe pe;iinsula of Barnstable, 18 m les S by W of Sandwich, and 41 S of PI) mouth. Populailtn 2370. Falmouth, post town in Cumberland coun- ty, Maine, iivc miles NW of Portland. Population in 1820, 1673. Fclir.onth, tov.n of Stafford county, Vir- ginia ; situated on the N side of the river Rappahannock^ opposite to Fredericks- burg-, 70 miles N of Richmond, and 60 S by W of Washington. FalmoKth, post town and seat of justice, Pendleton county, Kentucky, on the left bank of the south fork of Licking river, 30 miles south from Cincinnati. Fake Bay, bay E of the Cape of Good Hope, frequented during the prevalence of the NW winds which begin in May. Lon. 18 33 E, lat. 34 10 S. False Cape, E ofthe Cape of Good Hope. Lon. 18 44 E, lat. 34 16 S. Falster, little island of Denmark, near the entrance of the Baltic, between the islands of Zealand, Lapland, and Mona. Nikoping- is the capital. Famagosta, town in the island of Cyprus, with a Greek bishop's see, and a harbour, def nded by two forts. It was taken by the Turks, in 1570, after a siege of six months, when they flayed the Veneti:in governor alive and murdered the inhabi- tants, though they surrendered on hoi^oura- ble terms. It is 62 miles NE of Nicosia. Lon 35 55 E, lat. 35 10 N. Famart, town of France, 3 miles S of Valenciennes, in the department of the North, where the allied forces defeated the Prench in 1793. Famine, Port, fortress on the NE coast of the straits of Magellan. Here a Spanish garrison perished for want ; since which it has been neglected. Lon. 70 20 W, lat 55 44 S. iFartdnot town of tfaly, in the Modcnese, 308 25 miles S of Alodena. Lon. 11 18 E, ial . 44 10 N. Fannet, township and post town, in Franklin county, Pennsylvania; sitUiUedon the W branch of Coneu;ocheagtie creek, betvi'een Strasburg and the T..scc,iora mountain. It contains 1747 inhabitants. Funo, town of Italy, in the duchy of Ur- bino, with a bishop's see. Here is ^n an- cient triumphal arch, handsome churches, and fine palaces. It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 8 miles SE of Pesaro. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 43 46 N. Fautin, small but populous kingdom of Africa, on the Gold Coast of Guinea, where the English and Dutch have forts. Its palm wine is much better and stronger than that in other parts of the coast. The principal village has the same name. Fareham, town in Hampshire, with a market on Wednesday, 12 miles E of Southampton, and 74 W by S of London. Lon. 1 6 W, lat. 50 53 N. Farev-'ell, Cape, most southerly pro* montory of Greenland, at the entrunce o£ Davis' Straits. Lon. W C 34 48 E, lat. 59 38 N. Farewell, Cape, promontory ofthe island of New Zealand. Lon. 172 41 B, lat. 40 37 S. Fargeau, St. ancient town of France in the department of Yonne, and late province of Burgundy, with a castle 10 miles SE of P.rairie, and 82 S of Paris. Lon. 3 8 E, lat. 47 40 N. Farley-.Wlls, post office, King and Queen's county, Virginia. Farlysville, post village, Charlotte coun- ty, Virginia. Farmer, post town Seneca county, New- York. Farmington, post town and township, on Sandy river, in the NW part of Kennebec county, Maine, the village is 33 NW from Augusta. Population in 1820, 1938. Farmington, post town and township, Stafford county, New Hampshire, on Co- cheeho river; the village 26 miles NW from Portsmouth. Population in 1820, 1716. Farmington, river of Massachusetts and Connecticut, rises in Berkshire county of the former, and flowing SE into the latter state, crosses Litchfield and Hartford coun- ties by a very circuitous course, and falls into Connecticut river 4 miles above Hart- ford. Farmington, post town and township, Hartford county, Connecticut, 9 miles west- , ward from Hartford. Population in 1820, 3042. Farmington, post town and township of Ontario county. New York, between Flint creek and the outlet of Canandaigua lake, S miles NE from the village of Canandai- gua. Population in 1820, 4214. li- A K J : A \ Ohio. Favagnana, small island, "Farmville, town on the N side of Appo- comsjass, on tlie W side of Sicily, with a mat- ox river, in P ince Edward county, fort. Lon. 12 23 E, lat. 08 16 N. Virginia, 20 miles SW from Cumberland, Fnuqiiemont, or Valkenburg, town of and 72 W by S from Richmond the capital Dutch Limbui-i^, on the river Geule, 7 of the state. mdes E of Maestricht. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. Farnham, township of Bedford and Ri- 50 52 N chelieu counties, Lower Canada, on the faw^w/ep, co'inty of Virginia; bounded river a la Fonue, 20 miles SE from Mon- by Staff" rd SE; Culpepper SW; Blue treal. Ridge nr Frederick NW ; Li.udon NE, and Farnham, post village, Richmond county. Prince William E ; lengt.'i 45 ; mean width Virginia. 16 -, area 720 square mdes. The face of Farnham, town in Surry, with a market this county is pleasantly diversified by hill on Thursday. It is one of the greatest dale and mountain. The soil partakes al-o wheat markets in England. It is fan.ous of tiie varied physiognomy, being of al- for hops, of which there are mAny plan- most every variety of texture. Staples Chief town, Warren- gram and tobacco, ton. Population in 1810. Free white inah s do. do. {rm;des All othir persons excf pt Indians not taxed - - - Total populatior: in 1810 tations round the town. It is seated on th Wye, 12 miles W of Guildford, and 39 WSW of London. Lun. 46 W, lat. 51 16 N. Farnham, post town in Richmond, Vir- ginia, distant 159 miles S from the city of Washington. Farn Islands, two groups of little islands Slaves and rocks, 17 in number, lying opposite to Bamborough castle in Northum ;erland. At low water the points of several otliers are visible besides the 17 just mentioned. The largest or House Island is about one mile in compass, and has a fort and light- house It contains about six or seven acres of rich pasture , and the shore ab unds with good coals which are dug at the ebb of tide. Faro, seaport of Portugal, in Algarva, on the gulf of Cadiz, v/ith a bishop's see, 20 mites SW of Tavira Lon. 7 48 W, lat. 36 54 N. Faro of Messina, the strait between Italy and Sicily. It is so named, from the faro, or lighthouse, on Cape Faro, and its vicinity Foreigners not naturalized 5,999 4,985 344 10,161 22,689 Population in 1820. Free white males . 5.702 do. do. females - 5,727 Total whites . 11,429 Free pf-rsons of colour ma'es - 3u7 do. do. fema es 2U0 Slaves, males . 5,803 dii females - 5.364 Total population in 1820 Ofihe>e; 23,103 to Messina. Farringdov, town in Berks, with a mar- ket on Tuesday, seated on an eminence, near the Thames, 18 miles W of Oxford ; and 50 W by N of London. Lon. 1 27 VV, lat. 51 44 N. Farsistan, province of Persia ; bounded on the E by Kerman, on the N by Irac 50 6,772 524 76 Engaged in .Xi^riculture do in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to tlie square mile, 32. Fausse Riviere, a lake of Louisiani, in Point Coupee, a bend of the Mississippi river. The banks of the lake are high, dry and arable ; one of the most wealthy Agemi, on the W by Kusistan, and on the i . . ■ .u .. » • t- t,- 01 ^l ^c cTi ■ r* ■ r .1 settlements in the state is on Fausse Ri- S by the gulf of Persia. It is very fertile. antl famous for its excellent wines called the Wines of Schiras, the capital of this province. Here are the ruins of Perse- polis, perhaps the most magnificent in the world. Fartack, town of Arabia Felix, at the foot of a cape of the same name. Lon. 51 25 E, lat. 15 55 N. Fate, township, Clermont county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1775. Fattipoiir, town of Hindoostan Proper, in Fawcettstowri, post town, of Ohio river, in Colcmbiana county, five miles below the PcRnsylvania line, and 48 miles by water below Pittsburg. Fatcn, township of York county, Penn- s\lvania; situated on the S side of Muddy Creek, and joining the divisional line that separates this state from Maryland. Popu- lation in 1820, 803. Fayal, one of the Azores, or Western tbe province of Agra, where the emperors Islands, which suffered greatly bv an 309 F A \ p-arthquake, in 1764. Its capital is Villa de Ilorta. Fayence, town of France, in the depart- tnentof Var and late province of Provence, nearthe river Biason, 10 miles W of Grasse. Lon 6 44 E, lat. 45 38 N. Fayette, post town and township, in Ken- nebec county, Maine. Population in 1820, 824. Fayette, township of Seneca county. New York, between Seneca and Cayuga lakes, 8 miles BE from Geneva. Popula- tion in 1820, 3698. Fayette, county of Pennsylvania ; bounded SE by Allegany county in Maryland ; S by Preston and Monongalia counties in Vir- ginia ; W by Monongaliela river,, or Greene and Washington counties ; N by West- moreland, find E by Somerset ; length 30 , breadth 27 ; area 824 square miles. The surface of this county is generally broken, part mou'^tamous, and every where hilly. The soil upon the streams, and except where rendered otherwise by rocks, pro- ductive in grain, fruit and meadow grasses. Staples, flour, whiskey, grain, salted pro- visions and iron. Chief towns, BrownsvillCj Bridgeport and Union. Population in 1810. Bree white males ... 12,313 do. do. females - - 11,753 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - 590 Slaves 58 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free whte males do. do. females Total whites Free persons of colour, males - 419 24,714 - 13,475 - 12,910 - 26,385 do Slaves, males do. females do. females 440 14 27 27,285 Total population in 1820 Of these •- Foreigners not naturalized - 280 Engaged in Agriculture - 4,485 do. in Manufactures - 1,958 do. in Commerce - - 9Z Population to the square mile, oo. Fayette, township in Allegany county, Pemsylvania, on Chartier's creek, along the borders of Washington county, 14 miles from Pittsburg, and 15 from Washington. Population in 1820, 2000. Fayette, county of Kentucky, on the sources of Elkhorn river ; bounded by Jes- samine SE ; Woodford W ; Scott NW^ ; Bourbon NE ; Clark E, and Madison or Kentucky river S ; length 22 ; mean width 32; area 264 square miles. Surface gene- "^10 rally level, and Soil fertile. Chief towii., Lexington. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 6,848 do. do. females - - - 6,650 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . . _ 208 Slaves 7,664 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white n^les do. do. females - 21,370 6,939 6,789 Total whites .... 13.728 Free persons of colour, males - 109 do. do. females 139 Slaves, males .... 4,681 do. females - - - 4,593 Total population in 1820 23,250 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 29 Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,458 do. in Manufactures - - 1,160 do. in Commerce - - 169 Population to the square mile, 88. Fayette, county of Ohio ; bounded S by Highland ; SW by Clinton, N W by Greene ; N by Madison ; E by Pickaway ; and SE by Ross ; length 26 ; mean width 16 ; area about 420 square miles. Surface mostly level, and soil tolerably fertile. Chief town, Washington. Population in 1810. Free white males . . - 974 do. do. females - - 876 Ail other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - 4 Slaves Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females 1,854 3,S50 3,041 Total whites ... - 6,291 Free persons of colour, males 12 do. do. females, 13 Slaves, males . . - - none do. females - . - none Total population in iSSe - 6,316 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - ^ 2 Engaged in Agriculture - 1,793 do. in Manufactures - 25 do. in Commerce - ^ Population to the square mile, 15. Fayetteville, post town and seat of justice, Cumberland county, North Carolina, on the V E IS F E R right bank of Cape Fear vivor, about 60 miles S from Raleigh and 100 NNW from Wilmington, N lat. 35 03. It stands at the head of boat navigation, and is the cen- tre of a very extensive inland trade, in grain, flour, tobacco, some cotton, and na- val stores. A branch of the bank of the United States is located m this place. Fayetteville, post town and seat of justice, Tjincoln county, Tennessee, on the right bank of Elk river, 50 miles SW from Mur- freesboro. Faystoxuti, township, Washington Ver- mont, 17 miles SW from Montpelier. Fearing, township of Washington county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 811. Fecamp, ancient seaport of France, in the department ot Lower Seine and late pro- vince of Normandy. Ii had lately a Bene- dictine abbey, remarkable for its opulence and great privileges. The church is one of the largest in France. Fecamp is 24 miles NE of Havre-de-Grace. Lon. 23 E, lat. 49 o7 N. Federals burg, village of Caroline and Dorchester counties, Maryland, on Marshy Hope creek, 20 miles E from Easton. Feeding Hills, post office, Ha-npden county, Massachusetts, 5 miles W from Wfst Springfield. Feesto-wn, post village, Clermont county, Ohio. Feldkirchs, trading town of Germany, capital of a c junty of the same name, in Tirol. It is seated on the river 111, near its entrance into the Rhine, 15 mil s E of Appenzel Lon. 9 49 E, lat 47 10 N. Feliciana, See JV^^o" Feliciana. Feliaida, one of the Lipari Islands, in the Mediterranean, 28 miles W of Lipari. Felix, St. island in the South Pacific Ocean, NNW of J'lan Fernandes. Lon. 86 W, lat. 26 S. Fellen, town in the Russian government of Riga, seated on a river of the same name, 62 miles SE of Revel. Lon. 24 5 E, lat. 58 22 N. Felletin, town of France, in the depart- ment of Creuse, and late province of Marce, noted for its manul'acture of tapes- try. Feltri, episcopal town of Italy, in the Trevisano, capital of a district of the same name. It is seated on the Asona, 40 miles N of Padua. Lon. 11 55 E, lat. 46 3 N. Femeren, fertile island of Denmark, in the Baltic, three miles from the coast of Holstein. Fcmme Osage, post town, St. Charles' county, Missouri. Fenestrelle, town and fort of Piedmont, in the valley of the Vaudois. It was taken by the duke of Savoy, from the French, in 1708, and ceded to him by the treaty of Utrecht. It is 18 miles W of Turiu. Lon. 7 21 E, lat, 45 10 N. Fer, Poinl. Ait, the outer SE limit of At» chafalaya bay. Lon. W C 14 36 W, lat. 29 12 X. Fevabad, town of Persia, in the province of Mazanderan, seated amongthe mountains which bound the Caspian Sea to the S, and 12 miles from it. Shah Abbas often spent his winters here. It is 130 miles VV of Astrabad. Lon 53 21 E, lat. o7 14 N. Ferabad, town of Persia, two miles from Ispahan, and extending almost three miles along the banks of the Zenderoud. It was built by Shah Abbas, who brought the Armenians iiere from the preceding town, after they had revolted from the Turks. Ferdinand, township, Essex county, Ver- mont, on Connecticut river, 15 m ies above Lancaster and 60 NE from Montpelier. Ferdinand, township of St. Louis county, Missouri. Fere, town of France, in the department of Aisne, and late province of Picardy, fa- mous for its powder-mill, and sciiool of artillery. Near this town is the castle of St. Gobin, famous for its manufacture of fine plate glass. Fere is seated at the con- fluence of the Serre and t)ise, 2'^ miles N of Soisons and 75 NE of P^iris. Lon 3 25 E lat. 49 29 N. Ferentino or Fiorento, episcopal town of Italy, in Champagna di Roma, seated on a m'urtain', 44 miles SE of Rome. Lon. 13 27 B, lat. 41 46 N. Ferelte, town of Alsace, in Germany, 49 miles S of Strasburgh. Lon. 7 36 E, 1 it, 41 50 N. Ferguson, southern township of Centre county, Pennsylvania, on the -u'srces of Spring and Penns' creeks. Pop. nation in 1820, 1189. Fergusojis Ferry, post office, Johnson county, Illinois. Fermanagh, county of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 38 miles in length, and 23 in breadth ; bounded on the N by Done- gal and Tyrone, on the E by Tyrone and and Monaghan, on he S by Cavaii and Lei- trim, and on the AV by Leitrim. It contains 19 parishes, and before the Irish Union sent four members to the Irish parliament. Inniskilling is the capital. Fermanagh, township in Mifflin county, Pennsylvania, having the Shade mountain on the N, and J'.iniata river on the S. The inhabitants in 1820, 2529 Fermo, ancient town of Italy, in the mai'- quisate of Ancona, with an ardibishop's see. It is seated near the gulf of Venice, 17 mile."; SE of Macerata. Lon, 13 50 E, lat. 43 7 N. Feriiambuco. See Pernambuco. Fernandina, sea port of Amelia Island, East Florida. Fernando, J^foronha, island near the coast of Brasil, subject to the Portuguese. Lon. 32 33 W, lat, 3 56 S. 31! !■■ E Z •I i G Ternando Po, an island of Africa, 25 miles W of the coast of Benin. It is 30 miles long-, and 20 broad. Lon. 3 3 E, lat. 3 6 N. Ferrara, city of Italy, capital of a ducliy of the same name. It is seated in an agreeable and fertile plain, watered by the river Po, which is a defence on one side ; and on the other is encompassed. Ferrier Point, cape of Mexicc/, on the Pacific Ocean. Lon. W C 41, lat 33 42 N, Ferrisburg, township of Addison count)', Vermont, on lake Champlain, at the mouth of Otter river, 25 miles S from Burlington. Feroe Islands, cluster of twenty -two small islands in the Northern Ocean, between 5 and 8 W lon. and 61 and 63 N lat. subject to Denmark. Seventeen are habitHble, each of which is a lofty mountain, divided from the others by deep and rapid cur- rents. Some of them are deeply indented with secure harbours, all of them steep, and most of them faced with tremendous precipices. They produce agate, jasper, and beautiful zeolites. The surface con- sists of a shallow soil of remarkable fertili- ty ; yielding plenty of barley, and fine grass for sheep. No trees above the size of a juniper, or stunted willow, will grow here ; and the only quadrupeds are sheep. Vast quantities of sea-fowls frequent the rocks, and the taking of them furnishes a perilous employment for the inhabitants. The ex- ports are salted mutton, tallow, goose- quills, feathers, eiderdown, knit woollen waistcoats, caps, and stockings. To the S of these islands is a considerable whirl- pool. Ferro, or Hiero, the most westward of the Canary islands, about 18 miles m circum- ference. It is not fertile, but produces some corn, sugar, fruits, and legumes. Lon. 17 52 W, lat. 27 47 N. Ferrol, seaport of Spain, in Galicia, on a bay of the Atlantic. Its harbour is one of the best in Europe, for the vessels lie safe from all winds ; and here the Spanish squadrons frequently rendezvous in time of war. It is 30 miies NE of Corunna, and 65 W of Rivades. Lon. 8 4 W, lat. 43 30 N. Ferte-Alais, town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Oise and late pro- vince of the isle of France, 18 miles S of Paris. Lon. 2 27 E, lat. 48 30 N. Ferte- Bernard, town of France, in the department of Sarte and late province of Maine, seated on the Huisne, 20 miles NE of Mans. Lon. 39 E, lat. 48 8 N Feversham, seaport in Kent, on a creek of the Medway, much frequented by small vessels, nine miles W of Canterbury, and 48 E by S of London. Lon. 55 E, lat. 51 22 N. Fez, kingdom of Barbary, 125 miles in "length and breadth ; bounded on the W by the Atlantic Ocean, on the N bv the Medi- terranean Sea, on the E by" Algiers, and on the S by Morocco and Tafilet. Fez, capital of the kingdom of Fez, and one of the largest cities in Africa. It is composed of three towns, called Beleyde, Old Fez, and New Fe^. Old Fez is the most considerable, and contains about 80,000 inhabitants. Fez is 160 miles S of Gibraltar, and 250 NE of Morocco. Lon. 5 5 W, lat. 33 40 N. Fezzan, kingdom of Africa ; bounded on the N by Tripoli, on the E by deserts that divide it from Egypt, on the S by Bornou, and on the W by the deserts of Zabara, lying between 25 and 30 N lat. It is an extensive pla^n, encompassed by moun- tains, except to the W. Mourzook is tlie capital. Fiano, town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, seated on the Tiber, 15 miles N of Rome. Fianona, town of Venetian Istria, seated on the gulf of Carnero, 17 miles N of Pola. Fiascone, episcopal town of Italy, in the territory of the chnrch, noted for fine mus- cadine wine. It is seated on a mountain near Lake Bolsena, 12 miles NW of Viter- bo, Lon. 12 13 E, lat. 42 34 N Ficherulolo, fortified town of Italy, in the Ferrai-ese, seated on the Po, 12 miles W of Ferrara. Lon. 11 31 E, lat. 45 6 N. Field's Mills, post office, Bi'unswick couniy, Virginia. Fieranzuolo, town of Italy, in the Parme- san, 10 miles SE of Placenlia. Lon. 9 44 E, lat. 44 59 N. Fiezoli, ancient town of Italy, in the Florentino, with a bishop's see, five miles NE of Florence. Lon. 11 11 E. lat. 43 49 N. Fifeshire, county of Scotland. It is a fine peninsula, enclosed between the Forth and the Tay rivers, bounded on the E by the British or German ocean ; on the S by tlie Frith of Forth ; on the AV by the Oc- hill-hills, Kinross and Pertlishire ; and on the N is divided from Forfar by the Tay. It is about 36 miles long from NE to S\V, and about 17 where broadest. The east- ern part is the most level. The N and S parts are fruitful in corn, and the middle fit for pasture The number of towns is al- most unparalleled in an equal tract of coast ; for the whole shore, from Crai) to Culross, about 40 miles, is one continued chain of towns and villages. Cupar is the countv-toun. Population in 1801, 93,745 : in 1811, 101,272 ; and in 1821, 114,556. Figari, seaport of Corsica, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 22 miles WNW of Bonifacio. Figeac, town of France in the depart- ment of Lot and late province of Querci, and Guienne, seated on the Seil^, 22 miles E of Cahors, and 270 S of Paris. Lon. 1 .58 E. lat 44 32 ^r. i 1 \\, X' 1 » tigueirO'dos-Vinhos, town of Portugal, in listpamadura, seated among' mountains, near the rivei* Zizere, and remarkable for its excellent vineyards. It is 22 irales N of Tomar. Lon. 7 45 W. lat. 39 49 N. Figxieras, or St. Fernando -de-Figuer as, very strong fortress of Spain, in Catalonia, which was taken by the Frencli in 1"94. Lon. 2 46 E. lat. 42 18 N. Fillech, town of Hung.ary, in the county of Xovigrad, seated on the Ipol, 20 miles from Agria. Lon. 19 8E. lat. 48 24 N. Final, town of Italy, on the coast of Ge- noa, with a strong citadel, two forts, and a castle. It was sold to tlie Genoese, by the emperor Charles VI. in 1713. It is situa- ted on the Mediterranean, and is 30 miles SW of Genoa. Lon. 8 E. lat. 44 14 N. -FiV/afe, town of Italy, in the Modenese. It was besieged and taken by the French in Nov. ir95. It is seated on an island formed bv the river Panaro, 22 miles NE of Modena. Lon. 11 25 E. lat. 44 26 jV. Fincastle, post town and s-at of justice, Bottetourt county, Virginia, situated on .the W side of the N. Mountain, containing 765 inhabitants, one brick court house, one presbyterian and one methodist church ; 36 miles E from Lexington and 192 W by N from Richmond. '^H Findhom, fishing town in Miirrayshire, at ^tlie mouth of a bay of the same name, it is a considerable town and has a good har- bour. It is 17 miles W by N of Elgin. Lon. 3 40 W. lat. 57 45 N. Findhorn, river of Scotland, which has its source in Inverness-shire and crossing Nair- neshire and the N\V cornsn- of Murray- shire, forms the bay of Findhorn, which opens into tlie Frith of Murray, at the town of the same n.ime. Finisterre, Cape, the most western cape, not only of Spain, but of Europe; It was thought, by the ancients, to have no coun- try beyond it ; and therefore tiiey gave it a name which signifies tlie end of the earth. Lon. 9 17 W. lut. 42 51 N. Finisterre, department of France, whicli includes part of the late province of Bre- tagnc. 'Its name corresponds to the Eng- lish expression, the I^and's End, it being the most westerly part of France. Quim- per is the capital. Finland, recently one of the five gene- ral divisions of Sweden, but at present a province of Russia ; bounded on the N by TJothniaand Lapland, on tlie E by Wibtirgh, on the S by the gulf of Finland, and on the W by that of Bothnia. It is about 200 • miles in length, and as many in breadth. It has many lakes, in v.'hich are several islands, which are genei'ally rocks or inac- cessible mountains. It contains the pro- vinces of Finland Proper, the isle of (Eland, Ostrobothuia, Tavasteland, Nylaud, Savo- !as, and that Qart of the fiefs of Kvmne It V and Carelia, which Sweden has prese rved Abo is the capital. Fijilai'ville, post village. North Carolina, in ^lecklenburg county. Ftnleu, township of Washington county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1967. Fnimark, part of Danish Lapland, in the government of Wardsburgs. Fionda, ancient Phaselis, city of Asia Minor, on the W coast of the gulf of Sata- lia, 36 miles S from Adalia. Fiorenzo, St. seaport of Corsica, on a gulf of the same name, seven miles W of Bastia. It surrendered to the English and Corsicans, ;u 1794, but has since revolted from England. Lon. 9 20 E. lat. 42 35 N. Fireplace, post village, in SuS'o'k county. New York, about 40 miles NE of New York. F/.s'ier-ron; village about five miles from Edinburgh. It is seated on the VV side of the month of the river Eak, and has some elegunt villas in its vicinity. Fisldng-creek, lownsliip in Columbia county, Pennsylvania, which takes its name from a creek of the same name. It is situated on the N side of the E branch of Susqueiiannah. The chief town is Ber- wick. Population in 1820, 502. Fiskardt, corporate town in Penbroke- shire, with a market on Friday. It is go- verned by a mayor, and carries on a good trade in herrings. It is situated on a steep clifF, at the influx of the river Gwaine, into St. George's Channel, vvhicii here forms a spacious bay. It is 16 miles NE of St. David's, and 242 W by N of London. Lon. 4 52 W, lat. 52 4 N. Fi.^hkill, small river of New York, rises in Oswego and Lewis countiesi by a num- ber of creeks, which flow into and unite in Oneida county, and join Wood creek a sliort distance aljove tlie discharge of the latter into Oneida Inke. Finhkill, creek of 'New Y^'ork, in Sarato- ga countv, falls into the Hudson opposite Battenkiil. It was on this creek, that in October 17th, 1777, that getieral Burgoyne surrendered his army to general Gates. Fifshkill, small but important creek of New York in Ducliess county, falls into the Hudson opposite Newburgh. Fishkill, post town and township of New- York, in Duchess county, on Fishkdl creek, ne'ar its mouth. This is one of the best cultivated, and most thickly populated country places in the United States. Po- pulation in 1820, 8203. Fishkill, mountains, is the continuation of the Highlands- above Westpoint, and curving to the NE and N stretches be- tween Dur.hcss and l^utnam counties, and thence through the former towards the SW angle of Massachusetts. Fisher's- field, township of Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, on Sunapee lake, discharging into Saear river, branch of 313 t L ti Connecticut and the liead waters ot the Warner river, branch of Contoocook river. It is through this township, that a canal has been contemplated to unite the Con- necticut and Merrimac rivers. Population in 1820, 874.' Fisher's Island, island in the NE mouth of Long Island Sound, nearly opposite Stonington in Connecticut. It is about nine miles by two, and forms part of South- hold, in Siiftblk, New York. Fisher' s-store, post office, Clarke county, Alabama. Fish River, Great, considerable river of Africa, which rises in the unknown interior regions, divides Caffaria from the country of the iiottentotP, and falls into the Indian Ocean, in lat. 30 30 S. The deepest pai'ts of this river are inhabited by the hippopo- tamus, and the adjacent woods by ele- phants, rhinoceroses and buffaloes. Fistella, fortified town of Morocco. The inhabitants carry on a great trade in fine garments. It is i25 miles NE of Morocco. Lon. 5 55 W, lat. 32 27 N. Fitchbiirg, post town of Worcester coun- ty, Massachusetts, situated about 40 miles N\V of Boston, and 25 N of Worcester. Population in 1820, 1736. Fitz-TVilliam, post town in Cheshire county, New Hampshire. It is bounded on the S by the line wliich divides this stale from Massachusetts. Population in 1820, 1167. Five Churches, episcopal town of Hun- gary, 85 miles S of Buda. Lon. 18 13 E. lat." 46 5 N. Fium, capital of a province of the same jiarae in Egypt. It is very populous, and ihe Cophts have a bishop's see. Here are many ruins of magnificent ancient struc- tures ; and it has a considerable trade in flax, linen, mats raisins, and figs. The province contains a great number of canals and bridges bui'.t by the ancient Egyptians. The town is seated on a canal, that com- municates with the Nile, 70 miles SVV of Cairo. Lon. 39 49 E. lat. 29 2 N. Fiume, or St. Veit, seaport of Austrian Istria, with a castle and a good harbour formed by the river Fimarna, which enttrs the bay of Carnero, in the gulf of Venice. It is very populous, noted for wine, good figs, and other fruits ; and the cathedral is worth observation. It is 37 miles E of Capo d'lstria. Lon. 14 46 E. lat. 45 40 N. Fagg-Sjiring, post office, Cumberland county, Kentucky Flamhorongh Heady lofty promontory in Yorkshire, wiiose snow-white cliffs serve for a direction to ships. Its rocks are oc- cupied by innumerable multitudes of sea- fowls, which fill the air and ocean all around. It is five miles B of BurlingtO'i. Lon. 4 E. :jit, 54 9 N. ol4 Flanders, country of the kingdom of the Netherlands, 60 miles long and 50 broad ; bounded on the N by the German Ocean and Holland, E by Brabant, S by Hainault and Artois, and W by Artois and the Ger- man ocean. The principal rivers are the Scheldt, Lys, and Benders. It is a level country, fertile in grain and pastures, and very populous. The chief manufactures are beautiful table linen and fine lace. It was formerly divided into Dutch, Austrian and French Flanders ; the latter was com- prehended in the department of Nord, on the new divisi/.)n of France, in 1791. The other two were afterwards annexed to that country, and called the departments of Lys and Scheldt ; but on the Bourbons re- ascending the throne of France, they were restored. Flat Bush, post town and seat of justice, in King's county, Lonf^ Island, in the state of New York. ' It is situated five miles S of the city of New York, and 163 of Alba- ny. It is a fine little village in one street, with an academy and the ordinary county buildings. It was the scene of the first considerable field of action beiween the American troops under General Washing- ton, and the British under General Howe. Population in 1820, 1027., » Flat-Lands, township of King's county. Long Island, on New Y^ork Bay, S from Brooklyn. Population in 1820, 512. Flattery, Cape, on the W coast of North America, so named by captain Cook, who discovered it in 1788, because he was dis- appointed at not finding a harbour. Lon. 124 57 W. lat. 48 25 N. Flavigni, town of Erance, in the depart- ment of Cote d'Or, and late province of Burgundy. It had before the French re- volution a benedictine abbey. It is seated on a moun'ain, 12 miles E of Semur, and 140 E of Paris. Lon. 4 37 E. lat. 47 26 N. Fleche, town of France, in the depart. ment of Sarte and late province of Maine. It is seated on the river Loire, 22 miles N of Angers. Lon. 3 W. lat 47 39 N. Fleet, river in K rcudbrightshire ; it winds through a beau' iful valley, skreened by woody bills, and enters Wigton Bay, at Gatehouse. On the W side of this river are the vestiges of a camp, a druidical cir- cle, and a vitrified fort. Fleming, county of Kentucky, bounded SW by Lickiing river or by Bath and Ni- cholus counties ; NW by Mason ; NE by Lewis and Green up E by Lawrence ; and SE by Pike ; length 35 • mean width 16; area 560 square miles. Surface rather un- dulating than hilly ; soil fertile. Chief town, Flemingsburg. Population in 1810. Free white males , - - 4,360 da. do. females - - - 4.021 T lu I F h O All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves . - - - - Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females ... Total whites ..... Pree persons of colour, males - do. do. females, Slaves, males . .. . - do. females ... Total population in 1820 . Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 17 549 8,947 5,574 5,437 12,186 5 2,960 406 16 Population to the square mile, 21^. Flemimgs, post office, Wayne county, Indiana. Flemingsbiirg, post town and seat of jus- tice, Fleming county, Kentucky, 50 miles NE from Lexington, Flemington, post town, Hunterdon coun- ty, New Jersey, on a branch of Rarilon river, 23 miles N from Trenton. Flendsburg, town of Denmark, capital of Slesvvick, with a strong citadel. It is situa- ted on a bay of the Baltic, and has a har- bour deep enough for large shipping. It is a place of considerable commerce, 15 miles NW of Slesvvick. Lon. 9 4" E, lat. 54 50 N. Fletcher, township of Franklin county, Vermont, between Lamocl river and tlie head of Black river, brancli of Missisque river, 23 miles NE from Burlington. Flcurus, village of ihe Austrian Nether- lands, in the province of Namur, famous for a battle fought in its neiglibourhood in 1690, between the French and the allies. Here also in June, 1794, the Austrians made a general attack on the French posts, but were repulsed. It is 6 miles NE of Cnarleroy. Fleury, town of France in the depart- ment of Saone and Loire and late province of Burgundy, 30 miles N of Chalons. Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 47 13 N. File, or Vlieland, island on the coast of Holland, at the middle of the entrance of tlie Zuider-Zee. FUinis' Fol'k, post village, Caldwell coun- ty, Kentucky, 8 or 10 miles NE from Prince- ton. FUni, town in Flintshire in W;^)es, which gives name to the county, and s^^nds one member to parliament ; but it is a small place, without trade, and the ussizes are held at Mold. Here are ihe remains of a ^asHe. in which Richard Yl. was delivered into the hands of his rival, afterwards Henry iV. It is seated on the river Dee, 12 miles W by N of Chester, and 193 NW of London. Lon. 3 2 VV, lat. 53 16 N, Flintshire, counly of N Wales, 29 miles in length, and 12 wiiere broud'-St ; bounded on tlie N and NE by a bay, at tlie mouth of the Dee, which divides it from Ciiesiiire ; on the NW by the Irish sea ; on the E by the Dee, which continues to divide it from Cheshire, and on the S and y\V from Den. biglisiiiire. Part of Fhntshire extends on the E side of tiie Dee, ab.iut nine iriiles be- tween Cheshire and Shropshire. It is divi- ded into five hundreds ; in whicli are two market towns and 28 parishes. Population in 1801. 39,622; in 1811, 46,518, and in 1821, 53,784. Flint River. See .■Ippalacldcola. Flix, town of Spain, in Catulonia, strong botli by art and natni'e. It is built on a peninsula in the river Ebro, where it makes an elbow, which serves th.e town instead of a ditch, and may be conducted quite rnind it. Tlie side where t!ie river does not pass, is covered by mountains, and defended by a casile on an eminence; and ne;;r it is a waterfall. It is 20 miles S of Lerida. Lon. 26 E, lut. 41 15 N. Florence, capital of the ducliy of Tusca- ny, and one of the finest cities in Italy. It is surrounded on all bides but one with higli hills, which rise insensibly, and at last join the lofty mountains called the Ap- peniiines. Towards Pisa, there is a vast plain of 40 miles in length ; which is £0 filled with villages and pleasure-houses, that they seem to be a continuation of t!ie suburbs of the city. Independent of the churches and palaces of Florence, most of which are very magnificent, the architec. ture of the houses in general is in a good taste ; and the streeis are remarkabiy clean, and paved witli large broad stones chiseled so as to prevent the liortes from sliding. The city is divided into two unequal parts by the river Arno, over which there are no less than four bridc;es in sight of each other. Florence is a pl.ice of some strength, and contains an archbishop's see and a uni. vcrsity. The number of iiihahitants is calculated at 80,000. Florence is 45 miles S of Bologna, and 1 5 NW of Rome. Lon. 11 15 E, lat. 43 46 N, Florence, townsliip of Oneida county, IS mi es NW from Kome. P.ipulation in 1820, 640. Florence, p'.st town and seat of justice, LaudeiH^iale county, Ahiharr.a, at the mouth of Cypress creek, lov,er esti-emity of the Muscle shoals in Tennessee, 120 miles SW from .Murfreesboro' andSO \V from Hunts ville. Floreiit, St. t'lwn of France, in the de- panmeni of xMaine and Loire and lale pro- vince of Anjou. It lately had a rich Bene. 31-5 dictine abbev. It is seated on the Lou--, 20 miles WSW of Angers, Lon. 56 W, iat. 4.7 24 N. Florentin, St. town of France, in the de- partment ot Yonne ; situated at t!ie conflu- ence of the Armance and Armancon, 15 miles NE of Auxerre, and 80 SE of Paris. Lon. 3 35 E, Iat. 48 1 N. FloreiUino, one of tlie three provinces of Tuscany ; bounded on the. W by the repub- lic of Lucca and the Modenese, on lh« N by the Appennincs, on tlie E by tiie duchy of Urbino, and on the S by the Siennese. It is a well watered province, and very fertile. Florence is the capital. Flores, fertile island, one of the Azores, so called from the abundance of flowers found upon it. Lon. 31 W, Iat. 39 34 N. Florida, country of North America, 600 miles long, and 130 broad ; bounded on the N by Georgia, on the E by the Atlantic Ocean, on tlie S Ijv the gulf of Mexico, and on the W by the Mississippi. It is divided into E and W Florida: St. Augustine the capital of the former, and Pcnsacola of the latter. :.Iiles Florida, taken in its utmost extent has a boundary from the mouth of St. Mary's river to Cape S.able 450 Upon the Gulf of Mexico, between Cape Sable and the mouth of Per- dido river . - . . 600 Up the Perdido bay and river to N Iat. 31 40 Along N Iat. 31 to Chatahooche river - - - - - 140 Down Chatahooclie to the junction of that stream, and Flint river 40 Thence to the source of St. Mary's river 140 Down St. Mary's river to the mouth 80 Havin.c: an entire outline of 1490 miles. Area 54,000 square mi!t-s ; 34,560,000 acres, between Iat. 25 and 31 N. Extending through 6 degrees of latitude, considerable diversity of seasons must be expei'ienced in Florida ; but from the uniformity of the general surface, the whole extent exliibits none of those rapid transitions of seasons vi'liich can only arise from great inequality of relative elevation. The interior of the country remains but imperfectly known. As far, however, as coiTect information has been received, the greatest part of this large peninsula, is composed of a very i:jferior so;l, with exceptions found near, and along the streams. The vegeta- ble productions are numerous and impor- tant. Amongst the vjluable cultiv. ted plants, may bt eniimerate.!, cotton, sugar cane, rice, indig), tobacco, Indian corn, olive tree, peach, orange, lime and fig tree. It remains undetermined, whether or not the coffee plant can be cultivated in T^orida. 316: i lorida was discovered in lo"12,by Joiin Ponce ue Leon, and named Florida, from having been discovered on Palm Sunday, " Pasqua Florida." The first civilized colony in this country, was planted by the French in 1562, under Francis Ribault. The French colony was surprised in 1565, and the colonists murdered by the Span- iards. St. Augustine was soon after found- ed, and the Spaniards remained undisturbed possessors, until 1666, when St. Augustine was taken and plundered by an English squadron under iTohn Davis. Pensacola was founded by Don Andre de la Riola, in 1699. The country was frequently attack- ed by the French and English, but con- tinued a Spanish province until 1763, when it was ceded to Great Britain. In 1783, it was again receded to Spain. On the 22d February, 1719, by the treaty of Washing- ton, Florida was ceded by Spain to the United States. This treaty was on the 24th October, 1820, ratified by the Cortes and king of Spain : and on February 22d, 1821, ratified by the Congress of the Uni- ted States. Florida is now a territory of the U. S. under the first grade of terri- torial government; Florida, cape of Florida. Lon. W C 2 40 W, Iat. 25 40 N. Florida, gulf of, channel between the peninsula of Florida and the Bahama islands. Florida Stream, strait between Florida and Cuba. Florida, township of Berkshire countj', Massachusetts, 30 miles NNE from Lenox. Population in 1820, 43 1. Florida, post town in Orange county. New York, about 60 miles NW of the city of New York, on the post road to Alban}'. Florida, post town of Montgomery coun- ty. New York, o5 miles NW from Albanj'. Population in 1820, 2743. Florisunt, post town, St. Louis county, Missouri, on Missouri river opposite St. Charles, 20 miles NW from St. Louis, Flotz, town of Walachia, seated on the Genissa, near its influx into tlie Danube. Flour town, post village, Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, 12 miles N from Philadelphia. Floviclen, village in Northumberland, 5 rniles N of Wooler, fan)ous for a battle fonglit here by the English and Scots in 1513, in which James IV. was killed to- gether with the flower of !iis nobility. Floyd, tovvnship of Oneida county. New York, 6 miles NE from Rome. Population in 1820, 1498. Floyd, extreme eastern county of Ken- tucky; bounded by Virginia NE and SE ; Harlan and Perry SW -, Pike NW, and Lawrence N. Surface broken, hilly, and mountainous. Soil varied, but generally of middling quality. Chief town, Preston- F L U i' O i) burg-. Length 55; mean widtli 46; area 3.530. Pike county has been formed out of tlie N\V part of Floyd. Both wire, by the census of 1810, included in one table by the latter name. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females All other persons except In- dians not taxed Slaves .... Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Vree white males do. do. females Total whites ... I?ree persons of colour, males do do. females Slaves, males . . - do. females 'Jotal population in 1820, Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized E/ngaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 1,809 1,561 115 3,485 4,164 3,703 r,867 92 51 81 116 great foreign trade. It is 4 miles SW ol' Middleburg. Lon. 3 35 E, lat. 51 29 N. Flushing, township in Queen's county. New York ; situated about 5 miles E of New York. Population in 1820, about 3,000. I Fhivatina, considerable river of Vir- ginia, which rises in the Alleghanv moun- tains, and runs nearly an E course till it joins the Rivanna near Columbia. The united stream is then called James' river. The name of Fluvanna given to the main fork of James' river is becoming obsolete. Fluvanna, county of Virginia ; situated at the fork of the Uivanna and Fluvanna rivers ; bounded SW by James' river ; NW by Albemarle ; NE by Louisa, and SE by Goochland, and the bend of James' river, above the mouth of the Rivanna; length 23 ; mean width 18 ; area 414 square miles. Surface beautifully variegated by- hill and dale, and well watered ; the soil is not, however, in general very productive. Chief town, Columbia. 8,207 Population in 1810 ,^ree white males ... 1,257 "do. do. females ... 1,319 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - . . 57 Slaves 2,142 1 2.960 406 16 Population to the square mile, 31 . Floyd, county of Indiana, opposite Louis- ville in Kentucky ; bounded by the Ohio river SE ; Harrison S and SW ; Washing- ton NW ; Scott N, and Clarke NE. Abo>it 20 miles square ; area 400 square miles. It is a hilly and generally not very fertile tract. Chief towns, New Albany, and Jef- fersonville. This county was formed out of the SW part of Clarke, and the NE of Harrison county. Population in 1820. 4,775 1,692 1,683 Free white males do. do. females - - . 1,431 1,276 Total whites - . . - Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males . _ . . do. females - _ . 3,707 36 33 Total population in 1820 - 2,776 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 41 Engaged in Agriculture - - 570 do. in Manufactures - 196 do. in Commerce - - 38 Population to the square mile, 7 nearly. FloycPa, post office, Buckingham county, Virginia. FlusUnsf, strong and considerable sea- port of Dutch Zealand, in the island of Walcbeven. with a sfood ftarbour, and a Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males - , - do. do. females Total whites - . . _ Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males . . . , do. females ... Total population in 1820 - Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce - - 72 Population to the square mile, 16. Focliabers, town in llanffshire, seated on a plain near the river Spey. It is 48 miles NW of Aberdeen. Fo-chan, village of China, in the province of Quang-tong. It is 12 miles from Canton. Fochia, J\'ova, ancient Phoceci, town of Natolia, on the gulf of Satalia, with a good harbour, and a castle. The Venetians beat the Turkish fleet, near this place, in 1650. Fodgin, town of Naples, in Capitanata, seated near the Cerbero, 10 miles E of Manfredonia, Fnrliuar, town of Hungai'v, seated on the ."17 6,704 8 1,980 109 F O N F O 1< Danube, opposite Colocza. Lon, 19 36 E, lat 46 39 N. Fogaras, town and castle of Transylva- nia, on the river Alauta, 30 miles NE of Hermanstadt. Lon. 25 25 E, lat. 45 30 X. Foglia, river of Italy, which rises on the confines of Tuscany, crosses the duchy of UrbinOj and falls into the g'ulf of Venice, at Pcsaro. Fogo, See Ftiego. Fohr, island of Denmark, near the coast of Slei>v>'ick. It is about 12 miles in cir- cumference. Foia, ancient town of Natolia on the gulf of Smyrna, with a good harbour, and a strong castle, 30 miles N of Smyrna. Foin, Point Av, in St. Lawrence river, the first above river a la vielle Galette, in Edwardsburg, Upper Canada. Foix, town of France, in the department of Arriege and late county of Foix, It is seated on the Arriege, at the foot of the Pyrenees, ei^ht miles S of Paraiers. Lon. 132E, lat. 43 ON. Fo'kien, province of China ; bounded on the 2\'^ by Tche-kiange, on the W by Kiang- si, on the S by Quang-tong, and on the^ by the Chinese Sea. They have all com- modities in common Vvith tlie rest of China ; but more particularly musk, precious stones, quicksilver, silk, hempencloth, calico, iron, and all sorts of utensils wrought to the greatest perfection. From other countries they have cloves, cinnamon, pepper, san- dal-wood, amber, coral, and many other things. The capital city is Foutcheon Fou. It contains nine cities of the first, and sixty of the third class. FoUgni, episcopal and trading town of Italy, in the duchy of Umbria, remarkable i'ov its sweetmeats, paper-mills, silk-manu- factures, and fairs. It is seated on the de- clivity of a mountain near a fertile plain, 69 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 24 E, lat. 42 48 N. Folkstoiie, town in Kent, with a market on Thursday. It was once a flourishing place, containing five churches, which are now reduced to one, and the inhabitants are chiefly employed in fishing. It is a member of the port of Dover, governed by a mayor, and is seated on the English •Channel, eight miles SW of Dover, and 72 E by S oPLondon. Lon. 1 14 E, lat. 51 5 N. Fond du Lac, or St. Louis, enters the S W extremity of lake Superior. This river forms one of the most direct channels of inter-communication between lake Supe- rior and Upper Mississippi. Fondi, episcopal town of Naples, in Ter- ra di Lavora It is seated on a fertik- plam, but in a bad air., near a lake of its own name, 42 miles NW of Capua, and 50 SE of Rome, Lon, 13 24 E, lat. 41 22 N. Fmt-taianir.foii, city of China, in the pro- .318 vince of Chen- si. Its district covins 3 cities of the second and third class. It is 495 miles SW of Peking. Fong-yang.fou, city of China, in the pro- vince of Kiang-nan. It is seated on a moun- tain, which hangs over the Yellow River. It is 70 miles NE of Nanking. Fontainbleau, town of France in the de- partment of Seine and Marne and late pro- vince of the isle of France, remarkable for its fine palace, where the kings of France used to lodge, when hunting. It stands in the midst of a forest, 35 miles SE of Paris. Lon. 2 47 E, lat. 48 25N, Fontaine VEveque, town of France, in the department of the North and late pro- vince of Hainault, near the river Sambre, three miles W of Charlerov. Lon. 4 18 E, lat. SO 23 N. Fontarabia, seaport of Spain, ancient Ocaso, in Bisca)-, seated on a peninsula in the baj'- of Bisca}', and on the river Bida. soa. It is well fortified both by nature and art ; has a good harbour, though dry at low water; and is suiTounded on the land side by the Pyrenean mountains. It is a very important place, being accounted the key of Spain on that side. It surrendered to the French arms in 1794. It is 22 miles SW of Bayonne, and 62 E of Bilboa. Lon. 1 33 W, lat. 43 23 N. Fontenai, village of France, in the de- partment of Yonne and late province of Burgundy. It is 20 miles SE of Auxerre. Lon. 3 48 E, lat. 47 28 N, Fontenai-le-Comte, town of France, in the department of Vendee and late province of Poitou. it has a woollen manufacture, and its fair is famous for cattle, particularly for mules. It is seated on the Vendee, near the bay of Biscay, 25 miles NE of Rochelle. Lon. 55 W, lat. 46 50 N. Fonte7ioii,\i\lsige of the kingdom of the Netherlands in Hainault, remarkable for a battle between the allies and the French, in 1745, in wliichthe former were defeat- ed. It is four miles SW from Tournay. Fontexirault, town of France, in the de- partment of Maine and Loire and late province of Anjou. It is nine mi!es SE of Saumur, and 160 SW of Paris. Lon. E. lat. 47 9 N. Forbes, Grant, large tract of land in Flo- rids, embracing the delta of the Appala- chicola riv'T. Ford'sfeiTi/, post office, Marion county, Mississippi, at the crossing of the Pearl river, about 75 niiles N Ivom New Orleans. Forcalquier, town of Frar.ce in the de- partment of the Lower .\lps, and late province of Priivence, S' au-d on a bill by the river Li^-e, 20 mles NE of Aix. Lon. 5 48 E. lat. 43 58 N. Forchain, strong town of Franconia, in the bishopric of Bumberg, with a fine arse- nal. It was taken I)v the French in 1796, r o R t O Li who were afterwards compelled ti aband- on it. It is seated o» til? Rediiitz, 18 milci S by E of Bamber^^. Lon 11 12 E. lat, 49 44. Fordham, township in West Chester coanty, New York, containing about 200 inhabitants, Fordingbridge, town in Hampshire, with a market on S:itard.Vabish, 70 miles above Vincennes. Fort Haiokins, post town, .Tones county, Ge:)rgia, -^n the leit bank of the Oakmul- gee river, 33 miles SW by W from Mil- ledgeville. Fort Hoiaard. See Fort Brovin, of Green Bay. Forth, one of the most noble and com- modious rivers in Scotland. It takes its ri-ic near the bottom of Lomond hills ; and running from E to W receives in its pas. s.ige m":ny considerable streams, deriving their waiers from the eminences in th;- mid- land counties of North Britain. There is a co-n!n'in.cat'on between tnis river and tiie Clyde, by a canal 35 miles in length. Fort Independence, on Castle Island, Bos- ton H rrjour. Fort Jackson, Montgomery county, Ala- bama, in the fork between Coosa, and Tal- lapoosa rivers. Fort James, Wayne county, Georgia, on the right bank of Alatamaha river, 10 miles below the junction of Oconee and Oakmul- . gee rivers. , - . Fort Jefferson, Drake county, Ohio, abovfl^jT. six miles S from Greenville. r , . - Fort Jennings, SE angle of Putnam coun- ty, Ohi ■, on the left bank of the Au Glaize river, 32 miles Sfrom Fort Defiance. Fort Laivre7ice, on the right bank of Flint nver, 31 miles SW from Fort Haw- kins, 65 miles W from ivf^ledgeville. Fort Loramie, NW angle of Shelby couniy Ohio, 30 miles NW from Green- ville. Lon. W C 7 15 W. lat. 40 16 N. Fort Louis, or Vanban, important fort- ress of France on the Rhine, 18 miles be- low Strsburg. Fort M' Arthur, Hardin county, Ohio, on the nglit bank of' Sciota river, 65 miles NNW from Columbus. Fort Maiden, stood on the left bank of Dtroit river, half mile above the village of Amherstburg, Upper Canada. The fort has been abandoned since the conclusion of the last war between Great Britain and the United States. Fort Massac, Pope county, Illinois, on the bank of the Ohio river, 38 miles above its mouth. Fort Meigs, post town. Wood county, Ohio, on the rig it bank of the Jlaumee, 80 miles S W from Detroit. Fort Michell, or Co-meta, on the right bank of Chatahooche river, where ti)e road passes from Milledgeville, to New Or- leans, about 100 miles SW by W from Milledgeville. Fort Montgomery, Mobile county, Ala- bama, 12 miles NNE from Fort Stod- dert. FiD-t Moose, 9.i the mouth of Moose ri- ]b o s F O U ver, into James' Bay of Hudson's Bay. Lon. VV C 3 40 W. lat. 51 30 N. Fort Pickermg, Shelby county, Tennes- see at Kickisan Blufi", below the mouth of Wolf river. See J\Temphis. Fort liecoverif, Mercer countj', Ohio, (m a brancli of Wabash river, 23 miles NNW from Greenville. Fortrose, borough in Ross-shire, situated on the Frith of Murray,, nearly opposite Fort George, and nine miles W of Inver- ness. ForC Royal, see port of the south side of Martinico. Lon. W C 16 E. lat. 14 34 N. Fort St. Clair, Preble county, Ohio, quarter of a mile S from Eaton. Fort Kt. David, British establishment in Hindoostan, C&romandel coast, and in the Camatie, 15 miles SSW from Pondicherry. Lon. 79 57 E. lat. 11 46 N. Fort Si. George, at Madrass. Fort Sa}ita Cruz, citadel of the city of Rio Janeiro, capital of the kingdom of l$ia- zil. It stands upon a lofty mass of Granite rocks, and commands the entrance into the harbour. Fort St. Jean de Uloa, on a rocky island at the mouth of the harbour of Vera Cru?, Intendancy of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Fort St. Julian, o:\ tiie point N side of the mouth of the Tagus Portugal. Fort St. Marks, Vlovida, on St. Marks ri- ver, 20 miles above its mouth. Fort St. jyfaiy, Allen county, Ohio, en St. Mary's river, 12 miles S from Fort Amanda. Fort St. Philip, post oflicc, and import- ant militaiy establishnient of the United Slates, on the left bank ot tiie Mississippi, at tl'.e Plaquemine bend, 70 miles below New Orleans. Fort St. Sieplieiia. See St. Stephens. Fort Stanwix. See Rome. Fort Stephenson, Sandusky county, Ohio, 18 miles above its mouth. Fort Siodderl, post town, and seat of jus- tice, Baldwin county, Alabama : at the junction of Tombigbee and Alabama ri- vers. Fort Stother, St. Clair county, Alabama, on the right oank of Coosa river, 20 miles SE from St. ClairsviUe. Fort Wayne, Indiana, at the junction of St. Mary's and Maumee rivers. Fort Williams, Alabama, on the E side of the Coosa, in the country of the Upper Creeks, about 60 miles above Fort Jack- son. Fortescue, bay in the straits of Magellan. Lon. W C 3 38 E. lat. 53 40 S. Fortune, bay in the S coast of Newfound- land, enclosed by Miquelon island, and Point May. Lon. W 21 40 E. lat. 47 N. Fossano, strong town of Piedmont, with a bishop's see> seated on the Sture, 10 Ss miles NE of Com, and 27 SE of Pignerol. Lon 7 56 E. lat. 44 45 N. Fossombrone, town of Italy, in the duchy o ' Urbino, \\'\(\\ a bishop's see ; seated near rfie river Metro, 16 miles SW of Pesaro, and 12 SE of Urbino. Lon. 12 48 E. lat. 43 40 N. • Foster, township of Providence county, Rhode Island, 15 miles W from Providence. Population in 1820, 2900. Foster'' s ferry, post office, Sussex county, New Jersey. Fothcringay, town in Northamptonshire, nine miles S of Stamford, near the river Nen. It is noted for the ruins of the cas- tle where Richard III. was born, and where Mary, queen of Scotland, was beheaded. Folheringay, post village, Montgomery cofcmty, Virginia. Foueanlt, seigniory, Bedford county. Lower Canada, between Mississque bay, the northern lioundary of the United States, and Richelieu river. Foue, ancient town of Lower Egypt, seated on the Nile, 25 miles S of Rosetto, and 40 E of Alexandria. Lon, 31 15 E. lat. 31 12 N. Fougeres, town of France, in the de- partment of Maine and Loire and late pro- vince of Bretagne, with an ancient castle. It is stated on the Coesnom, 25 miles NE of Rennes, and 150 W of Paris. Lon. 1 13 W. lat. 48 22 N. Foulksto-arn, small post town of Colum- biana county, Ohio. Foxdsham, town in Norfolk, with a mar- ket on Tuesday, 16 miles NW of Norwich, and 111 NE of London. Lon. 1 7 E. lat. 52 5\ N. Fonlweather, cape of the United States, on the Pacific Ocean, NW from Cannaveral bay. Lon. W C 47 30 W. lat. 44 55 N. Fourche azi Cado, branch of Washitau river, entering from the left. It rises be- tween Waschitau proper, and Little Mis- souri. Four Cantons, Lake of the. See Wald- sttetter Sea. Four Cornel's^ post village, Lincoln coun- t}', Maine. Four Corners, post village, Oswego county, New York, 14 miles W from Ilot- terdaim. Four mile branch, post village, Barnwell district. South Carolina. Fourneanx Island, small island in the South Pacific Ocean. Lon. 143 2 W, lat. 17 11 S. Fourness, in Lyonsdale Lancashire, is a tract, between the Kent, Leven, and Dud- den-Sands which runs N parallel with the W sides of Cumberland and Westmore- land : and on the S runs out into the sea as a promontory. Fou-tcheoufuu, city of China, in Fokien ; one of the most considerable in that prc- 321 ¥ R A F R A vince, on account of its trade, the conven- ience of its rivers and port, the number of its literati, and the magnificence of i\s principal bridge, which has more than 100 arches constructed of white stone, and or- n;tmented with a double b dustrade It is the residence of a viceroy, has under its jurisdiction nine cities of the third class^^^ and is 360 tiiltj NE of Canton Fo-zvey, borougii and seaport in Corn- wall, wi'h a market on Saturday. It is 32 miles SW of Launceston, and 240 W by S of London. Lon. 4 35 W. lat. 50 19 N. Foiuey, river in Cornwall, which rises in the NE part, pa'^ses by Lestwithiel, and enters the English Channe'. at Fowey. Fo-zvleness, island en the coast of Essex, formerly subject to inundations, till by the Dutcli art of draining it has become good land. Fo-wler, post town and township, St. Lawrence county, New York. Population in 18C0, 605. Fo-vler, tov.'nship of Trumbull county, Ohio, 12 m\\fT NE from Warren. Popula- tion in 1820,125. Foxbororigh, township of Norfolk county, Massachusetts, situated on Wading creek, a branch of Taunton river, about 25 miles S of' Boston. The inhabitants are estimat- ed at 1000. Fox, Cape, Pacific coast of North Ame- rica. Lat. 54 45 N. Foxcreft, township of Penobscot county, Maine, between Piscataquis, and Sebec rivers, 40 miles NNW from Bangos. Po- pulation in 1820, 211. Fox Islands. See Mentian Islandn. Fox river. This fine and very import- ant stream rises to the NW from Green Bay interlocking with the souJces of Ouis- cousin. Both streams, in the higher part of their course, flow nearly south, upwards of 200 rniies ; thev the'i approach within one and a half miles of each other, and thence turn ; the Ouisconsin SW, and Fox river NE. The portage from the Fox to Ouisconsin is one of those singular situa- tions, which the interior of America affords, where nature seems to have made prepa- ration for the operations of human inter- course. The intervening ground is level prairie, over which at time of high flood loaded canoes are easily navigated. Fox river flows by a gentle course as far as the narrows, through a range of highland pass- ing W off lake Michigan. Relow this rocky pass it expands into Winnebago lake, from which it again issues by a course nearly N to Green bay, which it enters at Fort Brown. Tiie entire comparative course of Fox river is about 300 miles. Fraga, town of Spain, in Arragon, with a castle. Alphonso VII. king of Arragon, was killed here by the Moors, in 1134, when he besieged this town. It is 46 miles 322 E of Saragossa. Lon. 28 E. lat. 48 46 K, Framingliam, post town and township of Middlesex county, Massachusetts, between Sherborn and Marlborough. 20 miles SW of Boston. Population in 1820, 2037. Framli7igham, town in Suflblk with a market on Saturday. It is 30 miles E of Bury, and 87 NE of London. Lon. 1 26 E. lat. 52 25 N. Frampton, township of Dorchester and Hertford counties, Lower Canada, between Cranbourne, and lailiet, 30 miles SE from Quebec. France, country of Europe, bounded on the N by the English channel and the Austrian Netherlands ; on the E by Ger- many, and the Alps, which separate it from Swisserland, Savoy, and Piedmont ; on the S by the Mediterranean Sea and Spain, from which kingdom it is divided by the Pyrenees ; and on the W by the Atlantic Ocean. From the Pyrenees in the S, to Dunkirk in the N, its extent is 625 miles ; and something more from the most easterly part of Alsace to the most western point of Bretagne, which province, it must be observed, extends above 100 miles further into the Ocean than any other part of the country. At the decline of the Roman empire, this country, then called Gaul, was in- vaded by the Franks, (a people who in- habited the borders of the Rhine) and entirely subdued by them, under the conduct of their leader, or king. Clevis. Their kings were always of the same family, that of Clovis; The kingly go- vernment of France continued from Clovis, who established himself at Sois- snns, in the year 486, till Hugh Capet obtained the crown in 987 ; and whose descendants are now on the throne. There is no country of Europe more beautiful, or more agreeable to live in than France ; the air in general is pure and wholesome, and the change of sea- sons is less inconvenient than in almost any other. It is not subject to such se- vere cold as Germany, nor to the vio- lent heat of Italy and Spain. In the southern parts the winters are indeed sharp, but of short duration. The sea- sons are more regular than in England. The soil, diversified by mountains and plains, is watered by a great number of large and small rivers, which serve at once 1:0 fertilize the country, and con- vey merchandise from one extremity of the nation to tlie other. The industry of the inhabitants, joined to its natural advantages, render it one of the most fertile countries in Europe. It abounds in corn, legumes, fruit, wines, oil, pas- ture, hemp, and flax, sufficient for its "own inhabitants, and much to spare. F li A F R A Here are mines of iron, lead, and cop- per; there are likewise some of silver and gold, but the last are not rich enough to defray the expenses of working. The chief productions of France are wines, as Champagne, Burgundy, claret, &c. brandy, vinegar, fruit, such as prunes and prunelloes, dried grapes, pears, ap- ples, oranges, and olives ; corn, salt, hemp, flax, silk, resin, oil, soap, cork, kid-skins, perfumes, drugs, 8j;c. The manufactures are silks, such as lubtrings, modes, brocades, velvets, &c. woollen cloth, linen, coarse and fine lace, paper, china, of exquisite beauty and fineness, soap, &.C. The principal rivers are the Seine, Loire, Rhone, and Gironde ; and there are many others which gave name to the departments in the new geogra- phical division of this country. The most considerable mountains are the Alps, Pyrenees, Cevennes, and Vosges. France was an absolute monarchy under her kings, from the time of Clovis to the death of Lewis XVI. in 1793. It was divided into several military govern- ments or provinces ; namely, Alsace, Angoumois, Anjou, A.rmagnac, Artois, Aunis, Auvergne, Barrois, Basques, Beam, Berry, Bigorre, Blasois, Bou- lonnois, Bourbonnois, Bresse, Bretagne, Burgundy, Cambresis, Champagne, Cou- serans, Dauphiny, Forez, Foix, Franche Comte, French Flanders, Gascony, Ge- vaudan, Guienne, French Hainault, Isle of France, Languednc, Llmosin, Lor- rain, Lyonois, Marche, Maine, Marsan, Navarre, Nivernois, Normandy, Orlea- nois, Perehe, Perigord, Picardy, Poitou, Provence, Quercy, Rouergue, Rousillon, Saintongue, Soissonois, Touraine, Velay, and Vermandois. These varied much from each other in point of extent and importance, and there were others of still inferior consideration. The estab- lished religion was the Roman catholic ; and the ecclesiastical division of the country was into 18 archl/ishoprics and 113 episcopal sees, exclusive of Avig- non, Carpentras, Caivaillon, and Vaison, which belonged to the pope. But in 1789, a wonderful revolution took place. The deranged state of the finances of the country had induced Louis XVI to con- voke, first an assembly of the notables, and next (on theinefiFcctual result of their deliberations) the states general, which had not been assembled since 1614. They consisted of three orders ; the nobility, the clergy, and the commons. The last •were double the number of the other two orders when united ; and when the states assembled, on the 5th of May, at Versailles, a contest arose, whether the three orders should make three distinct houses, or but one assembly. The com- mons insisted upon the latter, and, as- suming the title of the National Assem- bly, declared, that they were competent to proceed to business, without the con- currence of the two other orders, if they, refused to join them. The nobility and clergy found it expedient to concede the point, and they all met in one hall. In the mean time, Paris was encircled by 50,000 men, with the apparent view cf coercing that city, if necessary. Not- withstanding this, on the removal of the popular minister, M. Neckar, in July, a dreadful insurrection ensued, on the 14th of that month, in Paris ; the mili- tary refused to fire upon the people ; the Bastile %vas taken by the citizens, and the governor and some others v/ere be- headed. On the 17ih the king visited the Hotel de Ville in Paris, and surren- dered himself to his people. The na- tional assembly now proceeded to the most extraordinary measures : they abol- ished nobility, and the whole feudal sys- tem ; confiscated the possessions of the clergy ; rendering them dependent on a public allowance ; and suppressed all the religious houses. The monarchy itself, divested of its formidable prerogatives, became one of the most limited in Eu- rope. In October, in consequence of a dreadful riot at Versailles, the king, the royal family, and the national assembly, removed to Paris. The king was now, in fact, a state prisoner, treated with the formalities appendant to royalty, but watched in all his motions. From this situation he attempted to escape, in june 1791, v/ith the queen, his sister, the dauphin, and his daugiiter; but they were arrested at V^arennes, and con- ducted back to Pan's, Such, how^ever, was then the moderation of the popular party, that the national ass- nil)ly admit- ted tlie king's apologetical explanation of his conduct, and even declared his per- son inviolable. This was one of the ar- ticles of the new constitution, which they completed soon after, and it was accept- ed by the king in September, when a new national assembly v/as elected. In April 1792, the king went to the national assembly, and proposed to them to de- clare war against the king of Hungary and Bohemia. War was accordingly declared ; but the king was suspectecl of acting in concert vvith the enemy, and with the emigrant jjrinces, who were in arms against their country. In August, the mayor of Paris appeared Ijefore the national assembly, and demanded the deposition of the king. Before they could deliberate on this demand, a dread- ful insurrection ensued ; the Thuil^erirs [• R A J-- li A (the royal residence) was attacked ; tlie Swiss guards were massacred ; and the king and royal family took refuge in the national assembly That body instantly decreed the suspension of royalty, and the convocation of a national convention. The king and his family were conveyed to the Temple, and there kept in close confinement. The convention met on the 21st of September, and instantly de- creed the formation of a republic. la December, they decreed, that the king should be tried before them. 'I"he trial accordingly took place ; and this tribunal (notwithstanding the constitution had de- creed his person inviolable) condemned the unfortunate monarch, who was be- headed, in the Place d<; la Revolution, lately the Place de Lovis XV. on the 21st of January 1793. All Europe ex- claimed against the injustice and cruelty of this proceeding. Powers, hitherto neutral, were eager to take part in the war ; and the new republic, in addition to the arms of Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, and the empire, had to encounter the combination of Great Britain, Spain, and Holland. The queen did not long sur- vive her consort : being tried and con- demned by the revolutionary tribunal, she was executed in the same place, on the 16th of October. Her fate was a prelude to that of the king's sister, who ■was also beheaded in the same place, on the 10th of May 1794. The dauphin and his sister remained in confinement ; where the former became diseased with swellings, and he died on the 8th of June 1795 : the princess was taken the December following to a place, near Basil, on the confines of Germ.any, where she was exchanged for some French deputies, who had been some time pris- oners to the emperor. Various factions successively seized the helm of govern- ment, and, in their turn, were over- thrown ; the prisons were crowded in every part of the republic ; the scafiToids streamed, almost incessantly, with blood; and many of the most popular patriots, and of those who had voted for the death of the king, perished on the scaf- fold, or in exile and misery ; while in- surrections, proscriptions, and massacres, became, in a manner, only common oc- currences. By the conclusion, however, of the year 1794, this reign of despotism and terror gave place to a more moder- ate system : and although, at one period the shutting up of churches, and the for- mation of anew calendar (by which the year was divided into decades instead of weeks) indicated open hostility to thr- christian religion ; the convention found it necessary, at last, to conform so far to 324 the prejudices of the people as to declare publicly their acknowledgment of a Su- preme Being, and of tlie immortality of the soul, and to permit again the exer- cise of religious worship ; abolishing, however, all clerical distinctions, and leaving the whole maintenance of the ministers to the benevolence of the peo- ple. With respect to the war, it may be sufficient to state, in general, that after four campaigns, in which great re- verses of fortune were experienced, the French nation before the conclusion of 1795, were in the entire possession of Savoy, and of the Austrian and Dutch Netherlands; and had made such pro- gress in Holland, Spain, Italy and Ger- many, as to procure a peace with Prus- sia and Spain, and form an alliance with Holland. Their eommerce, however, was ruined ; and their finances were sup- ported by a vast emission of compulsive paper currency, and by plunder and con- fiscation : their armies nevertheless fought with ardour, and in 1796, under general Bonaparte, subduied the whole of Lombardy ; and, after the capture of Mantua, penetrated through the Tyrol, and threatened the city of Vienna, that the emperor commenced a negotiation for peace. In the mean time, the French turned their arms against Venice, which government they revolutionized; and at the conclusion ot' the treaty of peace with the emperor of Germany, signed at Campo Formio, Oct. 17, 1797, they ceded the city and the greater part of the ter- ritory to Austria. In the beginning of 1798, a congress of deputies from the states of Germany met at Rastadt, to negotiate a peace for the empire, with French plenipotentiaries appointed for that purpose, which came to no final adjustment : but during its continuance the French obtained possession of Mentz, forced Ebrenbreitstein to surrender by a blockade, and sent general Bonaparte with a formidable army into Egypt ; the emperor of Germany formed an alliance with Russia; the Turks declared against France, on account of the invasion of Egypt; and the flames of war, which had been for a time suppressed, burst forth ■with redoubled fury. The French re- monstrated to the emperor of Germany on the march of the Russian troops, and receiving no satisfactory answer, passed the Rhine, under general Jourdan, on March 5, 1799. Hostilities were at the same time commenced by the French troops in the Grison country, where they gained several advantages ; but on March 25, the army under Jourdan suf- fered a complete defeat by the archduke Charles, near Stockach, and was com- F R A F K A peiled to recross the Rhine. The Rus- sian troops, under general Suw arrow, soon after joined the Austrian army in Italy, of which that general to^k the command. The success of the allied armies Avere so rapid and decisive, that by the end of Aut!;ust the French were almost entirely driven out both of Italy and Switzerland. But in the iatter a reverse of fortune took place ; for the re- publican armies having been greatly re- eiiforced, general Massena, on Sept. 25, at Zurich, totally defeated the Austro- Russian army, under general Hotze, who was killed : general Suwarrow, who had entered the country from Italy, finding it impossible to join his oefeated allies, retreated over the mountains into Ger- many ; and soon afterward the Russian troops were ordered home. The affairs of the republic in Egypt appeared not prosperous, and general Bonaparte, hav- ing found means to escape thence, arri- ved at Paris in October. He found the authority of the directory was greatly weakened ; and this one man, aided by the bayonets of a few soldiers, affected another revolution on the 10th of No- vember, by which the directory was abolished, and three consuls appointed to govern the republic. A new consti- tution was afterward formed, in which the whole of the executive and almost all other power was vested in the first consul, general Bonaparte. In April, 1800, the campaign m Italy commenced, and for the most part, with loss to the French, till June 14, when Bonaparte, who had recently arrived, gained a de- cisive victory over the Austrians, at Ma- rengo, which reinstated them in the full possession of that country The war in Germany was prosecuted with vigour by the French, who pursued their suc- cesses into the territories of Austria, v/here, in December, they concluded an armistice with the emperor; and a treaty of peace was signed on the od of February, 1801, at Luneville, France now endeavoured to negotiate a peace with Great Britain, the preliminaries of which were settled in London on the 1st of October, and the treaty was signed at Amens on the 27th of March, 1802 ; but this treaty held little more than a year, the French deeming it violated by the English refusing to evacuate Malta. Bonaparte was now appointed consul for life, with power to nominate his succes- sor; but his ambition aspired to the throne, and on the 20th of May, ISO*, at the request of the senate, he assumed the title of Emperor of the French, and he was shortly afterward crowned by the pope, who was ordered to repair to Paris for that purpose. War in Germa- ny was again renewed in 1805, and the grand army of the French, h.-aded by the emperor Napoeon, crisstd the Rhine on the 1st of October. His suc- cess and rapid progress were such, that after the battle of Austerlitz. on the 2d of December, 'h emperor of Germany was necessitated to negritiate for peace, and a treaty between the two emperors was signed at Presburg on the 26th of that month. In 1806, many of the prin- ces of Germany entered into an alliance with France, and a treaty, called the Confederation of the Rhine, under the protection of Napoleon, was signed on the 12th of July at Paris. Towards the latter part of the same year, the king of Prussia took the field against France ; but all his measures were marked, by precipitation, indecision, and a total want ef resource, on any unexpected change of circumstances. Instead of waiting to be joined by the Russian ar- my, who was then on its march to assist him, he ventured on a battle alone with the French, (now strengthened by the forces of the Confederation) at Jena, on the 14th of October, which ended in the total destruction of the Prussian army. The consequence was, Russia was now left single, as it were, in the contest ; and after several battles, the French at length succeeded in giving them a total defeat at Friedland, on the 14th of June, 1807", which was decisive ; and a treaty of peace was signed at Tilsit, on the 9tti of July following. In the beginning of 1808, the designs of Napoleon began to develope themselves respecting Spain ; and, flushed with the conquest of Prus- sia, and the brilliant victory which he had gained over Russia at Friedland, he formed the design of seizing the govern- ment of Spain, and transferring the crown from the Bourbons to his own family. Having found a pretext for drawing 16,000 of her best troops and sending them out of the country, he marched an army of 80,000 men to de- pose the king, and place his own brother Joseph on the throne, in which he suc- ceeded. In the following year, however, Austria once more took the field against France. Numerous battles were fought during the months of April and May, with incredible slaughter and various success on each side ; bat on the 6th of Julv, after a whole day spent in manceu- vering, a general engagement took place, in which Napoleon out generalled the archduke Charles, and gained a com- plete victory. This was the famous bat- tle of Wagram, at which the French took 20.000 prisoners. An armistice was ."25 F R A X' li A concluded on the 12th of July, and a de- finite treaty was a'so signed and ratified in the month of October foilowing. Soon after his return to Paris, Napoleon, by a formal act of separation, repudiated his empress Josephine, and married Maria Louisa, the archduchess of Austria, whom he espoused with great pomp on the 1st of April, 1810. This event ap- peared to consolidate his power, and to fix his throne on an immoveable basis ; and except the war in Spain, the crnti- nent of Europe was at peace till towards the month of June, 1812, at which time the French emperor once more marched his army ti the north-east of Europe, to attack the emperor of Russia's dominions, who had given him some cause of of- fence. Passing through Poland, he en- tered the Russian territory ; defeated the armies of the latter at Molnlnw- and Smolensko ; and after the dreadful bat- tle of Boridino, entered the city of Mos- cow on the 14th of September, with an intention of there fixing his winter quar- ters. But his career was now drawing towards a close. The houses of Moscow being constructed almost entirely of wood, the governor of the town, Rostop- chin, formed the desperate resolution of setting the city on fire, which was so com- pletely carried into eflFect, at the instant the French army had taken possession of it, that they were foiled in their last re- source, and compelled to attempt their retreat, at the moment they considered themselves securely entrenched for the winter. In this crisis of his affairs, the first object of the French emperor, was to offer terms of peace to the Russians, which were rejected ; he next proposed an armistice, which was also refused ; and on the 19th of October, began his re- treat from Moscow. But before the ar- rival of the French army, however, at Smolensko, the frost had so keenly set in, that it was almost impossible to proceed ; and their loss, in the course of a few days, was so great in men and horses, that the army was reduced to a mere wreck. On arriving at Smorgonic, a small town near Wilna, on the 5th of December, Napoleon gave the command of the army to Murat. and immediately departed for Paris. It has been suppo- sed that the loss of the French, in this memorable campaign, was not less than 200,000 men. 'Tiie remainder of the winter was spent by the hostile powers in vigorous preparations for the campaign of 1813 ; and notwithstanding the almost entire destruction of his arttiy in the ca. lamitous retreat from Moscov/, the French emperor was the first to take the field in the spring of the year. Af- 326 tei the batties of Lutaen and Bautzen, however, it was soon seen that Russia, although now strengthened by Prussia, was by no means a match for France, without more powerful assistance. Aus- tria, into whose hands the balance of Europe was thrown, now stept forth to offer her mediation to the contending powers ; but finding all her efforts una- vailing, after a fruitless negotiation of six weeks, at length joined the allies on the 11th of August. A number of san- guinary engagements soon after took place between the opposing armies with a vai'iety of success, till the month of October, when Bavaria having declared for the common cause, and the allies had collected all their forces together, they determined to hazard a general battle, which was fought in the neighbourhood of Leipsic, on the 16th and 18th of the same month, The result of this battle was the capture of the French rear- guard on the following morning, and the retreat of the French army across the Rhine. The allied army immediately invaded France ; and though the issue of the contest there appeared doubtful for a short time, yet the allies, by a skilful manoeuvre, at length succeeded in arri- ving before the gates of Paris, on the 30th of March, 1814, and which was en- Sei'ed by the confederated sovereigns on the next day. As soon as the sovereigns had entered Paris, they declared their intention was not to make any peace with Buonaparte ; but recommended to the French, in the mean time, to form a pro- visional government ; and in a few days after, got the senate to pass a vote de- claring' the dynasty of Napoleon Buona- parte at an end. In this posture of af- fairs, Buonaparte, whose sway had ex- tended over all the states of Europe, Great Britain excepted, for years, con- sented to abdicate the thrones of France and Italy, both in his own right and that of his posterity, and to retire upon a pension of 4.500,000 francs, to the island of Elba. The provisional government, at the suggestion of the allies, now re- stored the ancient family of the Bom-- bons, and made a tender of the sover- eignty to the eldest brother of Louis XVI. who accepted the offer, and as- cended the throne of France, with the title of Louis XVIII. A definitive treaty was soon after signed at Paris by all the powers of Europe, on the oOth of June. Napoleon retired to Elba, where he ar- rived ill May, 1814, and remained until February 26lh, 1815, when he again left his retreat, sailed to and entered France. Tlio nation declared for him ; the king, royal family, and their adherents fied. and r II A he was once more acknowledged emperor of the French. Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia collected their armies to restore the Bourbons. Austria subsequently acceded, and after a short but sanguinary contest France sunk under the enormous weight opposed to her armies, and on the 18th of June, 1815, at Waterloo a village of Bra- bant the l;ist hopes of Napoleon perished. His army was defeated — he returned to Paris; abdicated the throne; threw him- self under the protection of Great Britain, and was sent to exile, prison and grave, in the island of St. Helena. Louis XVllI, was restored, and France became a regu- lar limited monarchy. The Rondan Catholic religion is re-es- tablished in France, and the ecclesiasti- cal division of the country is into 10 archbishoprics and 50 bishoprics; the protestant religion is also tolerated. As the ancient order of things is now re- stored, it is necessary to notice the for- mer geographical state of the country. France was divided into 83 departments, nearly equal in extent, instead of the an- cient military provinces ; and these de- partments were subdivided into districts, cantons, and municipalities. The names of the departments are Ain, Aisne, Al- lier, Alps Upper, Alps Lower, Ardeche, Ardennes, Arriege, Aube, Aude, Avei- ron, Calvados, Cantal, Charente, Cha- rente, Lower, Cher, Correze, Cote d'Or, Cotes du Nord, Creuse,Dordogne, Doubs, Drome, Eaire, Eure and Loir, Finisterre, Gard, Garonne Upper, Gers, Gironde, Herault, Indre, Indre and Loire, Isere, lUe and Vilaine, Jura, Landes, Loir and Cher, Loire, Loire Upper, Loire Lower, Loiret, Lot, Lot and Garonne, Lozere, Mayenne, Mayenne and Loire, Manche, Marne, Marne Upper, Meurthe, Meuse, Morbihan, Moselle, Nord, Nievre, Oise, Ome, Paris, Pas de Calais, Puy de Dome, Pyrenees Upper, Pyrenees Low- er, Pyrenees Eastern, Rhine Upper, Rhine Lower, Rhone, Rhone (Mouths of the) Saone Upper, Saone and Loire, Sarte, Seine and Oise, Seine Lower, Seine and Marne, Sevres (Two) Somme, Tarn, Var, Vendee, Vienne, Vienne Up- per, Vosges, and Yonne. All the coun- tries which the ambition of the govern- mept had annexed to its former territory are restored except that part which now constitutes the departments of Mont Blanc and Vaucluse. The number of departments, therefore, are now 85, all of whom appeared in this work ; and the account of the late provinces are still retained. The population of the whole is estimated at 30,000,000. It is a very remarkable fact, that the po- pulation of France has regularly increased since 1789. In that year the inhabitants were 26,300,000; in 1805, 27,700,000 in 1817, upwards of 29,000,000; and at pre- sent, 1822, no doubt exceed 30 000,000. The national debt of France considering the efibrts made during and subsequent to her revolution, and the heavy contribu- tions of her enemies, is comparatively small. Her annual expenditure is about 130,000,000 of dollars. The revenue nearly an equal sum, but nominally a frac- tion higher. The French army has been reduced to 90,000 men ; and its navy has sunk to utter insignificance. With all it.s reverses this nation has gained immensely by the revolution. The croud of useless nobility and governmental priests dimin- ished; its internal industry revived, active and flourishing. The literary institutions are on a most respectable footing. There now exists in the kingdom, 26 universities ; 36 royal colleges ; 3070 primary schools ; upwards of 40 divinity schools ; about 1400 boarding schools; and near 22,500 primary schools. In all these seminaries are educated nearly 800,000 pupils. With- out distracting foreign colonies without paper money, or false credit : and with a mild and limited government, France is now no doubt the most happy and prosperous nation in Europe. France, Isle of, or Maurithts, island iii the Indian Ocean, 200 leagues E of Mada- gascar. It was early discovered by the Portuguese. After them, the Dutch set- tled on the SE shore, and gave it the name of Mauritius, in honour of prince Maurice, their sladlholder. But they abandoned it, on their acquisition of the Cape of Good Hope. It then remained uninhabited, till the French landed there in 1720. This island is about 45 leagues in circumfer- ence. The climate is healthy : but the soil not very fertile. There are many mountains, some of which are so high that their tops are covered with snow : they produce the best ebony in the world. The valleys are well watered with rivers, and are made very productive by cultivation of which indigo is the principal object The town and harbour are called Port Louis, and are strongly fortified ; the town is large and covers a great deal of ground. But in the hurricane months, the harbour cannot afford shelter for more than eight vessels. Here are large storehouses and every thing necessary for the equipment of fleets. The number of inhabitants on the island exclusive of the mihtary, is 8000 whites, and 1200O blacks. Lon. 57 28 E. lat. 20 9 S. Frances, port of Colombia, in Venezue- la, near cape Codera. See Codera in the Adcknda. Francestoivn, post town and township, Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, fif- F R A F R A teen miles NW of Amherst, and about lif'ty five W of Portsmouth. Population in 1820, 1479. Franche Comte, late province of France, bounded on the N by Lorrain, on the E by Alsace and Swisserland, on the VV by Bur- gimdy, and on the S by Bresse. It is 126 miles in length, and 80 in breadth, and abounds in corn, wine, cattle, horses, mines of iron, copper and lead. It was conquer- ed by France in 1674, and ceded to it by the treaty of Nimeguen in 1678. It now comprehends the three departments of Doubs, Jura, and Upper Saone. Franchemont, town of Germany, in the bishopric of Liege, 12 miles SE of Liege. Francis, tov/n of St. Genevieve county, Missouri. Francisco, Rio, large river of Brazils, vises in the Capitania general of Minaes Geraes, lat. 19 S, and flowing a little E of N, nearly parallel to the Atlantic coast, to lat. 14 S, It thence gradually curves to NE, E and SE by E falls into the Atlantic at lat. 11 S, after an entire comparative course of upwards of 100 miles. Francois, town of Wayne county, Mis- souri. Francois, Cape, fine town in the N part of the island of St. Domingo, belonging to the French, who often call it the cape, by way of eminence. It was almost ruined by the dreadful commotions which attended the French revolution. Lon. W C 4 42 E. lat. 19 46 N. Franconia, circle of Germany, bounded on the N by the circle of Upper Saxony, on the E by that of Bavaria, on the S by that of Suabia, and on the W by the circles of the Rhine. The middle is fertile in corn, wine and fruits, but the boi-ders are full of woods and barren mountains. The Franks who conquered France, came from this province, and gave the name to that king- dom. Franconia, township of Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, situated on the S side of the NE branch of Perquioming creek. Population in 1820, 848. Franconia, Grafton county. New Hamp- shire, on the waters of Amanoosuck river, 15 miles NE from Haverhill. The town- ship is remarkable for the abundance and excellence of its iron ores. There are two companies engaged in the manufacture of iron on a large scale ; the New Hampshire Iron Factory Company ; and the Haverhill and Franconia company. The former ma- nufacture weekly from 12 to 15 tons of Iron and steel, and the latter, though on a smaller scale do extensive business. The whole forming one of the most extensive establishments of the kind in the United States. Franeker, or Franker, town of the Unit- ed Provinces, in Friesland, with a castle and 328 university. Tiie public buildings and palaces are magniiicent. It is seven miles W of Lewarden. Lon. 5 33 E. lat. 53 11 N. Frankendal town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine. It has been often taken and retaken, the last time by the allies in 1794. It is seated near the Rhine seven milt-s S of Worms. Lon. 8 29 E. lat. 49 25 N. Frankenstein, town of Germanv, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 12 miles NW of London • Lon. 7 55 E. hit. 49 18 N. Frankford, township of Sussex countv. New Jersey. Population in 1810, 2008. ' Frankford, post village and borough, Philadelphia county, Pennsylvania, five miles NE from the centre of Philadelphia. The Friends Assylum for the insane, is in this borough. P 'pulation in 1820, 1405. Frankford, chief town of Hampshire county, Virginia, on the W side of the S branch of Potomac river, about four miles NW from Romney, and 45 NW from Win- chester. Frankfort on the JVIaine, ancient and free imperial city of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, in which the emperor is elected. All religions are tolerated at Franckfort under certain restrictions ; but Lutheran- ism is the established faith. It is seated on the river Maine, 15 miles NE of Mentz, and 350 W by N of Vienna. Lon. S 40 E, lat. 49 55 N. Frankfort on the Oder, flourishing city of Germany, in the middle marche of Branden- burg, formerly imperial but now subject to the king of Prussia. It is remarkable for three great fairs, and Its university. It is 45 miles SE of Berlin, and 78 S of Stetin. Lon. 14 39 E, lat. 52 23 N. Frankfort, post town and township, Han- cock county, ;Maine, on the right bank of Penobscot river. At this place winter na- vigation terminates, 26 miles N from Cas- tine. Population in 1820, 2129. Frankfort, township, Herkimer county. New York. Population in 1820, 1685. Frankfort, post town, Franklin county, Kentucky, on tlie right bank of Kentucky river. It is the capital of the state, and contains beside the ordinary buildings ne- cessary for legislative purposes, a county ourthouse, penitentiary, an academy, theatre, Stc. At seasons of high water steam boats of 300 tons are navigated to this town, and to New Frankfort, a flourish- ing village opposite. The progressive po- pulation of this town is shown by the an- nexed table. Population in 1810. Free whites, males - - 431 do. do. females - - 255 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... - 6 Slaves 407 IRA P R A Total population in 1810 1,092 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 497 do. do. females 387 Total whites - - . . 884 Free i)ersjns of colour, males 36 do. do. females - 43 Slaves, males . _ - - 311 do. females ... 332 All other persons except In- dians not taxed 74 Total population in 1820 1,679 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized 8 En.Ejaged in Agriculture - 22 do. in Manufactures 100 do. in Commerce - 15 Population to the sf;^uare mile, uncertain. Frankfort, town of Guernsey county, ^Ohio, on tile great road from Wlieeling to Zanesville, 15 miles E from Cambridge. Franklin, county of Vermont, bound- ed N by Lower Canada ; E by Orleans county, Vermont ; S by Chittenden ; and W by lake Chaniplain ; length 3U ; mean width 27 ; area 810 square miles. The eastern part mountainous, hilly in the central and western sections ; S)il varied in quality, but on the streams in many places highly fertile. Cliief town, St. Al- bans. Population In 1810. Free white males do. do. females - All other persons except Ind: not taxed Slaves . . - . ians 8,392 8,143 104 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - 16,639 8,799 8,299 Total whites . - - - 17,098 Free pei-sons of colour, males - 48 do. do. females 46 Slaves, males .... do. females - - - - Total population la 1820 - 17,192 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 145 Engaged in Agriculture 2,085 do. in Manufactures 471 do. in Commerce 38 both sides of Connecticut river, bounded N by Windham county, in Vermont, and Cheshire county in New Hampshire ; E by Worcester county in Massachusetts; S by Hampshire ; and W by Bucisshira ; length. 36; mean width 18; area about 650 square miles. Surface highly and elegantly variegated. Connecticut river divides the county into two nearly equal portions, and ^ each of these sections are again divided by the two fine little rivers. Millers to the E and Deerfield to the W. Detached though not very elevated mountains decorate the various parts The soil especially near the streams is highly prodnctive in grain, fruits, and meadow grasses. Chief tjwn, Greenfield. Population in 1820. Free v»rhite males - . - 14,366 do. do. females - - 14,767 Total whites . - _ 29,133 Free persons of colour, males 71 do. do. females 58 Slaves, males _ _ _ o do. females - - _ o Total population in 1820 - 29,268 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 13 Engaged in Agriculture - - 5,617 do. in Manufaciures - 910 do. in Commerce - 77 Population to the square mile, 45. Franklin, township, Norfolk county, Massachusetts, 10 miles SVV from Ded- ham. Population in 1820, 1^0. Franklin, post town, and townsliip. New London county, Connecticut, on the right side of Shetucket, five mile-, above Nor- wich. Population in 1820, 1161. Franklin, county of Nw Yoik, bounded by Lower Canada N; by Clinton county in New York E: by Essex SE ; by Hamilton S ; and by St, Lawrence W ; length 60 ; mean width 27j ; area 1665 square miles. Surface mountainous taw.irds tiie south; in the central and northern parts level, and swampy, interspersed iiills and with som© spots of good land. Chief town, Meione. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 1,551 do. do fi;nales - - 1,063 All otiier persons except Indians not taxed ... 3 Slaves Population to the square mile, 21. Franklin, county of Massachusetts, on T t Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do, do. females . 2,617 2,361 2,078 1" K A 1" R A Total whites ... 4,439 Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males ... o do. females ... Total population in 1820, 4,439 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized . 195 Engaged in Agriculture - 1,250 do. in Manufactures - 151 do. in Commerce - - 12 Population to the square mile, 2^. Franklin, post town, Delaware county, New YofK, on Oleout creek and Susque- hann&h river, 15 miles W from Delhi. Po. pulation ill 1820, 2481. Franklin, township of Somerset county, New Jersey. Population in 1820, 3071. jPra7z^'/J«, township of Gloucester coun- ty, New York. Popuh.uion in 1820, 1137. Franklin, township of Berg'en county, New Jersey. Population in 1820, 2968. Franklin, county of Pennsylvania, bound- ed S by Washing'ton county in Maryland ; W by Bedford ; NVV by Hantin^don ; N by Mifflin ; NE by Perry and Cumber- land ; and E by A.dams ; lengtij 30 ; width 25; area 756 square miles. Tlie surf;\ce of this county is highly diversified by mountains, hills and valleys It is limited by mountains on two sides ; on the W and N margin extend the Cove mountain, Tus- carora, and North mountains ; and on the SE the South mountain, with the truly fine valley of the Conecocheaque and Cone- dogwinet intervening. Those two large creeks form .nearly a boundary between the limestone and slate formations ; leav- ing the latter to the NW and the f )rm- er to the SE. The soil of those great rock form-atlons differ essentially, the limestone, in the present state of agricul- tural science being much the most produc- tive in the growth of valuable cultivated vegetables. Franklin county products as staples, grain, flour, whiskey, apples, cider, live stock, and salted provisions. Its com- mercial outlet, Baltimore. Chief town, Chambersburg. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 11,393 do. do. females - - 10,679 All other persons except Indians not taxed - . - - 924 Slaves 87 Free persons of colour, females Slaves, males ... do. females ... 76;^ 15 4 31,192 Total population in 1810 - - 23,083 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 15,641 do. do. females ... 14,685 Total whites - - - 30,326 Free persons of colour, males - 784 Total population in 1820 - Of these : Foreigners not naturalized . 416 Engaged in Agriculture - 4,505 do. in Manufactures - 1,597 do. in Commerce - - [234 Population to the square mile, 42. Franklin. See St. Thomas. Franklin post tov/n and seat of justice, Venango county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank of French creek and Allegany river, at their junction, about 70 miles N from Pittsburg. Population in 1820, 252. Franklin, township of Adams county, Pennsylvania, in the forks of Marsh creek, on both sides of the road from Gettysburg to Chambersburg, 7 or 8 miles from the former. Population in 1820, 1456. Franklin, township, York county, Penn- sylvania, on the head waters of Bermu- dian creek braiich of ('onewago, between the two roads from Little York to Car- lisle, 20 miles from the former. Popu- lation in 1820, 973. Franklin, townshifi, in the northern part of Himtingdon county, Pennsylva- nia, between Little Juniata and Spruce creek, 14 miles NW from Huntingdon. Population in 1820, 870. Franklin, township of Fayette county, Pennsylvania, b 'tween Youghiogeny river and Redstone cr ek, and between Wash- ington and Dunbar, commencing 5 miles N from Union town. Population in 1820, 1749. Franklin, township of Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, extending from the head branch of Poketon's creek, falling into Allegany river to the road from Greensburg to Pittsburg, across the head waters of the northern branch of Turtle creek. iVlarysville near its cen- tre 11 miles NW from Greensburg. Population in 1820, 1757. Franklin, township of Greene county, Pennsylvania, on the south fork of Ten- mile creek. Waynesburg the seat of justice for the county is in this township. Population in 1820, exclusive of the bo- rough of Waynesburg, 1591. Franklin, county of Virginia , bounded by Pittsylvania E; part of Henry SE; part of Henry, and Patrick S ; the Blue Ridge, or Montgomery W ; Bottetourt N, and Bedford N£1 ; length 28 ; mean width 24 ; area about 670 square miles. Although bounded on two sides by moun- tains, this county is rather waving than hilly. Soil generally fertile. Staples. F R A P R A grain, flour and tobacco. Chief town, Rocky Mount. Population in 1810. Free white males - 4,038 do. do. females 3,928 All other persons exct pt Indians not taxed .... 86 Slaves - - - . - 2,672 Total population in 1820 9,741 Total population in 1810 - 10,724 Population in 1820. Free white males - - 4,157 do. do. females - - 4 070 Total whites - - - 8,227 Free persons of colour, males 77 do. do. females, 66 Slaves, males - - - 1,779 do. females ... 1,868 Total population in 1820 - 12 017 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - II Engaged in Agriculture - 3,692 do. in Manufactures - 339 do. in Commerce - 23 Population to the square mile, 18. Franklin, post town, Pendleton coun- ty, Virginia, on the middle fork of the south branch of Potomac, 40 miles SW rom Mdorfields, and 80 miles NW from Staunton. Franklin, village of Russel county, Virginia, on Cedar creek, branch of Chinch river, 17 miles N from Abinj^dnn. Franklin county. North Carolina ; bounded SVV by Washington ; Granville NW; Warren NE, and Nash SE; length 26 ; mean width 20 ; area 540 square miles ; surface moderately hilly ; soil in part fertile, though generally rather unproductive between the streams. It is drained by various branch- es of Tar river. Chief town, Lewis- burg. Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Q Engaged in \griculture - 3,108 do. in Manufactures - - 130 do. in Commerce - - 9 Population to the square mile, 18. Franklin, county of Georj^ia ; bounded by Elbert and Madison E; Jacksan S W ; Habershan) NW, and Tugaloo river or South Carolina NE ; length 56 ; mean width 23 ; area about 940 square miles. Surface broken and soil varied. Chief town, Carnesville. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 4,689 do. d.>. females - . - 4,454 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... \j Slaves 1,656 Population in 1810. Free white males 2,342 do. do females 2,323 All other persons except Indians not taxed 171 Slaves 5,330 Total population in 1810 10,166 Population in 1820. Free white males 2,411 do. do. females 2,462 I Total whites .... 4.873 Free persons of colour, males 81 do. do. females - 78 Slaves, males .... 2,337 do. females 2;5-2 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females ... Total whites - . - Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males .... do. females ... Total population in 1820 10,816 3,790 3,450 9,040 6 2,492 32 2 Of these ; Foreigners nnt naturrlized Engaged in Agricnlture do ill Manufactures - do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 9J Franklin. Cf.unty of Alabama ; bound- ed N by T<-nnessee river ; E by Law- rence ; S Ijy Marion, and W by the ter- ritory of the Chickisaws; length 32; mean width 21 ; area 670 square miles, Surface hilly and broken. Soil produc- tive. Staple cotton. Chief town, Rus- seiv lie. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 1,818 do. do. females . - - 1,490 Total whites .... 3,308 Free persons of colour, males . 10 do. do. females - 3 Slaves, m-tles .... 843 do. females - . . 824 Total population in 1820 - 4,988 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 6 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,498 do. in Manufactures . 301 351 f- It A I- It A Kn_:;aged in Commerce - - '2:i Population to the square mile, 7 1-3 Franklin, county of Mississippi; bound- ed Sby Amite; SW hy Wilkinson ; W by Adams ; N by J ff rson, and NE by the New Purchase ; length 46 ; mean width £0; area 920 square miles. Sur- face hilly, but without stone. Soil on the streams very productive. In the eastern and northern parts of the county the intervals between the water coursts, open pine woods- Staple cotton. Chief town, Franklin. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - do do. females - - - All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves, - - - - 711 557 13 7'25 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males - - - ■ do. females Total population in 1820. - 2,016 1,202 1,075 2,277 5 4 748 787 3,821 4 1,365 29 9 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in MunufacUires do. in Commerce Population to the square mde, 4. Franklin, village of Frank'in county Mississippi, 25 miles SE by E from Natchez. Franklin, post office, on the Teche river in St. Mary's Parish, Attacapas in Louisiana. Frank'in, county of Tennessee ; bound- ed S by Alabama ; VV by Lincoln ; NW by Bedford ; NE by Warren, and SE by Marion ; !en:^th 42 ; mean width J8 ; area 600 square miles. Surface moun- tainous and hilly soil fertile. It is prin- cipally watered by the heads of Elk river. Chief town, Winchester. Population in 1810, Free white niales - - 2.868 do. do. females - - 2,352 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 1 Slaves 709 Totalpopulationinl810, - 5,930 332 Population in 1820. Free white males - . . 6,294 do. do. females ... 6,044 Total whites .... 12,338 Free persons of colour, males - 35 do. do. females 31 Slaves, males . - - 1,986 do. females - - • 2,181 Total population in 1820 - 16,571 Population to the square mile, 27^. Franklin, post town and seat of jus- tice, Williamson county, Tennessee, on Harpeth river, 17 miles S from Nash- ville. Franklin, county of Kentucky, bounded by Mercer and Washington S ; Shelby SW ; Owen N ; and Scott and Woodford E ; length 40 ; width 12 ; area 270 square miles. Surface moderately hilly, soil fer- tile. Chief town, Frankfort. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 3j052 do. do. females ... 2,704 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 56 Slaves 2,201 Total population in 1810 - 8,013 Population in 1820. Free white males _ 3,818 do. do. females - 3,443 Total whites . . 7,261 Free persons of colour, males 70 do. do. females 69 Slaves, males . 1,809 do. females - 1,741 All other persons except Indians not taxed ■ 74 Total population in 1820 11,024 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized - 8 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,051 do. in Manufactures - 193 do. in Commerce - 24 Population to the square mile, 40. Franklin, i own of Simpson county, Ken- tucky. FrankHn, county of 'Ohio, bounded S by Pickaway ; W by Madison ; N by Dela- ware, and E by Licking and Fairfield ; lenj^th 25 ; mean width 22 , area about 520 square miles. Surface generally level, part wet and marshy ; but the soil almost uniformly in a high degree fertile. Staples gr ,in and flour. Chief town, Columbus. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 1,726 do. do. females - - 1'647 F K A F R A All other persons except Indians not taxed . - _ - 43 .Total population in 1810 - 5,486 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 5,332 do. do. females - - 4.708 Total whites .... 10,040 Free persons of colour, males 68 do. do. females, 63 Slaves, males ... - none do. females ... none All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 120 Total whites - . . . 10,698 Free persons of colour, males - 31 do. do. females 34 Slaves, males ... - do. females . - - - Total population in 1820 - - 10,763 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized . 26 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,403 do. in Manufactures - 315 do. in Commerce . - 15 Population to the square mile, 20. Total population in 1820 24 2,239 607 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 20. Franklin, township, Franklin county, Ohio, on the right bank of Sciota river op- posite Columbus. Population in 1820, 777. Franklin, post town and township, War- ren count)', Ohio. The village is on the left bank of Great Miami, 18 miles above Dayton. Population in 1820, 2099 in the township. Franklin, township of Ross county, on the road from Chilicothe to Portsmouth. Population in 1820, 340. Franklin, township of Portage county, Ohio, eight miles below Ravenna on Cuya- hoga river. Population in 1820, 348. Franklin, township of Wayne county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 462. Franklin, township, Coshocton county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 345. Franklin, NW township of Starke coun- ty. Poptilation in 1820,388 Franklin, township of Columbiana coun- ty. Population in 1820. 620. Franklin, township of Licking county, Ohio. Population in 1820,713. Franklin, township of Jackson county, Ohio Population in 1820, 536. Franklin, township of Richland county, Ohio. Population in 1820,360. Franklin, county of Indiana, bounded by the state of Ohio E ; Delaware and Ripley connues S: Fayette W ; and Wayne N ; length 24 ; mean width 21 ; area about 540 square miles. Surface moderately hilly, and soil fertile. Chief town, Brook- ville. Population in 1820, Free white males ... 5,491 do. do. females ... 5,207 - Franklin, county of Illinois, bounded by 10,291 Johnson and Union S ; Jackson and Ran- . dolph W : Jefferson N ; and White and Gallatin E ; length 30 ; width 24 ; area 934 square miles. Surface generally level and soil productive. It is principally drained by the higher waters of Muddy Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females Total whites Free persons of colour, rnales do. do. females - Slaves, males - - . . do. females 875 818 1,691 32 3S 4 1,763 441 Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, Ir}. Franklin, post town, and seat of justice, Howard county, Mis.souri, on the left bank of Missouri river, 180 miles by land above St. Louis. Franklin, county of Missouri, bounded N by Missouri river; E by St. Louis and Jef- ferson ; S by Washmgton; and W by Wayne ; length 33 ; mean width 30 ; area 990 square miles. That part of this coun- ty adjacent to the Missouri river rather level and interspersed with prairies. The southern part drained by the Merrimac ri- ver, hilly broken and in great part sterile. Much of the soil near the Missouri excel- lent. Chief town Rogerstown. Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites Free persons of colour, males 1,190 980 2,170 I' II E F U L Vree persons of colour females Slaves, males . , - . do. females Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce 111 98 2,379 1 523 3 7 Population to the square mile, 2 1-3. Franklin, post town of Franklin county, Ohio, opposite C. lumbus. Franksto-.un-branch, river of Pennsylva- nia, tiie northwest branch of Juniata, rises in Bedford county, and flowing N about 20 miles, enters Huntingdon county, turns E and SE joins Rays; own branch, two miles below the borough of Huntingdon, and forms the Juniata. Frankstown, township of Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, on Frank^town river, 20 miles SW by W from Huntingdon. Population in 1820, 1297, exclusive of Na- voy, HolUdaysburg and Frankstown. Frankstoxon, post village, Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania,%n the left bank of Frankstown river, and 20 miles nearly W from Huntingdon. Population in 1820, 101. Frauenjield, town of Swisserland, capital of the Thurgan. It is seated on an emi- nence, and was the place, where since 1712, the deputies of the Swiss cantons held their genera! diet. Lon. 8 56 E, lat. 47 2,5 N. Fruustadt, town of Silesia, remarkable for a battle gained by the Swedes over the Saxons, in 1706. It is 20 miles NW of Glogaw. L(;n. 16 3 E. lat. 51 48 N. Frazersbnrgh, small town in Aberdeen- shire, on the Gtrm^n Ocean, with a tolera- ble harbour. I is seated close by a pro- montory, called Kinnaird's Head, on which is a lighthouse, 40 miles N of Aberdeen. Lon. "1 :^7 W. lat. 57 35 N. . Fradenbitrg, town of Westphalia, 50 miles W of Cassel. I^n. 8 16 E. lat. 51 10 N. Frederica, post village in Kent county, Delaware 12 miles E from Dover, contain- ing 250 inhabitants. Frederica, post town on St. Simon's island, Glynn county, Georgia; at the month of Alatamalia river. Frtderick^ township of Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, on the right side of Perkiomen, 9 miles NE from Potts- town. Population in 1820, 927. Frederick, county of Maryland ; bound- ed N by Pennsylvania; E by Baltimore; SE by Anne Arundel and Montgomery ; SW by the Potomac river, or Loudon county in Virginia, and by Washington 334 W ; mean width near 24 miles ; area 900 square miles. The entire face of this county is broken. The western part mouritainous, and the residue diversified by hills, and the whole drained by the various branches of the Monocacy creek. It is one of the most productive and well cultivated valleys in the United States. Staples may be considered every object of agricultural industry, suitable to the climate. Chief town, Frederick- town. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 14,266 do. do. females - - 13,717 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 783 Slaves 5,671 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - 34,437 16,312 15,685 Total whites . . - . 31,997 Free persons of colour, males 951 do. do. females 817 Slaves, males - - - 3,575 do. females - - . 3,110 Total population in 1820 40,450 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 645 Engaged in Agriculture - . 6,621 do. in Manufactures - - 3,115 do. in Commerce - - 259 Population to the square mile, 45 nearly. Frederick, county of Virginia, between the Blue Ridge and the continuation of the Kittatiney Mountain ; bounded by Loudon and Fauquier NE ; Shenandoah SW ; Hampshire NW, and Berkley and Jefferson NE; length 38; mean width 22; area 736 square miles. Surface hilly, and in part mountainous. Soil ex- cellent for grain and orchard fruits. Chief town, Winchester. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 7,868 do. do. females - - 7,679 All other persons except Indians not taxed - . - - glO Slaves 6,417 Total population in 1810 - 22,574 Population in 1820. Free white males - - 8,475 do. do. females - - 8,082 Total whites - - - 16,557 Free persons of colour, males 505 ip RE f a L Free persons of colour, females, 46.1 Slaves, males .... 3,658 do. females - - - 3,521 Total population in 1820 - 24.706 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 123 Engaged in Agriculture - 4,149 do. in Manufactures - 1,179 do. in Commerce - . 95 Population to the square mile, oo^. Frederick Point, Upper Canada, is on the east side of Kingston harbour, and on the west side of Haldimand Cove, which is made by it and Point Henry. Fredericksburg, Danish fort on the Gold Coast of Guinea, near Cape Three- points, 62 miles WSW of Cape Coast Castle. Lon. 1 5 W, lat. 4 30 N. Fredericksburg, post town in Spott- sylvania county, Virginia ; seated on the S side of the river Rappahannock, 66 miles N from Richmond, and 62 SW from Washington. This is a very advantageously situated and prosperous commercial port. Vt-s- sels of about 140 tons can come up to the foot of the falls. Its staples are grain, flour and tobacco, calculated to exceed an annual average of 4,000.000 of dollars. Its public institutions are, two banks, and an academy. Its residcHt population about 4.000. Fredericksburg, post town, Gallatin county, Ohio, on the left imnk of Ohio river, 55 miles below Cincinnati. Fredencksburg, township and post town, vVashington county, Indiana. The village is on the right bank oF Big Mud- dy river, 17 miles N from Cory don. Fredericksburgh Townshifi, county of Lenox, Upper Canada, lies to the west of Ernest town, in the Bay of Quinte Frederickshall, or Frederickstadt, sea- port of Norway, in the provi ce of Ag- gerhuys ; situated on the extremity of the Swinesund, at the mouth of the river Tist. This town is 51 miles SE of Christiana. Lon. 10 55 E, lat. 59 12 N. Fredericksham, neatly built town of Russia in Carelia, whose streets go off like radii from a centre, it is seated near the gulf of Finland. Frederickstadt, town of Denmark, in S Jutland ; seated on the river Evder, 17 miles SW of Sleswick. Lon. 9 43 E. lat. 54 30 N. Frederickstein, strong fortr-ss of Nor- way. It is situated on thv summit of an almost perpendicular rock, which over- hangs the town of Fredericksbail, and has never been taken. It was besieged in 1718, by Charles XII. of Sweden, who was killed. Frederickton, or 6V. Aimc, capital of New Brunswick, on St. John's river, at the he-ad of Sloop Navigation, about 90 miles above its mouth, Fredericktoivn, p.>st town and seat of justice, Frederick county, Maryland, on Monocacy creek, about 42 miles W of Baltimore, 21 E by N of Harper's Ferry on the Potomac, and 44 from Washing- ton. This is a very thriving town, and contains about 4500 inhabitants. Fredericktown, post town, Washing- ton county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of Monongahela river, 2 miles below the mouth of Ten Mile creek, and 8 above Brownsville. Fredericktoivn. post town, Knox coun- ty, Ohio, 7 miles N from Mount Ver- non. Fredonia. post town, Chatauque coun- ty, New York, formerly Canadaway, 45 miles from Buffaloe, and 45 from Erie, on the road between the two latter pla- ces, and 4 miles from Dunkirk on lake Erie. It is a flourishing village, with a printing office and several stores. Freedom, posl town, .wd township, Ken- nebec couaiy, Maine, 28 miles NB from Angusta. Population in 1820, 788. Freed'/m, post town, Baltimore county, Maryland. Freehold, or Monmou'h, post town and seat of justice, M wirnonth county, New Jersey, 15 m:le-sSW by W from Shrews- bnry; and 25 miles SE ii'y K fr im H.jrdesi- towii. It was near hi-^ v \\y^e that gene- ral Wash ngt^n d-fated t e British army, J ne 28th, 1778. I is the seat of an aea- demy. Population in 1820, in the lown- ship, 514(5. Freehold, Upper, township of Monmouth county, New .fersey, VV from Monmouth. Population in 1820, 4541. Freeman, post towi :ind township, So- merset c.un-.y, M^in-, 40 miles NW fio:n Norridgerock. Poimlati -n m 1820 517. Freeport, post town and town^lop, Ourti- berland county, Maine, 20 mi!- s NE from Portland. Popui .Hon ui 1820, 2184. Freeport, post to^vn, Armstrong co^nity, Pennsylvania, nn the right bank of Allega- ny river, at 'die month o Buffalo en ek, IS miles below Kiuanning, and 26 miles above Pittsburg. Freeport, post 'own and township in the SW an,de of H.rrison county. Popula- tion in 1820, 1194. Freeport. township, Ontario county, New York. P ipidati .1) m 1820, 1288. Frehel, cape of France, v\ the depart- men' of the North Const and lite province of Bretagne, 13 miles W of St. Malo. Lon. 2 -10 W. hit. 48 41 N. Frreio-wn, principal places of the Bri- tish settlement of Sierra, Leone, on the W coast of Africa. 1' R E 1 R I Freetown, post town and township, Bris- tol county, Massachusetts, left side of Taunton river, 40 miles S from Boston. Populat'.n in 1820, 1863. FrbeCoxvn, township, Cortland county, Nfw Yoric. l^ooaiaUon in 1820, 663. Frtjus, town of Provence in Fra.ice, now in the depart nent of Var. By the Romans, it was Cfiici Forum Jaiii ; and at thai time' hid a gO')d lorr >n the Mediter- ranean whic'i is nuvahive a iniie fron it. Here Napoleon laided in 1815, when he returne 1 into Fi ince from Elba. It is seated near the river Argi-ns, in a morals, 40 mii^s NE of Toulon, hm. 6 50 E. lat. 43 26 N. Frmch-broad, river of North Carolina, and Tenne-see, one of the hranciies of Tennessee river, risf;s in Banc >mbe coun- ty in the former, and flowing NW, enters the latter in Cocke county, over vviiich it passes, and receives the Nolachucky from the left. It thence turns W, and traversiiiij part of JefFersin, Sevier and Knox coun- ties, joins the Holston, five miles above Knoxville. It is navigable to the mouth of Nolachucky. French creek, rises in Berks county, and flowing- SK enters Chester countv, falls into Schuylkill river, 10 miles above Nornst)wn. French creek, VR township of Vfercer county, Pennsylvatiia. Population in 1820, 277. French creek, river rises in Chataui[ue county. New York, and pursuing a com- parative course SW 15 miles enters Penn- sylvania, in Erie county, and continuing SW 35 miles by comparative courses to Meadville, there receives the Cassawago from the NVV, turis to NE 25 miles, and unites with the Allegany river at Franklin. It is navigable as high as the mouth of Boeuf creek five miles S from Waterford. French creek, township of Venango coun- ty, Pennsylvania, along the right side of French creek, and Allegany rivers, above and below Franklin. Population in 1820, 521. French jWills, now Fort Covington, post town and township of Franklin county. New York, on Salmon river, eight miles E from St. Regis. Frenchman's Bay, bay and a settlement round it, in Lincoln county, Maine. It was so named from a small colmiy of French established there as early as 1637. French river. See Francois. French, river, rises in Worcester, Massa- chusetts, and joins theQuinebaug in Wind- ham, Connecticut. Frenchton, post town, Dinwiddie county, Virginia. FrenchtD-wn landing, one mile S from Elk- ton, Cecil county, Maryland. Frenchtoimi, Monroe county, Michigan territory, on the left bank of the river 336 Raisin, 40 miles SSW from Detroit. Here on January 2Ji;h 1813, a, body of U. S. tro ips sui-rendered to the British and their Lidiun allies, many of whom were after- wards murdered in cold blood. Frescati, town of Italy, in Champagna di Rona. It derives iti o me from the cool- ness of the air, and fresii verdure of the fields around. It is budt on the r ms of the aficient Fusculum, the T iscu i » I'da of Cicero is at no great distanct^. Frescati is seated on the decuvny of a hdt, 12 miles SE of Rome. Lon. 11 42 E. lat. 41 48 N, Fresnillo, town of Mexico, m the Inten- dancy of Xacatexas, 30 miles NW from Xacatexas. Lon. W C 24 50 W. lat. 23 22 N. FreudenUadt, strong town of Suabia, in the Black Forest, built in 1600, to defend the passage into this forest, it is 12 miles SE of Strasburg. Lon. 21 E. lat. 48 28 N. Freukenshal, town of Silesia, celebrated fir its breed of horses, and manufacture of fine linen. Lon. 17 21 E. lat. 50 3 N. Freuberg, kingdom of Saxony, the most celebrated mining establishment in Europe, 19 miles WSW from Dresden. It is the capital of the ''^rzgeberg, and the residence of the mining supenutendatits throughout the kingdom. Beside many others, this mineral school has been rendered illustri- ous by having produced Werner the New- ton of mineralogy. See Erzgeberg. Freystadt, town of Hungary, in the county of Neitra, with a strong castle, seated on the VV^aag, opposite Leopold- stadt. Lon. 18 10 E, lat. 43 32 N. Freystadt, town of Silesia, in the duchy of Treschen, 20 nailes E of Troppaw. Lon. 18 15 E, lat. 50 N. Frias, considerable town of Spain, in Old Castile, seated on a mountain, near the river Ebro, o5 miles NW of Burgos. Lon. 3 46 W, lat. 42 52 N. Friburg, one of the cantons of Swis- serland, surrounded on all sides by the canton of Bern. It is fertile in corn, fruits and pastures. Friburg, town of Swisserland, capital of a canton of the same name ; seated on the river San, 15 miles SW of Bern. Lon, 6 55 E, lat. 45 48 N. Friburg, town of Suabia, capital of Brisgaw ; remarkable for the steeple of the great church and for its university. The inhabitants are famous for polishing crystal and precious stones. It surren- dered to the French in June 1796. It is seated on the river Triser, 10 miles E of Brisach, and 26 S of Strasburg. Lon. 7 57 E, lat. 48 10 N. Fricenti, episcopal town of Naples, in Principato Ulteriore, near the river Tri- apalto, 20 miles SE of Benevento. LoDv 15 9 E, lat. 40 59 N. Frisdberg, imperial town of Germany, F R I 1' R O in Weteravia, seated on a mountain, 15 miles NE of Francfort. Lon. 8 46 E, lat. 50 10 N. Friedberg, town of Germany, in Ba- varia, with a castle, taken and plun- dered by the Swedes in 1632. It is 30 miles KW of Munich. Lon. 11 10 E, lat. 40 23 N. Friedberg, town of Germany, in Mis- nia, remarkable for its mines? and for being the burying place of the princes of the house of Saxony. It is seated on the Multa, 15 miles SW of Dresden; Lon. 13 36 W, lat. 51 N. Friedber^,X.o\vn of Germany, in Thurin- gia, seated on the Unstrue, 30 miles W of Leipsick. Lon 11 41 E. lat. 51 19 N. Friedberg, name of two small towns in Silesia ; the one in the duchy of Javer, and the other in the duchy of Schweidnitz. The last is remarkable for a battle gained there by the king of Prussia, over the Aus- trians, in 1745. Friding, town of Suabia, on the Danube, 30 miles NE of Constance. Lon. 9 31 E, lat. 48 UN. Fridland, town of Polish Prussia, on the Pregel river, 40 miles SE from Konings- berg. Here on June 14th, 1807, Napoleon defeated the allied army of Russians and Prussians, which led to the treaty of Til- sit. Fridland, town of Bohemia, on the con- fines of Silesia, 55 miles E of Dresden. Lon. 15 15 E. lat. 52 4 N. Fridlingen, town of Suabia, tliree miles E of the Rhine, and four N of Basle. Lon. 7 :i6 R. lat, 47 40 N. Friendly Islands, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, so named by captain Cook, in 1773, on account of tlie friendship that appeared to, subsist among the inha- bitants, and their courteous beliaviour to siraiigcTS ; a character reversed by subse- quent ;ind more accurate observatio;). The gener;ider„I:ii'- :.dce is called Villa de Horta. Lon. i^ 36 '.V, lat. 38 32 N". Fyers, river of Inverness-shire, in Scot- land, which descending' from the S, flows toward Loch Ness. Fytie, J^och, inlet of the Atlantic In Ar- gyieshire, near 40 miles in length, noted as the resort of the herring shoals, and nu- merous fishing vessels. It receives and returns a tide on each side of the isle of Arran, which is directly opposite its en- trance. Fyzabad, large city of Hindoostan Proper, in the territory of Oude, of which it was once the capital. It is seated on the Go- gra, a large river frum Th bet, and is 80 miles E of Lucknow, and 500 NW of Cal- cutta, Lon. 82 30 E, lat. 29 34 N. G Gabaret, town of France, in the depart- ment of Gers and late province of Gascony, seated on the Gelise, 20 miles W of Con- dom. Lon. 6 E, lat. 44 59 N. Gabel, town of Bohemia, 45 miles N of Prague. Gabian, villageof France, in the depart- ment of Herault and late province of Lan- guedoc, famous for its mineral waters. Gabin, town of Poland, in the palatinate of Rav;(, 50 miles NVV of Warsaw. Lon. 19 45 E, lat: 52 26 N. Gaieta, ancient town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, with a fort, a citadel, a harbour, and a bishop's see. It was taken by the Austrians in 1707, and by the Spaniards in 1734. It is seated at the foot of a moun- tain, near the sea, 30 miles NW of Capua. Lon. 13 47 E, lat 41 30 N. Gaillac, town of France, now in the de- partment of Tarn, lately in the province of Languedoc, remarkable for its wines It is seated on the Tarn, 10 miles SW of Alby. Lon. 2 5 E, lat. 43 54 N. GaiUon,Xtown [of France, an the depart- ment of Eure and late province of Nor- m-ndy, remarkable for its archiepiscopal palace, which lately belonged to the arch- bishop of Rouen. Ills 5 miles from An- dely, and 22 from Rouen. Gaines, post town, Boone county, Ken- tucky. Gainsborough, town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Tuesday, seated near the river Trent, over which is a handsome stone bridge. It is 17 mdes NW of Lincoln, and 151 N by W of London. Lon. 36 W, lat. 53 28 N. Gninsborough, township of Lincoln coun- ty, Uf>per Canada. Gainsborougfi, post village, Frederick count}', Virginia. Gairloch, large bay of Scotland, on t!ie VV CO ist of Ross-shire. In this bay, which gives name to a tract of land ;ie:ir it, the fishing of cod, and otlier white fish is very considerable. Gaisee, village of Swisserland in Rhode exterior, which is the protestant division of the county of Appenzel. It is much re- sorted to on account of its goat's whey, which is brought from a neighbouring mountain. Galacz, town of Bulgaria ; seated near the Danube, between the mouths of the Pruth and Seret. Galashiels, village in Selkirkshire, seated on the Gala, near its confluence vv.th the Twe. d. It is 25 miles S by E of Edin- buigh. Galaso, river of Naples, in Otranto, which 539 It a L li A L rises in the opening near Oria, and talis into the gulf of Taranto. Galata, village near Constantinople, or rath r a suburb of that city, on the Euro- pe '.n side of ihe Bosphcmis opposite the Seraglio, on the NK side of tiie rrier har- bor. It is inhabited by Christians of all sorts, us well as Jews, who exorcise tlicr religion publicly ; and here wine is sold in ta are copper, tin, and lead ; and the foies^s yield wood for building ships. Compostella is the cap tal. Galicia, JVe^u See Guadalajara. Galistio, town of Spain, in Estremadura, 10 miles NW of Placentia. Galitsch, town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Kostroma, on the S side of a lake of its name, 56 miles ENE of Kostroma. Lon. 22 54 E, lat. 57 56 N. Gnlly St. nev/ canton of Switzerland, bordering on the lake of Constance, be- tween the cantons of Thurgad and Appen- zel. Gall, St. or St. Gallen, town of Switzer- land, capita! of the canton of St. Gall. It has a rich abbey, whose abbot formerly posse sed the sovereignty of the town. It is seated m a narrow valley, on two small streams. 35 miles E of Zurich. Lon. 9 18 E, lat. 47 21 N. Gallam, tov.'n of Negr iland, capital of a kingdom of the same name, on the river Senegal. Gallapagos, group of islands in the Paci- fic Ocean, lying under the equator. The largest 65 miles long and 45 miles broad. Lon. W C 12 W. 340 Gallatin, township of Columbia county, New York. See Alteram. Gallatin, post town and seat of justice. Summer county, Tennessee, 27 miles NE from Nashville. Gallatin, county of Kentucky ; bounded N by 01\io river; E by Giant , SE by Grant and Owen, and SW by Hertty. Length 35 ; mean width 10 ; area 350 square miles. Surface hilly, and soil where fit for tillage, generally fertile. Chief town. Port Wil- liam. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 1,393 do. do. females - - 1,214 All oiher persons except In- dians not t;vxed ... 12 Slaves 688 Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites ... Free persons of colour, pales do do. females Slaves, males - . * do. females Total population in 1820, Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agricuhure - do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 3,307 3,023 2,799 5,817 10 6 601 • 641 7,075 10 1,873 162 S5 Population to the square mile, 20. Gallatin, county of Illinois ; bounded by Wabash river E and SE ; Pope S ; Frank- lin W, and White N ; length -36 ; mean width 33 ; area 880 square miles. Surface waving, rather than hilly, and soil ppoduc- tive. Chief town, Shav.anee town. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 1,609 do. do. females ... 1,254 Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males - . - do. females Total population in 1820 . 3,155 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 19 Engaged in Agriculture - - 620 do. in Manufactures - 286 do. • in Commerce - . 29 Population to the square mile, 3^. Gallatin s River, branch of Missouri, rises in the Rocky Mountains, between Yellow Stone river and Madison's river, and joins GAL GAM the Missouri a few miles below the junc- tion of Madison's and Jefferson's rivers. Lat. 45 15 N. Galle, or Point de Galle, seaport on the S coast of Ceylon, in a rich aad beautiful district, with a strong fort and a secure har- bour. Gallia, county of Ohio ; bounded by the Ohio river E and SE ; Lawrence SW ; .Tackson NW, and Meigs N; length 36; width 24 ; area 500 square miles. Surface generally hilly and broken ; though much good bottom land spreads along the Ohio river. Soil on the hills sterile. Chief town, GalJipolis. Population in 1810 Free white males ... 2,175 do. do. females ... 1,991 All other persons except Indians not taxed ..... 15 Slaves Total population in 1810 4,181 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - Total whites Free persons of colour, do. do. Slaves, males do. females males females 3,603 3,354 6,957 85 56 Total population in 1820 - 7,098 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 116 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,439 do. in Manufactures - - 101 do. in Commerce - . 36 Population to the square mile, 14. Gallipoli, strait between European and Asiatic Turkey, the ancient Hellespont. It forms the communication between the Archipelago and the sea of Marmora, and is detendf-d at the SW entrance by two castles. It is here two miles over, and is 33 miles long. See Dardanelles. GaUipoli, seaport of European Turkey, in Romania, the residence of a pacha, and the see of a Greek bishop. It contains about 10,000 Turks, 3,500 Greeks, beside a great number of Jews. It is an open place, with no other defence than a sorry square castle, and stands on the s'rait of the same name, 100 miles SW of Constan- tinople. Lon 26 59 E, lat 40 25 N. Gallipoli, seaport of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, and a bishop's see. This place is a great mart for olive oil, and has a manu- ficture of muslins. It is seated on a r.cky island, on the S shore of the bay of Torento, and joined to tlie main land by a bridge, protected by a fort, 23 miles W of Otranto. Lon. 18 5 E. lat. 40 20 N. Gallipolis, post town and seat of justice, Gallia county, Ohio, on an elevated second bottom of Ohio river. Lat. 38 50 N. It is the seat of an Academy. Population of the town and township in 1820, 830. GalUvant's Ferry, post village, Kingston district. South Carolina. Gallop, or as they are commonly called Galloo Islands ; a group of beautiful small islands in the St. Lawrence, Upper Canada. They are about 30 m number, with a very rich soil, and appertain mostly to St. Law- rence county. New York, and lie opposite to Edwardsburgh in Grenville county. Up- per Canada. They commence about five miles below Ogdensbutgh, and extend down the St. Lawrence 6 or 7 miles. Gallo, cape of the Morea, the .^ncient Acritas. Lon. 21 52, E, lat. 36 48 N. Gallo, island of the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of Peru ; the first place possessed by the Spaniards, when they attempted the coiquest of Peru. It is also the place where the Buccaneers used to come for wood and water, and to refit their vessels, Lon. W C 2 W, lat. 2 30 N. GalloTvay, JVeto, borough in Kircudbright- shire ; situated on the river Ken, 14 miles N of Kircudbright. Galloivay, Upper, or TVest. See fVigton- sJiive. Galveston, small post village of Louisiana, on the right bank of Amite river, at the pouth of Ibberville, 20 miles NNE from Donaldsonville, and 25 SE from Baton Rouge. Galveston Bay, bay of Texas in the gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of Trinity river. Lon. W C 18 W, lat. 29 N. Gahvay, county of Ireland, in the pi'o- vince of Connaught, 82 miles in length, and 42 in breadth ; bounded on the N by the Atlantic, and the counties of Mayo and Roscommon ; on the E by Roscommon, West Meath, and King's county ; on the SW by Tipperary ; on the S by Gal way Hay and Clare ; and on the W by the At- lantic. The river Shannon washes the frontiers of the E and SE, and forms a lake several miles in length. It contains 136 parisi)es, and formerly sent eight members to the Irish parliament. Galivay, seaport of Ireland, capital of Galway county, on a bay of the same name, on the Atlantic Ocean, 40 miles WSW of Athlone, and 100 W of Dublin. Lon. 9 W, lat. 53 18 N. Gahvay, post town- and township of Sara- toga county. New York; 12 miles NW from Ballstown, and 33 from Albany. Popula- tion in 1820, 2579. Gal-way Bay, large bay of Ireland, en- circled on the N and E by Galway county, ,ind S by county Clare ; to the W it is open to the Atlantic Ocean. Gambia, creat river of Africa, which .341 G A K G A U cunning from E to W, falls into the Atlantic Ocean, between Cape Vi rd on the N, and Cape St. Mary on ihe S, It (.verdows the country a.inually, like tne Nile. Tlie Ganrjbia was io. g supp 'sed to be a branch of tiie Niger; btii iis source was determin- ed by Mr Park to be 130 geojfraphical miles \V ot Uiat TiVer. "dananuqui, river of Upper Canada, falls into the St. LawTt-ncc, 18 miles be.ow Kings' nn. Tliere is an exc llent harbour, witli from 12 v 15 feet water at its mouth. GaJiamha, smaii river of Ufper Canada, fails uu > lake On arjo nearly opp.js u o Geucsec cciiii y u\ N^w'Y^rk. Lon. VV C 1 15 W. . From its mouth ther- is a car'-) ng p'ace of about 15 miles 'o liice lake •wtiie lixer Ir^n. Ganderslieim, lown of Lower Saxony, in the iluchy of Brunswick WolfenbuUle, with a celebrated nunn ry, 17 miles SW of Goslar. Lon 18 20 E i^t 51 54 N. Gandin, seaport ot Sp.ii i, m Valencia, With a smad i;niversit\, 55 miles N ot Ali- cant. Lu 2oE lat. 39 6 N. Gandicotta, town of the peninsula of Hihdoosian, rtm rkable for a strong for- tress, .tnd a d ^moiid mine near it. Ii is seatrd near ihe river Pelaiar, between Gooty and Cuudapa. Ganges, or Ganja, town ■ /f Persia, in the proviiict; of P>iva.., 105 miles S by E of Tefflis. Lon. 45 50 E lat 41 ION. Ganges, large and celebrated river of Asi , wnicii has its source in two springs on the; W side of Mount Kemaifi'e, in Thi- bet. The-.e two stieams take their c urse westward, inclm.ng c )nsidei-ably to the N, for a course ot about 300 mdes, when meetmg the i;reat ridge of Mount Himma- leh, they turn to the S, in which course they unite tlieir waters, and form what is properly called the Ganges. This great body ot water now f Tces a passage through the ridge oi ILmmaleh, at the distance of 100 miles below the place of its first ap- proach, and, sapping its very foundation, rushes through a cavern, and precipitates itself into a vast basin which it has worn in the rock, at the higher f >ot of the mouritains. The G..nges thus appears, to incurious spectators, to derive its original from this chain ot mountains. The mind of superstition has given to the mouth of the cavern, the form of the head of a cow ; an animal held by the Hindoos in a degree of veneration, almost equal to that in which the Egyptians held their god Apis. From this second source (as it may be termed) of the Ganges, its course becomes easterly, through the rugged country of Sirinagur, until, at Hurdwar, it finally escapes from this mountainous tract in which it has vandered 800 miles. From Hurdwar where it gushes through an opening in the oiountains, and enters Hindooslan, it flows 342 with a smooth navigable stream through delightful plains, during the remainder of its course to tiie bay of Bengal, which is about 1350 miles In the animal inunda- tion of this immense river, the country is overfl )wed to the e.vtent of more th^n 100 miles in wid h ; nothing appearing but vil- lages and trees, excepting very rarely, the top of an elevated spot, the artificial mound of some deserted village, appearing hke an island. The rise of the wa.er, is, on an average, 31 feet. ' In a woftl, it is, in every rfsp ct, one of the most b, neficial rivers in Llie -.vorKl, diffusing plenty immediately by means of its living productions, and se- condarily by enrichiiit; the lands, affording uneasy Cjnve\ance for the productions of its borders, :md giving employment to many thousand boatmen. Gangotri, town of Thibet, situated on the Ganges, 138 mile • N of Delhi. Lon. 76 o5 E. lat. 33 8 N. Gangpour, town f>f the peninsula of Hin- doo tan, 225 miles S of Patna. It is in the countrv o*. Orissa. Lon. 83 57 E. lat. 21 25 N.' Ganjam, town of the peninsula of Hin- doo^tan in one of the Northern Circars, subject to the English. It lies on the bay ot Bengal, between a river and the SW end of Chilka Lake. Lon. 85 20 E. lat. 19 22 N. Gannat, town of France, in the depart- ment of AUicr, and l.te provinc.; of Bour- bunnois, 30 miles S of Moulins. Gap, incieiit town of France, in the de- partment of the Upper Alps, and late pro- vince of Diuphiny, and lately a bishop's see. Gap is seated on the smad river Bene, at the foot or a mountain, in which some mineral waters are found that are dee.iied febrifuge. It is 27 miles N of Sis- tron. Lon. 6 10 E. lat. 44 33 N. Garack, island of Asia, in the gulf of Persia, remarkable for the fine pearls fish- ed up on its coasts. Lon. 48 E. lat. 28 15 N. Gard, department of France, which com- prehends part ot the late pruvince of Lan- guedoc. Nismes is the episcopal town. Garda, town of Italy, in the Veronescj seated at the end of a lake of its own name, 17 miles NW of Verona. Lon. 11 4 E. lat. 45 36 N. Gardeleben, town of Germany, In the old Marche of Brandenburg. It has a trade in hops and excellent beer, and is seated on the river Beise, 32 miles N by VV of Mag- deburg. Lon. 11 35 E. lat, 52 41 N. Garden, bay on the NE side of New- foundland. Lon. W C 54 30 E, lat, 49 42 N. Gardiner, post town and township, Ken- nebec county, Maine, between Cobbese conte, and Kennebec river, opposite PittS' G A K GAT town, and six miles below Augusta. Popu- latinn in 1820, 2053. Gardiner's Bay, or rather small gulf of Long I-land,. enclosed between Rocky Point, Plum Island, Gardiners Island, East H mpton, and Sheller Island. Gardner'' s Island, at the E end of Long Island, f;)rm ng part of the township of East Hampton, Suffolk county, New York. It lies nearly in a N and S direction about four milea. long exclusive of a long sandy beach. Gardner's Inlet, New Hanover, Pacific coast of North America. Lon. W C 51 43 AV. lat. 5o 35 N. Gardner, township of Worcester county, Massachuseits, on the highland between the sources of the W branch of Nashua river, and those of Millers river, 60 miles NW from Boston. Population in 1820, 911 Garland, post town and township, Pe- nobscot county, Maine, 28 miles NW from Bangor. Population m 1820, 275. Garonne, river of France, which has its source in the Pyrenean mountains, and ta- king a NW direction, waters Toulouse and Bourdeaux, below w'hich it is joined by the Dordogne, and thence to its entrance into the bay of Biscay, assumes the name wi»h Gironde. It commuiiica*es with the Me- diterranean, by its junction with the Royal Can^l. Garonne, ?7/)/)er, department of France, which comprehends part of Languedoc. Toulouse is the capitnl. Games, township in the southern part of Genesee countv. New York. Population in 1820. 1134. ' Gainesville, township of Genesee county, New York. Population in 1820, 1088. Garrards, county of Kentucky, bounded by Rockcastle SE ; Lincoln SW ; Mercer NW ; Kentucky river, or Jessamine N ; and Madison NE ; length 28 ? mean width 8 ; area 220 square miles. Chief town, , Lancaster. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 3,592 do. do. females - - - 3,496 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 15 Slaves ----- 2,083 Slaves females Total population in 1820 1,488 10,851 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - 9,186 3,953 3,948 Total whites . - - - 7,901 Free persons of colour, males - 18 do. do. females, 14 Slaves, males .... 1,430 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 11 Engaged in Agriculture - . - 2,085 do. in Manufactu;"es - 73 do. in Commerce - - 16 Population to the square mile, 50 nearly. Garretsville, post office, Otsego county. New York, on Butternut creek, 75 miles W from Albany. Garrison, town of Ireland, in the county of Fermanaugh, 10 milts SE of Ballyshan- non. Lon, 17 43 W. lat. 54 25 N. Garstzang, town in Lancashire, with a market on Thursday, seated on the river Wyre, 10 miles S of Lancaster, and 225 NNW of London. Lon. 2 5Z VV. lat. 53 56 N. Gartz, town of Prussian Pomerania, seated on the Oder, 13 miles S of Stetin. Lon. 14 45 E. lat. 53 23 N. Gasconade, river of Missouri, rises in Wayne county, interlocking sources with those of White, St. Francis, and Merrimac, and flowing N enters Missouri about 100 miles above St. Louis. Gasco7Vj, late province of France, bound- ed on the W by the bay of Biscay, on the N by Guienne, on the E by Languedoc, and on the S by the Pyrenees. This pro- vince, with Armagnac, is now included in the department of (iers. Gaspe, bay of Lower Canada, SW from Cape Gaspe, the shores are high and rocky. • Gaspe, cape of Lower Canada in the gulf of St. Lawrence, between Cape Rosier, and Gaspe bay. Lon. W C 12 30 E. lat. 48 50 N. Gaspe, district of Lower Canada, on the right side of St. Lawrence bay, bounded N by St. Lawrence ; E by the gulf of St. Lawrence, and S by Chaleur bay and the province of New Brunswick. New Car- lisle, principal town. • Gaspe, seigniory, Buckingham county. Lower Canada, 15 miles SW from Quebec, on tlie left side of Beaur^vage river. Gatehouse, considerable' village in Kir- cudbrightshire, at the mouth of the river Fleet, with a cotton mill. The river is na- vigable for sloops, witkin a short distance of the town. It is nine miles NW of Kir- cudbright. Gates, township of Monroe county. New York, N from the mouth of Genesee river. Population in 1820, 2643. Gates, county of North Carolina, bound- ed N by Virginia ; W by Chowan river ; S by Chowan county ; SE by Perquim.(ns ; and E by Pasquotank ; length 23 ; mean width 12 ; area 276 square miles. Surface 343 G A U (i E S Jevel, and soil part sandy or swampy. Chief town, Hertford. Population in 1810. Free white males ... do. do. females ... All other persons except Indians not taxed - Slaves - - " - Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females . Total whites . . . . Free persons of colour, males ■ do. do. females Slaves, males . - - do. females Total population in 1820 - Of ihese ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 1,568 1,494 113 2,790 5,965 1,998 1,991 3,989 47 116 1,742 943 6,837 11 2,636 853 80 Population to the square mile, 24. GatioTh borough in Surry, which sends two members to parliament, but now has neither market nor fair. It is l9 miles S by W of London. Lon 10 W. lat. 51 18 N. Gavardo, town of Italy, in the Bi'esciano, seated on the Weise, seven miles W of Lake Garda. Lon. 10 9 E. lat. 44 40 N. Gaiidens, St. town of France m the de. partment of Upper Garonne, and late pro- vince of Languedoc, seated on the Garonne eight mi^'s NE of St. Bertrand. Lon. 56 E. lat. 43 1 N. Gaxieren, or Waveren, town "of Austrian Flanders, seated on the Sche.l:it, eight miks S of Ghent. Lon. 3 51 E, lat. 50 46 N. Gavi, town of Italy in the territory of Genoa, seat.d on the-Lemo, 19 miles NW of Genoa. Lon. 8 57 F,, lat. 45 40 N. Gau'etft river of Virginia, rises in Ran- dolph, and flowing nearlj W, separates Greenbriar froi.n Kenbawa* counties, enters the right side oK Kenhawa, at tiie great ails. GcMte or Indian t^ppe?inines, stupendous wall of mountamsi, which extend 13 de- grees f f laM'.nde from Cape Cosnorm, the S extre.nity of H!-idoost.Tin, to 'he Tapfy, or Surat river, at unequd disti!nrp> from the coast ; seldom more than 70 miles, and commonly abosn 40; and within one short space only, it approaches within six miles. They rise abr:iptly from the I'nv country, called the Conran, supporting, in the nature of a terrace, a vast extent of fertile and populous plains, which are so 344 elevated, as to render the air cool and pleasant. This celebrated ridge does not terminate in a promontory, when it ap- proaches the Tapty ; but departing from its meridional course, it bends eastward, in a wavy line, parallel with the river ; and is afterwards lost among the hills, in the neighbourhood of Burhampour. In its course along the Tapty, it forms several passes or descents toward that river. Gai/head, W point of Martlva's Vine- yard. Gaza, ancient and celebrated town of Palestine, three miles from the Mediter- ranean, with a harbour called New Gaza. It is now very small ; but, from appear- ance of the ruins, it was formerly, a consi- derable place.- There is a cas-.le near it, where a bashaw resides. It is 50 miles SW of Jerusalem. Lon. 34 45 E, lat. 31 28 N. Gearon, or Jaron, town of Persia, in Far- sistan, in whose territory the best dates of Persia are produced. Lon. 51 17 E. lat. 28 15N. Geauga, county of Ohio ; bounded NW by Lake Erie ; e' by Ashtabula and Trum- bull ; by Geauga ; and W by Cuyahoga ; length 28 , width 21 ; area 600 square miles; soil tolerably fertile; chief town Chardon. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed - _ _ Slaves - - . . . 2,175 1,991 15 4,181 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 4,244 do. do. females 3,541 Total whites .... 7,785^ Free persons of colour, males - 6 do. do. females - - - 0' Slaves, males ... - do. females . - . Total population in 1820 - - 7,791 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 8 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,855 do. in Ma nufac lures - 272 do. in Com erce - - 27 Population to the square mile, 13. Gebharts, po.st office, Somerset county, Pennsylvania. Geste, the capital of the . province of Gestrike, in Sweden, seated on three . branches of a river of the same name, which begins to be navigable here, and G E N G E N falls, in a sliovL distance, into a bay of the Baltic. It is the most commercial town in H;is northern part of Sweden ; and its ex- ports are principally iron, pitc';, tar, and planks. It is 65 miles N by V/ of Stock- holm. Lon. 17 E, lat. 63 X. Gegenhach, free imperial c.ty of Suabia, under- the protection of the house of Aus- tria. It is seated on the Kinzii, 12 miles SE of Strasburg. Lon. S 2 E, lat. 48 24 N". GeUliure, town of Suabia, near the river Kocher, with a castle, belonging to the lords of Li m burg. Geiden^en, an imperial town of Suabia, \7 miles NVV of Ulm. Lon. 10 3 E, lat. 48 36 N, Geismar, town of Germaiiy, in tlie princi- pality of Hesse. Lon. 8 57 E, lat. 51 19 N'. Gelhausen, small imperial lo'vn of We- leravia, under the pr )tection of th-- elec- tor palatine, with a castle, sealed on the Kintzig, 25 rftiles E of Hanau. Lon. 9 15 E, lat' 50 7 N. Gemaf'ipc, village of Austria Ilainanlt, three miles W by S of Mons. It is re- markable for a bloody battle between the Austrians and the French, Xov. 5 1792, in which the Austrians were defeated with great loss. Gembtonrs, town of Austrian Brabant, with an ancient abbey, Don John of Aus- tria gained a battle here over the Diitch in 1578 ; and it was twice burnt dawn, in 1628 ajid 1712. It is seated on the Or- neau, 22 miles SE of Brussels. Lon. 4 51 E, lat. 50 .37 N. Geminiani, St., town of Tuscany, in the Florenlino, seated on a mountain, in which is a mine of Vitriol, 25 miles SSVV of Flo- rence. Gemmi»g-eii. towr\ of Germany, in the palatinate of the Khine, 30 miies E of Phi- lipsburgh. Lon. 9 13 E, lat. 49 6 N. Gemnnd, imperial town of Suabia, v.-ith a manufacture of chaplcts or beads, which are sent to distant countries It was taken by the French in August 1796 ; and is seated on the Reims, 30 miles N by W of Ulm. Lon. 9 48 E, lat. 48 48 N. Vemimd, town "f Westphalia, in the aacby of Juliers, seated on the Roer, 24 miles SW of Cologne. Lon. 6 48 E, lat. .50 38 X. Giimund, town of Upper Austria, re- markable for its salt works ; seated to the N of a lake of the same name, on the river Draun, 20 miles SSW of Llntz. Genap, town of Austrian Brabant, with an ancient castle, seated on the Dyle, 15 miles SE of Brussels. Lon. 4 40 E, lat. 50 40 N. Genep, or Gennep town of Westphalia, subject to the king of Prussia, and seated on the Nears, five miles SW of Cleves. Lon. 5 48 E, lat. 51 42 N. Genessee, river, rises in Potter county ""nnsylvania, and flowing NNW enters X K Allegany county New York, and continu- ing that direction 30 miles, turns t > NN'E 65 miles through Allegany, Livingston and Monroe counties, falls into lake Oi'tario 30 miles NW from Canaiidaigiia. This stream is navigable for large boats 5 miles to i?s fails at Rochester Above the fdls it is again navigable at h gii water to near Angelica, in All gany coumy. The Grand Western Canal closes the Genessee at Ro- chester. Genessee, county of New York ; bounded S by Allegany and Cataraugus; W by Erie and Niagara ; N by lake Ontario ; and E by Monroe j communication between Luke Supcnwaiid Lake Huron. George del mina, St. best fort on the ■Gold Coast of Guinea, and the principal seUleraerit of the Dutch in those parts. It is 30 miles W by S of Cape Coast Castle. Lon. 22 W, lat. 5 3 N. George's, St. small inland in the gulf of Venice, lying to the S of Venice, to which it is subject. Here is a Benedictine mo- nastery, whose church is one of the finest in Itajy. George's, St. largest of the Bermuda Islands, in which is ihe town of St. George, the capital of all the islands. Lon. 65 30 W, lat. 32 45 N. George* s, St. island in the gulf of Mexi- co, opposite the mouth of the Aopalachi- cola. Lon. W C 7 50 W, lat. 29 30 N. George's Key, St. small island of No.tli America, oft' the coast of H iiiduras. It is likewise called Casina or Cajo Cassina By a convention in 1786, the English Log- wood cutters were permitted to occupy this island. Georgetown, post village, and township, Lincoln county Maine, on the left side of Kennebec river at its mouth. Population 1820, 1,165. Georgetown, post village, and township of Madison county New York. Population 1820, 824. Georgetown, post town, and seat of jus- tice Sussex county Delaware, on the divi- ding ground between the heads of Indian and Nanticoke rivers, 40 miles S from Dover. Georgetown, post town and port of entry, District of Columbia, 3 miles W from the Capitol. The siie of Georgetown is an acclivity rising by a bold sweep from Po- tomac river, and Rock creek. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic college, which possesses two large buildings a well cho- sen library of 7000 volumes, and about 150 students. This town is the mart of consi derable commercial business ; its progres- sive population is shown by the following table Population In 1810, Free white males ... 1,678 do do. females ... 1,557 All other persons except Indians not taxed • - - . 551 Slaves, - ... 1,162 Slaves, males - - - - jiq do. females - - - 81{» Total population in 1820. - - 7,360 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 43 Engaged in Agriculture - - 19 do. in Manufactures - 225 do. in Commerce - - 23 Population to the square mile, uncertain. Georgetoivn, tovvn u. tv. K ttjcky, n the left bank .f Nith Elkh.:ni 'cr ek, 15 miles E fr<)!u Frankfort it contains a court h luse, bank printing ifficc, a.id several paces f puinic worship. Georgetown post village, Harrison county Onio. 6 niilc^s SE fr. m Cadiz Georg' town, post town, Dearborn county Indian,!. Georgetown, called by the Dutch Scabrotck, tv.'wn of S iith America, in Dem^rara, on the right bank of Dema rara river. Lon. WC 19 E, 'at. 6 40 N. P pu'ation 9000 Gtorgei'own Cros-i 7?oac?s. post nffice, K- nt county, Maryland, 3 miles S from Georgetown. Georgia, country of A!:.ia, called by the Persians Gurdistan, and by the Turks Gurtuhi. It is one of the seven Caucasian nations, in tlu- countries be- tween th Black sea and the Caspian, and comprehends the ancient Ibf-ria and Colchis It is bonnd> d on thr N by Cir- cassia, E by Da.i?h: staii and Sciiirvan, S by Armenii and W by Cuban, or the new Russian govern lent of Caucasia. It is divided into nine provinces. C)t these, five form wtiat is commmly called the kingdom of Georgia ; and four the king- dom or principality of Imeritia. The last reigning prince ceded this country to Russia on his death, which happened in ISoO. The hiils of Georiia are covered with forests of oak ash, beech, chesnuts, walnuts, and fim.s, encircl d with vines, growing perfectly wild, but producing vast quantities of grapes, from which much wine and brandy are made. Cot- ton grows spontaneously, as wt 11 as the finest European fruit-trees. Rice, wheat, millet, hemp, and H,tx, are raised on the plains, almost without culture. I'he valleys afford the finest pasturage, the rivers are full of fish, the mountains abound in minerals, and the climate is healthy. The rivers of Georgia, being fed by mountain torrents, are always either too rapid or too shallow for the purposes of navigation. The (ieorgians are Christians of the Greek communion. The principal mountains are the Cauca- sus, separating it from Circassia. Georgia, one of the United States ; bounded SE by the Atlantic Ocean ; S by Florida ; W by Alabama ; N by Ten- nessee, and NE by South Carolina. Length 380 miles ; mean width 150; area 343 within a small fraction of 58,000 square miles, equal to 37,120,000 acres. Lying between lat. 30 22, and 35 N. Of ail the states of the United States, Georgia preseits the greatest, diversity ot climate, and of vegetable production, indigenous and exotic. Its mountainous northern extremity, rises into elevation favourable to the cereal gramina, whilst Its southern extremity on the branches of Appalachicola, St. Mary's and Alata* mahah, have a climate sufficiently mild to permit the growth, and even profita- ble culture of the sugar cane, orange, olive, date and lemon tree. Between those c xtr' mes, every valuable vegeta- ble substar.ce produced in the United States, can be brought to perftction. From the much higher tetnptrature of the s asons on the At a tic coast, than those in the basin of the Mississippi, ten- der tropical vegetabks are cultivated upwards of two degrees of latitude farther m^rth in the former than in the latter reeion Sweet oranges are culti- vated in Beaufort district, South Caro- lina. Lat 32 20 N. This fruit ceases ill Louisiana, at about lat. 30 <0 N. Oranges are cultivated along the entire sea board of Georgia, as is the sugar cane. Cott. n may, however, be con- sidered as the staple commodity of the state. Georgia is naturally divided into three zones, presenting very distinct and ap- projjriate features. First, the almost flat, and in many places inundated bor- der ; the sand hill tract, between the sea border and the falls of the rivers j and lastly, the hilly and mountainous section above the falls. The first is marked by some very productive islands, but generally, by a marshy, or sterile pine wood soil, reaching 80 or 90 miles inland. The Sv"Coik1, or sand hill tract, interspersed v/ith much very valuable river alluvion. The third, the most ex- tensive, most fertile, and much the most salubrious part of the state, reaches from th.e interior of the middle zone to the utmost limits of the state. On the latter, is cultivated in full perfection, all the grains of the U. S. rice excepted, and an indefinite variety of orchard and garden fruits, and other vegetables. Taken as a whole, this state produces, grain, sugar, coton, tobacco, indigo, &c. The interests of education have re- ceived their share of attention in Geor- gia. A university has been planned and partially establi.shed, consisting of Franklin college, already in operation at Athens, and of an academy intended to be located in each county. The latter part of the design remains necessarily GEO G E II incomplete, though several academical establishments have been actually form- ed. Free schools were projtcted in 1817, and 200,000 dollars appropriated by the legislature to carry the enl ghtened proJL-ct into effect. Tlie state is judicially divided into four districts, southern, eastern, middle and western. Similar to other states of the United States, the legislature of Georgia, consists of a Senate and House of Representatives ; but elections are more than ordinarily frequent. The members of both houses are chosen an- nually by the respective counties. The governor is chosen biennially by the le- gislature. In point of commercial imports, Geor- gia from the value of her products, holds a high rank; in 1817, her exports amounted to near nine millions of dol- lars. For local purposes, Georgia is subdi- vided into the following counties. Inhabitants in 1820. Appling Twiggs - - 10,640 Walton - 4 192 Warren - - 10630 Washington - 10,627 Wayne 1,010 Wilkes - - 17,607 Wilitinson 6,992 Baldwin Bryan Bullock - Burke Camden - Chatham Clark Columbia Early Effingham Elbert Emmanuel Franklin Glynn Greene - Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Irwin Jackson - Jasper Jtfferson - Jones Laurens - Liberty - Lincoln M Intosh Madison Montgomery Morgan - Og'lethi rpe Pulaski Putnam - Rabun R chmond Scriven Tatnal Telfair - 1,264 7,734 3,031 2,578 11,577 4,342 14,737 8,767 12,695 768 3,018 11,788 2,928 9,040 3,418 13.589 4 589 3,145 5 086 12,734 411 8,355 14,614 7.056 16,5(0 5,436 6,695 6,458 5,129 3,735 1.862 13,520 14,046 5,283 15,475 524 8,608 3,941 2,644 2,104 340989 This population was composed of whites 189,570 ; free people of colour 1763 ; and slaves 149,656. The produc- tive part classed. Persons engaged in Agriculture 97,231 Do. do. Manufactures 3,427 Do, do. Commerce 1,989 Georgia, gulf of ti\e United States, on the Pacific coast, between the continent and Quadra and Vancouver's island. It extends from Johnson's Straits to the straits if John de Fuca. Georgia, post town of Franklin county, Vermont ; situated on the E side of lake Champlain, about 5 miles N of Milton, containing 1800 inhabitants. Georgia, Southern, island of the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by cap- tain Cook in 1775, and so named by him. It is 31 leagues long, and 10 in its great- est breadth. It seems to abound with bays and harbours, which the vast quan- tities of ice render inaccessible the great- est part of the year. The valleys were covered with snow ; and the only vege- tation observed, was a bladed grass, growing in tufts ; wild burnet ; and a plant, like moss, which sprung from the rocks. Not a stream of fresh water was to be seen on the whole coast. This island lies between 38 13 and o5 34 W, Icn. and 53 57 and 54 57 S lat. Gepping, imperial town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemburg, seated on the river Wils, 35 miles E of Stutgard. Lon. 9 45 E, lat. 48 44 N. Gera, town of Germany, in Misnia, with a handsome college on tht river Elster, Lon. 11 56 E, lat. 50 50 N, Geraw, town of Germany, in Hesse- Darmstadt, capital of a district of the same name, 10 miles NW of Darmstadt. Lon 8 29 E, lat, 49 45 N. Gtrberoy, town of France, in the de- partment of Oise, and late province of the Isle of France, 50 miles N by W of Paris. Lnn. 1 54 E, lat. 49 32 N. Gerbes, Gerbi, or Zerbi, island on the coast of '1 unis. It bears no other corn than barley ; but has large quantities of figs, olives and grapes, which, when dried, form the principal trade. It de- pends on the dey of Tripoli. Lon. 10 30 E, lat. 33 56 N. Gerbevillersy town of France, in the 349 tS E R G fc 11 department of Meurthe and late pro- vince of Lori ain, with a handsome cas- tle. I'he church of the late Cdrmelites is very ekgaut. It is seated on tlie Agfn, fivf miles from Luneville. Gergenti, town of Sicily, with a cas- tle, and a bishop's S(re ; seated near the river St. Blaise, 50 miles S of Palermo. Lon. 13 24 E, lat. 47 24 N. Gerisau, village of Swisserland, on the N side of the lake of Schweitz, at the foot of the Rigi. It is a republic, the smallest in Europe. Its territory is two leagues in length and one in breadth, composed entirely of scattered houses and cottages, of a very neat and pictu- resque appearance. The inhabitants are computed at about 1200 and are much employed in preparing silk for the ma- nufactures at Basle. This republic is under the protectios of the cantons of Lucem, Uri, Schweitz, and Und^ rwai- den ; and, in case of war, furnishes its quota of men. Gerisau is 12 miles SW of Schweitz. Germain, St. town of France, in the department of Seine and Oise and late province of the Isle of France, with a magnificent palace, embellished by se- veral kings, particularly Lewis XIV. Here James II. found an asylum, when he fled to France. It is seated on the Seine, near a forest, 10 miles NW of Paris. Lon. 2 15 E, lat. 48 52 N. Germain's St. borough in Cornwall, with a market on Friday. It stands near the sea, 10 miles W of Plymouth, and 224 W by S of London. Lon. 4 24 W. lat. 50 22 N. Germain Laval, St. town of France, in the department of Rhone and Loire, and late province of Forez, remarkable for excellent wine. It is 225 miles SE of Paris Lon. 4 2 E, lat. 45 50 N. German, township of Chenango coun- ty, New York, 18 miles W from Nor- wich Population in 1820. 2675, German, township of Fayette county, Pennsylvania, on Brown's river, 6 miles W from Union. Population in 1820, 2379. German, township of Clarke county, Ohio. P( pulation in 1820, 897. German, township of Montgomery county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 2o79. German, western township of Dark county Ohio. German, township of Cape Girardeau county. Missouri. German Coast, district of Louisiana, on both banks of the Mississippi river, above the parish of Orleans. See St. Bernard. German Flats, post town and township of Herkimer county. New York, on the 35n level point between Mohawk river and West Canada creek. The township is named from the extensive alluvial bot- toms of ihe Mohawk. Population in 1820, 2(565. Germanto-wn, township of Columbia county, New York, on Hudson river, 12 miles below Hudson. Population in 1820, 891. Gei^vianto-ivn, post town, of Philadelphia county, Pennsylvania, commencing six mill s, and extending along the Reading road to Chesnut hill, lo miles north from Philadelphia. In this fine village is located Mount Airy college, a respectable literary institution. In this village on October 4th, 1777, a battle was fouglit between the American and British armies. Population in 1820, 431 i. Gernifintoivn, post town, Hyde county. North Carolina, on the N side of Pamlico Sound, 30 miles SE b\ Efiom Washing on. Germanto-ivn, pnst town, S okes county. North Carolina, on Dan river, 100 miles NW from Raleigh. Germanto-wn, town nearly on the line between Bracken and Mason couniies, Kentucky, 33 miles SE from Cincinnati. German, township and post town, Mont- gomery county, Oiiio, 13 miles SW from Dayton. Population in 1820, 2079. German Ocean, that expanse of water bounded by Germany and France S : by the British Islands W ; a part of" the north- ern Atlantic E ; and by Norway, Jutland, and a part of Germany E. See JVorth Sea. Germany, country of Europe, 650 miles in length, and 600 in breadth ; bounded on the E by Hungary and Poland, N by the Baltic sea and Denmark, W by the Netherlands and France, and S by Switzer- land and Italy ; area 220,000 square miles. It contains a great many aovereign princes, who are independent of each other ; and lately there was a number of imperial towns, which were so many little repub- lics; but the whole of them formed a great confederacy, governed by political laws, at the head of which was an emperor, whose power in the collective body, or diet, was not directive but executive. The western Roman empire, which had terminated in the year 475, in the person of Augiistulus, the last Roman emperor, and which was succeeded by the reign of the Huns, the Ostrogoths, and the Lom- bards, was revived by Charlemagne, king of France, on Christmas day, in the year 800. This prince being then at Rome, pope Leo III. crowned him emperor, in St. Peter's church ; tind Nicephorus, who was then emperor of the eas', consented to this coronation. After the death of Charle- magne, and of Lewis le Debonnaire, his son and successor, the empire was divided between the four sons of the latter. Lo- G E R G E R thario, the first, was emperor ; Pepin was king of Aquitaine; Lewis king ol Ger- many; and Charles le Ohanve, king of France. This partition vi'as the so'j'-ce of incessant feuds. The French kepi ih':- empire under 'iglit emperors, til ine year 912, wiien Lewis III. the last ;)riiice of the line of Charl magna, died without issue male, Conrad, count of Franconia, the son-in-law of Lewis, was then elected em- peror. Thus the empire went to the Ger- mans, and became elec ive ; for it had been hereditary unier the French empe- rors. The emperor was chosen hy the princes, the lords, and the deputies ot cities, till the year 1239, when the num- ber ot the electors was reduced to seven ; one more was added in 1649, and another in 1692; these nine electors continued to the year 1798, when, in consequence of the alterations made in the constitution of the enipire, under the influence of France and Russia, they became ten in numbei-; namely, the elector and archbishop of lld- tisbon, the elector and king of Bohemia (the then emperor) the electir of Bava- ria, the elector of Saxony, the elector of Brandenburg (Icing of Prussia) the elector of Hanover (king of England) the elector of Wurtzburg (late grand duke of Tusca- ny) the elector of Wirtemburg, the elector of Baden, and the elector of Hesse. Ro dolphus, count of Hapsburg, was elected emperor in 1273. He is the head of the house of Austria, which is descended from the same stock as the house of Lorrain, re-united to it in the person of Francis I., father of the two late emp -rors, Joseph and Leopold. On the death of Charles VI of Austrii, in 1740, an em.peror was chosen from the house of Bavar a, by the n ime of Ciiarl^-s Vll. On the death of th.s prince, in 1745, the above-mentioned Fran- cis, grand duke of Tuscany, was elected emperor ; whose grandson, Francis II , en- joyed the dignity of emperor of Germany till 1806, when he fomially resigned 'he title and office. At the close of the Saxon race, in 1024, the prerogat ves of the empe- peror were very considerable ; but, in 1437, they were reduced to the nghi of c mfer- ping all dignities and titles, except the pri- vilege of being a state of the empire ; of granting dispensations with respect to the age of maj 'rity ; of erecting cities, and con ferring the privilege of coining money ; of calhng the meetings of the diet, and pre- siding in them. But after all there was no' a foot ofland annexed to this li'le ; fir, ever since the reign of Ch rIesIV, the emperors depended entirely on tiie r here- ditary dominions, as the only source of their power, and even of their subsistence. To prevent the c^damities of a contested election, a king of the Romans was often chosen in the lifetime of the emperor, on whose death he succeeded to the imperial dignity of course. The emperor (always elected and crowned at Pr.mkfort on the Miine) assiimed t!ie t'tle of august, and pretended to !>e successor to drtitied wilh a fort and citadel. Goat isL.nd, island, in Niagara river, fornnng a pail of Erie count}. New York, It overhangs ihe falls and divides the water of Niagara river into two unequal portions. Goave, Petit, or Hispaniola, town of St. Domingo, in tlie Gonave channel, 20 miles WSW Turn Leogane. Lon. W C 4 25 E. lat. 18 25 N Gobcehi, town of Germany, in the pala. tinate of the Rhme, 18 miles SE of Phdlips- burg. Lon. 8 56 E. lat. 49 6 N. Gobin, St. See Fere. Gocn, town of Germany, in the duchy of Cleves, seated on tlie Neers, six miles S of Cleves. Lon. 5 52 E. lat. 51 39 N. Gociano, town of Sardinia, capital of a county of the same name, with a castle, seated on the Thurse, 25 miles E of Algher. Godalming; town in Surry, with a mar- ket on Saturday. It is seated on the VVey, where it divides into several streams, four miles SW of Guildford and 54 of London. Lon. 34 W. lat. 51 13 N. Godavei'y, or Gonga Godoiury, river of the Deccan of Hindoos'.an, which has its source 90 miles to the NE of Bombay. After crossing Dowlataoart and Golconda, from "\V to E, it runs to the SE, and re- ceiving the Bain Gonga, about 90 miles above the sea, besides aany smaller rivers separates into two principal channels at Kajamundry ; and these subdividing again, form altogctiier several tide harbours, for vessels of moderate burden, such as Inge- ram, Coringa, Yalam, Bandarmalanka, and Narsapour. Godmanchester, large village in Hunting- donshire, parted from Huntingdon by the river Ouse. Godwin Sands, famous sandbanks off the coast of Kent, lying between the N and S Foreland, and as they run parallel with the coast for three leagues together, at about two leagues and a half distant from it, they give additional security to the Downs. Goes, or Ter Goes, strong town of the LTnited Provinces, in Zealand, and capital ot the Island of South Beveland, It com- municates with the Scheldt by a canal, and is 20 miles E of Middleburg. Lon. 3 50 E. lat. 51 33 N. Godefroi, fief of Buckingham county. Lower Canada, on St. Lawrence river be- tween Roquetaillaide, and Becancour, three miles above Three Rivers. Goffsto7m, post town and township, Hillsborough county, New Hampshire. The village is at Amoskf ag falls, 15 miles below Concord. Population in 1820, 2173. G O L GOO (iogra, 01" Soorjeiu River, large river which rises in Lake Lunkee Diie, in Thi- bet, in lat. 33 17 N. an.l forcing its way through Mount Himmaleh, lakt^^s a SE ^nchman's bay, about 50 miles from Castine. Population in 1820, 560. Goleita, island of Africa, at ttie entrance of the bay of Tunis ; taken by the emperor Charles V. when he attempted the seige of Tunis, and kept by the Christians several years. It is 29 miles N of Tunis. Lon. 10 20 E, lat. 37 10 N. Golnaw, town of Prussian Pomerania, seated on the Una, 18 miles NE of Stetin. Lon. 14 59 E. lai. 53 45 N. Gvmhv'iun, c./!(3idcr rait of Ornms, 120 mi'ei bSE o: Kerman. Loa. 56 30 E. la.. 27 2S X. G'jinera, one of the Canary Islands, be- tween Fcrro and TenerifFe. It has a town of the same name, with an excellent har- bour, where the Spanish ships often take in refre hments. Here is corn -uincient to support ihe inhibitants, and one ^ugar- work, wi'h gr^ at pLirv of win- and fruits. Lon. 17 3 VV. lat. 28 6 N. Gonave, island, near tha-t of Hispaniola ; haviuif St. Mj ks Channel NE and Gonave Cliannel SW. It i; about 35 tiulc:; long and 10 vvide, with a to\vn and t'arbour of the sa'ne name. Gondar, fnetropolis of Abyssinia, situated on a hdi of considerable height, ..nd con- taining about 10,000 fa^nilies in time of peace. I: is 180 oiies SE of Sennar. Lon. 57 33 E lat. 12 34 N. Gondfgatna, or Gondlacomma, river of the peninsul' of Hindoost^-n, which rises near Combam, forms the n'jminal boundary of thf Carnatic on the N, and falls into the bay of Beuijal, at Mootapilly. Gondrecourt, town of France, in the de- partment of .Meuse and late duchy oF Bar, seated on the Ornay, 20 miles S of St. Michael. Lon. 5 37 E. lat, 48 30 N. Gondreville, town of Franca, in the de- partment of Meurthe and late province of Lorrain, wi'h a castle and a magnificent ho?.pital. It stands on a hill, on the river Mviseile, eight miles from Nanci. Lon. 6 9 E. lat. 48 40 N. Gonesse, town of France in the depart- ment of Seine and Oise, and late provmce of the Isle of France, remarkable for the goodness of Its bread, which is brought twice a week to Pans. It is the birthplace of king Philip Augustus; and is seated on the Crould, 10 miles NE of Paris. Lon. 2 10 E. lat. 48 58 N. Gonga, town of Romania, seated near the sea of Marmora, 37 miles NE of Ga- lipoli. Lon. 37 31 E. lat. 40 53 N. Gonjak, kingdom of Africa, between the coast of Guinea on the S, and Tombucton on the N. supposed by major Rennel to be the Corkche of M. d'Anville. Gonjah, the capital, is 870 miles W by S of Cashna. Lon. 6 low. lat. 13 20 N. Goochland, county of Virginia, bounded by James river or Powhatan and Cumber- land county S and SW ; Fluvanna NW ; Louisa and Hanover NE, and Henrico SE; length 28 ; mean width 12 ; area 336 square miles. Surface moderately hilly, 359 G O li G O S and soil tolerably productive. Chief town, HadeiisviUe. Population in 1810. Tree wiiite males • - - 2,060 do. do. females - . 2,170 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - 509 Slaves 5,464 Total population in 1810 nidation in 1S20. 10,203 Poi Free white males ... 1,889 do. do. females 1,907 Total whites . . - 3.796 Free persons of colour, males 317 do. do. females - 368 Slave; 5, males . - . - 2,919 do. females 2,607 Total population in 1820 these ; 10,007 Of: Foreigners not naturalized Enejaged in AgrlciUture 3,201 do. in Manufactures - 296 do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 30. Goochland, cotirlhouse and post office, Goochland county, 30 miles \V by N from Riciimond. Goodwomans river, falls into Missouri from the left, 190 miles above the mouth of the latter. Good. Hope. See Cape of Good H«pe. Goodwin Sajids. See Godwin Sands. Goodwinsville, post village, Dinwieddie county, Virginia. Goompty, river of Hindoostan Proper, which rises in the Rohilla Country, and flowing SB by Lucknow and .Tionpour, falls into the Ganges, a little below Be- nares. Gooty, or Gtitii, strong fortress in the peninsula of Hindoostan, formerly the seat of government of a Mahratta prmce, and now subject to the British, (t is seated on the Pennar, 25 miles S by E of Aduni. Lon. 77 35 E. lat 15 15 N. Gorcum, town of the United Provinces, in Holland, which carries on a considera- ble trade in cheese and butter- It is seat- ed at the junction of the Linghe with the Waal, 12 milts E of Dort, and 32 S of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 51 E. lat. 51 51 N. Gordon's Ferry, post office, Hickman county, Tennessee. Gordonsville, post village, Orange coun- ty, Virginia, at t'.e foot of the South Moun- tain, 45 miles SW by W from Frederick- burg. Gore, townsliip of the land of the state, Penobscot county, l^Jaine. Population in 1820,37. ■ ' .-^eo Goree, small island of Africa, near Cape de Verd, subjec' to the French. It is bar- ren, but of^great importance on account of its good trade. Lon. 17 25 W. iat. 14 40 N. ' Goree, capital of an island of the same name, in Holland, eight inles SSVV of Bi-iel. Lon. 4 20 E. iit. 51 44 N. Gores Island, barren and uninh'ibited island in tlie North Pacific Ocean, so named by captain Cook, wlso discovered it in 1778. Cape Upright, the SE extremity is in lon. 172 50 W. lat. 60 30 N. Gorgona, small island ."f Italy, in the sea of Tiiscnny, eight miles m circumfer- ence, remai'kdble for the l.'irge quantity 'if anchovies tsken near it. Lon. 10 E. lat. 43 22 N. Gorgona, island in the South Pacific Ocean, 12 miles W of the coast of Peru- It is high land, very woody, and some of the trees are proper for masts. It is 10 miles in circumference, and has several ri- vulets of excellent water. Lon. 77 50 W. Iat. 3 20 S. Gorgontua, remarkable high rock on the north shore of lake Superior, lying at a small dist:ince, iotd southerly of the point which forms Michipicoten Bay, to the southward and eastward ; the rock is lioJ- low, wi;h an openmg into it. Gorham, township and post village, Cumberland county, Maine. Population in 1820, 2795. The vdlage is nine miles NW from Portland. Gorham, township and post village of Ontario county. New York- Population in 1830, 3991.' The village is 10 miles W from Geneva. Goritz, capital of a county of the same name, in the duchy of Carmola, with a cas- tle, seated on the Lisonzo, 16 miles NE of Aquileia. Lon. 13 30 E. iat. 46 20 N. Gorlitz, strong town of G-.rm;iny, in Up- per Lusatia, on the river Neisse, 55 miles E of Dresden. Lon. 15 40 E. lat. 51 10 N. Gone, town of France, in the depart- ment of Moselle and late province of Lor- rain. It had a rich abbev, previous to the revolution, and is seated on a hill, eight miles SW of Metz, GoxfieJd, township of Essex county, Upper Canada, on lake Erie, west from Mersea. Goshen, township of Cheshire county. New Hampshire, 30 miles W from Con- cord. P .puiation in 1820, 687. Goshen, township of Addison county Vermont, 33 miles SW from Montpelier. Population, 100. Goshen, township of Lichfield county, Connecticut, 7 miles W fiom Lichfield, and 38 NW of the city from Hartford. Po- pulation 1820, 1586. Goshen, township and post village of G O T G O T Hamshire county, Massachusetts, situated between Worthington and Convvay, about 90 miles westward from Boston. Papula- tion in 1820, 632. Goshen, p.ist town and township, (Jrange county, New York, famuMs for excellent cheese, distant 60 miles NW from ilie city of New York, and 112 S of Albany. Po- pulation in 1820, 3,441. The county courts are held alternately at the village of Goshen, and at Newberg, Gosheii, ^Fesf, towiiship of Chester coun- ty, Pennsylvania, about 5 miles K from Downingstown, on some of the creeks of Brandywine, and the heads of Chester creeks. Population in 1820, 1,309, inclu- ding the borough of West- Cht ster. Chief town West-Chester. Goshen, post village Loudon county Vir- ginia, on the road from Washington to Winchester, 35 miles from Washington. Goshen, post town Lincoln County Geor- gia, about 40 miles above Augusta. Gos/ten, township of Tuscarawas county Ohio, in which stands New Philadelphia, seat of justice for the county. Population in 1820, 604, including New Philadelphia. GosAen, township of Columbiana countv, Ohio. Population in 1820, 492. Goshen, township of Belmont county, Ohio. Population m 1820, 1416. Goshen, tovvnsiiip of OisampMign county, Ohio. Popdation in 1820, 911^ Goshen, township of Clemont county, Ohio, 18 miles NW from Williamsburg. Population m 1820, 755. Goshen, townsiiip of St. Clair countv, Illi- nois. Population 2,000 Goshen Hill, post office, Spartanburg, South Carolina. Goslar, ancient, fvee, and imperial city of Lower Saxony, in the territory of Bruns- wick, seated at tiie foot of a mountain, near the river Cose. It is 28 njiies S of Brunswick. Lon 10 42 E, lar. 52 N. Gosport, fortified town in liamp-.hire, on the W side of the Harbour of Port-^mouth, over which is a ferrv. It is 78 miles SW of Londm. Lon. 1 3 W, lat. 50 49 E. Gostynen^ or Gosttivin, town of Pcdand, in the palatinate of Rava. 36 miles NE of Rava. Lon. 20 40 E, lat. 51 54 N. Gotha, town of Upper Saxony, capital of a duchy of the same name, 18 miles W of Erfort. Lon. 10 52 E, lat. 51 N. Gotha, river of Sweden which issues from Lake Wenner, and falls into the North Sea, at Gotheborg. Gothard, St. one of the highest moun- tains of Svitzerland, in the canton of Uri. Itii- 9075 feet above the sea, and 22 miles S of AUorf. Though not the highest. mountain, it is deemed the prinfipal sum- mit of the Helvetian Alps ; for in its vici- nity rise the rivers Tesino, Aar, Reuss, and llhine, which Sow hence in everv direction. Z z Gotheburg, or Gothenboi'^, city of Swe- den, capital of Wtst Gothland, seated at the mouth of the Gotha, which forms an excellent ha hour ; the best situate for foreign tnide of any in the kingdom, as it iies on the Categat. I is 180 miles SW of Or bo. Lon. 11 39 E, lat. 57 42 N. Gothland, one of the five general divi- sions of Sweden; bounded on the N by Sw'::den Proper, E an ; S by the IJaltic, and W by the Sound, the German Ocean, and Norway. Thi>. country is inhabited by a nation, celebrated for their excursions and invasionsof other countries, which had its origen from the G-se, or Tarta'S of the Crimea. The Goths had kings of their own till 1132, when they were united to Sweden. It includes nine provinces and the isles of Gothland and CEland. Gothland, island of Sweden, in the Baltic, 70 miles frii.m N to S,ancl 25 in its greatest breadth. From its form and situation it has obtained the name of the Eye of the Baltic The siil is fertile, and remarkable for .»n excedent breed of sheep. Here are fine wood>5 of oak and pine, quarries of ex- cellent stone, and very good limestone. Wisby is the capital. Gothland, East, province of Sweden, in the division of Gothland, between the B;iitic on the E, and laki' Wetter on the W, 80 mile.s loi.gand 70 broad. The .soil is fertile, and produces abundance of all sorts of grain. It has fine orchards, pas- tures, lakes, and rivers, forests of oak and birch, iron-mines, and quarries of stone and marble. The chief town is Nord- koping. Gothland. West, province of Sweden in the division of Gothland, between the lakes Wettf-r and Wenner, 30 miles long;' and from 25 o 70 broad, The soil and produce are similar o East Gothland. The chief town is Gotheburg. Gottesbnrg, town of Silesia, wliere great quantities of worsted stockings are knit, 16 miles SW ot Schweidnitz. Gottengcn, cUy of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Briinswick. Here George IL of Great Britain founs not taxed - - - 30 Slaves 270 Total population in 1810 - 4,941 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 2,678 do. do. females 2,492 Total whites - . - - 5,170 Free persons of colour, males - 50 do. do. females - - - 33 Slaves, males ... - 173 do. females , - . 172 Total population in 1820 - - 5,598 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized ■ - Engaged in Agriculture - - 863 do. in Manufactures - H do. in Commerce - - ^ Population to the square mile, 6. Grayson, county of Kentucky, between Green river and Rough creek, bounded S by Warren ; SW by Butler ; W by Ohio , N by Breckenridge ; NE by Hardin and E by Hart ; length 36 ; mean width 16| ; area 600 square miles. Surface broken, and soil of middling quality. Chief town, Litchfield. Population in 1810. Free white males ... do. do. females . - - All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves 103 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - Total whites Free persons of eolour, do. do. Slaves, males - do. females males - females 1,927 1,909 3,836 19 96 88 Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 1 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,179 do. in Manufactures » do. in Commerce - - Population to the square mile, 6^. Gray''s Thurroch, town in Essex, with a market on Thursday, seated on the Thames, 24 miles E of London. Lon. 24 E. lat. 51 26 N. Great Harrington, post town in Berk- shire county, Massachusetts, about 23 miles W of Springfield on the river Con- necticut. Population in 1820, 1908. Great Bay. extensive sheet of water, between Stafford and Rockingham coun- ties. New Hampshire, five miles above Portsmouth. It unites with Piscataqua ri- ver, and receives Oyster, Lamprey and Exeter rivers. Great Dismal, extensive morass in the state of North Carolina, containing upwards of 350,000 acres, in the middle of which is a small lake, about 40 miles in circuit. From this lake a canal has been cut, com- municating wilh Scuppernong river. Great Bridge, post office, Norfolk county, Virginia. Great Ca/ie, on the north side, where lake Superior descends into the narrows of the fall St. Mary. Great Crossings, post office, Scott county, Kentucky, on Great Elkhorn creek. Great Mills, post office, St. Mary's county. Grebna, town of European Turkey, in Thessaly, 50 N by E from loanina, in Epi- rus. Greece, country of Europe, included in the empire of the Ottoman Turks. The boundaries of this truly interesting coun- try, as well as the etymology of the name, are equally uncertain. The common opinion of the Greeks themselves, derive their national appellation from Graicus, son of Thessalus. Many sources liave been sought for the origin of this people, proba- bility is in favour of the supposition, that the mass of the people originated from Gothic, or Scythian colonies, but, that their civilization, arts, and sciences, were drawn from the cultivated nations of western Asia, and NE Africa. The word Ylixxirytt, signifies a stork, or bird of passage, and is peculiarly applicable, to either a nomadic or commercial people, and given with the warm and happy felicity of Greek nomen- clature. They prided themselves also, on the t«itle of Autochthones ; children of the earth. Gradually civilized, and quitting the nomadic state rather by tribes than nationally, new provincial names arose, and in the lapse of successive ages, the primi- tive nimes were lost, in those of Helleni- 4,055 ans, lonians, Dorans, Stc« 367 1,159 1,039 2,301 G R E G R E We understand commonly by the name of Greece, the country generally so known, and which forms the SW part of European Turkey. Though I have already observed that this country was peopled by colonies, advancing from the norili, I have only, in the present article, included under the name of Greece, divisions admitted by the ancients themselves ; but the Greek nation, not only inhabited that part of Europe, they also extended colonies into the south of Italy, to which they gave ihe name of Magna Graecia ; into Sicily, in which they founded many large and populous cities ; on the coast of Africa, west from Egypt, and particularly into Asi-i Minor The following synopsis will suffice for •Greece proper, and for the principal towns of each section. Greece was divided into three great portions, by th^, hand of nauire ; these sec- tions were,.penW^^ui;lr Greece, or the Pe- loponnesus, jmw^ Morea; Continental Greece, and Il^5^a^ Greece. Peloponnesus w^s subdivided into the provinces of ArgollS, in which were the rivers Inachus and Erasinus, and the cities of Argos, Myoena and Ep:dauris. Jjaco- nia, with the Eurota-. river, and the cities of Sparta, Amyclae, Gytliium, and Taena- rium. MessenJa, with the Pamisus river, and the cities o^fitenyclarus and Colonides. Elis, with the )Bfc>heus, Anigus, and Sel- leis, and the citieajS^f Olympia, Pjsa, and Elis. Achala, wateVi^jtf^y the Melas and Crathis rivers, and li^H^" the cities of Dyme, Patrae and AegrB|(|iv Sicyonia, with the I'iver Asopus, and tmSnd Marathon. Mega- ris, with the cities of Megara and Nysaea. BcEOtia, with the lake Cop:ns and river Aso- pus, and the cities of Thebes, Orchomenus, Cheronea, Tanagra, Eleuterae and Thes- piae. Phocis, with the river Cephisus, and the cities of Delphi, Elatia, Crys^a and Anticyra. Doris, witii ihe city of Cytini- um. Locfis Ozolae, with the cities of Am- phissa, and Naupactus. Locr s Epicnemi- dii, with the city of Cnemides. Locri Opuntii, with the ci'.y of Opus. Aetolia, with the rivers Achelous and Evenus, and the cities of Thermui, Calydon and Chal- cis. Acarnania, with the cities of Argos, Araphilochicum, Stratus and Actium. Thessilia, with the rivers Peneus, Onches- tus and Sperchius and the cities of Larissa, Pharsalus, Pherae and Demetrias. Epirus, with the rivers Acheron and Avas, and the cities of Buthrotum and Nicopolis. Ulyria, with the cities of Epidair.-ia and Apollo- nia. Macedonia, wnh the rivers Erigon, Axius, Strymon and Haliacmon, and the cities of Pella, Edessa, Thessalonica and Olynthus. Insular Greece was subdivided into the East, South and West sections That of the East, contained the islands of Thtra. Naxia, Paros, Delos, Myconus, Tenos, An- dros, Eeos, Eub 'ea, Scyos, Thasos, and some smaller groups. That of the south contained Crete, and Cythera. In the west were Corcyra, Leucadia, Cephallenia, Du- lichium and Zacynthus, In this exposition oi the states of Greece Macedonia is included ; but it may be ob- served that It W.1S only after the reign of Philip 11. and his son Alexander U. ; or Alexander the Great, that the Greeks com- menced to regard Manedonia, as a part ot Greece. Before that period the people in- habiting the country called Grecia and also Hellas, regarded the Macedonians, as well as the Thraciaiis as barbarians. Similar observations might indeed be extended to Thessaly, Etolia, Acarnania, Epirus and lllyria. These countries v.ere slowly and with the advance of arts, science and poli- tical power, admitted into the list of Gre- cian states! Taken in extenso, Greece was bounded south by the Mediterranean sea; west by the Ionian, and part of the Adria- tic sea ; north by the mountains of lllyria, Macedonia and Thrace, and east by Thrace and the Aegean sea. It extended from lat. 35 to 43 N. or about 560 English miles; and from east to west 250 mdes wide where broadest. Its area about 40,000 sqtiare miles. Greece is formed by a peninsula bearing a strong resemblance to that of Italy, the Peloponnesus representing Sicily. Nearly parallel to the two opposite coasts extends a range of mountains with latteral ridges, branching tosvards each sea. The main chain gradually declines ;n elevation from north to south. In the northern part of Greece, the ndges of Pindus and Parnas- sus rise to from 7 to 8000 feet, whilst the mountains oi' Boeotia and Attica do not ex- . eed fr-.m 500 to 1000 feet. Parallel to the mai'i ch.;!ii another rises near the head of the gulf of Salonica or the ancient Sinus Thermaicus, and by the local names. of Ossa, and Pehon, and Octa, and Othrys, ex- tends through Thessaly to the ancient gulf of ArtimisiuiT, and is continued through the islands of Euboea, Andros, Tenos, .My- conus, &c. The latter c'.ain is in reality a ramnification of the main central chain which it leaves betv" een the sources of the Haliacmon and Pencus rivers, and first G R E G R E stretching eastward toward the Themiaic gulf, thence turns SE as already described. Along the northern frontier of Macedo- nia ranges Mount Orbelus, a part of the great chain of Mount Ilaemus. From Mount Orbelus, between the sources of the Axius and Strymon rivers extends an humble but distinct ridge of which Mount Athos in the Cealcidice, was the utmost southeastern termination. The countries of Acarnania, Etolia and Epirusare also ex- tremely mountainous. The Peloponnesus, now Morea, posses- ses its appropriate mountain ridges, of which the principal are Mount Cyllene in the west, and Taygetus near the south ex- tremity. The whole peninsula is, how- ever, excessively mountainous. The cen- tral table land of Arcadia, rising to an ele- vation which gives it a climate of consider- able severity in winter, but a mast salubri- ous and delicious atmosphere in spring, summer and autumn. In brief all Greece may be viewed as a region rough, but highly conducive to the full developement of tlie haqpan frame and mental faculties. A country so indented, cannot be sup- posed abundant in rivers, but tKougli com- paratively small, and of limited length of course, many of the rivers of Greece fare fine mountain streams, and some drain val- lies rich with every gift of nature. Ad- vancing from north to south we find in Ma- cedonia, the ihree beautiful basins of the Strymon, Axius and Haliacmon. In Tiies- saly spreads the basin of the Peneus, now Saiympria, celebrated in all ages, as one of the most inviting spo'.s on earth. The gorge through Mount Ossa made by the Peneus in its escape to the Aegean sea, is the famous vale of Tempe. The Gepliisus river of Boetia is remarkable as having no outlet to any sea. Though not very generally fertile, the soil of Greece is more productive than could be expect^ed from a country so bro- ken by mountains. It is more cel-brated for fruits than grain. The plains and val- leys of Greece, produces however, in suf- ficient abundance, wheat, barley, rice, maize, millet and other cerealia. Its fruits are abundant and delicious ; the prmclpal species are, figs, grape-, apples, &.c. In many places, extensive orchards of the while mulberry tree are cultivated, to feed the s Ik worm. The modern name of the Po'oponnesus the Morea, is deriVed from Morus, tlie Latin name of the mulber- ry tree. Honey is also amongst the most valuable productions of Greece That of Attica, has been from time immemorial celebrated for its peculiar excellence. Cotton ^nd to- bacco, in modern timi^s, have been intro- duced and are now generally cultivated. In brief Greece, wants onlv freedoxn and SA release from the deteriorating and murder- ous despotism of the Turks ; and national union to again resume her rank amongst the most respectable nations of the world. Considerable advance hasbeen made during the last 70 years, in rousing the Greeks to a recollection of what was once their an- cestors, and an anticipation of what they may themselves be, if restored to self go- vernment. Literature has made, if we es- timate the many impediments opposed to its advance, astonisiiing progress of late. Great attention is paid to the ancient and modern languages of Greece The formerf distinguished by tiie title of Helenic, and the latter, by th.at of Romaic, and differing about as much as Latin and Italian Increasing intelligence, and reading of their own classic authors, have led to a re- sult which was inevitable, a resistance against their ancient and ferocious oppres- sors. That resistance is now in operation, and lost must that heart be, which is not witli its every feeling, arrayed on the sids of the Greeks. Green, township of Franklin county, Pennsylvania, on both sides of the road from Shippensburg to Chambersburg. Popula- tion in 1820,2010.- Green, county of Kentucky ; bounded by Clinton and Warren S ; Montgomery W ; Clark N ; Madison NE, and Fayette E ; length 24; breadth 18; and area 400 square miles. Surface moderately hilly, and soil productive. Chief town, Xenia. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 3,039 do. do. females ... 2,795 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 35 Slaves Total population in 1810 - - 5,870 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 5,366 do. do. females ... 5,102 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... g Total whites .... 10,476 Free persons of Colour, males - 25 do. do. femaleSj 28 Slaves, males . . , . do. females ... Total population in 1820 10,529 Of these ; Foreij^ners not naturalized - 52 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,094' do. in 4Manufactures - 365 do. in Commerce . - 6 Population to the square mile, 26. Green, township of Adams county, Ohio. Population in 1620,678. G R E G R £ Gt'een, township of Glark ceunty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 658. Green, township of Clinton county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 917. Green, township of Columbiana county, Ohio. Population ii 1820, 772 Green, lownsi-.ip of Fayetie coiinty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 905 Green, township of Gal'ia county, Ohio. Population i.i 1820, 700. Green, townsliip in Harrison county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 2978. Green, township of Richland county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 621. Green, township of Ross county, Ohio, on the east side of Sciota river. Population in 1820, 1531. Green, township of Sciota county, Ohio, on Ohio river; Population in 1820, 582. Green, post village and township of Stark county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 503. Green, township of TFumbull county, Ohio, 18 miles NE from Warren. Popula- tion in 1820, 135 Green, town hip of Wayne county, Ohio, six miles NE from Wooster. Population in 1820,413. Green Bank, soutk from the island of Newfoundland, about 150 miles long and 50 wide, lying in form of an ellipsis. Lon. W C from 20 10 to 24 40 E. lat. 45 30 to 46 50 N. Green Bay, formerly Bay Puan, large bay of lake Michigan, or more correctly the estuary of Fox river. Its form is that of a triangle, extending about 90 miles from lake Michigan, gradually narrowing, from 20 miles to the confined stream of Fox ri- ver. The mouth of Green bay is closed by a group of islands. See Grand-traverse. Vessels of 200 tons can navigate this bay and enter some distance into Fox river. Green Bay, settlement. This region was colonised by tiie French when in posses- sion of Canada, about 1700. The majority of the present settlers are descendants of the original settlers. See Brotim county, ^Michigan. Green-briar, river of Virginia, which rises in Pendleton county, Virginia, and flowing SWby S through Pendleton, Bath, Nicholas £nd Monroe counties, falls into the Great Kenhawa, after a comparative course of 100 miles. Green-briar, county of Virginia, bounded by Nichelas E ; Monroe SE ; Kenhawa river or Giles SW; Kenhawa NW ; and Randolph NE ; length 50 ; mean width 24 ; area 1200 square miles. Surface hilly and mountainous generally, with a soil mostly rocky or stony and barren Chief town, Lewisburg, Population in 1810 Free white males ... 2,714 (h). do; females - . . ?,576 All other per»>ns except Indians uot taxed 30 Slaves 594 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females 5,814 3,228 2,935 Total whites - . . . 6,163 Free persons of colour, males 50 do. do. females 43 Slaves, males - - - - 413 do. females - - - 372 Total populatioain 1820 7,040 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 12 Engaged in .\griculture - - 1,899 do. in Manufactures - - 161 do. in Commerce - - 17 Population to the square mile, 6, Greenbnsh, post village and township, opposite the city of Albany, and in Ren- sallaer county, New York. Population in 1820, 2764. Green Castle, post town in Franklin county, Pennsylvania, 11 miles S of Cham- bersburg, and the same distance N of Ha- gerstown, Maryland, with about 1300 inha- bitants. Greencaalle, post town Fairfield county, Ohio, 10 miles NW from New Lancaster, and 11 SE from Columbus. Greene, post village and township of Kennebec county, Maine, 24 miles SW from Augusta. Population in 1820, 1890. Greene, county of New York, bounded E by Hudson river ; S by Ulster ; W by Delaware ; NW by Schoharie, and N by Albany ; length 32 ; mean width 20; area 640 square miles. The surface of this county is in a peculiar manner diversified. Its central parts are occupied by the high- est elevations of the Kaatsbergs, rising to near 4000 feet, and are the highest peaks of the Appalac an or Allegany range SW from Hudson river. Around these Alpine summits, .re many valleys of the first rate land, highly productive in grain, fruits and pasturage. It is indeed one of the most interesting countries in ihe United States, for the richne-is and variety of its scenery and its mineral and vegetable productions. Chief town, Athens. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 9,547 do do. females - . 9,251 All other persons except In- dians not taxed . - - 371 Slaves 367 Total population in 1810, 19,536 G R E G P E Population in 1820. Pree white males 11,283 do. do. females 10,942 Total whites - - - 32,225 Free persons of colour, males 311 do do. females 326 Slaves, males - - - . 62 do. females ... 72 Total population in 1820, 22,996 Of these ; Poreigneps not naturalized 81 Engaged in Agriculture - 4,627 do. in Manufactures 996 do. in Commerce 155 Population to the square mile, 36. Greene, post town, Chenango count)', New York, 12 miles S\V from Norwich. Population in 1820, 2590. Greene, SW county of Pennsylvania, bounded by Virginia S and W ; by Wash- ington, Pennsylvania N ; and by the Mo- nongaiiela river E ; length' 32 ; breadth 12 ; area 600 square miles. < Surface gene- rally hilly, with a good soil on the streams and some fpart of the highlands.^ ^ Chief town, Waynesboro. Population in 1810. Free whites, males • - 6,282 do. do. females - • 6,180 All other persons except Indians not taxed T2 Slaves 10 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - Total whites . - - - Free persons of colour, males ■ do. do. females Slaves, males do. females • - - Total population in 1830 - 12,544 7.784 7,509 15,293 127 127 4 15.554 28 ; mean width 15 ; area 420 square miles. Surface hilly and soil productive. Chief town, Greensb'rough. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 3,332 do. do. females - - • 3,076 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 45 Slaves ..... 5,236 Total population in 1810 - - 11,679 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 3,415 do. do. females - - 3,184 Total whites - - - 6,599 Free persons of colour, males 25 do. do. females 28 Slaves, males . - - 3,497 do. females - - - 3,440 Total population in 1820 - 13,589 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 1 Engaged in Agricwlture - - 4,309 do. in Manufactures - 146 do. in Commerce - 26 Population to the square mile, 30. Greene, county of Alabama, at the mouth of the Tuscaloosa, or Black Warrior river ; bounded by the Tombigbee river W ; Pickins and Tuscaloosa N ; Perry K, and Da las and Marengo S ; length 35 ; mean width 2U , areii 700 squan miles. Surface in gf-nt-ral hilU. Soil upon the streams highly fertile, but in t!ie Intermediate space sterile. Chief town, Erie. Population in lb20. Free white males ... 1,543 do. do. females - - 1,318 Total whites . 2,861 Free persons of colour. males - 1 do. do. females 1 Slaves, males . 834 do. females - 857 Of these; . Foreigners not naturalized • 23 Engaged in .\griculture - - 2,248 do. in Manufnctures - 715 do. in Commerce - - 64 Population to the square mile, 26. Greene, township of Greene county, Pennsylvani i, on Whitely creek. Popu- lation in 1820,1801. Greene, township of Beaver county, Pennsylvania, on the S side of Ohio river. Population in 1820, 1194. Greene, county ot' Georgia, bounded by Oconee river SW ; Clarke and Oglethorpe N ; Wilkes E ; and Hancock SE ; length Total population in 1820 4,554 Ofthe.se; Foreigners not naturalized - 5 Engaged in Agriculture - - 496 do. in Manufactures - - 33 do. in Commerce • - 16 Popula'ion to the square mile, 2^ Greene, county of North Carolina; bounded by Lenoir S ; Wayne W ; Edge- comb N ; Pitt NE, and Craven SE ; length 20 ; mean width 14 ; area 280 square miles. S\irface moderately h liy, and soil tolerably profluctive. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 1,412 371 G R V. G R E Fi;ee white females - • - All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves ..... 1,558 Total population in 1810 55 1,842 Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females . - - 4,867 1,122 1,172 Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males .... do. females ... 2,294 47 18 1,113 1,061 Population in 1820. Free white ma'es do. do. females Total whites ... Free per-:o.~.s of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males . - - - do. females Total population in 1820. Total population in 1820 4,533 Of these ; Forei.^ners not naturalized - 2 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,569 do. in Manufactures - 36 do. in Commerce - - 11 Population to the square mile, 16. Greene, county of Mississippi ; bounded by Alabama E ;"by Jickson S ; Perry W, and Wayne N ; lengtli 36 ; mean width 30 ; area 1090 square miles. Surface uneven, rather than hilly. Soil, except in a few places along the -treams sterile, and tim- bered, with fine staple cotton. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 545 do. do. females - - 518 Total whites .... 1,063 Free persons of colour, males - 2 do. do. females - Slaves, males .... 200 do. females ... i80 Total population in 1820 - 1,445 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 23 Engaged in Agriculture - 428 do. in Manufactures - 5 do. in Commerce - - 2 Population to the square mile, 1§. Greene, county of East Tennessee ; bounded by North Carolina SE ; Cocke S W ; Jefferson W ; Hawkins N. and Wash- ington E ; length 32 ; mean width 22 ; area about 700 square n\iles. Surface greatly diversified by mountain, hill and dale. The Nolicluicky river winding tlirough the cen- tral parts of the county, affords much good land. Chief town, Greenville. Population in 1810. Free white males . > . 4,608 do do. females - - - 4,438 All other persons except Indians not taxed • . - . 12 tSIaves, - ... ,655 9,715 5,230 5,235 10,465 10 20 415 418 11,328 Of these ; Foreignere not naturalized - 16 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,577 do. in Manufactures - 331 do. in Commerce - - 14 Population to the square mile, 16. Green, county of Kentucky ; bounded by Adair SE ; Barren SW ; Hart W ; Hardin NW, and Washington N ; length 34 ; mean width 12 ; area about 400 squ:ire miles. Surface generally rather level, and being drained by Green river and its numerous branches, possesses a great proportion of good land. Chief town, Greensburg. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 2,720 do. do. females - • - 2,545 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 61 Slaves .... - 1,401 Total population in 1810 - 6,735 Population in 1620. Free white males do. do. fennales Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. fcKiales Slaves, males _ . - do. females _ _ - 4,662 4,021 8,683 9 10 1,533 l,7u8 Total population in 1820 11,943 372 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized - 1 Engaged in Agriculture - 1,827 do. in Manufactures - 181 do in Commerce - 19 Population to the square mile, 19^. Greenfehl, township, and post village, Franklin county, Massachusetts, on the west bank of Connectcut river, 20 miles above Northampton. The village is the seal of justice for the county, and is a pros- perous commerci;*! depot. Population of the township in 1820, 1361 Greenfield, post village, and township of Saratoga county. New York, 10 miles N from Balston Spa. Population in 1820, o02'4. g; R E G R E Greenjield, northern township of Bedford county, Pennsylvania, principally on the head waters ot the Frankstovvn branch of Juniata. Population in 1820, 1141. Greeiijield, townsliip of P'airhcld county, Ohio. Population in 1820, uncertain. Greenfield, western township of Gallia county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 326. Greenjield, post village, on the eastern pan of Highland county, 22 miles W from Chiliicothe. Greenjield Hill, post village, Fairfield county, Connecticut, 6 miles west from Bridgeport. Green Garden, post office, Sumner coun- ty, Tennessee. Green Hill, post village, Campbell coun- ty, Virginia. Greeidand, general name by which are denoted the most easterly parts of Ameri- ca, stretching towards the north pole, and likewise some islands to the northward of the continent of Europe, lying in very high latitudes. This country is divided into W and E Greenland. Greenland was for a long time considered as a part of the conti- nent of West Greenland, but is now dis- covered to be an assemblage of islands ly- ing between 76 46 and 80 30 ot N latitude, and between 9 and 20 of E longitude. It was discovered by Sir Hugh Willoughby in 1553, who Called it Greenland ; supposing it to be a part of the western continent. In 1595, it was again visited by William Ba- rentz and John Cornelius, two Dutchmen, who pretended to be the original discov- erers, and called the country Spitzbergen, or Sharp Mountains, from the many sharp- pointed and rocky mountains with which it abounds. The only quadrupeds of either W or E Greenland, are deer, white bears, and foxes. To its frozen seas, the English and other nations repair annually, in the proper season, to fish for whales. See Spitzbergen. G')'e«z/a«f/,townshiiJ of Rockingham coun- ty. New Hampshire, on the south side of Great bay Population in 1«20, 634. Greenland, hitherto considered as a part of tlw; continent of America, has been de- termined by the researches of Captain Parry, to be separated from that country by a strait, or rather an intricacy of straits and islands. Greenlaw, county -town of Berwickshire, seated on a river that joins ilie Tweed, be- fore it reaches Berwick. It is 18 mUes W bv S of that town. Lon. 2 10 W, lat. 55 43 N. Green JMowUains, ridge extending from the Highlands, in New York, tlirough Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont, into Lower Canada, In Berkshire county, Mussachusatts, a branch leaves the Green Mountains, and stretching south through Connecticut, terminates at New Haven. The Green Mountains vary in height from 300 to 4000 feet, with some elevated, though highly fertile valleys. Vermont de- rives its name from this range, the word meaning liierally Gieen Mountain. Green Point, in the bay of Quinle, is the norUi pomt in Supliiasburgti, and iuys op- posite to John's isla'id. Upper Canada. Greenock, considerable seaport in Ren- frewshire, at the mouth of the Clyde, which here expands into a basin four miles wide. It is 20 miles W ot Glasgow. Lon. 4 29 W. lat. 55 54 N. Greai Jiiver, river of Kentucky, rises in Lincoln county, and flowing by a generally western course, througii Case}', Adair, Green, Hart, Warren, Grayson, Butler, Ohio, iMuhlenburg, Hopkins, Davis and Henderson counties, falls into Ohio river, after a comparative length of about 230 miles. Greensborough, post town, Orleans coun- ty, VeriTiont, on the head of La Moelle river, 30 miles NNE from Montpelier. Greensboro', post town in Caronne coun- ty, Maryland, situated on the branch of Choptank river, eight miles N of Denton, and 10 miles E of Centreville. Greensborough, post village, Guilford coujty, North Carolina. Greensboro' , town in Green county, Georgia, 38 miles W by S ot Washington, and 67 NW of Louisville, Here is a post office. Greensburgh, township of West Chester county. New York, on Hudson river, 30 miles above New York. Population 1820, 2064, Greensburg, post town and the capital of Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, 31 miles E by S of Piltsbiirg, and 264 W of Philadelphia ; it has a court house, jail, and about 800 inhabitants Population in 1820, 770, Greejuburg, small post village in Green county, Pennsylvania, on V/hitcIay creek, 18 n.iles S fiom Bro^vnsville. Greensbitrg, post town in Green couiity, Kentucky, situaled on the N side of Green river, about 56 miles SW of Springfield. GVeCTwieJ, village in Essex, one mile VV of Chipping Or.gar, remarkable for its little church, the walls of wliicli are formed of the sohd trunks of trees placed in rows, and are entire though built betore the con- quest. Green valley, post village, Bath countj', Virginia, on Cowpasture river, 12 miles N E from the Warm Springs. Greenville, township of York county. Lower Canada, on the N side of Ottawa river, 50 miles W from iNIontreal, Greenville, post village, and township of Green county. New York, on Catskill creek, 16 miles above Catskill. Greenville, county of Virginia, bounded G> R E GR E by North Carolina S ; Brunswick W; Dim- vidrlie NW ; Susst-'^i NE, and Sou'hamp oi E, length 22 ; ipeaii widih 14; arf^ about 300 square mile' Gem rally Itvrl, and soil of (iiidiilipg quality. Chief towii, Hick>foid. Pop -latian v.: 1810. Free whites, males - - 1,135 CIO. do. emaies - - 1,119 All oTiier persons, except Indians not taxed .... Slav.b 4,59y Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820, Free white males do. do. females Total whites - - - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females - Slaves, males do females Total population in 1820 - 6,853 1,015 1,041 2,056 141 149 2,320 2,192 branch »f Tar river, 23 miles above Wash- inf^' n Greenville, district. South Carolina, bouiderl by Nor'h Caroli .:i NW ; Spar- tans lur^ E; l.atreps SG ; and P.-ndleton SW ; Ici gih 47; nie n width 15; area about 700 sq-are mde-. S'.rface moun- tai i>ais or hilly, sol of the bottomlands fertile Chief t^wn, Greenville. Populatiun in 1810. Free wlnte malts - - • 5,458 do. do. females ... 5,281 AI; other per ons except Indians not taxtd .... Slaves . . - . - Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. fei'iales Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females 6,858 Slaves, males ... do. females Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 4 Engaged in Agrictdture . . 2,225 do. in Manufactures - - 66 do. in Commerce - - 3 Population to the square mile 23 nearly. Greenville, post town of Muhlenburg county, Kentucky, on tue W side ot Green river. 14 miles SW of Hanford. Greenville, pist town in Pitt county, North Carolina, on tne 6 bank of Pampii- co river, 23 miles above Washiiij^Ton, on the same stream. Greenville, post town in Green county, Tennessee, 60 miles E fmm Kioxvil.e. Greenville, post town in Greenville dis- trict, South Carolina, situated on the W side of the head ot Reedy river, 100 miles above Columbia. GreenviUe, county, Upper Canada, bound- ed on the E by the county of Dundas ; on the S by the river St. Lawrence, and on the W b> the tow nship ot Elizabeth Town, ru'-;nmg N 24 degrees W, until it inter- sects the O'.awa or Grjind River; thence it descends tiiat nver, untii it miets tlie northwes'er-.most boundary of the county of Dundas. The county of Green vile com- prehends all the ihlands near to it m the river St L-iwrence. It sends one repre- sentative to provincial p rliament. Greenville, township, Somerset county, Pel.n^ylvania, on the head brunches of Castlemans river, branch of Yougi:iogany river. Popul tion in 1820, 594. GreenviUe, post town and seat of jus' ice, Pitt county, North Carolina, on the left 374 Total population in 1820 Of these ; F'reigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 13,133 5,898 5,119 ii,oir 52 38 i,n2 1,711 14,530 161 1.618 355 27 Population to the square mile 20 nearly. Greenville, village of Darli: gton distinct, South Carolina, on Black river, 80 miles NE by E from Culumbia. GreenviUe, post town and seat of justice, Jeffir on coiinty, Mississipp . on Coles creek. 21 miles NEfrom Natchez. Greenville, post town and seat of justice for Dark county, Ohio. It contains 1154 inhabiants. It is noted as being the place where general Wayne made his treaty with the Indians, in 1795, It is 46 miles W from Urbafia. 86 westerly from Columbus, and 80 northwardly from Cincinnati. Lon. 7 30 W. lat. 44 2'N. GreenviUe Creek, tributaiy of the SW branch of Miami river, running E pas old f rt GreenviUe. One mile above its mouth and 17 below Greenville, it has a perpendi- cular fall of 15 feet. Greemip, NE county of Kentucky, bound- ed N by Ohio, and E by Big Sandy river ; S by Lawrence; W by Flt-ming, .md NW by Lewis : length 43 ; mean widt'i 14 ; area about 590 square miles. These limits include what \s no-s Greenup county, since 1820, the so'ithern pari has been erected into Lawrence c unty, containing 720 square miles ; of course when the last cen- sus was taken the former couny extend- ed over 1310 square miles,' Surface hilly, GEE ORE broken and soil generally of indifferent quality. Chief town, Greenupiburg P(>|)uIation in 1810. Free white males - . . 1,039 do. do. females - - 835 A'l oilier persons except Indians not tuxed . - - . 11 Slaves 484 Total population i-i 1810 . - 2,369 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites . - . 3,730 Free persons of colour, males - 10 do. do. females - 5 Slaves, males _ . - 334 do. females - . . 232 Total population in 1820 - 4,311 1,959 1,771 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 5 Engaged in Agriculture - 847 do. in Manufactures - 169 do. in Commerce - 4 Population to the square mile 3 1-3 includ- ing Lawrence and Greenup counties. Greenupsburg, post town and seat of justice, Greenup county, Kentucky, on Ofto river above the mouth of little Sandy river. Greenwich, town in Kent, wi'h a market on Wednesday and Sa'urday. It is famous for a magnificent hospital for decayed sea- men, and a royal observatory in a delight- ful park. The hospit>^l is thought to be the fi.iest structure of the kind in the world ; tiie front to the Thames consists of two rang'S of stone buildings. These buildings perfectly correspond with each other, and have their tops crowned with a stone balustratle. The observatory was built by Charles 11. on the summit if a hill, called Fiamstead IIiH, from the greit as- tronomer of that name, who was here the first astronomer royal. The English com- pute the longitude from tlie meridian of this place. Greenwich is seated on the Thames, five mdes E of London. Greenwich^ post town in Fairfield coun- ty. Connecticut, situat d on L'fn-- Island sound, about half way between Ni'w York and New Haven ; the township cont lined in 1820, 3790. Greenwich, post village and township, Hampshire county, Massachusetts, 20 miie- from Northampton. Population in 1820, 778. Greenwich, East, post village aid town- ship, Kent county, Rh.ide Island. The vil- lage is the seat of justice for the county.and situated on Nassanket bay, 15 miles S'from Providence. It contains a respectable acadeny. Popnlati 41 in 1820, 1519. Greenwich, fVest^ township Ke--t county, Rhode Island, on Pawtuxet river. Popu- late. 'n in 1820. 1927. Grcenxoich, post town and township, W.iS'iinguon county. New York. The vil- lage is on the Hiitsoii at the mou'h of Bat- terkill. i7 iniles above Albunv. Population of the township in 1820, 3197. Greemvich Village, in trie northern part of the city of Naw Vork. Greenwich, village and township, in Cum- berland county. New Jersey, on Cohansy creek, about 20 miles SE of Salem, and 10 S\V of Bridgetown. Population in 1820, 890. Greenwich, township of Gloucester coun- tv, New Jersey. Population in 1820, 2"699. Greenwich, township of Berks county, Pennsylvania, situated on the E side of Maiden creek, 8 miles E of Hamburg, and 18 NE of Reading. Population in' 1820, 1337. Greemvich, post village, Charleston dis- trict. South Carolina. Greenwood, township, Oxford county, Miine, 5 miles NW from Paris. Popula- tion in 1820, 5j9 Greenwood, lownship of Mifl'iin county, Pennsylvania, situated on the W side of Susquehannah, and on the N of Juniata ; being an angle formed by the two rivers. Population in 1820, 1800. Greenwood, NE township of Perry coun- ty, Pennsylvania, between the Susquehan- nah and Juniata. PopuLiJ^n in 1820, 1660. Gregory, Cape, of the United States, on the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 43 23 N. Gregstoivn, post town, Somerset county. New Jersey, on Millstone river, 6 miles N E from Princeton. Grenada, JVew. See Colombia, aad JWty Granada. Grenada, island in the W. Indies, the last of the W ndward Caribbees, and 30 leagues NW of Tobago. It is 20 miles Itmg and 13 bro>'d, finely wooded and the soil suited to produce sugar, tobacco, and indigo. It was taken from the Fr-nch in 1762, con- firmed to rhe English in 1763, taken by the French in 1779, and restored to the English in 1783. In 179J, the French landed some troops, ^nd caused an insur- rection in this island, which was not finally quelled till June, 1796. St. George is the capital. Grenada, city of Mexico, in the province of Nicaragua. It was taken twice by the French buccaneers, and pillaged. The in- habitants carry on a gre^t trade by me -ns of the lake Nicaragura, on which it is seated, 60 miles SE of Leon de Nicaragura. Loiu 86 36 W, lat. 12 5 N. Gi-enade, town of France, in the depart- 375 G R I ment of Upper Garonne, 17 miies NW of Toulouse. GrenadilUis, or Grenadines, group of small islands bet\veen Grenada and St. Vincent. Grenoble, city of France, capital of the department of Isere, and a bishop's see, with a fortified castle. The leather and gloves tliat are made here are iiighly es- teemed It IS seated on the Isere, over which are two bridges to pass into that part called Perriere, a large street on the side o; the river. It is 27 miles S of Cham- berry. Lon. 5 44 E, lat. 45 12 N. Grenville, p'^nt of the United States, on the Pacific Ocean. Lat 47 50 N. Gre?iville's Canal, channel on the Pacific coast of North America. Lat. 56 30 N. Grlersburg, post village of Beaver coun- ty, Pennsylvania, 11 miles NNVV from Bea- ver. Griffenhageriy town of Prussian Pomera- nia, in the duchy of Sletin, seated on the Oder opposite Gartz. Lon. 14 42 E, lat. 53 25 N". Grimbergan, t:)Wn of Austrian Bnabant, wiih an :5 E, lat. 51 15 N Griinmen, town of Swedish Pomerania, five miles S of Stralsund. Lon. 13 27 E, lat. 54 12 N. Grimperg, town in the electorate of Treves, vvifh a bishop's see, 17 miles SE of Treves. Lon. 6<^9 E, lat. 49 35 N. Grimsby Great, seaport and borough in Lincolnshire, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is 35 miles NE from Lin- coln. Grimsby, township of Lincoln county, Upper Canada, on lake Ontario, W from Niagara. Grindstone Ford, post town of Claiborne county, Mississippi, or Bayou Pierre. Grinstead, East, borough in Sussex, with a market on Thursday. The assizes are sometimes held here, and it sends two members to parliament. It is 20 miles N of Lewes and 29 S of London. Lon. 2 E, lat. 51 12 N. Grips-wald, Rtrong town of Swedish Po- merania, formerly imperial, with a good harbour, and a university. It is seated near the Baltic Sea, 15 miles SE of Stral- sund, and 55 NW of Stetin. Lon. 13 44 E, lat 54 4 N. Griso7is, people Inhabiting the Alps, and in alliance with Swisserland. They are divided into three parts called the Leagues, which form one republic ; namely, the Grey League ; the League of the House of God ; and that of the Ten Jurisdictions. Thtoughout the three leagues the Bomati 376 law prevails, modified by the municipal customs. Gripvold, township of New London coun- ty, Connecticut, on the Thames nver, east side, 8 miles below N'orwich. Pt.pulation in 1820, 1869. Grodno, pretty large city of Lithuania, and capi al of the government of Grodno, in Russian Poland, and next to Wilna, the best in that duchy. It is situated on the river Niemen, partly on a plain, and partly .in a mountain. Grodno is 125 miles NE of Warsaw, Lon. 24 15 E, lat. 53 28 N. Grondines, seigniory, Hampshire county. Lower Canada on the left side of St. Law- rence river, 45 miles above Quebec. Groll, town of Dutch Guelderland, in the county of Zutphen. The French took it in 1672, and demoli hed the fortifications. It is seated un the Slinghe, 15 miles SE of Z'.uphe-n. Groningen, populous city of the klngdoni of the Netlierlanis, capital of a lordship of the same name, with a university. It is seated on the riv--rs Hunes and Aa ; at 10 miles dii>tance from the sea, with which it has a communication by a canal. It is 85 miles NE of vmsterdam. Lon. 6 31 E, lat. 53 10 N. Groningen, province of the kingdom of the Netherlands, bounded on the E by East FriPsKind, n tlie W by Friesland, on the N by the German Ocean, and on the S by Overyssel. It is divided into two parts, of which the town of Groningen and its district are one, and the Ommerlands the other. Grosbois, or YamacMche, seigniory, St. Maurice county, Louver Canada, on the north side of lake St. Peters, 14 miles W from Tlnve rivers. Gros Isle, island of the territory of Michi- gan, in Detroit river, near its discharge into lake Erie. Grossa, i.sland of Dalmatia, in the gulf of Venice, near the coast of the county of Zara. It is 5l» miles in circumference, and belongs to the Venetians. Grossetto, town of Tuscany, with a caslle and a bishop's see; siuated near the sea, 30 miles SW of Sienna. Lon. 11 1 E, lat. 42 40 N. Groton, post village and township, Graf- ton county. New Hampshire, 15 miles NE from Dartmouth college. Population in 1820, (588. Groton, township of Caledonia county, Ver.mont, 18 miles E lirom Montpelier. Population 500. Groton, post town and township, in Mid- dlesex county, Massachuselts, 35 miles NW of Boston. Populati .n in 1820, 1897. Groton, township of New London coun- ty, Connecticut, on the E side of the river 'i'hames, nearly opposite to New London. I'opulation in 1820, 4664, G U A G U A Groton, township of Huron county, Ohio. Population in 1820, uncertain. Grolskaiv, town of Silesia, capital of a province of the same name, 30 miles NE . f Glatz. Lon. 17 25 E, lau 50 37 N Grotskaw, town of Servia, wh^re the Turks defeated the Germans in 1739. Lon 21 10 E, lat. 45 10 N. Grovehill, post village, Warren county, North Carolina. Grovdand, post village, and township of Livingston county, New York, on Genesee river, 30 miles SW from Canandaigua. Population in 1820, 1273. Grovepoint, N point at the discharge of Sassafras river into Chesapeak bay, Cecil county, Maryland. Groyne, river oif Spain, in Galicia, which enters the bay of Biscay, at Corunna. Griibenhagen, town and castle of Lower Saxony, and the chief place of a principality of the same name, belonging to the house of Hanover. In the mountains near it are mines of silver, iron, copper, and lead. It is 45 miles S of Hanover. Lon. 10 3 E, lat. 51 31 N. Gruckfeldt, town of Carinthia, with a castle on the river Save. Lon. 15 45 E, lat. 46 7 N. Griinberg, town of Germany, in Upper Hesse Here Charlemagne and the kings of the Merovingian race held their court. Grunberg, town of Silesia in the princi- pality of Glogan ; it is S'lrrounded with vineyards, and has a miinutacture of cloth. Gviaule, town of Germany, in the duchy of Biunswick, and in tiie mountains of Hartz. Lon. 13 35 E, lat. 52 10 N. Gniningen, town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Halber^tadt, on the river Felke. Lon. 11 41 E, ht. 52 4 N. Grumngen, town of Swisserland, in the canton of Zuric, capital of a bailiwic of the same nime. The cas'.le stands on a lofty rock, and commands an extensive prospect. Lon. 8 43 E, lat. 47 14 Ts' . Gnnjires, town of Svvi.sserland, in the canton of Friburg, with a castle, where the bailiff" resides. It is famnis for cheese, and is 15 miles SW of Friburg. Lon. 6 43 E. lat. 46 35 N. Guacoclcingo, town of New Spain, 30 miles SE of Mexico. Lon. 99 45 W, lat. 19 36 N. GuadaJaviur, ancient Durias, river of Spain, rises in the province of Aragon, and flowing south, by comparative course 80 miles, turns SE about 100 miles, and falls into the Mediterranean, below the city of Valencia. Guadalaxara, town of Spain, in New Castile, seated on the Henares, 30 miles N E from Madrid. Lon. 2 47 W, lat. 40 36 N. Cuadaxara, province of Spain, bounded SW by Toledo and SE by Cuenca. It is drained oy various branches of the Tagus. Giiadolaxara, intendancy of the empire of Mexico, bo^mded 3W and W by the Pac fie Ocean ; N by Sonora and Dmango; NE by Xacatecas, E by Guanaxuato, and SE by Viuladohd ; length from N to S 320, and breadth from E to W 250 miles ; area 74.280 square miles. Population in 1803, 630,000; at present 1822, probably 850,000. Between lat. 18 and 23 40 N. The intendancy of Guadalaxara, is cross- ed from SE to NW, by tbe Rio de San- tiago, a considerable stream, which com- municates with lake Ciiapaht, and will, no doubt, in the advance of population, wealth, and civilization, become an important channel of inland commrcefrom Salaman- ca, and Ze:aya, to San Bias. All the ea-tern part of this province is the table land, and western declivity of the Cordilleras, of Anhnac. The maritime regions, especially those which siretch towards the grewt bay of Bayona, are covered with forests, and abound in ex- cellent wood for ship building. But in this latter country, the air is excessively heated, and unhealthy. The high interior, and eastern part is temperate and salubri- ous. The difference in elevation from the Pacific coast to the confines of Gua- naxuato, ami Valladolid exceeds 6000 feet. The Volcano of Colima, I'ises in an isolated ridge to upwards of 10,000 feet. It is only, however, occasionally covered with snow. Coiima is the most western active Vol- cano, known in America. Lon. W C 26 W, lat. 18 05 N. Tiie staples of this intendancy, are maize, wheat, cotton, cochineal, and the precious met ds. In 1802, the value of its agricultural pi'oduc*- amounted to 2,599,000 dollars, and that of its manufactures to 3,302,200 dollars. The province con.ains two ciiies, six large and 322 sm dl villages. 'I'he principal mines, are, those of'Bulanos, Asientes de Ibara, Hostiotipaquillc;, Copala and Guichichilla. Guadalaxara, capital of the Intendancy of the same name, situated on the left bank of the Santiago. Lon. W C 25 50 W. lat. 21 10 X. It is the seat of" the intendant and of the Audiencia. Population about 20,000. Guadaloupe, handsome town of Spain, in Estramadura, with a rich convent. It is seated on a rivulet of the same name, 34 miles E by N of Iruxillo. Lon. 4 45 W. lat. 39 12 N. Gandulovpe, one of the Leeward Carib- bee Islands in the West Indies, between Antigua and D minica, in ton 62 W. and lat. 16 20 N. The island, which is of an irregular figure, may be about 80 leagues in circumference. It is divided into tw» parts bv a small arm of tke s&a, 377 G U A G U A wijick is «ot above two^leagiies, and from 15 to 40 fathoms broad. This canal, known by the name of the Salt River, is navigable, but will only carry v sst-ls o»' 50 tons burden. The soil is exceedingly good and well watered near .he sea, by rivulets whicli fdl from the mountains. The French settled in this island, in 1632, in whose possession it still remains. Bas- seterre is the c;ipltal. Guadaloitpe, river of the empire of Mex- ico, in Texas, i'ails into the Gulf of Mexico, after a course of about 200 miles. Its mouth 180 miles W from that of the Sabine. Guadalqniver, river of Spain, wiiich rises in the S part of New Castile, flows through Andalusia, and falls into the bay of Cadiz, at the town of San Lucar, after a compara- tive course of 350 miles. It is the hfth in size, and the most navigable river of the Spuiiish peninsula The basin of the Gua- dalquiver, is also the most fertile region in Spain. The cities of Audujar, Cordova and Seville are up m its banks. Gundarama, town of Spain in Old Cas- tile, remarkable for its great trade in cheese. It is seated on the Guadaram, 25 miles NW of Madrid. Lon.3 48 VV, lat. 41 45 N. Guadiana, river of Spain, which having its source in New Castile, crosses Esiiama- dura into Portugal, and separating Algarva fro n Andalusiii," falls into the bay of <;adiz between Ayamonte and Castro Marin, 85 miles NW from Cadiz, after an entire com- parative course of 400 miles. Gaudix. town of Spain, in Granada, with a bishop's see, 30 miles E of Granada. Lon. 2 47 W. lat. 37 4 N. Giiilas, or Huilas, province of Peru, N from Caxatambo. Central lat. 9 S. nearly due south from W C. Gitaria, La, city of Cve 20,000. The sea coast of Gui- ana, is one vast plain of unequalled fer- tility. Staples, sugar, coffee, and cot- ton. Guienne, ancient province of France, now parcelled out into the departments of Girondes, Lot and Garonne, Dordog- ne. Lot and Aveyrou. Guiacjuil, commercial city of Peru, capital of a jurisdiction of the same name. It stands partly on the side and partly at the foot of a hill, which descends gently towards the river Guiaquil, on which the town stands It is large and populous, and is 140 miks N by E of Paita. Lon. 81 11 W, lat. 2 11 S See Guaguil. Guira seaport of Terra Firma, on the coast of Caracca. Lon. 66 5 W, lat. 10 35 N. Guilderland, post village and town- ship, Aliiany county. New York, WNW from Albany. Population in 1820, 2270. Guilford, borough and capital of Sur- ry, on the Wey, with a market on Satur- day. The Wey is navigable to the Thames, and much timber and corn are carried upon it. It is a ivell built town, G L I GUI with two churches, and governed by a mayor. It is 23 miles WSW of Croy- don, and 30 SW of London. Lon. 29 W, lat 51 15 N. GtiUdhall, post village and seat of jus- tice, Esst-x county, Vermont, on Connec- ticut river opposite Lancaster. Popula- tion in 1820, 6U0 Guilford, township, Somerset county, Maine, 40 miles NE from Norridgevvock. Population in 1820, uncertain. Guilford, township of Windham county, Vermont, 50 miles S from Windsor. Po- pulation 2000. Guilford, post town and township in New Haven county, Connecticut, 18 miles E by S of New Haven, on Long Island Sound. Population 1820, 4131. Guilford, township of Franklin county, Pennsylvania, including the borough of Chambersburg. Population 1820, 2439 Guilford, courthouse, and post office, Guilford county, North Carolina, 48 miles NW from Hillsborough ; the scene of a hard fought battle between the Americans under gen. Greene, and the British under Lord Cornwallis, March 15th, 1781. Guilford, township in the southern part of Medina coumv, Ohio. Population 1820, 72. G^iiford, county of North Carolina, bounded by Randolph S : Rowan and Stokes W; Rockingham N; and Orange E. Length 26 ; width 25 ; area 650 square miles. Surface hilly and soil pro- ductive. Chief town, Martinsville. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 4,547 do. do females - - 5,303 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 103 Slaves 1,467 TotalpopulationinlSlO - 11,420 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 6,562 do. do. females - 6,130 Total whites . - - 12,692 Free persons of colour, males - 116 do. do. females - 92 Slaves, males . . - . 873 do. females ... 738 Total population in 1820 - 14.511 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in AgricuUiire - 3,621 do. in Manufactnies - - 105 do. in Commerce . - Population to the square mile, 22. Guillaia, Si. town of the Netherlands, in Ilainault, seated in marshy land, on the ri- ver Haisne, six miles W of Mons. Lon. 3 53 E, lat. 50 27 N. Guillandiere, fief, Surry county, Lower Canada, on the right bank of St. Lawrence, 16 milts below Moiuital. GuiUhmtme. Boniitimmc. seigni(-ry,Hiimp- shire county. Lower Canad.*, on Jacques Cartier, river, and in the rear of Demaiire, or St. Augustin, 12 miles NW from Que- bec. Guillestree, town and caslle in the Alps, once belonging to Dauphiny, in France. It was taken by prince Eugene in 1692, and is nine miles NE of Embrum. Lon. 6 36 E, lat. 44 41 N. Guimaraens, considerable town of Portu- gal, in the province of Entre-Douero-Min- ho. It has formerly been the residence of their kings aid is divided into the Old and New. The public buildings are m/.g- nificent. It is 165 miles NE of Lisbon. Lon. 8 21 W, lat. 41 35 N. Guinea, large region of Africa, of which httle is known except the coast It Les in the Torrid Zone, between 14 W and 28 E lon. and is divided into Upper and Lower Guinea. The first comprehends Sierra Leone, the Grain coast, the Tooth-coast, the Gold coast, the Slave-coasi (which in- cludes Whidah, Dahomy and Ardrah) Benin, Biafara, Majombo, Gabon and An- ziko. Lower Guinea is commonly called Congo It is very unhealthy for Europeans. There are many little siates, whose chiefs are often at war with each other, when the people taken, on both sides, are sold for slaves ; and it is not uncommon for the nearest of kin to sell each other. The English, Dutch, Portuguese, Danes, and French, have factories upon this coast. Guinea, JSTeiv, or Paqua, island of the Souih Pacific Ocean, to the N of New Holland, from which it is separated by En- deavour strait. It is next in size to New Holland, extending SE from the equator to 12 S lat. and from 131 to 153 E lon. a length of more than 1200 miles, by a me- dal breadth of perhaps 300; but the coasts of the eastern part are far from being com- pletely investigated. The northern part is said to have been discovered by the Spaniards, in 1528, who had sailed from Mexico to explore the Spice Islands. The coasts are generally lofty ; and in the in- terior, mountain rises above mountain : but the whole appears covered with luxuri- ance of wood and herbage, as can scarcely be conceived. The cocoa, sago, bread- fruit, and plantain-tree, beside most of the trees, shrubs, and plants, common to the islands in the South Pacific Ocean, are found here in great perfection. This island is the chosen residence of the singu- lar birds of paradise, which breed here during the wet monsoon, and in the dry migrate in flocks westward, to the smaller 381 G U N- gw a islands, particularly Arroo. The inhabit- ants make much the same appearance a8 the New Hollanders. Gtd7icawp, town ot" France, in tlie de- partment ofihe No-^th Coast and late pro- vince of Bretag'ne, seated on the Tiieu, 13 miles S of Tieguier. Lon. 3 8 W, lat. 48 36 N. Guipuscon, NB division of the province of Biscay, boundei on the N by the b.y of that name, on the E by Navarre, on tlie W by Bu-cay Proper, and on the S by Alava. Tolosa is the c ipital. Guise, small town of France, now in the department of Aisne, lately in the province of Picardy, with a castle, s-^ated on the Oise, 25 miles E of St. Quiniin, and 95 NE of Paris. Lon. 3 42 E, lui. 49 54 N. Guito, town of Italy, in the Mantuan, seated on the river Mincio, between the lake of Mantua and that of Garda, 15 miles N W of Mantua. Lon. 10 40 E. lat. 45 16 N. Gull Islands, two smnll islands, at the eastern extr mity of Long Island Sound, and between Plum and Fishers islands. On Little Gull island, there is a light house. Gwnbiimen, government of East or Po- lish Prussia, E from Koningsberg. Popu- lation 350,000, Gumbinnen, t"wn of East Prussia, and ca- pital of the government of Gumbinnen, 80 miles E from Koningsberg. Gum Springs, post village of Orange county, Virginia, on the south side of Ra- pid Anne river, 40 miles above Fredericks- burg. Gumw'Sfinia, town of Romania, on the road from Salonica to Constantinople, and 200 miles W from the latter. Gunpovider, river of Maryland, which rises in York county, Pennsylvania, and runniMg in a SE dir ction througli Balti- more county, falls into Chesapeak bay, opposite Poole island. Gunpo-udev, post office, crossing of Gun- powder river, Baltimore county, Mary- land, 16 miles NE from Baltimore. Chintoor, one of the Northern Circars, in the peninsula of Hindoost;m. It is also called Moi'linazagiir ai.d Condivir, and occupies the space between Condapilly, the southmost of the tour English Circars, and the N part of the Carnatic ; extending along the sea-coa>t of the bay of Bengal more than 30 miles. Tiie maritime parts of this circar are flat and open but t'le in- terior par s contam some very s rong for- tresses and po-ts. It was subject to the nizam of the Deccan, but has been ceded to the Engh:.h. Guntzberg, town of Suabia, in the mar- gr^tvale of Burgaw, with a castle, seated on the Danube, 16 miles NB of Ulm. Lon. 10 25 E, lat. 48 35 N. 3S2 Guntienhausen, town of Franconia, fiva miles from Weissemberg. It is seated on the Altmul, near a forest, and subject to the king of Prussa. Gnrk, town of Carlnthia, with a bishop's see, sealed on the river Gurk, 55 miles E of Saitzburg. Lon. 14 18 E, lat. 47 12 N. Gustavus, township, Trumbull county, Ohio. Population 1820, 371, Gnstrotv, city of Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenburg Schwerin, :md capital of the circle of Wenden. The chief courts of judicature for 'he duchy are held here ; and it has an elt-gant palace, in which the dukes sometimes reside. It is 35 miles N E of Schwerin. Lon. 12 13 E, lat. 53 57 N, Gutta, town of Hungary, seated on the E side of the Danube, opposite the island ofSchut, 29 miles E by S ot Presburg. Lon. 17 47 E, lat. 48 10 N. Gutskoiv, town of Swedish Pomerania, capital of a county of the same name. It is seated on the Peene, 14 miles W of Wol- gast. Lon. 13 39 E, lat 54 ON. Giiyandot, Big, river of Virginia, rises in Giles and Tazewell counties; and flowing NW between the branches of Big Sandy and Great Kenhawa, enters Cabell coun- ty, turns N and falls into Ohio river, alter an entire comparative course of 100 miles. Giiyandot, Little, creek of Virginia be- tween Big Guyandot and Great Kenhawa, forms part of the boundary between Cabell and Mason counties. Giiyandot, creek of Lawrence county, Oiiio enters Ohio river, nearly opposite to Big Guyandot. Guyandot, post office Cabell county, Virginia. Guzlehisar, ancient Magnesia, town of Asiatic Turkey, on the Sarabat, ancient Hermus river, about 70 miles NE from Smyrna. Lon. 27 50 E, lat. 37 45 N. Guzerat, peninsula of Hindoostan Pro- per, about 200 miles long, and 140 broad, formed by the Arabian Sea and the gulfs of Cambay and Cutch. The West part is motmtainous and woody, and inhabited by a wild hardy race, governed by rajahs of their own. But the largest as well as the finest purt is subject* to the Mahrattas. Amedabad is the capital. Gwalior, ancient fortress of Hindoostan Proper, in the province of Gohud. It stands on a vast rock, about four miles in length, but n^^rrow and of unequal breadth, and nearly flat on the top. Tl-e sides are so steep as to appear almost perpendicular in every part ; for wnere it was not na- turally so it has been scraped away; and the heigiit from the plain below, is from 200 to 300 feet. This place is considered as the Gibraltar of the East : but in 1780, major Popham took it by an unexpected 11 A (- HAD jjoctuiiial escalade. It is 80 miles S of Agr.i. Lon. 78 30 E, lat. 26 9 N. G-winnet, county of Georgia, bounded SW by the country of the Lower Creeks; W by ;he Chatahooche river ; N by Cbata- hoochee river ; NE by Hail and Walton coun'.ies; and SE by Newton and Henry. Lengl'i o5 ; mean width 28 ; area 980 square miles. Chief town, Lawrenceville. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 2,071 do. do. females ... 1,979 Total whites . - . 4,050 Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females 1 Slaves, males do. females - - - Total population in 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 239 299 4,589 1,136 13 11 Population to the square mile, 4|. Givynedd, town-hip of Montgomery county, Pennsylvania on the he.'.ds of the Towamensing and Wi'^sahlccon creeks, 18 miles NNW from Philadelphia. Popula- tion in 1820, 1221. H Hiaag, or Hag, town of Bavaria, seated on a hill, on the river Inn, 30 miles E of Munich. Lon. 12 15 E, lat. 48 18 N Habersham, NE county of Georgia, bounded by North Carolina N ; South Carolina NE ; Franklin and Jackson SE ; Hali S, and Rabun W ; length 60 ; mean width 20 ; area 1200 square miles. Sur- face generally hilly and part mountain- ous. Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites . . - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females. Slaves, males do. females ... Total population in 1820 1,494 1,374 2,868 146 131 3.145 719 36 1 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 2^. Hacht, small river of Colombia, in Santa Marta. Hacha, town of Colombia, in Santa Marta, on the Caribbean sea, at the mouth of Hacha river. Lon. W C 4 8 E, lat 11 31 N. Hacketstown, post town in Sussex county, New Jersey, twelve miles E from the river Delaware, and 22 W from Mor- ristown. Hackinsack, town in Bergen county. New Jersey, and the principal seat of justice ; it has a post office, and is dis- tant from the city of New York about 15 miles NW. Population m 1820, 3076, Hackinsack, river of New Jersey, which rises in Rockland county, New York, and running a southern course through Bergen county, falls into New- ark bay, near mid distance from Paulus Hook to Newark. Hackney, populous village to the NE of London ; the first that was accommo- dated with carriages for occasional pas- sengers ; from hence the hackney coach- es of London derive their name. Hadamar, town of Germany, in We- taravia, with a castle seated near the Elss, 22 miles NW of Mentz. Lon. S E, lat 50 23 N. Haddam, post town and township, of Middl'- sex county, Connecticut ; situated on the W side of Connecticut rivtr, 17 miles NE from New Havc-n, and 8 be- low Middletown. Population in 1820, 2478. Haddington, borough in Scotland, iu a county ot the sanif- name, with a mar- ket on Friday for grain. Part < i a Fran- ciscan uir-nastery here is occui)ied as a parish church ; and at a smail distance are the ruins of a nunnery, founded in 1178. Haddington is sfat< d on the Tyne, 18 miles E of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 39 W, lat. 55 58 N Haddingtonshire, or East Lothian, county of Scotland, bnundfd on the N and E by the Frith of F^rtb ; S by Ber- wickshire, and VV by Edinburghshire. It is about 27 miles long from E h W, and about 17 from N to S Hire are several convenient harbours, with the advantage of some hshiiig towns. This county may be reckoned as fruitful, rich, and pleasant as any in Scrtland ; or indeed as most in England. The chit f towns are, Dunbar, Haddington, and North Berwick ; and its principal river the Tyne, which receives several smaU streams. Population in 1801, 383 II A G II A I 29,986; in 1811, 31,184; and in 1821, 35,127. Haddonfield, post town in Gloucester county, New Jersey, 8 milts SE from Philadelphia, anu 6 E from Gloucester Hadenville, post town, Gochland coun- ty, Virginia, 35 miles NW by W from Richmond. Hadersleben, maritime town of Den- mark, in Sleswick, with a strong citadel, on a small island in a bay of the Baltic, 25 miles E of Ripen. Lon. 9 50 E. lat. 55 18 N. Hadiey, corporate town in Suffolk, with a market on Monday. It is a pretty large town, and has a very hand- some church. Large quantities of yarn are spun here for the Norwich ma lifac- ture ; and it had a Cdusiderable woollen manufacture, which Is now decayed It is seated on the Bret, 20 mile's SE of Bury, and 64 NE of London. Lon. 1 6 E; lat. 52 10 N. Hadiey, viiiat;e in Essex, 5 miles SW of Rochford. Here are to be seen the ruinous remains of a castle, on a channel of the Thames between Canvey Island and the sliore. Hadiey, post town and township, Hampshire county, Massachusetts, on the left bank of Connecticut river, oppo- site Northampton and Hatfield. The town is situated along the river, and be- side many other fine buildings, contains Hopkins' Academy, a respectable litera- ry institution. Population of the town- ship in 1820, 1461. Hadiey, township and pnst village, Saratoga couniy New Y.^rk, 17 miles N from Bailston Spa. Population in 1820, 798. Haf, or estuary of the Oder, large bay of Denmark and Prussia, in Pomerania. It is closed towards the Baltic by the islands of Usedcni and Wollin. Haf, or Frische Haf, estuary of the Vistula and Pregel rivers It is nearly enclosed towards the Baltic by a long narrow and sandy pnint, called Frische Nehrung. The Frische Haf extends from Ebling to K ningsburg 70 miles, with a mean breadth of 10 miles, and opens into the Baltic bv a narrow strait, between Pillau and the NE point of the Frische Nehiung Haf or Cur:che Haf estuary of the Memeli in Prlish or E Prussia. It is in form of a triangle, extending from La- biau to Memel 70 miles, and formed by a long narrow and low sandy j)oint, ex- tending from the province of Samland, and calhd the Curiche Nehrung. The opening from the Curiche Haf into the Baltic is at Memel. Hagarstonvn, flourishing inland post 384 town and seat of justice, Washington county, Maryland, i.i t.'.e fertile and well cultivated valley of Conegocheague, near Antietam creek. It is a well built town, containing about 300 houses, constructed of brick and stone. Population about 1500 Distant 70 miles NW from Wash- ington, and 79 WNW from Baltimore. Hague, town of the kingdom of the Netherlands, in Holland, which may compare with the handsomest citie- in Europe, in the beauty of its palaces, its streets, its agreeable walks, and its great trade. It is seated two miles from the sea, and there is a pavement across the sand hills with trees on each side, which leads to Sche\'eling, near the sea-shore. It is 10 miles NW of Rotterdam, and 30 SW of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 23 E, lat. 52 4 N. Hague, township of Warren county. New York, on the west side of Lake George. Population in 18 JO, 514. Hague, township, St. Lawrence coun- ty, N. w York, on St. Lawrence river. Population in 1820, 827. Haguenau, town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine and late province of Alsace, on the Motter, which divides it into two parts, 12 miles N of Strasburg. and 252 E of Paris Lon. 7 53 E, lat.- 48 47 N. Hailbron, free imperial town of Sua- bia. ill the kingdom of Wirtemburg, on the Neckar, over which is a stone bridge, 25 miles NE from Stutgard. Lon. 9 25 E, lat. 49 19 N. Haimburg, town of Lower Austria on the Danube, 10 nailes W of Presburg, and 25 E of Vienna. Lon. 16 58 E, lat 48 12 N. Hain, town of Uppsr Saxony, in Mis- nia It has a manufacture of cloth, and is seated on the Khcdar, 12 miles NW of Dresden. Hai nan, considerable island of the Chinese Sea, to the N of the gulf of Co- chin-China, and to the S of the province of Quang tong from which it is 22 miles distant. It is 400 miles in circumfer- ence The soil of the N part is level ; but in the S and E are mountains, among which are valleys that produce two crops of rice every year. There are mines of gold and lapis lazuli, which last is car- ried to Canton, to paint the porcelain. It produces the same fruits as China, beside sugar, tobacco, cotton and indigc, Hainault, proviuv^-e of the Nether- lands ; bounded on the N by Brabant, on the NW by Flanders, on the W by Ar- tois^ on the S by Gambresis, Picardy, and Champngne, and on the E by the terri- tories of Liege and Namur. Hamburg, town of Austria, on the HAL HAL Danube, 35 miles E of Vienna. Lon, IT 18 E, lat. 48 14 N. Halberstadt, town of Lower Saxony, capital of a principality of the same name. It was formerly capital of tlie bishopric of Halberstadt, now secularized. It is subject to the king of Prussia, and seated on the Hothiem. 32 miles SE of Brunswick. Lon. U 24 E, lat. 52 6 N Haldenstein, free and independent barony of tht- country of the Grisons. It consists of a semicircular plain, between the Rhine and the foot of Mount Calen- dar, about five milesin length, and scarce- ly one in breadth. Haldimand, county of Upper Canada, on lake Ontario. Halen, town of Austrian Brabant, on the river Geet, 24 miles W of Maes- tricht. Lon. 5 4 E lat 50 58 N Hales-Owen, town in Shropshire, en- closed by Worcestershire, six milt-s E of St lurbridge. It is the birth place of Shenstone, and near it is the celebrated seat of Leasowes. Haleswort/i, town in Suffolk, v/ith a market on Tuesday. It has a trade in linen, yarn, and sailcloth, and about the town is raised a great deal of hemp It is seated on a neck of land between two branches cf the river Blyth, 28 miles NE of Ipswich, and 101 of London. Lon. 1 40 E lat. 52 25 N Haleysbridgc, post village, Southamp- ton county, Virginia, on the left bank of Meherin river, 40 miles south froai Pe- tersburg. Haleysburg, post village, Lunen!)urg county, Virginia. Halfmoon, township of Centre county, Pennsylv mia. on Bald Eigle river, 18 miles NVV from Bellefonte. Population in 1820 ns. Halfway House, \)ost village, Vork county, Virginia, 15 miesSE'rom Wil- liamsburg, and 23 NW from N irfolk. Halibut^ Island, island in the N^rth Pacific Oc^an, so named by Captain Cook, on account of the number nf fish of that name they caught here. It is 7 leagues in circumference, and except the head very low and barren. Lon. 164 15 W, lat. 54 48 N Halifax, town in the W riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday, seated in a hilly country near a branch of the Calder. It is a very lari;e par- ish, containing 12 chapels of ease, and upwards of 12,000 inhabitants who are pri :cipally employed m the woollen manufacture. HaVfax, town and capital E side of Codorus creek. Papulation in 1820, 2)^2. Hulland province of S-vrden. on the W coast of Gotidand. It is 60 miles along the coasi, but not 12 in breadth. Halmstadt is the capital. Hallaton^ town in Leicestershire, with a market on Thursday, 12 miles SE of Leicester, and 90 N by E of London. Lon 50 E, lat. 52 32 N. Halle, town of Hainault. It is seated on the Senne, 8 miles SSW of Brussels. Lon. 4 20 E, lat. 50 46 N Halle, considerable city of Upper Saxviny, in the duchy of Magdeburg, seated on the Sal, 4i. miles E f M;igde- burg. It is famous for its university, and salt works. Lon. 1 ; 8 E, lat. 51 36 N. Halle, free imperial city of Suabia, famous for its salt pits. It is seated on the Kncher, among rocks and mount tins, 37 miles NE of Stutgard. Lon. 9 52 E, lat. 49 20 N. Halle, town of Germany in Tirol, 6 mile NE of Inspruck. Lon. 11 33 E, lat. 47 12 N Hallein, town of Germany, in the archbishopric of Saltzburg ; seated on the Saltza, among mountains that abound in mines of salt, which are the chief riches of the town and country. It is 7 miks SE of Saltzburg. Lon. 13 12 E, lat 47 33 N Haliowell, post town in Kennebec county, Maine, on the W side of the rivf-r Keniiebtc, about 25 miles above the junction of this river with the An- drascoggin, and at the head of tide water. It is now the seat of government for the state, and a very prosperous town, con- taining 400 houses, and in the township about 3503 inhabitants. Kennrbec river is naviiiablf:- thus far, for vessels of 150 tons burthen. It contains, beside the ne- cessary public build ns s, a respectable academy Lo;i. VV C 7 05 E, lat 44 16 N. Distant 44 miles NE from Portland. HalloivelL township of Prince Edward county. Upper Canada, on lake Onta- rio Halmstadt strong seaport of Sweden, capital of Halland, situattd on a bay of the North Sea, 80 mdes SSE of Gothe- bnrg. Lon. 12 48 E, lat. 36 39 N Hals tend, town io Essex, with a mar- ket on Friday, and a manufacture of bays, says, and callamancoes. It is seat- ir A M II A M ■efl on the declivity of a hill, at the toot of which runs the Coin, 16 miles N of Chei iisford ami 47 NEof Lun-don. Lon. 45 E, lat. 51 59 N. HaUeren, town of Germany, in the bishopric of Munster, seated on the Lippe, 25 miles SW of Munster. Lon. 7 27 E, lat. 51 40 N. Halton, town in Cheshire, with a market on Saturday seated near the Mi-rsfy, 13 miles NE of Chester, and 184 NNW of London. Lon. 2 47 VV, lat. 5:i 2J N. Halva, town of the kingdom of Fez, seated on the Cebu, 8 miles S of F.z. Lon 5 5 W. lat. 33 32 N Ham, strong town of Westphcr/en, townsii.p f H tncock county, Maine. It has a po^ office, and 1000 in- habitant . Hampshire Hantshire, or /Tan/s, coimty of Englmd, bnundeU on tiie N by Berks, on the E by Surry and Sussex, on the S by tlie English Channel, and on the VV by Dorsetshire arid Wilts. It extends, exclu- sive of the Isle of Wight, 42 miles from N to S, and 38 from E to W. Population in 1801, 219,656; in 1811, 245,080, and in 1821,282,203. See Southampton. Hampshire, counly of Lower Canada, ex- tentimg along the N side of St. Lawrence river, from about two miles above the St. Ann's river, to five miles above Que- bec. Hampden, post town and township, Pe- nobscot county, Muine, 10 miles SSW from Bangor. Popidation in 1820, 1442. Hampden, county of Massachusetts, bounded S by Connecticut ; W by Berk- shire ; N by IL»r.>pshire, and E by Wor- cester ; ifiigth 45; mean width 13; area 585 square miles. Surface very much varugated by hill, dale, and mouniain sct-nery. Soil fertile ar.d well cultivated. Chief town, Springfield. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 13,800 do. do. females ... 13,915 303 4,127 1,548 389 Total whites - - - 27,715 Free persons of colour, males . 166 do. do. females . 140 Slaves, males .... do. females .... Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufac'ures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 79. Hamillon, flourishing post town and seat of just.ce for Butler county, Ohio, with a printing office, a bank, 14 mercantile stores and 100 dwelling houses. It i-- situated on the southeastern side oi the Great Miami river, 25 miles north from Cincinnati, and 105 s-uthwest from Columbus. Lon. W C7 30 W. lat. 39 22 N. Hamiltoji, township of "Warren county, Ohio, containing 1069 inhabitants. Hamilton, fertile township on the cast side of Scioto river, in Franklin county. Total population in 1320 28,021 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized - 28 Engaged in Agrii ulture - 5,685 do. in Manuf ctures - 1,430 do. ill Commerce - • 60 Populaiion to the square mile, 47. Hampden, township of Gt auga county, Ohio. Population in 1820,296. Hampshire, county oi Massachusetts, on both sides of Connecticut river, bounded by Hampden S ; Berkshire W ; Franklin N ; and Worcester V, ; length 38 ; mean width 14; area 532 sqiiaie miles. Sur- face most highly diversiiied by hill, dale and mountain. Soil generally productive, and well cultivated. Staples grain, fruit, 389 1£ A M live stock, and salted provision. Chief town, Nor'.liampton. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 37,968 do. do. females ... 37,7ul All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - 6' 6 Slaves Total population in 1810 . . 76 275 Population in 1820. Free white males - - . 13,038 do. do. females ... 13,223 Total whites .... 26,261 Free persons of colour, males - 104 do. do. females 112 Slaves, males .... do. females ... Q Total population in 1820 - 26.477 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 16 Engaged in Agriculture - - 5,868 do. in Manufactures - - 1,103 do. in Commerce - . 146 Population to the square mile, 50. Hampshire, county of Virginia, bounded by Hardy SW ; the" Potomac river, or Al- Jeg:.ny county in Maryland NE and N ; and Berkeley and Frederick SK ; length 50; mean width 25; area 1250 square miles. Surface extremely mountainous, though its river soil is highly productive. Chiei town, Romney. Population in 1810. Free white niales ... 4,478 do. do, females - - 4,252 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - . 124 Slaves ..... 929 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. 9,78:; Free white males - - _ do. do, females 4,893 4,614 Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females, Slaves, males .... do. females ... 9,507 52 51 675 604 Total population in 1820 10,889 Of these ; Foreigners not naturaliz-ed - 10 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,486 do. in Manufactures - 330 do. in Commerce - 16 population to the square niile, 8. JTampstead, village in Middlesex, four 390 HAN mUes NNW of London, formerly famous for its lie icinal 'at rs. It is seated on th. de ivity ,)t a lull, on the top o which is a fine heath that commands a delightful prospect. Hampsiead, towrship in Rockingham county, N. w Hampshire, 36 miles W by S ot Port tiiOMth. Population 18:0, 1098. Hampstearl, townstiip of Queen's county. New Brunsw ck, right bank ot St Johns river. Hampstead, pos town and township, RocklaRcf CO' nt\ New York, 35 miles NN W^from New 'York. Populatiou 1810, 2072. The extensive irow works called Ramapoo works are in his township. Hampstead, p- si village. King George coun \, Virginia. Humpton, vilLige in Middl- sex, famous for a ro\ al palace, called Hampton Court, b'!iltby ca dii.al Wolsey, who gave it to H my VII It is seated on the N side of the Thames, 14 mi.es SW of London, Hampton, o Minching Hampton, town in Gloucestershire with a markt-t on Tues- ..ay It is seat, d on the Coleswol Hilis, 14m-es S of Gloucester, and 9vj W of London. Lon. 2 15 W. lat 51 36 N Hampton, small maritime po>t town, in Rocking! am county. New H mp.shire, abi ut s X miles E of Exeter, between Rye and Newtown. Inhabitants in 182u, 1098. H mpton, lo^vnship of Windham county, Co! necticut, on the E side of Bigatew's river, five miles N of Windham, containing in 1820, 1313 inhabitants. Hampton, township ot Washington coun. ty. New Y. rk, situated 70 miles NNEfrom Albany. Population in 1820, 963. Hampta7i Falls, post town and township, Rockingham county. New Hampshire, 10 miles SVV from Portsmouth. Population 1820, 572. Hampton, seaport town in Elizabeth city county, Virginia, situated on Hampton roail, about 20 miles NW of Cape Henry, and 10 miles E of York, on York river. Lat. 37 N, lon. 76 28 W Hamptonville, post town, Sury county. North Carolina. Hariaii, county of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, which belongs to its own prince. It is 45 miles in length, but the breadth is small ; bounded on the E by the county of hheinec and the territo- ry oi Fulde, on the W by the counties of Weissembu g and Soims and on tiie Nand S by the territories of ilentz, and Franc- fort. Hanau, strong town of Germany, capital of a countj ot the same name. It is divid- ed into two towns, the Old and the New, and is seated near the Maine, 18 n-ilesNE ot Darmstadt. Here is a university with several manufactures, and a very consider- able traffic. Lon. 8 55 E, lat. 49 56 N, HAN M A N Weuicock, eounty of Maine, bounded by the Atlantic O'-.ean S; by Lincoln and Kennebec S\V ; by Penobsc,. N W and N ; and VVasiiington B. Ivs for n is ve.y irre- gular, inciudiiig ihe numero s islands and peninsulas SE trom the mo ith of Penob- scot river. T'lis re iders an estimate of its length diffictiit. From the Fox islands to ScUoodic lake is upwards of 90 mdes. The area may be est mated, including the islands, 300l» square miles. Chief town, Castine. t, Population in 1810. Free white males ... 15,481 do. do. females . - - 14,459 All other persons except Indians hot taxed .... 91 Slaves - . . - . Total population in 1810 - - 30,031 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 15,964 do. do. females - - 15,285 Total whites - - - 31,249 Free persons of colour, males 21 do. do. females 20 Slaves, males - - _ o do. females - - _ Total population in 1820 - 31,290 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 147 Engaged in Agriculture - - 5,250 do. in Maimfac ures - 706 do. in Commerce - 1,085 Population to the square mile, 10. Hancock, post village and township, Hdlsb rugli cunt}, New Hampshire, 13 miles Fi from Keeiie. Population in 1820, 1178. Hancock, post village and township, Ad- dison count , Ve m nt, 30 mdes SW from Monipe' er. Population, 350 Hancock, post v llage an i township of Beikshire, Ma s ■ 'busetts. It is situ 640 square miles. Surface generally hilly, soil sandy in general, though along the streams much excellent alluvion is found. Staples gr.iin, flour and tobacco. Chief town, Hanover. Population in 1810. Free white males - - • 3,002 do. do. females ... 3,217 AH other persons except Indians not taxed .... 409 Slaves ..... 8,454 Total population in 1810 - 15,082 Population in 1*820. Free white males 2,9-1 do. do. females 3,159 Total whiles 6,130 I?ree persons of colour, males 188 do. do. females 193 Slaves, males - - - ' - 4,396 do. females 4,260 Total population in 1820 15,267 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 6 Engaged in Agriculture - 5,554 do. in Manufactures - 51 do. in Commerce . - 12 Population to the square mile 23|. Hanover, post town, Hanover county, Virginia, 25 miles NK from Richmond. Washington academy is located near this town. Hanse towns, or Hanseatic Leas'tie. In the I3ih century, a league was f(n-med be- tween some of the principal cities of Ger- many, Poland and the Netherlands, ibr the protection of trade. It yet subsists, though confined to Lubeck, Hamburg, and Bre- men. This respectable confederacy laid the foundation for the flourishing state of manufactures and commerce in the nonh, and had n'> trifling share in preparing tlie Way to the present civilizitlon of Eurojie. Hants, county of Nova Scotia. Hanuiic^Xovin of Austrian Brabant, 20 miles SE of Louvain. Lon. 5 16 E, lat. 50 41 N. Han-yang-fou, populous and commercial city of China, in the province of Hou-quang. It has one city under i'sjurisdiction. Hapaee, name of four of the Friendly Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. The plantations are numerous and extensive, and some of them are enclosed in such a manner, that the fences, running parallel to each other, form spacious public roads, that would appear ornamental in countries, where rural conveniences have been earn- ed to the greatest perfection. These islands extend about 19 miles. Hapaal, seaport of Livonia in llussia in the government of Revel, scaled oa the o D . H A II Baltic, hve miles SVV of Revel opposite the island of Dago. Lon. 22 47 E, lat, 57 4 N. Hapabiii'ff, ancient castle, now in ruins, o:\ a lofiy eminence, near Schintznach, in Sivisseriund. famous for being the patri- mony of liodolph Count of Hapsburg, who by his bravery and abilities r.iised himself to the imperial throne of Germany. The remains of it are inhabited by the family of a peasant. Harborough, town of Leicestershire, with a market on Tui.sd.ay, seated on the Wei- land, 14 miles S of Leicester and 83 N by W of London. It is observed of this town, that there are no lands belonging to it. Lon 62 W, lat. 53 28 N. Harburg, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Lunenburg, with a strong castle. It is sealed on the Elbe, opposite Ham- burg, equally well situated for trade as that c.ty, and is 37 miles NW of Lunenburg. Ilarcourl, town of France, now in the department of Calvados lately in the pro- vince of Normandy. It is 12 miles S of Caen. Hardeberg, town of Germany, 52 miles S of Vienna ; it is situated in the duchy of Stiria. ■ Lon. 16 12 E, lat. 47 22 N. _ Hardegseri, town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Calenberg, 10 miles NW of Gottingen. Il has a considerable manufac- ture of leather. Ilardenberg, town .of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, it is 13 miles ENE of Dus- seldorp. Lon. 6 43 E, lat. 51 19 N. Hardenbiirg, town of Overyssel, situated on the Vecht, 10 miles SW of Covoerden, Hardenbiirg, post village, Breckenridge coun y, Kentucky. See Hardinsbiirg. Hardcnburg-milk, post office, Delaware county. New York. Hardens Cove, post village, Randolph county, Virginia, on the East branch of Monongahela river, 65 miles above Mor- gantown. Ilardar-wich, town of Dutch Guelderland, with a uitiversity. It was often taken and retaken in the civil wars of the 16lh cen- tury ; the French did it a great deal of damage in 16/2, since which time it has been upon the decline. It is seated on tke Zuider-Zee, 32 miles E of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 40 E, lat. 52 23 N. Hardin, county of Kentucky, bounded by Ohio river NW ; Bullitt, Nelson and Washington NE ; Greene SE ; and Hart, Giuyson and ^breckenridge SW. Length 55 ; mean width 20 , area 1100 square miles. Surface extremely hilly. Population in 1810. Free whites, males - - 3,314 do. do. females - - 3,249 All other persons, except Indians not taxed - - - - 28 Slaves ----- 940 ?3 H A K H A R Total population in 1810 - 7,531 Population in 1820; Free white mules do. do. females Total whites ... I'ree persons of colour, males do. do. females - Slaves, males do- females Total population in 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce Population to the square mile 9*. Hardin, county of Ohio, bounded by Hancock N ; Crawfoid and Marion E ; Un- ion and Logan S ; and Allen W, It is 24 miles square ; area 576 square miles. This county was formed from tlie new purcliase and of course not included in the census of 1820. Hardin, county of West Tennessee, on both sides of Tennessee river, bounded by Alabama SE ; Mississippi S\V ; Hen- derson county W and N ; and Perry and Wayne E. Length 30; mean width 22; area 660 square miles. Population in 1820. Free white males - - 679 do. do. females - - 638 4,539 4,470 9,009 19 . 4 767 699 10,498 62 2,673 62 So Total whites Free persons of colour, males do do. females Slaves, males ... do. females Total population in 1820, 1,317 4 5 81 55 1,462 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 2 Engaged in Agriculture - - 255 do. in Manufactures - 8 do. in Commerce - - 1 I'opulation to the square mile, 2 nearly. Hardin, village of Shelby county, Ohio. Hardlnsbnrg, post town and seat of jus- tice, Breckenridgc county, Kentucky, 45 miles Nfrom Russelville, asd 110 SW by W from Frankfort. Hardiston, townsliip, Sussex countv. New Jersey. Population 1820, 2160. Hardivick, post village and township of Caledonia county, Vermont, 21 miles NE from Monlpeiier. Population 750. Tlardu-ick, lowrship of Worcester coun- ty, Massachusetts : situated on the W side of Ware river, 55 miles W from Boston. 394 In 1820 it contained 1657 inhabitants, and in 1820, 1836. Hardivick, township of Sussex county. New Jersey, on Delaware river, 60 miles above Easton in Pennsvlvania. Population 1820, 3360. Hardieick, post village, Bryan county, Georgia, at the mouth ot'Ogechee river. Hardivick, island in Johnson's strait on the Pacific coast of North America. Lon. W C 48 45, lat. 50 26 N. Hardy, county of Virginia, bounded by Maryland NW ; Hamps'iire county in Vir- ginia NE ; Shenandoah SE and" Rocking- ham, Pendleton and Randolph SW. Length 42 ; mean width 17 ; area about 700 square miles. The South branch, and vari- ous other branches of the Potomac cross this county from SW to NE. The surface is excessively mountainous, and soil rocky, and generally barren. Chief town, Moor- fields. Population in 1810. Free white males - ■ - - 2,333 do. do. females - . - 2,246 All other persons except Indians , not taxed . - . . 197 Slaves 749 Total population in 1810, w. Population i-n 1820. Free while males ,- do. do. females - Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males . . - . do. females Totj] population in 1820 - 5,525 2,337 2,270 5,700 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 19 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,273 do. in Manufactures - 98 do. in Commerce - - Population to the square mile, 8^ Hare, large bay on the E side of the northern peninsula of Newfoundland. Lon. W C 19 20 E, Lt. 51 20 N. 'Hardif, county in the state of Virginia, containing 5525 inhabitants in the year 1810. Harfeur, town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Seine, and late province of Normandy. Its fortifications have long been demolished, and its harbour choked up. The English took it by assault in 1415. It stands at the mouth of the Seine, 36 miles NW of Rouen. Lon. 19 E, lat. 49 30 N. Harford, township of Susquehannah county, Penu&yivania, between Martins and n A R n A It VaYiwinkles branches of Tunkhannock river, 12 miles SE from Montrose. Popu- lation 1820, 642. Harford, county of Maryland, bounded N by Pennsylvania ; NE by Susquehannah river ; SE by Chesapeak bay, and SW and W by Baltimore county ia Maryland, Length 30; mean width 16; area 480 square miles. Surface undulating rather than hilly. Soil productive in grain, pas- turage and fruit. Chief town, Ejllair. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 7,450 do. do. females - - - 7,156 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 2,221 Slaves - ... - 4,431 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. 21,258 Free white males 5,706 do. do. females ... 5,511 Total whites . - - . ' 11,21- Free persons of colour, males . 691 do. do. females, 696 Slaves, males - - 1,811 do. females 1,509 Total population in 1820 15,924 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 37 Engaged in Agriculture - • 1,782 do. in Manufactures - 395 do. in Commerce . - . 50 Population to the square mile, 33. Harford, post town, Harford county, Maryland, at the head of Bush river bay and of tide water, 25 miles NE from Baltinnore. Harlebec, town of Austrian Flanders, on the river Lis, three miles NE of Ccartray. Lon. 3 29 E, lat. 50 52 N Ilartech, town in Mericnetlishire, with a market on Saturday. It i.s seated on a rock, on Cardigan Bay, and but a poor place, though the county tnwn and governed by a mayor. It is 28 miles S SE of Carnarvon, and 213 NNW of London. Lon. 4 VV, lat. 54 57 N. ' HarleesviUe, post village, Marion coun- ty, South Carolina. Harlem, or Haerlem, village of the county of New York, on Harlem river. Harlem, township of Delaware county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 2I3. Harlem, populous city of the kingdom of the Netherlands. This place claims the invention of printing ; the first at- tempts in the art being attributed to Lau- rentius Costa, a magistrate of the city. It is situated 10 miles W of Amsterdam, Loo. 4 38 E, lat. 52 24 N. Harlem, Mc7'e, lake of Holland, near Hark-m, 14 miles long and the same broad. It lies between Leyden, Harlem, and Amsterdam ; though it is navigable, it is subject to dangtrous storms ; on which account, the canals from Leyden to Amsterdam were made, which are a safer passage. Harlesion, town in Norfolk, with a market on Wednesday, seated on the Waveney, over which there is a bridge, 16 miles S of Norwich, and IM NE of London. Lon. 1 2o VV lat. 5J 26 N. HartiJig, town in Norfolk, with a mar- ket on Tuesday, seated on a rivulei ije- tween Thetf^rd ar,d Buckiiigi.am It manufactures a little liiun- cloth, and is 24 miles SW of Norwich, and 88 NE of Lond n. Lon 58 _E,. lat. 52 27 N. Harlingen. s?ap;.rt of tiie Unittd Pro- vinces, in Wcbt Frieslaiid. Thf manu- factures are salt, bricks, tiles, and all sorts of linen cloth. It s 13 miles W of Lewarden. Losi 5 14 E, lat. 53 9 N. Zfor/ow.-towu in Essex, seven miles N W of Chipping On.i^ar. O.i .1 common, two miles fr;>m the town is a fam us an- nual fair on the 9th of September, called Harlow Busi^. Fair, 'nuch tYkqucnled by the neighbouring gentry. Harm'ans, creek of Pennsylvania and Virginia, rises in Washington ci.ninty in the former, and falls intu the Ohio rivv r, in Brooke county in thj latter Harmony, pos>t t')wn and township, Somerset county, M^.ine, 25 miles E from Norridgewock. Population in 1820, 584. Harmony, township of Chatauque county. New York, S from Chauuique lake. Population in 1820, C4j. Harmony, post village, Suase x county, New Jersey. Harmony, post town, Butler county, Pennsylvania, on Conaquenessing creek, 14 miles SW by W from Butler, and 12 NE by E from Reaver. Harmonif, township nf Clark county, Ohio. Population in 1820. 1412, • Harmony, post town and seat of jus- tice, Posey crtunty, Indiana, en the left bank of the Wabash. It was settled by • the sect called the Harmonists, after their removal from Harmony, in Butler county, Pennsylvjiuia In their new es- tablishment, they have formed 'an exten- sive woollen -manufactory, asid have commenced the cultivation of the vine. Harper's Ferry, post village, Jefferson county, Vir 'inia, en the right bnnk of Potomac river, at the month of Shenan- doah river. 05 milesbv i ^nd above Wash- ington. Thejustly celebrated jj^iL^-age of the Potomac, through the B:uc Kidge is at this place. The United States has an 395 !! \ R armoury and manufactory ci afms es- tablished here, in whicli, about 260 men are annually employed. Harfiersfield, post town and towns-hip, of Delaware county, New Yoik, 55 miles SW from Albany, and on a creek of Charlotte river, branch of Susquehan- nah Population in 1820, 1884. Jlarpemjield, township in the western part of Ashtabula county, Ohio. Popu- lation in 1820, 763. Harfieth, post village, Williamson county, Tennessee. Harfionellu, town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, \S2 miles NNVV of Seringa- I)atam, capital of a district of the same name, in the Mysore country. Lon. 75 28 E, lat. 14 40'N. Harfisiveli, township of Cumljerland county, Maine, 40 miles E from Portland Population 1253. Harria. or Jlardinland, province of Li- vonia, lying on the NW part of the gulf of Finland. Revel is the only town. Harrington, township of Washington county, Maine, 28 miles W from Machi- as. Population in 1820, 723. Harrington, township of Bergen coun- ty. New Jersey. Population in 1820, 2296. Harrisborough, village of Richmond county, Georgia, a little below Augusta. Harris durg, borough, seat of justice for Dauphin county, and seat of government for Pennsylvania, is situated on the east bank of Susqnehannah river, 96 miles from Philadelphia and 35 from Lancas- ter. The upper part of the site of Har- risburgh, is a gently swelling hill or high bank between Susquehannah river and Paxton creek. The lower part extend- ing on the level bottom or plain, above the mouth of Paxton. The town ex- tends in three streets, parallel to the river and several cross streets. The middle part, opposite the bridge, is toler- ably well built. The bridge is a fine structure of its kind, resting on stone piers, with a roof. * It is composed of two parts, extending over the two channels- of the Susquehannah, on each side of an island opposite tlie town. 'I'he state capital is an elegant edifice, erected on the highest part of the hill, on which part of the town stands. From the cu- pola of the state house, is one of the finest inland landscapes in Pennsylvania, em- bracing a wide extent of cultivated coun- try, swelling hills, the meanders of the river, and the adjacent mountains. Be- side the state hou-e or capital, Harris- burgh contains a court house, market house, and a number of places of public worship. Population in 1820, 2990. ITarlan, SE county of Kentucky, bound- 396 J I A li C'l by Cumberland Mountain or Virginia SE ; Tennessee SW; Whltely W ; Knox and Perry NW ; and Floyd NR. Length 80 ; mean width 12 ; area about 720 square miles. Surface rocky, hilly and in part mountainous. Soil in great part bar- ren. This county was formed from Knox, in which it was included in the census of 1810. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 953 4 do. do. females - - 898 'j Total whites -• - - - 1,851 Free persons of colour, males • 1 do. do. females - 1 Slaves, males .... 58 do. females - - - 50 Total population in 1820 - 1,961 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - 492 do. in Manufactures - 1 do. in Commerce - - Population to the square mile, 3 nearly. Uarrisbtirg, post village of Lancaster county, Cieorgia. Harriaort, townsliip of Cumberlasid coun- ty, Maine, 40 miles NW from Portland. Population 1820, 789. Harrison, township of IJroomc county. New York:. Population 1820, uncertain. Harrison, towni-hip of Westchester coun- ty. New York, 30 miles NE from New Yf.rk. Population 1820, 994. Harrison, county of Virginia, bounded by Lewis S ; Wood W ; Tyler NW ; Monon- galia NE ; and Randolph SE ; length 50 : mean width 22 ; area about 1100 square miles. Surface exccssiveiy broken with higli hills. Soil upon the streams in many places highly fertile, but in general rocky, or stony and part barren. Chief town, Clarksbt'.rg. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 4,939 do do. females - - - 4,509. All other persons except Indians not taxed • ^ . . 51 Slaves, - ... 459 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free while mates do. do. females 9,958 5,484 5,816 Total whites ... - 10,300 Free persons of colour, males - 36 do. do. females - 27 Slaves, males . - • - 258 do. females ... 311 Total population in 1820. 10,932 ir A R H A R Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 2 Enp^aged in Agriculture - - 2,071 do. in Manufactures - 248 do. in Commerce - - 6 Population to the square mile, 9. Harnson, county of Keniucky, bounded by Bourbon S ; Scott and Owen W ; Pen- dleton N ; Bracken NE ; and Nicholas E ; length 23 ; mean width 15 ; area about 330 square miles. Chief town, Cynthiana. Population in 1810, Free white males ... 3,372 do. do. females - - . 3,266 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 9 Slaves 1,105 Total population In 1810 - - 7,752 Population in 1820. Free white males - - 5,011 do. do. females - - 5,040 Total whites - - - 10,051 Free persons of colour, males 43 do. do. females 47 Slaves, males - - - 1,019 do. females _ _ - 1,118 Total population in 1820 - 12,271 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized - 15 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,857 do. in Manufactures - 389 do in Commerce - i2 Population to the square mile, 37. Ifarrison, coun'y of Ohio, bounded by Stark and Coh'mbiana N; Jefierson E; Belmont and Guernsey S ; and Tuscara- ra W ; length 27 ; width 24 ; area 450 square miles. It is an elevated and hilly region, with a tolerably fertile soil. Chief town, Cadiz. Free white males do: do. females 7,289 7,028 Total whites . . Free persons of colour, males • do. do, females - Slaves, males ... do. females - - . Total population in 1820 14,317 21 7 14,345 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 289 2,487 557 19 Harrison, SE township of Stark county, Ohio. Population 1820, 518. Harrison, township of Franklin county, Ohio, on Alhim creek. Population 1820, 426. Harrison, township on the E side of Ross ctivmty, Ohio. l'opu!a>ion 1820, unctrtain. Harri'sun, SW lownship of Dark county, Ohio. Population, 1820, 907. Harrison, townsiiip of Muskingum coun- ty, Ohio. Population 1820, uncertain. Harrison, township of Pickaway county, Ohio, E from Sciota river. Population in 1820, 534. Harrison, township of lacking county, Ohio, on the S fork of Licking river. Po- pulation 1820,357. Harrison, post village and township. Champaign county, Ohio. Population in 1820. 332. Harrison, township of Prebble county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 815. Harrison, post village of Ohio and In- diana, It is remarkable as standing on the line of demarcation between the two states, one part being in Hamilton coun- ty, Ohio, and the other in Dearborn, In- diana. Harrison, village of Knox county, Ohio, 15 miles SE from Mount Vernon. Harrison, county f Indiana, bounded by Ohio river SE, S, and SW ; Big Blue river W ; Washington N, and Floyd N E and E. Length 30 ; mean width 14 ; area about 410 square miles. Surface hilly, but soil fertile. Chief town, Co- rydon. Population in 1810 Free white males ... 1,866 do. do. females ... 1,696 All other persons except Indians not taxed 12 Slaves ..... 21 Population to the square mile 32 nearly. Harnson, township of Gallia county, Ohio. Population 1820, 475. Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do. do. female Slaves, males ... do. females Total population in 1820 - Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufiictures - do. in Commerce 3,595 4,038 3,768 7,806 36 3o 7,875 1,531 Population to the square mile, 19 nearly. Harrison, post village and township, 597 H A II H A 11 Population Total population In 1820 4,184 1,235 126 of Harrison county, Indiana 1200." Harrison, township of Franklin coun- Of these; ty, Indiana, 25 miles NW from Cincin- Foreigners not naturalized nati. This township is remarkable for Engaged in Agriculture the number and magnitude of aboriginal do. in 'Manufactures - remains found within its limits. . do. in Commerce - - >> Harrisonburg, post town and seat of Population to the square mile, 13. justice, Rockingham county, Virginia, on Hartford, or Hertford, the county town one of tiie branches of Shenandoah river, cf Hertfordshire, seated on the.river Lea. 25 miles NNE from Staunton, and 40 It sends two members to parliament; and miles NNW from Charlotte vi He. its market is oh Saturday, the chief com- Harrisori's Store, post office, Bruns- modities of which are wheat, malt and ■wick county, Virginia. wool ; and it sends 5000 quarters of malt Harrison's Store, post office, Franklin to London weekly by the river Lea. county. North Carolina. Hartford, post village and township, Ox- Harrisonville, post town and seat of ^^j.^^ countv, Maine, 12 miles NE from justice, Monroe county, Illinois, en the ^^,^1^, Population in 1820, 1133. left bank of the Mississippi, opposite //art/or^f, post village and township, of Herculaneuni 30 miles below St. Louis. Harrisville, post village, Brunswick county, Virginia. Harrisville, post village and township, of Medina county, Ohio, on the south side of the county. Population in 1820, 231. Harrisville, post town, Harrison coun- ty, Ohio, 9 miles NE from Cadiz. Harrodsburg, post town in Mercer countv, Kentucky, lying on the E side of Salt River, 30 miles south from Frankfort, the capital of the state. ^ elevated but very distinct mountains, //arroe-aiff, village m the W riding ot „„/ i:.^:f„,i ^., •,<= «mci^r„ Km-ri^r Ku ,. Windsor county, A^ermont, 15 miles above Windsor. Population 2000. Hartford, county of Connecticut, on both sides of Connecticut river ; bounded by the state of Massachusetts N ; by Tolland E ; New London SE ; Middlesex and New Ha- ven S, and Litchfield W. Length 32 ; mean width 23 ; area about 740 square miles. Surface very diversified, being traversed by the Connecticut from north to south, and on both sides of that stream, at a distance of 7 or 8 miles by chains of not Yorkshire, in the parish of Knaresbo- rough, noted for medical springs ; one of which is the strongest sulphur water in Great Britain. It is 206 miles N by W of London. Harroiv, village in Middlesex, on the highest hill in the county ; on the sum- mit of which is the church, with a lofty spire. Here is a celebrated free-school, founded by Mr. John Lyons, in the reign of queen Elizabeth. It is 10 miles WN W of London. Hart, county of Kentucky, on bath sides of Green river; bounded by Barren S ; "Warren SW ; Grayson W ; Hardin N, and Gr-ene E. Length 30; nr.ean width 11; area 320 square nniles. Chief town, Madi- sonville. Surface level, and on both sides of Green river, in great part occupied by that species of soil denominated barrens. Hart county has been since 1810, formed out of par' of Hardin and Barren counties, and is not included in the census of 1810. Population in 1820, Free while males - ,- - 1,825 do. do. females - 1,747 and limited on its western border by third ridge. The river valleys of the Con- necticut and Farmington (see Fannington') a.*j exuberantly fertile, and highly cultiva- ted. Much of the high land is also pro- ductive, in grain and pasturage. The as- pect of the county, is indeed that of pros- perous and active industry. Chief town, Hartford. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 21,747 do. do. females - - 22,049 All other persons except Indians Total whites . - - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females 398 3,572 not taxed Slaves - - . . . Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites . . - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females, Slaves, males - - - - do. females 920 17 9 293 303 7 Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 44,735 22,599 23,428 46,027 601 589 9 47.234 106 H A R H A R Engaged in Agriculture - 7,919 do. in Manufactures' - 3,305 do. in Commerce - - 626 Population to the square mile, 63 j. Hartford, city of, capital of Coimecticut, and seat of justice, for Hartford county, is situated on the right bank of^Jcnneclicut river, about 50 miles above its mouth, 14 miles above Middletown by land, and 34 miles froiTi New Haven. The site of tiie town rises by rather a steep acclivity from the river, to an extensive plain. The miiin sheet extends along the latter. A large creek rising ii> the Farmington hills, crosses the city nearly at right angles, aijd is tra- .versed by a substantial bridge on tiie mairi street. Surrounded by a thickly popula- ted and well cultivated country. Hertford is a very active and flourishing place ; iris at the head of sloop navigation. The amount of >hipping owned here, is between 9 ai,d 10 thousand tons. Public buildings, besides common schools and places of public v/orship, are; a state .house, state arsenal, 2 banks, 2 ensurance companies^ 7 or 8 printing- officer, an academy, museum, and an assylum for the deaf an4 dumb. The Connecticut river is crossed opposite the city by a fiii' bridge, erected at a%expense of upwards §100,000. Lon. W C 4 22 E, lat. 41 46. Population • in 1820, 4726. Hartford, township of Hartford county, Connecticut, including ihe city of the sam'e name. Population in 1820, exclusive of the city, 2175. Hartford, township and post village, of Washingtor^ounty, New York, oii a branch of Wood creek, 54 miles N from Albany. Population in 1820, 2493. Hartford, post town and seat of justice, Pulaski county, Georgia, on the left bank of Oakmulgee river, 50 miles SSW from Milledgeville. j Hartford, post towii and seat of justice, Ohio county, Kentucky, on the left bank of Green river, 45 m'lles N from llussel- ville. Hartford, post village and township, Trumbull county, Ohio, Population in 1820, 625. • Hartford, N\V township of Licking coun- ty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 285. Hartford, po^t village, Dearborn county, Indiana, on Lougtiery creek, 7 miles from Lawrenceburg, and 5 from Oiiio river. Hurttand, town in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated oi the Bristol Channel, near a promontory called Hartland-point, 28 miles W of Barnstable, and 213 W by S of LoHdon. I.an. 4 31 W, lat. 51 12 N. Hartland, post town in Windsor county, Vermont, lying on the W side of Connec.i- cut river, about nine miles N of Windsor. The township has 2400 inhabitants. Hartland, NW township, Hartford coun- ty, Connecticut, on the east brunch of F.ar- mington river. Population in 182u, 1254. Hartland, NE townsh'.p o' Niagara conn. ty, New York, on lake Ontario Popuia- tion in 1820, 1448. Hartlepool, seaport in the county of Dur- ham. It is 16 miles SE of Dur lam, and 254 N by W of London. Lon. 1 4 W, lat. 54 47 N. Hartlelon, post town, and NW township, Union county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1239. Hartley, iown in Northunv-erland, NW of Ti mouth, whet e lord DeLival has con- st: ucte;! a haven, whence coal s shipped to London. Here are l.rge -y-A^., copperas, and glass, works; ind a canal has been cut through a solid rock to tii<^ Jiarbour. Hitrtx'' Store, post office, Alberinarle county, Virginia. Hurtsville, post village. Summer county, Ten.'.esjee. Hartville, post village, on a branch of Wappingers creek, Dutcliess coui.ty. New York, 12 miles NE by E from Poughkeep- sie. Hurtivick, post town, and township, Ot- sego ciunty. New York, 5 miles S\V from C -operstown. Population in 1820, 2579. Hth^iz, muuntainous and f n-est dis'rict, princ'pally in the- south of Hanover, in North Germany. It is particu.a; ly remarka- ble for the quant ay and excelit-nce of its minei-al tre,;su-es, especially iron, c.ipper and lead. The ama; 1 tenth of the iron mines, prod ices a revenile, exceeding 115,000 pounds sterling, upwardsof 510,000 dolkrs Hariz^erode, town of Upper Saxony, situated near the Har'.z moiiniains in the priacipahtv of Anhalt Bei'nburg, Lon. 11 2 E, tat. 51 46 N. ' Hansard, post town and township, Wor- cester county, Massachusetts, 20 miles NE from Worcester. Population in 1820, 1597. Harvard CoUejd.- See Cambridge, Mid- dlesex county, JMassachnsetts. Harvey's Island, island in the South Sea. Lon. 151 48 W, lat. 19 17 S. Harwich, seaport and borough in Essex, with a market on Tuesday and Friday. Here the i)ack. t boats aresl^itioned that go to Germany and Holland. Harw.ch is 42 miles E bv N of Clielmsford, 72 EXE of London. "Lon. 1 25 E, lat. 52 N. Huv-Mch, post town and township, iu Barnstable county, Massachusetts, situated on Barnstable Bay, nine miles from Cha- tham, and eight from Yarmouth, containing 1942 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1980. Hnr-wich, township of Kent county. Up- per Canada, extending between lake Erie and the river Thames. 399 11 A T H A V Jfanvinton, post village and township, Litchfield county, Massachusetts, 23 miles west from Hartford. Population in 1820, 1500. Hasbat, province of Africa, in Barbaiy, and in the kingdom of Morocco. Jfaselfelde, ancient town of Germany, in Lower Saxony. Haslem, island of Denmark, in the Cate- gate at the entrance of the Baltic, N of Zealand. Lon. 11 51 E, lat. 56 21 N. Haslemere, borough in Surry, with a mar- ket on Tuesday. It sends two members to parliament, and is 12 miles S\V of Guild- ford, and 43 of London. Lon. 3& W, lat. 51 6 N. Haslingdeii, town in Lancashire, with a market on Wednesday, 16 miles N by W of Manchester, and 196 NNW of London. Lon. 2 16 W, lat. 51 40 N. Hasselt, handsome town of the United Provinces, in Overyssel, seated on the Vecht, five miles N of Zwoll. Hasselt, town of Germany in the territo- ry of Liege, seated on the Demer, 20 miles NW of Maestricht. Hassli, small territory of Swisserland, in the county of Bern. Hastenbeck, town in the principality of Calenberg, in Lower Saxony, five miles SE of Hamelin. Here the duke of Cumber- land was defeated by the French under Marshal D'Estres. Haste Rival' Mills, post office, Culpepper county, Virginia. Hastiiigs, borough in Sussex, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is one of the Cinque Ports, and sends two members to parliament. Here William the Conqueror landed, in 1066, and Harold II. was slain in battle. It is 24 miles E of Lewes, and 64 SE of London. Lori. 46 E, lat. 50 52 X. Hatborongh, post village, Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, on Penepack creek, 17 miles N from Philadelphia. Hatchy, Big, river of Tennessee and Mis- .sissippi, rises in the latter, and flowing N W, enters Henderson and Madison coun- ties in the former, gradually turns to W, and enters Mississippi river, at lat. 35 30 N. Hatfield, township of Montgomery coun- ty, Pennsylvania, on the line between that and Bucks county, 24 miles NNW from Philadelphia. Population in 1820, 756. Hatfield, town in Herts, with a market on Tl^uirsday. It formerly belonged to the see ef Ely, but was alienated to the crown in the reign of Elizabeth. Sir Itobert Ce- cil, aflerwai-d earl of Salisbury, built the present magnificent seat called Hatfield House. It is seated on the river Lea, 20 miles NNW of London. Lon. 10 W, lat. 51 48 N. Hatfield-Jiroad-Oak, or Hatfield Regis, town in Essex, w ith a market on Saturdav, 40:> 30 miles NNE of London. Lon. 20 E, lat. 51 48 N. Hafield, post village and township, Hampsiiire county, Massachusetts, 5 miles above Northampton. Population in 1820, 823. Hatherl^,^o\vn in Devonshire, on a branch of the river Towridge, with a market on Friday, 26 miles NW of Exeter, and. 201 W by S of London. Lon. 4 9 W, lat. 50 52 N. Hatley, township of Richelieu and Buck- ingham counties. Lower Canada, on lakes Mempiiramagog, Scaswaninfepus, and To- mefobi. • Hatiem, town of Dulch Guelderland-, seated on the Yessel, five miles SW of Zvveil, Hattengen, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Westphalia, in the county of JMarck, seated on the Roer, 17 miles ENE of Dus- seldorp. Lon. 7 14 E, lat. 51 17 N. Hatieras, cape of North Carolina. It is the salient point of a very long reef of sand extending from Ocracock to New Inlet. The cape propeily so called is at lon. W C 1 30 E. lat. 35 15 N. Havanna, city and seaport on •the NW part of Cuba, two miles in circumference, and the capital of the island.* The houses are elegant, built of stone, and the churches are rich and magnificent. The harbour is capable of containing upwards of 1000 vessels, and the entrance, so narrow that only one ship can enter at a time, is defend" ed by two strong forts, called the Moro and the Puntal ; there are also many other forts and platforms, well furnished with artillery. Here all the sliips that come from tile Spanish settlements rendezvous on their return to Spain. This city was taken by the English, in 1762, but restor- ed to the Spaniards, in 1763. It is seated on the W side of tLw harbour, and water- ed by two branches of the river Lagida. Lon. W C 5 02 W,. lat. 23 12 N. HavatU, town in Hampshire, between F.u-eliam and Chichester, with a market on Saturday, seven miles NE of Portsmouth, and 64 VV by S of London. Lon. 53 E, lat. 50 52 N. Havel, river of Germany, in Brandenburg> which empties itself into the Elbe, Havelberc-, town of Germany, in the elect- oiate of Brundei.burg, with a secularized bishop's see. It is seated on the Havel, 57 miles NW of Brandenburg. Lon. 12 26 E, lat. 53 5 N. Havenslcin, small village in Suabia, where are the ruins of a castle, which was thrown down by an earthquake in 1356. The town is situated en the Rhine, 13 miles NW ofBaden. HiLverfurd, township of Delaware county, Pennsvlvartia, containing 754 inhabitants tt A U HAW in 1810; situated on the E side of Derby- creek, bout six miles W of P!iilade!pin<«, Haver- ford iveH, borough in We nbroke. The assizes are kept here. It is 15 miles S by E of Si. Divid's, nd ,329 W by N of London. Lin. 5 W, Lt 51 50 X. Hnverhill, onsiderable pust town and township in Rssex cuuntv, Massachusetts, l_ving on the NW side of the river Merri- mack, at the distance of 15 miles VV from Newburyport, and 32 N from Boston; it carries on a brisk trade, foreign and do- mestic. Population 1820, 3070. Kiverhill, post town in Grafton county, New Hampsiiire, on the E side of Connec- ticut river, 35 miles NW^ by N ot Dart- mouth college. Population 1820, 1609. Haverill, town in Suffolk, with a market on Wednes;iay, and a manufacuire of checks, cottons and fustians. It appears by the ruins of a church and castle, to have been of more consequence formerly than now. It is 16 miles SW of Bury, and 59 NE of London. Lon. 28 E.j lat. 52 6 N. Havering Boiver, village in Essex, three miles NE of Kumford. It was once the seat of a royal palace, in which died Joan, queen of Henry IV. Haverstraiv, post town of Rockland coun- ty, New York, containing 1866 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated on the W side of Hudson river 33 miles N of New York, and 120 S of Albajiy. JTavre-cIe- Grace, considerable seaport of France, in t!)e department of Lower Seine, and late province of Normandy, on the English Channel, in a large plain at the mouth of the river Seine. It is a small fortified town, divided into two parts by the harbour, surrounded with a wall, antl other works, and defended by a strong ci- tadel, which, together with its foreign trade makes it one of the most important places in France, It is 45 miles W of Rouen, and 112 NW of Paris. Lon. U E, lat. 42 29 N. Havre-de- Grace, considerable seaport town, in Hartford county, Maryland; situa- ted at the head of Chesapeak bay, in the lat. of 39 35 N, and lon. of 76 8 W. It is a principal enire pot of tiie lumber and grain brought down the river Susquehan- nah, it has a post office, and is 37 miles NE from Baltimore. Hante-rive, town of France in the depart- ment of U])per Garonne, and late province of Languedoc, seated on the Arriege, Lon. 1 26 E, lat. 43 26 N. Hautvilliers, town of France in the de- partment of Marne and late province of Champagne, where the best champagne is made. It is seated on the Marne, 20 miles S by E of Ilheims. Hato, river of North Carolina, wliicli rises in Rockingham county, near the :3 E northern border of the state, and flowing: SE joins Deep river in Chatham, and forms the NFE branch of Cape F-. ar river. Hawick, pleasantly situated town in Ilnx- burghshire, sealed on the Tiviot amid v.'o ids, rocks, cataracts, and bridges, 15 miles SW of Kelso. Haivke, townsliip, Rockingham county, New Ha npshire, 20 miles SW from Ports- mouth. Popuiatiini i i 1820, 421. Haivk'biirii, river of New Holland, which rises in the mountains far inland, and flow- ing E, falls into Broken bay. Hawkeshury Toiunship, in the county of Prescott, Upper Canada, lies on the Otta- wa river adjoining to Lower Canada. Hrwkins, county of Tennessee ; bounded by Virginia N ; Sullivan county in Tennes- see E . Greene aid . I jffers in S; Grainger W, and Claiborne NW. Lengt'i 40 ; mean width 17; ai-ea 4S0 square miles. Sur- face very much broken by hills and moun- tains. Being traversed by Holston river, in the entire length of the country, and drainsd by numerous minor branches, it contains much excellent alluvial soil. Chief town, llogersville. Population in 1810. Free white males - - .^ 3 473 do. do. females - . 3,225 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - . . j5 Slaves 930 Total population in 1810 - - 7,643 Population in 1820. Free white males - . 4,876 do. do. females - . 4,432 Total whites . . _ 9,308 Free persons of colour, males 151 do. do. females, i59 Slaves, males - - - 659 do. females - , . 672 Total population in 1820 - 10,949 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 12 Engaged in Airriculture - 1,802 do. in Manufactures - 191 do. in Commerce - 17 Population to the square mile, 23 nearly. Haivley, post town and township, Frank- lin county, Massachusetts, 14 miles SW by W from Greenfield. Population in 1820, 1089. Hatukshead, town in Lancashire, situated in Fourness, 24 miles NNW of Lancaster, and 273 of London. Lon. 3 6 W, lat. 54 24 N. Haws-water, lake in Westmoreland, S of Penrith, three miles long, and half a sr.ile 401 HAY H E B over in some places. It is almost divided in the middle by a promontory of enclo- sures, so that it consists of two sheets of water. Haiothornden, ancient building, a few miles to tiie SB of Edinb-iri,di, famous for some artifici.d caves cut oui of the solid rock ; it W.-JS the seat of Drummond the poet and historian. Hay, town in Brecknockshire, with a market on Saturday, seated between the Wvll and Dulas, 15 miles NE of Brecknock, and 151 VV by S of London. Lon. 3 4 W, lat. 51 59 N. Hay Bay, in the township of Fredericks- burgh, running south-w^esterly into East Bay, makes the fork of the north channel of the bay of Quinte, Upper Canada. Haycock, township of Bucks county, Pennsylvania ; situated on tbe N side of Tokickon creek, 22 miles NW oFXewton, and contained 836 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 926. Haye, town of France, now in the de- partment of Indre and Loire, lately in the province of Touraine. It is memorable for being the birthplace of Des Cartes, and seated on the Creuse, 25 miles S of Tours, and 135 SW of Paris. Lon. 46 E, lat. 46 56 N. Hayhham, town in the county of Sussex, with a market on Saturday, 12 miles E of Lewis, and 58 SE of London. Lon. 20 E, lat. 50 55. Haymarket, post town in Prince William county, Virginia ; at the distance of 38 miles W from Washington. Haymarkct, village of Muskingum coun- ty, Ohio, on the east bank of Mu.skingum river, 9 miles above Zanesville. Jlaynes, SE township of Centre county, Pennsylvania, in Penns valley. Population in 1820, 2350. Haywood, western county of North Carolina ; bounded by Georgia S ; Tennes- see NW, and Buncombe E. It is nearly in form of a right angled triangle, with the base 58 miles on Georgia, and the perpen- dicular on Buncombe, 50 miles on Bun- combe county ; area 1450 square miles. The great body of the county is an eleva- ted mountain valley, drained by different branches of Tennessee river. Soil in general, rough, rocky, and barren, but with some remarkable exceptions near the streams. Population in 1810, Free white males - - - 1,366 do. do, females - - 1,236 All other persons except Indians - . - in 1,888 1.892 not taxed Slaves 4,073 594 15 9 Total population in 1810 402 2,780 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - do. do. females Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females, Slaves, males .... do. females Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 2|. Hay~Moodsborottgh, post town of Chatham county, North Carolina, in the forks of Cape Fear river, 46 miles above Fayette- ville. Hazlegreen, post office, Madison county, Missouri. Hazlepatch, post office, Knox county, Kentucky. HazktorCs Ferry, post office, Knos coun- ty, Indiana, Headford, town of Ireland, in the county of Galway, and province of Connaught, 12 miles N of Galway. Lon. 3 W, lat. 22 12 N. Head of Elk, post town, Cecil county, Maryland, near the head of the bay of Chc^apeak, on a small river of its own name. It enjoys great advantages from the carrying trade between Baltimore and Fhiladelphia, being about 50 miles from each. Head of Chester, post village, Kent coun- ty, Maryland, about 50 miles E from Balti- more. Head of Sassafras, post village, Kent county, Maryland, about 50 miles NE by E from Baltimore. Heath, post village and township, Frank, lin county, Massachusetts. Population in 1820, 1122. Heath Point, SE extremity of the island of Anticost in the gulf of St. Lawrence. Hebrides, or TFesterji Islafids, numerous islands on tbe W coast of Scotland, on the principal of which are Skye, St. Kilda, Lewis and Harris, Uist, Cannay, Staffa, Mull, Jura, and Islay, The situation of these islands in the great Atlantic Ocean, renders the air cold and moist in the most of them, Hebrides, J\''exu, a cluster of islands, lying in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by Quiros in 1606, and considered as part of a great southern continent, under the name of Tierra Australia del Espiritu Santo. They were next visited by Bougainville in 1768, who did no more than discover that II E I H E L Ihe land was not connected, but composed of islands, which he called the Great Cy- clades. Captain Cook, in 1774, ascertain- ed the extent and situation of the whole groupe, and gave them tlie name they now bear. They lie between 14 25 and 20 4 S, lat. and 166 41 and 170 21 E Ion. extend- ing' 125 leagues, Hebron, town of Palestine, seated at the foot of an eminence on which are the re- mains of an ancient castle The sepulchre of Abraham is shown here which is visited by Christians and Mahometans. It is 25 miles SW of Jerusalem. Hebron, post town and township, Oxford county, Maine, 9 miles S from Paris. Population in 1820, 1727. Hebron, post village and township, Graf- ton county, Nev/ Hampshire, 35 miles N from Concord. Population in 1820, 572. Hebron, post town in Tolland county, Connecticut, 18 miles SE ot Hartford. Population in 1820, 2094. Hebron, post village and township. Wash, jngton county, New York, 50 miles NNE from Albany. Population in 1820, 2754. ^ecA?Za, mountain, and volcano of Iceland, rising to about 5000 feet, 40 miles SE from Skalholt. Hector, post village, and SW township, Tompkins county, New York, between Se- neca and Cayuga lakes. Population in 1820, 4012. Hedjas, holy land of the Mahometans, ex- tending along the NE shore of the Red Sea, and including Mecca and Medina. Hedomora, town of Dalecarlia in Sweden, seated on the lake Hafran, famous for the gunpowder made here ; it is 55 miles NW of Upsal. Lon. 17 7 E, lat. 60 14 N. Heideberg, township of Berks county, Pennsylvania, on the left side of Schuyl- kill river, commencing six miles above Reading, at the mouth of Cacoosing creek. Population 1820, 3605. Heidelberg, post town of Lebanon coun- ty, Pennsylvania, situated 30 miles E from Harrisburg, and about the same distance N from Lancaster. It is the chief lown of Heidelberg, the NE township of the coun- ty. Population of the township in 1820, 2384. Heidelberg, township in the western part of York county, Pennsylvania. Population 1820, 1313. Heidelberg, city of Germany, in the cir- cle of the Lower Rhine, with a celebrated university. It has manufactures of wool- len stufis, carpets, silk stockings, velvet and soap. It was the capital of the palati- nate, and celebrated for a great tun, which held 800 hogsheads ; but it has undergone so many calamities by war and fire, tliat it is not so large as formerly. The protest- ant electoral house becoming extinct in 1693, a bloody war ensued, in whicli the castle was ruined, and the elector remov« ed his residence to Munheim. The French took possession of this to^nm 180U, and in 1803 it was given to the elector of Baden. It is seated on the Neckar, over which is a bridge, 12 miles SE of M;iiiiieun, and 52 S of Frankfort. Lon. 8 .38 E, l..t, 49 21 N. Heidenheim, town of Suabia, and in the teri'itory of Brentzhali, witli a handsome palace belonging to llie liouse oi Wurtem- burg. It was takt n oy the Fiench m Au- gust, 1796, and is 22 miles N of Uim. Lon. 10 9 E, lat. 48 47 X. Heila, town of Western Prussia in Po- land, at the mouth of ihe Vistula, oa tiie Baltic Sea, 12 miles N of Uantzic. Lo:». 19 25 E, lat. 54 53 N. Heilegen Have, seaport of Holstein ia Germany, seated on the Baltic, opposite the Island of Femeren. Loo. 10 57 E. lat. 54 30 N. Hdligoland, island of the German Ocean, belonging to the king of Denmark ; it is seated between tlie mouths of the Eider and the Elbe. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 54 21 N. Heiligensludt, town of Gensany, belong- ing to the elector of Mentz, capital of the territory of Etchset. It is seated at the confluence of the Geisland and Leina, 30 miles NW of Eisnach. Lun. iO 14 E, lat 51 22 N. Helena, St island in the Atlantic Ocean, 27 miles in circuit, belonging to the Eng- lish East India Company. It lies between the continents of Alrica and South Ameri- ca, about 1200 miles W of the former, and 1800 E of the latter; and was discovered by the Portuguese, in 1502, on St. Helena day. Afterward, the Dutch were in pos- session of it till 1600, when they were ex- pelled by the English in 1673, the Dutch retook it by surprise ; but it was soon after recovered. It has some high mountains, particularly one called Diana Peak, which is covered with wood to the very top. There are other hills also, which bear evi- dent marks of a volcanic origin, and some have huge rocks of lava and a kind of half vitrified Hags. Tlie chief inconvenience to which the island is subject, is want of rain ; however, it is fiir from being barren, the interior valleys, and little hills, being co- vered with verdure, and interspersed with gardens, orchards and various plantations. There are also many pastures, surrounded by enclosures of stone, and filled with a fine breed of small cattle, and with English sheep ; goats and poultry are likewise nu- merous. The inhabitants do not exceed 3000, Including near 500 soldiers, and 1600 blacks, who are supplied with corn and manufactures by the company's ships in return for refreshments. The town, called Jamestown, is small, situate at the bottom of a bay on the S side of the island, between two steep dreary mountains, Thrs 403 II E. L 11 E M jsiaiul has now become cla^^slc ground in history by becoming the place of exile, and death of the emperor Napoleon, and con- taining the grave of this ex'raordinary man. He was landed on the isl.tmi, Octo- bi-r 16th, 1815 ; dird on the 5th, and was interred on the Qtli of May, 1821, aged ol years, eight nionths, and 20 days. id. wa.v born at Ajacoo in Corsica, August l5th, 1769. Eden's St. town in East Medina in the isle of Wight. It has a large bay, and, in a war with France, is often the station o; the royal navy. Helicon, r,ow Scmgma, mountain of Greece, in Boeolia, near the gulf of Co- rinth. Heller, St. little island, near the town of the same name, in the bay of St. Aubin, on the S side of Jersey. Helier, St. capital of the island of Jersey, in the English Channel, seated in the bay of St. Aubin, where it ha^ a harbour and a stone pier. The inbabitants are computed to be 2000. Heligoland, or Helgoland, island in the German Ocean, abi ut 28 miles distant from the moutli of the Weser, Elbe and Kjder. This island has two good liarbours, and about 2000 inhabitants. It has been m pos- session of the British since 1807. Lon. 7 55 E, lat. 54 UN. Hellgate, strait of New York, between Long Island and West Chester county. It unites Long Island Sound to the East river, eight miles from New York. Hellespcnt, now Dardanells, river or strait uniting the sea of JIarmora, with that of the Archipelago. It extends in a NE and SVv" direction about 50 miles, differing in width from one to ihrce miles. Helmsdale, river in Sntherlandshire, which descends from the mountains bor- dering on Caithness-shire, and empties it- self into the German Ocean, where there is a good salmon fishery. Helmoiit, town of Dutch Brabant, in the low countries with a strong castle, seated on the Aa, 17 miles SE of Bois-le-Duc, and 20 W of Venlo. Lon. 5 67 E,jlat. 51 31 N Helmsley, or Helmsley-Blackmore, town in the N riding of Yorkshire, in Rhidalvale, with a market on Saturday. It had form- erly a castle, for the defence of this part against the Scotch invaders, and is seated on the Rye, 20 miles N of York, and 220 N by W of London. Lon. 1 W^ lat. 54 19 N. ffetmstadt, town of Brunswick and Low- er Saxony in Germany, with a university, 20 miles SE of Brunswick. Lon, 11 16 E, lat. 52 16 N. Helmstadt, strong iT,aritime town of Swe- den, and capital of a province of Holland. Helsinburg, or Eluinburg, seaport of Swe- den in the province of Gothland and tcr- 494 ritoryof Schonen, seated on the opposite side of the Sound, seven miles E of Elsi- nore, and 37 S of Halmstadt. Lon. 13 2 E, lat. 56 2 N. Hdmngfors, town of Swedish Finland, with a harbour reckoned almost the best in the kingdom. It is 150 miles E of Abo. Lon. 25 E, lat. 60 2U N. Hdsingia, province of Sweden, bounded on the N by Jempterland and Madelpadia, on the E by the gulf of Bothnia, and on the S and W by Dalecarlia and Austricia. It is full of mountains and forests, and tiie employment of the inhabitaitts is hunting and fishing. Hehton, town in the county of Cornwall, with a market on Monday, seaied on the Cober, near ij.s influx into Mounts-bay. It is one of the towns appointed for the coin- age of tl;e tin, and the place of assembly for the W division of the shire. It is go- verned by a ma) or, sends two members to parluimeiit and has the largest market house in the county. It is seated on the river Low, and is 11 miles SW of Falmouth and 274 W by S of London. Lon. 5 15 E, lat. 50 2 N. Helvcelshiys, seaport of Holland, on the i.sland ot Yoorn, whtre the Eogh..h packet boat always goes. It is but a smali place, consisting only of a handsome quay, and iwuor three litik streets. Here some of the Dutch men if war are laid up in ordina- ry ; It was taken by the French in Janua- ry 1795 ; and is five miles S of the Briel. Lon 4 23 E, lat. 51 45 N. Hemlock, lake of New York, in Livingston county, discharges into Genesee river by Honeoy creek. HemwingJ'ord, township of Huntingdon county Lower Canada, 34 miles S from Montreal, and adjoining Clinton county, New Yoik. Hemjjield, township, Lancaster county, Pennfjlvaiiia ; situated on the NE side of Susquehannih, and containir g 3431 inha- bitants in 1810, and m 1820, 3339. It is now divided into E and AV Hempfield. Hempfeld, township of Westmoreland countv, Pennsylvania, containing 3444 in- habitants in 1810, and in 1820, 3885. It is situated on the N side of Big Sewickly creek, about 25 miles SE of Pittsburg. The chief town Is Greensburg. Hempsted, or Hemel Hempsted, corporate town in Herts, with a market on Thursday, seated among the hills on a branch of the Coin, 18 miles SW of Hertford, and 23 N "VV of London. Lon, 15 W, lat, 51 47 N. Hempstead, post town on Long Island, in Queen Ann's county. New York, 23 miles E of the city. It issltuated on the edge of an extensive plain, 16 miles I'lng, and vary- ing in width from one to about four miles. Hempstead, county of Arkansas. Limits and relative position uncertain. HEN HEN Population in 1820. Free white males . . - do. do. females - . - Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males . . . . do. females - - - . Total population in 1820 - 2,489 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 5 Engaged in Agriculture . 592 do. in Manufactures . 12 do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, uncertain. * Hen and Chickens, groupe of small islands in the VV part of lake Ene, and N from the Bass Islands. By tlie decision of the com- missioners appointed to settle the bounda- ry between the U. S. and Canada, the line runs between the Bass Islands and Hen and Chickens. Henbxiry, village in Gloucestershire, near Bristol, two miles from St. Vincent's Rock. In this parish is a camp, with three ram- pires and trenches, supposed to have been British. In digging up this hill in 1707, great numbers of Koman coins were found. Henderson, post village, and township, Jefferson county. New York, on lake On- tario, between Chaumonl bay, and the St. Lawrence river. Population 1820, 1919. Henderson, county of Ken'.uck), bounded by Ohio river N ; Davies couity, Kentuc ky E ; Hopkins S ; and Union W ; length 36 miles ; mean width 16^ ; area 600 square miles. Suriace iiilly, and soil fer- tile. Chief town, Henderson. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females . All other persons except Indians not taxed . - . > Slaves Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white mules do. do. females - Total whites . . - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females Total population in 18^0 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 1,670 1,489 20 1,514 4,693 1,821 1,598 3,419 18 12 1,106 1,159 5,714 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,749 do. in Manufactures - - 210 do. in Commerce - - 40 Population to the square mile, 9^. Henderson, post town and seat of justice, Henderson county, Kentucky, on the left bank of Ohio river, about 200 miles by water below Louisville, and 44 above the mouth of W;^bash river. Hendersons, post village, York district. South Carolina. He-nderston, post town, Montgomery county. North Carolina. Hendersonville, NoUaway couniy, Virgia- ia, on Little Nottaway ri^r, 45 miles SW by W from Petersburg. Hendersonville, or Henderson^s ferry, post village, Newbury di-strict, South Carolma, 30 miles above Columbia, Hendersonville, post village, in Sumner county, Tennessee; 20 miles N from Nash- ville. Hendrick's store, post office, Bedford county, Virginia. Heneago, or Heneagas, the two most northern islands of the groupe of the Baha- mas. Henley, corporate town in Oxfordshire, on the 'i'hanes, over which is a lundsome stone bridge, and sends malt, corn, wood, &c. to London, by barges. It is 24 miles SE to Oxford, .;nd 35 W of London, Lon. 46 VV, lal. 51 2,3 N. Henley, town on the AIne, 10 mil s NW of Warwick, and 202 NISW oi London. Lon. 1 50 W, lal. 52 23 N. Henley-House, station of the Hudson bay compuny, on Alb ny river. Loi;. W C 8 05 W.lut. 52 14 N. Hevlupen Cupe, cape oi Uelnware state, oppt'site 10 Cape Miv, ai ttie entrai ce of Delaware bay., Lat. 38 55, U.n, 75 \^ . Henncberg, coimty ot Ger.-xiany iii the circle oi Franconia ; it is bouhded cm tiie N by 'I'hunngia, un the \V by Hose, on ti;e S by tlie bishopric of VVurtzburg, and on the E by that of Bamberg. Mainungen is the capital. Henneberg, town of Franconia, in a coun- ty of the same name, wuh a castit, 34 miles NW of Banib. rg, Lon 10 3b £, lat. 50 40 N Hennehon, own the river B;avet, 22 miles NV\ of Vannes bite. 260 miles \V by S of I'aris. Lon. 3 4 W, lat. 47 50 N. Hennchemont, town of Frnce, now in the department of Cher and late province of Bt- rry. it was the capital of a district which Henry IV. gave to his miii siei the duke of SuUy. It it. seated on the tsandre, 15 mi'f-s NNE of Bourges. Hemico, county of Virginia ; bounded by James river or Chesterfield SW; Gooch' 405 HEN « EN knd NW ; Hanover and New Kent NE, and Charles City SE. Length 30 ; mean width 10 miles; area 300 square miles. Surface moderately hill)-. Soil generally of ffiiddling quality. Chief town, Rich- mond. Population in 1810. Free white males ... do. do females All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Slaves Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - Total whites - . . Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820 2,111 2,273 715 4,846 9,945 2,546 2,772 11,600 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 42 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,469 do. in Manufactures - 455 do. in Commerce - - 27 Population to the square mile, 38^. Henrietta, township of Monroe county. New York, on Genesee river. Population in 1820, 2181. Henry, county of Virginia ; bounded by North Carolins S ; Patrick county in Vir- ginia W ; Fianklin N, and Piitsylvania E, It averages about 20 miles ?qtiare; area 400 square miles Surface broken, and soil generally rather sterile. Chief town, Mar- tinsville. Population in 1810. Free white males ... do. do. females ... All othei- persons except Indians not taxed - - . . Slaves ..... 1,823 1,818 215 1,575 5,611 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 1,650 do. do. females . • 1,671 Total whites . - - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males - - - do. females - - - Total population in 1820 - 5,624 406 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,87§ do. in Manufactures - 151 do. in Commerce - 7 Population to the square mile, 14. Henry Cape, cape of Virginia, the south point of the entrance into Chesapeak bay, Lon. W C 1 E, lat. 36 58 N. Henry, county of Kentucky ; bounded by Jefferson SW; Obio river W; Gallatin N and NE ; Kentucky river, or Owen county E, and Shelby S. Length 32 ; mean width 12^ ; area 400 square miles. Surface hilly and broken ; but soil productive. Chief town. New Castle. Population in 1810. Free wiiites, males - - 3,023 do. do. females - - 2,60^ All other persons except Indians not taxed 11 Slaves- 1,137 Total population in 1810 6,777 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 4,452 do. do. females ... 4,356 Total whites - - . . Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females ... Total population in 1820 - - 10,816 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - • 1,685 do. in Manufactures - 111 do. in Commerce - - .3 Population to the square mile, 27. Henry, county of Ohio, in the New Pur- chase ; bounded N by the territory of Michigan ; by Wood county E ; by Putnam S, and WiiJiamd W ; length 31; mean width 24 ; area about 450 square miles. This county is crossed by Maumec river, and contains a great extent of excellent land. Henry, SE county of Alabama, bounded by Chatahoocbe river E ; Florida S ; Co- vington W, and Pike N. Length 50 ; mean width 27 ; area 1350 square miles.- Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites Fiee persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females 1,133 878 2,011 1 326 300 HER HER 'f otal population in 1829 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - • 773 do. in Manufactures - - 4 do. in Commerce - - 10 Population to the square mile, 2. Henry Point, the east point of Haldimand Cove, Upper Canada, which is formed by it and Point Frederick on the west. Hemhaia, township in the NW part of Trumbull county, Ohio. Population 1820, uncertain. Heppenheim, town in Germany, in the electorate of Mentz, with a castle and an abbey. Lon. 8 41 E, lat. 49 29 N. Heraclea, ancient seaport of Romania, with a Greek archbishop's see. It was very famous in ancient times ; and there are still considerable remains of its former splendour. It is 50 miles W of Constanti- nople. Lon. 27 58 E, lat. 40 29 N. Herat, town of Persia, in Korasan, 160 miles SE of Mesched. Lon. 61 E, lat. 34 30 N. Herault, one of the departments of France, so named from a river which falls into the gulf of Lyons. It includes part of the late province of Languedoc ; and the capital in Montpellier. Herbemont, \.o\vn of Austrian Luxemburg, with a castle on a mountain, near the river Semoy, three miles NW of Chiney. Herborn, town of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine and territory of Nas- sau, with a famous tmiversity and woollen manufactui'e, eight miles S\V of Uillen- burg. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 40 N. Herculaeiieiim, ancient city of Italy, five miles E by S from Naples. It was over- whelmed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvi- us, AD. 79. Hercutaeneum, post town and seat of jus- tice, Jefferson county, Missouri, 30 miles below St. Louis, and 30 above St. Gene- vieve ; and 36 from Mine A Burton, in the lead mine district. It is the chief empori- um of the lead made at the various mines in the interior. Hereford, capital of Herefordshire. It is 24 miles WSW of Worcester, and 130 W NW of London. Lon. 2 35 W, lat. 52 4 N. ^ere/or Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,350 do. in Mamifactures - 144 do. in Commerce - - 35 Population to the square mile, 21. Hertford, post town and seat of justicei Perquimans county. North Carolina, on Perquimans river, 18 miles NE from Eden- ton. Hertzherff, considerable town of Germa- ny in the electorate of Saxony, 35 miles NW of Dresden. Lon, 13 17 B, lat. 51 41 N. Herzegotvlna, part of ancient Illyfia, along the NE side of the Adriatic sea. It HEX H 1 C extends from about lat. 43 to 44 20 N, and belongs mostly to the Turks. Hesdiii, strong town of Fr.ince, now in the department of the straits of C.ilais, and lately in the county of Artois ; it is a regu- lar hexagon, and surrounded with mor.s- ses seated on the Ganche, 25 miles SS\V of St. Omer, and 165 N of Paris. Lon. 2 6 E, lat. 50 24 N. Hesse, country of Germany, in the cir- cle of the Upper Rhine; bounded on the N by the bishopric of Paderborn and duchy of Brunswick, on the E by Thuringia, on the S by the territory of Fulde and Wateravia, and on the W by the counties of Nassau, Witgenstein, Hatzfeldt, and Waldeck. The house of He-se is divid- ed into four branches ; namely, Hesse Cassel, Homberg, Darmstadt, and Rhin- feld, each of which has the title of land- grave, and takes its name from one of the four principal towns. The principal Hessian house is that of Cassel ; area 4,350 square miles, and 540,000 inhabitants. The title of the so- vereign is Elector of Hesse, and grand duke of Fulda ; his power is that of a li- mited monarch. The dominions of the Elector of Hesse Cassel is hilly and drain- ed by the various sources of the Weser. Revenue about 380,000 pounds sterling. Hesse Darmstadt, or Grand Duchy of Hesse. This is the second great division of the family of Hesse. Area about 5000 square miles, and 620,000 inhabitants. The country is mountainous, though the soil is productive. The mountains yield ores of iron, copper, and lead. The coun- try is drained by the s 'urces of the We--er ; by some final streams flowing westward into the Rhine, and by the lower northern branches of the Muine. The constitution is that of limited monarchy. The Grand Duke is a member of the Germanic IJiet, and in the smaller as'^embly has one vote and the 9th place, at the larger he has three votes. Revenue abo'.!t 370,000 pound sterling. Hesse Hcmber^, principality of Germany, south of the Maine, and near Frankfort. It belongs with the title of Landgrave, to a branch of the Hesse family. Population 20,000. Henkelum, or Hoekehim, town of the Uni ted Provincfs, in Holland, seated on the Linghe, 5 miles NE of Gorcum. Lon. 4 55 E, lat 51 55 N. Heusden, strong town of the United Pro- vinces, in Holland, seated on the Maese, with a castle. It surrendered to the French in 1795; and is eight mihs NW of Bois-le-Duc. Lon. 5 3 E, ht. 51 44 N. Hexham, town in Northumberland, with a market on Tuesday. It i- seated on the river Tyne, and was formerly famous for an abbev^: A battle was fought in 1463, 3 F near tliis place between the Louses of York and Lancast-er; in which the latter was defeated. Hexlium has a manufacture of tanned leatlicr, bhoes, and gloves ; and is 22 miles VV of Newcastle, and 28* NNW of London. Lon. 2 1 W, lat. 55 3 N. Heydon, borough in the E riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Thursday. It is seated on a river, which soon falls into the Humber ; and was formerly a considera- ble town, but is now much decayed. It is six miles W of Mull, and 181 N by W of London Lon. 5 W, lat. 53 45 N. HeyJesem, town of Austrian Urabant, 14 miles SE of Louvain. Lon. 5 7 E, lat. 50 45 N. Heytesbury, borough in Wilts, that sends two members It) parliament, but has now no market. It is 20 miles NW of Salisbu- ry, and 93 W by S of London. Lon. 2 8 W, lat 51 12 N. Hiaqui, river of Mexico, in Sonora, falls into the gulf of C.difornia, after a course of 400 miles. M.iuth at lat. 27 30 N. Hiaistoxvn, village of Mid '.lesex county. New Jersey, on the head of Mill-sloae river, 13 .niles NE from Trenton. Hickman, county of Webt Tennessee ; bounded by Lawrence S ; Perry W ; Dick- son N, and Murray E. Length 33 ; mean width 22 ; area 726 square miles. Surface hilly, and soil varied. Population in 1810. Free white males - . - 1,338 do. do. females - - 994 A'! oiher persons except Indians not taxed .... 6 Slaves 245 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - 2,583 2,782 2,589 Total wiiites • . . . 5,371 Free persons of colour, males - 8 do. do. females \ SLives, males ... 311 do. females - - - 389 Total population in 1820 6,080 Of thes? ; Foi'eigners not natiuralized - Engaged m Agriculture - 1,605 do. in Manufactures - do. in Co'r.iiierce - - 2 Population to the -quare mile, 8 Hickman, county ot Kentucky, including the spar-e enclo-ed by the nor hern boun- dary of Tennessee, and Tennessee, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers This region ex- tend about 75 miles el ng Tennessee, and embrace, about 1500 square miles. It ie in great part unsettled. 409 II J G H I L Hickory, post village, Washington Penn- sylvania. Hickory-Flats, post office, Madison coun- ty, Alabama. Hickory Grove, post office, Abbeville distiict. South Carolina, Hickory Hill, post office, Beaufort dis- trict. South Carolina. Hickaford, post villige, Greenville coun- ty, "S'irginia, on the S side of Meherin river, 69 miles S from Richmond. Hieres, town of France in the depaitment of Van and late province of Provence, seated near the Mediterranean Sea ; but its harbriur being choaked up, it is con- siderable only for its salt works. It is a pretty little town, situated in a beautiful country. This town is the birth place of Massil on, the celebrated French preacher. It is 12 miles E of Toulon, and 350 S by E of Paris. Lon. 6 20 E, lut. 43 5 N. Hieres, four islands of France, on the coast of Provence, and opposite to the town of the same name. Their names are Porqu' roltos, Porterous, Bagueau, and Tit!in, which last is the largest. Between these islands and the continent, is the ro:-d of Hieres, which is so capacious and ex- cellent, that it has afforded shelter fo^• the largest squadrons. It is defended by three forts. Hiero. See Ferro. Hiesmes, town of France, in the depart- ment of Orne and late province of Norman- dy, s"a:ed on a barren mountain, 10 miles from Seez, and 90 W of Paris. Higham Ferrers, borough in Nerthamp- tonshire. It is seated on an asc:-nt. on the E bank of the nver Nen, 25 miles ESE of Cov nt y, and 66 NNW of London. Eon. 40 VV, lat. 52 19 N. Highgate, village m Middlesex, seated on a hili, E ot that of Hampstead, and four miles N by W of London. On the side next LfiU'ion the fineness of the prospect occasioned several handsome edifices to be built. Here lord chief bar.)n Chol- mondely built a free school in 1562. Highgate, post village and township, of Franklin county, Vermont, on Mississque bay, 33 miles north from Burlington. Highland, county of Ohio ; bounded S by Adams and Brown ; W by a pari of Brown ; N\V by Clinton ; N by Fayette ; NE by Ross, and E by Pike. Length 25 ; width 22 ; area 420 square miles. It is a hilly, broken and elevat'-d coun'y, occupy- ing the Height of 1 'ud between the waters of Ohio river. Sciota and Miami rivers. Chief town, Hill-borough. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 3,044 do, do. females - - 2,596 410 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - . . 126 Slaves TotalpopulationinlSlO, - 5,766 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 6,256 do. do. females - . . 5,881 Total whites - - - 12,137 Free persons of colour, males - 87 do. do. females - 84 Slaves, males - . . . do. females • - - . Total population in 1820 - . 12,308 Of these: Foreigners not naturalized - 1 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,799 do. in My.nufictures - 288 do. in Commerce - - Population to the square mile, 30. Highland, township of Muskingum coun- ty, diiio. Population in 1820, 577. Highivorth, town in Wdts, with a market on Wednesday. It is seated on a hill, which stands in a rich plain, 36 miles N of Salisbury, and 77 W of London. Lon. X 40 W, lat. 51 o6 N. Hildburghausen, Saxe, duchy of central Germany, enclosed between Saxe-Meinun- gen and Saxe-Coburg. Population 30,000. Hildbiirghausen, town of Franconia, and capital of a duchy of the same name. It is seated on the river Werra, and is 22 miles N by W of Cobourg. Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 50 53 N. Hildesheim, free imperial city of Low- er Saxnny, in a bi^hoprc of the same. It is now capital of the province of the same nnme, in the kingdom of Hanover. It is seated on the Ii neste, 17 miles SSE of Hanover. Lon. 10 10 E, lat. 52 10 N. Hikleshdm, province of Hanover, adjoin- ing Gotiiiigen. Population 130,000. Hillah, or Hcllnh, town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak Arabia, and Pachalic of Bagdad, on the right bank of the Euphrates. It is a miserable place, supposed to be on the site of ancient Babylon. Lon. 44 13 E, lat. 33 34 N. Hillham, post town, Overton county, Tennessee. Hillsborough, routity of New Hampshire ; bounded by Massachusetts S ; Cheshire W ; Grafton N ; S raflbrd.NE, and R' ckingham E. Length 46 ; mean width 25; area 1150 square miles. Surface rocky, hilly, and in part mountainous ; soil, however, on the streams, and in many other parts hilly, fer- tile, and productive in grain and pasturage. Chief town, Hillsborough. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 24,104 H I M H I X Free white females • - 24,816 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - 229 Slaves - . . . . Total population in 181 6 49,149 Population In 1820. Free white males do. do. females 26,155 2r,496 Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females - Slaves, males . . . . do. females Total population in 1820 - 53,651 109 124 53,884 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 26 Engaged in Agriculture - - 13,197 do. in Manufacures - 2,400 do. in Commerce - - 238 Population to the square mile, 46|. Hillsborough, township and post town of Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, W from Contacook river, and 20 miles W from Concord. Population 1820, 1982. Hillsboro2igIi, township of Somersett county, New Jersey, 15 miles W from Brunswick. Population 1820, 2885. Hillsborough, post village, Caroline coun- ty, Maryland, on the E side of Tuckahoe river, 26 miles SSW from Chester. Hillsborough, post village, Loudon coun- ty, Virginia, 40 miles NW from Washing- ton. Hillsborough, post town and seat of jus- tice, on Eno river, 45 miles NW from Raleigh, Population about 400. Hillsborough, post town and seat of jus- tice, Highland county, Ohio, on the Rocky fork of Paint creek, 36 miles W b}' S from Chilicothe. Lat. 39 14 N. Hillsdale, post town and township, in Co- lumbia county, New York, 18 miles SE of the city of Hudson. Population in 1820, 2511. Hilllon, post villag-e, Charles county, Maryland. Hilton, considerable island on the coast of South Carolina, opposite Beaufort dis- trict. It is about 20 miles in lenijUi, and five in breadth, L6n. 80 20 W, lat. 32 10 N. Hilto~,vn, township of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, between New Britain arid Rockhill townships, 17 miles SW of New- ton. In 1810, it contained 1335 inhabit- ants, and in 1820, 1501. Himmaleh, chain of mo'.mtains in Asia, which extends from Cabul alor.g the N of Hindoostan, and is the genera! boui'dary of Tibet, through the whole estent li-om the Jo^anges to the river Testa ; cnulcsing between it and Hindoostan, a tract of country from 100 to 189 miles in breadth, divided into a number of small states, which are understood to be either tributa- ries, or feudatories of Tibet ; such as Siri- nagur, Napuul, &c. This ridge is proba- bly that designed by the ancients, under the names of Imaus and '.he Indian Cauca- sus. The natives call it Hindooko (the Indian mountains) as well as nim.naleh ; which last is a Sanscrit word, signifying snoiuy ; its summit being covereil with snow. The Daw ilgen and several other peaks of this range, rise above 27,000 feet, and are the most elevated mountains yet measured. Hinchinbrook Isla?id, one of tlie New Hebrides, in the South Pacific Octan. Lon. 168 33 E, lat, 17 25 S. Hinchinbrook, cape of America, on the Pacific Ocean, at the entrance of Fiince William's Sound. Lon. W C 69 W, lat. 60 16 N. Hinchinbrook, island of America, in Prince William's Sound, on which the Russians have a factory. Hinckley, town in Leicestershire, with a market o;i Monday. It has a large church with a lofty spire, and a considerable stocking manufacture. It is 12 miles SW of Leicester, and 91 NNW of London. Lon. 1 20 W, lat. 52 34 N. Hindelopen, seaport of the Unied Pro- vinces, in Friesland, seated on tlie Zuider- zee, 20 miles SW of Lewarden. Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 52 58 N. Hinesburg, post town in Chittenden county, Vermont, about 12 miles SE from Burlington. Hindoostan, or India, celebrated country of Asia, which in its most extensive signiti- cation, comprehends the tract situated be tween the Thibetian and Tartarian moun- tains on the N, the Indian Ocean on the S, the Burrampooter and the bay of Bengal on the E, and the Indian Ocean and Persia on the W. But this country must be con- sidered under the three grand divisions of Hindoostan Proper, the Dcccan, .-md the Peninsula. Hindoostan Proper includes all the countries on the N of the river Ner- buddah, which bounds it on tlie S as far as it goes ; Bengal and Bahar compose the remainder of its southern boundary. It is divided into eleven soubah^, the names of which are Lahore, Aroultan (in- cluding Sindy) Agimere, Delhi, Agra, Onde, Allakabad, Bahai-, Bengal, Mdwa, and Guz^-rat. A 12th soubah, n.imed Cu- bul, was formed out uf tne countries con- tiguous to the W sources of the Indus, and three new ones out of the conquests of the Deccan ; Berar, Candus c, and Amednagur. The Deccan in its most ex- tensive signification is applied to the whole region of >l!ndoost;;i) Proper ; in its mors 111 H I X H ! N restricted sense, it means only tlie coun- ties situate between Hindoostan Proper and the river Kistnu ; tlies- are C nd isli, Dowlatubad. Beiar, Oriss , ti>e Circars, the chief pait of G-lconia. Vis .pour ;ind Concan. The tract S >f tliese, or t e ri- ver Kistiia, is generally called ihe Peninsii la ; although its form does not authorize that appellation ; it includes a small part of Golconda, Mysore, and tlie Carnatic, with Madura, and other smaller districts ; the W coast being called that of Malabar, and the E that of Coromandel. The prin- cipal rivers of this extensive region are the Ganges, Burrampooter, Indus, Jumna, Pudda, Nerbudda, Tapty, Godavery; Kist- Tia, Pennar and Cauvery. The chief moun- tains are those of Himmaleh and the Gauts To give an idea of the modern revolutions in the empire of Hindoost>.n, it is proper to observe, that from a pure Hindoo govern- ment, it became, at last, a Maliome an state, and continued 'o be so, under vari- ous dynasties, till tl'.e begmning of th 18th century. The first irruptions of tht- Maho- metans was in the year 1000. From this period the provinces of Hindofistan were held rather as tributary kingd ms, than as provinces of the same empire ; and the conquest of the Deccan, in particulai , was forages an object of considerable import- ance to the emperors. In 1389, the Mo- gul Tartars, under the conduct of Timiir, or Tamerlane, invaded Hindoos' an ; but the conquest of the country was no', efft- ct- ed till 1525, by Sultan Baber, one of his descendants, who, from this circumstance, was the founder of the Mogul dynasty ; and hence Hindoostan has been called the Mogul Empire, aad its c ief, the Gi cat Mogul. The illustrious Aclmr, his .son, failed m his attack upon the Deccan ; an attempt in which many of his snccesscrs were equally unfortunute, and which tended, in the sequel, to the decline and dissolution of the empiri-. In 1615 em- peror Jehanguire, his son, n-reived Sir Thomas Roe, as the first English ambassa- dor; and the Puriuguese had, by this ime, acquired considerable settlements in Ben- gal and Guzerat la the reign of his grandson Aurungzebec, which Listed from 1660 to 170r, the empire attained its full extent ; his authority reached from 10 to 35 degrees in lat. and nearly as much in Ion. and his revenue exceeded 32,000,000/. sterling. The conquest of the Deccan employed the last years of his life, fri>m 1678 to 1707 during 15 years of which time be was actually in the field. This dereliction of his capital for nearly years occasioned great disorders there, and laid the foundation of many more. Under hs reign the empire attained to its full mea- sure of extent, see major Rennel's memoir «f a map of Hindoostan, p. Ixiii, In a word, 412 instead of finding the emperors attempt- ing now the conquest of the Deccan, their enipiie was atiacked by the powerful ni- zam of that country, through whose con- trivance, Nadir Shah, the Persian usurper, invaded Hindoostan in 1738. By the in- tri{jue - of the Nizam and his party Maho- m d Shah was induced to throw himself on the cleint-ncy of the invader, who en- tered Delhi, and demanded 30 millions sterling, by way of ransom. Tumults, massacres and famine were the result : 100,000 of the inhabitants were massacred, and 62 millions of plunder were said to be collected. H« evacuat. d Delhi, however, and left the Nizam in possession of the whole remaining power of the empire, which he sacrificed to his own views in the Deccan, where he. established an in- dependent kingdom. MaliomedShah died in 1747, having seen the Carnatic and Ben- gal become likew se independent, under their respective nabobs, an independent s\at(' tO' , formed hy the Rohillas (a tribe from the mouniains between India and Persia) on the E by ihe Ganjjes, within 80 miles of D Ihi ; and the kingdom of Candaliar, erected by Abd dla, one of the grnerals of Nadir Sliah. Ahmed Shah, the son of Mahomed, succeeded ; in whose reign the emire division of tiie empire took phict- ; nothing reniaining to the Irouse of T imerlane but a small terri oiy round Delhi, with tht- city i's. If (no longer a ca- pi-.il) exposed to depredanons massacres, and (amines by the con ests of invaders. The last imperi 1 army was defeated by the Rohillas in 1749. The Jats, a Hindoo tribe, founded a state in Agra ; Oude was St ized by the grand father of the present nabob ; Allahabad, by Mahomed Kooli. Tiie Mahratta-^, besides their ancient do- mains in thi- Deccan, obtained great part of Malwa, Guzent. Bcrar and Orissa The Mogul empire was now become merely nominal : and the emperors from this pe- riod, must be regarded as of no political consequence, otherwise than as their names and persons, were made use of, by differ- ent parties, to promote their own views. That the name and person of the emj>eror were of use, as retaining a considerable degree of veneration among the bulk of the people in Hindoostan, is evident, from the application made, at different times, for grants of territory, forcibly obtained by the grantee, but which required the sanc- tion of the lord paramount, to reconcile the transaction to the popular opinion. Ano- ther instance of he effect of this opinion, is, that the coin throughout the whole tract, known by the name o'' the Mogul Empire, is to this day struck in the name of the nomino was alternate- ly deptndent on the contending powers, and more particularly upon tlie English, who obtained from him a gra^it of the provinces of Bengal, Bahai- and Orissa, to- gether with the Northern Circars on con- dition of paying him 360,000/. per annum by way of tribute. It was liis misfor une, however, that he could not accomod.-te his mind to his circumstances, and put him self into the hands of Uie Maliratt s, wlvi promised to seat him on the throne of Delhi. He thus lost all he had acquired with the British, am; has evrr since con- tinued a kind of stale prisoner ; living on the produce of a trifling domain, allowed him out of venera ion for his ancestors, and for the use of his name. In the sequel, he was deihrotied and murdered by the Ro- hiUas. These beii g defeated by Madajee Sindia, a Maiiratta chief, liis so i, Jewan Bucht, was permitted to succeed lii'n, and to live in the same ciepiorabie sta'e of de- gradation. The whoi' nf Hiiidoo>tan in 1792, consisted of six principal sta'e^i, which hold as tributaries, or f udatories, some inferior sta es. Tli se six prin- pal states, were, the British, the Poonah Mah- rattas, the Berar Mahrattas, Nizam Ally. soubali of the Deccan ; Mysore, or the dominions of Tippoo Sultan : and the Seiks. The Britisli possessions are Bengal, Ba- har, Benares, the Northein Circar , the Jaghire in the Carnatio. Bombay, Salsette, the district of Midnapous in Orissa, and some considerabe cessi' n from Tippoo Sultan, in 1792. S'nce 1792, war broke out with T ppoo, who was defeated, and his capital tak- n by assault, together with an immense quantity of plunder, Tippoo lost his Ufe in the attack. By his fall, a great extent of t rritory will accrue to the British, and their power will be secured on a stable and permanent foundation. The allies of the British, who may be consider- ed as dependent upon them, are the na- bobs of Oude, and the Carnatic, and the rajahs of Travancore and Tanjore. For the five other principal states,, see their re- spective names, and for an account of some inferior independent states, see Bundela, Ballogistan, the Jats, Kohilcund, &c. Ac- cording to Mr. Orme, the inhabitants of Hindoostan are computed at about 10,000,000 Mahometans, and 100,000,000 Hindoos. The Mahometans, or Musul- men, whom the English improperly call Moors, are represented to be of a de'esta- ble character. The Hindoos, or Gentoos, are of a black complexion; their hair is long, their person straiglit and elegant, and their countenunce open and pleasant. They diflTer materially from all other na- tions, by being- divided into tribes or casts. The four principal tribes are the Bramins, Soldiers, Labourers, and Mechanics ; and these are subdivided into a multiplicity of inferior distinctions. There are Bramins of va-ious degrees of excel ence, who liive the care of religion allotted to tiem, and are held saced by vhe res' ; some of hese acknowledge the errors th^t have crept into their religi n, own one Supreme B ing, and iaugh at the idolatry of the miilti U'le but insist upon the necessity of working upon the wi knesses of the vul- ga ; ye' tiie generalii- of them .re as ig- norant a the Ijity. Sifh as ate not enga- )^ed in worldly pursuits aie a very super- stitious, innocent people, who promote charity as much as they can, both to man and beast : but th se who e-ig ge in the world are generdly the worst of all the Gentoos; for, rersuadetl that the wa'ers of the Ganges will purif\ t em from their sins, and being exempt fr-im the utmost rigou: of the courts of justice (under the Gentoo governments) they run into much gi"< ater excesses, '['he Soltliers are com- monly called Rajah pools; that is, de- scended troiTi th rajihs. Thc-y are much more robust than the rest, have a great share of courage, and a nice sens' of mili- tary honour, wl ich c in.^ists, um>ng them, in fidelity 'o those they serve. F ghting is their prof ss on ; tiiey readily enter into the sernceof an\ that will pay them, and will follow wherever he leads ; but, should their leader fall i' die battle, thai cans- s at an end, and they run offthe field, with- out any stain of their reputation. The English E. Ind a Company have many bat- talions ot them in iheir service: they are Cidled Sepoys, and are clothed and discip- lined in the European manner. The La- bourers include farmers, and all who culti- vate the land. The Mechanics include merchants, bankers, and all who follow any trade : these again are subdivided into each profession. Beside these, are the Halla- chores, who cannot be called a tribe, being rather the refuse of all the tribes. They are a set of unhappy wretches, who per- form all the vilest officers of Ufe, bury the dead, and carry away every thing that is polluted. All the different tribes are kept distinct from each other by insurmountable barriers : they are forbidd' n to intermarry, to cohabit, to eat with each other, or even to dri k out of the same vessel with one of another tribe Every deviation f om hese points subjects them to be rejected by their tribe, renders them polluted for ever, and obliges t em, from that instant, to herd with the Hallachores The mem- bers of each cast adhere invari bly to the profession of their forefathers: from gene- rat on to genetation the same families have followed, and still continue to follow, one uniform manner of life. To this may be 413 H I N II I N ascribed that high degree oi' perfection conspicuous in many oT' the Indian manu- factures ; and also that striking peculiarity in the state of Hindoostan, the permanence of its institutions, and tiie immutability in the manners of the inhaoitants. Hence it is, that the Hindoos admit no cnnverts, nor are themselves ever converted, whatever the Roman missionaries may pretend. The Hallacliores may be here excepted, wlio are glad to be admitted into any society where they are treated as fellow creatures. The Hindoos vie with the Chinese, in re- sped to ihe antiquity of ilieir na'ion; and the doctrine of transmigration is one of their distinguishing tenets. Theii- institu- tions of religion form a complete system of superstition, upheld by everv thing which can excite the reverence of the people. The temples consecrated to their deities are magn ficent ; their relig'ous cerem ^nles splendid ; and the absolute dominion which the Bramins have obtained over the minds of the people is -upported by the c immand of the immense revenuts, wih wliich tiie liberality of prmces, and the zeal of pil- grims and devotees have enriched their pagodas. The dominion of religion ex- tends to a thousand particulars, which, in other countries, are governed by the civil laws, or by taste, cu-tom, and fashion. Their dress, their food, the common inter- courses of life, their marriages, and profes- sions, are ail under the jurisdiction of reli- gion. The food of the Hindoos is simple, consisting chiefly of rice, ghee (a kind of imperfect butter) milk, vegetables, and oriental spices The warrior cast may eat of the flesh of goats, sheep, and poultry. Other superior casts may eat poultry and fish ; but the inferior casts are prohibited from eating «esh or fish of any kind. Their great luxury consists in the use of the richest spiceries and perfumes, of which the greiit people are very lavish. They esteem milk the purest of food, be- cause they th^ak it partakes oi'some of the properties of the nectar of tlieir gods, and because they esteem the cow itself almost as a divinity. Tlieir manners are gentle. Their happiness consists in the solaces of domestic life ; and they are tuught by tlieir religion, that matrimony is :in indispensable duty in every man, who does not entirely separate himself from the world, from a principle of d' votion. Their religion per- mits them to have several wives, but they seldom have more than one ; and their wives are distingui'«hed by a decenc) of de- meanour, a solicitude in their families, and a fidelity to tiieir vows, which might do hon>-:ur to imman nature in the most civili- zed countries. The custom of women burning themselves in the fire with the CO pse of their husbands is still practised in Hindoostan, The code of Gento© laws, 414 with their sacred books, the Vcidam and the Shastah, are written in the Sanscrit lan- guage, which is very copious and nervous, although the style of their best authors is wonderfully concise. Hindoostan, toward the N, is pretty temperate, but hot toward the S ; and it rains almost constantly for three months in the year. Its products are diamonds and other precious stones, silks, spices, aromatics, drugs, maize, rice, and sugar; and the chief manufactures are muslins and calicoes. But these and va- rious other particulars will be found under the difi'erent names of its provinces, cities, towns, mountains, and rivers, described in this work. Politically Hindoostan is now divided between the following powers. The Mah- raltas are yet the most powerful people of India, and retain either all, or part of Ajmeer, Agra, Allahabad, Gujerarat, Mal- wah, Berar, Ori-sa, Khandeish, Dowlatabad, Visiapore, Concan. British India, contains Bengal, Behar, the Circars, and Canara, with part of Agra, Oude, Allahabad, Guze- rat, Mulwah, Berar, and Onssa. The Nizam, rules over Golconda, part of Berar, Visiapore, and Dowlatabad. Part of Oude continues subject to its Nabob. The Sciksare next to the Mahrattas, the most powerful native people of India, and retain very extensive territories ; consist- ing of states in the Punjab and Moultan. Some other regions continue subject to native rulers; the Afghans possess extensive territories in the NW part of Hindoostan ; Serinagur, under its own Rajah ; Nepaul, under the Ghoorkali, or Rajah ; and Bootan Lama of Tibet; as independent sovereigns, the Rajahs of Assam, Odeypore, Jypore, and Joudpore, with many other petty chieftains. Kandahor and Cashmere, are, though vaguely, considered as Hindoostanic re- gions. See Cashmere and Kandahor. Hinclsdale, formerly Fort Dummei; post village and township, Cheshire county. New Hampshire, 55 miles SW from Con- cord. Population in 1820, 890. Hingham, town in Norfolk, with a market on Saturday, 12 miles SWof Norwich, and 97 NE of London. Lon. 1 4 E, lat. 52 43 N. Hingham, post village and township, town in Plymouth county, Massachusetts, 19 miles SE of Boston. The township con- tained 2857 inhabitants at the last census. Hingham, post village, Suffolk county, Massachusetts, 14 miles SE from Boston. Hinsdale, post village and town-hip, of Berkshire county, Massachusetts. Popu- lation in 1820, 822. Hinznan, Joanna, St. one and the princi- pal of the Comora islands in the Indiaa Ocean. This i)5 and is a proper place of refreshment for the East India ships, whosQ II O A u o u crews, when ill of the scurvy, soon recover by the use of limes, lemons, and oranges, and from the air of the land. The town where the king resides is at tlie east side of the island ; and though it is three quar- ters of a mile in length, it does not contain above 200 houses. Their principal houses are built with stone, with a quadrangle, in the middle, and are only one story high. All the other houses, or rather huts, are slightly composed of plastered reeds ; and yet the mosques are tolerably structures, very neat and clean in the inside. Lon. 44 15 E, lat. 12 30 S. Hio, town of Sweden, in West Gothland, seated on the lake Wetter, 145 miles SW of Stockholm, and 25 E of Falcoping. Lon. 14 E, lat. 57 5Z N. Hiram, post village and township, Oxford county, 34 miles SW from Paris. Popula- tion in 1820, 700. Hiram, post village and township, Port- age county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 296. Hirch-Horn, town of Germany, in the pa- latinate of the Rhine, with a castle. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the Neckar, near Eberbach. Hirchfeld, town of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, capital of a princi- pality of the same name, depending on the house of Hesse-Castle. It is seated on the Fulde, 16 miles NE of the town of Fulde, and 32 SE of Cassel. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 50 56 N. Hirberg, town of Silesia, famous for its mineral baths. It is the most trading place in all Silesia, next to Breslaw, there being in the town and suburbs considerable manufactures. It is seated on the Bosar, 44 miles SW of Breslaw. Hirsova, Hirsowa, or Kerscho-wa, town of European Turkey, on the Danube, 45 miles below Silistria, and 64 above Ismail. Hispaniola, or Hayti. See Domingo, St. Hitchin, large and populous town in Hertfordshire, 15 miles NNW of Hertford, and 34 NW of London. Lon. 10 W, lat. 51 58 N. Hithe, or Hythe, borough in Kent, with a market on Saturday. It is one of the Cinque Ports, and had formerly five parish- es, but by the choaking up of the haroour it is now reduced to one. It is 10 miles W of Dover, and 68 SE of London. Lon. 1 10 E, lat. 51 8 N. Hi-wassee River, a branch of Tennessee, rises in the NW part of Georgia, and flaw- ing NW, enters Tennessee, and falls into Tennessee river, after separating M'Minn and Khea counties from the Cherokee lands. Hoai-ngan-fou, city of China, in the pt-o- vince of Kiang-nan, seated in a marsh, and enclosed by a triple wall. This place is a very populous, and every thing in it an- nounces a brisk and active trade. Hoang-Ho. See Yellow River. Hoang-tcheou fort, populous and commer- cial city of China, in the province of Hou- quang. Its district contains one city of the second and eight of the third class. Hochberg, marquisate of Suabia, in Bris- gaw, belonging to the prince of Baden Dourlach. Hochstet, town of Suabia, remarkable for the great battle gained near it by the duke of Marlborough, in 1704, and which the English call the battle of Blenheim, from a village three miles SW of this place. It is seated on the Danube, 22 miles NE of Ulm. Lon. 10 33 E, lat. 38 48 N. Hockerland, territory of Germany, and one of the circles of Prussia. Hockhocking, Great, river of the state of Ohio, which empties into the river Ohio, 200 miles below Pittsburg. It is one of the deepest and best beatable streams of any in the conn ry, in proportion to its quanti- ty of v.ater ; but is narrow, not exceeding 50 yards in breadth. Near its source, seven miles northwestwardly from Lancas- ter, is a very romantic cascade in the stream ; the water falling over a stratum of rock, of about 40 feet perpendicular height. A flouring mid, five stor es hi^h, is e-ected on th:s fall ; and 24 or 25 miles bel 'W this, is another perpendicular f .11 of seven feet. Excepting the interruption of the lower falls, and some mill dam-, latter- ly erected, this river is navigable about 70 mdes Among the branches of Hockhock- ing, are Rush creek. Sun lay, Monday, Margaret's, and Federal creeks. Hocking, interior county of Ohio, bound- ed on the north by Fairfield and Perry, east by Athens, south by Jackson, and west by Ross counties. It is 26 by 24 miles in extent, and contains 432 square miles. The land is generally hilly and broken. It, however, contains considerable fertile and valuable land, particularly along the borders of Hockhocking river, which runs across the n irth-.-astern quarter of the county, from northwest to southeast. The head waters ot Raccoon and Salt creeks, are also in this county. Chief town, Lo- gan. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 1,099 do. do. females - - - 1,031 Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males - - _ do. females Total population in 1820 Of these ; 415 2,130 2,130 H O H H O L Poreiijners not naturalized ■ 4 Engaged in Agriculture - - 380 do. in Maniitactures - 30 do. in Corimerce - - 1 Population to the square mile, 5 nearly. Hocking, central townsliip of Fairfield county, Oiiio, in wliicii is situattd the town of Lancaster. It con'ained 2236 inhabi- tants, by the en us of 1820 Ho'Jtlesdoii, town in Herts, with a market on Thursday, seated near the Lea, tliree miles S of Ware, and 17 N by E of Lon- don. Lon. 5 E, lat. 51 49 N. Hoei tcheou, the most s.>utbern city of the province of Kiang-nan, in China, famous for its teas, varnish, and engravings. It is one of t'^e richest cities in the empire, and has six cities of the third class dependant on it. Hoei tcheou-foH, commercial city of China, in the province of Quang-ong. Its juris- diction contains 11 cities of the second and third cla^s. Hoekelun. See Heiikelum. Hoesht, town of Germany, in the electo- rate of Mentz, seated on the Maine, three mil s from Fr ncfort. Hog Island, below Peach Island, is situa- ted in the strait of Detroit, where it opens into lake St. Clair ; the lower end of it is about two miles from Detroit. Hoq Island, islan'! of Lake Champlain, forming part of Frmklin county. Hague, Cape la, the NW point of Nor- mandy, in France. Lon. 1 52 W, lat. 49 45 N. Huhenlinden, town of B.ivaria, near which the French gained a great victory over the Austrians, December 3d, 1800. It is 22 miles E from Munich. Hohenlohe, or Holach, principality of Franconia, W of the margravate of Ans- pach, abounding in wine, corn, wood, and catile. Since 1809, Hohenloche forms part of the kingdom of Wirtemberg. The chief town is Obringen. Hohenmant, town of Bohemia, on the river Me\ta, 13 miles E of Chrudim. Hohenstein, ancient castle of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, which gives name to a county. It is situated on a moun'ain, at the foot of which is the village of Neus- tadt, five miles NNE of Nordhausen. Hohe?it-weil, f'^riress ofSnavIa surrounded by the county of Nellenburg. Its fortifica- tions were destr yed by tlie French in 1800. It stands on a mountain, nine miles ENE ofSchaffhausen. HohenzoUei^, town of Siiabia, in a princi- pality of the same, with a castle, on a mountain, the seat of the ancient counts of Hohenzollern. It is seated on a branch of the Neckar, 16 miles S by W of Tubingen. The principality is now divided into the 416 two houses of Heckingen and Sigmaringen. Lon. 9 8 E, lat 48 28"n Hohnsteiii, t/wn of Upper Saxony, in iM snia, on the river Muida, 11 mdcs NE of Zwick^n. Ho kien city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Pe-tcheli, situa'e be- tween two rivers, 85 miles S of Peking. Lon. 116 23 E, lat. 38 4'j N. Hola, town of Iceland, and a bishop's see, at the mouth of a river, on the N coast. Lon. 19 20 W, lat. 65 40 N. Holbeach, town in Lincolnshire, with a mark^-t on Thursday, 12 miles S by E of Boston, and 109 N by E of London. Holbeck, seaport of Denmark, in the island of Zealand, with a good harbour, from which greai quantities of corn are annually exported. It is 30 miles W of Copenhagen. Lon. 11 44 E, lat. 55 42 N. Holden, post village and township, of Worcester county, Massachusetts, 6 miles N from Worcester. Popidation in 1820, 1402. Holderness, township of Grafton county. New Hampshire, on the Merrimack, 35 miles above Concord. Population in 1820, 1160. Hole in the Wall, village of Talbot coun- ty, Maryland, -ix miles south from Easton. Hole in the Wall, remarkable rock in the W.'Si Indies, in the inland of Abaco. Lon. W C 1 W, lat. 25 50 N. Holland, province of the kingdom of the Netherlands, bounded by the German Ocean W ; Zealand S ; the Zuydersee and province of Utrecht E. Ar a 2100 square miles. Popul tion 900,000. In point of cleanliness no country sur- passes, and few come up to it, especially in North Holland, and that even in the villa- ges. It has considerable linen and woollen manufactures, and numerous docks for the building of ships. The established reli- gion is Calvanism ; but ali religious sects are tolerated. Amsterdam is the capi- tal. Holland, J\^eiv, the largest known land that does no' bear the name of a continent : it extends from 10 30 to 43 42 S lat. and from 110 30 to 153 30 E lon. so that its square surface considerably exceeds that of Europe When this vast island was first disc ivered, is uncertain. In the begin- ning of last century, the N and W coasts were traced by the Dutch : the S extremity was discovered by Tasman, in 1642. Cap- tain Cook, in 1770, expl red the E and NE from 38 S, and asc rtained its separation from New Guinea; and, in 1773, captain Fnrneaux, by connecting Tasman's dis- coveries with Cook's, completed the cir- cuit. In thit part of it, which Tasman dis- tinguished by the name of Van Diemen's Land, and which was visited by Furneaux in 1773, and again by Cook, in 1777, the land M O L H O M is, for the most part, of a good height, di- versified with hills and valleys. See Wales, JVero South. Holland, township, Orleans county, Ver- mont, 56 miles N from Montpelller. Popu- lation 130. Holland, township, Hampden count}', Massachusetts, 20 miles E from Springfield. Population in 1820, 453. Holland, township, of Niagara county, New York. Population in 1820, 768. Holies, township of Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, containing 1529 inhabi- tants in 1810. It is situated on tlie W side of Merrimack river, between Bunstable and Merrimack townships. Population in 1820, 1543. Holliduy Cove, post village, Brooke county, Virginia, 30 miles W from Wash- ington, Pennsylvania. HoUidaysburg, post village, Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania. Uollingsworth's Ferry, post office. Mason county, Virginia. Hollies, York county, Maine, on Saco ri- ver, 42 miles N from York. Population 1820, 1762. Holliston, post town and township, Mid- dlesex county, Massachusetts, 27 miles S W from Boston. Population 1820, 1C12. Holm, town in Cumberland, with a mar- ket on Saturday. It is a small place seated on an arm of the sea, 12 miles N of Cock- ermouth, and 310 NNW of London, Lon. 3 19 W. lat. 54 53 N. Holmesburff, thriving village with a post- office, in Philadelphia couniy, Pennsylva- nia, situated on the post and stage road to New York, 10 miles NE of Philadelphia. Holme^ Hole, post town, Dukes county, Massacliusetts, on Maithas Vineyard, nine miles from Falmouth. It contains about 70 houses, and 350 inhabitants. Holslein, duchy of Germany, bounded by the German Ocean on the \V ; the Baltic or the gulf of Lubeck on the E ; the duchy of Mecklenburg on the SE ; that of Bremen, with the river Kibe on the .S\V; and Lunenburg, with the territory of Ham- burg on the S, Us greatest length is about 80 miles, and its breadth 60. A great part of this country consists of rich marshland, which being much exposrd to inundations both from tlie sea and rivers, dykes have been raised at a great expense to guard and defend them. Hamlmrg and Lubec supply the inliabitants with what they want from abroad ; from wfience and Altena tliey export some grain, malt, grots, starch, buck-wheat, peas, beans, rape-seed, butter, cheese, sheep, swine, horned cattle, horses and fish. The manufactures of the duchy are chiefly carried on at Altena, Kiel and Gluckstadt. Denmark now pos- sesses the whole ducliy ; the imperial cities excepted. The king of Denmark, as 3 G Duke of Holstein, and Lauenburg is a mem- ber of the Germanic diet, and entitled to three votes in the gen^ ra: assi mbly. Area 3250 square miles." Pop;dati';n 360,000. Hokton, navigable river of Tennessee state It rises in Virginia, and running in a SW direction, passes by Knoxville, the capital or the st=ite, and falls into Tennes- see, near the town of Maryville. Holt, town ni Norfolk, w ith a market on Saturday, 20 miles NNW of Norwich, and 122 NE of London. Lon. 1 6 E, lat. 53 5 N. , Holy Island, island on the coast of North- umberland, six miles SE of Berwick. It is two miles long, and one broad ; the soil rocky and full of sioues. It has a town and a custle, under wliich is a commodious harbour defended by a blockhouse On this island which is llkewse called Lindis- farne, are the ruins of a stately monastery, and here was anciently a bishop's see, re- moved with the body ol St. Cuthbert, first to Chester le Street, and afterward to Dur- ham Holyhead, seaport and cape of the isle of Anglesea. It is the most usual place of embarkation for Dublin, there being pack- et-boats that sail for that city every day, except Tuesday, wind and weather per- mitting. Holyhead is 93 miles WNW of Chester, and 276 NW of London. Lon. 4 22 W, lat. 53 19 N. Holyxoe'l, town in Flintshire with a market on Friday. It takes its name from the famous well ot St Winifred, concern- ing which so many fables and superstitious notions have prevailed. It is a copious stream, bursting out of the ground with a considerable degree of impetuosity. Be- sides the cold bath, celebrated for wonder- ful cures, formed at the spring-head, and covered with a beautiful Gothic shrine, it is now applied to the purpose of turning several mills for the working of copper, making brass wire, paper and snuff, and spinning cotton. It is 10 miles E of St. Asaph, and 212 NE of London. Lou. 3 21 W, lat. 54 13 N. Homlnirg; town of Germany, in the land- gravaie of Hesse Cassel, 150 miles N of ■pranckfoit. Lmi. 9 25 E, lat. 50 45 N. Uombnrff, town cf Germany, in the duchy of Deux Ponts between the Moselle and the Rhine, 50 miles SE of Treves. Lon. 7 32 E, lat 49 16 N. Homer, post town and seat of justice, Cortiandt county. New York, on the Tiougl'.niaga creek, branch of Chenango river, 145 miles W from Albaiiv. Popula- tion 1820, 5504. Homnchittn, river of the Mississippi, rises in Hinds and Lawrence counties, flows S W through Franklin and Amite, and be- tween Wilkinson and Adams counties, falls into the Mississipjii 44 miles below 417 H HOP Natchez, after a comparative course of 70 miles, //o-7jfl?i, province of China, bounded on the* N by the province of Petcheli and Chan-si, on the E by Kiangsi, and Chan- tonsc,on the S by Hcuquantf, and on the W by Ciu n-si As every thing that can con- tribute to rendir a country delightful, is found ill tiiis proMnce, the Cliiuese call it Tonghea ; the middle Flower, Ilonanfou, city of China, in the province of Hainan. It has under its jurisdiciion one city of the second class, and 13 of the third. It is 500 miles SW of Peking. Hcnduras, large province of Guatimala, bounded on the N by the bay of Honduras, on the E by the Mosquito Sliore, on the S by Nicarigua, and on the W by Chiapa and Guatimala. This province, and the peninsida of Jucatan, on the other side of the bay of Honduras, derive much ot their value from the great abundance ot the logwood Tee. But by a convention >>ign- ed in 1786 the En in 182U, 820. Hope-well, township of Bfdford county. Pen isylvania, on the iVE border of the county, a-id on boih sides of Raystown branch. Population in 1820, 1327. Hope-ivell, townsliip of Huntinj^don coun- ty, Pennsylvania, on both sidvsof'Ray town branch, 12 miles SW from Huntingdon. Populat.on in 1820. 1047. Hopewell, 'own-hi: > of Perry county, Ohio, J' miles N from Somerset. Population in 1820, 1037. Hope-well, township of Licking county, Ohio. Populition in 1820, 657. Hopewell, township, on 'he western bor- der of Maskinj^jum county, Ohio. Popula- tion in 1820, 1259. Hopkins, county of Kentucky ; bounded by Christian S; Caldwell SW; Union W ; Henderson NVV ; Green river or I)avi-s N ; and Muhlenburg E. Length 35 ; mean width 22; area 750 square miles. Chief -town, Madisonville. Population in 1810. Free white males - - • 1,355 do. do. females - - - 1,196 AH other persons except Indians not taxed ... - 1 Slaves 412 Total population in 1810 Popidation in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites Free persons of coli>ur, males do. do. females Slaves, males . . - do. females Total population in 1820 - 3,964 2,220 2,114 5,322 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - Engai^ed in A.griculture - 1,443 do. in Manufactures - 77 do. in Commerce . - 11 Population to the sq'i .re mile 7. Hopkinsville, township of Caledou'a coun- ty, Vermont, 36 miles NE from Montpe- lier. Hopkinsville, post village, Po'.vhattan couniy, Virginia, 20 miles W from llich- mond- Hopkinsville, post town and seat of jiH- tice, Christ an county, Kentucky, on Lit le river, a brancn of Cumberland river, 36 miles W from Riisselville Hopkinton, pos^ t^jwn and township, Hillsboroug'i cnunty, New H;\mp-hire, on Contacook river, 8 miles W from Concord. Population in 1820, 2437. Hopkinlon, townsliip of Washington coun- ty, Rhode I^lind, containing 1774 inha- bitants in 1810, and in 1820,1821. It is situated between Wood and /Vshewa^ue rivers, and joins the slate of Connecticut. Hupkuiton, post village and township, St. Lawrence county, New York, on a branch of St. Regis river, 40 miUs E from Ogdens- burg, p'opulition in 1820, 581. HopkirUon, to\\nsW\p, Middl, sex county, M.t-sachuset s, 30 mi:es SW from Boston. P pu'.ation in 1820, 1655. Horeb, mountain of Arabia Petrea, in A>ia. Horn, cons derable town of the ^United Provinces, in N Holland, with a good har- bour, on the Ziiider-Zec, 13_ miles NE of Amsierd:;m. Lon. 4 59 E, lut. 52 38 N. Horn, town of liie I'te Austrian Nether- lands, in the bishopric of Liege. Lon. 5 55 E, lat. 51 12 N. Hornbach, town in Germany, in the duchy of Deux-Ponis. Lon. 7 36 E, lat. 49 10 N. Hor)iberg, ancient town of Germany, in the IJlack Forest, in the duchy of Wirtem- bcrg, with a fortrf ss on a mount .in. It is seated on the Gutlish, 21 miles NE of Fri- burg. Lon 8 27 E, lat. 48 12 N. Hornby, town of Lancashire, in England, seated on a branch of 'he rivsr Lone, with a handsome church. Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 54 6 N. Horn, Cape, the most southern part of Tiei'ra-del-Fuego, in Sou'li America. It is now the common route fro u he Atlan- tic into the Pacific Ocean. Lon. W C 9 14 E, hii. 56 S. Horncastle, large well built lown in Lin- colnshire, on the nver Bane. It is 20 miles E or Lincolir, and 136 N of London. Lon 2 W, lit 53 14 N. Hornchurch, vdlage in Essex, two miles E by S of liumford, of which it is the mother cliurch. A large pair of horns is affixed to the E end o' tiie church, for wtiich tradition assigiis a rea:.on too idle to be repeated. Horndon, town in Essex, with a market on S/itunlay. It is seated on a hill, which commands a beautiful prospect, 16 mile-i .S bv W of Chelmsford, and 19 E of London. Lon. 35 E, 1 .t 51 32 N. Horn Island, long narrow bank of sand, off' the co.iSt of .Mississippi, betiveen Pe- litebois and Dog islands. It is about 17 m.les long, wiih a mtran width of half a mile. Hornaeri, town of York-hire. 188 miles from Lo don It is almost sur^. .und^^d by a small arm of t:ie sea, and the church h -vin;; a*iiigli steeple, is a noted s"a-m irk. Not many • cars ago tljere was a street h reca'l d Horns-y beck which wis .Vish- ed away by the sea, except a house or two. Lon. 6 E, lat. 54 N. 419 H O T H {■>) \ Mornsen, town in Middlesex, five miles N of London. It is a long' straggling place, situated in a low vallej', but extremely pleasant, having the new river winding through it. //orr!/, eastern district of South Carolina ; boundfd bj' Xortu C rolina NE ; the At- lantic Ocean SE; Geoigetown S, -rnd Lit- tle Red river or Marion W. Length 35, menn widih 28 ; area 1100 square miles. Surface level, :ind soil generally sandy or marshy, und sterile. Chief town Conways- boii'Ugh. Population in ISIO. Free whites, males - - 1,472 do. do. females - - 1,461 All other persons, except Indians not taxed - . . . 18 Slaves 1,398 Total population in 1810 4,349 Population in 1820. Free white males - 1,820 do. do. females 1,748 Total whites 3.568 Free persons of colour. males - 15 do. do. females 8 Slaves, males . 731 do females . 7Q'o Total population in 1820 - - 5,025 Of these ; • Foreigners not natur.ilized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,275 do in Manufactures - - 157 do. in Comm'-vce - - 2 Population to i!ie square mile Al., Horsaieck, cape of Long Island', extend- ing into Long Island Sound, NW from Hun- tingdon bay. Horseneck, village of Essex county. New Jersey, on the south side of the Passaic river, 4 miles S\V from Patterson. Horsens, seaport of Denmark, in Jutland, seated on the bottom of a bay ihat 0|,'ens into he Categatc near the island of Hiar- noe, 125 miles W by N of Copenhagen. Lon. 9 40 R, lal. 55 57 N. Horsham, boruiigh in Sussex. It sends two members to parliament, and is 36 m Ic.s S by W of London. Lon. 12 W, lat. 51 8 N Horsham, township of M ntgomery coun- ty, Penn ylvania ; situated on the S branch of Neshauiiny creek, j -.i'.ing Bucks county. It entail ed 938 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1081. Hottentots Country of the, large region in the S extremity .jf \fiica, extending N by W, from the Cape of G(iod Hope, beyond the mouth of Oranue river, and from that eape, in an ENE direction, to the mouth of the Great Fish river, which parts it from 429 CafFraria. It lies between the tropic of Ca^ pricorn and 35 S lat. and is bounded on the W, S, and E by the Atlantic, Southern, and Indirin Oceans, .and on the N by regions very little, if at all, explored. The Hot- tentots are as tall as most Europeans, but are more slender; and the characteristic mark of this nation is, the smallness of their hands and feet, compared with the other parts of their body. Their skin is of a yellowish brown hue, resembling that of a European who has the jaundice in a high degree. There are not such thick lips among the Hottentots as among their neighbours the Kegroes, the Caffrts, and the Mozambiques : and their mouth is of the middling size, with the finest set of teeth imaginable. Their heads are cover- ed with hair, more woolly, if pobsible, than that of the Negroes. That part of the Hottentot country possessed by the Dutch or British is considerable ; extending from the Cape of Good Hope, N to lat. 30, and E to the Great Fish river, about 550 miles in length, and 230 in breadth. The whole is naturally barren and mountainous. See Cape Toivn, Haitat, island of France, near the coast of Bretagne. It is 10 miles in circumfer- ence. Hoiidnn, town of France, now in the de- partment of Etire and Loire and lately in the province of Beauce, with a manufac- turt- of woi.'llen stockings. It is sealed on the Vegre, 10 miles from Dreux, and 32 miles SW of Paris. Lon. 1 41 E, lat. 48 47 N. Houghton, township of Norfolk county, Upper Canada, on lake Erie, W from Walsingham. Hounnfield, township of Jefferson county. New York, on lake Ontario, including the village of Sackett's Harbour. Population 1820, 3429. Housatoiiick, river of Connecticut, It rises in Massachusetts, and runs through Lichfield county, nearly due south, till it passes N. Milford. Thence it flows SE till it joins the Stratford, and the united stream falls into Long island Sound near the town of Stratford. Hounslow, town in Middlesex, with a market on Thursday. It is situated on a heath of the same name, on which are some powder-mills, on a branch of the ri- ver Coin. Here is a charity school and a chapel. The heath is noted for robberies and horse races. Huunslow is 10 miles W by S of London. Houssa, county of central Africa, on the Niger. It is too little known to admit specific description. Hoiiquang, province of China, which occupies nearly the centre of the empire. Yang-tse-kiang river traverses it from E to W, and divides it into two parts. H O V H i: © Housionville, post village, Iredell county, North Carulina. Houstonville, post village, Pendleton, dis- trict, Sou'h Ca'olina. Hou-tcheoufou, city of China, in the pro- vince of Tciie-kiang. It is 160 miles NE of Nan-king. Lon. 119 45 B, lat. oU 35 N Ilou-ard, towiiihip of Steuben county. New York, on Canistes river, 18 miles W from Bath. Population 1820. Ho-ward, township of Centre county, Pennsylvania ; on Beach creek in the northern angle of the county. Population 1820. 1055. Ifuivarrl, NW county, of Missouri, lying N from Missouri river. This couniy oc- cupies an e.\tent of 11,450 square miles, and must consequently be soon subdivided, it would be therefore useless to give its existing boundaries Chief town, Franklin. Population in 1820. Free white males - - 6,160 do. do. females - - 5,159 Total whites .... 11,319 Free persons of colour, males 11 do do. females 7 Slaves, males .... 1,049 do. females . - , 1,040 Total population in 1820, 13,426 Of these ; Foreigr.ers not naturalized - 42 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,788 do. in Manufactures - 372 do. in Commerce - - 51 Population to the square mile, I5 nearly. Ifowden, town in tlu E riding of York- shire. It gives name to a small district called Howdenshire, and has a large church, hke a cathedral. It is sealed on the N side of the Otise, 15 miles SE of York, and 179 N by W of London. Lon. 51 W, lat. 53 46 N. Ho-oell, townsliip of Monmouth county. New Jersey. Population 1820, 354. ^ow/a7ic?, township of Trumbull county, Ohio, E from Warren. I'opulation 1820,625. Hoxter, lown of U'es'phalia, scat d on the Weser, eight miles NVV of Corwey, 27 miles NE of Paderborn. Lon. 9 39 E, lat. 51 50 N. Hoy, one of the Oi'kney Islands situated between the Island if Pomona and the N coast of Caiihness-shire. It is 10 miles long. Lon. 3 20 W, lat. 58 36 N. Hoyn, province of Hanover, with a capi- tal of the same name, on the Allor, 23 miles SE from Bremen. ^oi/e, town of Westphalia, capit 1 of a county of the same name, subject to the elector of Hanover, seated on the Weser, 13 miles NW of Zell. Lon. 9 6 E, lat. 52 57 N. Hua, or Kahau, large town of Asia, ca- pital of Cochin-China, with a royal palace, it is seated in a beautiful plain, and divid- ed into two parts by a large river. Lon. 105 5 E, lat. 17 40 N. Huahine, one of the Society Islands in the South Pacific Ocean, 30 leagues from Otaheite. It is 21 miles in compass, and has a commodious harbour. Lon. 151 1 W, kt. 16 44 S. Hubbard, township of Trumbull county, Ohio. Population 1820, 843. Hubbardstoivn, township of Worcester county, Massachusetts, containing 1127 in- habitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1367. It is situa'ed on a branch of the river Ware, 45 miles W from Boston. Hubbardstoivn, post village and township of Rutland county, Vermont, 40 miles NW from Windsor. Population 1820,734. Hubert, seigniory, Quebec county. Lower Canada. Hubert, St. town of Austrian Luxemburg, with an abbey, 20 miles SE of Rochefort. Lon. 5 12 E. lat. 50 N. Huddersfield, town in the W riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Tuesduy. It is the mart for narrow cloths, called plains. It is 42 miles SW of York, and 189 NNW of London. Lon. 1 40 W, lat. 53 40 N. Hudsoji, one of the most flourishing ci- ties in the state of New York ; situated on the E bank of Hudson river, in Columbia county, 115 miles N of the city of New York,' and 30 S of Albany, in the lat. cf 42 15 N. The foundation of the first house was laid in 1783, and in 1800 it contained 4048 inhabitants; and by the census of 1820, 5310. It is considered as the third town in the stwte in manufactures and the fourth in commerce. The si:e rises by a gentle acclivity from Hudson river; and the main street following the ascent ex- tends above a mile from the water. Hudson, river of New York. The basin of the Hudson, if we include Uaritun bay and river, the bay of Newark, with i;s two small confluent rivers, Hackinsack and Passaick, and the contiguous part f Long- Island Sound, in the Hudson ba.-in, we iiKve before us a very curious connexion be- tween inland and maritime navigation. Taken wiih this extcn-ion, ihe Hudson basin, reaches from Sandy Hook, N lat. 40 30, to the extreme sources of the Hudson, in N lat. 44 05, or above 250 miles in length, with a mean width of 40 miles, exclusive of the western part of the valley of the Mohawk above the mouth of the Schoharie river. This latter section includes a parallelogram of 60 miles long, and 35 wide. The whole basin sprtading over an area of 14,600 square miles. The Hudson river is navigable for large ships to Hud- on, and for sloops to Albany. The tide flo ' s to Troy, to which small sloops ascend. When the two great canals of New York are 421 HUE H O M completed, the Hudson will have a water eommunicatioii with lakes Champlain and Erie. Hudson, p.ist villa.^e and township of Portage con y, Oiiio, 12 mils N\V from Ravenna. Popii alioii 1820, 491. Hndsuu Bay, bay of N. America lying between 51 and 69 N laiitule, dis overed in 1610 by captain Henry Hudson. Tni^; iiitrepi.l mariner, in s-arrhing aftera NW passage o tlie Pacitii Octa i, di covered three s laits, through which he hoped lo find out a new way to Asia, Tliis bay communicates on the N by two s'rai s, with Bassin bay , on the E si le it s border- ed iy, by v\ hich name the S part of Hu is')n b y is distinguislied; these fac- tories are called Rupert, VI lose, and Alba- ny, but the former has been aband- ned. On th(- W side '>f Hudson bay, up Hayes river, is a factory calKd Flamborough ; and to the N of this is York Tort and Prince of Wales Fort. In December 1770, Mr. Hearne, in the service of the Hudson Bay Company, set out from Prince of Wal s Fort to explore a river, that the Esqu mai;x, wlio came to the company's factories to trade, had brought to their kno^vledge ; and which, on account of much copper being found near it, had ob- tained he OMme of Coppirr-mine River. Under the cmvoy of f'cse Indians, he ar- rived at this river in 1771, and traced it tdl he came in sight of the Pacfic Ocean, finding it incumbered with shoals and falls to its mouth, which is in lat, 72 N. By late observations the position of H.^ame's river, is found much more to the W than laid down by that traveller. Hudson's House, factory of Hudson Bay Comp iuy on Saska-hawin river. Lon, W C 29 27 W, lat. 53 N. Hudsons Strait, unites the Atlantic Ocean to Hudson's Bay. ^He?m, isla' d of the Baltic, three miles from the coast of Sweden, and subj ct to the Swedes, to whom it -as ceded by the Danes in 1658. In this ;sla id was the ob- servatory of the ceiebra*ed Tyclio Hrahe. It is six miles in circumference ; nine miles S by E of E'.smore; and fourteen N by E f Copenhagen. Lon. 12 38 E, lat. 55 54 N. Huescs, ancient town of Spain, in Arra- 422 gon, with a bishop's see, and a university. It is seated on the Issuela, 35 miles NE of Sarag.ssa. Lon. 2 W, at. 42 18 N. Huescar, town of Spain, in ihe kingdom of G;a'iaja, with a cas.le, 60 miles NE of Granada. Lon. 2 20 W, (at. o7 45 N. Hiiessen, town of Dutch Guelderland, seated on the Rhine, three rniles S of Arn- heim. Huetta, old and small town of Spain, in New C ibtil , 67 m,les E of Madrid. Lon, 1 55 W. :a: . 40 22 N. HitghsviUe, post village, Patrick county, Virginia, about 75 miles SW by S from Fincastle- Hulingsburg, post village, Armstrong count), Pennsylvania. Htdl, or Ki7.gHton upon Hull, borough and sea.jort in the E riding of Yoikshire. It was built by Edv.'ard I. who called it Kings- ton, and it is s ated on the river Hull, on the N side of the Humber. The harbour is artificial ; and here are docks for build- ing and repairing ships. Among the pub- lic buildings, are^he Trinity House, for the relief of seamen and their widows; a custom liouse, an exchange, a. id a town- hall The stone bridge, over the river to Holderness; was rebuilt in 1787, and con- sists of 14 arches. Hull sends two mem- ber-, to parli-.ment, and is 36 miles SE of York, and 173 N of London. Lon. 14 W, lal. 53 45 N. Hidl, township of Plymouth county, Massachusetts, on the S side of Boston har- bour nine miles E from Boston. Popula- tion 1820, 172. Hull's-cross roads, post office, Hartford county, Maryland. Hdl's stare, post office, Pendleton, coun- ty, Virgmia. flidmville, post town, Bucks county, Pennsylvania. Hulfie7t, town of the Austrian Nether- lands, nine miles SE of Brussels. Lon. 4 37 E, lat. 51 44 N. Hidst, strong town of Dutch Flanders, seated on a plain, which may be ove. flow- ed. I has a very fine townliouse, 15 miles NW of Antwerp, and 17 NE of Ghent. Lon 4 6E, lat. 51 18 N. Hiimber, river of England, formed by the Trent, Ouse, Derwent and several other streams it divides Yorkshire from Lincolnshire, and fads into the German Oce .n, at Holderness. Humber, river of Newfoundland, flows W into the gulf of St. Lawrence. Humber, small river of Upper Canada, in York coun'v, falls in'o :ake Ontario, a short dis aoce W of York. Humburstone^ township of LTpper Canada in Lin- oln county, nn lake Erie, between Bertie and Wainfieet. Hommelsto-wn, town of Danphin county, Pennsylvania, situated on tlie E side of II U N H U N Swatara creek, nine miles E from Harris- btirg and 27 NW from Lancaster. Popu- lation 182U, 4i8, Hvmmoch, island of Asia, in the Indian Ocean, about six miles lonpf. Ti.e r jah is supported in his authority by the Di.tch East India C nipanv. It hes five leagues S ofMinlanao Lom. 125 12 E, lat. 5 27 N Hiimp/'ries, county ut Tennessee, bound- ed by Perry S ; Tennessee river, or Caro- line W ; Stewari N; and Dickson E. Length 30; mean width 25; area 750 square milea. Surface rather varying- than hilly. Chief town, Ueynoldbberg. Population in 1810. Fr^e whi'e males - - - 711 do. do. females . . - 645 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 13 Slaves 132 Total population in 1810, - 1,511 Population in 1820. Free white males - , - - 1,824 ^o. do. females - ' - - 1,698 Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males . - - - do. females ... Total population in 1820 - - 4,067 Of tliese ; Foreii^ners not naturalized - Knj^aged in Agriculture - - 1,048 do. in .Vlanuiactiires - 72 do. in (Jommerce - - 12 Population to the square mile, 5. Humphreysville, post village, Nf w Haven county, Conneclicui, on the W side of Naugatuck, four miles ubcve its junction with the Housatonick. This village was named from General Humphries who first intriiduced Merino sheep in the United States at this place. It is now the seat of an fexiensive woollen manufacture. Humphreysville, post village. Union dis- trict, South Carolina. Hungary^ kingdom of Europe, bounded on the N by Poland and Silesia, W by Mo- ravia, Austria, Sliria, S by Sclavonia and Servia, and E by Walathia au'l Tran ylva- nia. It is divided imo Upper and Lower Hungar) ; ai:d to tliese may be wdded the Bannat of Temeswar, incoipor ited i to the kingdom of Hungary, in 1778 Hungary formerly included Transylvania, Sclavonia, Dalmatia. St- rvia, and VValachia. The prin- cipal rivers are, the Danube, Save, Drave, Tresse, Maros, Haab, and Waag. The air is unhealthy, occasioned by the lakes and bogs ; but it abounds in all the ntcessaries of life, and the wine, especially that called Tockay, is excellent. There are mines of gold, silver, copper, and iron ; and also of opal, at Czerweniza, wiiich gem is ■ cculiar to t'.iis country 'Mere is such plenty of game, ti'at hunt ng s allowed to all. The inhabit'.nts ;:.e wel sh;ip' d, gentrou , and br^ve, but haughty and revcnget'ul ; and art" estimated at seven mi lions. The trarle princip liy consists in c.tt e, hogs, slieep, flour, wheat, rye, wool, :ind wine ; and these are almost wh lly stnt to the Austrian provinces. Tiie kingdom of Hungary can easily raise an army o! 1(JO,OUO men. The horsemen are called Hussars, and the fo t Heydukes. A'mos' all the towns of Hungary have two namts, the one G(.rnrian and the other Hiingari,.n ; and the langiuige is a dialect of i e Scia\onsan. The government is liereditar\ in the house of AuslHa. No country in the world is bettor suppliefl wih mineral waters and baths ; and those of Buda, when tiie Turks were in poss ssion of it, werr reckoned the finest in Euiope. Buda is the capii;d of Lower Hungary, and Pi esburg of the Up- per. Popu'latiort 8 580,000; corsisti ,g of Roni..n Catholics 4.000,000, Greeks 2 500.000; Calvinists 1,300,000; Li.theians 7u(j,000 ; and Jews 80,000. Hungerford, town in Berkshire; it is 64 miles W of L- ndon Lon. 1 26 AV, lat, 51 26 N. thmgerford, township of Upper Canada, in Hasiinf;s c unty Hungry Bay, New York, Jefferson coun- ty. Sf e Suchdt's Harbour. Hungry toiun, post town, Lunenburg coun y, Viri.',i .la Hiinmanby,ti>^' n in the E riding' of York- shire, witii a mark t on Tut-sdav, 34 miles NE of York, and 209 N of L naon. Lon. 12 \V, lat 54 12 N. Hiinningueii, fortified town of France, now in the der)artment of Upper Rhine and I 'ely in the province ol Alsaci-, seated on the Rhine, five miles N of Basle. Lon. 11 40 E, lat. 47 40 N. Hunterdon, county of New Jersey ; bound- ed by Dt-laware river SW ; Sussex county NW ; Morris NE ; Somerset E, and Mid- dlesex and Burlington SE. Lengh 32; mean width 17 ; atva about 540 squ .re miles. Surface h Ily ; bu with a soil gene- rally productive in grain fruits and pastu- rage. Chiei'tow'i, irenton. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 11,448 do. do. ft males - - 11,302 All other pi rsons except Indians iiot taxed - - - - 687 Slaves 1,119 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. 423 24,556 II U N HUN Free white males do. do. females All other persons 13,155 13,299 91 Total whites - - . 26,545 Free persons of colour, males 711 do. do. females, 732 Slaves, males .... 295 do. females - - - 321 cellent soil skirts the streams. Chief town, Huntingdon. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 7,522 do. do. femnles - - - 7,146 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 110 Slaves .... - Total population in 1820 Total population in 1810 28,604 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 113 Engaged in Agriculture - 4,268 do. in Manufactures - 1,955 do. in Commerce . - 205 Population to the square mile, 53. Hunter, township of Green county. New York. Population in 1820, 1025. Hnnterstown, township of St. Maurice county, Lower Canada, 28 miles NW from Three Kivers. Huntersto-zvn, village of York countj', Pennsylvania, 25 miles W from York. Jftinteraville, post village, Lincoln county. North Carolina. Huntingdorishire, county of England, 25 miles in length, and 20 in its broadest part ; bounded on the N and NW by Nnrthamp- tonshire, on the E by Cambridgeshire, and on the SW by Bedfordshire. Population in 1801,37,568; in 1811, 42,208, and in 1821,48,771. Huntingdon, county town of Huntingdon- shire, with a market on Saturday. It is pleasantly seated on a rising ground, on the river Ouse, over which is a stone bridge to Godmanchester. Huntingdon, town in Chittenden county, Vermont, on the S side of Onion river, 10 miles northward of Bristol, .and 16 SE of Burlington, with about 450 inhabitants. Huntingdon, township m Fairfif-id cotmty, Connecticut, on the S side of Housatonic river, about 16 miles N of Fairfield. Popu- lation in 1820, 2805. Huntingdon, townsh p in Suffolk county. New York ; situated on Long Island, 14 miles SE of Smithtown, an;' o6 NE of the city of New York. Population in 1820, 4935. Huntingdon, county of Lower Canada, between the N boundary of New York, and Ilicheheu and St. L:iwrence rivers. Huntingdon, township of Hastings coun- ty. Upper Canada, N from Thurlow. Hnntingdon, cotmty of Pennsylvania, hounded SW by Bedford ; NW by Cam- bria ; N bv Centre ; E by Mifflin ; and SE by Fr nkhn ; length 48; mean widtii 30 ; and area 1185 square m les. This is a very mountainous county watered by the Junia- ta, and its various branches. Though ge- ncrallv rocky and barren, much very ex- 4?1 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - All other persons 14,778 10,231 8,635 Total whites .... 19,869 Free persons of colour, males . 140 do. do. females, 128 Slaves, males .... 3 do. females ... 2 Total population in 1820 . 20,142 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized . 71 Engaged in Agriculture . - 3,208 do. in Manufactures . 878 do. in Commerce - - 31 Population to the square mile, 17. Huntingdon, borough, post town, and seat of justice, Huntingdon county, Penn- sylvania, on the left bank of Raystown, bi'anch of .Tuniata, 45 miles NE from Bed- ford. Population 1820, 841. Hmtingdon townsiiip of Adams county, Pennsylvani;!, on Bermudian creek, 12 m les NNE from Gettysburg. Population 1820, 1198. Huntingdon, township of Luzerne coun- ty, Pennsylvania, 12 miles SW by W from Wilkesbarre, and on Fishing creek. Po- pulation 1820, 1274. HuTdingdon, East, township of West- moreland county, Ptnnsylv.inia, between Jacobs creek, and Big Sewlckly, 10 miles E from Greensburg, Population 1820, 1383. Huntingdon, JS'ort/i, township of West- moreland county, Pennsylvania, along Yough river, and between Big Sewlckly and Brush creeks. Population in 1820, 2217. Huntingdon, South, township of West, moreland county, Pennsylvania, along Yough river, between Big Sewlckly and Jacob's creeks. Populati' n in 1820, 2004. Hunting Sound, cl)annel of North Caro- lina, in Carteret county, uniting Core Sound to the Main Ocean. Huntingdon, township of Chittenden county, Vermont, 15 miles SE from Bur- lington. Populaiion in 1320, 514. Huntingdon, post village and township, Fairfield county, Connecticut, on the Hou- H U R H U S satonick, 17 miles W from New Haven. Population in 1820, 2805. Hunrington, post town and township, Suffolk county, Long Island, New York. The village is built upon a bay (if Long Island Suund, and conains an academy. Population of the towaship, 1820, 4935. Huntington, post village, Luurens dis- trict. South Carolina. Huntington, township of Gallia county, Ohio. Population 1320, 474. Huntington, townsliip of Ross comity, Ohio, W off Sciota river. Population 1820, 981. Huntington, township of Brown county, Ohio. P.ipulation 1820, 2350. Huntingtoiun, post town, Calvert county, Maryland, on Hunting creek, 40 miles from Anapolis. Huntsburg, township and post village, Franklin county, Vermont, situated near the line that divides this state from Lower Canada, at the distance of about 12 miles E of Lake Cham plain. Hunts-mills, jjost office, Huntingdon county, New Jersey. Himtspil, small town in Somersetshire, at the mouth of the river t'arrei, five miles N of Bridgewater, and 143 W by N of Lon- don. Lon. 3 12 W, lat. 31 UN. Huntsville, small post town in Surry county, North Carolina, 15 miles SVV of Berthania the M'Pavijn town. Huntsville, post village, Laurens district. South Carolina. Huntsvilk, post town and seat ()f justice, Madison county Alibam;;, 113 miles S from Nashville in Fennessee, Tliis is a new but very flourishing vidage, about 12 miles N from Tennessee river. PopHlatii/U 1820. White Males, over 21 308 do. do, under 21 188 White Females, over 21 157 do. do. under 21 180 Black Males, 220 do. Females, 228 Free Males of colour, 22 do. Females do. 13 Total 1,306 Huntsville, post village, Robertson coun- ty, Tennessee. Hurd-uiar, town of t'le province of Delhi, where the Ganges first enters the plains of Hindoosian. it is 117 miles N by E oF Delhi. Lon 78 15 H, lat. 29 35 N. Huron, one of the five great lakes, com- monly called the lakes of Canada. It is in form of a triangle ; tlie S\V and NE, sides of which is about 200 miles : that of the SE 110 miles. Following the indenlings of the sliores lake Hur >n exce-ds lUOO miles in circumference. It is almost se- parated into two lakes by a cliain of islands, extending from its N W to SE side. 3 H This chain retains its Indian name of Mani- toulin, or Ishiiids of the Evil Spirit. I.,ake Huron receives the discliarge of lake Su- perior by St, Mary's strait; that of lake Michigan by tiie straits of Miciidimakinak ; that of Nipissiiig by the river du Francois, and dischari^es the accumulated mass into the river St. Clair. Huron, river of Michigan territory, rises in the interior of the peninsula, and flow- ing E, enters lake St. Clair. Huron, anoiher river of Michigan terri- tory, rises with the preceding and flowing SE, falls into lake Erie immediately S of the mouth of Detroit river. Huron, river of tiie state of Ohio, rises in Richland and Crawford counties, and flow- ing north, enters Huron county, which it traverses and falls into hike Erie, 10 miles SE from the mouth of Sandusky buy. Huron, lake, county of Ohio, bounded on the north by lake Erie, east by Cuyahoga and Medina counties, south by Richland, anil west by Seneca and Sandusky counties in the lately acquired Indian territory. It is 55 by 40 miles in extent, and contains about 900 square miles. It includes all the tract desi-iiated by the appellation of Fire lands; beside several townships north of Medma county, and west of Black river. Sandtisky bay, and lake Erie, skirt the whole northern boundary. Surface r,ither level and soil fertile. Chief town, Norwalk. Population in 1820. Free white males . _ . 3,678 do. do. females - - 2,990 Total whites . - . . 6,668 Free persons of colour, males - 7 d.». do. females - Slaves, males - - . . Q do. females ... Q Total population in 1820 - 6,675 Of these ; Foreig-ners not nattiralized - 37 Engaged in Ag-riculture . I,3l4 do. in Manufactures - 190 do. in Commerce - - 62 Population to tiie squaj-e mile, 7. Huron, post township in Huron county, Oiiio, on the laiie shore ; distance, 47 miles westerly from Cleveland, and 110 north by e;ist from Columbus. Lit. 41 25 N, lon. 5 36 W. Population in 1820, 651. Hurst Castle, castle in Hampshire, near Lymington. In this castle Cliarles I. was confined previously lo his being brought to trial. It is seated on the extreme point of a neck of land, which shoots into the sea toward the isle of Wight, from wiiich it is distant two miles. Hussingabad, town of Hindoostan in the province of Malwa, the eastern division of 425 I B E I B E the Maliratta empire. It is 140 miles NW of Nagpour. Lon. 77 54 E, hit. i2 42 N. Husim, town of Denmarii, in the duchy of Sleswick, with a stron_£f citadel, and a very handsome church. It is seated near the river Ow, on tiie German, 20 miles W of Sleswick. Lon. 9 E, lut. 54 45 N. HuttonsviUe, post village, R indolph coun- ty, Virfjinia, on Roaring creek, and on the road from Clarksburg to Beverly, 35 miles SSE from the former. Huy, town of the Netherlands, in the bishopric of Liege ; the Dutch, in 1718, demolished the fortifications, and surren- dered it to the bishop of Liege. It is seated on the !klaese, 12 miles WSW of Liege. Lon. 5 22 E, lat. 50 32 N. Hyde, county of North Carolina ; bounded SE and S by Pamlico Sound ; W by Beau- ford, and N by Washington and Tyrrell. Surface level, and soil marshy, sandy and generally sterile. Chief town, German- town. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 1,829 do. do. females - - - 2,258 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - 90 Slaves 1,852 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females 6,029 1,599 1,642 Total whites 3;241 Free persons of colour, males 72 do. do. females 74 Slaves, males . . _ 801 do. females _ - - 779 Total population in 1820 4,967 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized - 7 Engaged in Agriculture - 1,464 do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce - 12 Population to the square mile, uncertain. Hijdra, or Idra, island of the Grecian Archipelago. See Idra. Ilydvahad, capital of Golconda, in the Deccan of Hindoostan, seated on a river that falls into the Kistna, 352 miles N by E of Madrass. Lon. 78 51 E, lat. 17 12 N. Hydrahad, fort of Hindoostan Proper, in the province of Sindy. It is the residence of a Mahometan prince, who is tributary to the king of Candahar. It is situated on the Indus, not far above the head of the Delta, and in the neighbourhood of Nus- serapour. Lon. 69 30 E, lat. 25 29 N. Hypolite, St. town of France, now in the department of Gard lately in the province of Languedoc. This town has a good fort, and is seated on the Vidourle, near its source, 12 miles SW of Alais. Lon. 4 E, lat. 43 55 N. Hythe. See /fithe. Ibarra, town of Columbia, in Quito, 42 miles NE from Quito. Iberville, upper mouth of the Mississippi river, on the left side. It is a small outlet leaving the Mississippi, 14 miles below Baton Rouge. Water only enters this channel at high flood. After flowing about 20 miles, and receiving from both sides the drain of the adiacent low lands, Iberville ioins the Amite. Schooners drawing 5 feet water, ascend the Amite to the mouth of Iberville, and those of 2 or 3 feet draft are navigated up the latter, to the mouth of the Spanish bayou, 5 or 6 miles. Iberville, parish of Louisiana ; bounded by the bayou Iberville, Mississippi river, and bayou Plaquemine N and NW ; Atcha- falaya i-iver SW ; parish of Ascension SE and E, and A.mite river NE. Length 35 ; mean width 10; area 350 square miles. Stu'face dead level, and soil exuberantly fertile ; but except along the streams, the sti-eams not arable, on account of being subject to annual overflow. Staple cotton. Chief town, St. Gabriel. 426 Population in 1810. Free white males • - - 786 do. do females - - 643 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 45 Slaves 1,205 Total population in 1810 - 2,679 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 1,120 do. do. females - 899 Total whites .... 2,019 Free persons of colour, males • 60 do. da. females • 56 Slaves, males .... 1,256 do. females ... 1,023 Total population in 1820 • 4,414 Of these ; Foreigners not na' ur.ilized - 44 Engaged in Agrici Uure - 1,624 do. in Manufactures - • 14 I C K I L A Engaged in Commerce - - 22 Population to the square mile, 12^5. Iben, lake of South America, between the Parana and Uruguay rivers. Il is rather an overflowed country than a real lake. Iberville, or St. Gabriel, post village, on the left bank of the Mississippi, in the parish of Iberville, 18 miles by water and 6 by land, below the outlet of bayou Iber- ville. Iborg, or Iberg, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, and in the bishopric of Osnaburg, 10 miles SW (if Osnaburg, and 30 NE of Munster. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 52 14 N. lea, province of Peru, bordering on the Pacific Ocean. lea, capital of the province of lea, 140 miles ESE from Lima. Lon. W C 1 30 E, lat. 13 50 S. Iceland, large island to the W of Nor- way, 300 miles in len.^th, and 150 in bi'eadth, lying between 64 and 66 N iat. For two months together the sun never sets ; and in the winte^ it never rises for the same space, at least not entirely. The middle of this island is mountainous, stony, and barren ; but in some places there fire excellent pastures, and the gras^ has a fine smell. The ice which gets loose from the more northern country in May, brings with it a large quantity of wood and several ani- mals, such as foxes, wolves, and bears. Mount Hecla is the most noted mountain, and is a volcano, which sometimes throws out sulphureous torrents. The iniiabit nts believe that some of the soul^. of '.he damn- ed go to this mountain, and that others are confined to the ice near this island. Their houses are at a distance f om each other, and many of them deep in the ground ; but they afe all miserable huts, covtred with skins. Many of the inhabitants profess Christianity; but those that live at a dis- tance are pagans. They are mostly clothed with the skins of beasts. The Danes trade with the natives for hides, tallow, trainoil, whale-bone, and seahorses teeth, which are as good as ivory. Iceland, which was'con- sidered by the ancients as the Ultima Thule, or the extremity of the world, and by us as scarcely habitable, once abounded in learning and science, at a time when great part of Europe was involved in dark- ness. Their language was the old Gothic or Teutonic, the vernacular tongue of the Swedes, Danes, and Norwegians, before it branched into the several dialects since spoken by the natives of these three king- doms. Iclvwell, village in Bedfordshire, with a fair on .\pril 5. Ickleton, village in Carabridgesliire, with a fair on August 2d. Icfnoortfi, town in Suffolk, with a market on Friday. Here are the ruins of an an. cient priory, and several Roman coins have been dug up. It is 23 miles NW of Ips- wich, and 74 NNE of London. Lon. 1 E, la'. 52 22 N. IcolmkiU, formerly lona, famous little island, one of the Ilebrides, near the SW point of the isle of Mull. It is only three miles long, and one broad ; but is very fer- tile. This once celebrated seat of royalty and learning is now almost destitute of an instructor, to teach the people the com- mon duties of religion. Ida, .Mount, lofy and pointed mountain, in the middle of th;- island, of Candia, fa- mous in ancient times. Ai! the cattle tiiat are bred on it are a few p:dtry horsss, some sheep, and h-df starved gouts. Jdort of the gods during the 'frojan war. Idanba hi-.Yueva, town of Portugal, in Bei:a, five mdes SW of Idanha la-\'ella. Lhmhala fella, town of Portugal, in Heira. The French took it by assault in 1704. It is seated on the riv-er Ponsul, 25 miles NE of Casiel-Branco, and 25 N W of Alcantara. Lon. 6 14 W, lat, 59 39 N. Idn'a, town of Austria in Ulyria, in the circle of Adesberg, remarkable for its mines of quicksilver. Lon. 14 08 E, lat. 46 N. Idsleiu, town of German}', in Weteravia, which is the residence of a branch of the house of Nassau, to whom it belongs. It is 12 miies KE of .Menlz. Lon. 8 23 E, lat. 50 2 N. If, island of France, the most eastern of the three before the harbour of Mar- seilles. It is well fortified, and its port is one of the best in the Mediterranean. i^'-w, town of the country ':f the Grisons, in Cadoea with a magnificent castle, in which is a cabinet of curiosities, and a librarv. It is 23 miles SW of Coire, and 23 S of Glarus. Lon. 9 OE, lat. 46 33 N. Iglaiv, considerable and populous town of Moravia, where they have a manufacture of good cloth, and excellent beer. It is seated on the Iglaw, 40 miles W of Krinn, and 62 SE of Prague. Lon. 15 42 E, lat. 49 8 N. Igk'sins, town in the S part of the i.sland of Sardinia, with a bishop's see, 37 miles WS>W of Gagliari. Lon. 8 39 E, lat. 39 18 N. Iffiiatius, Point, on the north side of the strait of Miciiilimacinau, 8 miles W from Mackinau island. Ihor. See Johore, Hay. See May. link, or JcJak, Iowhi,.j^ Nubia, on the Nile supposed by some to be tlie ancient ^leroe. Lon. 36 30 E, lat. 18 48 N. 427 I L L 1 L I- Jldnts, town in the coiiiihy of the Gri- Eons, capital of the Grey I7 18 E, lat. 14 34 S. Ilheos, seaport of Brasil, in South Ameri- ca, capital of Uio-los-lllieos, it is seated in a fertile country, and is 150 nniles SSW^ of St. Salvador. Lon. 41 25 \V, lat. 15 5 S. Ilheos, or Rio los I'heos, provuice of South America, subject to Portugal. Ilkuch, town of Poland, in the palatinate of Cracow, remarkable for its silver mines, mixed with lead. It is seated in a barren country, at the foot of several mountains, 15 miles NW of Cracow. Lon. 19 40 E, lat. 50 20 N. ///, river of Germany, which rises near Basle, and falls into the Rhnic. Ille, town of France, now in the depart- ment of the Eastern Pyrenees, and lately in the province of Rousillon. 10 miles SE of Perpignon. Lon 3 5 E, lat. 42 35 N, Iller, river of German)', which lises in Tirol, runs N through Suabia, p«ssiiig by Kempten, Memmingen, and Kirchberg, and falls into the Dav.ube, at Ulm. Illesugaguen, strong town of Africa in the kingdom of Morocco. Illinois, river rises near the S end of Lake Michigan, and taking a SW cour.'^e, falls into the Mississippi, 18 miles above the Missouri. See Illinois, state of. Illinois, state of the United States, be- tween lake Michigan, the Wabash, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers. Miles. Illinois has a boundary on N lat. 42 30, 210 Along Michigan lake and Indiana to Wabash river, ... 216 Down Wabash to the jimction with Ohio, 150 428 Down the Ohio to its junction with Mississippi, .... 130 Thence up the Mississippito the north- west angle of the state, - - 500 Having an outline of 1206 Area 58,900 square miles = 35,696,000 acres. Extreme South. North lat. 37 00. Extreme North. North lat. 42 30. , Greatest length from the junction of Ohio and Mississippi, to North lat. 42, 380 miles. Mean width, 150 miles. Illinois is the fourth state of the United States in respect to extent of territory, and the first in point of fertility of soil. Ex- cep ing Georgia, it is also the state whose climate and sea'^ons differ most at the north and south extremities. Extending through five degrees of la'itude, Illinois embraces the greatest extent north and south, of any section of the United States. New York only reaching through four and a half, and Georgia about an equal distance. The latter is indebted to the greater ine- quality of its surface, for the superior va- riety of its climate. Illinois is a country of very little ine- qualit} of surface compared with its great extent. Tiie lower or southern part is rolling rather than hilly, and not one emi- nence in the state, it is probable, would reach 600 feet above the common level- In point of -oil Illinois iidmits a similar classific! tion with Ohio and Indiana ; though in proportion to extent, the former iias less wet irreclaimable land, and more rich prairie than tiie two latter. The state may be considered as rolling in its southern and western, and level in its eastern and north-eastern sections. In its ct't'.tral parts the prairies almost vie in extent with those of Louisiana, Ar- kansaw, and Miss^issippi. Tlieir margins are generally compo. of Tsny. Imola, populous town of Italy, in Ro- magna, with a bishop's see ; seated on the Santerno, 45 miles N by E of Florence. Lon. 11 45 E, lat. 44 28 N. Imperial, pleasant town of South Ame- rica, in Chili, seated on a craggy rock in a charming country. Lon. 72 35 W, lat. 38 40 S. Lichrolm, island in the frith of Forth, near the coast of Fife, but within the coun- ty of Edinburgh. Jnchkeith, desolate little island in Edin- burghshire, in the frith of Forth, lying I N D I N D midway between the ports of Leith and Kinghorn. Here is a ruinous fort. Inchmarnock, beautiful fitlle island of Scntland, SW of the isle of I3ute. It is one mile long, and on the W side :ire vast strata of coral and shells. It derives its name of Inchmarnock f om a chapel dedi- cated to St. M. rnoc, the ruins of '.vhich are still to be seen. Indapour, seaport of the island of Su- matra. I.on 100 50 E, lat. 41 50 N. Independence, township of Sussex county, New Jersey. Population 1820, 1850. Independence, township of Cuyahoga county, Ohio, Population 1820, 354. Independence, poet village and seat of justice. Bond county, Illinois, on Kaskas- kia river, 65 miles a little N of E from St. Louis. India, extensive region in Asia, which lies between 66 and 93 E Ion. and 7 and 25 N lat. Under this name, the Europe- ans have erroneously included all tlie coun- tries which lie S of Tartary, and extend from the eastern frontiers of Persia to the eastern coasts of C'lina. But the name of India can be applied, with propriety to that country only, which is distinguished both in Asia and Eur ipe, by the name of Hindoost»n. The countries to the E of the river Burampooter, namely, Aracan, As- sam, Ava, Burmah, Cambodia, Cochin- China, Laos, Malacca, Pegu, Siam and Ton- quin, which geographers have hitherto distinguished by the name of the Peninsu- la of India beyond the Ganges, are no more to be considered as belonging to India, than the bordering countries of Per- sia, Tartary and Thibet. See Hindoostan. Ijuliana, state of the United States ; bounded by Ohio river S ; tlie state of Il- linois W ; lake Miciiigan NW ; Michigan territory N ; and state of Ohio E. Indiana has an interior boundary on Ohio river opposite Kentucky, from the mouth of Great Miamee, to that of Wa- bash, of - - - - 336 miles Up Wabash river to a meridian line extending from North lat. 39 23, - - - - 150 Alofig meridian line to Lake Mi- chigan, . - . . 160 Along Lake Michigan, to North lat. 41 45. ... 32 East along parallel of North lat. 41 45, to the north-east angle of the state, - - - 110 Due south to the mouth of Great Miamee 185 Having an outline of 973 Area 34,000 square miles ; 21,760,000 acres. The longest line that can be drawn in Indiana, is from its south-west to its north- east angle, 325 miles. Its mean breaJth oetween Ohio and Illi- nois, 150 miles. Extreme south, at the mouth of Wabash, 37 <9. Extreme north, along the territory of Michi<^a;i, 41 45. Tiie position of this state lying length- wise, north and south, exposes it to con- siderable vicissitude of seasons and dif- ference of temperature It is, still less than Ohio, marked by bold and prominent scenery. Advancing towards the lowest depression of the Mississippi basin, its sur- face is in most places monotonous, and in the central and northern parts level and marshy. In every general attributi', the two states of Ohio and Indiana, have, how- ever, so much resemblance, that the same terms of description apply to both. They are in fact naturally, one undivided part of the right slope of tiie Ohio valley; and as such might be connected in geographical description. The prairies which we have found com- mencing in Ohio, expand ui entering In- diana. The central flat, or table land, is also wider in the latter than in the former. The sources of the Idinois, Wabash, St. Joseph, and .Maumee, are all on this table land. The Maumee is a very remarkable stream. Its two superior branches, the St. Joseph and St. Mary's, unite in Indiana. The St. Mary's river rises in Allan, and Mercer county in Ohio, and pursues a north-west course of 65 miles to Fort Wayne. The St. Joseph river rises in Michigan, within less than 20 miles of the mouth of Maumee, flows 80 miles south- west to Fort Wayne, unites with the St. Mary's river at that place, and forms the Maun^ee. The latter, hteraliy turns upon its con-.tituents, flows north-east 60 miles, and falls nito the extreme south-west angle of Lake Erie From the junction of the St Mary's and St. JoS' ph's rivers, at Fort Wuyne, to the navigable sources of Wabash is not 10 mill s. The country before us, is one widely extended flat, interspersed with small lakes, low, long ndges o^' arable land, and much swamp. Prairies extend themselves between the streMms. The waters are sluggish in their descent. The country around the extreme south bay of Lake Mich-gan, has the appearance of the sea marshes of Louisiana. Low fltioded prai- ries intersected by lakes and interlocking creeks. No eminences are seen ; one un- broken horizon encircles the eye. It is the sime, timber excepted, at the mouth of the Maumee. I sailed in a very clear mnrning into the bay at its mouth, and very carefully swept my eye repeatedly around 431 I N 13 I N D the limit of vision, but none, not the small- est swell in the landscape met my view. The resemblance to many a scene I had previously examined in Louisana was in- deed striking. The resemblance is, how- ever, still more strong at the bottom of Michigan, at the north west part of In- diana. In proportion to extent, Indiana does not possess as much arable land as does Ohio. That part of both states, lying within 100 miles of Ohio river, is, as 1 have already observed, a continuation of one natural section, a;id of course similar in common physiognomy. This tract would be found to enter Indiana, n' ar where its western meridian leaves the Wabash, and winding througlj the state, between the sources of White and Wabash rivers, would enter Ohio in Mercer county ; and foUowmg in the latter state tlie general course of Ohio river, would merge into Lake Erie, be- tween Black and Huron rivers in Huron county. This fine margin includes all the hilly, and most of the rolling tracts of both states ; leav.ng to the north-west, the level plains we have already noticed. It will at once be seen by a glance on a map of both states, that the level region of Indiana is much more comparatively extensive than that of Ohio. The civil and political subdivisions of Indiana are the following, with the result of the census of 1820, -ubjoined. Counties Inhahi'ants Square miles To square inile Clarke, 8,709 256 34 Crawford, 2,583 250 10 Davies, 3,432 378 9 Dearborn, 11,468 410 23 Delaware, 3,677 5,400 * Dubois, 1,168 378 3 "Fayette, 5,9^0 400 15 nearly. Floyd, 2,776 360 8 Franklin, 10,763 576 18 Gihs-m, 3,876 430 9 Harrison, 7,875 410 19 Jackson, 4,010 470 8 Jefferson, 8,038 360 22 Jennings, 2,000 300 6 2-3 Knox, 5,437 410 13 Lawrence, 4,116 400 10 Martm, 1,032 910 . 1 Monroe, 2,672 324 8 Owen, 838 520 1§ Orange, 5,368 360 15 Perrv, 2,330 400 5 Pike', 1,472 410 3,^ Posey, 4.061 430 9" Randolph, 1,808 540 3 1-3 Ripley, 1,822 432 4 Scott, 2,334 270 8| Spencer, 1,882 324 5| Sullivan, 3,498 630 5^ Switzerland, 3,934 324 12 Vanderburghl,798 240 7} 432 Vig», 3,390 729 M Wabash, 147 8,000 Wairick, 1,749 410 4 Washington ,, 9,039 470 19 Wayne, 12,119 470 26 147,178 27,372 5 The foregoing estimate embraces all that part of Indiana purchased from the In- dians, and subdivided into counties. A large parallelogram, extending across the entire northern part of the slate, and con- taining^ about 6,630 square miles, continues yet Indian territory. This, added to 27,372, yields within a very small fraction, the same general area which is given in page 431. In a revieviT, however, of the settled parts of Indiana, the counties of Wabash and Delaware with the adjacent Indian county, ought to be excluded, as their extent is beyond every reasonable pro- portion to their population ; and more, these counties are mere momentary divi- sions of convenience, occupying the cen- tral, and otherwise- uniippropriated parts of the state Rejecting therefore the area of these three sections, amounting together to 20,022 square miles, the actually in- habited section of Indiana will be restrict- ed to 13,972, say 14,000 square miles. Deducting 3824, the number of persons given by the census, as inhabitants of De- laware and Wabash, from 147,178, will yield a balance of 143,354, as the compact mass of population in Indiana, on 14,000 square miles, or a little more than lO to the square mile. The progressive population of this state has been exceedmgly rapid, since 1800, at which epoch it stood at 5640. In 1810, the inhabitants amounted to 24,520. The next period often years swelled the popu- lation, as we have seen, to 147,178. This increasing body is composed of whites, 145,758; free persons of colour, 1230, and 190 slaves. They are classed by the census thus : Foreigners not naturalized - 833 Engaged in agriculture, - - 61,315 Do. manufactures, - 3,229 Do. commerce, - - 429 Indiana was admitted into the union as a state, Deceiiibe!', 1816. Ijuliana c mnty of Pennsylvania, bound- ed by Westmoreland S\V ; Armstrong W ; Jefferson N ; Clearfield NE ; and Cambria SE. Length 33 ; breadth 23 ; area 770 square miles Surface hilly broken and soil generally rocky and except near tlte streams barren. It is separated from ■Westmoreland by the Conmaugh river, and mostly drained by the creeks of that stream and others flowing into the Allega- IN© I N D ny, but on its extreme eastern border, the west branch of Susquehannah has its source. Chief town, Indiana. Populaiion in 1810. Free white males - - - 3,199 do do. females ... 3,001 All other persons except Indians not taxed • . - . 14 Slaves, - ... Total population in 1810 - 6,214 Population in 1820. Free white males - - . 4,463 do. do. females - - 4,358 Total whites .... 8,821 Free persons of colour, males - 35 do. do. females - 26 Slaves, males . - - - do. females ... Total population in 1820. - 8,882 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 78 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,950 do. in Manufactures - 304 do. in Commerce - - 12 Population to the square mile, 11. Indiana, post town and seat of justice, Indiana county, Pennsylvania, 26 miles BE from Kittanning, and 35 NE from Greensburg. Indiana, township of Allegany county, Pennsylvania. Jnt//a?i- OW Town, island and township of Penobscot county, Maine, in Penobscot river just above the great falls. Popula- tion about 500 Indians. Indian rivers. There are several small streams so called in the United States. One Washington county, Maine, between Addison, and Jonesborough ; another New Hampshire ; one of the sources of the Con- necticut ; one in New York; the western branch of the Oswegalchie ; a stream of Sussex county, Delaware, heading with the Nantikoke river, and flowing east enters Rehoboth a bay of tlie Atlantic Ocean, 12 miles S from Hinlopen ; a sound of Florida on the Atlantic coast, N lat. 27 ; and a ri- ver of Louisiana, a branch of New river. Indian-river, hundred of Sussex county, Delaware, on Indian river. Population 1820, 1887. Indian-tovm, village, Dorchester county, Maryland, on the left side of the Choptank river, three miles SW from New Market. Indian-to-wn, post village, Currituck coun- ty, North Carolina, 59 miles ENE from Edenton. Indiau'toim, post village, Williamsburg district. South Carolina, on Cedar ci'eek, 80 miles NNE from Charleston. Indian- Wheeling; creek of Belmont 3 1 county, Ohio, falls into Ohio river, oppo- site Wheeling in Virginia. Indies, East, name given by Europeans, to a great number of islands in the Indian Ocean, extending from the peninsula of Hindoostan as far E as New Guinea, and from tlie bay of Bengal and the China Sea as far S as New Holland. The most west- ern of them are the Maldives, and the most eastern the Molluccas: between which are several very large ones, as Cey- lon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Celebes, besides many others of considerable im- portance as to riches, though much inferior in extent. Their produce and other par- ticulars, are described under their several heads. Indies, West, name given to a great num- ber of islands in the Atlantic Ocean, which extend across the entrance of the gulf of Mexico, from the NW extremity of the Bahama islands, off the coast of Florida, to the island of Tobago, 120 miles from the coast of Terra Firnia Cuba is the most western of these i-lands. When Columbus discovered them in 1492, he considered them as part of those vast regions in Asia comprehended under the general name of India, to reach which, by a W course across the Atlantic, had been the grand ob- ject of his voyage ; and this opinion was so general, that Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Castile, in their ratifica- tion of an agreement granted to Columbus, upon his return, gave them the vame of Indies. Even after the error which gave rise to this opinion was detected, and the position of the New World, was ascertain- ed, the name lias remained, and the appel- lation of West Indies is given by all the people of Europe to these islands, and that of Indians to the inhabitants, not only of these islands, but of the continent of Ame- rica. They are likewise called the Carib- bee Islands, from the aborigines of the country : and the sea in which they lie is called the Caribbean Sea. By the French they are called the Antilles : and" nautical men distinguish them, from the different courses taken by ships, into the Leeward and Windward Islands, which see. The name of Caribbee should properly be con- fined to the smaller islands, lying between Porto Uico and Tobago These were in- habited by the Caribs, a fierce race of men, nowise resembling their liniid neighbours in the larger islands. Columbus was a witness to their intrepid valour ; and the same character they have maintained in- variably in all subsequent contests with the Europeans. The British^ islands are Ja- maica, Barbados, St. Christopher, Antigua, Anegadu, Nevis,- Montserrat, Barbuda, An- guilia, Dominica, St. Vincent, Granada, the Bahama Islands, Trinidad, Tobago, St. Lticia and pfart of the Virgin Islands. Cu- 433 I >v G I N bu, Porto Rico and Margarita, belong to the Spaniards. The Frencii have Guada- loupe, Marigalante, Desenda, Hispaniola and Martinico. The Dutch have St. Eus- tatia, Curacao, Sada, and St. Martin. The Danes, St. Thomas, St. Croix, and part of the Virgin Islands. Indi^irka, large river of Russia in north- ern Asia, rises in the Yublonoy mountains, about no miles from the sea of Ochotsk ; and flowing a little E of N by comparative courses 700 miles falls into the Northern Ocean, 350 miles E from the mouth of the Lena. Indore, or Endore, modern citj' of Hin- doostan Proper, capital of a territory in the province of Malvva, subject to one of the Poonah Mahratta chiefs ; 30 miles S of Odgein. Lon. 76 5 E, lat. 24 31 N. Iiidrapore, Dutch Settlement on the W coast of Sumatra, in the E. Indies, 160 miles N\V of IJencoolen. Indre, department of France, Including the late province of Berry. It has its name from a river, which rises in this de- partment, and passing into that of Indre and Loire, falls into the Soire, between Cliinon and Sauniur. Chateauroux is the capital. Indre and Loire, department of Fraixe, which include the late province of Tou- raine. Tours is the capital. Industry, post town and township, So- merset county, Maine, 13 miles W from Norridgewock. Population 1820, 796. Indus, great river of Hindocstan Pro- per, called by the natives Sinde or Sindeh ; formed of about ten principal streams, which descend from the Persian and Tar- tarian mountains. From the city of Attock to Moultan, or to the conflux of the Chu- naub, it is commonly named the river of Attock. Balow the city of Moultan, pro- ceeding in a SW direction, through the province of that name, and that of Sindy, it enters the Arabian Sea, by several mouths, NW from the gulf of Cutch. Ingutsione, town in Essex 23 miles NE of London. Ingersols-store, post village, Seneca coun- ty, New York. Inglesville, post town, Montgomery county, Virginia, 105 miles SW from Lex- ington, and 235 miles NE from Knoxville. Ingleshnin, town of Germany, in the pa- latinate of ihe Rhine, remarkable for hav- ing been the residence of the emperors, seated on ihe river Salva, on an eminence from whence there is a charming pros- pect, five milpsSW of Mentz. Lon. 8 15 E, lat. 49 48 N. Ingleton, town in the W riding of York- shire. IngUng, town of France; now in the de- partment of Moselle, lately in the province of Loriain. 4o1. Ingolsiadi, iiandsome town of Germany and the strongest in Bavaria, with a 'amous university, and a fine church. It is seated on the Danube, five miles NNE of Neu- burg, and 45 N by W of Munich. Lon. 11 10 E, lat. 48 46 N. Ingria, province of the Russian empire, which now forms the government of St. Petersburg, It is 130 miles long and 50 broad ; bounded on the N by the river Neva and the gulf of Finland, on the E and S by the government of Novogorod, and on the W by that of Livonia. The czar Peter the Great, wrested it from the Swedes, and it was confirmed to him by the treaty of Nystadt in 1721. Inliambania, kingdom of Africa,^ lying under the equator. Tonqua is the capital. Inn, river of Germany which has its source in the country of the Gri^on3, at the foot of the mountain Septimerberg. It runs NE through Tirol, by Inspruc, and con- tinuing its course NE through Bavaria passes by Kufstein, Vasseburg, Braunaw, and other towns, and falls into the Danube, between Passau and Instadt. Innaconda, fortress of theDeccan of Hin- docstan, in the Guntior Circar, situated on a hili, 46 miles NW of Ongole, and sub- ject to the nizam of the Deccan. Innerkeithing. See Inverkeithing. Inniclier, town of Germany, in the Tirol, situated on the Drave. Lon, 12 17 E, lat. 46 48 N. Innisclochran, or the Sandy Island, island in the river Shannon, where there was a monastery. Innisfail, one of the ancient names of Ireland. Innisfallen, island in the lake of Killar- ney, in the county of Kerry, and province of Munster. Innishannon, town in the county of Cork, and provinre of Munster, situated on the river Candon, 134 miles from Dublin, and six milts T m Kinsale. Innishirkan, island between Cape Clear island and Baltimore bay, in the county of Cork. l7miskilling,tov/n of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Fermanagh, witli a strong fort, it be- ing a pass of the greatest importance from the N to the S of Ireland. It is seated in the middle of Lough Earne, where that great lake is contracted, for about six miles, to the breadth of an ordinary river. It is 20 miles E of Bailyshannon. Lon. 6 50 W. lat. 54 25 N. Innthal, district of Germany, in the Ti- rol, watered by the river Inn. Inspruc is the capital. Innviertal, extensive district of the Aus- trian empire, between the Danube Inn, and Sabza. Itiowsladislotv, strong and considerable town of Poland, and capital ofCuiavia^ 1 X \ I R A with a fort and a palace where the bishop of Cujavia resides. It is 37 miles NE of Gnesnia, and 70 W of Warsaw. Lon. 18 50 B, lat. 52 58 N. Inspire, populous town of Germany, in the Tirol, capital of the district of Innthal, with a strong; castle, formerly the resi lence of the archdukes of Austria. It is sated in a pie.isant valley, on the river Inn, 27 miles N\V of Brlxen, and SO'S of Munich, Lon. 11 37 E. lat. 27 10 N. Instadt. See Passau. Insterbnrg, city of Lithuania, in Prussia, %vhere the inhabit *nts, who are in number about three thousand, tr.^de principally in beer and grain. Lon. 21 40 E, lat. 54 40 N. Iiiterlachen, town of Swisserland, 33 miles SE of Bern. Tnverary, royal borough in Argyleshire, seated on the N\V side ot L cU Eyne. In the neiglibourhood of this place is a con- siderable iron w>rk It is 75 mies NW of Edingburgh an i 45 of Glasgow. Lon. 5 VV, lat. 56 16 N Inverary, small bor >ugh in Ahc'deen- shire, situated on llie beauii'ul and fer de banks of the Don, ju-t above its confluence with the river called Urie Water. It is 15 miles NW of Abe. le^n. Inverbervie. See Bervie. Inveresk, village in Kdinb'irghshire, sit- uated on the E side of the mouth of the river Esk, on the Frith of Forth, In 17S3, the sul)terrancous remains of a Roman h\- pocaust, or hot bath, were discovered here. Iiiverkeithing; roy.il borough in Fifeshire, situated on the Frith of Forth. It has a beautiful bay with a g )od harbour, and considerable trade in co-»l and other arti- cles; and is 18 miles NW of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 25 W, lat 57 N. Inv'eriochif, ancient castle in the neigh- bouriiood of Fort Wi liam, in Inverness- shire Inverness, royal borough of Scotland, capital of a coiinty of the same name, sit- uated on the -S bank of the river Ness, and overio'tking the frith of Murray. It has a safe and convenient harbour. To the W of this town is the remarkable vit- rified fort called Craig «Phadrick ; the stones composing its walls, aj)pear to have been partly melted bv fire. Inverness is 50 miles NE of Fort William, and 106 N of Edinburgh, Lon. 4 10 W, lat. 57 34 N, Inverness-shire, includes the subdivisions of Badenoch, Lochaber, Inverness-shire, Skie, and Harris, with a small part of Ross-shire and Murr.aysbire. It is bounded on the N by Ross-shire ; on the E by Nairnshire, .Vlurraysliire, and Aberdeen- fshire ; on the S by Perthshire and Argyle- shire ; and on the W bv the Western Sea, It is, exclusive of the isles, about 80 miles long from B to W, and 50 broad from N to S. It abounds with iron ore, anl pr.idu- ces plenty of oak and fir; it abou.uls with pastures, but little corn, and is reckoned one of the most barren counties in Scot- land Populition 1801, 74 292; in 1811, 78,336; md in 1821, 9 J, 157. Inverness, townsliip ot Bucking!iam coun. ty. Lower Canada, on the waters of Becan- cour river, 50 mil -s SSW from Qacbec. Ionian, or Republic of the Seven Islands. Thi, recently estalilisJit-d nominal republic, is composed of the islands alo ig the SW coast of Gri^ece, from lat. 36 to 40. Tlie seven principal islands, wiiich gives name to the y.'.ite, are Corfu, ancient Corcyra, Cepiialonia, Z .nte, Santa Maun, Ithaca, Cerigo, an 1 Paxo. Enli e a. e ., about 1500 square miles, auvl pcipl.d by 200,0'JO in- hubitun's. Since the Cong! ess of Vienna, in 1815, the Ionian rep:!biic has been aban- dji'cd 'O he British governniint. Ijvm River, of uie NW territory of the Unit d 81 4es, rises with tl>e Des Moines liver, and fiowing p.ir.ilel, falls into the righ' side of the Mississippi, ut N lat 41. Ipsa'a, Ciipso.la, or Skipsilar, town of Europe ill Turkey, on the Marit-za, 20 miles above its mouth and 45 miles below Adrian<'[)!e IpsaJa, town of Turkey in Europe, with a Greek ardihisiiop's see. It is seated on the Larissa, 20 mil-'s SW of Trajanopoli, and 118 W of Constantinople. Lon. 26 10 E, lat. 40 57 N Ipsarfl ancient Psyra, small island of the Grecian Archipelago, 12 m Ics NW from Scio. Population about 16,000. Ipsxv/ch, borough and seaport in Suffolk, with a market on Wedneday, Friday, and Saturday. It is a place of gr. at antiquity, and ivas once surrounded by a wdl, traces of wiiich are yet to be een. It contains 12 par.sli churches, aguild-iiaii, two hospitals, a free-school, and a custom-house, with a .good quay. It is noied for being the binh-place of cardinal Wnj-iey; and is seated on the Oiv.ell, 26 miles SEof Rury St. Edmunds, and 69 NE of London, Lon. 1 16 E, lat. 52 8 N lps~ivich, sea port and post town in Essex county, .Massachusetts ; situated on the river Ipswich, 12 miles S of Ncwburyport, and 10 NW of Beverley, in the lat. of 42 43 N, and lon. of 71 W. Population in 1820, 2553. Irac, in Asia, divided into Trac .Arabic, and Irac Agemi. Irac .Irabia, or Babylo- nian Irac, is watered by the Euphrates and Tigris ; and is almost all under the dominion of the Turks, and forms the Pachalic of Bagdad. Bagd.id is the capital. Irac Jlgeini, or Persian Trac, province of Persia ; bounded on the W by Irac Arabia and Kusistan, on the N by Aderbeisfan anj 435 1 R E, 1 K E Ghilan, on the E by Khuzistan, and on the S by Farsistan. Ispahan is the capital. Irasbvrff, post village and township, of Orleans county, Vermont, 40 miles S from Montpelier. Population 400. JrNtskaia, town of Russia, in Peru, on the Irbit river, 140 mil-s NE from Ekate- rinenberg. Lon. 62 50 E, lat. 57 35 N. Ireby, town in Cuniberiand ; it is 10 miles NE of CockeniHuth, and 299 NNW of London. Lon 3 18 W, lut. 54 50 N , Iredell, county of North Carolina ; bound- ed by Mecklenburg S; Lincoln SVV ; Burke W ; Wilkes NW ; Surry N, and Rowan E. Length 40 ; width 20 ; area 800 square miles. Surface hilly, and in part mountainous. Soil fertile. Chief town, Statesville. Population In 1810. Free white males do. do. females All other persons except In- dians not taxed Slaves .... Total population in 1810, 4,312 4,223 .5 2,432 . 16,172 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - 5,040 5.018 Total whites .... 10,058 Free persons of colour, males . , 15 do. do. females 10 Slaves, males . - - 1,438 do. females - - - 1,550 Total population in 1820 . 13,071 Of these } Foreigners not naturalized . 2 Engaged in Agriculture . - 3,462 do. in Manufactures - 345 do. in Commerce - . 29 Population to the square mile, 16. Irekin, Jerkin, or Yarkan, rich and popu- lous town of Tartary, the capital of Bocha- ria, with a castle. It is the staple town of all the trade carried on between India and the N part of Asia. The Kalmucks are masters of It ; and never disturb any one on account of their religion. It is eight miles N of Cashgur. Lon. 73 25 E, lat. 41 40 N. Ireland, large island of Europe, lying to the W of that of Great Britain. It is 280 mile.s in length, and 160 in breadth ; bound- ed on -.he E by St. George's channel and the Irish sea, which separate it from Eng- land and Wales ; on the NE by a channel, called the North Channel, 34 miles broad, which separates it from Scotland ; and on every other side by the Ocean. It con- tains about 19,436,000 acres. Ireland is divided into four provinces; namely, Ul- 436 ster to the N, Leinster to'lhe E, Munster to the S, and Connaught to the W : and tliese are subdivided into 32 counties. Ulster contains the counties of Down, Ar- magh, Monaghan, Cavan, Antrim, London- derry, Tyronne, Fermanagh, and Donegal ; Leinster has those of Dublin, Louth, Wick- low, Wexford, Longford, East Meath, West Meath, King's county. Queen's coun- ty, Kdkenny,*Kildare, and Carlow : Mun- ster includes Clare, Cork, Kerr}', Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford: and Connaught has Leitrim, Roscommon, Mayo, Sligo, and Galway. The climate of Ireland is mild and temperate, but more humid than in England. In general, it is a level coun- try, well watered with lakes and rivers ; and the soil, in most parts, is very good and fertile ; even in tliose places where the bogs and morasses have been drained, there is good meadow ground. It produ- ces corn, hemp, and flax, in great plenty ; and there are so many cattle, that beef and butter are exported to foreign parts ; and not only the English, but other ships, fre- quently come to be victualled here. The other commodities are hides, wool, tallow, wood, salt, honey, and vva.x. The princi- pal manufacture, is fine linen cloth, which is brought to great perfection, and the trade in it is very great. This country i.s well situated for foreign trade on account of its many secure and commodious bays and harbours. Its principal rivers are the Shannon, Foyle, Liftey, Boye, Sure, Bar- row, Blackwater, and Lee. The laws of Ireland differ but little from those of Eng- land ; and the established religion is the same ; but the majority of the people are Roman catholics, and yet retain their nomi- nal bishops and dignitaries. I'he ecclesi- astical districts are four archbishoprics and eighteen bishoprics ; the former are Ar. magh, Dublin, Cashel, and Tuam ; the latter are Dromore, Down, and Connor, Londonderry, Raphoe, Clogher, Kilmore and Ardagh, Meath, Kildare, Ferns and Leighlin, Ossory, Waterford and Lismore, Cloyne, Cork, and Ross, Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe, Killaloe and Kilfenora, Clonfert and Kilmacduagh, Elpin, and Kil. lala and Achonry. Formerly, this king, dom had a parliament, which was subordi- nate to that of Great Britain ; but, in 1800, it was deemed expedient for the welfare of Ireland that it should be united to Great Britain. The two parliaments passed acts for that purpose, and the two kingdoms, at the commencement of 1801, were styled the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland : and 32 peers (four of them bish- ops) and 100 commoners of Ireland, are elected to represent that country in the Imperial Parliament, assembled in England. The lord lieutenant of Ireland, as well as the council, are appointed, from time t9 I.'ft E I R E time, by the king. The eountry people ill Ireland, uncorrupted by commerce, are remarkably hospitable, and very warm in all their affections. The stranger, who has dwelt in a commercial city, and been long inured to that general neglect of the pious offices of humanity, which the inces- sant pursuit of gain produces, on passing through their country, is surprised at the earnestness they manifest in serving him, or in helping him on his way : he is also astonished on observing how these simple people reckon upon a similar disposition, as a thing of course, in the country about : " 1 am sorry I cannot go with you now, but when you get to the house beyond, why Mr. Such-a-one will send a boy with you, till you are after crossing the bog, and then you will soon be at the village ; and why, if you cannot stay all night with them, they will some of them go with yon." Such are the unaffected replies the traveller meets with in this hospitable land ; and even in the towns, formality and etiquette, are often so lost in hearty salutations, and a familiar manner of address, that the stran- ger soon feels himself at home, and imagines the people about him all relations. It is a most grievous circumstance, that this amia- ble people should sometimes be provoked to rise upon those who are over them, when, unhappily giving a loose to their revenge, they sometimes commit such vio- lent acts, as to induce those who do not know their provocations, to think they are wantonly barbarous, instead of barbarously avengeful. The condition of the common people has been always very wretched : they were so poor, and it was so hard for them to get a livelihood, that they fre- quently went into other countries to seek their fortunes ; and, particularly, great numbers went over to the plantations in America. Their diet consists chiefly of coarse bread, potatoes, and butter-milk ; the favourite liquor is usquebaugh, an ar- dent distillation from corn ; and the rural cottage is a wretched hovel of mud. The manners of the superior classes differ little from those of the same rank in England ; but the gentry are more addicted to hunt- ing and other robust exercises, than to literature and the arts. That part of the inhabitants, called the Wild Irish, were formerly as savage as the native Ameri- cans ; and, like them, lived in huts, making a fire in the middle of them, but is it to be hoped, that all the rude and barbarous cus- toms, as well as every other trace of wretchedness and degradation, will vanish in time, and such measures be taken as shall remove all restrictions on their trade and commerce, and admit them to an equal share of all the advantages enjoyed by the empire of which they make a part. Dublin is the capital Populatisn of Ireland in 1821. LEiNSTER. COUNTIES. Carlow ^ - 81,28r Drogheda Town - . 18,118 Dublin County - . . 160,274 Dublin City . - 186,276 Kildare . - 101,715 Kilkenny County - - 157,096 Kilkenny City > - 23,230 King's County - - - 132,319 Longford - - - 107,702 Louth - - 101,070 Meath - . 174,716 Queen's County . - 129,391 Westmeath - - 128,042 Wexford - - - 169,304 Wicklow - - 115,162 1,785,702 MUNSTER. Clare - - 209,595 Cork county - - 702,000 Cork City - . 100,535 Kerry - - 205,037 Limerick County - - 214,286 Limerick City - - - 66,042 Tipperary • - 353,402 Waterford County - - 127,679 Waterford City - 26,787 2,005,363 ULSTER. Antrim . - 261,601 Armgah . - 196,577 Carrickferges T. - 8,255 Cavan . - 194,330 Donegal . - 249,483 Down . - 329,348 Fermanagh . - 130,399 Londonderry - - 194,099 Monaghan - - 178,183 Tyrone - 259,691 2,001,966 CONNAUGHT. Galway county - - 268,921 Galway town - • 27,827 Leitrim - - 105,976 Mayo - - 297,538 Roscommon • - 207,777 Sligo - - - 127,879 1,053,918 SUMTMART. ] rUHABITANTS. Leinster . - 1,785,702 Munster • - 2,005,363 Ulster - - 2,001,968 Conn aught . 1,053,918 Total 6,846,949 437 1 H R I s (; N. B When the defici lAces in this ta- ble shall have been supplied by the final returns of the enumerator-, as certified Dy the Mutfistrates, the tot I - umber of the inhabitants will, it is thought, amount to upwa: ds of se^jen millions. Ireland, township of Buckingham county, Lower Canada, on Pitt lake, 50 miles S from Quebec. Ireland, JVew. See Britain, JVew. Irish 5Vn, that wide strart of the Atlantic Ocean, between Great Britain and Ireland. Irishtoimi- See Kilkenny. Irjab, tiwn of the country of Cabul, seated near a western branch of the Indus, 110 miles SSW of Cabul. Lon. 68 25 E, lat. 33 20 N. Irkeu, or Irkien. See Tarkan. Irkoziisk, city of Asiatic Russia, on the Augara river. It is the capital of the vast jjovernmeut of the same name. Lon. 103 30 E, lat. 52 16 N. Irkutsk, largest and least populous go- vernment of the Rtissian empire, compri- sing all the E p.irt of Siberia, from the Northern Ocean to the frontif-rs of Cliinese Tartary, and from the boundaries of the government of Tobolsk to 'he Eastern Ocean. This large territory was gradually conquered ad appropriated by the Rus- Slims in their desultory excursions from Tobolsk. It is'divided into the four pro- vinces of Irkutzk, Nertshinsk, Yakutsk, and Okotsk. Irois, Cape, western extremity of His- paniola, or St Domingo. Iron-acton, village in Gloucestershire, at the c nfluxof the Staure and Laden, which form the river Frome, 10 miles NE of Bristol. Much iron has formerly been dug up, and many iron works, and great heaps of cinders are to be seen here. Irondequot, bay of lake Ontario, in Mon- roe c unty. New York. Irondequot, cre< k of Monroe co nty. New York, discharges its waters into the bay of tl-.e same name. The Gi^itid Wes- tern Canal of New York crosses this ere k, by very expensive and massive work-^. See JVavigation Inland. Iron Moiintaim, local term for that ridge of the Appalachian chain, which separates North Carolina from Tennessee. Iroquois, Pointe ^iux, St. Lawrence couniy, New York, on the river St Law- rence, six or sevi n miles above the R:.pid plat, it is aiivantageoiisly sitna ed for commanding the passage up and down the St. L;)kingum couniy, Ohio, 12 miles NW from Zanesville. Irvitie, or Ii-imt river of Scotland, in Ayrshire, which descending from the mountains on the E, p.,sses by Derval, Newmilis, Gals'.on and Riccarton, and falls into the frith of Clyde, close by the town oflrvine. Irvine, or Irwin, royal borough and sea- port in AjTihire, seated at the mouth of a river of the same name, on the frith of Clyde, 15 mile.> E of ihe isle of Arran, and 60 W by S ot Edinburgh. Its chief tratle is the exportiiig of coal to Ireland. Lon. 2 41 W, lat. 55 32 N. Ir-well, river in Lancashire, which rises above B' Iton, flows thence to Manchester, and falls into the Mersey, below Fhxton. Irxvin, county of Georgia, bounded by- Florida south, by Early W ; Doolen N ; Telfa r NE ; and Apphng E ; length 70 ; breadth 48 ; area 3360 square miles. The Ock l ckonne, Suwauny and Lttle St. Ilia rivers rise in this county ; the general sur- face is level. Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females - - - Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females - Slaves, m les _ . . - do. females - . . Total papulation in 1820 172 200 372 27 12 411 131 Ofthe^e; Foreigners not naturali2ed Engaged in \griculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Isabella, ancient town of St. Domingo, fonndert by Columbus, about 90 miles E by N from Ct.pe Francois. Isalella, St island of the South Sea, dis- cover d by the Spaniards in 1568. It lies ofl" tie Intendancy of Guadalaxara. Lat. 21 50 N. IsbellsvUle, post village. Christian county Kentucky. Ischia, island of Naples ; ancient Oena- ritt, or Pithecusa, 15 miles in circuit, 'lying I S L three miles off the coast of Terra di Lavo- ra. ' It is full of agreeable valleys which produce excellent fruits; mounttins, on which grow vines of an exquisite kind, rivers, and fine gardens. Ischiu, city of Naples, capital of an island of the same' name. Lon. 14 2 E, lat. 40 41 N. Iselstein, town of the United Provinces, in that of Utrecht, seated on the Issel, four miles S\V of Utrecht, henarts, o' Eisenarts, town of Germany, in Stiria, famous for iron mines, 30 miles NWof Gratz. Lon, 15 4E, lat. 47 25 N Isenach, town of Germany, in the cir- cuit of Upper Saxony, from whence a Sax- on prince takes (he ti'le of duke. Lon. 9 17 E, lat. 51 N, henbitnr, large town of Germany, capi- tal of a county of the same name, in the elec'.orate of Treves, with a castle ; seated on a river, eight N bv E ofCoblentz, Lon. 7 34 E, la. 50 32 N Isenberg, principality of Germany, di- vided between the houses of Hesse-Cassel and Hes^e-Darmsta !t, Isenghei7i, town of the Netherlands, with the title of a principality, seated on the river Mandera, Lon, 3 18 E, lat. 50 44 N. Iser, river of Germany, which rises on the confines of Tirol and Bavari.i, and passi-g by Munich and Landschnt, falls into the D aube, between Straubing and Passau. Isere, department of France, including part of ihr late province >f Dauphiny. It is so named from a river which rises on the confines of Savoy, and falls into the Rhone, above Valence. Grenoble is the capital. Isertohn. or Lohn, town of Germany in the circle of We.>tphalia, 32 mil^s from Cologn, where they manufacture ribands, &c. " Isemia, town of Naples, in Molise, with a bishop's see It is -eated at the foot of the .\ppenines, 12 miles W of M lise, and 46 N of Naples. Lon. 14 24 Ef lat. 41 36 N Isignif seaport of France, in the dep -rt- menl of Calvados, and late province of Nor- mandy, noted for its salt works, cide-r and its butter. It is 15 mi es 'V by N of lia- yeux, Lon. 59 W, lal, 48 20 N his. See Thames. Islands, Bay of, bay of New Zealand, at the N extremity of the most northern of of the two islands that go under that name. Island creek, township of Jtfl", rson coun- ty, Ohio. Population 1820. 1617. Islay, or Ila, island of Scotland, one of the H bri.les, to the SW of Jura. Its greatest length is 25 miles ; its bre dth 18. The principAl village is Bowtnore, v,-hich I b L has a convenient harbour. The face of th country is hilly. Popul.ition about 12.000. \rea 154,000 acres. h!s, mix Petite Bois, small island of Ala- bama, between the gulf of Mexico and Pascag'iula sound. Isle aiix Crudres, island and seigniory, Nort! lumber and cnunty. Lower Canada, in St. Lawrence river. Isle anx jYoix, island of Lower Canada, in Sorrel river, about 11 miles below its efflux from lake Champlain. Isle-Jdatn, town of France, now in the department of Seine and Ose, lately in the province of thf Isle of France, with a castle seated on the Oise, 20 miles N by W ot Paris Lon, 2 13 E, lat. la' . 49 7 N, Islebnrough, township of Hancock coun- ty, Maine. Population in 1820, 639. Isle of Beeves, islaid of North America, in the ba\ of Campeachy, 17 mdes long and eight broal. It isfertile, and abounds in cattl • and fruits. Isle-Dien. small island of France, 14 miles from the coast of Poitou It was taken by the English in 1795, but soon after evacuated. Lon. 2 15 W, lat. 46 55 N. Jsle-da France. See France, Isle of. Isle Jesus, inland and seij^niory, Effing- ham county. Lower Canada. It is situi^ted NE from the island of Montreal, with an mtervening channel of St. Liv-rence river. Isle-Jourdain, town of France, now in thf department of Gers and lately in »he province of Armagn .i A M lyaroiina, on \he right bank of Edisto river, 34 miles W from Charleston. Jacksonboroug'/i, Scriven county, Georgia on the point between liriar creek and Beaver-dam creek, about 70 miles NW from Savannah. Jackso7isburg , post town and seat of jus- tice, Campbell county, East Tennessee, 50 miles NE by N from Knoxville. Jacksons-jMUls, post office, Harrison county, Virginia. Jacksons river, rises in the S angle of Pendleton county, Virginia, and flowing SSW enters Bath county, through which it meanders by comparative courses about 50 miles, and turning abruptly to NE joins JJowpasture river, and together forms James river. Jackson town, post village, Jackson county, Tennessee. Jacksonville^ settlement or town, in Vio- let township, Fairfield county, Ohio, 18 miles from Lancaster, on the road from that town to Delaware. Jacksonville, or Telfairton, post village and seat of justice, Telfair county, Georgia, near the north bank of the Ockmulgee ri- ver, about 70 miles W from Savannah, Jacksonville, township of Adams county, Ohio, 20 miles E from West Union. Po- pulation 1820, uncertain. Jacobs creek, branch of Yough river, in Pennsylvania. Jacobstoxun-, township of Belmont county Ohio. Population 1820, uncertain. Jacques Cartier, river of Lower Canada, rises into the intermediate space between the river St. Anne, and Jeaune, and flowing SW falls into the NE side of St. Lawrence river in the SE angle of the Barony of Portneuf. Jacques Cartier, seigniory, Hampshire county. Lower Canada, extending from the N bank of St. Lawrence river, between the seigniory of D'Auteuil, and the barony of Portneuf, crossing the rivers Jacques Car- tier, Savonnis, and St. Anne. Jacn, strong and handsome town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a bishop's see, and a castle. It is seated in a country pro- ducing excellent fruits, and very fine silk, at the foot of a mountain, 15 miles SW of Bueza. Lon. 3 22 W, lat. 37 38 N. Jae7i, provmce of Spain in the E part of Andaluzia, bounded yv by Cordova ; S by Granada ; E by iMurcia, and Granada, and N by La Mancha. Area 4730 square miles. Population about 210,000. Jean is tlie ca- pital. Staples, wine, oil, silk and corn. Jaen de Bracamoros, province of Colom- bia in Quito, bounded N by Loja and Quix- os; E by Mainas, and S and W by Peru. Population 13,000. See Cohmbin. Jaen, city of Colombia, in the province of Jaen, about 300 miles S from Quito. Lon. "W 01 30 W, ht. 5 25 S. Jajj'a, town of Palestine, formerly called Joppa, and entirely fallen from its ancient grandeur. It is 50 miles NW of Jerusalem. Lon. 35 E, lat. 32 16 N. Jafiiupatam, seaport of Ceylon, whence are exported great quantities of tobacco, and some elephants, wiiich are accounted the most docile of any in the world. The Dutch took it from the Portuguese in 1658 ; and it was taken by the English in 1795, It stands at the N end of the island, 100 miles N of Candy. Lon. 80 10 E, lat. 9 45 N. Jaffrey, post town in Cheshire county. New Hampshire, lying near the boundary line between this State and Massachusetts, about 70 miles SW of Portsmouth, and 25 eastward of Connecticut river. Popula- tion 1820, 1339. Great Monadnock moun- tain is in this township. Jagamaut, town of Hindoostan, in the province of Orissa. Here is a famous pa- goda, one of the first objects of Hindoo veneration, and an excellent seamark. it stands on the bay of Bengal, 48 miles S of Cattack. "Lon. 86 6 E, lat. 19 50 N. Jaffenidorf, town and castle of Silesia, capital of a province of the same name ; seated on the Oppa, 13 miles NW of Trap- pan. Lon. 17 44 E, lat. 50 N. Jaghire, district of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, subject to the English East India Company. It extends 101 miles along the coast, from Alemparve on the S, to Lake Pullicate on the N, and is 47 miles inland in the widest part. Madras is the chief place, Jago, St. largest and most fertile of the Cape Verd Islands, 10 miles long and five broad. It abounds with high barren mountains ; and the air, in the rainy sea- son, is unwholesome to strangers. The animals are beeves, horses, asses, mules, deer, goats, hogs, civet-cats and monkeys. Here are fowls and birds of almost all sorts ; and maize, plantains, bananas, poni- pions, oranges,, lemons, tamarinds, pine- apples, cocoa-mits, guavas, tar, apples and sugar-canes. It has also some cedar-trees, and plenty of cotton. Ribeira Grande is the capital, but the governor resides at Porto Praya. Jago, 5'^ capital of Chili, and a bishop's see, with a good harbour, and a royal audi- ence. Beside the cathedral, there are three parish churches, and eight monaste- ries. The inhabitants, about 40,000, are native Americans and Spaniards. Here are several canals, and a dyke, by means of which they water the gardens and cool the streets. It is seated in a beautiful plain, at the foot of the Andes, on the river Mapo- cho. Lon. 71 45 W, lat. 34 10 S. Jagode-Cnba, St. formerly capital of the island of Cuba. Lon. W C 1 28 E, lat. 20 15 N. Jamaica, island of the West Indies, dis< 445 .1 A M .( A M covered by Columbus, in 1494. It lies 30 leagues W of St. Domingo, nearly the same distance S of Cuba, and is of an oval figure, 170 miles long and 60 broad, con- taining 4,080,000 acres. A ridge >f hills runs lengthwise from E to W, whence nu- merous rivers t^ke their rise on both sides ; and though none of them are navigable, even for barges, yet the sugars are carried upon many ol" them in canoes, from the re- mote plantations to the seaside ; some of them run under ground for a considerable space, particularly the Cobre and Pedra. The year is distinguished into two seasons, the wet and dry ; but the rains are not so frequent as formerly, which is supposed to be owing to the cutting down of the woods. About nine in the morning it is so intoler- ably hot, that it would be difficult to live, if the easterly breeze did not arise to cool the air. Sometimes the nights are pretty cool, and there are great dews, which are deemed unwholesome, especially to new comers. The months of July, August and September, are called the hurricane months, because then they are me most frequent : and there is lightning almost every night. The central mountains of Jamaica rise in some of their peaks to 7430 feet above the level of the Ocean. The seasons partake of the variety of elevation. The southern slope of the island spreads into immense plains, generally covered with sugar cane. The whole cultivated surface of the island, amounts to about 1,000,000 of acres The government of Jamaica is a true British colonic establish- ment, vested in a governor, appointed and only amenable to the crown ; a council composed of 12 members whose powers emanate from the same source with those of the governor ; and a house of assembly composed of 43 members who are elected bv, and represent the freeholders. ' The general produce of this island is sugar, rum, molasses, ginger, cotton, indigo, pimenta, cocoa, coffee, several kinds of woods, and medicinal drugs. It has some tobacco, but not good, and used only by the negroes, who can scarcely live \yithout it; also maize, Guinea corn, and peas of various kinds, with variety of roots. Fruits are in great plenty, such as oran- ges, lemons, shaddocks, citrons, pomegra- nates, ])ine-apples, prickly pears, melons, pompions, guavas and many other sorts. The principal town is Kingston ; but St. Jago de la Vega, or Spanish town, is the seat of government. Progressive popula- tion of Jamaica. 1746. Whites .... 10,000 Slaves .... 112,428 1812, Whites and free coloured persons 40,000 Slaves . - . . 319,912 446 Jamaica, township of Windham county, Vermont, 35 miles SW from Windsor. Po- pulation about 1000. Jamaica, fine post village of New York, Queens county. Long Island, 13 miles E from New York. Population of the town- ship, about 2500 The village contains an academy, and three or four places of pub- lic wor-hip. Jamana, capital of a principality in Ara- bia Felix, seated on the river Astan, 150 miles W of Eleatif. Jamba, city of the Hither India, and the capital of a province of the same name. Lon. 81 55 E, lat. 31 21 N. Jumboli, territory of Turkey, in Europe, lying on the Archipelago. Jambi, or Jambis, seaport and small kingdom on the E coast of the island of Sumatra. The Dutch have a fort here, and export pepper hence, with the best sort of canes. It is 160 miles N of Ben- coolen. Lon. 102 35 E, lat. 59 N. James Bay, the southern extension of the sea of Hudson, or Hudson's bay. It abounds with islands of various extent, and reaches as far south as lat. 52 N, receiving a num- ber of rivers, some of which are of great length and magnitude, the principal are Albany, Moose, Hurricane, and East Maine. James City, county of Mrginia, between York and James iver, and bounded by War- wick SE ; James river and Chickihominy river SW; New Kent NVV; and York ri- ver and York county NE. Length 23 ; mean width about 8 ; and area 184. Sur- face I'ather waving than hilly. Soil gene- rally sterile. Chief town, Williamsburg. Population in 1810. Free whitts, males - - 686 do. do. females - - 668 All other persons, except Indians not taxed ... - 420 Slaves - - - - - 2,320 Total population in 1810 - - 4,094 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 511 do. do, females 506 Total whites .... 1,017 Free persons of colour, males - 218 do. do. females - 249 Slaves, males ... 888 do- females ... 789 Total population in 1820 - - 3,161 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,144 do. in Manufactures - - 44 do. in Commerce - - 1 Population to the square mile. 17, J A U JAM James citij, post town, Madison county, Virginia. James, island on the coast of South Ca- rolina, between Stono river, and Charleston harbour. James Island, island of Africa, 30 miles up the river Gambia, and three miles from its nearest shore. Here the English have a fort and factory. Lon. 16.0 \V, lat. 13 15 N. James Toivii, ancient town in James City county, Virginia, planted as early as 1607, and made the seat of colonial government ; it is situated on the N bank of James river, in lat, 37 9 N, and lon. 74 10 W, at the distance of eight miles S from Williams- burg, and 32 SE from Richmond. It is now in ruins. Jumes river, river of Virginia, is formed from two branches, Jacksons river, and Cowpasture river, both rising in Bath and Penf'leUm counties, and uniting in the northern angle of Bottetourt county. It thence flows by comparative courses SSE 35 miles to Patonsburg, where it turns to ENE 20 miles to the foot of the Blue ridge, in Rockbridge county, and receivmg from the north a large accession of vater, by the Great Calfpasture river, turns to SE and pierces the mountain, at lat. 37 35, and Ion. W C 2 30 W. From i",s passage through the Blue Ridge, tiiis noble stream, with many partial windings, but a general comparative course of a little souih of east, 270 miles unites with Chesapeak bay be- tween Old Point Comfort and Lynhaven bay. Itsmou'h between Hampton and the mouths of Elizabeth and Nansemond rivers, is known by the name of Hampton Roads. The tide flows up James river to the first falls at Richmond. Ships of the line of the largest class can enter its mouth Vessels of 40 guns can be iiavigited to James town, and those of 250 tons to War- wick, smaller vessels of 125 or 130 tons as- cend to Rockets about one mile below Richmond. A canal cut around the falls or rapids, opens a boat navigation 230 miles still higher. The Board of Public Works in Virginia, have given many statements of the utility, and suggested the practicability of a canal connexion between James and Ohio rivers. In order to enable the reader to form his own 'opinion on this interesting subject, from correct data, the following geographi cal notice and table are subjoined. It will be perceived from the table, that to con- nect James and Kenhiiwa rivers, two routes are proposed ; one by Jacksons and Greenbriar rivers ; and another by Craigs creek branch of James river, and by Sink- ing creek branch of Kenhavva. Mr. Briggs, in a communication to the board of works, through Mr. Pe\'ton, its SMretary, has given the genera! levels ef the sources of Craig's creek, that branch of James river which interlocks with Sinking creek branch of Kenhawa, in the great val- ley SW of the Blue Ridge. These ele- ments are of the utmost consequence in forming a correct idea of the country over which canals are designed to be drawn, to unite James and Kenhawa rivers. The fol- lowing short geographical description will serve to inform the reader of the locality of the two creeks so particularly noticed in the annexed table. Craig's creek is formed by two branches, John's creek, and Crai.g's creek proper, both rising in Giles county, in Virginia, at N lat. 37 20 and 3 30 W lon. from W C. Both branches flow northeast into Bote- tourt county, in which they unite, and fall into James river, about 15 miles belov^ the junction of Jackson's and Cowpasiures rivers, after a comparative course of 40 miles. Sinking creek rises between Pond and Walker's mountains, and between John's and Craig's creeks, in Giles county, flows southwest 25 miles, and falls into Great Kenhawa, at N lat. 37 17, and W lon. 3 42 from W C. Miles. Perches, Above tide,feet, James river at the mouth of Craig's creek - 925 To the mouth of John's creek, following the bends of the watercourse 48 300 270 Highest spring tributary to Craig's creejt - - 8 266 2398 To the lowest point on the dividing ridge - - - 116 2551 To the nearest stream tri- butary to Sinking creek 98 2509 To the mouth of "-inking creek - - - 34 51 1585 Following James river up to the mouth of Jack- son's river, and thence to the mouth of Bish- op's creek, dividing Bath from Botetourt county, the point of junction be- tween Jackson's river' and Duid.ip's creek was found to be - - 1238 Thence to the lowest point on the dividing ridge 16 69 2478 To the mouth of Howard's creek into Greenbriar ri- ver, near Levvisburg, in Greenbriar county - 12 00 1640 From the mouth of Sink- ing creek to that of Greenbriar river, is 55 jniles, and from the mouth of Howard's creek to that of Green- briar river, 50 miles. U7 A iV Elevation of mouth of J/. P. Ft. Greenbriar - - 1333 To Bowyer's Ferry - 46 130 930 Kenhawa at the foot of the Great Falls - - 20 240 589 Ohio river at the mouth of Kenhawa - - 94 000 481 The reacter, from a comparison of the relative elevations of any given route hi- therto rendered navigable by canals, can easily determine the probability of effect- ing such an object, by either of the above routes, through the Appalachian ridges. Jameslo-im, township of Newport county. Long Island, embracing and commensur- ate with Convenient island. Population in 1820, 448. Beaver tail lighthouse is at the S end of the island. Jamestown, town of Chatauque county. New York. Population in 1820, uncertain. Jamestown, post town, Prince Edward county, Virginia. Jamesto-itni, small town or village, in Sil- ver creek township. Green county, Ohio, containing one store. Jamestow7i, borough of Ireland, in the county of Leitrim, seated on the Shannon, five miles S by E of Carrick, and 73 NW of Dublin. Lon. 8 29 W, lat. 53 51 N, Jamestown, town of Barbadoes, in the W side of the island. Jamesville, post village in Manlius town- ship, Onondago county, J^ew York, 4 miles E from Onandago Hollow. Jamesville, post village, Clarendon dis- trict, South Carolina. * Jamtland, province of Sweden, bordering on Norway, nearly of a circular form, about 70 miles in length, and 60 in breadth, an- nexed to the crown of Sweden by the trea- ty of Roschild, in 1658. It is in general mountainous. The eastern part is a cham- paign country, watered wiih several lakes and rivers, which abound with fish. The country produces excellent oats, and abounds in good turnips. It contains alum quarries, sandstone, slate, the lapis ollarius, fine rock crystals, lead ore, two new built copper-works, and a place where salt-petre is refined. The inhabitants subsist by agri- culture, grazing, hunting, and fishing. They also carry on a considerable trade with the Norwegians. Janeiro, province of Brazil, bounded by the Atlantic Ocean E, SE, and S ; St. Paul's SW, and Minas Geraes N\V. Length 380 ; mean width 100, and area 380,000 square miles. The tropical latitude and exposure to the Atlantic Ocean, renders this fine province capable of producing most of the vegetable staples of highest value. Sugar is its chief production. Janeiro is its capital city. Janeiro, Rio I)e, city of Brazil, and capi- t;d of the province of the same name, s'ands at the head of a large bav or basin, 448 surrounded by lofty mountains. The opening of the harbor to the Ocean is about one mile wide, and is defended by fort Satita Cruz, built upon an immense mass of granitic rocks. The city rises like the steps or seats in an amphitheatre, and the houses built of stone along straight and well paved streets, produces a fine effect from the wafer. It is the mart of an im- menie and increasing inland trade. Popu- lation above 100,000. Lon. W C 35 E. Lat. 22 56 S. Janna, province of Turkey in Europe, bounded on the N by Macedonia, on the S by Livadia. on the W by Albania, and on the E by Archipelago. It is the Thes- saly of the ancients, and Larissa is the capital. Janna, town of Turkey in Europe, in a province of the same name. It is 62 miles W of Larissa. Lon. 21 36 E, lat. 39 48 N. Janikale, Janikaleli, or Jenikale, town, seaport, and fortress of Russia, in Taurida, and in the straits of Tarnan. It commands the p.issage from the Euxine, or Black Sea, into the sea of Azoph. Lon. 36 25 E, lat. 45 21 N. Janowitz, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Kaushim, famous for a battle between the Swedes and Imperialists in 1645, when the latter were defeated. It is 48 miles SE of Prague. Lon. 15 38 E, lat. 49 45 N. Jao-tcheou-fou, city of China, in the pro- vince of Kiang-si, seated on the river Po, which, at a small distance, enters the lake Po-yang. Japan Islands, of Asia, between 30 and 40 N lat. and between 130 and 144 E lon. the largest of which is called Japan, and sometimes Niphon, and gives its name lo all the rest, being 600 miles in length, and from 100 to 150 in bieadth. Its capital is Jeddo. The second island in magnitude is called Sacock, or more correctly Sikokf, and separated from the former only by a very narrow channel. It is about 500 miles in circuit, and its capital is called Bougo. — The third in magnitude is called Kiusu and these are surrounded by a great number of smaller. The whole group averages about 90,000 sqtisre miles and is peopled by at least 30,000,000 of inhabit- ants. It is the most exclusive and detach- ed of all t!~.e civilized nations of the *rbrld. INhich has been said, and it is probable little correctly understood in Europe re- specting the government, religion, internal policy, and manners of this great nation. A secular and Hierarchical emperor have been named, presenting a striking resem- blance to Europe during the middle ages, and to Mahometan Asia, during die decline of the Califale, and aflordinga similar intri- cacy to bewilder, and perplex foreigners, and fill their observations with fable and absurdity. ♦ J A S Accordin.£f to Galownin the latest'Euro- pean authority, the Japanese are remarka- ble for, order, intelligence and temperance and the country for its culture, and neat appearance. A prudent jealousy of Euro- peans has saved Japan from the fate of Ilindoostan, and mortifications of China. The country produces in itself nearly all the luxuries and all the necessaries of hu- man life. Japara, seaport on tlie N coast of the island of Java, with a good liarbour. It was the capital of a considerable kingdom, till the Dutch made themselves masters of it ; and now they have a colony here, and a con- siderable trade. It is 253 miles E by S of Batavia. Lon. 110 45 E, lat. 6 20 S. Jaquemel, town of St. Domingo, on a bay of its name, on the S coast, 32 miles SSW of Port au Prince. See Jacquemel. Jaques, river of the United States, falls into Missouri from the N about lat. 43 N. Jargeau, town of France, in the depart- ment ofLoiret. It was taken by the Eng- lish in 1438, and retaken by Joan of Arc the next year. It is seated near the Loire, 10 miles ESE of Orleans. Jarlsberg, town of Norway, capital of a district abounding in mines, in the diocess of Aggerhuys, five miles N of Tonsberg. Jarnac, town of France, in the depart- ment of Charente. Near this place the duke of Anjou, afterward Henry III., ob- tained a victory over the Huguenots, in 1569. it is seated on the Charente, 20 miles W of xVngoulesme. Jaromitz, town of Bohemia, sealed on the Elbe, nine miles N ofKonigingiatz. Jaron, town of Persia, in Farsistan, ce- lebrated for abundance of palm-trees and their excellent fruit. It is 95 miles S by E ofShiras. Lon. 53 10 E, lat. 28 15 N. Jaroslau, town of Poland, in Hed Rus- sia, with a strong citadel. A battle was gained here by ilie Swedes, in 1656, after which they took the town. It is included in the kingdom of Galicia, and seated on the Seine, 55 miles AV of Lemberg. Lon. 22 43 E, lat. 50 4 N. Joroslauf, government of Ilussla, former- ly a province of the government of Mos- cow. It is 160 miles in length, and from 50 to 110 in breadth. The capital is of the saiive name, and a large commercial place, with numerous manufactures ; seated on the Volga, 145 miles NNE of Moscow. Lon. 39 50 E, lat. 57 35 N. Jaseniiz, town of Hither Pomerania, seated on the Oder, eight miles N of Stet- tin. Jasper, county of Georgia, bounded by Jones S ; Henry and Newton W ; Walton N ; Morgan NE ; and Putnam E. Length 25; mean width 18 ; and area 450. Tliis county lies along the east side of the Oak- inulcpc liver, and was justlv named in ho> 2 L " J A,V nour" of sergeant Jasper, who replaced the U. S. flag on the parapet of fort Moultrie at Charleston, when shot off by a British cannon, in the attack made by Sir Peter Parker. Population in 1820. Free white males _ - . 4,828 do. do. females - - - 3,258 Total whites 2,086 Free persons of colour, males 22 do. do. females 12 Slaves, males . . . - 2,767 do. females 2,727 Total population in 1820 - - 14,614 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 14 Engaged in Agriculture -. 5,021 do. in Manufactures - 261 do. . in Commerce - - 42 Population to the square mile 32|. Jasqne, town of Persia, in the province of Mecran, which gives name to a cape in the gulf of Ormus. Lon. 57 4 E, lat. 25 40 N. Jassy, city of European Turkey, capital of Moldavia, and an archbishop's see. In 1753, it was destroyed by fire ; but is now a well fortified place, defended by a cas- tle. The inhabitants are estimated at 12,000. It has been several times taken in the wars between the Turks and the Rus- sians or Austrians. It is seated on the Prutli, 170 miles NNE of Bucharest. Lon. 27 30 E, lat. 47 8 N. Java, island of the E.Indies, lying to the S of Borneo, and separated at its W end from Sumatra, by the strait of Sunda. It is sometimes called Great Javj, to distin- guish it from Bah, by some named Little Java ; and is 420 miles in length, and of various breadth, extending from 105 to 118 E lon. and 6 to 8 S lat. The land is low, and in some places marshy, near the shore, which renders the air unhealthfid ; but it rises in a gradual slope lowaid the interior of the country, admitting in its ascent eve- ry variety of situatic n and vfrdure. The N coast has a great many commodious creeks, bays, harbour.s and towns, with m;iny little islands near the shore. This i sland has very high mountains, particular- ly the Pepper mountain on the S side ; it has likewise impassable fort sts and wilder- nesses, but to the N, between Batavia and Bantam, is a very populous country, i\\\} of rice fields, and plenty of salt and pepper, beside most sorts of fruits prop r to tiie clmate. The serene season is frorr, May till November ; and then the rains begin, which lay the low grounds under water, kill the insects, and continue till May. In M;irch they begin to sow, and in July the .sugar and rice begin to ripen ; butSeptem' 1:49 J E A J K I' ber and October are t!ie best months for all sorts of fruits, Java has always been considered in a high degree unhealthy, btit this observation applies correctly only to the sea coasts. The interior is in many places, high, airy, temperate and healthful. The fruii-s, grains and other vegetables of nearly all climates are found on this island, but their culture depends upon suitable elevation. Java was originally colonised by the Dutch ; it v>as taken in 1811, by the Bri- . tish, but has been since restored to the king of the Netherlands. Java-head. W end of JavH, towards the straits of Sunda. Java Sea, lies between Java and Bor- neo. Jay, post town and township, Oxford county, Maine, 20 miles NE from Paris. Population in 1820, 1614. Jau, township and post village, of Or- leans county, Vermont, about 50 miles N from Montpelier. Jayme, San, town of Columbia Varinas, on the Aspuri river, 200 miles S\V from Caracas. Lon. W C 9 E, lat. 7 50 N. Jay point, post village, Oxford county, Maine. Jean, St. town of France, now in the de- partment of Moselle, formerly in tlie pro- vince of Lorrai-J. li is seated on the Sare, 12 miles \V of Deux-Ponts. Lon 7 12 E, lat. 49 16 N. Jean-cT ^ngely, town of France, now in the department of Lower Charente, lately in the province Saintonge. It is famous for its brandy, and is seated on the Bou- tonne, 15 miles NE of Saintes, and 32 SE of Rochelle. Lon. 20 W, lat. 45 59 N. Jean-de-Laune, St. town of France, now in the department of Cote d'Or, lately in the province of Burgundy. It is seated on the Saone, 15 miles SE of Dijon, and 155 SE of Paris. Lon. 5 19 E, lat. 47 8 N. Jean-de-IiUz, St. town of France, now in the department of the Lower Pyrenees, lately in the province of Basques. It is the last next Spain, with a harbour, and owes its opulence to the cod and whale fishery. It is seated on a small river, near the bay of Biscay, 10 miles NE of Fontarabia, and 12 SW of Bavonne. Lon. 40 E, lat. 43 23 N. Jean-de-JMaurienne, town of Italy in Sa- voy, capital of a county of the Fame name, with a bishop's see. It is seated in a val- ley, on the river Arc, 15 miles S by W of Montier, and 25 NE of Grenoble. Lon, 6 20 E, lat. 45 17 N. Jean-Pied-de Port, St. town of France, now in the department of the Lower Pyre- nees, late province of Lower Navarre. It is s'^ated on the river Nive, at the entrance •150 of those passages, or defiles, in the Pyre nees, which in this country are called Ports, and defended by a citadel upon an emi- nence. It is 20 mdes SE of Bayonne, and 30 NE of Pampeluna. Lon. 1 33 E, lat. 43 12 N. Jean Eabel, town of St. Dommgo, on the sea coast, 12 miles NE from St. Nicholas le Mole. Lan. \V C 3 5o E, lat. 19 55 N. Jed, river in Roxburghshire, which joins the Teviot, a little below Jedburgh. Jedburgh, borough in Roxburghshire, situated on the Jed, near its confluence with the Teviot. It is 36 miles SE of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 25 W, lat. 55 35 N. Jeddo, capital of all Japan, a city situated on the NE coast of the island of Niphon. Population 1,000,000. Lon. 140 E, lat. 36 30 N. Jefferson, post town and township, Lin- coln county, Maine. Population in 1820, 1577. Jefferson, post village and township, Coos countv, New Hampshire. Population in 1820, 252. Jefferson, county of New York ; bounded by lake Ontario W ; St. Lawrence river N \V ; St. Lawrence county NE ; Lewis coun- ty SE, and Oswego S. Length 47 ; mean width 25 ; and area about 1170 square miles. Surface broken in the interior, but level towards lake Ontario and St. Law- rence river. The substratum generally a shell limestone, which in many places, particularly near Black river, and around Sacket's Harbour approaches near the sur- face. Soil much diversified, but generally well calculated for the production of grain and pasturage. Chief town, Sacket's Har- bour. Population in 1810. Free white males . - . 8,216 do. do. females ... 6,884 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 40 Slaves Total population in 1810, - 15,140 Population in 1820. Free white males - .. - 17,599 do. do. females - . - 15,213 Total whites .... 32,812 Free persons of colour, males - 79 do. do. females 56 Slaves, males .... 1 do. females ... 4 Total population in 1820 . Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized J B F Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do 8,90r „.. - 1,603 do. in Commerce - - 134 Population to the square mile, 29 nearly. Jefferson, township of Schoharie county. New York, on the most elevated ground between the Susquehannah and Mohawk rivers, 50 miles SW from Albany. Popu- lation in 18'20, 1573. Jefferson, township of Morris county, New Jersey. Population 1820, 1231. Jefferson, county of Pennsylvania, bound- ed by Armstrong and Venango W ; War- ren N ; M'Kean NE ; Clearfield SE ; and Indiana S. Lengtlj 46 ; mean width 26 ; and area 1200 square miles. This county is watered by Sandy Leek creek; Tobys creek, and other branches of Allegany ri- ver, the surface is hilly and broken, and soil generally rocky, or much broken. Some highly fertile soil skirts the streams, but is mostly of a middhng quality. Population in 1810. Free white males . , . 85 do. do. females ... All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves - - 75 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males ... 303 do. do. females - - ■ 248 Total whites .... 551 Free persons of colour, males . 4 do. do. females, 6 Slaves, males .... do. females ... Total population in 1820 - - 561 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized . 18 Engaged in Agriculture - - 124 do. in Manufactures . 31 do. in Commerce . - Population to the square mile, 2 nearly. Jefferson, township of Greene county. Pcnnsjlvania, on Monongahela river, above and along Ten Mile creek, 22 miles SE from Washington. Population in 1820, 1158, Jefferson, county of Virginia bounded by the Potomac river, NE ; by the Blue Ridge or I.oudon county, SE ; Frederick SW ; and Berkley W and NW. Length 20 ; mean width 15, and area 300 square miles. This county limited on the NW by the Opequan river ; on the NE by the Po- tomac ; and traversed towards the Blue Ridge by the Shenandoah, and lying in the Great Limestone vallev is one of the most J E F productive grain and fruit counties of Vir- ginia. Its surface is pleasantly variegated by hill, and dale, and well watered. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - . Slaves Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites . . _ Free persons of colour, males do. do. females, Slaves, males . - - - do. females - . . Total population in 1 820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized ^ Engaged in Agriculture ^ do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce - ^^^ Population to the square mile, 43. 4,196 3,771 3,532 11,851 4,510 4,197 89 4,6j0 880 71 Jefferson, county of Georgia, bounded by Emanuel S ; Washington W ; Warren NW ; ColuiTibia N ; Richmond NE ; and Burke E. Length 33 ; mean width 20 ; and area 660 square miles. It is traversed by tlie main stream, and drain-d by seve- ral branches of O^^echee river. Surface uiKlulating, and soil sandy. Chief town, Louisville. Population in 1810. Free white males 1,893 do. do. females - - - 1,853 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . . - 29 Slaves ..... 2,336 Total population in 1810 6.111 Population in 1S20. P'ree white males do. do. females All other persons Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males do, females Total population in 1820 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized 451 2,010 1,922 3,934 15 13 1,571 1,525 7,056 J E ¥ J E r Engaged in Agriculture - 2,542 do. in Manufactures - 85 do. in Commerce - 38 Population to the squ^i-e mile IO5. Jefferson, post town and seat of justice in Can-ibden county, Georg-ia, on the right bank of the Great St. lUa, 50 niilts SW from Darien, and 25 NW from St. Marys. Jefferson, post town and seat of justice, Jackson county, Georgia, on one of the head branches of Oconee river ; 80 miles N from Milledgeville, and 20 NW from Athens. Jefferson, county of Alabama, bounded S by Tuscaloosa ; SW by Pickens ; NW by Marion ; N by Blount ; NE by St. Clair ; and SE by Shelby. Length 46 ; mean width 30 ; and area 13S0 square miles. It is traversed by the main stream of the Tuscaloosa. Chief town, Elyton. This county is not embraced by the census of 1820. Jefferson, county of Mississippi, on the Mississippi river, bounded by that stream NW ; by Claiborne N ; uncertain on the E ; by Franklm S ; and Atlams SW ; iengtli 30 ; breadth 18 ; area 540 square miles. Besides the Missi-^slppi river, this county is v/atered principally by Fa rchilds and Coles creeks, in the centre, and by the sources of Homochitto river, and Bayou Pierre, towards its eastern extremity, It is bounded along the Mississippi by a sel- vedge of low and perfectly level land. Tliis flat is followed at a distance of from one to four or five miles by what is known as the I^Iississippi blulFs. With the blufls com- mences a surface generally moderately hilly, and covered by a very dense forest which continues to the utmost eastern li- mits of the county. The soil of the Mis- sissippi below the bluflfs a deep and highly fertile loam, but mostly subject to annual inundation. The soil of the bluffs, and ge- nerally on the waters of Coles and Fair- childs creeks, the soil is highly productive, but gradually deteriorates towards the branches of Homochitto and Bayou Pierre, and terminates in open pine woods, with a sterile soil. Staple cotton. Chief town, Greenville. Population in 1810. Free whites, males - - 1,250 do. do. females - - 939 All other persons except Indians not taxed 20 Slaves ..... 1,792 Total population in 1810 4,001 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 1,157 do. do. females ... 1,297 Total whites - - - . 3,154 Free persons of colour, males - 14 452 Free persons of colour, females ly Slaves, males ... - 2,032 do. females . . - - 1,603 Total popvdation in 1820 - - 6,822 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 14 Engaged in Agriculture - - 746 do. in Manufactures - 84 do. in Commerce - - 23 Population to the square mile, 12^. Jefferson, county of East Tennessee, bounded by Sevier SW ; llolston river N W ; Gr.imger county N ; Hawkins NE ; Greene E, and Cocke SE. Length 30 ; mean width 12 ; and area 360 square miles. I'his county is traversed by Nolachucky, and bounded by Holstun river, and contains mucli good soil. Chiet town, Dandridge. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 3,304 do. do females - - 3,148 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 74 Slaves 783 Total population in 1810 7,309 Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females - 4,045 3,985 Total whites .... I"ree persons of colour, males do. do. females - Slaves, males - - - do. females Total population in 1820 8,030 18 13 453 439 8,953 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 2 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,395 do. in Manufactures • 215 do. in Commerce - - 18 Population to the square mile, 25. Jefferson, post town, Rutherford county, Tennessee. Jefferson, county of Kentucky, bounded by Ohio river W and NW ; Henry NE ; Shelby E, and Bullitt S. Length 28; mean width IS^ ; and area about 520 square miles. This country is remarkable from lying- opposite to the Ohio rapids. The surface is waving, though not hilly. Soil highly productive. Chief town, Louis- ville. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 4,705 do. do. females - - 4,233 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - 114 Slaves . . - - - 4,347 J E I J E F Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - All other persons 13,399 7,510 6,155 Total whites .... 13,667" Free persons of colour, males - 123 do. do. females 92 Slaves, males . - . 3,630 do. females . - - 3,256 Total population in 1820 20,768 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 190 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,850 do. in Manufactures - 1,080 do. in Commerce - - 247 Population to the square mile, 40. Jqferson, eastern county, Ohio, bounded N by Columbiana county, E by the Ohio river, S by Belmont, and W by Harrison. It is 27 miles long from N to S, and 20 broad from the Ohio river westvvardly, and contains about 500 square miles. The principal waters are Yellow creek, Cross creek and Short creek, beside Ohio river. The soil is generally very fertile, and the climate healthy. Chief town, Steuben- ville. Population in 1810. Free white males - . - 8,778 do. do. females^ - - 8,358 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 124 Slaves Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females 17,260 9,462 8,852 the shore of lake Erie, 55 miles N from Warren. The village is at lat. 41 45 N. Population of the township in 1820, 150. Jefferson, township of Guernsey county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 349. Jefferson, township in the northern bor- der of Muskingum county, on the right side of Muskingum river. Population in 1820, 829. Jefferson, eastern township of Franklin county. Population in 1820, 559. Jefferson, SE township of Ross county, Ohio, on Sciota river. Population in 1807, 1407. Jefferson, post town of Pickaway county, Ohio, in Pickaway Plains on Sciota river, 28 miles below Columbus, 3 below Circle- ville, and 16 above Chillicothe. Jefferson, eastern township of Madison county, Ohio, on Little Darby creek. Population in 1820, 345. Jefferson, township of Logan county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1169. Jefferson, NW township of Fayette coun- ty. Pepulation in 1820, 892. Jefferson, northern township of Sciota county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 469, Jefferson, township of Adams county, Ohio. Population In 1820, 916. Jefferson, NW township of Preble ccun- U', Ohio. Population in 1820, 876. Jefferson, one of the central townships of Montgomery county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1339. Jefferson, countv of Indiana, bounded by Ohio river SE ; Clarke SW ; Scott W j Jen- nings NW ; Ripley N, and Switzerland NE. Length 25 ; mean width 15 ; area about 360 square miles. Surface hilly and soil fertile. Chief town, Madison. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 4,134 do. do. females - 3,792 Total whites - - - 18,314 Free persons of colour, males 105 do. do. females, 112 Slaves, males ... do. females - _ - 18.531 Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 209 Engaged in Agriculture - 3,519 do. in Manufactures - 1,235 do. in Commerce - 49 Population to the square mile, 37. Jefferson, post town, township, and seat of justice, Ashtabula county, Ohio. It contains a brick court house of 40 by 50 feet area, and a school house. It is situa- ted on Mill's creek, about 10 miles from Total whites .... 7,926 Free persons of colour, males - 54 do. do. females - 58 Slaves, males - . - . do. females ... Total population in 1820 - 8,038 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 153 Engaged in Agriculture - 1,452 do. in Manufactures - - 271 do. in Commerce - - 27 Population to the square mile, 22. Jefferson, county of Illinois, bounded by, Franklin S ; Randolph SW ; Washington W ; Bond NW ; Crawford N ; Wayne E, and White SE. Length 35; breadth 34; and area 970 square miles. Surtiace rather level Population in 1820. Free white males - - 387 453 J K F .1 E N Free white females - - 302 Total whites ... 689 Free persons of colour, males 1 do. do. females Slaves, males _ . _ o do. females - _ - 1 Total population in 1820 - 691 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized - 2 Engaged in Agriculture - 191 do. in Manufactures - 5 do. in Commerce - C Population to the square mile ^. Jefferson, county of Missouri, bounded by the Mississippi river E ; St. Genevieve, and Washinjjtn counties S ; Franklin W, and NVV, and Merrimac river, or St. Louis county N. Lengtli 30 ; width 25 ; and area about 650 square miles Surface considera- bly broken, and soil except partially rather stei'ile. Chief town, Herculaneum. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 867 do. do. females - - 753 Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males . . - do. females Total population in 1820 1,620 2 1 \lf 95 1,835 5 555 49 18 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 3. Jefferson river, N W branch of Missouri, ioins Madisons river, at lat. 45 N, Ion. WC *30 45 W, and forms the Missouri. A short distance below their junction Gallatins ri- ver enters the united stream from the BE. Jefferson, town of Pike county, Missouri, on the left bank of Missouri river, about 20 miles above the mouth of the Ossage river Jeffersonton, post village, Culpepper county, Virginia, on the S side of Hedge- mans river, 50 miles SW by W from Wash- ington. Jeffersovtcn, post village, Ash county. North Carolina, on a branch of New River, 30 miles SE from Abingdon in Virginia, and 45 miles N from Morganton. Je_ffersontoiim, post tov/n, Jefferson, coun- ty, Kentucky, on a branch of Salt river, 15 miles SE by E from Louisville. Jeffersonville, post town, Clarke county, Indiana, at the head of the rapids, and nearly opposite Louisville, Kentucky. As 454 at Louisville, pilots reside, who skllfulJy convey boats through the rapids. Where necessary, carts or wagons can be also procured to transport goods by land. A good road extends from Jeffersonville to New Albany. This town contains about 600 inhabitants. Jeffries-store, post office, Nottaway coun- ty, Virginia. Jehiul, or Joad, mountainous district in the NVV part of Hindoostan Proper, ex- tending from Attock, eastward to Bember. It is inhabited by the mountaineers, called Gickers, Gehkers, or Kakares. After Ti- mur had passed the Indus, in 1398, the chiefs of these mountains came to make their submission to him, as Ambisares, the king of the same country, did to Alexan- der, about 1730 years before. Jekil Irmak, ancient Iris, river of Asia Minor, failing into the Black Sea at Sam- soun. Jekyl, small island of Georgia, S of the island of St. Simons. Jempterland, province of Sweden, bound- ed on the N by Angermania, on the E by Medelpadia, on the S by Helsingia, and on the W by Norway. It is full of mountains. Jena, strong town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, with a university. It is seated on the Sala, 10 miles SE of Weimar, and 25 SE of Erfort. Lon. 12 4 E, lat. 51 2 N. This place has gained additional his- torical consequence, from being the scene of the great battle between the French and Prussians, October 14th, 1806, which by the defeat of the latter prostrated the Prussian monarchy. Jenda, great lake of Russia, in Finland. It disciiarges its waters into the gulf of Finland. Jenikaleh. See Janicale. Jenitza, ancient Pella, town of European Turkey in iMacedonia. It is often written and pronounced Jenidsehe Vardar. It stands on a lake 12 miles from the head of the gulf of Salonica, about 24 miles WNW from the city of Salonica. Lon. 23 30 E, lat. 40 48 N. Jenitz, town of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Anliaul Dessau, situated on the Muldau, two miles NE of Dessau. Jenkinton, village in Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, 10 miles N of Philadelphia, on the post road to Bethlehem. Jenner, township of Sommerset county Pennsylvania, on the Quemahoning creek on the road from Bedford to Greensburg Population 1820, 1129. Jennerville, post village, of Somerset county, Pennsjlvania, on the road from Bedford to Greensburg-, eight miles W fiom Stoystowa. Jennijigs* county of Indiana, bounded by Jefferson NE ; Scott and Jackson SW ; J E U .1 E il Delaware N W and llipley E. Length 24 ; breadth 18 ; and area 300 squaie miles. Surface undulating. Soil productive. Chief town. Mount Vernnn. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 1,041 do. do. females - - 914 Total whites . - - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males _ - - do. females - _ - 1,955 21 24 2,000 .Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners nnt naturalized - 5 Engaged in Agriculture - - 359 do. in Manufactures - '^7 do. in Commerce - Population to the square mile, 6 2-3. Jeno, town of Upper Hungary, 20 miles S of great Waradin, and 48 NE of Sege- din. Lon. 21 5 E, lat. 46 40 N. - Jeremie town and cape on the N side of the southern peninsula of the island of St. Domingo. The two is situate on an emi- nence, in a fertile soil, panicu'arly excel- lent for the culture of coffee, five miles W of St. Domingo. Lon. W C 3 05 E, lat. 18 42 N. Jericho, town of Syria, in Pale.stine, once a famous city. It is now called Herubi by the Arabs, and contains oi.ly a f w vv retch- ed huts, where some beggarly Arabs re- side. It is five miles VV of the river Jor- dan, and 20 E by N of Jerusalem. Jericho, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, situate on the Elbe, 32 miles NNE of Magdeburg. Jericho, post village and township of Chitiendon county, A'^ermont, on Onion ri- ver, 12 miles S from Burlington. Jericho, post village, in Oyster Bay, township, Queens county. New York, 30 miles E from the city of New York. Jericho. See Bainbridge, Chenango county, J\'ew York. Jermah, town of the kingdom of Fezzan, distinguished by the numerous herds of sheep and goats that feed around it, and by many majestic ruins, that exhibit to the in- habitants of its clay-built cottages vestiges of greatness to which they ire perfectly n- different. It is 60 miles SE of Mourzook. Jeromestown, trifling Indian settlement so called in Wayne county, 0;iio, adjoining its western limit ; on the road from Wooster to Mansfield. Jeromesville, recently laid out town, on Jerome's creek, one mile from tlie above described settlement, and 15 W from Wooster. Jersey, island in the English channel, 18 miles from the coast of Normandy in France, and 84 S of Portland in Dorset- shire. It is subject to the English ; but is still governed by the ancient Norman laws. It is 30 miles in circumference, and diffi- cult of access, on account of the rocks, sands, and forts erected for its defence. The number of inhabitants is estimated at 20,000, of whom 300U bear arms. Jersey, JVew, one of the United States of America. See JVeto Jersey. Jersey-Shore, post village, Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, 12 miles above Wil- liamsport, on the west branch of Susque- hannah river. Jersey- City, or Paulua Hook, post town, Bergen county. New Jersey, on Hudson river, opposite New York. Jersey-town, post village, Northumber- land county, P-nn-ylvania, on Susquehan- iiah river, above Sunbury. Jersey, township in the western borders of Licking county, Ohio. Population 1820, 256. Jerusalem, ancient and famous town of Asia, formerly capital of Judea, after Da- vid had conquered the J'lbusites. It was taken bv Nebuchadnezza? in the reign of Zedeiiiah, and the Jews were led cap'.ives to B.»bylon. It was afterward taken by the Rom .ns, and ruined, together witii the Temple, 70 years after the bir.h of Christ, after s istaining one of the most remarkable sieges in history. The empe lor Ad;ian built a new city near its ruins It was taken by the Persians in 614, and by the Sa' acens in 636 In 1099, it w>.s retaken by the Crusaders, who founded a new kingdom, which lasted 88 years, under nine kings. Saladin, king of Egypt and Syria, got poss ssion of it in llSr. The Turks) who drove away the Saracens in 1217, have kept possession of it ever since, and call it Hcleods, that is, the Holy City. It is now inhabited by Turks, Arabs, Jews, and Ciiristians. It stands on a high rock, with steep ascents on every side except to the N. It is almost surrounded with valleys encompassed with mountains, so that it seems to stand in the middle of an amphitheatre. It s about three miles in circumference, and includes Mount Calva- ry, which was formerly without the walls. On this hill is erected a large structure, with a round nave, which has no light but what comes through the top, like the Pan- theon at Home. This is called the cliurch of the holy sepulchre: at the entrance, on the right haul, is that place where the body of our Saviour was laid. The tabic »n which he was said to have been laid at first, is two feet and a half high from the pavement, and is now covered with white marble, because its visiters were for all carrying away a small bit. The chapel is cut out of the rock, and lamps are kept constantly burning in it. The whole is covered v/ith white marble, both v/ithin J E V J O A and without ; and on the outside there are 10 fine columns of the same. It is covered with a platform, the middle of which is exactly above the three holes, and forms a small dome, six feet in height, covered with lead, and supported by 13 columns of porphry, placed by pairs on the platform, and forming six arches, which have three lamps under each. Before the gate of the sepulchre is a silver lamp, so large, that two men cannot fathom it. On Good Fri- day, all the parts of our Saviour's passion are solemnized in this church. The Ciiris- tian pilgrims flock here from various parts, and the inhabitants accommodate them with lodging and provisions, which is their chief business ; and a bashaw, with a guard of janissaries always resides here to protect them from the insults of the Arabs. Jeru- salem was taken by the French under Bo- naparte, in Feb. 1799. It is 112 miles SW of Damascus, and 45 from the Mediterra- nean sea. Lon. 35 26 E, lat. 31 50 N. Jerusalem, post village and township, Ontario county. New York, on the W side of Seneka lake, and 38 miles NE of Bath. This was the seat of Jemima Wilkinson, the foundress of a religious sect, and some of her followers. Population in 1820, 1610. Jerusalem, village on Long Island, New York, in Queen's county, 30 miles ESE from New York. Jerusalem, post town of Southamptoe county, Virginia, situated on the N side of the river Nottoway, 6i miles SVV of Norfolk. Jesi, town of Italy, in Ancona, with a bishop's see. It is seated on a mountain, near the river Jesi, 17 miles SW of Anco- na, and 112 NE of Rome. Lon. 13 16 E, lat. 43 30 N. .^eso, group of islands on the E coast of Asia, lying between those of Japan and tlie Kuriles. The southernmost, called Mat- mai, lies N of Kaiphon. It is governed, by a tril)ulary prince, dependent on the empire of Japan, and fortified on the side toward the continent. It is full of woods ; and the inhabitants, who live by fishing and hunting, are strong, robust, savage, and slovenly, when compared to the Japanese. The two islands to the NE of Matmai, Ku- nachir and Zellany, and likewise the three still further to tlie NE, c.tHed tlie three Sisters, are perfectly independent. The Japanese give the name of Jeso to the whole chain of islands between Japan and Kamschatka. See Kuriles. Jessamiue, county of Kentucky ; bounded SE, S, and SW by Kentucky river; NW by Woodford, and NE by Fayette. Length 14; breadth 12 ; and area 170 square miles. The surface of this county may be con- sidered level, and s«il generally first rate fjualitv. Nicliolasville its chief ty^vn, stands 456 nearly in the centre, about 85 miles almost due south from Cincinnati. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 3,072 do. do. females - . - 2,786 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 36 Slaves 2,483 Total population in 1810 8,377 Population in 1820. Free white males . 3,353 do. do. females " * 3,042 Total whites 6,395 Free persons of colour, males - 63 do. do. females 37 Slaves, males - 1,426 do. females - 1,376 Total population in 1820 9,297 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized - 5 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,013 do. in Manufactures - 44 do. in Commerce - - 4 Population to the square mile, 54. Jesselmere, town of Asia, in Hindoostan, in the dominions of the great Mogul. Lon. 72 40 E, lat. 26 40 N. Jessnp, post town in the eastern part of Huron county, Ohio. Jever, town of Germany, Westphalia, and capital of Jeverland, with a citadel. It is 17 miles NE of Aurick, and 30 NE of Embden. Lon. 7 41 E, lat. 53 33 N. Jeverlund, territory of Germany, in West- phalia, belonging to the house of Anhalt- Zerbst. Jewiti's City, post village o^ Connecticut, in New London county, 6 miles NE from Norwich. Jezdkast. See Yezdighnst, Jibbel Auress, mountainous, well watered, and fertile district of Africa, in the province of Constantia, Regency of Algiers. Jibbel Iskel, ancient mount Cerna, a mountain of Tunis, about 15 miles SW from Bizerta. Jidda, Jitddn, or DJedda, seaport of Ara- bia Felix, on the Red sea, in the sheriflTate of Mecca. A very considerable trade is carried on liere, this city being a mart be- tween F,gyi)t and India. The ships from Suez seldom proceed further than this port, and those from India ave not sufifered to advance to Suez. The English are par- ticularly favoui-ed in the trade of this place, as they pay only eight per cent, dues of custom, while all others, even the subjects of the sultan, pay ten ; and they ar<- suffered to discharge this in goods, v.iiiie all others must produce money, Jidda has no fresh water, and is situated iii J O A J O H a barren sandy district, 34 nilies SVV of Mecca, of which it is the port. Lon. S9 22 E, lat. 21 29 N. Jiffitonhonha, river of Brazil, in Mianas Geraes. It is celebrated for the diamonds found in its bed. Jihon, or Gihon, ancient Oxus, river of Asia, rising in the same mountains with the Indus and Sihon, or Jaxartes. Its SE sources interlock also with those of tiie Ilindmend, ancient Etymander flowing' into the sea of Durrah. The course of the Jihon is generally to the NW ; com- parative course about 900 miles. This noble stream had formerly a communica- tion with the Caspian, which is now impe- ded by sand. Before the destructive influ- ence of the Tartars, the country on the .Tihon was flourishing and well cultivated. The regions it drains, are amongst the finest of central Asia. Joachim, village of Jeflerson county, Mis- .souri. JoacJdmstJial, town of I>ohemia, in tlie cir- cle of Saatz, noted for its mines and a manufacture of lace, 15 miles N by E of Elbogen. Joachimsthal, town of Brandenburg, in the Ucker mark, 31 miles NNE of Berlin. Joanna. See Ifin:ua?i. Joannes, one of the islands in the mouth or Delta of the Amazon, it is about 150 miles long, and 100 miles broad, and is ex- tremely fertile. Joannina, capital of Albania, in European Turkey, 70 miles W from Larissa ; 115 S AV from Salonica, and 30 nearly E from Ba- trinto, ancient Buthrotum in Epiros. Population about 35,000, composed of Greeks, Albanians, with a few Turka and Jews. Lon. 21 40 E, lat. 39 30 N. It is situated in a mountainous, but feriile and romantic region, and has been recenth' rendered remarkable as bfingtlie scene of the power, wealth, tragic adventures, and final catastrophe of Ai; I'actia. Since the death of this ferocious ciiief the city has been restored to the Ottoman empire. Joanpoiir, city of Ilindoostnn Proper, capital of a circar of the same name, in Benares. It is seated on the Goomty ; and not fur from the confluence of that river with th.e Ganges ; tlie fort of Jionpour is a building of considerable extent, on a high bank commanding tlie bridge over the Goomty. It is now chiefly in ruins, al- though, formerly, it commanded the coun- try, from the Ganges to Eucknow. The place, was, at one time, the seat of an em- j)lre. Chaja Jahan, vizier to sultan Mo- hammed Shah, during the minority of his son, Mamood Shah, assumed the title of sultan Sbirki, or king of the East, took pos- session of Bahar, and fixed his residence at Joanpour, where he built the great mussnd, or ma'-jsnleum. which is cHl r?main;?jg, tor 3 31 himself and family. The stone bridge over the Goomty consists of 16 pointed arches ; and on the top of it are many little shops on both sides. It was built in 1567, upon such sound principles, as to have withstood, for such a length of time, the force of the stream, which, in the time of the rains, is very great. The inundations have been known to rise frequently over the bridge, insomuch that in 1774, a brig- ade of the British army passed over it iti boats. Joanpour is 49 miles NW of Be- nares. Lon. 84 7 E, lat. 25 45 N. Jockgrlm, town of France, in the depart- ment of Lov/er Rhine, situate on an emi- nence, near the Rhine, nine miles SE of Landau. Johun^eorgensindt, \.ov;n of Upper Saxo- ny, in Misnia, celebrated for its mines and a considerable manufacture of lace, 18 miles SSEof Zaicka'!. Joharinesbiirg, town of East Prussia, with a citadel, se.ited on the river Pych, near the lake Spirdlng, 95 miles SE of Konigs- berg. Lon. 22 39 E, lat. 53 16 N. Johnqnera, very ancient town of Spain, in Catalonia, seated at the foot of the Pyre- nees, 20 miles S of Perpignan. John, St. one of the Philippine island.?, E of Miudanoa. Lon. 126 39 E, lat. 9 30 N. John, St. one of the Virgin islands, in the West Indies, belonging to the Danes. It is 12 miles in circumference, and has a town and spacious harbour. Lon. 65 10 W, lat. 18 10 N. .Tohn, St. or Prince Edivard, island in the S part of the gulf of St. Lawrence, having New Brunswick on the W, Nova Scotia on the S, and Cape Breton on the E. It is 60 miles long and 30 broad, and fertile, with several streams. The capital is Charlotte town. .Tohn, St. river which rises in the NW pai't of .Maine, flows NE into New Bruns- v/ick, where it soon takes a SSE course, and enters the bay of Fundy, at the city of St. .John. It is navigable 60 miles for sloops of 50 tons, and about 200 for boats ; and affords a common and near route from the province of New Brunswick to Que- bec. Jithn, St. city of New Brunswick, at the mouth of St. John's river. It is a hand- some and flourishing town. The tide rises here 30 feet, and by its excessive rapidity at ebb and flow, renders the harbour open th;-oughoul the year. Joh'i, township of Franklin county. Mis* souri. John's Mand, one of those islands on the coast of South Carolina, formed by the in- lets or diverging currents of the rivers. John's island is formed by Stono river, and north Bdisto inlet. The western part is called Wadmalsu. Staple ccUon. 457 J O H JON Johnson, post village and township, of Franklin countj', Vermont, on Lamoil river, 30 miles NE from Burlington. Johnson, county of North Carolina, bounded bv Sampson S ; Cumberland SVV ; Wake NW ; Xash NE, and Wayne E, and SE. Length 32 ; mean width 20 ; and area 640 square miles. Surface undulating. It is intersected by Neuse river from NW to SE. Chief town, Smitiitowu Smithfield. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 2,273 do. do. females - - 2,236 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - , 28 Slaves - - . . . 2,330 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females - Slaves, males ... do. females Total population in 1820 - Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Afcriculture - do. in ManuiacUires do. in Commerce 6,86r 3,225 3,181 6,406 63 52 1,588 1,498 9,607 3,022 102 Population to the square mile, 15. Johnson, county of Illinois, bounded by Ohio river S ; by Alexander and Union W ; Franklsn N, and Pope E. Length 30 ; breadth 18 ; and area 486 square miles. Surface hilly towards Ohio river, but be- coming more level in the interior. Soil fertile. Chief town, Wilkinsonville. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - do. do, females - Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males . _ - do females Total popul.ition in 1820. 432 397 829 1 6 7 843 Of these ; Foreigners not natur ilized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 178 do. in M .nufactures - - 5 do. in Commerce - - 9 Population to the square mile, If. Johnson, Fort, at the entrance of Charles- ton harbour, on James' island, Charleston district, South Carolina. 4.>R Johnsonsboro, post village, Sussex county, New Jersey, 6 miles S from Newtown. Johnston, township of Providence county, Rhode Island, 5 miles N from Providence. Population in 1820, 1542. Johnston, township of Trumbull county. Population in 1820, 327. Johnston, Fort, of North Carolina, on the right bank of Cape Fear river at its mouth. Johnston^s Store, post office, Lancaster county. South Carolina. Johnston^ Straits, between the continent of North America and the island of Quadra, and Vancouva, it unites Queen Charlotte's Sound to the gulf of Guinea. Lon. W C 46 W, lat. 50 35 N. Johnstovin, in the township of Edwards- burgh, Upper Canada, is situated upon the river St. Lawrence, above the uppermost rapids in ascending to lake Ontario, and is a mile square. From this town vessels may be navigated with safety to Queens- towa, and to the ports of lake Ontario. It is nearly opposite Ogdensburg in New York. Johnsto-ain, post town and seat of justice, Montgomery county, New York. The vil- lage is situated about four miles N from the Mohawk, on the outer road from Schenectady to Herkimer, 25 miles NW by W from the former. Johnstotun, small town in the northwest- ern quarter of Licking county, Ohio, situa- ted on the Middle or Raccoon fork of Licking creek, and 17 miles NW from New- ark, on the road leading to Delaware. Johnstown Mills, post office, Cambria county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of Little Conemaugh, above the mouth of Stony creek, and 18 miles N from Stoys- town. Johore, town of Malacca, in Asia. Lon. 93 55 E, lat. 1 15 N. Joigny, town of France, now in the de- partment of Yonne, and lately in the pro- vince of Burgundy. Its red wines, though not of the first quality, have a great de- mand. It is handsomely seated on the Yonne, 17 miles SSE of Sens. Lon. 3 36 E, lat 48 N. Joinville, ancient and considerable town of France, in the department of Upper Marne, and lately in the province of Cham- pagne. It is seated on the Marne, 24 miles SW of Bar-le-duc, and 125 SE of Paris. Lon. 5 20 E, lat. 48 20 N. Jolliet, seigniory, Dorchester county. Lower Canada, on the Chaudiere, and Echemin rivers, about 24 miles S from Que- bec. Jonasxdlle, post village, Allegany county, Maryland. Jones, county of North Carolina on Trent river, bounded by Carteret SE ; by Onslow and Duplin SW ; Lenori NW ; and Cra* > en NE and F. Length 50 ; mean width J O N 10 ; and area 300 square miles. Surface level and soil generally either marshy or sandy. Chief town, Trenton 22 miles W from Newbern. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 1,267 do. do. females - - 1,235 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - - Slaves Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - Total whites - - - - Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males . - - do. females - - - Total population in 1820 - Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce - •"■ Population to the square mile, 17. JoneSy county of Georgia, bounded by Wilkinson and Twiggs SE : by Oalcmul- gee river, or Fayette SW ; Jasper NW ; Putnam N : and Baldwin E. Lciigth 21 ; width 20: and area 420 square miles. Clinton seat of justice about 22 miles SW by W from Milledgeville. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 3,084 do. do. females - - 2,487 4,968 1,148 1,152 2,300 82 70 1,439 1,325 5,216 2,055 62 50 Total whites - • 5,571 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 439 Slaves 2,587 Totalpopulationinl810, - 8,597 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 5,264 do. do. females - - - 4,676 Total whites ... - 9,940 Free persons of colour, males - 49 do. do. females - 31 Slaves, males ... - 3,742 do. females ... 3,649 Total population in 1820 - 17,411 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 4 Engaged in Agriculture - - 6,263 (jo. in Manufactures - 255 .T Y Engaged in Commerce - - 108 Population to the square mile, 41^. Jonesborough, post town and seat of jus- tice, Washington county, East Tennessee, on Limestone creek, branch cf French broad river, about 110 miles E from Knox- ville. Jonesburg, post town and seat of justice, Union county, Illinois, 22 miles NW from Wilkinsonville on the Ohio river. Jones-Milh, post office, Cambria county, Pennsylvania. Jones-store, post village, Halifax count}--, North Carolina. Jonestoivn, post village, Lebanon comity, Pennsylvania, on the pomt above the junc- tion of the two main branches of Swatara creek, 23 miles nearly E from Harrisburg. Jonesville, village sfLee coun!y, Virginia, near the N shore of Powells river, about 65 miles W from Abingdon. Jonesville, post village, Surry county, North Carolina. Jonkiop'mg, town of Sweden, capital of the province of Smoland, and seat of the parliament, or superior court of justice for Gothland. It is seated on the S side of lake Wetter, with a strong citadel 50 miles NW of Culmar. Lon. 14 46 E, lat. 57 12 Jonquieres, town of France, now in the department of Var, and lately in the pro- vince of Provence, 12 miles SW of Aix, and 10 NW of Marsill. Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 43 20 N. Jojipa. See Jaffa. Joppa, town of Hartford counly, Mary- land, 17 miles NE of Baltimore, and 16 SW of Havre-de-Grace. Jordan, river of Turkey in Asia in Pales- tinue, which rises in Mount Libanus, and running from N to S, forms two lakes, the one formerly called the sea of Galilee, or the lake of Tiberias, and the other the Dead Sea. Josselin, town of France, now in the de- partment of Morbihan and lately in the province of Bretagne, 25 miles NE of Vannes. Lon. 2 23 W, lat. 48 N. Jouare, town of France, now in the de- partment of Seine and Marne. and lately in the province of the Isle of France, with a late magnificent Benedictine abbey, 10 miles SE of Meaux, and 35 B of Paris. Joud. See Jehitd. Jourdans, post office, Lincoln county, Georgia. Jonx, Valley and Lake of. See Jura JMnunt. Jxian de Uloa, small rocky islet off the harbour of Vera Cruz. On it stands a very strong fortress, which covers the island and commands the port. Joi/ens, town of France, now in the de- partment of Ardeche and lately in the 459 .? I.' A .; u L ptovince eir Daupliiriy, seated on tnc Baune. Jvan de la Frontera, St. a town of Chili, in South America, ill the province of Chi- quito, near the laiie Guanacho. The ter- ritory of tiii.> town is inhabited by 20,000 naiive Americans, who are tributary to Spain. It contains mines of gold, and a kind almonds that are very delicate. It is seat- ed at the foot of the Andes, 98 miles NE of St Jago. Lon. 65 55 \V, lat. 33 25 N. Juan de Puerto Rico, St. island of the West Indies, 50 miles E of Hispaniola, and usually called Porto Rico. It is 100 miles long and 50 broad, and belongs to the Spaniards, It is full of very high moun- tains, and extremely fertile valleys, inter- spersed with woods and well watered by springs and rivulets. It pro.luces sugar, rum, ginger, com, and fruits, partly proper to the climate, and partly ir.y-oduced from Spain ; and there are so many cattle, that thej' often are killed i'or the take of the skins alone. Here are a great number of uncommon trees, and tlier^ is a little gold in the N part of the island. It is common- ly said, that the air is lieahhy, and yet, in the reign of Queen Ehzubeth, the earl of Cumberland, when he had taken this island, lost most of his men by sickness, and, on that account, was forced to aban- don it. It is subject to storms and hurri- canes, like the rest of these islands. The capital is of the same name. Lon. 67 4 W, lat. 18 17 N. Juan de Puerto Rico, St. capital of an island of the same name, with a good har- bour, defended by several forts It is a bishop's see, :*Kd .seated on the N coast of the island. Lon, 69 1 W, lat. IS 29 N. Juaii Fernandez, ii^lard in the S Pacific Ocean, lying in 83 VV 'imi. ar.d 33 S lat. 300 miles W of Chili It is uninhabited, but is found ex'remely convenient to touch at and water. Tiiere are instances of two men living alone at different times on this island for several years; the one a Musqui- to Indian, the other Alexander Selkirk, a Scotchman, who liaving been left on shore, in this solitary place, by his captain, lived here five years, till he was discovered by captain Rogers, in 1709. From this re- markable hislory, Daniel de Foe is said to have derived the hints which gave rise to bis celebrated production, 'I'iie Adven- tures of Robinson Crusoe. This island is not quite 15 miles long and about six broad : its only safe harbour is on the N side. It is said to have plenty of excellent water, and to abound with a great variety of esculent vegetables highly antiscorbu- tic ; besides which, commodore Anson sowed a variety of gardeii-seeds, and plant- ed the stones of plums, apricots and peaches, which he wa«, many years after- wards, informed, had thriven greatly ; ^nd -160 i.jw, doubtless iurnish a very valuable ad- dition to the natural productions of this spot. .Tubo, capital of a kingdom of Africa of the same name, subject to the Portuguese. Lon. 43 20 E, lat. 50 N. Jucalan. See Yt/cataii, Honduras and JMerida. Judda, seaport of Arabia Felix, with a fort, seated on the Red Sea, 34 miles SW of Mecca, to which it is the port. Lon. 30 22 E, lat. 21 20 N. See Jeddo. Judenburg, considerable town of Germa- ny, the capital of Upper Stlria, with a handsome castle. The public buildings with the square, are magnificent. It was taken by the French in April 1797, and here an armistice was settled between the arciiduke Charles and Bonaparte. It is seated on the Mueln, 45 miles W by N of Gratz, and 100 SW of Vienna. Lon. 14 26 E, lat. 47 10 N. Judith, Point, SW point at the entrance of Narraganset bay. Judoigne, town of the Netherlands in South Brabant, near which the duke of Marlborough gained that signal victory, in 1706, called the battle of Ramilies. It is seated on the river Greete, 12 miles SE of Louvain, and 16 N of Namur. Lon. 5 1 E, lat. 50 45 N. Juggernaut, celebrated temple of Hin- doo superstition, in Orisso a few miles E from the Ohilka lake. Lon. 86 05 E, lat. 19 49 N. Jiijui, river of South America, in the province of Salta. It rises in the Andes at ion. 9 E, W C, nearly under the tropic of Capricorn, and flowing SE about 300 miles, falls into the Kio Grande. .Ti/jui, province of the United provinces of Buenos Ayres ; occupying the peninsu- la between the Juj«i and Rio Grande ri- vers. Jngov, town of France, in the depart- ment of the North Coast, and late province of Bretagne, sealed on ;.he small river Ar- qucon, 12 rniles from the English Channel, Jugora, considerable province of Musco- vy, depending on the government of Arch- angel. Julien du Sault, St. town of France in the department of Yonnc and late province of Burgundy, seated between two moun- tains covered with vines, near the river Yonne, five miles from Joigny. Juliers, formerly duchy of Westphalia, 64 miles in length, and 36 in breadth ; bounded on tlie N by Guelderland, on the E by the archbishopric of Cologne, on the S by Luxemburg and Treves, and on the W by Limburg. It is subject to the king of Prussia, and is remarkable for the quan- tity of wood it produces, which is much used in dyeing. Jidiers, town of Gertnany, capital of ths J U R J U T ibrmev diicliy of tlie same name, with a strong citadel. It is seated on the Roer, 15 miles E of Aixla-Chapelle, and 18 W of Cologne. Lon. 6 50 E, lat, 50 56 N. Jidiestoim, post town, Burlington coun- ty. New Jersey. Judet, Momit, hill of Illinois, N from T)es Planes river, near the mouth of the Kankakie. Lat. 42 06 N. Jumella, town of Spain in the province of Murcia, 22 miles SVV of Murcia. Jiimiege, town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Seine and late province of Normandy, with a late celebrated Benedic- tine abbey. It is seated on the Seine, 12 ■* miles S\V of Rouen, and 77 NW of Paris. Lon. 55 E, lat 49 24 N. Jummoo, or Jumbo, town of Hindoostan Proper in the country of Lahore. It is situated on the side of a hill by the river Rawec. This city thougli in a decayed state, is a mart of the first note in tiiat part of the country ; it is 9U miles N of Lahore. Lon. 23 16 e', lat. 32 45 N. ^ Jumnah, large river of Hindoostan Proper, which rises to the NW of Delhi, waters that capital as well as the city of Agra, and joins the Ganges, 100 miles below Be- nares. Juniata, township of Perry county, Penn- sylvania, on Juniata river, 20 miles from Harrisburg. Population in 1820, 1748. Ju7iiata, river in Pennsylvania, the prin- cipal branches of which rise in Bedford county. After having joined near Hun- tingdon in Huntingdon county, the united stream runs for the most part in an eastern direction till it meets the Suscjuehannah, 10 miles above Harrisburg. This river affords a channel through which the pro- duce of the adjacent countrj' is conveyed to a market ; either at Harrisburg, Middle- town, Columbia, Baltimore, &c. Junius, township of Seneca county. New York, at the lower end of Seneca lake. Population in 1320, 5113. Junksilon, seaport of Asia, the principal town of an island on the SW co.ast of Ma- lacca. The town is situated on the N part of the island, and has a harbour capa- ble of receiving ships of a moderate size ; the island is fertile, 63 miles long and from 10 to 20 broad. Lon. 98 30 E, lat. 8 40 N. Juntas, river of Colombia, in Quito, and in the province of Jaen de Bracanioros, rises in the Andes, and flowing E, receives as its name imports, numerous branches changes its name to Santiago, and fiiUs into the Lauricocha, at lat. 4 30 S, lon. W C 30E. Jura, one of the Western Isles of Scot- land, NE of Islay, supposed to be 34 miles long and 10 broad. !t is composed princi- pally of vast mountains quite nie Ilua. Kairvun, city of Africa, in Tunis, capital of a government of the same name. It is the second city in the kingdom for trade and population, and is 20 miles W of Susa. Lon. 10 25 E, lat. o5 40 N. Kaia, village of Saxony, near Lutzen, remarkable for a battle between the French and the Russian and Prussian armies, May 2nd, 1813. Kaisarich, city of Asia Minor, ancient Cesarea, and capital of Cappadocia. Lon. 35 18 E, lat. 38 41 N. Kalaar, town of Persia, in Chilan, with a considerable manufacture of silk. Lon. 58 4.5 E, lat. 36 23 N. Kaket, town of the country of Georgia, in the province of its name, which compre- hends a part of the ancient Iberia. It is situate near Mount Caucasus, 45 miles NN E of Teflis, and 120 N\V of Derbend. Kalau, town of Lusatia, which has a great trade in wool, 11 miles SE of Luckau. Kalhat, town of Arabia, in the province of Oman, on a river of the same name, at its entrance into the gulf of Ormus, 80 miles SE of Mascat. Kalis, town of Brandenburg, in the New mark, near the frontiers of Poland, 37 miles E of Stargard. JCalisch, city of Poland, capital of a pala- 462 tinate of the same name. It is seated on . the river Prosna, surrounded by morasses and walls, 40 miles S of Gnesen. Lon. IB 5 W, lat. 52 N. Kalkas, tribe of the Mongal Tartars, in Chinese Tartary. They inhabit the country N of the Mongul Tartars, properly so called, which stretches as far as the kingdom of the Eluths ; and is near 300 leagues in extent from E to W. KalUngburg, seaport of Denmark, in the isle of Zealand, seated on an inlet of the Great Belt, with the best harbour, next to Copenliagen, on the island. It is 55 miles W by N of Copenhagen. Lon. 11 11 E, lat. 55 47 N. Kalmucs, nation of Tartars, inhabiting that part of the Russian government of Caucasia, which lies between the Volga and the Ural, toward the Caspian sea. They all live in tents, and remove from place to place in quest of pasturage for tiieir numerous cattle, consisting of horses, camels, cows, and sheep. In person they are of a low stature, and bow-legged, occa- sioned by their being so continually on horseback, or sitting with their legs below them. Their faces are broad and flat, with a flat nose and little black eyes, dis- tant from each other like the Chinese. They are of an olive colour, and their faces full of wrinkles, with very little beard. Kalmunz, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Bavaria. It is 12 miles from Ratis- bon, and situated at the confluence of the Vilz and Nad. Kalnick, strong town of Poland, in the palatinate of Bracklaw. Lon. 29 18 E, lat. 48 57 N. Kaluga^ now a government of the Rus- sian empire, but it was formerly a province in the government of Moscow. Its princi- pal town of the same name, is seated on the Occa. Kamakura, famous island of Japan, about three miles in circumference, lying on the S coast of Niphon. It is here they confine their great men, when they have commit- ted any fault ; awd the coast is so steep, that tiiey are forced to be lifted up by the cranes. Kamatschinzes, is the name of a people in Tartary. In the year 1629 they were KAN K A R made tributary to Russia, and then led a rambling life. At present tlieir habitations are in the neighbourhood of Kunsk and Abakansk, two ostrogs, situated one on the Yenisei, and the other on the Kan. Even at the time that they submitted to Russia, they were only a scanty people, or rather the remains of some ancient na- tion. Kambala, JMount, ridge of mountains in Thibet, between lake Palte and the Bur- rampooter. From the top of this ridge may be seen, to the N, a range of still higher mountains, covered with snow. , The foot of mount Krtmbala is 31 miles S of Lassa. JCaminiech, verj' strong town of PoL-ind, capital of Podolia, with two castles and a bishop's see. When the Russians seized part of the Polish territories in 1793, this fortress held out a long time, but at last surrendered to their arms. The castle is seated on a craggy rock, 85 miles W of BrackJaw, and 100 SE of Lemburg. Lon. 26 30 E, lat. 48 58 N. Kamischatka, peninsula of Asia, formed by a chain of stony and barren mountains, which run toward the SSW from that part of the continent inhabited by the Koraiks. It is bounded by the Eastern Ocean, the gulf of Penschinskoi, and by the sea of Oghotzkj in all probability tlie Kourili, a range of isles which in many du'ections ex- tend as far as Japan, are a part of Kamt- schatka. It is situated between about 51 and 62 degrees N lat. The soil is stony, full of cold springs, destitute of the smallest piece of fertile ground, and so cold even in the summer, that tiie earth is totally un- fit for culture, and of itself does not pro- duce a sufficiency for the cattle. The Kamtschadales are for the most part of a low stature, with bi-oad shoulders, large heads, long flat faces, flat noses, small eyes, thin lips, and short legs. Kamtschatkoi, JViznei, town of Siberia, capital of Kamtschatka, with a citadel, ar- senal, and barracks. It is seated on the N side of the river Kamtschatka, 20 miles from its mouth. Lon. 161 50 E, lat. 56 30 N. Kamtschatkoi, Verchni, town of Siberia, in Kamtschatka, on the river Kamtschatka, 120 miles SW of Niznei Kamtschatkoi. Kandahor, province of Asghanistan. It is a high but level country, west from the mountains of Hindoostan. ^ Kandahor, city and capital of the pro- vince of the same name, Is situated on t!ie great road from Hindoostan to Persia, and is extensive, commercial and flourishing. See Candahor. Kandeghen, town of Hindoostan, in the Camatic. In 1599 it was the capital of a kingdom, called Narsinga, the residence of a Hindoo king, v/hose dominions extend over Tanjore and Madura ; and in 1640, a descendant of that prince, who reigned here, permitted the English to form a set- tlement at Madras. It is 70 miles NW of Madras. Lon. 79 24 E, lat. 13 46 N. Kanem, town of the empire of Bornou, in a province of the same name, where are bred multitudes of cattle and horses. It is seated on the Gazel, 150 miles NNW of Bornou. Kanio-u, strong town of Poland, in the palatinate of Kiow, seated near the Dnie- per, 62 miles S by E of Kiow, and 100 NE of Braclaw. Kanisca, strong town of Lower Hungary, capital of the county of Salawar ; seated on the Urave, 100 miles S by E oi' Vienna. Lon. 17 40 E, lut. 46 55 N. Kankakie River, great SE source of the Illinois, rises with the head waters of St. Joseph's of Michigan, flows W, and uniting with the Desplanes forms Illinois. The country drained by the Kankakee is gene- rally level, and most of it prairie. Kansas, one of the great southwestern branches of Missouri. It has interlocking sources with those of Arkansas and Platte rivers, and rises in the intermediate plains, as far W as lon. W C 27 W. Flowing nearly E, the variiius branches gradually converge, and after a comparative course of 400 miles unite, and forming a noble stream of nearly half a mile wide, continues 100 miles farther, and joins the Missouri, .at lat. 39 05 N. The junction of those two streams, determines the extreme west- ern limit of the state of Missouri. Kan-tcheou, city of China, of the fii-st rank, in the province of Kiang-si, on the Kau-kiang, 840 miles S of Peking. Lon. 115 2 E, lat. 25 52 N. Kao-tcheou, city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Quangtong. In its vicinity is found a kind of marble, that re- presents, naturally, rivers, mountains, landscapes and trees ; it is cut into leaves, and made into tables, &c. Kao-tcheou stands on a navigable river, 36 miles from the sea, and 1130 SSW of Peking. Lon. 145 36 E, lat. 40 N. Kaposivar, ibvt of Lower Hungary, on the river Kapos, which washes its walls. It is 55 miles W of Tolna. Lon. 18 13 E, lat. 46 3 IN. Kara-Jtnid, Turkish name of Diarbekirj ancient Amida. KaraMssar. • See Jlpldom. Karasu, ancient Pangaeus, mountains of European Turkey, between Thrace and Macedonia. Karasiibazar, town of the Crimea, noted for its noble antique bath, and an ancient manufacture of leather from the skins of Tauric goats. It is situate on tiie Karasu, in a delightful valley, 34 miles "W from CafiVv 463 K A S K A Y Karek, or Guvalc, island in the NE part of the gulf of Persia, five miles lon^^ and two broad ; where ships bound for Basso- ra generally call for pilots. Lon. 50 26 E, lat. 29 15 N. Karlesbiirg, or Belgrad, town of tlie Aus- trian empire in Transylvania, of which it was formerly the capital. It now contains about 6000 inhabitants. Lon. 23 34 E, lat. 46 4 N, 32 miles NW from Herman- stadt. Karlstadt, town and district of Austrian lUyria, Karlstadt the capital, stands on a branch of the Save, about 100 miles SE from Trieste. Karlstadt, province of Sweden, nearly commensurate with the ancient province of AVarmeland. Karleby, Gamta, seaport of Sweden, in East Bothnia, with a trade in hemp, salt, and ship -building, seated on the gulf of Bothnia, near the influx of the river Karle- by, 90 miles N by E of Christinestadt. Lon. 22 20 E, lat. 63 56N, Karleby, J^y, town of Sweden, in East Bothnia, on the I'iver Lappajock, six miles from the sea, and 20 S of Gamia Karleby. Karlscruhe, city of Germany, in the cir- cle of Suabia, in the margravate of Baden Darlach, with a magnificent palace. The city is built on a regular plan, and the houses are all as uniform as the streets. It is 12 miles N by E of Baden. Kasan, country of the Russian empire, lying on both sides of the Volga. It was formerly an independent kingdom, belong- ing to the Kalmucs, to whom the dukes of Moscow, with other petty principalities of Russia, were tributary. But, in 1552, Ivan Bassilowitz II. conquered Kasan, which now forms the three Russian governments of Kasan, Simberskand Fenza. KasaUf city of Russia, capital of a go- vernment of t!ie same name, and an arch- bishop's see. It has a strong stone fort, several churches, almost all of them built with stone, and eleven convents ; and there are several suburbs, one of them in- habited by Tartars. At one end of the city is a manufacture of cloth for the army. It is also the seat of a university, founded in 1803, occupying a central position be- tween Europe and Asia, it is a mart of ex- tensive trade. It is seated on the rivulet Kasanka, where it enters the Volga, 420 miles N of Moscow. Lon. 49 8 E, lat. 55 44 N. Kashgar. See Cashgiir. A'askasbia, river of Illinois, rising in the east part of the state near the west bound- ary of Indiana, and flowing SW by com- parative courses about 250 miles, upwards of 150 of which following the windings of its course it is navigable for boats. It falls into the Mississippi about 100 miles above the mart of Ohio. 464 JCaskankia, post town and seat of justice, Randolph county, Illinois, on the right bank of Kaskaskia river, 12 miles above its mouth. It is built upon a plain, in a prairie, and contains 150 houses and about 650 inhabitants. Kataba, town of Arabia, in Yemen, with a citadel, situate in a fertile country, near a river which runs into the sea at Aden, 75 miles N of Aden. Lon. 44 32 E, lat. 13 64 N. Katify town of Arabia, in the province of Bahrin. It is built of rock salt, and stands on the gulf of Persia, 95 miles N of Lach- sa. Lon. 48 38 E, kt. 27 40 N. Kauff bexiren, free imperial town of Ger- many, m the circle of Suabia, in the territo- ry of Kempten. It is seated on the War- dech, 18 miles NE of Kempten, and 30 S by W of Augsburg. Lon. 10 43 E, lat. 47 58 N. JiTavenaugh, post village, Wilson county, Tennessee. Kaurzim, town of Bohemia, near Prague, remarkable for a bloody battle fought there . April 17th, 1757, between the Prussians | under Frederick the Great, and the Aus- ^ trians under Marshal Daun. The former were defeated. This is commonly called the battle of Kolin. Kayes Island, island in the North Pacific Ocean, discovered by capt. Cook in 1778. Its NE point is a naked rock, considerably elevated above the land within it. Lon. 131 48 W, lat. 59 51 N. Kayersberg, town of France, riow in the department of Upper Rhine, and late pro- vince of Alsace, 9 miles NW of Colmar, and 25 NW of Basil. Lon. 7 23 E, lat. 48 ION. Kayserslaitteru, town of Germany, in the J palatinate of the Rhine. In the present i war it was taken by the French, is seated on the Lauter, 22 miles S W of Worms, and 38 S bv W of Mentz. Lon. 7 51 E, lat. 49 20 N. Kayscrstiild, town of Swisserland, in the county of Baden, with a bridge over the Rhine, and a castle. It belongs to the bishop of Constance, and is eight miles SE of Zurzach. Lon. 8 24 E, lat. 47 8 N. Kayserverd, or Keise-ivert, town of Ger- many in the circle of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, seated on the Rhine, eight miles N of Dtisseldorp, and 22 NW of Co- logne. Lon. 6 A5 E, lat. 51 14 N. Keen, post town in Clieshire county. New Hampshire, 14 miles SE of Walpole, and 95 W of Portsmouth ; containing 1645 inhabitants at last census in 1300. Kee7i, post town and seat of justice, in Cheshire county. New Hampshire, 14 miles SE of Walpole. and 95 W of Portsnwuth. In the neigiibonrhood of Keene many ex- teiibive inar.ufac'.urinir establishmcn'i have KEN J>: E ^ been formed. It is a fine tlu-ivios viUajje bnl-Ashutot river. Population in 1820, 1895, ICeenc, post town and township, Essex county, New York. Population in 1820, 605. Keenville, village of Northampton county, Pennsvlvania, on the road from Easton to the Lehigh Water Gap, 2 miles from Cher- ryville. Kehl, strong and important fortress of Germany, in Suabia, seated on the Rhine, over which is a bridge at Strasburg. Lon. 7 53, E, lat. 48 34 N. Kelso, populous town in Roxburgh shire, 20 miles SW of Berwick, and 338 NNW of London. Lo:i. 2 13 W, lat. 55 36 X. Kelvin, small river of Lanarkshire, in Scotland, over which the great canal is conveyed by an aqueduct bridge. Kempen, town of Germany, in tlie elec- torate of Cologne, seated on tlie Niers, 30 miles N\V of Cologne. Lon. 6 30 E, lat. 51 18 N. ^Kempten, free imperial town of Suabia, in the territory of the abbot of Ivempten, who is a prince of the empire. The inhabitants are prolestants. It is seated on the Iller, 45 miles S bv W of Augsburg. Lon. 10 21 E, lat. 47 49 N. Ken, river in Westmoreland, wlilch has a cataract near its moutli, that obstructs the navigation ; so that Milthorp, situated below this cataract, is the only port of Westmoreland. Keii, river in Kirkcudbriglitshire, that flows to.lNew Gallov/ay, below wliich it expands into a lake, four miles long and One broad. The stream that issues from this lake, falls into the river Dee, and their united waters meet the Irish Sea, at Kirk- cudbright. Kendal, corporate town in Westmore- land, 45 miles S of Carlisle, and 262 NNW of London. Lon. 2 52 W, lat. 54 15 N. Kenhatva, Gr'eat, river of Virginia. It rises in Ash ^county. North Carolina, and being enlarged by a number of tributary streams, runs nearly due N through Gray- son,3Wythe,'and Montgomery counties : it thence turns to NW, joined by tiie Green Briar :'lh«nce it continues nearly NW tiil it falls into the Ohio at Point Pleasant. Its whole course is about 400 miles, and its width at the Oiiio about 500 yards. Kenka-.va, IMtle, river of Virginia, ■ -scs in Lewis county, and flowiiig NW through LewiSjand Wood counties, fulls into tlie Ohio at Parkersburg, 13 miles below Ma- rietta. Ketiha-wa, county of Virginia, bounded S E by Greenbriar and Giles ; SW by Cabell ; NW by Mason and Wood, and NE by I^ewis and Randolph. Length 62 ; mean width^ 38'i and \ area aboul; 2400 stjuave 3 N rrriles. It is intersected fay Kenhawa Snd Elk rivers, and drained by their' numerous branches. Tiie surface is extremely" broken, and part mountainous. Soil gene- rally rocky and sterile, though presenting some remarkable exceptions. Chief town, Charleston. Population in 1810 Free white males . - - 1,845 Ap. do. females- - - - 1,623 Total whites - - - . ' 3,468 All other persons except Indians not .... 46 taxed Slaves 352 Total population in 1810 - 3,866 Population in 1820. Free white males . . - 2,949 do. do. females - . - 2,348 All other persons except Indians not taxed • . - . Total whites . . . - 5,297 Free persons of colour, males 21 do. do. females 8 Slaves, males .... 605 do. females • - - - 468 total population in 1820 6,399 Of tlrese ; Foreigners not naturalized - 7 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1)132 do. in Manufactures - - 488 do. in Commerce - - Population to the square mile, 2. Kemhvorth, town in Warwickshire, with a market on Wednesday Here was a fa- mous castle, the remaiits of which form one of the moit picturesque objects in the kingdom. It is five miles N of Warwick, and 95 NW of London, Kenmavc\to\,vn of Ireland, 12 miles SSW from Killarny. Kennebec, river which rises in the nor- thern part of iMaine, and falls into the At- lantic Ocean, between the bays of Casco and I'enobscot. The Kennebec river is formed by the union of the Kennebec pro- per with tlie Androscoggin, and drains a basin of 150 miles in length, with a mean width of 80 miles, embracing an area of about 12,000 square miles. The tide flows up the Kennebec to Augusta 45 miles, and in the Androscoggin to near Durham. Though interrupted by fills and shoals, both ijranches afford very considerable ex- tent of inland navigation. T&conich fali.<3 occur in the Kennebec at Waterville, about 20 miles ab!)ve Augu ta, but the stream i& navigated to a considerable distance high, er than that obstruction. Timber is the principal staple brought down either branch of the Kennebec. 4ES K E iV Kennebee, county of Maine, bounded by Lincoln SE and S ; Oxford W ; Somerset N ; Penobscot NE, and Hancock E. Length ^7 ; mean width 22 ; and area about 1000 square miles. Surface hil!y,. but generally arable, and soil productive in grain and pasturage. Chief towns, Hallowell and Augusta. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 16,544 do. do. females ... 15,846 Total whites .... 32,390 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - 174 Slaves Total population in 1810 - . 32,564 Population in 1820. Free white males - - . 21,408 do. do. females - - . 21,049 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites - . ^ - Free persons of colour, males ■ do. do. f|males Slaves, males . - . . do. females . . . Total population in 1820 - ,42,623 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized . 137 Engaged in Agriculture - - 9,785 do. in Manufactures - . 1,309 do. in Commerce - . 211 Population to the square mile, 42^. Kenneb-unk, river of York county, Maine. Kennebxmk, post town and port of entry, on the Atlantic Ocean, at tlie mouth of Kennebunk river, 25 miles SW from Port- land. The port is good ; and tonnage ex- ceeding 10,000 tons. Population in 1820, 2145. Kenned;/s, post village, Brunswick coun- ty, Virginia. Kemiet, township of Chester county, Pennsylvania, about 30 miles SW from Philadelphia, on the waters of Clay creek. Population in 1820, 1032. Kennet, nver which rises among the chalky hills in Wills, and flows to Newbu- ry, in Berks, wiiere it becomes navigable ; it is then augmented by the Lamborn, and runs to Reiidhig, below which it mingles with the Thames. Kennet-Sqnare, post village in Chester county, Pennsylvania, about 30 miles SW from Philadelphia Kenoqne, fort of Austrian Flanders, six miles from Dixmude. Kensington, village in Middlesex, two miles W from London. The extensive Iv E N gardens, of late years, have become a very fashionable walk. Kensington, township of Rockingham county, New Hampshire, 14 miles SW from Portsmouth. Population in 1820, 709. Kensington. See City of Philadelphia. Kent, one of the counties of England, situated at the SE corner of the island, and from thence enjoying many advantages. As to the climate of this country it varies according to the situation of places. There is no region more happily or more beauti- fully diversified in regard to soil, so that every kind thereof is, somewhere or other, to be met with in its bounds ; and in no shire are any of these soils more fertile than they are in this. The Weald yields variety of fine timber, particularly of ches- nut ; the middle part has very rich arable land, annually bearing every species of grain in immense plenty, and these excel- lent in their several sorts. There are also many beautiful orchards, which produce a variety of fine fruits, and more especially apple? and cherries, which were introdu- ced here from Flanders. The many rich commodities produced in this county, is the reason why most of our writers liave represented it as in a manner void of manu- factures which, however, as appears upon a strict and impartial examination, is very far from being the case. Of iron works there were anciently many ; and there are still some, where kettles, bombs, bullets, cannon, and such like, are made. The principal rivers, besides the Thames, are the Medway, Darent, Stour, Cray, and liother. ilaidstone is the county town. Population in 1801, 307,624; in 1811, 373,995 ; and in 1821, 426,016. Kent Comity, Upper Canada, compre- hends all the country (not being the terri- tory of the Indians) not already included in the several counties herein described ; extending nortliward to the boundary line of Hudson's bay, including all the territory to the westward and southward of the said line, to the utmost extent of the country commonly known by the name of Canada. It sends two representatives to the provin- cial parliament. Kent, county of Lower Canada, commen. cing opposite Montreal, and extending down St. Lawrence about 11 miles, and S E to tlie boundary of Bedford county. Kait, county of Rhode Island, bounded by Connecticut W ; Providence county N ; Narragansett bay E, and Washington S. Length 23 ; mean width 9 ; and area 207 square miles. Surface waving rather than hilly. Soil productive in fruits, grain, and pasturage. Chief town, Warwick. Population in ISIO. Free whites, males - - 4,683 do. do. females - - 4,793 K E N K E N' Total whites - - - - All other persons, except Indians not taxed .... Slaves - - - - - Total population in 1810 - Vopulation in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females ... All'other persons except Indians not taxed . . . - Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males ... do- females - . - Total population in 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do, in Manufactures - do. in Commerce 9,476 354 4 river, about 45 miles W|from Hartford. Population in 1820, 1956. Kent, county of Maryland, bounded E by Delaware ;*|SE by Chester river or — — Queen^Ann county ; W and NW by Che- 9,834 sapeak bay ; and N by Sassafras river or — — Coecil county. Length 27 ; mean width 8 ; and area 216 square miles. Surface generally level or moderately hilly. Soil of middling quality. Chief town, Chester. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 2,655 do. do. females - - 2,567 4,767 5,121 9,889 161 171 4 Total whites .... 5,222 All other persons except Indians not taxed - . - . 1,979 Slaves 4,249 10,228 Total population in 1810 10 1,644 446 63 Population to the square mile 49. Kent, middle county of Delaware, bound- ed by Delaware bay E ; Sussex county in Delaware S ; Maryland W, and New Castle county N. Length 32 ; mean width 20 ; and area 640 square miles. Surface gene- rally level, and soil of middling quality. Chief town, Dover. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 7,103 do. do. females - - - 7,048 Total whites . . - - All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - Slaves 14,151 5,616 728 Total population in 1810 - 20,495 Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females . - - Total whites - - Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males . . . - do. females .... Total population in 1820 - 7,163 7,027 14,190 2,740 2,793 627 443 20,793 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 25 4,402 521 193 Population to the square mile, 32^. Kent, post village aad township, Litch- field county, Connecticut, on Housatnnick Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do do. females Slaves, males ... do. females Total population in 1820, 11,450 2,668 2,647 5,315 1,007 1,060 2,276 1,795 12,453 16 2,589 262 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce - - 35 Population to the square mile, 53. Kent, island in Chesapeak bay, belong- ing to Queen Ann county, Maryland. It contains nearly 30,000 acres. Kentaijj'e, Mount, ridge of mountains in the S part o« Thibet, bordering on Hin- doostan Proper. On the W side' of this ridge are the two heads or the Ganges, and from its E side issues the Burrampooter. Kentsingxien, town of Suabia, in the Brisgaw, seated on the river Elz. Lon. 7 57 E, lat. 48 18 N. Kentvcky, one of the central states of the United States, bounded by Vir::,'inia E ; Tennessee S ; and the Ohio river W, NW and N. ji'Eles. Kentucky has a boundary on Virginia, commencing at the mouth of Great Sandy river, and following that stream to its source in Cumberland mountains, " " " ,' Thence along Cumberland mountam to the south-west angle of Virginia, on the noith boundary .of Tennes- 60 see. 110 Thence by a line a little nortli of 467 s K£ N west, along the north boxiudary of Jlilca Tennessee to Tennessee river, - 238 Up Tennessee river, . - - 12 Thence due west along the norlli boundary of Tennessee, to the lelt bank of Miss ssippi river, and ex- treme south-west angle of Ken- tucky, 81 Thence up the Mississippi river to the mouth of Ohio, - - - - ^ 4- Up Ohio, along Illinois, to the mouth of Wabash and south west angle of Indiana, ■ - - - - 130 Thence up Ohio river, opposite Indi- ana, to tiie mouth of the Cirejit Mi- amee and soutli-vycst angle of Ohio, ..... 336 Thence up Ohio river, along Ohio to the mouth of Great Sandy, - 173 Having an entire outline of - - 1207 Area, 3r,680 square miles, or 24,115,200 acres. The greatest length of Kentucky is from the south-west angle of li.e state on Mis- sissippi river, to tlie head of Great Sandy river, 380 miles : mean wiclt.li, 99 miles. Extreme south. North tat. 36 30 ; ex- treme north, lit the Great JMiamee bend, 39 5. It Is obvious by a simple inspection of its great fe-ilures that Kentucky must pre- sent considerable divt rt,ity of soil and cli- mate. On its south-east border it is limi- ted by Cumberland m.ounUiin, from which most of its streams take their source. Un- like the opposite slope of the Ohio valley, no table land, in the true meaning of the term, exists on that on which Kentucky is placed. In point of soil the state is divisible into three portions ; the mountainous, hilly, and level. The mountainous section of Ken- tucky, is of small and unimportant extent, being limited to the repion towards the sources of Cumberland, Kentucky, Wcking, and Great Sandy rivers If all the soutli- east angle ot the state is taken as moun- tainous, it will not amount to one-fourth the area of the wliole. But, though the niountains are not very elevated, this part of the state is very broken, and generally sterile soil. The second, or hilly section, follows the iTiountainous, and is much more extensive. The hilly natural subdivision spreads over, in fact, much the greater part of the state, reaching from the Ohio river between Great Sandy and Licking rivers, and the border of Tennessee, nearly as low down as Ohio'below the mouth of Salt river. From analogy it might be expected, that on the left as well as right slope of Ohio valley, table land would be found. This Is pot, however, the fact ; so far otherwise 468 is the face of the hill part of Kentucky, that in no part of the United States is the earth so broken by abrupt steeps, nor where the water courses have cut channels so deep in proportion to quantity of water, and length of course. In their natural state, before the settlement of the whites, these vales were overgrown with a thick forest, under which grew brakes of the reed cane, and rendered this part of Kentucky the most impenetrable to the footsteps of man, of any part of the North American forest yet attempted. On the level bottoms of Louisiana the large cane brakes are ex- tremely difficult to pass, but it is on uneven ground that this gigantic grass renders hu- man effort to penetrate its recesses, to the last degree painful and slow. The cane brakes, however, like the wild animals they once sheltered, disappeared before civilized man. In Kentucky this fact has been realized ii? a very striking manner. The buffalo, deer, bear, elk, and the Arun- do gigantea, have in t;reat part vanished ; and in their places farms, orchards, mea- dows, towns, and villages, have arisen. I have more than one*' remarked, the curious circumstance, that in the Ohio val- ley, most of the hills were fertile to their siin.m.ts. This characteristic is very stri- king in that part of Kentvicky we have un- der review ; it is so peculiarly so, that the hills are in many places more fertile than the bottoms. 'I'he prevading timber of the hills is chesnut, hickory, poplar (lirioden- dron fulipifera) sugar maple, elm, and hackberry. In the bottomiS the timber is nearly similar though larger. As the rivers advance in tlieir progress toward their common recipient, they pur- sue through the mountainous and hilly tracts we have noticed, nearly a west cour.se, but are all less or more inflected to the northward at a considerable distance before their final discharge intoOhio. The uniformity of their curves must have arisen from some feature in the surface of the original plain, into whose surface their channels are worn. The rivers of the right slope of the basin are remarkable for all having courses not deviating much from north and south. Those of the left, in the lower or inferior part of their courses, flow nearly north. The rivers of Kentucky are more cha- racterized than are even those of Ohio and Indiana, by the deepness of the vales or ravines they have formed out of the secon- dary strata over whose surface they flow. The substrata of Keiatucky is limestone in the far greater part, into which the rivers have worn precipitous channels. Below the great bend of its rivers,- the } hysiognomy of the country changes from sharp, high, steep hills, narrow, deep and gloomy valleys, to a comparative rolling or K E X K 1-. is even level country. Thoug-b on a smaller Bcale, than the expansive tracts of fertile soil on the opposing slope, this part of Ken- tucky is amongst the most desirable in the United States. It is the only part of Ken- tucky which assumes any of the attributes of a table land. Tlie soil is extremely fer- tile, but in many places so very shallow as scarce to admit the growth of large trees. Its base is one immense Hoor of secondary 3 border is the but- tress of the Kentucky slope, fractured, if such a term can be admitted, by the abra- sion of the waters flowing from the inte- rior. Thougii Ii6t obstructed by falls, or even remarkable rapids, the streams of Kentucky flow with great velocity, occa- sioned by the considerable inclination of their plane of descent. The space between the mountains and Ohio river has a small declivity, but the great depth of the bed of the latter river has given so much pitch to the water, that every stream has formed for itself a channel whose declivity corres- ponds to the comparative depression be- tween their sources and recipient. The apex of the hills within three or four miles from the Ohio river is little if any below that of those far in the interior. The humble elevation of the interior hills are in relation to their base ; if takeJi above Ohio river their height would nearly cor- respond to those near that stream. We may, therefore, on leaving Ohio river, conceive ourselves rising rapidly to a level with the general surface. We find the waters flowing in enormous chasms, lined by limestone walls of from 109 to 300, or 400 feet deep. These chasms become less profound as we advance towards the mountain sources. Near the Ohio we meet with innumerable gushing springs of water, which as we ascend the central table land become more rare. We again find these fountains increase as we proceed on our way to the mountain border. Over all the wide extent of Kentucky, the only really level surface of note is the bottoms of Ohio. Those bottoms are, in every place where they occur, perfectly similar in structure, and generally uniform in their texture. But the bottoms on the Ohio, in much the greater part, fall back- wards toward the hills, at the base of which, ponds and small marshes are fre- quent. Hut few instances of a regular ac- clivity from the water edge exist on the Ohio. In this instance this river differs essentially from most streams on the At- lantic slope, and particularly from the St. Lawrence. Tliese ponds along the base of the Ohio hills superinduce bilious com- plaints in autumn. Tiiey are, however, easily drained, and the beneficial conse- qtiences of such melioration on the face of nature are felt at Louisville and other places, where such works have been exe- cuted. • As the bottom lands of Ohio constitute so remarkable a feature in the topography of the United States, and as Kentucky em- braces the largest share of this species of soil, I have reserved to the present, to in- troduce its particular description. • The natural position of Ohio river, and the pro- cess of its formation has been amply dis- cussed. It has been shown that that stream, and all its confluents owe their ex- istence to the wearing away of a primitive plain. It has been also noticed that this 469 K E N K E N process must have beert" gradual and of very long continuance. 'I'he vale of Ohio, at the city of Pitts- burgh is 460 feet deep ; and this depth di- minishes in proportion to arr iidvance to- wards the lower terminationof the vale, and at the junction of Ohio and Mississippi rivers, the water is but little depressed be- low the level of the adjacent bottoms. Evidences of the periodical recession of the water is every where seen in the bot- toms. In most places there are two, and in some places three stages of bottoms, ele- vated above each other 15, 20, or 25 feet. The first, or lowest stage, is yet subject to immersion, at the period of veiy high floods, the second ynd third have long ceased to be liable to inundation. Newport, and Covington, the former above, and the latter below the mouth of Licking river, opposite Cincinnati, are on first bottoms. Louisville, at the rapids of Ohio, stands on a first bottom, more than usually ele- vated, but falling in tb.e rear into low ponds. In general the towns along the margin of Ohio, except at the mouth of rivers, are on second bottoms. Below Louisville the hills are so much declined in elevation, as to render that place a point of separation between the bold and rich scenery above, and the more humble and less variegated landscapes below that place. It is also a point where the boltoms commence a change from the stair-form we have de- scribed to the flat and monotonous aspect of the shores of the Mississippi. From ilie apes of the hills or. one side, to those on the other, the distance is about two miles, thrce-fotirths of which is occupied by the river and slopes of the hills, leaving about half a mile, or 880 yards, for the breadth of the bottoms. The length of Ohio is 848, or in round numbers 850 miles, which at half a mile wide would yield 425 square miles of bottom land. Tliis amounts to only 523,200 acres, much less than is com- monly believed, tliough I am well convin- ced falls little if any short of thej-eal quan- tity. As to fertility, no description can much exceed reality ; this range is no doubt amongst the most productive in the northern, temperate zone. Its na tural iii; digenous forest trees indicate-S-StnPBTthe very highest strength of production. The most prominent species are oaks, elms, ash, and hickory, of every variety ; black and white walnut, liriodendron, sugar maple, linen,, cotton wood, and sycamore; with an underwood of papavv, dogwood, and spice. Every vegetable which the climate will adfiTiii can be produced in abundance. We may dismiss the subject at present by ob- serving, that in p--/mt of climate the Ohio itself ranges through three degrees and 470 forty minutes of latitude. The mouth of Big Beaver, being in North lat. 40 40jnnd the mouth of Ohio North lat, 37. OtPthis climatic expanse, Kentucky embraces two degrees and eight minutes of latitude. We have now surveyed Kentucky, and have found the features of nature exhibited on its siu'face to be in accordance with those of other parls of the basin in which it is situated. We have foun^,a much more varied physiognomy than that country is commonly allowed to possess. It is a re- gion, indeed, which well deserves the at- tention of the philosopher and statesman : it is interesting to the former from its pe- culiar structure and productions, and to the latter from its commanding posi- tion. Politically, Kentucky is subdivided into the counties of : Counties Square miles Population To square mile Adair, 1,140 8,765 7 Allen, 290 5,327 17 Barren, 476 10,328 21 Bath, 352 7,960 22 Boone, 300 6,542 22 Bourbon, 200 17,664 88 Bracken, 160 5,280 33 Breckenridge, 700 7,485 10 BuUit, 260 5,831 22 Butler, 480 3,083 6 Caldwell, 480 9,022 18 Campbell, 220 7,022 32 Casey, 300 4,349 14 Christian, 770 10,459 13 Clarke, 230 11,449 50 Clav, 800 4,393- i- 5 Oumberhnd, '.440 8,058 18 IJavies, '600 3,876 6 Estill, 700 3,507 - 5 Fayette, 276 23,250 84 Fleming, 540 12,186 22 Flovd, 1,660 8,207 4 Franklin, 270 11,024 4 Gallatin, 350 7,075 20 Garrard, 220 10,851 50 Grant, 250 1,805 7 Grayson, 600 4,055 6J Greene, .. 630 11,943 19 Greenup, 590 4,311 7 Hardin, 1,100 10,498 9^ ' Harlan, 650 1,961 3 Harrison, 330 12,278 37 lart, 320 4,184 13 Henderson, 600 5,714 9 Henry, 400 10,816 27 Hickman, 1,500 Hopkins, 750 5,322 7 Jefferson, 520 20,768 40 Jessamine, 170 9,297 54 Knox, 840 3,661 4 Lawrence, 720 Lewis, 380 3,973 10 Lincoln, 320 9,979 31 Livingston, 720 5,824 8 Logan, 630 14,423 23 K E N K !•: 14 Comuka Madison, Mason, Mercer, Monroe, Montgomery Muhlenberg; Nelson, Nicholas, Ohio, Owen, Pendleton, Pulaski, Perry, Pike, Rockcastle, Scott, Shelby, Simpson, Todd, Trigg, Union, . Warren, Washington, Wayne, WJiitley, V/oodford, Square miles 490 220 350 700 420 540 510 190 640 200 340 800 990 960 380 iro 520 410 450 450 540 680 550 940 560 160 Population 15,954 13,588 15,587 4,956 9,587 4,979 16,273 7,973 3,879 2,031 3,086 7,597 2,249 14,219 21,047 4,852 5,089 3,874 3,470 11,776 15,987 7,951 2,340 12,207 To square mile 32 61 44 7 9 32 42 6 10 9 9 6 83 40 11 11 8 6 17 29 8 4 76 37,680 564,317 15 nearly Of this papulation, 2,759 are free blacks, and 126,732 are slaves, leaving a white population of 434,826. The different members of this mass, ac- cording to the census of 1820, were classed thus: Foreigners not naturalized - 529 Engaged^n Agriculture - - 132,161 do. Manufactures - 1\,779 do. Commerce - - 1,617 146,086 Those counties, the population of wliicli are not marked, have been formed since the last census was taken. Lawrence county was formeti out of Greenup ; Hickman, betua^en Xht state of Tennessee, and Tennessee, Ohio, and Mis- sissippi rivers ; Pike from Floyd, and Per- ry from Clay. The principal productions of Kentucky, are wheat, flour, Indian corn, salted provi- sions, live stock, tobacco, hemp and salt. Manufactures of various kinds have risen to considerable extent particulai'ly coarse cloths and cordage. The commercial out- let of Kentucky is the Mississippi river. The interests of education have received considerable attention in tiiis state, the Transylvania, is a comparatively recent but a really respectable institution. Accord- ing to a report of the Professors l:i th .3 semi- nary dated February 11th, 1822, the school of Medicine presents, •' all the means re- quisite for A complete course of msdicul education, conducted in the usual acade- mic:il form. The liibrary of the Institution is select and valuable', containing in various lau- guages, tlie standard and most esteemed works in medicine, both ancient and mo- dern, with no inconsiderable number of the same rank in tiie several collateral branches of science ; the chemical appara- tus is, in many respects, not inferior to any in the United States; and the anatomical museum, already rich In matter of instruc- tion, will be rendered much more so, by additions which it will receive from Eu- rope in the course of the sunnmer. The lecture rooms are also spacious, comforta- ble and commodious. Courses of lectures are delivered on all the branches of medicine taugjit in the eld- est schools of our country. 3 The price of subsistence is unusually moderate, and accomodations excellent, the situation exceedingly heilthy, and, in intelligence, morality and rCTnement, the society not surpassed by that of any other town in the United States. The lectures will commence annually, on the first Monday in November, and ter- minate early in the month of March. To be entitled to present himself a can- didate for the degree of Doctor of Medi- cine, a pupil must be twenty-one years of age, and have attended two full courses of lectures — one of them at least, in this In- stitution. But any Physician, who sliall have prac- tised his profession with reputation for the term of four years, may become a candi- date after attending one full course of leC" tures in this school." The charter of a second university to be located at Danville, was granted by the Legislature in 1819. Kentucky, river, rises in Floyd county, in the spurs of Cumberland mountain, in- terlocking with the sources of Licking and Big Sandy, and opposite to those of Tennessee. The general course of Ken- tuliky river is NW, and by comparative courses 200 miles, tlirough or bordering on Floyd, Perry, Estill, Clark, Madison, Fay- ette, JessaiTiine, Garrard, Mercer, Wood- ford, Franklin, Shelby, Owen, Henry and Gallatin counties. It enters l^hio at Port William, and in times of flood navigable by the windings of the stream about 150 miles. Kerbela, ancient Vologesia, town of Irak Arabi, on the W bank of the Euphrates, about 50 miles SW from Bagdad. KercoIaJig, island in tlie Indian Ocean, between 80 and 100 miles in circumfer- ence. Lon. 126 31 E, lat.4 28 N. Ucresoun, ancient Cerasus, town of Asia- tic Turkey, on the Black Sea, 70 miles W SW from Trebisond. 471 Iv b S Kergiieleiis Land, island in the Soutlieni Ocean, visited by captain Cook, in 1779, Lon. 69 '37 E, lat. 49 3 S. Kerman, province of Persia, ancient Ca- rama/wa, lying on the gulf oi Persia. The inhabitants drive a great trade in their wool Kerman, town of Persia, capital of a province of the same name, called also Caramania. It is 120 miles NNVV of Gam- broon. Lon. 55 15 E, lat, 39 20 N. Kerpeii, town of Germanj', in the circle of Westphalia, in the dachy of Juliers, 14 miles SE of Juliers. Lon. 6 56 E, lat. 50 ON, Kerry, county of Ireland, in the province of Munster, 57 miles long and 45 broad, bounded on the E by the counties of Li- merick and Cork, on the W by the Atlan- tic Ocean, on the N by the Shannon, which separates it from Thomond, and on the S by Desmond and the ocean. It is a mountainous countr)', but in many places are good corn-fields. It contains 84 parishes, and sends eight members to par- liament. Ardfert is the capital. Kerslia-iU, district of South Cai'olina, bounded by Sumpter and^part of Hichland SE ; part of Richland SW ; Fairfield W ; Lancaster NW and N ; Chesterfield NE ; and Darlington E. Length 33 ; mean width 24 ; and area about 800 square miles. Surface pleasantly diversified by hill and dale. Soil productive. Chief town, Camden. Tiiis district was not re- turned in the census of 1820, but the ag- gregates, as subsequently published in Niles' Register, are annexed to the sub- jokied table. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 2,577 do. do. females - - 2,365 ^. » Total whites ... 4,942 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 78 Slaves 4,847 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white inhabitants Free persons of colour, Slaves, 9,867 5,C28 122 6.692 Total population in 1820 . 3,746 Population to the square mile, 15',. Kertsch, fortress of great importance, which with Jenikale command the passage which forms the communication between the sea of Asoph and the Black Sea. It is situated on the E coast of the Crimea, near the N entrance of the straits of Caffa, 12 miles from Jemicale. Kesroan^ chain of ifiomilahis, on the ccast 472 of Syria, which makes a part of Sfount Li-* banus. Kessel, town of Prussian Guelderland, with a handsome castle, seated on the Mease, between Ruremond and Venlo. Lon. 5 49 E, lat. 15 16 N. Kessehlorf, village of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, three miles below Dresden, I'emarkable for a victory gained by the kmg of Prussia, over the Saxons, in 1745. Keste-jen, one of the three grand divi- sions of Lincolnshire. It contains the W part of tlie count}', from the middle to tha S extremity. Kss~Mck, town in Cumberland, with a market on Saturday, it is seated in a vale surrounded by hills, near the rapid river Greeta ; near this vale the finest black lead in the world is dug up. It is 25 miles N\V of Kendal, and 217 NNW of London. Lon 3 15 W, lat, 58 35 N. Kesxoich, Vale of, district in the S part of Cuml)erland. fiere is the lake of Der- went-water. To the N of this is the lofty mountain Skiddaw, one of the most distin- guished in England ; and to the S is the dreary region of Borrowdale. See Bur- roiodale, Derzvent-ivater, and Sbiddaxv. KeUering, town in Northamptonshire, 12 miles NE of Northampton, and 75 NW of London. Lon. 59 E, lat. 52 20 N. Ke^t), village in Surry, seven miles W by S of London, on the Thames, over which is a stone bridge of seven arches to Brent- ford. Here is a royal palace, fine gardens, and his majesty's exotic garden. "Many new plants from the South Sea and Cape of Good Hope being transplanted to it. Tiie latter has been brought to great per- fertion. Kew gardens are open to the pub- li«v every Monday, from Midsummer to the en I of Autumn. Ke\ieena, I'oiut, projects far into the S side of lake Superior. It is thus distir>- guis'.ed and described by Mr. Schoolcraft. "It has sometimes been confounded by geographers, and travellers, with Point Chegoimegon, which is 130 miles further west. In coasting round this point it is es- timated to be ninety miles, but canoes shorten tlie voyage, by ascending the Port* age river, which nearly insulates the point from the main shore, and makes a portage of less than a niiie, into the lake west f;om the point. To the east of this point there is a large b.ay, 13 miles wide by 20 in length called Kev.eena bay, which it is necessa- ry to cross, in order to reach Portage ri- ver. See Portage river. Kexholm, town of the liussian govern- ment of Wiburgh, on two islands of the lake Ladoga, 60 miles NE of Wiburg, and 67 N of P'etersburgh. Lon. 30 25 E, lat. 61 3 N. K^vmhmh tpv.n in Somci'sctshlre, on llic D k I 1. Avon, five miles SE of firistol, and 119 W of London, Lon. 2 34 W.lat. 51 24 N. Keysville, post village of Charlotte coun- ty, Virginia, on the head waters of Meheitn river, 70 miles S\V from Richmond. Khoraein, country of Asia, along the E side of the Caspian. It corresponds in part with ancient Hyrcania, or rather the west- ern part of Scythia Intra Imarum. Kharkof, government of the Russian em pire, formerly comprised in the govern- ment of Ukrania-Slovodskaia. Its capital of the same name, is seated on the Uda, which falls into the Donetz. Khojund, city of Bucharia, on the Sihon or Jaxartes river, 120 miles NE from Sa- marcand. Kia-king-foii, city of China, in the pro- vince of Tche-kiang, remarkable for noth- ing but its streets, ornamented by beauti- ful piazzas, that shelter passengers from the sun and rain. Seven cities of the third class are dependent upon it. • Kaichta, town of Asiatic Russia, on the Selinga river, and frontier of China, about 200 miles S from Irkoutsk. it is the cen- tre of trade between Russia and China. Lat. 50 30 N. lon. 10 7 E. Kiang-nan, province of China, bounded on the W by Ilonan and Houquang, on the S by Tche-kiang and Kiang-si, on the E by the gulf of Nanking, and on the N by Chan-tong. It is of vast extent and con- tains 14 cities of .the first rank, and 93 of tlie second and third. These cities are very populous, and all of them are great trading places, it is full of lakes, rivers and canals ; and tlieir silks, japanned goods, ink, and paper, bring liigher prices than that of tlie other provinces, Nan-king is the capital. Kiang-Si, province of Chin^, bounded on theN by Kiangnan, on the W by Hou- quang, on tlie S by Quang-tong, and on the E by Fo kien aud Tclie-kiang. TtiC niotmtains of this province contain mines of gold, silver, lead, &c. the rice it produces is very delicate, and its porcelain is the finest of the empire. It contains 13 cities of the first, and 78 of the second and tiiird. Nan-tchang-fou is the capital. Kiburg, town of Swisseiland, and in the canton of Zuric, with a castle. It is seat- ed on the river TheoiT, 14 miles NE of tlie town of Zuric. Lon. 8 46 E, lat. 47 28 N. Kidderminster, corporate town in Wor- cestershire. It is seated under a hill, on the river Slour, und is the principal manu- facturing place in the county, and it was particularly noted for a woollen manufac- ture called Kidderminster stuffs. Its for- mer trade of stuflTs is much declined, on account of the general use of cotton goods , but its carpet manufacture has greatly in- creased. It is 14 miles SE of Brit^genorlh, J and 125 NW of -London. Lon. 2 18 W, lat. 52 28 N. Kidxuelly, town in Carmarthenshire, in S Wales. It is seated on a creek of the Bristol Channel, near the mouth of the Towy. From this town, a canal has been cut to some collieries, whence coal is brought down and exported. It is eight miles S of Carmarthen, and 224 W by N of London. Lon. 4 20 W, lat. 50 44 N. Kiel, strong and considerable town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, capital of Holstein, with a castle, and a uni- versity. It stands on a peninsula, in a bay of the Baltic, and has a commodious har- bour for ships of the largest size. A canal was begun in 1777, by which the naviga- tion of the Northern Sea is to be united with the Baltic ; and crosses Holstein, by the canal of Kiel, and the river Eyder, which passes by Rendsburg, and falls into the German Ocean at Tonnmgen ; by which Kiel has become one of the most com- mercial places in Holstein. Kiel is 37 miles NW of Lubec, and 46 N by E of Hamburg. Lon. 10 E, lat. 54 20 N. See Holstein. See article JVavigation Inland, Kiema, promontory of Swisserland, on the W shore of the lake of Zug, of which it is remarkable, that the ground belongs to the canton of Lucern, the timber to that of Zug, and the le. ves to that of Schv\eifz. Kien-ning-fou, city of Cliina, in the pro- vince of Fo-kien. At thi" time of the con- quest of Chma by the Mandshurs, it sus- tained two sieges, and after some time it was taken, and all the inhabitants were put to the sword. Having been since re-estab- lished, it is ranked among cities of the first class, and has eight cities of the third class under its jurisdiction. It is 260 miles SE of Nun king. •Kiernotu, town of Lithuania, seated on the Villia, where the duke resides. Lon. ^5 21 E, lat. 54 50 N. Kilbarchan, village in Renfrewshire ; it is a manufacturing place, and has extensive bleaching grounds. It is five miles SW of Renfrew. Kilbeggan, borough of Ireland, in West Meath. It is seated on the Bosna, and is 44 miles W of Dublin. KUburn, village in Middlesex, in the vi- cinity ot London ; famous for a fine well of mineral water. Kilda, St. small island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, 18 leagues to the W of North Uist. A great number of the poor people in this island live chiefly by fishing and catching wild fowls. St. Kilda is the most westerly island of Great Britain. Kildare, county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Leinster, 37 miles long and 20 broad ; bounded on the E by Dublin and Wicklow, on the W by King's CDXtntyj and K I L f". I L Queen's Countv, on the N by K Mcath, and Killamey, town of Irelind 'm the county oil tiie S by Catherloiigh. It is a fertile of Kerry and province ofMunster, on the country, contains 100 parishes, ami sends si.l.- of a hke of the same name- Within 10 memoeis to parliament. naif a mile of this place are the ruin-i of the Kildare, town of Ireland, Capital of a ciahcJral of A'^liadoe an ancient bibhopric County of the same n^tne, witii a bishop's united to Ardfert. It is 14o nndes SW of see. It is 27 miles SW of Dublin. L^n. 6 Dnbi;n. 37 W, lat. 53 9 N. KiUarneVy beautiful lake of Ireland, in Kildriimmy, town of Scotland, in Aber- the county of Kerry, otherwise called deenshire, seated on the Don. Lon 2 35 Lough Lean, from its being surrounded by W, lat. 57 20 N. high mountains. It is divided into three Kilgarren, town in Pembrokeshire, seat- parts, called the Lower, Middle, and Up- ed on the river Tyvy ; near it is a rem rka- per Lake. The northern, or lower lake, is ble salmon-leap, where the fish are ca-iglit six miles in length, and from three to four in great abundance. Above this place, are in breadth. The upper lake is four miles large works for fabricating tin plates. It inlength, and from two 'o three in breadth, is 30 miles N of Pembroke, and 227 WN W It is almost surrounded by mountains, from of London. Lon. 4 40 W, lat. 52 4 N. which descend a number of beautiful cas- Kilham, town in the E riding of York- cades. The islands in this lake are nu- shire, with a market on Saturday. It is merous, and afford an am:izing variety of seated on the Moulds, and is 36 miles NE picturesque views. The centre lake which of York, and 200 N of London. Lon. 16 communicaUs with the upper, is small in W, lat. 54 5 N. comparison \V\\.\i the other two, and cannot Kilia, fortified town of Turkey in Eu- boast of equal Viriety; but the shores are, rope, in the province of Bessarabia ; sated in many places, indented with beautiful in an island at the mouth of the Danube. ba}s, surrounded by dark groves of trees. It is 86 miles SW of Bialogorod, and 290 In the several moimtains adjacent to the NE of Constantinople. Lon. 28 46 E, lat. lakes are st 11 to be seen ves iges of mines 45 22 N. of iron, lead and copper. Kilkenny, county of Ireland, in the pro- Killevan, town of Ireland, and province vince of Leinster, 40 miles long and 20 of Ulster in the county of Monnghan, eight broad ; bounded on the E by Catherlough miles SW of Monaghan. Lon. 7 26 W, lat. and Wexford, on the W by Tipperary, on 54 10 N. the N by Queen's County, and on the S by Killicrankie, noted pa§s in Perth.shire, Waterford. It is one of the most health- near the junction of the Tumel with the ful, pleasant and populous counties in Ire- Garry. It is the grand entrance into the land, contains 96 parishes, and sends 16 Highlands In those parts, and is formed by members to parliament. the lofty mountains impending over the Kilkenny, town of Ireland, capital of a Garry, which rushes through in a deep county of the same name. It is one of the darksome, and rocky channel, overhung most populous and commercial towns of w.ih trees. At present, a fine road gives I-elund ; and consists of the Irish and an easy access to the remote Highlands ; English Town, the last of which is the m^i the two sides sre joined by a fine principal. It once had h bishop and the yrcli. Near the N end of this pass, in its cadiedral is yet standing. It i; 26 miles open and unimproved state, king Wilham's N of Waterford, and 54 SW of Dublin, anny under general M ckey, was defeated, Lon. 6 55 W, lat. 52 36 N. ij, 16S9, by the Highlanders, commanded Kilkenny, township of Lelnsler coun'y, by viscount Dundee, who was killed in the Lower Canada, 35 miles NW from Mon- moment of victory. Here also a body of treal. Hessians in 1746 made a full pause, refusing Kilkenny, township of Coos county, New to march further, for it appeared to thera H.impshire, 8 miles NE from Lancaster, as the «e/»/;/s 7(Z/ra of habitable country. Population in 1820, 24 KiUikcuih, borough of Ireland, in the Kilkeiiny, post town, St. Lawrence coun- ^^^^,^^^, ofDown.seated on an arm of Strang- ty, New\ork. , , • . ford Lough, \\ here ships may be sheltered Killala, seaport of Ireland, m the county ^..^^ ^,j Oj^j^_ ^.,,g celebrated Sir Hans of Mayo, and province of Connaught, with ^^^^^^ ^.^^ ^^^^^ -^ ,,^ig ^^^^^^ ^^-^^-^^^^ -,3 gQ a bishop's see It is 21 miles IN ot Castle- jj ^^ ^ ^ ^^- ^.^biin. bar. Lon. 9 11 W, lat. 54 15 E. ^ Killaloe, city of Ireland, hi the county of Clare, and province of Munster with a bishop's see, seated on the Shannon, over which is a bridge of 19 arches Here is a considerable salmon and eel fishery. It is 10 miles NNE of Limerick. Lon. 8 27 W, lat, 52 50 N. ATI Killinaule, town olTreland, in the county of Tipperary and province of Connaught, 14 mdes N of Cloumel. Lon. 7 26 W, lat. 52 27 N, KiUingly, township of Windham cotmty, Connecticut, containing 2,512 inhabitants in 1810. and in 1820, 2,80", It is situated K 1 J< K I N between Quinaboag river and Rhode Island, in the NE corner of the state. Killington peak; mountain of Vermont, 10 miles E from UntlunJ. It is* upwards of 4000 feet above the level of the Atlantic Ocean. Killing-.uorth, post town and township, in Middlesex county, Connecticut ; situated on Long' Island Sound, 20 miles SW of New London, and about 25 NE of New Haven. It contained in 1820, 3,963 in- habitants, Killony, town of Ireland, in the county of Sligo, six miles S of Sligo. Lon. 8 25 'W, lat. 54 11 N. Killough, or Vort St. Jinn, seaport of Ireland, in the cointy of Down, and pro- vince of Ulster, sinuate ! on the N of St. John's Point, in the Irish S a, and has a good quay where ship^ lie very safe. Here is a manufacture of salt. It is 76 miles N by E of Dublin. Killybeffs, borough of Ireland, in the county of Donegal, ^-itli a spacious harbour on the N side cf Donegal Bay. It is 12 miles NW of Ballvshamion. Lon. 8 6 W, lat. 54 40 N. ' Kilmac-Thomas, town of Ireland, in the county of Wateifor.l and province of Mun- ster, 12 miles 8E of VVateriord. Lon. 7 10 W, lat. 52 14 N. ^ilmain/iam, town of Ireland, situated about half a mile from Dublin. It has a session-house and a jail ; and here the quarter sesbions are held for the county of Dublin, and the knights for the shire elected. It was sometimes the seat of government, before the castle at Dublin was appropriated to Ihe purpose. Kilmallock, borough of Ireland, in the county of Limerick. Lon. 8 34 W, lat. 51 24 N. Kilmarnock, populous town in Ayresi.ire, with a manufacture of gloves, carpets, stockings, niglitcaps, bonnets, and otiier woollen goods. It is 15 miles SW of Glasgow. Kilmarnock, post village, Lancaster coun- ty, Pennsylvania. .^i7more, town of Ireland, in the county of Cavan and province of Ulster, with a bishop's see, three miles SW of Ca'.aii. Lon. 7 11 W, lat. 54 2 N. Kiltearn, town of Kossliire, in Scotland, remarkable for being the burial pkce of Donald Monro, who gave Buchanan the account of the islands and Highlands of Scotland, which he has inserted in his his- tory. Kit-worth, thriving town of Ireland, in the county of Cork and province of Mun- ster, at the foot of Kilworth mountains. Below the town runs the river Funchcon, oh which stands the castle of Cloughleagh, which lias stood seven sieges, Kilworth is 108 miles SW of Dublin. Kimbolton, town in Huntingdonshire, with a market on Friday, noted for the castle of Kimbolton. It is eight miles N W of St Noel's, and 64 N by W of Lon- don. Lon. 18 W, lat 52 15 N. Kimi, town of Sweden, capital of a pro- vince of the same name, in East Bothnia, seated on a rivrr of the same name, where it falls into the gulf of Bothnia, 10 miles S E of Tornea. Kimi Lapmark, province of Swedish Lapland, .situnted on the frontiers of Rus- sian Lapland. Kimsici, town of Tartary in Russia, where there is a great number of martens and sables. Kill, town of Persia, 320 miles E of Is- pahan. Kinbiirn, fortress of the Russian empire, situa'.ed at the mouth of the Dnieper, opposite Oczukow. In the last war with Kussa, the Turks made several attacks upon it by land and sr^a, but were finally repulsed Kiiicardme-o neil, village in Aberdeen- shire, seated on the river Dee, 23 miles W of Aberdeen, Kincardineshire, or JMearns, county of Scotland, bounded on the N and NW by Aberdeenshire, on the E by the German Ocean, and on the S by Angusshire. Its length along the coast is 30 miles ; its greatest breadth 20. The only borough in it is Inverbervie. Knderhook, township and post village, in Columbia county. New York, on the E side of Hudson nver, 10 miles N of the city of Huds:3,000, of which about 10,000 only are whites Kingston upon Hull. See Tlnll. Kingston upon Thames, a corporate town in Surry. Queen Elizabeth founded here a free school ; and the Lent assizes are cons*antly held at this place. The wooden bridge, over the Thames, is the most an- cient on that river, except London bridge. It is 11 miles SW of London. Lon. 12 W, lat 51 27 N. Kin^^ston, Upper Canada, occupies the site of old fort Fronteriac, at the head of St. Lawn nee river, opposite Wolf island. This town was laid out in 1784, and is now the most populous in the province. Its situation as an entrepot between Lower and Upper Canada, and between Canada and the United States is very advantageous. The harbour is excellent, and admits ves- sels of the largest size. It contains a Pro- testant and Catholic chuich ; a court house, jaii, hospital and about 400 dwelling houses, with 2000 inhabitants. Distant 35 miles, nearly NW from Sacket-'s Harbour, in New York. Lon. W C 20 E, lat. 44 8 N. King-te-ching, town of China, in the pro- vince of Kiang-si and district of Jaotcheou- fou. King-tree, village of Williamsburg dis- trict, South Carolina, on Black river, about 65 miles N from Charleston. Kingsville, township of Ash*abu1a coun- ty, Ohio, on lake Erie, 10 miles NE from Jefferson. Population in 1820, 614. 478 King IVaiiam, county of Virginia ; situa- ted between Mattapony and Pamunkev rivers, and extends eastward to where those rivers imite, and form York river, and bounded NW by Caroline county. Length 40; mean width 12, and area 480 square miles. Surface moderately hilly, and soil generally thin and in part sandy. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 1,612 do. do. females - - 1,682 9,697 1 3,159 47 21 Total whites .... 3,294 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - . . 203 Slaves 5,788 • Total population in 1810 , - 9,285 Population in 1820. Free white males - - 1,698 do. do. females - - 1,751 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites . . - Free persons of colour, males do. xlo. females, Slaves, males do. females ... Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures • do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 20. King William CWr< 7/oHse, the principal . seat of justice, in King William county, Virginia ; situated 35 miles NE from Rich- mond, about half way between Mattapony and Pamunkey rivers. Here is a post of- fice. King William's Mills, post office. King William county, Virginia. King Wood, township of Hunterdon county. New Jersey, containing 2,605 in- habitants in 1810. It is situated on the E side of the Delaware, between Amwell and Flemington. Population in 1820, 2786. Kingivood, post village, Preston county, Virginia, near Cheat river, 20 miles SE from IMorgantown. Kinross, borough in Kinross-shire, seated on a plain, near Loch-Leven, skreened on the N by the Ochil Hills. Its manufactures are linen, and some cutlery ware ; and it is 20 miles N of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 22 W, lat. 56 15 N. ^/jiross-s^/re, county of Scotland, between the shires of Perth and Fife, and 30 miles in circuit, and its length and breadth nearly equal. It sends one member to parliament, K I O K 1 K alternately with the county of Ciackirtan- nan. Population in 1801, 6,725 ; in 1811, 7,245 ; and in IS20, 7762. Kinsale, seaport and borou.2;li of Ivelaml, in the county of Cork, ail province of Munster. It is a very popiil .us trading place, and has an excellent harbour, 14 miles S of Cork. Lon. 8 26 W, lat. 51 41 N. Kinsale, post town in Westmoreland county, Virginia; situated on the SW side of the river Potomac, near Chesapeak bay. Kimman, NK township of Trumbull county, Ohio- Population in 1820,472. Kinnton, post town, Lenoir county, North Carolina, on the left bank of Ncuse river, 40 miles by water above Newbern. Kintail, peninsula in Itoss-shire, situa- ted between Loci) Garron and Loch Duich. Kin-tcheoufou, city of China, ni the pro- vince of Ilau-quang, Its district contains two cities of the second; and 11 of the third class, JCmt-ching, capital of the islands of Lieou- kieou, in the Ciiina Sea, in Cheonli, the S part of the island. Lon. 146 30 E, lat. 26 2 N. Kintore, borough in Aberdeenshire, 10 miles W by I»l of Aberdeen. Lon. 2 5 W, lat. 57 8 N. Kiof, town of Polish Russia, and capital of the Ukraine, in a palatinate of the same name, with an archbishop's see, and a cas- tle. It is the capital of the Ru-san go- vernment of Kiof, and carries on a con- siderable trade. It is divided into the Old and New Town, and seated on ihe VV side of the Dnieper, 180 miles NE of Kaminieck, and 335 E by S of Warsaw. Lon 31 51 E, lat. 50 30 N. Kiof, or Kio-,u, government of the Rus- sian empire, being part of the Ukraine, or little Russia. It lies on the E side of the Dnieper, althous^h Kiof, the capital is on the W side. This country was conquered by the Tartars, and came a>r;ain into the possession of the great dukes, but was over-run and possessed by the Cos-^acks, under the protection of Poland. In 1664, the natives, discontented with John Gassi- mer, king of Poland, submitted to Russia, and have ever since remained subject to the empire. This government contains eleven districts ; and its principal rivers are the Dnieper, Desna, Oster, Udai, Sula, Psol and Trubesh. Kiof, or Kioiv, palatinate of Poland, in that part of the Ukraine which lies on the W side of the Dnieper. It contains only two districts, and several small towns scarcely worthy of notice ; its capital, Kiof, being subject to Russia. Jf2o-/eo;/, ciiy of China in the province of Chang-tong and district of Yencheou- fou. It is celebrated as the birth olace of Confucius, several monuments are still to be s en here, erected in honour of this eminent man. Kioge, or Koge, seaport of Denmark, in the isle of Zealand, with a good har- bour, 10 miles S of Copenhagen. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 59 31 N. A7q/z/n^, town of Sweden, in Werme- land, seated on a small stream, that falls at a little distance into the lake Maeler. Lon. 16 40E, lat. 59 38 N. Kioumzeik, well built town of Pegue, situated on the rivtr Irrawaddey. It seems to be in a state of improvement, and has a. manufacture of cotton cloth, which is the source of its prosperity: Kirby- Lonsdale, town on Westmore- land. It is a large town with a manu- factory of woollen cloth, seated on the Lon, over which is a stone bridge, 10 miles SE of Kendal, and 253 NW of London. Lon. 2 57 W, lat. 54 3 N. Kirby Moorside, toAvn in the >J riding of Yorkshire. It is seated on the edge of the moors, near the rivf r Dow, 25 miles N of York, and 225 N by W of London. Lon. 1 3 VV, lat. 54 20 N. Kirby- Stefihcn, town in Westmore- land, near the skirts of the hills, which separate this country from Yorkshire, and has a manufactory of stockings. It is seated on the river Eden, and is nine miles S of Appleby, and 281 NNW of London Lon. 2 30 W, lat. 54 26 N, Kirchberg, town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, capital of a territory of the same name, subject to the house of Austria. It is seated on the Danube, nine miles S of Ulm. Lon. 10 12 E, lat. 48 16 N. Kirchberg, territory of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, belonging to the house of Austria. Kircheim, town r f Germany, in the circje of Suabia, 25 miles from Ulm. Kircheim Poland, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine. Lon. 7 49 E, lat. 49 39 N. Kirin, one of the three departments of East Chinese Tartary, bounded on the N by the rivtr Saghalien, on the E by the Sea, and on the S by Corea, and on the W by Leacong. It contains only- two or three ill built cities, surrounded by mud walls. The valuable plant gin- seng grows here. Kirin, capital of the province of the same name in E Chinese Tartary, sit- uated on the river Songari, which is here called Kirin, is the residence of a Mantchew general, who is invested with the authority of a Viceroy. Kirkhises, Tartar, or Tater, nation of central Asia. They are divided into three Hordes or clans ; the Little, Mi'!- 479 K 1 11 K 1 r die and Great Horde. This widely ex- tended people inhabit the Asiatic steppes or prairies. According to Mr. Tooke, they derive their name from Kirghis-Kaisaki, and are a branch of the Kozaks. In their manners they are pas- toral, and extend from the Volgee far to the east of the Aral sea. Kirkcaldy, seaport in Fifeshire, on the frith of Forth, with a dockyard for small vessels, and a cotton manufacture. It is a pretty populous, large, well built town, 10 miles N of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 8 W, lat. 56 8 N. Kirkcudbright, seaport in Kirkcud- brightshire, at the mouth of the river Dee, which forms its harbour. It is a small inconsiderable place, admirably situated for the fishery, and other branches of commerce. It is 60 miles W of Carlisle, and 83 SW of Edinburgh. Lon. 4 8 W, lat. 55 N. Kirkcudbrightshire, county or stewar- try of Scotland, which once formed, with Wigtonshire, the ancient province of Galloway. It is bounded on the NE by Ayrshire and Dumfrieshire, on the S by Solway Frith and the Irish Sea, and on the W by Wigtonshire and Ayrshire. Its extent from N to S is 30 miles, from E to W 45. Population 1801, 29,211 ; in 1811, oc,,683 ; and in 1821, 38,966, Kirkless, village in the W riding of Yorkshire, in the vicinity of which is the monument of the famous Robin Hood ; and on the adjacent moor are likewise two hills called Robin Hood's Butts. Kirkoswaid, town in Cumberland, on a hill near the river Eden, nine miles N by E of Penrith, and 292 NVV of Lon- don. Lon. 2 48 W, lat. 5448 N. Kirk's-Mills, post village, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. Kirkpatrick township in Dumbarton- shire, lying E of Dambarton, said to be the birthplace of the tutelary saint of Ireland. The vestiges of the Koman wall, called Graham's Dike, built by Antonius, extend Irom the frith of Clyde at this place, to the frith of Forth. Kirkwall, borough of Scotland, capital of Mainland, the principal of the Orkney islands. It is built on an inlet of tiie sea on the E side of the island, and has a tolera- ble harbour, with a fortification, on which some guns are mounted for its defence ; the most striking object is the stately cathedral of St. Magnus. It is 30 miles NE of Thurso, in Caithnesshire. Lon. 2 57 W, lat. 58 54 N. Kirhiuood, township of Belmont county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1404. Kirton, town in Lincolnshire, with a mag- nificent church, and a market on Satui-day, 480 20 miles N of Lincoln, and 151 N by W of London. Lon. 28 W, lat. 53 33 N. Kismish, island of Asia, at the entrance of the gulf of Persia, about 50 miles in length and five in breadth, with a remarka- ble pearl fishery. It is tertile, populous, and 12 miles S of Gombroon. Kishtac, island on the Pacific coast of America, 100 miles long and about 30 mean width. Lon. WC 75 W; central latitude 57 30 N, Kisti, Asiatic nation, which extends from the highest ridge of Caucasus, along the Sundsha rivulets ; they are bounded to the W by the little Cabarda; to the E by the Tartars and Lesguis, and to the S by the Lesguis and Georgians. Kistiia, river of Hindoostan, which falls into the bay of Bengal, S of Masulipatam. It is upwards of 650 miles in length, rising near the Malabar coast. Justnagheri, town and strong fortress of Hindoostan, in Mysore, 66 miles from Ar- cot. Kitliinning, clilef town and seat of jus- tice, of Armstrong county, Pennsylvania ; situated on the E side of Alleghany river, 40 miles NE of Pittsburgh. Lat. 40 30 N. Population in 1820, 318. Kittanning, township of Armstrong county, Pennsylvania, includmg the prece- ding town. Population in 1820, 976, ex- clusive of the village. Kittatitiny J\Ioimtains, this range passes through Sussex county, New Jersey, crosses Delaware river at the Delaware Water Gap, passes through Northampton county, Pennsylvania, and continuing SW, crosses Susquehannah river, 5 miles above Harris- burg; separates Perry from Cumberland, and Franklin from Huntingdon and Bedford counties, and merges into Maryland, west from Connecocheague creek; crosses Po- tomac river, between Back creek, and Shenandoah rivers. It is finally merged amongst the other mountain ridges of Vir- ginia. Kittatinny ■valley, is the valley be- tween the Kittatinny range and Blue Ridge. In Peniisylvania, this valley va- ries from 8 to 15 miles wide, and is uni- formly composed of a limestone base to- wards the Blue Ridge, and of clay slate on the side of Kittatinny mountain. The line of separation, between those two rock formations crosses Delaware ri- ver about 20 miles above Easton; the Lehigh at the Slates about five miles above AUentown ; the Schuylkill above the mouth of Maiden creek ; the Sus- quehannah in the borough of Harris- burg, and the Potomac near the month of the Conecocheague. In Virginia, the line of division nearly corresponds with Opequan creek between Jefferson and K N I K N O Berkeley counties. It is a common, bat very erroneous opinion that the whole of this valley is bassed on limestone ; that rock, is, however, confined to the SE side. Kittsry, post village and tov/nship of York county, Maine, at the moutli of Pis- cataway river, opposite Portsmouth. Popu- lation in 1820, 1886. Kiun-tchc'jufou, capital of the island of Hainan, stands on a promontory, and ships often anchor at the bottom of its walls. Its district contains three cities of the second, and 10 of the third class. Kiutaiah, ancient Cotyaeum. Lon. 29 52 E, lat. 39 25 N. It is situated on the W side of the Sikaria, ancint Sangari- us river, 150 miles SSE from Constanti- nople. Present population alwut 50,000. Kizislermak, ancient JIahjs, larj^est ri- ver ^' Asia Minor, rises in Mount Tau- ris, within 70 miles from the Meditena- nean sea. Its general course nearly N, about 400 miles to where it falls into the Black sea, near the ancient Naustath- mus promontory. v Ki&lar, or JCkliar, considerable town of Asiatic Russia, on the Terek, near its entrance into the Caspian sea. Lat 43 51 N. Klattaw, town of Bohemia, 46 miles SW of Prague. Lon. 14 6 E, lat. 50 SO N. Kle(e?iberg, tov/n of Swisscrland, seat- ed on the river Aar, three miles from VValdschut. The bishop of Constance exercises the spiritual jurisdiction ; but the sovereignty behmgs to the cantons, Lon. S 12 E, lat. 47 35 N. Kliinderc, strong fortress of the United Provinces, in Holland, near the arm of the sea called Hollands Diep. It is nine miles SE of Williamstadt. Knajidale, mountainous district in Argyleshire, Scotland, ailjoining to Ar- gyle Proper, and connected on the S by a narrow neck of land to the peninsula of Cantyre. Knaresborough, town in the N riding of Yorkshire. It is delightfully seated on the river Nid, famous for its medici- nal springs, on a rugged rock where there was a castle. Knaresborough sends two members to parliament, and is IS miles W by N of York, and 211 N by VV of London. Lon. 1 26 W, lat. 54 5 N. Knighton, commercial town in Rad- norshire. It is seated on the Tend, over which there is abridge, and is 14 miles W of Hereford, and 1.35 NW of London. Lon. 2 46 VV, lat. 52 13 N. A"n?^/;;s6nV/§-e, first village from Lon- don, on the great Western road. Here IS an infirmary for the sick and wounded, 3 P called St. George's Hospital ; and a con- siderable manufacture jof painted floor cloths. Knittelfeldt, town of Germany in the duchy of Stiria. It is a small place, 78 miles from Vienna, seated on the river Muchr. Lon. 14 57 E, lat 47 29 N. Knotsfm-d, town In Cheshire. There ar« two towns of this name pretty near to- gether, called the Higher and Lower. It is seven miles NE of Northwich, and 173 NNW of Loudon. Lon. 2 28 W, lat. 53 20 N. Knowlton, township of Sussex county, New Jersey, oo Delaware river, below the month of Paulings kill, and about 5 miles below the Delaware Wat.M* Gap. Popula- tion in 1820, 2,701. ICnox, township of Hiincock county, Maine, 28 miles NW from Castine. Popu- lation in 1820, 560, Knox, county of Kentucky; bounded Sfi by Hsrlan ; S\V by Whitely ; NVV by Rock- castle, and NK by Clay. Length 43 ; mean width 19^ ; and area 840 square miles. This county is watered by Cumberland river, and several -of its branches. The 37th degree of N lat. intersects it nearly in the centre. The surface is very hilly in general, and towards the SE mountainous. Chie-f town, Barbougville, is about 125 SSE from Frankfort. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 2,867 -do. do. females - - - 2,661 Total whites . - . . 5,528 All other persBus except Indians not taxd§ .... 40 Slaves . - . . - Total population in 1810 307 5,875 Population in 1820. Free white males 1,688 do. do. females - 1,617 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites .... 3,305 Free persons of colour, males - 9 do. do. females, 10 Slaves, males . - . - 163 do. females 174 Total population in 1820 - Of tiiesc ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Minufactures do. in Commerce 3.661 1 1,096 32 5 Population to the square mile, 4^ nearly Knox, countv o^East Tennessee ; bound* ed by Sevier SB; Blount S; Roane W; 481 K N O K N O Anderson XW ; ami Grainger and Jen'er- son NE. Length" 30 ; mean width 15 ; and area 450 square miles. Ho'.ston and Clinch rivers unite at Knoxvilk-, near the centre of this county, and wiih tiie united stream below their junction afford much excellent land. Chii'ftown, Knoxvilie. Population in 1810. Free whitt males - - 4,557 do. do. females - - 4,319 Total whites ... - 8,876 All other persons except Indians not taxed - . - - 24 Slaves 1,271 Total population in 1810 10,171 Population in 1820. Free white males - - 5,578 do. do. females - ,- 5,548 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - Total whites . - - 11,126 Free persons of colour,. males 48 do. do. females, 35 Slaves, males ... - 877 do. females - - - 948 Total population in 1820 - 13,034 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 51 Engaged in At^rirulture - 2,769 do. in Maimfactures . 280 do. in Commerce - . 35 Population to the square mile,^9 nearly. Knox, county of Ohio ; bounded by Richland N; Cooshocton E; Licking S; Delaware W ; and Marion NW. Leng'th 30 ; breadlli 20 ; urea 600 square miles. It is watered by Owl and Mohiccon creeks. Surface rather level than hilly. Chief town. Mount Vernon. Population in 1810. Free white males - - • 1,145 do. do. fem.ales - - - 992 Total whites - - - - All other persons except Indians not taxed . . . . Slaves . . - - • Total population in 1810 2,137 12 2,149 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 4,451 do. do. -emales - - 3,855 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites ... 8,306 Free persons of colour, males - 10 do. do. females - 10 -182 Slaves, males do, females i'otal population in 1820 8,326 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 12 I'.ngaged in Agriculture - - 1,367 do. in Manufactures - 139 do. in Commerce • - 4 Population to the square mile, 14 nearly. Knox, township of Columbiana county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 5o5. A^'mox, NE township of Jefferson countv, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1677. Knox, county of Indiana, between White and Wabash rivers; bounded by Kaskaskia, or Pike and Gibson counties S; Wabash river W; Sullivan N; and Daviess E. Length 36 ; mean width 11 ; and area about 410 square miles. Surface level towards the Wabash, but becoming hilly in the interior ; soil generally fertile. Chief town, Viucennes. Population in 1810. Free whites, males - • 4,011 do. do. females - - 3,550 Total whites .... 7,561 • All other persons except Indians not taxed 249 Slaves - - - - - 135 Total population in 1810 7.945 Population in 1820. Free white males . . - 2,840 do. do. females - - - 2,313 All other persons except Indians not t ixed . . - - Total whites .... 5,153 Free persons of colour, males - 92 do. do. females 74 Slaves, males .... 65 do. females . - - - 5S Total population in 1820 - - 5,437 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 46 Engaged in Agriculture - - 941 do. in Manufactures - 212 do. in Commerce - - 50 Population to the square mile, 13. Knoxvilie, post town and seat of justice, Knox county, Tennessee, on the right bank of Holston river, 22 miles above its junction witli Tennessee, about 200. miles 'E from Nashville. Lat. 35 50 N. Popu- lation upwards of 2000. It is the seat of an academj', and preparations are making to put a college into operation. A very liberal donation was made by the general government in favour of the latter institu- tion. :K O N K O N Kiioxville, post town, Jefferson county, Ohio, 12 miles N\V from Steubenville. Population 200. Koang-fiii-fmi, city of China, in the pro- vince of Kiang-si, surroundsd by hifjii iTiountains. Its district contains seven ci- ties of the third class. Kohl, called by the Chinese, Chanio, a vast desert of Chinese Tartary, 100 leagues from E to AV, and almost as much from N toS. KodiaJi, extensive group of islands on the Pacific coast of North Araenca, be- tween lat. 56 45 and 58 28 N, Ion. W C fi'om 74 15 to 76 48 W. Koei-tcheou, one of the smallest provin- ces \n China, bounded on the S by Quang- si, on the E by Hou-quang, on the N by Se-tchuen, and on the W by Yun-nan The whole country is almost a desert, and covered with almost inaccessible moun- tains, it may be justly cailed the Siberia of China. Tiiis province pr^'duces the best horses in China. liesides, Ko'ji-yang, the capital, it contains nine cities of ihe first, and 38 of the second and third class. Koei-tcheoit-fou, city of great trade, in the province of Se-tchuen. Its district contains one city of the second class, and nine of the third. Koei-Yang, capital of the province of Koei-tcheou, in Ch:na, said to have been formerly the residtnce of the ancient kings. Kokenhausen, strong town of Lithuania, subject to Russia. It is seated on the riva* Dwina, and is 42 miles E of Riga. Lon. 26 3 E, lat. 56 40 N. Kola, town of the Russian government of Archangel, capital of Russian Lapla'.id, with a good harbour, on the river Kola, near a bay of the same on the Frtzen Ocean. Lon. 32 26 E, lat, 68 34 N. Kollometiska, town of Russia, pleasantly situated on an eminence near Moscow. Lon. 38 16 E, lat. 55 40 N. KoloktjUda, ancient Gytldiim, 25 S from Misitia. Lon. 22 34 E,1at. 36 47 N. . Kolyma, or Uovijina, large river of Asia- tic Russia, rising north from the sea of Ocliotsk, and flowing nearly parallel to the Indigherka, falls into the frozen ocean. Lat. 71 25 N, lon. 152 24 E. Kolyvan, government of tlie Russian em- pire, comprehending a part of Western Siberia, and formerly included in the go- vernment ofTobobk. Its capital, of the same name, is seated on tiie Oby. This country iias very productive silver mines, which have been called the Potosi of Rus- sia. They lie between the Oby and Irlysh, near the mountains which form the fron- tiers of Siberia, and separate tliat country from Cliinese Tartary. Kongaly town of Norway, belonging to Sweden, seated on the river Gotelba. Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 58 30 N. Kongnherg; town of Southern Norway, celebrated for its silver mines. It lies on both sides of the river Lowe, and contains including the miners, 6000 inhabitants. Kongsberg is 45 miles SW of Christiania. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 59 40 N. Kong swinge; fortress of Norway, On the frontiers of Sweden. It is st-ated near the river Glomine, at the foot of a sleep rock, on which stands an impregnable citadel ; at least, Charles XII, who reconnoitred it, tliought it prudent to decline the attempt. Kong-tchaiigfou, city of Cliina, in the province of Chen-si. It is surrounded by inaccessible mountains, wliere a tomb is seen which the Cliinese jjretenJ to be that of Fohi. Its distric' contains three cities of the sicond, and seven of the third class. It is 700 miles SW of Peking. Koningsbcrg, town of Franconla, belong- ing to the house of Saxe-Weimar, three miles NE of Schweinfurt. Lon. 10 44 E, lat. 52 5 N. Koniiigsberg, town of Upper Saxony, in the nr.arquisate of Brandenburg, 47 miles S of Stettin. Lon. 14 40 E, lat. 52 50 N. Koningsberg, capitaj of Prussia, with a university and a magnificent palace, in which is a hall 271 feet long, and 59 broad, without iiillars to support it, and a hand- some library. The town house, the ex- change, and the cathedral, are fine struc- tures. The tower cf the castle is very high and has 284 steps to the top, whence there is an extensive prospect. Here are 18 churc'.ies, of which 14 belong to the Luther- ans, three to the Calvanists, aud one to the Roman Catholics. The town is five miles in circumference, and including the garrison of 7000 men, contains 6U,000 inhabitants. It stands on the Pregel, which here falls into the Frische H;if, an inlet of the Baltic. No ships drawing m'>re than seven feet water can pass the bar, and come up to the town ; so that the large vesseU anclior at Pillau, a small town on the Baltic, Avhicli is the pori of Koningsberg ; and the merchandise is sent in smaller vessels to this place The trade o: Koningsberg is vetv considerable. It is 62 miles NE of Elbing, and 135 N of Warsaw. Lon. 20 55 E, lat." 54 42 N. Koningsgratz, town of Bohemia, seated on the Elbe, With a bishop's see, 35 miles SW of Giatz, and 115 N by W of Vienna. Lon. 16 8B, lat. 50 6 N. Koningshofen, strong town of Franconia, with a bishop's see, 25 miles NNW of Bamberg. Lon. 10 46 E, lat. 50 24 N. Krming stein, town of Germany in the circle of Upper Saxony, in the territory of Misnia, with an impregnable fort. It is a place of confinement frr sla'- ; 'isoners, and is seated on the Elbe. 10 miles SE of Pyrna, and 10 SW of Dresden. Lon. 13 43 E, lat. 51 2 N. 483 K I \, Ao/ii'/i^o/e/zi, town o; Ijcijuu:.}, :.-i liie fjircle of the Lower Hhine, which is strong- ly fortified. It surreiulered to the French, Julj^ 22, 1796. ].oii. 8 25 W , iat. 50 5 N. KoiiingsluUer, town of Germany, seated in the territory of Brm-swlck-Wolfenbut- tle. l.on. 11 7E, kt.52 25 N. Koniiz, town of Poland in Western Prus- sia, 10 miles N\V of Culm, and 50 S\V of Dantzic. Lon. 18 16 E, Iat. 53 o6 N. Kopys, fortified town of Lithuani-i, sealed on the Dnieper, 18 miles N of Mohilet. Lon. 31 2 E, Iat. 54 32 N. A'oc/rtcs, people of Tartary, subject to_ Russia, who inhabit the nortlieru coast of the gulf Penschinskoi, and the most north- ern part of Kanitschatka to the river Ana- dir. Their country extent's westward from the river Olomon (which runs into the Kolyma) as f.tr as the Indian Ocean. Their neighbours are the Ksmtschadales, the Tongusians, the Lamouts, and the Tschou- ktsches. Korsa-:v, or Xosoa, town of Denmark, in the isle of Zealand, with a fort, 45 miles W byS of CouenhaceB. Lon. 11 10 E, Iat. 55 29 N. ' Kortrighi, township and post village, Delaware counly, New York, 10 miles E from Delhi. Population in 1820, 2548. Koaol or Kosta, fortiiied town of Silesia, near the river Oder, 17 miles N of liatis- bon. Lon. 17 54 E, Iat. 50 26 N. _ Korsum, or Korsun, town of Russia in the Ukraine, seated on the river Ross. Lon. 31 23 E, Iat. -49 3 N. Kostroma, government of the Russian empire, formerly included in thut of Mos- cow. It is divided into the provinces of Kustroraa and Unsha. The capital of tlie former of Kostoma, sealed at the mouth of the Volga ; the capital of t!ie second is Makarief, situated on the Unsha, Kouei-te-fou, city of China in the pro- vince of Ho-nan, seated between two large rivers. The inhabitants treat strangers with uncommon hospitality. Kovjno, town of Lithuania, seated on the AVilna and Niemen, 40 milts W of Wilna. Lon. 24 12 E. Iat. 54 56 N. Kraanenberg, town of the duchy of Cleves, seated.on the declivity of a hill, be- tween Nimeguen and Cleyess. It is cele- brated for an image of the Virgin, pretend- ed to be miraculous. Krainburg, town of Bavaria, seated on the Inn, 35 miles E of Munich. JCrainburgjiown of Germany, in the du- chy of Carnioia, seated on the Save, 18 miles NW of Laubach. Kvainoiuitz, town of Upper Silesia, be- tween Ratibor and Troppaw. Lon. 17 49 E, Iat. 50 7 N. Krainsla-w, town of Poland, in the pro- vince of Red Russia and palatinate of 484 »;iiciiii, 120 miles SE of Warsaw. Lon. ~ • E, Iat. 51 15 N. Krapilz, town of Silesia, in the duchy of Oppehm. Lon. 18 10 E, Iat. 50 39 N. Kratiioyarsk, town of Asiatic Russia in the government of Tomsk, on the Abakan a branch of ihe Yeiiisey river. Lon. 109 E, Iat 62 30 N. Here according to M. Chappe D'Au eroche, quicksilver frequently con- geals by the frost in winter. Krcidet~ville, post village, Northampton county, Pennsylvania, 10 miles W from Ijcthlchem. K'ekith, corporate town in Carnarvon- s'lire, Vvith a market on Wednesday. It is seated on the Irish Sea, near Traeth-Ama- V. r.r Bay, v.'here a castle formerly stood, now in ruins. It is 13 miles S by E of Car- narvon, and 237 NV/ of London. Lon. 4 18 W. Iat. 52 57 N. Krempsn, strong town of Denmark, in Holsteii), with a cas>tle. It is five miles N of Gluckstadt, and 30 NW of Hamburg. Lon. 9 15 E, Iat. 53 58 N. Kvemeo, town of Austria, seated on the Danube, o5 miles W of Vienna. Lon. 15 40 E, hit. 48 IS N. Kreuze7iaoh, town of the Lower Rhine, with a castle, on an eminence. It is seated on the Nahe, 20 miles SW of Jlentz. Krumla-iu, town of Germany, in Moravia, 50 miles SW of Olmutz. Lon. 16 49 E, Iat. 48 46 N. Krutzo-.o, town of Lithuania, 30 miles SW of MozciUaw. Lon. 32 4 E, Iat. 54 8 N. Krylo-iv, strong town of Poland, in the palatinate of Kiof, seated on the Dnieper, 140 miles SE of Kiof Lon, 33 50 E, Iat. 48 50 N. Kubesha, large strong town situated on a hill between high mountains. Its inha- bitants call themselves Franki (Franks, a name common in the east to call Europe- ans,) and relate that their ancestors were brouglit hither by some accident, the par- . ticulars of which are now forgotten. The common conjecture is, that they were ma- riners cast away upon the coast; but they who pretend to be better versed in their history tell the story this way. Tlie Greeks and Genoese, say they, carried on during several centuries, a considerable trade, not only on the Black Sea, but likewise on the Caspian, and were certainly acquainted with the mines contained in these moun- tains, from which they drew by their trade with the inhabitants great quantities of silver, copper, and other me'als. In order to work these \ipon the spot, they .sent hither a number of workmen to estab- lish manufactories, and instruct the inha- bitants. 'I'heir town is considered as a neutral spot, where the neighbouring princes can deposit their treasures with safety. They elect yearly twelve magis- trates, to whom they pay the most unlimit- i. A C ed obedience ; and as all the inhabitants are on a footing of perfect equality, each individual is sure to have in hi j turn a .-.hare in the government. la the year 1725, their magistrates, as well as the Usmeri, acknowledged the sovereignty of liussia, but without paying any tribute. Lon. 67 59 E, lat. 42 30 N. Kudach, strong fort of Poland in the Ukraine, seated on the river Dneiper. Lon. 35 45 E, lat. 47 58 N. Kufstein, strong town of Germany, in the Tirol, with a castle on a rock. It is seated on the Inn, 46 miles S by E of Mu- nich. Lon. 12 5 E, lat. 47 26 N. Kunachir. See Jeso. Kur, ancient Cyrus, river of Persia, which rises in mount Caucasus, and passing by TefHIs, fails into the Caspian Sea. It is formed by two large branches, the Aras and Kur proper. Kiirab, town of Asia in Persia, two miles from the Caspian Sea. Lon. 50 15 E, lat. 37 o6 N. Kurgan, river of Asia, which rises in the province of Corasan, and falls into the Cas- pian Sea. ITnriles, chain of islands extending from lat. 45 to 51 N, ruaning from the so'Uthern promontory of Kamtsdiatka to Japan, in a SW direction. The* inhabitants of the neighbourhood of Lopatka, who were themselves called Kuriles, gavfi these islands the same name, as soon as they became acquainted with them. Spanbug says they are 22 in number, exclusive of the very small ones. Kursk; government of the Russian em- pire, formerly part of that of Bielgoiod. Its capital of the same name, is seated on the Tukor, which falls into the Seine or Sem. Kiisma Damianski, town of the Russian empire, in Tarlary, 32 miles NE of Vasigo- lorod from the river Volga. Lon. 51 30 E, lat. 56 2 N. Kiisistcm, province of Persia, bounded on the N and R by Irac-Agemi, on the S by Farsistan, and on the W by Irac-Arabia. Suster is the capital. Kttttenburff, town of Bohemia, seated near a mountain, remarkable for its silver mines, 35 miles SE of Prague. Lon. 15 37 E, lat. 49 56 N. KuUure, country of Asia, which contains a great number of towns and villages, and is exceedingly populous. Its principal towns are Tonkul and Jourkul ; those Ijeing the residence of its rulers. It abounds in fruits, such as grapes, apples, plums, &c. It likewise yields rice, wheal and other grain. Kuynder, fortress of the United Provin- ces, 23 miles S of Lewarden. Lon. 5 24 E, lat. 52 50 N. Ktjlbiirg, town of Germany, in the elec- torate of Treves, seated on the Kyll, 16 miles NW of Treves. Lon. 6 37 E, lat; 50 1 X. Kyneton, town in Herefordshire, with a good trade in narrow cloth, and a market on Wednesday. It is 15 miles NW of Hereford, and 149 WNW of London. Lon. 2 50 W, lat. 52 12 N. Kijneton, village in Somersetshire, NE of Somerton. It is naturally paved, for half a mile, with one smooth rock, which looks like ice. Laa, Laab, or Lahab, town of Austria, seated on the Teya, 27 miles NW of Vien- na. Lon. 16 9 E, lat. 48 48 N. Labadia, strong town of Italy, in Pole- sino di Rovigo, subject to the Venetians. It is seated on the Adige, 20 miles NW of I'errara. Lon. 11 54 E, lat. 45 39 N. Labia, town of Turkey in Europe, in Servia, 62 miles SW of Nissa. Labiait, town of Western Prussia, at the moutii of the Dei.nne, near the Cu- rischhaff, with a strong castle, 30 miles NE of Koningsberg. Lon. 21 40 E, lat. 54 57 N. Labourd, late territory of France, part of that of Basques. It abounds in fruits, and the inhabitants are said to be the hrst that went to tish for whales. It is now in- cluded in the department of the Lower Pyrenees. Lacan Sable. See Lake Sable. Laccadives, an archipelago of small islands, lying SW off' the Malabar coast. Lac Des Deux Jloniagnes, seigniory, York county. Lower Canada, on the left bank of Ottawa river, 25 miles W from Montreal. Lachemiije, seigniory, Leinster county, Lower Canada, on the St. John channel, \o miles N from Montreal. Laclievrotere, seignior)', Hampshire coun- ty, Lower Canada, on the left side of St. Lawrence river, 38 miles W from Quebec. Lachine, village of Montreal island, 7 miles above tiie city of Montreal. From the interposition of the rapids of St. Louis, Lachine is the upper port of Montreal. Active measures have been taken by the provincial parliament to unite the two places by a navigable canal. Lackaiuaxen, river of Pennsylvania, a branch of Delaware in Pike county. Lackatvaxen, township of Pike county, 485 1. A 1- L A H Pennsylvania, oji the waters of Delaware I'iver and Lackawaxen creek, 60 miles N from Eas.ton. Population in 1820, 222. Lac Metasiediach, seigniory, Cornwallis county. Lower Canada. Lac Jletis, seigniory, Cornwallis county. Lower Canada. La Dantre, seignioiy, Warwick county. Lower Canada, on the left bank of St. Lawrence river, a short distance above the mouth of liichelieu river. Ladoga, the largest lake in Europe. It lies between the gulf of Finland and lake Onega, receiving by the i-iver Svir the dis- charge of the Onega, and is itself dischar- ged by the river Neva into the gulf of Fin- land. At the tov/n of Kcscliolm, lake La- doga receives the united waters of the in- tricate rivers and lakes of Careiia; and at Kova Ladoga near its southern extremity, enters the volk of a fine river flowing from lake Kinen. The Ladoga is united to the waters of the Volga by a canal, between the sources of the Mista, falling into lake llmen and the Tver, entering the Volga at Mologda. Ladoga, J\'e-ii), town of Russia, on lake Ladoga, at the mouth of the Volkof river, 56 miles E from St. Petcrsburgh. Ladogmi, or Lacedogna, town of Naples, in Capitanata, with a bishop's see, 60 miles E of Tsaples. Lon. 15 46 E, lat. 41 1 N. Ladrone, or JMarianne, islands of tiie N Pacific Ocean. They are 11 in number, exclusive of the small islets and rocks, and lie in about 140 E lon. and between 11 and 28 N lat. They were discovered by Ma- gellan, in 1521, Beside the other fruits natural to the soil and cUmate, here is the bread-fruit tree in abundance. The names of the principal islands are Saypan, Tinian, Guam, and Kota. Jjafourche, vhcr of Louisiana, one of the mouths of the Mississippi river. It leaves the main stream, at and above Donaldson- ville, by a moutli of about 80 yards. Though receiving no tributary waters by its banks, in all its length the Lafourche gradually increases in width and depth, and flowing SE by S about 90 miles, falls into the gulf of Mexico, between tlie island of Timbal- lier and the Saut or Jump passage. Ves- sels drawing 9 feet water can enter this river, and ascend to the settlements 40 miles inland. Lafotirche, interior of, parish of Louisiana, bounded by the gulf of Mexico S ; Atcha- falaya bay and St. Mary's parish V/ ; pari.sh of Assumption NW ; St. Charles, and St. Bernard NE, and Orleans E. Length 60 ; breadth 50 ; and area about 3000 square miles. Surface a uniform level. Soil only arable near the water courses, as the other parts are liable to submersion annu- ally. Staples cotton, and sugar. 486 Population In 1810. Free white males . - . 889 do. do. females - - - 802 Total whites . - . . 1,691 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 15 Slaves 289 Total population in 1810, - 1,995 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 1,414 do. do. females - - - 1,238 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... .7 Total whites .... 2,659 Free persons of colour, males - 74 do. do. females 54 Slaves, males .... 542 do. females - • • 426 Total population in 1820 . - 3,755 Of these ; . Foreigners not naturalized - 60 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,325 do. in Manufactures - 61 do. in Commerce - 55 Population to the square mile 1|. Lafourche, town of. See Donaldsonville. Lagny, town of France, in the depart- ment of Seine and Marne, and late pro- vince of the Isle of France, with a late fa- mous Benedictine Abbej-. It is seated on the Marne, 15 miles E of Paris. Lon. 2 45 E, lat. 48 50 N. Lagoon, one of the new discovered islands in the S Sea, inhabited by a race of In- dians, of a copper colour. This island was discovered ))y Captain Cook. Lon. 139 28 W, lat. 18 47 S. i Lagos, seaport of Portugal, in Algarva, with a castle. Here fleets bound to the Straits usually take in fresh water. It is 120 miles SE of Lisbon. Lon. 8 33 W, lat. 27 2 N. Laguna, capital of Teneriffe, principal of the Canary Islands. It is elevated about 2000 feet above the level of the sea, and situated on a romantic hill or mountain near the sea, is one of the most attractive places perhaps in the world. Lon. 16 20 W, lat. 28 28 N. Lu/iH, river of Germany which rises in Hesse Cassel, and falls into the Rhine above Coblentz. Lahoom, seaport of Sweden, in the pro- vince of Floliand, seated near the Baltic, with the castle, 50 miles N of Copenhagen. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 56 31 N. Lahore, province of Hindoostan Propei', bounded on the W by Candahar, on the N by Cashmere, on the E by Sirinagur and Delhi, and on the S by Moultan. It "is often L AM LAN called Panjab, or the country of Five Ri- vers. It is very extensive and remarkably fertile ; affording in addition to all the ne- cessaries of life, wine, sngar, and cotton wool. In the tract between the Indus and the Chelum, are salt mines, wonderfully productive, and aflTording fragments of rock salt, hard enough to be formed into vessels, &c. See Fanjab. Lahore, city, capital of a province of the same name, in Hindoostan Proper. It is a place of high anliquity, and was one of the most considerable cities in the Mogul do- minions. Lahore is now the capital of the Seiks, whose name was hardly known till the rapid decline of the Mogul empire, in the present century. Here they have manufactures of cotton cloths and stufi's of all kinds, and of very curious carpets. It is 210 miles S of Cashmere, and 290 NW of Delhi.^ Lon. 75 45 E, lat. 31 15 N. ia/;jo,*tovvn of Naples, in Calabria Cite- riore, near a river of the same name. Lon. 16 11 E, lat. 40 4 N. Lai-tcheou-fou, city of China, in the pro- vince of Chang-tong, with a convenient harbour on the Yellow Sea, containing two cities of the first, and five of the third class. Lake, township in the N part of Stark county, Ohio. Population 1820, 588. Lake, SW township of Wayne, couuty, Ohio. Population 1820, 311. Lake, township of Logan, county, Ohio. Population 1820, 470. Lake JMaskinonge, seigniory, St. Mau- rice, county, Lower Canada, on St. Law- rence above Maskinonge river. Lake of the Woods, lake, between lake Superior and lake Winnipic, discharging by Winnipic river into the lake of the same name. Lake Pleasant, township of Hamilton county, New York. Population 1820, 312. Lalatid, small island of Denmark, in the Baltic, lying S of Zealand, from which it is separated by a narrow channel. It is fer- tile in corn, with which it supplies Copen- hagen. Naxkow is the capital. Lambale, town of France, in the depart- ment of the North Coast, and late province of Bretagne. It is the chief town of the late duchy of Penthievre. Lambale has a good trade In cattle, linens and parchment, and is 37 miles NW of Rennes. Lon. 2 21 W, lat. 48 27 N. Lambese, town of France, in the depart- ment of the Mouths of the Rhone and the province of Provence, nine miles N of Aix. Lon. 5 31 E, lat. 43 40 N. Lambeth, village in Surry, on the Thames, opposite Westminster. Hy the vast increase of buildings, Lambetli is now joined to the metropolis, in a direction to each of the three bridges. Here is a ma- n'ufacture of artificial stone, which answer every purpose of stone carv ing, and ex- tends, not only to statues from the finest models, but to every kind of architectural ornaments. I^amhorn, town in Berks, with a market on Friday, seated on a river of the same name, which falls into the Kennet, below Newbury. It is seven miles N by W of Hungertbrd, and 68 W of London. Lon. 1 26 W, lat. 51 ::Q N. Lamego, town of Portugal in Beira, with a bishop's see, and a strong citadel, con- taining two churches, a hospital and four convents. It is 50 miles SE of Bragua, and 150 N ofLisbon. Lon. 7 30 W, lat. 41 12 N. Lammermmr, mountainous ridge in Scotland, which divides the county of Ber- wick from that of Haddington for above 20 miles. These mountains are, in general very black and barren, affording but i-canty pasture for the sheep that feed on them. Spoutra Hill is the most elevated of this ridge. Lamo, island of Africa, on the coast of MeVinda, between the island of Pate and Cape Formosa. Lamoille, river cf Vermont state, which rises in Caledonia county, and runs in vari- ous meanders nearly a W course through the country, till it falls into Lake Cham- plain near Milton, and opposite the S point of South Hero. Lampedosa, desert island on the coast of Tunis, 12 miles in circumference. It is 50 miles from Tunis, and 112 from Malta, and has a good harbour, where ships water, Lon. 11 E, lat. S6 10 N. Lampeter, township nf Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, 2501 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 3278. It is situated on Mill creek, five miles E of the borough of Lan- caster. J^ampsaco, ancient town of Natolia, with a Greek archbishop's see. It is now an in- considerable place, seated on the sea of Marmora, six miles from the Dardanelles. Lon. 27 20 E, lat. 40 12 N. Lamspringe, town of Lower Saxony, situated at the source of a river called Laine. Lanark, borougli of Scotland, and the county-town of Lanarkshire. Since the introduction of the cotton manufacture, many new houses have been built. It is seated on an eminence, near the river Clyde, 22 miles SE of Glasgow, and 30 8 W of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 43 W, lat. 55 42 N. iMiinrkshire, county of Scotland, 48 miles long and 38 broad, bounded on the N by Dunbartonshire, E by the counties of Ster- ling, LinH'digow, Edinburgh and Peebles, S by Dumfriesshire, and W by the shires of. Ayr and Renfrew. It is divided into 41 parishes, and the number of inhabitants in 1801 was 146,689: in 1811, 191 .7.52, and 487 ' ' LAN LAN in 1821, 234,387. It sends one member to parliament. The river Clyde runs through the wliole extent of the county, dividing it into two nearly ecjual parts ; the southern part a mountainous district, generally call- ed Clydesdale, It abounds in lead, iron, and coal. LancasJdre, county of England, bounded on the N by Cumberland and Westmore- land, E by Yorkshire, S by Cheshire, and W by the h-ish Sea. It is 74 miles from N to S (including a detached hundred on the NW, called Furness, which is separated from the rest by a creek, at the head of Morecambe bay) and its greatest breadth is 44 miles. It contains 1,155,140 acres is divided into six liundreds, and 63 par- ishes; has 27 market towns ; and sends 14 raerribers to parliiiment. The number of inhabitarits in 1801 was 672,781 ; in 1811, 828,309; and in 1821, 1,052,859. It is a county-palatine, under the title of the duchy of Lancaster ; the only duchy of England (that of Cornwall excepted) which is not merely titular. Lancashire is little adapted for a corn country, but is singularly fitted for the growtli of pota- toes. Among its products is a species of coal, called cannel, far exceeding all other, not only in making a clear fire, but for be- ing capable of being manufactured into candlesticks, cups, standishes, snuff-boxes, &c. As a commercial and manufacturing county, it is superier to any other in the kingdom. Its principal manufactures are linen, silk, and cotton goods ; fuslians and counterpanes, shalloons, bays, serges, tapes, hats, canvas, sacking, pins, iron goods, plate-glass, &c. Of the commerce of the couiity, it may suffice to observe, that Liverpool is the second port in the kingdom The principal rivers are the Mersey, Irwell, Ribble, Loyne, Levern, Wyre, Hodder, Roche, Duddon, Winster, and Ken ; and it has two considerable lakes, Winander-mere and Coniston-mere. It has also numerous canals, and the ho- nour of exhibiting the first regular one in the kingdom, which was begun by the duke of Bndgewaterin 1758. Lancaster, borougli and the capital of Lancashire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the Loyne, or Lune, which forms a port for vessels of moderate burden, and over it are two stone bridges. Along the river side is a fine quay, aUo yards for ship- building ; and a canal, from Kandal, winds round the E part of tlie town, which is covered over tlie river by an aqueduct of five arches, each of seventy feet span. It is 68 miles S of C.nrlisle, and 235 NNW of London. Lon. 2 56 W, lal. 54 3 N. Lancaster, county of Pennsylvania, liounded by Cecil county in ]Maryland S ; nv the Susquehannali river SW ; Dauphin 488 and Lebanon counties NVV ; Berks NE ; and Chester E. Length 33 ; width 28 ; and area 928. Lancaster is a very diver- sified coanty in respect both to soil and surface. Several ranges of hills approach- ing the elevation, and rugged aspect of mountains intersect it from SW to NE. The creeks flowing generally SW, mean- der through the whole extent, and particu- larly the Conos toga, have margins of excel- lent soil. Th e staple productions are grain, flour, fruit, whiskey, peach and ap- ple brandy, &c. Chief town, Lancaster. Population in 1810. Free white males . . - 26,699 do. do. females - - - 25,627 Total whites - - - 52,326 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - 1 ,557 Slaves 44 Total population in 1810 53,927 ' Population in 1S20. Free white males - - , 33,112 do. do. females - - - 32,636 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - . - 361 Total whites - - - 66,109 Feee persons of colour, males 1,117 do. do. females 1,089 Slaves, males ... - 5 do. females . . - 16 Total population in 1820 68,336 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 874 Engaged in Agriculture - 6,786 do. in Manufactures - 5,185 do. in Commerce - - 252 Population to the square mile 71. Lancaster, ci^y of Pennsylvania, on the great road from Philadelphia to Harris- burg, 62 miles from the former, and 36 from the latter. Lon. W C 40 E, lat. 40 3 N. It is laid out in streets intersecting each other at right angles. The site is waving, about a mile W from Conestoga creek. The adjacent country is very plea- sant and well cultivated. This city con- tains a county courthouse, jail, a number of places of pnblic worship, and schools. The hulk of tlie inhabitants are either Ger- mans or descendants of that people. The trade, commerce, and manufactures of Lan- caster are flourishing. Population 1810, 5405 ; and in 1820, 6633. Lancaster, county of A'irginia, bounded Chesapeak bay SE ; by Rappahannoc ri- ver S and SW ; Richmond NW, and North- umberland NE. Length 23 ; width 10 ; and area about 230 square miles. At the courthouse is a post oilice. LAN I. A N Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females 1,104 1,172 Total wiiites - . 2,276 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 204 Slaves - - . - - 3,112 Total population in 181Q, , , Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - 5,592 1,176 1,212 Total whites .... 2,588 Free persons of colour, males . 84 do. do. females - 101 Slaves, males - . . . 1,446 do. females - - - 1,498 Total population in 1820 - 5,517 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 2 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,567 do. in Manufactures - 163 Engaged in Commerce - - 77 Population to the square m'le, 27^. Lancaster, district of South Carolina, bounded by North Carolina N ; Wateree river W ; Kershaw SE ; and Chesterfield E. Length 23 ; width 20 ; and area 460 square miles. Chief town, Lancaster C. H, Population in 1810. Free white males . . - 2,248 do. do. females - - 2,052 Total whites 4,300 All olher persons except Indians not taxed . . . - 372 Slaves . - . - 1,646 Total population in 18lG, 6,318 Population in 1320. Free white males 2,989 do. do. females ... 2,d59 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - Total whites .... 5,878 Free persons of colour, males . 39 do. do. females 31 S hives, males . . - 1,401 do. females ... 1,397 Total population in 1820 - - 8,716 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 13 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,917 do. in Manufactures - 100 do. in Commerce . - 28 Population to the square mile, 19. Lancaster, flourishing post town and 3 Q scat of justice for Fairfield county, Ohio, It is handsomely situated near the centre of tiie county, in Hocking township, near she source of Hockhocking river, on the road leading from Zanesville to Chilicothe. It contains above 200 houses, and a popu. lation o? 1037 inhabitants It is situated 28 miles SPj from Columbus, 36 SW from Zanesville, and 34 NE from Chihcothe. Lon. Vi C 5 35 W, lat. 39 45 N. Lancaster, post town, Gerrard county, Kentucky, near Dicks river, about 30 miles S frm' Lexington Lancaster's Sound, on the W side of Baffin's Bay. This great inlei has been recently rendered peculiarly remarkable by the expedition under Capt. Parry, who in 1819, entei'ed it and wintered as far west as km. Ill W from London. Lat. 74 47 N. Lancaster, township, in the county of G:engar}% Upp.r Canada, on the river St. Lawrence, and the lowest in the provinces adjoining to Lower Canada. Lancaster, post town and seat of justice, Coos count}'. New Hampshire, on Connec- t'cut river, opposite Gujidiiall, in Vermont, 40 miles above Dartmouth college, 131 VV from Portsmouth. Population in 1820, 844. Lancaster, post town in Worcester county, Massachusetts, 35 miles NW of Boston, and 17 NE of Worcester, with 1694 inhabitants in 1810, and :n 1820, 1862. Lancerota, one of tlie Canary [sles. It is very high, and may be discovered at a great distance. The goats and sheep are prr-tty plenty, and the valleys produce a lifle wheat and corn. It is about 15 miles long and 10 broad. Lon. 13 26 W, lat. 29'l4N. Lfivciano, town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ciieriore, with an arclibisiiop's see. It is seated on the Feltrino, 87 miles NE of Na- ples. Lon. 14 50 E, lat. 42 18 N. Landaff, small place in GUimorgan.shire, but honoured witi) theappelUition ofa city, on account of its being an episcopal see. It is seated on an ascent, on tlie river Taafe, near Cardifi"; but the cathedral, a large stalely building, stands on low r^n-ound. It is 30 miles^NW of Bristol, and 166 W of London. Lon. 3 10 W, lat. 51 24 N. Landajf, township of Grafton county. New Hampshire, containing 650 inhabi- tants in 1810. It is situated on the E side o\' Connecticut river, between Bath and Ilaverliili. Landaw, strong town oF Germany, m the palatinate of the Rhine. It was for- merly imperial, but was ceded to the Freoch in 1648. It is seated on the Queich, nine miles S of Newstadt, and 270 E ol Paris. Lon. 8 12 K, lat, 49 12 N. 489 LAN LAN Landeii, town of the kingdom of the Netherlands, on the Becke, 17 miles NW of Hn-, and 18 NE :A Na nur. Lon. 5 5 E, l&t 52 41 N. See JVeer-iohiden. LanJer^au, town of France, In the de- partir,ent of Finisterre and late pDvlncc' of Brelagne, seited on ihe Elhoro, 16 miles NE of Brest. Lon. 4 20 W, lat. 48 28 N. Landes, department of France, including the late territory of Marsan, on tlie bay of Biscay. It is a barren sandy country, covered with fern, pines, and tlie holm- tree, of the bark of which corks are made. Mont-de Mursan is the capital of this de- partment, and Dox the episf opal see. Landgrave, totmship of Bennington county, Vermont, about 3.5 miles NE from ■Bennington. Population 300. Landgiiard, or Poiiite aux Pins, N side of Lake Erie, is in latitude about 42 de- grees 7 minutes 15 seconds north. Lon. W C 3 20 W; variation 2 degrees 48 minutes westerly. This point is about 20 miles east of the South Foreland, and bears the only pine timber on this coast. La.idisburg, post village, Cumberland coun'.y, Pennsylvania, Laiidrecy, town of France, department of the Voi th on the Sambre, 50 miles .SE from Douay, Landsbeig, town of Upper Saxony, in the manlie of Brandenbu!"gh, seated on the Warta, 32 miles NE of Franc'ort on the Ode.-. Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 52 50 N. Landsberg, town of Germany in the cir- cle of Bavaria, near the river Leech, 23 miles S of Augsburg. Laiulsclnit, town of Silesia, in the duchy of Schweidnitz, it is seated on tlie Zelder, which falls into the Bauber, and is 12 miles W of Schweidnitz. Landschut, town of Lower Bavaria, with a strong castle on an adjacent hill. It is seated on '.hr- Iser, 35 miles NE of Munich. Since 180u, this town has been the seat of the university of Louis Maximillian, for- merly the university of Ingoldstadt. Lon. 12 10 E, lat. 48 30 N. Landschut, town of Moravia, seated on the Morava, on the confines of Hungary and Austria. Landscroon, fort of France in the depart ment or Upper Rhine, and late province of Alsace, Sc-ated pn an eminence three miles N of Basil. Lon. 7 32 E, Int. 47 36 N. Landscroon, or lAindscrona, seaport of Sweden, in the province of Gothland, and territory of Schonen, seated on the Baltic, within the Sound, 22 miles N of Copenha- gen. Lon. 12 52 E, lat. 55 52 N. Land's End, die most westerly point of Great Britain, and a vast aggregate of moorstone. Lon. 5 40 W, lat. 50 6 N. Lnndnford, post village, Chester district, South Carolina. 490 Lanesborough, post village and township of Berkshire, Massachusetts. It is situated i.'i the NW pnrt of the state, joining to the state of New York. Population in 1820,1319. Lanesbnrg, town of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Longt :rd and province of Leinster, situated on the banks of the Shannon, 62 mile from Dublin. Lon. 8 6 W, lat. 53 40 N. Langdon, township of Cheshire county, New Hampshire, on Connecticut river, 40 miles W from Concord. Population in 1820, 654. Langeac, small town of France, in the department of Cantal, and late province of Ativergne, seated near the AUier, among mountains, 35 miles S of Clermont. Lon. 3 35 E, lat. 45 5 N. Langeais, town of France, in the depart- ment of Indre and Loire, and late province of Touraine, seated on the Loire, 12 miles \V of Tours. Lon. 31 E, lat. 47 26 N. lAingeland, island of Denmark, in the strait called the Great Belt. It is 33 miles long, but scarcely five in breadth. It produces plenty of corn, and the principal town is Rutcoping. Lon. HOE, lat. 55 4 N. Lanjan, or Lunching, the capital of the kingdom of Laos, in the further India, 371 mdes N of Siam. Lon. 101 51 E, lat. 21 10 N. Langon, town of France, in the depart- ment of Gironde, nnd late province of Gui- enne. It is noted for excellent wine, and seated on the Garonne, 15 miles N of Ba- zas. Lon. 10 W, lat. 44 38 N. Langport, town in Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on a hill, by the. river Parret, which is navigable for barges to Bridgewater. It is ten miles SE of Bridge water, and 128 W by S of London. Lon. 3 b W, lat. 51 N. Langres, ancient town of France, in the ilepartment of Upper Marne, and late pro- vince of Champagne, with a bishop's see. It is seated on a mountain near the sources of the Marne, and its cutlery wares are in high esteem. This town is thought to stand the highest of any in France ; and the prospect from the towers of the principal church is beautiful beyond conception. It is 35 miles NE of Dijon, and 100 S by E of Rheims. Lcn. 5 24 E, lat. 47 52 N. Langslone, place in Hampshire, famous for its harbour which is capacious enough to contain the wliole navy of England, but on account of a bar there is no entrance for large ships at low water. Laiig-uedoc, late province of France, bounded on the N by i^uerci, Rouergue, Auvergne, and Lyonois ; on the E by Dau- phiny and Provence ; on the W by Gasco- ny ; and on t!ie S by the Mediterranean ami Eousillon. The clergy and inhabitants LAP LAP vrere more vicli, numerous and more bigot- ted than in any otlier place in France. It now f»rms the departments of Aude, Gard, Upper Garonne, and Herauit. Lanier, township of Prebhle county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1096. Lanion, town of France, in the depart- ment of the North Coast and late province of Bretagne. Its trade consists in wine and hemp, and it has some mineral wateis The inhabitants of Lanion, Guingamp, and the environs, speak the Welsh language, ■which was probably brought here by the BritonSj who took refuge in these parts, in the fifth century. Lanion is 15 miles W of Treguier. Lannoy, town of France, in the depart- ment of the North, and late province of French Flanders, 5 miles SE of Lisle. La J\''oratje, seigniory, Warnick county. Lower Canada, on St. Lawrence river, 40 miles below Montreal. LansdoTvn ToxunsJdp, in the county of Leeds, Upper Canada, is the 11th township in ascending the river St. Lawrence. Lansinburg, post town in Rensellaer county. New York ; situated on the E side of Hudson river, near its junction with the Mohock river, about four miles above Troy, and nine above Albany. A fine bridge over Hudson river unites Lansinburg and Waterfbrd. Sloops of small draught ascend thus high. Population in 1820, 2035. Lansing, township of Tompkins county. New York. Population in 1820, 3631. Lanzo, town of Piedmont, on the river Sture, 12 miles NW cf Turin. Lon. 7 28 E, lat. 45 9 N. Lami, town of France in the department of Aisne, and late province of Soissonnois, with a castle, and lately a bishop's see. Its principal trade consists in corn and wine ; it is advantageously seated on a mountain, 77 miles NE of Paris. Lon 3 43 E, lat. 49 34 N. Laos, kingdom of Asia, bounded on the N by China, on the E by Touquin and Co- chin China, on the S by Cambodia, and on the W by Burmah. This country is full of forests, and abounds in rice, fruits, and fish. Lanciones is the capital. La Petite JVation, York county, Lower Canada, on the Ottawa river, about "0 miles W from Montreal. Lapland, or the extreme northern part of Europe. It is divided into Russian and Swedish Lapland. Russian Lapland extends E from Tornea and Tana rivers, to the White Sea, under the name of the circle of Koia. Swedish Lapland embraces the residue, including the extreme North Cape of Eu- rope, and is subdivided into Tornerv-Lap- mark, Lulea-Lapmark, Pithea-Lapmark, Umea-Lapmark, Jamptland-Lapmsrk, As- sele-Lapmark, and Finmark. The whole of Lapland stretches over 150,000 square miles, of which Sweden possesses about 80,000, with 33,000 in- habitants, and Russia 70,000 square miles, and 27,000 inhabitants. Lapland may be termed a huge congeries of frightful r^cks and stupendous mountains; in'.crspersed, however, with many pleasajit valleys, watered by an infinite number of rivulets that run into the rivers and lakes, which discharge themselves into the gulf of Both- nia. The names of the principal lakes in Lapland are the Great Uma, the Great Windel, the Oreavan, the Stor-avan, th.e Great Lula ; the lakes of Kariom, Kali, Torno, Enara, and Kimi. Some of these extend 60 leagues in length, and contain a great number of islands : Storavan is said lo contain 365 ; and Enora contains an archi- pelago of islands so large, that no Laplan- der has lived long enough to visit eacii particular island. The natives believe this country to be the terrestrial paradise ; and indeed notliing could be more enchanting than such vast prospects of mountains, hills, forests, lakes, rivers, Sec, if the coun- try was in a moderate climate ; though even here, in summer the roses are teen blowing wild on the banks of lakes and rivers, v/ith all the beautiful glow of col .ur which apptav.s in those cultivated in our gardens. But ail the intervals betv;een the mountains are not engrossed by these agreeable prospects ; great part (.f the flat country is covered with brown dusky forests of fir :md pine trees ; and these are often skirted by wide extended morasses, the stagnating waters of which in summer produce myriads of mischievous insects, that are more intolerable than even the cold of v/inter. The cold in this country is very intense during the winter, freezing even brandy and the watery part of spir.t of v'.'ine, if the latter is not highly rectified : all the lakes and rivers are frozen to a pro- dig'ous th:ckneKs; and the whole face of the country covered with snow. The heat of summer is almost as intolerable as the cold of winter. At the northern extremity of the country the sun never sets for three months in summer, and in winter there is an uninterrupted night of the same dura- tion ; but this is qualified in such a man- ner by a constant revolution of dawn and twilight, by a serene sky, moon-light, and aurora borealis, reflected from the white surface of the earth covered with snov.', that the inhabitants are enabled to hunt, fish, and proceed with th.^ir ordinary occu- pations. The country abounds with excel- lent springs; and is remarkable for some surprising cataracts, in which the water rumbles ' over frightful precipices, arid dashes among rocks with amazing impetu- osity and noise. Its soil is generally so chilled and barren that it produces little oi- 4S1 i. A :■> 1. A i. no grain ov fruit-trees of any kind. 'litis steriiity, however, is not so much owing to the soil, which is in many places of a rich mould, as )rab!e for the defeat of the Nor- wegians in their last invasion of tt>is conn- try with a fleet of 160 sail and an army of 20,000 men, under the command of Haquin king of Norway. Larino, town of Naples, in the Molise, with a bishop's see, 60 miles NE of Na- ples. Lon. 15 E, lat. 41 48 N. Larir.sa, ancient town of Turkey in Eu- rope, in the province of Janna, with a Greek archbishop's see, a palace, and some handsome mosques. It carries on a large trade, and is pleasantly sea'ed on the river Peneus, 50 miles S of Saloniclii, and 121 N by W of Athens. Lon. 22 47 E, lat. 39 48 N. Laristan, province of Persia, which lies N of the gulf of Persia. It formerly be- longed to the Guebres. Lar is the capital. Larry bundur, seaport of Hindoostan Proper, at the mouth of a branch of tlie Indus called Larrybundar, witli a harbour capable of receiving ships of 200 Ions bur- den. Lon. 67 37 E, lat. 24 44 N. Larta. See Arta. Lavvigen, or Laurvigen, seaport town of Norway, capital of a district of the same name. Its iron works are among the most valuable in Norway. La Salic, seigniory, Huntingdon county, Lower Canada, 15 miles S from Montreal. Lassn, or Lahassa, city, the capital of Great Thibet. It is not' large, but the houses are of stone, spacious and lofty. 492 Seven miles on the E side of the city, is tiie mountain of Putala, on the summit of whicii is the palace of the great lama, the high-priest and sovereign of Thibet. Las- sa is 850 miles N by E of Calcutta. Lon. 91 40 E, lat. 30 34 N. Lasselsville, post office, Montgomery county, New York, 10 miles W from Johns- town. Latacunga, tawn of Peru. Lon. W C 1 16 W, lat. 55 S. Latakia, formerly Laudicea, ancient and considerable town of Syria, with a harbour, a bishop's see, and beautiful remains of an- tiquity. It is become the most flourishing place on the coast, and carries on a con- siderable trade, it is 75 miles S\V of Alep- po, and 245 N of Jerusalem. Lon, 34 30 E, lat. S5 40 N. Latessarie, fief, Hampshire county. Low- er Can.ida, on St. Lawrence river, 40 miles above Quebec. Latimore, NE township of Adams coun- ty, Pennsylania, on the waters, of Bei-mu- dian crock, 15 miles NNE from Gettys- burg. Population 1820, 856. Laitoii, vilL-^ge of Essex, between Epping and Harlow. It had once a priory of Au- gustine monks, whose church is now used for a barn. Laval, considerable town of France, now in the department of iNlaine, and late pro- vince of the same name, with two castles. The inhabitants are computed at 24,000. Linen of all kinds and qualities is manufac- tured here, and the neighbouring quarries produce green marble, or black, veined with white. It is seated on the Maine, 15 miles S of the town of that name, and 40 ^Y of Mans. Lon. 42 AV, lat. 48 7 N. Lavatmmd, or Lavant J^inde, town of Carinihia, in Austria, with a castle and a bishop's see. It is seated at the conflux of the Urave, and Lavamund, 40 miles E of Clagenfurt. Lon. 15 18 E, lat. 46 44 N. Lavaur, town (if France, now in the de- partment of Tarn, and late province of Languedoc. Before the revolution it was a bishop's see ; and it is seated on the Agout, 20 miles NE of Toulouse. Lon. 1 52 E, lat. 43 40 N. Laiibach, strong town, capital of Carniola, with a bishop's see, and a castle. It is seated on a river of the same nnme, in which are tlie largest crawfish in Europe, 32 miles S of Clagenfurt, and 155 S by VV of Vienna. Lon. 14 25 E, lat. 46 24 N. Lauchingen, town of Suabia, situated on the confines of the Black forest. Lauda, town of Germany, in the bishop- ric of Wurtzburg, 18 miles SW of Wurtz- burg. Lon. 9 45 E, lat. 49 28 N. Lauder, borough in Berwickshire, with a castle, 22 miles S of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 5 W, lat. 55 36 N. Lauderdale, small district in the county 1- A U J. A i; of Merse, through which a river of the same name runs. Lauderdale, county of Alabama ; bound- ed by Tennessee river S and SW ; Ten- nessee N ; and Limestone E, Length 54 ; mean width 12 ; and area about 700 square miles. Surface hilly. Soil productive. Staple cotton. Cliief town, Florence. Population in 1820. Free wliite males - . . 1,856 do. do. females - 1,700 All other pei'sons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites - - . Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females Total population in 1820 3,556 14 15 828 550 4,963 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 19 Engaged in Agi'iculture - US do. in Manufactures - - 2 do, in Commerce - - 34 Population to the square mile, 7. Lavello, ancient town of Naples, in Ba- silicata, with a bishop's see, 30 miles E by N of Naples. Lon. 15 55 E, lat. 41 5 N. Lavelt, or Lafelt, village in the bishopric of Liege, near .VIae-aurensvilie. Population in 1810 Free white males . . - 5,848 do. do. females ... 5,797 Total whites .... 11,645 All other persons except Indians not taxed 29 Slaves 3,508 Total population in 1810 - - 14,982 Population in 1820. Free white males . . - 6,327 do. do. females . - - 6,428 All other persons except Indians not taxed • - - . o 493 L A U L A'W Total whites ... - 12,755 Fi-ee persons of colour, males ' 37 do. do. females 12 Slaves, males .... 2,418 do. females ... 2,460 Total population in 1820 - 17,682 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 10 Engaged in Agriculture - - 5,049 do. in Manufactures - - 238 do. in Commerce - - 47 Population to the square mile, 25. Laurens, county of Georgia, on both sides of Oconee river ; bounded SE by part of Montgomery ; SW by Pulaski ; NW by Wilkinson ; N by Washington ; and NE by Emanuel, and part of Montgomery. Lengtli 35 ; mean width 25 ; and area about 875 square miles. Chief town, Dublin. Populatisn in 1810. Free whites, males - . 932 do. do. females - - 782 Total whites . . . - 1,714 All other persons, except Indians not taxed .... 11 Slaves 485 Total population in 1810 2,210 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 1,787 do. do. females ... 1,663 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... o Total v/hites .... 3,450 Free persons of colour, males . 8 do. do. females 3 Slaves, males - . - 982 do- females - . - 993 Total population in 1820 - . 5,436 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 4 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,249 do. in Manufactures - - 48 do. in Commerce - - 12 Population to the square mile 6. Lauricocha, river of South America, and one of the great constituents of the Ama- zon. It is formed by innumerable streams flowing from the- Andes, beUve en lat. 2 and 10 S. At iat. 5 S, it unites with the Gua- laga aid forms tl'.e Tuiigiiragua. Lanrington, post office, Marlborough dis. trict, S.)uih Carolina. Lausanne, town of Swls-erland, cap't d of the Pays de Vi-uH. with a fiimou? college and a bishop's see. Its lofty situation af- fords t' c most sublime views in nature, commanding the lakt of Geneva, the Pays de Vaud, and the rugged coast of Chablais. 494 It is seated between three hills, 50 miles NE of Geneva, and 50 SW of Bern. Lon. 6 50 E, lat. 46 31 N. Lausanne, township of N''orthampton county, Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh river, about 30 miles above Bethlehem. It in- cludes the greatest mine of Anthracite coal yet opened in the United States, See Mauchchunk. Population 1820, 220. Luuterburg, town of Poland in Western Prussia, in the palatinate of Culm, 50 miles NE of Thorn. Lon. 20 39 E, lat. 53 6 N. Lauterburg, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of the Upper Rhine, but subject to the French. It is 20 miles SE ot Weissem- burg. Lon. 8 26 E, lat. 48 48 N. Lautrec, town of France, late in the province of Languedoc. It is seated on a mountain and has an ancient castle. imi^rec, town of Germany in the palati- nate, seated at the confluence of the rivers Sauterand Glaun. Lauzov, seigniory, Dorchester county, Lower Canada, on the right bank of St. Lawrence river, opposite the city of Que- bec. Lavora, Terra di, province of Naples in Italy, 63 miles in length, and 35 in breadth ; bounded on tlie W by Campagna di Roma, on the N by Abruzzo Ulteriore and Cite- riore, on the E by the Molise and Princi- pata Ulteriore, and on the S by Principato Citeriore. It abounds in excellent wines, and all sorts of fruits are found in great plenty. The soil is excellent for tillage from whence it takes its name, and there are mineral springs and mines of sulphur. Naples is ihe c;ipital. La-ivahamiock, river of Pennsylvania, rises in the NE angle of Luzerne countyi and flowing SW falls into the Susquehan- nah river, at Pittstown, 12 miles above Wilkesbarre. Laohateahanock, mountain, is a continua- tion of the Shawnese range of Wyoming mountains. This, near the Susquehannah river, is very high and steep, but becomes lower as it extends north-e>stwardly. It terminates in Susquehannah county, where it is called the Moose Mountain, and a par! of it Mount Avrarat. Lachaivahanock, valley, extends from tiie mouth of the Lackawahanock creek, up the same about 30 miles. The soil is of second quality, the land uneven, forming no level plan of any considerable extent. This next to Wyoming Valley is the most populous in Luzerne oanty. Ija-aienburg , dnchy of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, subject to the kingdom of Hariover. It is 35 miles in length, and 20 ip breadth. Lawenbtirg, considerable town of Lower S.ixc)ny, capital of a duchy of the same name, with a castle on an eminence. It is L A VV LAW seated on the Elbe, 40 miles SE of Ham- burg. Lon. 10 50 E, lat. 53 26 N. Lawenburg-ftown of I'russian Pomerania, capital of a territory of tlie same name. Lon. 17 39 li, lat. 54 33 N. Lawrence, Sc. See Si. Lcnvreiice river, and St. Lawrence county, J\'e\u York. Lawrence, county of West Tennessee, bounded by Alabama S ; Wayne W ; Hickman N ; and Giles E ; length 26; width 22 ; area 570 square miles. Chief town, Lawrenceburgh. Population in 1820. Free white males - - . 1,598 do. do. females - - 1,468 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites ... - 3,066 Free persons of colour, males - 1 do. do. females - Slaves, males - - - - 96 do. females - - - 108 Total population in 1820. - 3,271 966 33 2 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in M.nufactures - do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 5|. Lawrence, county of Ohio, bounded on the N by Jackson; E by Gallia coun- ties ; S by the Ohio rivei', and W by Scioto county. It is generally a very hilly and barren tract of couniry. Symmes' and Indian Guyandot creeks, water the eastern parts. It contains about 430 square miles. Seat of justice, Burlington. Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females . All other persons except Indians not taxed 1,819 1,657 Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females - Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820 - 3,499 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 14 Engaged in Agriculture - - 607 do. in Manufacuires - 34 do. in Commerce - - 10 Population to the square mile, 8. Lawrence, township in the west border of Stark county, Ohio. Population 1820, 596. Lawrence, township of Tuscarawas county, Ohio, in which are situated the towns of Lawrenceville and Zoar. Popu- lation 1820, 393. Lawrence, township of Washington county, Ohio. Population 1820, 354. Laxurence, county of Indiana, botmded by Orange S ; Owen and Martin W ; Mon- roe N ; Jackson E, and Washington SE. Length 21 ; width 18 ;? and area 378. This county is drained by the E branch of White river, and its confluents. Chief town, Palermo. Population in 1820, Free white males - - - 2,151 do. do. females - - 1,950 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites . - - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males - _ - do. females - - _ Total population in 1820 - 4,116 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agricalture - - 997 do, in Manufactures - 15 do. in Commerce - 5 Population to the square mile, 1|. Lawrence, county of Ai-kansaw, bounda- ries and extent uncertain, but usually call- ed the While river county. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 2,747 do. do. females - - 2,325 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Lawrence, county of Mississippi, bound- ed NW and N by the Cateby ceded Choc- taw territory ; E by Covington ; S by Ma- rion and Pike, and W by Franklin. Length 60 ; mean width 21 ; and area 1260 square miles. Pearl river flows through this county, upon the banks of which, and on some of its branches good land in small quantities is found. The general surface is covered with fine timber, and is hilly and sterile, though well supplied with good water. Chief staples, cotton, 495 5,602 12 1,345 77 28 LEA I. E B Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females 2,236 1,683 Total whites - - - 3,919 Free persons of colour, males 4 do. do. females 2 Slaves, males - - - 531 do. females _ - _ 460 Total population in 1820 4,916 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - 1,518 do. in Manufactures - 47 do. in Commerce - 23 Population to the square mile 4 nearly. La-Mrence, village and seat of justice, Lawrence county, Arkansaw territory, on the N side of Black river, about 50 miles above its confluence with White river. La-tvrencebnrg , post tcAvn, llutler county, Pennsyh'ania, on Allegany river, 20 miles NE from Butler. Population in 1820, 473. La-tvrenceburg, post village, and seat of justice. Dearborn county, Indiana, two miles below Great Miami, and 24 miles below Cincinnati. This village is seated on an extensive bottom, liable to inunda- tion at seasons of high flood. Lawrence^ s post office, Southampton coun- ty, Virginia, about 50 miles SE from Rich- mond, La-uirenceville, village on the left bank of Allegany river, two miles above Pitts- burg. At this place is an arsenal, and Uni- ted States militarj- depot. LaivrenceviUe, village laid out in the year 1816, near the centre of Madison county, Ohio, on the state road leading from Columbus to Springfielfi. Lawrenceville, post village, Nansemond county, Virginia, 10 miles W from Suffolk, and 30 S\V from Norfolk. Laivsville, post village and township, Susquehannah county, Pennsylvania, on do. do. females 50 Slaves, males .... 2 do. females ... 2 Total population in 1820 - 16,988 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 273 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,989 do. in Manufactures - - 1,302 do. in Commerce - - 31 Population to the square mile, 55. Lebanon, borough, and post town, Le- banon county, Pennsylvania, situated on the N side of QuitapahiUa creek, 28 miles W of Heading, and 25 ENE of Harrisburg. The streets are regular, and the houses well built, principally with bricks and stone. Population 1820, 1437. Lebanon, post town and seat of justice,- Warren county, Ohio, containing the usual county buildings, with a bank, lirintinsr office, two market houses, and library com- pany ; 28 miles S from Dayton, and 30 N E from Cincinnati. Lon. W C 7 05 W, lat. 39 25 N, Lebanon, township of Meigs county, Ohio. Population 1820, 253. Lebanon, one of the southern townships of Ashtabula county, Oluo. Population 1820, 213. Lebanon, post town and .seat of justice, Wetson county, Tennessee, 25 miles E from Nashville. Lebanon, post town, Washington county, Georgia. Lebanon, post town, Washington county, Kentucky, 60 miles SE from Louisville. Lebeda, seaport of the kingdom of Tri" poll, with a good harbour, and an old cas. tie. It is seated on the Mediterranean, 85 miles E of Tripoli. Lon. 14 50 E, lat. 32 50 N. Lebrixa, town of Spain in Andalusia, seated in a territory abounding in corn, wine, and olive trees, which produce the best oU in Spain. It is 12 miles NB of St. Lucar. Lon. 5 44 W, lat. 2,7 8 N. Lebiis, town of G.?rmany, in the c.rcle of Upper Saxony, in the marquisate of Bran- denburg, with a bishop's see, secularized in favour of the house of Brandenburg. It is seated on the Oder, 10 miles N of Franc- fort, and 43 E of Berlin. Lon. 14 39 E, lat. 52 31 N. Leece, populous and most beautiful town of Naples, in Otiaato, of which it is the chief place, with a bishop's see, 10 miles W of the gulf of Venice, and 195 ESE of Naples. Lon. 18 20 E, lat 40 36 N. Lccco, town of Italy in the Milanese, seated on the E side of the lake Como, 26 mil-s N of Milan. Lon. 9 21 E, lat. 45 5Z N. Lech, river of Germany, which rises in Tirol, divides Suabia fi-om Bavaria, and falls into the Danube, below Donawert. Lecldade, town in Gloucestershire, at the confluence of the Lech with the Thames, 28 miles E by S of Gloucester, and 77 W by N of London. Lon. 1 35 W, lat. 51 40 N. I^echnich, town of Germany. It is situa- ted in the circle of the Lower Rhine, and in the electorate of Cologne, 10 miles SW of Cologne. Lon. 7 8 E.'lat. 50 46 N. Leek, river of the United Provinces, which branches off the Rhine at Wyckby- Deurstedr, and enters the Merve, 10 milea E of Rotterdam. Lectoure, town of France, in the depart- ment ot Gers and late provi;vce of Armag. nac, on a mountain at the foot of which runs the river Gers, 12 miles E of Condom. Lon. 42 E, lat. 43 56 N • Ledbury, town in Herefordshire. It is inhabited by many clothiers who carry on a great trade. It is 13 miles K of HLersford, 497 LEE LEE and 116 WNW of London. Lon. 2 17 W, lat. 52 3 N. Ledesma, town of Spain, in Leon, seated on the T'.me, 20 miles SW of Salamanca. Lon. 5 31 W,-tat. 41 ON. Xee> river of Ireland, wiiich rises on the confines of Kerry, and flows E to Cork, be- low which city it forms a fine harbour, and enters St. Geoi-ije's Chan:iel. \ Lee, village in Kent, in the church- yard of which Dr. Halley, tlie great astro- nomer, is interred. It is six miles SE of London. Lee, township of Hancock county, Maine, about 27 miles NW from Castine. Popu- lation in 1820, tmcertain. Lee, township of Strafford county, New Hampshire, 15 miles NW from Portsn^outh. Population in 1820, 1224. Lee, township of Berkshire, Massachu- setts, containing 1305 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1384. It is situated about 4 miles E of Stockbridge and 140 W of Boston. Lee, townsliip of Oneida county. New York, 10 miles NW from lioaje. Popula- tion in 1820, 2186. Lee, Fort, Bergen county, New Jersej*, on the right bank of the Hudson, 9 miles above Bergen. Lee, township of Athens county, Ohio. Popuh^tion in 1820, 336. Lee, SW county ofV rginia; bounded S by Temnessee ; NW by Cumberland Moun- tain or Kentucky ; and E by Scott county in Virginia. This county is triangular; ex- tending 45 miles along Tennessee, and o6 along Kentucky ; with an area of about 800 square rTiiles. V is intersected by Powell's river a branch of Tennessee. The surface is generally moimtainous, or hilly, and soil rocky and sterile. Chief town, Jonesville. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females 2,248 2,089 4,337 Total whites All other persons except Indians not taxed . - _ - 21 Slaves ----- 336 Total population in 1810 4,694 Population in 1820. Free white males - - . 1,962 do. do. females - . - 1,923 All other persons except Indians not taxed - . - Total whites Free persons of do. Slaves, males do. females males - females 3,885 169 197 Total papulation in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged m Agriculture do. in Ma^iufactures do. in Commerce 4,256 in.R 6 • 1,210 22 5 Population to the square mile, 5, Leech Lake, lake of the NW territory of the United States, discharging its waters into the Mississippi river from the N, a short distance above the falls of Pegagama. It lies about 18 degrees W from Washing- ton, lat. 48 N. Leeds, town of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, in a vale, which trade has rendered one of the most populous spots in England, and is the principal of the clothing towns in Yorkshire. It is particularly the mart for the coloured and white broadcloths, of which vast quantities are sold in its cloth-halls. Leeds has a manufacture of camlets, which has declined, and a flourishing one of carpets resembling those of Wilts and Scotland. Here are also some mills for the cutting of tobacco, and a great pottery. Within three miles of the t»wn are numerous collieries. Leeds has a magnificent stone bridge over the Aire, which is navigable for boats, that carry much coal from hence to York and Hull It is 22 miles WSW of York, and 192 N by W of London. Lon. 1 29' W, lat 53 48 N. Leeds, tuwnship of Buckingham county. Lower Canada, on Becancour river, and between Broughton and Inverness, 40 miles S from Quebec. Leeds County, Upper Canada, is bounded on the east by t'le county of Grenville ; on tiie south by the river St. Lawrence, and on the west by tiie boundary line of the late town.diip of Pittsburgh, running north until it iutersecis the Ottawa or Grand river; thence descending that river, until it meets the north-westernmost boundary of the county of Grenville. Leeds To-w7iship, in the county of Leeds, Upper Canada, is the twelfth township in ascending tlie river St Lawrence. Leeds, township of Kennebec county, Maine, on the Androscoggin, 20 miles SW from Augusta. Population in 1820, 1309. Leeds, villai e of Gloucester county, New Jersey, on the Atlantic Ocean. Leedston, post town in Westmoreland county, Virginia, 17 miles NW of West- moreland croiigk and the capital of Leicesterrh r-, crovcned by a muyor. The combing an." ^j. n ijng ■ f wool, and ma- king it into stoc'-iiigs and other articles, is ihii chief bus:r.ess . .'" this town and neigh bouihood A canai parses hence by Lough- borough to the river Trent. At a parlia- ment held here, in the reign of Henry V. was made the first law for the burning of heretics. In the meadows near the town, 500 are the ruins of an abbey, iii which 'cardi- nal Wolsey died. In 1811, Leicester con- tained 23,146 inhabitants. It is seated on the Soar, 23 miles S bv E of Derby, and 98 NNW of London. lion. 1 8 W, lat. 52 38 N, Leicester, township and post town of Worcester county, Massachusetts, seven miles SW of Worcester, and 54 in the same direction from Boston. It contains several places of public worship, an acade- my, and extensive manufactory of wool cards. It contamed 1181 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1252. Leicester, township of Livingston coun- ty. New York, on Genessee river, about 25 miles SE from Batavia. The villages of Moscow and Mount Morris are in this township. Population 1820, 1331. Leicestershire, county of England, 38 miles long and 30 broad, bounded on the N by Nottinghamshire, E by the counties of Lincoln and Rutland, S by Northampton- shire, SW by Warwickshire, and NW by Derbyshire. It contains 522,240 acres is divided into six hundreds, and 196 par- ishes, has 12 market-towns ; and sends four members to parliament. In 1811, the number of inhabitants was 150,419. The chief rivers are the Avon, Soar, Wreke, Anker and Welland; and it has several canals. The sheep bred here, and in Lir» colnsl)ire, are the laigest mutton with which the London markets are supplied, and have the greatest fleeces of wool of any in England. Nor is the wool less fine on account of its quantity ; it has the long- est staple in the whole ibland, some few- places excepted. The horses bred, or rather fed here, are the largest in Eng- land, being generally the great black dray horses, of which great numbers are contin- ually sent to London. The manufacture of stockings is the principal one in the county. Population 1801, 131,081 ; in 1811, 150,419; and in 1821, 174,571. Leigh, seaport in Essex, on a creek at the mouth of the Thames. It has a good road for shipping, and is 18 miles SSE of Chelmsford, and 40 E of London. Lon. 42 E, lat. 51 31 N. Leigh, town in Lancashire, seven miles NNE of Warrington, and 191 NW of Lon- don. Leighton-Buzzard, town in Bedfoi'dshire. It is seated on a branch of the Ouse, 18 miles S of Bedford, and 41 NW of London. Lon o5 W, lat. 51 55 N. Leinengen, town of Germany, in the pa- latinate of the Rhine, seven miles SW of Worms. Lon. 8 22 E, lat. 49 30 N. Leiiia, river of Germany, which flowing through Brunswick Lunenburgh, falls into the Aller. Leinsler, eastern province of Ii-eland, bounded by Ulster on the N ; St. George's L E I i, E M or the Irish Channel, on the E and S ; and by the provinces of Connaught and Mun- ster on the W. The capital city of this province and of the kingdom is Dublin. It contains 12 counties, viz. Carlow, Dub- lin, Kildare, Kilkenny, King's county, Longford, Louth, Meath, Queen's county, Westmeath, Wexford, and Wicklow. It is the most level and best cultivated pro- vince in the kingdom ; coniaining 2,642,258 Irish plantation acres; 858 parishes, 99 baronies, and 53 boroughs ; it is about 124 miles long and 74 broad, and extends from 51 45 to 55 45 N lat. • Leiphaim, town of Suabia, in the territo- ry of Ulm. Its vicinity produces good hops, and it stands on the S bank of the Danube, 10 miles NE of Ulm. Leipnic, walled town of Moravia; near the river Beczwa, 14 miles ESE of 01- mutz. Leipsic, city of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with a famous universit}', and a strong cita- del, called Pleyssenburg. It carries on a considerable trade ; and has three great fairs every year, which last a fortnight each. Its principal manufactures are silk, gold and silver stuffs, linen and cotton printing, leather and paper. The num- ber of inhabitants exceeds 30,000 ; and the houses, in general, are lofty buildings. There are six handsome colleges belong- ing to the university, beside the private colleges ; and the exchange is a fine struc- ture. Leipsic was taken by the Prussians in 1745 and 1756. The Austrians, in 1756, beseiged it in vain ; they took it two years after, but were soon obliged to give it up. Leipsic is celebrated for two of the great- est battles recorded in history, having been fought in its vicinity, between the French and allied armies, on the 16lli and 18th of October, 1813, and which are fol- lowed by the capture of the town, and the vear-guard of the French army, on the fol- lowing morning, and also the king of Saxo- ny and his family, who were made prison- ers. It is seated in a plain, on the river Pleysse, 60 miles WNW of Dresden, Lon. 12 20E, lat. 51 19 N. Ldria, town of Portugal, In Estramadu- ra, and a bishop's see, with an ancient cas- tle on an eminence. It is 80 miles NNE of Lisbon. Lon. 8 34 VV, lat. 39 48 N. Leiszniff, town of Upper Saxony, in Mis- nia, with manufactures of cloth, lace, stock- ings, &c. It is seated on the Mulda, 24 miles ESE of Leipsic, and 32 N W of Dres- den. Lcitenberg, town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, with a castle on a mountain It is seated on the Sorbitz, 11 miles SSE ofSaalfeld. Leith, seaport of Scotland, on the frith of Fortii, two miles NNE of Edinburg, of which it is the port. \lt is situate at the mouth of the river Leith, which forms the harbour, and divides the town into N and S Leith, which communicate by a draw- bridge. The harbour is secured by a no- ble stone pier at the mouth of a little river, called the Water of Leith ; and is accomo- dated with an elegant drawbridge and a good quay. The commerce of Leith is very considerable ; and the vessels em- ployed in the London trade are, in gener- al, of a large size, but the largest ships are those employed in the Greenland whale fishery. To Germany, Holland and the Baltic, are exported lead, glass ware, linen, woollen stuffs, and a variety of other goods ; as also to the other countries of Europe, the W. Indies and America. Ships of great size are built at this port ; and here are several extensive ropewalks. There are also flourishing manufactures of bottle-glass, window-glass, and crystal ; a great carpet manufactory, a soap-Avork, and some iron forges. There are three churches in Leith, and an ancient hospital for disabled seamen. Lon. 3 7 W, lat. 56 ON. Leitrim, county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Connaught, bounded on the N by Donegal Bay, on the NE by Fermanah, on the E by Cavan ; by Longford on the SE, Roscommon on the SW, and Sligo on the W. It is 42 miles long, and 17 broad ; is a fertile country, and, though mountainous, produces great herds ot black cattle, but contains few places of note. It contains 21 parishes, and sends six members to par- liament. LeiCrim, county town of Leitrim, in Ire- land; pleasantly situated on the river Shannon, 80 miles from Dublin, and ap- pears to have been formerly a place ot" some note. Lon. 8 30 W, lat. 53 57 N. Ldxlip, town ot Ireland, in the county of Kildare, seated on the Liffey. It has a noble castle, with large gardens, on one side of which is a fine waterfall, called the salmon leap. Near it are the ruins of the church and castle of Confy. Leixlip is eight miles W of Dubhn. Leman, real name of the fine lake on which the city of Geneva stands. It is commonly, though erroneously called from the city, Lake of Geneva. hemays cross roads, post office in Gran- ville county. North Carolina. Lembtirg, Austrian Poland, or Leopold, large commercial city of Poland, capital of the palatinate of Ked Russia, and now of the Austrian kingdoms of G ilacia a'ld Lo- domeria. It is well fortified, and defended by two citadels, one of which is on an eminence without the city. The square, churches and public buildings, are magni- ficent. It has a Roman Catholic arch-bishop and an Armenian and Russian bisliop. It is seated on the Peltu, 90 miles NW of 501 L E X i. E N Kamiiueck and 150 E of Cracow, Lon. 24 26 E, lat. 49 51 N. Lembro, island of the Archipelago, on the coast of Romania, 22 miles in circum- ference, with a town of tlie same name, and a harbour. Lon. 26 E, lat. 40 25 N. Lemgotu, town of Westphalia, in the county of Lippe, 17 miles N of Paderborn. Lon. 9 E, lat. 52 5 N. Lemington, post village and township, Essex count)', Vermont, on Connecticut river, 65 miles NE from Montpelier. Po- pulation 150. Lemnos, one of the principal islands of the Archipelago, now called Stalimene. It lies at the entrance of the Dardanelles, and lias a town of the same name, which is ca- pital of the island. It is about 25 miles in length, and 15 in breadth, and belongs to the Turks. The soil is pretty fertile, es- pecially in corn and wine, and is famous for an earth called Terra Sigiliata, formerly in greater esteem among physicians than at present. It contains about 75 villages, whose inhabitants are almost all Greeks, aa'i are very industrious. Lemnos or Stali- mene is but a small town, standing on the decliviiy of a hill, on the top of which there is a castle, near the sea. It is the see of a Greek archbishop, and is 20 miles SE of mount Athos, whose shadow covers it a lit- tle before sunset, and 55 NW of Metelin. Lon. 25 28 E, iat. 40 3 N. Lemon, one of the north eastern town- ships of Butler county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 2133. Lempta, ancient Leptis Parva, or Little Leptis, town and seaport of Africa, 60 miles S from Tunis. Lena^ large river of Siberia, which flow- ing in a northerly direction, receives 16 other rivers, and falls into the Frozen Octan, by several mouths. Leiicicia, strong town of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name, with a fort, on a rock. The nobility of the pro- vince hold their diet here. It stands in a morass, on the river Blura, 27 miles SE of Gnesni, and 110 N by W of Cracow. Lon. 1 , 2'J E, lat. 52 10 N. Lenliam, town in Kent, with a market on Tuesday, seated on an eminence, 10 miles E Oi Maidstone, and 47 ESE of London. Lon. 45E, lat. 51 18 N. Lennep, town of Germany, in the circle of Wtstpliaha, and in the duchy of Berg. Lon. 6 56 E, lat. 51 11 N. Lenoir, coi;nty of North Carolina ; bour'd- ed by Jones SE ; Dublin SW ; Wayne W ; Greene N ; and Craven NE. Lenj^th 20 ; wi th 16; area 320. Surface level; soil tolerably productive. Chief town Kings- ton, stands on the north bank of Neuse river, about 50 miies by water above New- bern. 502 Population in 1810. Free white males ... do. do. females - . - Total whites All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves - . . - . Total population in 1810 - 1,507 1,512 3,019 113 2,440 5,572 Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - 1,594 1,737 • Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males .... do. females 3,336 66 48 1,694 1,660 Total population in 1820 6,799 Ofthe.se ; Foreigners not naturalized - 1 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,254 do. in Manufactures - 40 do. in Commerce - - H Population to the square mile, 21. Lenox counitj, Upper Canada, is bounded on the east by the county of Addinglon ; on the south and west by the bay of Quinte, to the easternmost boundary of the Mo- hawk village ; thence by a line running along the westernmost boundary of the township of Richmond, to the depxh of 12 miles, and thence running north, until it meets the north-west boundary of the coun- ty of Addington. Lenox, post town and seat of justice, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, half way between Pitisfield, and Stockbridge, and about 20 miles E of Hudson river. Besides the ordinary county buildings and places of public worship, this town contains an acade- my, and foundry for casling hollow iron ware. Population in 1820, 1315. Lenox, township of Madi.on county. New York, on Oneida lake, and Erie canal, about 28 miies W from Utica. Population in 1820, 3360. Lenox-Castle, post town, Rockingham county, North Carolina, 16 miles E from Germantown, and 10 SW from Danville. Lenoxville, town and seaport of Carteret county, North Carolina, to the N from Beaufort, and on a small creek or bay com- municating with C'.-.re Sound; 3 miles W from Beaufort. Lens, town of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais and late province of Artois, whose fortifications are demolished. It is eight miles NE of Arras, and 95 of Paris. LEO L E K Lentini, or Leontini, ancient town of Sici- ly, in the valley of Noto. It was greatly damaged by an eartliquake in 1693, and is seated on a river of the same name, 17 miles SW of Catania, and 20 N\V of Syra- cuse. . Lon. 14 15 E, lat. 50 28 N. Lentzeu, town of Germany, in tlie circle of Upper Saxony. It is 74 miles from Berlin. Lenzburg, town of Swisserland, in the canton of Bern, seated on a small river, eight miles W of Baden. Lenzo, small river of Italy, which rises in the Appenines, and falls into the Po. Leogane, town and fort of the West In- dies, with a good harbour on the W side of St. Domingo. It was taken by the English and the French royalists in .Tanuary i791, but re-taken by the republicans in October following; and it was unsuccessfully at- tacked by the English in March, 1796. Lon. 72 37 VV, lat. 18 38 N. Leominster, borough in Herefordshire. It is famous for its fine wool, sends two members to parliament, and is seated on the Lug, 25 miles W by N of Worcester, and 137 WN W of London. Lon. 2 35 W, lat. 52 20 N. Leominster, post town and township, in Worcester county, Massachusetts, 25 miles NW of Concord, and 43 from Boston, nearly in the same direction. Population in 1820, 1800. Leo, St. small but strong town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, with a bishop's see. It is seated on a mountain, near the river Miirrechia, eight miles SW of San Marino, and 15 NW of Urbino. Lon. 12 25 E, lat. 43 55 N. Leon, fertile province of Spain, formerly a kingdom, bounded on the N by the Astti- rias, on the W by Galicia and Portugal, on the S by Estramadura, and on the E by Old Castile. It is 125 miles in length, and 100 in breadth, and is divided into almost two equal parts, by the river Douero. Leon, ancient Legia, city of Spain, capi- tal of the province of that name, built by the Romans in the time of Galba. It is an episcopal see, and has the finest cathedral in all Spain. It was formerly richer and more populous than at present ; and boasts the honour of being the capital of the first Christian kingdom in Spain. It is seated between two sources of the river Esra, 50 miles SE of Oveiedo, and 165 N bv W of Madrid. Lon. 5 13 W, lat. 42 45 lY. Leon, small island belonging to Spain. It is separated from the continent by a strait about 10 miles long. The town of Cadiz is built at its NW extremity. Jjeon, JVew, kingdom of Nortii America, which is very populous and there are silver mines in it. Leon de jVicarag7ia, town of New Spain, in Nicaragua ; the residence of the gover- nor, and a bishop's see. It was taken by the buccaneers in 1685, in sight of a Spanish army, who were six to one. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, which is a volcano, at the NW extremity of the lake Nicaragua, 30 miles from the Pacific Ocean, and 104 NWof Niagura. Lon. 88 10 W, lat. 12 25 N. Leonard le J\"oblet, St. ancient town of France, in the department of Upper Vi- enne, and late territory of Limosin, with a considerable manufacture of paper, and another of cloth for clothing the army. It is seated on the Vienne, 12 miles NB of Limoges, and 195 S of Paris. Lon. 1 32 E, lat. 45 54 N. Leonardstorvn, post town in St. Mary's county, Maryland ; situated on the N side of Potomac river, So miles SE of Port To- bacco, and 68 S by E of Wasiiington. Leonhart, town of Germany, In the cir- cle of Austria and duchy of Carinthia, 42 miles E of Clagenfurt. Lon. 15 23 E, lat, 4:3 57 N. Leontmi. See Lentini. Leopold. See Lemburg. Leopolstadt, small but very strong town of Upper Hungary, built by the emperor Leopold in 1665, seated on the Waag, o6 miles N W of Neuhausel, and 62 E of Vi- enna. Lon. 18 6 E, lat. 48 o5 N. Lepage, seigniory, Comwallis county, Lower Canada. Lepanto, strong and very considerable town of Turkey, in Europe, and in Livadia, with an archbishop's see, and a strong fort. It is built on the top of a mountain, in form of a sugar-loaf, and is divided into four towns, surrounded by as many walls, and commanded by a castle on the top of the mountain. It was near this town thai Don John of Austria, obtained the famous vic- tory over the Turkish fleet in 1571. The produce of the adjacent country is wine, oil, corn, rice, Turkey-leather, and tobacco. It is seated on the'gulf of Lep:into, 112 miles NW of Athens, and 350 SW of Con- stantinople. Lon. 22 13 E, lat. 38 34 N. Lepanto, Gulf of, ancient gulf of Corinth, or sea of Crissa, or sea of Alcyon. This deep bay separates the Morea from RoU' melia. Lepers, Isle of, one of the New Hebrides, in the South Pacific Ocean. Lon. 168 E, lat. 15 23 S. VEpinay, seigniory, Devon county. Lower Canada, on the south side of St. Lawrence river, 30 miles E from Quebec. Leray, townsliip, Jefierson county. New York, on Indian river, 20 miles NE from Sackett's Harbour. Population in 1820, 2944. Leraysville, post town, Jefferson county. New York, in Leray. Lena, or Leiria, strong town of Portu- gal, in Estramadura, with a castle, and a 503 L E S LEU bishop's see. It contains about 3000 in- habitants, and was formerly the residence of the kings of Portu.ajal ; and is 30 niilcs S of Coimbra, and 60 N ot Lisbon. Lon. 8 46 W, lat. 39 37 N. Lend, seaport of Italy, on the E coast of the gulf of Specia, in the territory of Ge- noa. Lon. 9 55 E, lat. 44 5 ^f. Lerida, ancient and strong- town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a bishop's see, a univer- sity and a castle. It is seated on a hill, on the river Segra, 16 miles SW of Balaajuer, and 200 NVV of Madrid. Lon. 45 E, lat. 41 44 N, Lerins, the name of two islands in the Mediterranean, on the coast of France, five miles from Antibes. That nearest the coast, called St. Margaret, was guarded by invalids, state-prisoners having formerly been sent here. It was taken hy the English in 1746, but retaken in 1747. The other is called St. Honorat, and had lately a Benedictine abbey. Lerma, town in Spain, in Old Castile, seated on the Arlanza, with the title of a duchy. Lon. 3 25 W, lat. 42 16 N. Lernica, town of Cyprus, formerly a large city as appears from its ruins, situa- ted on the S coast of the island, where there is a good road, and a small fort for its defence. Lero, or Leros, anciently Leira, an island of the Archipelago, on the coast of Nato- lia. Lon. 27 E, lat. 37 N. Leroy, township and post village, of Genesee county. New York, 10 miles E from Batavia. Population in 1820, 2,611. Lerwick, chief town of the Shetland Islands, situated on the E side of Mainland, the principal island. It is the rendezvous of the fishing busses from Britain, Holland, Denmark, and other parts. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 60 20 N. Les Ebotilemens, seigniory, Northumber- land county. Lower Canada, about 60 miles below Quebec. Lescar, town of France, in the depart- ment of the Lower Pyrenees, and late pro- vince of Gascony, on a hill, three miles NVV of Pau, and 42 SE of Bayonne. Lon. 7 W, lat. 43 17 N. Leskeard, borough in Cornwall, and one of the coinage towns for tin. It sends two members to parliament, and has a consider- able manufacture of yarn, which is chiefly disposed of at Exeter. It is 31 miles ENE of Truro, and 221 W by S of London. L')n, 4 36 W, lat. 50 27 N. Lespare, town of France, in the depart- ment of Gironde, and late province of Gui- enne. In the environs of which are found transparent pebbles, resembling the false diamonds of Alencon, and known by the name of cailloux de medoc, medoc stones. It is 30 miles N W of Bourdeaux. Lessard, seigniory, Cornwallis countv, 504 Lower Canada, on the S side of the St. Lawrence. Lessard, seigniory, Devon county, Lower Canada, 45 miles below Quebec. Lessines, town of the Netherlands in Hainault, on the Dender, famous for its linen manufacture. It is six miles NE of Ath, and 28 SW of Brussels. Lon, 3 46 W, lat. 51 40 N. Lestoff, or Leostoff, town of Suffolk, the coast is very dangerous to strangers. It is seven miles S of Yarmouth, and 115 NE of London. Lon. 1 45 E, lat. 52 27 N. Lest'ivithiel, borough in Cornwall. It is seated in a vale on the Fowey not far from its fall into Fowey Haven. Formerly ships came as far as the town ; but the channel is now stopped up. Here is a woollen manu- facture ; and it is one of the tin coinage towns, Lestwithiel is 19 miles WNW of Plymouth, and 230 W by S of London. Lon. 4 48 W, lat. 50 27 N. Letart, township of Meigs county Ohio, containing 409 inhabitants. Letterc, commercial town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, in principato Citeriore, with a bishop's see. It is seated at the back of a mountain, 12 miles NW of Saler- no, and 20 SE of Naples. Letterkenni/, township of Franklin coun- ty, Pennsylvania, containing 1549 inhabi- tants in 1810 and in 1820, 1820. It is si- tuated about five miles NW of Chambers- burg, and three miles S of Strasburg. Levana, small town on the northern bank of the Ohio liver, in Brown county Ohio. It lies two miles below Kipley, immediate- ly above the mouth of Straight creek. It contains a printing-office, one store, 15 houses, and 100 inhabitants. See Lavinia in the Addenda. Levant. This word properly signifies the East; but is generally used, when speaking of trade, for Turkey in Asia ; comprehending Natolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, the island of Candia, and the adja- cent parts. The Levant Sea means the E part of the Mediterranean Sea. • Levant, post-village, and township, Pen- obscot county Maine, 10 miles NW from Bangor. Population 1820, 143. Levantine Valley, valley of Swisserland, on the confines of Italy, lying between mount St. Gothard and the lake Maggiore. The lower part is j^opulous, rich in pastur- age, and produces much hemp and flax. It is a bailiw ic, subject to the canton of Uri ; and Ossogna, the residence of the bailiff", consists only of a few houses. 'Leucate, town of Fiance, in the depart- ment of Aude, and late province of Lan- guedoc, seiied near a lake of the same name, 18 m'les S. of Narbonne. Lon. 3 9 E, hit. 4:> N. Letichstenberg, town of Germany, in the upper palatinate of Bavaiia, seated on a L K W L K W uiountain, near the river Esreimpt, 50 miles N \V of Ilatisbon. Lon. 12 26 E, lat. 49 40 N. Leiie, town oftlie Austrian Netliei-lands; in Erabant, seated on tlie river tilieet, 10 miles E of Louvain. Lon. 5 E, lat. 50 55 N. Levev, Loch, beautiful lake in Kinros- shire Scotland, 12 miles in circumference, and somewhat of a circular form, I^ven, river in Dumbartonshire, which issues from Loch Lomond ; and after a me- andering course through a delightful vale, enters the estuary of the Clyde belov/ Dumbarton. Levemaorth, village of Crawford county, Indiana, on the riglit bank of Ohio river, 68 miles below Louisville. In Cummings Western Navigator, this place is spelled Leaveivworth. Leverett, township of Franklin county, Massachusetts, 10 miles SE from Green- field. Population in 1820, 857. Levering-s, post village, Philadelphia county, Pennsylvania, 8 miles NW from Philadelphia, on the road to Norristov/n. Levi, Isle ilu Fori, in the river St. Law- rence, in front of the township of Edwards- burgh, Upper Canada, it lies about 5 miles below Ogdensburg. On this island are the ruins of a French fortification. Levistoii's, post office, Franklin county, Indiana. Levi, Point, south-east side of St. Law- rence, 25 miles E from Quebec. Leugne, village of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Saone, and late province of Franche Comte, lying to the E of Ve- soul. Leak, town of Swisserland, in the Upper Vallais, seated on an eminence, near the Rhone. Lon. 7 39 E, lat 46 12 N". Levronx, town of France, in tbe depart- ment of Indre, and late province of Berr}^ with a castle, 33 miles SW of Bourges. Lon. 1 40 E, lat. 47 ON. Leuse, town of Austrian Ilainault, seated on the Dendcr, 14 milts NW of Mons. I..on. 3 45 E, lat. 50 35 N. LcutJdrk, free imperial town of Germany in Suabia, seated on a rivulet that falls into the lUer, 42 miles NE of Lindau. Lon. 10 12 E, lat. 47 53 N. Leutmevitz, town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same n -me, vvith a bishop's see; seated on the Elbe, 30 miles NW of Prague, and 40 SE of Dresden. Lon. 14 30 E, lat. 50 31 N. Lentmiild, iown o* Gcrra:iny, in Bohemia, in the circle of Chrudim, 22 miles E of Chrudim, and 72 from Prague. Lenisch, town of Germany, in the duchy of Carniola. Letvarden, populous and strong town of the king lorn of the Netherlands, 27 miles W of Groningen, and 65 N by E of Am- sterdam. Lon. 5 32 E, lat, 53 11 N. 3S Lev.'en:ieiii, town of Germany in the 011'= cle of Frar.conia, capital of a county of the same name, witii a fortress, 10 miles E ot" Hailborn. Lon. 9 38 E, !;.t. 49 18 N. LcwjiKz, town of Upper Hungary, in the county of Gran, and on a river of the same name, where the Turks were defeated in 1644. It is ten miles Nof Gran. Lon. 18 31 E, lat. 48 21 N. I^exves, borough in Sussex, 30 miles E of Chichester, and 49 S of London. Lon. 5 £, lat. 50 55 N. Jjewis, one of ihe largest of the Hebrides or western islands of Scotland, extending about 60 miles in length from Nto S, and from 13 to 14 in breadtli, and parted by the sea into two divisions, called Lewis and Harries, the former lying to the westward of the other. Area' 451,000 acres, lying between lat. 57 54, and 58 28 N. The air is temperately cold, moist and healthy, great part ofliie low ground is flooded with hkes : the rest is arable in many places, and has been counted fruitful in oats, bar- ley, rye, fla.x, and hemp. Le-ivis, town of the Netherlands, in Bra- ba:it, on a morass 10 miles from Louvain. Lon. 4 10 E, lat. 50 50 N. Levjis, township of Essex county, Ver- mont, 60 miles NKfrcim Montpelier. Leii'is, county of Nev/ York; bounded by Oneida S ; Oswego SW ; Jefl'erson NW ; St. Lawrence NE ; and Herkimer E. Length 50 ; mean width 30 ; and area 1500 square miles. Surface hilly ; soil produc- tive in grain and pasturyge. Chief town, Martinsburg. Population in 1810. F-ee white males - - - 3,456 do. do. females - - - 2,948 Total whites . . _ All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - . Slaves 6,404 25 4 Total population in 1810 - 6,433 Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. feifsales - . - Ail otlier persons except Indians not taxed . . . - 4,820 4,364 Total whites Fsee persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males . - - - do. females - - - 9,184 22 21 Total population in 1820 9,227 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 124 Engaged in Agriculture - 1,753 do, in Manufactures - 312 505 LEW LEW En.qaged in Commerce . » Population to the square mile 6. Leviis, township of Essex county. New York, 6 miles N from Elizabeth town. Population in 1820, 779. /y«ws, county of Virginia; bounded by Nicholas S j Kenhawa SW ; Wood NW ; Harrison N ; and Rantlolph E. Length 45 ; mean width 32 ; and area about 1400 square miles. Surface hilly, and soil generally rather barren. Chief town, Westown. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 2,134 do. do. females - - - 1,988 Ail other persons except Indians not taxed . - - . Total whites . . - . Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females, Slaves, males - . - . do. females . . . Total population in 1820 - 4,122 59 56 4,247 Of tiiese ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - • 1,160 do. in Manufacttires - 64 do. in Commerce - - 4 Population to the square mile, 3. Lewis, townsliip, situated on the Ohio river, in Brown county. Population in 1820, 1605. Lewis, county of Kentucky, on Ohio river; bounded by Fleming SW ; Mason W ; Ohio river N ; and Greene E and NE. Length 28 ; mean width, and a.ea 380 square miles. Surface hilly, and soil pro- ductive. Chief tow.T, see Clarksburg, in the Addenda. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 1,197 do. do. females - - 875 Total whites ... 2,072 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 1 Slaves 284 Total population in 1810 - - 2,357 Population in 1820. Free white males - - 1,809 do. do. females • - 1,696 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - Total whites .... 3,505 Free persons of colour, males 3 do. do. females 1 Slaves, males - . - ' 246 do. females ... 218 Total population in 1820 - 3,973 506 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized - 3 Engaged in Agriculture - 1,057 do. in Manufactures • 89 do. in Commerce . - 3 Population to the square mile, 10. Leivis bay, harbour ot Yarmouth, Barnsta- ble county, Massachusetts, on the south shore of Cape Cod. Lexuisburg, post village, of Union county, Pennsylvania, on tlie right bank of Susque- hannah river, 7 miles above Northumber- land. Le-.iisburg, post town and seat of justice, Nicholas county, Virginia, 60 miles W from Lexington, in Rockbridge county. Lewisbtirg, post town, Muhlenburg coun. ty, Kentucky, on Green river, 40 miles SE from Russelville. Le-Misburg, town of North America and capital of the island of Cape Breton. It was ceded to the English by the peace of 1763. The fortifications are now demolish- ed. Lon. 61 30 W, lat. 46 50 N. Lewisham, village in Kent, on the river Ravensbourn, five miles SE of London, with an elegant church. Lexvis River, river of the Columbian val- ley in the great western territory of the United States. It is the main middle fork of Columbia, rises about 30 degrees W from Washington, lat. 40 N, and flowing N W, by its various windings 900 miles, joins Clarks' river and forms the Columbia. Le-uns^ -Store, post office, Spotsylvania county, Virginia. Lewiston, townsliip, Lincoln county, Maine, on the E side of Androscoggin, 13 miles above its junction with the Kennebec. Population in 1820, 1312. Leiviston, post village, Niagara county. New York, on Niagara river opposite to Queei ston, in Uppei- Canada. Lewiston stands at the head of ship navigation from lake Erie. A steam boat plies regularly from that place to Sackett's Harbour. Above Lewiston to navigable water, above the falls of Niagara is about 8 miles. Popu- lation in 1820, 869. Lewistrnvn, post town, the capital of Sus- sex county, Delaware, on Lewis creek, about thne milts from the light house at Cape Henl.)pen. It is inhabited principally by pilots, and supports a small coasting trade. It lies in the lat. of 38 25 N, and lon. of 75 10 W, about 113 S of Philadel- phia. Lexuistowii, post town and capital of Mif- flm county, Pennsylvania, on the N side of Juniata rivpr, 55 miles NW of Harrisburg, and 162 of Philadelphia ; containing about 600 inhabitants. Lewisz'ille, post village, Brunswick coun- ty, Virginia, about 70 miles S from Rich- mond. LEX LEY LeinsvlUe, post village, Cl ester district, South Carolina. Lexington, post town^ Middlesex county, Massachusetts, 11 miles N\V from Boston. In this town, April 19th, 1775, the first blood was shed in that revolution w'r.ich produced tlie United States. Population in 1820, 1200. Lexington, post town and township, Green county, New York. Population in 1820, 1798. Lexington, post town of Virginia, and capital of Kockbridt^e county, Virginia, about 150 miles W of Richmond. It stands about iialf a mile S of the N branch of James river, it has about 120 houses, many of them handsomely built of brick, a court house, jail, and Presbyterian and Methodist houses of worship ; the popu- lation is 766, and the town is impro- ving, there is a public arsenal of the state, in which a number of arms is deposi- ted, say 20,000 stand. This town is also noted for its seminaries of learning. W.ish- ington college was endowed by the illus- trious man whose name it bears, with 100 shares of the James' river company stock, which produce an annual income of §2,400. Its buildings are, two halls of brick, capable of accommodating 50 or 60 students. Additional buildings are about to be erected. It has a considerable libra- ry and philosophical apparatus. The faculty are, a president, two professor.s, and a tutor. Andrew Smith's academy, for the education of young ladies, has a large and handsome edifice, and teuchers in all the branches of education commonly taught in such schools. Lexington, post village, Rowan county, North Carohna, on a branch of the Yadkin, 50 miles W from Raleigh . Lexington, district of South Carolina; bounded SE, S, and SW, by Orangeburgii ; W by Edgefield ; NW by Newberry ; and NE by Fail-field and Richland, or by Broad and Congaree rivers. Length 38 ; mean width 27 ; and area about 1000 square miles. Chief town, Granby. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 2,385 do, do. females - - - 2,328 Total wb-ites - - - - 4,713 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 17 Slaves 1,911 Total population in 1810, - 6,641 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 2,615 do. do. females - - - 2,652 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites .... 5,267 Free persons of colour, males - 8 do. do. females 7 Slaves, males ... - 1,370 do. females . - • 1,431 Total population in 1820 - - 8,083 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 1 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,831 do, in Manufactures - 20 do. in Commerce - 16 Population to the square mile 8. Lexington, post town and seat of justice, Oglethorpe county, Georgia, on 0^-eche river, 76 miles NW from Augus'a. It is the seat of an academy. Lexington, post town and seat of justice, Fayette county, Kentucky, on Town-fork, a brancli of Elkliorn river, 25 miles ESE from Frankfort, and about 90 S from Cin- cinn ai. Lat 38 06. It contains, besides the ordinary couxty buildings and places of public worship, a university, academy for tlie education of young females, a public library, and a masonic hail. Tlie progres- sive population and improvement of this town, has been extremely rapid Twenty- five years ago, it contained about 50 ordi- nary houses It is now a splendid town, abounding with elegant bviildings, and in- habited by a cultivated and polished peo- ple. The manufacturing establishments are on a large scale, and numerous, con- sisting of nail f ictories ; those for copper and tin ; fvr cotton and woolk!, goods, grist mills, steam paper mil.'^, rope \v;dks», tan- neries, breweries, and distil!er'^;s. Transylvania university is located in this town, and is now a flourisiiing insUtut'on. In 1818, it received its present rnrm.. and' in 1820, the number of studf ts nmo' iited lo 235. Sc' Kfntncki). Lexington, township in the northeastern corner oV Stark rounty, Ohio, in which is a village of the same name. Population in- 182U, 539, Lexington, JVew, post town in the eastern part of Preble county, on Twin creek, upon the road from Dayton to Eaton. Distance, 6 miles east from Eaton, 19 west fro^r. Dav- ton, and 85 west by south from Columbus. Leijdcii, city of Routli Holland, seated on the ancient bed of the Rhine, which here almost expires in a number of small chan- nels. It is surrounded by a brick wall, with eight gales. A university was found- ed in 1575, celebrated for its colleges, medicinal garden, anatomical theaLr^% a;i- tronomical cb.servatory, and valuable iibri- ry. The principal church is a..ui)erb struc- ture; and tlie old cas'le, townhouse, cus- lomhou.iP, andh'iuse for orptians, des'.rve notice, Vlcre: are excellent maiiufaciures of cloth, serge and cambric; and the vi- 507 * L 1 r, cinlty produces Ihe best Dutch butter and cheese. It stands on 30 islands, and has 145 bridges, the greatest part built of free- stone. The inhabitants are es'.imuted at 50,000. In 1807, the university was almost destroyed by the catastrophe of a vessel loaded with gunp >wder blowing up. Ley- den is four miles E of the German Ocean, and 20 SW of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 28 E, lat. 52 8 N. Let/den, post village and township, Lev.'is county, New York, on Black river, 33 mdes NfromUtica. Popiilaiion in 1820, 1203. Liam po. See J\'iii{r-p,i, Libmius, or Lebanon, the name of moun- tains of Turkey in Asia, between Syria and Palestine, extending fi-»m the MediteiTa- nean sea as far as Arabia. Some of the summits of these mountains are always covered with snow ; but below are vei-y fruitful valleys. Geogr,^pliers distinguish them into Libanus and Anti-Libanus ; the latter lies on the S side of the valley, rising near the ruins of Sidon, and terminates at others in Ar.Hbia, in lat. 54. They are separated from each other at an equal dis- tance throughout, and form a country called by the ancients Ccclosyria. Libaii, seaport of Courland, on the Baltic ■with a harbour. !t is 35 miles N of Memel, Lon. 21 40 E, lat. 56 31 N, Liberty, township of Sidlivan county. New York, on Delaware river. Population in 1820,851. Liberty, SW township of Adams county, Pennsylvania, ^n the waters of Middle and Marsh creeks, commencing 4 miles SW from Gettysburg. Population in 1820, 1027. Liberty, post .own and seat of justice, Bedford county, Virftinia, on one of the higher branches of Otter river, 25 miles S E from Fincasde Liberty, cou;vcy of Georgia ; boundtd by the Atlantic ocean SE . M'Intosh S ; Alta- mahiih rivt;i- SW ; Tatnall NW ; ami Bryan NPj ; length 50; mear. width 10; ui id area 500 square miles Chief town Riceboro. Population m 1810. Free white males - - - 693 do. do. females - - - 659 Total whites .... 1,358 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 68 Slaves 4,808 Total population in 1810 . - 6,228 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 867 do. do. females - - - 774 Total whites .... 1,641 }>ee persons of colour, males - 4 508 i> r c l-ree persons of colour, females 13 Slaves, males .... 2,532 do. females .... 2,505 Total population in 1820 . - 6,695 Of these ; Foreigners not naturaKzed - 3 Engaged in Agriculture - 3,191 do. in Manufactures - 46 do. in Commerce - - 10 Population to the square mile, 15^ nearly. Liberty, post-village and seat of justice, Amite county Mississippi, 45 miles SEfrom Natch z. Liberty, post town, Smith county Ten- nessee, about 20 miles S from Carthage. Liberty, post ton nship of Trumbull coun- ty Ohio. Population 1820, 684. Liberty, township in the south part of Delaware county Ohio. Population 1820, 550. Liberty, township on the northern limits of Fairfield county Ohio. Population 1820, 998. liberty, central township of Highland county Ohio, in which is situated the town of Hillsborough. Population 1820, 1689 Liberty, township in the northern limits of Clinton county Ohio. Population 1820, 447. IJberty, large township, in the .south, cast quarter of Butler county Ohio, in which is situated the town of Princeton. Popu- lation 1820, 2814. Liberty, village of Jefferson township, in Montgomery county Ohio, nine miles west- erly from D.iyton. Liberty Corner, post village of Somerset county New Jersey, oo miles E from Eas. ton in Pennsylvania, and 26 W from New- ark. Liberty Hall, post v.llage Morgan county Geor.gia, about 40 miles NNW from Mil- ledgeviUe. Liberty, post town, Frederick county M.^ryland, 12 miles NE from Frederick. Libourne, small well built town of France, in the department of Gironde and Lite pro- vince of Guienoe. It is one of the staples of commerce of Bourdeaux, .and is seated on the Dordogne 20 miles NE of Bour- deaux, and 205 S by W of Paris. Lon. 12 W, lat. 44 58 N. Lick, or Lichia, town of Germany, in the landgr.ivate of Hesse, and county of Solms, 18 miles N of FrancfoEt. iLon. S 24 E. lat. 5015N. Lichfield, city in Staffbrd.sh're, in a fine champaign countrv, 14 miles SE of Staf. ford, and 119 NW of London. Lon. 1 44 W. lat.' 52 54 N. Scb Litc/i/ield. Licfi-^tcdl, handsome town of Germany in the bishopric of Basle. L I,C Lichtallen, or Liesial, town of Swisserland in the county of Basil. It is seated on the Ergetz, eip^ht nriiles SE of Basil. Lon. 7 39 E, lat. 47 29 N. Lichtenmi, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Westphalia, nine miles' from Fader- born. Lon. 8 23 E, lat. 51 52 N. Lichtenau, town of Germany, in Hesse Cassel. It is 24 miles from Naumburg. Lon. 9 28 E, lat. 51 1 N. Lichtenau, fortress of Franconia, seated on the Revel. It is subject to the city of Nuremburg', and is 17 miles from that city. Lon. 11 12 E, lat 49 ION. JAchtenh-argy town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, the vicinity of which abounds witli quarries of marble and mines of iron and other metals. Lon. 11 41 E, lat. 50 16 N, Lichtenberg, castle of France, in the de- partment of Lower Rhine and late province of Alsace seated on a rock, near the Vos- ges mountains, and looked upon as impreg- nable. It is 12 miles NNW of Haguenau. Lon. 7 45 E,lat.48 55 N. Lichtenburg, town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, in the margravate of Cullembach, 20 miles NE of CuUembach. Lon. 12 2 E, lat. 50 25 N. _ Lichtenfels, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Franconia and bishoprics of Bamberg, seated on the Maine, 15 miles NE of Bam- berg. Lon. 11 10 E, lat. 50 20 N. idchtensteig, handsome town of Swisser- land, the capital of the county of Tocken- burg. It is seated on the Thur, 31 miles E of Zuric. Lon. 9 8 E, lat. 47 15 N. Lichtenstein, principality of Germany, be- tween the Tyrol, Voralberg, and Switzer- land. Lick, central township of Jackson coun- ty Ohio, so called from the salt lick within its limits. Licking, interior county of Ohio, bound- ed on the N by Knox, E by Muskingum, S by Ferry and Fairfield, and on the W by Franklin and Delaware counties. It is 30 miles long from east to west, and 24 broad from north to south; confining 700 square miles. Surface pleasantly di- versified by hill and dale. Soil highly fer- tile. It is drained by Licking creek, af- fording an extensive variety of sites where- on to use \\\e advantage of water power. It abomids also with iron ore ; which is al- ready manufactured into hollow ware and bar iron. Chief town, Newark. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 2,048 do. do. females - - 1,796 Total whites .... 3,844 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 8 Slaves - ... 1. r ]> Total population in 1810 - - 3,852 Population in 1820. Free white males - - 6,236 do. do, females - - 55,87 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites - - - 11,823 Free persons of colour, males 21 do. do. females, 17 Slaves, males . . . ' do. females - . - Total population in 1820 - 11,861 2,188 449 9 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce - Population to the square mile, 17. Licking, township of Licking county Ohio Population 1820, 723. Licking, tov\'nship of Muskingum coun- ty Oliio, 10 miles NW from Zanesville. Population 1820, 710. Licking-Station, post village Floyd coun- ty Kentuck}'. Licking, small river of Ohio, draining Licking county, and flowing ESE falls into the Muskingum, opposite Zanesville. Licking, river of Kentucky, rising on Floyd, Pike, and Montgomery counties, and flowing NVV, between, or through Bath, Fleming, Nicholas, Harrison, Brack- en, Pendleton, and Campbell counties, falls into the Ohio between Newport, and Co- vington, opposite the city of Cincinatti, Licola, lake in the kingdom of Naples, the ancient Lucrine lake, formerly famous for plenty of excellent fish ; but, in 1538, an explosion of a volcano, changed one part of it into a mountAm ». fashes, and the other into a morass. It was anciently known by the name of the Lucrine lake. Liconia, post village, Harrison county In- diana. Lidd, town of Lithuania Proper, in the palatinate of Wilna, situated on the Detta, 56 miles S oC Wilna. Lon. 25 34 E, lat. 53 50 N. Lidii, town of Kent, with a market on Thursday, one of the Cinque Ports. It is 26 miles from Canterburv, and 74 from London. Lon. 58 E, lat.' 50 58 N. Liddel, river in Roxburghshire, abound- ing in fish. It is the only one in that county that flows southward, and falls into Solwa'y Frith, near the mouth of the Esk. Liddisdale, district in Roxbinghshire, comprehending the whole southei'u angle (if that county. It' admits of little cultiva- tion, and is chiefly employed in pasture, Lidfoi-d, village of Devonsiiire, on theri" ver Lid, seven miles N of Tavistock, 509 1. I F I, 1 M Upfhenstock, fortress of Dutch Flanders, eight miles from Antwerp. Lon. 4 10 E, lat. 51 30 N. Liege, formerly a bishopric of Westpha- lia, but now a province of ihe Netherlands ; bounded on the N by Brabant and Guel- derland, on the E by the duchies of Lim- burg and Juliers, on the S by Luxemburg and the Ardennes, and on the W by Bra- bant and the country of Namur. It is fruit- ful in corn and fruits, and contains mines of iron, lead, and coal, besides quarries of marble ; area, 2900 square miles. Popula- tion 240,000. Liege, large, ancient, and strong city, capital of tiie territory of its name. Here theriver Meuseisdivided into three branch- es, and after passing through the city, un- der several bridges unite again. Liege is four miles in circumference, and has 16 gates : it has also ten large suburbs. It is 60 miles VVSW of Cologne. Lon. 5 35 E, lat. 50 38 N. Population 50,000. Lientchou, city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Quang-long. Its territories border on the kingdom of Ton- quin, from which it is separated by moun- tains. It is seated on the Lien-kiang, wiiich forms a convenient harbour for barks, 325 miles WSW of Canton. Lon. 108 40 E, lat. 21 40 N. Lieu-kieu, or Leoo-keoo, the general name of 36 islands lying between Formosa and Japan. They form a kingdom, the inhabi- tants of which are civilized, and of a miid, gay, affable and temperate disposition. Each island has a particular name ; the principal one, called Lieu-kieu, is 126 miles long and 28 broad, but tiie others are in- considerable. The chief prod4icts .ire sul- phur, copper, tin, with shells, and mother of pearl. The king is tributary to China. Kintcbing, the capital, in the S E part of Lieu-kieu, is in lon, 127 30 E, lat. 26 2 N. Liere, town of the Netheilands, in Bra- bant, which has a great trade in cattle ; seated at the junction of tbe Great and I-ittle Nethe, 10 miles SE of Antwerp. Liesina, island oF Dalmatia, in the gulf of Venice, about 58 miles long, and 12 broad, and abounds in corn, olives, saffron, and wine. Liesina, seaport of Dalmatia, capital of an island of tiie same name, with a harbour capable of containing vessels of all sorts. Lon. 16 23 E, lat. 43 3C N. Liesse, town of France, in the depart- ment of Aisne, famous for an image of the Virgin Mary, to wiiich a great number of pilgrims used to resort. It is six miles E of Laon. Liffey, river of Ireland, which rises in the county of Wicklow, runs W thence into Kildare, where it lias a cataract near Leixslip, and then turning N E passes through the cotmty of Dublin, and by the 510 city of that name, below which it entev.s the Irish sea. Lijford, borough of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Donegal, situate on the Foyle, 28 miles NE of Donegal. Ligne, town of the Netherlands, in Hai' nault, on the river Dender, 12 miles NW of Mons. LigneroUes, town of France, in the de- partment of AUier, four miles S of Mont- luzon. Lignieres, town of France, in the de- partment of Cher, with a collegiate church and a castle, 24 miles SSW of Bourges. Lignitz, fortified town of Silesia, capital of a jirincipality of the same name. Here is a spacious academy, founded by Jos?ph I. for the instruction of young gentlemen. Lignitz has a considerable trade in cloth and madder, and stands at the conflux of the Katzbach and Schwartzwasser, 32 miles S of Glogau. Lon. 16 16 E, lat. 51 11 N. LJgnit:, government of Prussian Sibsia, enclosed by those of Breslaw, Schweimitz, Jawer, Glogaw, and Wolaw. LigTiy, town of the Netherlands, v/ith a castle, and a collegiate church ; seated on the Orney, eight miles SE of Bar le Due. Ligonton, village of Amelia county Vir- ginia. Ligor, seaport of the peninsula of Malac- ca, capital of a small territory of the same name, with a magazine belonging to the Dutch East India Company. It is seated on the E coiist. Lon. 100 5 E, lat. 7 40 N. Idgudl, town of France, in the depart- ment of Indre and Loire and late province of Touraine, seated on a brook, in a very fertile countrv, 23 miles SSE of Tours. Lon. 52 E, lat 47 3 N. Lillers, town of France fn the department of the Straits of Calais and late province of Artois whose fortifications are demolished. It is seated on the Navez, 17 miles NW of Arras. Lon 2 35 E, lat 50 30 N. Lillo, fort of Dtitch Brabant, on the E side of the Scheldt, seven miles N of Ant- werp. It was taken in 1793, by the French, who soon after evacuated it, retaking it, however, in 1794. Lon. 4 18 E, lat. 50 30 N. LirpMy city of and capital of Peru. It is a corruption of the Indian word Rimac. The Spanish name imposed by the founder is, Cindad de los Reyes, or city of the kings. It was foimded by Francis Pizzano in 1525, about 6 miles from the Pacific Ocean, and the port of Calas. The streets are laid out in straight lines. The houses constructed of wood on account of the frequent earth- quakes ; and are generally low from a si- milar cause, and the heat of the climate. The centre square and the surrounding buildings are very magnificent. Population about 50,000, of whom about 20,000 are L 1 M L 1 xM whites ; the residue mixed races, Indians, negroes, &c. Independent of the emolument derived from being the capital of the province, Li- ma derives incalculable advantages as a mart of trade. It is indeed the emporium of one of the riciiest sections oF South America. Its exports are gold and silver ; imports, silk, cloths of several kinds, lace, linen, iron ware, &c. Longitude only 8 minutes W from Washington ; lat. 12 2 S. Lima, province of Peru, extending 300 miles along the Pacific Ocean, and inland to the Andes about 70 miles ; bounded by the Pacific Ocean SW ; N by Truxillo; NE by Guancavelica, and SE by Arequipo. Lima, post village, and township, Liv- ingston county New York, 16 miles Wfrom Canandaigua. Population 1320, 1963. Limnle, town of Austrian Brabant, seated on the river Uyle, 13 miles SE of Brussels. Lon 4 30 E, lat. 50 45 N. Limavadij, town of Ireland. See J^'eiu- ioioii Limavadij. Limbourg, or Limpurg, town of Germany in the electorate of Treves, seated on the Lalin, 10 miles E of Nassau, and 20 N of Mentz. Lon. 7 51 E, lat. 50 24 N Limburg, province of the Netherlands, bounded on the N by the duchy of Juliers, on the E by the duchy and the territory of Aix-la-Chapelle, and oh the S and W by the bishopric of Liege, from which it is se- parated by the Maese. It is 42 miles long, and 30 broad, a id contains some of the best Iron mines in the Netherlands, and the soil is good for corn. Limbnrg. Here is a manufacture of wool- len clotlis, and it is famous for excellent cheese. It is seated on a mountain, almost inaccessible, near the river Verse, 15 miles SE of Liege. Lon 6 5 E, lat. 50 38 N. Lime, town in Dorsetshire. See Lyme Regis. Lime, or Limen, village in Kent, three miles VV of Hithe It was formerly a port, till choked up by the sands. Lime-creek, post village Monroe county Alabama. Limm^ick, county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Munster, 48 miles long and 23 broad ; bounded on the N by Shannon, on the W by Kerry ; on ihe S by Cork, and on the E by Tipperary. It contains 130 parishes, and sent eight members to parlia- ment before the Irish union. It is a fertile country and well inhabited, though the W parts are mountainous. Limerick, or Lovgh MeatJi, city of Ire- land, in the county of Limerick, smd the metropolis of the province of Munster. Within a century, it was reckoned the se- cond city in the kingdom ; at present, the linen, woollen, and paper manufactures are carried on here to a great ex';ent -, and the export of provisions are very consider- able. Papulation 50,000. It is 40 miles S of Gal way, and 94 SW of Dublin. Lon. 8 34 VV, lat. 52 42 N. Limerick, post town in York county, Maine, about 12 miles W of the river Saco . Population 1820, 1377. Limericioi township of Montgomery coun- ty, Pennsylvania, with 1282 inhabitants in 1820. It is situated on the NE side of Schuylkill, 5 mdes E from Pottsgrove, and 25 W from Philadelphia. Population 1820 1577. Limestone, county of Alabama, bounded by Tennessee river S W ; Lauderdale coun- ty W ; Giles county in Tennesste N ; and Madison in Alabama E ; length 30 ; width. 24 ; area 560 square miles. Elk river pass- es obliquely through the NW angle of this county, and beside being washed by Ten- nesse river along i's SW bonier, it is drained by Limestone, Muddy, Round Isl- and, and several other fine creeks. The surface is wavering rather than hilly ; and much of the so:l is exctillent. Staple, cot- ton. Chief town Cotton port. Popub.tion in 1820. Free white males - - - 3,630 do. do. females - - 3,922 All other persons except Indians not taxed - . - o 6,922 26 4 1,512 1,407 9,871 Total whites - - . Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820. Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 17 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,580 do. in Manufactures - - 63 do. in Commerce - - 34 Population to the .square mile, 17^. Liminglon, township of York county, Maine, containing 1774 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 2122. It is situated on the W side of Saco river, 4 miles W of Stan- dish, and 22 W of Portland. Limmat, river of Swisserland, which is formed by the junction of the Mat and the Linth ; the former issuing from the NW extremity of the lalce of Wallenstadt, and the latter flowing from the S. The Lim- mat, continuing its course NW, flows through the lake of Zuric, and falls into the Aar, loelow Baden. Limoges, ancient and considerable town cf France, capital of the department of Upper Vienne and late .territory of Limo- sin, on the Vienne, 5Q miles NE of Peri- guex, and 110 E of Bourdeaux. ^.on. 1 20 E, lat. 45 50 N. Limosin, late province of France, bound' 511 L I N L I N ed on the X by ^larche and tiie E by Au- vergne, on the S by Querci, and on the W by Perigord and Anguomols. It is covered with forests of chesnut-trees, and contains mines of lead, copper, tin, and iron ; but the principal trade consists in cattle and horses. It now forms the department of Upper Vienne. » Limoux, populous and commercial town of France, in the department of Aude and late province of Languedoc. It has a manufacture of cloth ; and its environs pro- duce excellent white wine. It is seated on the Aude, 37 miles W by S of Narbonne, and 50 SE of Toulouse. Lon. 2 16 E, !at. 43 4 N. Limpur^. See IJmbourg: Linares, town of Mexico, in New Leon, between Bravo and St. Fernando rivers. Lon. \V C 22 20, lat. 25 50, Lmche, or Jdnkc, strong town of France, in the department of the North and late province of French Flanders, seated on a river, 15 miles S\V of Dunkirk. Lon. 2 20 E, lat. 51 N. Lincoln, capital of Lincolnshire, on the side of a steep hill, on the Witham, which here divides into three streams It is a bishop's see whose diocess is the largest in England. The chief trade is in coal brought by the Trent and Fossdike ; and oats and wool, which are sent by the With- am, and there is also a small manufacture of camlets. It is 32 miles NE of Notting- ham, and 133 N of London. Lon. 25 W, lat. 53 15 N. Lincolnshire, county of England, 77 miles long and 45 broad ; bounded on the N by the number, which divides it from York- sliire, E by ihe German Ocean, SE by the Wash and Norfolk, S by Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire, SW by Rutland- shire, and \V by the counties of Leicester and Nottingham. It contains 1,783,680 acres ; is divided into 30 hundreds, and 630 parishes ; has one city and 31 market towns ; and sends 12 members to parliament. The principal rivers i:re the Humber, Trent, Witham, Welland, and Ancholm. This county is divided into three districts, called Holland, Kesteven, and Lindsey. Popula- tion in 1801, 208,.557 ; in 1811, 237,891 ; an 1 in 1821, 283,058. Lincoln County, Upper Canada, is a very fine and populous settlement, consisting of 2j0 townships, containing about 6000 souls, and furnishes five battalions of militia. It occupies the peninsula between Lake Erie, Niagara river, Luke Ontario, and the river Ouse. Lincoln, township of Sunbnry comity. New Briniswick, on the west side of St. John's river. i/i7ico?j!, county of Maine, on both sides of the Kennebec ; bounded by the Atlantic Ocean S ; Kennebec bay and Androscoggin 512 river SW; Kennebec county NW ; Han- cock NE ; and Penobscot bay E. Length 45 ; mean width 25 ; area, exclusive of water, about 800 square miles. The sur- face is extremely indented by bays and rivers. The whole southern and south- eastern part is composed of an intricacy of islands and long peninsulas, extending be- tween the rivers and bays towards the Ocean. The north-western and northern sections rise into a finely diversified coun- try. Soil productive in grain and pastur- age. Chief town, Wiscasset. Population in 1810. Free white males - - . 21,967 do. do. females - - - 20,861 Total whites ... . 42,828 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - < 164 Slaves Total population in 1810 - - 42,992 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 26,560 do. do. females - - 26,460 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females - Slaves, males ... do. females - - . Total population in 1820 53,189 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 120 Engaged in Agriculture - - 8,116 do. in Manufactures . 1,574 do. in Commerce - - 1,265 Population to the square mile, 66^. Lincoln, NW township, Hancock county, Maine, 27 miles NW from Castine. Popu- lation in 1820, uncertain. JJncoln, township of Grafton county. New Hampshire, between the sources of the Merrimac and Ammonoosuch rivers, 69 miles above Concord. Population in 1820, 32. Lincoln, township of Addison county, Vermont, 21 miles SW from Montpelier. Population 250. Lincoln, township of Middlesex county, Massacliusetts. Population in 1820, 706. JJncoln, county of North Cavnlina ; hounded by South Carolina S ; Rutherford W ; Burke' NW ; Iredell or Cataubc river NE ; and Cataube river or Mecklenburg E. Length 48 ; mean width 25 ; and area 1200 square miles. It is washed on its northern, north-eastern, and eastern bord- ers by Catauba, and drained by Little Ca- tauba, and several branches of Broad river. L t N Surface moderately hilly, and soli on the streams excellent. Chief staple cotton. Chief town, Liscolnton. Population in 1810. Free whites, males do. do. females r.oro 6,792 Total whites .... 13,862 All other persons except Indians not taxed ^ Slaves . . - - - 2,489 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males . - - do. do. females . - - All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - - Total whites . . . - Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females - - - Total population in 1820 - 16,359 LIN Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - 2,310 do. in Manufactures - 32 do, in Commerce - - 24» Poi)ulation to the square mile, 15, Lincoln, county of Kentucky ; bounded by Pulaski SE; Casey SVV and W; Mer- cer NW ; Ganard NE ; and Rockcastle E. Length 27 ; mean width 17; and area 450 square miles It occupies the dividing ground between Green and Dicks rivers ; is hilly and broken. Chief towns, Stanford and Craborchard. 7,576 7,215 14,791 17 10 1,719 1,610 18,147 Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 23 Engaged in Agriculture - - •">^''^ do. in Manufactures - 445 do. in Commerce - - 29 Population to the squai-e mile, 15. Lincoln, county of Georgia, on Savannah river ; bounded by Columbia SE ; Wilkes SW ; and Savannali river NE. Length 22 ; mean widtli 10 ; and area 220 square miles. Chief town, Lincolnton. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 1,269 do. do. feniiiles - - 1,062 Total whites - . . - 2,331 All other persons except Indians not taxed Slaves . - . - . Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - _ - All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites _ _ _ Free persons of colour, males do. do. females, Slaves, males .... do. females Total population in 1820 3 T 12 2,212 4,555 3,296 .3,011 6,307 Total whites All other persons except Indians not t^xed ... 28 Slaves 2,341 1,766 1,612 3,378 11 6 1,564 1,499 Total population in 1810 . 8,676 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 3,512 do. do. females - - - 3,350 All other persons except In- dians not taxed - - 6 Total whites - . - . 6,868 Free persons of colour, males - 18 do. do. females - 40 Slaves, males - - - 1,515 do. females . - - 1,538 Total population in 1820 - 9,979 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 3 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,991 do. in Manufactures - 281 do. in Commerce • 14 Population to the square mile, 22. Lincoln, county of West Tennessee ; bounded by Madison county in Alabama S ; by Giles county in Tennessee W ; Bedford N; a'd Franklin E. Length 25; breadth 23 ; and ar a 580 square miles. This coun- ty is divided 'nto nearly two equal parts by Elk river. Surface diversified, and soil productive. Staple cotton. Chief town Fayetteville. Population in 1810. Free wliite males - - ♦ 2,799 do. do. females . . - 2,583 Total whites - - - - 5,382 All oiher persons except Indians not taxed ... - Slaves 720 6,458 Total population in 1810 " 515 6,104 L I K L I N" Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females ■ 6,355 6,151 Total whites .... 12,506 Free persons of colour, males . 4 do. do. females . 1 Slaves, males .... 1,095 do. females ...» 1,155 14,761 5 3,597 184 26 Total population in 1820 • Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Enc^aged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures - do, in Commerce Population to the square mile, 26 nearly. Lincoln, village of Mercer'Tcounty, Ken- tucky, on Dick's river. Lincoln, NF, county of Missouri ; bound- ed NE by Des Moines and Mississippi rivers ; south by Cuivre river ; W by Pike, and N by the northern limit of the state. Length '100; mean width 35; area 3500 square miles. Soil and surface much di- versified. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - . 799 do. do. females ... 620 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites - . - - 1,419 Free persons of coloiir, males - 1 do. do. females . - - Slaves, males .... 126 do. females • - - 117 Total population in 1820 - - 1,662 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 10 Engaged in Agriculture - . 390 do. in Manufactures - 11 do. in Commerce - . 4 Population to the square mile, h Lincolnton, post town and seat of justice, Lincoln county. North Carolina, on Little Catauba, 150 miles SW by W from Raleigh, and 31 miles NV/ from Charlotte. Lincolnton, post town and seat of justice, Lincoln county, Georgia, 40 miles NW from Augusta. Lincolnville, or Duck-Trap, township of Hancock county, Maine, on the west side of Penobscot bay, 16 miles W from Castine. Population in 1820, 1294. LindMi, city of Suabia, with a castle and wall, deemed to be Roman works. The French 'Oiok pussession of this city in 1796 ; and it became subject to Bavaria in 1805. It is a tradin,^ place, seated on an island of the lake of Constance, joined to the main- land by a long bridge, 22 miles ESE of 5H Constance, and 75 SW of Augsburg. Lon. 9 41 B, lat. 47 32 N. Linclau, town and castle of Upper Saxo- ny, in the principality of Anhalt-Zerbst, five miles N of Zerbst. Linclau, or Ltndoia, town of Bran -en- burg, in the Middle mark, five miles NE of Ruppin. JJndeness. See JVhse, Lindenfels, town of Germany, in the pa- latinate of the Rhine, 14 miles NNB of Manheim. Lindisfame. See Holy Island, Lindley's- Store, post office, Albemarle county, Virginia. Lindley's-Store, post office, Orange coun- ty. North Carolina. Lineal, town of Westphalia, in the prin- cipality of Munster, capital of a county of its name. It is seated on the Ems, 48 miles NNW of Munster. Lon. 7 25 E, lat. 52 32 N. Lin-keang, city of China, in the province of Kiang-si, on the Yu-ho, 410 miles N by E of Canton. Lon. 115 E, lat. 27 58 N. Linkoping, town of Sweden, in E Goth- land, on the river Steng, near the lake Roxen, 26 miles W of Nordkoping. Linlithgov!, borough of Scotland, capital of Linlithgowshire. The chief manufac- ture is leather and shoes; the woollen trade and bleaching business arc also car- ried on. Linlithgow is 17 miles W of Edinburg. Lon. 3 33 W, lat. 56 N. Linlitfigoiv, or West Lothian, county of Scotland, 20 miles long and 12 broad ; bounded on the N by the frith of forth, SE by Edinburgshire, SW by Lanarshire, and NW by Stirlingshire. The surface is fine- ly diversified with hill and dale ; and the chief rivers are the Avon and Amond. It is fertile in corn and pasture, and produces coal, iron, limestone and lead. Population in 1801, 17,844 ; in 1811, 19,451 ; and in 1821, 22,685. Linnhe, Loch, arm of the sesi, on the W coast of Scotland, which separates the counties of Argyle and Inverness. Linnich, town of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers ; seated on the river Roer, five miles NNW of Jiilicrs. Linosa, island in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Tunis, near that Lampedosa, and 12 miles in circumference. Lon. 12 31 E, lat. 36 50 N. Lin-tchean fou, city of China, in the pro- vince of Kiaiig-nan. It has nothing to dis- tinguish it but the excellence of the fruit with which it abounds. Lintz, town of Germany, capital of Up- per Austria. Here is a hall, in which the states assemble, a bridge over the Danube, and several manufactures. It is seated at the confluence of the Danube and Traen, 42 miles E of Passau, and 100 W of Vienna. Lon, 14 3 E, lat. 48 16 N, L I S L I S Lintz, town of Germany, In the circle of the lower Rhine and electorate of Cologne, seated on the Rhine, 15 miles NW of Cob- lentz, and 18 S of Cologne. Lon. 7 10 E, lat. 50 37 N. Linton, town in Cambridgeshire, with a market on Thursday, 12 miles SE of Cam- bridge, and 46 N by E of London. Lon. 22 E, lat. 52 8 N. Lipari, the largest, most fertile, and populous of the Lipari Islands, abo it 15 miles in circumference. It was celebrated among the ancients ; and, by the descrip- tion of Aristotle, it appears to have been considered by the sailors in his time, what Strombolo is in ouis, as a light-house, as its fires were never extinguished. It abounds with the currant grape ; cotton also grows here ; and great quantities of pumice are gathered. Lipari, ancient town, capital of the island of Lipari. This town has a garrison, and stands on the S side of the island. Lon. 15 30 E, lat. 38 35 N. Lipari Islands, group of islands lying in the Mediterranean, to ihe N of Sicily, 12 in number; and nearly as follows, in t!ie order of their size ; namely, Lipari, Strom- bolo, Volcano, Salini, Felicudi, Alicudi, Panari, Volcanello, Vaciieluse; Lisca, Dat- tolo, and Tila Navi. They are subject to the king of Naples, and bring in a good revenue. Lippa, town of Hungary, in the bannat of Temeswar, on a mountain 22 miles NE of Temeswar and 75 of Belgrade. Lon. 22 45 E, lat. 45 51 N. Lippe, river of Westphalia, which washes Paderborn, Lipstadt and Ham, and falls into the Rhine, above Wesel. Lipstadt, considerable town of Westpha- lia, capital of the county of Lippe. It was once free and imperial ; afterward subject to its own counts, and now to the king of Prussia. It carries on a good trade in pre- paring timber for building vessels on the Rhine, with which it has a communication by the river Lippe. It is seated in a morass, 17 miles WSW of Paderborn, and 30 SE of Munster. Lon. 8 30 E, lat. 51 42 N. Liquet, town of France, in the depart- ment of the straits of Calais, and late pro- vince of Artois, 12 miles W of St. Omer. Lon. 2 E, lat. 50 43 X. Liqueo, or Likeo Islands. See Lieou- Kieou. Lis, river of the Netherlands, which has its source in Artois, and running NE into Flanders, passes by Aaire, St. Venant, Ar- mentiers, Menin, Courtray, and Deynse, and then falls into the Scheldt, at Ghent. Lisbon, considerable city, the capital of Portugal, with an archbishop's see, a uni- versity, a tribunal of the inquisition, and a strong castle. It was almost totally de- stroyed by an earthquake, November 1, 1755. The harbour will contain 10,000 sail of ships, which ride in the greatest safety ; and the city being viewed from the southern shore of the river, affords a beau- tiful prospect, as the buildings gradually rise above ©ac!) other. It contained before the earthquake at most 150,000 inhabitants, and is seated on the Tajo, 10 miles from its mouth, 178 W by N o* SeviiK-, and 255 S bv W of Madrid. Lon. 9 5 W, lat. 38 42 N. Lisbon, township and post village, Lin- coln county, Maine, on the Androscoggin, 23 miles W from Wiscasset- Population in 1820, 2240. Lisbon, township. New London county, Connecticut, 7 miles N from Norwich. Population in 1820, 1160. Linbon, township of St. Lawrence coun- ty. New York, 3 miles below Ogdensburg. Population in 1820, 930. Lisbon, village of Lincoln county, Geor- gia, on the rigl»t bank of the Savannah river below the mouth of Broad river. Lisbwn, borough of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Antrim. It has a large manufacture of linen cloth, and is seated on the Laggan, eight miles SW of Belfast. Lon. 6 O' W, lat. 54 41 N. Lisca, one of the Lipari islands, three miles from Lipari. It is a desert spot. Lisier, St. town of France, in the de- partment of Arriege, and late province of Couseran.s, on the Sitat, 50 m les SE of Auch, and 390 S W of Paris, Lon. 1 15 E, lat. 42 56 N. Lisieu.v, town of France, in the depart- ment of Calvados, and late province of Normandy. It has a good trade, particu- larly in linen cloth, and is seated at the confluence of the Touque and Orbec, 12 miles from the sea, and 40 SW of lluen. Lon. 20 E, lat. 49 11 N. Lisle, large, handsome, and strong town of France, in the department of the North, and late province of French Fl.indcrs, of which it was the capital. It is esteemed one of the richest and mo^t commercial towns in France; and the inhabitants are computed to amount to 65,000. It is cilled Lisle, (th.at is L'Isle, the island) because it was formerly surrounded by marshes ; the principal trade is in camlets. It is sealed on the river Deule, 14 miles W of Tour- nay, 32 SW of Ghent, 37 NW of Mons, and 130 N of Paris. Lon. 3 9 E, lat. 50 38 N. Lisle, post town and township, Broome county, New York ; sittiated on the Tiou- ghneoga river, near its junction with the Chenango, and about 14 miles NE of Union. Population in 1820, 3083. Lismore, one of the Western islands of Scotland, at the mouth of Loch Linhe, ca- pacious lake in Argyleshire. It is a fertile I, i I island, seven miles long and one and a half broad. Lisonzo, river oflta^j', w»ich rises in Ca- in. hia, and Tails JiVco tiu guli" oi' V'eaice, ; t the harbour of ti^e isme name. Ztisa, islanu in tile pulF of Venice, on the coasi: o; Dulm.-tia. It prodyc',.^ excel- lent wine, and is 70 miles W of Kag-usa. Lon. 17 E, lat. 43 52 N. Lissa, town of Poland, in the palatinate of Posnia, of which it is llie capital, 50 miles W of Kalisch. Lon. 16 50 E, lat 52 N. Lissa, village of Silesia, 16 miles from Breslaw. It is seated on the Weistritz, and remarkable for a great victory gained bv the Prussians over the Austrians in 175". Litchfield, township and post village, Lincoln •,ounty, JIaine. Population in 182U, 2120 Litchfiehl NW county of Connecticut; bouiult i) by New York M' ■ Maysachunet'.s N; Hartfo d covmty E; N^-w Haven SE ; and Fuirfie.d S\'»;. Lengti. 38 ; r,.ean vidil) 22 ; and area 836 sqnare mdes. Surface very liilly or m.ount;;inous. The Honsato- nicic passes through, ;:nd the Naugatuck and Fanii.ngton rivers rise in Litchfield. Though brukon, it contains much excellent spil, productive in grain, fVuits, and pastu- rage. Chief town, Litchfield . Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 20,267 do. do. females - - 20,320 Total whites - • - 40,587 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 784 Slaves 4 Total population in 1810 . 41,375 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 19,957 do. do. females ... 20,331 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - 94 Total whites . . - . Free persons of colour, males ■ do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females . . . Total population in 1820 - Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 40,382 453 428 41,266 61 1,347 ',682 251 Population to the square mile, 49^ nearly. Litchfield, post village and township, Hillsborough county. New Hampshire, 26 516 miles S from Concord. Population in 1820, 465. Litchfield, township of Herkimer county. New YorK 10 miles S from Utica. Popu- lation in 182C, 1730. Litchfield, post town, snd capital of Litchfield county, Connecticut, 24 miles VV of IIar;ford, and 44 NW of New Ha- ven, Po;>uiation in 1810, 4630 ; and in 1820, 4610. The township is elevated, and in purt mountainous, though well cultiva- ted. Litchfield Great-pond a very curious sheet of water, one of ihe sources of the Shepang river, affords fine mill seats at its outlet. There are in Litchfield 6 fulling mills, 5 or 6 tanneries, 18 or 20 saw mills, 4 forges, one slitting mill, 1 or 2 nail fac- tories, and 14 or 15 places of public wor- ship. This towi) contains also, Morris* acudcmy, a flourishing and very respectable institution. \n Litchfield village, is a semi- nary for the education of young ladies, which has long, and continues to hold a distinguished rank am:ingst simiLir institu- tions in the United States. The Litchfield Law schod, was established in 1784, by the honourable Tapping Reeve, and has be- come one of the most systematic Law schools in the United States. Litchfield, post village, Grayson county, Kentucky, 70 miles SSW from Louisville. Lithuania, former name of an exten- sive country of Europe ; bounded on the S by Volhlnia, and part of Red Rus- sia ; on the AV by Upper Poland, Pola- cia. Ducal Prussia, and Samogitia ; on the N bv Livonia ; and on the E by Russia. It is .about 300 miles in length, and 250 in breadth, and is watered by several large rivers, the principal of which are the Dnie- per, the Lewina, the Niemen, the Pripecz, and the Bogg. It is a flat country, like Poland ; and tiie lands are very proper for tillage. The soil is not oniy fertile in corn, but it produces honey, wood, pitch, and vast quantities of v/ool. This perhaps, is the only country in Europe, where Jews cultivate the ground. The peasants are in a state of the most abject vassalage. In 1772 the empress Catharine compelled the Poles to cede to her all that part of Lithu- ania, bordering upon Russia, and including at least one third of the country. This she erected into the two governments of Po- losk and Mohilef. In 1793, in conjunction with the king of Prussia, she afliected another partition of Poland, in consequence of which she extended her dominions over tlie whole of Lithuania. It forms at pre- sent the Russian governments of Wilna, Grodno, and Minsk. Litiz, town of the state of Pennsylvania. Here is a flourishing settlement of the Moravians, begun in 1757. It is eight miles from Lancaster, and 70 W of Phila= delphia- 1, i T L 1 V LitUe Britain, township of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania ; with 1700 inhabi- tants in 1810, and in 1820, 2169. It is situated on the W side of Octorara creek, in the SE corner of the county. Little Compton, township of Newport county, Rhode Island. It is a maritime district, and famous for its dairies. Popu- lation in 1820, 1530. Little Creek, hundred of Kent county, Delaware, containing 2039 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1963, It is on the N side of Jone's river, about six miles from Dover. Little Beaver Bridge, post village, of Columbiana county, Ohio. Little Cape Capon, post village, Hamp- shire county, Virginia. Little Creek, township of Sussex county, Delaware. Population in 1820, 2851. Little Darby, considerable western branch of Big Darby, rising in the northwestern quarter of Madison county, Ohio, and run- ning southeastwardly into the western side of Big Darby, opposite Georgesville. Along the borders, and westward of this stream are extensive bodies of open prai- rie land ; much of which is fertile and valuable. _^ Little Egg' Harbour, township ofBurling- ton county. New Jersey. Soil generally sandy, though well cultivated near the coast. The sandy land in the interior, covered with pine and oak timber. Prin- cipal town, Tuckerlon. Population in 1820, 1102. Little Egg Harbour, or J\Iullican's River, rises in Burlington and Gloucester counties, Nev/ Jersey, by a number of creeks which unite 11 or 12 miles from the sea, and sepa- rating tlie two preceding counties, falls into Little Egg Harbour inlet, 2h miles SE from Tuckerton. It is navigable ibr shal- lops as high as Basto furnace. Little Egg Harbour, bay or inlet, a sheet of salt water separated from the Ocean by Tucker's Island and Long- Beach. It com- municates with the Ocean by the Old and New Inlet of Little Egg Harbour. TJttle Egg Harbour, new inlet, lies 7h miles due S from Tuckerton, admits ves- sels of from 15 to 18 feet draft, many of which during the late war, entered and dis- charged valuable cargoes. The old inlet to the N from Tucker's island, is now but little used, except for very light vessels. Little Hockhocking, an inconsiderable stream in the south part of Washington county, Ohio, running into the Ohio river, five miles above the mouth of the Great Hockhocking. Little Indian creek, small stream of Cler- mont couHty, Ohio, putting' into the Ohio river, two miles below Big Indian creek. Little JWiami, river rising in the south- western corner of Madison county, and after running southwest above 70 miles across Clark, Green, Warren and Hamilton coun- ties, joins the Ohio seven miles above Cin- cinnati. It is one of the best mill streams in tlie state; 30 or 40 mills, among which two or three are paper mills, an; already erected upon it. The principal streams running into it are, East branch, Shawnee, Obannon, Turtle, Todd's fork, Cxsar's and Massie's creeks on the eastern side, and Sugar and Beaver creeks on the west. For navigation, it is of little consequence, but for mills, is preferable to the Great Miami. Little Misaouri, the name of two rivers of the United States ; one a branch of Missou- ri, joining that stream from the SW, 90 miles above the Mandan villages ; and the other, a branch of Washitau, in Arkan- saw, rises with the Little river of the north, flows E, and fulls into the Washitan from the west. Little River, is the name of several small streams in the United States. Little lied river, a branch of White river in Ar- kansaw ; Little river one of the constitu- ents of Pedee, rises in North Carolina, and in part of its course separates North Caro- lina from South Carolina. Little river, branch of Savannah river, which it joins 30 miles above Augusta. Little river in Geor- gia, falls into Oconee, 12 miles above Mil- ledgeville. Little river, Christian county, Kentucky, which falls into Cumberland. Little river of Indiana, joining Wabasli river above Vincennes. Little North river, a branch of Red river, rises in Arkansas, and falls into Red river a short distance above the NW limit of Louisiana ; and Little river south, another brand) of Red river, rises in Texas, and flowing E, falls into Red river in the NW angle of Loui- siana. lAttle Rock, village of Arkansaw, on Arkansaw river, about 300 miles above the post of Arkansaw. Little Sandy Salt Works, post village, Lawrence county, Kentucky. Littleton, post town and township, in Grafton county, New Hampshire ; situated on the E side of Connecticut river, 45 miles NE of Haverhill, and about 40 NW of Conway. Population in 1820, 1096. Littleton, post village and township, of Middlesex county, Massachusetts, 28 miles WNW from Boston. Population in 1820, 955. Littorate, now part of the Austrian king- dom of lllyria ; formerly a district of Dal- matia, containing tlie towns of Trieste, Flume, Buccari, and Porto Re. Livadia, province of Turkey in Europe ; bounded on the N by .lanna; E by the Ar- chipelago ; S by the Morea, and W by the Mediterranean. It includes ancient Greece properly so called, and its capital is Athens. 517 L I \ L I V Livadia, town of European Turke_v, in the province of its name, with a castle, it has a trade in wool, corn, and rice, and is seated on the gulf of Lepanto, 68 miles NW of Athens. Lon. 23 20 B, lat. 38 42 N. Livundiere, seigniory, Hartford count)', Lower Canada, 12 miles SE from Qaebec. Livenza, river cf Italy, in the territory of Venice, svhich runs on the confines of Trevisano and Friuli, and enters the gulf of Venice, between the mouth of the Piava I and the town of Caorlo. IJvermore, post village and township, Oxford county, Maine, 18 miles NE from Paris. Topulation in 1820, 2134. Liverpool, borough and seaport of Eng- land, in Lancashire, with a market on Saturday. It had but one church, which was a chapel of ease to Walton (a village three miles off) till the year 1699, when an act passed to make the tosvn a distinct parish, and erect a new church ; since which time it has been gradually advancing in population and trade. The number of the inhabitants in 1773 was 34 407, in 1790 it was 55,732, in 1801 77,653, and in 1811 no less than 94,376. Its rise and in- crease was principally owing to the salt- works ; and it is now become, with respect to population and commerce, the second port in the kingdom. It is seated on the river Mersey, and has a harbour, formed with great labour and expense, here being eight wet docks, secured by large flood- gates, bound by keys, a mile and a half in Jength, where 1000 vessels, or 20,000 tons of shipping, may lie in the greatest safety. The trade of Liverpool is general ; but the principal branch is the African and West Indian trade. The American, Baltic, and Portugal commerce is also very great, as well as that of Ireland ; many ships are sent to the Greenla!id whale-fishery; the coast- ing trade employs a great number of ves- sels ; and many good ships are built here. By the late inland naviajation, Liverpool has comminiication with the rivers Dee, Ribble, Ouse, Trent, Humber, Severn, and Thames. Its principal manufactures are fine porcelain, earthen ware, watches, and stockings, some gla-^s, iron, salt, and cop- peras works, mr.ny roperies, and upwards of fifty breweries. The exchange is a handsome modern edifice of stone, with piazzas for the merchants ; and over it is the tov/n-hail. There is .al';© a handsome exchange, a custom h^use, an assembly room, an elegant thea're, a library, and a boroug'. jail on Mr. Howard's plan. Be- side the i-wo par'chial churches, there are ten other churches for the established re- ligion ; also Roman Catholic chapels, and dissenting meeting-hoiises. To enumerate the asylums for the wretched and unfortu- nate of every description and denomination, 518 would far exceed our bounds. Liverpool is 48 miles S of Lancaster, and 202 NW of London. Lon. SOW, lat. 53 22 N. Liverpool, township of Queens county. Nova Scotia, on the bay of Fundy. Liverpool, post village, in Salina, Onon- dago county, New York, 3 miles from Sa- lina^ Liverpool, post village, in the NE part of Perry county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank of Susquehannah river, about 30 miles above Harrisburg. Liverpool, post town, of York county, Pennsylvania, 6 miles N from the borough of York. Livingsta?!, township of Columbia coun- ty. New York, containing 1651 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820 1938. It is situated 40 miles S of Albany, on the river Hudson. Livingston, county of New York, on both sides of Genesee river ; bounded S by Steuben and Allegany ; W by Genesee ; N by Monroe ; and E by Ontario. Length 30 ; width 20 ; and area 600 square miles. In respect to soil and surface, this is a very diversified county. It is generally hilly and fertile ; but exceptions to both these features exist ; extensive flats skirt Gene- see rivei and part of the upland is sterile. This county was formed from part of On- tario and Qenesee, in which it was included in the census of 1820. Livingston, county of Kentucky ; bounded by Tennessee river SW ; by Ohio river W and NW ; by Trade Water river or Union county NE ; and Caldwell county SE. Length 47 ; mean width 15 ; and area about 720 square miles. Cumberland river passes through and enters Ohio river in this coun- ty. The surface is generally level, and much of the soil highly fertile. Chief town, Salem. Population in 1810 Free white males ... 1,597 do. do. females ... 1,335 Total whites .... 2,932 All other persons except Indians not taxed ..... 24 Slaves ...... 718 Total population in 1810 - - 3,674 Population in 1820. Free white males - . - 2,478 do. do. females - - - 2,292 All other persons except Indians not taxed • - - - T6tal whites .... 4,770 Free persons of colour, males 15 do. do. females 19 Slaves, males .... 508 do. females ... 512 Total population in 1820 - - 5,824 L L A LUC Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 1 Engaged in Agriculture - - i,270 do. in Manufactures - - 40 do. in Commerce - - 12 Population to the square mile, 8. Livonia, province of the Russian empire, which, with that of Esthonia, has been re- ciprocally claimed and possessed by Rus- sia, Sweden, and Poland, and for more than two centuries, has been a perpetual scene of the most bloody wars. It was finally wrested from the Swedes by Peter the Great, and confirmed to the Russians by the peace of Nystadt, in 1721. It now forms the government of Riga, or Livonia, of which Riga is the capital. It is bounded on the N by the government of Esthonia, on the E by that of Pskof, on the S by that of Polotsk and part of Poland, and on the W by the gulf of Livonia. It is 250 miles from N to S, and 150 from E to W. The land is so fertile in corn, that it is called the granary of the North. Area 21,000 square miles. Population 600,000. Livonia, post village and township, Li- vingston county, New York, between Ge- iiessee and Hemlock lakes, 20 miles SW from Canandaigua. Population in 1820, 2427. Lizard, the most southern promontory of England, whence ships usually take their departure, when bound to the west- ward. Lon. 5 10 W, lat. 49 57 N. Llanarth, town in Cardiganshire, 17 miles E by N of Cardigan, and 212 W by N of London. Lon. 4 20 W, lat. 52 13 N. Llanbeder, town in Cardiganshire, on the river Tyvy, over which is a bridge into Carmarthenshire, 24 miles E of Cardigan, and 197 W by N of London. Lon. 4 8 W, lat. 52 9 N. Llandilovaxsir, town in Carmarthenshire, on the river Towy. Lon. 3 58 W, lat. 51 55 N. Llanelly, town in Carmarthenshire. It trades much in coal, and is seated on a creek of the Bristol channel. Lon. 4 10 W, lat. 51 43 N. Llangadoc, town in Carmarthenshire, 185 miles W by N of London. Lon. 3 48 W, lat. 51 54 N. Llangollen, town in Denbighshire, 184 miles from London. Llangunner, village in Carmarthenshire. Sir Richard Steele had u private seat here, and here he died in 1729. Llanrotst, town in Denbighshire, on the Conwav, 15 miles SW of' Denbigh, and 222 NW of London. Lon. 3 58 W, lat. 53 6 N. Llantrissent, town in Glaiv.organsJMre, in S Wales, 10 miles NVV of Landafi', and 166 W of London. Lon. 3 22 W, lat. 51 28 N. Llamtdllivg, town in Montgomei-yshire, near tiie river Cane, 15 miles N by W of Montgomery, and 179 NW of London. Lon. "3 8 W, lat. 52 40 N. Llanydlos, town in Montgomeryshu'e, 18 miles SW of Montgomerv,'and 157 WNW of London. Lon. 3 28 W, lat. 52 19 N. Llanymddovery, town in Carmarthenshire, near the Towy, 26 miles ENE of Carmar- then, and 181 W by N of London. Lon. 3 42 W, lat. 51 56 N. Llaugharn, town of Carmarthenshire, in S Wales, at the mouth of the Towy, 7 miles SW of Carmarthen, and 233 W by N of London. Lon. 4 28 W, lal. 51 48 N. Llobregat, two rivers of Spain, in Cate- lonia; the least considerable of which, falls into the bay of Rosas, but the largest rises in the Pyrenean mountains with the No- guera, and enters the Mediterranean 15 miles SW fi'om Barcelona. Lo, Si. town of France, in the depart- ment of the Channel, and late province of Normandy, with a good citadel. — It has considerable manufactures of cloths, stuffs, iron, and gold lace. It is seated on the Vire, 12 miles E of Coutances, and 125 W by N of Paris. Lon. 53 W, lat. 49 6 N. Loanda, small island of Africa, on the coast of Angola. It is 12 miles in length, and three quarters of a mile in breadth. It has a town of the same name, which is the capital of the kingdom of Angola, in South Guinea, with a very good harbour. It belongs to the Portuguese. Lon. 12 25 E, lat. 8 45 S. Loango, considerable kingdom of Africa, in Congo, 250 miles in length, and 188 in breadth; bounded on the N by Benin, on the E by parts unknown, on the S by Congo Proper, and on the W by the Atlantic Ocean. The land is so fruitful, that they have three crops of millet in a year ; and there are a great number of trees, from whence the}' draw tlieir palm-wine. Loango, town of Congo, capital of a kingdom of the same name, with a harbour, at the mouth of the Quilla. Lon. 11 45 E, lat. 4 15 S. Loans, or Lavora, town of Genoa, near the sea coast. Lon. 7 58 E, lat. 44 9 N. • Ijobaw, town of Polish Prussia, wilh a castle, where the bishop of Culm resides. It is 25 miles E of Culm. Lon. 19 E, lat. 53 25 N. Loboa, town of Spain, in the province of Estraniadura, seated on the Guadiana, 22 miles E of Badajoz. Lon. 6 22 W, lat. 38 32 N. Lobos, islands of Peru, near the coast. Lat. 6 25 S. Locarno, town of Swisserland, capital of a district of the same name, which is one of the four transalpine bailiwics. It con- tains 1500 inhabitants. Lacarno was once situated on the lake, and had a port capa- ble of receiving large barks ; at present it 519 L O D LOG stands at the distance of a quarter of a mile, which is owing to the accumulation of sand brought down by the torrent Mag- gla. It is 46 miles N of Novara, and 55 N by W of Milan. Lon. 8 31 E. lat. 46 10 N. Locarno, Lake of. See JMaggiore. Lochaber, bleak, barren, mountainous, and rugged district, in the SAV part of In- verness-shire. Lochem, town of Dutch Guelderland, in the county of Zutphen, on the Borrel, 10 miles E of Zutphen. Lon. 6 13 E, lat. 52 12 N. Locher Moss, morass in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, 10 miles in length, and three^in breadth. Here vast oak trees, and also canoes and anchors have been frequently dug up. Laches, town of France, in the depart- ment of Indre and Loire, and late province of Touraine, on the river Indre, 15 miles S of Amboise, and 20 W of Tours. Lon. 51 E, lat. 47 10 N. Lochmaben, royal borough in Dumfries- shire. Lon. 3 19 W, lat. 55 19 N. Lochrida, or Ocrida, town of Turkey in Europe, in Albania. It is a pretty large place and. well fortified; and is 62 miles SE of Durazzo. Lon. 20 40 E, lat. 41 40 N. Lochia, town of Sweden, in East Both- nia, on the gulf of Bothnia, 90 miles S of Tornea. Lon. 24 16 E, lat. 64 20 N. Lochrmnnock, town of Renfrewshire, Scot- land, on a lake of the same name, called also Castle Semple Loch, near three miles m length. Lochy Loch, lake in the SW part of In- verness-shire, 10 miles in length, and from one to two in breadth. From the NW the waters of Loch Arkek descend into this lake. Out of it runs the river Lochy, which falls into Loch Eil, at fort William. Locke, post village and township, Cayu- ga county New York, 23 miles SSE from Auburne. Population 1820, 1559. Lockwood, post village, Sussex county New Jersey. Loddon, town of Norfolk, eight miles SE of Norfolk, and 113 NE of London. Lon. 1 18 E, lat. 52 36 N. Lodesan, district of Italy, in the duchy of Milan. It lies along the river Adda, and is very fertile and populous. Lodi is the capital. Lodeve, town of France, in the depart- ment of Ilerault, and late province of Lan- guedoc. Its manufactures of cloth render it very rich, but it is seated in a dry barren country, at the foot at the Cevennes, 27 miles NW of Montpellier. Lon. 3 30 E, lat. 42 37 N. Lodi, strong town of Italy in the duchy of Milan, and c.ipital of the Lodesan. It is seated in a pleasant county on the Adda, 15 miles NW of Placentia, and 20 SE of Milan, In 1796 the French under Bona- 520 parte In attempting to force the passage of a bridge at this place which was vigorous- ly defended by the Austrians, after being three times repulsed, at last carried it with the loss of 6000 ; 1500 were said to have been killed by the first discharge of the Austrian artillery. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 45 15 N. Lodomsna. See Galicia. Lodrone, town of Italy in the bisopric of Trent, sealed on the small lake Idro, at the place where it receives the river Chiese, 31 miles SW of Trent. Lon. 10 46 E, lat. 46 ON. LofCus Heights, in Adams county, Missis- sippi territory ; situated on the E bank of the river Mississippi, 45 miles below the town of Natches, there is a post-office in this place. Logan, county of Kentucky ; bounded by Tennessee ; Todd county in Kentucky W ; Muhlenburg NW ; Butler N ; and Simpson NE. Length 30; mean width 21 ; and area 630 square miles. It occupies the high ground between Cumberland and Green rivea". It is drained by Red river branch of Cumberland, and by Bigbanner, and Mud- dy river, branches of Green river. The surface is waving rather than hilly, soil ex- cellent. Chief town Russelville. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 5,013 do. do. females - - 4,461 Total whites - - 9,474 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 169 Slaves 2,486 Total population in 1810, - 12,129 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 5,047 do. do. females - - - 4,543 Total whites - - - - 9,590 Free persons of colour, males - 69 do. do. females - 6fi Slaves, males - - . - 2,331 do. females - . . 2,267 Total population in 1820 - 14,423 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 4 Engaged in .\griculture - - 3,769 do. in Manufactures - o56 Engaged in Commerce - - 21 Population to the square mile, 23. Logan, county of Ohio ; bounded N by Hardin ; E by Union ; S by Champaigne ; SW by Miami ; W by Shelby ; and NW by Alien. Length 26 ; breadth 21 ; and area 500 square miles. Miami river, Boques, Mi!!, and Darley creeks, and Mad river, all L O I L O N rise In tliis county. The land Is, however, tolerably level and fertile. Chief town Belleforitaine. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 1,649 do. do. females - - 1,464 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites . - - 3^103 Free persons of colour, males 41 do. do. lemaies 37 Slaves, males . . _ y do. females _ _ _ y Total population in 1820 - 3,181 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 8 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,043 do. in Manufactures - 14 do. in Commerce - 2 Population to the square mile, 6. Logan, post town, and s^at of justice for Hoclving county Ohio, on the N bank of Hocking river, 18 miles SE from Lancaster. Lat. 39 06 N. Log - Horse - Landing, post-office Hj'de county North Carolina. Logotuogorod, town of Poland, in Lower Volhinia, seated on the W bank of the Dnieper. Lon. 31 7 E, lat. 50 46. Lngronno, town of Spain in Old Castile, in a country abounding' with excellent fruits and good wines, 'and all the necessa- ries of life. It is seated on the Ebro, 115 miles N by E of Madrid. Lon. 2 20 W, l..t. 42 29N. Loire, the principal river of France, which rises in the mountains of the Ce- vennes in Languedoc. It begins to be navigable at Roanne ; is joined to tlie Seine by the canals of Bnare and Orleans, and falls into the bay of Biscay, below Paira- baeiif. Loire, department of France, contiguous to the departments of Rhone, and Isere. Chief I own llontbrison. Loire and Cher, department oi France, including the late province of Blasois. It takes its name from the rivers Loire and Cher ; the first of which falls into the S:ii'te, above Angers ; and the last empties itself into the Loire, five miles above the conflu- ence of the latter with the Indre. Blois is the capital. Loire, Loiver, department of I'ranct", containing part of the late province of Bretagne. It has Us name from the river Loire, which iorms its S boundary, and then falls into the Ba)' ot Biscay Nantes is the capital. Loire, Upjier, d<"partment of France, late the province of Velay. It takes Its name Irom the river Loire, which rises near its south boundary, Puy is the capital. 3U Loiret, department of France, late the province of Orleanois. It takes its name from a small river that falls into the Loire. Orleans is the capital. LombarJo, Vcnitian kingdom, name im- posed on Austrian Italy by the congress of Vienna, 1815. Lomburdu, name formerly given to part of Italy, an to occasion, at the ebb of tide, a fall of five feet, or a number of tempora- ry cataracts which have occa- ioned the loss of many lives. Westminster bridge, one of the finest in the wo:ld, was built by Labeyle, a n.«tive of Switzerland. The first stone was laid in 1739, the last in 1747; but on account ot the sinking of one of the pier^, the opening of the bridge was i-etarded till 1750 The whole is of Port- land stone, except the spandrels of the arches, which are of Purbeck. It is 1223 feet in length. It has 13 large, and two small semicircuhir arches : the centre arch is 76 feet wide ; the other arches, on each side, decreasing in width four feet. Black- friar's bridge, built by Myl!;e, was comple- ted in 1768. Its length is 995 feet ; the breadth of the carriage-way 28, and of the loot-paths seven feet each. It consists of nine elliptical arches, the centre one of wliich is 100 feet wide ; and both this, and the arch on each side, are wider than the celebrated Rialto at Venice. This noble structure is bwilt of P..rtland stone. Among the other public buildings, which can mere- ly be enumer.ated here, are Westminster Hall, containing the supreme court of jus- tice ; and adjoining to which are the hou- ses of lords and commons ; the Guild-hall of the city ; the Sessions House ; the Horse Guards, the Treasury and the Admiral- ity at Whitehall ; the noble collection of public offices which form that magnificent structure called Somerset Place ; the Bri- tish Museum ; the Royal Exchange ; the Bank of England ; the Excise Oflfice ; the East India House, the Soulh Sea House ; the Mansion House, for the lord mayor ; and the Monument, in commemoration of the great fire in 1666. The inns of court for the study of the law ; the colleges, learned societies, and public seminaries ; the halls cif the different tradin'- comna- T. o N I- O X iiies ; tlie nobic hospitals and other chari- table institutions; the public places of di- version ; with its fine squares and streets, are all too numerous to be here particular- ly mentioned. The Adelplii Terrace is the admiration of foreigners, for the noble vievv which it affords of tlie river, the bridges, and other public buildings, and of the fine hills beyond Lambeth and South- wark. Such, on a cursory view of it is the metropolis of Great Britain, to the extent and opulence of which »many causes have contributed. The broad stream of the Thames flowing between London and Southwark, continually agitated by a brisk current, or a rapid tide, brings constant supplies of fresh air, which no buildings can intercept. The country around, t spe- cially on the London side, is nearly open to some distance ; whence bj' t!ie action of the sun and wind on a gravelly soil, it is kept tolerably dry at all seasons, and af- fords no lodgement for stagnant air or wa- ter. The cleanliness of I,ondon, as well as its supply of water, is greatly aided by its situation on the banks of the Thames ; and the New River, with many good springs within tiie city itself, furtlier contributes to the abundance of that necessary e'e- ment. All these are advantages with re- spect to health, in which this metropolis is exceeded by few. Its situation, with re- gard to the circumstance of navigation, is equally well chosen ; had it been placed lower on the Thames, it would have been annoyed by the marshes ; had it been high- er, it would not have been accessible, as at present, to ships of large burden. It now possesses every advantage that can be de- rived from a sea-port, and, at the same time, by means of its noblt' river, enjoys a very extensive communication with the in- ternal parts of the country, which supply it widi necessaries, and in return receive from it such commodities as they require. It contains several large wet docks, parti- cularly those called the West India and East India, Wrapping, and Commercial docks, dry docks for repairing, and slips for building of ships, besides the king's yards at Deptford, for building men of war. London therefore unites in itself all the benefits arising from navigation and commerce, with those of a metropolis at which all the public business of a great na- tion is transacted ; anil is thus both the mercantile and political head of the kingdom. It is also the seat of many con- siderable manufactures ; some almost pe- culiar to itself as adminis'erlng to the de- mands of studied splendour, and refined luxury ; others in which it participates with the manufacturing towrs in general, with this difference, that only the finer and more costly of their works are performed here. The most impottant of its peculiar mariuracturos is the silk weaving establish- ed in Spitalfields by refugees from France. A variety of works in gold, silver, and jew- ellery, the engraving of prints, and making of optical and matliematica' instruments, are likewise principally executed here, and some of tlieni in greater perfection than in any other country. Tiie porter-brewery, a business of vei7 great extent, is also clilef- ly carried on in London. To its port (late- ly much improved in various respects) are likewise confined some branches of foreign commerce, as the vast Easi India trade, and those to Turkey and Hudson's bay. Tlius London has risen to its present rank of the first city in Europe with respect to opu- lence and tiie number of inhibitants. By the enumeration in 1811, the residents in London, Westminster, and Southwark, ar.d all the out parishes, were 1,009,546. Lon- don is a bishop's see, and sends four mem- bers to parliament. Tiie city is divided into 26 wards, each governed by an alder- man ; and from the aldermen the lord may- or is annually chosen. Tlierc are likewise 2jG common-councilmen, a recorder, a common-sergeant, two slierlffs (who are also sheriffs of Middlesex) a chamberlain} a to'.vn-clerk, a city remembrancer, a wa- ter-baildf, and many inferior officers. West- minster is governed by a high steward, who is generally a nobleman, chosen by the dean and chapter, and he has an under steward who officiates fur him. Next to him is the high bailiff, ch^'Sen also by the dean and chapter, wiiose power resembles that of a sheriff. The suburbs are under the juris- diction of magistrates ; and those of Mid- dlesex, beside the county-hall on darken- well Green, have an office in Bow Street, long distinguished for public spirit and ac- tivity,and seven other public offices. South- wark was long independent of London, but Edward lU. granted it to the city. It was tlien called the vihage of Southwark ; and afterward named the bulliwic. In the reign of Edward Y!. it was formed into a twenty sixth ward, by the name of Bridge Ward Without. Oil the death of the alderman of this ward, he is succeeded by the next in seniority, to whatever ward he may be- long ; this ward bein,^ considered as a si- necure, and consequently the most proper for " the father of the city." The city has likewise a high bailiff and steward here. To enumerate all the events by which this great cajjital iias been distinguislied, would greatly exceerl our llmiis, we shall only mention the great plague in 1665, which cut off 68,596 people, and the dreadful conflagration, in 1666, by which the ca- thedral and many otiier churches, with 13,200 houses were destroyed. London is 210 miles XNVV of Paris, and 30tJ ESE oi Dublin. Lon. 5 W, lat. 51 .U N. London, JVl'ic See J\ew London. 523 J . O N" London, dislrict, Upper (J:iiutcla, along- lake Erie. Loudon, town of Upper Cana'la, on the Thames, fibou 100 miles NE by E Tom Deiroit, a; hi 150 SW by W trom York. I'he sunou cliii!( country is extremely well adapted to agncolture. Lai. 42 55 N. London, po-t town and scat of justicr Ma- dison couity Ohio, 25 miles W by S from Columbus. Fop ilation 1820, 200, but ra- pidly increasing. London-To-wn, post village of' Anne-Arun- del county, Maryland, on the right bank of South river, 5 miles SW from Anna])clis. Lnndon ■ Britain, township of Chester county Pennsylvania, adjacent to the NE ansrle of Cecil county in Maryland. Popii- ]atK)n 1820, 425. London-Harbour, a bay of the island of St. .John, on its north side. I,on. W C. 13 52 E, lat. 46 56 N. Londoiiderni, county of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 32 miles long, and 30 broad ; bounded on the W by Donegal, and the N by the Ocean, on the S and SW by Tyrone, and on *he E by Antrim. It is a fruitful cliampaign country. The linen rt\\- im'acture flourishes through evc-ryparl of it. London tier r'j, handsime town of Ireland, capital of a counly (f the same name. It is a modern plice, built by a cmpany of London adventurers in the reign of James I. The principal con^imerce i^f Londonder- ry is with America and the West In>lies It contains 18,000 inhabita^us, and is seated on the river Foyle, over which a wooden bridge, 106S feet in length and of -ingular and excellent construction, was erected in 1791 Londondcrrvisfoi;r miles S of Lough Fo)le, and 194 NW of Dublin. Lon. 7 5 W, at. 55 4 N. Londonderry, township of Halifax county N'lva Scotio, on Colequid river, 30 mdes above the bay of Mmas. Londonderry, jost ti.wn in llockingl'am county New Hampshire, 35 miles SW of Portsmouth, and 37 NW or Newbury port, Massachus fs. It s pcop'.t d m stly by emigrants from Ir la .d, as the iiauie im- plies, and ontained 2766 inhabi iints, in 1810, and in 1820, 3127. Londonikriy, post village and towns''ip of Windham county Vermont, 27 miles SW from Windsor. Population 150. Londonderry, township of Chester coun- ty, Pennsylvania, on the E side ct Octorara creek, between Oxford and Nottingham. Population. 1810, 1164, and in 1820, only 581 Londonderry, township of Dawphln coun- ty Pennsylvania, between Conewago and Swa'ara creeks, about 15 miles of Har s- bure. Population 1810, 2411, and m 1820, 1100. Londonderry, SW township of Lebanon 524 county Pennsylvania. Popvilution 1820, 1629. This, and the preceding, formed one township in Dauphin county previous to the fomatlon of Lebanon county. Londondemj, SW township ol Bedford county Pennsylvania, on Wills creek, be- tween Wills, and Little Alleghany moun- tains. Papulation 1820, 602. Jjondonderry, town and township at Guernsey county Ohio. Population 1820, 902. London Grove, township of Chester coun- ty, Pennsylvania, between New Garden and Oxford, about 40 miles SW from Phi- ladelphia. Population 1810, 983, and in 1820, 1097. Long Bay, that part of the Atlantic coast of the United States, between the mouths of the Pedee and Cape Fear rivers. Long Beach, on tlie coast of Monmouth county New Jersey, is a low sandy island extending from liarnegat inlet, to Little V'j^i^ Harbour. Long Bottom, post office Athens county Ohio. Long Creek, post office Caldwell county Kentucky. Long Island, an island of the state of New York, separatee! from Connecticut by Long Island Sound, and divided into three counties, Kings, Queens, and Suffolk. It extends from the Narrows E 140 miles, but is not more than ten broad on a me- dium. The produce of the middle and western parts of the island is carried to New York. This island, in 1810, contained 48,752 inhabitants, and in 1820. 56,978. A ridge r f hills extends along the north side of Long Island, with a declivity to- wards -the sound. South of the hills, the descent is more gradual, and terminates in a flat border, sinking imperceptibly in ap- proaching the Atlantic Ocean. See the re- spective Connies for a more particular de- scription of this island. Long Island, a name given to sundry un- important islands in different parts of the world. One near the W coast of Bititon ; one on the SE coast of iMadura ; one in Queen Charlotte's Sound, on the coast of New Ze: land, off the coast of New Guinea in lat. 1 S : one on the African coast in the Indian Ocean, lat 10 25 S : one in Penob- scot bay, coast of Slaine. For the latter see Isleborongh. Long Island Sound, kind of inland sea, 25 miles broad and 140 long, extending the whole length of Long Island, and dividing it from Connecticut. It communicates with tiiie Atlun'ic at both ends of ihe island. Long AitadoTj. township of Hampden r.nunty, Massachusetts, on the left side of Connecticut river, 6 miles below Spring- field. Population 1820, 1171, Long Point, or JVorth Foreland, is a long narrow peninsula of Walsingham r. o N 1, O 11 township Upper Canada, stretching in a direction nearly E. The American sea- men on lake Erie, call it Point Abino. It lies nearly opposite the town of Erie in Pennsylvania. Long Swamfi, township of Berks coun- ty Pennsylvania, on the waters of Little Lehigh creek 18 miles NE from Reading. Population 1820, 1371. Longanko, town of the Morea, an- ciently called Oiympia, famous for be- ing the place where the Olympic games were celebrated, and for the temple of Jupiter Olympius, about a mile distant. It is now a small place, seated on the Alpheus, 10 miles from its mouth, and 50 S of Lepanto. Lon. 22 E, lat. 2,7 SON. Longavi, one of the Chilian peaks of the Andes, supposed to be 20,000 feet above tiie level of the Ocean, Longford, county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, 25 miles long and 16 broad ; bounded on the E and S by West Meath, on the NW by Lettirim ; on the NE by Cavan, and on the W by the Shannon which parts it from Ros- common. It is a rich and pleasant coun- try, contains 24 parishes, and sends ten members to parliament. Longford, borough of Ireland, capital of a county of the same name, 70 miles WNW of Dublin. Lon. 7 40 W, lat. 53 48 N. Longmire's store, post ofEce Edgefield district South Carolina. Long reach, a remarkable long and sti'aight portion of the Ohio river, stretch- ing 17 miles along the NE borders of Washington county Ohio. Long Sunt, Isle mi, in the river St. Lawrence, and in front of the township of Osnabruck, contains fron 100 to 1500 acres ; the soil is good. It lies off the NE angle of St. Lawrence county New York. Longtown, town in Cumberland, on the Esk, 12 miles N of Carlisle, and 307 NW of London. Lojigueville, town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, 23 miles N of Rouen. Longidon, town of France, in the de- partment of Moselle. Here is a consi- derable iron forge and cannon foundtrv. It is 10 miles SW of Longwy, and 36 NW of Metz. Longueil ToivnsMfi, in the county of Glengary, is the second in ascending the Ottawa River. Lnngueil, seigniory, Kent county Lower Canada, extencling from St. Lawrence, to Richelieu river, and commencing immedi- ately opposite M(;ntreal. LotigueU barony, that part of the seignio- ry on the Sorel. Longrjy, town of France, in the de- partment of Moselle on an eminence, on the River Chiers, 36 miles NW of Metz, and 160 ENE of Paris. Lon. 5 44 E, lat. 49 32 N. Lons le Saimkr, town of France, ca- pital of the department of Jura. It de- rives its name from the salt springs in its vicinity, and is seated on the Solvan, 30 miles SSW of Dole. Lon. 5 30 E, lat. 45 37 N. Loo, town of Holland, in Gelderland, 18 miles N of Arnheim. Loochoo Islaiids, called recently by Mr. Macleod, Lewchew, and by some others Liqueo, Lieikeou, See Lieikeou. Great Loochoo is about 50 by 12 or 15 miles. The climate is represented as most delicious, and the manners of the people as highly civilized. The coasts are dangerous coral banks. Looe, Last and West, two decayed boroughs in Cornwall, separated by a creek, over which is a narrow stone- bridge. They are supported chiefly by the pilchard fishery, and send together as many members to parliament as Lon- don. They are 16 miles W of Plymouth, and 231 W by S of London. Lookout, Cafie, one of those remark- able promontories of North Carolina. It is the southwest point of Ocracock bar, and the SW outlet of Core Sound. Lon. W C. 23 E, lat. 34 22 N. Lookout, Cafie, name of several capes, of An5 erica : one south coast of Hud- son's bay, lon. W C 7 W. lat. 56 N, one in Hudson's bay, lon. W C. 12 W, lat. 55 30 N : one on the Atlantic coast of South America, lat. 48 24 S : and one on t'.ie Pacific coast of North America, 45 32 N. Lookout, Mountain, one of the Appa- lachian ridges in the NW parf of Geor- gia, terminating near the Suck in Ten- nessee river. Looz, town of the Netheriands, in the territory of Liege, 17 miles W by S of Maestricht. Lofiatka, Cape, the S extremity of tlie Peninsula of Kamtschatka. See Ku- rilcs. Lora, town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the river Guadalquiver, 28 miles NE of Seville. Lon. 5 4 W, lat. 37 46 N. Lora, town of Upper Saxony, in the county of Hohenstein, 30 miles N of Saxe-Gotha. Lon. 10 55 E, lat. 51 30 N. I,oram\e, townshio of Shelbie county Ohio. Zorf,,town of Spain, in Granada, 15 miles N of Malaga. Lon. 4 35 W, lat. 36 SO N. 525 L O 11 I. O U Lfjredo, town of Italy, in Polesino di Rovigo, seated on the Adige, 20 miles E of Rovigo, Lovurgana, Sai- Vincente de. IjorettQ, fortified town of Italy, in the marquisate of Anconia, and a bishop's see. The cathedral contains the Casa Santa, or Holy House, in which it is pre- tended the Virgin Mary lived at Naza- reth. According te the legend, it was carried by angels fronn Galilee into Dal- matia, and thence to the place where it now stands. This house, or chapel, is 31 feet long, \5 broad, and IS high ; the inner part very old, but cased with mar hie on the outside. The famous lady of Loretto, who holds the infant Jesus in her arms, stands upon the principal al- tar, in a nich of silver : this statue is of cedar wood, three feet high, but her face can hardly be seen, on account of the numerous gold and silver lamps around her. She is clothed with cloth of gold, set off with jewels; and the little Jesus is covered with a shirt, holds a globe in his hand, and is adorned .with rich jewels. Great numbers frequently go on pilgrimage to Loretto, and every pil- grim, after having performed his devo- tion, makes the Virgin a present, that the treasury of the chapel is immensely rich. The inhabitants of this town sub- sist princijjally by agriculture and gar- dening, and many of them are shoema- kers, tailors, and sellers of chaplets. Lo- retto was taken by the French in 1796, who retained possession nf it till IT^SQ It ir seat' d on a mountain, three miles from the guif of Venice, 12 SE of Ancona, and 112 NE of Rome. Lon. 13 33 E, lat. 43 2r N. JLorgucs, town of France, in the de- partment of Var, seated on the Argens, 16 miles W of Frejus. UOrient, fine seaport of France, in Morbihan, on Pert Louis. The harbour is deep sufficient for ships of the first class. Population about 18,000, 340 miles W by S from Paris. Lon 3 21 W from London, lat j47 45 N. Lorracli, town of Suabia, in the Bris- gau, six miles NE of Basel, and 30 S of Friburg. Lorj-ain, late province of France, 100 miles long, and 75 broad ; bounded on the N by Luxemburg and Treves, E by Als.^ce and Deux Fonts, S by Franche Compte, and W by Champagne and Bar. It abounds iu all sorts of corn, wine, hemp, flax, and rape seed. There are fine meadows and large forests, with mines of iron, silver, and copper, and salt pits The ))rincipal rivers are the Maese, Moselle, Seille, Meurte, and Sare. This province now formsthe departments of Meurte, Moselle, and Vosges. 526 I^orraine, post village, and townshij) of Jefferson county New York, 20 miles SSE from Sackett's harbour. Popula- tion 1820, 1,112. Lossiemouth^ town of Scotland, in Murrayshire, at the mouth of the river Lossie, five miles NE of Elgin, of which it is the port. The harbour will receive vessels of 80 tons, and hence much corn is exported. Lot, river of France, which rises in the department of Lozere, passes by Mende, Cahors, and Agen, and enters the Garonne. It begins to be navigable at Cahors. Lot, department of France, including the late province of Quercy. It takes its name from the river Lot. Cahors is the capital. Lot and Garonne, department of France, including part of the late pro- vince of Guienne. It is so called from two rivers. Agen is the capital. Lotbiniere, seigniory, Buckingham county Lower Canada, on the south side of St. Lawrence, 40 miles above Quebec. Lothian, district of Scotland, now di- vided into East, Mid, and West Lothi- an, or Haddingtonshire, Edinburghshire, and Linlithgowshire. Lotzin, town of Prussia, with a castle, situate on a canal which joins the An- gerburg and Levantin lakes, 78 miles SE of Krnigsberg. Louans, small town of France, in the department of Saune and Loire and late province of Burgundy, situated in a kind of Island between the rivers Seilles, Sal- le, and Solnan, 18 miles SE of Chalons. Loudeac, town of France, in the de- partment of Cotes du Nord, with an iron forge, and a manufacture of thread, 20 miles S of St. Brieux. Loudon, township of Roclilngliarn coun- ty, New Hampshire, on tlie E side of Mer- rimack river, 45 miles NW of Portsmouth Population in 1810, 1472, and in 1810, 1691. London, county of Virginia ; bounded SE by Fairfax; SW by Prince William and Fauquier ; NW by Frederick and Jeffer- son ; and NE by the Potomac river. It is about 20 miles square, with an area of 400 square miles. Surface delightfully varie- gated by hill, dale and mountain. Soil excellent. Staple grain and floiu'. Chief town, Leesburg. Populatisn in 1810. Free whites, males - - 7,818 do. do. fenv.iles - - 7,759 Total whites . - . - 15,577 All other persons, except Indians not taxed .... 6Q4 Slaves - - - - - •'',157 LOU Total population in 1810 - ropulation in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females . . - All other persons except Indians not taxed .... LOU 21,338 Total whites - - - 5,967 Free persons of colour, males - 117 do. do. females 102 8,356 Slaves, males .... 3,925 7,788 do. females - - 3,635 Total population in 1820 - 13,746 Total whites - - - - 16,144 Free persons of colour, males - 406 do. do. females 423 Slaves, males - - . 2.964 do- females - - - 2,765 Total population in 1820 22,702 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 246 Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,976 do. in Manufactures - - 1,394 do. in Commerce - - 89 Population to the square mile 55^. Loudonville, post town, in the southeas- tern quarter of Ricldand count}-, Ohio. Loiulun, town of France, in the depart, ment of Vienne, SO miles NW of Poitiers, and 155 SW of Paris. Loughborough, town in Leicestershire, with a market on Thursday. It has a large church, with a handsome tower, and four meeting-houses. The chief manufactures are wool-c.>mbing and hosiery ; and it has a trade in coal, &c. by means of a canal from the Trent. It ii seated near the Soar, 18 miles N of Leicester, and 109 N NW of London. Lougliborough ToiumJiip, in the county of Frontenac, Upper Canada, lies in the rear and to the north of Kingston. Loidsu, town of Swedish Finland, with a fortress, on a bay of the gulf of Finland. The houses are all of wood, two stories high, and painted red. Louisa, county of Virginia; bounded by Hanover SE ; Goochland and Fluvanna S W ; Albemarle NW ; and Orange and Spottsylvania N. Length 28 ; mean width 20 ; and area 560 square miles. Surface moderately hilly. Soil generally fertile. Chief staples, flour and tobacco. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 2,696 do. do. females . . - 2,557 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 7 Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,705 do. in Manufactures - 169 do. in Commerce - - 14 Population to the square mile, 24^. Louisburgh, capital of the i-land of Cape Breton. It was taken by the Engli'^h in 1758, and ceded to them in 1763 : since which the fortifications have been destroy- ed. It has an excellent harbour, near four leagues in circumference. Lon. 59 48 W, lat. 45 54 N. Louisbtirg, post town and seat of justic, Franklin county, North Carolina, on the E bank of Tar river, 23 miles NE of Raleigh, the capital of the ^ta'e. Louis De Ramsay, seigniory, Richelieu county, Lower Canada, on the southeast side of St. Lawrence, near the head of lake St. Peters, 6 miles E from the mouth of Richelieu river. Louis, Fort, strongly fortified island in the Rhine, 12 miles E from Haguenau. Louisiana, state of the United States ; bounded by the gulf of Mexico S and SE ; Mississippi NE ; Arkansaw territory N, or rather NW ; and by Texas W. JCIec Louisiana has an interior limit on the Gulf of Ml xico, from the mouth of Sabine to that of Peai-1 river. Up Pearl river to North lat. 31, Thence along North lat. 31 to the right bank of the Mississippi, Thence up tliat river to NortJi lat. o3, Thence due west along North lat. 33 to the north-v/est angle of the state, ..... Thence due south along 1 of lat. from the 33 to the 32 of North lat. Thence down the Sabine to its mouth, or to the south-west an- gle of the state, ... 4C0 60 105 220 168 69.1 190 Total whites ... All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves ..... Total population in 1810 • 5,253 Having an entire outline of 1,212^ 157 6,430 11,840 Population in 1820. Free white males - . . 3,055 do. do. females - - 2,912 All other persons except ladiar.s net taxed . - . . Area about 48,220 square miles = 30,860,800 acres. The longest line which can be drawn in Louisiana, is from the mouth of Mississippi to the north-west angle of the state, 380 miles. Its width is very difficult to esti- mate ; one hundred and twenty miles is not, however, ^r from an accurate meai'. Extreme south, at North lat. 28 56. ?:xtreme north, at North lat. -"3 CO.. L U U L O U The state of Louisiana contains perhaps as great diFersity and extremes of soil as any coun'ry of the globe of equal extent. It is no misrepresentation to say, that in this state, eveiy kind of land exists, from the most sterile to the most productive. The very singular features of Louisiana, and its importance in our topography, will warrant a more widely extended range of descriptive remark, than I have judged necessary with other sections, more uni- form in their interior, and more analogous in their exterior features to the contiguous countries. The soil of Louisiana admits of five very distinct varieties ; river alluvion, pine forest, prairie, river inundated land, and sea marshes. Of these the most extensive is pine forest, but the most valuable, allu- vion. In Louisiana, the sea sand alluvion is so limited in extent, as not to merit a distinctive classification. Commencing from the south, the first natural division which presents itself, is the sea marsh. This tract is commensurate with the entire extent of the state, reach- ing from Pearl to Sabine rivers. It is al- most destitute of timber. Its width inland varies from 20 to 30 miles ; extending highest into the interior between the streams. All the rivers which communi- cate with the Mississippi, in a lesser or greater degree, protruding a narrow slip of arable land along their shores, far be- yond the interior limit of the sea marsh. None, however, extending this elevated border to the Gulf of Mexico. The Atchafalaya has but very little ara- ble land on its shores. Its left bank is above ordinary inundation four or five miles from its efflux, the right bank liable to annual submersion from the Mississippi. After flowing five miles, with the excep- tion of a few spots of very limited extent, tlie shores of this river is rendered unin- habitable as far down as the mouth of the Teche. The arable shores of the latter river are continued about five miles down the former below their junction ; the sea marsii then commences, and all farther habitable land ceases. Three or four miles below the mouth of Teche, on the oppo- site bank, the Atchafalaya receives Bayou Bctuf. This bayou is the drain of the space between the Fourche and Atchafalaya rivers, and has a narrow border of high land along its banks, over which the over- flow of the Mississippi very seldom reach- es ; consequcvitly all the water which is brought down by the Atchafalaya, is here confined to its own volume. This circum- stance, though fact, is contrary to common opinion in the country itself. All the space between the Lower Teche and La- fourche is usually considered subject to annual Inui-idation- It is so in fact, with 528 the exception of the range we have noti- ced. A cliain of lakes lies between the Atchafalaya and Lafourche, through which, by a ferry, is fbrrried the route of commu- )iication between the setilements on the Mississippi and Lafourche, and those in Lower Attacapas. The sunken flooded character of the shores of these lakes lead to the error we have co; rected. In reality. Bayou Bauf and its confluents separate in that quarter the inundated tract from the sea marsh. In the angle between the bay of Atcha- falaya and Lafourche river, a number of minor streams nad near Bayou Bosuf, and flow south into the Gulf of Mexico. These small creeks have all arable banks towards their sources, wliich gradually depress into the sea marsh. The Lnfeurche has arable banks about 90 miles from its efflux from Mississippi, below which distance the sea marsh en- croaches, and prevents settlement. Uetween the higii banks of Lafourche, and those of M.ssissippi river, with excep- tion of a few small ipot^, the intermediate space is occupied by the sea marsh. The Mississippi proper differs in ordi- nary phenomena, in rio essential respect, except magnitude, from the Lafourche. Tlie banks of both are the highest ground near their beds. The former carries its arable border v/ith varied width, to the. lower end of Plaquemine bend, three miles belovv Fort St. Philip, where the naked unwiodetl sea marsh reaches the river bank. North east of the Mississippi, the sea marsh borders the river to Plaquemine bend, where the arable selvage commen- ces which with a breadth of not more than 700 or 800 yards, intervenes between the river and marsii, to Terre aux Bceufs, 15 miles below New Orleans. Terre aux Bocufs extends an arable border for about 15 miles, where the sea marsh reach- es both its banks, and terminates settle- ment. Above Terre aux Bceufs, t!ie arable border is wider than below that stream ; but is confined to the Mississippi banks, ss far up that stream, as the higher part of the parish of St. John Baptiste, opposite Lake Maurepas. In the distance from Terre aux Bceufs to St. John Baptiste, the marsh is only interrupted in one place. Ten miles above New Orleans, an ancient outlt-t of the Mississippi pursues a north- east direction, and singular as it may seem, actually . crosses Bayou St. John, in the suburb of that name, and continues its original direction by the name of Bayou Gentiily, and falls into the. pass of Chef i\lenteur. Its entirt; length, about 20 niiks. On a small scale, this outlet in its natural state, h;id an elevated arable wood- ti o u L o i; oi. boruer in all its course. Wilh tills veay partial exemption, the marsh reaches within a mean of half a mile from the Mississippi bank. The whole south, and south-west borders of Lakes Pontchartrain and Maiire- pss form one undivided marsh. This marsh, towards New rivr r, imperceptibly changes to river inundated land. The g-eneral inferior boundary of tlie sea marsh, from what we have seen, pro- ceeding fn m west to east, extends from the head ot the Sabine, Calcasiu, and Mer- men'au lakes; from the latter to the wes- tern bend of Vermilion ; the right shore of '.he lattvr I'iver extending a narrow ara- ble bordtr bi.ui twenty miles lower down. A range of low hills or hgh banks ranges along the left side of the Vermilion, but sinks into the sea marsh len miles above the soutiiern extension of the cultivateable op posing margin. Leavmg the Vermilion river, the marsh winds round the inflections of the bays of Vermilion, Cote Blanche, and Aichafalaja, leaving those bays to the south west, and the Teche river to the south-east, advan- cing in many places to within one or two miles of the latter. At the jimction of Teche and Atchafalaya rivers, we have shown the sea marsh to be bounded inland by Bayou Bceuf, and Its constituent branch- es, between the Atchafalaya and Lafourche rivers. Between the latter and Mississip- pi, more than nine-tenths of the entire .space is marsh. The same observation is applicable to all that part of the island of Orleans, below the par.sh of St. John Bap- tiste. It would be an interesting operation to determine the extent of the irreclaimable sea marsh The solution of this problem is impracticable, liowcver, to any great ex actitude, without extraordinary and luine- cessary expense of time and labour. The following estimate will serve for every requisite purpose Between the Sabine and Lafourche rivers, is a distance of 180 miles. In this space, the sea marsh and bays will average at least 30 miles in width, producing an area of 5,400 square miles, 3,456,000 acres, or near one-ninth part of the superficies of the state. North-east of the Lafourche, the sea marsh extends over at least 3,000 square miles, or 1,920,000 ■ cres, which addled to 3,456,000, yields 5,376,000 acres, or nearly one-sixth part of all Louisiana. The distinction between s. a marsh and the contiguous soils, arises solely from rela- tive height There is no par: of the mari- time shore- of the Uniled States, which rise so gradually from the surfice of the sea as do those of Louisiana. This accli- vity is in fact, so gentle, that the common surface of the country at Opelousas court- house, 7Q mUes iniand, is not mors than twenty feet above the level of the Gulf of Mexico The very near advance fif such a country to the curve of a real sphere, will be conceived, when it is considered that TO miles contains 369,600 feet, or that in round numbers, 400,000 feet has onl)' gain- ed an elevation of 20 fett;th t is one of elevation for 20,0U0 in distance. It is the natural cons^•quence of so very gradual an ascent, to render the gradations of soil al- most imperceptible. Therefore, the posi- tive line which separares the sea marsh Jrom the prairies, or riv:r inundation, can- not be drawn. The tides in the Gulf of Mexico, do net exceed three feet, and yet they are per- ceptible in all the water courses of Loui- siana, Mississippi excepted, as high as North lat. 30 20. From this arises the sin- gular plienomeron that the tides in Plaque- mine and Iberville, approach to within ten miles of contact, though upwards of 200 miles above the head of tide water in Mis- sissippi. The prairie soil partakes of the quality of the adj; cent lands. On the waters of Subine, Calcasiu, and Mermentau, the prai- ries have generally a thin sterile soil ; whilst on the Vermilion, Teche, and Courlableau, the prairies. are almo t uni- formly fertile. Wherever the wa evs of Red or Mississippi have flowed, the sod is pnductive ; and'that both those s reams have contributed to form the deposit which lines the Teche, Vermilion, and Conrta- bleau, is evident from the texture and al- ternation of the strata. The evidences of the prevalence of tiiese waters in places far remote from their present influence, are seen in digging wells, where the paic blue sediment of the Mi.ssissippi is found in contact with the red ochreous earth, brouglit down by lied river. We have already alluded to the proba- bility, that, at a ormer period, the Missis- sippi and Red rivers did not unite. The soundness oi this iiypothesis, is rendered obvious by the genera! physiognomy of the country at present. But to an eye which has viewed with careful attention, the re- gion between lower Red river, the prairies of Opeloiisas, and the Atchafalaya river, it must be demonstr.able, that the former river once entered the latter through the channel of the present Courtableau, and that a long narrow peninsula extended from the h ghlands north of Red river towards the ancient junction. I iiave tra- versed this tract in all its extent, and form- ed the theory we are now reviewing from actuil survey. The range of hills wh ch now terminates at Red rivei , no doubt was once united to the opposing high ground of Avoyelles. The intermediate space .529 L I ) L L U U is not at this time more than two miles wiJe. The elevation of the platform of Avoyel- les is about 20 or 25 feet above the cir- cumjacent low lantls ; lis length 15 or 16 miles. There exists a small wooded hill, of similar heiglit arid structure, about five miles south of Lake Pearl. The hill and prairie of Bayou Rouge is the last remain ing fragment of the ridge which anciently I suppose contributed to turn Red river soutli-e:.stwardly. What is at present Lake Pearl, and the Bayou le Mourir, and De Giaize, were once an outlet of Ked river, according- to the indue ion we have assumed. At high w.ater the overflow of Hed river yet passes by that channel. I have myself passed from Red river to Ope- lousas, through an outlet 15 miles below Alexandria into Bayou le Jlourir, and thence up that stream into Bayou Bccuf, nnd down tliat stream to its junction with the Crocodile, or to the head of Couriahleau river. When Red river flowed in its .ancient channel, the channel east of the Avoyelles was then occupied by the Ouachitta and Ocatahoola rivers ; consequently, the junc- tion of Ked and Ouachitta did not then ex- ist. The latter, it is probable, vmited with the Mississippi as .at present, and the higher parts of Atciiafaiaya was a counter channel between Red and Mississippi rivers. Whatever may have been, however, the natural revolutions of those streams, the surplus water of Mississippi must, from the superior elevation of that river at time of high water, have found its way to the Gulf of Mexico, as at present. The river Teche is also one of the an- cient outlets of Red river. The Teche is a small, bui a singular and very interesting- stream. Its sources are in the Opelousas prairies, near their extreme north exten- sion. Draining the prairies, the Upper Teche, by tlie name of Bayou Grand Louis, reaches within three miles of tlie court- house of that parisi), where it forms the port of the higher parts of Opelousas. Three-fourths of a mile below tlie port, or as it is there designated Carron's Landing, the cliannel divides into two branches, one passing north into Cotirtablea'i river by the name of Bayou Carron, and t!ie other continuing soutb-east forn^s the river Teche. When the Mississippi is low, most of the water of Bayou Gi'a"d Louis flows into Courtableau, and by that stream into Atchafalaya ; on the contrary, wlien the Mississippi is even at moderate fl'od, pait of the stream of Courtableau flo-.vs through the Carron, and is turned into the Teche. So that the water of Bayou G and Louis, and in part that of Bayou Boeuf and rrooodile. contribute to form the rivers Coiutabieau and Teche, alternately, iv' ■ lowing tlie stage of the Mississippi tide of flood. Below its efflux from Bayou CaiTon, the Teche flows twenty miles, following its winding-*, receives Bayou l-'usillier from Opelousas, and enters Attacapas, Below this point, the 'I'eche receives no more tributaiy water; like the Mississippi, its banks are the higliest adjacent ground ; its course in Attacapas is about 115 mdes, and though not augmented by any confluent stream, its volume increases in widthfrom 20 to 200 yards. The tide rises at all times to New Iberia, N. lat. 30 2, and at dry seasons it is perceptible at the mouth of Bayou Fus.llier. Tlie comparative iengtli of Teche in Attacapas is only 75 miles. Its banks are the most perfectly uniibrm of any water-course I ever examin- ed, f have been along its entire cliannel from Bayou Carron to tlie mouth, and could never perceive a single instance of aa ab- rupt bend, thougli so very remarkable for extensive curves, even comparatively more so than the Mississippi. It may be also noticed, amongst the peculiarities of the Teche river, that all its widely sweeping bends are turned towards the Mississippi, or rather Atchafalaya. But the circumstance which is most worthy of attention in the natural history of the Teche, is the structure of its bed. Commencing with the junction of Bayou Carron and Courtableau river, and follow- ing the latter to the head of Teche, and down the latter to its moutli, the immen- sity of the channel, when compared with the volume of water which enters and flows through it, is every where striking. From the apex of the b.anks to the surface of the highest water, is at all places very con- siderable, and the distance between the opposing high banks four or Ave times greater than tlie most expansive breadth of tlie water It is, nevertheless, obvious on inspection, that, at some former period, the v/hole channel was filled to overflow- ing. If tiic wa'ers of Red river was again turned into its ancient course, the Teclie would also again resume its former magni- tude. It is strikingly obvious from actual examinaiion, tliat tiie entire waters of Courtableau, could be turned with a very trifling expense down the Teciie. And it could be also shown, that nature has af- forded equal facilitj', to permit art to turn the latter into Vermilion. I have been thus particular, in describing the rivers of this -.ection of Louisiana, in order to enable the reader to comprehend more clearly the causes of the varieties of soil, and facility of navigation, so strikingly existing between the prairies and alluvial river lands, on the streams which have yet, or which once had, communication with L O I L U the Uca], Mississippi, aiul Atchatlila} a I'ivei'S, and those water-courses, wiiicli have not ever had connexion with those controUing waters. We now proceed to examine the prai- ries of Louisiana in detail ; but, before enu- merating the prairies, we ought to review the rivers which drain or pass over their surface. The Teche we have already examined. The next river west of tiie Teche, is the Vermilion. We have mentioned Bayou Fusillier as a branch of the Teche ; it is, however, an outlet of the Vermilion, or perhaps more correctly an interlocking channel between the two rivers. The Ver- milion rises at Opelousas court-house, and by the name of Bayou Bourbee, flows south ten miles, divides into two branches ; that to the right, continuing south, forms Ver- million that to the left, turns east into Teciie, and is the stream we have noticed as Bayou Fusillier. The Vermilion has a comparative course of seventy miles, re- ceiving several small, but no considerable branches, and falls into the Bay of Vermil- ion. The woods are scanty on this stream in ail its course ; both its source and dis- charge are totally void of timber. Its banks are generally fertile, and, unlike those of Tech?, are high, bold, broken, and diversified, above the termination of the timber and commencement of sea marsh. The Mermentau is a much more con- siderable stream than either the Teche or Vermilion, and may not unaptly be viewed as the river of the prairies. It is formed by a number of branches, the principal of which are the Queue Tortue, Lacassine, Flaquemine, Brule, Bayou Cane, and the Nezpique. The entire length of the Mer- mentau is about 100 miles; but the wide space over which its branches extend, give it a volume of more magnitude than its length would indicate. The tide rises in Mermentau, in a low sfate of its waters, above the junction of its principal branches. Below the mouth of Queue Tortue, the Mermentau expands into a long, narrow lake ; timber ceases, the sea marsh com- mences. The river again contracts into a confined cliannel, and again opens into a lake of twenty miles long and ten miles wide, connected with tlie gulf by two channels. On the higher branches of Mermentau, the first secondary rock in Opelousas is found ; it is a sandstone, loose- ly compacted. I have already remarked that the soil of the prairies, beyond the influence of the interlocking waters of Mississippi, becomes of very inferior quality. The correctness of tliis observation is seen on eveiy branch of the Jlermentau. A list of the prevalent timber on the Teche and ^''ermiiionj ecu- trastcd with that on the Mermentau, will amply develop the respective quality of the soil. On tlie two former streams are found in abundance, hackberry, sycamore, willow laurel, magnolia, tlie black oak, upland white oak, honey locust, mulberry, black walnut, hickory several species, lirioden- dron tulipifira, sweet gum, cotton wood, dogwood, wild cheery, linden, ash, red flowermg maple, sassafras two species, l.au- rier flmoad, elm two species, &c. On the hitter soil, sweet gum, linden, black wal- nut, honey locust, and black oak, quercus tinctoria, becomes i-are, tlie liriodendron tulipifera entirely ceas.^s. The prevalent timber trees are water oak, Spanish oak, black jack, upland shellbark hickory, and pine. On tiie former space, the under- v.'ood is spice, Spanish mulberry, papaw (morus scabra,) red elder, large reed cane, and muscadine grape vine ; on the latter, whorteleberry two specie?* (vaccinium sta- mineum, and vaccinium arboreum,) 8;c. The trees and shrubs common to botli, are dogwood, persimon, holly (ilex opaca,) iron wood, lorn beam, chincapin, laurier almond, and blackberry briar. Some reeil cane is found on the v.'aters of Merinentau, but of humble growth, and of very limited extent. Tlie live oak is common to both sections, but on the Teche this tree is found as high as Bayou Fusillier, whilst on the Vermil- lion, and Merinentau, it ceases ten or twelve miles further south. The prairies of Louisiana, have been over- rated in extent, even including the sea marsh which we have noticed. Their ir- regular form renders an accurate estimate of their extent difiicuU. On a former oc- casion I carefuUj- calculated the propel" prairie land in the state to amount to 3,000 square miles, equal to 1,920,000 acres. I am confident that 2,000,000 of acres is a more th.an suflicient estimate of all the prairie ground in the 9\ate ; which, if addrd to tiie extent allowed for sea marsh, 5,376,000 acres, yic'Lls 7,376,000 acres as the naturally unwooded surface in tiie state of Louisiana. Tiiis is, indeed, a fearful expanse, amounting to almost onc-lburth paitofth.' whole area ; and of this super- ficies, not more than ture grounds, and the wooded inundated land as a resource foi timber, permits a greater area of arable ground to be brought into culture It is, huwever, a fact, tliat im- mense spaces of the superficies of Louisi- ana, must remain uncultivated wastes, until the increase of population, and consequent dearness of land, will superinduce recur- rence to operations of melioration, far be- yond either the means or necessity oi the present age. We now proceed to examine the largest natural division of the soil of Louissai'S, the pine forests. It ought not to be understood that under liie general term pine forests, is meant places where that tree prevails to the exclusion of all others ; wKat is intend- ed is places where the greatest mass of the timber is pine. The pine lands of Louisiana are divided into four grand sections ; the first, and most extensive, between Sabine river, Red river, and the prairies of Opelousas ; this section embraces more than one-half of the parishes of Opelousas, Rapides, and Natchitoches, and extends to the north-wesi extremity of the state. The second section, lies be- tween Tied and Otiachitta rivers, and sweeps over more than sevcE-eighths of the whole surface of that part of Louisiana included be- tween th( se two streams. A third pine tract stretches east of Oiiaciiitta, and near the boundary between Louisiana and Arkansas, reaches within eight or ten miles of the banks of the Mississippi, and extends louth to near the junction of the rivers Bceuf and Ouachitta. The four parishes of Louisiana, east of the Mississippi, wesi of Pearl, and north of Lakes Pontcharlrain and Maure- pas, and Amite river, contain upwards of 3,000,000 of acres, out of which at least 2,500,000 acres aic covered with pine. With every due allowance, therefore, the pine lands of the state, taken together, er- 533 L O L' LOU ceeds 16,000,000 acres, which abided to 11,064,000 acres esiimated for sea marsh, wet prairie, and pine woods, gives a grand total of 27',064,000, leaving only 3,804,000 for the sursaci' of tiie arable river alluvion of the state. This limited surface does noi indeed include all the productive farming land; some of the intervals between the alluvial bottoms and pine woods have good second rate soil. About forty-five miles i:i length from Bayou Iberville, to N lat. 31, and twenty miles wide east from the Mis- si.-sippi, and a part of the prairie lands of Opeicusas, are very productive : but wc will soon perceive that five millions and a half are an ample allowance for all the soil of this state, capable of advantageous culti- ration. This s atement will no doubt ap- pea-- incredible, when co-njiiired \^'ith the c-mnion received opinion on that subject, but the following '■ utnematically determin- ed f^.cts put the question at rest. The river lines in the state, measuring both banks where necessary, are upon The Mississippi, - - 946 miles. Pearl river, one side, - 60 Bogue Ciiitto, both ban 's, 60 Chifuncte, both banks, - 50 Tangipao, Tickfoh;i, Amite, and Comite united, - 200 Lafourche, - - - IBO Teche, - - - 200 Vermilion, ... 150 Mermentau, and its branches, 250 Calcasiu, - - • 200 Gabuie, one bank, - - 150 Red river, and Bayous Bccuf and Kobert, - . 640 Black Dodcau, Dacheet, and Siiinie rivers, - 400 Ouachitta, and its confluents, 600 Amounting in all to 4086 This estimate embraces every stream of anv consequence in the state, and includes man) wil'iout any alluvial bar.ks worthy of notice in a geographical point of view ; and yet, if the widi h of half a mile is given to the whole aggregate, the result is 2043 square miles, or 1 .307,520 acres. It to this is added as much more for woodland, the result v,'iil be 2,615,040 acres, and this again doubled for all other grounds capable ofproducive cultivation, the whole will only amon t to 5,230,080 acres. or this surface pi.'out cne-fift)'. will admit the production o*' sugar; the residue re- maiiiiiig for ail other objects of agriculture suitable /o the clinriate, sich as coUon, indigo, tcb:.r.c;i, and the ceral gram'na. Ofth- latter, however. r',ce and maize, are I he only sp.;<;ies which wii! Hourish on st'ronf a'lMV ai boil, an 1 the former is re- stiicted by a climate not much more se- ^ei'e than will a'-rest the advance of sugar 5-4 caise. One pre-eminent advantage of rice, arises from the circumstance of its growth on soils too moist for the beneficial cultiva- tion of almost any other vegetable useful to man. Consequently in the south of China, al( ng the large rivers of the hither and nether India, of an extensive surface in both Americas, rice has become an impor- tant aliment, and must continue to occupy a great part of the labour of mankind : this grain has added at least one-twentieth to the habitable earth, and permitted tlie in- crease of the human species in that ratio. lt<» beneficent results are no where more ample than on the Delta of the Missis- sippi. I have been more particular in the sur- vey of the Delta, than would be requisite with a CQunti'y Icos peculiar in its features, or whose relative importance in our con- federacy was less apparent. It must be evident that in all counti'ies, where the only arable land of consequence is river alluvion, settlements must be form- ed ;n lines corresponding to the curves of the streams. With the exception of the Mississippi bluff region, noticed in my re- view of that state, most of the settlements in the pine, sea sand, and sea marsh dis- tricts of the United slates, conform to this natural avrangpement ; of course, habitation becomes dense along the river margins, di- minishes receding from their banks, and in a great number of instances, leaves wide uninhabited intervals. These effects are, however, more apparent and influential in Louisiana, thnn in any other part of the sou'hern or south-western states. Tlie settlements in Attacapas, Opelousas, Avoyells, on Red, Ouachitta, Boeuf, Black, and Mississippi, are uniformly in lines upon the streams, or stretching along the wood- ed margin of the prairies. That part of Louisiani formed from the Mississippi bluff lands, is the only spot in the state where human habit -tion assum-^s the scattered re. lative position to which they conform in the northern, eastern, and some of the western states. It has been shown that Arkansas and Missouri are in these re- spects in a gi-eat degree similar to Louis- iana. The mere position of settlement would in itself be a matter beneath statistical re- view, but in the instance before us, the mechanical arrangement of human location is connected with one of the most interest- ing subjects of inquiry that can occupy philosophical research; that is, the number f human beings which can be enabled to sibs st on any given space. It may be as- sume! a pnori, that a dense, or even mo- de'ately compact population can never exist upon any region where the asperities ol nature, or moral causes, prevent the production of tlie greatest part of their L U L J. O L aliment on, ov near their place oF resi- dence. If the triitli of these propositions are acknowledged, the induction follows, that nature has (ipposed tiie concentration of as great numbers cf people upon given space, of our southern, as upon an equal area of northern territory Many other natural causes might be adduced, in aid of this assumption, but it would be needless to C(;llect contingent causes, to account for an effect whose production was so demon- stratively, and omnipotently estabhstied upon the durable, it might almost be said unchanging laws of matter. It may be enumerated as one of the pe- cuharities of the soil of the southern, and south-western states, to have but little nifan between the best and the worst ; the latter exceeding in extent even more than does the former m quality. Tiie principal staples of Louisiana, are cotton, sugar, and rice. Cotton is general; but sugar and rice confined, particularly the former, to the lower, or southern parts of the state. The quantity of sugar made in Louisiani Is rapidlv increasing. In 1810 it was about 10,'OOO.OOOWs. in 1814, 1.5,000. 000/5s. and in 1817, upwards of 20,000,000. In Darby's Louisiana the re. lative sugar, rice, and cotton lands are esti- mated at 250,000 for sugar, 250,000 for rice, and 2,500,000 for cotton. Civil and political subdivisions of Louisi- ana is into parishes. Counties do not exist in the state, but are confined in their uses to a few judicial purposes, and are un- known in the ordinary municipal regula- tions of the country. Parisfies. Inhahitants, Natchitoches. 7,486 Ouachitta, 2,609 Ocatahola, .2,287 Concordia, 2,620 Rapides, 6,065 Avoyelles, 2,245 St. Landre, or Opelousas, 10,085 StiM^y^'lAttacapas, 12,063 Point Coupee, . "." West Baton Rouge, Iberville, Ascension, 1 1-2 2 1-2 Assomption, Inteiior of La Fourche, St. James, St, John, St. Charles, St. Bernard, City of New Orleans, Orleans, Plaqiiemine, East Baton llouge. New p'eliciana, St, Helena, St. Tammany, Washington, 4,912 2,335 4,414 3,728 3,576 3,755 5,686 3,854 3,862 2,635 27,176 14,175 2,354 5,220 12,732 3,026 1,723 2,517 Sq. r,u!es. To sq. mile. 10,600 3-4 4,000 1-2 nearly. 2,0C0 1 2,100 2,300 700 3 7,600 1 1-3 5,100 2 I -2 nearly. 600 S 850 2 3-4 350 IS 350 10 SOO 7 2,500 1 1-2 170 33 150 25 300 13 nearly. 400 6 1-2 1,300 11 nearlv. 1,500 1 1-2 500 10 1,050 12 1,300 2 1-2 1,000 1 3-4 1,000 2 1-2 Total 153,407 48,220 3 In Louisiana, more than in any other section of the United States, population is extended in lines along the water-courses. Vrom the above table it is seen that the twelve parishes along the Mississippi rli'er, below the efflux of Atchafalaya, includes upwards of 93,000 inhabitan s, le:iv\ng only a smjll fraction more th.in 60,000 tor the residue of the state. The line of S'ttle- ment along Miss s.s.ppi, below Atchat daya, is about 200 mdes in le.'gth, and at the utmost, ev^n embracing wood land, not averaging, below Bayou Iberville, more than il.rcc miles in width. Auove Iberville, on the east side of the river, settlements widen. The tv.'o parisiies of N vv Felicia- na, and East Baton Rouge, between lat. 3], and B .you Iberv lie, extend ov r 1500 square mdes. If we alio"- for lau'.l actual- ly employed in tiie purposes of ag-iculture, iuciuding tillage and woodland, 600 square miles below Ibervilk, and 1000 alon^ and Co;it;guoijs to the Mississippi, above Iber- ville and below Atch:,fal:tya, tlie aggregate wi.i rather exceed than f 11 beio.v leaiity. A!;d if we theii assume doubie that extent frail the actually employed a:^ricultural land of the s'ate, Vi'e have 3,200 square m les, mhabiied by 153,407 persons, cqu:d to 48 to th.e squc»re mile ; and leavirg an uncultivated extent of 45,120 square miles. By the census of 1820, 'h- p' pulation of Louisinna were found c imposed of 73,867 wh les, 60,064 slaves, and 10,476 free co- louretl persons. Of ihese: Foreigners not naturalized - 3,062 Engaged in Agri'.uUure - 50,145 do. in Manufactures - 5,797 do. in Cojnmeice - - 6,168 Louisiana v;as adimitted into the Union as an independent state at tiie session of Congress lSIl-12, and clianged its name from that of Territory of Orleans, to what it now hears. The iDajority of tl>e white iish.ibitants are tli i.^CbCtndants of the early French colonists , the next liiost numerous class is Anglo-Ameri- cans ; and the residue made up ot vari- ous nations. Contrary to common belief, tliere are very few Spaniaros in that state. During 34 years that it was held by Spain, it was occupied by the officers of that nation, but never became an ob- ject of colonization with the Spanish peo- ple. The variety in the shades of human society, are perhaps, in no civilized country more marked : between New Orleans and Sabine river every vari- ety can be seen from the hunter state, to that of the highest refinement of the mercantile, and aristocratical. In New Orleans and its vicinity, the merchant and planters vie v/itli the most lux- urious countries in Europe, in their agriculture, and manner of living. -As the traveller advances westward, this I, (•) V L O U glare graduaily vanishes, and in Attaca- pas, Opel'iusas, Rapides, Ouachitta, and Natchitoches, the features of society be- speak substantial independence. Still farther westward, and much intermin gled with ttie latter settlements, the true pastoral state is seen initssimplestfi-rms. Many of those shepherds are truly weal- thy. Beef cattle forms in fact one of the principal interior staples . separated by a narrow strait from the Isle of Hainan, where pearls are said to have been for merly fished up. It is 343 miles SW of Cauton. Louiiz, town of Great Pc.land, in the palatinate of Rava. 55 miles E of Gnes- na Lo.-. 19 E, lat 52 26 N. Lou-nganfou, city of China, in the province of Chan si, agreeably situated near the source of the river Tsotsang- ho. It is o75 miles SW of P^ king. Loung Loch, great arm of the sea, in Argylesiiire, which communicates on the S, with tlie Frith of Clyde. Loicdrc, town of France, in the de- partment of the Upper Pyrenees and late province of Bigorre, 15 miles S of Tarbes. Lon. 5 W, lat. 43 8 N. Louth, county of Ireland, in the pro- vince ot Leinster, 29 miles long and 13 broad ; bounded on the N by Armagh and Carlinford Bay, on the E by the Irish Sea, on the W by Monagham and E by Meath, from which it is parted, by the Boyne. It is a small but fruitful county, and proper to feed cattle, contains 50 parishes, and sends ten members to par- liament. Drogheda is the capital. Louth, town of Ireland, in a county of the same name, 19 miles N by W of Drogheda. Louth, corporate town of Lincolnshire, with a market on Wednesday and Satur- day. It is a large well built t'lv/n, the market well frequented, here is a free- school founded by Edward VI. It has a new navigation, by means of its brook, the Lud, to the German Ocean, at Tet- ney Creek. It is 28 miles NE ot Lincoln, and 148 N of London. Lun. 10 E, lat. 5S 25 N Louth Townshifi, in the county of Lincoln, Upper Canada, lies in the west ot Graiitiiam, and fronts lake Ontario. Laiitre, fiass a la, one of the outlets, that to the extreme N of the Missis- sippi. Loutre, town of Montgomery county Missouri Louvain, large and pleasant city of Austrian Brabant, with a celebrated uni- veisity. Its walls are nearly seven miles in circumference, but within them are many gardens and vineyards The pub- lic buildings are magnificent, and the university consists of a great number of colleges, they formerly made here large quantities of cloth, but this trade is great- ly decayed, and it is now chiefly remark- L O Y able for good beer, with which it serves the neighbouring towns. It is seated on the Dyle, 14 miles E by N frjm Brus- sels, and 40 NE ot Mons. Lon. 4 31 E, lat. 50 53 N. Louvenstein, fortress of the U'lited Provinces in Holland, seated at the con- fluence of the rivers Waal nnd M aese, on the W end of an Is and cnlled B m- mel Waert. It i, 16 miles E of Dnrt. Lon. 5 13 E, lat. 50 40 N Louviers, handsome town of France, in the department of Eure and latt- pro- vince of Normandy, with a manufacture of cloth, seated on the Eure, 10 miles N of Evreux, and 55 NW ol Paris. Lon. 1 13 E, lat. 49 N Lauvo town of the kingdom of Siam, with a r;)yal palace. It is very populous, 50 miles N of the city of Siam. Lon. 100 50 E, lat. 15 8 N Lovington, post village, Nelson county, Virginia. J^otvdore, fine cataract in Cunber- land, on the E sifle of tho lake of Der- went water, in the vale of Keswick. Loivhill, township of Lehij^h county of Pennsylvania, on Jordan crtek, 12 miles NVV from AUentown Population 182'i, 703. Lower Marlborough, post town in Calvert county, Maryland ; on the E side of Patuxent river, 30 miles SSW of Annapolis, and 24 NW of St. Leo- nards. Lower Saucon, extreme southern township of Northampton county on Sau- con creek, 4 miles S from Bethlehf-m. Population 1820, 2208. Loivicz, populous town of Poland, in the palatinate of Rava, with a strong for- tress, seated on the Bzura, 21 miles S of Plocksko, and 30 N of Rava. Lon. 19 29 E, lat. 52 24 N. Low-Laijton, village in Essex, which, with that of Laytonstone, forms one pa- rish. Here a great many Roman anti- quities have been dug up. It is six miles NEofL.nlnn. Lowville, fine post village of Lewis county New York, on a small creek, near the west side of Black river, 57 miles N fromCTtica Loxa, considerable town of Spain, in the kmgdom of Granada seated in a fertile country, on the river Xenil, 18 miles W of Granada. Lon. 3 52 W, lat. 37 15 N. Loxa, town of Peru, in the jjrovince of Quito, 200 miles ENE of Paita. Lon . VV C 10 W, lat. 4 50 S. Loyalsocic, river of Lycoming county Pennsylvania, rises on the southern bor- ders of Bradford, and western of Lu- cerne co'jntv, headitip -ivith the To^'ar.- L L B da, and Mahoopeny rivers, and flowing SW between Muncy, and Lycoming creeks, falls into the West Branch of Sus- queha nah, 4 ntilrs below Wiliiamsport. Loyahock, lownsliip of Lycoming county Pennsylvania, pxt( nding from the west tiranc'i of Susquehannah, between Lycomiijg creek and Loyalsock river, .^nd including VVil!iamsport. Population 1820, of tive township including the bo- rough 2049 ; of which 624, was found in Willi lAinsport. Loydn, post town, in Essex county, Vir- ipiii.i, 94 miles from Washington. Loijtz, town of Poiiierani^, in the County of Gutzkow, s.'aled on the Pene, tf-n miles above the city of Gutzkow. Lozere, department of France, inclu- 'ling the late province of Gevaudan. It is a m< u-itainous, barren coui-try, and rtceives its name from one of its princi- p;.' moan;.ains. Mende is the capital. Luban. t.nwn of the Russian govern- mtnt f I/ivionia, 70 miles E of Rira Lr, 26 3(. E, lat i6 55 N Liibtnsken Sea or the J^ake of Lu- ban, lak' of Livionia, toward the confines of Courlatid and Lithuania. The river Rnsitta falls into this lake. Lubbai. town of Gt-rmany, in Lower Lusatia, capital of a district of the same name, with a handsome castle. It be- longs to tiie duke of M rsenburg, and is seated on tli'- Spree, hO miles SEof Ber- lin. Lon. 14 25 E, lat 52 N. Lubec city and seap' it of Lower Sax- ony, in the duchy of Holslein, and lately the see of a bisa> p, who was a prince of the empire. It was the brad of the famous Hanseatic league, fo; med here in 1164, and the nio.st commt rcial city of the n( i-lli : but it now has lost great part of its trade. The h.)iises are built in a vcy ancierst st- li- ; th'^ doors being so large as to admit carriag- s int')t!'e hali, which tVequc-ntly serves for a coach- house. The tovvTihouse is a superb struc- ture, and lias several towe-rs. 'I here is also a fine council- house and an ex- change The inhabitants are Luther- ans. Lubi-c is seat^-d at the confluence of some rivers, the largest of which is the 'I'rave, 14 miles SW of the Baltic, and 35 NE of Hamburg. Lun. 10 49 E, lat. 53 52 N Lubec, island in "he Indian ocean, near the i.sia-id of Madura. Lon. 112 22 E, lat. 5 5!J S. Lubeck, post t wn and township, Washinetou couiuy Mauie, between the Atlantic (3iean, and Cobscook bay, con- tiguous to East port. The village was commenced in 1815, and vvith a : excel- lent iiarbour, a custom house, and nume- ••:"'!?. other commercial ad'«ar.t3ges '.- i. (■ c L, I C j;apidly incr,easing. Population 182@, 1439. Luben, town of Germany, in the pro- vince of Silesia, capital of a circle of the same name, in the principality of Lignitz, 22 miles NVV of Breslaw. Lon. 16 28 E, lat. 51 20 N. Lublin, city of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name, with a ci- tadel, a bishop's see, an academy, and a Jewish synagogue. It is seated on the Weiprs, 75 miles SE of Warsaw. Lon. 22 45 E, lat 51 14N. Lubow, town of Poland, in the pala- tinate of Cracow, 50 miles SE of Cra- cow. Lon. 20 36 E, lat. 49 36 N. Luc, town of France, in the depart- ment of Var and late province of Pro- vence, 25 miles NE of Toulon. Lon. 6 25 E, lat. 43 28 N. Luc, town of France, in the depart- ment of Isere and late province of Dau- phiny, seated on the river Drome, 32 miles S of Grenoble. Lon. 5 48 E, lat 44 40 N. Liicaiias, town and district of Gurancave- lica, in Peru, remarkable for its silvey mines. Lon. WC 3 K, kU. 15 S. JLiicen^-de- Baramedci, iSi.Seaport of Spain, in Andalusia, with a bishop's see. Ii has a very large fine harbour, well defended; and is seated at the mouth of the Guadalqutver, 44 miles S by W of Seville, and 270 of Madrid. Lon. 5 54 W, lat. 36 58 -N. Lucar-de-Guadicma, iSl. strong town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a small harbom- on the river Guadian i, 39 miles NE of Faro. Lon. 8 15 W, lat. 37 18 N. Lncar La Mayor, St. town of Spain in Andalusia, seated on the Guadiana, 10 miles NW of Seville. Lon. 5 33 W, lat. 57 36 N. Jbitcaijas. See JJahamai;. Lucca, town of Italy, e:ipiUil of a duchy of the same name. It. is about three miles in circumference, and siir-ouiuled with a wall and olher modern foniticadons. It is an archbishop's see, and the churches ai-e very handsome. They have also an acade- mj', a university, ana an academy of arts and sciences. The inhabitants have a con- siderable manufactory of silk, and gold and silver stuffs. It is seaied in the middle of a fruitful plain, sutroi:nded with pleasant hills, near the river Serchio, over which there are two bridges. It is 10 miles NE of Pisa, 37 W of Florence, and 155 N by W of Rome. Lon. 10 35 B, lit. 45 50 N. Lucca, formerly a republic of Italy, lying on the Tuscan Sea; about 20 miles in length, and 10 in breadth. The soil does not produce much corn ; but there is plen- ty of wine, oil, silk, wool, and chesnuls ; their oil in particular is in high esteem, and the common people usually eat ches- nuts instead of bread. The usual revenues smountto about 30,000'. ner rtnnum Ljice, gjpeat bay in Wigtonslaire, lying to the E of mull of Galloway. Lucera, ancient town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, in Capitanata, with a bishop's see, oO miles SW of Manfredonia, and 65 NE of Naples. Lon. 15 34 E, lat. 41 28 N. Lucern, one of the cantons of Swisser- land, and the most considerable, except Zuric and Berne. It is 30 miles in length, and 20 in breadth : boimded on the E by the cantons of Underwalden, Schweitz, and Zug, and on all the other sides, by the can- ton of Bern. The inhabitants of this can- ton are reckoned about 100,000, and are Roman catholics. The government was formerly aristocratical, consisting of a se- nate of 36, and a council of 64, in which some plebeian burghers were admitted ev- ery election ; but the Helvetic confederacy, as well as the constitution of the several cantons is now dissolved, the French hav- ing cruelly and unjustly enslaved this brave and virtuous people. Lucern, capital of the canton of Lucero, in Swisserland. It is divided into two by a branch of the Reuss, which falls into the lake, on the NW end of which the town is seated, and commands an extensive pros- pect. It scarcely contains 3,000 inhabi- tants, has no manufactures of consequence, and Utile commerce. The pope has al- ways a nuncio resident here. In the cathe- dral is an organ of a fine tone, and an extra- ordinary size ; the centre pipe is 40 feet in length, near three in breadth, and weighs 1,100 pounds. The bridges which skirt the town, round the edge of the lake, are the fashionable walk of the place, and re- markable for their length. They are deco- rated with coarse paintings, representing the histories of the Old "Testament, the battles of the Swiss, and the dance of death. Lucern is 30 miles SW nf Zric, and 35 E of Bern. Lon. 8 6 E, lat 47 5 N. Lucern, Lake of. See fFaldsUUer Sea. Lvcerna, town of Italy in Piedmont, 15 miles SW of Turin. Lon. 7 38 E, lat. AA 52 N. Lxiclusxi, town of Spain, in the kingdotn of Valencia, SO miles S of the city of that name. Lon. 10 E, lat. 38 53 N. Lucia, St. one of the Windward Carib- bee Islands, ia the West Indies, 22 miles in length and 21 in bi-eadth. It consists of plains well watered with rivulets, and hills furnished with timber, and has seve- ral good bays, and commodious harbours. It was taken hj tlie Bngli.-h in May, 1796. There are two high mountains, by which this island may be known at a considerable distance. It is 21 miles S of Martlnico. Lon. 60 45 W, lat. 13 25 N. Lucie, St. one of the Cape de Verd Is- lands, about 450 miles W of the continent o? .VfrVn- Lon 24 32 W, lat. 16 4'J N. 1. 1 t i. U L ijhcii^iiuju), lewti of Italy in tUe duchy f-^' Tuscany, 10 miles S of Sienna. Lon. 11 11 E, lat. 43 N. hucketts, poit office, Orange county Vir- giuia. Luckiiow, ancient city of Hindoostan Pro- per, capital of Oude It is an extensive place, but mean'y built : the liouses are chiefly mud walls covere with thatch : and many consist entirely of mats and bamboos, and are thatched witli leaves of the cocoa- nut, palm-tree, and someiinjes with straw. The palace of the Nabob is seated on a high bank near the Goomtv, and commands an exiensive view bo'.h of tliat river and the country en the eastern side. Those of the British resident, stands in the vicinity. Lucknow is 650 miles NW of Calcutta. Lon 81 25 E, lat. 26 .35 N. Lucko, considerable town of Poland, ca- pital of VoJhinia, with a citadel, and a bi- shop's see, seated on the Ster, 75 miles NE of Leraburg, and 175 SE of Warsaw*. Lon. 25 30 E, lat. 51 13 N. _ Ljico, town of Naples, in Abruz^o Cite- fiore, seated on the lake Celano. Lucoii, or Liizou town of France, in the department of Vendee and late province of Poitou, and lately an episcopal see, seated in an unwholesome morass, 17 miles N of Rochelle, and 50 S of Nantes. Lon. 1 5 W, lat. 46 27 N Lucenia, or Mardlla, the chief of the Philippine Islands, in the N Pacific Ocean, 400 miles in length and 100 m breadth. It is not so Iiot as may be expected, because it is well watered by large lakes and rivers, and the periodical rains v/hich inundate all the plains. There are several volcanoes in the mountains, wliich occasion earthquakes; and a varietj' of hot baths. The pi'oduce of this island is wax, cotton, wild cinnamon, sulphur, cocoanuts, rice, gold, horses, buf- faloes, and game. Philip 11. of Spain, formed a scheme of planting a colony in the Philippine islands, which had been ne- g-lected since tiie discovery of them by Ma- gellan, in 1521. Manilla, in this island, was the station chosen for the capital of the new establishments. Hence an active com- mercial intercourse began with the Chi- nese, a considerable number of whom set- tled in the Philippine Islands, under the Spanish protection. These supplied the colony so amply with all the valuable pro- ductions and manufactures of Asia, as ena- bled it to open a trade with America, by a direct course of navigation, the longest from land to land on our globe. This trade, at first, was carried on with Calao, on the coast of Peru ; but it vsras afterwards removed to Acapulco on the coast of New Spain. From this port annually sail one or two ships, which are permitted to carry out silver to the amount of 500,000 crowns, in return for which flhey bring- back from AUuiilla, slices, drugSj China anfl -Jajaaa wares, calicoes, chintz, musUns, silks, &c. The inhabitants are a mixture of several nations, besides Spaniards; and they all produce a mixed breed, distinct from any of the vest. The blacks have long iiair and good feaiures; and there is one tribe who prick their skins, and draw figures oii them, as they do in most other countries where they go naked. See J\IaniUa. Lucos, ancient Lixus, river of Morocco, falls into the Atlantic ocean at Larache. Ludatnar, region of central Africa, bounded on the S by Isiiarta, and Bambasa, and N by the great desert. Benown i^ the capiial. Liidersbing, town of Germany in the cir- cle ofLowtr Saxony, in the duchy of Law- enburg, seated on the F.lbe, five miles abcve the town of Lawenburg. LudgershaU, borough in Wiltshire, IJ miles N of Salisbury, and 72 N by W of London. It sends two members to par- liament, but has no market. Lon, 1 45 VT, lat. 51 17 N. Lndlo-cV, borough in Shropshire, with a market on Monday. It sends two members to parliament, and is seated on the Tame, 29 miles S of Shrewsbury, and 138 NW of London. Lon. 2 42 W lat. 52 23 N. Lud'.ots, township of Hampden county, Massachasetts, on a branch of Chickapce river, 12 miles NE from Springfield. Po- pulation in 1810, 780, and in 1820, 1246. Ludlo-v, township of Windsor county, Vermont, 16 m.iles W from Windsor. Lndlo-d^s line, a name given to the line rutmwig from the head of Scioto, to the source of Little Miami river, dividing the United States' lands in Ohio on the west, from the Virginia Military lands on the east. Ludloio-cille, post village of Tompkln's county New York, on the east side of Cay- uga lake, at the mouth of Salmon creek, 8 miles below Ithaca. Lvgano, town of Swisserland, capital of a baliwic of the same name, whicii is the principal of the four transalpine baliwics. It is pretty populous, containing 8,000 in- habitants.' It is 17 niiles NVv' of Como. Lon. 8 48 E, lat. '15 54 N. JMgano, lake of Swisserland, on the Ita- lian side of the Alps, 25 miles in length, and from two to four in breadth. It lies above 190 feet higher than the lakes Como and Locarno. Lugo, ancient city of Spain, in Galicia, v.'itli a oi^op's see. Tliere are springs in this city boiling hot. It is seated on the Minho, 32 miles SE of Mondonnedo, and 60 SVV of Oviedo. Lon. 8 52 W. Lat 42 46 N. Luke, Si. parish of South Carolina, situ- ated in Beaufort district. Isii'a, town of Swedish Lapland ; seated ."r>9 L L ^ at liie nioutli of the rlvei Luiu, on the W side of the gulf o'' Botli.iJa, 43 m:lfcs SW of Tornea. Lon. 21 E, kt. 64 30 N. Lula Lapmark, province ■ t baedLii Lap- land, bounded on the N b) 'I'o' nea, on the E bv the B' 'hnia go if, on the b by Pilhiu, and on the W bj Norway. Liimetla, village in Italy, which gives name to the Lumelli:), a small district lying on tie liver Po, belonging tu the dukt- of Savoy. Lon. 3 42 E, lat. 45 5 N. Lumberiand, township of Sullivan county Tvei. York, on Delaware river. Population in 1820,569. Lumberton, post town in Robeson county, North Carolina, on ti e E side ot Drowning creek, 25 miles S of Fayettev lie i': Cum- berland county. Lianberton, village in Burlington county, New Jersey, one mile SE of Moun'h':;lly. Lund, considerable town in Gotldand and capital of Sconen, with an arciib.shopric, and a university. It is an incoiisiderable place contaiiung little more tlian 800 houses, and carries on but little trade. Charles XI. found, ci a university here which is Its chief support. The cathedral is an ancient iriegiilar buiidi "g. It is 20 miles i)E of Landscro^ia, »nd 225 SW of Stockholm. Lr ;■;. \3 26 E, lat. 55 3o X. //!/?K/<-i2, town of Germany in Uie dvicliy of Ijohtein, seated .,ri\r tiie K)der, 26 rn=;.s '•NW of Gluckstadt. Lon 9 20 E, lat. 54 26 N. Limdif, islaid in the mcuth ot tlie Bristol Channel, near the uiiddle, between Dev n- shiie and Pemoroke.-hire. Lon. 4 13 W, lat. 51 25 N. Liindys-ianef scene of a battle between the army of the United States a^id thai of Great Britain, on the lluih of July, 1814. This is commonly called the battle of Bridgewater. lAine. See Loync. Lunel, town of P'rance, in the depart-* mentofGaid, near the river Kidourle. It has exceltent muscadine wine, ard is 16 miles E of Alontpelier Limen, town of Wes phalia, in the coun- ty of Marck, situated a \he coiiHux of the Xezisk with the Lippt, 20 m.iles S by W of Munsier. Lunenburg, ducliy in Low t r Saxony, which, including Zell, is iepar^ttd froiii Holstein and Lauenburg, on the N, by the Llbe. It i> about 100 milts in length, and 70 in breadth. It is watered by the rivers AUer, Elbe, and Ilmenau ; and part of it is full of healhs and forests; but*near the rivers pretty fertile. It abounds with wild boars, which the German nobility hunt here at certain seasons. It belongs to the elector of Hanover. Lunenburg is the capital. Lxmenburg, large fortified town of Ger- many, capital of the duchy of its name, 540 The chief public edifices are the places foi' public worship, the dutal palace, three hospitals, the town house, tlie salt maga- zine, the anatomical theatre, and ■he aca- il. my. The salt springs near this place pro- duce great quantities of salt, which bring in a large revenue to the sovereign, and form the chief employment of the inhabi- tants. It is situated on the Ilmenau, 31 miles SE of Hamburg, and 60 N of Bruns- Vk'ick. Lunenburg, county of Nova Scotia, on Mahone bay. Lunenburg, township of Lunenburg county of Nova Scoua. Lunenburg, post village, and township Essex county Vermont, on Connecticut rivLr, nearly opposite Lancaster in New H<»mp>hire. Lunenburg, NE township, and a post village, Worcester county Massachusetts, on a branch of Nt-shua river 45 miles NW from Boston. PopuLvion in 1820, 1209. Lunenburg, cownty Its castle, where the 10,662 2 3,366 195 L U i L U Y dukes of Lorain formerly kept their courj:, as did at't. rward king Sanislaus, is now converted into barrack'. The church of the la'.e n.^jiilar canons is very handsome ; and here btaaisiaiis founded a mihtary school, a large librur}, and a fine hospital. In 1801, a treaty -.A' peace was concluded here between France and Geimany. Lti- neville is seated in a plain between the rivers Vtzouze and Meurte, 14 miles ESE of Nancy, and 62 VV of Strasburg. Lon. 6 30 E, lat. 48 36 N. Lungro, town of Naples in Calabria Ci- teriore, cliiefly inhabited by Greeks, 35 miles NNW ot Cosenza. iw/joTtf, town of Fur her Pomerania, on a river of the same name, 15 miles E of Stolpe. Lure, town of France, in the department of Upper Saone, celebrated for a late abbey of Beiu.dictines, converted, in 1764, into a chapter of noble canons It is seated near the • Jugnoii, 30 miles NE of Besancon. Luygan, lown of Ireland, in the county of Armujjfh, with an extmsive linen manu- factur*^, 14 miles NE of Armagh, and 67 N of Dublin. £ isatia, I. T-quisate of Germany, 90 miles long and 60 broad; bounded on ilf- N by Brandenburg, E by Sdosia, S by i- ■■ .;i ;>, anil \\ u) .\lisaia and Saxony ri. per fi is divided :nto Upper and Lower. Upper Lusatia abounds more in mountains and hills than the Lower, in which are many boggy and moorish tracts, yet it is the most fruitful. The breciing of cattle is very considerable, and there is plenty ot game ; but the products of the country do not sup- ply the necessities of the inhabitants. This want is compensated by its numerous man- ufactures, particularly those of cloths and linens. Bautzen and Luckau are the capi- tals. Liisignan, town of France, in the depart- ment of Vienne, seated on the Vonne, 15 miles SSW of Poitiers. Luso, river of Italy, which rises in the duchy of Urbino, crosses part of Romagno, and enters the Venice, 10 miles W of Ki- mini. Lutange, town of France in the depart- ment of Moselle, eight m^les SE of Thion- ville, and 11 NNE of Metz. Luton, town in Bedfordshire, with a market on Monday, and a manuf »cture of straw hats, Sic. It is situate on the river Lea, 18 miles S of Bedford, and 31 N by W of London. Lnttenberg, town of Germany, in Stiria, seated on the Stantz, 42 miles E by N of Mi.rchburg. Lutier, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick, 10 miles NW of Goslar. LuUerberg, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick, 20 miles S of Goslar. Lutterworth, town in L ice 'ershire, wiih a market on Thursday. It na, a aige church, witli a beautiiul steep e, of which Wicklifi', liie first reformer, was rector, and he uied here ip 1385. Lutterwort;! h s .ui extensive cotton maauiacture, au'i many hands are employed in tht- .stocking trade. It IS ealed oii :he r ver Sw ift, 14 milts S of Leicester, and 88 NW of Londo'i. Lulzehtein, town of France, in the de- p.rtmeiit of Lower Rhine, with a strong castle, seated on a mountain, 30 miles NW of Strasb.irg. Lutzen, town ot Upper Saxony, in Thunrigia, with a castle. Nt-ar this place, in 163J, Gustavus Artoiphus, kmg of Sweden, was kided in a battle, at the moment of victory . Lutzeis is also cele- brated for a great battle having been foujLjht here on the Id of May, 1813, be- tween the French army, command^ by- Napoleon, and the Russian and Prussian army, underGeneral Wittgenstein, which terminated in the defeat of the latter. It is seated on the Elster, seven miles WSW (i LiepMC. Luxeynburg, orovincp of the Nt ther- land« • iJuuH' i-d on t' e £ by Treves, 6 byLorrain, \\ uy Chcimpnigne and Liege, and N by Liege and liimburg. It lies in the forest of Ardennes, and in t.'.nie places is covered with mountains and woods ; but, in general, is feniie in corn and wine, and has a great number of iron mines. The principal rivers are the Moselle, Sour, Ourte, and Semoy. Luxemburg, itrcng city of the Ne- therlands, capital of the province of its name. In 1713, it was given to the Dutch, as a barrier town ; ceded to the house of Austria, in 1715 ; and surren- dered t(* the French, in 1795 It is di- vided, by the Alsitz, into the upper and lower towns ; the former almost sur- rounded by rocks, but the lower seated in a plain It is 22 miles WSW of Treves. Lon. 6 12 E lat. 49 37 N. Luxeuil town of France, in the de- partment 01 Upper Saoiic. Near it are some mirerai waters and warm baths ; also an abbey, founded by St. Colum- ban, an Irishman. It is seated at the fool of tlie Vosges, 14 miles NE ot Ve- soul. Luxara, strong town of Italy, in the Maiuuiii,, near the ctmftux of the Cros- tolo wit- the Po. Here a battle was' fought Detweeii the Austrians and the French and Spaniards, in 1702. wlien each side claimed the victory. It is 18 miles SSW ot Mantua. Lmia, and Chilayon, province of Peru, 'Si L Z E from the Tunguragua river, and near- ly due S from VVC lat. 5 S. J^uzerne, county of Pe nsyivania ; bou-id SE by Pike and Northampton; S by Schuylkil! ; SW by Columbia ; VV by Lycoming ; NW by Bradford ; N by Sus- qut hannah ; and E by Wayne. Length 45 ; bieadth 40 ; and area 1/84 sq, miles. Luzerne county is in many respects a very interesting region, and merits a very particular notice in an elementary work Its soil and surface is perhaps more varied than any county of Pennsylvania. The soil of tiie valleys are in some parts composed of the richest aliuvion, but varies from that species to barren rock. Tlie mountains are ruggtd, and barren, and in general seem incapable of culture. The Susquehannah river enters the coun- ty at its NW angle, and flows to the SE, by comparative courses, 35 miles to the mouth of Lackawannock river ; here it turns nearly at right angles, and flows SW 35 miies by comparativt courses, to a little below N; sccpeck, vrhere it enters Columbia. The following specific description was compiled from the manuscript notes of Isaac a Chapman, Esq. The country is very mountainous, and the mountains consist principally of ridg- es running parallel to each other ; and like the other mountains of Pennsyl- vania, extending nearly parallel to the sea-coast, in nearly a SW, and NE di- rection. In the intervals between the mountain ridges are the fertile valleys, on which are placed the body of the population of tlie county. The princi- pal mountains of Luzej-ne are the fol- lowing; Wyoming mountains on each side of Sasquehannah river; and forming tlie valley of Wyoming. The local names of those two ridges are Bullock moun- tain SE ; and Shawaney mountain NW. The over-height oi Bullock mountain 1000, and that of Shawaney 850 feet above the Susquehannah rivi-r. From the summit of (.ne mountain to that of the other opposite Wilke&barre, by the road 65, hut by an air line 5^ miles At the toot of each mountain are the small hills, consequently, the broken ground occu- pies more space than the real bases of the mountain. At Wilkesbarre, the level plain on the W side extends about 1} niile from the river, but on the E side only about half a mile. Upon the latter, the town of Wilkesbarre is situated. The Ntscoptck mountain, on the N side of the Nescopeck creek, is a range nearly of simitar height, with those of Wyoming, and parallel to them. The Nescopeck forms a regular m\broken 54'? ridge, nearly destitute of timber ou it^; summit ; and reaches from the Susque- hannah, nearly to the Lehigh. Hell Kitch- en mountain, commences at the head of Nfcscopeck valley, and extends NE to- wards the Lehigh. It is a high rocky and barren ridge, naked of timber on its summit, where only sm«ll shrubbt ry find support. From the NW slope of this mountain flows Hell Kuchen creek, a small branch of Nescopeck. Sugar loaf mountain is an isolated py- ramidal peak rising from Ni-scopt-ck valley. Mahoopeny mountain is a mere spur of Bowman's mountain. See Bow- man's mountains, and Lackawannock. mountain. The Wyoming, Lackawannock, and Buck mountains all produce mineral coal of the Autheacite species. It forms an important article of commerce from Luzerne county. The valleys of Luzerne, are the fol- lowing Valley of Wyoming, about 20 miles long and 5 wide, lying on both sides of the Susquehannah river, which enters it at its NE extremity through the precipitous gap in the Shawanese range. The river traverses the valley in a serpentine course, and leaves it by a gap called Nantikoke falls. In this valley stand the towns of Wilkesbarre and Kingston opposite to each other. This is the most populous valley in the country, the soil is exuberantly fertile, Nescopeck valley lies on both sides of Nescopeck creek, and between Nesco- peck, and Buck mountains. It is about 20 miles long and 5 miles wide, and does not extend to the river. In point of soil it stands next to Lackawannock valley, but the soil ot Nescopeck is soi.ewhat superior. See Lackawannock Valley. Tunkhannock valley is very irregular and crooked about a mile wide ; lessen- ing in some places to halt a mile, and about 25 miles long, and reaches from the Susquehannah river into Susquehannah county. In proportion to its width, it is well cultivated and populous. Mahoopeny valley, lies along Mahoo- peny creek ; is narrow, irregular and thinly peopled. Its length about 20 miles from the river. Its opening to the river is in Braintrim township in the NW part of the county. All the streams of Luzerne, are rapid and supply in an indefinite number of places excellent sites for water works. About one fiftieth part of the whole county is already cleared and cultiva- ted ; and not more than one third will admit of agriculture. For pastoral pur- poses the proportion to the whole will be larger. L U /' L. k C Tbe mountain timber of Luzerue, is various species of oak, thinly admixed with yellow pitch, and white pine, of a small growth. On the hills, timber be- comes larger, and more numerous in species ; the oak and pine being mixed with hickory, wild cherry, beach, birch, and hemlock. In the northern parts of the country, 4 or 5 miles trom the Sus- quehannah sugar maple is very abun- dant, and mixed with an immense quan- tity of beech, and hemlock, the latter peculiarly abounding on the lowlands. In the southern part of the country, the low grounds or valleys, generally produce yellow pine, white pine, oak, and hick- ory, and occasionally buttonwood. Black walnut is common to the dry rich soil of the whole county. The only minerals yet found in any considerable quantity in Luzerne, are iron and coal Two forges for the ma- nufacture of iron have been erected, one in Lackawannock, the other in Nan- tikoke valley. Staples of Luzerne, grain flour, whiskey, lumber, and coal. Chief town, Wilkesbarre, Kingston, and Stcd- dartsville. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females 9,347 8,663 Total whites - - - 18,010 All o'.her persons except Indians not taxed ... - 99 Slaves Tetal population in 1810 18,109 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 16,670 do. do. females ... 9,244 All other persons except Indians cot taxed ... O Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males . do. do. females Slaves, males . . - do. females 20,027 Total population in 1820 - Of these ; !■■..; '-';,, lei's not nat •r.il!':<^d - 153 Engaged in Agriculture - ■ 2,9.R2 do. in .Manufactures •. 286 do. in Commerce - - 95 Population to the square mile, 11. Luzerne, township of Fayette county Pennsylvania, in the great bend of the Monongahela, opposite Ten-mile creek, 12 miles NVV from Union. Population 1820, 1610. ILUzeme, to'ifnship of Wart'eli eciUiaty New Yoi-k, on the Hudson 10 miles W from Sandyhill. Population 1820, 1430. Luzzara, strong town of Italy, on the confines of the duchii s of Mantua and Gaustalla, near the conlluence of the Crostola with the Po. Here a battle was fought between the French and Spaniards, in 1702, when each side claimed the victory. It is 10 miles S of M.mtua. Lon. 10 50 E, lat. 45 N. Luzzi, town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, near the river Crate, three miles S of Bisignano. I.ycham, town in Norfolk, wh se mar- ket is disused. It is 24 miles W by N of Norwick, and 92 NNE of London. Lycoming; county of Pennsylvania, on the west branch of the Susquehannah ; bounded SE by Columbia; S by North- umberland Union, and Centre ; W by Clearfield and M'Kean ; N by Potter, Tioga, and Bradford ; and E by Luzerne. Length 92 ; width 25 ; and area 2290 square miles. In many respects, a strong resemblance exists between Lycomirg and Luzerne counties, though the for- mer is less mountainous than the latti r. Lycoming is traversed from VV to E by the VV branch of Susquehannah and drained by numerous large creeks or small rivers flowing principally from the N and NE, such as the Sinnamahoning, Kettle creek, Pinecn ek, Loyalsock, and Muney creeks. Soil timber productions and staples nearly the same as those no- ticed under the head of Luzerne. Chief town VViiliamsport. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 5,740 do. do. females - - 5,200 Total whites - - - 10,940 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - 64 Slaves . . - . . 2 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820, Free white mules - . . do. do. females - . - All other persons except Indians not tiixcfl Total whites - . . Free pcj— V: of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females - - - Total population in 1820 Of these ; Fo>'pri?ners not naturalized • Ti43 11,006 6,695 6,680 13,517 441 L V M L YN Engagifd in Agriculture - 2,010 do. in Maiuifac'ures - 543 do. in C inirnerce - - 22 Popalation to the sq's.ire mile, G nearly. Lycoming, township of Lycorning county Pennsvlvania, extending from the W branch, up Lvcoming creek, and conn- mencing at Nt wry. 2 nniirs above VVil- liamsp rt. P^pulatii-n 1820. 1210. Lycoming, small river of Lycoming county Pennsylvania, rising in the south- ern b rder of Bradfnrd, leading with the Towanda, and flowing SW, falls into the W branch, 2 miles abcive Williamsport. Lydd, populous town in Kent, with a mark'-t on Thursday. It is a member of the cinque port of Romney, and seated in R«mney Marsh, 26 miles S of Can- terbury, and 71 SE of London. Lon. 1 4 E. lat. 50 i8 N. Lydsing, village in Kent, near Grave- send. In this village 600 youni; Nor- mans, who came over with Alfred and Edward, the sons of Ethelr<-d. :fter the death of Canute, to take possession of their father's throne, were massacred by G'irlwin ear! of Kent. Lyesse, town of France, in the de- partmprit "f the Nurth, and late province of Hainatilt 15 mi'es E of Landrecy. Lon 4 lOE. !at. 50 6 N. Lyman, tdaii hip of York comity, M^ine, 27 mil'-^ N from York. Population in 18 U 1387. Lyme, t iwnship of Grafton county, New Hampshire, containing 1670 i'haHitants in 1810. li is sitiiat- d on the K s de of Con- necticut river, between Hanover and Ox- ford, ahout 8 miles N of Dartmouth Col- lege. Popn'ation in 1810, 1670 ; and in 1820. 1824. Lyme, post village of Grafton county, New Hampshire. Lyme, post tuwn in New London cnunty» Connecticut, on the E bank of Connecticut river, and on Long Island Sound, 18 miles SW of New London, in the lat. of 41 25 N, and lon. 72 4C E. Population in 1820, 4069, Lyme, township of Jefferson county. New York, ^>n lake On'ario. Population in 1820, 1724. I,yme. township in the western borders of Ihiron county, Ohio, Population in 1820 235. Lyme Req-is, borough and seaport of Dorsetshire, with a market on Friday. It is seated on thtr declivity of a craggy hi!!, on the river Lyme, which runs through it, at the head of a little inlet ; and from which it takfs its name, and its harbour is formed by a noble pier, called the Cobb. Lyme is governed by a mayor, and sends tv.'o mem- bers to parliament. It is 2« m;!e'' F. b" S of Exeter, and 143 W by S of London Lon. SOW, lat. 53 40 N. Lymington, borough and seaport ir Hants, with a market on Saturday. It i- seated about a mile from the chann-il callec the Needles, and the h;trbour will admit vessels of considerable burden. It is seat- ed on a hign hill, and sends two members to parliimen*, and is governed by a mayor. It is 12 miles SSW of Southampton, and 90 SW of London. Lon. 1 42 W, lat. 50 45 N, Lynchburg; post town in Campbell coun- ty, Virginia ; situated on the S side of James' river, 118 miles W of Richmond, and 128 W by N of Petersburg. Lon. W C 2 16 W, lat. 57 18 N. This town has advanced with great rapidity within the last 20 years. It 'vas incorporated in 1805, and it now contains, beside the nrdinary county buildings and places of pubbc wor- ship, 7 or 8 tobacco warehouses, in which from 10 to 15,000 hogsheads of tobacco are annually inspected, 3 or 4 flour mills, 1 paper mill, 1 carding machine, 3 or 4 cot- ton and woollen manufactories, near 50 dry good stores, and upwards of 20 grocery stores, with 4 book stores. It is an empo- nium for the trade of an extensive, fertile, and well cultivated interior. James' river being navigable for batteaux from here to Richmond, the tobacco, wheat, floiir, hemp, whiskey, »nd beef, are embarked and sent down by water. Population about 6000. A marble manufactory has been also estab- lished, a circumstance very illustrative of weahh and taste. Lynches Creek, so called, river which rises in Nor*b Carolina, a few miles west of Sneadsborough, and flowing south, enters South Carolina between Lancaster and Chesterfield districts, and assuming a south- east c'lurse, flows through South Carolina falls into the Great Pedee. The entire length of Lynch's creek by comparative courses, exceeds 100 miles. Lynch Lake, post village, Williamsburg district. South Carolina. Lyudeborough, township of Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, 10 miles NW from Amherst. Population in 1820, 1168. Lyndhurst, village in Hants, in the New Forest. 'Here is a seat, which belongs to the ddke ot Gloucester, as^lord warden of the New Forest. It is seven miles N of Lymingtcn. Lyndon, post village and tow^nship, Cale- donia county, Vermont, 33 miles NE from Montpelier, Population 1100. Lynn, town in Essex county, Massachu- setts, famous for the manufactory of wo- men's shoes It has a post office, and is situated 10 miles NE of Boston, and five SW of Salem, in the lit, of 42 28 N, and lon. of 70 52 W. Populatioa in 1820, 45 L'--, M A C M A C Lynn, western township of Lehif^li coviti. ty, Pennsylvania. It joins Berks and Schuylkill counties, and is situated be- tween West Penns and Weissenberg town- ships. Population in 1810, 149r ; and in 1820, 1654. Lynn Canal, or Strait, NW coast of North America, winds in a northerly direc- tion from the northern extremity of Cha- tham strait, of which it is in reality a con- tinuance. Lon. \V C 57 43 \V, lat. of its entrance 58 12 N. Lynn Creek, post office, Giles county, Tennessee. Ijynnfield, township of Essex county, Massachusetts, 10 miles VV from Salem, and 11 miles N from Boston. PopuLtion in 1820, 596, Lynn/inven Hay, is a curve of the CUesa- peak at its southern extremity, between Hampton Roads and Cape JTenry. Lynn Jieg-is, or Jiang's Linn, borough and seaport in Norfolk, 42 miles \\?^X\V of Norwich, and 106 N by E of London. Lon. 24 E, lat. 52 48 N. Lynn River, in the county of Norfolk, Upper Canada, rises in the township of Windham, and runnincj from thence south- erly thro'icrh the township of Woodhouse, empties itself into lake Erie, where it has about three feet water on the bar; it is a good harbour for hu'teaux. Lyonois, late province of France, which, with t 'at of Forez, forms the department of Rhone and Loire. Lyons, second city of France for beauty, commerce, and opulence. It is the capital of the department of Tliioneand Loire, and is seated at the confluence of tiie Rhone and Sitone. it was founded a!>out the year 42 B. C. by the Romans, who mnde it the centre of the commerce of ihe Gauls. About the year 145, it was totally destroy- ed by fire, but was re-built by the munifi- cence of Nera. Many antiquities are still observed, that evince its Roman origin. Lyons is the see of an archbishop, and be- fore its recent calamities contained 150,000 inhabitants, upwards of 30,000 of whom were employed in various manufactures, particularly of rich stuffs, of the most ex- quisite workmanship, in silk, gold, sdver, &c. The quays were adorned with mag- nificent structures. The Hotel-de-ville vied with that of .\msterdam ; and the theatre was not surpassed by any in France. The other principal public Ijuiid- ings were the H^itel de Dieu, the Hospital of Charity, the Exchange, the Cusiom- House, the Palace of Justice, the Arsenal, a public library, and two colleges. The bridge, which unites tlie city with the suburb de la Guillotierc, is 1560 feet long; and there are three other principal suburbs, six gates, and several fine churches. No city of France suffered so much from the revolution as Lyons ; its popidation was reduced to less than 80,000. It is again rapidly increasing, and contains it is proba- ble 130,000 inhabitants. This city is 15 miles N of Vienne, and 220 SE of Pans. Lon 4 55 E, lat. 45 46 N, Lyons, township and po't village, Onta- rio county. New York. The village is ele- gantly situated on the Erie canal, 15 miles N from Geneva. Population in 1820, 3972. Lyon's Creek, in the county of Lincoln, Upper Canada, discharges itself nto Chip- pewa river, in the township of Willou^^hby, no f,r above the mouth of that nvcr. Lyons, Gulf of, that curve of the Medi- terranean sea, betweeil Catalonia and the gulf of Genoa. Lysnnder, township of Onandago county. New York, at the confluence of the Onon- dago or Oswego and Seneca rivers, 20 miles N from Onondago. M 3T(uitea, oneoftiie Society Isles in the South Sea. See Society Isles. Jlfdbra, tow n of the kingdom of Algiers, seated on the gulf of Bona, W of the town of B ;na. JMac .Hli.':ter's- Cross Roads, post office, Montgomery county, Tennessef. Macao, town of China, in the province of Canton, in an island at the entrance of the bay of Canton. It is defended by three forts. The Portuguese have been in possession of the harbour since 1640. They pay a tribute of 100,000 ducats for the liberty of choosing their own magis trati^-s, exercising their r<-ligion, and living according to their own laws ; and here, ac- cordinglv, is a Portugvicse govcrr.or, as 3 Z well as a Chinese mandarin, to tike care of ' the town and the neighbouring country. The British and ome other European na- tions have factories in this place. Lon. 113 46 E, lat. 22 12 N. Jllccarsca, seaport of Dalmatia, with a pretty good harbour and a bishop's see, seated on the gulf of Venice, 25 miles SE of Snalatro. Lon. 18 7 E, lat. 43 49 N. JStacas See ,l\fajas. Macassar, kingdom of Celebes, whence that island is called Macassar. See Ce/e- bes Macassar, large town of the island of Celebes, capital of a kingdom of the same nnme. The houses are all of wood, sup- ported by thick posts, and the roofs cover- 515 M A C M A G eJ with veiy large leaves ; tliey liave lad- ders to ascend mta them, which they draw up as soon as they have entered. It is seated near the mcuth of a 'arge river, which runs through the kingdom from N to S. Lon. 117 28 E, lat. 5 S. Macassar, Straits of, between Borneo and Celebes. Macauleu's Store, post office, Montgome- ry county. North Carolina. Mac Callus Bridge, post office, York county, Pennsylvania, 15 miles south from Lancaster. Mac Connekto-mi, post town, Bedford county, Pennsylvania, 19 miles W from Chanibersburg. Macclesfield, corporate town in Cheshire, with a market on Monday. It is seated at the edge of a forest of the same name, near the river Bolin, and governed by a mayor. It has manufactures of mohair, twist hat- bands, buttons, and tiiread ; and mills for the winding of silk. It is 36 miles E of Chester, and 171 NW of London. Lon. 2 17 W, lat. 53 15 N. Mac Connellsville, See M} Connellsville. Mac Culloch's Mills, post office, Albe- marle county, Virginia. Mac Cutchensville. See M'Cutchem- ville. Mac Danielsville, post village, Spartan- burg district. South Carolina. Macdonoiigh, township of Chenango county, New York. Population in 1820, 789. " Macedonia, province of Turkey in Eu- rope ; bounded on the N by Servia and Bulgaria, on the E by Romania and the Archipelago, on the S by Livadia, and on the W by that country and Albania. Salo- nichi ancient Thessalonia, is the capital. Present population 700,000. Macerata, handsome populous town of Italy, in the marquisate of Ancona, with a bishop's see and a university. It is sea'ed near the mouniain Ciiiento, 12 miles SW of Loretto. Lon. 13 27 E, lat. 43 20 N. Mac Farland's, post office, Lunenburg county, Virginia, about 60 miles SW from Richmond. J\rac Gaheifs, post office, Rockingham county, Virginia. Machecou, town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Loire and late province of Bretagne, seated on tiie Tenu, 20 miles SW of Nantes. Lon. 1 11 W, lat. 47 2 N. Macherry, town oF Ilindoostan proper, situated in the province of Mewat, about 72 miles distant from Delhi. Machian, one of the Molucca Islands, 20 miles in circumference, and the most fer- tile of them all. It produces the best cloves, and the Dutch have here three jnaccessible forts. Lon. 126 55 E, lat. 2 S. Mr. Macluas, maritime township, Washings ton county, Maine, on the W side of Ma- chias river. Lat. 44 44 N, and lon. 67 34 W. The principal vinagc , post office and seat of justice for the county, is at the falls in iVIachias river. On the east branch, there is, however, another fine village with a post office. The principal exports from this place is lumber. Population in 1810, 1570. Machicaco, promontory of Spain, in the bay of Biscay. Lon. 3 W, lat. 43 37 N. Machynleih, town in Montgomeryshire, with a market on Monday, seated on the Douay, over which is a stone bridge lead- ing into Merionethshire. It is 57 miles W of Montgomery, and 198 NW of London. Lon. 3 45 W, lat. 52 24 N. Mackenzie's River, or Unjigah River, OP Peace River, an immense stream of North America, rising in the Chippewan moun- tains, lon, W C 40 W, and lat. 52^ N. Thiij is the Elk river, which flows XE to lat. 58, enters the Athapescow lake, by which it receives from the NE a very large accession of water. A short distance below the At- thapescow discharge, the proper Peace enters from the SW. The united stieams continue NNW to about lat. 61 30, where the whole mass is lost in Great Slave lake, a body of water extending nearly east and west upwards of 300 miles. At the ex- treme NW part of the lake Mackenzie's river is discharged, which assuming a course of a little W of NW, enters the Arctic ocean at lat. 69 N, and 56 W from Washington. The entire course of this great river pas.^es through 172 degrees of latitude, and with its difference of longi- tude and windings, exceeds 2000 miles in Ipng'.h. Macintosh, county of Georgia ; bound- ed by the Atlantic Ocean SE Alatema- hah river, or Glynn, and Wayne SW ; and Liberty NW, and NE. Length 40 ; mean width 14; and area 560 square miles. Surface level, and soil, in part sandy Chief town Darien. Staples su- gar, and cotton. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 386 do. do. females - - - 375 Total whites . . - AU oiher persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820, Free white males - - . do. do. females - . - All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - M A (; M A r Tetal whites I'pee persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males do. females ■ Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in A.(:jriculture do. in Manufactures do in Commerce Population to the square mile 9. ][Iac Kean, county of Pennsylvania ; bounded by Cleartield S ; Jefferson SW ; Wener W ; Cattarangus, and Alleghany counties of New York N ; Potter E ; and Lycoming SE. Length 42 ; width 25 ', and area 1442. Surface hilly, and soil generally of middling quality. Chief town Smith port. Population in 1810 Free white males . - - 93 do. do. females ... 48 1,343 Population in 1820. 36 Free white males 35 do. do. females - - . 1,890 All other persons except Indians 1,825 not taxed 741 5,129 23 205 48 Total whites . - - - 1,452 Free persons of colour, males - 12 do. do. females 6 Slaves, males - . . - 68 do. females ... 85 Total population in 1820 1,62 Total whites All other persons except Indians not taxed Slaves . . - - - 141 Total population in 1810 - - 142 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed - . - . Total whites .... 727 Free persons of colour, males d® do. females 1 Slaves, males ... - do. females . - . Total population in 1820, - 728 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 380 do. in Manufactures - - 25 do. in Commerce - - 10 Population to tiie square mile, Ij. Mac Mimjille, post town and .seat of justice, Warren county, Tennessee, 70 miles SE from Nashville. Macomb, couity uf Michigan, bounded E by St. Clair river and lake ; S by Wayne county : SW by Oekland county ; to the N uncertain. Extent in square miles also uncertain. Surface moderate- ly hiily. and soil excellent. Population in 1820. Free while males ... 465 do. do. females ... 431 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 415 Total whites - - - - 311 Free persons of cclour, males - do. do. females, Slaves, 89G 2 J Total populatioHyin 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do in M;»nufactures do. in Commerce 869 22 241 2i 1 1 212 15 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce - - 2 Population to the square mile, ^. Mackey's vilk, post village Burke county North Carolina. Mac Minn, county of Tennessee ; bounded SE by Monroe ; SW by High Wassee river ; NW by Rhea ; and NE by Roane and Blount. Length 30, mean ■width 20 ; and area 600 square miles. Surface hilly, and soil varied. Chieitown Calhoun. Population to the square mile, uncer- tain. Macon, town of France, in the depart- ment of Saone, and Loire and late pro- vince of Burgundy, lately a bishop's see. It is remarkable for its t;ood wine ; and is seated on the declivity of a hill, near the Saone, 35 miles N of Lyons, and 188 SE of Paris. Maconsville, post village Northam- ton county North Carolina. Macres, river of Africa, which runs across the kingdom of Tripoli, and falls into the Mediterranean, a little to the E of Lebed.^. MacrU ancient town of Samos, in the Archipelago. 547 M A n y Macronissi, ancient Helen, small is- iand ot" Greece S from Atiica. Macungij, township nt Lvbi :h ccmty, Pciinsyivhnia, on the LittU- Ltiugh nvtr, between Upper Milforcl and Wi-.-ssen- burg, 5 miles SW from Allentown, Po pulatioji 1820, 2S02 Macziia, small island on the Red Sea, near the cast of Abex. Madagascar, large island of Africa, dlscove'-ed by tiie Portuguese, in 1492. It lies 40 leagues E of the continent of Africa, from which it is separated by the strait of Mosambique. It extends 900 miles from N to S, and is from 200 to 300 broad. The natives are common- ly tall, well made, and of olive complex- ion, and some of them pretty black. They are civil and goijd natured peo- ple but easily provoked, and apt to show their resentment on the least provoca- tion. Their hair is not wooly, like that of the negroes of Guinea ; but it is al- ways black, and for the most part curls naturally : th ir nose is small though not flat, and they have not thick lips. The abundance and variety of pr visions of every kind, which a fine climate and fertile soil can produce are on no part of the globe superior to those of Madagas- car. The Fr.nch have attempted to settle here, but have always been repel- led. There are only some parts on the coast yet known. Lat. from 12 to 26 S. Madale7ia, river. See Magdalena. Madbtrry, township of Stafft rd coun- ty New Hampshire, ll'miles NW from Portsmouth, Poj)ulation 1820, 559. Madensborough, toxvnship of Bucking- ham county Lower Canada 12 miles SE from Three Rivers. Maderia, island in the Atlantic Ocean, 120 miles in circumference, and 240 N by E of Teneriffe In 1419, wien the Por- tuguese, uncier the patronage of prince Henry, had made their second voyage to their recently >!iscovLred island of Por- to Santo, they observed towards the S, a fixed spot in the horizon, like a small black cloud. By degrees, they were led to conjecture that it might be land, and steering toward it, they arrived at a con- siderable island, uninhabited, and cover- ed with wood, which on that account, they called Maderia Prince Henry, the next year, settled a col'Miy here, and not only furnished it with the seeds and plants, and domestic animals common in Europe, but he procured slpj, of the vine from (Cyprus, the rich wines of which were then in gr^at request, and plants of the sugar cane frf)m Sicily, into which it had been i:4tr-ly introduced. These throve so pr sp' musly. that the sugar and wine of Maderia quickly be- 548 came articles of some consequence m the commerce of Portugal ; but its wit^«, in parti rui)i'.r, is ii t;,e hi:.;hP3t estimation, especially sucii as had been a voyage to the East or West Indies, tor it matures best in the hottest climate. The scorch- ing hc-at of summer, and the icy chill of winter, are here equally unknown ; spring and autumn reign continual- ly, and produce Howers, and fruits throughout the year. Many brooks and small rivulets descend from the moun- tains in deep chasms or glens, which se- p.f ate the various parts of the island. the beds of the brooks are in some places covered with stones of all sizes, carried down from the higher parts by thf violence of winter rains or floods of melted 'snow. The water is conducted by weers and channels in the vineyards, where each proprietor has the use of it for a certain time ; some being allowed to keep a constant supply of it, some to use it thrice, others twice, and others only once a week. As the heat of the climate renders the supply of water to the vineyards absolutely necessary, it is not Without great expense that a new vineyard can be planted : for the mainte- nance of v/hich, the owners must pur- chase water at a high price, from those who are constantly supplied, and are thus enabled to spare son?.e of it. The cedar tree is found in great abundance, and extremely beautiful ; most of the ceilings and furniture at Maderia are made of that wood, which yields a very fragrant smell. The dragon tree is a native of this island. Flowers nursed in the English greenhouses grow wild here in the iields ; the hedges are mostly formed of the myrtle, rose, jassamine, and honeysuckle ; while the larkspur, fleur-de-lis, lupin, &c. spring up sponta- neously in the meadows. There are very few reptiles to be seen in the island ; the lizard is the most common. Canary birds and gddfinclies are found in the moun- tains ; of the former numbers are sent every year to England. This island is well watered and populous. Funchal is the capital. Madera, river of South America, one of the great southern confluents of the Amazon, rises as far south as lat. 20 S. interl* eking sources with the Pilcomays, and Ucayale, flowing thence nearly due N to S lat. 10 ; it thence turns to NE and enters the Amazon at lat. 3 S. The Madera is one of the largest secondary rivers of the globe. Madia or il/a§-§-/o, town, river, valley, and bailiwick of Swisserland, in Upper V,il!ais, The valley is long and nar- row, between high, mountains, watered >r A I J M A IJ throughout its whole length by tb.e river and it is the fourth transalpine bailiwic. The town is 10 miles NVV of Locarno. Madison, township of Somerset county Mair.e, on the Kennebec river 10 miles above Norridgewock. Population 1820, 881, JilJadison, county of New York ; bound- ed by Onondago W, Oneida lake !NW; Oneida county ISE; Otsego SE ; and Chenango S. Length 28 ; mean width 20 ; and area 560 square miles. It occu- pies the dividing ground between the waters flowing into the Chenango, and Unadilla branches of Susquehannah ; the Chitinengo, Oneida, and Canaserago creeks entering Oneida lake ; and some creeks flowing into the Mohawk. The surface is generally hilly, but the soil highly fertile, and productive in grain, pasturage, and fruits. Chieftowns Ha- milton, Madison, and Cazenovia. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 12,796 do. do. females - - 12,136 Ridge, or Shanandoah, coni'ity ; and NE, and E by Culpepper. It is about 28 miles square; and has an -area of 784 square miles. It is drained entirely by various creeks of the Rapid Ann ; the sur- face is moderately hilly and soil of mid- dling qualitj'. Staples flour and tabacco. Chieftown Madison. Total whites All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves 24,932 177 35 Total population in 1810, 25,144 Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females AH other persons except Indians / not taxed .... 16,280 15,736 Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females - Slaves, males .... do. females 32,016 86 96 1 9 Total population In 1820 52,208 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 67 F.ngaged in Agriculture . . 5,884 do. in Manufa'-'jires - > 1,085 do. in Commerce - - 77 Population to the square mile, 57. Madison, township of Madison county New Y(irk, on the heads of Chenango river and Oi-iskany creek, 22 miles S\V from Utica. Population 1820, 2420. Madison, township of Columbia county Pennsylvania, between Greenwood and Uerry, 5 miles N from Danville. Popu- lation 1820, 1330. Madisp?!, county of Virginia ; bounded SE, S, and SW, by Orange county, or the Rapid Ann river ; NW by the Blue Population in 1810. Free wiiite males . 2,206 do. do. females • ; 2,117 Total vvliites 4,323 All other perions except Ind ians not taxed . 88 Slaves .... ■ 3,970 Total population in 1810 - ■ 8,381 Population in 1820. Free white males . 1,904 do. do. females - . 1,896 .\ll other persons except Indians !iot taxed - . . Total whites ... 3,800 Free persons of colour, males . 36 do. do. fem-ales . . 42 Slaves, males - . . . 2,346 do, females . 2,266 Total population in 1820 - 8,490 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 6,319 do. in Manufactures - 110 do. in Commerce - - 15 Population to the square mile, lOA, Madiso?:, post village, Madison county, Virginia, on Robertson's river branch of Rapid Ann, 45 miles W from Fredericks- burg. Madison, post village of Amherst county Virginia on the left bank of James river, opposite Lynchburg. Madison, county of Georgia on Broad river ; bounded,S by OgU thorp ; SW by Clark ; W by Jackson : NW, and N by Franklin ; and NE by Elbert. Length 30 ; mean width 10 ; and area 300 square miles. Surface hilly ; but soil produc* tive. Chieftown Danielsville. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 1,418 do. do. females - - 1,411 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites - - - 2,826 Free persons of colour, males 2 do. do. females Slaves, males - - _ 433 do. females - - _ 471 549 M A i) Al .\ J) Total population in 1820 3,735 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,217 do. in Manufactures - 65 do. in Commerce - 7 Population to the square mile, 12. Madison post town and seat of jus- tice, Morgan county Georgia, 50 miles NNW from .^lilledgviile. Madison, county of Alabama, bound- ed N by Tennessee ; E by Decatur ; S by Tennessee river ; and W by Lime- stone county in Alabama. Length 30 ; mean width 20 ; and area 600 square miles. Surface diversified by hill and dale, and soil highly fertile. Staple cot- ton. Chief town Huntsville. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 1,956 do. do. females - - 1,789 Total whites .... All other persons except Indians not taxed - - . . Slaves - ... 3,745 6 948 Total population in 1810 - - 4,699 Population in 1820. Free white males - - 4,805 do. do. females - - 4,008 All other persons except Indians not taxed Total whites - - - 8,813 Free persons of colour, males 28 do. do. females, 18 Slaves, males ... 4,585 do. females - - - 4,037 Total population in 1820 ^ 17,481 Population to the squar6 mile, 29. Madison, post village, Rhea county Tennessee. Madison, county of Kentucky ; bound- ed by C!av SE ; Rockcastle S ; Garrand VV ; Kentucky river or Jessamine NW ; Kentucky river, or Fayette and Clark N ; and Estili E. Length 38 ; mean width 15 ; and area 570 square miles. Chief town Richmond. Population in 1810, Free white nn.ales . . - 6,504 do. do. females - - - 5,977 Total whites - - . - - 12,481 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - . 22 Slaves 3,037 Total population in 1810 - . 15,540 PoDul..t-.on in 1820. Free white males 6,018 do. do. females - 5,720 550 Total whites .... 11,738 Free persons of colour, males - 35 do. do. females 27 Slaves, males .... 2,093 do. females .... 2,081 Total population in 1820 - - 15,954. Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized . 9 Engaged in Agriculture - 4,422 do. in Manufactures . 189 do. in Commerce - - 38 Population to the square mile, 28. Madison, county, bounded on the N by Union, E by Franklin, S by Fayette, and W by Clark and Champaign coun- ties. It is about 28 miles long from north to south, by 19 broad from E to W ; and contains 400 square miles. This county contains extensive bodies of fine land, well adapted to agriculture, and grazing. One of the staples of the county is neat cattle, which are sent to Detroit, Pittsburg, Philadelphia, and other places. Chief town, Loudon. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 876 do. do. females, - - - 714 Total whites .... 1,590 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 13 Slaves Total population in 1810 - - 1,603 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 2,530 do. do. females - - 2,247 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females - Slaves, males do. females - - . Total population in 1820 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 12. Madison, township of Columbiana coun- ty Ohio, Population 1820, 1039. Madison, township of Muskingum county Ohio, east from Muskingum ri- ver, and containing the villai;e of Hay- market. Population 1820, 583.. Madison, township in the NE part of Higland county. Population 1820, 1112. 4,777 12 10 4,799 5 826 90 10 M A D M A D Madison, post village, and NE town- ship of GeangA county Ohio. Grand ri- ver traverses through this township. Population 1820, 9^1.' Madison, township of Richland coun- ty Ohio, in which is situated the village of Mansfield. Population 18'J0, 552, Madison, township of Licking county. Population 1820, 524. Madison, SE township of Franklin county. Population 1120, 1097. Madison, NE township of Pickaway county Ohio. Population 1820, 871. Madis'jn, township of Guernsey coun- ty Ohio. Population 1820, 643. Madison, township of Jackson county Ohio. Population 1820, 515. Madison, NE township of Sciota coun- ty. Population 1820, 591. Madison, township of Fairfield county Ohio. Population 1820. 616. Madison, SE township of Clark coun- ty Ohio. Population 1820, 916. Madison, township of Fayette county Ohio. Population 1820, 1220. Madison, township of Montgomery county Ohio, west from Miami river, and adjoining; to the county of Prebble. Population 1820, 1000. Madison, post village Hamilton coun- ty Ohio. Madison, township of Butler county. Population 1820, 1826. Madison, NE township of Perry coun- ty. Population 1820, 8>6. Madison, post town and seat of jus- ticef, Jefiferson county Indiana, on the Ohio river 75 miles above Louisville, and 75 below Cincinatti. Population about 1500. It has already one printing office, a bank, and three or four places of public worship. Madison, county of Illinois, on the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, opposite the mouth of Missouri. Extent in square miles uncertain. It is bounded S by St. Clair and Washington ; and E by Bond. Surface in most part level. Soil fertile. Chief town Edwardsville. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 7,554 do. do. females - - - 5,869 Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures 13,4: 13,550 CO 4,153 101 Engaged in Commerce - - 47 Popsiltion to the square m':le, uncertain. Madison, county of Missouri, on Big Black branch of White river ; bounded S by Arkansaw territory ; W by Wayne county in Missouri ; N by Washington, and E by St. Francis rivers. Length 90 ; breadth 50 ; and area 4500 square miles. Surface varied, level towari.4s St. Fran- cis; but becoming hilly in the central and mountainous in the western parts. Soil in many places highly fertile- It is drained by Big-black, Little-black, Cur- rent, Thomas'-fork, Eleven-point, and Spring rivers. Most of its surface is yet an uncultivated wilderness. Chief town Fredericktown. Popul.iiion in 1820. Free white m.ales ... 901 do. do. females • - 771 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - _ Q Total whites .... 1,672 Free perions of colour, males - 2 df). do. females . 2 Slaves, males - - - - 184 do. females . - - 187 Total population in 1820. - 2,047 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 1 Engaged in Agriculture . - 469 do-. in Manufactures - - 50 do. in Commerce . - 8 Population to the square mile, w. Jfadison's rive?; branch of Missouri, rises in the Chippewan mountains, be- tween the Yellow Stone, and Jefferson's river, and flowing NE joins Jefferson's and Gallatin's rivers, and forms the Mis- souri JMadi&onville, post town and seaport of Louisiana, on Chisunete river, parish of St. Tammany, about 23 miles NNW from New Orleans. Madras, or Fort St. George, fort and town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, on the coast of Coromandel. It is the prin- cipal settlement of the English East In- dia Company on the E side of the pe- ninsula, and is a fortress of very great extent, including within it a regular well built city. It is close on the margin of the Bay of Bengal, from which it has a rich and beautiful appearance ; the hou- ses being covered with a stucco called chunam, which in itself is nearly as compact as the finest marble, and, as it bears as high a polish, is equally splen- did. They consist of long colonnades, with open porticos, and flat roofs ; and the citv contains n)anv handsome and 551 M A i) M A K spacious streets. But the inner apart- ments of the houses are not much de- corated, presenting to the eye only white wails ; which, however, from the mar- ble-liice appearance of the stucco, give a freshness, grateful in so hot a country. Ceilings arc very unconnmon in the rooms. Indeed it is impossible to find any which •will resist the ravages of that destruc- tive insect, the white ant. There is a second city, called the Black Town, nearly 4 miles in circuit, separated from Madras by the breadth of a proper es- planade only. Madras, in common with all the European settlements on this coast, has no port for shipping ; the coast forming nearly a straight line ; and it is incommoded also with a high and dan- gerous surf. Madras was taken by the French in iri6, but restored by the peace of Aix la-Chapeile. It is 100 miles N by E of Pondicherry, 1030 SW by W of Calcutta, and 75S SE of Bombay. Lon. 80 25 E, lat. 13 5 N. Madre de Dios, island in the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of Patagonia, 180 miles in circumference. Lon. 42 VV, lat. 51 S. It is the Resolution of En- glish sailors and geographers. Madre de Po/ia, town of Nfew Grana- da, on the Madelena, 50 miles E of Car- thagena. Madrid, capital of Spain, in New Cas- tile. The houses are all built with brick, and the streets are long, broad, and straight, and adorned at proper distan- ces with handsome fountains. Tliere are above 100 towers or steeples, in different places, which contribute greatly to the embellishment of the city- It is seated in a large plain, surrounded by high mountains. Madrid is seated on tlie ri- ver Manzanares, whicl\ th(;ugh small, is adorned with two magnificent bridges. It 265 miles NE of Lisbon, 790 S by W of London and 625 SSW of Paris. Lon. 3 20 W, lat. 40 25 N. It is the most elevated capital in Europe, standing on ground about 2200 feet above the level of the Atlantic Ocean ; consequent- ly the air in winter is keen and pier- cing. The atmosphere is, however, ge- nerally pure and serene. Population about '200 000. The learned institutions of Madrid are numerous and highly re- spectable. It is 650 miles SSW fi'ora Paris. "850 VV by S from Rome, but up- wards of 1000 by land, and about 800 miles SSW from London. jV/adrid, township, a.nd post village St Lawrence county New York, on St Lawrence river, at Point Ircqoois, 3 miles above Hamilton, and 12 !:eiow Ogdensburg. Population 1820, 19.^0. Madjipal, town cf Spaiti, in Old Cas- tile, seated in ajjlain, fertile in excellent wine, 10 miles from Medina-del Campo, Lon. 4 19 W, lat 41 25 N. Madrigal, town of South America, in the province of Popayan. Lon. 75 45 W, lat. 50 N. Madrmo, small town of Italy, in the state of Venice, 32 miles from Venice. Mad rlx'er, name of a township in Clark county Ohio. Population 1S20, 734. .V'ad river, large eastern branch of the (Jreat Miami, rising in the northern parts of Logan county Ohio; aci'oss which, ani Clark, and the northwest- wardly corner of Green county, it runs in a south westwardly direction above 50 miles, into the eastern part of Montgo- mery county, and falls into the Miami above the town of Dayton. .Ifadrogum, large town of Africa, ca- pit.'d of Monomotapa, with a spacious royal palace. The upper part of the houses is in the shape of a bell. Lon. 31 40 E, Idt. 18 S. Madura, large town and capital of an island of the same name, in the Indian Sea. Lon. 12 49 E, lat. 9 50 N. ' Madura, town of the Carnatic, capi- tal of a province of the same name, on the coast of Coromandel, 130 miles N by E of Cape Comorin, and 303 SW of Ma- dras. Lon. 78 12 E, lat. 9 55 N._ trader, lake of Sweden 80 miles long and 20 broad, between the provinces of Westmania and Sudermania. Jilaelstroin, very extraordinary 'and dangerous whirlpool, on the coast of Nor- way, in 68 N lat. in the province of Nord- land aiid district of Lofuden, near the isl- land of Moskoe, whence it is also named JMoskoestrom. The mountains of Hel- seggen, in Lofoden, lies a league from the island of Moskoe, and between these two, runs this large and dreadful stream, the depth of which is from 36 to 40 fa- thoms When it is Hood, the sti-eam runs up the country between Lofoden and Moskoe with a boisterous rapi- ditv ; but the roar of its impetuous ebb to the sea is scarcely equalled by the loudest cataract. The whirlpool is of such an extent and depth, that if a ship comes within its attraction! it is inevi- tably absorbed and beat tn pieces against the rocks b.low ; and when the water relaxes, the fragments come up again. The intervals of tranquillity ai-e only at the turn of the ebb and flood, and calm weather ; they last but a quarter of an hour, its violence gradually returning. When the stream is most boisterous, and its fury heii^htened by a storm, ve.s- sels have been reached by it at the dis- tance cf five railcs. M A ti M A G Maerna, town of Germany, in 'iY^'o'i 23 miles WSW of Trent. Maeseyk, town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege, on the river Meuse, 10 miles SSW of Ruremonde. JMaeslandsluijSt town of South Holland, near the mouth of the Meuse, 10 miles W of Rotterdam. Jlaestrichl, city of the Netherlands, about 4 miles in circumfertr'nce, seated on the Meuse, opposite Wyck, with which it communicates by a stone bridge. The num!)er of inhabitants is estimated at 18,000. It has a college formerly be- longing to the Jesuits, a cnuacil house with itslibrary, and manufactures of cloth, and fire-arms. The fortification and situ- ation of Maastricht are such, that it is deemed one of the strongest places in Eu- rope. It is 14 miles NNE oi Liege, 58 E of Brussels. Lon. 5 48 E, lat. 50 49 N. JLifra, town of Portugal, in Estrema- dura, with a college founded in 1772. The town is seated near the sea, 18 miles NNW of Lisbon. Magadi, or Maghery, town of Hin- doostan, in Mysore, seated in a hilly country abounding in timber- trees, stone, and iron, 24 miles W of Bangalore. Magadoxo, capital of a kingdom of the same name, on the coast vi Ajan, with a citadel, and good harbour. It stands at the mouth of a river of its name, which is supposed to have a long course, having regular inundations that fertilize the country to a great extent. The king and his court are Mohamme- dans ; his subjects, of v/hat extract so- ever (for some of them are white, others tawny and olive, and others quite black) all speak the Arabic tongue ; they are stout and warlike, and among other weapons use poisoned arrows and lan- ces. The city is a place of great com- merce, receiving from Adel and otiur parts, cotton, silk, spices, and dings, in exchange for gold, ivory, wax, and other commodities. Lon. 46 25 E, lat. 2 10 N. JMagdcburg, duchy of Germany, in Lower Saxony, bounded on the N and E by Brandenburg, S by Anhalt, and Haberstadt, and VV by Brunswick. It is divided into four circles, Hob, Saal, Jerich, and Ziesar. The cuuntry is in general level, and the parts which are not marshy and overgrown with wood are very fertile. The salt springs are of such richness, that they are able to supply all Germany with salt. This duchy belongs to the king of Prussia. Magdeburg, fortified city, capital of the duchy of the same name. It has a haudsome palace, a citadel with a fine arsenal, and a magnificent cathedral, 4 A which contains the superb mauseclum of Ocho the Great. This city is happily situated for trade having an easy com- munication with Hamburg by the Elbe, tiierefore they carry on manufactures of cotton, linen, &c. to a great extent, but their piincipal merchandise is silk and woollen. It is the strongest place be- longing to the Prussian majesty, where his principal magazines and founderies are established. It is 40 miles VV of Bran- denburg, and 125 SE of Hamburg. Lon; 1145E, lat. 52 UN. Magellan, strait of South America, between the continent, and island of Ter- ra del Fu'go; discovered in 1520, by Magellan, a Portuguese in the service ot Spain, since which time it h ^s been sailed through by several navigators ; but the passage being dangerous and trouMesonie, they now sail to the Pacific Ocean round Cape Horn. The Spaniards call the country to the N of this strait Tierra Magallanica. Magevitle, township of Sunbury county New Brunswick, on the right side of St. Jo'.n's river. Maginda, island of the Pacific Ocean, in Austral Asia ; it is the most southern of the Phillippines, and is about 300 miles in length, but irregular and nar- row. MagiJidano, town and capital of the foregoing island is situated at lon. 124, 40 E, and lat. 7 09 N. .llaggia See Madia. Jiaggiore, or Locarno, lake of Italy, partly in the duchy of Milan, and partly in the country of the Grisons, being about 35 in length, and 6 in breadth. .Magliano, suiall but populous town of Italy, in the territory of the pope, and district of Sabino, seated on a mountain near the river Tiber, 30 miles SVV of Spoletto, and 30 N of Rome. Lon. 12 M E, lat 42 25 N, MagnavaccOy town of Italy, in the Ferrarese, witli a fort seated at the mouth of the lake of Comachio, in the gulf of Venice, 18 miles N of Ravenna. Lon. 12 4 E, lat. 44 52 N Magnesia. See Manachia. Magnissa, town of Asia Minor, ancient Jlagne&ia. It is still a large, fine, and populous city. Lon. 27 18 E, lat. 38 44 N. Jllagmj, town of France, in the de- partment i:f Seine and Ooise and late province of the Isle of France, 32 miles ISVV of Paris. Lon. 1 54 E, lat. 49 10 N. Jilagra, river of Italy, which rises in the Appcnines, in the valley of Magra. washes Pont-Remoli and Sarzana, below which it falls into the Mediterranean. MQgra, valley in the duchy of Tus- 553 M A H cany, 21 miles in length, and 15 in breadth. Maguider's post office, Prince George's county Maryland. Maguelone, lake of France, in the de- partment cf Herault and late province of Languedoc, near a town of the same name, which is seated on the coast o£ the Mediterranean, into which the lake en- ters by a canal, the beginninng of the fa- mous capital of Languedoc. Mahadia. See Elmadia. Mahalen, town of Egypt, capital of Garbia. It carries on a considerable trade in linen, cotten, and sal-ammoni- ac ; and the inhabitants have ovens to hatch chickens. Loq. 30 31 E, lat. 31 SON. Muhanoy, river of Pennsylvania, rises in the northern part of Schuylkill county, in the township of Rush, and flowing WSW about 50 miles falls into the Sus- quehannah, ll miles belov/ Sunbury. About one half of its course tov/ards its mouth, is in Northumberland county. Mahanoy Mountains, are one ridge between Mahanoy, and Catawissy ri- vers ; and another between M;»hanoy ri- ver, and Shamokin creeks. JMahanoy, Little, township of North- umberland county Pennsylvania, between Line, and Mahanoy mountains. Popu- lation 1820, 447. Mahanoy, Loxver, township of Nortluim- befland county, Pennsylvania, along the Sasquehannah between ;Mahanoy and Ma- hantango rivers. Population in 1820, 1214. JIahanoii, Upper, township of Northum- berland county, Pennsylvania, enclosed by the Scire mountain, the NW limit of Schuylkill county, Mahantango creek, and the township of Lower Mahanoy. Popula- tion in 1820, 1639. Mahantango Creek, stream of Pennsylva- nia, rises in the NVV angle of Schuylkill county, and flows WSW, and falls into the Susquehannah 35 miles above Harrisburg. For about 12 miles above its mouth, it se- parates Dauphin and Northumberland coun- ties. Mahantango, Loivcr, township in the NW angle of Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, on Long Pine creek, or main branch of Mahantango. Population in 1820, 9c)7. Mahantango, Upper, township in tlie N W angle of Schaylkill county, on Little Mahantango. Population in 1820, 863. Mahanuddy, or Muhanady, river of Hln- doostan, which takes its rise in t!ie NW part of Berar. It falls by several mouths into the bay of Bengal, at Cattack ; these mouths form an assemblage of low woody islands. At the mouth of the principal 554 ]M A I channel, near False Point, is a forlifieil island, named Cajung or Codjung. Mahoning, river of Pennsylvania, rises by one large brancli in the western part of .JtfFeison, and by another in the western part of Indiana. These branches interlock witii the extreme western sources of the Susquehannah, and flowing westward, unite at Nicholsburg in the NW angle of Indiana, and the united stream continuing a little north of west about 20 miles, falls into the Allegany river, 20 miles above Kittanning. The entire length of the Mahoning is about , 50 miles. Mahoning, northern township of Indiana county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 1106. Mahoning, NW township of Mercer county, Pennsylvania, traversed by the Shenango and Mahoning creeks. Popula- tion in 'l 820, 1647. Mahoning, large creek, or small river, "ising in Columbiana, Stark, Portage, and Trumbull counties, Ohio, enters Pennsylva- nia at the SE angle of the latter, and joins the Shenango, to form Big Beaver in Beth- leliem county, Pennsylvania. Mahoning, township of Columbia county, Pennsylvania, on the right side of Susque- hannah river, including the village of Dan- ville. Population in 1820, 1478. 3Iahrattas,X.\\o large and powerful states of India, which derive their name from Mahrat, an ancient province of the Deccan. They are called the Poonah, or Western Mahrattas ; and the Berav, or Eastern. Collectively they occupy all the S part of Ilindoostan Proper, with a large proportion of tlie Deccan. Malvva, Orissa, Candeish, and VisiapoLir; the principal parts of Be- rar, Guzerat, and Agimere ; and a small part of Dowlatabad, Agra, and Allahabad, are comprised within their empire, which extends from sea to sea, across the widest part of the peninsula ; and from the con- iiies of Agra northward to the river Kishna soutlnv'urd : forming a tract of 1000 miles long and 700 broad. The western state, tlie capital of which is Poonali, is divided among a number of chiefs or princes, whose obedience to tl.c paiswah, or head, like tliat of the German princes to the emperor, is merely nominal at any time ; and, in some cases, an opposition of interests be- gets wars, not only between the members of the empire themselves, but also between the members and the head. Nagpour is the capi'.al of the Eastern Mahrattas. Their armies are principally composed of light horse. Maiden Creek, large brancIi of Schuyl- kill river, rising in the NW angle of Le- high county, flows nearly south through Leliigh and Heading, and falls into Schuyl- kill, 6 miles above Heading. Maiden Creek, township of Berks county. M A I -M A I Pennsylvania, along the ScluiylkjU on both sides of Maiden creek. Population in 1820, 1192. JMaidaihead, corporate town in Berk- shire. It carries on a pretty considjfrable trade in malt, meal, and timber. It is on the Thames, over wiiich is a bridge, 12 miles E bv N of Reading, and 26 W by N of London. Lon. 40 W, lat. 51 32 N. JMaidenliead, township of Hunterdon county. New Jersey. It is situated on the post road, about 6 miles NE of Trenton. Population in 1820, 1354. See Laivrencc in the .Iddenda. .Maidstone, borough, and the county town of Kent. It is seated on the Mecl- way, a branch of which runs through the town over which there is a bridge, and en- joys a brisk trade in exporting the commo- dities of the county, particularly its hops, of which there are numerous plantations around it. Here arc likewise paper mills, and a manufacture of linen thread. It is 20 miles W of Canterbury, and 35 ESE of London. Lon. 38 B, lat. 31 16 N. JUaidstone ToymsMp, Essex county, Up- per Canada, lies between Sandwich and Rochester, upon lake Erie. Maidstone, post town, Essex coun'.y, Vermont, 53 miles N from Montpellier. Population 200. Maina, district of the Morea, ancient Peloponnesus, which answers in part to the ancient Laconia. It is mountainous and barren, and inhabited by a poor, bold, and hardy race, who have never entirely submitted to tiie Turkish yoke. Jllaine, north-eastern state of the United States ; bounded by the Atlantic Ocean S E ; New Hampsliire SW ; Lower Canada NW and N ; and New Brunswick E. Miles. Maine has an external limit on the Atlantic Ocean of - - - 200 On Passamaquoddy bay and St. Croix river ... - 100 A frontier curved limit on New Brunswick and Lower Canada 400 A limit in common with New Hamp- shire of 150 Having an entire outline of 850 Its area 35,000 square miles, or 22,400,000 acres. Extreme south, N lat. 43 04, extreme north, N lat. 48. The greatest length of Maine is by a line drawn from its SW to NE angle, 350 miles. Greatest width, nearly on lat. 45 N, 200 miles. Extending through 5 degrees of latitude, very serious difference of climate is expe- rienced at the two extremities of Maine. The inhabited Atlantic border has a com- paratively mild climate. The surface of the state, though not mountainous, may bff viewed as rough and hilly. The soil, liow. ever, is generally well adapted to the pur- poses of agriculture, though varying very much in quality. The Atlantic border is indented and chequered more by peninsu- las and islands than any other part of the coast of the United States. This highly diversified zone is followed by anotiier more elevated; the falls of ihe rivers marking the line of separation. The in- habited part of the state extends about 100 miles inland, and is followed by a region abounding vv^ith lakes, and but imperfectly known. Beside many of the lesser note, Maine is drained by the three fine rivers, Andros- coggin, Kennebec, and Penobscot. The two former, are however in strictness, only one river. See the articles Kennehec and Penobscot. The sea border of this state, is in a peculiar manner remarkable for the number and excellence of its harbours ; and the excessive rise and ebb of the tide«;, tends to break the ice, and preserve tlie harbours of this and all the other parts of the coast of the United States, NE from Cape Cod more open in winter than could be expected in ordinary cases, from relative latitude. The principal productions of Maine, are grain, such as wheat, rye, oats, maize, and barley, meadow grasses, and flax. The immense interior forests, supply large quantities of lumber. Tlie latter may in- deed be viewed as the primary staple of the st.ate. Its principal ports are, Portland, Hallowell, Penobscot, Bangor, and East- port. This state, has like other sections of New England, paid early and steady atten- tion to the interests of education. Amongst its principal literary institutions, may be enumerated, Bo.vdoin college in Bruns- wick. The Maine Charity School at Ban- goi-, and the Literary and Theological school or institution at Waterville. Maine was admitted a state of the United States, March 3d, 1820. Politically Maine is subdivided into the counties of Population, 1820. Cumberland, . - . - 49,339 Hancock, - . , - 31,071 Kennebeck, - - - - 42,632 Lincoln, 52,953 Oxford, .... 27,185 Penobscot, ... - 13,931 Somerset, , - ^ - 21,698 Wasliington, - - - - 12,746 York, ' 46,284 297,839 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized. 1,680 555 M A I VI A K" Engaged iu Agriculture - - o5,Gol (lb. in Manufactures - - 7,643 do. in Commerce - - 4,297 Maine, river of Germany, which rises in the circle of Francoiiia, runs by Batnberg, Wurtzburg-, Aschaflfenburg, Hu-^au, arid Francfort, and falls in;o the Khine, at Mentz. JWiwrae, Upper, and Lower, two circ es of Bavaria. The former incKuling the principalities of Upper Bamberg, Bareuth, ■with the northern part of the Upper Pala- tinate. Lower Maine contains, 'the grand duchy of Wurtzburg, principdity of Fulda, with part of the ductiies of Hesse and Ful- da. The two circles were in great part annexations made by the congress of Vi- enna in 1815, and extend over about 6,700 square miles, and peopled by 860,000 in- habitants. Mcme, or Maysiuie, department of France, which includes the late province of the same name. It takes its name from the river Maine, which, soon after its junction with the Sarte, falls into the Loire. Laval is the capital. Maine and Loire, department of France, V'hich Includes the late province of Anjou. It has its name from two rivers cf the s^me name. Angers is the capital. Maneville, town of France in the depart- ment of Eure, and lute province of Nor- mandy. Lon. 1 26 E, lat. 49 2 N. Mainland, the principal of the Shetland isles, 60 miles long, fiom N to S, but its breadth seldom exceeds six. The face of the country exhibits a prospect of black craggy moun'ains, and marshy plains, m- terspersed with some verdant spots, which appear smooth and fertile. Neither tree nor shrub is to be seen, except the juniper and the heath. The inhabitants are a siout, well-made, comely people ; the lower sort of a swarthy complexion The gentry are allowed, by all who have conversed with them, to be most of them polite, shrewd, sensible, lively, active and intelligent per- sons ; they manufacture a strong coarse cloth for their own use, as also linen. They make: likewise of their own wool very fine stockings. They export, besides the different kinds of fi.'-h already mentioned, some herrings, a considerable quantity of butter and train-oil, otter and seal skins, and no iaconsiderable quantity of the fine stockings just mentioned. Their chief trade IS to Lcitli, London, Hamburgh, Spain, asd to the straits. Kirkwall is the capital. Maintenon, town of Frnnce, in the de- partment of Eurt and Loire and late pro- vince of Beauce, sealed on the Eure be- tween two mountains. It is five miles N by E of Chartres. Lon. 1 36 E, lat. 48 31 N. Maire, Le, strait of South America, be- ^56 \WQC\\ Staten Island and Tierra del Fuegu, in lat. 55 S. Tlirough this strait %hips sometimes sail in their passage to Cape Horn. Maitsjf, town of France in the depart- ment of Calvados, and late province of Nor- mandy. Lon. 1 2 W, lat. 49 24 N. A fai.vant, St. iinc\^nt town of France, ia the department of the two Sevres and late province of P>Mtou- It carries on a trade in corn, stockings, and woollen stuffs; and is seated on the Sevre, 26 miles SW of Poitiers Lon. 7 W lat 46 24 N. Majas, pronrjunced and written but im- properly Macaon, 84 37 E, lat. 24 33 N. .Mahran. See Mecran. J][a!abar, western coast of tlie peninsula of Hindoostan, lying between 9 and 14 deg. N lat. It is divided among several petty princes and states. The customs and man- ners of the inhabitants are very different, as well as the productions. The people are, generally, of a dark, olive complexion, with long black hair, and good features. In some places they are distinguished into tribes, or casts, all of which are brought up to the same employments as their pa- rents. These are the Gentoos, of whom see an account under the article Hindoo- stan. Malacca, or 3[alaya, peninsula of Asia, containing several petty kingdoms, bound- ed on the K by Siam, E by the ocean, and SW by the strait of Malacca, which sepa- rates it from Sumatra. It is 560 miles in length, and 150 in breadth. It produces few commodities for trade, except tin and ele- phant teeth ; but there are a great many excellent fruits and roots, pepper and other spices, with some precious gums and woods. The pine-apples are the best in the world ; and tiie cocoa-nuts have shells that will hold an English quart. The inhabi- tants are fond of navigation, war, plun- der, emigration, adventures, and gallantry. They talk incessantly of their honour and bravery, and speak the softest language of Asia ; yet they are deemed the most treacherous, ferocious people on the face of the globe. Their religion is a mixture of Mahometanism. Malacca, seaport, and the capital of a kingdom of the same name, in the penin- sula of Malaya, seated on the strait of its name, 480 miles SE of Acheen. Lon. 102 5 E, lat. 2 12 N. Malaga, seaport and episcopal town of Spain, in Grenada, with two castles, and a good harbour. Its commerce is principally in raisins and excellent wines ; and it has 6 manufacture of cards. The inhabitants are about 40,000. It is seated on tlie Mediterranean, surrounded by hills, 70 miles WSVV of Grenada. Lon. 4 10 AV, lut. 36 35 N. Malatia. town of Asiatic Turkey, in Aladulia, and a bishop's see ; seated on the W side of the Ephrates, 90 miles AVNW of Diarbekar. Lon. o7 50 E, lat. 37 30 N. J\[alaiuuUij, town of Hindoostan, in My- sore, with a large mud fort, separated into two parts by a transverse wall. Here is a fruit-garden, of great extent, planted by the late sultans. It is 27 miles E of Serin- gapatam. Malchin. town of Lower Saxony, in the tluchy of Mecklenburg, seated on the river Peene, where it forms the lake Camrow, 22 miles ESE of Gustrovv. Malcho, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, between the lakes Calpin and Piau, 23 miles ESE of Glustrow. MaUleghina, town of France, in the de- partment of Lys, 10 miles B of Bruges. Maiden, borough in Essex, with a mar- ket on Saturday ; seated on an eminence, on the river IJlackwater. It has two parish churches ; and a third, which it had for- merly, has been long converted into a free- school. Vessels of a moderate burden come up to the town, but large ships are obliged to unload at a distance below, in Blackwater ba}'. The custom of Bo- rough-English is kept up here, by which the youngest son, and net the eldest, suc- ceeds to the burgage tenure, on the death of his father. This town carries on a con- siderable trade, chiefly in corn, salt, coal, iron, deals, and wine. It is 10 miles E of Chelmsford, and 37 NE of London. Maiden, village in Surry, two miles SE of Kingston, with some gunpowder mills, on a stream that flows from Ewel to Kings- ton. Maiden, Fort, now in ruins, was situated on the river Detroit, Essex county, Upper Canada, opposite Isle au Bois Blanc ; it is a post of considerable importance. The village now Amherstsburg contains about one hundred houses. The anchorage be- tween the Island au Bois Blanc and Am- herstsburg is perfectly safe, and the shore of the main convenient for the erection of wharves and other naval and commercial purposes. See Amlierstsburg. Maiden Townsldf), in the county of Essex, Upper Canada, is situated at the mouth of Detroit river, on the east side of the strait having Colchester lo the east, and Huron to the north, and includes the vil- lage of Amherstsburg. Maiden, township of Middlesex count}', Massachusetts. It is situated between Medford and Lynn, 5 miles NE of Boston. It is united to Charlestown by Mystic bridge. Population 1810, 1384 ; and in 1820, 1731. Maiden, town of the United States, in Massachusetts, four miles N of Boston, It is connected with Charlestown, by a bridge over Mystic river, built in 1787. JlFaldives, a cluster of small islands, in the Indian ocean, lying SW of Cipe Como- rin. The northernmost, called Head of the Isles, or Kelly, is in Ion. 73 04 E, lat. 7 05 N ; and Maldiva in whicii the king resides, is in lon. 75 35 E, lat, 4 15 N. They are innumerable ; but all low and sandy, and most of them uninliablted. They are divided into 13 anto'.ons, or provinces, each having its separate governor, who rules with great oppression. '1 he subjects are miserably poor, and appear to be a mix- ture of Arabs and Hindoos from Mala- 557 M A L M A I, bar. Tliey supply ships with sails and cordage, cocoa-nuts, oil and honey, dry fish, tortoisi -shell, and especialiy couries. The king assumes the title of Sultan of the Maldives, king of thirteen provinces, and twelve thousand isles. Malesherhes, town of France of the de- partment of Loiret. Lon. 26 E. lat 48 20 N, JIalestroit, town of France, in the de- partment of Morbihan and late province of Bretagne, seated on the Oust, 37 miles E of Port I'Ohent. Lon. 2 23 W, lat. 47 45 N. Maligne, Grande Pointe, Upper Canada, on the river St. Lawrence, is opposite to the Grand Island of St. Regis. Jtlaligne, la Petit Pointe, upper Canada, on the north shore of the river St. Law- rence, not far above the lower end of Grand Isle St. Regis. Malio, Cape of, or St. AiigeIo,c&'p& of the Morea at the S entrance of the Gulph of Napoli, 15 miles E of Malvasia. Malicollo, one of the largest of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean, lying in 16 15 S lat. and 167 45 E lon. It extends 20 leagues from N to S. Its inland moun- tains are very high, and clad witli forests. JMalling, West, town in Kent, six miles W of Maidstone, and 30 E by S of Lon- don. Lon. 33 E, lat. 51 20 N. Mallory's store, post ofiice, Wilkes coun- ty, Georgia. Mallow, small town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, and province of Munster, seated on the Blackwater, 17 miles N of Cork. Lon, 8 32 W, lat. 52 10 N. Malmedtj, town of the Netherlands, in the bishopric of Liege, with an abbey. It was taken by the French in 1794, seated on the Recht, nine miles S of Limburg, and 40 N of Luxemburg. Lon. 6 2 E, lat. 50 18 N. Mabnistra, town of Asia in Natolia, seat- ed at the mouth of a river of the same name, which divides it into tlie Old and New Town. It is 30 miles SE of Terasso, Lon. 36 15 E, lat. 36 50 N. Malmoe, seaport of Sweden, in the pro- vince of (iothland, seated on the Sound, with a large harbour and a strong citadel. It is 15 miles SE of Copewhagen. Lon. 13 r E, lat, 53 38 N. Mabnsbury, borough in Wiltshire. It is pleasantly seated on a hill, on the river Avon which almost surrounds it, over wiiich it has six bridges. It drives a trade in the woollen manufacture. It is 26 miles E by N of Erlstol, and 95 W of London. Lon. 2 W, lat. 51 34 N, Malui'Jarasloivitz, town of Russia, in Ka- luga, rciidered remarkable by a sanguinary battle between the French and Russians, October 1812; 100 miles S W from Moscow. ^^^alo, St. seaport of France, in the de- partment of Morbihan, and lately an epis- 553 copal see of the province of Bretagne. It has a .pacious harbour, but difficult of ac- cess, on account of the rocks that surround it ; it is a trading place, of great impor- tance, defended by a strong castle. St. j\Ialo is seated on an island, united to the mainland by a causeway. It is chiefly in- habited by seafaring men who in the time of war fit out a great many privateers to cruise upon the English coast, 17 miles NW of Dol, and 505 w'of Paris. Lon. 1 57 W, lat. 48 39 N. JMalo'iia, small island of Italy, on the coast of Tuscanny, 10 miles W of Leghorn. Lon. 10 4, lat. 43 43 N. JVIalpartido, town of Spain, in Estrama- dura, 14 miles S of Placentia. Lon. 5 30 W, lat. 39 36 N, JMalpas, town in Cheshire, with a market on Monday. It is seated on a high emi- nence, near the river Dee, 15 miles SE of Chester, 166 NW of London. Lon. 2 45 W, lat. 53 2 N. Malplaquet, village of Austrian Hainault. It is famous for a victory gained over the French, by the duke of Marlborough, in 1809, and sometimes called the battle of Blaregnies, from an adjacent village, and is seven miles from Mons. Malta, an island in the Mediterranean, between Africa and Sicily, 20 miles long, and 12 broad. It was formerly reckoned a part of Africa, but now belongs to Eu- rope. It was anciently little else than a barren rock ; but such quantities of soil have been brought from Africa, that it is now become a fertile island. They sow, however, but little corn, because tliey can purchase it cheap in Sicily ; but they cul- tivate large quantities of lemon, cotton- trees, and vines, which produce excellent wine. — The number of inhabitants is said to be about 90,000, who speak Arabic and Italian. After the taking of Rhodes, the emperor, Charles V. gave this island to the grand master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem. It was attacked by the Turks in 1566, who were obliged to abandon the enterprise with the loss of 3di000 men. The knights of Malta formerly consisted of eight nations ; but now they are only seven, the English having forsaken them. They were obliged to suppress all pirates, and were at perpetual war with the Turks and other Mahometans, and all under a vow of celibacy and chastity. Malta is extremely well fortified ; the ditches, of a vast size, are all cut out of the solid rock, and ex- tend many miles. The island ^as taken by General Bonaparte in the outset of his expedition to' Egypt, on the 12th June 1798, when he found in it 1200 cannons, 200,000 lb. of powder, 2 .ships of the line, a frigate, 4 galleys, and 40,000 muskets ; besides an immense treasure collected by superstition ; and 5400 Turkish prisoners) M A M whom he set at liberty. It u as soon after- wards taken by the British, but at the peace of Amieiii it was stipulated that it sliould be restored to tlie knights The British, however, retained possess. on, and tiie war recommenced between the two nations ; but, by the treaty of Paris, in 1814, this is- land has been guaranteed to Great Britain. Valette is the capital. It is about 60 miles S of Sicily, and 200 E of Tunis in Africa. JMalta, township of Kennebec county, Maine, 8 miles E from Augusta. Popula- tion 1820, 1054. Malta, township of Sarotoga county, New York, the principal village ; 7 miles W from Saratoga, and 5 miles SE from Ballston Spa. Population 1820, 1518. ^Mcillon, borough in the N riding of York- shire, on the Dervvent, over which is a stone bridge, and is composed of two towns, the New and the Old, containing three churches. It is a populous place, 20 miles NE of York, and 216 N bv W of London. Lon. 40 W, lat. 54 9 N. ' Jlfulvasia, small island of Turkey in Eu- rope, on the E coast of the Morea, remark- able for its excellent wines that are called Malms^fy, being brought hence. The capi- tal is Napoli-di-Malvasia. JMalvtrn, Great, village in Worcesterihlre, eight miles W by S of Worcester. It had once an abbey, and here are two noted chalybeate springs, recommended as ex- cellent in scrofulous complaints. J)Icdveni, Little, village in Worcester- shire, seated in a cavity of Malvern Hills, three miles from Great Malvern. JMalx'ern Chase, an extensive chase in Worcestershire, containing 7356 acres in that cou:ity, 619 in Hertfordshire, awd 103 ill Gloucestershire. .Malvern Ilills, lofty mountains in the SW of Worcestershire, dividing this part of the county from Herefordshire. They rise one above another for about seven miles, and run from N to S ; the highest point is 1313 feet above the surface of the Severn, and they appear to be of limestone and quartz. Mailing; a town of Sweden, in the pro- vince of Dalecarlia. Lon. 15 20 E, lat. 60 30 N. Mal-wa, province of Hindoostan Proper, bounded on the W by Guzerat, on the N by Agimere, on the E by Allahabad and Onssa, and on the S by Candeish. It is one of the moit extensive, elevated, and highly diversified tracts in ll;ndoostan, and is divided among the chiefs of the Poonah Mahrattas. Ougein and Indore are the principal towns. Mamars, an ancient town of France, in the department of Sarte, and late province ol Maine, seated on the Dive. Mamokating, post village, and township, bullivan county, New York, contaiiiijng the -M A N village of Bloomingburg, 23 miles W from Newburgh Population 1820, 2702. JSlamuroneck, post village and townshio. West Chi-ster county New \''ork, on Long Island Sound 23 miles NE from Nev/ \''ork. Population 1820, 878. Mamars, town of France, in the depart- ment of Sarte, seated on the Dive, 14 miles W of Bellesme. Mmi, island in the Irish sea, SO miles long and 12 broad. It contains 17 parish- es; and the chief towns are Castletown, Douglas, Peel, and Ramsay. The air is healthy, and the soil produces more corn than is sufficient to maintain the inhabitants, who are a mixture of English, Scots, and Irish. They have a bishop called the bishop of Sodor aiid Man ; but he has no seat in the British parliament. The commodities of this island are wool, hides, butter, tallow black marble, slate, limestone, lead and iron! Some manufacture-s of coarse hats, cotton goods, and linen cloth, are carried on in dif- ferent parts ; but its principal tr.ade arises frona the herring fishery. It is 12 miles S of Scotland, 30 N of Anglesey in Wales 35 W of Cumberland, and 40 E of Ireland! Manachia, town of Natolia Proper, an! ciently called Magnesia, with a bishop's see, and a castle. It was formerly the capi. tal of the Ottoman Empire, and is seated in a fertile country, at the foot of a moun- tain, on the river Sarabat, 22 miles N of Smyrna. Lon. 27 25 E, lat, 38 45 N, JManallan, township of P'ayette county Pennsylvania, between the townships of lledstone and Union, and between Red- stone and Dunlap's creeks. Population 1820 1376. Maimr, island of the East Indies, on the E coasi of the island of Ceylon. The En- glish took it from the Dutch in 1795. Lon 80 45 E, lat. 9 N. Maimnsij-ga^i, post office Lcudon coun- ty Virginia. ManaCou, or Manatoulin Islands, are a nunobev of Islands toward the liorthern shore of Lake Huron, stretching from the vicinity of Cabot's Head, northwesterly across the lake, to lake George, below the falls of St. Mary. JIandcd, Small town of Persia, 160 miles from Ispahan. Manbojie, city of Africa, and c.ipital of the kingdom of Slam, seated at the mouth of the channel of Mosambique Lon. 32 19 E, lat. 20 55 N. Mancester, village in Warwickshire, near Atherstone and the river Anker. Mancha, a territory of Spain, in New Castile, between the river (iuadiana and Andalusia. It is a mountainous country ; and it was here that Cervantes made Don Quixote, perform his chief exploits, Manchac, Sec Iberville. 559 .M A .\ M A X Blanche, or Channel, department of France, including part of the great pro- vince of Normandy. It is mostly sur- rounded by the English Channel, and Coutances is the capital. JStanchester, large and populous town of Lancashire, between the rivers Irk and Irwell, and is a place of great anti- quity. It has been long noted for vari- ous branches of the linen, silk, and cot- ton manufactures, and is now principally conspicuous as the centre of the cotton trade, which has been much improved by the invention of dying and printing. The labours of a very populous neigh- bourhood are collected at Manchester, whence they are sent to London, Liver- pool, Hull, &c. These consist of a great variety of cotton and mixed goods, of which they export vast quantities, par- ticularly to the West Indies, and the coast of Guinea. The manufactures of tapes and other small wares, of silk goods, and of hats, are also carried on at Manchester ; from which various sources of wealth it has attained greater opu- lence than almost any of the trading towns in England. Its chief ornaments are the college, the exchange, the colle- giate church, another large church, and a spacious market place. By the Irwell, over which is an ancient and lofty stone bridge, it has a communication with the Mersey, and all the late various exten- sions of inland navigation, particularly the duke of Bridge water's canal which is seven miles from it. It is 67 miles WSW of York, and 182 NNW of Lon- don. Lon. 2 SO W, lat. 53 30 N. Manchester, township of Nova Scotia, 30 milf s NW from Cape Canso Manchester, township, and post village in Benningtoa county, Vermont, 22 miles N of Bennington, and 44 NE of Troy in New York, with 1502 inhabitants, Manchester, post town in Essex coun- ty, Massachusetts, a few miles NE of Beverly, with 113? Inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820 1201. Manchesiter, post village, Niagara, county New York, at the cataract of Niagara. A bridge now connects this pli'.ce with Goat island. Manchester, post village Oneida coun- ty New York, 8 miles SW by W from Utica. Manchester, post village, Ontario coun- ty New York, 10 miles N from Canan- daigua. Manchester, East, township of York county Pennsylvania, between the Codo- nes, and Conewago creeks, and Susque- hannah river. Population 1820, 1914. .^^nchestcr. West, township of York Cijunty Pennsylvania, between Codorus 560 and Conewago creeks, and immediately W from the borough of York. Popula- tion 1820, 1073. jilanchester, post town, Baltimore county Maryland, on the road from Bal- timore to Carlisle, 33 miles from the former, and 42 from the latter. Manchester, post town in Chesterfield county, Virginia, on the S side of James river, opposite to Richmond, and 33 miles NVV of Williamsburg. Manchester, post town Sumpter dis- trict South Carolina, on Wateree river, about 5 miles above the mouth of the Congaree. Manchester, post town and seat of jus- tice, Clay county Kentucky, about 120 miles SE from Frankfort. .Manchester, post town, pleasantly si- tuated on the bank of the Ohio, in Adams county Ohio; about 25 houses 100 miles S by W from Columbus, and 73 in the same direction from Chillicothe. j\ra7ichester,X.o\^n%h\p of Morgan coun- ty Ohio. Population, 1820, 298. Manciet, town of France, in the de- partment of Gers, and late province of Gascony. Lon. 5 W, lat. 43 38 N. Mandal, seaport town of Christian- sand in Norway. Lon. 7 42 E, lat. 58 2N. Mandan, Indian villages on Missouri river. Lat. 47 20 N ; and by the esti- mate made by Lewis and Clarke 1600 miles above the junction of Missouri> and Mississippi. Manderscheit, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Rhine, and electorate of Treves, capital of a county of the same name. It is 24 miles N of Treves. Lon. 6 50 E, lat. 50 10 N. Mandna, small desert island, in the Ar- chipelago, between Sanios and Langos. It gives name to the sea near it. Mandshwiti. See Mantshuria. Manebach, small village of Suabia, plea- santly seated on the lake of Constance. Manfredonia, town of Naples, in Capi- tanata, with a caslle, a good harbour, and an .vclibishop's see. It was burnt by the Turks in 1620 ; und is seated on a gulf of the same naine, 50 miles >f of Cirenza, and 100 NE of Naples. Lon. 16 12 E, lat. 41 35 N. Mangaiore, seaport of Canara, on the coast of .Malnbar, with an excellent road for ships to anchor in while the rainy sea- son lasts. It is inhabited by Gentoos and Mahometans. It is the most trading place in the kingdom, and the Portuguese have a factory here for rice, and a lai-ge church frequented by black converts. The ad- joining iields bear two crops of corn in a vear ; ar.d the higher grounds produce pep- per, b£'.cl-auts, sandid wcodj iron, and MAN M A N steel. It is seated on a rising ground, 100 miles N by W of Tellicherry. Lon. 75 24 E, lat. 13 8 N. Maiigeca, island in the S Pacific Ocean, about 5 leagues in circumference. In the interior parts it rises into small hills, and captain Cook represents it as a fine inland, and the interior of the country is diversi- fied by hills and valleys. The hostile ap- pearance of its inhabitants obliged him to leave it soon. Lon. 158 16 W, lat. 21 27 S. •Mangushlak, town of Tiircominia, on the E coast of the Caspian Sea. Its commerce is considerable ; the neighbouring Tartars bringing hither the productions of their own country, and even of Bokharia ; such as cotton, yarn, stuffs, furs, skins, and rhu- barb. It is37 miles SW of Astracan. Lon. 48 29 E, lat. 44 45 N. JVTanhartzberg, the northern part of Low- er Austria, sepai-ated from the southern by the rivr Danube, and bounded on the W by Upper Austria, on the N by Bohemia and Moravia, and on the YL by Hungary. Manheim, strong and beautiful city of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine. It is a very regularly built, handsome city, containing about 25,000 inhabitants, the streets being all straight, intersecting eac'.i other at right angles. The fortifications are good ; and the town is almost surround- ed by the Keeker and the Uhine. It is six miles NE of Spire, and 10 W of Heidelberg. Lon. 8 31 E, lat. 49 26 N. JManheim, post village and township, of Herkimer county. New Yo'k, on the east side of Moh-iwk river, above tiie mouth of liast Canada creek. Population in 1820, 1777. Jiinnheim, lovv-nslt'p of York county, Pennsylvania. It is situated in the SW cor- ner of the county, iidjoining to ihe state of Maryland. The chief town is Hanover. Population in 1810, 2207; and in 1S20, 1306. Manheim, township of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, on the W side of Conestogoe creek, between Moravia and Little Conos- togoe creeks, immediately N from the city of Lancaster. Popidation in 1810, 1282; and in 1820, 1600. JTmikeim, township of Schuylkill coun- ty, Pennsylvania, along both sides of the SW branch of Sc'.uiylkill, immediately south from Onwicksb nr. Population in 1820, 2164. Jtlanicn, inland kingdom of Africa. It has on the N Monomatapa, on the E S ir(;la, and on the S and W unknown regions. Tills country is little known to Europeans, but it is said to abound with mines of gold, and to have a great number of ele- phants. 4B Manickdurg, small town of the Dcccan, in the county of Berar. .Winick/witr, town of Hindoostan Proper, 68 miles dist;mt from Lucknow. Lon. 81 45 E, lat. 37 26 N. JManicougan, river of Lower Canada, rises in the recesses of Labrador, flows into, and again out of Manicougan lake and assuming a course of SSW, enters St. Lawrence river nearly opposite the paps of Matane 200 miles below Quebec. Its en- tire comparative course exceeds 300 miles. jyianiel, moimtain of St. Domingo, 20 miles in circumference, and so high and cragg)-, that it is almost inaccessible. JllamUa. See Litconia. Manilla, large and populous city, capi- tal of Luconia and the other Phillippine Islands, ilost of the public .structures are built of wpod, on account of the frequent earthquakes, by one of which in 1617, a mountain was levelled ; in 1625 a third part of the city was overthrown by another, when 3000 persons perished in the ruins; and, the next year, tliere was another less violent. This city is seated on the SE side of ihe island, where a large river fall3 into the sea, and forms a noble bay 30 leagues in c<.mpass to which the Spaniards have given the name of Bahia, because the river runs out of the great lake Baiii, which lies at tlie distance of six leagues behilid it. On the S it is washed by the sea, and on the N and E by the river; being also strongly fortified with wall-, bastions, forts, and batteries. Manilla contains about 30,000 souls, who are a very motley race. Here stands the arsenal where the galleons aie built, for which there are from 300 to 600 or 800 men constantly employed, who are relieved every mor.th, and while upon duty, arc maintained at the king's expense. Thr royal revtnne Is computed at about hdfamiliion pieces (f eight exclusive of casualties. Lon. 120 53 E, lat. 14 36 N. Manli-is, p )St town nf Onondago coun- ty, New York, between the sah lake and lake Oneida, 42 miles \V of VVhitestown on Mohock river. Population in 1320, 5372. Mannahawkin, j)ost town in Stafford township, .Monmouth county. New Jersey, upon the Atlantic coast, contuning about 30 dweding l.ouses, and a Baptist and Methodist meeting house. It lies 8 miles from Tiickerlon. Manniiigtree, town in Essex, on the river Stoiu', which is here callerl Manning-tree water. It is 11 miles \V of Harwich, and 60 KNE of London. Lon. 1 12 E, lat. 52 N. Manor, townsViip of Lmcas'er county, Peu'isylvanla, containing 2642 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated on the NE side of Susquehannah river, about 10 miles from the borough of Lancaster, and occupies the peninsula between the Susquehannah river 561 yi A X M A S and Gonestogoe ereek, above the latter. Population in 1820, uncertain. Manosqiie, populous town of France, in the department of the Lower Alps, and late province of Provence, with a castle. It had lately a commandery of the order of Malta, and "is seated on t!ie Durance, 10 miles S of Foroalquier, and 350 S by E of Paris. Lon. 5 55 E, lat. 43 51 N. Manresa, town of Spain, in CUalonia, seated at the confluence of the drdonera and Lobbregat, 15 miles SK of Cardena, and 20 NW of Barcelona. Lon. 1 56 E, lat. 41 36 N. Mans, town of France, capital of the de- partment of Maine. It is seated on a high hill, on the Sarte, near its confluence with the Huisne, 20 miles S of Alencon, and 75 W by N of Orleans. Lon. 14 E, lat. 41 58 N. Mansaroar, lake of Thibet, from which, (according to major Kennel) issues the southernmost head of the Ganges. It is 115 miles in circumference, and lies in about 79 E lon. and 34 N lat. Mimsfeld, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Upper Saxony, capital of a county of the same name, 35 miles 3W of Magde- burg. Lon. 12 5 E, lat. 51 41 N. Mansfield, town in Nottinghamshire. It has a great trade, and is famous for corn and •malt, and participates in the stocking manufacture. It is a pretty large place, and is seated on the edge of the forest of Sherwood, 12 miles N of Nottingham, and 140 N by VV of London. Lon 1 9 W, lat. 53 10 N. JUans/teld, post town and township, Bris- tol county, Massachusetts, 30 miles SSW from Boston. Population in 1820, 1222. Mansfehl, townsliip and post village, of Windham county, Connecticut, between Willamaiitic and Mount Hope rivers, about 18 miles E of the cisy of Hartford. Popu- lation in 1810, 2570; and in 1820, 2993. Mamfield, township of Burlington county. New Jersey, which contained 1810 inhabi- tants in 1810, and in 1820, 1957. It is 8 miles NE of Burlington. JMawifield, township of Sussex county, New .Jersey, on the Musconecunk river, 10 miles SE from Oxfortl. Mansfield, post town and seat of justice, for Richland county, Ohio, containing about thirty houses, 300 inhabitants. It stands 73 miles NE from Columbus. North lat. 40 47 W, lon. 5 33. Mansfield, post village, Amelia county, Virginia, 20 miles by land above Peters- burg. Mansilla, town of Spain, in Leon, 15 miles SW of the city of Leon. Lcn. 4 55 W, lat. 42 30 N. Mantaca See Mataca. Mantshures, conquered China in the 17 century. Their country lies N from 562 China, and with the utmost absurdity, gencraly called Eastern Chinese Tartary, in our geographical works The Tartars, Mona;ols, and Mantshures, are essential- ly diffiTent nations, more so, even, than are the French, Germans, and Russians. It would be as correct to call the people of the United States, northern Spaniards, as to designate the Mantshures, Mongols, or Tartars. Mantshiiria, vast region in Asia, having China proper S ; Mongolia W ; the Russian Asiatic territories NW and N ; and the sea of Japan, and the Channel of Tartary or La Peyrouse straits E. It is in a great part occupied by the basin of the Amur, and separated from Asiatic Russia by the vast chain of Yablonoy mountains, stretching from Kiachta, to the sea of Ochotsk, between the basins of the Amur, and Lena rivers. It was one cf the native chieftains of this country who in 1644, took advantage of the revolution in China, which terminat- ed the dynasty of Ming, in the person cf the emperor Zunt-chin, or Tong-tching. and placed himself on the throne of China, and established the now reigning dynasty of Dyn-Tsing. Of the Mant- shur family there have been five mo- narchs : Thunti, Cang-hi, Kong-tching, Kieulong, and Kai-king. It is very re- markable that two of the Manshur-Chi- nese sovereigns have jointly reigned 124 years; Cang-hi from 1661, to 1721, 60 years ; and Kien-long from 1735, to 1799, 64 years. Mantes, town of France, in the depart- ment of Seine and Oise, and late pro- vince of the I'-ie of France. It is fa- mous for its wines, and is seated on the Seine, and over it is a bridge, the great arch of which, althoiigh elliptic, is 120 feet wide. It is 31 miles NW of Paris. Lon. 1 51 E, lat. 49 1 N. Man (271 aa. See Tri/iotizza. Mantua, or Mantuan, duchy of Italy, lying along the river Po, which divides it into two parts. It is bounded on the N by the Veronese, on the S by the duchies of Reggio, Modena, and Mirandola ; on the E by the Ferrarese ; and on the Vv by the Cremonese. It is 50 miles long and 27 broad, and fruitful in corn, pas- tures, flax, fruits, and excellent wine. The Mantuan comprehends the duchies of Mantua and Sa'vcneta; the principa- lities of Castiglione Solfi-rina, and Bosnlo; likewise the county of Novellara. The principal rivers of this country are the Po, the Oglio, and the Minchio. Mantua, capital of a duchy of the same name, in Italy, with an archbishop's see, and a university, seated on an is- land in the middle of a lake. The M A R AI A R Streets are broad and straight, and it has eight gates, 21 parishes, 40 convents and nunneries, a quarter for* the Jews to live in, and above lejOOOlnhabitants It was greatly noted tor its siliis, and silk ma- nufactures, which are now mucli decay- ed. The air in the summer is very un- wholesome; and the lake is formed by the inundations of the Mincio. Virgil was born at a villac^e near this city. It is 35 miles NE of Parma, 22 S\V of Ve- rona, and 220 N bv VV of Rome. Lon. 10 50 E lat. 45 10 N. .Mantua, village on the Schuylkill, op- posite the Philadelphia upper bridge and in Blockly township It is strictly a su- burb of Philadelphia ; its situation is pe- culiarly eligible for a summer residence to the wealthy inhabitants of the city. The site swells gradually from the Schuylkill and g'ves a rich variety to the various buildings, and gardens by which it is decorattd. Mantua, flourishing post township, si- tuated in the northern borders Portage county Ohio, and through the southeast- em quarter of which runs the Cuyahoga river. Beside several common schools, here is, a tolerably respectable grammar school. It contains about 93 families, and 541 inhabitants, Manungen, town of Franconia, capital of a small district belonging to the house of Saxe-Goiha. It is eight miles N of Henneberg Lon. 10 39 E, lat. 50 46 N. Maracaibo, considerable town of South America, capital of the province of Maricaibo, in Colombia. It carries on a great trade in skins and chocolate, which is the best in America ; and it has very fine tobacco. It is seated VV of the lake of the same name. Lon. W.C. 5 40 E, lat. 10 N Maracaibo, province of South America jn Colombia, it lies around the gulph of Maracaybo, and contains 48,700 inhabi- tants, sends two representatives, and in conjunction with Coro, Truscilla, and Merida elects, 4 senators, to the Colom- bian legislature. Maracaibo, inland sea of Colombia ; opens from the Caribbean Sea, between Sword Point, and cape Roman, and ex- terdiag S about 100 miles in form of an ellipse, narrows to a strait opposite to the city of Maracaibo, and again, widens to an extensive sleet of water, of 100 miles long and 70 or 80 wide. The gulf reaches from lat S 30 N to 12 N, and is the most extensive indenting of the coast of South America, except the rivers. Maragal, town of Persia, 42 miles from Tauris. Lon. 47 52 E, lat. 37 36 N. Maranda, fief of Buckingham county Lower Canada, or the right side of St. Lawrence, 20 miles above Quebec, and opposite Pointe aux Trembles. Mai'anham, Captain generalship of Brasil ; bounded NE by the Atlantic Ocean ; E and SE by Seera, or the river Parnaiba ; SVV by Goias ; and W by Pa- ra. It lies between lat 1 and 9 S, and is watered by the various branches of the Parnaiba, Pinare, and other streams. Cotton, rice, and sugar, are its primary staples. Maranham, a fine and fertile island, from the name of which that of the Cap- tain generalship is derived, lies at the mouth of the Pinare, and is of an oval form 30 miles in Length. Maranham, town of Maranham, on the island of the same name with a good harbour. Lon. \V C 32 56 E. Mara7io, town of Italy, in Venetian Friuli, with a strong citadel. It is seated in a marsh, which renders it difficult of access, and at the bottom of th- gulf of Venice, 27 miles S by E of Udina. Lon. 13 5 E, lat, 42 51 N. Marans, rich town of France in the department of Lower Charente, and late province of Angoumois, seated among salt marshes near the river Sevre. It carries on a great trade in corn and is 12 miles NE of Rochelle. Lon. 55 W, 46 20 N. Marasch, populous town of Natolia, encompassed by the mountains of Tau- rus and Anti-taurus, and the river Eu- phrates. Lon. 38 25 E. lat. 38 15 N. Marathon, village of Greece in Attica, 20 miles NE from Athens Remarka- ble for a battle fought between the Athenians and Platsans, and the Per- sians, on the 17th of August 494 years. Ante Christ, in which the Persians were utterly defeated. Marathon, post town, and seat of jus- tice, Lawrence county Alabama, on the left bank of Tennessee river, 35 miles W from Huntsville. Marawina, river of Guiana, which se- parates Surinam from the French colony of Cayenne. A curious pebble, known by the name of thf^ Marawina diamond, is found here, which when polished, is often set in rings, &c. It runs into the Atlan- tic in lon 53 48 W, lat. 5 38 N. Marbach, town of (iermany in the cir- cle of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtem- burg seated on the Neckar. It was burnt by the French in 1^'93. It is 12 miles S of Hailbron, and 13 N of Stutgard. Lon. 9 25 E. lat. 48 59 N. Marbella, town of Spain in Andalusia, seated at the mouth of the Rio Verde, 24 miles SW of Malaga. Lon. 5 55 W, lat. 36 29 N. 563 n A R U A R Marblehead, considerable seaport and post town andtownslup of Essex county, Massacliusetts, 4 miles SE ot" Salem, and 19 NE of Boston, in the lal. of 42 o5 N, and In. 69 50. The town contained 6900 inhabitants, in 1810, and in 1820, 5630. Marbletoivn, township of Ulster coun- tj'. New York. It is situated on the S side cf Esopus creek, about 70 miles S SW of Albany. Population 1810, 3660, and in 1820, 3809. Marca, small island in the gulf of Ve- nice, five miles from Ragusu, on which it depends. It had formerly a bishop's see ; but the town is now in ruins. Marcellin, St. town of France, in the department of Isere, and late province of Dauphiny. It is five miles from St. An- toine, and 253 S by E of Paris. Lon. 5 32 E. lat. 45 14 N. Marcellino, small river of Sicily, in the Val di-N(.to, which falls into the sea, two miles from Augusta. •Marcello, small iown ct Italy, in Naples, in the pr jvince of Bari. Marceltus, post town and township Oncindago county, New York ; 4 miles NE from Skeneatels lake. Population 1820, 6503. Marche, late province of France, bounded on the N by Beiry, E by Au- vergne, W by Angoumois, and S by Li- mosin. It is 55 miles in length, and 25 in breadth, and is pretty fertile in corn and wine. It now forms the department of Cre'use. Marche, town of France, in the de- partment of Vosges, situate near the source of the Mouzon, 20 miles S of Neufchateau, and 40 S by W of Toul. Marcheck, town of Austria with an old castle, seated on the March, on the frontiers of Hungary, 23 miles E by N cf Vienna. Marchiennes, town of the Nether- lands, in the territory of Liege, seated on the Sambre, four miks W of Charle- roy. Marchiennes, town of France, in tlie department of Nord, seated in a morass, on the river Scarpe, seven miles ENE of Douay. Marciannisi, town of Naples, in Ter- ra di Lavoro, 13 miles NNE of Najjles. Marcignj/, town of France, in the de- partment of Saone and Loire, near the river Loire, 32 miles W of Macon, and 43 S by W of Autun. Marckolsfieim, town of France, in the departmtrnt of Lower Rhine, 25 miles S of Strasburg. Jidbrco, Si seaport of E. Florida, on a river of the same name, at its entrance into Apalache bay, 180 miles WNW of .564 St. Augustin. Lon. 84 38 W, lat. 30 IS N. Marco, S(. town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, seattd on" the Senito, 22 miles N of Cosenza. MurcoUy at. two small islands in the English channel, near the coast of Fraiice, seven miles SE of Cape la Hogue Marcus Hook, ancient village of De- laware county, Pennsylvania, on the NW side of the river Delaware, five miles below Chester, and 20 below Philadel- phia. Mardike, village of France, in the de- partment of Nord, seated on a canal, to which it gives name, four miles W by S of Dunkirk. Mareb, town of Arabia, capital of a district, in the province of Yemen. It is 100 miles SE of Sanaa. Lon. 47 30 E, lat 15 44 N. Maree, Loch, lake of Scotland, in Ros^-shire, 18 miles 'ong, and, in some parts, four bread. It contains many small islands, and abounds with salmon, char, and trout. Marengo, village of Italy, in the Mi- lanese, three miles SE of Alexandria. It is famous for a decisive victory gained over the Au.strians, June 14, 18u0, by which the French again became con- querors of Italy. Marengo, county of Alabama ; bound- ed W by Fombigbee, and Black-Warrior rivers ; N ; by Tuscalooso county E, and SE, by Dallas, and S by Clarke. Length 60 ; mean width 2o ; and area 1200 square miles. Surface hiily, and soil ex- cept near the streams barren and cover- ed generally with pine timber. Staple cotton. ChiT-fiown Eagleville. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 1,117" do. do. females - • 935 All other peraons except Indians not taxed - - - - Total whites . - . . 2,052 Free persons of colour, males - 8 d ;. do. females - 7 Slaves, males .... 450 do. females - - - 416 Total population in 1820 - 2,933 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 29 Ens^aged in Agriculture - 347 no. ill Manufactures - 20 do. in Commerce - - 9 PopuUtion to the square mile 2^. Marennes, town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Charente, remarka- MAR M A R ble for the green-finned oysters found near the coast, and the salt it sends to other places. It is 32 miles NW of Saintes, and 270 SW of Paris. Marelimo, island in the Mediterra- nean, on the W coast of Sicily, 12 miles in circumference. It has a castle, with a few farm-houses, and produces much honey. Lon, 12 35 E, lat. 38 5 N. jyiargaretta, tovvnsliip of Huron county, Ohio. "Popuktion in 1820, 192. jyiargaret's Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean, were discovered by captain James Magee, in the ship Margaret, of Boston, in his voyage from Kamtschatka, in 1/80. Lon. 141* 12 E, lat. 24 40 N. Margarettsville, or Boonsborough, post village, Washington county, Maryland, 11 miles SE from Hagerstown. See Boons- borough. Margarita, island near the coast of Co- lombia, 40 miles long and 15 broad, dis- covered by Columbus in 1498. The con- tinual verdure renders it pleasant ; but it has no fresh water. It was taken in 1626 by the Dutch, who demolished the castle ; since which time it has been in a manner abandoned by the Spaniards. Lon. 64 10 W, lat. 11 10 N. Margate, tov-n in Kent, in the isle of Thanet. It stands on the side of a hill, has a stone pier, and is a member of the port of Dover. It has a great resort of company for sea-bathing, and the buildings for their accommodation are numerous and Itand- some. Great quantities of corn are export- ed hence, and there are regular passage boats to and from London. It is 17 miles ENE of Canterbury, and 71 E by S of Lon- don Lon. 1 22 E, lat. 51 24 N. J\fargozza, town of Italy, m the l^lilanese, near a small lake of its name, 40 miles NW of Milan Maria, St. island in the Indian Ocean, near tlie E side of MaJag scar It is 45 miles long and seven bro^d, well watered, and surrounded by rocks. It produces rice, sugar canes, legumes, pine-apples, to- bacco, &c. and on tiie coasts are found white coral and ambergrise. The inhabi- tants call it Ibrahim. Lon. 50 20 E, lat. 17 S. Maria, St. the most southern island of the Azores, which produces plenty of wheat, and has about 5000 inhabitants. It has a town of the same name, Lon. 25 9 W, lat. 36 57 N. Maria, St. considerable town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a small castle. It was taken by the English and Dutch in 1702 ; and is seated on the Guadaleta, at the mouth of which is a tower, and a battery, 18 miles N of Cadiz. Lon. 6 6 W, lat. 36 39 N. Maria, St. town of Terra Firma Proper. It is seated at the bottom of the gulf of St. Michael, at the mouth of a navigable river of the same name. Lon. 78 12 W, lat. 7 43 N. Mariagnlantc, one of the Leeward Ca- ribbee Llands, in the West Indies, suliject to t!ie Frenrh, extending 16 miles from N to S, and four from E to W It is full of hills, and along the E shore are lofty per- pendicular rocks, that shelter vast num- bers of tropical birds It has several large caverns, with many little streams, and ponds of fresh water. It is covered with trees, and particularly abounds with tobacco and the wild cinnamon-tree. It is 30 miles N of Dominica, and 40 E of Guadaloupe. Lon. 61 11 W, lat 15 52 N. Mai-ia's River, brancli of Missouri, which rises in the Rocky mountains at lon. W C 35 W, and near lat. ,50 N. Its general course is SE into the Missouri, which it joins about 50 miles below the Great Falls. Mariaville, township of Hancock coun- ty, Maine, 40 miles NE from Castine. Population in 1820, uncertain. Marie-aiix-Mines, town of France, in the department of the A'^osges, and la'e pro- vince of Lorrain, divided in two by the river Leber. It is famous for its silver mines, and is 25 miles NW of New Brisach. Lon. 7 24 E, lat. 48 16 N. Marie, Cape Dame, west point of St. Do- mingo. Marienburg, town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, in Misnia, remarkable for its rich silver mines. It is seated among the mountains, on the confines of Bohemia, 28 miles SS W of Dresden. Lon. 13 35 E, laf. 50 49 N. Marienburg, town of Poland, in Western Prussia, capital of a pala'inite of tlie same name. It is seated on the Njget, a branch of tlie Vistula, 30 miles SW of Elbing, and 30 SE of Dantzic. Lon. 19 15 E, lat. 5i9N. Marienburg, town of France, in the de- partment of the North, and late P'rtnch HdiiKtult, formeriy a strong pLce, but dis- mantled by the French, aiter it was ceded to them by the treaty of the Pyrenees. It is ten m les SW of Charlemont. Lon. 4 28 E. lat 50 2 N. Marienstadt, town of Sweden, in West Gothland, seated on the lake Wenner, 35 miles SE of Carlstadt, and 162 SW of Stockholm. Lon. 14 25 E, lat. 58 28 N. Marieniuerder , town of \Vesterii Prussia, in Pomerania, with a castle, seated on the Vistula, 20 miles SSW of Marienburg. Lon. 19 5 E, lat. 53 49 N. Marietta, post village, Onondago coun ty, New York. Marietta, borough and post town, Lan- caster county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the Susquehannah river, above the mouth of Little Chiques creek, 13 miles W from the city of Lancaster. Population in 1820, 1545. 565 M A K M A U ^Marietta, post town and seat of justice, Washington county, Ohio, occapying the peninsuli between the Ohio and Muskin- gum rivers at their junction. It contains u large Pi-esbyterian meeiing house, an academy, the common county buildings, a printing office, bank, about 20 mercantile stores, and I'jOdaeUing houses. It is dis- tant 315 miles W by N from Washington, and 109 SE from Columbus. Lon. W C 4 2 J W, lat. 39 25 N. Population of the whole township in 1820, 2036. Marietta, land district, in Ohio, is a dis- trict of country, the lands in which are, and are yet to be sold at the land office in Marietta. It is a small disti'ict including only the southern part of Belmont and all Monroe counties, excepting the two wes- ternmost townsliips, and an inconsiderable part of the north-eastern corner of Wash- ington county. JSIarimaiw, town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, remarkable for the defe.-jt of the Swiss, by the French, in 1515. It is seat- ed on the I.ambro, 10 m.ilts S of Milan. Marino, St. sirong town of Iialy, capital of a small republic, surrounded by the duchy of Urbino, under the protection of the pope, with three castles. It chooses its own magistrates and offici-rs, and is seated on a mourn ain, 10 miles SW of Rimini, and 14 NW of Ufbmo, Lon. 12 33 E, lat. 43 54 N. Marino, St. town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, with a castle, 10 miles E of Rome. Lon. 12 46 E, lat. 51 34 N. Marion, district of South Carolina ; bounded NE by North Carolina ; E by Lit'le Pedec or Horry district; SW by Great Pedee and Lynch's creek; and NW by Darlington and Marlborough. Length 40; mean width 28; and arei 1120 square miles. S>irface rather level than hilly. Soil sandy, tliough in many places highly productive. Chief town, Springville. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 3,027 do. do. f>imales - - - 2,992 Tot.il whiles All other persons except Indians 6,019 not taxed Slaves . . . - Total population in 1810 - dians 94 2,771 8,884 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females All other persons except ii- not taxed . - . 3,383 3,269 Total whiles , - . . 6,652 Free persons of colour, males - 45 do. do. females - 41 Slaves, males . - - . 1,690 566 Slaves, females .... 1,77> Total population in 1820 - - 10,201 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,107 do. in Manufactures - • do. in Commerce - - 9 Population to the square mile, 9. Marion, post village of Twiggs county, Georgia, 35 miles SW from Milledgevilie. JJ/a«'o7j, county of Ohio; bounded on the north by Crawford, east by Richland, south by Delaware and Union counties, and on the west by Hardin county. It is 33 miles long from east to west, and 18 broad from north to south, containing about 530 square miles. This county comprises the height of land between the Sandusky and Scioto rivers. Much of it is open plain, or table land, composing the southernmost of what are called the Sandusky plains. Much of it is however, heavily timbered, and of a very rich and fertde quality of soil. It is well watered by the Scioto, Little Scioto, and Whetstone rivers ; beside numerous smaller streams. Marion county was con- stituted in January, 1820. In the census of 1320, this county was included in Dela- ware. Marion, county of Tennessee ; bounded S by Alabama and Georgia ; W and NW by Franklin ; N by Bledsoe ; and E by Hamilton and the Cherokee lands. Length 32 ; mean width 18 ; and area 756 square miles. Surface hilly and in part moun- tainous. This comity is drained by Se- quatchie river, and occupies the valley be- tween two ridges ot the Cumberland moun- tains. Tennessee river traverses its SE angle. Chief town, Jasper. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 1,877 do. do. females - - - 1,842 All other persons except Indians not taxed • . - . 3,719 1 1 72 95 Total whites - - • - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, niales . . . - do, females ... Total population in 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures - do. in Comnii Tce Population to the square mile 2^ nearly. Marion, county of Alabama; bounded W by Monroe county, in Missis.sippi and the Chickisaw lands ; N by Franklin county in Alabama ; NB by jLawrence ; and E by :i,i 2 1,468 49 9 :>i A R M A K Blount and Jefferson. Length 50; mean widlh 30; and area 1500 square miles. It is chiefly drained by the Buttahattchee branch of" Tombighee. Similar to most sections of the Unied States, souih of Ten- nessee, and east from the Mis-,issippi, the productive soil of this county is confined to the blinks of streams. It was laid out since the census of 1820. JMarion, county of Mississippi ; bounded by Hancock county in Mississippi SK ; Washington Parish in Louisiana S ; Pike \V ; Lawrence N ; and Perry E. Length 36 ; mean width 24 ; and area 864 square miles. Surface moderately hilly. Soil barren, except near the streams, the pre- vailing timber pine. Staples cotton. Ciiief town, New Columbia. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 1,059 do. do. females - - - 825 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - Total whites . - . . Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males ... do- females - - . Total population in 1820 - 1,884 621 611 3,116 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,040 do. in Manufactures - 38 do. in Commerce - . 17 Population to the square mile, 3J. Mark, St. seaport in the VV side of St. Domingo, 45 miles NNW of Port-au- Prince. Lon. 72 40 W, lat. 19 20 N. JMarkham Totcmship, in the East Riding of the county of York, Upper Canada, fronts Yonge-street, and lies to the north- ward of York and Scai borough; here are good mills, and a thriving settlement of Germ;ms. Marlborong-h, borough in Wilts, on a chulky soil, on the Kennet, 43 miles E of Bristol, and 74 W of London. Lon. 1 26 W, lat. 51 28 N. JMaiiboroiigh, Fort, Englisli factory, on the W coast of the island of Sumatra, three miles E of flencoolen, and 300 NW of Ba- tavia. Lon 102 9 E, lat. 3 49 N. ■Marlborough Toivnship, in tiie county of Grenville, Upper Canada, lies to the north- ward of Oxford, and is watered by the Ri- deau, Marlborough, township of Middlesex cotmtv, Upper Canada. Marlborough, township of Cheshire county, New Hampshire, 11 miles E from Connecticut river, and 36 E from Bennmg- ton, in Vermont. Population in 1320 766. Marlbm-oitgh, township and post village, Windham county, Vermont, 9 miles SW off Brattleboro'. Population \3\j\j. Marlboro', township in Middlesex coun- ty, Massachusetts, 28 miles VV of Boston, containing 1735 inhabitants in 1810, and in 182!J, 1952 Marll)orough,\.o\vns\\\\) of Ulster county. New York, on the W side of Hudson river, 90 miles S of Albany. Population in 1810, 1964; and in 1820, 2248. Marlborough, post village, and SE town- ship of Hartford county Connecticut, 17 miles SK from Hartford. Population in 1820, 839. JMarlboroiigh, township of Montgomery county Pennsylvania, on the SVV limit of Bucks, and in tlie forks of the Perkiomen, between Upper Salford and Hanover, S5 miics NW from Philadelphia. Population in 1820, 839. J\tarlboroiigh, East, township of Chester county Pennsylvania, on the head of Red Clay creek, and enclosed by the townships of Newlin, Pennsbury, Newgarden, 30 miles SW by W from Philadelphi:i, and 8 SSW from Downingstown. Population in 1820, 993. Marlborough, West, township of Chester county Pennsylvania, VV from East Marl- borough, and 10 miles SVV from Down- ingstown. Population in 1820, 852. Marlborough, post village, at the NW angle of Calvert county Maryland on the Patuxent, 45 miles S from Baltimore. Marlborough, Upper, post town and seat of justice. Prince George^s county Mary- land, on the western branch of Patuxent, 12 miles SE by E from Washington, and 15 miles a little W of N from Lower Marl- borough. Marlborough, district of South Carolina, bounded N and NE by North Carolina, SE by Marion district; and SVV by the Great Vcdee, or Darlington, and Chesterfield districts. Length 30 ; mean width 15 ; and area 450. It is washed along its entire SW border, by the Great Pedee, and drained by the various confluents of that river. Staples cotton, and tobacco. The soil is sandy, but in m.any places very produc tive. Chief town Bennetsville. PopuUtion in 1810. Free white males - - 1,553 do. do. females - - 1,620 Total whites .... 3,17.1 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - 34 Slaves 1,709 Total population in 1810 P..pulationinl820. Free white males do. do. females 567 4,966 1,600 1,650 :\f A R MAR All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites _ - - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females, Slaves, males - - - . do. females Total population in 1820 6,425 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - 2,597 do. in Manufactures - 129 do. in Commerce - - 3 Population to the square mile, 14, Marlborough, township '\\\ the northern border-, of Delaware county, Ohio, which is situated in the village of Norton. Popu- lation 1820, 300. J^Iurlo-ii), borough in Buckinghamshire, with a ma^ ket on Saturday. It is sealed on the Thames, over which is a bridge into Berkshire. It sends two members to par- liament, has a manufacture of bonelace, and is 17 miles S of Ailesbury, and 31 W of London. Lon. 45 W, lat 51 35 N. JMarli, village of France, between Ver- sailes and St. Germain. Here was a royal palace noted for its fine gardens and water- works, there being a curious machine on the Seine, which not only supplied them with water, but also those of Versailes. It is ten miles NW of Paris. jyfaniiande, town of France, in the de- partment of Lot and Garonne and late pro- vince of Guienne. It curries on a great trade in corn, wine, and Brandy, and is seated on the Garonne, 40 miles SK of Bourdeaux, and 320 S by W of FaHs. Lon. 15 E, lat. 44 20 N. J^Iarmora, sea between Europe and .\si8, which communicates wiili the Archipelago, by the sirait of Gallipoli on tlie SW, and with the RlackSea, by the strait of Constan- tinople oil tiie NE. It lias two castles, one on the Asian, and one on the European side. It is 120 miles in length, and 50 in breadth, and was anc ently called the Pro- pontis. Marmora,\.\\t name of four islands in the sea of the same name. The largest is about 30 miles in ciicumferrncc, and they all produce corn, wine, and fruits. Jifarmora, ce'ebrated cascade of Italy, in the duchy of Spoletto, three miles from Terni. J\farne, town of Persi.n, in the province of Corazin. Jlfarne, department of France, including part of the late province of Champagne. It takes its name from a river which r ses near Langres and flowing NW joins the Seine, a little above Paris. Rheims is the 568 archiepiscopal see, but Chalons is the ca- pital. Marne, Upper, department of France, including part of the late province of Cam- paigne. Chaumont is the capital. JVIarnlntU, vidage in Dorsetshire, on the Stour. The church is an ancient lofty building; the tower of which fell down in 1710, in the time of divine service, but was handsomely rebuilt. Maro, town of Italy, on the coast of Genoa, in a valley of the same name, 8 miles NW of Oneiglia, and 48 WSW of Genoa. Lon. 7 41 'e, lat. 44 55 N. J\[arogna town of R .mania, with a Greek archbishop's see, seated near the ^lediterranean, 150 miles SW of Constan- tinople Lon 25 41 E, iat 40 59 N. jilarotier, town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Rhine, and late province of Alsace, wit a late Benedictine abbey, 18 miles NW o Strasburg. Lon. 7 33 E, lat. 48 38 N. JMarples, ownship of Delaware county Pennsylvania, between Darby and Crum creeks 14 miles W from Philadelphia. Population in 1820, 700. Jlfarpurg, strong town of Germany, in the landgravate of Hesse Cassel, with a university, a palace, a handsome square, and a magnificent town-house. It is seated on the river Lahn, 15 miles S of Waldeck, and 47 SW of Cassel. Lon. 9 E, lat. 50 351^. Marquesas, group of islands in the S Pacific Ocean, of which the most consider- able are, St. Christiana and St. Pedro. Captain Cook, in his second voyage, lay some time at the first of these, which is situated in lon. 139 9 W% and lat. 9 55 S. Mr. Foster says he never saw a single de- formed or even ill-proportioned man among the natives; all were strong, tall, well limbed, and active in the highest degree. The inhabitants of the Marquesas, Society, and Friendly Islands, Easter Island, and New Zealand, seem to liave all the same origin, their language, manners, customs, &c. bearing a great affinity in many re- spects. Marsal, town of France, in Meurthe, 17 miles NEfroni Nancy. Marsala, town of Sicily, in the Val di Mazzara, at the W part of the island, on the promontory of Lilybxum, 45 miles SW from Palermo. Marsch. See Moran>. Mursilen, village in West Yorkshire, near the source of the Colne, 7 miles SW of Huddersfield. Herr are some extensive cotton mills, and the Huddersfield canal passes this place. Marseilles, flourishing seaport of France, in the department of the Mouths of the Rhor.e. The inhabitants are computed at 90,000. It was so celebrated in the time M A R M A 11 of the Komans, that Cicero styled it the Athens of the Gauls, and Pliny culled it the Mistress of Education. It is situated on the Medlierraneun, at the upper end of a gulf in which are many small islands ; and is partly on the declivity of a hill, and partly in a plain. It is div ded into the Old Town and the New. The first ap- pears like an amphitheatre to the vessels '" which enter the port; but the hi uses are mean, and the streets dirty, narrow, and steep. In this part is the principal church built by the Goths, on the ruins of the temple of Diana. The New town is, in every respect, a perfect contrast to ihs city, with which it has a communication by one of the finest streets iniiginable. The other streets and squares, as well as the public buildings in general, are very ele- gant. • With respect to commerce, Mar- seilles has been eminent since th' days of nntiquit}' ; and is now sorrietinfies called Europe in miniature, on account- of the variety of dresses and langua;;es. The .port is a basin of an oval form, 34S0 feet lonf^, 960 broad at it widest part, with 18 Oi" 20 feet depth of water. In the environs of Marseilles are near 5000 liUle country boxes of the citizens, called Bastides^. In 1640 the plsgue raged with great violence in Marseilles, and with still greater in 1?20, when it carried off 50,000 of tlie inhabi- tants. The late Lord Gadenstone men- tions, that Marseilles was a little republic within itself, that tiie citizens eiecied their own magistrates, an that tiie expense of a law-suit never exceeded twopence-halfpenni/y which sum was lodged by each party with the clerks of court, at the commencement of every process ; after which no farther expense was incurred. .Marseilles is 15 miles S of Aix, 13 NW of Toul n It 5 362 S by E of Paris.. Lon. 5 27 E, iat. 43 13 N. JMarsluiH^s-Ji^Uj^ost office in Hunting- don county PenHgWfeni^ JMarshaUsvii' ■, post village, Mecklenb'irg county Virginia. G5 miles SW of Peters- burg. ^lavshfield, town in Gloucestershire, on the Coteswold hills, 11 miles E of Bristol, and 103 W of London •JMarslifieh',, post town and township, AVasliington county V^ermont, 12 miles E from Montpelier. Population 520. Jlarshjielcl, post town in Plyni'mth coun- ty, Massachusetts ; situated near Marslifield point, 36 miles SE of Boston. It had 1364 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1532. Murshpee, township of Barnstable coun- ty Massachusetts, on the sea cr ast 17 miles SVVfrom Barnstable. Population in 1820, 150. Marcio J\'novo, town of Naples, in Prin- c;pato Citeriore, 21 miles NNIi of Poli- castro, .']larscio Vccchio, town of Naples, in Ba- silicata, near the river Acre, 23 miles NE of Policustro. J\IarsiUy, town of France in the depart- ment of Vlarne, 10 mdes S of Suzanne. JIarstraiid, rocky island of Sweden, in the Categat, lying NW of the moutti of the Gotha. It is two miles in circumfer- ence; and, o:i account of its strength, is called the Gbralter of Sweden. The town stands o:i -the E side, and the harbour is secure and commodious but of difficult entrance. The inhabitants subsist chiefly by the herring fisliery, by the number of ships wh'.ch in bad weather take reftuje in the harboiir, and by a coniraband trade. It is 23 miles NV/ of Gotheborg. Lon. 11 30 E, Iat. 57 59 N. Marta. town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter ; seated on a river of the same name, where it issues from the lake Bolfe- na, 10 m Its E ofCastro. JIuriabcm, city of Pegu, capital of a pro- vince of tlie suTie name, fertile in rice, fruits, and svines of all kinds It was a rich trading place before the king of Birmali conquered the country, who caused a num- ber of V -ssels to be suiilc at t!ie mouth of the harbour, so that it is now only to be entered by small ve sels. T;;e chief trade is i' e r.rthen-vare and fish. Ii is seated on the bay of Tiengd, at the mouth of the Thaltian, 120 mil-s SE of Pegu. Lon. 97 .56 E, Iat. 16 30 N. .Marlago, town of Spain, in Leon, 10 miles SSE oi Ciudad Ilodrigo. JYIariapnra. See JSIetapura. JMartel, town of France', in the depart- ment of L >t, seated near the Dordogne, 18 miles E of Surlat. Martha. St. province of Terra Firma, bou'ded on the N by the Caribbean s^a, E bv Vene/.iicia, S by New Granada, and W by Carthagena. It is a miuintainous cnun- trv, and t!ie l.'>nd very high. It abound.'? witii fruits prfiper to the clima'e, and there are mines of gold and precious s'ones, and salt-works. Here t!;e famous ridge of mountains begin, called the Andes, which runs S tlie whole length cf South'Ame- rica. Martha, St. capital of a province of the same name in Terr Firma, with a bishop's see, : nd a liariiour surrounded by high mountains. It was once flourishing and populous, when the Spanish galieons were sent thither, but is now .almost come to notlting. The air about tl e town is whole- some and the liouses are' built of canes, and covered mostly with palmetto leaves. It is sea'ed on one of the mouths of the H'>o Grande, 1000 mles W by S of the llio-de-la ilacha. Lon. 73 56 W, Iat. 11 24 N. Martha s Vinciard, island near tlie coast, 569 M A i; U A E and forming: part of Dukes county, Massa- chusetts, 80 miles S of Boston. It is 21 miles long, with a mean width of 6. Popu- lation 3000. Tlie island produces grain sufficient for the inhabitants, with abun- dance of cattle and sheep. The harbour of Holmes' Hole, o:i the north side is the only port of consequence. Chief town, Edgartown. The inhabitants apply them- selves chiefly to their fisheries, in which they have great success. Lon. 70 22 W, lat. 41 16 N. .'Marthakii, considerable town of Swis- serland, in that part of the county of Ky- burg, subject to Zuric. It is seated near the Rhine, six miles S of Sliaff hausen. JMartic, township of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. It is situated on the NK side of Susquehannah and the SE side of Pique creek. Population 1810 1623, and in 1820 1701. JMartigues, seaport of France, in the de- partment of the mouths of the Kiione and late province of Provence, near a lake, 12 miles long and five broad, which is naviga- ble throughout, and wlience they get very fine fish and excellent salt. Martigues is 20 miles NW of Marseilles. Lon. 5 2 E, lat. 43 19 N. Martin, county of Halifax district. North Carolina, containing 5987 inhabitants in 1810. The chief town Williamstown. ■ jyiartin, Cape, promontory of Valencia, in Spain, which separates the gulf of Va- lencia from that of Ahcant. Lon, 36 E, lat. 38 54 N. Martin, St. town of France in the isle of Rhe, with a harbour and strong citadel, 15 miles W of Rochelle. Lon. 1 17 W, b.t. 46 13 N. Martin, St. one of the Leeward Carib- bean Islands, in the West indies, lying to the X\V of St. Bartholomew, and to the S\V of Ang:iilla. It is 42 miles in circum- ference, has neither harbour nor river, but several salt-pits. It was long jointly pos- sessed by the French and Dutch ; but at the commencement of tlie present war, the former were expelled by the latter. Lon. 63 W, lat. 8 14 N. Martiri, county of North Carolina; bound- ed by Beauford SE, Hitt, S\V, Edgecombe W, Halifax NW ; Roanoke liver or Bertie N ; and VVasiiington E. Length 35 : mean width about 14 miles ; and area 490 square miles. Surface level an^i soil either marshy or sandy. Its chief town Williamston, is on the lloanoke-25 miles N from Washing- ton. Staple cotton. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females All other persons except Indians Total whites 1,713 1,732 3,515 not taxed Slaves Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females . - - All other persons except In- dians not taxed 115 2,357 5,987 1,593 1,785 Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females - Slaves, males . - - - do. females ... 3,378 55 37 1,577 1,273 6,320 412 65 13 570 Total population in 1820 .1. Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 1 1-3. Martin, county of Indiana ; bounded by Owen and Davies S ; Sullivan and Vigo W ; Wabash and Dekware NW ; and Monroe and Lawrence E. Length, 47 ; width 24 ; and area 920 square miles. The main west branch of White river, traverses this coun. ty from NW to SE, entering at the NE, and leaving it at the SW angle. The 39th degree of north latitude passes through the southern extremity. The surface is hilly contiguous to the screams, but level in the interior. Much good soil. Population in 1820. Free white males - - 606 .dp. do. fenaales - - 422 All other persons except Indians not taxed -~ - - Total whites - . - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - "6 Engaged in Agriculture - 215 do. in Manufactures - 72 do. in Commerce - ^ Population to the square mile, 1. Martinico, one of the Windward Carrib- bee Islands, in the West Indies, 40 miles in length, and 100 in circumference. There are many high mountains covered with trees, as well as several rivers and fertile valleys, but they will not bear either wheat or vines ; however, the former is not much wanted, for the natives prefer cassava to wheat bread. It produces sugar, cotton, 1,032 M A R ginger, indigo, chocolate, aloes, pimento, plantains, and other ti-opical I'ruits ; and is extremely populous, some ol khe ancient inhabitants still remain. It has several safe and commodious harbours, well fortified. Fort St. Pierre, the principal place, is in Ion. 61 20 W, lat. 14 14 N. Murtinsborough, now Jonesville, post village Surry county North Carolina, on the right bank' of Tar river 20 miles above Washington. See Jonesville. Jllartins, post town and seat of justice, Lewis county, New York, near the west side of Black river 50 miles a little west of north from ITtica. JMurtinsburg, post town and seat of jus- tice ill Berkley county, Virginia, 19 miles SW of Hagerstovvn in Maryland, and about 18 NW of Harper's ferry on the Potomac. Martin»burg, post village, Hopkins coun- ty, Kentucky. Martins creek, post village, Northampton county, Pennsylvania, 10 miles N from Easton. Martinsville, post town, Henry county, Virginia, on Irvine river, 65 miles S from Fincastle, and about 150 miles SW by W ftom Petersburg, Martinsville, post town and seat of jus- tice, Guilford county North Carolina, on Buffalo creek, branch of Haw river This town was rendered remark ible by a battle foughtbetween the United States array com- manded by General Green, and th British, March 15th, 1781. Ii sta-ads 45 miles NW from Raleigh. Martinsville. See St. Martinsxiille, Louis- iana. ** Martorano, town in Naples, in Calabria Ceteriore, with a bishop's see, eight mil;'S from the sea, and 15 S of Cosenza. Lon. 16 20 E, lat. 39 6 I^ Martorel, town C$' Spain, in Catalonia, seated at the confluiehc^ of the Noya and Lobrag^l, 18 miles NV.' of Barcelona. Lon. 1 56 E, lat. 41 36 N. Martos, town of Spain, in Andelusia, witli / M A R Maryland, one of the states of the Uni- ted States; having the Atlantic Ocean, Chesapeak bay, and part of Virginia SE ; other pai'ts of Virginia, south, SW, and W ; Pennsylvania N ; and Delaware E. Miles. Maryland has an ocean exterior limit, from the SE angle of Delaware, to the SE angle of Maryland - 35 The southern limit of the Kastein Shore, between the Atlantic Ocean and Ciiesapeak, or Pokomoke bay, . . - . - 15 Along Pokomoke bay from Redcrifl"'s Point, to Watkins' Point - - 20 Across Chesapeak bay from V/at- kins' Point U, Cape Lookout, the noith side of tiie entrance of Po- toinac river, - - - - 20 Up Potomac river to Washington City, 120 Up the residue of the Potomac river to its extreme source, - - 200 Thence due N to the southern boun- dary of Pennsylvania, - - 36 Thence E alor.g the southern boun- dary of Pennsylvania, - - 200 Thence nearly south along the west- ern limit of Delaw.<)re, - - 88 Thence Vj to the Atlantic Ocean and place of beginning, - - 36 Hiving an entire outline of 760 Area, exclusive of water, about 11,000 square miles ; 7,040,000 aci-es. Mtan length 150 ; and mean breadth about 75 miles. Between lat. 2,'d, and 39 43 N. - Maryland is the mcst irregular in its form of any s ate of the United States, and contains tlie least surface wiien compared With its Outline. It is also, in point of sur- face, soil, and climate very mucii diversi- fied. All those parts of Maryland lying east from Chesapeak bay, raid west of tiiat stream to the Ivead of tide water, may be considered as alluvial in their formation, and a fortress seated on a rock, eight miles S of comparatively level and sandy. Above Anduxar. Marvejols, commercial town of France, in the department oi Lozere and late pro- vince ef Gevaudan, seated in a valley on the river Colange, 10 rades NW of Mende, and .300 S of Paris. Lon. 2 23 E, lat. 44 36 X. Marville, town of I'rancc, in the depart- ment of Meuse and late duchy of Bar, seated on the Osheim, three miles N of Jametz. Maryanna Forge, post village, Somerset county, Pennsylvania, at the junction of the Quenemahoning and Shade creeks, 2 miles NNB from the borough of So- merset. Maryborough, borough of Ireland, c tpital of Queen's countv, 17 miles S of Philips- town. Lon. 7 W, lat. 53 2 N. tide water the surface rises, thor.gh not ^•ery rapidly, into hilts which reacii the foot of the mountains. The soil of this middle zone is the be.st in the state. The mountainous region includes the residue and presents the common features of the Appalacliian system. Maryland is the first state of the Uni- ted States SW from Delaware river, which embraces the three great zones of soil ; that of alluvion, hilly, and moun- tainous. In the annexed table, the coun- ties are distinguished which occujiy each zone rfspectively. The alluvial soil is generally level and sandy, but where due attention has been paid to agriculture, produces good crops of grain, tobacco and even cotton 571 M A li -\J A J? towards the south. The middle, ov hilly section, and some of the mountain val- leys are amongst the best paits of tl^e United States for the production cf grain, grass, and orchard fruit, tobacco, flax, and tiemp. The flour and tobacco, of some places on the higher waters of the Potomac, are justly estimated for their excellence. Commercial'y, Maryland is naturally connected with some of the best uncul- tivated, most pnpiijoiis, and wealthy counties of Pennsylvania, good roads ex- tend from Baltimore, to Washington city, Fredericsktown, and Hagestown. That to the latter extends up the Po- tomac to Cmi-berland, and from thence to Brov/nsville. in Pennsylvania Part of this road has been constructed by the United States, and is toll free. The dis- tance from Baltimore to Brownsville, by Frederickstown, Hagerstown, Hancocks town, and Cumberand is 212 miles be- ing the shortest line of connexion, be- tween the Atlantic ports, and the navi- gable waters of Ohio. Other roads intersect the state of Ma- ryland, and connect it with the neigh- bouring states, particu'arly Pi iinsylvania, and facilitate intercommunication witli Baltimore. The trade of the Susque- hannah, is, however^ that which enters roost at Baltimore, and has contributed greatly to the rapid increase of that city. vSee Baltimore. Tlie legislature, and people of Maryland, seem recently to have awakened to a full sense cf the immense advantages naturally flowing down with the stream of the Susquehan- nah. and also to those to be derived from openins? a water conimuni cation between Chesapeak and Delaware bays. It has been supposed that the produce already (October 1822.) brought down in the cur- rent year, frcm t!ie SuJ-quehannah, ex- ceeds in value 1,000' 00 dol.ars, and must annually increase. It is only necessary to examine the position of Baltimore on a general map of the United States, to perceive its admirable situation as a com- mercial mart. Maryland produces in itself. Iron ore, and mineral coal, with inexhaustible masses of limestone, and other buildng stone. Furnaces and forpect to pursuit or employment, the pnpvdation of Maryland in 1820, were thus classed : Engaged in Agriculture - - 79,1j5 Do. in Manufactures - 18,640 Do. in Commerce - - 4,771 There were in the state, 3776 un-natu- ralizf d foreigners. Populutinn to the square mile, 37. Progressive population since 1790, in- clusive. In 1790, 319,728; in 1800, 349,692 ; in 1810, 380,546 ; and.in 1820, 407,350. JIaryport, town in Cumberland, with a good harbour. * Ii\,17'50, it v.as only a poor h hing town ; but it has nov/ upw;atds of 3000 "inhabitants, v/ho employ many ves- sels, from 50 to 250 tons burden, in the coal cr coasting trade. Here are two ship- yarils and a cotton manufacture, and close by is the Roman station, Yiro.sidum, where several altars and stauies have been dug up. Marv port is situate at the mouth of the Elien, in the Irish sea, 27 miles SV of Caili.sle, and 297 NNW of London. Lon. 3 22 VV, lat, 54 35 N. MariKsbvrg- To~mship, in the county of Prince Edward, Upper Canada, is situated at tiie eastern end of the peninsula, which forms th.e bay of Quinte, and hes open to lake Ontario on the south. Jvlariirille, post town and seat of justice, Charlotte county, Virginia, on Wards-fork of Little Roanoke, 35 miles SE from Lynch- burg ; and 60 SSW from Richmond. Marysvi/le, post village, Campbell coun- tv. Virjrinia. M A S .M A S JMari'sfitle, small town and seat of jus- tice for Union county, Ohio, on Mill creek, 15 miles SW from Delaware, and 27 NW from Col'imbus. J^fart/sville, post town and seat of justice, Blount co:inty, East Tennessee, 12 miles a little west of south from Knoxville. j\IarysvUle, post town, Harrison county, Kentucky, on the main norJi-east fork of Licking river, about 45 miles by land above Newport, opposite Cincinnati. Mai'za Siroco, sjulf on the SE side of the isle of Malta. The Turks landed here in 1565, when they went to besieg-e Valetta. It is now defended by ihree forts, two at the entrance of the gulf, and one at the point of land that advances into the middle of it. Marzilla, town of Spain, in the province of Navarre, near tiie river Arragon, oO miles S of Pamplona. ^ILis d'Agenois, town of France, in the department of Lot .-.nd Garonne, on the river Garonne, 24 miles NVV of Agen, and 50 SE of B urdeaux. Mas d'Jlsil, town of France, in the de- partment Of Arrifge, with a benedictine abbey : seated on the rivulet Kise, eight miles SW of Patmiers. JMasafuero, island in the Pacific Ocean, 80 miles W of Juan Fernandez. It is hi^^h and mountainous, but lowest to the N, ;;nd at a distance appears like one hill or rock. It is of a triangular form, about 25 miles in circumference, and uninhabited, except by numerous seals and g' ats. 'I'here is also plenty of wood, but difricull to be got ofl", as the heavy surf allows of no good landing place. Loii. 81 40 W, 1st. 33 40 S. JMasbatey one of the Philippine islands, almost in the centre of them. It is 80 miles in circumference, and the natives are tributary to the Spaniards. Lon. 122 25 E, lat. 11 36 N. ^Ma&brough, village in West Yorkshire, on the river Don, adjoining the bridge of Eotherham. Here are considerable iron works, where all sor!s of hammered and cast iron goods are made, from the most trifling article to a large cannon, of which great quantities are exported. JMiiscaiu, the western province of the kingdom of Algiers, 370 miles long and 130 broad. It is dry, barren, and mountyinoiis, except on the N side, where there are plains abounding in corn, fruit, and pas- tures. The S parts are inhabited by inde- pendent wandering tribes, particularly the Angad tribe. Mascara, capital of tlie province of the same name, in the kingdom of Algiers, with a strong castle, in which the bey re- sides, In 1732 it was an inconsiderable place ; b\it is now the only one in the king- dom, which, under the domination of the Turks, perceptibly increases in prosperity and extent. It is not so large as Tretne- san, but surpasses it in beauty, having a great number of good houses and newly erected mosques. It stands in the centre of a fertile and populous district, 45 miles ESE of Oran, and 190 SW of Algiers.— Lon. 40 E, lat. 35 54 N. Muscat, seaport of Arabia Feli.'^, and the chief town in the province of Oman, with an excellent harbour. It has a castle on a rock, and \s very strong both by nature and art, though the buildings are mean. It was taken, in 1508, by the Portuguese, who retained it for a century and a half. The cathedral, built by the Portuguese, is now the king's palace. There is no vegetation to be seen on the seacoast near it, and only a few date-trees in a valley at the back of the town, though the inhabitants have all things in plenty. The weather is so hot from May to September, that no people are to be seen in the streets from ten in the morning till four in the afttrnoon- The bazars or market places are covered with the leaves of date-trees, laid on beams which reach from the house tops on one side to those on the other. The products of the country are horses, dales, fine brimstone, coftee, and ruinoss, a root that dies red. Lon. 57 26 E, lat. 24 N. Mascoomy, river of New Hampshire, which rises between Dorchester and Lyme, flows into, and carries the water of Mas- coomy Pond into Connecticut river, 5 miles below Hanover. Mas IfAsil, town of France, in the de- partment of Arriege and late county of Foix, with a late rich Benedictine abbey. It is seated on the rivulet Kise, 8 miles S W of Pamiers. Maskelijues Isles, group of small but beautiful islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, lying off the SE point of Malicollo, one of the New Hebrides. Maskhiovge, river of Lower Canada, flows from a Fond of the same name, on the line between Warwick and St. Maurice counties, Lower Canada, flows SE, and falls into the head of lake St. Peters. Maskinonge, SW seigniory of St. Mau- rice county. Lower Canada, on lake St. Peters, on both sides of Maskinonge river. Mason, township of Hillsborough county. New Hampshire, 36 miles H from Concord. Population in 1S20, 1313. Mason, county of Virginia ; bounded by Ohio river W and NW ; by Wood NE ; Ken- hawa SE; and Cabell SW. Length 40; mean width 20 ; and area SOO square miles. This county is washed in its intire length by Ohio, aiid traversed by Great Kenhawa river. Surface very broken and hilly, though much of the soil near the streams is excellent. Considerable quanti- ties of salt is made on Kenhawa river from sail water procured by deep digging. Sta- 573 M A S M AS pies of this county, grain and flour, town, Mount Pleasant. Population in 1810. Free white males . - - do. do. females ... Total whites . . . - All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Free white'males do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - . Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males . _ _ do. females . . - Total population in 1820 Chief Total population in 1820 13,588 915 827 1,742 249 1,991 2,189 2,056 4,245 14 16 291 302 4,868 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized - ~ Engaged in Agriculture - 1,288 do. in Manufactures - m do. in Commerce - H Population to the square mile, 6. Mason, county of Kentucky ; bounded by the Ohio river NE ; Lewis E, and Fleming SE and S ; Nicholas SW and Bracken W. Length 18 ; mean, width 14 ; area 250 square miles. Surface hilly, though very considerable tracts of excellent soil skirt the streams, particularly the Ohio. Sta- ples, grain, flour, whiskey, &c. Chief towns. Washington, and the seat of justice, Marysville. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 5,184 do. do. females - - 4,808 Total whites - - - 9,992 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - 45 Slaves . . - . - 2,422 Total populatioa in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males - . . do. do. females . - - All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males . do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females - - - 574 12,459 5,328 4,832 10,160 33 29 1,803 1,563 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 5 Engaged in Agriculture - 3,302 do. in Manufactures . 129 do. in Commerce - . Population to the square mile, 54. Jilason, village of Pike county, Mis- souri. JMason, or Magon, river of Louisiana, issues from Grand Lake immediately north of ttie north boundary of Louisiana, and flowing a little south of west through the annually overflown alluvion of the Missis- sippi, in a direct line 80 miles, but by the windings of the stream more than 150 miles, joinsthe Tensaw about30 milesabove the junction of the latter with Onachitta. Mason-Hally post village. Orange county. North Carolina. Maso7wille, township and post village, Delaware county. New York, adjacent to the SE angle of Chenango county, 26 miles W from Delhi. Population in 1820, 719. J\Iassa, populous town of Italy, in Tus- cany, capital of a small territory of the same name. It is seated on a plain, three miles from the sea, and 55 .W by N of Flo- rence. Lon. 10 E, lat. 44 N. J\Iassa, town of Naples, in Terra-di-Lavo- ra, with a bishop's see, seated near the sea, 20 miles S of Naples. Lon. 14 18 E, lat. 40 31 N. Jllassa, town of Italy, in the Siennese, with a bishop's see, seated on a mountain near the sea, 25 miles SW of Sitnna. Lon. 10 48 E, lat. 42 40 N. Massa, or Mazzi, town of the Veronese, in Italy, situated on the N side of the Po, 40 miles E of Maiitau. Lon. 11 50 E, lat. 45 :'0 N. JIassachisetts, state of the United States, having the Atlantic Ocean E and SE; Rhode Island and Connecticut south ; New York W ; and Vermont and New Hamp- sliire N. Miles. Massachusetts has an exterior boun- dary on the Atlantic Ocean - 200 Along Rhode Island ... 70 Along Connecticut . . - 85 Along New York ... 50 Along Vermont and New Hampshire 135 540 Area 7250 square miles, or 4,640,000 acres. Length 190 ; breadth 94. Lying between lat. 41 31 and 42 52 N. Massachusetts, in point of soil, is divisi- ble into three distinct zones ; mountainous in the west, hilly in the central ; and low and sandy in the eastern, or rather soutii- eastern sections. The state is traversed M A S M A S by three ranges of mountains ; one along its western border, separating the basins of the Housatonnick from the creeks flowing; into the Hudson ; a second sej)arating the basins of the Housatonnick and Connecti- cut ; and a third between the Connecticut basin, and the streams discharging east and south-east into the Atlantic Ocean. The last range is not, it is true, a compact ridge, but is nevertheless intitled to the distinc- tion of a mountain, and produces on the geographical features of the state all the effect arising from mountain scenery. East and south-east of this latter ridge, the soil of Massachusetts is coiupara- tively of an inferior quality, and rece- ding from the mountains towards the sea imperceptibly sinks from hills to plains, flat sandy and sterile. This level and sandy character, is, however, in a great degree confined to the southeast counties. In Norfolk, Middlesex, and Essex counties, the hills approach the ocean and the tide, from the rapid ac- clivity of the country, ascends but a very short distance inland. Beyond the east- ern range of mountains, the valleys of Massachusetts, possess a fine, deep, strong, and in many places, an exube- rantly fertile soil. The counties of Berk- shire, Franklin, Hambden, and Hamp- shire, are amongst the most diversified, and best cultivated tracts in the United States ; producing grain, pasturage, and orchard fruits, in abundance. Of mineral productions, iron and mar- ble are the only substances of great va- lue found plentifully in this state. Iron is found in Plymouth, and in several other parts of the state ; marble is quar- ried and wrous^ht to considerable ex- tent near Stockbridge. The fine granite of Chelmsford, and Teignmouth, is brought to Boston by the Middlesex ca- nal. In a commercial point of view, Mas- sachusetts is well situated. Its coast is indented by a number of fine bays, of which the harbours of Boston, Salem, and Plymouth, are the principal. Con- necticut river traverses the state ; and Merrimac enters the ocean in its NE an- gle. From the latter stream to Boston harbour, a fine navigable canal conveys the lumber, stone, and other products of its shores to a profitable market The obstructions in Connecticut river, iiave been so far removed, or remedied by short canals, as to open that stream to boat navigation, above the northern limit of Massachusetts. From the epoch of the first settlement of the colonies of Plymouth, and Massa- chusetts bay, from which were formed the present Massachusetts, its inhabi- tants have been distinguished for their steady attention to the interests of edu- cation. Harvard university at Cam- bridge holds the first rank in the litera- ry institutions of the United States. The theological seminary in Andover, Wil- liams college in VVilUamstown, and Phil- lips academy in Andover, are all highly respectable institutions. Academies have been established throughout the state, in all the principal towns ; and common schools are universal. According to Mr. Morse, there were in 1817, 4.01 religious congregations ; of these, 366 were con- gregationalists ; 91 were baptists ; 32 were friends ; 14 were Episcopalians and 8 presbyterians. The manufactures of Massachusetts are extensive and valuable. As early as 1810, their value amounted to near 22,000,000 of dollars. With the politi- cal changes, since that epoch the ma- nufacture of Massachusetts, like those of the other states of the United have fluc- tuated, but still remain flourishing and respectable. Boston in respect to ton- nage is the first port, and Massachusetts the first state in the confederacy. With Maine in 1815, the joint tonnage amount- ed to upwards of 452,000 tons. The ci- tizens in the seaj)ort towns of this state, are very generally engaged in the fishe- ries. The staple exports, are, lumber, whale oil, various manufactures, salted provisions and ardent spirits. In 1820, the domestic produce exported amounted to g3,861,435. Pi>litically Massachusetts is subdivided into the following counties. Counties. Pop. in 1820. Essex 74,580 Middlesex, including Charlestown, 61,677 Worcester . . - - 73,603 Suffolk, including the city of Boston 43,925 Norfolk 36,462 Bristol 39,998 Plymouth . . - - 38,112 Barnstable ... - 24,029 Dukes 3,295 Nantucket .... 7,286 Franklin 29,289 Hampshire ... - 26,487 Hampden ... - 28,073 Berkshire - - - - - 35,727 521,725 Of this mass : were. Foreigners not naturalized, - 3,425 Persons engaged in Agriculture, 63,460 do. do. Manufactures, 33,464 do. do. Commerce, 13,301 Progressive population of Massachusetts. la 1790 - 378,787 1800 - 422,845 iTS M A S M A T 1810 - 4r2,040 1820 - 521,725 The amount at the latter epoch was sub- divided into : Free Whites. Males. Females. Under 10 years old 70.993 69,260 10 and under 16 38,573 33,303 Between 16 and 18 10,922 18 and under 26 49,506 52,805 26 and under 45 54,414 57,721 45 and upwards 38,668 46,171 Total 252,154 264,265 Total of blacks 3,308 3,560 Massachusetts bay, is that part of the Atlantic ocean E from Massachusetts, be- tween cape Cod, cape Ann, and the coast. Massacre Isle, island of Alabama, to the west from Dauphin island. Masseme Mountams. This chain has but recently been introduced to public notice, though a very distinct system, and thougii unequal, in mass or in elevation to the Al- leganies or Appalachian, is very little, if any less extensive as to range. The Mas- seme rises first into regular mountain ridges in Missouri, about 70 miles SW from St. Louis, and preserving a SW direction through Missouri, Arkansaw, and Texas, is lost towards the Kio Grand del Norte. It is pierced by the Arkafisaw, Red, Bras- sos a Dios and Colonado rivers. Its geolo- gical structure has never been scientifically examined, and the result published. There is a very remarkable parallelism, between the Appalachian and JJasserne systems, and the very singular curvature produced on its rivers by the former, is also produced by the latter. Massafra, strong town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, in Lerra d'Otr.into, with a bishop's see, seated i.t the foot of the Appennines, 16 miles N\V of Tarento. Lou. 17 20 E, lat. 40 50 N. Massena, post town, of St. Lawrence county. New York, on the river St. Law- rence. Population, 1820, 944. Masserano, town of Italy in Piedmont, capital of a small principality of the same name, held by its prince as a fief of the church. It is seated on a mountain, 40 iTiiles NE of Turin. Lon. 8 14 E, lat. 45 38 N. Masfico or Capo Mastico, a cape on the S side of Scio, one of tlie islands of the Archipelago. Masuah, tov.-n of Abyssinin, on an island on the coast of the Red Sea. The houses, in general, are built of poles and bent grass, as in the towns in Arabia ; and a few are of stone, some of tliem two stones higl). Lon. 39 36 E, lut. 15 35 N. J fasulipatam, seaport of Ilindonstan, seated near the mouth of the Kirtn:i, on the coast of Coromandel. It is 200 miles N of Madras. T.on. 81 12 K,'lat. 16 8 N. 576 Malaca or Mantaca, commodious bay on the N coat of the island of Cuba, 35 miles E of Havanna. Lon. 89 16 W, lat. 23 12 N. Matagorda, fortress of Spain, seated near the entrance of the harbour of Cadiz. Matalona, town of Italy in Naples and in Terra di Lavori, 8 miles N-W of Capua, and 19 W by S of Benevento. Lon. 14 14 E, lat. 41 12 N. Matainan, county of Africa, bounded on the N by Benguela, on the E by parts un- known on the S by the country of the Hottentots, and on the W by the Atlantic Ocean. There is no town in it, and the inhabitants live in miserable huts, it being a desert country, httle visited by. the Eu- ropeans. Maiamiishett, post village, Hyde county. North Carolina. Matan or Mactan, one of the Philippine Islands, where Magellan w^s killed in 1521. Mataouaschie River, upper Canada, runs into the Ottowa river, above the river du Rideaa. Matapan, Cape, the most southern pro- montory of the Morea, ancient Tenacrium, between the gulf of Coron and that of Col- okythia. Lon. 22 40 E, lat, 36 25 N. Maiarm, large town of Asia, formerly the capital of an empire of that name, in the island of Java. It is strong by situa- tion, and seated in a fertile and populous country, stin-ounded by mountains. Lon, 111 55 E, lat. 7 15 S. JMaCaro, to'.vn of Spain in Catalonia, re- markalile ibr its glass-works, seated on the Mediterranean, 15 miles NE of Barcelona. Lon. 2 23 E, lat. 41 36 N. Matchcdash, bay in the eastern part of lake Huron, into which the river Severn empties, and forms a communication wi,th lake Simcoe, Upper Canada. Maicoivil:, strong town of Upper Hun- gary, ill llie county of Scepus, seated on a mountain, 185 miles NE of Aresburg. MuteUca, town of Italy, in the marquis- ate of Ancona, 15 miles S of Jesi. Matera, considerable town of Italy, in Naples, and in the Terra d'Otranto, on the Canapro. 35 miles NW of Tarento. Lon. 16 54 E, iat. 40 59 N. Matilda Township, in the county of Bun- das, Upper Canatia, is the sixth township in ascending the river St. Lawrence. It is opposite tlie Gallop islands, between Og- densburg, and Hamilton. MatildariHe, village of Fairfax county, Virginia, at the mouth of Difficult creek, 17 miles above Washington city. Mfitlock, village in Derbyshire, situated on the DerWent, four miles N of Wirkt- wortlw .'yratmai. See Jeso. Mhto Grosso. See Matto Grosso. .^fatiaponv, rives of Virginin, rises in M A T M A U Spotsylvania, crosses Carolina, thence sepa- rates Kinp William from Kinj; and Queen, and joins the Parntinky at Delaware and forms York river. Mattkeo, St. town of Spuin, in Arragon, 10 miles from the Mediterranean, and 55 N of Valencia. Lon. 36 W, lat. 40 12 N. Matthew, St. island of Africa, 420 miles S bv VV of Cape Palmas on the cou.st of Guinea. It was planted by tlie Portuguese, but is now deserted. Lon. 6 10 W, lat. 1 24 S. Matlhexv, St. small island in the Indian Ocean. L©n. 123 51 E, lai. 5 23 S. .Wa^/'jews, county of Virginia, commencing eight miles S from the mouth if the Poto- mac. It occupies an ellip'ical peninsula, between Pianhatank, and North rivers, hav- ing Gloucester county to the wesi, area about 80 square miles. There is a post of- fice at the court house. Population in 1810. Free whiles, males - • 1,079 do. do. females - - 1,039 Total whites - - - - 2,118 All other persons except Indians not taxed 41 Slaves - ... - 2,068 Total population in 1810 • Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females . Total whites . - - ■ Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females - 4,227 6.920 Total population in 1820 - Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in .Xgrcultu'e - - 2,262 JMattira, seaport of Ceylon, with a small fort. The coimtry round is exceeding wild, and abounds in elephants, which are liere principally caught for exportation. It is -ituate on a river, nearly at the sou'h- most point of the island, 25 mUes ESE of Galle. Lon. 80 28 E, lat. 5 53 N. .Matiira, town of Hindoostan, in the pro. vince of Agra, 22 miles NE of Agra, and 70 SSE of Delhi. JMaitba!, town of the country of Cauda- har, 70 NNE of Candahar. Maubenge, fortified town of France, in the department of the Nord. In 1793, the Austrians formed the blockade of this place, but were soon driven from their po- sition. It is seated on the Sambre, 15 miles S of Mons, and 22 ESE of Valenciennes. MangerviUe, itnvn of New Brunswick in Sanbury county, on St. John's river. Mauldah, town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, situate on a rive r that comnumicates with the Ganges. It arose out of th.e ruins of Gour, which are in its neighbourhood; and is a place of trade, particularly in silk, 170 miles N of Calcutta. Lon. 88 16 E, lat. 25 3 N. JMatdeon, town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Pyrenees, 20 miles WNW of Pan. Maulenn, town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Pyrenees, 28 miles SE of Tarbes. Mavleon, town of France, in the depart- ment of Vendee, with an ancient castle on a rock. It is seated near the river Omt, 52 miles NE of Roche.le, and 52 NW of Poi- tiers. Mavmee, river, rises in Indiana, flows NE into the NW angle of Ohio, through which it contir.ues NE, and falls into the ex reme SW exten'Mon of lake Erie. About 18 miles above its mou'h it is impeded by shoals, occasioned by a series of ledges of rock, which cross -^he river for a distance of 18 miles. It is a fine navigable stream above and below these shoals. Its princi- pal branche?, which all unite above the shoals, are St. Mary's, St. Joseph's, and Great and Little AugLize. JMawnce bav, is an oval sheet of water, 5 miles long and i^^out 2 wide, and at the mouth of the Maiimee river; it is united to lake Erie bv two channels, formed by a small island" in tlie form of a crescent. The western channel has a depth of about seven feet. Maumee, post village, and seat of justice for Wood couniy Oho, on the left bank of Maumee river, nearly opposite Fort Meigs. Jfaiiru, St. island of the Mediterranean, about 50 miles in circuit, which forms p.;>rt of the republic of Se' » n Islands. It lies near the coast of Albania, 15 miles N cf Jl A U M A \ the island of Cephalonia lat. 38 40 N. Maurepas, lake of Louisiana. It is formed by a dilation of the Amite river, and commu- nicates with lake Ponchartrain by a strait 7 miles in length called tlie pass of Manchac, It is of an oval figure 12 miles by 7. It re- ceives from the soutii, the Acadian creek ; from the west New river, and Amite river; and from the north the Tickoshah. Its depth about 12 feet, but the pass of Man- chac admits of vessels of six feet draft only. Jllauriac, town of France, in the depart- ment of Cantal, famous for excellent horses ; seated near the Dordogne, 29 miles E of Tulle, and 38 WNW of St. Flour. Maurice, St. river of Lower Canada, which enters the St Lawrence from the north, at the town of Three Rivers. Maurice, St. town ot Switzerland, in the Valais. It guards the entrance into the Lower Valais, from Bern ; and is situate on the Rhone, between two high moun- tains, 16 miles N\V of Marligny. Maurice, St. county of Lower Canada, on both sides of St M lurice river, and ex- tends along the NE shore of St Lawrence river from three miles above St. Anne river, to six miles above the Majkinonge, or about 58 miles. Us capiial is the town < of Three Rivers, the third in size in Ca- nada. Maurice, river of New Jersey, rising in Gloucester, and Salem, and falling into Delaware bay in Cumberland county. It is navigable 18 or 20 miles for vessels of 100 tons. Maurice, township of Cumberland coim- ty New Jersey, on Maur.ce r.ver. Popula- tion In 1320,2411. Mauritius. See France, Isle of. Manrna, one of the S )ciety islands, in the Pacific ocean, 14 miles W of Bolabola. Lon. 152 32 W,lat. 16 25 S. A'lautern, town of Austria, on the S side of the Danube, opposite Stein, with which it is connected by a long v/ooden bridge. It is 11 miles N by VV of St. Polten. Mauri/, county of West Tennessee ; bounded by Giles S ; Hickman W ; Duck liver or Williamson N; Bedford E. Length 35 ; mean width 20 ; and area 700 square miles. Surface hilly. Soil excellent. Staple cotton. Chief town Columbia, 40 miles SSW from Nashville. Population in 1810. Free white males - - • 4,041 do. do. females - - - 3,681 Total whites .... 7,722 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - 11 Slaves .._-.. 2,626 Total population in 1810 - - 10,359 578 Lon. 20 46 E, Population in 1820. - Free white mules . - . 8,037 do. do. females - - 7,583 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 52 Total whites • - . 15,672 Free persons of colour, males - 25 do. do, . females - 24 Slaves I, males - 3,1*8 do. females - 3,272 Total population in 1820 22,141 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 3 Engaged in Agriculture - - 5,852 do. in .Manufactures - 489 do. in Commerce - - 63 Population to the square mile, 31. Ma-u's, St. borough in Cornwall, on the E side of 1'a.lmouth haven, 12 miles SSW of Grampound, and 262 W by S of Lon- don. Maxatau77y, township of Berks county Pennsylvania"^ on tiie border of Lehigh county, .and on the Sacony, branch of Maiden creek, 20 miles NNE from Read- ing. Population in 1S20, 1847. .May Cape. See Cape May. Maxell, town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, celebrated for a victory obtained by the Austi'ians over the Prussians, in 1759, wh^n 20,000 Prussians surrendered themselves prisoners of war. It is 10 miles S of Dresden. Marimln, St. town of France, in the de- partment of Var, seated on the .\rgens, 21 miles N of Toulon. May, small island of Scotland, at the moutii of the frith of Forth, with a light- house, six miles SE of Anstruther, which is the nearest part of the coist. May, Cape, cape of North America, on the N side of the mouth of the Delaware. Lon. 75 4 W, lat. 59 N. .iifayambn, or Majumba, town of the kingdom of Loango, capital of a district of the same name. The chief trade is in logwo d. It stands at the moutli of the Banna, 110 miles NW of Loango. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 3 20 S. Maybole, town of Scotland, in Ayreshire, with a manufacture of blankets ; seated on an eminence, surrounded by hills, eight miles S of Ayr. Mayrn,\ov;\\ of Germany, in "the terri- tory of Treves, with a castle and a collegi- ate church ; seated on the Nettle, 20 miles W ofCoblentz. Mayence. See Maitz. Mayenne, department of France, inclu- ding part of the late province of JMaine. It takes its name from a river, which flows S, by the cities of Mayenne and Laval, to that of Angers, where it receives the Sarte, M A \ M E A iinii soon after joias the Loire. Laval is the capital. Mayemie, city of France, in the depart- ment of the same name, with a castle on a rock. It is sealed on the river Muyenne, 44 miles WNVV of Mans. Lon. 43 W, lat. 48 18N. J^Iayenne and Loire, department of France, which includes the late province of Anjou. It has i's name from two rivers. Ani^ers is the capital, Jfiwfielil, townsliip of Montgomery coun- ty New York, 18 miles NE from .Johnstown. Popidation in 1820, 2025. .Mayjiekl, eastern townsliip of Cuyahoga county Ohio. Population in 1820, 160. JMailhev}, new village or Missionary sta- tion in the Choctaw country Alabama, on a western branch of Tom'oigbe.-, about 60 miles SSW from Cotton ginport. JMaynesborongh, tovvnsliip of Coos coun- ty New Il.m|jshire, 16 miles E from Lan- caster. Population in 1820, unceriain. Jifayiiool/t, town of Ireland, m the county of Kildare. Here is a royal colle ge for stu- dents intended for the R "mish church ; and a college for lay students of the same persuasion. It is 12 miles W oi' Dublin. Mayo, county of Ireland, in the province of Connaught, 62 miles long and 52 broad; bounded on the E by Roscommon, on the S by Galway, on the W .^nd N by the At- lantic, and on the NE by Sligo. It is a fertile country, and abounds in cattle, deer, hawks, and honey. It contains 75 pa- rishes, and sends foux- members to par- liament. The principal town, of the same name, is much decayed. Lon. 9 39 W. lat. 53 40 N. Mayo, or the Jsle of May, one of the Cape de Verd Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, 300 miles from Cape de Verd in Africa, about 17 miles in circumference. The soil in general is very barren, and water scarce. The inhabitants are ne- groes, who speak the Portuguese lan- guage, and many of them go naked. Lon. 23 W, lat. 15 10 N. Mays' -Landi7ig, post village Gloucester county New .Jersey, on the south side of Great Eggharbour river, 40 miles SE from Philadelphia. Mayslick, village of Mason county Ken- tucky, on a branch of the north fork of Licking river nine miles S from Wash- ington. Maysville, post town, and seat of justice. Mason county Kentucky, 63 miles NE from Lexington, and 74 SVV from Chilicothe. It contams the ordinary county buildings, one printing office, glass factory, and seve- ral mercantile stoi-es. Mayville, post village, and seat of justice Chatauque county. New York, at tlie head of Chatauque lake; eight miles from Port- land on lake Erie, and 60 SW from Buf- falo. Mazagan, strong town of Africa in the kingdom of Morocco seated near the Atlantic, eight miles W of Azamor, and 120 N of xMorocco. Lon. 8 15 W, lat. Zo 12 N. J\fa:ara, town of Sicily, capital of a fer- tile valley of the same narme, with a good harbour, 25 mils SW of Trapani. Lon. 12 30 E, I-.t. 37 52 E. Jli'eaco, city of the island of Niphon, in Japan, of which it was formerly the capital. It is the great magazine ot all the manufac- tures in Japan, and the principal place for trade. The inhabitants are said to be 600,000. Lon. 134 25 E, lat. 35 30 N. Media, town of llinigary, in the bannat ofTemeswar, seated on the N side of the Danube, 15 miles E of Belgrade. It was dismantled by the Turks in 1738. Lcn. 12 E, lat. 45 N. Meadsville, post t'lwn and seat of justice Crawford comity, Pennsylvania, situated on the E side of French creek, 25 miles NW from Franklin. It contains beside county buildings, an arsenal, printing office, a col- lege, and about 150 dwelling houses. Po- pulation in 1820, 649. Allegany college in this town is a very prosperous institution, and under the active agency of the Rev. Timothy Aldew its president, has one of the best libiariesof any literary institution ia the interior of the United States. By grants from the state of Pennsylvania, and other sources the college funds are ample. Mead, township of Crawford county Pennsylvania, contiguous to Meadville. Po- puktion 1820,1311. Mead, township of Belmont county, Ohio, on the Ohio river. Population in 1820, 1072. Meadville, post town and seat of justice, Bradford county Pennsylvania, on the right bank of the eastern branch of Susquehannah rivt'r, 60 miles above Wilkesbarre. See Towanda. Meao, small island, one of the Moluccas, in the Indian Oce.ui, with a good harbour. Lon, 127 5 E, lat. 1 12 N. Meanifi. See Kincardineshire. Meath, or East Mealh, county of Ireland in the province of Leinster, 36 miles long, and 35 broad ; bounded on the N by Cavan and Jjouth, on the E by the Irish Sea and DubHn, on the S by that county and Kildare, and on the W by "West Meath. It contains 139 parishes, and sends 14 members to parliament. Trim is the ca- pital. Meath, West, county of Ireland, in the province of Lcnster; bounded on the N by Cavan, on the NE a id E by Meath, on the S by King's county, on the W by Ros- common, from which it is separated by the Shannop, and on the N W by Longford. It 579 .M i: c M K (. is one of the most populous and ferlile coiiiities in Ireland, contuins 62 pari.shes, and sends 10 members to parliament. Mul- lenger is tiie county town. Meaux, ancient and lately an episco- pal towii of France, in the department of Seine and Mirne, and late province of the Isle of France, with a bishop's see, seated on the Marne v.'hich divid'-s it into two parts. It is 10 nniles NW of Colomiers, and 25 NEi" Paris. Lon. 2 53 E, lat 48 58 N. Mecan large river of Thibet. It rises in that country and fl owinij SE through Laos and CamboJia, fnils by two mouths into the Eastern Ocean, and forms an island below tiie city of Camb xlia, v^hlch here gives name to the eastern branch. Mecca, ancient and very famous town of Asia, in Arabia the Happy ; seated on a barren spot, in a valley, surrounded ■with little hills, about a day's journey from the Red Sea. Itiscommonly, though erroneously supposed, that Mecca be- came an object of religious veneration to the Arabians, from being the birth place, and seat of Mahomets mission. It was considered a holy city by that people many ages before the birth of Mahomet Two miles from the town is the hill where they say Abraham went to ofTer up his son Isaac. Mecca is governed by sheref, who is a temijoral prince, and his revenue is increased by the donations of Mahometan sovereigns. It is 34 miles ENE of Jidda, these;.port of M-cca, and 220 S by E of Medina. Lnn. 40 55 E, lat. 21 40 N. Its present p ipulation about 18, or 20,000. Mechoachan, ancient province of Mexi- co, in the audience of Mexico. It was 200 miles in circumference, and very rich abounding in all the necessaries of life. It has also mines of silver and cop- Ser, great plenty of cocoa, much silk, lechoachan root, and several odorifer- ous gums and balsams. See Vallaclolid. Mfichoachan, or Vallaclolid, city of Mexico, capital of the province of Me- choachan, arid a bishop's see. It is seated near the source of a river, 110 miles W of Mexico. Lon. 103 28 VV, lat. 20 8 N. See Valladolid. J^f Connells-ville, post town, and seat of justice for Morgan county, Ohio. It ■was located for the county seat, in May, 1818, on the eastern bank of Muskin- gum river, 25 miles SB from Zanesville, and about 80 in nearly a similar direc- tion from Columbus. N lat. 39 43, VV lon. 4 53. M^Cutchensville, post office near the southeastern corner of Pickaway county, Ohio. Mechanic/:, village of Duchess county 580 Ne'vV York l.ij miles NE by E from Poiighkeepsie. In this village is a friends boarding School, capable of accommo- dating 100 stud^'nts. Mec/ianicsburff, post village Cumber- land county Pennsylvania on the south- ern or lower road from Carlisle to Hav- risbiirg 8 m^l.-s from the latter. Mechanksburg, post ty of the Deccan of Hindoostan, situated near the N bank of the river Kistna, 70 miles SW of Visia- pour. Merk, river of the Netherlands, which running N by Beda, afierward turns W, and fulls into tiie Maese, opposite the island of Overflackee, in Holland. Mermentau river, rises in the prairies of Opelousas, interlocking with the sources of the Calcasiu and Teche. The Mermentau is formed by the Nezpique, Cane, Plaque- mine Brule, and Queue Tortue. This stream may indeed be strictly called the river of Oujjelousas, as it drains the central parts of that district, and all the inter- mediate ground between the water courses except a very narrow strip of wood on their immediate banks is prairie. The whole country watered by this river is flat and totally without stone, not even a peb- ble is to be seen. The timber in the woods is oak, hickory, ash, sweet gum, in the swa.nps cypress, and many other kind of trees ; pine is also found in more or less quantity on all the confluents of Mermen- tau, but towards the northwest sources of tlie Nezpique this tree is found in great abundance : oak is however the principal timber. Below the junction of the Plaque- mine Brule, Caue and Nezpique, live oak begins to appear, and towards the sea coast is found in considerable quantity growing upon low ridges which run parallel, to and appear to have been at some past time isles in the gulf The tide rises in the Mer- mentau above the junction ^f Nezpique, Cane, and the Plaquemine Bul^ : however, when tlie waters of the Sabine Calcasiu and Mermentau, are swelled by rain, and the wind NW, N, or NE winds prevail, no tide passes their respective outlets. The soil on Mermentau is generally sterile, though superior in fertility to those on the Calcasiu and Sabine. Mermentau Lake, is in every respect si- milar to those of the Sabine and Calcasiu, except in point of extent, being considera- bly less extensive than either of the two latter. Mermentau lake is less destitute of timber along its border than the other lakes westward, though the greatest part of the extent in its vicinity is a grassy mo- rass. The outlet from the lake to the sea, is about one fourth of a mile wide, very winding, and in many parts dilated into small lakes. A bar at the mouth prevents the entrance of vessels drawing more than four feet water. Merom, post town and seat of justice, Sul- livan county, Indiana. See Miriam. Mero, strong town of Asia, in the penin- sula beyond the Ganges, and in the king- dom of Pegu, 140 miles SW of the town of Pegu. Lon. 98 36 B, lat. 16 N. Meron, town of Persia, in Korasan, seat- ed in a fertile country, which produces salt, 112 miles SW of Bockhara. Long. 64 25 E, lat. 37 40 N. MeiTtmack, river of the United States, which rises in Grafton county. New Hamp- shire, and after running in a SE direction througli the state, enters Massachusetts, near Dunstable. It then makes a sudden turn to the NE and empties into the At- lantic Ocean at Newburyport. Its coarse 5Sr M E U M E S is very crooked, and the navigation inter- rupted by frequent falls and cataracts. The Merrimack basin is about 130 miles in length, with a mean width of 36; and em- braces an area of 4350 square miles. The navigation of this stream has been more improved by art ihan any other stream of the United States. Newbury port stands on the south side of the bay at its mouth; vessels of 100 tons ascend to Haverhill, 12 miles to the head of tide water. From Haverhill to Concord the navigation of the Jlerriraack is artificially improved. The Middlesex canal v;as cut from Boston Har- bour, to the banks of the Merrimack at the fails above Chelmsford. The great feeder of this canal is Concord river, flowing north out of Massachusetts, and precipitated from the table land of Middlesex, into the valley of the Merrimack below Chelmsford. The canal commences above Patucket falls. It is carried over, and on the level of Con- cord river 11 miles, and thence down the sloping intervening ground to Boston har- bour. The whole length of this fine canal is 29| miles, an entire fall 1007 feet, by 13 locks. The canal is 24 feet wide, with a depth of 4((fcet. The locks are 90 feet by 12 feet, and of excellent masonry. Another fall has been cut around Patucket falls in order to connect the navigable water above, and the Middlesex canal with the tide water below. The Patucket canal does not reach tide water, but, below the falls the stream though rapid is navigable, and in 45 miles falls 36 feet, and reaches the tide at Haverhill. Above the outlet of tlie Middlesex canal, three other short cuts at several places. The Bow canal occurs first below Concord; is followed 6 miles still lower down by Hookset canal ; Amos- keag canal was made eight miles below Hookset; and in nine miles below the latter six short cuts have been made round as many rapids or falls. Cr&mv/ell's falls have also been passed by a canal 14 miles below Amoskeag ; and 15 miles still lower is the Wicasc canal, the last above that of Middlesex. See Mas^achiiseits and J\'ew ■Humps/lire. .Merrimack townsliip of Hillsborough county. New Hampshire, containing 1592 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1162. Merriinack, river of Missouri rises in Franklin county, flows NE through Frank- lin, and separating .Tefferson, from St. Louis, falls into the Mississippi, five miles below the town of St. Louis. jyferritstown, post village, Fayette county Pennsylvania, on Dunlap's creek, five miles S from Brownsville. JHerryhill, post village, Bertie county North Carolina. Meii^meeting 6«i/, junction of the Kene- bec and Androscoggin rivers, in Maine. Mersbur^, town of the circle of Saxony, 588 in Misnia, with a bishop's see. It has a Lutheran bishopric, and is seated on the Sala, 10 miles S of Halle, and 56 NW of Dresden. Lon. 12 6 E. lat. 51 28 N. It now gives name to a government of Prus- sia. J\[ersea, town of Essex county, Upper Canada, on Lake Erie. JMersey, river vv'liich vises in the N ex- tremity of the Peak in Derbyshire, jiasses by Warrington, and receives the Weaver at Frodsham, where it forms a broad estua- ry, below Liverpool, and enters the Irish Sea. This river not oi.ly affords salmon, but is visited by annual shoals of smelts, here called sparlmgs. of a remarkable size and flavour. It is connected by the Staf- fordshire canal with the Trent and in course with the Irish Sea and the German Ocean. Mersey Island, island in Essex, between the mouth of the Coin and the entrance of Blackwater Bay. It has two parishes called E and W Mersey. .'Meripurg, town of C4ermany in the circle of Suabia, and bishopric of Constance, seated on the N tide of the lake of Con- stance. It is the bishop's usual place of residence, and is 11 miles from the town of that name. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 47 45 N. Jlertola, strong town of Portugal, in Alentejo, seated near the Gaudians, 60 miles S of Evora, and 100 SE of Lisbon. Lon. 7 40 W, lat. 37 30 N. .Wcrton, village ne.ir Oxford, situated near two military ways. There were en- trenchments in the neighbouring woods, supposed to be thrown up by king Ethel- red or the Danes, whom he defeated in 871. Merton, village in Surry, seated on the Wandel, seven miles SW of London. No- thing remains of its once famous abbey, but the E window of a chapel, and the walls that surrounded tlie premises, which are built of flint, are nearly entire, and include about 60 acres. \]\v)\\ the site of this abbey are two calico manufactures, and a copper mill ; and about 1000 persons are now em- ployed on a spot once the abode ©f monas- tic indolence. Merton is seven miles SW of London. Alerve, tlie N branch of the river Maese, on which the city of IJotierdam, in Hol- land is seated. Jilert'iHe, town of France, in the depart- ment of the North, and late province of French Flanders, seated on the Lis, 10 miles SE of Cassel. Lon. 2 43 E, lat. 50 57 N. JMesched, considerable town of Persia, in Korasan, fortified with several toweis, and famous for the magnificent sepulchre of Iman Risa, of the family of Ali, to which tl'.e Persians pay great devotion. It is M E T -M E U seated on a mountain, in which are found fine Turcois stones, 180 miles SE of the Caspian sea. Lon. 57 45 E, lat. 37 N. JMdseUf small seaport of Russia, in the government of Aixhangel, capital of a dis- trict of t!ie same name. Ii is seated on the river Mesen, on the E coast of the White Sea, 160 miles N of Archatigel. Lon. 44 25 E, lat. 65 50 N. iMeskirk, handsome town of Germany in the Circle of Sual;ia, in the country of Furstenburg, 15 miles N of Uberlin- gen. Messa, town of Africa, in the king- dom of Morocco. It is composed of three fortified towns, at a small distance from each other, and a temple, built, (as the inhabitants suppose) with the bones of the whale which swallowed Jonah. It is seated at the foot of Mount Atlas, 168 miles SW of Morocco. Messene, ancient city of peninsular Greece ; on the SW coast of the Pelepo- nesus. Its site is occupied by the mo- dern village of Maurmati, 25 miles NE from Navarin. Mesopolamia, post village and NW township of Trumbull county Ohio. Po- pulation 1220, 273. Messina, city and seaport of Sicily, in Val di Demcna, with a citadel and seve- ral forts. It is five miles in circumference, and the see of an archbishop. — The pub- lic buildings and monasteries are nume- rous and magnificient, and it has four large suburbs. The harbour is one of the safest in the Mediterranean, and has a quay above a mile in length. It has a great trade in silk, oil, fruit, corn, and excellent wine. In 1780, it suffered much by an earthquake ; and in 1783, was half destroyed by the same calamity ; since which it has been I'ebuilt, with elegant houses, only two stories high. The in- habitants are estimated at 60,000. It is seated on the strait of Messina, which separates Sicily from Calabria, 110 miles E of Palermo. Lon. 15 50 E, lat. 38 ION. Messing, town of Franconia, in the principality of Aichstat, 14 miles NNE of Aichstat. Mestre, town of Italy, in the Dogado, eight miles NVV of Venice. Mesurata, seaport of Tripoli, and the residence of a governor. Caravans travel hence to Fezzan and other interior parts of Africa, by which they carry on a great trade. It is 100 miles ESE of Tripoli. Lor. 15 10 E, lat. 32 lU N. Meta, large river of Colombia in Nt w Grenada. It rises near Sta Fe de Bogo- ta, and flows NE by comparative courses 500 miles, fails into the Orinoco at loii. W C, 9 E, and lat. 6 N. Metafiura, town of the isle of Berneo, in the kingdom of Benjarmissin, 72 miles NE of Benjarmissin, and 100 SE of Negara. Metcalfborough, post town Franklin county Tennessee. Mecelc7i, town of Westphalia, in the principality of Munster, 19 miles NW of Munster. Metclin, or Mijtilene, island of the Archipelago, ancient Lesbos, to the N of Scio, and almost at the entrance of the gulf of Adramytti. It is 40 miles long and 54 broad, somewhat mountainous, and has many hot springs, The soil is very good, and the mountains are cool, being covered with wood in many places It produces good wheat, wine, oil, and the best figs in the Archipelago. It is subject to the Turks, capital Castro. See Mytelene. Methuen, post town Essex county Massachusetts, on the W side of Merri- mack river 20 miles NW from Boston. Population 1810, 1181, and in 1820, 1371. Methivold, town in Norfolk, with a market on Tuesday, 15 miles NW of Thetford, and 86 NNE of London. Lon. 40 E, lat. 52 34 N. Metling, strong town and castle of Germany, in the circle of Austria, and duchy of Carniola, seated on the Kulp, 40 miles SE of Lubach. Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 46 2 N. Metro, river of Italy, which rises in the territory of the Church, runs into the duchy of Urbino, and falls into the gulf of Venice, near Fano. Metz, ancient, large, and strong town of France, in the department of Moselle, and late province of Lorrain, at the con- fluence of the Moselle and Seille, 25 miles N W of Nanci, 37 S of Luxemburg, and 190 NE of Paris. Lon. 6 16 E, lat. 49 7 N. Mndan, ancient town of France, in the department of Siene and Oise, and late province of the Isle of France, built in the form of an amphitheatre, on the banks of the river Siene, over which arc- two bridges, 20 miles NVV of Paris. Lon. 1 57 E, lat. 49 1 N. Meurs, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Westphalia, seated on the Rhine, 15 miles NW of Dusseldorf. Lon. 6 41 E. lat. 51 25 N. Meurthe, department in France, in- cluding part of the late province of Lor- rain. It is so called from a river that rises in the dv))artment of th<- Vosges, arid watering Luneville and Nanci, talis into the Moselle. Nanci is the episcopal see of this department. 589 M E X INI E X Meuse, department in France, in- cluding the late duchy ol Bar. It takes its name from the river Mtuse, or Maese. Bar-le-Diic is the capital. See Mtese. Meivari, conbidtifible town of Japan, in the island of Niphon, with a royal pa- lace, where the king somitimes resides. It is seated on a hill at the foot of which are vast fields of wheat and rice, with fine orchards, full of excellent plums. Meivat, hilly aisd woody tract of Hin- do'istan Proper, lying on the S\V of Delhi, and on the W of Agra, confining the low country, along the W bank of the Jumna, to a comparatively narrow slip, and extending westward about 130 miles in length. From N to S it is 90 miles. .Mexico. Empire of an immense region of North America. The country out of which this empire has been formed, is peculiar as respects the features of its geography. It extends from lat. 15 50, to 42 N. The interme- diate space embracing every variety of soil, from the most recent alluvion to mountain valleys, or rather plains of near 8000 feet above the contiguous oceans. These elevated plains are again broken and decorated by colossal summits, rising from 12 to upwards of 1~>000 feet. In one of those aerial valleys, stands the city of M-.xico, 7,400 feet above the level of the Gulf if Mexico. From this difference of elevation, and from em- bracing such an extensive range within and without the tropics, Mexico, may be considered as possessing every cli- mate of the earth, and capable of pro- ducing every vegetable, necessary to the wants, or the luxuries of human life. Its metallic wealth is no less abundant than its vegetables. From its bowels are ex- tracted many of the most useful, and all the ijrecious metals. Mexico is jierhaps better calculated than any other part of tlie earth, to form a political con'imu\iity capable of produ- cing within its own limits, all that the necessities, the tirts, or elegancies of so- ciety can demand. This empire is subdivided into inten- dancies or civil governments, consisting of— iSV/. ms. Iiihab. To sq. vis. Merida. or 7 ^^ ,,^0 466,000 10 Yucatan, 3 Vera Cruz, 32.000 156,000 5 Oaxaca, 34,000 535,000 13 3-4 Puehia, 21,0J0 813,000 38 3-4 M-. xico, 45.4:)0 1.512,000 33 1-3 Vallad.>lid, 26.400 376,000 14 Guadalaxara, 74,000 630,000 8 1-2 Guanaxuato, 6,900 517,000 74 Zacatexas, 18,000 153,009 8 1-2 590 San Louis ? 263,000 335,000 1 1-3 Potosi, 5 Duraneo, 130,000 160,000 12-10 Sonora"; 147,000 122.000 8-10 New Mexico, 44.000 40,000 9-10 Old Caiifon.'ia, 56,000 10,000 17-100 New California, 16,000 16,000 1 960,000 5,841,000 6 The above table v/as constructed from the data afforded by Humboldt, in his Political Essay on New Spain, Black's Translation, vol. ii. I'ejecting fractions. There is some confusion and contradic- tion in the statements of this author, which diminish the authority of his statements ; but we may suppose that in the aggregate he was nearly correct. Humboldt's estimate is for' 1803, or nearly 20 years past. If the ratio of in- crease given by this author is adopted, Mexico must now contain 8,481,000 in- habitants If we compare the two coun- tries of the United States and Mexico, and allow for the former the advantage of better political institutions, and to the latter superior mildness of climate, we may ri^asonably concede that their res- pective rates of increase cannot be very widely different. In the middle of 1803. the population of the United States did not materially differ from 6,000 000; now, August, 1822, it amounts, it is pro- bable, to veryjneavly 11,000.000, but with a small excess above that number. There- fore, if we comi)are the two masses to- gether by a simple statement of the rules of proportion, Mexico ought now to pos- sess upwards of 10,700,000 inhabitants, and making every allowance for the ravages of war, it is evident, that if the basis of the calculation given by Hum- boldt is admitted, Mexico must now con- tain at least, eight and a half million of inhabitants. About one half the extent and popula- tion of Mexico is within the great river system of the Gulf of Mexico. It is in vain to attempt any specification of the Mexican population, as our data is too vague to admit^deci-sive estimates. One circumstance is too striking, however, to be omitted. Mexico lias no slaves worth notice in a general statistical survey ; that class of its population not amounting, at the utmost, to more than 10,000 ; or as 1 to 584 uf the entire body of the people. The civilized Indians form more than tv.o-fifths of the whole, and ate the labouring, productive, arid effi- cient, though not the ruling people. Few civilized regions of the earth is less known than Mexico. The following ac- count of the manufactures of Mexico is an M E X -M E X extract from an English work, an J desei-ves very serious attention. The two first of the Mexican manuntc- tiires are those of cotton and wool, which are e.->tablisiie(l upon a very large so 'le in the cities of Queictaro, Peublo, an;l Si Mi- chael, in the immediate neighbourhood of Mexico. The coumry itself furnishes the cotton and wool in great ab'.isdance, it being a mistake of English writers that no part of America can afford tlie ordinary and staple wool of manufactures. This wool is as easily raised in Mexico as in Lancashire or Lanarkshire. We are now translating from a French author who visited Queretaro, the Manchester of Mexico, sixteen years ago, " I visited Queretaro," he adds " with the greatest incerest, that I miglit inform my- self of the extent of the wool and cotton manufactures, and I am therefore enabled to say that, except the principal towns in France and England, Queretaro is a manu- facturing town of the first rate and magni- tude. The establishments at tliis period (1803) were divided into factories und work- shops, in the latter of which the workmen worked at home at the cost of their mas- ters.— There were co' ton factories, as large as any cotton factories in France, and more than 300 workshops. They ha;l work- ed up that year about two millions worih (in dollars) of woollen cloths, bay, drug- gets, serges, and cotton stufTs," The next fabric is that of leather, cliiefly in tanning, which is carried to great per- fection. It is unnecessary to add that the vast plains aiFord liides in abundance, and that the bark is equally pleiitifui. The Mexicans thus produce all the leatlier for their own consumption, and under general commerce might export much. Linen and silk factories they have not as yet attained to any extent, but from no other reasou than because Spain, whilst they were dependent upon her, discour.aged all linen fabrics, and clandestinely destroyed a most flourishing silk growth. Will it be credited by the people in England that about tinrty years ago silk was nearly as plentiful in Mexico as in Asia and Italy ; but that the Mexicans, on rising one morn- ing, found all the mulberry trees in tlie em- pire cut down, and of course the silk uni- versal!) destroyed. It seems that the Ca- diz merchants, finding their commerce af- fected, had procured this secret order of the Viceroy, who had contrived to execute it with ;he sa^ne secrecy. Tlie history of the world does not furnish a m' re atrocious example of the true spirit of monopoly. The manufactory nex! in order is tliat of tobacco, which is made into segars and sup- plies all Europe. This produce is very great amounting to nearly tea million of dollars annually. An article of the first importance, when we consider the quanti- ty consumed in England, and for the sup- ply of which we now depend upon the Americans. The next manufacture is that of gun- powder, which is equally as considerable as th.at of tobacco an l which, by the way, proves the nugatory nature of the recent proclamations in Europe against s>ipplying the Independents witli stores of War- Gunpowder is as plentiful in Mexico as in England and all America may hereafter be supplied from that quarter. Soap and soda are the ma'Uifactures next in order, both as to quantity and value ; soda being particularly abimdant, and so cheap- ly raised and worked as to become an ar- ticle of vast future export. This soda very far exceeds in quality, any that can be pro- cured from any other quarter, and the French chemists and dyrrs most sanguinely anticipate that Europe may hereafter draw nearly the whole of her soda from South America, as she imports her potash from the United States. — Oi', tallow, spermiceti, honey and wax, abound likewise in every Intendancy, and must greatly add to the future vahie of this immense empire to the general commerce of Europe. " In no part'of the worid," says the French author from whom we are translating, " is there sucli a variety and abundance of every thing necessary to every want of man as in this kingdom of Mexico ; in no country is every thing raised so cheaply." Besides the manufacture above enii- merated, every town almost through this vast empire has its own manufacture, and particularly the large towns in the im- mediate vici. ity cf the capital We have before had occasion to say tiiat the coun- try is in shape like a hat — the high main and table land of Mexico being the crown, and the narrow line of the coast being the rim In the middle of this crown, or table land, in the city of Mexico half way, or three hundred miles from Vera Cruz the Atlantic port, and the saiyie distance from Acapulco. in the chief port of the Mexican empire on the Pa- cific Ocean. The country as we have before said, is divided into fiftten Inttndancies, each of which has a subordinate GovprnT and a Bishop's see and Cathedral of its own. Iri all these great cities are seattd some manufacture peculiar to the places: some of them are celebrated for their pottery, some for their hats, sotrie for their works In jewellery. Indeed, in thi.s latter work the Mexicans so particular- ly excel, as to rival any manufactory in Europe, not even excepting the esta- blishments in Switzerland, and the work- men of the Palais Royale. In these interesting particulars the 591 -U E, \ .M E X reader, we doubt not, wiil be strongly impressed with the same conclusion with ourselves : namely, how infinitely various and important is the produce, and must be the future exports, of Spanish America, in comparison with those of the Unitt d States ; and thence, by a necessary consequence what a for- midable rival the former will be to the latter. And Jet it not escape our atten- tion, that in the rivalry Great Britain must be the gainer, as her magazine and market are proportionably extended. See the different Intendancies under their respective heads. From lis position, Mexico has a natural connexion with Asia, Europe, and with every part of North and South America. It is rather deficient in both oceans in good harbours, and from the elevation of the in- terior country it can never derive much be- nefit from tile few rivers wiiich flow from its mountain valleys. The interior and transport corr.merce is carried on with mules of burden. Goods to the value of upwards of 18,000.000 of dollars are thus annually transported from the Atlantic coast over tlie interior tabic land, whilst the flour, hides and metals descend from the the central table land to Vera Cruz. Hum- boldt has shown, that through the city of Mexico, if a canal was otherwise practica- ble, it would demand from 330 to 340 locks to unite the two oceans, and concludes ra- tionally that land carnage is alone practica- ble, for useful commercial purj)oses, be- tween that great city, a!id the opposite oceans. Tiie following condensed view of the rivers of the Mexican empire flowing in- to the Mexican gulph will close this article. The following are the principal rivers of the Mexican empire which are discharged into the Gulf of Mexico. No stream of any consequence exists on the western coast o( Yucatan ; and, it is otily when reaching the infliience of tlie mountains of Guatimala, and Mexico, that rivers of much magnitude are fcunil flowing from the in- terior country. Tiie Sumasinta is discharged into the Bay OP Gulf Termlnos, which is, indeed, ratlier an estuary of a number of rivers than A mere bay. The St, Pedro fails into the Bay of Cam- peachy, to the west of the Sumainta. Both of these streams rise in the moun- tainous table land of Gutimala, and are of considerable magnitude, but the interior country, or even the coast, are very iin- perfectly known. The (imssacualco is a short but very important slream, failing into the Gulf of Mexico at its extreme southern extension. This stream rises in Oaxaca, interlocking with the source of tiie Chimalapa, within fifty direct miles from its mnutb. This is 592 one of the channels of communication men- tioned by Humboldt, as suitable to unite the waters of the two American oceans. The entire distance fiom the Gulf of Mex- ico to the Pacific ocean, by the valleys of the two rivers CliiiTialapa, and Guassacual- co, does not exceed 120 miles, but the na- ture of the intermediate country is too little known to admit the formation of any rational conclusion upon the practicability of an artificial connexion of the sources of these rivers. The Alvarado follows the Guassacualco, and, like the Sumasinta, is poured into a spacious bay, the recipient of many streams, precipitated from the high table land of Oxjica. The Alvarado interlocks with the sources of the Chicometepec, and both roil down steeps forming an entire descent of upwards of seven thousand feet. We are now arrived upon the extensive mountain plains of Anahuac, and tliough within the tropics, in a very temperate climate. The elevations are, however, such as to preclude not only much natural, but extensive improvements of the artificial navigation by water into the interior. In summer the rivers are nearly exhausted by evaporation, and in winter swelled to tor- rents. The mam spine of the chain of Anahuac also approaching so much nearer to the Gulf of Mexico than to the Pacific Ocean, renders the rivers in this region much more abridged in their length, which enter the former, than those falling into the latter recipient. The Rio IJlanco, the north-western branch of the Alvarado, rises at the base of the enormous volcanic summit of Oriza- ba, the Citlaltepetl of the Aztccas, It is, I believe, from the Rio Bianco, that the im- mense quantities of the pumice stone, scat- tered along the shores of the Mexican gulf, have been floated, 1 have seen this sub- stance in great abundance upon the coasts of Louisiana, and Texas, From the Alvarado to the bay of Tampi- co, in a distance of 300 miles, not one deep indenting of the coast, except Tamiagua, exists. The city of Vera Cruz intervenes, but that entrepot of Mexican commerce, and rendezvous of the Spanish navy, is buiit upon a low sandy beach, without either a harbour or fresh water. The coast, indeed, entirely round the Gulf Mexico, with very partial exceptions, is low, sandy, or marshy, and in most places very unheal- thy in summer and autumn. The mouth of the Tampico b-iy is at N lat. 22 20 W, Ion. W C 21 15. The Tam- pico receives the united waters of Rio Al- 'amira, from the intendancy of St. Louis Potosi, and the Tula, or Moctczuema, from the valley of Tenochtitlan, in which the city of Mexico is situated. The Tula, as it is called, in the higher part of its course on M E X lil E S the Moctezuema, is in many respects one of the most remarkable streams of the earth. The valley of Tenochtithui, from which Jt flows, cannot be better represented than by a saucer turned bottom upwards; the rim representing- the spines of tjje mountains out of the intervening valley of which it flows. This valley known by its Aztec name of Tenochtitlan, comprises about irOO square miles, of which one-tenth part is covered by lakes. In its natural state, only one narrow brook, between very high and precipitous banks, issued from this ex- traordinary vallev, and carried its waters into the Tula. There are beside some smaller, five prin- cipal lakes, Zumpango, San Christobal, Chalco, Xochimilco, and Tezcuco. They do not lie upon a level, Zumpar.go is nearly thirty English feet above that of Tezcuco ; and Xochimilco forms a mean between the two former. The higher lakes are composed of fresh water, but the lowest, that of Tezcuco, is salt. Their propositions and extent, as given by Humboldt, by whom they were surveyed, are Xochimilco and Ghalco, fifty square miles; the lake of Tezcuco, eighty square miles ; San Christobal, twenty.eight, and Zumpango, ten square miles. These lakes are supplied by a fev; small rivers, and innumerable torrents poured down from the adjacent mountain slopes. The Tezcuco receives the rivers of Papo- lotla, Tezcuco, Teotihuacan, and Tepeyac- ac (Guadaloupe ;) and the Znmpango is supplied by the streams of the Paclitica, and Guatitlan, tlie latter is tlie largest river of the Mexican valley. It may be noted as a curious fact, that the two cities of the great river s\stem of the Atlantic, in North Anierica, which oc- cupy the extremes of elevation, New Or- leans and Mexico, tliat both are subject to partial inundation, and botli stand indebted to artificial defence ihr preservatinn against the encroachments of water. M-rxico btua.ls 7,468 feet above New Orleans, and is, ne vertheless, of the two cities, most liaole to submer ion. In ordinary seasons the quantity of rain which falls at Mexico, according to Hum- boldt, is nearly five feet in perpendicular depth. This enormous mass of fluid falls also in a short period of time, and before any other outlet existed, except tb.e inade- quate chaimelof the brook (aroyo) Tequis- quiac, the lower part g(f this elevated basin was liable to complete submersion. The Aztec ann.ils have noticed many in- stances of those destructive inundations, and some remains still are sliown of very extensive works erected during the exist- ence of the Aztec monarchy to obviate their effects. One of the Aztec kings, Ahuitzotl, l.05t his life in attempting' to escape from a ■i F flood of water, he had himself contributed to augment, by some injudicious embank- ments thrown up to prevent such a ca- tastrophe. Beside many of lesser magnitude, the Spanish historians mention five ruinous floods, which mtervened in a little more than a century after the conquest of Mexico by Cortez. The first in 155.3, under the viceroyalty of Don Louis de Velasco, the elder; the second in 158U, during the vice- royalty of Don Martin Enrequez de Ala- manza; the third in 1604, under the viceroy Montesclaros; the fourth in 1607, under the viceroy Don Louis Velasco the second ; and fifthly, in 1629, whilst the Marquis de Ce- ralvo was viceroy. The peculiar structure of the valley, and such alarming accidents, aroused the at- tention (;f tlie Spaniards, and as early as 1580, galleries or canals of evacuation were Siiggested, in order to carry the surplus floods through the gorges of the mountains near Nochistongo into the Tula ; but no ac- tual operation of that kind was affected until 1007, wiien the viceroy, the Marquis Salinas, employed an able engineer, Enrico Martinez, supposed to be a Dutchman, to make, iu conjunction %vith some other ma- thematicians, an exact survey of the valley. This survey led to the commencement of the truly stupendous hydraulic work, the Desague (drain) of Hufchuetoca. Like all great national undertakings the advance of the Desague was slow and in- terrupted. It was commenced on the 28th of November, 1607, by the hand of the viceroy in presence oftiie Audiencia. It was in the first in.'slance only a deep gallery upwards of four miles in length, nearly fourteen feet in depth, and eleven and a half feet wide. The water first entered it on tlie 17th of September, 1608, in less than ten months from the original under- taking. Could we abstract our minds from the melancholy fact that tiiis stupendous execution was efTected by tlie forced labour of the Indians, we must admire a work, which even now, in t!ie most populous na- tions, could not be considered other than cxtraordin.ary. Our admiration is enhanced also, by the additional labowr performed in the same lime, to carry tlie waters from the northern opening of the Desague to the Rio Tula. A dike upwards of five miles in length wa< cut to eiiirctthe latter object, and led t!ie superabundant waters of the valley of Tenochtitlan towaras the Gulf of Mexico, A regular and det.'iled history of this singular work, is given by Humboldt in his description of the Intendancy of Mexico, and forms one of the most instructive parts of his Pohtical Essay on New Spain. From this account we find that the Desague, though still unfinished, has eventuated in aa .M E X M E X enormous open cut (tajo abierto) through the mountains. "The Desague," says Humboldt, "in its actual state, is undoubt- edly one of the most g'igantic h\draulical operations ever executed by man (from 262, to 328 feet wide, and from 161, to 196 feet deep.) We look upon it with a spe- cies of admiration, particularly when we consider the nature of the ground, and the enormous length, breadth, and depth of the aperture. If th.s cut was filled with water ten metres (32.8 English feet.) the largest vessels of war could pass through the range of mountains which bound the plain of Mexico to the northeast." From its commencement within the val- ley to its discharge (salto,) the Dcsague is 67,535 feet (12.8 miles) in length, and in one point 196 feet deep, with a mean width at top of abrjut 320 feet. The head of tlie Desague, in the channel of the Rio Gratit- lan, is 10^ varas, or 29^ feet above, and below the SL\lto rtel Rio, or disch.arge, it is 107i varas, or 295 feet below the level of the lake of Tezauco ; h.'iving un entire fall of324|feet. The expense at various pe- riods, nearly six million of ilollurs. To those who wish information m'lre in detail than is in my power to give in this place, upon the topography of this remarkable re- gion, will do well to read the third book of the Political Essny: the reading of tiiis valu- able document will explain the cause of the unnavigable nature of the Mexican rivers. The Altamira, or northern branch of the river of Tampico, ris.-.s on the arid elevated plains of Zacatecas, and of San Louis Po- tosi, more than two degrees of latitude north of the valley of Tenochtitlan. Near the sources of the latter river commences the North American desert, which will be more amply noticed in the sequel. At the bar oCTamigua, fify or sixty miles south-east from the mouth of the Tam|jico river, comir.ences a range of long sandy islands, which extend parallel to the con- tinent as far as the mouth of the Trinity. The general range of the coast from the Guasacualco to the Tannpico, distant from each other upwards of 400 miles, is from south-east to north-west; but at the latter place turns to nearly north, and maintains that direction through nearly seven de- grees of latitude, or between four and five hundred miles. Having the parched surface of Zscatecas in the rear, the space of 250 miles from the Tampico to Rio Grande, uffords no rivers of any particular consequence. St. Ander, and San Fernando, are two moun- tain streams, which rise in Zacatecas and New Biscay, and flowing e.-istward carry comparatively little water into the Gulf of Mexico. The different structure of the two countries may be conceived from the fact, that those two rivers have as great .594 length of course as have most of those of tiie Atlantic slope. At North lat. 25 55 West, Ion. W C 20 30, the Ri'o Grande del Norte falls ino the Gulf of Mexico. This is the first great river flowing from the Spanish provinces into the Gulf of Mex'co, The Rio Grande, according to most of our maps of that part of America, rises at North lat- 41 30, thirty- four degrees west from Washington city; its mouth, as determined by Humboldt, is at North lat. 25 55, West Ion. ot Paris 99 51 ; it flows through m r ■ than fifteen de- grees of latitude, and th.rteen degrees and thirty minutes of longitude, having a com- parative course of upwards of fourteen hun- dred miles, with a general course of nearly south-east. The extent of surface drained by this river; or the q\i.intity of water it yields at its mouth, bears very inadequate propor- tions to its great length, which, on a com- parative scale, would be only exceeded in North America by the Miss'niri and lower Missis.s!ppi unitecl, by the S'. Lawrence, Saikashawin, and Unjiga ; it exceeds the length of both the Coloroda and Columbia, though it is probable that either of the two hitter s'reams carries to their respec- tive recipients more than ten times the mass of water discharged by Rio Grande. From its source North lat. 41 30, to the mouth of its first considerable branch, the Rio Conchos, from New Biscay, Norih lat. 30 20, or above ten degrees of latitude, it flows in a very narrow valley, not avera- ging one hundred miles wide. Below the mouth of the Conchos, the river gradually turns to the e:sst and north-east ; here the bisin is the wlde^-t, being from north east to south-west above four hundred miles. Within this sweep the lirgest tributary of the Rio Grande, the Rio Puerco, enters from the north, and some distance below i's junction the main stream again resumes its south-east couise, which it pursues to its final discharge into the Gulf of Mexico. The Rio Grande driiins an area of about 150,000 square miles. As we are now approaching the United States, and as the phenomena of the cli- mate, of the regions watered by the Rio Grande, are necessary elements to deter- mine many problems in the meteorological analysis of the seasons of the f)rmer, I here b 'g leave to quote the observations of Humboldt upon this river and the coim- try it drams. % " It is sufficiently remarkable," says thnt author, " to see that after the lapse of two centuries of colonization, the province of New Mexico does not yet join the inten- dancy of New Biscay. 'Fhe two provinces are separated by a desert ; this desert ex- tends from the Pssso del Norte towards the town of Albuquerque, North Iat..35 40. •VI E X ^1 a X Before 1660, in which year there was a general revolt among the Indians of New Mexico, this extent of uncultivated and un- inhabited country was much less considera- ble than it is now. There were tlien 3 vil- lages, S.in Pascual, Semiilette, and Socorro, which were siitsated between the marsh of Muerto, and the tovvn of Santa Fe ; Bishop Tamaron perceived their ruins in 1760, and he found apricots growing wild in the fields, an indication of the former cultivation of the cauntry. " The desert of the Muerto, is a plain thirty leagues (near 90 miles) in length, t of the road from Durango to Santa Fe, do not give rise to a single brook. Notwithstanding the mildness of t!ie climate, and the progress of industry, a great part of this covmtry, as well as Old California, and several districts of New Biscay, and of the intendancy of Guadalaxara, will never admit of any con- siderable population. *' New Mexico, though under the same latitude with Syria und central Persia, lias a remarkable cold climate. It freezes there in the middle of May. Near Santa Fe, and a little further north, under the parallel of the Morea, the Rio del Norte is sometimes covered, for a succession of several years, with ice thick enough to ad- mit the passage of horses and carriages. We are ignorant of the elevation of the soil of the province of New Mexico; but I do not believe, that under the 37 of lati- tude, the bed of the river is aore than seven or eight Jundred metres (-?296 or 2624 teet) of elevation, above the elevation of the Ocean. The mountairs which bound the valley of the Rio del Norte, and even those, at the foot of which the village of Taos is situated, lose their snow towards the beginning of June. " The great river of the north, rises in the Sierra Verd, which is the point of S2pa- ration between the streams wliich flow into the Gulf of Mexico, and those which flow into the South sea. It has its periodical rises, like the Orinoco, the Jfiss.s.sippi, and a great number of rivers of both continents. The waters of the Rio del Norte begin to swell in the month of April, tliey are at their height in the beginning of .May, and they fall towards tlie end of .June. The inhabitants can only ford the river on horses of an extraordinary size, during the drought of summer, wiien the strength of the cur- rent is greatly diminished. * " The water of the Rio del Norte, like tha*- of the Orinoco, and all the great rivers of South America, is extremely muddy. In New Biscay they consider a small river called Rio Puerco, the mouth of wliich lies south from the town of Albuquerque, near Valentla, as the cause of this phe- nomenon ; but M. Tamaron observed that its waters were muddy far above Santa Fe, and the town of Taos. The inhabitants^of the Passo del Norte, have preserved the re- collection of a very extraordinary event which took place in 1752. The wliole bed of the river became dry all of a sudden for more than thirty leagues above, and twenty leagues below the Passo ; and the water of the river precipitated itself into a newly formed chasm, and only made it= reappear- ance near the Presidio de San Eleazario; this loss of the Rio del Norte remained for a considerable time. The fine plains which surround the Passo, and which are inter- sected with small canals of irrigation, re- mained without water ; and the inhabitants dug we'is in the smd, vvitli which the bed of the river was filled. At length, after the lapse of several weeks, the water resu- med its ancient course, no doubt because the chasm, and subterraneous conductors were filled up." The Rio Grande del Norte is the triie American Nile, and except flowing in an opposite direction, the two rivers have very strong traits df resemblance. Ill the angle betv.'een the Rio Grande and Red river, rises a series of streaitis flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. The first of these from the Rio Grande is the Rio Nueces, or Walnut river, rising in the pla ns of Texas, at North lat. 31, West Ion. W C 2.3 30, flowing parallel to the Rio Grande 250 miles it frills into the Laguna Madre, North lat. 27 20, Vv'est Ion. W G 21, draining about 15 000 square miles. The shores of the Gulf of Mexico, north- east from the Rio Gri.nde, is as remarka- ble for tlie abundance, as is that souti; from tliat stre':m f .r the scarcitj' of its rivers. Tiie Nueces is followed by the united streams of tlie St^ Marco and Guadaloupe. It is pr i>hable from tlie phenomena of the rivers of these regions that the substrata are calcareous. The circumstance quoted from Humboldt, of the sinking of the waters of the Rio Grande, almost superinduces the supposition of a calcareous base. The St. Marks (San Marco) rises in the moun- tains of St. Saba, and is remarkable for the number of excessively large fountains, another almost unerring mark of a calca- reous formation. It may seem incrediblCj but it is nevertheless true, that few parts of this continent are more imperfectly knnv.n, than the angle between Rio Grande and Red river west and north-west from the Sabine. The names of the rivers, as they follow in succession, v/ere communicated to me bv a number of persons who had liaveiled the country, and particularly by Mr. Davenport, who resided many years at Nacogdoches, and by a Frcnc|^cntlie- :sj li X M E X man of the name of Lafbrest, who uiso re- sided a considerable time in Texas. Neither the shores or interior have ever been sur- veyed, or even viiiteu, by any scientific traveller The sources a id courses of the rivers are very imperfectly knawn ; their mere relative names was all I coidd pro- cure beyond the extent of my own sphere of obseivation, which was limited by the waters of the Sabme, which I intersected at North lat. 32. It is well known, however, that the rivers from the R;0 Grande >o Missouri in- clusive, have gained from the config-uration of the intermediate country a very singular corresponding- curve. These curves give to a map of the rivers of Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri, a regularity which appears ai'tificial. It is from such a structure that the Colorado of the Gulf of Mexico pre- sents so singular an aspect. With a com- parative length of 700 miles, tlie basin of that river does not exceed sixty miles in mean width. The basins of most rivers make more or less approach to the form of an ellipse, and the difFi-rence between the greatest length and greatest breadth sel- dom amount to so great a disproportion as three to one ; in the case of ihe Colorado, the difference is double the ordinary scale of comparison. That river rises at North lat 34, West Ion. W C 23, and flowing south east by east 500 miles, turns 150 to the south-east, and about a similar distance to the south falls into the Gulf of Mexico, at North lat. p9, West Ion. W C 19 40. This stream has its regular spring and summer inundations similar to the Rio Grande, and about the same period. The parched and open na- ture of the country from which they both flow, causes an excessive depres.sion in the latter end of summer and in autumn. In- deed the overwhelming rains that some- times deltige, and the long droughts which jjccasionally parch the interior of Texas, and which extend their effects into Loui- siana, Arkansas, and Missouri, are amongst the most singular phenomena of physical geography. Whilst I was in Louisiana there intervened near three years, I be- lieve, 1800, 1801, and 1802, without rain at St. Antonio de Behar, and over an immense extent of the interior regions. Duraig the two first years of that series the Mississippi did not overflow its ba.ks. The basin of the Brassos a Dios, follows that of the Colorado, and partakes of a similar structure. The sources of the lat- ter are, however, in the mountains of San Saba, upwards of 300 miles east of those of the former. The Brassos rises a". North lat. 33, W^est Ion. W C 23, and flowing nearly parallel to the Colorado falls into the Gulf of Mexico after a comparative course of 400 miles, with also a very nar- 596 vow basin of less than fifty miles mean width. The Trinity is the last river of Texas beyond the Sabine. These two streams rise in tiie .same plain south of Red river, at about North lat. 32 30, and both flow nearl ■ parallel to each other, with a general course to the south, curving to the east- wanl by a semi-ellfptica! sweep ; each having a comparative course of about 300 miles. We may turn and cast a cursory retro- spective glance upon the rivers of Texas. I may observe that by the name of Texas, is designated all the country between Loui- siana and New Mexico, and between the boundary of the United States, the Rio Grande, and Gulf of Mexico. ' Though the coast of Texas is amply in- dented with bays, many of which are of extent and depth to admit vessels of any draught, the rivers are extremely shallow, and, except during floods, unnavigable. No I rge falls, or even cataracts, are known to exist. The very slight tides in the Gulf of Mexico, gives little aid to the commer- cial facilities in the confluent rivers. Similar to the Atlantic-coast, south-west from New York, that of the Gulf of Mexico is every where low, and either sandy or marshy. This gives a peculiar character to the rivers o! both, which distinguish them from such as flow from a rocky or bold shore. Bars of sand or mud interrupt the navigation, more or less, of all the rivers of the world, but in a high degree those v/hose egress to their recipients are made through shores having but little declination above the water level. Mexico, iniendancy of the empire of Mexico; bounded SW by the Pacific Ocean ; W by Valladolid and Guanax- uato ; N by Potosi ; NE by Vera Cruz ; and SE, and E by Puebla. Length 350 ; mean v/idth about 130 miles; area 45,400 square miles, :It extends from lat. 16 34 to 21 57, N." More than two thirds of the intendancy of Mexico are mour.tainous, in which there are im- mense plains elevated from 6,560, to 7,55[j feet above the level of the ocean. From Chalco, to Queretaro, are almost uninterrupted plains of 150 miles in length, and from 25 to 30 iniles wide. on the low Pacific border the climate is sultry and unhealthy. Near the gigan- tic summits of Popccatapetl, and Iztac- cihuatl, the highest peak of the inten- dancy of Mexico, the Nevado de Tolu- ca, is 15,156 feet above the level of the ocean. The particular valley of Mexi- co, or Tenochtitlan, surrounded by the mountains of Anahuac, is one of the most singular features of our globe. Its form is oval ; length about 55, and breadth M E X M E X 58 ; area about 1,700 square miles of the Mexican god of war. The valley was •which one tenth is covered by water, called Te.'!ochtillan from Tenochques a na- Its circumference 200 miles. The sur- tional appellative of tiie Aztecs, It was rounding Cordillera, or pnrphyrticalrim founded according to the Aztec historians, has a mean height of 9,840 feet. In this in 1321, precisely two centuries before the extraordinary vale or basin are five Spanish conquest. The ancient csty, was lakes, near one of which the city of divided into four quarters, Teopan or Xo- Mexico is situated. See article Mexican chimilco, Atzacualco, Moyotla, and Cree- e7n/iire, and city of Mexico. popa" : ^"d the old limits are preserved in L ' . ^ /. , ,- ,, ,.„ .!,„ St. P.-iul, St. Sebastian, St. John, and St. FronQ the outside ot the basin the ^ ^^^^,^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^,^ ,.„^ the water flows m every direction towards ^ > ^^^ l ^^^^ ^.^^^^.^^ ^,.^^ ^^^ ^^^ the Atlanticand Pacific Oceans, but from „„, Running from north to south, and the basin itself, only one outlet exists, from^ast to west. But what gives the new carrj uig the water into the 1 ula or . ^ ,.^^ ^^^ distinctive character, Moctezuema river. And what is pecu- ig/ti.^tVt is situated entirely on the conti- harly remarkable, this outlet is m a ^ent. between the extremities of the two great degree artihcial. For the rivers ot ,^^^^ ^^ xezcuco, and Xochimilco, and that this mtendancy, and for those ot the ;^ ^^, receives by navigable canals the Mexican empire in general, which enter ^^^g,^ \^^^^^, ^^ ^^^ Xochimilco. The an- the gulf of Mexico. See Emtii^'e oj ^lent city was placed on an alluvial plain, Mexico. The sources of the Rio Gran- ■• •' '^ ■•• ._- 1--— u.. .u_ de de Santiago rise on the western slopes of the mountains of Anahuac, and can- not be considered a stream of the inten- dancy of Mexico. The river of Xaca- or rather morass, which lias been by the mere operations of nature in five centuries, raised to a considerable elevation, and the shores of the lakes restricted. The sur- face of lake Tezcuco is 7468 feet above the lutla rises near Cuernavaca, and drams igy^,} ^f ^^g o^ean, and its waters are salt ; the SW part of the intendancy. It is a ]ate Xochimilco is higher, and composed region which, though exposed to exces- ^f fi-ggh water. Before, and for more than sive annual rains, the rivers are few in ^ century after the Spanish conquest, no number and comparatively small. city of the world was so subject to de- In a region of such difference of level, structive inundations as Mexico. This ca- and such excessive difference of mois- sualty has been diminished in its effects ture the seasons niiust also offer almost a„fi occurrence by increased evaporation every change of temperature. The high arising from the destruction of the adjacent plains of Anahuac are as remarkable for forests, and more efficaciously by the great the purity of the air, as are those of the drain Besag^te. See Mexican Empire. Pacific coast, for their insalubrity. The <« Mexico is undoubtedly one of the finest two climates are clearly distinguished by cities ever built by Europeans in either the inhabitants. The cities on the ele- liemisphere. With the exception of Pe- vated table land are called, ciudades, de tersburg, Berlin, Philadelphia, and some tierra fria, or cities of the cold region, quarter's of Westminster, there does not whilst those near the coast, are designa- exist a city of the same extent, which can ted, ciudades de tierra caliente, or cities be compared to the capital of New Spain, of the hot region. Its most important for the uniform level of the ground on mines are. La VetaBiscainode Rt aide! which it stands, for the regularity and Monte, Zimopan^and Tehulilotepec. breadth of the streets, and the extent of The cities of the intendancy of Mexi- the public places. The architecture is CO, are Mexico, Tezcuco, Cuyoscan, generally of a very pure style, and there Tacubaya, Tucuba, ('uemavaca, Chil. are even edifices of very beautiful struc panzinco, Tasco, Acapulco, Zacatula, ture. The exterior of the houses is not Lerma, Toluca, Pachuca, Caderieta, San loaded with ornaments. Two sorts of hewn Juan del Rio, and Querataro. stone, the p irons amygdoloid, called tet- Mexico, city of, capital of the Intendan- zoutli, and especially a porphyry of vit- cv of the same name and of the whole em- reous feldspath, without quartz, give to pire, is -sitated at lat. 19 26 N, Lon. W C the Mexican buildings an air of solidity, 22 5 W, on or near the west shore of the and sometimes even magnificence. There lake Tezcuco, and in the central part of are none of those wooden balconies, and the valley of Tenochtillan, aid also nearly galleries to be seen, which so much disfi- raid-distance between Vera Cruz and Aca- gure all other cities built by Europeans in pulco. The site o! Mexico is elevated 7470 both ladies. The balustrades and gates feet above the ocean level. The name of are all of Biscay iron, ornamented with this city, and of the country is a subject of bronze, and the houses insteadof roofs, have some doubtful speculation, there is good terraces, like those in Italy and other south, reason to believe the name, however, lobe ern countries." derived from ^lezitli, or Iluitzilopochtli, The edifice,, destined to the school of M E X M B X mines for which the richest individuals of most beautiful lakes of the mountains of the country furnished a sum of more than Switzerland. Large avenues of elms and three millions of francs, 554,112 dollars, poplars, lead in every direction to the ca- wo«ld adorn the principal places of Paris, pital ; and two aqueducts, constructed or London Two great palaces, or hotels over arches of very great elevation, cross have been constructed by Mexican artists, the plain, and exhibit an appearance pupils of the Academy of Fine Aits of the capital. One of tliese palaces in the Quar- ter della Traspana, exhibits in the interi ir of the court a very beautitu! oval peristyle of coupled columns. The traveller justly admires a vast circumference paved with porphyry flags, and enclosed with an iron equally agreeable and interesting. The magnificient convent of Nuestra Signora de Guadaloupe appears joined to the mountains of Tepeyacac, among ravines, which shelter a tew dates, and young Yucca trees. Towards the south, the whole tract between St. Angel, Taca- roy's palace. It is much less, however, from the grandeur and beauty of the monu- ments, than from the breadth and straight- ness of the streets ; and much less from ra.l.ng,rtchly ornamented v. ith bronze con- baya, and San Augustine de ils Cuevas. taming an equestrian statue of kmg Charles appears an immense garden ot orange ly. placed on a pedestal of Mexican mar- peach, apple, cherry and other European ble. in the midst of he Plazo Mayor of f^uit trees. This beautiful vegetation Mexico, opposite the cathedral and theVice- forms a singular contrast .vith the wild appearance of the naked mountains which enclose the valley, among which, the famous volcanoes of La Puebla, Popoca- Uo = T£ 4.\ r ■,. c 1 tepetl, and Iztaccihuatl, are the most ^^ifn % \ T A r 'TY'j'y distinguished. The firs of these forms r^tt f M H "I position that the ^„ .^^.^us cone, of which the crater. city of Mexico attracts the admiration of „ „»• ,, . „ ' j . tu„„„,: J Europeans. » From a singular coincidence ^2"^^""^^'^ 'f^"^'"^ ^''Vl^^JL^f of circumstances," says Humboldt, « I have S"i°ke and ashe.s, opens m the midst of seen successively, within a very short space ^/now. oftime, Lima, Mexico, Philadelphia, Wash- I'l^^ police of Mexico is good, th^ ington, Paris, Rome, Naples, and the largest Streets are wide, clean and well lighted. cities of Germany. By conapairing to- The city is supplied with fresh water gether impressions which follow in rapid ^om two sources, one on Chapoltepec succession, we are enabled to rectify any hill, and the other near the mountain opinion, which we may have too easily which separates the valley of Tencchtit- adopted. Notwithstanding such unavoida- 'an from that of Lerma, and Toluca. To ble comparisor.s, of which several, one convey this water, two great aqueducts would think, must have proved disadvan- have been constructed. The water of tageoua for the capital of Mexico, it has Chepoltepec, enters the city at the left in me a recollection of grandeur, which Salto del Agua, by an aqueduct of 10,826 I principally attribute to the majestic char- feet ; and that of Santa Fe, is brought acter of its situation, and to the surround- along Alameda, and terminates near la ing scenery. Traspana, at the bridge de la Marescala In fact, nothing can present a more by an aqueduct of 33,464 feet, or up- rich and varied appearance than the wards of six and one third miles. The valley, when, in a fine summer morning, latter stream is most pure. What is the sky without a cloud, and of that deep very remarkable, the ancient city was azure, which is peculiar to the dry and supplied in the same* manner, and by raritied air of high mountains, we trans- aqueducts not less massive or lengthy, port ourselves to the top of one of the than those erected by the Spaniards, towers of the cathedral of Mexico, or In its actual state Mexico is no doubt ascend the liill of Chapoltepec. A beau- considerably the most extensive, and best tiful vegetation surrounds this hill. Old populated city of either America. Its cypress trunks of more than from 49 to existing population, is, however, difficult 52 feet in circumference raise thtir naked to fix with any precision, but must from heads above those of the schinus, which all concurrent testimony exceed 1.50,000. resemble in their appearance, the weep- Mexico, gulf of, inland sea of North ing willows of the East. From the ccn- America; having the Mexican provinces tre of this sclitude, the summit of the SE, SVV, and NW, the United States porpr.yritical rock of Chapoltepec, the N; andNE; and Cuba E. It extends eye sweeps over a vast plain of carefully from lat. 18 to 31 20 N ; and from Ion. cultivated fields, which extend to the W C 4 to 21 W. From the mouth of the very foot of the colossal mountains cover- Alvarado, to that of the Apalachicola, in ed with eternal snow. The city appears a NE and SW direction upwards of 1.000 as if washed by the waters of the lake miles; its mean width from SE to NW, Tezcuco, whose basin, surrounded with about 600 miles ; superficial area ex- villages and hamlets, brings to mind the ceeding 600,000 sqtiare miles. The gulf 598 M I A M I A of Mexico is connected with the Carib- bean sea by the channel of Cuba, and with the Atlantic Ocean by the Florida stream The current generated by the trade winds, and by the rotation of the eartli on its axis, is carried into the Mexican gulf by the Cuba Channel and discharged by the Florida stream ; the gulf being an immense reservoir. Mexico, township of Oxford county Maine. Population 1820, 148. Mexico, township of Oswego county New York, on Mexico bay of lake Onta- rio, 15 mil's E from Oswego. Population 1820, 1590. Mexico, post town of Mifflin county Pennsylvania, on the left side of the West bra:.ch of Susquehannah, 12 miles above Mellerstown, and 15 below Lewis- town. Meyenberg, town of Upper Saxony, in the marche of Pregnitz, 60 miles NNW of Berlin. Meyenfeldt, town in the country of the Grisons, seated on the Rhine, in a pleasant country, fertile in excellent wine, 15 miles NE of Coire. Lon. 9 36 E, lat, 47 2 N. Mezicres, town of France, in the de- partment of Ardennes and late province of Champagne, with a citadel, seated on the Mouse, 12 miles NW of Sedan, and 127 NE of Paris. Lon. 4 48 E, lat. 49 46 N; Mezen, river of European Russia, rising between the Vyezegda, and the Petchora and flowing, parallel to the Dwina into the White Sea. Mezhi, town of France, in the depart- ment of Lot and Garonne, and late pro- vince of Guienne ; seated in a country that abounds in wlieat ; with vines, from which they principally make brandy; and with the cork-tree, whicii they sell both in its natu- ral state, and in corks. It is 9 miles NW of Condom. Mia, or Mijah, large town of Japan, seated on the S coast of the Isle of Niphon, with a fortified palace. Lon. 135 40 E, lat. 35 50 N. Miami river, river of Ohio, rising in Har- din county, interlocking with the head- waters of the Scioto. It runs in a SW di- rection, above 100 miles across the western borders of Logan, and through Shelby, Miami, Montgomery, Butler and Hamilton counties, into the Ohio river, exactly in the SW corner of the state, by a moutl) 200 yards wide. Bordering upon this river, are some of the finest arable lands in the state. But its navigation is not easy, on account of the rapidity of its current ; it is, however, navigated to a limited extent, 75 miles, and some of its waters approacli so near those of the Au Glaize, a southern branch of tlie Maumee, that a communica- tion is e'l'ected between them by a portage of five miles. Its mouth is in N lat. 39 4, and W lon. W C 70 50. Miami, of the Lake. See Maumee. Miami, county of Ohio, bounded on the N by Shelby, E by the counties of Champaign and Claric, S by Montgomery, and W by Dark county. It is 21 miles in extent from N 'o S, by 20 irom E to W, ai'.d contains about 410 square miles. Troy the county seat, and Piqua are the principal towns. The principal waters are the Miami river, which runs across it from N to S. the Southwest branch, and Spring, Honey, and Lost creeks. Soil fertile. Staples grain and flour. Population in 1810. Free white males ... do. do. ft^mattjli • - - Total whites ... All other persons except Indians not taxed . - . . Slaves ..... 2,047 1,873 3,920 21 3,941 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 4,573 do. do. females - - 4,218 All other persons except Isdians not taxed - - - - Total whites . - . . 8,791 Free persons of colour, males - 39" do. do. females - 21 Slaves, males - - - • j; do. females .... 8,851 Total population in 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 20 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,904 do. in Manufactures - - 325 do. in Commerce - - 19 Population to the square mile, 21. Miami, township of Hamilton county, Ohio, containing 1426 inhabitants in 1820. Miami, post town of Hamilton county, Ohio, 15 miles above the moutli of Great Miami river, and 16 W from Cincinnati. Miami, township of Champaign county, Ohio. Population in 1820, uncertain. Miami, township of Green county Ohio. Population in 1820, 550. Miami, NW township of Clermont coun- ty. Population in 1820, 1607. Miami's berg, post village of Ohio, in Montgomery county, 12 miles S from Day- ton. Miami Uriiversity, Oxford township, Butkr countv Ohio. 599 M 1 G MIC Mia'ni, western township of Logan coun* ty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 359. Miami, township of Cooper county Mis- souri. Michaels, town, and seat of justice ISIadi- son county Missouri, on Little Black river, 80 miles SWfrom Cape Girardeau. Michael, St. the most fertile and populous of the Azores or Western Islands, contain- ing about 25,000 inhabitants, and producing wheat and flax. Its two principal harbours are Ponta Delgada, and Villa Franca: the former is the capital of the island. Lon. 25 42 W, lat. 37 47 N. Michael, St. borough in Cornwall, eight miles SW of St. Columb, and 249 W by S of London. Lon. 4 52 W, lat. 50 23 N. Michael, St. town of France, in the de- partment of Meuse, and late duchy of Bar. It is remarkable for its hospital, and the rich library of a late Attiedictine abbey. It is seated on the Mei^, 20 miles NE of Bar-le-Duc, and 165 E of Paris. Lon. 5 38 E, lat. 48 51 N. Michael, St, seaport of the province of Guatimala, seated on a small river, 130 miles SE of New Guatimala. Lon. 87 45 W, lat. 12 25 N. Michael, St. town of Peru in the province of Quito. It was the first Spanish colony in Peru, and is seated near the mouth of the Piura, 225 miles S by W of Quito. Lon. 80 50 W, lat. 5 8. Michael ele Ibarra, St. town of Peru, in the province of Quito, 60 miles NE of Quito. Michael, Gulf of, St. that part] of the Pa- cific Ocean, which lies to the E of Panama. It was first discovered by the Spaniards, after their march across the isthmus of Da- rien. Michelonia, country of Prussia, wliich is part of the circle of Culm, >nd separated from the other part by the river Dribents. It takes its name from the castle of Mi- chelow. Michigan, large lake of North America, whose NE extremity communicates with the NW end of Lake Huron, by the strait of Michilimackinack. It is situated u holly within the limits of tlie United States. It is about 340 miles in length, including the straits of Michilimackinack. Its width va- ries from 20 to 70 miles. The area co- vered by this lake amounts to about 15,000 square miles, Green Bay is connected with it to the NW, and lake Huron NE. It is navigable for vessels drawing 12 feet water through the straits of Miclrlimackinack, and within the body of the lake for those of the largest class. Michigan Territory, — This expanse is composed of two parts naturally divided or separated. The first is formed by the peninsula between the Lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan ; the second from 600 the immense former northwest territcrf between the river Mississippi, North lat. 49, the river Rain, the Lakes Superior, Huron, Michigan, and the northern limits of the state of Illinois, on N lat. 42 30, The second part is merely annexed to the first for temporary purposes of civil government. miles. The peninsula of Michigan is bound- ed on Lake Michigan, - On Lake Huron. . . _ River St. Clair. Lake St. Clair, De- troit river, aiid Lake Erie to the north boundary of Ohio, Along the N l)oundary?t be obvious that very setisible extremes must be felt in a country stretching over 6^ degrees to latitude, but these extremes are very little aiftcted in Michigan by inequality of surface. On some maps mountains are drawn near tlie sources of Ouiscon- sin and Fox rivers, where no such ele- vations exist, The country is there hilly, but by no means mouniait^ous, and towards either the lakes or Mississippi river becomes comparatively level. It is needless, however, to amplify on objects of remote importance, and concerning which our information is at once vague and of doubtful autliority ; we will there- fore coiitine our observations respecting Michigan more particularly to the part contained in the jieninsula. I may merely observe, that this point of land is generally level in its interior, with a sloping border towards the cir- cumscribing lakes and river. Its super- structure is in every respect analogous to the northern pans of Ohio, and In- diana. A prolongation uf the table land mentioned in my general view of those states, passes through Michigan, and reaches to the straits of Michilimacki- nack. This plain is no dnubt underlaid with the same secondarv base, reaching '1 t office, Cabirras countv. North Carolina, about 100 miles S\V by W from Italeigh. ,MiJ!/ieim, post office, Centre cosinly, Pennsylvania, 18 miles E from Beilefoiste. •Millsboro, post village of Susst-x county, Delaware, on Indian river, 10 miles SE from Georgetown. Millfifitid, townsliip of Coes county New Hampshire, about niidwav be- tween Connecticut river, and Umbagog lake, 120 miles N from Concord. Po- pulation 1820 uncertain. Millstone, river of New Jersey, SE branch of the Rariton, rises in Mon- i n mouth flows NW across Middlesex and enters Rariton river in Somerset county. This stream is peculiarly remarkable, as being the only one in the United States which rises on the sea sand allu- vial formation and flows from it over the primitive, in an inverted order. Millstone, or Middteburg, post village of Somerset county New Jersey on Mill- stone river 14 miles NNE from Prince- ton, and 10 VV from New Brunswick. MUthorJi, town in Westmoreland, on the Betha. near the mouth of the Ken. As the navigation of the Ktn, is obstructed by a cataract near its mouth, Milthorp is the only port in the county, arid hence the fine Westmoreland i^lates and other commoditii'S are exported. It is eight miles S of Kendal, and 255 NNW of Lon- don. Millville, pest village of Cumberland county New Jersey on Maurice river, 13 miles E from Bridecetowa. Millville, post office, King Georges county Virginia. Milo, ancient Melos, island of the Archi- pcl:go, 50 miles in circumference, with one of the best and largest harbours in the Me- diterranean. It produces excellent fruits, and delicate wiae ; abounds in very good cattle, especially in goats t and lias mines of iron and sulphur. It is 60 miles N of Camliu. Lon. 26 6 E, lat 36 41 N. Miltenberg, t-swn of Franconia, in the electorate of Mentz, seated on the Maine, 20 m.iles SE of Aschaffcnbursr. Lon. 9 19 P:, lat 49 46 N. Milton, town in Kent, on the E branch of th^ Aledway, and noted for excellent oysters. It is 14 miles NE of Maidstone, and 42 10 of London. Lon, 52 E, lat. 51 22 N. Milton, town in Kent, incorporated with Gravesend, from which it is 1 mile distant. Mdtun Mbey, town in Dorsetshire, 14 miles NE "f D rchester, and 112 W bv S London Lon 2 32 W, lat. 50 50 N. Milton, town of Richelieu county Lovvei* Canida ; in the great bend of ilie riviere a !a Tortue 35, miles E from Montreal. Milton, to'.vnsiiip of StafTbrd county, New Hampshire, on the Pisc.vtaqua, 27 miles above Portsmouth. Population in 1820, 1232. Milton, post village, Chittenden county Ve.mont, on lake Champiain at the mouth oi Lamoil river, l2 miles N from Burling, ton. Population in 1820, 1600. Milton, po^t town, Norfolk county Mas- .saciiusetts. oppo-^ite Dorchester, or Nepon- set river, 7 mles S from Boston. Vessels of 150 tons ascend thus far. It contains sc-veral manufactories, and an academy. p..,pulatioii in 1820. 1502. ^Milton, "own -hip of Saratoga county. New Yorkj containing the village and 6C9 M I N M I N springs of Ballston Spa. ropulalloii in 1820, 2796. Alilloii, or Xing'' s-f err I', pest village Cay- ug-a county New York, on Cayuga lake, 20 miles N from Utica. Milton, post town of Non'mmberland county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the west branch of the Susquehannah river, 12 miles above Northumberland. JMilton, or Broadkill, village of Sussex county, Delaware, on Broadkiil creek, 15 miles "SE by E from Milford. J^'Elton, post village, Albermarle county, Virginia, on the Kivannu river, 5 miles be- low Charlotteviile. jyElton, post village, Rockingham county North Carolina. Milton, post village, Trumbull county, Ohio. Milton, township of Wayne county, Ohio, 12 miles NE from Wooster. Population in 1820, 208. Milton, township of Richland countv, Ohio. Population in 1820, 544. Milton, post town of Miami county, Ohio, 8 miles SW from Troy. Milton, township of Jackson county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 434. Milton's Bluff. See Marathon Alabama. J\£llville, post town, Ross township But- ler county, Ohio^ on Indian creek, 7 miles W from Hamilton. JiJS7ms -Bay, is a small gulf extending fi'om the head of the bay of Fundy east- wards into the peninsula of Nova Scotia. Minas Gesaes, captain generalship of Brasil ; bounded bv the Atlantic Ocean E, Rio Janeiro SE, St. Pauls SW ; Goias W ; and Bahia, or St. Salvador N„ Length 600, and breadth 300. It is drained by the Pa- rana, St. Francisco, and Doce rivers, and traversed from N to S by a chain of moun- tains. It produces gold, diamonds, and other minerals, with an immense variety of the most precious vegetables. Between lat. 14 30, and 22 30 S. Population 360,000. Minch, great sound, or channel, on the W coast of Scotland. It is bounded on the W by the islands of Lewis and Harris, N and S Uist, and Bara, on the W ; and on the E by the isle of Skye. Mincio, river of Italy, flowing from the lake of Garda by Mantua, into the Po, 8 miles below that fortr-jss. Mmdanoa, the largest of the Philippine islands, next to Lucon>.a. It is 180 miles long and 120 broad, and is gove)ned by a siUtan, who is absolute. It is a mountain- ous country, full of hills and valleys ; and the mould is generally deep bLfck, and fruitful. The principal town of the same name is pretty large, and is situated on the eastern coast. Mindelheim, town of Suabia, with a castle on a mountain. It is the capital of a lord- 610 s!vp between the rivers lUer and Lech, and 23 miles SW of Augsburg. Minden, fortified town of Westphalia, capital of a principality of the same name. Its convenient situation for trade and navi- gation, its breweries, sugar-houses, and wax manufacture, are great advantages to the inhabitants. Near this town prince Ferdinand, of Brunswick, defeated the French, in 1759. It is seated on the Weser, 43 miles E of Osnaburg. Lon. 8 56 E lat. 52 19 N. Minden, Western township of Montgo- mery county, New York, on the right bank of the Alohawk. Population in 1820, un- certain. Minden, township and post village of Monroe county, New Yoik, in the NE part of the county. Population in 1820, 2012. See Mendow. Mindoro, one of the Philippine islands, 50 miles in circumference, separated from Luconia by a narrow cbannel. It is full of mountains, which abound in palm-trees, and all sorts of fruits. The inhabitants are pagans, and pay tribute to the Spaniards. Minehead, borough and seaport in So- mersetshire. It is a good harbour on the Bristol channel, for ships of large burden ; and carries en a trade in wool, coal, and herrirtgs. It is 31 miles N of Exeter, and 163 W by S of London. Lon. 3 34 W, lat. 51 12 N. ^Fingrelia, province of Asia, which makes part of Georgia ; bounded on the W by the Black sea, E by Imeritia, S by a part of Georgia, and N by Circassia. It is govern- ed by a prince, who was tributary to the sovereign of Imeritia, but in 1783, he put himself under tlie protection of Russia. The face of this country, its products, and tlie customs and manners of the inhabi- tants, are similar to tho-se of Georgia. Mmevva, township of Essex county New York, near the centre of the county. Po- pulation in 1820, 271. 3Enerva, post town. Mason county, Kentucky. JiEngan. group of islands along the northern shore of the gulf of St. Law- rence. Minhn, river of Spnin, which has its source in Galicia, near Castro del Rey, and passing by Lugo, Ortense, and Tey, it then divides Galicia from Portugal, and falls into the Atlantic Ocean, at Caminl^a. Miniato, St. epi.scopal town of Tuscany, sea'.ed on the Arno, 20 miles SW of Flo- rence. Lon. 10 45 E, lat- 43 40 N. jVEnisink, township of Orange county. New York, containing 4005 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 5053. It is situated on the NE side of the river Delaware, and joining to the st.ate of New Jersey. Minerbino, small town of Naples in Italy, in Terra di Bari, with a bishop's see, 26 M 1 H M I S miles N of C!renza.Lon. 16 19 E, lat 41 8 N. J\Ii7iorca, one of the Balearic groupe, an island of the Mediterranean, lying 50 miles to the NE of Majorca. It is 30 miles in length, and 12 in breadth ; and is a mountainous country, with some fruitful valleys, where there are excel- lent mules. Cittadella is the capital : but greater consequence is attached to the town cf Mahon on account of its ex- cellent harbour, which is defended by Fort St, Philip, one of the strongest for- tresses in Europe, and on the fate of which the v/hole island depends. Lon. 3 48 E, lat. 39 50 N. Minori, town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, with a bishop's see, seated on the gulf cf Salerno, bttween the town of that nanfie and Amalsi. J\Snot, township of Cumberland county Maine 35 miles from Portland. Popula- tion 1820, 2524. Minsingen, town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemberg, with a handsome castle. Lon. 9 35 E, lat. 48 32 N. JMi7iski, town of Lithuania, capital of a palatinate of the sane name, witli two citadels, one of which is seated in a mo- rass. The country is pretty fertile, and ,.J* has forests containing vast numbers of bees, whose honey, makes part of its riches. Minski is &5 miles N of Siuczk, and 100 SE of Wilna. Lon, 26 48, E, lat. 54. 11 N. J\Tmsk, government of European Rus- sia, between the Dwina, and Volhynia. Area 37,000 square miles, v;ith a popu- lation of 950,000. Miolans, fortress of France, in the de- partment of the Lower Alps and late province of Provence, seated on a craggy rock, in the valley of Barcelonetta, liOn. 6 20 E, lat. 45 35 N. Mioss, lake of Norway, in the province of Hedemarke, 80 miles in circumfer- ence. It is divided by a large peninsula, and is from 12 to 18 miles broad. It contains one island about 10 miles in cir- cumference, fertile in corn, pastures, and wood, and sprinkled with several farm houses. Miquelon, small desert island, SW of Cape May in Newfoundland, ceded to the French by the peace of 1763, for drying and curing their fish. It was taken by the English in 1793, Lon VV C 20 50 E, lat 46 42 N. Miramichi, bay and river, of the E coast of New Brunswick, 60 miles S, from Chaleur bay. The river I'ises about 120 miies inland interlocking witii the sources of the Shicatahoch branch of St. John's river. Miranda-de-douero, fortified town of Portugal, capital of the province of Tra- los-Montes, with a bishop's see. It is seated on a rock, near the confluence of the Douero and Fresna, 208 miles N bv E of Lisbon. Lon. 6 W, lat, 41 40 I^. Mira7idade-Ebro, town of Spain, in Old Castile, with a strong castle, seated in a country that produces excellent Avine, on the river Ebro, over which is a hand- some bridge. It is 34 miles. S of Bilboa, and 160 N of Madrid. Lon. 3 13 W, lat. 42 49 N. Mirandey town of France, in the de- partmt-nf of Gvrs, and late province of Gascony, seated on a mountain near the river Baise. Its principal articles of com- merce, are wool, down, and geese fea- thers. It is 15 miles SW of Auch, and 340 SW of Paris. Lon. 26 E, lat. 43 30 N. Mirandola, town of Italy, capital of a duchy (.f the same name. It is a well forcififd place, subject to the house of Austria, and 20 miles NE of Modena, Lon. 11 19 E, lat 44 52 N, Mirebeau, town of France, in the de- psrtmentof Vienne. Its asses have long been famous for their beauty and strength. It is 16 miles N of Poitiers, and 175 SW of Paris Mirecourt, town of France, in the de- partment of Vosges, famous for its vio- lins and fine laces. It is seated on the river Modon, 27 miles S of Nanci, and 30 SE of Toul. Lon. 6 4 E, lat. 48 15 N. .Mircniont, town of France, in the de- partment of Dordogne. Near it is a re- markable cavern, called Ciuseau. It is seated near the river Vizere, 15 miles E of Btrrgt-rac .Mirr/ioix, town of France, in the de- partment of the Upper Pyrenees. It was lately an episcopal town, and is seated on the Cers, 15 iniies N of Foix. Jifi&eno, cape of Italy, in the Terre di Lav(;i'i, between Puzzoli and Cuma. Oh it are the ruins of the ancient Misenum. Miserde-ti, village in Gloucestershire, six miles NW of Cirencester, famous for a jjark, in a valley of which is a mount of a circular form, now overgrown with trees. This was the site of an ancient castle, built in the reign cf king John ; and part of the mrat, which encompassed the building, is still to be seen. Misitra, town of Greece in the Morea. It is seated on the Vasilipotamo, ancient Euestas, iavo miles from the ruins of Sparta, 28 miles SE frojn Tripollizza, 100 miles SW of Athens, and 90 N by E of Lepanto. Lon. 22 30 E, lat. 37 6 N. Mmsassaga River, of Upper Canada runs into Lake Huron, between le Ser- pent and Tlie'.;5alon River, on the north 5;bore. 'cn M i !* M J S JHssassaga Point, oi Upper Canada, in the towasliip of Newark, Hes on the west side of the entrance of the river Niagara, and opposite the fortress of Niagara. Jlissassaga Island, Upper Canada, lies opposite the niouih (if the Trent, and about the sanif di;.tance fif nn the portage at the head of the bay of Quinte. Jlissiscoui, or Jfiasisski, river rising in Canada, enters Vermont in Franklin county ; whence it flows nearly in a western course to Michiscou or Missis- coui bay, a branch (if hike Chanipkiin. JMississippi River. Frrnj the magni tudeand importaiict. of tl !sp;reat stream, the following c-^mprehert^ive view, is taken, not alone of its ci'nflnents pro- perly so called, but also, those m th- vi^ cinity of its Dalta, w'.^ich ent^-r the gulf of Mexico in the Ui ited States. The most south-western btream of the United States is that of the babine. This river has its source in the province of Texas, North lat. 32 30 It flows in a general course nearly south, but curves to the eastward about mid-dis- tance between its source and mouth. At North lat. 30, it expands into a large lake, of thirty. miles in Unglh, and from five to eight wide ; which at its lower extremity, again contracts into a river, and dischartrcs into the guU of Mexico, at North lat. 29 28. VVest Icn.' from Washington city, 15 45. The Sabine affurds no navigation of consequence, having only three tVet wa- ter on the bar at its mouth ; the Sabine lake is also shallow, net having more than four or five. The Cakassiu is the next stream east of the Sabine. The former rises in the angle between the latter and Red river ; flows nearly south about 120 miits and falls into the Gu^f of Mt xico, thirty miles east of the mouth of the Sabine. The Calcassiu, similar to the Sabine, expands into a lake, and again cmtracts into a river channel, before its final dis- charge- The former is also similar to the latter in its I'avigation being impe- ded by a bar, and by the s'nallown< ss of its large lake. The mouth of the Cal- cassiu river is at North lat. 29 20. Following the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, twelve miles east from the dis- charge of the Calcassiu, is found t!ie en- trance of the Mermentau. This latter stream is formed by a number of branches, having their sources in tb.e prairies of Opelousas. The general course of the Mermentau is from nortl - east to south-west about 100 miles. It is remarkable as possessing similar features to the Calcassiu ^nd Sabine rivers, and 61? similar also in a defective navigation, arising from a bar at the entrance, and by the shailowiiess of its large- lake, nei- ther affording more than three or four feet water. An interval of near sixty miles stretches east of the mouth of the Mer- mentau to that of the Vermilion, a fine but small stream, rising in Opelousas, but flowing through Attacapas into the Gulf (f Mexico, after an entire course of about eighty miles. The lands along the Vermilion river are of the first quality, producing cotton, and towards the mouth some piantati(ins of sugar- cane have been successfully attempted ; but vessels .'rawing more than five feet watir cannot enter The Vermilion eli- te rs t;-.e Gulf of Mexico at North lat.29 45. 'i'he united streams (f Atchafalaya, Teche, and Courtableau, fi^rm a river of much greater importance and magnitude than any other in the United States, west of the Mississippi. The Atchafalaya is the upper mouth ot the Mississippi, and leaves the latter at North lat. 31, and West Ion. from Washington city 14 47, by a stream 110 yards wide ; its course is a little east of south, and by its windings forty-eight miles to where it receives the (Jourta- bleau from the north-west. Below the Courtableau, the Atchafalaya flows eigh- ty miles, and is again augmented by the Teche, also from the north-west. After receiving the Teche the Atchafalaya flnws twenty miles, where it is lost in a large buy, known by ihe same name. The Atchafalaya bay is about twenty- three miles long, and thirteen miles wide, It is eoclosed on the south-west by two long narrow points of land, Point Chevreuil, and Point au Fer. Between those two points extends a bar, over which there is nine ftet water, and within the bay and river sufficient depth to permit the passage ot any vessel to the mouth of the Teche, which can pass the bar. The mouth of Atchafalaya is at N lat. 29 21, W Ion. from W C 14 22. The Teche rises in Opelousas, and floAving thirty miles, enters Attacapas, where it receives a creek from the west, and assumes the form of a river. After entering Attacapas, the Teche continues, by a very winding course of eighty miles, a little east of south, to New Iberia, North lat. 30 2. The town of New Ibe- ria stands upon the right bank of the Teche, at the head of schooner or sloop navigation. Vesst Is, however, drawing five feet water, can ascend to this place at all seasons. The Teche, below New Iberia, gradually widens from about 30 :s[ 1 s M I s to lOU yards, and deepens from five to 30 or 40 feet. Its stream now turns ESE and continues 90 miles, where it mingles its waters with the Atchafalaya. The Teche is a small, but very singular and important stream. In all its lengtli, of about 130 miles, it drains one of the most fertile tracts in the United States, On its upper waters cotton, and towards its mouth sugar and molasses, are the staples produced for market. New Iberia is a port of entry, and ves- sels are frequently cleared out from that place, but the general commercial com- munication is with the city of New Orlean-,~ through the Atchafalaya, Plaquem.ne, and Mississippi, or by the lakes Palourde and Verret, and the Lafourche and Mississippi rivers. The riaquemine is an outlet of the Mis- sissippi, 117 miles above New Orleans. It is only during the seasons of flood that wa- ter is discharged into the Plaquemine, which, after a very circuitous course of fif- teen miles, joins the Atchafalaya. Through the Plaquemine is, however, transported most of the merchandise for the supply of the very flourishing settlements of Attaca- pas and Opelousas ; and by this route is also sent to market the valuable staples of those places. Boats from fifteen or twenty, to fifty or sixty tons, ascend from New Orleans, and entering the Plaquemine, pass into the At- chafalaya. Those destined to the lower parts of Attacapas descend the latter river, and enter by the mouth of Teche. Those bound to the central part of Attacapas as- cend the Atchafalaya about tvvfenly miles, and thence, by an outlet and Lake Che- timaches, proceed to the Pause Point landing. Here is a portage of ten or twelve miles to St. Marlinsville, the chief town of Attacapas. Another outlet, and a chain of small lakes and bayous (creeks,) enable vessels to be conveyed to the up- per part of Attacapas, and the lower part of Opelousas. Vessels destined for the higher and central parts of Opelousas, ascend the Atchafalaya to the mouth of Courtableau, and thence up the latter river to Lemell's landing, six miles, or into Ba- you Carron, within four miles from St. Landre, seat of justice and chief town of Opelousas. The Courtableau is a fine little river, formed by the united streams of Crocodile and Roeuf. The two latter creeks unite at N lat. 30 34. The general course of the Courtableau is south-east, about thirty miles in length. It affords, dtiring higl/water, part of a very eligible channel of cominvi- nication between the settlements of Opolou- sas, and the lower part of Rapides, with ^e banks of the Mississippi, The navigation of the Atchafalaya is en^ tirely obstructed by rafts of timber, above the mouth of the Courtableau. These ex- traordinary masses of trees commence twenty-six miles below the efiilux of the Atchafalaya from the Mississippi, and ex- tend by intervals to within five miles of its junction with the Courtableau. Advancing along the Gulf of Mexico, eastward from the mouth of Atchafalaya, the Lafourche is the first inlet of conse- quence, in a commcrciul point of view. In the intermediate distance of sixty miles, sevend small cretks enter the Gulf, but from iheir very abridged length of course are unimportant. The Lafourche, (the Fork,) as its name imports, is an outlet of the Mississippi, and the second from the right in descending from the Atchafalaja, the Fhicfuemine be- ing the first. The outlet of the Lafourche is^at N lat. 30 6, W Ion. from W C 14 1. After leaving the Mississippi, the general course of the Lafourche is south-east by south, ninety miles. It enters the Gidf of Mexico at N lat. 28 57. W Ion. from W C 13 30. The Lafourche is one of the most im- portant inlets of Louisiana, having 9 feet water on its bar, and admitting ves- sels drawing 4 or 5 feet to within 30 miles of its efflux. An arable border of extremely productive soil, skirts both banks of the Lafourche for 60 or 70 miles from the Mississippi. Cotton and sugar are the principal staples. Most of the produce and merchandise of the settle- ments along its banks, arc transported by the Mississippi, tb and from New Or- leans. ^ P>etween the mouth of the Lafourche and tliat of the Mississippi, several inlets admit a boat navigation to New Orleans. The principal of these bays is that of Barataria, by which, and a number of lakes and interlt.cking streams, a direct communication exists from the Gulf of Mt'xicotoihe Mississippi atNev/Oricans, 1 he Misbiksippi itself has three main and three lesser passes or outlets. The most frequented of which is that of the South-east, upon the bar of which there are 12 feet water at low tides. Next to that of the South-east that of the South- west is the best entrance. The latter has indeed as grreat a depth of water as tlie I'orjr.er. Upon the South Pass there are S feet water. These three are the chief outlets of tliis great stream. The West, North, and pass a la Loutre, have from 5 to 8 feet water on their respective bars. Between New Orleans and Mobile bay, a verv interestinf^' inland navigation ex- 61 .S M I S ists, through Lake Pontchartrain, the Rigolets, Lake Borgne, Pass au Chris- tian, and Pass au Heron I'his channel is formed by a chain of iblands, the low marshy expanse north-east of the Mis- sissippi river, and the main shore of Louisiana and Mississippi. Vessels above five feet draught cannot make tliis pas- sage, as over either the shoals of the Pass au Christian, or Heron, that is the ordinary depth. This interior channel is continued, to the north-west of New Orleans, by Lake Pontchartrain, Pass au Manchac, Lake Maurepas, Amite river, and Bayou Iber- ville, to the Mississippi river, 125 miles, by water, above that city. Schooners draw- ing five feet water, go up as far as Galvez- town, at the confluence ol Bayou Iberville ii-'.d Amite rivers. From the efflux of the Iberville to the Pass of Heron is about 200 miles, 80 of which are to the north-west, and 120 to the north-east by east of New Orleans. Into this extensive channel arc discharged, exclusive of the Amite and Mobile rivers, the Tickfoha, into Lake Maurepas; the Tangipao and Chifuncte, into Lake Pontchartrain ; Pearl river into the Kigolds; and the Pascagoula, opposite Horn island. Each of those minor streams afford less or more facilities to navigation, but do not admit vessels of more than five feet draught but a very short distance from the sea. Schooners are most commonly used in the commerce of these inlets and shallov^' rivers. A steam-boat plies, however, between New Orleans, and Mo- bile and Blakley. Mobile bay is a fine sheet of water, of 30 miles in length, with a mean width of 11 miles. Dauphin island, and Mobile Point, land-locivs Mobile bay. The main entrance, with 18 feet of water, lies be- tween the islantl and point. Pass au He- ron, with 5 feet, lies between Dauphin island and the main shore of Alabama. A bar, with only 10 feet of water, crosses Mobile bay, about fire miles below the town of Mobile. Above Mobile tovv-n the bay gradually ceases, and is succeeded by a low sunken tract of 30 miles in length, and from 3 to live miles wide. Through this occasion- ally in\indated tract, beside many minor streams, meanders the Mobile and Tensau rivers ; the former being the continuation of the Tombigbee, and the latter of the Alabama river. Vessels drawing five feet water are taken as high in the Tombigbee as Port St. Stephens, and in the Alabama to Fort Claiborne. At each of those two latter places, shoals impede the farther na- vigation of the rivers respectively, with vessels propelled by sails, though boats as- pend and descend, in the Tombigbee, to 614 Cotton Gin port, and in the Alabama, to its head at the junction of Coosa and Tal- lapoosa. East of Mobile, Pensacola is the first harbour of any consequence. The Perdi- do intervenes, but having but little water, and terminating in a barren uninteresting country, merits no particular notice. Pen- sacola, to its depth of water, is one of the finest havens of the worid. Its entrance is at North lat. SO 23, West Ion. from Wash- ington city 10 20. The entrance between llose island and Barancas point is over a bar having twenty -two feet water, upon a fine sandy bottom. The bay is about twen- ty miles in length, with a mean width of about three miles. The anchorage is, in every part, a soft mud or sand. No rocky banks or dangerous shoals environ this noble sheet of water. Tlie bay, above the town of Pensacola, is divided into two arms ; one, stretching north, receives the Escambia, and the other, to the north-east, the Yellow Water river. The basin of the Appalachicola is re- markable as forming the connecting link between the waters which flow into the Gulf of Mexico, from those which enter the Atlantic Ocean. The Appalachicola is formed by two streams, the Ctiatahooche and Flint rivers. The former rises in the Appalachian mountains, at North lat. 35, interlocking with the sources of Tennessee, Oakmulgee, Oconee, and Savannah rivers ; and flowing southwest by soudi, through two degrees of latitude, turns thence nearly due south, to North lat. 30 45, where it receives the Flint. The latter, an inferior stream to the former, has its soiu'ces in the angle between the Oakmulgee -and Cbata- hooche rivers, at North lat. 33 40, and flow- ing south-v/est by south, 200 miles, unites with the Ciiatahooche, and forms the Ap- palachicola. This latter fine river flows a little west of south, to North lat. 29 50, having an entire course of about seventy miles ; its mouth is into St. George's sound. The basin of the Appalachicola affords an inland navigable expanse of 400 miles in length, with a mean width of 150, and having an area of about 20,000 square miles. Though interrupted by some falls, and many shoal.s, the rivers of Chatahooche and Flint are navigable almost to their sources ; and schooners of considerable size ascend tiie Appalachicola to its head. Cotton, tobacco, grain, tar, and lumber, are the common staples of this basin. In all the immense di.stance from Pensa- cola to t'le bay of Esplritu Santo, except the mouth of the Appalachicola, there is no inlet of any commercial consequence in a general view. The fine bay of Espiritu Santo is situated upon the west coast of the peninsula of .M I S M I S East Florida, at North ht. 27 40, West Ion. their size, or the density o f the earth over from Washington city 6 20. There is which they flow. So that our hills, with about two feet more water on the bar of, some few exceptions, are nothing more or t:spiritu Santo than upon that of Pensaco- less than clifFs or banks made by the ac- la, but tiie country around the litter re- tion of the streams; and althoug!\ tiiese mains so imperfectly known, that its com- cliHs or banks, on the rivers and larger mercial value c.uiHot be estimated with any creeks, approach the size of momuains, certainty at present. yet their tops are generally level, being the Having followed in regular order the remains of the ancient plain. In the eas- tern pai t of the stale, some few hills are found in sharp ridges similar to those in the eastern states. The base of the hills is generally composed of limesto.ne, free, or sandstone, slate, and gravel, admixed with mineral coal, ochre, Sec." — Bourne. The author of this article surveyed, in 1815, Pittsburgh and its environs, and minor streams flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, we now turn to a review of the basin of the Mississippi. This great stream, forming a river of the first order, deserves particular notice in an elementary work. Under the general term Mississippi, we include not only that river properly so called, but every secon- . , , , - , - , dary or confluent body of water which en- found the rocks there, as m every other ters into, or contributes to augment the P^^t of the Op.io valley perfectly parallel mass of the main recipient. to the horizon, of course speaking teclim- FoUowing this plan, the basin of the Mis- caHy. Aoetz formation Fhe circumstance sissippi may be naturally divided into four most, conclusive of the fact, that the hilis grand sections ; first, advancing from east and valleys of this region were formed by to west, the valley of Ohio and its tributa- abrasion, is the uniformity ot elevation and ry waters; that of Mississippi and its similar material of corresponding strata on branches ; that of Missouri and its branch- the opposing banks of the streams ; phe- es i and that of the lower Mississippi, below nomena every where visible, where the na- the mouth of Missouri. Of these sections ture of the country will admit accurate ob- • order. servation. The coal strata near P.ttsburgh 0/«o^)Wv.— This very important region ^^f^ in every place found about 340 feet embraces about 200,000 square miles of 'i??^'? '«* water level in the rivers of that area, equal to 128.000,000 of United States vicinity. acres. Its greatest length is from the Embracing the whole Oliio valley in one north-east sources of the Allegheny river perspective, it is found divided into two to the head of Bear creek, a branch of very unequal portions by that river ; Tennessee river, 750 miles. Its greatest leaving 120,000 square miles to the south- breadth, from the sources of the French east, and 80,000 on the north-west. The Broad, to those of the Wabash river, 500 Ohio, forming a common recipient for the miles. In point of climate, it extends water of the minor streams of both slopes, from North lat. 34 to 42 30, or through flows in a very deep ravine, south 64*^ west. seven and a half degrees of latitude, af- 478 geographical, or 548 miles, in a direct fording a very considerable difi'erence of line from Pittsburgh to the jiuiction of this seasons and temperature. river with the Mississippi. The entire It has been long the opinion of the au- length of Ohio by its meanders, is by actual thor of this article, an opinion formed from admeasurement 948 miles, the fruits of many years observation, that The peculiar features of this river, and the Ohio region once formed an immense its immediate banks, have led to mos-.t of inclined plane ; and that the beds of all the t!ie gross misrepresen'.ations respecting, rivers have been formed by abrasion of the valley in general. The low water sur- water. Thistheory is supported by Mr A. face of the Monongahela at Brownsville, Boui'ne, author of a large and vslunble map has been found to amount to 850 feet above of the stale of Ohio. The following is a high tide in the Chesapeak bay. Estima- quotation from a manuscript letter I'romtliat ting the fall in the M-nongahela to be gentle man on the subject. '' Tiie hills are twenty feet from the borough of Browns- generally found near the rivers or large ville to the city of Pittsburgh, would pro- creeks, and parallel to them on each side ; duce 830 feet as the elevation of the latter having between them the alluvial va'ley, place above the Atlantic Ocean. The through which the stream meanders ; apex of the hills in the vicinity of Pitts- usually near the middle ; but sometimes burgli, are within a small fraction of 460 washes the foot of either hill alternately, above the low water level of the Mononga- Perhaps the best idea of th; topography of hela, Allegheny, and Ohio i-ivers. By this state may be obtained, by conceiving these elements we have 460 added to 830, the state to be one vast elevated plain, or 1290 feet as the extreme elev^Uion of the near the c'jnl re of which the stre.^ms rise, hills ntar Pittsburgh above the Atlantic and in their course wearing down a bed or tides. We may, therefore, if the correct- valley, whose depth is in proportion to ness of our previous theory is admitted, 615 M I S M I S suppose tliat the latter elevation was that of this part of the original plain from which the valley has been formed. This eleva- tion evidently declined towards the now mouth of the Ohio, leaving a descent for the waters. The actual elevation of the present sur- face of the country, adjacent to the great central junction of the Mississippi wi'.h its confluents, is not determined with the same precision with that of Pittsburgh : but, from the length of the* Mississippi below the mouth of Ohio, a near approximation may be obtained. From the mouth of Ohio to that of the Mississippi, the distance is within a small fraction of 1100 miles, which, at three and a half inches to the mile, yields 3850 inches, or 320.8 feet, as the entire depression of the Mississippi river from the mouth of Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico. The fall in the Ohio river exceeds that of the Mississippi, and has been estimated at about five inches to the mile, consequently, if we multiply 948 miles, the entire lengtii of Ohio, by 5, we have 4740 inches, or 395 feet, as the amount of descent in that stream ; and, 'adding 395 to 320.8 feet, we find 715.8 feet as the declivity of the waters from the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers at the city of Pitts- burgh, to the Gulf of Mexico. A very remarkable difference is percep- tible between the different elevations of Pittsburgh above the Chesapeak bay and Gulf of Mexico, amounting to more tiLin 125 feet, in favour of the former sheet of water. This apparent phenomenon is ex- plicable on the simplest laws of liydrosta- lics. The Gulf stream flows from \'ne Gulf of Mexico towards tiiat part of tiie Atlantic Ocean adjacent to the Chesapeak bay, de- monstrating tliat a difference of level mtist exist between the extremes, sufficiently great to atlmit a current of considerable ve- locity. That velocity has never been very iiccu'rately determined ; but, if we allow only one and a half inch per mile, would yield in 900 mihs 112§ feet. That the ac- tual fall from Florida channel to the mouth of the Chesapeak bay, connider;ibly exceeds 100 feet, there can be no rational doubt, when the necessary geographical phenome- na are duly examined. Wc mav, from the data given, consider the valley" of Ohio composed of an inclined plane, chequered by tlie deep channels of the rivers, hills, and extensive flats, the v;hole resting upon a base of secondary formation. In many parts of this interest- ing reglo:;, as in the state of ICentucky, the beds of the rivers art- vast chasms, rather than valleys, in tlie true acceptation of the latter term. Tlie two opposmg slopes ex- iiibii some very curious contrasts. Though considerablv most extensive, the south-eas- 616 tern slope has no extensive remains of the ancient plane ; the north-western slope, on the contrary, contains immense remains of the former plane. The rivers which enter the main recipient from the former, rising in or near the north-western ridge of the Appalachian mountains, are precipitous from their sources, flowing, as already ob- served, in very deep channels : whilst tho.se streams which enter from the north- western slope, rise out of a level continuous plain, in many places morass, as in part of the states of Ohio and Indiana. The latter rivers are sluggish towards their sources, gaining velocity in their advance towards the Ohio river. The secondary rivers of the south-eastern slope are, the Monongahela, Little Kenha- wa. Great Kenhawa, Sandy, Licking, Ken- tucky, Greene, Cumberland, and Tennes- see. Those flowing from the north-wes- tern slope are, the Allegheny, Beaver, Muskmgum, Hockhocking, Sciota, Miami, and Wabash. Of these streams, the Alle- gheny rises in Pennsylvania, flows into New York, and winding from north-west to west, and south-west, again enters Penn- sylvania, forming the north-western, or rather northern constituent of Ohio. Na branch of the Allegheny flows from the high table land ; the region it waters is in some parts mountainous, and every where hilly ; the sources of the Allegheny flow, however, from the highest point of the val- ley of Ohio. Advancing westward from the region watered by the Allegheny, the sources of the Beaver exhibit the com- mencement of tlie great central plain, which separates the two great basins o the Mis- sissippi and St. Law!-ence. This plain s'retches westward, and, wider-.ing in ex. lent through the states of Ohi(.,''lndiana, and Illinois, reaches the Mississippi river. In its natural state, the valley of Ohio was, in the greatest part of its extent, covered by a dense forest : but the central plain pre- sented a very remarkable exception. As far east as the sources of Muskingum, com- menced open Savannaiis, covered with grass, ;tnd devoid of timber. Similar to the plain itself, those Savannahs expanded to the v.estward, and on the waters of Illi- nois river opened into immense natural meadows, generally known under the de- nomination of prairies. We have dwelt with more minuteness on this central plain than we would otherwise have done, from a conviction that it aflbrds phenomena highly illustrative of the pecu- liar structure of that part of North America. It has been shown in this article, that the surface of Ohio, at the city of Pittsburgh, was 830 feet above the U-arest tide water of the Atlantic Ocean, and 715.8 feet above the surface of the (Julf of Mexico. Lake Erie has been found by actual admeasure- M L b M J S Tnent, 565 feet above the tide water of the Hudson at Albany ; consequently, the Ohio at Pittsburgh is 265 feel above the surface of Lake Erie ; t!ie integjiediate distance, in a direct line, 105 miles. Tiierefore, if a channel was open fnim the Ohio r.ver at Pittsburg-li to Luke Erie, as deep as the bottom of the river, and sloping towards the lake by gradual descent to its surface, the waters of Allepliany and Monongahela would, in place of tiowingdovvn Ohio, rush into Lake Erie with tiie en.)rmous velocity arising from a tall of 265 feet in 105 miles ; or upwards of two and a iialf feet ])er mile. When these mathematically ■established facts are contrasted with llie c rcumstasice, tliat the extreme north-w estern waters of Alleghany, thoe of Lake Chataughque, rise' within three miles from Lake Erie, the singular but real construction of the country jjecomes apparf-nt. Nothing but actual measurement could render ci-edible, tha^ Pittsburgh, situated at the confluence of two streams, eac'ii of which, following their meanders, Iiave flown above 200 miles, and one of whicli, (Alleghany,) hav- ing part of its source so near the very mar- gin of Lake Erie; and yet, that the city of Pittsburgh should b? elevated 265 feet above the surf\ice of the lake. But by far tiie most remarkable feature of the Ohio valley is, that its real slope does not correspond to the courses of its rivers. It is a fact not well known, that loaded boats at liigh water can pass from Lake Michigan into Illinois river, and vice versa. AVe have seen that Lake Erie was 565 feet above the level of the Atlantic tides. The elevation of Lake Michigan above Lake Erie cannot, from the shortness and gentle currents of Detroit river, St. Clair river, and the straiis of Michili- mackinack, exceed 35 feet. We may, therefore, assume 600 feet as the level of Lake Michigan. This would corres- pond very nearly with that of the Ohio river, between the mouths of Miami and Kentucky rivers. Illinois river, we will see, presents much more the aspect of a , canal than that of a river, whilst the central tableland we liave reviewed,"is so elevated, as to produce water courses, whose de- scent is rapid, and those flowing into Lake Erie all precipitated ovrr falls before reaching their recipient. During the con- tinuance of spring floods, loaded boats of large tonnage may be navigated from the rapids of Oliio, by "that river, the MisslbS-ippi and Illinois rivers, and tiirough the Canadi- an sea to the cataract of Niagara, without meeting a single rapid '; whilst the direct iine between the extremes of this naviga- »* tion, would pass over an elevated ridge. When due attention is pr-id to the real , phenomena of the cotmected basins of Mis- l ssssippi and St. l/twvence, the true*ca<.ises of the apparent anomalies we have noticed are developed. It is at once rendered appa- rent, that the true slope of the Ohio valley is nearly at right angles to the range of the Appalachian mountains, and that its lowest line of depression, is the channels of the Illinois and Mis.sissippi rivers. SgH, climate, and produclions. — The soil of this interesting section of the earth, it by no means so uniform as is generally sup- posed, though, taken as a whole, may be considered tertile. The alluvial bottoms of the st' cams, great and small, are gene- rally u deep loam, exuberantly productive. Tills rich vegetable earth, in many places reaches the apex of the highest hills. I'hcse hills present, however, gt-eat varie- ty of soil ; always clothed with timber, though often precipitous, rocky, and ste- rile. The extreme south-eastern part, from the sources of Alleghany to the most southern part of the valley in the state of Alabama, presents a mountainous or very broken hilly tract of countrj^, upwards of 700 miles in length, with a mean width of about 100. The soil is on this region ex- trem'dy varied, and as it contains at its ex- tremities nearly the greatest contrast of latitude of the valley of which it forms a part, the vegetable productions, natural and artificial, are hei-e also most varied. Very few timber trees, known on this con- tinent between N. lat. 34 and 42 degrees, but which are here found. - The most pro- minent and valuable species of which, are ten or twelve species of oak ; hemlock, pine, the Liriodendron tulipifera; five or six species of liickory and v, alnut ; three species of maple, one of which, the Acer Saccharinum, is amongst the most singular and valuable trees known on this globe ; three or four species of ash, v/ith an im- mense variety of useful trees and shrubs not enumerated. The Flora is also highly varied andelegaiit. Medicinal plants abound. Spring water is abundant and excellent. Of naturalized plants, trees, and shrubs, the number «nd variety preclude a com- plete specification. Extending through eight degrc-es of latitude, and presenting considerable diflerence of level, the cli- mates admit the cultivation of plants whose powers of resii'ting the inclemencies, or of profiting by the changes of seasons, are very different. The cereal gramina — wheat, rye, oats, barley, and Indian corn or maize, is every where cultivated. Meadow grasses flourish best in an advance to the north. In the southern part, even where extensive settlements have been.made, meadows are rare ; but towards the norshv;ard, forin a large part of rural economy. This obser- vation, though in a mure iiarated extent, may be applied to orchards, afid evei. gar- dens. Where the crops become very valu- ;,'-)lc, horiicuiture i? everv where neglect- Si I M I S cd, as are orcliai-ds, except in the vicinity of cities or large towns. In the region be* iore us, belo\v N lat. 36 30, cotton commen- ces to be cultivated as a valuable crop. Some culture of this vegetable extends north of the assumed limit, but rather for domestic use lh:*n as an article of com- merce. The quantity and quality of this vegetable is enh;inced, soil and exposure being equal, in a very near ratio, with ad- vance to the south. As we will have more occasion to dilate on this vegetable in the sequel of this article, it would, be irre- levant to touch farther on the subject in this place. The orchard trees generally cultivated in the region before us, are the apple, pear, peach, plum, nectarine, &c. The mineral treasures of this region com- pose a large share of its most valuable pro- ductions. Iron, salt, and mineral coal, are the most valuable and abundant. Iron ore is found in almo.st every section of this ex- tensive line. The immense masses of mineral coal is very extensive : those near Pittsburgh are only the most abundant and best known. It is amongst the most re- markable features in the natural history of the United States, tliat from Onondago in the st.ite of New York, to the south-west angle of Virginia, the earth appears in every place, at a certain depth, to afford water saturated with muriate of soda (com- mon salt.) This indispensable mineral is found where, if wanting, it could not be obtained without very great expense. Salt is now made at Onondago in New York, Conemaugh in Pennsylvania, and on tiie Kenhawa and other places in Virginia ; — all in ihe same range. The Ohio river bounds the tract we have reviewed as far southward as the mouth of the Great Sandy. Here the former turns almost at right angles, and pursuing a course something north of west to the mouth of the Great Miami, again inflects about south-west by west to its junction with the Mississippi. This wide curve, in conjunction with a part of the Mississippi, bounds the great limestone expanse of Kentucky and West Tennessee. This latter region, though adjoining the former, presents features essentially different. The base of the Kentucky section appears to be in great part floetz or secondary limestone, the face of the earth becomes more monoto- nous ; the rivers flow in many places in chasms, walled on both banks by preci- pices of linnestone. Fresh water in ijiany places, scarce. Minerals rare, if lime st.ome is excepted. In point of climate and vei^fetable production, no veiy mate- rial difference appears between the con- tiguous parts of the two sections under review, except that which arises from 618 soil. In respect to extent and fertility, the soil of Kentucky and West Tennes- see is generally productive, and in a va- riety of places highly fertile. Vegetables either indigenous or exotic, are very nearly similar, on both sections, on the same line of latitude, and of equal expo- sure and elevation. From a lower sufr face, cotton, and other tender vegetables, are cultivated farther north, near the Ohio, than towards the north-western ridges of the Appalachian mountains. The climate of both will be more amply noticed in the sequel of this article. Respecting the north-western section of the Ohio valley, a few observations will suffice, after what has preceded re- specting that of the southeast, and on the rt-view of the whole valley in gene- ral. Similar latitudes present in great part similar climate, phenomena, and ve- getable products. From the peculiar structure of the north-western section already delineated, it must be evident that mineral products are rare ; and such is the fact. Iron ore is found, though not abundantly, in the north-west part of Pennsylvania, and north-east part of Ohio. Mineral coal abounds along the Ohio, and on some other streams, as far down the valley as Cincinnati, and might, it is probable, be obtained in other places, if the earth was perforated to suflicient depth. Indications of muriate of soda, and some trifling fragments of sulphate of lime (gypsum,) have been dis- covered, but neither to any considerable extent. In the far geater part, how- ever, of this section of the Ohio valley, few or no indications of minerals appear. The flatness and peculiar structure of the two-thirds of the states of Ohio, In- dian!, and Illinois, preclude the expo- sure of mineral bodies, if such existed. It has been by the action of water in wear- ing deep channels in the earth's surface, that mineral bodies have in most cases, been exposed to human view and use. In point of soil, climate, and vegeta- ble production, the south-western section of the Ohio valley has been too highly coloured, though favourable in many re- spects to human residence. The range of country within one hundred miles of the Ohio river being broken into hill and dale, good wholesome water is abundant, but receding to the central table land, is in many places wanting. In most essen- tial circumstances, as respects natural phenomena and human economy, strong, analogies exist between the contiguous parts of the two great sections of Ohio valley, whilst their extremes present a total contrast. It would be mere repe- ition to dilate further, after what liai . M I S :\i 1 been given on this subject ; the foregoing observation was made in order to draw the reader's attention to features so strongly traced, and illustrative of the subject on which we are treating. It has been too s;enerally prevalent with authors, as well as travellers, to repre- sent the Ohio valley as a monotonous surface, uniform in aspect, climate, and fertility ; whilst, in ail these respects, perhaps no equal region of the earth pre- sents, in all these points, more marked or more abrupt contrasts, if some very mountainous tracts are excepted. Valleij of the Mississi/i/ii Proper. — Before entering upon the physical sur- vey of the particular valley of th?. Mis- sissippi, above its junction with Missouri, it is necessary to take a view of the en- tire stream whicli now designates the whole basin. In our defective state of information, }t is impracticable to determine which is the most remote branch of the Mis- sissipppi, nor is it perhaps an object of much consequence. The latitude and longitude of its source are also undefined. Authorities on that subject differ so much, that no great confidence is due to any. It is probable, that, like other ri- vers, no real certainty of the main source or latituile is attainable without extraor- dinary pains and skill. We may, how- ever, assume N lat. 48 0, and W Ion. W C 18 0, as the source of that great river. Its t^eneral course is about south- west 300 miles, to the mouth of the Cor- beau, which comes in from the right.. Below the Corbeau, the Mississippi as- sumes a south-eastern course of 200 miles to St. Anthony's falls, at the foot of which it;receives the St. Peter's, a large tributa- ry stream from the north-west. Below the mouth of St. Peter's, the Mississippi con- tinues south-east 80 miles, and in that distance receives from the left of the St. Croix, Chippaway, and Black rivers. Between the two former occurs Lake Pepin, a mere dilatation of the river. After receiving Black river, the Missis- sippi curves more to the south, and 80 miles below the former receives from the left a large branch, the Ouisconsin. Thence again turning to south-east 100 miles, is joined by Rock river, a stream of considerable size, flowing from north- east to south-west, and rising near Lake Michigan. Below Rock river, the Mis-' sissippi turns to a little west of south, 100 miles, to its junction with the Le- moine river, a very considerable tribu- tary stream from the north-west. One hundred and twenty miles in a south- eastern course, below the Lemoine, the Illinois unites with the Mississippi, and IS miles lower, the latter and Missouri form their junction. The entire length of I'ne Mississippi above the mouth of Missouri, is by compara- tive estimates 995 miles. The country drained by this river is generally ra- ther level than hilly, much of its sur- face prairie. Except towards its source, no lakes of any considerable consequence are found on any of its confluents. Its waters is tolerably limpid, and its cur- rent gentle. Though, from accidental circumstances, the Mississippi has gain- ed the pre-eminence in giving name to the general recipient, it is never- theless, a mere branch, and by no means the principal one, of Jlissouri. Be- low their junction, the united stream flows 198 miles south-east, where it re- ceives an immense accession of water through the channel of Ohio ; below which, the congregated mass turns a lit- tle west of south, and flows in that di- rection 316 mi!es» receives the White , river, and 14 miles lower the Arkansaw ; both from the right. The Yozoo enters from the left, 1S7 miles below the mouth of Arkansaw ; and 211 miles below the mouth of Yazoo, the Mississippi receives its last tributary stream of consequence, the Red river, from the right. Two miles below Red river, the Atchafalaya flows out to the south. From the mouth of Arkansaw to the efflux of Atchafa- laya, the general course of the Missis- sippi is nearly from north to south. Be- low the former, the latter assumes a south-east course, which it pursues 347 miles, to its final exit into the Gulf of Mexico. The entire length of the Mis- sissippi, below the mouth of Missouri, is 1273 miles, by the windings of the stream. If one-third is added to its comparative length above Missouri, for its particular meanders, the result will give 1327 miles, which added to 1273, yields 2500 miles as the entire length of the Mississippi, following the bends. Like all rivers of great length, the Mississippi is subject to an annual rise and fall. The periods of those floods itre tolerably regular, but the quantity and elevation ff the water diflfers con- tinually, and often to many feet in two succeeding seasons. The river com- mences its swell generally in March, or the beginning of April. The increase of the water, at first rapid, gradually be- couies more slow, until the supply be- ginning to exhaust, the volume com- mences its fall or decrease, which at Natchez, is in a long series of years, from the 15th to the 20th of Juive, arid at New Orleans, in the first week in Julv. There is, however, in most years, 619 M 1 b M I S a lesser and earlier flood, wiiich varies in time, much more than that of the spring and summer. In October, No- vember, or December, this lesser flood intervenes generally, in the la^t days of December, and first of January. This lesser flood seldom rises so high as to overflow the banks, and it has been ob - served, that when the earlier flood is more than commonly hij^h, that the later flood is in proportion, lower than com- mon. The efflux of Plaquemine, is the common scale in th-e Delta of the excess and period of both floods. The velocity of the current of the ■Mississippi has been greatly mistaken. Taking the motion of its swells, the only safe criterion, it is found that, below Ohio, the entire mass does not move as much as one mile per hour. The line of lipper current moves more rapidly than the mass, but even the former does not move by any means with the rapidi- ty usually supposed. ' The depth of water in the Mississippi varies of coui'se with the increase and decrease of its floods, but this difference of elevation is more perceptible above, than in the Delta. At .Natchez, it is from 30 to 40 feet, at Lafourche about 23 feet, and at New Orleans about 9 feet. There is usually about 12 feet wa- ter on the bars of the North-east and South-west Passes, In the South and West Passes 9 feet, and in those of the North and Pass a la Loutre 8 feet. Above the passes, the river deepens to upwards of 100 feet. At New Orleans " it is upwards of 120, and at the La- faurche 153 feet at high water. There is no place below the mouth of Ohio, where the channel is ever less that 13 feet in depth. Valley of the .Mississi/i/ii jirolier ; above the mouth of the Missouri. — In point of area, the valley of the Missis- sippi propcT is not so extensive as that of Ohio, the former only extending over a surface of 180,000 square miles. Its greatest length is from tlie sources of Mississippi river to the junction of that stream with the Missouri, 650 miles, and its greatest breadth from the sources of the Ouisconsin to those of Lemoine river, 350 miles. Before proceeding farther, however, ■with the descriptive geographical detail, it may not be considered irrelevant, to review one of those great natural fea- tures of North America ; without atten- tion to wliich, no correct conception of its peculiar topography can be obtained. This feature is tlie great natural mea- dows, known by the name of Prairie, f" a state of nature; with but verv par- 620 lial exceptions, a dense forest covered all those parts of the continent of North America contained in the Atlantic slope ; the lower part of the basin of St. Law- rence, belcMv the head of Lake Erie, and two-thirds of that basin to its extreme north-western point ; north of the St. Lawrence basin to the 55th degree of North lat, ; four-fifths of the valley of Ohio ; the residue of the continent east of the Mississippi river to the Gulf of Mexico ; and west of that stream from 50 to 100 miles. This enormous forest, one of the largest on the globe, remains yet nineteen parts in twenty ; — the eflbrts of man having made but partial inroads on either its mass or extent. This great forest is bounded on its western limit by another region of much" greater area, but with a vrry different character. Tlie second may be strictly called the grassy section of the continent of North Ame- rica, which, from all th^t is correctly known, stretches. from the forest region indefinitely Westward, and from the Gulf of Mexico, to the farthest Arctic limits of the continent. The two regions are not divided by a determinate limit. In passing from one to the other, the fea- tui'es respectively are so blended, that the change is in most places impercepti- ble ; though in some instances extremely abrupt. In general, the prairie region is less hilly, mountainous, or rocky, than that of the forest ; but exceptions in both cases are frequent. Plains of great ex- ^tent exist in the latter, and mountains of te no trifling elevattqn and mass chequer the former section. We are now to ap- proach the survey of regions in which prairie forms no small part of the en- tire surface, and will in the sequel reach others, where those seas of grass extend over almost the whole superficies. The extreme northern source of the Mississippi, strange as it may appear, continues unknown. In Melish's map, it is laid down at Turtle lake, 47 45, North lat. whilst in Schoolci-aft's map, lately published, the sources of that great river are ext-nded to the I^akes Labeish and Turtle, both extending above North lat. 49 : a discrepancy between these two authorities of course exists of 1 14 of lat. The nature of the country, indeed, ren- ders ])recision on this point difficult, v.'ithout extreme expense of labour and t;-ue. We v/ill assume North lat. 48 as the source of this great river ; its junc- tion with Missouri bein^'at North lat. 38 56, it flows consequently through nine degrees of latitude, within a trifling frac- tion. The length of the Mississippi above the mouth of the Missouri, is still less ac- M 1 S M I S cufately known than the position of its source, every authority differing from each other on the former subject. That nearly all estimates of its length are overrated, there arc many weighty rea- sons to believe. Compared with the Ohio, on most maps, no essential differ- ence appears, when the Alleghany is added to the latter. The actual length of the Ohio, by its meanders, we have shown to be 948 miles, that of the Alle- ghany is about 250; the two distances united amount to 1)98, say 1200 miles. For a long period, the Ohio itself was estimated at 1188 : more correct infor- mation corrected the error. On all maps, and from every information we have seen, the sinuosities of the Ohio are at least as great as that of the Mis- sissippi ; we may, therefore, v;ithout much risk of material error, give 1327 miles as the maximum length of the lat- ter stream. The confluent rivers of tlie Missis^ slppi, advancing from its source along its right bank, are, Leech Lake river, Ver- million, Pine river, Riviere de Corbeau, Elk, Sac, and Crow rivers : these enter above the Falls of St, Anthony;* below that point are, St. Peter's Upper Jowa, Turkey, Little Maquauquetois, Galena, Great Maquauquetois, Lower Jowa, Le- moine, and a few other streams of little note between the mouth of Lemoine and that of Missouri. From the left the Mississippi receives advancing from its source, Thornbery river, Round Lake river, Turtle, Portage river, Chevreuil, Prairie, Trout, Sandy Lake river, St. Francis, and Rum rivers. These streams enter above the falls of St. Anthony. Below that point are, St! Croix, Chip- peway, Biack, Prairie le Crosse, Ouiscon- sin,' Sissinawa, Riviere au Fevre, Rock, Henderson's, and the Illinois. These streams are given, in most part, from the authority of Mr. Schoolcraft, and are also more minutely detailed, from the circumstances that the valley of the Mis- sissippi proper is j'et imperfectly known, of'great importance in the geography of the United States, and that the source of intelligence is recent and respecta- ble. Mr. Schoolcraft estimates the eleva- tion of the sources of the Mississippi at 1330 feet above the Atlantic. From comparison v/ith our calculations re- specting the descent of the Oliio, a very remark.able coincidence appears, though founded upon totally independent data. The valley of the Mississippi, though contiguous to that of Ohio, exhibits an as- pect essentially different. The sources of the latter we have found issuing fiom an elevated, mountainous, hilly, and bro- ken country ; those of the former, on the contrary, flow from an immense marshy plain, in great part devoid of tinriber. The humble elevation of the region from which the sources of the Mississippi are drawn, accounts for the adjacent country remaining in its primitive state, and fully corroborates the correctness of the theory assumed respecting the valley of Ohio. One of the first observations which strikes the mind on a survey of this ex- tensive tract, is, its general monotony. No chains of n^ountains of note; or even lofty hills, rise to vary the perspective. Some elevations there are towards the sources of the largest confluents, and a few solitary hills, dignified, for want of contrast, by the title of mountains. The Mississippi is traversed by several falls, such as those of Pecagama, about mid- way between Sandy and VVinnepec lakes, at North lat. 47 .30 ; the Little Falls, at North lat. 45 ; the Big Falls,, below the mouth of the Sac river ; and those of St. Anthony, at North lat. 44, imme- diately above the mouth of St. Peter's river. The view of extensive prairies, when first seen, have an awful and im- posing effect on the mind, but that im- pression is soon lost, and a dreary void obtrudes in its place. Many parts of the Mississippi banks are high, broken, and precipitous ; but taken as a whole, this great valley presents fevv objects upon which those can dwtil with interest who pass from the rich ever varying scenery of Ohio ; particularly that of its banks 'and south-eastern slope. Had the head waters of the Missis- sippi descended from a mountainous, or even a very high table land, similar to that from which fiows the Ohio, v/ith a slope of sufticient inclination, the gene- ral face of the country, drained by the former river, would have now assumed an aspect, similar to that from which flow the head waters of the latter. But in reality, though on a much larger scale, the Mississippi resembles those of the north-wt'tt slope of the Ohio valley, in the cii'cun^stance of flowing from a flat, table land, and in gaining ascent and depth of channel in their progress to- wards their respective recipients. It is a feature peculiar perhaps to the Missis- sippi, tha-t the country adjacent to its source and that near its final discharge", are in so great a degree similar in their genera 1 pii - sicgnomy. A difference of lat. of 19 decrees precludes much resem- f'2l M 1 S -M I S Jiancr in vegetable stationary animal pro- been first discovered, has by prescripi,ioa duction. But according to Mr School- jjiven name to tlie wliole basin ; but the cratt who visited }ts sources i • the month -Missouri, above their junction, is a stream ot July, the nnigratory water fowl found which has drained a country of more than there at that time ot the year, are very 2^ times the extent of the valley of the &r- iiearly specmcally the same found at its mer. The error is now without remedy; mouth in \he months of Decembe, Ja- therefore, though of so much greater mag- nuary, February, and March. " It is nitude, must, in a geographical point of also deserving of remark," says that view, be considered a tributary stream to writer, "that its sources lie in a region the Mississippi. of almost continual v/inter, while it enters Missouri river rises in the Chippevvan, or, t'^e ocean under the latitude of perpetual as they are absurdly calltd, Kocky Moun- '"^"•■° " tains. What is by pre-eminence called .erduri CUumte, Soil, and Production. — Extend- ins,^ through nine degress of latitude, the change of cli-T.ate in the valley of the Mis- sissippi proper, is grei'ter than found in any other valley in the basin of •vvhic'-. it forms a part, e-xcept the more northcrii parts of that of Missouri. So defective is our information respecting the larger tribu Missouri, is not the main stream, if our maps are gven tolerably correct. The Yellow Stone river is longer than it'; rival above their junction, and receives larger and longer trib;it:iry streams, -Assuming, ho\ve\ er, Jeficrjon's iiver as the extreme source of Missouri, the latter will rise at -Vorth lat. 44 20, West Ion. from Washing. tanes which enter the -Mississippi above ton City 35. The general course for Missouri, that. l,tt!e more need be added about ISO miles is north-cast, receiving in respecting the -Miss-sippi valley in general. th"t distance several tributary streams. It Suffice to sa3% that in point of soil, vegeta- thence turns north 120 miles, and about ble and mineral productions, lead except- N'^rth lat. 46 20, is augmented by Dear- ed: this valley is in every respect inferior bu.ne's river from the north-west. It to thbt* of Ohio. Tlie ordinary timber- in thence curves to the north-east 80 miles, to similar latitudes are nearly the same in the entrance of -Marias river from the north- both valleys ; but towards the sources of vvest. • Belaw its junction with the Marias the Jfississippi, pine, spruce, cedar, maple, river, the Missouri pursues an eastern and white birch are the prevalent timber course 150 miles, and tlience a north-eas- trees. In fact, the far greater part of the tern course of 150 miles to the mouth of upper, and much of the lower pa:'t of the "'ellow Stone river. Estimating the dis- valley, is composed of prairie, lov.' swam,'?, tance fram its source, by either branch, or lakes. Much good alluvial land, par- along the streams the Missouri has flowed, ticularly on the Illinois, borders the streams, at i.s junction with Yellow Stone river, but in no moderate proportion to what is more t'ha'i 1000 miles, and has drained foiindintlse valley of Ohio. above 150,000 square miles of surface. In the lower part of the Mississippi val- mostly prairie. Its volume is here, per- ley the exotic vegetables cultivated are, in haps, as wide and deep as at its junction most part, the s^me found in our middle with the Mississippi. After receiving the slates generally. The climate bein.q; rather Yellow Stor.e; the Missouri curves first more severe in a given latitude in the Mis- north-e.nst, and thence south-east, 200 miles, sissippi basin than on the south-east side of to the Mandan villages, at North lat. 47 25. the Appalachian mountains, some small dif- Between the mouth of Yellow Stone river ferencc of vegetable location may exiii, but and the Mandan villages, the volume of not to any very great amount. Missouri has gained its extreme north bend Towards the sources of the Mississippi, at North lat 48 20, and has, besides many the v.-ild rice (zizania aquatica) abounds in lesser tributaries, received the Little Mis- the swamps, and along the low margins of souri from the right, flowing from south- tbe rivers and lakes, and conptitutes no- west to nopth-east -.Nearly opposite to small part of the food of the natives. Per- the mouth of the latter, the Moose river haps in an advanced state of society, this branch of Assiniboin rises within less than species of cerealia, v.^liich can be cultivated one mile from the bank of the Missouri, in places unsuitable to any other vegetable, At the "Mandan villages, the Missouri turns ir;;iy hecome the resource of civilized man, directly south, and flows in that course and under skilful culture afain adeveli.pe- through four degrees and tv/enty miniites ment similar to what has taken place with of latitude, or near 300 miles. In this dis- other grains, such as wheat, rye, oats, bar- tance it has received a few unimportant ley, and maize. In fine, in the valley of tributaries from the left, and from the the MiSMSoippi, we find every object deno- right the large streams of Cannon Ball, ting our approach to the wide spreading Wetarhoo, Sawarcarna, Chayenne, Teton, waste on which we are now to enter. and White rivers. Below the mouth of Valley of Missouri, above its junction ivith the latter, the Missouri turns to the south- the .Wssissippi.—TliQ Mississippi having east, east, and south, 300 miles, to its iunc- 6?2 ♦ ■ M I S M 1 S lion with the La Platte, an immense body cf water flowing' from the west, and head- ing with the Arkansaw, Lewis's, and Yel- low Stone rivers. In 'he latter course, the Missouri has also received from the left the Jacques, and Great and Little Sioux rivers. Below its junction with the Platte, the Mis- souri flows 200 miles soutli-east to the mouth of the Kanses river, a large tributa- ry iiowing from tlie west, and heading be- tween the Arkansaw and Platte rive's. The Missouri has now gained nearly the thirty-ninth degree of north latitude, and turning to a Uttie south of east 250 rniles, joins its vast volume to that of the Missis- sippi, after an entire compara,live course of 1870 miles, and particular course of about 3000 miles. Between the mou'.hs of the Kanses and Mississippi rivers, the Osage, a large branch, enters Missouri from the south-west. Tlie Osage is a considera- ble stream, rising in the angle between the Kanses, White, and Arkansaw rivers. Our geographical knowledge of the va- rious branches of Missouri, is still more limited than respecting the Mississippi. Of the mainstream, as high as the Mandm villages, our nstices are tolerably ample. Lewis and Clarke, Stoddard, B."ackenridge, Bradbury, and others, have enlarged the public stock of information on this inter- esting topic : but with all that has yet been published, a feeble light has been thrown upon those immense regions. The greatest length of the basin of Mis- souri is from the mouth of that stream to the head of Marias river, 1200 miles; its greates: breadth fiom the sources of the Platte to a few miles south-east of llie Man- dan villages, 700 miles. The outline is too vaguely known to admit precision, as to the area of this vast extent ; it miist, however, equal if not exceed 500,000 square miles, equal to 320,000,000 United States acres. General FeaUires. — Engrasping the whole valley of Missouri in one view, two remark- able features must command pre eminence; the turbid muddy appearance of tlie water, .and the very great diffisrence in length and volume of the confluent streams from the right bank, when compared with those from the left bank of the main recipient. Whilst from the right, the Missouri receives such vast branches as the Yellow Stone, Chayeune, Quicourre, Platte, Kanses, and Osage ; from the left, all the branches are of minor importance. This characteristic continues to distinguish the valley of the lower Mississippi below the mouth of Ohio ; where, to the great volumes of the White, Arkansaw, and Red rivers, are opposed the very inferior streams of the Yazoo, Big Black, and Homochitto. It would appear that the Mississippi basin is divided into two immense inclined planes, falling from the two opposing chains of mountains, that of the Chippcwan, and the Appalachian ; and that the two planes are in a very near ratio to tlie respective mag- nitude and elevation of the chains from wliich tliey dechne. The line of contact between those planes is formed by ti^e Il- linois, and thence by the Mississippi, below the mouth of the for.mer ; and if we extend our views beyond the Mississippi basin, Lake INlichigan is evidently the continua- tion of ihis ime of depression to the north ; whilst to the south-east, the rivers entering the Gulf of Mexico, as far as the Appala- chicola inclusive, belong to the Appalachian plan ; and to the south-west, all streams flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, as far as the Rio Grande del Norte, or even to the Sumasiiita, appertain to the plane of Chip- pewan. But to return to our particular subject, that of the Missouri valley. It would be useless to give a lis; of the smaller rivers of this tract, t!ie names of wliich are hardly known. A genera) outline is all that ought to be attempted. The Missouri valley is bounded on the west by the enormous chain of the Chippewan or Rocky moun- tains, from which flow the sources of the Missouri and most of its largest branches. The exact elevation of the Chippewan, or indeed any of its peaks within the domain of the United States, have never been de- termined, and the result made public. The general table land upon which those ridges rest must from the great length of the Missouri exceed 3000 feet ; perhaps about 5000 feet would be a s.ife estimate fir the general elevation of the whole chain, particular peaks excepted. The Chippewan partakes with the adja- cent country the character of nakedness, timber being rare and of stunted growth. Like the Appalachian, and most other American mountains, the Chippewan is formed in collateral ridges, with deep in- tervening valley's. The rivers rise in these valleys and pierce the ridges in their course. The sources of Missouri extend along the chain tlirough near eight degrees of latitude, or upwards of 500 miles. In tliis region the main stream and most of iis tributaries flow to northeast. The sources of Big Horn, a branch ofthcYel- l)w Stone river, rise at North lat. 41 30, whilst Marias river has its most northern source above North lat. 48 30. Some of the northern confluents of Missouri proba- bly he as f .r as North lat 50". Missouri leaves the Chippewan by falling over continued ledges ot rocks, in a dis- tance of eighteen miles ; after which, this overwhelming mass of waier is augmented every few miles by large tributary waters, withoHt falls or even shoals to its mouth. The channel is deep, and bon ided by enor- mous precipices of rock. The immediate 623 :m i s M 1 S margin of the streams only excepted, tl»is almost intermii-iable expanse is prairie, de- void of timbe • ; and except llie deserts of Arabia, no part of the earih presents an equal surface, less inviting to civilized man, than tlie far greater part of the valle)- of Missouri. Its asperities become more ap- parent as infoTraatioii respecting its real features expand. The general character of this extensive valley may be completed in few words ; tliat, with some very partial exceptions, it is a wide and arid waste in .Slimmer, and over which, in winter, the piercing winds of the north sweep without impediment, and on which a dense civilized population can never exist. Climate, SoU, and Prodnclions. — In so wide v.n extent a very great diversity of climate must necessarily exi-.t. From the considerable elevation of some parts, north- ern position of other.s, and the open expo- sure of nearly the whole exient, the win- ters are extremely severe. The whole of the vallev, a smali part of thesouth-cistern extremity excepted, has an aspect and chmate with a striking resemblance to the steppes ' of central Asia ; and like those steppes, must for ever be thinly peopled. With the exception of the alluvial banks of the streams, the soil is, as far as correct information has been obtained, dry, and sterile, which, added to the want of tim- ber, and in many places, of great extent, water, settlement of an agricultural peo- ple is rendered not only dlflicult but im- possible. The state of Missouri, embracing about f)3,000 square miles, it is probable, if the advantages of climate are superadded to soil, possesses one-fourth part of tiie productive smface of tliis entire valley. Of the indigenous veget.'\b!es of the 7>lissouri valley little can be said. Mr. Bradbury was' the only naturalist of suf- ficient !.killto investigate the subject of its botany, who ever reached the interior of the valley, as far as the Mandan vil- lages, and his opportunities of observation were so limited as to preclude extensive research. It is probable that the mineral treasures of Ihis extensive valley may in some mea- sure compensate for its many other disad- vantages. Of the quantity of iron ore and mineral coal laid open to the day along the banks of Missouri, Mv. Bradbury expres- ses himself in raptHres. So stnall a part has been examined, and that so hastily, even by INIr. Bradbury himself, that no conclusive deductions can be made on any branch of the natural history of the valley of Missouri at present. Vulk;/ of the JMinsissippi, beloio the mouth of the SjissotlrL—Vin now approach v^liat mav be Mrictlv designated ;!=; '• ' 6'M ■ ■' region of the United States, though the entire surface of the section under re^view is not included under that government. The common recipient, the Mississippi, has been noticed under the head of that river in general ; v/e may therefore observe, that the section under review extends in its greatest length from the mouth of the Mississi])pi to the sources of the Arkansaw, 1400 mdes : the greatest width of the valley is, from the junction of the Missis-' sippi and Missouri to the mouth of the Atchafalay.T, 600 miles. The area of no section of the Mississippi basin can be de- termined with more diihcu'.ty than that under review. The sources and lengtii of tlie two most considerable confluents re- main uncertain to a very serious extent. In this article we have assumed 330,000 square miles, equal to 211,000,200 acres. In respect to climate, the lower valley of the Mississippi extends from N lat. 29, tliat of the mouth of tiie Mississippi, to N lat. 42, the sources of the Arkansaw river, or through 13 degrees of latitude, with a difference of elevation from the level of the Gulf of Mexico to at least 5000 feet. These extremes, when due allowance is made for the difference of elevation, amount to 28 degrees of latitude. The principal confluents of this valley, which enter the main recipient from the right, are, commencing below the mouth of Missouri, Merrimack, St. Francis, White, Arkansav/, and Red river ; those from the left are, commencing below the mouth of Oliio, Kaskampa, lledfoot, Obian, Chicki- saw, Forked Deer, Yazoo, Big Black, Ho- mochitto, and Buffalo rivers. Features.— T\iQ lower valley of the Mis- sissippi is the most diversified section of the United States. Every variety of land- scape, every trait of natural physiognomy, and an exiiaustless source of metallic and vegetable production is here found. Thl.s expanse is limited on the east by a dense forest, and. on the west by the lofty but naked spines of the Chippewan mountains. After receding .",bcut 100 miles from the banks of the Mississippi to the west, and in many places a less distance, prairies commence, which, gradually encroaching on the forests, finally spread one wide waste of grass, as on the higher branches of the general basin. The open plains of Arkansaw and Red rivers, are merely a continuation of those of the valley of Mis- sour':, and with similar features. Those immeasurable plains of grass seem destined to be, in all future, as they have been in all former ?-ges, t.he enr.pire of ruminant animils, sncl- as the buffalo, deer, wild goat, or ante'ope, and wild sheep. Fol'ow- ii..^ 'his apparent law of nature, if those, l^raiiies sl'D^ila cwv hocome tlie ri^sidencc .M I S MIS must be herdsmen, and not cultivators of ssquenlly the valle)' is divided into two the earth. As tar as settlements have been sections, the proportions of which exceed made on one side of this grassy desert by 16 to 1. the Spanish Americans, and on llie other Next to the Mississippi itself, the Arkan- by the people of the Uniled,States, in west- saw river would appe>ir the most prominent ern Louisiana and elsewhere, efi'ec's have object on this almost interminable land- foUowed natural causes, and the traveller scape. When the Missouri is assumed as finds a rude hablta'.ion on the banks of a the principal stream, the Arkansaw, in point brook or river, with a small field or two, oi length, ranks as its second confluent, be- in which a little maize and sweet potatoes ing- longer than either the Plate, Mississip- are cultivated; and from thence the eye pi Proper, or Ohio, which follow in order, ranges over a shoreless sea of grass, on The sources of the Arkanssw remain vin- which cattle and hoi ses arc seen grazing known, to any precision, but are generally in all directions. This is not tlie f.ction of supposed to extend to north lat. 42, and 11 sportive imagination ; it is a reality which west Ion. from W C 34 ; the position of its the eye that directs the pen that records mouth has long been sufficiently well the fact hatii seen innumerable times, known ; it enters the Mis'ouri at north lat. And it is here noted as illustrati'se of how 33 56, and west Ion. from W C 14 10. This much man is influenced in iiis modes of stream, therelbre, winds through upwards existence, his manners, and political condi- of eight degrees of latitude and twenty de- tion, by the soil, climate, and other naturul grees of longitude. Its lengtli, by corapa- phenomena around him ; and to tiie opera- rative course, is about 1400 miles ; but, by tions of which, as lie cannot control, must its meanders, must exceed 2000 miles, submit. And such is the flexibility of hu- The geography of the Arkansaw has now man nature, that what was necessity be- become an object ot the first irr.portance, comes by habit pleasure, and the mounted as its channel forms, from the 100th degree herdsmen of New' Jlcsico, Texas, Louisi- of longiUule west of London, to its source, ana, and Arkansaw, would not change con- if those sources are south of north lat. 42, dition with any other people on earth, part of tiie limit between the United States Free as the plains on which they rove are and the Spanish dominions in .Vmerica. wide, these horsemen know no luxury be- From the discoveries recently made by yond their herd?, sigh for no distinction captain Long, the magnitude of the Arkan- but that of managing their steeds with saw has been hitherto underrated. A large most adroitness. body of water formerly made to enter Red Such is tlie germ of a people, which, in river, is now found to flow into the Arkan- the short lapse of two centuries, wdl in- saw by the Canadian Fork. The Arkansaw habit a surface more than equal to two- is more impeded by fulls and cataracts, than thirds of all Europe. Tlie mind cannot any river of the great inclined plane we detach itself from this truly interesting have noticed. Issuing from an elevated and subject without reflecting, that, to the mountainous region, the bed of this stream physical similitude between the deserts of is unnavigable with large boats, except Arabia and the steppes of central Asia, about 600 miles above its inouth. From with the interminable plains of interior thence it flows in a deep rapid channej^of North America, a strong moral resem- about six hundred yards wide, to its junc- blance does, and ever must continue *.o ex- tion v.ith tiic Mississippi. The particular ist between the respective inhabitants of tributary streams of the Arkansaw remain those distant regions. in great part irrperfectly known. This ri- To the many other features in common ver now gives name to a territory of the between the prairies of Red and Arkan- United Statts, and in the lapse of a few saw rivers, and the steppes of central Asia, years, will no doulit designate a state of the is the prevalence of muriate of soda, (com- confederacy, similar to the Illinois, MiSS0u» mon salt) which, as has been observed, ri, and Mississippi. renders the water of those rivers brackish. Next in magnitude of volume, and length When we turn our eye to the entire sur- of course to Arkansiiw, is Red rirer. Like face of the valley under review, we find it its rival, Red river flows from that spine of divided into two very unequal portions, mcuntaias, which, ranging from ^lexico The grand recipient, the Mississippi, is northward, assuines local appellations in seen rolling almost at one extremity; a different places; in Mexico this chain rc- narrow strip of land, with rivers of very tains the native Atzec name of Anahuac ; small comparative magnitude, skirt its left near the sources of Red and Arkansaw ri- bank. This confined border of about 500 vers, it is known as the mountains of New miles in length, by a mean width of 50 Mexico ; acd farther north as the Rocky miles, amounting to 25,000 square miles, is mountains, or the Chippewan. opposed by an extent of 305,000 square Great uncertainty reigns over the sources miles, watered by the great volumes of of Red river ; but, if the infoimation given White, Arkansaw, and Red rivers. Con- bv captain Long be correct, and it is enti- 4 K ■ fi25 M 1 S M I tied to great credit, those waters which originate from north lat. 32 to 35 degrees, and west Ion. from W C from 25 to 28 de- grees, which in all our maps are represent- ed as flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, by the Colorado, and other streams, on the contrary, are the sources of Red river. By comparative courses, this stream is about 1000 miles in lenglh ; but following it by its meanders, is probably I50ij miles. Both the Arkansaw and lied river have their regular periodical inundations, simi- lar to the Mississippi, and enter their reci- pient at the season of flood respectively, with an immense body of water, which in no small degree continues to supply that enormous mass of fluid which annually rolls over Louisiana into the GuU of Mexico. Arising from the salitie and ochreous earths through which they flow, the waters of tliese two great rivers are in a considerable degree brackish; that of Red river so much so, that at Natichitoches, and from thence to its entrance into the Mississippi, cannot be used for either for drinking or for culi- nary purposes. Red river enters the Mississippi at north lat. 31 1, and west Ion. from \V C 14 40. The next confluent of the Jlississippl, in point of magnitude, which enters from the right bank below the mouth of the Ohio, is White river. This latter river, though of greatly inferior length or volume to the two former, is of great nnportance from the ex- tent of excellent land it drain -. While ri- ver rises in the angle between Arkansaw and Osage rivers, and has its source min- gled with those of both the latter, also with those of Merrimack and St. Francis. White river, after a comparative course of about 400 miles, falls into the Mississippi, a few miles above the mouth of the Arkansaw. ^. Francis and Merrimack wovdd neither de* rve particular notice amid the descrip- tion of rivers such as we have been survey, ing, except as flowing from one of the most interesting metaUic regions of this globe. St. Francis rises in the counties of Wash- ington and St. Genevieve, in the state of Missouri, and flowing south by comparative course 250 miles, enters the Mississippi on about hundred miles by water above the White river. The Merrimack rises in the highlands between the sources of the St. Francis and tliose of the Gasconade, a branch of Mis- souri, flows east by comparative course one hundred miles, enters the Mississippi 18 miles below St. Louis. It is unnecessary in this to notice the soil, climate, or productions of the lower Mississippi valley, as these subjects will come more appropriately under the respec- tive heads of the states of Mississippi and Missouri. A reference is also made to the article of Mississippi state, as respects the 626 confluents of the Mississippi river, from its left bank, below the mouth of Ohio. Summarij. Square Mile*. Valley of Ohio - - 200.000 Do.' Mlsssissippi proper, 180,000 Do. Missouri, - 500,000 Do. Lower Mississippi, 330,000 Total area of the Mississipi Basin, - - - 1,310,000 We may here remark, that including the basin of Columbia, the Trans-Mis- sissippian Territory of the United States amounts to 1,144,843 square miles, equal to 732,699,520 United States acres. To close the survey of the Mississippi basin, it only remains to examine the general laws by which the annual floods of the Mississippi are regulated and de- teimined. In order to elucidate this subject, it is necessary to combine under one view the entire surface of the basin. This investigation embraces one of the most important questions in physical geo- graphy ; it is to examine one of the most stupendous operations of nature, per- formed on a scale commensurate with the magnitude of the eifect. In our review of the valley of Ohio, 320.8 feet was given as the elevation of the waters at the junction of Ohio and Mississippi rivers. From want of cor- rect data as to the real length or gene- ral fall of its waters, no satisfactoiy cal- culation can be made as to the absolute elevation of the sources of Missouri. We have assumed in this article 3,000 feet as the probable height, above the re- spective oceans, of the sources of that stream. In an analysis similar to that on which we are engaged, relative eleva- tion is one of the elements most neces- rary to a correct result. We may re- mark in this place, with sincere regret, that during all the time in which cur citizens have visited the sources of Mis- souri, that the elevation of not one peak or pass has been determined and pub- lished. We have, however, some facts which enable us, by analogy, to approach an accurate estimate of the height of the sources of the Missouri. From the extreme cold, and from the late contin- uance of snow at North lat. 45 or 46°, we cannot suppose the base of the Chip- pewan mountains to be in that region less than 2,800 or 3,000 feet. At the first glance, when it is known the great length of the stream, from its discharge into the Gulf of Mexico to its remotest sources, so moderate an elevation of the latter may appear too limited ; but 3,000 feet would demand very nearly a foot per mile, an enormous descent, much M 1 S M 1 b more than double that ordinarily found in rivers. In the foregoing estimate, the absolute height of peaks, or even ridges, are not taiien into account. It has often excited astonishment in those who knew the extent, without duly attending to the structure of the Missis- sippi basin, that the entire Dalta is not annually submerged. VVe now proceed to investigate the causes of the long con- tinuance, and in common years, the mo- derate elevation of the Mississippi floods. Recurrence to a good map will render intelligible what is to follow, and obvious, that the peculiar structure and relative position of the respective valleys which compose this great basin, are the true causes which prolong the duration, and mitigate the height of the annual inunda- tion. In conducting this review, we may consider the basin subdivided into the four valleys already noticed ; that of Ohio, Mississippi proper, Missouri, and Lower Mississippi. The relative extent of each has been determined, and the principal streams noticed. If we were to turn an attentive eye to a map of those four sections, and unaided by a single fact drav.'n from actual observa- tion, it would follow from theory, from its more southern position, and from its length extending east and west, that the valley of the Lower Mississippi must first discharge its waters ; the Ohio valley would follow ; Upper Mississippi would succeed to Ohio ; and lastly, would issue the discharge of Missouri, or largest subdivisior^of the basin ; such are indeed the facts. It would also be evident from inspec- tion, that of every valley taken separate- ly, nature opposes insurmountable ob- stacles to a simultaneous discharge. Red and Arkansa^y rivers ttviw nearly paral- lel through 14 degress of longitude, and yet in every year the discharge of the former precedes that of the latter nearly a month. Red river is the true North American Nile, though on a smaller scale. That title has been bestowed -m the Mississippi with unparalleled absur- dity. Except in the sitigle circumstance of each protruding a Delta at their re- spective mouths, no two rivers could )5ossibly present more contrasted features than does the Mississippi and Nile. In fact, except in one circumstance, very little resemblance exists even between the Nile and Red river : the Nile in common years has only one flood, Red river, has often two ; but the floods of the Nile are discharged by regular rise and as regular depression, which is emi- nently the case with Red river ; a cir- cumstance which, in a very striking man- ner, distinguishes both from the Missis- sippi, which rises and falls by pulsation, if such a term is admissible. Near the north-west angle of Lou- isiana, a chain of lakes commences on both shores of Red river, which continue to skirt that stream upwards of 100 miles. The writer of this article examined these lakes, and found them to be evi- dently formed in the ancient channels and adjacent low grounds of considera- ble water- courses, the discharge of which into Red river, has been gradually im- peded by a natural embankment, formed Ijy the sediment brought down by that river. These lakes as they now exist, are from four or five, to thirty miles in length, and from one quarter to three miles wide, and are filled and emptied alternately, as the floods of Red river rise and fall : they are in fact real reser- voirs, ■ 'hich in the rise uf Red river re- ceives great part of its surplus water, and as the river depresses discharge that surplus slowly, tending very greatly to mitigate the rapid emission of the Red river flood on the Delta. As far as the writer is informed, this feature is pecu- liar to Red river, and distinguislics'that stream from every other. Red ri\'er, iike'the Mississippi, has a flood in autumn ; but what may be de- nominated the annual inundation of that river, reaches the Delta in Februarj', and continues through March and April. The efflux ^f Arkansaw uniformly succeeds that of Red river ; but from the greater lengdi of course, extent it drains, and also from the mere northerly and mountainous country from which its re- mote sources are drawn, the volume of the former very greatly exceeds that of the latter ; tbougii froni different causes, both rivers are alike in yielding their waters by a slow and regular discharge. The great mass of the flood of Arkansaw reacnes the Delta in March and April, and is thtref'ire simuitaneou. with the latter part of that of Red river. White river, in strictness, forms part cf the Ar- kansaw tide, and flows out with the first flux of the latter stream. VVe may here observe, that all the rivers of the Mississippi basin, above. North lat. 37, are liable to be annually frozen. The Mississippi, at St. Louis, is three years in five passable on the ice with loaded carriages, by the first week in January. The Ohio, in an equal lati- tude, is not so soon frozen, though the cold is equally intense on the latter, as on the former river. The causes are obvious which produce this apparent anomal v. The v/aters of the Mississippi, 627 -M 1 S -M I S flowing from high latitude, are cooled al- most to ti'ie point of congelation, when ihtv arrive at the junction of the Mis- sissippi and Missouri; whilst those of Ohio, in the latitude of St. L' uis, flowing nearly from cast to west, demand a longer exposure to frost to become fro- zen. The gradual melting of the ice and snow above th.e latitude assumed, that of ST, is another very controlling cause of the slow enriission of the general flood. The Ohio valley, from its compact form, greater comparative descent, and from the medium climate in which it is situated, emits its waters with more irregularity than any stream in the Mis- sissippi basin. The Ohio tide of Hood occurs from Kov. mber uniil March, in- clusive, though perhaps four years in Hve, this river yields the principal discharge in the latter month. The floods of this valley are more sudden in their rise, and more impetuous in their discharge, than that of any section of the Mississipin basin. The main tide of Ohio reaches the Delta in May. The various streams are, however, so relatively, placed, as to render a simultaneous discharge impos- sible. The effect, therefore, of this river, in producing an augumentation of the floods which irmndate the Delta, is much lessened in its operation. The Mississippi proper is still mere disadvantageously situated, to admit a rapid emission of its waters than the Ohio. Flowing nearly in a north and south direction, and through so great a range as nine degrees of latitutle, the more southern conHuents must be very inuch exhausted before those towards the source arc relieved from fetters of ice. The great body of the Mississipj^i tide is, however, co eval with that of Ohio. It is the accumulation of the waters of the three valleys we have surveyed, and those of the Kanses and Osage branches of the Missouri, which produce what is known as the annual Mississippi inundation. This flood, nine years in ten, reaches the highest point of its elevation at Natchez, between tlie lOdi and 20th of June. Few instances occur in a long succession of years, in which the waters at that city have not commenced their depression by the first week of July. And yet, tlie heaviest mass afforded by the largest natural section, lias not yet reached the Delta. Powerful as are the causes which combine to prolong the discharge of the enormous body of waters contained in the three sections of the Mississippi basin we have examined, none contain such controlling impediments to an ag- 628 gregated and sudden emission, as does the Missouri valley above the Platte in- clusive. The Yellow Stone and Missouri spread their sources through seven degrees of latitude, and, assuming a general course of north east, unite their waters above North lat. 48'', turn to the east and south- east, and finally assume, at the Mandan villages, a southern course, after having flown through eleven degrees of longitude. The Platte pursues a general course from west to east, above North lat. 40°, and flows through 14 degrees of longitude. It must be obvious, from what has been shown in this article, or by inspection of a good map, that tiie higher branches of Missouri must remain frozen, long after those more southward have commenced their rise, and nearly as late as the pe- riod uf high tide on the Delta. The mean motion of the entire mass of water, in any of the confluents of the Mississippi, does not much, if any, exceed one mile per hour ; therefore, between three and four months are necessary for the pas- sage of water from the extreme sources of the Missouri to the Delta of the Mis- sissippi; consequently, though those waters commence their rise in May, they do not frequently reach the Delta until late in July, or early in August, of course at a period when the main spring and summer inundation is very greatly abated, and the water retired within the banks of the Mississippi river. Though the period of flood is well known to the inhabitants of the Delta, and in common years can be calculated within a few days, such is the'inequality of the seasons over the whole basin, that no length of experience gives much aid in estimating the probable elevation or quantity. In 1800, and in 1801, the waters of the Mississippi at Natchez did not attain the height of the banks. The Delta commences at the mouth of Red River, or, more correctly, at the efflux of the At( hafalaya. At this place is a gorge, through which the over- whelming mass of surplus water is con- fined to within three miles ; but by the channel of Atchafalaya, a very large quantity flows out to the right from the main stream, never again to return. One hundred and twenty miles lower, flows from the left, the Manchac or Iberville. Those two streams, the Atchafalaya and Iberville, bound the Delta, and below their efflux respectively, no water which Hows from the Mississippi ever returns; nor hre there any bodies of arable land, except upon the immediate banks of the water courses ; all beyond, is either lia- ble to annual overflow, or morass. M I s -M 1 S We have now included as much of general olBcrvation upon the Mississippi basin, as is compatible with the neces- sary brevity of this treatise, and will therefore conclude our review of that subject with a few reflections upon the Delta. It is evident from either actual view or insjiection on a map, that all the space I have designated as within the Delta must have been formed by allu- vial deposit ; but from that physical fact many conclusions have been drawn, unsupported by the laws of nature or the geographical physingomy of the country. It is a common belief that the Missis- sippi frequently changes its bed, and that it flows upon a comparative ridge. Nei- ther of those opinions are correct; the bed of the Mississippi, like that of all rivers, is the deepest valley of the coun- try through which it flows' As high up as the efflux of La Fourche it is 130 feet deep at low water, and 75 or 80 at Natchez. At New Orleans the depth exceeds one hundred feet. The deepest lakes, in the whole adjacent country, do not exceed 18 or 20 feet, and the very small depression of their surface below that of the Mississippi, shown by the tides, will leave the bottom of the river upwards of one hundred feet below that of any other water course or lake in the Delta. When the Mississippi is redu- ced to its lowest point of depression, wa- ter ceases to flow irto the Atchafalaya, Iberville, and Plaquemine ; and instances have occurred when the same circum- stances took place with the Fourche ; and yet, as I before remarked, at the very lowest stage of its depression the Mississippi water, even as high as La Fourche, is 120 feel deep ; therefore to desert its channel, that great river must quit a bed of upwards of two thousand six hundred feet wide, and one hundred and twenty feet in depth below the low- est of its outlets, and about one hundred and forty feet below the general level of the Delta. It remains for me to show the causes of the ordinary misconception, that the Mississippi does desert its channel. A glance of an eye upon a good map, will exhibit the sweeping bends of that great river. In an alluvial soil the cu.-rent, where it strikes against one side of the river, wears away a portion of the bank, and deposits it upon the opposite shore. This enlarged section shows the nature of those currents, which are thrown by the points into the bends, or more cor- rectly from the convex to the concave side of the stream. The consequence is that the decrement of the banks is from the bends, and the increment to the points, or rather a little below. If by a large curve of the river tv/o bends ap- proach each other, the intervening isth- mus or neck may be worn through by the current, and the river tiu'own into the new channel. This was tlie case in three places, since Louisiana was settled by the French ; at the mouth of the Yazoo, at that of the Homochitto, and at Point Coupee. The latter name is de- rived from the circumstance. The for- mer bed of the river, now lakes, have in every other respect except current, a perfect resemblance to the curves of the Mississippi. Besides those lakes, thus formed within the reach of history, seve- ral others exist near the Miss\.9sippi to attest the still more ancient revolutions of that stream. Such are. Lake Con- cordia, opposite Natchez ; Lake St. John, a few miles above ; Lake St. Joseph, op- posite the mouth of the Big Black I'ivcr ; Lake Providence, opposite Stack Island ; and Grand Lake, immediately above the north line of Louisiana, upon N lat. 33 0. Of tlicse eiglit lakes, all are on the right side, except one at the mouth of Yazoo, and one at that of the Homochitto, and all have, as I before observed, the most exact resemblance to sections of the Mississippi. Receding from that stream beyond Uie limits of these, the other lakes, within or above the Delta, assume a totally different appearance, and have the iiTcguJar (onn of similar bodies of walar in other places. Those near the present bed of the Missis- sippi, are monuments attesting ti'.e anti- quity of that bed. Combining therefore, the depth ol" the main river, with the gen- eral features of the Delta, and other allu- vial tracts above, the conclusion is inevita. ble, that this great river flows in a channel, Irom whicli, with t!\e excep' ions stated, its waters cannot find ano' her outlet to their general recipient, more easily than »ny otiier given river, the Hudson, Delaware, or Susquehannah, for instance. We must close these already lengthened observations on the Delta of the Missis- sijjpi, by a few general lerr.arks upon tliat stream. 1 have already expressed my opinion, that the velocity of the water of that river and of its confluents was overrated. 1 have formed that conclusion from acUial obser- vation, but it may be supponed by colla- teral facts. If any vessel is pat in motion, say a steam-boat, in stagnant water, and its rate of going ascertained, that rate must, as a matter of course, exactly counterba- lance a current of equal rapidity. There- fore, if a steam-boat could move six miles per hour in still water, it would move one 629 M I S M I S iTiile per hour in a current l;aving a velo- city of five miles per hour. It is very commonly and very confidently asserted, tliut the IVlississippi moves four or five miles per hour during the time of high water, and yet stearo-boa'.s are known to be propelled against its current three or four miles per hour. If these two motions are added together, we have nine, ten, or t^velve miles per hour in still water for these vessels. I have been much in steam- boats in the most favourable situations, and \vlien aided by wind, tide and steam, ten jTiiles was the greatest dista;ice I ever knew jjerformed in one hour by any of these vessels. Six is I believe, in calm weutlier, and stagnant water, very nearly their mean rate of motion. If thi^latter supposition is correct, and steam-boats are propelled up tlie Missis- sippi at the rate of four miles per hour, it will leave two miles per hour for the mean motion of the upper current or surface of the Mississippi river, coinciding very near- ly with what I have before stated. This two miles per hour, must however, be cor- sidered as the velocity of the upper part of the volume of water, and is, 1 have no doubt, more than double that of the entire mass. JiTiMtssippi, state of the United States, having the Mississippi and Fearl rivers on the west; tlie 35th degree of North lat. or the state of Tennessee, north ; the state of Alabama on the east ; and the Gulf of Mexico, and North lat.Sl", or Louisiana, on the south. Tiie outlines of this state are : MJes. From the mouth of Pearl river along the Gulf of Mexico, to the south- west angle of Alabama, - - SO Along the western boundary of Ala- bama, to the north-west angle of that state, on the southern bounda- ry of Tennessee, ... 320 Thence west along the southern boundary of Tennessee, to the Kuutli-west angle of that state on tlie left bank of the Mississippi river, 90 Thence down that stream to North lat. 31 0, 530 Thence due east along North lat. CI 0, ajid the state of Louisiana, to the right bank of Pearl river, 105 Tlieiicc down Puarl river, to the place of beginning, . . - - 60 Having an entire outline of 1185 Area 45,760 square ritiles, equal to 29,286,400 acres. Extreme south, North lat. 30 8 ; extreme north, N. lai. 35 0. Length from south to nortl', 338 miles ; mean width, about 135 miles. The remarkable resemblance in form and 630 geographical position, between the states of Alabama and Mississippi, is obvious on a first glance on their connected maps. In addition to every other point of similitude, both have a prolongation towards the Gulf of Mexico, below North lat, 31 0, of nearly equal area and extent on that gulf. Of the rivers of the state of Mississippi, iliat stream from which the name of the state is derived, claims the first rank. I'he Mississippi washes the state from North lat. 31" to 35°, a distance, following the stream, of 530 miles. The; features of the Mississippi l)ave been so amply no- ticed under the preceding head, that no farther notice respecting it is necessary in this place. Next in magnitude and importance amongst the rivers of this state, is the Pearl, This stream rises in the state, about North lat. 33 0, and flowing in a general cou.rse nearly soutli, flows inio the Jtigolets between Lakes Borgne and Pont- chartrain, at North lat. 30 10, after an en- tire comparative course of about 200 miles. From Nortli lat. 31 1o its mouth, the Pearl forms part of t!ie boundary between the states of Louisi;ina and Mississippi. The Pascagoula vises in the state of Mis- sissippi, about North lat. 32 40, fiov.s in a southern course to North lat. 30 20, fulls into Itie Gulf of Mexico after a compara- tive course of about 150 miles. The main branch of Pascagoula is known by the name of Cliickisav hay, as far down as five miles south of North lat. 31 0, where it ibrms a junction with tlie north-west branch, the Leaf rivti, and from thence to tlie final discharge takes tjie name of Pas- cagoula. Some streams, but of small note, enter the bay of St. Louis between the Pearl and Pascagoula rivers. Tiie sources of the Amite, Tickfoha, Tangipao, and Bogue Chito rivers are in the state of Mississippi. Flowing into the Mississippi, are the B\iffalo, Homochitto, Big Black, and Y.azoo rivers. Of these latter streams, in point of magnitude, the first rank is due to the lat- ter. This river has its source near the southern boundary of Tennessee, inter- locking with the head waters of Tombig- bee. The Yazoo enters the Mississippi at North lat. 32 30, after a comparative course of about 200 miles. Big Black rises about North lat, 33 0,, between tiie sources of the Pearl and the Yazoo, flows south-west 150 miles, and falls into the Mississippi at the Gr. d Gulf, North lat. 32 5, Between the Big Rue v and Homochitto; the Mississippi river receives the water of B:., < Pierre, Coles creek, and St, Cathe- 1- iie creek ; these creeks are comparatively small, but important from their position. M I S M 1 S and the excellence of the land they drain, The city of Natchez, though so near the bank of the Mississippi, is situated on a branch of St. Catherine creek, which has its discharge 15 niiles below. The Homochitto river rises about 50 miles north-east from Natchez ; flows south- west about 100 miles ; enters the Mississip- pi at North lat. 31 12. The Buffalo is ratlier a creek than a river, not having a course of nnore than 25 or 30 miles. This stream rises in Amite, and flows west through Wilkinson county, and falls into the Mississippi two miles above Loftus Heights. The Tennessee river forms a part of tbe boundary of the state of Mississippi, from the mouth of Bear creek to the Tennessee line, at North lat. 35 0- about 20 miles, and ought consequently to be classed as one of the rivers of the state. We have already observed, that the sources of the Tombigbee were in the state of Mississippi. Tiie sources of Tombigbee rise near the Tennessee line, flow to the south-east, and enter the state of Alabama at about North lat. 33 30. The state of Mississippi has a very con- fined and incommodious sea coast, of 80 m'les in extent. In this distance, the Pas- cagoula is the only inlet by which vessels of the smallest size can enter, and in tliat only schooners of small draught, ;'.t higli water, can reach the junction of Cliicki- sawhay and Leaf rivers. The Pearl ad- mits no navigation worth mention ; and the bay of St. Louis is a mere indentation of the coast, of no practical use in a commer- cial point of view. The Mississippi river is the great harbour and outlet of the state. The state of Mississippi Is naturally di- vided into four grand divisions of soil. The islands in Lake Borgne, and the Gulf of Mexico ; Pine Forest ; Mississippi, and other river alluvion ; and the Mississippi Bluffs. Advancing from south to north, first oc- curs a chain of low sandy islands, lying about six^or seven miles from the main shore ; their names are, ranging from west to east, the group of the Malheureux (un- fortunate) Islands ; Mary Anne, Cat, Ship, Dog, Horn, and Petite Bois islands. The opposing shore, once apart of West Florida, is a level pine forest to the water edge ; constituting the second, and by far most extensive superficies of scil in the state. Receding from the shores of the gulf, inland, the face of the country imper- ceptibly swells into hills; and though no part of the stale rises into elevations that can be designated mouniains. much of its surface is extremely broken. Next in extent to the Pine Forest land, is the range called the Mississippi Bluffs ; and lastly, the more confined, but greatly most valuable landj where found above an- nual overflow, river alluvion. Of these three latter divisions of soil in order. As we have already observed, the Pine Forests reaches the waters of the Gulf of Mexico ; and we may add, extend in the intervals between the streams, to the north- ern extremity of the state. This species of soil, deriving its title from tlie principai timber it produces, in most places gradu- ally mingles with the river alluvion, or Mi>5- sissippi Blufl's, and produces an intermedi- ate soil partaking of the qualities of both ; and on which oak, ash, hickory, dogwood, sweet gum, and other trees, intermingle with tlie pine. This mixed soil and tim- bf r is known in t.ie country by the name of interval land, and is often found very pro- ductive. The pine lands have hitherto been considered extremely slerll ; liow far future modes of culture, or artifici.d means, may tend to meliorate this species of soil, remains an undecided problem. In the northern parts of the state of Mis- sissippi, towards Tennet-r^e, the ])ine woods are frequently interrupted by a spe- cies of prairie, or rather b.irrens, on which grow, shrub oak, and other dwarf bushes ; but the soil continues to exhibit the un- productive character of that of the pine woods. It would not be hazarding much, to esti- mate the extent of these barren tracts at two-thirds of the entire area of the^t^-.te. In all the length of the state of Jaississip- pi, from North lat. 31° to 35°, a range of bluffs extend. These bluffis reach, and are washed by the Mississippi in a few places only. Immediately above North lat. 31 0, rises the highest of these bluffs, known by the name of Loftus Heights, ivhich skirt the river four or five miles. A very large curve of the Mississippi, to the vv^st, leaves an extensive overflown tract along the right bank, as high as Ellis's Cliffs, where, by an eastern curve of the river, the blufis are again washed by the stream ; which is also the case at the city of Natchez. Above the latter place, the bluffs and river do not again come in contact below the Grand Gulf at the mouth of the Big Black river. The Blufis again reach the stream at Walnut Hills, below the mouth of the Yazoo, and at the Chickisaw Bluffs, imme- diately at the north-west angle of the state. These bluffs are the mere extension of the comparatively elevated surface of the state of Mississippi over the low grounds of the river of the same name. When the watprs are low, it is found that the bluffs are underlaid by a crude con- crete of sand and pebbles, held in mass by an oxide of iron ; the whole, no doubt, rest- ing on a secondary base. 631 >I I s M I S , 'i'he elevation of the bluffs vary, but about 100 feet mean height woulrl not be a serious departure from fact. They are cut into liills by the abrasion of water of the numerous streams which flow from the pine woods in the interior. What renders these bluffs and hills ob- jects of peculiar interest, is the quality of the soil, which is in almost all places good, and in many exuberantly fertile. Receding from the bluffs, the pine forests impercep- tibly encroacli, and in some places, at a more or less distance from the river, say in a direct line from lifteen to tvveniy miles, clo.ses the productive border. The foregoing limit is taken in general ; man_y of the water-courses have fertile tracts on their banks, farther into the inte- rior of the stale ; but the latter description of land belongs more particularly to river alluvion, than to the soil of the bluffs or hills. The soil of the bluffs . and hills is a rich .loam, resting on clay ; and digging wells has disclosed the fact, that the ge- rai substratum to the clay is loose sand. The whole of this fine border of soil, in a state of nature, is covered with a very dense forest, with an underwood of reed cane, the Arundo gigantea, many species of vitis, smilax, and other climbers, and an infinite variety of more humble vegeta- ble. A mere list of the most prevalent timber trees will serve to demonstrate tiie fertility of this tract ; these are, Black oak, white oak, Spanish oak, black jack oak, willow oak, wild cherry, sweet gum, poplar, large laurel, beech, fagus pumila, here a tree often forty feet in height, and eight or ten inches in diame- ter ; black locust, mulberry, periimon, honey locust, black gum, cotton wood, linden, mucilaginous elm, sassafras, syca- more, ash, black walnut, bittcrnut hickoiy, nutmeg hickory, and red flowering n-aple. Of more humble trees and slu'il-r and otlier vegetables, the following are most indicative of fertility of soil ; papaw, dog. wood, spicewood, Spanish mulberry, buck- eye, poke, blackberry, muscadine, and reed cane. It would swell this article to too great lengt!), to give a mere list of the most initresting vegetable productions of the fine tract under review ; the foregoing are inserted as illustrative of its natural fertility. When compared with the entire area of the state, the productive tract before us is confined in extent ; but when we turn our attention to the exotic vegetables which arc, or can be produced within its limits, the intrinsic value of the land is rendered apparent. Indigo, tobacco, and cotton, have in turn 633 been cultivated as staples, and produced in great abundance : the latter has for more than twenty-five years past superse- ded the two former, and will, in all human probability, continue the great staple ot" this part of the United States. Much speculation has been made upon the quantity of cotton which is, or can be produced per acre, upon the bluff lands. The writer of this article, from some per- sonal experience, will undertake to as- svime 250 pounds of clean cotton as about an average crop. To cotton, indigo, and tobacco, may be added, as the exotic plants cwltivated in the state (;f Mississippi, Indian corn, (zea maize.) oats ; and, where the inhabitants choose, wheat may be produced ; but the culture of that grain is seldom attempted. Most garden plants grow luxuriantly, though good gardess are rare. That spe- cies of potato, the tuberous rooted solanum, commonly called Irish potato, is cultivated, but does not succeed so well, either as to quantity or quality, as the same vegeta- ble does farther northward. The sweet potato (convolvus batatas of Muhlenberg) is produced in the utmost abundance. Of cultivated fruits, the principal are the apple, peach, and fig ; the latter, below N ht. 32°, seems to flourish as if natural to the climate. The plum, nectarine, apricot, &c. are cultivated, but not extensively. Like all the southern states of the United States, meadows cannot be cor- rectly said to exist in the state of Missis- sippi; Though the winters are in general mild, the seasons are extremely variable. Fre- quently frosts occur of sufficient severity to destroy cotton, indigo, tobacco, and other tender j)lanls, as early as the first week in October ; whilst, perhaps in the next season, the flowers of the same vege- tables will be found blooming in Decem- ber, and even in January, as was the case in 1305. No winter, however, passes without frost, and very few without snow, at Nat- chez. In December, 1800, the ihermome- fer of Fahrenheit fell to 12, five miles S of Natchez ; and often since that period, the cold has been nearly, if not altogether, as intense. This casual severity prevents, to the utmost southern extremity of the state, the cultivation of either sugar cane or the orange tree ; vegetables which are, in fact, confined in the Delta of the Mississippi to a latitude S of most parts of the state of Mis- sissippi. The blufflands are followed by the river alluvion, which, though less in quantity, is still more productive, where above annual or casual overflow. From the bluffs con- fining, and of consequence causing the ac- cumulation of the surplus water of the Mis. M i S SlI^ s'issippi in the spring' and summer, there exists less arable soil on the left bank of the Mississippi river, in the state ol' that name, than on the right bank in Arkansas territory, and in Louisiana. Some very wealthy settlements on the left bank do, however exist, with a soil possessing the usual fertility of the Mississippi banks. The arable border varies from half a mile to 200 yards, and is every where termi- nated in the rear by overilown grounds, submerged annually from one to ten or twelve feet. The natural growth on the river arable border is, in general, sweet gum, different species of o.ik, ash, and hickory, hackberiy, sycamore, &c. v;ith an under-growlh of reed cane, and below N lat. 31 30, the pal- metto. In tile overgrown swamps, the principal timber is cypress, tupelo, dffer- ent species of oak and hickory, maple, sweet gum, and ash. On all other water- courses in the state, more or less alluvion occurs ; but in all places is confined in ex- tent, and on the streams in the interior, often merges into the interval land or pine forest. Taken together, the bluff lands and river alluvion amount to about 5560 square miles, equal to 3,558,400 acres. The bluff lands extend from N lat. 31 to 35°, with more or less width, as the rivers inter- vene. Confined as the two foregoing tracts of land are, when compared to the area of the state, of which they form a part, they nevertheless form, in the aggregate, the most extensive continuous tract of produc- tive soil in the United States, S of N lat. 35°; and when its fertility and local advan- tages are taken into view, it is hazarding no violence to truth, to estimate this re- gion as one of the most valuable iu the United States. The country near Natchez was settled bythe French in 1718, and Fort Rosalie built on the bhifl', within the now incorpo- rated limits of that city. The first French colony v/as massacred by the savages, in 1729, and the country remained uninhabit- ed by the whites many years afterwards. In 1763, Natchez, then considered a part of West Florida, was ceded by Spain to Great Britain, who retained possession until 1781, when that place and all West Florida was conquered by tlie Spaniards under Go- vernor Bernardo Galvcz ; and, by the treaty of Paris, West Florida was confirmed to Spain. As the limits of the British and French colonies, and afterwards those be- tween the British and Spanish colonies, had never been fixed, the Spanish authori- ties held Natchez and the adjacent country as an appendageof Florida until 1798, when the city and country were evacuated by the officers and troops of Spaiit, and the 4!. United States' commissioners took full pos- session. In 1799, the line of demarkatioa was completed, and the boundary fixed, which now separates the states of Louisiana and Mississippi, between the Mississippi and Pearl rivers. April 7tii, 1798, an act of Congress was passed, authorizing the President of the United States to appoint commissioners to adjust the limits of the territory W of the Chatahooche river. May lOtii, an act was passed for the organization of a government, and the ter- ritory named " The Mississippi TeiTito- ry." June 9th, 1808, an act passed, admitting a delegate from the Mississippi Territory in Congress. June 17lh, the assent of Georgia de- manded, for the formation of two states out of the Mississippi Territory. This demand was subsequently acceded to by Georgia. January 21st, 1815, a petition from the legislature of the Mississippi Territory laid before Congress, praying admission into the Union on the same footing with the original states. A committee of Con- gress reported on this petition favourably, December, 1816. A law was passed in consequence, !March 1st, 1817, authorizing the call of a Conven- tion, which was called, and met July, 1817, accepted the terms proposed by Congress, framed a constitution, August 15th, which was accepted by Congress in December following ; and the state of Mississippi assumed her station as a member of the United States. Since the period of ad- misssion, no event of consequence, in a general view, has taken place iu this state. Tile appropriated and inhabited part of Mississippi, at the epoch of taking the last census, (1820) was subdivided into the fol- lowing counties : Counties. Inliabitants. Sg. miles. To sq, mile. Adams, 12,073 480 26 Amite, 6,853 960 7 Claiborne, 5,963 380 12 Covington, 2,230 750 3 Franklin, 3,821 720 5 Greene, 1,445 1080 n Hancock, 1,594 900 u Jackson, 1,682 1250 1 Jt-ff>*rsoii, 6,822 560 12 Lawrence, 4,916 600 8 Marion, 3,116 830 H Monroe, 2,721 600 u Perry, 2,037 900 2 Pike, 4,438 800 5i Warren, 2,693 360 8 nearly. Wilkinson, 9,718 609 10 Wayne, 3,323 950 3^ Total 75,448 12,720 633i SI 1 s M I S The only parts of Mississippi on v.liich an adequate comparative population has yet been formed, is confined to a strip of about 100 miles along the margin of the Mississippi river, and extending to about a mean of thirty miles wide inland. This will embrace all the five river counties, Wai-ren, Claiborne, Jefierson, Adams, and Wilkinson, and the best peopled parts of Amite, and Franklin couniies ; and will m- clude about 42,600 inhabitants, on this river section of the state, or about 14 to the square mile. Deducting 42,600, from 75,448, will leave 32,848, for the residue of that part of Mississippi included in the fore- going estimate. This exhibits a space of 9,720 square miles, inhabited by 32,848 per- sons, or a small excess above three to the square mile. The inhabited Mississippiriver section of this state, lies between lat. 31 and 32 30 N. The inland, or more cor- rectly south-eastern section, lies between lat. 30 10, and 31 52 N. Cotton is the general staple. By the census of 1820, the population of Mississippi was found composed of 42,176 whites, 32,814 slaves, and 458 coloured persons, and classed thus : Engaged in Agriculture - 22,033 do. In Manufactures - 650 do. in Commerce - 294 Mississippi was admitted into the Union, as a stae, pecember, 1817. Jllissonri River. See article Missfs- si/ipi River ; section. Valley of Missouri above its junction with the Mississippi. Missouri State of, one of the United States, bounded north-east and south- east by tht Mississippi river ; south by the territory of Arkansaw ; and west and north by the western unappropriated territory of the United States, formerly a part of Louisiana. The limits of Missouri are : Miles. Beginning on the left bank of the Mississippi river at the mouth of Ltmoine river, and tht-nce down the former stream to where it is intersected by North lat 36^*, 550 Thence due west, along North lat. 36<>, to the right bank of St. Francis river, - - - - ■ 50 Thence up St. Francis to a point where that river is intersected by North lat. 36 30, - - 50 Thence due west, along the terri- tory of Arkansaw, to a point Avhere a meridian line, drawn from the junction of the Missouri and Kan- ses rivers, will intersect North lat. 36 30, . . . _ 200 Thence due north to a point, where a line extended due west from the Sac Village, on Lemoine river 634 Mile^. will intersect the west bound- ary, _ - - - . 273 Thence due east to the Lemoine river, ----- 130 Thence down the Lemoine river to the place of beginning, - - 20 1,272 Area within a trifling fraction of 63,000 square miles, equal to 40,320,000 acres. Mean length from north to south, 280 miles ; mean breadth from east to west, 220 miJes. Extreme south. North lat. 36 ^\ Extreme north. North lat. 40 36. Missouri, in point of extent, is the third state of the United States, and only falls below Virginia and Georgia. Though part of this state is hilly, and some of the hills approach in elevation the dignity of mountains, yet strictly speaking, no mountains, either in de- tached grounds or chains, exist within the limits of the state. For every object of humsn affairs, rivers are the most important features of an inland country, and few regions of the earth, of equal extent, can compare with Missouri in the magnitude, number, and navigable facilities of its rivers. Of these, the first in order is the Mis- sissippi and Missouri, both of which have been already to amply noticed in our description of the Mississippi basin, that no furthi r account of them is necessary in this place. The Lemi ine river, though for a few mil s forming part of the boundary, can scarcely be called a liver of Missouri. Tht- Osage, rising in the territory of Arkansaw, and flowing north east into the Missouri, is the most important con- fiutnt of that river in the state of Alis- S';uri. The Osage has its mouth near the centre of the state, where the fu- ture seat of government is intended to be placi d. The Osa-:e is a large navi- gable stream in all its length in tt.e stated a: d wat(-rs soon excellent, and much good land. Bi sides the fo egoing large stream, the Missouri receives from the right below the mouth of the Kansis, B!u< Water, Gasconade, and some smaller streams; and from the left, Grande. Charlaton, Good W- man's, Great Manitou, Otter, and Charettf rivers. Th.e Merrimack enters the Mississippi 18 miles below St. Louis, but l.as be< n noiired, as have been White and St. Francis rivers, which closes the list of the stream of the state of Missouri. The position of Missouri is in a high degree favottrable to commerce, popula- M I S :m I s tion, and wealth. Extending four and a half degrees of latitude, its temperature must vary considerably, if uninfluenced by any other cause than mere geographic extent. This is not, however, the case, as will soon appear. In conducting this general survey, I have endeavoured, in a particular man- ner, to delineate those features which influence the meteorological phenomena, and the temperature of the s asons, and also to point out the great outlines of soil. In respect to Missouri, it will be necessary to deviate from the strict ob- servance of the plan pursued in descri- bing the state of Mississippi Instead, therefore, of dividing the former state into its natural sections, in relation to soil, we will take each of its river dis- tricts by itself. We have seen that the river Missis- sippi washes Missouri on its norih-eas* and south-east frontier, 550 miles, fc;l- lowing the meanders, though, by couipa rative course, the distance along the Mississippi would not exceed 350 milf .;>. Though the mere banks of the Missis- sippi preserve a nearly uniform charac- ter in all their extent along the front of Missouri, yet, from difference of climate, the vegetable productions are very dif- ferent at the two extremes. So much has already been said on the features and quality of the aUuvial margins of the Mississippi, that it is needless to amplify on the subject. Ascending the Mississippi from its mouth, no eminence is to be found on its western bank in a distance of upwards of 1000 miles. Twenty-eight miles above the junction of Mississippi and Ohio, occurs the first rocky bluff on the right bank. It is composed of an enor- mous projecting precipice of limestone, whose real height above the water, has never been very satisfactorily deter- mined. This ledge is, no doubt, a con- tinuation of the great limestone formation of the Ohio valley. In Missouri, it is a part of a ridge of hills which continues from this point westward, through the state, and ranges between the waters of Arkansaw, and those of Osage and Kanses rivers, perhaps to the Cht-ppe- wan mountains. This ridge divides Missouri into two very distinct climates. In the south-eastern part of the state, along the Mississippi river, the cotton plant is cultivated, though only fur fami- ly use; as an object 'f commerce, it offers no great advantage : but, above the ridge in question, that plant ceases, and a region commencifs favourable to the production of the cereal grainina. Near the Mississippi, below the lime- stone ridge, the banks are in every re- spect similar to what they have been described in Louisiana. The rear lands, as far as the St. Francis, are analogous to grounds similarly placed, in all the distance from the limestone range to the sea marsh. The St. Francis rises partly in the hills of the limestone ridge, and in part from the drain of the Mississippi. The north eastern branch of that stream ap- pears to have b 'en formed from an an- cient outlet of the Mississippi, and to have contained a volume of water much larger than passts by its channel at pre- sent. The or'iinary dist.uice between the two rivers is about 50 milts, flowing nearly parallel from North lat. 37" to Nortli lat. 34 30, where the St. Francis, by a gradual curve towards the lower part of its course, joins the Mississippi. The nonh-western branch rises near North lat. 38°, in a very hilly, broken, rocky, and barren tract of country. There are some good lands, but in no quantity commensurate with the extent drained by this river, whose whole length, by comparative course, is 250 miles, one half in Missouri, and the other in Arkansav/. Extensive settlements have been made on the sources of the St, Francis and its tributaries. Accord- ing to the very respectable testimony of Mr. Schoolcraft, frr.m ptrs'-nal observa- tion, the country from which the wes- tern, or rather north-western sources of St. Francis flows, is primitive composed of granite gneiss, and other congenerate rocks ; amoi.gst which are situated one of the richest iron, and the most abun- dant lead mines on the globe. The geo- logical notices of Mr. Schoolcraft de- serve the utmost attention ; because made by a professed mineralogist, and a man who vis ted the region to collect facts, and not to support any ])reconceiv- ed theoiy. This gentleman has been^ it must be acknov/ledged, much too gene- ral oti a fact so important as the exis- tence of a primitive region v^est of the Mississippi, and so near that stream. He has, iiowever, enriched our literature with by far the best account extant of the mineral resources of Missi uri, and very correct, though brief notices of its soil and vegetable pi'oductions. Black river, the north fork of White river, rises in the south-western part of Missouri, by a number of branches, of which Strawberry river. Spring river, and Cxurri nts river, are the principal. The sources of Black river are in the ridge of hills, or rather mountains, which has been already noticed. The base of countrv drained by Black river is caica- 6." 5 MIS M I S reous, consequently the soil is very pvf)- ductive. The climate, as to temperature, is in no respect essentially different from that of St. Francis. The former, from superior elevation and more exemption from stagnant water, is no doubt much more salubrious than the latter. Like all calcareous regions, that of Black river affords some very large fountains of water, from one of which Spring river takes its name. The surface watered by Black river is about 8C00 square miles. The timber is extremely large and varied. On the streams, cotton wood, different species of liickory, oak, and elm, prevail. The sugar maple is found, but the climate is rather too far south for the profitable extraction of its sap. The liriodendron tulipifera is also found in this section nf country of an enormous growth Oak is, howi-ver, the prevailing tree on the waters of Black river. Like Tennessee, and the south- ern parts of Kentucky the vegetation of the southern section of Missouri partakes of the sf>ecific variety of the northern and southern extremity of the United States. Cotton is cultivated, but rather for domestic use than as a commercial, staple. The cereal gramina produce abundantly : though, on the verge of the prairie country, Black river drains a very dense forest. In fine, that part of Missouri, south of the ridge we have al- ludec^ to, and watered by St. Francis. Black, and Mississippi rivers, may be with propriety considered as naturally connected with the Arkansaw basin, though politically iocluded in Missouri. The ridge is generally clothed with pine, the soil sandy, and extremely steril. It in fact divides the state into two unequal zones, of very different temperature. The Merrimack rises near the centre of the state ; has its source in the di- viding ridge, though its course is nearly east along its northern slope. The length of the Merrimack is not above 120 miles, comparative course. Its sources are in a steril pine forest, and most of its banks partake the character of the soil from ■which it flows. It is an unimportant stream in either a geographical or agri- cultural point of view, though in respect to mineral wealth, one of the most re- markable in the United States. The mine ti-act, according to Mr. School. craft, the best authority on the subject, extends in length from the head waters of St. Francis, in a north-west direction, to the Merrimack, a distance of seventy miles, and from the Mississippi in a snuth-wt-st direction, to the Fourche a Courtois, a distance of about foiiy-five mMes, and cov- ering an area of 3150 square miles. The same author remarks, that it is not in every section of it that lead is to be traced, and he describes the mineral character of the soil, rocks, and other fossil bodies of this tract, as subject to so much variety, as to render indications of ore difficult to re- duce to any safe result The aspect of the country is steril, hilly, and in many places precipitous. Many highland barrens, level but steril, chequer the mine district. The soil in general is a reddish coloured, hard, stifl' clay, admixed with much siliceous gravel. Nodules of iron-ore and pyrites are frequent. The mineral hills are cover- ed in most places by a stunted growth of oaks, principall)'^ the post oak, the quercus oblusiloba of Michaux. A line of pine separates the sources of St. Francis from those of Merrimack, and passes through the mine tract in a direction from north- west to south-east. Though in general the soil of this tract is unproductive, the banks of some of its streams are very favourable exceptions This fact is elucidated by the forest trees found on this alluvial soil; which are, sycamore, elm, cotton-wood, walnut, maple, buckeye, liackberry, ash, papaw, spicewood, and other trees and shrubberry, indicative of fertile land. Mr. Schoolcraft mentions a fact, of which, from the accompany remarks, lie seems not to have understood the cause. He observes, that around many of the mines, the earth, thrown out and raised from great depths, produces trees and shrubs which ai'e not peculiar to the surface, and instances the cotton-wood, or poplar, and beech-grapes, the vitis riparia, 1 presume. He states, (hat he frequently saw those vegetables growing near old diggings, where the earth had been raised thirty or forty feet, and where, previous to those diggings, no such trees or vines existed. It is well known to botanists, that the seeds of many, perhaps most plants, if buried ?.t great depths in the earth, will retain their vegetable or- ganization for countless ages. The indes- tructibility of the seeds of plants is, indeed, one of the most curious subjects of philo- so[)hical reflection and research. Mr. Schoolcraft ascribes (he cause of the phe- nomenon to tliat opprobrium of science, equivocal generation : a supposition at va- riance with aU the laws of analogy, as ap- plied to organized beings. The fact proves unequivocally, that the country has under- went great changes in its external crust, since the vegetables cited deposited their seeds in the soil, now covered by extrane- ous and very different bodies. Here, as in every other place where silica forms a large part of the soil, the spr ng water is clear, cool, and of course wholesome ; and being exempt from the causes that produce disease, stagnant water and decaying vegetables, the mine country M I S M I S is possessed of an atmosphere of the utmost salubrity. The change of climate between the re- gion watered by Black and St. Francis rivers, and that by Merrimack, is apparent in the vegetables cultivated by the inhabi- tants of each. On the Merrimack, wheat succeeds extremely well, a fact no where perceptible south of the dividing ridge. Wheat, and indeed all the cerelia, may be, it is true, cultivated even in Louisiana ; but below the 38th degree of north latitude, wheat, rye, and barley, evince that they are removed from their congenial climates ; and in no part of North America, except some of the table land of the great spine of Analinac, or Chippewan, where elevation compensates advance towards or into the tropics, does the cereal gramina, except maize, attain the full development of their growth. And even maize, in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, does not by any means attain the rich and abundant pro- duce of that grain, as in the Mississippi basin, above North lat. 35 0. The same remark applies in a striking manner to the apple. This most valuable of all tree fruits deteriorates about the same latitude with wheat. The apple, west of the Mississippi, first grows to advantage above the mine district. The peach-tree finds its most congenial air about North lat. 38 0, though it is a fruit possessing in the United States a much wider range than the apple. The Osage rises about North lat. 37 0, West long, from W C 21 0, and flows east a little north, having a comparative course of 400 miles, one-lhird of which is in Mis- souri. This river rises in the great wes- tern prairies, and, like every stream of that region, exhibits some very productive, and a large proportion of steril land. Its mean- ders are in ilie lower part of its course very winding, consequently it contains much alluvial soil in proportion to its length, estimated comparatively. The banks of the Jlissouri and Missis- sippi are uniformly in a higli degree pro- ductive, and contain perhaps one-third of all the valuable arable land of the state. The right sliore of the Mississippi is, from Tewapat)'^ bottom to the mouth of the Missouri, in most places, an enormous limestone wall. This distance is about 170 miles. This limestone is merely the but- tress of the underlaying strala of the inte- rior coimtry. The Mi.ssissippi flows in a deep channel, whose sides are elevated near 200 feet above its highest surface. Those precipitous banks are continued in the Missouri. Tiie rich alluvial bottoms are at the base of this limestone precipice, and no doubt derive much of their fertility from the calcareous delm's that the abrasion of the waters, in past ages, have worn away and deposited below. About one-third part of Missouri lies north of Missouri river, and west of Mis- sissippi river. This, in point of soil, is much the best part of the state. It is more uniformly fertile, though less diversi- fied in surface, than the section south of Missouri, and south-west of the Mississippi river. Tlie northern seciion is also much chequered by small rivers, which generally flow south into Missouri, and thougli mostly forest land, some extensive and very productive prairies occur. South of Missouri, there exists no medium between the best and worst lands, and similar to all those parts of the United States below the Missouri, and west of the Mississippi, the good soil extends in hues mostly upon the alluvial banks of rivers, or along the mar- gin of prairies, and, consequentlj', clin never admit a dense and scattered popu- lation. This is not so much the case with the northern section ; the farms will assume in that quarter something of the promiscu- ous extension over the face of the country, which is characteristic of settlements in the northern and eastern states. Taken as a whole, Missouri, like most new countries in the United States, has- been, as a body of arable land, greatly overrated. As a commercial position, if due allowance is made for its internal situa- tion, the value of this section of our coun- try has never yet been duly appreciated. The truly astonishing assemblage of rivers, which seem to have sought a common cen- tre of union, would indicate St. Louis, or some other place in its vicinity, as the fu- ture entrepot between widely extended, and far distant portions of our empire. If the pursuits of mankind, and their individual means of subsistence, were exclusively agricultural, Missouri could never, in pro- pQ||ion to territorial extent, possess a p^rolation e([ually dense with New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, or Illinois ; but in the complex admixture of employ- ment, and the illimitabit transmission of the products of human labour, arising from the improvement of modern manners and arts, population docs not depend for its entire subsistence upon the quality of tiie soil inhabited by any portion of mankind. Commerce and the plastic arts demand, perhaps, as many hands as agriculture. There is, indeed, no employment of hu- man labour, where so great a surplus is produced as that of agriculture ; and none, in which the industry of a few will so ef- fectually supply t!ie wants of many. It is for this reason that the density of popula- tion must, particularly in such places as Missouri, depend as much, if not more, upon commercial, mining, and manufactu- ring pursuits, as upon the operations or resources of agriculture. In addition to the apparentlv inexhaustible stores of lead jM I S ; M I s ore, some of the most abundant Iron mines in the world exist on 1;he Missouri river, and in, the interior of the state. In Wash- ington county, Belvue settlement, in addi- tion to lead, says Mr. Sclioolcrait, " in the richness ot the ore, and extent of the beds or mines, it is no where paralleled. The most noted plane is the iron mountain, where the ore is piled in such enormous masses, as to constitute the entire southern extremity of a loft}' ridije, which is eleva ted 500 or 600 feet above the plain." Water power to wurk this mass abounds in all directions. It is, however, only one of a number of mines of this really most precious of ail metallic bodies, which lie scattered over the sources of St. Francis and Merrimack rivers. In the same vicinity, and in fact over the entire lead tract, ores of zinc abound, avery interestinj^ fact in the mineralofry of Mis- souri. Zinc is, when it can be cheaply pro- cured, one of the most useful metals,answer- mg nearly all the purposes, without the destructive qualities of copper. Zinc has been hitherto considered a scarce ore, and should it be fiund in large bodies in the Mississippi basin, will add a very important article to the resources of that fine region. The most singular circumstance in the mineralogical history of the interior of North America, is the abundance and ex- tent of the stores of muriate of soda, com- mon Sill. Amongst t!ie revolutions effect- ed in the l^st forty years on the condition of society, (there is none more salutary to private convenience than the change in the price of salt in the interior of this conti- nent. I remember when the supply for West Pennsylvania and West Virginia was procured by transportation from the Atlan- tic slope. At a period when money was at least 100 per cent, above its present v^H^ salt cost in those places five dollars^lr bushel, at a minimum price. It is now ma- nufactured in it great variety of places, where the face of the earth gave few indi- cations of its existence. There is good reason to believe, that at certain depths, the whole basin of the Mississippi is saturated with salt water; a fact which combined with the abundant existence of limpid fresh water at the sur- face, is highly consolatory. Where muriate of soda prevails! to such excess, as in some parts of the Spanish internal provinces, the earth becomes un- inhabitable, cold, and sterile. This is also the case wiUi part of central Asia. In Eu- rope, salt is procured generally from the sea, or found in substance in mines, as at Guadaloupe in Spain, and more particularly Wicliizka, near Cracow, in Austrian Po- land. In North America, this mineral has not been found in solid imbedded masses, though no reasonable doubt can he enter- 638 tained, but that the bowels of the eartk must contain prodigious bodies of that fossil in its crystallized state, in places where it is so very extensively held m solution by water. It may be safely expected, that in some future day, muriate of Soda will be quarried in the Mississippi basin, as in Spam and Poland. Coal has been mentioned amongst the mineral products of Missouri ; but I am unacquainted with any extensive body of that fossil yet brought into use in that state. .Mr. Bradbury speaks with enthusiasm of the enormous strata of both coals and iron, which lines muny parts of the banks of Missouri ; but the coal sp.iken of by this author is generally above the limits of Mis- souri. Many other mineral substances of less value have been discovered in Missouri ; but so much of the area of the state re- mains unsettled, thai its mineral and vege- table wealth have only commenced their developement. From what is known much may be expected ; few sections of the earth, of equal superficies, and of so re- cent civilized colonization, have exhibited so rich a variety of mineral resources as southern Missouri. This stale is in a peculiar degree remark- able, as forming the connectmg link be- tween the forest and meadow or prairie sections of North America. That enor- mous fore^^t, v/hich may be remarked as covering the entire Atlantic slope, nine- tenths of St. Lawrence basin, all the basins of Appalachicola and Mobile, and the Del- ta of the Mississippi, and most parts of the left side of its basin, reaches into Missouri, and covers nearly all its southern and south-eastern sections. This great body of woods is indented in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, by a protrusion of the prairies, which expand, advancing south-west, and range through Missouri south ot Missouri river. On the west border of that state, on the Osage, and near the junction of the Missouri and Kanses rivers, the prairies usurp much the greater share of the sur- face of the whole country. Lines of wood- land follow the streams, leaving the inter- mediate spaces open plains. Those lines of timbered ground gradually become more attenuated westward, until nearly one un- broken waste spreads over hundreds of miles. Tiie peninsula between Missouri and Mississippi rivers, though not so naked of timber as are the sources of Arkansas, Kansas, and Platte rivers, yet immense prai- ries occur on the former region also. Over an extent much more than equal to the in- habited parts of the United States and Canada, the winds of the North, west, and south-west breathe over Missouri, without much impediment from mountains, hills, or forest. It will be seen in the sequel, that M 1 S AI i S from this exposure arises tlie peculiarly, variable and cold climate, which prevails near the junction of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. If due attention is paid to the physioj^iiomy of the adjacent regions, it will at once be seen, that die surface of Missouri is in a peculiar manner liable to extraneous influence. To the south-west, for upwards of twelve hundred miles, ex- pands an open desert. To the west, as known, the extension of the same desert leaves the earth a void. To the north- west, a two-fold cause superinduces a flux of cold air over Missouri. The openness of the immense regions in that dir clion, and the constant volumes of cold, and often frozen vva'er, brougiit down by the Missis- sippi ind Missouri rivers. It is from tliese combined causes that such excessive changes are felt, and inequalities of seasons experienced, to extremes scarcely known in any other spot on this planet. It is from this complicated climate, that in N lat. 38 30, the rivers are frozen, four years in in five, before" the end o\ December. An- other phenomenon has been observed in Missouri, which in a striking manner dis- tinguishes its seasons from those ot Louis- iana or the Atlantic slope ; that is, the much less moisture in the atmosphere of the former. Thougli frosts are so rigorous at St. Louis as to render the Mississippi passable on the ice before the beginning of January in ordinary seasons, yei deep snow or drenching rain.s are uncommon. The air is commonly dry, cold, and elastic In reality the position of Missouri, Arkansaw, and Louisiana, are singularly worthy of philosopliic attention. A dense forest co- vers ail the alluvial boUoms of the Missis- sippi, and those of its confluents. On the east side of ttiat vast recipient, we have seen this forest only terminated by the Atlantic ocean. On the west, it is fol- lowed by the prairies or desert we have noticed. Moisture is as remarkably abun- dant in the forest tracts, as it is wanting in that of the prairies. The natural conse- quence of the position of places, on the confluence of two regions whose meteorolo- gical constitutions are so essentially difter- ent, is an exposure to the extremes of both, foUiwing tiie current of air. This is, in an extraordinary degTee, the case with Louisiana, where two successive seasons may differ so much as one lo present an almost constant deluge of ruin, and the other scarcely aflTording a single sJiowcr. Ascending the Mississippi, the quantity of rain becomes less in a given time, at least as far north as 42'\ A remark may be made in place, that what may be designated the rainy and dry seasons, are not confined to the tropics. Rain and snow are mere relative terms ; therefore, in the United States, the rainy and dry seasons are nearly as regular in tl.eir succession and periods, as simihir sea- sons are within tlie tropics. The difference ia-ralher in the quantity, than in the ti.r.es of rain and fair weather. To this theory, Louisiana is the most remarkable excep- tion ; and when viewed in connexion with the adjaceni and distant regions, the causes of the aberrations of the seasons of that state, are at once to be conceived, and clearly understood. It ought, however, to be recollected, that we are now making a natural and not a political survey ; there- fore, in specifying Louisiana, the Delta of Mississippi and contiguous places are meant. It is when making such expensive surveys, and elucidating the phenomena of nature on so large a scale, that the full value of maps can be fully appreciated. Without maps, no enlarged views of tha laws of meteorology could ever be formed by any exertion of the human intellects ; and it is from neglect of such comprehensive com- binations, that so many crude notions on particular climates pa,ss curr^t. The climate of Miss.iuri is consequently liable to great extremes of heat and cold. The winters ot St. Louis are severe ; the Mi-sissippi, in ordinary seasons, being frozen before the end of December. Tlie illimitable plains to the south west and west of the state, leave an open vent to the winds, and superinduce a much greater se- verity of cold in a given latitude than on the Atlantic coast. The seasons of Missouri partake of the unsteady character of the climate of the Mississippi basin, and indeed • f the conti- nent of Nortii America in general. No two seasons in succession have much resem- blance to each other. The occurrence of first frost in autumn, the last in spring, or the quantity and times of rain and snow, in winter, are equally unceitain. In one respect, the climate of Mi'^souri difl^t^rs essentially from that on the Atlantic slope in simdar latitudes : as we beiore ob- served, less moisture falls on the former than on the latter, either as rain or snow. This circumstance has misled many as to the real nature of the climate of Missouri, and has given to it a character of mildness, the reverse of the fact. The productions of Missouri have been noticed, both vegetable and metallic. We may merely add, that the vegetables usu- ally cultivated, are those found in the mid- dle states generally. In metallic and other fossil substances, Missouri is perhaps the richest region in the United States. The following cata- logue, given by Air. Schoolcraft, yields a result, which strongly illustrates the mine- ral wealth of that state, where most of these substances are found. 639 Al I S M I l5 ^letailic Substances. — Native iron, red oxyd of iron, iron sand, native magnit, ar- gillaceous oxyd of iron, micaceous oxyd of iron, iron pyrites, brown hematite, sulphu- ret of zinc, sulphate of zinc, sulphuret of lead, granular sulphuret of lead, earthy oxyd of lead, carbonate of lead, sulpharet of antimony, black oxyd of manganese, na- tive copper, sulphate of copper. Saline Substances.— '^''ArsXe of potash, muriate of soda, sulphate of magnesia, na- tive alum. Injhumnable and J\Iiscella7ieuus Substan- ces. — Sulphur, stone-coal, pumice, madre- pore, graphite. Earthy Substances. — Chalk, flint, home- stone, rock-crystal, novaculite, common quartz, citrine, i-adiated quartz, red ferru- ginous quartz, granular quartz, tabular quartz, hoary quartz, steatite, mica, chal- cedony, reddle, yellow earth, opalized wood, agaric mineral, plastic white clay, fuller's earth, stalactite, stalagmite, pud- ding stone, opal, jasper, agatlzed wood, carnelian, sulphate of lime, feldspar, cal- careous spar, basanite, buhrstone, onyx agate, greenstone porphyry, schorl, ochre, shale. To the above may be added carbonate of lime, in form of limestone, and marble. The lead mines of Missouri are princi- pally in the county of Washington, but there are also diggings in St. Genevieve, Madison and Jefferson counties. The ore is that species called galena, by mineralogists ; the sulphuret of lead, of chemistry. The ore yields about 80 per cent, pure lead. The mass seems inex- haustible, but very irregularly disposed, the veins having no stratification, but branch through the other substances in every direction, and of an indefinite thick- ness. Taken as a whole, the lead district of the state of Missouri is the richest in the production of that metal of any ever dis- covered. The lead mines of the state of 'Missouri deserve some historical notice, from their immensity and national importance. The West Company was formed by let- ters patent under the regency of the Duke of Orleans, during the minority of the King of France, Louis XV. ; dated the 23d of August, 1717, and enregislered the 6th of September following. Under this company, came out to Loui- siana in 1719, Philip Francis Renault, son of Philip Renault, a noted ironfounder at Consobre, near Manberge, in France. In 1720, Renault and one of his associ- ates, a M. LamoUe, discovered the respec- tive mines A'hich bear their names. Renault worked the mines exlcnsiveh', but was in the end obliged to abandon the vmdertaking, from some fiscal arrangements in France, and returned to his native coun- 640 try in 1742. From that period until 1797, or during the long period of 55 years, no attempts of any consequence were made to smelt lead in these neglected mines. In 1797, a Moses Austin, Esq. from Wythe county in Virginia, made a journey to the lead mines in Louisiana, and obtain- ed a patent from the Spanish authorities for one league square, in consideration of erecting a reverberatory furnace. This work was commenced in 1798. Mr. Aus- tin sunk the first regular shaft for raising the ore. In 1799, this gentleman erected -a shot tower, and made shot of approved quality. The latter work was erected under the su- perintendance of Elias Bates. Since tiie foregoing period, the lead mines have con- tinued to attract public attention, and have been extensively worked. When Mr. Scheolcraft visited this tract in 1818, he enumerated forty-five diggings. What is now the state of Missouri form- ed a part of Louisiana, and has underwent the political revolutions of that country, and was amongst the first parts that the French discovered. In 1674, two mission- aries, by the names of Jolliet and Mar- quette, entered the Mississippi by the route of Ouisconsin, descended the former stream to the Arkansas, and returned to Canada by the Illinois. The country was visited by M. de la Salle in 1683. Some settlements were made soon after in the respective regions now comprised in the state of Illinois and territory of Arkansas, but none in any part now within the state of Missouri. In 1762, all Louisiana was ceded by France to Spain, and possession taken in 1769. Upper Louisiana, now state of Missouri, began to be peopled about 1760. The at- tempt of settlement at the mines by Re- nault, and its failure, we have seen. In 1762, the present town of St. Louis was commenced, since which period settle- ments have gradually, but during tlie ex- istence of tlie Spanish government, slowly advanced. In 1803, this country, with all Louisiana, was ceded to the United Slates ;_ and, early in 1804, was taken possession of by Major Amus Stoddard. Louisiana was divided into two territo- ries, that of Orleans below N lat. 31°, and Louisiana, coivaining the residue of that country. New Orleans continued the ca- pital of Orleans, and St. Louis of Louisiana. In 1810, the then territory of Louisiana contained 20,485 inhabitants, of which 3011 were slaves. In 1812, when the territory of Orleans became tlie state of Louisiana, Louisiana territory was changed to the territory of Missouri ; and, on the fourth of Janua- ry, ISIS, Mr, Edward Hemstead took his M I. S U 1 S seat in Cong'ress, as delegate. Apiil 3d, 1818, the bill for the admission of Missouri into the Union as a state received the se- cond reading-, and was committed. On the bill being brouglit up for a third reading', its passage vvas opposed, unless under condition of prohibiting the intro- duction ot" negro slaves. This opposition defeated the bill in the session of 1818-19, and in the session of 1819-20, both of which, particularly the latter, was in great part consumed in debates on tlie subject. In the former session, March 5th, 1820, an act was passsed permitting the people of Missouri to elect a convention, which was empowered to frame a constitution, and adopt such name as they should choose ; and under such constitution, when approved by Congress, such a state to be- come one of the United States, with all tlie rights and immunities appertaining to the original states. Tiie convention of Missouri met at St. Louis, 1820, and formed a constitution, which was presented to Congress for ap- proval, at the opening of -the session of 1820-21. A clause in the constitution, ex- cluding from the state free negroes and people of colour, gave rise to a long and violent debate in both houses, which even- tuated in a resolution of Congress, dated March 3d, 1821, in the following terms : '* Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of Ame- rica ill Congress assembkd. That ^lissouri shail be admitted into this U.iion on an equal footing with the original states, in all respects whatever, upon the fundamental condition, that the fourth clause of the twenty-sixth section of the third article of th^ constitution submitted on the part of said state to Congress, shall never be con- strued to authorize the passage of any law, and that no law shall be passed in conibrm- ity thereto, by wliich any citizen of either of the states in this Union, shall be exclu- ded from the enjoyment of any of the pri- vileges and immunities to which such citi- zen is entitled under the constitution of the United States ; Provided, That the le- gislature of the said state, by a solemn public act, shall declare the assent of the said state to the said fundamental condi- tion, and shall transmit to the President of the United States, on or before the fourth Monday in November next, an authentic copy of the said act ; upon the receipt whereof, the President, by proclamation, shall announce the fact ; whereupon, and without any further proceeding on the part of Congress, the admission of the said state into this Union, shall be considered as com- plete." The legislature of Missouri, on the 26th of June, 1821, passed an act of accession to the conditions contained in the foregoing 4 M resolution of Congress, and transmitted the act to the President of the United States, who, on the lOlh day of August, 1821, is- sued liis proclamation pursuant to the te- nor of the resolution of Congress, and tlie accession of the legislature of Missouri to its provisions, and Missouri became a state of I he United States. It may not be uninteresting to trace the line, which, by the act of admission of Mis- souri, bounds the slave holding from the non-slave holding states and territories that have been, or may be formed beyond the Mississippi. Beginning on the right bank of that stream, at the mouth of Ohio, and following the boundaries of the state of Missouri up the Mississippi and Lemoine rivers, and thence to the SW angle of Mis- souri, on the N boundary of the Arkansaw territory, at N lat. 36 30 ; and thence due west to the frontier line between tlie United States and Spain. Civil and political subdivisions of Mis- souri, with the result of the census of 1820, annexed. Counties. Inhabilants. Sq. miles. To sq.mile. Cape Girardeau 1, 5,968 1200 5 Coopfr, 6,959 17000 1-3 Franklin, 2,379 1170 2 Jefferson, 1,835 650 o Howard, 13,426 11450 11-2 Madison, 2,047 4940 4-10 ilontgomery. 4.075 1800 1 3-4. New 3Madrid, 2,296 1800 11-3 Lincoln, 1,662 2100 3-4 Pike, 3,747 5000 3-4 St. Charles, 3,970 400 10 nearly St. Genevieve, 4,962 1050 5 nearly St. Lewis, 10,049 600 16 3-4 Washington, 2,769 2960 1 nearlj' Wayne, 1,443 10750 1-10 66,586 62870 1 1-2 The extent and relative population of Missouri, can be only vaguely calculated, as the outlines and respective area of the counties I'emain unascertained to any ap- proach to accuracy. The foregoing table will exhibit, houever, the general extent, it is presumed, sufficiently correct for or- dinary purposes. The lines ofseltlement in Missouri run chiefly along or near the water courses, and if the one-tenth part of the entire area is assumed for the surface actually under culture, I am led to believe, will be an ample estimate. This would yield 6287, or in round numbers, 6300 square miles, and with a population a little exceeding 10 to tlie square mile. By the census of 1820, the people of Missouri were found to be composed of 55,988 whites ; 376 free coloured persons ; and 10,222 slaves; and classed thus : Foreigners not naturalized - 495 641 M U B 31 O B Engaged in Agriculture - 13,559 do. in Manufactures - 1,887 do. in CornmtTce - 480 In the numbei- employed in manufuc- tures, it is probable are included about 1100 persons employed in the lead mines. Mitcham, village in Surry, seated on the Wandle, on which are some snuff- mills, and two calico printing manutac- tures. It is 8 miles SW of London. Mittau, strong town of Poland, the ca- pital of Courland, remarkable for its large ducal palace. It is seated on the Bolderau, 45 miles E of Goldingen, and 270 NNE of Warsaw. Lon. 23 50 E lat. 56 40 N. Mobile, river of the United states m the State of Alabama, is formed by the united streams of Tombigbee and Ala- bama rivers. The extreme north-west sources of Tombigbee are in the state of Mississippi, near the south line of Ten- nessee, from whence the different branches flow south-east into Alabama, where, uniting, they form the Tombig- bee, which flows nearly due south to its junction with the Alabama, at N lat. 31 05. The Tombigbee receives, besides many lesser confluents, the Tuscaloosa, or Black Warrior, a large stream from the north-east. The entire length of the Tombigbee is about 300 miles, by com- parative course. The Alabama is formed by the united streams of the Coosa and Tallapoosa, which both rise in Georgia, and flowing to the south-west, unite at N lat. 32 23, and from thence to the junction with Tombigbee assumes the name of Ala- bama. The entire length of the Alaba- ma, from the sources of the Coosa to the head of Mobile river, is, by compa- rative course, about 400 miles. A con- siderable branch from the north, called the Cahaba, enters the Alabama about 100 miles, by the windings of the stream, below the junction of the Coosa and Tal- lapoosa. Cahaba, the seat of govern- ment for the state of Alabama, is situa- ted at the mouth of the Cahaba river. The river Mobile is about 40 miles in length, from the head of Mobile bay to the junction of the Tombigbee and Ala- bama rivers. Within a very short dis- tance of its head, the Mobile divides into two branches, that of Mobile proper to the west, and Tensaw to the east. These never again reunite, but fiow se- parately into Mobile bay, with several inlets from one to tiie other. The is- lands enclosed between the main branches and the inlets are, in general, liable to inundation. The Mobile river admits vessels of 12 feet draught in all its length ; the Tom- 642 bigbee, those of five feet to Fort Stod- dart ; and Mobile, these of about six feet to Fort Claiborne. Mobile Bay, opens below the mouth of the Mobile and 'I'ensaw rivers, and gra- dually widens from four to ten or twelve miles, and, extending 30 miles nearly south , again contracts to about five miles, having Dauphin Island in nearly the middle of its entrance into the gulf of Mexico. The main channel, between Dauphin Island and the Point of Mobile, has a depth of 18 test. The channel be- tween the main shore and Dauphin Is- land, known by the name of the Pass au Heron, has only six feet. A bar of 13 feet water crosses Mobile bay three miles below the town of that name. Mobile Point, is a long, low, sandy and narrow peninsula, which bounds Mobile bay on the snuth, extending from the bay of Bon Secours, the south-eastern extre- mity of the former, towards Dauphin Island, towards which it approaches to within three miles. This point has been rendered remarkable, by the erection of a military post on its extreme west ex- tension called Fort Bower. This fort was attacked, September 15th, 1814, by a British squadron, con- sisting of two vessels of 28 guns each, and one of 18 guns, with a land force of 200 Indians, and 110 marines. The British were repulsed, with the loss of the Hermes, and about 100 men killed and wounded. After their defeat at, and retreat from New Orleans, the British attacked and took Fort Bower, on the 15th of Feb- riiary, 1815. Mobile Town, is situated on the west or right shore of Mobile bay, near the mouth of Mobile river, upon a bank ele- vated 18 or 20 feet above the surface of the water in the bay. Mobile contains about 200 houses and 1000 inhabitants. It is a place of considerable trade, though the entrance to the harbour is inconve- nient for vessels drawing more than eight feet water. A long, narrow, and low island lies before the town, and extends^ about five miles above, round Avhich large vessels are obliged to pass in order to reach the harbour, in which any vessel can enter in safety which can pass the bar, three miles below the island. Mobile is situated at N lat. 30 44, and W lon. from W C, 10 55, and from Greenwich, 87 55. Mobile, county of Alabama ! bounded by the Gulf of INIexico S, Mississippi W ; Baldwin and Monroe counties in Alabama N ; and West Florida E. Length 58, mean widtii 45, area 2600 square miles. It oc- M O 1) M O H ciiples that pait of Alabama, south from the 31 N lat. and between the state of Mississippi, and territory of West Florida, surface generally level or moderately hilly. Soil wllh but very partial exceptions bar- ren, and covered witli pine timber. Chief towns Mobile and Blakeley. Population in 1820. Free white males - - . 1,105 do. do. females - - 548 All other persons except Indians not taxed - . _ Total whites .... 1,653 Free persons of colour, males - 83 do. do. lemales - 100 Slaves, males ... - 449 do. females ... 387 Total population in 1!V20. - 2,672 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 53 Eng-aged in AgTicuUure - - 145 do. in Manufactures - - 518 do. in Commerce . • - 96 Population to tiie square mile, 1. Mocha, small island off the coast of Chila. Lat. 38 30 S, Ion. \V C 3 10, JMocha, or JMoka, town of Arabia, in Yemen, seated on a small bay of the Red sea, near the strait of Babelmandel. On each of the points of land, which enclose the road, is a fort ; but they are wretch- ed structures. The town is of a circular form, surrounded by a wail, in which are six gates. It carries on a great trade, especially in coffee ; and the inhabitants are estimated at 18,000, v/ithout including the Jews, who inhabit the suburbs. The En- glish, from Hindoostan, at present engross almost exclusively the trade of this place. It stands in a barren plain, 140 miles SSW of Sane, and 630 SSli of Mecca. Lou. 44 25 E, lat. 13 10 N. J^Iocavpoiir, town of the country of Na- paul, capital of a district of the same name. It is situate on the E side of the Xapaul, 48 miles SSE of Catmandu, and 130 N of Patna. Lon. 85 37 E, lat. 27 35 N. Motlbury, town of Devonshire, with a market on Thursday, and a manufacture of • plush ; seated between two hills, 36 miles SSW of Exeter, and 208 WSW of London. jyfodena, or JModense, a duchy of Italy, 65 miles long and 35 broad , bounded on the W by Parma, N by Mantua, E by the Ferrarese, Bolognese, and Tuscany, and S by the republic of Lucca. It includes the duchies of Mirandola and lleggio. The soil is fertile in corn, wine, and fruits of different kinds. It also feeds a great num- ber of cattle. Modena, fortified city of Italy, capital of the Modenese, with a magnificent college. The iiucal palace is richly furnished, ami, contains fine paintings. The inhabitants estirt^.ated at 30,000. It is seated between rivers Secchia and Panaro, 34 miles S bj* E of Mantua, and 60 NNW of Florence. Lon. 11 12 E, lat. 44 34 N. _ J/odica, town of Sicily, in Yal di Noto, on the river Accellaro, 10 miles W of Note. Jfodon, strong town of European Turkey, in the Morea, and a bishop's see, with a safe harbour. It is seated on a promontory projecting ir.to the sea of Sapienza, 15 miles W of Coron. Lon. 21 31 E, lat. 36 53 N. Jfoers, See Jleurs. Moeskifch, town of Suabia, in the prin- cipality of Fursteiiburg, 18 miles N of Con- stance. Mnffat, town of Scotland, in Dumfries- shire, near, the river Annan, encompassed on all sides, except the S, by hills of dif- ferent heights. Its delgluful situation and Its mineral springs attract much company. It is 20 mil'es N by E of Dumfries. Moffat TIUls, tiie highest mountains of the S of Scotland, on the N border of Dum- friesshire. Hartfel, the most elevated, is 23000 feet above the level of the sea. They feed numerous flocks of sheep ; and from them descend, in different directions, the Tweed, Clyde, and Annan, whose sources are but little distant from each to other. Mogador, town of the kingdom of Mo- rocco, with a harbour for vessels of a mid- dling size. It is surrounded by walls, with batteries, and at high tides is almost en- compassed by the sea. The streets are all in straight lines, and contain a great num- ber of handsome houses. The port is formed by a channel, between the main- land and an island above a mile in kngth. It is 180 miles WNW of Morocco. Lon. 9 33 W, lat. 31 28 N. Mohacs, town \s\ Lower Hungary, in the county of Buraniwar. Here Louis the last king of Hungary, in 1526, was defeated by the Turks under Soliman 11. with the loss of 22,000 men, and after the battle suffo- cated by the fall of his horse in a muddy brook. In 1687, another battle was fought here, between the Christians commanded by prince Charles of Lorrain, and the Turks, v^^lio were defeated with the loss of , 10,000 men, their cannon and baggage. It is seated at the conflux of the Corasse witii the Danube, 23 miles N by E of Esseck; Mahaffei/s-store, post office, Lincoln county. North Carolina. Mohaxuk, river of New York, the great western branch of the Hudson. The ex- treme north-western source of the Mohawk is in Lewis county. It thence enters Onei- da county, flows south 20 miles to Rome, where it turns to SE about 28 miles by- comparative courses, to its first northern confluent AVest Canada. Here it assumes 643 M o n M O 1. yjearly an eastern course of 5 miles to its passaere throuj^h the Katsbergs at the Lit- tle falls. It is precipitated at this place over a ledge of rocks Sec article JNety Vovk ,- section, Grand Western Canal. Below the Little Fails, the Mohtiwic flows by com- parative courses TO miles SE by E to its junction with the Hudson at Waterford. Two miles above Waterford it is ag-ain pre- cipitated over the Caiiocs rocks by a single pitch of 70 feet. The Mohawk, besides West Canada, receives from the north. East Canada, Chucktananda, and some others of lesser note; and from the south, Oriskany creek, and Schoharie river. Its entire comparative course 123 miles. It passes, the villages or towns of Rome, Utica, Her- kimer, Little Falls, Oppenheim, Palatine, Ganajoharie, Caughnawago, Amsierdam, and Schenectad}". Its banks generally rise by an acclivity of more or less inclination, but in some places as at Schenectady, Herkimer, Uiica, and Rome, meanders through extensive alluvial flats. The soil in most places, particularly the flats highly fertile, and well cultivated. It is designed to carry the Great Western Canal along its right shore from opposlie Waterford to Rome. JMohaivk Bay, in Frederlcksburgh, Up- per Canada, bay of Qninte, lies opposite to the Mohawk seitlemeni, and close to the mouth of the river Appannee. .Mohavjk Settlement, bayofQuintv% Up- per Canada, is west of Richmond, and comprehended between the river Shannon and Bowen's Creek. Mohaivk, village on the Grand River, or Ouse, Upper Canada, is the principal vil- lage of the Six Nations. This is the residence of their prinripal Chief, Captain Joseph Brant. The village is beautifully situated, has a neat church with a steeple, a school house and a council hovse ; and not far from it is a grist and saw-mill. JMohegan, village on the right bank of the Thames, 5 miles below Norwich. Here reside the remnant of the Mohegans, Mohlccon, largf creek of Ohio, rises in AVayne and Richland counties, flows south about 50 miles, joins AVhite Womans river in Coshocton, near the E boi-der of Knox county. JMoIiiccon, township of Wayne countv, ©hio. Population in 1820, 633. JVlohila, one of the Comora islands, be- tween the N end of Madagascar and the continent of Africa. It has a good road for ships. Lon. 43 50 E, lat. 12 25 S. jMohilef, or Mogilev, government of the Russian empii-e, comprising a part of Li- thuania, dismembered irom Poland in 1772. JVFohilef, or Mogilev, town of Lithuania, capital of a Russian government of the same name. By the division of Poland in 1773, it was ceded to Russia, with its territory, 6-14 and erecterl into an archbishopric of the Roman churcli, with an assistant bishop. In .luly, 1812, a severe battle was fought in the neighbourhood of this place, between the French under Davoust, and the Rus- sians, under the late prince Bagrathion. It has a considerable trade, and is situated on the Dnieper, 340 miles ENE of Warsaw, and 364 S of Petersburg!!. Lon. 30 14 E, lat. 5c> 32 N. Jllohrin, town of Brandenburg, in the New Mark, 18 NNW of Custrin. Jr'fo/inmg-en, town of Prussia, in the pro- vince of Oberland, situate on a lake of the same name, which almost surrounds it. Here is an old castle, formerly a convent, belonging to the knights of the Teutonic order, in consequence of whose wars the town has frequently suffered. It is 56 miles SSW of Konigsberg, and 55 SE of Dantzic. Moilah, town and fort of Arabia Petrea, on the coast of the Red sea, 130 miles S of Acaba, and 180 NW of Medina. Lon. 33 50 E, lat. 27 30 N. Jlloira River, runs into the bay of Quinte, Upper Canada, near the southwest angle oJ ihe township of Thurlow. Jlloira, township of Franklin county. New York. Population in 1820, uncertain. Mojaisk, town of Russia, 63 miles W from Moscow. Between Mojaisk and Ghiatsk, on the 7th day of September, 1821, was fought the battle of Borodino. JMaircuis, town of France, in the depart- ment of Isrre, on the river Isere, 25 miles SE of Vienne. Moissac, town of France, in the depart- ment of Lot,, with a trade in corn and flour; seated on the Tarn, near its conflux with the Garonne, 13 miles NW of Mon- tauban. Jllola (li Bari, town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, seated on the gulf of Venice, 17 miles E of Bari. Mola di Gaeta, town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, seated near the sea, 3 miles NE of Gaeta Mold, town of Wales, in Flintshire, with a market on Saturday. The assizes are held here. It is 5 miles S of Flint, and 201 NW of London. Molduu, river of Europe, in Bohemia, it rises in the Winterberg hills near Ravens- burg, within less than 20 miles from the Danube at the mouth of the Inn, flowing nearly north about 100 miles, it unites with the Beraun from the SW at lat. 50 N. About 5 miles below the mouth of the Beraun it passes the city of Prague, and joins the Elbe above Melnick, 20 miles below Prague. The Moldau drains more than half of all Bohemia. Moldau, or Sereth river, rises in the Car- pathian mountains in the Austrian province of Bukovvine, and flowing SE falls into the M O L M O N Danube, above tlie mouth of the Pruth. Tlie Moldan gives name to Moldavia. JMoldaviu, province ofturkey in Europe, 2r0 miles long, and from 30 to 120 broad ; bounded on the N by Poland, from which it is also divided on the NE by the Dnies- ter, E by New Jlussia and Bessarabia, SE by Bulgaria, from which last it is parted by the Danube, SVV by Walachia, and W by Transylvania. The other principal rivers are the Pruth and Sereth. Tlie W part is mountainous, and there are some unculti- A'ated deserts ; but it abounds in good pas- tures, which feed a great number of horses, oxen, and sheep ; it also produces corn, pulse, honey, wax, fruits, with plenty of game and fowls. The sovereign, who is styled hospodar, is tributary to the grand seignior. The inhabitants are Christians of the Greek church. Jassy is the princi- pal town. C\[ole, river of Surry, which rises on the borders of Susses, flows X to Dorking, and passing beneath Box Hill, is said to disap- pear in its vicinity, and to rise again near Leatherhead. Hence it is supposed to derive its name ; but the fact is, that a trjct of soft ground, tv/o miles in length, called the Swallows, in very dry seasons absorbs the waste water in caverns on the sides of the banks ; but not so as to pre- vent a constant stream from flowing in an open channel above ground. The Mole, proceeding from Leatherhead to Cobham, enters the Thames, opposite Hampton Court. Mole, port of St. Domingo. See J\'icho- las, St. Molfetta, town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, seated on the gulf of Venice, 10 miles W by N of Bari. JMolieres, town of France, in the depart- ment of Lot, 11 miles N of Montauban, and 16 S of Cahors. Jl'ilina, strong town of Spain, in New Castile, seated on the river Gallo, in a ter- ritory abounding in pastures, 35 miles SE of Siguenza, and 88 ENE of Madrid. Lon. 1 53 W, lat. 40 50 N. Molise, territory of Naples, lying between Terra-di-Lavora, Abruzzo Citeriore, Capi- ta nata, and Principato Ulteriore. It is in tiie form of a triangle, whose sides are 39 miles in length, and is a mountainous country, but fe1H;ile,in corn, wine, saffron, and silk. JMolise, town of Naples, capital of a ter- ritory of the same name, but not populous. It is 30 miles N of Naples. Lon. 14 43 E, lat. 4136N. .■ . Molsheim, town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Rhine, and late province of Alsace, seated on the Brusch. It is 10 miles AV by S of Strasburg, and 228 E of Paris. Lon. 7 35 E, lat. 48 32 N. Moluccas, or Spice Islands, cluster of Islands in the Indian Ocean, lying E of Ce- lebes. The principal are Ternat, Amboyna, Tydore, Machian, Motyr, and Bachian, the largest of which is hardly 30 miles in cir- cumference. They produce neither corn, rice, nor cattle, except goats ; but they have oranges, lemons, and other fruits ; and are most remarkable for spices, espe- cially cloves. They have large snakes, which are not venomous ; but very danger- ous land crocodiles. The natives are idolatrous; but there are many Mahome- tans. They were discovered in 1511, by the Portuguese, who formed some settle- ments ; but the Dutch drove them away. See Jianila. Mohuitz, town of Slltsia, in the province of Grotska, remarkable for a battle which the Prussians gained over the Austrians in 1741. It is 40 miles S of Breslaw. Lon. 17 14 E, lat. 50 23 N. Mombaza, town of Africa, with a citadel, seated in an island of the sume name, on the eastern coast opposite to Zanguebar, 75 miies SSW of Melinda, and subject to Por- tugal. Lon. 48 E, lat. 44 N. Afombaza, country of Africa, subject to the Portuguese ; hence they export slaves, gold, ivory, rice, fiesii, and other provi- sions, with which they supply the settle- ments in Brasil. The king of Melinda, being a Christian, had a quarrel with the Portuguese governor, took the castle of Mombaza by assault, turned Mahometan, and murdered all the Christians, in 1631 ; but in 1729, the Portuguese became mas- ters of this territory again. Mompox, town of Colombia, in New Granada, on the left bank of the Magda- lena, about 20 miles above the mouth of the Canca. Mona, and Moneta, small group of islands between Hispaniola and Porto Kico, Mona, island of Denmark, in the Baltic, seated on the SW of the isle of Zealand, from which it is separated by a narrow channel. Lon. 12 30 E, lat. 55 20 N. Movuco, small but handsome and strong town of Italy, capital of a territory of the same name, in the Sardinian states, with a castle, a citadel, and a good harbour. It is naturally very strong, being seated on a craggy rock that projects into the sea. It is in tlie form of a triangle, whose sides are 39 miles in length, and is a mountainous country, but fertile in corn, wine, saffron, and silk. Monadnoch, lofty peak of New Hamp- shire, in Coos county, rising to an elevation of 3254 feet above the Ocean level. Monaghan, county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Ulster, 32 miles in length and 22 in breadth ; bounded on the N by Tyrone, on the E by Armagh, on the SE by Louth, and on the W by Fermanagh. It is full of woods and bogs, and a third part of it taken up bv Lough Earne. It contains 645 M O Jv M O X 24 parishes, and sends four members to parliament. Monaghan, borough in Ireland, and capi- tal of the county of the same name, 40 miles SW of IJelf'ast, and 60 NNW of Dub- lin. Monaghan, township of York county, Pennsylvania, on the S side of Yellow Breeches creek, joining Cumberland county. Populalion in 1820, 1158. JMoimster, ancient town of Africa, in the kingdom of Tunis, pleasant!)' seated near the sea, 70 miles SE of Tunis. Lon. 116 E, lat. 35 50 N. Montcallier, town of Italy, In Piedmont, subject to the king of Sardinia, and seated on the Po, five miles SE of Turin. Lon. r 48 E, lat. 45 2 N. JMoncalvo, small but strong town of Italy, in Montferr.'it, sca'.ed on a mountain, 12 miles SW cf Casal. Lon. 7 19 E, lat. 45 10 N. ,^fo7icaoiif or .Ifonzon, very strongly for- tified town of Portugal, in Entre-Douero-e- Minbo, wilh a castle. The Spaniards have often attempted to take it but in vain. It is 8 miles SE of Tuj', and 26 N of Braga. Lon. 8 28 W, lat. 42 8 N. .Monchabo7i, city of Asia in the kingdom of Burman, v.'hich in 1755, was the resi- dence of the king, before the court remo- ved to Ava the present capital from which it is distant 39 mile.";. JPloiicoii, or ^^Tonzori, strongly fortified town of Spain, in Arragon, seated at the confluence of the Sofa and Cinca, six miles S of Balbastro, and 50 NE of Saragossa. Lon. 28 E, lat. 42 2 N. JMoncontonr, town of France, in the de- partment of Isle and Vilaine, and late pro- vince of Bretagne, 59 miles SW of St. Malo. Lon. 2 36 E, lat. 48 15 N. Mo7ictov; po.st tovv'n in Addison county, Vermont, 26 miles S by E of Burlington on lake Cliamploin, and 13 >i of Yergennes, with 1500 inliabitants. JMondego, river of Portugal, which has its source near Gvurda, and crossing the province of Beiru, passes by Coimbra, and falls Into tiie Atlantic Ocean, near a cape of the same name. JMonclidier, small town of France, in the department of Somine, and late province of Picardy, where there was formerly a palace. It is seated on a mountain, 24 miles SE of Amiens, and 57 N of Paris. Lon. 2 34 W, lat. 49 39 N. .Mondonnedo, town of Spain, in Gallcia, with a bishop's see, seated in a fertile country, on a small river, 60 miles NE of Compostella. Lon. 7 10 W, lat. 43 30 N. Mondoidtlecm, town of France, in the de- partment of Loir and Ciier, and late pro- vince of Blapsois. It has a castle, and is 13 miles N of Vendorne. Mo7}dovi, town of Piedmont, Avith a cita- 645 del, a university, and a bishop's see. It was taken by the French in April, 1766. It is the largest arifl most populous town of Piedmont, and is seated on a mountain near the river Elero, eight miles NW of Ceva, and 35 SE of Turin. Lon. 8 6 E,lat. 44 38 N. Monforte, town of Portugal, in the province of Beira, 30 miles N by E of Portalegra. Lon. 7 21 W, lat. 39 32 N. Monforte, town of Portugal, in the pro- vince of Alentejo, 20 miles S of Portale- gra. Lon. 7 31 W, lat. 38 47 N. Monghii\\QViX\ of Hindoostan,in Bahar, vi^ith a fort, seated on the right bank of the Ganges, 80 miles E by S of Patna, and 230 NNW of Calcutta. Lon. 86 36 E, lat. 25 24 N. Monguls, Countrij of the, or Westerji Chinese Tartary, is bounded on the N by Siberia, E by" Eastern Tartary, S by the Great Wall of China and Lea-tong, and VV by Independent Tartary I'he Mongul Tartars have neither towns, villages, nor houses ; they wander in hordes, and live under tents, which they remove from one place to another, ac- cording as the temperature of the diffe- rent seasons, or the wants of their flocks require; they pass the summer on the banks of rivers, and the winter at the foot of some mountain or liill which shelters them from the piercing N wind. The Monguls are nominally subject to China, but in reality are a free nomadic race. They have been very improperly by European writers confounded with the Mandshurs. See Mands/mria. Monheim, town of Bavaria, in the principality of Neuburg, 8 miles N of Donawert. Monikendam, seaport of North Hol- land, which has manufactures of soap and silk. It is seated on a gut or frith of the Zuider Zee, 8 miles NE of Am- sterdam Lon. 4 38 E, lat. 52 28 N. Monistrol, town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Loire, 14 miles SW of St. Etienne. Monk^s corner, post village Charleston district South Carolina, on Cooper river, 30 miles above Charleston. Monklon, township of Anapolis county. Nova Scotia. , • Monkton, township of Westmoreland county New Brunswick. Monkton, post village and township cf Adison county Vermont, 23 miles S from Burlington. Population 1250. Monmouthshire, county of England, 24 miles long and 20 broad ; bounded on the N by Herefordshire, E by Glouces- tershire,' SE by the mouth of the Severn, and W and SW by the counties of Brecknock and Glamorgan. It contains M O N -M O N 340,000 acres ; is divided into six iiun- dreds and 127 parishes ; has seven mar- ket towns ; and sends three members to parliament. The number ofinhabitants in 1811 was 62,127. Beside the Wye, which parts it from Gloucestershire, the Minnow, which separates it from Here- fordshire, and the Rhyney, or Rumney, which divides it from Glamorganshire, this county has almost peculiar to itself the river Usk. which divides it into two unequal portions. Population 1801, 45,582; in 1811, 62,137 ; and in 1S21, 71,835. Monmouth, borough of England capi- tal of Monmouthshire, with a market on Saturday. It is governed by a mayor, and seated at the mouth of the Minnow, which here joins the Wye. Over the former is a very ancient bridge and gateway, once a barrier against the Welsh. It is 18 miles S of Hereford, and 120 W by N of London. Lon. 2 46 W, lat. 51 49 N. Monmouth, post village and township Kennebec county Maine 17 miles W from Augusta. Population 1820, 1590. Monmouth, county of New Jersey ; bounded E by the Atlantic Ocean ; SW by Burlington ; and NW by Middlesex : and N by Raritan bay. Length 60 j^ mean width about 18, and exclusive of water about 1000 square miles in sur- face. Its form triangular and in one part, from Wreck Pond to Allentown it is 30 miles wide. Surface, in the west- ern, and northern part undulating, but towards the ocean level. Soil of mid- dling quality, 'ough in places extreme- ly product; V? A very remarkable marl zone, crossf:^ this county in a direction from NNE to SSW. Chieftown Free- hold. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 10,142 do. do. females - - - 9,872 Total whites - - - 20,014 All other persons except Indians not taxed - _ - - Slaves Total population in 1810 - - 22,150 Population in 1820. Total population in 1820 25,038 Free white males . 11,524 do. do. females . 11,284 All other persons except Indians not taxed - Total whites , 22,808 Free persons of colour, males - 523 do. do. females 459 Slaves, males . 735 do. females „ 513 Of these: Foreigners not naturalized - 51 Enjraged in Agriculture - 5,740 do. in Manufactures - 997 do. in Commerce - - 290 Population to the square mile, 25. Monmouth. See Freehold. Monocacy, small but fine river of Penn- sylvania, and Maryland. It rises in Adams county of the former state and enters Potomac in Frederick county of the latter. It drains near one half of Adams, and almost the entire surface of Frederick county ; comparative length about 50 miles. Monomotajia, Kingdom on the E coast of Africa, bounded on the N by Mono- mugi, on the E by the Mosambique, on the S by Sofata and Manica, and on the W by unknown regions. It is watered by several rivers, of which Zambera is chief. It lies between 23 and 33 E lon. and 14 and 19 S lat. Monomugi, kingdom of Africa, lying near the equator, between Abyssinia on the N, Zanguebar, on the E, Monomo- tapa, on the S, and Congo on the W. This country is very little known to the Europeans. ' Monongahela, river of the United States, rises in Randolph county, Virgi- nia, interlocking with the sources of the Great Kenhawa, at N lat. 38 30. Its cfturse is nearly S 80 miles, to where it receives the west branch, from Lewis and Harrison counties. Below their junctions the united stream flows SE 30 miles to the South boundary of Pennsylvania, which it passes, and two miles lower re- ceives from the SE, Cheat river, little, if any, inferior in column or lenj^th to the Monongahela itself. Cheat river rises in Randolph county, and flows through that and Monongahela county, enters Penn- sylvania, and unites with the main stream as before noticed. The sources of the Monongahela, and Cheat are in the west- ern spurs of the Appalachian mountains. Below the mouth of Cheat, the Mononga- hela flows nearly S SO milea, to its junc- tion witii the Youghiogheny. The latter rises in the Appalachian mountains, in Alleghany county, in Maryland, inter- locking with the sources of the North branch of the Potomac, flows north into Pennsylvania, passing through Fayette, Westmoreland, and entering Alleghany county, unites with the Monongahela at M'Keesport, after a comparative course of about 100 miles. Twelve miles below itsjunction with Youghioghany, the Mo- nongahela unites with the Alleghanv, and 647 M M O K forms the Ohio at the city of Pittsburg, The entire length of the Monongahela river, by comparative courses, is about 170 miles, but following the meanders of the streams, either long in the mam or Cheat branch, the length exceeds 20J The country drained by Monongahela is in some parts mountainous and in all hilly- . . , iv/r For down stream navigation, the Mo- nongahela, at high water, is passable with large boats as high as the mouth ot the West Branch, and by lighter vessels much higher. Cheat river is navigable into Randolph county, about 50 miles comparative course above its mouth, and the Youghioghany to the Ohiopyle falls, in Fayette county. 60 miles above its junction with the" Monongahela. Mojiongalia, county of Virginia; bounded N by Pennsylvania ; E by Pres- ton county Virginia ; S by Sandy creek or Randolph county ; SW by Mononga- hela river or Harrison ; and W by ryler. Length 33; mean width 20; area 660 square miles. Surface generally ex- tremely hilly, and in part mountainous. The river alluvion and some of the soil of the hills highly fertile. The Monon- eahela and Cheat unite in the lower part of the county, and both streams traverse it obliquely. Chief town Morgantown. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 6,220 do. do. females - - 6,1*85 M o ]sr 12,405 37 351 12,793 5,419 5,149 Total whites All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - Slaves Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Free wltile males do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - Total whites . . - - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females - Slaves, males . - - - do. females - - " Total population in 1820 ■ 11,060 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized • - Engaged in Agriculture - -,283 do." in Manufactures - - 344 do. in Commerce - - ~1 Population to the square mile, 16. >Monoholi, town of Naples, in Terra 618 di Bari, on the coast of the gulf of Ve- nice, 28 miles ESE of Bari. Mon/iazier, a town of France, in the department of Dordogne, 18 miles SVV of Sarlat. Moncjuegna, or Moiiqueqaa, to%vn of Peru, in the bishopric of Arequipa, and capital of a territory of its name adorned with large vineyards. Its whole com- merce is in wine and brandy, which are greatly valued. It is 100 miles SE of Arequipa. Lon. 71 40 E. lat. 17 34 S, Monroe, township of Hancock county Maine. Population 1820, 732. Monroe, or Southjield, township and post village Orange county New York 19 miles S from Newbure. In this town- ship are some verv extensive iron works. Population 1820, 2969. Monroe, county of New York, bounded by Lake Ontario' N ; Ontario county E ; Livingston S ; and Gennesee W. Length 32 ; mean width 17 ; and area 540 square miles. Washed by Lake Ontario on its northern side, crossed nearly in the mid- dle by Gennesee river ; and at right angles to that" stream by the Grand canal, and drained by a number of large creeks, this county occupies a very eli- gible position; The surface is generally hilly, with a good soil. Some alluvial flats extend along Lake Ontario and Gennesee river. It was in the census of 1820, included in Genesee, and Ontario counties. Chief town, Rochester. Monroe, post village Sussex county New Jersey. JMonr-oe, county of Virginia ; bounded SE by Bottetourt and Giles; SW by Kenhawa river or Giles ; NW by Green - briar, N, by Nicholas ; and NE by Bath and Bottetourt. Length 35 ; mean width 13 ; and area about 450 square miles. Surface mountainous or very hilly The body of the county lying be- tween Green briar and Kenhawa river, some very good alluvial soil skirts the streams though generally rocky and sterile. Chief town, Uniontown. 10,568 61 56 191 184 Population in 1810 Free white males ... 2,583 do. do. females - - 2,415 Total whites - - - 4,99S All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 70 Slaves - - - - - 376. Total population in 1810 - 5,444 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 3,014 do. do. females - - - 2,995 All other persons except In- dians not taxed - 40 !^I N li O N Total vvlutes - . . . 6,049 Free persons of colour, males 39 do. do. females - 31 Slaves, males - - - - 234 do. females 267 Total population in 1820 6,620 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 6 Engaged in Agriculture 1,811 do. in Manufactures 161 do. in Commerce 10 Population to the square mile, 13. Monroe, county of Ohio; bounded E by Ohio river ; S by Washington ; W by Morgan, NW by Guernsey ; and N by Belmont. Length 38; breadth 18; and area 516 square miles. It is almost en- tirely very hilly and broken, though the soil is generally productive. Chief town, Woodsfield. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 2,436 do. do. females - - - 2.1S9 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... .Monroe, small post town in Clark coun- ty Ohio, about 10 miles N from Fairfield, in Green county. J\[onroc, township of Prebble county Ohia Population 1820, 303. Jlouroe, township of Miami county Ohio, west (if the river Miami. Popu- lation 1«20, 839. Jtlonroc, county of Indiana, bounded by Lawrence S ; Martin W ; Delaware NE; and Jackson E. Lengdi 24 ; breadth 18 ; and area 324 square miles. Chief town Blnomington. Populalion in 1820. Free white males do. dn. females All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites Free pers:)ns of colour, males - do. do. females - Slaves, males _ . . do, females - - . Total wliites - . - . Free persons of colour, males . do. do. females Slaves, males - - . . do. females Total population in 1820 4,641 79 585 98 11 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do in Commerce Population to the square mile 9. Monroe, township in the eastern bor- ders of Ashtabula county Ohio, it is seven miles long from N to S, by five broad from E to W. Population 1820. 384. Monroe, the NE township in Musk- ingum county Ohio, through which pas- ses the road leading from Zanesville to Coshocton. Population 1820, 377. Monroe, township of Guernsey county Ohio, adjoining the north line of the county, Population 1820, 544. Monroe, township of Richland county Ohio. Population 1820, 389. Monroe, post town of Highland coun- ty, Ohio. Populatioti 1820, uncertiiin. Monroe, township of Licking county Ohio. PopHlation 1820, 591. Monroe, small post town, in the eas- tern borders of Butler county Ohio, 12 miles NE from Hamilton. It contains one store, and some mechanic's shops. Monroe, western township of Picka- way county Ohio. Population 1820, 653. 4N I'otal population in 1820 2,679 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 13 Engaged in Agriculture - - 496 do. in Manufactures - 98 do. in Commerce - - 7 Population to the square mile, 8. Monroe, county of Kentucky, bounded by Tennessee S ; Allen county of Ken- tucky W ; Barren N ; Adair NE ; and Cumberland E. It occupies the divi- ding ground between Cumberland and Big Barren rivers. Length 28 ; breadth 25, and area 700 square miles. Its chief town Tnmkinsville, is 120 miles S from Louisville. Population in 1820. Free white males - - 2,263' do. do. females - - 2,190 All olh'ii" persons except Indians not taxed . - . - Q Total wliites - - - 4,453 Free persons of colour, males 4 do. do. females, 1 Slaves, males ... - 264 do. females - • - 234 Total population in 1820 - 4,956 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce - Population to ^he square mile, 7, Monroe, county of Illinois, bounded by the Mississippi river VV ; S Clair NE, and E ; and Randolph SE. Length 649 2 779 120 17 M O .S M O N '27; mean width, and area 324 square miles. Chief town Hendersonville. Population in 1820. Tree white males . . - 828 do. do. females . . - 665 All other persons except Indians not taxed • . - . 21 Total whites - - - - 1,514 Free persons of colour, males 8 do. do. females 2 Slaves, males .... 5 do. females ... S Total population in 1820 - - 1,537 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 4 Enfjaged in Agriculture - - 410 do. in ^Manufactures - - 66 do. in Commerce- - - 11 Population to the square mile 5 nearly. Jifonroe, SE county of Michigan ter- ritory, bounded by lake Erie E ; Ohio S ; the unsettled Indian country W ; and Wayne county N. Length,' breadth, and area, uncertain. Surface generally level, and soil productive. It is traver- sed from the NE to SE by the rivers Raisin, Huron of Erie, and some lesser streams. Chief town Monroe. Population in 1820. Free white males - - 1,013 do. do. females - - 810 All other persons except Indians not taxed . _ - Total whites . . . . Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, ..... Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture Do. in Manvifactures Do. in Commerce 1,831 90 499 40 9 Monroe, post village and seat of jus- tice, Monroe county Michigan, on the right bank of the river Raisin, 40 miles SW from Detroit. Monroe, county of East Tennessee, bounded by North Carolina E ; the Che- rokee lands S ; M'Minn W ; and Ten- nessee river, or Blount and Sevier N. Length 43 ; mean width 25 ; and area 1050 square miles. Surface rough, hilly, broken, and in part mountainous. It is bounded on one side by the Tennessee and drained by the Tellico river. Population in 1820. Free white males - - ' 1,220 650 Free wiiite fema'es - All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total v/hites . - - - Free persons of colour, males • do. do. females Slaves, males do- females 1,128 2,348 9 13 85 84 Total population in 1820 - 2,539 Monroe, county of Mississippi, bounded E by Alabama; W by Tombigbee river ; and NW by the road from Natchez to Nashville. Length 50 ; mean width 8 ; and area 450 square miles. Staple, cot- ton. Chief town Cotton Gin Port. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 1,209 do. do. females ... 988 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - Total whites . - - . Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females . - - Total population in 1820 - 2,192 7 259 263 2,721 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized ► Engaged in AgricultiU'c - - 804- do. in Manufactures - 27 do. in Commerce - - 18 Population to the square mile, 6. Monroe, county of Alabama, bounded by Clarke W ; Wilcox N ; Butler NE ; Connecuh SE ; and south uncertain. Length 48 ; mean width 28 ; and area 1340 square miles. Surface except near the streams, sterile and covered gene- rally with pine timber. The Alabama, however, meandering through from NE to SW, gives a considerable superficies of very rich alluvion. Staple cotton. Chief town, Claiborne. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 2,694 do. do. females . - - 2,320 All otlier persons, except Indians not taxed .... Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners nOt naturalized Engaged i-n Agriculture 5,114 16 14 1,942 1,852 8,838 3,245 M O N M () N Engaged la Manufactures ■ 98 Arragon, with a citadel, seated on ttit; do. in Commerce - - 49 Rio-Martin, 44 miles S of Sarragossa, Population to tlie Square mile, 6}. and 92 N by W of Valencia. Lon. 30 Monroe, town of Lincoln county Mis- VV, lat. 41 9 N. souri. Monlalciiio, small town of Tuscany, in .^/o«s, ancient J arge and strong city of the Siennese, on a mountain, 17 miles the Netherlands, with a considerable ma- SSE of Sienna, and 45 SE of Florence, nufacture of woollen stuffs, and a good Lon. 11 30 E, lat- 43 7 N. trade. It stands partly on a hill, and Jfontalto, town of Italy, in the mar- partly on a plain, at the confluence of the quisite of Ancona, on the river Monacio, Haisne and Trcuille, by which the coun- 10 miles N of Ascoli, and 45 S of Anco- try around it may be overflowed at plea- na. Lon. 13 30 E, lat. 42 54 N. sure. It is 17 miles NE of Tournay, 37 Mantadras, frontier town of Portugal, Lon. in Akntejo, about 31 miles distant from Lisbon. Lon. 6 24 W, lat. 39 30 N. Mont a Peine fief, Hertford county of Lower Canada, on St. Lawrence, 8 miles below Quebec. Montari'il, small town of Portugal, on " " • Lon. 8 11 W of Namur, and 143 N of Paris. 4 3 E, lat. 50 27 N. Monsanto, strongly fortified frontier town of Spain, in Estramadura. Lon. 5 50 W, lat. 39 40 N. Mo7isaraz, town of Portugal, in Alen- tejo, seated on th.e Gaudiana, 25 miles the provin'ce of Estramadura. S\V of Eivas. Lon. 7 32 W, lat. 38 26 N. W, lat. 39 33 N, Monson, township of Hamden county Jis72?arg-/5, considerable town of France, Massachusetts, containing 1674 inhabitants in the department of Loiret, and late in 1810, and in 1820, 2126. province of Orleannois, famous for its ex- Mon&terberg, or Munsterberg, town celient mustard and cutlery. It is seated of Germany in Silesia, in a province of on the river Loire, fi'om which it has a the same name, 20 miles NE of Glats, navis'.able canal to the Seine, near a fine and 27 S of Breslaw. Lon. 17 16 E, lat. forest, 15 miles S of Nemours, and 62 S 50 o7 N. by E of Paris. Monstier. See Moutier. Montarville, seigniory, Kent county Montabour, small fortified town of Lower Canada, between Boucherville Germany, in the electorate of Treves, and Chambly, 12 miles E from Mon- between Coblentz and Limburg. Lon. 7 treal 50 E, lat. 50 30 N. Montauban, considerable commercial Montacniac, considerable town of Na- town of France, in the department of tolia, on the sea of Marmora. It carries Lot, lately the episcopal see of the pro- on a great trade, especially in fruits, and vince of Querci. The inhabitants amount is seated on a bay of the same name, 70 to 200,000 : and have manufactures of miles SSE of Constantinople. Lon. 29 10 silk stockings and stuffs, serges, shal- E, lat 40 N. loons, Sec. It is seated on an eminence, Montague Island, one of the New He- on the river Tarn, 20 miles N of Tou- brides, in the S Sandwich Island. 17 26 S. Pacific Ocean, near Lon. 168 31 E, lat. louse, and 30 S of Cahors. MofUaJi/c Point, E end of Long Isl- and, in Southampton. The light house Montuigu, town of France, in the de- is at lon. WG 5 06 E, lat. 41 04 N. partmcnt of Vendee, and late province of Mmtbazon, town of France, in tiie de. Poitcu, 24 miles W of Mauleon. Lon. 1 partment of Indre and Loire, and late pro- 30 W, lat. 47 N. vince of Touraine, agreeably sealed at the Montague Towiishifi, partly in the foot of a hill, on which is an ancient castle, county of Grenviile, and partly in Leeds, 135 miles SW of Paris. Lon. 45 V., lat. Upper Canada, lies to the northward of 47 1 n. Wolford, and is washed by the river Ra- MontbelUard, handsome strong town of deau France, capital of a principality of the Ger- Montagiie, post village and township man empire of the same name, between of Franklin county Massachusetts, on the department of the Doubs, and that of the left bank of Connecticut river, oppo- Upper Rhine. It is seated ai the foot of a site Greenfield. It is 18 miles above rock, on which is a citadel. It was taken Northampton. Population 1820, 1074. in 1674, by the French, v.ho demolished Montague, post village Essex county the fortifications ; but it was restored to Virginia. the prince. It is seated near the Alaine Montague, island on the Pacific coast .-ind D.aub.s, 3 J miles W of Ba>.le, and 45 of North America, at the entrance of NB oi Besancon. Lon. 6 50 E, lat. 47 31 Prince Williams Sound. Lat. 60*^ N Ion. N. W C 77° W. JTont Blanc, the highest mountain of the Montalban, strong town of Spain, in Alps, in Suvov, being 15,66^ feet above the 651 M O N M N level of the sea. It is called Mont Blanc, Irom its unc'-mmonly white appearance. The sumnnit was deemed inaccessible till 1786, when Dr. Paccard ascended it. JMontblanc, town of Spain, in Catalonia, 15 miles N of Tarragona. Lon. 1 5 E, lat. 41 ION. JMonthrison, town of France, in the de- partment of Rhone and Loire, and late pro- vince of Forez, seated on the Velize, 40 miles W of Vienne, and 250 by E of Paris, l.on. 2 27 E, lat. 43 32 N. Monldauphin, town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Alps, and late province of Dauphiny, seated on a craggy mountain, almost surrounded by the Durance, eight miles NE of Embrun. Lon. 6 45 E, lat!^44 40 N. J\Iontde-JMarson, town of France, and capital of the department of Landes, and late province of Gascony. It is seated on the Midouse, 30 miles KE of Dax. Lon. 30 W, lat, 43 55 N. JMoiite-Cassino, mountain of Naples, on tl;e top of which is a celebrated benedic- tine abbey. Lon. 13 44 E, lat. 41 39 N. Alo?itccehio, considerable town of Italy, in the duchy of Reggio. The French de- feated the Austrians near this place, August .3, 1796. It is eight miles NVV of Reggio. Lon. 15 54 E, lat. 42 8 N. J\foiitc Christo, town, bay, and cape on the N side of St. Dommgo. The cape is a high hill, in the form of a tent, called by the French Cape la Grange. Lon. 71 50 W, lat. 19 54 N. Jrlrmte Falco, town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoletto, near the river Clitunno, 12 miles W of Spoletto. '^■ Monte Falcone, town of Italy, in Fruiii, with a castle, near the river Fouzano, IS miles WNW of Triest. Jilonte Fia^coTie, town of Italy in the pa- trimony of St. Peter, near the lake Bolsena, 12 miles NNW of Viterbo. Monte Fossoli, town of Tuscany, in the Pisano, 18 miles E by N of Leghorn. Movtelimar, town of France in Drome, at the junction of the Jabron, and Roubion, on the Fi side of the Rhone 100 miles S from Lyons. Monte Leone, \owr\ of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, 12 niiles NNE ofNicotera. Monte Leone, town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Ulteriore, nine miles N of Bene- vento. Monte Marano, town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Ulteriore, near the river Galore, 18 miles S of Benevenlo. Moaie-Mor'o- Velho, town of Portugal, in Beira, with a very large castle. It is seated in a very fertile country, and is 83 miles N of Lisbon. Lon. 8 9 W, lat. 40 5 N. Montenegio, mountainous district of Eu- ropean Turkey in Albania. Monterei). See St. Corlos de Monterey, 65 Monte-Pelosa, cspiscopal town of Naples in Basilicata, seated on a mountain, near the river Basiento, 14 miles E of Cirenza. Lon. 16 18 E, lat. 40 47 N. Monte-Pidsiano, episcopal town of Tus- cany, seated on a mountain near the river Chiana, in a country noted for excellent v/ine, 50 miles S by E of Florence. Lon. 11 49 E, lat. 43 10 N. Montesa, very strong town of Spain, in Valencia. It is the seat of an order of knighthood of the same name; and is five miles NW of Xativa. Lon. 10 \V, lat. 39 ON. Monte sancto, formerly called Mount- Athos, a mountain of Turkey in Europe, on the gulf of Contessa. It is called Monte-Sancto, or the Holy Mount, be- cause there are 22 monasteries thereon, in which are 4000 monks, who never suf- fer a woman to come near them. It is 17 miles S of Salonichi. Lon. 24 39 E, lat. 40 27 N. Monte Velino, mountain of Italy, suppo- sed to be the most lofty part of the Apen- nines, and 8400 feet above the level of the Mediterranean. It is 46 miles NE of Rome. Monte Verde, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Ulteriore, 10 Miles NE of Conza. Monte Video, town of South America, near and to the E of the mouth of the Plate river. It is a defective open sea port, claimed by the Portuguese, and by the United Provinces of La Plata. The for- mer, have been in possession since 1817. I's supposed population 20,000. Lon.W 20 45 E. lat. 34 55 N. Montezuma, village of Cayuga county. New York, on the Erie canal, 12 miles W from Auburn. Mont-Fervand. See Clen^nont, Montferrat, duchy of Italy ; bounded on the E by the Milanes and Genoa, on the N and W by PiedmotU, and on the S by the territory of Genoa, iVoiTi which it is sepa- rated by the Appennines. It contains 200 towns and castles, is very fertile and well cultivated, abounding in corn, wine, oil, and silk ; and is subject to the king of Sar- dinia. Casal is the capital. Montfort, town of France in the depart- ment of Seine and Oise and late province of the Isle of France, 16 miles AV of Ver- sailles. Lon. 2 50 E, lat. 48 45 N. Monffort, town of France in the depart- ment of Isle and Vilaine and late province of Bretagne. It is seated on the river Men, and is 12 miles W of Rennes. Lon. 1 58 W, lat. 48 8 N. Montfort, strong town of the United Province;;, in Utrecht, with an ancient castle. It is seated on the Yssel, seven miles S by E of Utrecht. Lon. 5 0-E, lat. 52 4 N. Montfort, town of Germany, in the cir= \M N M O X cle of Suabia, capital of a countiy of the from the highly fertile banks of the Mo- same name, subject to the house of Aus- hawk, Schoharie, and other streams to tria. It is 16 miles S of Lindau and the eminences, rocky, and ot course sterile, lake of Constance. Lon. 9 54 E, lat.47 22 N. Staples, grain, flour, live stock, &c. Ch let .Moni^-omerij, borough of Wales, capital town, Jolmstown. of Montgomeryshire, with a market on _ Population in 1810 Free white males do. do. females 20,646 19,491 Total whites . - • - All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - 40,137 365 712 41,214 Tuesday. It had a tower and castle, which were demolished in the civil wars. It stands on the side of a hill, 24 miles SW of Slirewsbury, and 168 NW of London. Lon. 3 5 W.lat. 52 26 N. Montgomeryshire, county of Wales, 36 miles long and 34 broad ; bounded on the Slaves .... N by Merionethshire and Denbighshire, NE and E by Shropshire, S by Radmorshire, Total population in 1810 SW by Cardiganshire, and W by Merioneth- shire. It contains 500,000 acres-, is divi- Population in 1820. ded into nine hundseJs, and 47 parishes ; Free white males - - . and has five market towns. The number do. do. females - - - of inhabitants in 1811 was 51,931 ; and it All otlier persons except Indians sends two members to parliament. Though not taxed . . - - barren and mountainous in many parts, it has a greater mi.'itare of fertile vale and Total whites .... jiluin than several of the Welsli counties. Free pei'sons of colour, males - Its riches proceed from its sheep and wool, do. do. females the hilly tracts being almost entirely sheep Slaves, males - - - walks ; and tiie flocks, like those of Spain, do. females - - - are driven from distant parts to feed on them during the summer. This county Total population in 1320 also aflbrd's mineral treasures, particularly lead; and it abounds with slate and lime; Of these ; but there is no coal. Its principal rivers Foreigners not naturalized are the Severn, Vyrnew, and Tannat. Engaged in Agriculture Population in 1801, 47,978; in 1811, 51,931; do. in Manufactures - and in 1821, 59,889. do. in Commerce J\Iavtgomevtj, post town, and township of Population to the square mile, 42 nearly. Franklin county, Vermont, 40 miles NE Montgomer'j, township, and post village from Burlington. of Orange cotint}'. New York, IS miles W Montgomery, township, Hampden county from N^wbcry, at the vilbge there is an 18,496 18,145 36,649 287 284 167 182 37,569 93 7,047 1,668 125 Massaciuisetis, 12 miles NW from Spring field. Population in 1820, 604. Montgomevi), county of New York ; bounded by Schenectady SE ; Schoharie S; Ots'-goSW; Herkimer \\ \ Hamilton N ; academj'. Population 1820, 5541. Montgomery, township of Somerset coun- ty New Jersey. Population 1820, 2405. MoHigotnery, county of Pennsylvania ; bounded by' Philadelphia and Delaware and Saratoga E. Length and breadth counties SE ; Chester SW; Berks NW ; would averKge about 30 miles each ; and Lehigh N ; and Ijucks NE. Length 30; area 900 square miles. This is a very widtli 15 ; and area 450 square miles. The richly diveisificd county. The Mohawk surface of this country is delightfully vavie- meanders through it, dividing it into two gated by !»/ill and dale. It is washed by unequal sections, leaving about one third the Sclinylkill, from its extreme western part S from the river. East Canada creek angle to the bounrjary of Upper Merion enters tiie Mohawk from the N, and for a township ; and is drained by Perkiomen, distance of nearly 15 miles, forms the and Wissahicon creeks flowing into the boundary between Montgomery and Her- Schuylkill ; and by the Pennipack, and kimercouniiis. The Schoharie ri%-er enters Tocony creeks entering Delaware. The at the SE angle, and flowing nearly N, falls west and Lexington branches of the Ne- iMto the Mohawk, opposite Tripes Hill, .shaminy, also rise in Montgomery and Ilat- The NE angle of this county is watered by field townships in this county. The soil the Sacondago branch of the Hudson, is generally productive in grain, fruits, and Except the alluvial plains near the Mo- meadow grasses, and also in garden vege- hawk, this county is generally hilly, but tables. Staples, grain, flour, whiskey, fruit, rising in most instances, particularly S garden productions, beef, pork, mutton, from the Mohawk, by a not very abrupt and various other articles. It is peculiarly acclivity, the slopes are arable to the sum- remarkable for the production of fine mar- mits. The soil partakes of the variety of ble. See JVhite MarsL Chief town, Nor» the surface, presenting every transition ristown. >^ 65.-; M N M N Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females 14,858 14,171 Total whites .... 29,029 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 671 Slaves - ... 3 Total population in 1810 29,703 Population in 1820. Free white males - . 17,757 do. do. females . . 17,159 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... q Total whites - - - 34,916 Free persons of colour, males 481 do. do. females, 393 Slaves, males ... i do. females - - . 2 Total population in 1820 35,793 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - '299 Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,646 do. in Manufactures - 2,473 do. in Commerce - 200 Population to the square mile, 80 nearly. Jtlonlgomert), township and post village of Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, on the north-eastern boundary of the county, and on the dividing ground between the sources of the Perklomen, Wissihicon, and Ne. shaminy creeks. Tlie village, called Montgomery square in this township is 20 miles nearly N from Philadelphia. Popu- lation 1820, 751. .Montgomery, township of Franklin coun- ty, Pennsylvania, on the S boundary of tlie county between Warren, and Antrim. Po- pulation 1820, 3398. Monigomeri', county oPMaryland ; bound- ed by Potomac river, or by Fairfax, and Loudon counties in Virginia SW; Frede- rick comity in Maryland NW ; Patuxent river, or Anne Arundel NE ; and Prince George, and the District of Columbia SE. Length 28, mean width 18, and area 500 square miles. Surface hilly, and soil va- rious. The county occupies a part of the valley between the first and second Appa. lachian ridge, and contains some excellent tracts of land ; but in general the soil of this county is thin, and rather sterile. Staples grain, flour, and tobacco. Chief town Rockville. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females - Total whites 654 4,947 4,784 9,731 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves - - - . . Total population in 1810, 677 7,572 17,980 Population in 1820. Free white males - - 4,585 do. do. females - - 4,497 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites - . - 9,082 Free persons of colour, males 446 do. do. females 476 Slaves, males - - - 3,388 do. females _ - - 3,008 Total population in 1820 16,400 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized - 104 Engaged in Agriculture . 4,805 do. in Manufactures - 396 do. in Commerce - 46 Population to the squai-e mile, 33 nearly. Montgomery, county of Virginia ; bound- ed by the Blue Ridge, or Franklin and Patrick SE ; Gr.ayson, and Wythe SW; Walker's mountain, or Giles county NW ; and Bottetourt NE. Length 42, mean width 22| and area 950 square miles. It is tra- versed in its western angle by the Great Kenhawa, and drained about two thirds by that stream, and its confluents. The di- viding ridge between the Kenhawa, and James, and Roanoke rivers traverses this county, Craig's creek and, Catawba creek, branches of the former ; and Staunton river, branch of the Latter rise in the NE of Montgomery. The surface is in part mountainous, and every where very hilly and broken. The proportion of good soil but small when compared to the general area. Chief tov/n, Christiansburg. Population in 1810 Free white males ... 3,659 do. do. females ... 3,594 Total whites .... 7,253 All other persons except Indians not taxed 57 Slaves 1,099 Total population in 1810 8,409 Population in 1820. Free white males - - 3,741 do. do. females . - 3,706 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do do. females 7,447 16 15 M O X M O N Slaves, nvales do. females Total population in 1820, 639 616 8,733 Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females 1,155 1,035 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,205 do. in Manufactures - 146 do. in Commerce - - 21 Population to the square mile, 9. Montgomery, county of North Carolina, bounded by Richmond, and Anson S ; Ca- barrass W ; llowan, and Randolph N ; and Moore E. Length 42 ; mean width 18 ; and area 756 square miles. The Yadkin winds across this county from N to S, which is drained by that stream and its confluents. Surface ratlier uneven than hilly. Soil near the streams fertile, but merging into pine barrens, in the intervals. Staples, cotton, grain, flour, and tobacco. Chief town, Tindalsville. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females - 3,416 3,284 6,700 Total whites .... All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 34 Slaves 1,696 Total population in 1810 - - 8,430 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 3,469 do. do. females - - - 3,391 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites .... 6,860 Free persons of colour, males - 13 do. do. females ... 5 Slaves, males ... - 941 do. females ... 874 Total population in 1820 - - 8,693 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized » Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,580 do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce - - 3 Population to the square mile, II3. JVtontgomery, county of Georgia, bound- ed by Oakmulgee river S ; by Little Oco- nee river, or Telfair county SW ; Laurens W, and N\V; and Emanuel or Great Ohoope river NE. Length 40, and mean width 24, and area 960 square miles. The Oconee, and Oakmulgee, form the Alata- maha, at the S extremity of this county. Surface generally level, and soil sterile. Chief town "Vernon, Total whites - - - 2,190 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - \j Slaves . . - . _ 747 Total population in 1810 - 2,954 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 5^5 do. do. females - . 590 All other persons except Indians not taxed - . . - Total whites . - . . l,i65 Free persons of colour, males - 1 do. do. females - Slaves, males .... 354 do. females ... 349 Total population in 1820 . 1,869 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 1 Engaged in Agriculture - 523 do. In Manufactures - do. in Commerce - - 5 Population to the square mile 2 nearly. Montgomeryy county of Alabama ; bound- ed by Pike SE ; Butler S ; Wilcox and Dallas W ; Alabama river, or Autaga NW and N ; and the Muscogee or Creek Lands NE. Length 50 ; mean width 30 ; and area 1500 square miles. Surface generally hilly, and except near the streams, soil sterile. The junction of the Coosa, and Tallapoosa, and of course the head of Ala- bama river is near the northern border of this county, which leaves the Coosa at VVetumka falls, 5 miles above its mouth. Staple cotton. Chief town, Montgomery. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 2,094 do. do. females ... 1,847 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites - - - - 3,941 Free persons of colour, males - 6 do. do. females 2 Slaves, males ... 1,417 do. females - - - 1,238 Total population in 1820 - • 6,604 Of these ; Foreigners sot naturalized - 3 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,400 do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce - - Population to the square mile, 4J. Montgomery, post village and seat of jus- 655 M O N 51 O N lice, Montgomery county, A.labama, on the rig-ht bank of Alabama river, about 15 miles by land below the junction of Coosa and Tallapoos.1. Mo7itgomeriu county of Tennessee ; bounded by Christian and Todd counties, in Kentucky N ; by Roberston count}', in Tennessee SE ; Dickson S ; and Stewart SW. Length 40; mean width 17^; and area 700 squares miles. Tennessee river traverses the southern part of this county, and at Clarkbville receives from the NE Red river. Soil is not generally very pro- ductive, though in part highly so. Surface is uneven rather than hilly. Staples, cotton, grain, flour, &c. Chief town, Clarksville. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 2,823 do. do. females - - - 2,563 Total whites . . - . 5,386 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - . 6 Slaves - - - - - 2,629 Total population in 1810 - - 8,021 Total popuiatioivin 1810 12,975 Population in 1820. Free whites, males - - 3,867 do. do. females - - 3,624 All other persons except Indians not taxed Total whites . - - . 7,491 Free persons of colour, males 36 do. do. females 29 Slaves, males - - - 2,231 do. females _ - - 2,432 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 3,781 do. do. females - - 3,723 All otiier persons except Iwdians not taxed ... - y Total whites .... 7,504 Free persons of colour, males - 19 do. do. females - 10 Slaves, males - - . . 1,040 do. females .... 1,014 Total population in 1820 - - 9,587 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 1 Engaged in Agriculture . - 2,063 do. in Manufactures - - 236 do. in Commerce . - 20 Population to the square mile, 22. Jilontg-omeri/, county of Ohio ; bounded by Warren and Butler S ; Prebble W ; Miami N ; Clarke NE, and Green E. Length 24 ; width 23 ; and area 480 square miles. Surface v/aving, generally, but in part level. Soil very productive. The main, and west forks of Miami river, and Mad river, all unite in this county, lie- low their junction the main stream turns SSW, and enters the NE corner of Butler county, near the village of Franklin. Chief town, Dayton. Population in 1"10. Free white males ... 4,031 do. do. females ... 3,637 Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 5 Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,539 do. in Manufactures - 314 do. in Commerce - - 44 Population to the square mile, 17. jMontfomeriit county of Kentucky ; bound- ed SE and S by Estill ; W by Clark ; NW by Bourbon ; NE by Bath, and E by Pike. Length 38 ; near width 12 ; and area about 420 square miles. It is di-ained by tiie sources of the S fork of Licking, those of the Red river branch of Kentucky river, and by some creeks of the main fork of Licking. Surface rather uneven than hilly ; soil productive. Chief town, Mountster- ling. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 5,632 do. do. females . . - 5,539 Total whites .... 4,227 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... SLavcs ..... 7,668 54 Total population in 1810 . Population in 1820, Free white males do. do. females ... All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males . . . - do, females - . - - Total population in 1820 - 7,722 8,279 7,647 15,999 Total whiles - - - 11,171 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... . 37 Slaves . . . - . 1,767 656 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 63 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,650 do. in Manufactures - 612 do. in Commerce - - 37 Population to the square mile, 33. Mottt^omeni, township near the eastern 31 O K M O N border of Richland county, Ohio. Popula- tion in 1820, 70-i: JMontgomery, central township of Frank- lin county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1631. JHontgomery, post villag'e, Franklin county, Ohio, 14 miles NE from Cincin- nati. ^Montgomery, county of Missouri ; bound- ed by Missouri river S ; Howard county W ; Cuivore river, or Lincoln N, and Sf, Charles B. Length 50 ; mean width 35 ; and area 1850 square miles. Surface hilly in general though with some exceptions. Soil varied. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 1,425 do. do. females - - 1,122 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites . - - 2,547 Free pei'sons of colour, males - 1 do. do. females, Slaves, males .... 268 do. females .... 258 Total population in 1820 3,074 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - - 8 Engaged in Agriculture - - 994 do. in Manufactures - - 11 do. in Commerce - . 1 Population to tlie sqviare mile, li. JVIoiitgomeryville, post village, Gibson county, Indiana. M-mlicello, post village, Sullivan county. New York, 4 miles W from Nevesink river, and about 40 miles a little north of west from New burg. JMonticello, seat of the venerable Thomas Jefferson, Albermarle county, Virginia, 2 miles E irom Ciurlotteville. Lon. W C 1 48 W, iat. 38 08 N. Muniicello, post village, Fairfield district. South Carolina. Jilonticel'o, post town and seat of justice, .Tasper county, Georgia, 32 miles NW i^om Milledgeville. JMonticello. post village and seat of jus- tice, Lawrence cnuniy, Mississippi, on Pearl river, 90 mles E fro^t' Natchez. JMonticello, post town and seat of justice, Wayne count}^, Kentucky, 100 miles S from Frankfort and abnut 4 miles south- east from Cumberland river. JMonticello, post village, Lawrence coun- ty, Arkansaw territory. JMontid, formerly an episcopal town of Spain, in New Castile, 18 miles from Me- tarza. Moniilla, town of Spain, in the province of Cordova, 51 miles N of Granada. JMontivilliers, town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine and late province 4 O of Normandy, 95 miles N\V of Paris. Lon. 20 W, Iat. 49 oS X. JVIontlouis, town of France, in the de- partment of the Eastern Pyrenees and late province of Rousilion, with a strong citadel at the foot of a rock, built by Lewis XIV. It is 430 miles S of Paris. Lon. 2 5 E, Iat. 42 30 N. JMoniluet, town of France, in the depart- ment of Ain and late province of Bres.se, seated in a fertile country, on the Seraine, 12 miles NE of L>on3, and 205 SE of Paris. Lon. 5 8 E, Iat 45 49 N. JMoittlnzon, or JMontlucon, town of France, in the department of AUier and late pro- vince of liourbonnois, seated on the river Cher, 150 ri.iles S of Paris. Lon. 2 45 E, Iat. 46 22 N. JMontmsdi, small but strong town of France, in the department of Meuse and late duchy of Bar, seated on the river Chier, which divides it into the upper and lower town. It is 170 miles NE of Paris. Lon. 5 23 E, Iat. 49 32 N. JMovtmelian, formerly strong town of Savoy, but the French in 1705, demolished the fortifications. It is eight miles SE of Chamberry, and 27 NE of Grenoble. Lon. 6 15 E. Iat. 45 30 N. JVIontmoreiici, town of France, remarka- ble for the tombs of the ancient dukes of Mon*flnorenci. It is seated on a hill, near a large valley, famous for its cherr es, and is seven miles from St. Dennis, and 10 from Paris. JMontmorillon, town of France, in the de- partment of Vien^ie, and late province of Poitou. It is seated on the river Gar- tempe, over which it has a handsome bridge, 24 miles SE of Poitiers. .HlonipeUier, city of the department of Hi-rault and late province of Languedoc. It is one of the largest and most beautiful cities in France, and has a citadel ; a bish- op's see ; a university, and a botanic gar- den, tiie first e'itablished in Europe, The number of inhabitantsis computed at 30,000, is chiefly famous for its drugs and cordials, p; rfumed waters, hair-powder, and verdi- gris. This city contains 200 apotht-caries, the air is extremely healthy, and many in- valids resort hither from all parts, to re- cover their heslih. Muatpellier is seated on a hill, five miles fr m the MeJitcr^'uean, near the Lez. a ^mai! r>avigab!e river, and on the rivulet Merdanson, whicli is con- veyed into liffereni pars of the city by siiljterraneous canals. It is 27 ni'les S W of Nismes, 47 NE of Narbon e, and 380 S by W of Paris, i.^n. 3 58 E, Iat. 43 37 N. JMontpelirr, post town in C:dedonia coun- ty, Vermont ; situated on the NE side of Onion river, 34 miles SE of Burlington on lake Champlain, and 13 miles N of Wil- liamston, in Orange county. It contained 1877 inhabitants 'in 1810. .\1 O N Ai U N Montpeuer, seat of the Hon. James Madi- son, late President of the United States, in Orange county, Virginia, 20 miles NE from Montecelio. Montpelier, post» village, Richmond coun- ty, Nortii Carolina. Monipensiei; town of France, in the de- partment of Pay de Dome and late pro- vince of Auvergne, seated on a hill, 210 miles SE of Paris. Lon. 3 14 E, lat. 46 4 isr, J\Toiic Pulcian'). See Alonte Pulciano. .Montreal, town of Sieiiy, m V&l di Ma- zara, and an archbishop's -see ; seated on a rivulet, five miles W of Palermo, and 50 NE of Mazara. Montreal, town of Germany, in the ter- ritory of Treves ; seated on the Elz, 20 miles W by N of Coblentz. Montreal, town of Spam, in the province of Arragon, with a castle, seated on the Xiloca, 25 miles NNW of Terruel, and 40 5 by E of Caiatajud. Lon. 1 2 W, lat. 40 53 N. Montreal, island in St. Lawrence river, at the confluence of that stream and the Ottawa. It forms a county of the same naiHe, 32 miles long, but very irregular in width. The soil is veiy productive, and the surface pleasantly diversified by hill and dale. Montreal, city of Lower Canada, on the eastern side of t!ie island of the same name. Montreal is a place of considerable extent, and great commercial importance. The houses are generally built in a modern style, in brick, or stone, roofed with sheet tin, iron or copper, and many finished with taste and elegance. The public buildings are n\imerous. The seminary of St. Sul- pice, dates its origin to the aera of the French government over Canada, and is a flourishing institution. The Hotel IJien, a charitable institution, founded by the French in 1644, for the purpose of re- lieving indigent sick, is still suppor ed and conducted by a superior and 36 nuns. The Conveni of Jsotrs Darne, also a French es- tablishment, conducted by a superior snd 60 sisters, for the instruction of females in all the useful and ornamental parts of their education. The Convent of the Grey Sisters, is' a gener .1 hospital for the recep- tion of invalid-, and agtd poor. This city is the grand depot for the trade of C;u-.aaa, and re eives the inlanl freights from the St. Lawre ice and Ottawa rivers. Its harbour is safe, v.ith from 13 to 26 feet water. The rapid of St. Ma:y two miles below, is a very serious impedi- ment to the entrance of vessels, demanding a strong wind to stem it. Kapids again occur about 4 m-Ies above the harbour, whicii entirely pr"''en.s any water com- munication between the city and La Chine. See La Chine. 6.58 ' Montreal is 120 miles above Quebec, and 220 N by W from Boston. Population upwards of 25,000. Lon. W C 4 25 E, lat. 45 31 1^^ Alotilreal Isle, in the east end of lake Superior, is small, and situated between t!ie mouths of the rivers Montreal and Charron, and near the shore. Montreal, River de. Upper Canada, empties itself into the east end of lake Superior, a little to the northward of the copper mines, and south of the river Charron. Montreal, river of the NW territory of the United States, which falls into the SW part of iakr Superior, about 60 miles from W the Ontanagon. It inter- locks sources with the Chippeway, and Ouisconsin. Montreidl, strong town of France, in the department of Pas de Calais, seated on a hill, near the mouth of the Canche, 36 miles S of Calais, and 42 VVNW of Arras. Montreuil Bellay, town of France, in the department of Mayenne and Loire, seated on the Touet, 10 miles SSW of Saumur. Montrkhard, town of France, in the department of Loir and Cher, with a castle, seated near the Cher, 12 miles SE of Amboise. Montrose, borough and seaport in An- gus-shire, near the estuary of the South Esk. The buildings are neat ; and the most remarkable are the town house, the church, an elegant episcopal chapel, a hospital for lunatics, and its parish church is the largest in Scotland except the pa- rish church of Glasgow. A great num- ber of trading vessels belong to this town, and a considerable trade is carried (in to the Baltic, Hamburg, Rica, Arch- angel, Sec The salmon fisheries on the N and S Esk, form a valuable branch of commerce. The inhabitants of Montrose are said to be about 10,000, and it is 48 miles NE of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 32 W, lat. 56 40 N. Montrose, post town and seat of jus- tice, Susquehannah county Pennsylva- nia, on the high ground from which flow the ^^ yahessing, and Trunkhanncc into the Sushquehannah southwest, and also numerous creeks to the northward into the same stream near the south line of New York. Montrose, village of Cumberland coun- ty North Carolina. / Montrouis, town of St. Domingo, at the head of the Bight of Leoganc, 5 leagues E from St. Mark- Mon, St. Michael, strong town of France, in the dep^artment of ti:e Chan- nel and late province of Normandy, built on a rock in the sea, which is ascended M <) AI o o at low water. It is 10 miles SW of Av- ranches, and IHO W of Paris. Loir 1 30 W, lat. 48 37 N. Montsujeon, town of France, in the department of Upptr Marne» and late province of C'hampaign , 145 mites SE of Paris Lon. 5 16 E, iat, A7 36 N. Moni8tcrrat, mountain of Spain, in Catalonia, on which is a famous monas- tei'y and chapel, dedicated to tlie Virgin, resorted to by numbers of pil j;rims. It is inhabited by monks of several nations, who entertain al! that come out of devo tion or curiosity, for three days gratis. This mountain is said to be 10 miles in circumference, and 5 high, and the coun- try around it is seen 150 miles. It is 25 miles NW of Barcelona. Montsterrat, one of the Leeward Ca-' ribbee Islands, in the West Indies, disco- vered in 1493 by Columbus, and so named by him from its resemblance to the moun- tain mentioned in the preceding article. It is about nine miles in length and breadth ; and supposed to contain 50,000 acres, and the hilis cire covered with ce- dar and other trees. Jt carries on a great trade to England and Ireland in rum, &c. belongs to the English, and oO miles S'V of Antigua. Lon. 62 34 W, lat. 16 54 N. Montville, township of New London county, Connecticut It is situated about 9 miles NW of N w London. Population 1820, 218r, and in 1820, 1951. Montville, post town Litico'n county Maine, 30 miles NE from Wiscassett. Population 1820, 1266. Mo?iza> town of Italy, in the Milanese, seated on the Lambro, 8 miUs NE of Milan. Lon. 9 20 E, lat 45 33 N Monzingen, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 12 miles W of Creutznach, and 42 E of Treves. Lon. 7 14 E, lat. 49 50 N. Mooers, township of Clinton county New York. Population 1820, 567. jMoon, Mountains of the, mountains of Africa, extending between Abyssinia and Monomotapa. They are his/her than those of Atias. Moon, township of Alleghany county of Pennsylvania, on the county line, and left bank of Oiio, 10 miles below Pitts- burg. Population 1820, 2014. Moore, township of Northampton county Pennsylvania, on the head branch- es of the Hockendogne and Monoocacy creeks, commencing 8 miles \'W from Easton, and 2 miles NW from Nazareth. Pot)ulation 1820, 1645. Moore, county of North Carolina ; bounded by Cumberland SE ; Richmond SW ; Montgomery Y/ ; Randolph NV/; and Chatham N ; length 38 ; width 28 ; and area about 530 square miles. Its form triangular, extending from the Haw ri- ver, about half way to the Yadkin. Sur- face hilly, and soil generally thin and sterile, though much good land skirts the streams. Staples, cotton, grain, Hour, &c. Chief town Alfordstown. Population in 1810. Free white males - ■ . - 2,692 do. do. females - - 2,675 Total whites - • - 5,367 All odier persons except 1' .lans not tiixed ... - 56 Slaves . - - . - 944 Total population in 1810 . 6,367 Populat on in 1820. Free wliite males ... 2,873 do. do. females - - - 2,905 All othei* persons except Indians not taxed ... - Total whites .... 5,778 Free persons of colour, males - 30 do. ■ do. fem.".les, 24 Slaves, mal^s ... - 665 do. females ... 631 Total popvdation in 1820 - - 7,128 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged iti Agriculture - • 1,809 do. in M.anufactures - 82 do. in Commerce - - 15 Popul.ti'in 'o the square mile, 13. Mooreaborough, post village Ruther- ford county Nirt.'i Carolina. Moorenjield. See Monvfstonun, MoorfiekU post village Nicholas county Kentucky, about 45 miies NE by E from Frankfort. Moorjield, village of Harrison county Ohio, 12 miles SW from Cadiz. Moorfidd, township of Clai-k county Ohio. Population 1820 783. Moorjields, post town, and seat of jus- tice, Hardy county Virginia, on the right bank of the south' branch of Potomac 53 miles SW bv W from Winchester. Mooreatown, pleasant village in Bur- lington county New Jersey, 9 miles E by N of Philadelphia, and the same distance W by S of Mountholly. Moorsbury, village of Hawkins county Tennessee, 70 miles NE from Knox- vilie. Moorshedabad, city of Hindoostan Pro- per, the capital of Bengal before the es- tablishment of the English power- It is seated en the western arm of the Gan- ges, 120 miles N of Calcutta. Lon. 88 28 E, lat. 24 15N. Moosehead Lake, Somerset county 659 M O li M O K Maine, the main source of Kennebec ri- ver, 25 miles long antl from 3 to 1 5 wide. Moosehillock mountaiii, Grafion county New Hampshire, 10 nniles E from Ha- verhill, and very near the 44th oi N lat. By admeasurement made by Captain Partridge, it is 4636 feet above the ocean level. Mootapilley town in the peninsula of Hindoostan. in the Guntoor Circnr, at the inouth of the Gonde^ama, Lon. 8U 10 E, lat. 15 45 N. Moquehua, town and small province of Peru at the foot of the Andes. I..on \VC 6 E, lat. 17 13 S. Mora, town of Spain, in New Castile, 18 miles SE of Toledo. Lon. 3 4 W, lat. 39 36 N. Morant, Point, the most easterly pro- montory of Jamaica. Lon. 75 56 VV, lat. 1756N. Moral, commercial town of Swisser- land, capital of a baiUwic of the same name, belonging to the cantons of Rern and Friburg;, with a castle. It is cele- brated for the seige it sustained against Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, ■which was followed by the battle of Mo- rat in 1476, in which the duke was total- ly routed. It is 10 miles W of Bern, and 10 miles NE of Friburg. Lon. 6 53 E, lat. 46 52 N. Morat, lake of Swisserland, in a bai- liwic of the same name. It is six miles long and two broad, lying parallel with the lake of Neutchatel, into which it emp- ties itself by the river Broye. JMorataletz, town of Spain, in New- Castile, 22 miles E of Ciudad Keal Lon. 3 4 W, lat. 40 32 N. Moratalia, town of Spain, in Murcia. 34 miles SSVV of Chinchilla Lon 1 50 E, lat. 38 31 N. Moravian Village, Upper Canada, on the river Thames, is in the 4th township from its mouth ; it is a regular built vil- lage, of one street, with indifFvrent wood- en huts, and a small chapel ; inhabited by Indians converted to the Moravian faith, and their pastors. Respecting this village and its inhabitants, an intelligent friend writes thus. " 1 crossed the Thames at the Mora- vian town, 75 miles from Detroit, and spent the night there with two Moravi- an missionaries from Bethlehem and Na- zareth. I think they are governed by very diiFerent motives from the se whicli influence mercenary preachers. They tell me they have more hopes of C'hrist- tianizing, than of civilizing the Indians. One of these men teach the males, the other the females. There are about 160 of both sexes, and all ages at this place. They express no desire to exchange the 660 native habits of savages, for tnose of ci- vilized life ; nor do they inspire a hope in any place where 1 travel, that the la- bours tVr their civihz-ition and reforrna. lion will avail any thing, but to accelerate their deitruction '' Aug. 22d> 1822. jrorava, nr Jitoratv. river of Germa- ny, which has its s urce or, the confines of Bohemia and Silesia. It crosses Mo- ravia, where it waters Olmutz andHra- d'sch, and receiving the Teya, from the confiiies of Low r Hunijary, and Upper Austria, separates these two countries as far a> the Danube, into which it falls. JMorave, river of Turkey in Europe, which rises in Bulgaria, and running throiigli Servia, by Nissa, falls into the Danube, at Semendriah. Moravia, marquisate annexed to Bo- hemia, by which it is bounded on the W, by that kingdom and Silesia on tlie N, by Silesia and Hungary on the E, and by Austria on the W. It takes its name from the river Morava, which runs ihrongh it ; and h* S'Ce the sect of Christ- nms, called M ira\'ian-, take their name, their doctrines having been first taught here. Olmutz was the capital, but now Brum claims that honour. J\forbach, ov Murbach-, town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, 42 ini'u s SE of Strasb-.irg. Lon. 8 25 E, lat. 48 N. Morbegno, town of the country of the Grisons, in the Yalteline, where the go- vernor and the regency resi c . It is the handsomest and most commercial town in the Valteline, and seated oi^ the Adda, 12 miles SE of Chiavcnna, and 20 NE of Lecro Lon. 9 31 E, lat. 46 10 N. jSTorbihan, department of France, in- cludi.)g part of the late province of Bre- tagne. Vannes is the capital of this de- partment, which takes its name from a small bay between that town and the isl- and of Belleisle. Its entrance is narrow ; but it expands within, :u.d contains about 30 little islands. Mnrcone, town of Naples, in the Mo- lise, 19 miles SSK of Molise. Lon. 14 54 E, lat. 41 24 N. Morea, ancient Peloponnesus, a peninsu- la in the S part of Greece, to which it is joined by the isthmus of Corinth, lying be- tween the gulf's of Lcpanto and Engia. It is 180 miles long, and 130 broad, and di- vided into three large provinces. The air is temperate and the soil fertile, except the midcjle, Vkhere there are many mountains. It is watered by the severalnvers,. of which the Alpheus, the Vasil Poiamo, and the Stromio are tho chief. The extent of this tine peninsula is about 13,000 square miles, and inhabited by about 400,000 persons, of which perhaps four-fifths are Greeks, and M O R M O 11 Popwialion in 1820. Free white males do. do. females . - - All other persons except Indians not taxed .... do. females Toral population in 1820 Of tliese ; Foreigners not nafuralii:ed 2 2,418 8.369 3,960 3,503 the residue Turks, Albanians, Jews, &.c. All other persons except Indians] No part of Europe presents a more richly not taxed .... variegdted aspect. One scene of river or Slaves ..... mountain grandeur ^ULceeds aiiother, un- der a serene and beni-nant sky. Though Total population in 1810 . mountainous, its valleys are generally com. posed of a most'iproductivc soil. But tliis beautiful country is blasted by the despot- ism of the Turkish government. Between lat. 36 34 and 38 N. Jloreau, post village, and tov/nsiiip, Sara- toga county, New York, on Hudson river in the great bend opposite Glen's falls, 20 Total whites .... miles NNE from Ballstoa Spa. Population Free persons of colour, males 1820, 1549. do. do. females Jforeland, NE township of Montgomery Slaves, males county, Pennsylvania, between Berks coun- ty and Pennipack creek, 13 miles NNE from Philadelphia. Population 1820, 1890. jyioreland, NE tov/iiship of Philadelphia county Pennsylvania 13 miles NNE from Philadelpliia. ' Population 1820, 443. Jlorclaiid, SE tov.nship of Lycoming Engaged in Agriculture county, Pennsylvania. Population 1820, do. iu Manufactures 12r6. do. in Commerce .Morella, town of Spain, in Valencia, Population to the square mile, 30-^-. which was^almost destroyed,; in"^ 1705, by Morgan, county of Virginia, bounded by the army of Philip V. U is seated among Berkshire SE , Hampshire SW, and on all high mountains, 80 miles N of Valencia. other sides by the Potomac river or Mary- Moresby, harbour, a little N of White- land. Length 30, mean width 15, and area haven, in Cumberland ; in and about which 450 square miles. The extent of this many remains of antiquity have been dug county was by mistake included in Hamp- up, such as altars and stones, with inscrip- shire county. See Hampshire coiinty, Vir- tions on them ; and several caverns have ginia. Surface very broken ; part moun- been found called Piet's Holes. tainous, and all hilly. The only good soil Morel, ancient town of France, in the on the streams. Staples, grain and flour, department of Seine and Marne, with a Chief town, I"rankfort. castle, seated on the Loii-c, 35 miles SE of Population in 1820. Paris. Lon. 2 52 E, lat. 48 26 N. Free white males - - - 1^236 Moreton, township, and post village of do. do. fenriales - - 1,131 Tv'ashington c >unty, Vermont, on Onion All other persons except Indians river, 7 miles W from Montpelier. Popu- not taxed - - - - lation 1820, 430. Moretla, town of Piedmont, situated on i"'^' ^^^'^^^ a small river, whicii runs^into the Po, 16 Fiee persons of colour, males 13,520 16 4,378 232 51 Lon. 7 44 E, lat. 44 48 do. Slaves, males do, females do. females miles S of Turin, N. Morgan, township of Greene countj' Pennsylvania, between the main stream of Ten Mile creek, Ruff's creek and the 'i'otal population in 1820 boundary between Greene and Washington counties, 8 miles NE from Waynesboro. ^^ these ; Population 1820, 1622. Foreigners not naturalized M'jrgan, county of Georgia ; ^bounded Ef'gaged in Agriculture by i'utnam SE ; Jasper SW ; Walton NW ; and the Oconee river, or Clark and Greene NE. Length 22 ; mean width 20 ; and area 440 square miles. Its southern limit on Oconee river is about 30 miles above Milledgeville. Cliief town, Madison. Population in 1810. Free white males - . . 3,085 do. do. females 2,367 14 21 - 57 41 2,500 5 525 119 4 Total whites do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 5^. Morgan, county of East Tennessee ; bounded by Cumberland and Wayne coun. ties, Kentucky N ; Campbell E ; Anderson SE ; Roane and Bledsoe S : and Overton W. Length 40 ; mean width 19 ; and 2,864 area about 750 square miles. Surface hilly, and soil generally sterile. It occupies the 5,949 height of land from which flow New river 661 M O R M O R ami Obeds river into CiimberlanJ, and Morgansville, post village Nottaway Emerj's river into I'er.nessec. Tiie body county Virginia, 18 miles SW by W of this county lies about 100 miles NE by from Petersburg. E from Nashville. Chief town, Montgo- mery. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 833 do. do. females - - 797 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males _ - - do. females Total population in 1820 , 1,630 20 26 1.676 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 475 do. in Maiiufactures - 20 do. in Commerce - . Population to the square mile 2. Morgan, county of Ohio ; bounded N by aiuskingum, and Guernsey ; E by Monroe ; and S by Washington, and Athens. Length 32 ; breadth 18; and .^rea 500 square miles. Surface very broken and hilly in general, though much of the soil excellent. Staples, grain, and flour. Chief town, M'Gonnels- ville. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 2,740 do. do. females - - - 2,542 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Q Total whites Free pei-sons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males do- females - Total population in 1820 - 5,28 5,297 Jlorgantow7i, post village Berkeiy county Virginia. Mor.^antGwn, post village and seat of justice Monongalia county Virginia, on the right bank of Monongahela river, 20 miles SSW from Unicntown, and 30 by land above Brownsville, in Pennsyl- vania. Morgantown, post village, and seat of justice Burke county Virginia, on the riglit bank of Catawba river 30 miles, NW from Lincolnton. Morgantown, post village Blount coun- ty Tennessee, or Tennessee river oO miles SW from Knoxville. Morgantoivn, post village Butler coun- ty, Kentucky, on the left bank of Greene river, 30 miles NNE from Russelville. Morgantoivn, village of Clinton coun- ty Ohio. Morgarten, mountain of Switzerland between the cantons of Schwcitz and Zug. Remarkable for a splendid victory gained by the Swiss over the Austrians, 1 ;15, which secured the stable founda- tion of the Helvetic Union. ■Marges, commercial town of Swisser- iand, in the Canton of Bern, and capital of a bailiwic, seated in a beautiful bay of the lake of Geneva. By its canal merchandise is transported from Geneva to other parts And it is five miles WSW of Lausanne. Lon. 6 42 E, lat. 46 27 N. Morhange, town of France, in the de- partment of Moselle and late province of Lorrain, 200 miles E of Paris. Lon. 6 42 E, lat 48 51 N. Q MorlacMa, mountainous country in Hungarian Dalmatia, the inhabitants of which are called Morlacks, or Morlac. _ chi. They inhabit the pleasant valleys of Kcter, along the rivers Kerha, Cetina, Narenta, and among the inland moun- tains of Dalmatia. They are said by some, to be of Walachian extraction ; but otiiers think their origin involved in the darkness of barbarous ages. The Morlacchi are so different from the in- habitants of the sea-coasts in dialect, dress, disposition ajid customs, that they seem clearly to be of a different original. Morlaix, considerable seaport of Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 84 Engaged in Agriculture ' - - 1,435 do. in Manufactures - -. 35 do. in C.MTimerce - - 7 ■Population to the square mile, 10§. Morgan, townsliip of Morgan county, Ohio, including M'Connelsville the county ceat. Populaiion 1820, 333. Morgan, SW township of Butler county, France, in the department of Finisterre, Ohio. Population 1820, 1546. and late province of Bretagne, with a Morgan, township of Knox county Ohio, castle and a tide harbour- The church Population 1820, 1087. of Notre-Dame is a singular structure, Morgan, township of Gallia county and the hospital very handsome. The Ohio. Population, 1820, 163. ' inhabitants carry on a considerable trade Morgmijield, post town, and seat of in linen, hemp, and tobacco. It is seat- justice. Union county Kentuckv 12 miles ed on a river of the same name, 30 miles SE from the mouth of Wabash, and 15 NE of Brest. Lon. 3 46 W, lat. 48 33 N. miles SW from Henderson on Ohio. Morocco, empire of Africa, corapre- 662 M U R St i) R hending u considerable part of the an- cient Mauritania, lying between 28 and 36 N lat. It is bounded on the W by the Atlantic ; on the E by the river Muivia, which separates it fyom Algiers ; on the N by the Mediterranean ; and on the S by mount Atlas. Its greatest length, from NE to SVV, is above 590 miles, and ■where widest, not more than 260 broad. This empire contains the kingdoms of Sus, Tarudan, Morocco Proper, Tasilet, Sugelmessa, Fez, and Mequinez. The air of this country is pretty pure and temperate, especially near mount Atlas. The soil though sandy and dry in some places, is so fertile in others, and the fruits, as well as the pastures, so good, that it would be a delightful countr}' if it was v/ell cultivated. The inhabitants are Mahometans, of a tawny complex- ion, robust, and very skilful in managing a horse, and wielding a lance : but diey are jealous, deceitful, superstitious, and - cruel. The population of this extensive region has been variously stated, but cannot exceed, if it amounts to, 10,000,000. Mogador, is the only port in Morocco which maintains any extensive connex- ions with Europe. It has three capital cities, Morocco, Mequinez, and Fez. .Morocco, one of the capital cities of the kingdom of Morocco, seated in a beautiful valley formed by a chain of mountains on the N, and those of the Atlas on the S and E. It has nothing to recommend it but its great extent, and the royal palace, which takes up so much ground that it resembles a small city. It is enclosed by strong walls, the circum- ference of which is eight miles : they are flanked by square towers, and s\irround- ed by a wide and deep ditch. The Jews have a market of their own, and live in a separate town, v; ailed in, and slnit up every evening at nine, after which no person can -nter or depart, till next morning, Morocco is 90 miles E of Mo- gador, and 400 S of Gibraltar. Lon, 6 45 W. lat. 31 12 N. Jloron, town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated in a pleasant, fertile plain. In its neighbourhood is a mine of precious stones. It is 30 miles SE of Seville. Lon. 5 10 W, lat. 37 10 N. Morotoi, one of the Sandwich Isles, seven miles WNW of Mowee. Yams are its principal produce ; but it has lit- tle wood. The coast, on the S and W sides, form several bays, which are to- lerably sheltered from the trade- winds. Lon 117 14 W, lat. 21 10 N. Morpeth, borough in N'-rthumberland, with a market on Wednesday. It is an ill built, straggling place, seated on the N bank of the Wentsbeck, and on ti'.e opposite side is the church, and a castle in ruins. It sends two members to par- liament, has a free-school, founded by Edward VI. and is 15 miles N of New- castle, and 287 N by W of London. Lon. 1 28 W, lat. 55 15 N. Moiric/ies, post village Bronkhaven, Suffolk county, New York on the S side of Long Island 72 miles E from New York. Morris, county of New Jersey ; bound- ed by Essex SK ; Somerset S; Hunterdon SW ; Sussex NVV ; and Bergen NE. Length 26 ; mean width 19 ; and area, about 500 square miles. The sux-face of this county is very pleasantly variegated by hill and dale. It is drained by Rock- away, and other continents of Passaic river, and also by some streams flowing S into Rariton river. The NVV part is mountainous, but the features of nature become less rugged, advancing to the Eastward. The Pompton, and Rock- away rivei'S unite and form the Passaic, on the eastern border of this county, six miles above the celebrated Passaic falls at the village of i Patterson. Soil pro- ductive in fruits, grain, and pasturage. Chief town, Morristown. Population in 1810. Free white males . . - 10,705 do. do. females • - - 10,063 Total whites - - - . 20,763 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 204 Slaves 856 Total population in 1810 - - 21,828 PopulaUon in 1820. Free white males - - - 10,091 do. do. females ... 10,163 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Q Total whites - - - 20,254 Free persons of colour, males 246 do. do. females 211 Slaves, males . - - . 344 do. females - - - 313 Total population in 1820 21,368 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - 2,867 do. in Manufactures - 1,3 13 do. in Commerce - 58 Population to ihe square mile, 42 ;i. Jlovris, township ofHunlingdon county, Penn.sylvania, on ttie left side ot Franks- town biancli, 12 miles W from Huntingdon. Poi>..iationin 1820, 802. Jforri.'i, townsliip of Greene countv, 66? M O R M O S Pennsylvania, on Bates', and Brown's forks of Ten Mile Creek, between the S boun- darj'- of Washington county, and Morgan, and Greene townships in Wayne county, 6 miles N\V from Waynesburg. Popula- tion in 1820, 1259. Morris, township of Washington county, Pennsylvania, lying N from the preceding. Population in 1820, 1713. Morrisflats, post village of Madison county, New York, between Madison and Cazenova. Morrison, the northwesternmost town- ship of Jackson county, Ohio. Morristo-MH, township of Orleans county, Vermont, 20 miles N from Montpelier. Population, 600. Morrinto-MU, post village and township of St. Lawrence county. New York, nearly opposite to Brockville in Upper Canada. Population in 1820, uncertain. Morristown, post town and seat of justice, Morris county, Nev/ Jersey. 19 miles NW from Newark. Beside the common county buildings it contains an academy, and two churches. Pop dation in 1820, 3524. Morristoivn, pleasant post town Belmont county, Ohio, on the great road leading from Wheeling in Virginia to Zanesville, 10 miles W from St. Clairsville, and 120 easterly from Columbus. Morrisville, post village Madison county. New York, between Madison and Caze- nova. Morrisville, post village, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, opposite Trenton. Popula- tion in 1820, 391. Morrisville, post village Fauquier county, Virginia. Morsona, town of Naples, in the Molise, 14 miles NE of Molise. Mortag?ie, town of France, in the depart- ment of Orne, famous for its serges and tanneries. It is 19 miles ESE of Seez, and 70 WSW of Paris. Mortange, town of France, in tlie de- partment of Nord, seated at the conflux of the Scarpe and Scheldt, eight miles SE of Tournay. Murlagne, town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Charente, seated on the Gironde, 24 miles SSW of Saiiites. Mortagne, town of France, in tlie depart- ment of Vendee, where a battle was fought in 1793, between the royalists and repub- lican:, in which the former are said to liave lost 20,000 men. It is 36 miles NofFon- tenay le Compte. Mortain, town of France, in the depart- ment of Manclie, on tne rivulet Lances, almost surrounded by craggy rocks, 20 miles E of Avranches. Mortara, town of Italy, in the Milanese, and in the district of Lumello, 23 riiiles SW of Milan. 66it Mortal/, island, tlie most northern of the Moluccas, subject to tive sultan of Ternate. It is 80 miles in circumference, and thinly inhabited, but full of sago trees, which are cut by the people of Gj^olo. Lon. 128 E, lat. 3 N. « Mortlich, village of Scotland, in Banff- shire, six miles SW or Keith. Here Mal- colm n. in memory of a victory gained over the Danes, founded a bishopric, which was translated to Aberdeen by David I. Morviedo, town of Spain, it» Valencia, on the site of the ancient Saguntum, with the ruins of a lioman amphitiieatre, &c. It is seated on a river of the same name, 15 miles N of Valencia. Mosa, town of Arabia, in Yemen, 25 miles N by E of Mocha. Mosambique, strait or channel of the In- dian ocean, between the E coast of Africa and the island of Madaga^■ci^r. — It is nar- rowest in the middle, where it is 240 miles over ; and in this part, on the continent is a kingdom, island, and city of the same name. Mosambique, kingdom of Africa, on the E const, and in that part of the Indian sea which passes between the continent and the Island of Madagascar. The capital is of the same name, situate on an island, chief of three islands that form part of tiie kingdom. Tlie largest, called Mosambique, is not more than three miles in length, and half as much in breadth, and is about two miles from the continent. Tlie other two, called St. George and St. James, lie each side of it, facing the continent. The islands are in g-^neral sandy, but in some parts produce citrons, oranges, and other fruits. The soil oti the contin.ent is luxuriant and fertile in ric^, millet, fruits, pulse, roots, and otl^er esculents ; and it feeds vast quan- tities of catJe, large and small, particular- ly sheep with large tails. Here are wild beasts of various kinds, as stags, boars, and elephants, which last are so fierce and de- structive, that the inhabitants are obliged to kii;dle large fires round their sown fields, to prevent their being devoured by them. The country is also rich in gold, which is washed down by the rivers in great quantities, and makes a chief part of its cimimerce. Ivory, ebony, slaves, and cattle, are likewise changed for European goods. 'L'he natives stand in awe of the Portuguese, who are tlie only Europeans admitted into some of their ports, whence they export tiie commodities already men- tioned, also silver, copper, and wax. Tlie city of Mobambique is said to be very hand- some, and-lhe buildings well constructed, especially the churches and convents ; and the fort, or cattle, is about a musket shot from the city. The fort belongs to the Portuguese, who have generally a good garrison here, a well stored magazinCj. and ai o s M o s a large hospital for sick sailors. Tlieir ships always call here in going to the East Indies; and the harbour is so commodious, that whole fleets may anchor and provide them- selves with all necessaries. Lon. 41 8 E, lat. 15 5 S. Jfosbach, town of Germany, in the pala- tinate of the Rhine, with an elegant castle, seated on the Neckar, 25 miles ENE of Heidleberg. Lon. 9 21 E, lat. 49 28 N. JMosburg, town of Germany, in Carifithia, six miles NW of Clagenfurt. Mosburg, town of Bavaria, seated at the cipnflux of the Amber with the Iser, nine imles VV of Landshut. JHoscovy, See Bussia. JMoscotv, formerly a duchy, but now a government of Russia ; bounded o:i the N by the goverfiment of Tver, E by that of Great Volodimir, S b}' the governments of Kalugo and Resan, and W by those of Tver and Smolensko. It is a fruitful coun- try, and produces abundance of excellent asparagus. Mosco-w, city of Russia, capital of the go- vernment of Moscow,- and formerly of the wiiole empire. Previous to the entry of the French, it was the largest city in Eu- rope ; the circumference within the ram- pait that enclosed the suburbs, being 20 miles; but its population did not correspond with its extent. It contained within the ramparts 300,000 souls, and was the most populous city in the empire, notwithstand- ing the residence of the court was at Pe- tersburg. As Moscow is justly rendered memorable in the annals of history, for one of the most extraordinary events that ever took place, we must not here pas:i it over in silence. The French having entered Russia in the month of June, 1812, with such an immense army, that they threa- tened, by their rapid progress, to sweep every thins before them like a torrent ; and it was generally expected, that if they once reached this city, which abound- ed in such vast resources for their army, as well as by affording them comfoitabie quartei's for the winter, their object of the war would have been completfd. The Russian army which had retired as the French advanc d, at length halted at Mojaisk, a distance of about 60 miles, and concentrated their forces for the defence of Moscow. Accordingly a most dreadful battle took place on the 7th of September, which continued with unu- sual obstinacy on both sides ; but victory at length decided in favour of tl>f French, and the Russians retreated off the field, leaving Moscow to its fate. The road being thus left cper, the French ent'^red this city on thp 14th of the same moi th, •with little opposition. But a sad reverse of fortune now took place, which pre- 4P served the Russian empire from ruin, and paved the way to the downfall of the French military power over Europe. The houses of Moscow being constructed almost entirely of wood, the governor of the town, Rostopchin, formed the despe- rate resolution of setting the city on fire, which was so completely carried into ef- fect at t'ne time the French had taken possession, that they were foiled in their last resource, and compelled to attempt their retreat, at the moment they thought themselves securely entrenched for the winter. In this posture of their affairs, nothing now remained but to offer terms of peace to the Russians, v/hich were rejected : they next proposed an armi- stice, which was also refused ; and. on the 19th of October following, they com- menced their calamitous retreat from Moscow. The conflagration destroyed upwards of three parts of the town ; and shocking to relate, more than 30,000 sick and wounded soldiers who were in the hospital peiished in the fiames. Be- fore this calamity Moscow was distribu- ted into the following divisions : 1. The Kremlin, which was in the central and highest part of the city, surrounded by high walls of stone and brick, two miles in circumference. This division contained the ancient palace of the czars, w^here Peter the Great was born ; also the ca- thedral with seven towers, beside other churches ; the patriarchal palace ; and the arsenal. 2. The Khitaigcrod, which was much larger th .n the Kremlin: it contained the university, the printing- house, and many other public buildings, with all the tradesmen's shops. The houses were mostly stuccoed or white- washed ; and was the only street in Mos- cow in which the houses stood close to each other. 3 The Bielgorod, or White Town, which ran round the two prece- ding divisions, tiiok its name from a white wall, by which it was formerly surrounded. 4 Semlainogorod, which environed all the other three quarters; and was so denominated from a circular rampart of earth by which it was en- compassed. The last two divisions ex- hibited a grotesque group of churches, convents, palaces, brick and wooden houses, and mean hovels. 5. The Slo- boda, or suburbs, which formed a vast exterior circle round all the parts al- ready described, were invested by a low rampart and ditch. These suburbs con- tami'd, beside buildings of all kinds, or- char.ls, gardens, corn-fields, much open pasture, and some small lakes, which gi ve rise t o the Neglina. The Moskwa, from which the city takes its name, flows thrnngh it in a winding channel ; M O S M O S but, excepting in spring, is only naviga- ble for rafts. It receives the Yausa in the Semlainogorod, and the Neglina and the western extremity of the Kremlin ; but the beds of both these rivulets are nearly dry in summer. Moscow exhi- bited an astonishing degree of extent. and \'ariety, irregularity, and contrast ; some parts had the appearance of a se- questered desert ; others, of a populous town ; some, of a contemptible village ; others, of a great capital. The streets, in general, were very long and broad ; some of them paved ; others, particular- ly in the suburbs, were formed with trunks of trees, or boarded with planks like the floor of a moon. The places of divine worship, including chapels amount- ed to above 1500 ; of these, 484 were public churches, som^e built of brick, stuc- coed or white- washed, but the greater part were of wood, painted red ; some had domes of copper, others of tin, gilt or painted green, and many were roofed with wood. They were richly ornament- ed within ; and the picture of the saints were decorated with gold, silver, and precious stones. Some of their bells were of a stupendous size : they hung in bel- fries detached from the church, were fixed immoveably to the beams, and rung by a rope fixed to the clapper. It has always been esteemed a meritorious act of religions to present a church with bells ; and the piety of the donor has been measured by their magnitude. Ac- cordingly, Boris Godunuf, who gave a bell of 336,000 pounds to the cathedral of Moscow, was the most pious sovereign of Russia, till he was surpassed by empress Ann, who presented a bell that weighed 432,000 pounds, and was the largest in the known world. In the cathedral of St. Michael, the sovereigns of Russia were formerly interred : their bodies are deposited in raised sepulchres, mostly of brick, in the shape of a coffin, above the pavement. Each tomb has, at its low- er extremity, a small silver plate, upon which is engraved the name of the de- ceased prince, and the time of his death. Upon great festivals, all these sepulchres are covered with rich palls of gold or silver brocade, studded with pearls and jewels. The cathedral of the Assump- tion of the Virgin Mary was the most magnificent in the city, and had been long appropriated to the coronation of the Russian sovereigns. The foundling hos- pital, founded by Catharine II. was an immense pile of building, of a quadran- gular shape, and capable of containing 8000 foundlings. Moscow was the centre of the inland commerce of Russia, par- ticularly that river communicates with 666 the Volga ; and also by a canal to the Don, which river communicates with the sea of Asoph. This city is 425 miles SE fif Petersburg- Lon. 37 53 E, lat. 55 46 N. Moscow, township of Somerset county Maine 28 miles N from Norridgewock. Population 1820, 286. Moscow, post village of Livingston county New York, near the west side of Genesee river, 30 miles above Ro- chester. Moscow, small town containing about 100 inhabitants, in the southern limits of Clermont county Ohio. It is situated on the north bank of the Ohio river, 22 miles southerly from Williamsburg and 120 southwesterly from Columbus. Moselle, department of France, inclu- ding part of the late province of Lorrain. It takes its name from a river which rises in the Vosges, waters Epinal and Toul, receives the Meurte below Nancy, and passing by Metz, Thionville, and Treves, enters the Rhine at Coblentz. Metz is the capital. Mosenia, town of Persia, in the pro- vince of Chuistan, 22 miles SW of Suster. Moskoe. See Malestroom. Mosquito Shore, country of New Spain, on the Atlantic Ocean, containing the eastern part of the provinces of Hondu- ras and Nicaragua. In magnitude it exceeds Portugal ; is well watered by navigable rivers and lakes ; abounds in fibh, game, and provisions of all sorts ; furnishes every necessary for raising cat- tle and stock ; and clothed with woods producing timber for every purpose at land or sea. The soil is superior to that of the W India islands ; the climate is more salubrious ; and the destructive ra- vages of hurricanes and earthquakes have never been known here. The Mos- quito Indians are so situate between mo- rasses and inaccessible mountains, and a coast full of rocks and shoals, that no at- tempts against them by the Spaniards, whom they mortally hate, could ever succeed. By a convention with Spain, in 1786, the English, in consideration of certain cessions on the coast of Jucaian, agreed to evacuate this country. Moss, seaport of Norway, in the pro- vince of Aggerhuys, at the mouth of a river of its name, on the E side of Christ- tiana bay. Here are many saw-mills, and a large iron-foundery. It is 28 miles S of Christiana. Lon. 10 48 E, lat, 58 38 N. Mossers, post office Tuscaroras county Ohio. Mostagan, ancient and strong town of the kingdom of Algiers, with a castle u o u -M U and a good harbour, 50 miles NE of Oran. Lon. d 30 E, lat. 36 20 N. bottom of the mountahis of Morvan, and is 5 miles S\V of Chateau-Chinon. i,r , -1 „Ki„ *^«,., ,^f TmvV J/o?^//an, province of Hindoostan Pro- • >,*^S^1'*^ .° wlTrrpSTrchW per. bounded on the N by Lahore, on the ish Dalmat.a. with a Greek archbishop s w ^^ ^^^^. ^^^ j^^-^^{,^^ on the S by see. It belongs to the Turks, 20 miles NE of Narenta. Lon. 18 37 E, lat. 43 48 N. Mosul. See MousuL Motala, town of Naples, in Terra Guzerat, and on the W by Persia and Candahar. Its products are cotton, su- gar, opium, galls, brimstone, 8cc. It was subject to the Selks ; but its capital, Moulsan, has been garrisoned by the d'Otranto, with a bishop's see, 15 miles king of Candahar, ever since 1779. NW of Taranto. Lon. 17 14 E, lat. 40 46 N. Motherkill, hundred of Kent county Delaware state, containing 7415 inhabi- tants in 1810, and in 1820, 7558. It is wa- tered by Motherkill creek. The chief town Fredericka. Mottle Isle, island of Vermont Qrande Isle county. It is to the NW from Grand Isle, and is 8 miles long and 2 wide. Jllotijr, island of Asia, one of the Mo- luccas, of great value to the Dutch on account of its spices. Lon. 128 20 E, lat. OlOS. Motril, seaport town of Spain, in Gra- nada, with a good harbour, seated on the Mediterranean, 37 miles SE of Granada. Lon. 3 38 W, lat. 36 32 N. Mouab, seaport town of Arabia Felix, Moultan, one of the most ancient cities of Hindoostan Proper, capital of a pro- vince of the same name. It is of small extent for a capital, but strongly fortified, and has a Hindoo temple of great celebri- ty. The trade of Moultan has been greatly lessened on account of the river having been choked up. Here is a parti- cular sect of Hindoos, called Catry ; a tribe of warriors supposed to be the Ca- theri or Cathei, with whom Alexander warred on the banks of the Malli. Moul- tan is seated en one of the branches of the Indus, 210 miles SW of Lahore, and 310 SE of Candahar. Lon. 70 40 E, lat. 29 51 N. Monhati, South, corporate town in De- vonshire. In the reign of Edward I. N and S Moulton had the privilege of send- capital of Yemen, seated in a fertile coun- jng members to parliament, and was a try, 80 miles S of Sanaa. Lon. 46 35 E, lat. 16 20 N. Moudon, one of the most ancient towns of Swisserland, capital of a bailiwic of the same name, in the Pays de Vaud, and formerly of all that part of the country which belonged to the duke of Savoy royal demesne. It is governed by a mayor, and has a manufacture of serges, shalloons, and felt. It is seated on the Moul, 12 miles SE of Barnstable, and 177 W by S of London. Lon. 3 53 W, lat. 51 5 N. Moultonborough, post town and town- The bailiff appointed in the canton of ship Stafford county New Hampshire, N Born, resides in the castle of Lucens, from lake Winnipissiogee. Population built on the summit of a mountain. It 1820, 1279. was formerly called Minodumum. It is Mount Airy, post village Suny county 12 miles N by E of Lausanne. Lon. 6 58 North Carolina. E, lat. 46 41 N. Mountain Island, post village Scott Moug-den, or Chen-yan, capital of the county Kentucky, country of the Mantchew Tartars, in Mountain- shoals, post village Laurens East Chinese Tartary. It is built on an district South Carolina eminence, and walled in by walls three leagues in circumference. It is 440 miles NE of Peking. Lon. 122 45 E, lat. 41 55 N. Moulins, episcopal town of France, in the department of AUier and late pro- vince of Bourbonnois- It has a bridge over the AUier on which it is seated, and takes its name from the great num- ber of mills (moulins) that were former- ly in its nei.ghbourhood ; and contains above 16,000 inhabitants. Its manufac- ture of cutlery is in great esteem It is 30 miles S of Nevers. Lon. 3 25 E, lat. 46 34 N. Moulins-Engilbert, town of France, in the department of Nievre and late pro- vince of Nivernois. It is seated at the Mount Bethel, town of Somerset coun- ty New Jersey. Mount Bethel, Lower ; town.ship of Northampton county Pennsylvania, be- tween Delaware river, Plainfield town- ship, the Blue Mountain, and Upper Mount Bethel, 8 miles N from Easton. Population 1820, 2442. Mount Bethel, Ufifier ; township of Northampton countv Pennsylvania, above the preceding. Poi)ulation 1820, 2182. Mount Carmel, post town of Edwards county Illinois, on the right bank of the Wabash opposite the mouih of the White river. Momit Clemens, village and seatof jus- tica Macomb countv Michigan, on the left bank of Huron of lake St, Clair, four 6fi7 M O U miles above its mouth, and NNE from Detroit. _ Mount Desert, island of Hancock coun- ty Maine, constituting a township about 40 miles E from Castine. Population 1820, 1349. •Mount Edgecumbe, prodigious peak, on the west side of the entrance of Cook's Strait, in New Zealand. Its height is supposed to be very little inferior to that of the peak of Teneriffe. Mount Holly, post town and township Rutland county Vermont, 20 miles W from Windsor. Mount Holly, post town, the capital of Burlington county, New Jersey ; situated on the north side of A ncocus creek, about 12 miles E by S of Burlington. Mount Hofie, post village Orange county New York. Mount Hofic, post village Shenandoah county Virginia. Alount Hofie bay, the NE extension of Narragansett bay. it communicates with the E and W channels of Rhode Island setting up from the northern ex- tremity of the island between Bristol and Newport counties, into Bristol county Massachusetts, on the borders of which it receives Taunton river. Mount Hojie hill, west shore of Mount Hope bay, on the point SE from the vil- lage of Bristol. It is remarkable as be- ing the residence of the celebrated Indian king Philip. JMount Horeb, post village Nelson coun- ty Virginia. Mount Joy, township of Lancaster coun- ty Pennsylvania, bounded by Little Chi- ques creek E ; the SE limit of Dauphin county, or Conewago creek NVV ; and Donegal township S. Population 1820, 1835. Mount Joy, township of Adams county Pennsylvania, .5 miles SE from Gettes- burg, on the north boundary of Maryland, and between Willalaways and Rock creeks. Population 1820, 935. Mount Murray, seigniory, Northum- berland county Lower Canada, on the left sid# of St. Lawrence 75 miles below Quebec. Mount Pilot, post office. Summer county Tennessee. Mount Pisgah, post office Iredell county North Carolina. Mount Pleasant, post town, and town- ship West Chester county New York on Hudson river, 33 miles above the city of New York. It is the seat of an acade- my, and contains the village of Sing- sing. Population 1820, 3684. Mount Pleasant, post village of Lan- caster county Penusylvauia, six miles W from Lancaster. 668 M O U Mount Pleasant, post village, and township of Westmoreland county Penn- sylvania. The village is on Jacobs creek 16 wiies S from Greensburg. Population 1820, 2060. Mount Pleasant, post village, and township of Wayne county Pennsylvania, on the head waters of Lackawaxen creek, commencing five miles NVV from Bathany. Bopulation 1820, 874. Mount Pleasant, post village of Marj-- land, on the line between Queen Ann and Caroline counties, and within one mile of the west boundary of Delaware, about 12 miles \N from Dover. Mount Pleasant, post village Shenan- doah county Virginia. Mount Pleasant, village of Jefferson county, Kentucky. Mount Pleasarit, post town in the S part (if Jefferson county Ohio, containing 1:0 dwelling houses, 1,468 inhabitants, a printing office, a bank, several stores, a school and market houses of brick, and a brick meeting house, 92 by 62 feet area, two stories bigh, belonging to the friends, beside two others, likewise of brick, for seceders and methodists ; and within six miles around, are 11 flouring mills, 12 saw mills, a paper mill with two vats, and a woollen cloth factory, beside two common fulling mills. Mount sbmj, bay on the S coast of Corn- wall, between the Lands End, and the Lizard Point. It is so named from the lofty mountains of Mount St. Michael, which rises within it. Among the rocks, on this part of the ccast, breeds the Cor- nish chough, or red legged crow, noted for stealing and earning away whatevert it finds. Ill Mountsbay is a considerable pilchard fishery. Mountsorrel, town in Liecestershire, so named from a high mount or rock, of a sorrel-coloured stone, extremely hard. Of rough stones, hewn out of this rock, the town is built. It has a market on Monday, and is seated on the Stour, 53 miles SSE of Derby, and 105 NNW of London. Lcn. 1 9 W, lat. 52 45 N. Mount Sterling, post village, Mont- gomery county Kentucky, 35 miles E from Lexington. Motint Vernon, seat of the late General Washington, and his favourite restreat from the fatigues of public employment ; pleasantly situated on the W bank of Potomac river, 18 miles below the city of Washington, and nine miles below Alexandria. Mount Vernon, post town and township in Kennebec county, Maine, 14 miles NW of Augusta, or Kennebec river. Population 1820, 1293. Mount Vernon, township, Hillsborough >I L M O 2 county New Hampshire, 92 miles § from Concord. Population 1820, 729. Moimt Vernon, post town Boone county Kentucky. Mount Vernon, post town and seat of justice for Knox county Oliio, on the N bank of Owl creek, 20 miles from its mouth. This "town contains about 80 dwelling houses, 403 inhabitants, a print- ing office, a brick court house and jail, eight stores, a merchant mill and a saw mill, and within six miles there are nine grist and saw mills, three ccirding ma- chines, one of which is for cotton.'' Distance, 40 miles W from Coshocton, 54: NW from Zanesvilie, and 44 NE from Columbus. N lat. 40 24, W Ion. 5 32. Moimtvilie, post village Lcudon county Virginia. Moimt Washington, the highest of the peaks of the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Its elevation above the ocean 6634 feet as ascertained by Captain Partridge. Mount Washington, township of Berk- shire county Massachusetts, 25 miles SSE from Lenox. Population 1120, 467. Mount Zion, post office Union county Kentucky. Moura, town of Portugal, in Alentejo, •with an old castle ; seated at the con- fluence of the rivers Ardita and Gaudi- ana, 87 miles SE of Lisbon. Lon 5 59 W, lat. 38 N. Mourzook, the capital of Fezzan, in Africa, situated on a small river, and supplied with water from a multitude of springs and wells. Being formerly built of stone, it still retains the appellation of a Christian town ; and the medley which it presents to the eye, of the vast ruins of ancient buildings, and the humble cottagf s of earth, and sand that form the dwellings of its present Arab inhabitants, is singularly grotesque and strange. It is surrounded by a high wall, which not only affords the means of defence, but enables the government to collect, at its three gates, a tax on all goods (provi- sions excepted) that are brought for the supply of its people. A caravan sets out annually from Mesurata to this place ; and hence the Fezzanners themselves despatch, every year, a caravan to Cash- na, and another to Bornou. Mourzook is 262 miles S of Mesurata, 650 NW of Bornou, and 710 N by E of Cashna. Lat. 27 20 N, lon. 15 5 E. Mnssij, river of Hindoostan, which crossing the country of Golconda, runs into the Kistna on the confines of the circar of Palnaud. Moustiers, town of France, in the de- partment of the Lower Alps and late province of Provence. It is noted for a manufacture of fine porcelain, and for a once famous pilgrimage, called our Lady of Beauvezer, seated between two very- lofty and craggy mountains. Moustiers is five miles N£ of Riez, and 47 WNW of Nice. Moutier, or Monstier, town of .Savoy, capital of Torentesia, with an archiepis- copal palace. It is seated on the Isere, 62 miles NW of Turin. Lon. 6 23 E, lat. 45 30 N. Mouson, ancient town of France, in the department of the Ardennes and lul.e pro- vince of Champagne, wsth a la'.e rich Bene- dictine abbey. It is seated on the Meuse, eight miles "SE of Sedan, and 110 NK of Par:s. Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 49 33 N. Motvee, one of the Sandwich Islands, dis- covered by Captain Cook, is 162 miles in circumference. A low isthmus divides it into two circular peninsulas, of which \he Eastern is double the size of the Western. The mountains in botli rise to a very great height, and may be seen at more than the distince of 30 leagues. The N shores af- ford no soundings, but the coumry pre- sents an appearance of verdure ar.d fertili- t}'. Near the W point of the smaller pe- ninsula is a spacious bay, with a sandy beach shaded with cocoa-nut trr.es : the country behind has a mo.st romantic appear- ance, the hills i-ising in a great variety of peaked forms : and their steep sides, and the deep chasms between them, are covered with trees. The inhabitants are computed al 65,000. Lon. 175 56 W, lat. 20 53 N. Moxahala, or Jonathatis creek, rising in the northern part of Perry county, Ohio, flows east across Mi.'skingum county into Muskingum river, which it enters three miles below Zanesvilie. Moxos, the northern province of the United provinces of Buenos Ayrcs ; bound- ed by the Portuguese territories NE ; Peru N and NW ; La Paz W ; Cochabamba S ; and Chiquitos SE. Lying between kt. 12 and 18 S, ana between lon. 9° and 16*^ E from W C. It is drained by the Gua- pare, Branco, Mamore, and other streams, confluents of the JIadeir.^. Moyamensing, tovvnship of Philadelphia coiuity, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware, be- tween Southwark, and the mouth of the Schuylkill, having Pas?yunk \Y. Popula- tion 1810, 2887: and 1820, 3963. Moyenvic, town of France, in tlie de- partment of Meurthe and late province of Lorrain, remarkable for its salt pits. It is thi-ee miles from Vic, and 10 SSE of Nanci. Mozcislo-u!, strong town of Lithuania, capital of a palatinate of the same name. It was almost ruined by the Russians ia ^69 JI U H M U L 1660, but is rebuilt. It is seated on the Sofz, 22 miles S of Smolensko. Lon. 32 32 E, lat. 54 23 N. Jlfsta, river of European Russia, rising in the government of Tver, and flowing NW into lake Umen, nearly opposite Novogorod. It forms a part of the great inland commu- nication between the waters of the Baltic sea and those of the Volga river. It is united to the Tver, at Nischnei-Volokshok by a canal, which has been formed through the valleys of the Valday hills. Mucheln, town of Upi)er Saxony, in Thu- ringia, six miles N of Freyburg, and eight SW of Mersburg. This town was burned in 1621, by the imperialists under the com- mand of Count Tilly. Lon. 11 39 E, lat. 51 15 N. JVIuchelncy, village in Somersetshire, where are the remains of a rich and ancient abbey, part of which is now changed to a iarm house. It is two miles S by E of L;.ngport. jytuddan, town of France, in the de- partment of Dordogne and late province <'f Perigord, seated on the river Isle, 18 miles S\V of Periguex. Mud creek, a stream of Ontario county. New York, joining the outlet of Ontario lake, near Lyons. The Erie canal follows the valley of this creek, about 16 miles. Muddy river, stream of Illinois rising in Randolph, Washington, Jefferson, and Franklin counties. Tlie various branches flow SE, and uniting in Jackson, enter the Mississippi on the limit between the latter and Union county. It is navigable for boats 30 or 40 miles. Muddy nver, small river of Kentucky, rising in Logan and Todd, and flowing N between Butler and Muhlenburg counties, falls into the S side of Green river. Mtieher, river of Germany, which rises in the archbishopric of Saltzburg, crosses Stiria, passing by Judenburgh, Luben, Muehr, and Gtatzj and falls into thcDrave, near Kfinisea, :n Hungary. Muehr or Muera-w, considerable town of Germany, in the duchy of Stiria, on the river Muehr, 25 miles NW of Gratz, and 40 SW of Neustadt. Lon. 15 4 E, lat, 47 16 N. Muggia or Muglia, town of Italy, In Venetian Istria, with a castle, seated on a gulf of the same name, five miles, SE of Trieste. Lon. 14 2 E, lat. 45 52 N. Muhlburg, town of Upper Saxony, in the margravate of Meissen. It is situa'ed en the Elbe, has a castle and is 19 miles NW of Meissen and 32 NW of Dresden. Lon. 13 9 E, lat. 51 25 N. Miihl-Kreis, or Viertel, Quarter of Muhl, that part of Lowe** Austria, between the Danube, and Bohemia. Mtihlenburg, county of Kentucky, bound- ed by Muddy river or Butler county SE ; 670 Todd S; Christian SW ; Pond river, or Hopkins W ; Deer creek, or Henderson NW ; and Green river, or Daviess N. Length 22 ; mean width 17 ; and area about 540 square miles. Chief town, Greenville. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 1,926 do. do. females - - 1,772 Total whites - • 3,698 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 3 Slaves 480 Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. 4,181 Free white males . 2,225 do. do. females . 2,077 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... ; Total whites 4,302 Free persons of colour, males . 2 do. do. females . Slaves, males ... . 295 do. females - 380 Total population in 1820 4,979 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized . 9 Engaged in Agriculture . 1,292 do. in Manufactures - . 53 do. in Commerce . 22 Population to the square mile, 9. Muhlrose, town of Upper Saxony, in the middle marche of Brandenburg. It is con- veniently situated nine miles SW of Franc- fort on the Oder, on a canal which forms navigable communication from Hamburg to Breslaw. Muirkirk, town in Ayreshire, seated on the river Ayr, and noted for a considerable iron work. Mulbery, village of Arkansaw territory, on Arkansaw river. Muldaxo, river of Bohemia, which rises on the confines of Moravia, and rimning by Budweis and Prague, falls into the Elbe, at Me! nick. Muldorf, town of Germany, in the arch- bishopric of Saltzburg, and 40 E of Mu- nich. Lon, 12 25 E, lat. 48 10 N. Mulhmisen, imperial and hanseatic town of Germsny in Shuringia, under the pro- tection of the elector of Saxony. It is seated in a fertile country, on the Unstnitht, 15 miles NE ot Eisenach, and 45 E by S of Cassel. Lon. 10 49 E, lat. 51 13 N. Mulhausen, considerable town of France, in Alsace, formerly the capital of a repub- lic in alliance with the Swiss, and entitled to all the privileges of the Helvetic con- federacy. The walls of the town enclose M U L M U N a circumference of not move tlian two miles ; and its whole territory is confined within a precinct of eight miles. The town contains 6000 inhabitants, who are protestants ; and there are 2000 subjects in its adjacent villages. It owes its pre- sent flourishing state to its manufactures, which are chiefly of printed linens and cottons. It is well built, adorned with handsome structures and seated in a plea- sant fertile country on an island formed by the river III. It is 15 miles NVV of Basle, and 20 E of Befort. Lon. 7 24 E, lat. 47 48 N. Mulliiefn, town of Germany, in the elec- torate of Cologne, seated on the Rhine three miles from Cologne. Here the few protestants in Cologne are obliged to go to perform divine worship. Mull, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, an island of considerable size, beiii^ 25 miles in length, and in some places of equal breadth. There are many good na- tural harbours ; but there is only one vil- lage, called Tobermorey, where a fishing station has been lately established by the British society. The soil is, for the most part, rocky and barren ; it is fertile in corn and grass but has no wood ; the hills abound with springs, and are covered with cattle ; these, with the fishery, and a con- siderable quantity of kelp, are the only articles of commerce. The ruins of seve- ral ancient castles are seen on this island. J\Iiill of Cantyre, See Cantyre. Mull of Galloway, rocky promontory, the most southerly point of Scotland, in the county of Wigton. Mulleras, town of Germany, in the mid- dle marche of Brandenburgh, seated on a canal cut between the Spree and Oder, 40 miles SE of Berlin. Lon. 14 31 E, lat, 52 14 N. Mullicohill, post village of Gloucester county, New Jersey, on Raccoon creek, 17 miles SSW from PhUadelphia. Mullicus, or Little Egs^ Harbour, river of New Jersey, rising in Burlington and Glou- cester counties, and flowing SE, falls into I/ittle Egg Harbour, two miles S from Tuck- erton. It is navigable for sloops of con- siderable burthen as far as the mouth of Wading river. For a distance of 20 miles in a direct route, it for;ns the line between Burlinf^ton and GloHcester counties Midlingav, county town of West Meath, in Ireland. It holds a great wool mart, is a place of good trade, and formerly sent two members to the Irish parliament. It is seated on the Foyle, 38 miles W of Dublin. Lon, 7 50 W, lat. S:i 30 N. Mullrose, canal of, in German Prussia. It connects the Elbe and Oder, and extends from Newbr'jck on the Spree, to the lake, or reservoir of Briesson near the Oder, It is about 14 miles in length, with 10 locks. Multnomah, river of the United States, in the basin of Columbia ; of which latter river the Multnomah is the great SW branch. It joins the main stream 100 miles from the Pacific Ocean, but is above its mouth, too little known to admit specific description. Mulvia, large river of Africa, which has its source in Mount Alias, and dividing the empire of Morocco from the kingdom of Algiers, falls into the Mediterranean Sea, to the W of Marsalqusver. Muncy creek-, stream of Pennsylvania, in the south-eastern part of Lycoming county, flows by comparative courses 25 miles S\V, and falls into the west branch of Susque- hannah, about one mile NW from Penns- borough. Muncy creek, township of Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, on the west branch of Susquehannah, on both sides of Muncy creek ; including Pennsborough. Popula- tion in 1820, 1255. Munda, ancient town of Spain, in Gra- nada, 30 miles WNW from Malaga. Here the sons of Pompey were utterly defeated by Julius C2esar. Munden, town of Hanover, at the junc- tion of the Tulda and Werra rivers, and where tliese streams form the Weser. It is situated 9 miles NE from Cassel, and 15 WSW from Gottingen. Munderkingen, town of the kingdom of Wirtemberg, in Suabia, 20 miles WSW from Ulen. Mundu, town of Hindoostan, in Malwa, of which it was formerly the capital. It was then 22 miles in circuit, and contained many monuments of ancient magnificence, but it is fallen much to decay. It occupies the top of a large and lofty mountain, 46 miles S of Ougein, and 110 NNW of Bur- hanpour. Lon. 75 47 E, lat. 22 50 N. Munfordville, post village of Hart count}', Kentucky, on the right bank of Greene river, opposite Woodsonville, 75 miles S from Louisville. Munglore, tosvn of Candahar, in the county of Cabul, 125 miles W of Cashmere, and 135 E of Cabul. Lon. 71 15 E, lat. 34 15 N. Miingidhaut, town of Hindoostan, in Ben- gal, with a manufacture of coarse cotton cloths, situate on the Durlah, 20 miles NN E of Rungpour. Munich, fortified city, capital of Bavaria, and one of the finest towns in Germany It containsnear60,000inhabitants. The houses are high, and tne streets spacious, with ca- nals in many of them. The palace of the king is a stupendous structure, magnifi- cenily adorned. The cabinet of curiosities, the museum, tliC library, and the arsenal, merit attention. The cathedral contains the tomb of one of the emperors, in black marble, adorned with statues of bronze, 671 M U N M U R Among the numerous convents, the col- lege formerly belonging to the Jesuits, and the convent of the Theatlnes, are most worthy of notice. The large market- place, in which is the town-house, is very beautiful. Here are manufactures of silk, velvet, woollen cloth, and tapestry. Near the city are two other palaces, Nym- phenburg and Schlesheim. It is seated on the Iser, 33 miles ESE of A.ugsburg', ands 62 S by W of Ilatisbon. Lon. 11 30 E, lat. 48 10 N. Jllimkats. Sec Montgatz. Munnerstadt, town of Franconia, in the principality of VVurtzburg, situate on the Lauer, 13 miles N of Schweinfurt. Jf'fimnypour, capital of the country of Cassay. It was taken atid pillaged by the Birmans in 1774. It is 210 miles NNW of Ummerapoora, and 410 E by N of Calcut- ta. Lon. 94 40 E, lat. 24 30 N. Munsingen, town of Suabia, in the king- dom of Wirtemberg, with a castle, 20 miles W of Ulm. Mwistcr, province of Ireland, 135 miles long and 120 broad ; bounded on the N by Connaught, E by Leinster, and S and W by the Atlantic. It contains the counties of Clare, Tipperary, Waterford, Cork, Liimerick, and Kerry. The principal place is Cork. Munsier, government of Prussia, in the NW part of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia. Tiie chief rivers are the Ems, I.ippe, Vecht, and Berkel. The country is level, with some agreeable heights, but no mountains ; and it has fruitful plains, fine woods, extensive heights that feed much cattle, and good quarries of stone. It is subdivided into tlie circle of Munster, Tecklenburg, Walirendorf, Beckurp, Lu- dinghausen, Koesfeldt, Recklingliausen, Borken, Ahaus, and Steinfurt, Population 320,000, and area 2800 square miles. JMimster, considerable city, capital of llie government of the same name. Tt is environed wiiii double ditches and ram- parts, and had also a sirong citadel, which was demolished in 1765, and replaced by a magnificent palace. The famous treaty, called the treaty of Westphalia, was con- cluded here in 1648, wliich ended the re- ligious wars of 30 years continuance. It is seated on the Aa, 50 miles ENE of Wesel, and 52 WNW of Paderborn. Lon. 7 49 E, lat. 51 55 N. J\hinster, town of Swisserland, in the canton of Lucerne, 12 miles NNW of Lu- cerne. Munster, town of Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons, 15 miles N of B^rnio. jMunsieT, town of France, in ti^.e depart- ment of Upper Rhine, 9 miles WSW of Colmar. Mtinster Eyffel, town of Germany, in the duchy of .Tuliers, 16 SSW of Cologne. 672 Afimster Meinfeld, town of Germany, iu the late electorate of Treves, 12 miles SW of Coblentz. Munster, post village, Cambria county, Pennsylvania, 5 miles E from Ebensburg. Mimsterberg, town of Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name, rich in grain, flax, hemp, and hops. It is seated on the Ohlau, 13 miles NW of Neisse. Lon. 17 3 E, lat. 50 31 N. Munzenberg, town of Germany, in Wet- teravia, with an ancient castle, 8 miles S of Giessen. Mnranoy town of Austrian Italy, on an island near Venice. Here the famous ve- nitian mirrors are made. It stands 3 miles N from that city. Murat, town of France, in the depart- ment of Cartal, on the Alaignon, 12 miles NW from St. Flour. JMiircia, province, formerly a kingdom of Spain ; bounded on the N by New Cas- tile, on the E by Valencia, on the W by Andalusia, and Granada, and on the S by the Mediterranean. It is 62 miles long and 58 broad ; and tlie principal river is Se- gura. The soil is dry, and it produces lit- tle corn or wine ; but there are plenty of oranges, citrons, lemons, olives, almonds, mulberries, rice, pulse, and sugar. It has also a great deal of silk. The air of this province is very healthful, and the princi- pal town is of the same name. Mvrcia, populous city of Spain, capital of a province of the same name, with a bishop's see. It has a superb cathedral, the stairs of whose steeple are so contrived, that a man may ride up to the top either on horseback or in a coach. There are fine gardens about the city, in which are the best fruits in Spain. It is seated on the Segura, 27 miles N of Carthagena, and 212 SE of Madrid. Lon. 36 W, lat. 38 2 N. Mnr de Barrez, town of France, in the department of Aveiron, 32 miles N by E from Rhodez. Muret, town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Garonne, and late province of Gascony, seated on the Garonne, 10 miles S of Toulouse. Lon. 1 18 E, lat. 43 26 N. Murfreesborough, post town, Hertford county. North Carolina, on the right bank of Mehenen river, about 75 miles SE from Petersburg, and an equal distance NW from Norfolk in Virginia. Murfreesborough, post town, seat of jus- tice for Rutherford county, and capital of Tennessee, between the E and W fork of Stone's river, 32 miles SE 'rom Nashville. Lat. 35 52 N. The adjacent country is fertile, and productive in grain, cotton and tobacco Population about 1000. Mtiro, episcopal town of Niiples, in Ba- silicata, seated at the foot of the Appenine?, 12 miles SE of Conza, Lon. 15 45 E, lat. 40 46 N". Murray-Frith, considerable inlet of the sea, on the E coast of Scotland, between Tarbetness, in Rossshire, on the N, and Borough Head, in Murrayshire, on the S. Murrayshire, or ElgiiiBldre, is sub-divj- ded into Murray and Strathspey, and is bounded on the E and SE by tiie river Spey, which divides it from Bamffsliire ; on tiieS byAbei'deenshire andlnvernessshire ; on the W by Invernessshire and Nairnshire ; and on the N by Nairnshire, and the Frith of Murray, being 30 miles from E to W, and nearly the same from N to S. Its air is salutary, and the winter milder than any other part in the N of tlie kingdom. The S side is mountainous, but abounds with pasture, as the low country does with corn. Here are several woods of firs and oaics. The sod is generally fruitful, and produces the fruits ripe soon. Tts principal rivers are the Spey, the Lossie, Nairn, and Find- horn ; all of which produce vast quantities of salmon. The chief towns are Elgin and Forres. Population in 1801, 26,705} in 1811, 28,108 ; and in 1821, 31,162. MurrJiart, town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemberg, with a Benedictine abbey. It is seated on the river Mur, eight miles S of Hallo. Lon. 9 51 E, lat. 49 14 N. •Musician, town of France, in Upper Pe- rigord, which sustained a famous siege in 1579. Lon. 20 E, lat. 45 5 N. Musa, populous town of Arabia, in the province of Yemen. It is fortified and sur- rounded with walls, 18 miles E of Mocha. Muskingum, river of the United States, in the .state of Ohio. This stream is form- ed by two branches. Whitewoman's and Tuscarawas rivers. The ibrmer nses by a number of sources in Richland, Knox, and Wayne counties, interlocking with the head waters of Sciota and Sandusky, en- tering Ohio, and Vermillion and Black rivers, flowing into L:)ke Erie, passing through Coshocton county, join tlie Tusca- rawas river at the town of Cosliocton. The entire comparative length of Whitewoman's river, from its mouth to the extreme source of Armstrong's creek in Richland county, is about seventy miles, draining one of the most fertile tracts of land in ihs United States. The Tuscarawas river has its sources In Harrison, Columbiana, Stark, Portage, Me- dina, and Wayne coniities, interlocking ■with those of Rocky river and Cayahoga, flowing into Lake Erie, and Great Beaver entering Ohio. Tiie Tuscarawas river is about ninety miles in length from the town of Coshocton, to its extreme source in Medina county. Below the junction of Whitewoman's and Tuscarawas rivers, the united waters take the name of Muskingiun, whicT^ flow- ing south, eight miIes,through Coshocton, receives from the east Hill's creek on tlie border of Muskingum county, and con- tinuing south a little west, twenty-three miles to Zanesvdle, receives Licking creek from the west. After being precipitated over a fall of about seven feet, at Zanes- ville, the Muskingum turns south-east by south, and flowing sixty miies, enters the Ohio river at Marietta. Between Zanes- ville and its efflux into Ohio, the Muskin- gum river passes through Musknigum, Morgan, and Washington counties. This river is navigable with large batteaux to the falls below Zanesville ; for boats of considerable size to Cosliocton ; and for small craft nearly to the source of the Tus- carawas. A canal has been projected to unite the latter stream to the liead waters of Cuyahogi river, and by this channel unite the Oiiio river to Lake Erie. A canal, with locks, is already cut arouud the falls at Zanesville, opening a navigation in'o the centre of the state of Ohio. The country drained by the sources of the Muskingum is generally level, but be- comes more hilly approaching the Ohio river. In po'nt of climate this river Hows from North lat. 41 07 to North lat. 39 28.< The area it drains nearly cii'cular, about 7850 square miles. Muskingum, populous county of Ohio; bou;idcd on the N by Coshocton ; E by Guernsey ; S by Morgan, and W by Perry and Licking counties. It is 28 by 27 miles in extent, and contains about 660 square miles. Its principal waters are the Mus- kingum and Licking rivers; Salt, Jona- than's or Moxahala, and Wakatomika creeks. In numerous places adjacent to and in the bed and valley oi the Muskin- gum river, are extensive and almost inex- haustible beds of ston" coal, which the people in (he vicinity of Zanesville use as fuel. Surface of the county generally hilly, and soil sterile. Population in 1810. Free white males . - - 5,305 do. do. females ... 4,656 Total whites - - - 9,961 Ail other persons except Indians not taxed ... - YS Slaves Total population in 1810 - - 10,036 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 9,470 do. do. fe'T::ales - - . 8,161 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites Free persons of colour, males - A(y. do. females 67:1 M i o Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820 17,824 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized - l-i4 I^ij^aged in AgricviUure - 2,7^5 do. in M:tniifactures ■ 454 do. in Commerce - - 59 Population to tlie square mile, 29J. Mitsqueto Creek, post office, Trumbull county, Ohio. Mimelburg, seaport in Edinburghshire, on the Frith of Forth, at the mou'h of the river Esk. Here a victory was obtained by the English over tlie Scots, in the reign of Edward VI. It is six miles E of Edin- burgh. Lon. 3 5 W, lat. 55 N. Mussei-''s JMs, post office, Columbiana county, Ohio. Mustagam, seaport of the kingdom of Algiers, with a castle, 140 miles W of the city of Algiers. Lon. 3 W, lat. 36 30 N. Musacra, seaport of Spain, in Granada, with a strong castle, seated on a mountain, 27 miles NE of Almeria, and 62 SW of Carthagena. Lon 1 36 \V, lat. 37 11 N. Mumela, town of Spain, in the province of Andalusia, seated on tiie banks of the Guadalqulver, 50 miles N of Gramida. Musxuell Bill, village in Middlesex, five miles N of London. It takes its name from a famous well on the h;il, which beloi\ged to the fraternity of St. John of J-msalem, in Clerkenwall. Th^s well still belongs to the parish of Clerkenwell. Mutschen,tovi>anius, Jilycojie, ancient jMycomis, island of tlie Archipelag:>, 30 mdes m circumferencr-. Tbe liarbou.- is very open, a:\d deep eno jgh for the largest ships, where they may ride secure-, from the N wind. The soil is dry, and the mountnins are of great height. Water is very scarce in su-nmer ; but in the town is a large well the only one in the island. Here are plenty of partridges, quails, wood cccks, turtle-doves, rabbits, and wheat-ears ; also excellent grapes and figs. Almost all tiie inhabitants are Greeks, who have 50 churches in all ; but manv are -571 chapels ; and some monasteries. Lon. 2i> 51 E, lat. 37 23 N. Jilionnessus, or Clazomenian Promontory, ancient names of the long peninsula of Asia Minor, stretching NW between Smyrna, and. the island of Chics. It is terminated towards My^eltne the an- cient Lesbos, by the ancient promontory of Melaena, the Kara bouroun of the Turks See (Jhisme, both in the text and Addenda Mysol, island, the mr.st eastern of the Moluccas, of a triangaiur form, with a bold shore. The villages are built in the \vater upon posts ; and there are forests visited by the birds of paradise, which are caught in great mimbers. Lon. 130 3 E. :at. 2 S Mysore, country in the peninsula of HindoDStan, lyins between the VV and E ridges of the CJauts. It extends from 11 30 to 15 N lat. and in the N part from 74 55 to 78 35 W lon but diminish- ing thence as it approaches the S till it ends in a point. The N side is extremely irregular and indented, and the middle part branches out above a degree beyond that to the E. The country is in gene- ral dry, rugged, mountainous, and bar- ren ; but there are several rivers and mountain torrents, which by artificial means serve to water rice grounds, gar- dens, &c. In the forests are many ele- phants, and tigers are common. Oxen, buffaloes, and goats are numerous, and in the NE part many sheep are bred ; but horses and asses are few. The chief products are rice, cotton, pepper, cocoa and betel-nut, sugar cane, butter, and oil. The whole of this country, with some other territories to the N and E, and the provinces of Coimbetcre, Malabar, and Canara, w^-re subdued by Hyder Ally, a Mussulman, who usurped the throne of Mysore, in 1759. and made S.ringapatam his capital. He was suc- cetded by Tippoo Sultan, who conti- nued his father's state of warfare. On the termination of a war in 1792, Tip- poo agreed to pay thirty lacks of rupees, and to cede cue half of' his dominions to the English and their allies, the Mah- rattas, ar.d the nizam of the Deccan. In 1799, a new war taking place, his capital'vvas taken by tl:e English, on the 4th of May, and himself killed in the as- sault. A partiti n of his remaining ter- ritories took place ; and on the SOth of June followi^.g, Kistna Rajah was placed by the English on the musnud rf his fa- tlsers. at Mysore, ar.d that town remade the capital ' f his present country He being only five years old, colonel Close was appointed to be resident with the rajah cf Mysore ; and the northern for- :\ A t Jv^ A G tresses of Nagara, Chitteldroog, Sera, and Nandidrooii; were garrisoned by the Eng- lish, for which the rajah is to pay seven lacks of star pagodas yearly. The is- land of Seringapatam was retained by the English for provision of the families of Hyder and 'i'ippoo. The dominions of the rajah of Mysore are now divided into three great districts, Patana to the S, Nagara to the N W, and Chatrakal to the NE, so called from the tliref- places where the chief officers are situate. The Patana district is by far the largest, and of itself a much greater extent of terri- tory than ever before was subject to the Mysore family. Mysore, foitifi d city of Hindoostan, capital of the country of the same name. It was ruined by the late tv/o sultans; but since the English restored the an- cient family in ir99, and made it the jaj all's seat of government, a palace has been built, and its renovation will fol- low in course. Mysore is 10 miles S of Serinsjapataoj- L!;n, 76 50 E, lat. 12 15 N. Mystic, small river, or rather creek of Massachusetts, falling into Boston har- bour. It is navigated with sloops to Medford four miles. Mystic, post village New London coun« ty Connecticut. Mytilene, or Mttelin, aiicient Lesbos, is- ia-nd on the W c.uist of Asia Minor be- • tween the gulfs of Smyrna, and Adramy- tium. It is 36 miK s long and from two to twelve broad. It is nrie of the most pr ductiv; islands in the Turkish empire. Populfition atjout 50,000 Between lat. 38 25 and 39 :0 N. J^JytileneyUly oi. See Cas/ro in the Ad- denda. Myzensh, tov;n of European Russia in Orel, on the Oko, 52 miles below Orel. N Naas, borough of Ireland in the coun- ty of Kildare, where the assizes are held alternately with Athy. It was formerly the residence of tlie kings of Leinster. It is 17 miles SW of Dublin, and 26 NVV of Leinster Lon, 6 42 W, lat. 53 13 N. jSTab, river of Germany, which issues from iVIount Fichtelberg, in the princi- pality of Bayreuth, flows S through the palatinate of Bavaria, and enters the Da- nube a little above Ratisbon. JVabal. town of the kingdom of Tunis, celebrated for .ts potteries. Near it are several remains of antiquity, it is seat- ed near the s^a, 32 miles SSFi of Tunis. Lon. 10 19 E, lat. 53 13 N. A'abburg, town of the palatinatp, ov Bavaria, on the river Nab, 10 miles ESE of Amljerg. Kablous town of Asiatic Turkey ca- pital of a country winch was the ancient kingdom of Samaria. It is the residence of a schiek, who farms th-, tribu'e to the pacha of Damascus. The soil of the country is fertile, and produces a great deal of corn, cotton, olives, and some silk. The inhabitants are such jealous Maho metans, that they will not suffer any Christains to remain among them, Na- blous is 24 miles N of Jerusalem, and 90 SSW of Damascus Lon. 35 24 E, lat. 32 20 N. Jiaco, town of N America, in the pro- vince of Honduras. Lon. W C 10 40 W, lat 15 N. JVacogdoches, village of Texas, about 120 miles W from Natchitoches in Lou- isiana. It is an inconsiderable place. Lon. W C 17 17 W, hit. 31 27 N. J^\ideegsda. ?ee KuriUs. Macfds, town cf Swisserland, in the cantons of Glaris. It is remarkable for a celebrated victory gamed by the inha- bitants over the Austriatisin memory of which a chapel was built on the spot, which was rebuilt in 1799. Afrurdai, strong town of Holland, at the head of the ca.'ials of iht province. It was taken by Fern:indo d- Toledo, son of tlie c'.uke of Aha in 1572, when all the inhabitants vvithout distinction of age or sex, wc re niassacrtd. U is sealed on the Zuider Z-e, 14 aides E of Amsrerdam, and 15 N of Utrecht. L'.m, 5 9 E, lat. 52 20 N \ , Nagcra, town of Spain, in Old Castile, widi a f rt, three miies NVV of Cala- ho'.ra, and 138 N of Madrid. Lon 2 10 W, lat. 42 14 N, A'agold.. town of Suabia, in the duchy of VVirtembcrg, vvit!i a strong castle ten miles W of Tubirig.. n. A/agore, town of Hindoostan Proper in the country of Agi mere. 40 miles NW of Agimere. Lon. 74 10 E, lat 27 8 N. Mig/iGur, city of the Deccan of Hin- doostan, capital of that part of Berar which is subject to a chief of the East- ern Mahrattas. ijlt is a city of modern date ; but though extensive and popu- lou.s. is but mtanly budt; and, ey.cept- ing a small cicadef, is open and defence- less- It is 560 miles W by S of Ca'cutta. Lon. 79 46 E, lat. 21 8 N. Mi^ubanja, town of Hnngary celebra- ted for its gold and silver mine-works which are of great produce. It is a metal town and one of the royal free towns, and is 30 miles NE of Tamar. Lon 22 54 E, lat. 48 10. Maliant, peninsula of Massachusets in the SW part of E^sex county, united to the main shore by Lynn Beach. It is a delicious and much frequented summer retreat, from the neighbouring cities, and towns ; 14 miles NE from Boston. JVahe, rivtr of the paiaUnate of the Jlhine, which running' by Birkenfdd, Ober- steiU; Kreuzenach, and Bingen, fall into the Khine A^airn, boro'.'.gh and seaport, the c unty- town of Nairnshire ; seated at the entrance of the Frith of Murray, 10 miles E of In- vernesB, and 104 N of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 51 W, lat. 35 o3 N. JViimisIiirs, snnall county of Scotland, bounded on the N by Murray Frith ; on the E and S by Murrayshire ;" and on t!.'; W by Inverness-shire. Its greatest length is not above 12 miles, nor its breadth above 10. It is fruitful, and its corn soon ripens, has several woods of firs, and several lakes and moantains, yet is well peopled. Its chief town is Nairn. Population in 1801, 825r; 1811, 8251 ; and in 1821, 9006. A'Wcsii'ati, city of Armenia, capital of a province of the same nume, with an arch- bishop's see. It is seated between the towns of Erivan and Tauris. Lon. 45 30 E, lat. 33 40 N. JS'amari, mountain of Sicll}-, in the Yal- di-Demona, between JMessina, Taormina, and Alelazzo. Aanifio, island of the Archip^lagf, the ancient yhiaphe, a little to ihe E of that of Santorini. It is 16 miles in circumference, but has no harbour, nor springs sulBcient to water the fields. The inhabitants are all Greeks and their trade is m onions, wax, and honey. The ruins of the temple of Apollo are yet to be seen, and consist chiefly of marble columns. Lon. 26 10 E, lat. 36 15 N. JVamptvdch, town of Cheshire, with a market on Saturday. It is well built, and has a large church, in the form of a cross, with the tower in the middle. Here are salt springs, on the banks of a fresh water stream, from which are made great quanti- ties of white salt, in which article and cheese th;s town carries on a considerable trade. _ The principal dairies of Cheshire are in its neighbourhood. It is seated on the Weaver, 26 miles SE of Chester, and 162 NW of London. l»n. 2 25 W, lat. 53 6N. JVamui', county of the ffetherlands, di- vided by the river Sambre and .Maese into three equal parts, bounded on the N by Brabant, on the E and S by the bishopric of Liege, and on the W by Hainault. This 676 :^* A N province is pretty fertile ; has several forests, marble quaries, and mines of iron, ledd, and coal. N'amur, city of the Netherlands, capital of the county of Namur, between two moun- tains, at the confiuer.ce of the Maese and Sambre, 24 miles WSW of Liege, and 32 SE of Brussels. Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 50 29 N. JSTancy, city of Fiance, capital of the de- partmt-nt of Meurte, and a bishop's see. It is divided by a canal, into the old and new town. The first, though irregularly built, is rich and populous, and contains the palace of ihe ancient dukes of Lorrain ; and tl.eir tombs are in a rich saloon, whicli ad- joins the church of the late Cordeliers. The new tov/n, whose streets are perfectly straigiit, was already one of the finest in Europe, before the magnificent w'orks with which Stanislius I, titular king of Poland, and duke of Lorrain, enriched it. The catiiedral is a superb structure. It was aken by the Allies in 1814. Nancy is seat- ed in a delightful plain, near the river ileurte, 93 miles NW of Basel, and 175 E of Paris. Lnn. 6 10 E, lat. 48 42 N. J\''ander, town of Flindoostan, in the pro- vince of Dowlatabad, 132 miles NNW of Hydrabad. JVandidroog, strong fortress of Hindoo- stan, in Mysore. Since the restoration of the rajah, in 1799, it has been garrisoned by English troops. It is 25 miles N by E of Banga'.ore, and 64 ESE of Sera. A'Miffasaki, city of Japan, in the island ot Ximo, with a good harbour, and the only one in the empire in which foreign ships are permitted to anciior. — The inhabitants carry on a great trade with the Chinese and Dutch. The latter are never suffered to come into the city, unless when their ships arrive, and then they deliver up their guns and sails, as pledges of their good beha- viour. Lon. 128 46 E, lat. 32 32 N. J\a?iffira, river. See Yttngar. JVangis, town of France, in the depart- ment of Seine and Merne, 12 miles W of Provins, and 14 E of Mekm. JVanjemoy, post town and port of entry, on Nanjemoy creek, Charles countj-, Mary- land; 45 miles S from Washington. j\^an-kanff, city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-si, seated on the lake Po-yang, 6Z7 miles S of Peking. Lon. 113 58 E, lat. 29 2,o N. JWinking, city of China, capital of the province of Kiangan. It is the largest in China, being 17 miles distant from the great river Yang-tse-Chiang, from which canals are cut, so large, that vessels may enter the town. It was formerly the imperial city, whence it is called Nanking, which signifies southern court; but since six grand tribunals have been removed to Peking, it is called Kiang-nan, in all public acts. Thp -\ A >« N A A place is greatly fallen from its ancient splendour ; for it had a magnificent palace whicii is quite destroyed, as well as many ancient monuments ; and a third part of the city itself is desolate. The streets are nar- row, but handsome and well paved, and on each side are shops neatly furnished. The public buildings are mean, except a few temples, the &Ay gates, and a tower of por- celain 200 feet high. They have several manufactures in silk and wool. The num- ber of inhabitants is said to be 1,000,000, without comprehending the garrison o! 40,000 men. Here the physicians have tiieir principal academy. The inhabitants were formerly estimated at 2,000,000, the city being above 30 miles in circumference. It is situated on the Kiam, 500 miles SSE of Peking. Lon. 119 25 E, lat. 32 46 N. J\'an-ngoji, city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Kiang-si. It stands among plantaf ions of sugar-cane, near the source of the Kan-Kiang, and the foot of the mountain Mt-lin, 200 miles NK of Can- ton, and 9000 SSW of Peking. Lon. 113 38 E, lat. 24 48 N. jVan-ngan-fou, beautiful and populous city of China in the most southern part of the province of Kiangsi ; it is a beautiful, populous and commercial city, and much frequented. It contains in its district, four cities of the third class. It is 200 miles N by E of Canton. J^'ansemond, county of Virginia; bounded by Norfolk E ; Gates county. North Caroli- na S ; Blackwater river, or Southampton SW, Isle of Wight NW; and Hampton Roads NE Length 33 ; mean v^idth 20 ; and area 660 square miles. Surface gene- rally level, and in part marshy. Drumonds pond, one of the feeders of the Dismal swamp canal, is in the SE angle of this county. Staples, cotton, and tobacco. Chief town, Suffolk. Population in 1810 Free white males - - - 2,333 do. do. females - - 2,260 Total whites ... 4,593 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - 1,269 Slaves 1,262 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females . - - All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites - . . . Free persons of colour, males do. do. females - Slaves, male,? . - . - 10,324 2,261 2,314 4,575 684 ro9 3,387 Slaves, females - - - 2,139 Total population in 1820 - 10,494 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 17 Engaged in Agriculture - 3,267 do. in Manufactures - 192 do. in Coinmerce - - 66 Population to the square mile, 16 nearly. JWinseincnd, river of Virginia, rising in the cent, al pan of Nansemond county ; flowing NNE about 25 miles, opens by a wide bay into James river, and Hampton Roads. It IS navigable to Suffolk for ves- sels of 100 tons. J\i'antasket road, the southern entrance into Boston harbour. It affords good an- cliorage in from five to seven fathoms water. J^an-tchnng-fou, city of China, capital of the province of Kiang-sl. It is the resi- dence of a Viceroy, and comprehends eight cities in its district. JVtmtes, ancient rich and very considera- ble town of France, in the department of Lower Loire, and late province of Bre- tagne. The bridges over the Loire, in which are seme islands, are almost a league in length. The suburbs are , so large that they exceed the city. The inhabitants are computed at 60,000. Since the peace in 1783, Nantes has h.ad a considerable share in ihe commerce with the United States. Large vessels cr,n come no higher than port Luntiai, where they arc unloaded into smaller vessels which go up to Nantes, being a distance of 12 miles. In 1796, the theatre here took fire, during a time of per- formance, and several persons lost their lives. Nantes is 58 miles S by E of Ren- nes, and 217 SW of Paris. Lon. 1 45 W, lat, 47 13 N. JVanticoke, river of Maryland, on the eastern side of Chesapeak bay. It rises in the state of Delaware, and runs nearly in a SW course through Dorchester county (Maryland) and enters the Chesapeak on the S side of Philips' point. JVanticoke, hundred of Sussex county, Delaware, containing 2,843 inhabitants in 1810, It is watered by the Nanticoke ri- ver, from which it derives its name, and on the W and S it joins the state of Maryland. Population in 1820, 2335. JK'antmiU, East, one of the northern townsliips of Chester county Pennsylvania, on the head waters of French creek o3 miles NW from Thiladelphia. Po])ulation 1820, 1873. jWmimill, West, township of Chester county, Pennsylvania, adjoining the pre- ceding, and the SB angle of Berks, and NE angle of Lancaster county, on the head waters of the east branch of Brandy wine. Population 1820, 1443. b77 2i A N N A P JWintim, town of France, in tlie dqiarU ment of" Ain and late province of B:esse, situated at the extiemiy 0( a great ialce of the same name, 18 miles SE of Bourg. Here Cliarles the Bold w;is inferred. JVaniitcket, island of Xorth America, in Massachusetts. The inhabitants of which have a considerable whale fishing- on the coast, and even in Greenland. It lies to the S of Cape Cod, and is a low, sandy, barren island, the inhabitants depend al- most entirely on the sea for their subsis- tence It contains about 50 square miles, and forms a county, wiih some small islands. The employment of capital marks tlie pur- suits of the people, §600,000 are employed in upwards of SO Spermaceti works. It contains also two banks, and two insurance companies. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 3,193 do. do. females - - 3,314 Total whites ... - 6,507 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 300 Slaves ' Total population in 1810 . 6,807 Population in 1820. Free white males - - . 3,346 do. do. females - - . 3,646 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . _ sr Total whites .... 7.019 Free persons of colour, males 132 do. do. females - 115 Slaves, males - do. females 7,266 48 64 399 809 Total population in 1820. Of these ; Foreigners not natur.tHzed Eng-aged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 145. A'^andcckel, post town and capital of the island of Nar.tucket, situated on a basin, the north side of the island, in the lat. of 41 18 N, and Ion. of 70 10 W, at the dis- tance of 120 miles SE of Boston. It is a port of entry. It has one fine harbour, completely safe from all winds, being so well lund locked. It has only, however, at low water 7^ feet water on its bar. JSiantivicfi, town in Cheshire, with a mar- ket on Saturday. Here are sali springs, from which are made great quantities of white salt ; also a manufacture of cotton and shoes. The principal dairies of Che- shire are about this town, and it has a con- siderable trade in cheese. It is seated on 678 tiie Weaver, and by the Chester canal, which here forms a" broad basin, 26 miles SE of Chester, and 164 NVV of London. J^Tan-yang, city of China, of the first rank, in the province of Ho-nan, seated on a small river, and surrounded by mountains, 100 miies S of Ho-nan. jYan-yong, city of China, of the first rank in tlie pi-ovince of Quantong, seated on the Pei-kiang, near its source, 170 m Jes NNE of Ciinton. J\apatil, country of Asia, bounded on the S by Bahar, W by Oude and Rohilcund, NW by Sirinagur, NE by the mountains of Himmaleh, which separate it from Tibet, and B by Bootan. It is tributary to Tibet; and Catmandu is the capital. A'aples, kingdom comprehending the S part of Italy, bounded on the NVV by the Ecclesiastical State, NE by the gulf of Ve- nice, and every where else by the Mediter- ranean. It is 300 miles in length, by 100 in breadth, and divided into twelve pro- vinces ; namely, Terri di Lavaro (the an- cient Campania Felix) Principato Citeriore and Ulteriore, Molise, Basihcata, Calabria Citeriore and Ulteriore, Abruzzo Citeriore and Ulteriore, Capitanata, Terra di Bari, and Terra d'Otranto ; the last three form- ing the ancient Apulia, now called Puglla on tfie E side of the kingdom. After many revolutions, the Norman^ became masters of this country, in the eleventh century ; and the sovereigns were called counts, then dukes, and afterward kings of Puglia. 1282, Peter III. king of Arragon, caused all the Normans in the island of Sicily to be massacred ; and this massacre was called the Sicilian Vespers. After this, I'uglia v.^as joined to Sicily ; and hence the sovereigns took the title of King of the Two Sicilies. It has also been cal. led the kingdom of Naples, from its capi- tal, France and Spain contended for the sovereignty in the sequel, and bloody wars and revolutions were the consequence. The French being defeated by the Span- iards in 1504, Louis XII, formally renoun- ced all pretentions to the ci own, and the country was governed by Spanish Viceroys. In 1647 happened the dreadful insurrec- tion of Massaniello, in the city of Naples, by which the Spaniards were nearly expel- led. — The people, however, re'urning to their allegiance, on the assassination of Massanieilo, the Spaniards continued in peaceable possession of the kingdom till 1707, when it was conquered by prince Eugene, and ceded to the emperor by the trea'y of Rastadt in 171-i It was recover- ed, however, by the Spaniards in 1734; and third son of the king of Spain became king of Naples and Sicily. The king of Naples joined the coalition which vi-as formed against the French repubhc ; but the rapid and unparalleled successes of X A P .\ A V the latter, reduced him first to request an armistice, and on the 25th of October, 1797 to enter into a disgraceful ireaty of peace, But after tlic celebrated batle of the Nile, the enmity of this court to the French, again began to revive ; their warlike mea- sures were, however, ill conceited ; their forces were completely routed, and the king exiled from his kingdom. By the successes of Suwarrow, the king was restored ; but in 1805, on account of his receiving some Russian and English troops into his dominions, the French again took possesson of the country ; and bestowed the crown on Joseph Bonaparte, on whose head it remained till 1808, when he was made king of Spain, and the kingdom was given to prince Murat, the brother-in-law of Napoleon Boniparte. The island of Sicily, however, is at .present detached from Naples, and retained by king Ferdi- nand, who is to have an indemnity for Na- ples, on the continent. The climate is ex- tremely hot, especially in July, August, and September; and is said to be one of the most inconstant and unfavourable to valetudinarians. In some seasons it rains every day for six or seven weeks together ; but the most di^agrepuble part of the cli- mate is the sireoc or SE vvind, which is very common in May, and extremely re- laxing. In winter there is seldom any ice or snow, except on the mountains. The country abounds with grain, the hnest fruits and vegetables, rice, flnx, oil, v.'ine, s;fFron, and manna ; and affords alum, vitriol, sul- phur, rock chrystal, marble, minerals, and fine wool and silk. Beside the manufac- tures noticed in the account of the city of Naplfs, waistcoats, caps, stockings, and gloves are also made of the liair or fila- ments of a shellfish, whicii are warmer than those of wool, and of a beautiful glossy green. The principal mountains are the Appennines, which traverse this coun- try from N to S, branching out to the two extremities; and the celebrated volcano, mount Vesuvius. The rivers are numer- ous, but inconsiderable ; the chief are the Garigliano and Volturiio. One of the greatest inconveniences to which the king- dom is exposed is earthquakes. Th^^ es- tablished religion is the Ronian catholic, and the clergy and convents, under the old government, possessed two-thirds of the whole kingdom ; but protestants and Jews are allowed to settle here. The inhabi- tants of this country have, at ali times borne but an iiviifferent character among other nations ; gluttony is here a jiredomi- nant vice, while ins^iances of ebriety are comparatively rare. In the female sex, the passion for finery is almost sirperior to any other ; and though ciiastity is not the characteristic virtue of the country, yet a Neapolitan woman would for the most part, prefer a present to a lover. Tliat furious jealousy, for which the nation was once so rem.irkable, is now greatly abated. The breach of the conjugal vow som;;times oc- casions quarrels and a-sassination among people of inferior rank ; and in the me- tropolis, assassinations are often perpetra- ted from mvich less cogent m itives. JVa/ilea, ancient large, I'ich, and tra- ding city of Italy, one of the finest in the world, capital of the kingdom of the same name, with a university. It is si- tuated at the bottom of a bay ; and is built in the form of a vast amphitheatre, sloping from the hills to the sea. Al- though the style of architecture is infe- rior to what prevails at Rome, and it cannot vie with that city in the number of palaces, or in the magnificence of the public buildings, the private houses, in general, are better built, and the streets are broader and better paved. No street in Rome equals in beauty the Strada di Toltdo at Naples ; nor can any of them be compared with the beau.iful streets which lie open to the bay, and here the excessive heat of the sun is often tem- pered with the sea-breezes and gales wafting the perumes of the Campagna Felice. The houses in general, are five or six stories high, and Hat on the top, on which are placed numbers of flower vases, or fruit trees in boxes of earth, producing a very gay and agreeable ef- fect. On the mountain of St. Elmo, in a most pleasant situation, is a convent of Carthusians, on which much expense has been lavished, to render the build- ing, the apartmenis, and the gardens, equal to the situation. Naples is admi- rably suited for commerce, and has all the necessaries and luxurits of life in great profusion ; and yet tradf? is but in a languishing condition. The chief ar- ticles manufactured here are silk stock- ings, soap, snuff-boxes of tortoise-shell, or of the lava of Mount Vesuvius ; tables, and ornamental furiiiture, of marble. They are thought to embroider here better than in France ; and their niacca- roni is preferred to that of any y^art; of Italy. They excel also in liquors and confections ; particularly in one kind of confection, called diabolonis, of a veiy hot and stimlating nature, and which is sold at a very high price. The num- ber of inhabitants is computed at 350,000, which is very probable ; for though Na- ples is not one-third of the size of Lon- don, yet many of the streets here are more crowded tlian the Strand ; and a great jjroportion of the poorest sort are obliged to spend the night in them, as well as the day, for want of habitations. Theve is not a citv in the world, per- 679 X A F A K haps, with the same number of inhabi- tants, in which so few contribute to the wealth of the community, by useful and productive labour ; the number of priests, monks, fidlers, lawyers, nobility, foot- men, and lazzaronis or vagabonds, is immense ; and the last alone are compu- ted at 30,000. The nobility are exces- sively fond of splendour and show, as ap- pears by the brilliancy of their equipages, the number of their attendants, the rich- ness of their dress, and the grandeur of their titles. The king, it is said, counts 100 persons with the title of prince, and still a greater number with that of duke, among his subjects. Six or seven of these have estates fron 10 to 13,000/. a year ; and a considerable number have posses- sions to about half that amount ; while the annual revenue of many is not above 1000;. or 2000/. The inferior nobility are much poorer ; many counts and marquisses not having above 300/. or 400/. a year, of a paternal estate, many still less, and not a few enjoy the title, without any estate whatever. Although the churches and convents of Naples are not to be compared with those of Rome in point of architecture, they surpass them in rich jewels, and in the quantity of silver and golden crucifixes, vessels, and other ornaments. The cathedral is a grand Gothic edifice ; and of all the palaces, that of the king is not only the most magnificent, but in the best style of architecture. The harbour, which is spacious, is protected by a mole. The bay of Naples is one of the finest in the world, being almost of a circular figure, about 30 miles in diameter, shut out from the Mediterranean by the island c.f Caprea, and three parts of it shelter- ed by the circuit of woods and mountains. Naples was taken by the French in Ja- nuary 1790, but retaken by the British fleet under Lord Nelson, in June follow- ing. In 1806, it was again taken pos- session of by the French, under Massena, and soon afterwards Joseph Bonaparte was here crowned king of Naples. In 1803, the city suffered much damage by an earthquake. Naples is 110 miles SE of Rome, 104 NE of Palermo, 217 SE of Florence, and 300 S by E of Venice. Lon. 14 20E, lat. 14 55N. jYaples, township and post village of Ontario county. New York, 18 miles S from Canandaigua. Population 1820, 1038. JVafiloosc, or A'a/iolose. See A^hd- lous. A'afio, river of South America, rising in Quito, and flowing SE falls into the Amazon. Lon. W C 4 50 E, lat. 3 45 S. -Yafioli di Malvasia, seaport of Eu- ropean Turkey, and capital of the isl- and of Malvasia. It has a fine har- bour defended by a good citadel ; and a long wooden bridge, which joins it to the mainland. It gives name to tiiat excellent wine, called Malmsey ; and was the ancient Epidaurus, famed for the temple of jEsculapius. It is seated on a rock, at the entrance of the bay of Napoli de Romania, 38 miles SE of Misitra. Lon. 22 58 E, lat. 36 53 N. JVafioli di Romania, seaport of Euro- pean Turkey, in the Morea, and an archbishop's see, seated on a peninsula, at the head of a bay of the same name. It is inhabited by 60,000 Greeks, beside people of different nations ; and has a large harbour, with a narrow entrance defended by a citadel. This town was taken by the Turks, in 1715. It is 20 miles SSW of Corinth. Lon. 22 44 E, lat. 37 44 N. JVara, town of Japan, in the island of Niphon, with a magnificent castle, 25 miles NVV of Meacovv^. A'arasinghapiira, town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with two considerable tem- ples. It is well built, and stands in a fertile country, on the Cavery, immedi- ately below the influx of the Kapini, 20 miles ESE of Mysore. J^ar berth, town of Wales, in Pem- brokeshire, with a market on Wednes- day, seated on a hill, 12 miles NE of Pembroke, and 242 W by N of London. Karbonne, city of France, in the de- partment of Aude. Before the I'evolu- tion of 1789, it was an archiepiscopal see. In the time of the Romans, it was the capital of that part of Gaul called Gallia Narbonensis ; and here emperor Marcus Aurelius was born. Some Ro- man inscriptions, in different parts of the city, are still visible ; and the canal from the river Aude, through the city, to the Mediterranean, was cut by the Romans. Narbonne is famous for its honey, and the cathedral is rematkabie for its noble choir. It is five miles from the Medi- terranean, and 80 ESE of Toulouse. Lon. 3 OE, lat. 43 UN. A''arborough, island of South America, on the coast of Chili, so called because Sir John Narborough refreshed his men here, when sent to the Soutli Sea in the reign of Cliarles II. Lon. 74 ZH W, lat. 45 () N. j\arconda:u, barren rock rising ab- ruptly out of the Indian Ocean, uninha- bited, and seemingly destitute of vegeta- tion. It is about 20 leagues E of the An- damans. A''ardr>, episcopal town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, In this little towr. 'N A U N A S ♦.here are 8Q0O inhabitants ; it is CO miies NW of Otranto. Lon. 18 16. E, lat. 40 18 N. A'urcnta, town of Turkey in Dalma- tia, Avith a bishop's see, seated on a gulf of the same name, 46 miles NE of Ra- gusa. Lon. 1 3 27 E, lat 43 .35 N. A'arnaila, town of the Dfccan, in the province of Berar, 72 miles E of Burnam pour Lon. 77 34 E, lat. 21 25 N. J^'arni, ancient episcopal town of Italy, in Sabina. Here are the ruins of a mar- ble bridge, built by Auc;ustus, one of whose arches was 150 feet high, and 200 br.ad ; as also of an aqueduct that broui^ht water from a spring at the dis- tance of 15 miles. It contains a great many noble families, and is seated on the Nera, 20 miles SW of Spoletco, and 40 NE of Rome A''Qrova, river of the Russian empire, which issues from the lat^e Pcipus, and watering N'arva, flows into the gulf of Finland, eight miles below that town. It is noted for two picturesque water- falls, pompously described by travellers, but far inferior to that of tlie Rhine, at Schaffhausen. The breadth of the river is about 200 feet, and the perpendicu- lar height of the falL^ scarcely exceeds 20 feet.' Alirraganscii, beautiful bay of the United States in Rhode Island. It opens between Poir.t Judith on the W, and Seaconet to the E, and extending from S to N 30 miles to the city of Providence, where it terminates, and receives Paw- tucket and some smaller rivers. It varies in width from one to fifteen miles ; and is chequered by Rhode Island, Prudence, and Connanicut. One of its minor bays, Mount Hope, receives Taunton river from Massachusetts. The shores are bold.witiiout being very elevated, and the adjacent country picturesque, and well peopled. It was the opinized - 4 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,527 do. in Manufactures - 102 do. in Commerce . 12 Population to the square mile, 15. JVashiian, one of the Elizabeth islands, Massachusetts, near the mouth of Buz- zard's bay. JVas/iua river, rises in Worcester coun- ty, Massachusetts, Hous NE across the north west angle of Middlesex; enters New Hannpshire. and falls into the Mer- rimack in Hillsborough county. JVashville, post town, and seat of jus- tice, Davidson county Tennessee, on the left bank of Tennesse river; 200 miles W from Knoxvilie, 430 NE from Nat- chez ; and 180 NNE from New Orleans by General Jackson's road. Lon. VV C 9 40 W, lat. 38 4 N It is the central point of a very fertile, v/ell cultivated, and populous country. Cumberland river is navigable, except at very low water for steam boats to this town ; one or more of these vessels ply between there and New Orleans. It contains beside the or- dinary county buildings, two printing of- fices ; two barks, an academy for young ladies, and several manufactories. Po- pulation about 40C0. A'assau, country of Germany in the circle of the Upper Rhine ; bounded on the N by Westphalia, on the E by the county of Solmes, on the S by the terri- tory of Mentz, and on thu W by Treves It is very fertile, and contains mines of iron, copper, and lead. This small ter- ritory v/as form' rly known by various names, but now united into a duchy, with an independent sovereign duke. Area about 2200 square miles, and 300,000 inhabitants. Missau. town of Germany, in the duchy of the same name, on the river Lahn, 12 miles SE of Ct bleiitz Lon 7 42 E, lat. 50 18 N. It is held in common, between the prince of Nassau and king of the Netherlands, JVassau, river of Florida, rising be- tween St. John's and St. Mary's rivers, GS2 and flowing parallel to each, falls into the Atlantic Ocean between I'albot, and Amelia islands, after a comparative course of ab lUt 70 miles. Nassau capital of the island of New Providence. Lon. W C .50 W, lat. 24 55 N. J\/assau, post town, and township Ren- salaer county. New York, 15 miles SE from Albany. Population 1820, 2873. JVaici, or Santiago de los Caberellos, city of North America, in Veragua. Lon, W C 3 17 VV, lat. 8 22 N. Mitchez. principal town in the state of Mississippi, and the seat of justice for Adams county, lies upon the left bank of the Mississippi river, at lat. 31 33 N, and lon. W C 14 30 W. The site is a beauti- ful and commanding bluff, rising from one to tvv^o hundred feet above the Mis- sissippi river ; and by its peculiar location is protected from the noisome exhala- tions of the adjacent low grounds. The edge of the Bluff rises into a long narrow ridge, which renders the Mississippi river invisible from the streets of the town. It contains 280 dwelling houses, four places of public worship, one for Roman Catholics, one for Presbyterians, one for Methodists.and one for Baptists ; six large Avarehouses ; an elegant court-house, and jail : 25 dry good stores, two steam saw mills, and a steam aqueduct. A state bank, with a cajntal of 900,000 dollars ; having offices in Woodville and Port Gib- son. This is the only banking institution in the state, and by its charter the faith of the state is pledged not to grant any other basking charter until 1840. The sessions of the Supreme court, and of the District court of the United States, are held at present at this place. During about nine months of the year, from October to the ensuing June, Natchez is a very lively scene of commercial acti- vity. Immense quantities of produce from the regions on Ohio, Mississippi, Sec. find here a ready and profitable market. The cotton shipped from this port in ordinary seasons, exceeds 35,000 bales. The entire cott'in shipped from the whole stale in 1820—21, was estimated at 80,000 bales ; and that for 1821—2, supposed will be at least equal to that of the preceding year. The bills of mortality reponed under the superiiitendance of the board of health, justify ;he opinion that Natchez is healthy for residents. In sultry summers, the greatest number of deaths are amc^gst per- sons engaged on the navigation of the Mis- sissippi river. The f llowing table exhibits the actua and progressive population of this city. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 62(> Is A 1 N A \ Free white females - - - 395 Total whites - - - 1,021 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - . . 31 Slaves . - . _ . 459 Total population in 1810 - - 1,511 Population in 1820. Free white males 900 do. do. females 548 All other persons except iRdians not taxed . - . - Total whites .... 1,448 Free persons of colour, males 40 do. do. females - 42 Slaves, males - • 298 do. females - - . . 356 All oihcr persons except Indians not taxed - - - - 181 Slaves 1.476 Total population in 1810 • - 2,870 Population in 1820. Free whites, males - - 2,6^3 do. do. females - - 2,112 All other persons except Indians not taxed Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males do. do, fe Hi ale 3 Slaves, males . - - do. females _ _ - Total population in 1820 7,486. 42 1 130 97 Total population in 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufaciures - do. in Commerce Natchez is governed by a mayor, alder- man, and city council, with the ordinarj' county justices of the peace, who have m ordinary, civil and criminal jurisdiction concurrent power with the aldermen. It is 322 miles by water, and 156 by land above New Orleans, 1613 below Pittsburg, 846 below St. Louis, and 670 below tlie mouth of Ohio. JVatchitoches, NW parish of Louisiana ; bounded by Texas SVV and W ; Arkansaw territory N ; Wasiitai.i parish E ; Rapides SE, and Opelousas S. Le igth 140 ; mean width 75 ; and area 10,500 square miles. Surface generally hilly, particularly be- tween Ked and Sabine rivers. Except near the margin of Red river, the sod is generally sterile, and cov. red with pine timber. Some other, though compa^'p.tively small tracts of productive sol skirt the streams. An extensive body of low ground, subject to annual submersion, extends along Red river, and runs through this parish obliquely. The greatest part of the inhabitants are settled on the alluvial banks of Red river. The soi'i upon the margin of the Sabine is in very few places fit for culture. Beside Red and Sabine, the rivers of Natchitoches are Bodcan, Dacheet, Black river, and Saline. Chief staples, cotton, lumber, and peltry. Chief town, Natchitoches. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females Of these ; 2,184 Foreigners not naturalized — Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Total whites 681 5.32 1,213 945 2,701 157 37 Population to the square mile, |. JWiicldtoches, post town and seat of jus- tice, fci'r the pari-sli oTNatchitoches, Louisi- ana, on the right bank of Red viver, at hit. 31 16 N, ion. W C 16 10 W. The houses are chi'-fly contained in one street, running parallel to the river. Population about 600. It is 356 miles NW from New Orleans by land, ihrough Attacapas and Oijeioiisas, £.nd 407 by w:iter. J^'ntick, post t(!wn and township, Mid- dlesex coun y, Massachusetts, 18 miles SW from Boston. Population in 1820, 849. JWuividad, staport of Mexico, in the pro- vince of (iua>!a!ajara, on a bay of the Pa- cific Ocean, 100 miles W of Guadalajara. Lon. \y C 27 W, lat. 20 42 N. JVut'jlia, country formerly a part of Asia Min.jr. It is the most western part of Turkey in Asia, bounded on the N by the Black sea; E by Caraoiania ; S by the Mediterranean, and W by the Archipelago and tile sea of Marmora. The sod is gene- rally fertile, prod\icing fruits of various kinds, corn, tobacco, cotton, and .silk. It is crossed by a chain of mountains, formerly called Taurus, from W to E, and watered by a great number of r vers. Kiutaia is the capital. Papulation about 5,000,000, com- posed of Turks, Greeks, Ar.menians, Jews, and other nations. A"a(tam, town and fortress of Ilindoostan, in the countr) of Madura, 18 miles N of Madura, a"d 45 SSW of Trichinopoly. A'nttore, 'own of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 47 miles ENE of Moorshedabad. Mivan, vown of Ireland, in the county of M^ath, seated at the c.mfiux of the Black- water wi'.h the Boyne, 25 mUes NW of Dublin. A'avarin, seaport of European Ttirkey, 683 N A V I!> A / an the W coast of the Morea, with a large harbour defended by two forts. In 1770, it was taken by tiie Russians^ It is seated on a liill, 10 miles N by E of Moclon, and 17 WNW of Coron. Lon. 21 34 R, kit. 3/ 2 N. J\ravarre, kingdom of Europe, lyin^ be- tween France and Spain, and dl\'idecl into the Upper and Lower. The Upper bel ngs to Spain, and is 75 mdes ioiig and (30 broad. Though a mountainous counuy, abounding in game and iron mines, some valleys produce good corn and excellent wine. It is divided into five disti'icts, whose chief towns are Pamplona, Estella, Tudela, Olita, and St. Guesca. Lower Navarre belongs to Fiance, and is now the department of Lower Pyrenees. It is sepa- rated from Spanish Navarre by the Pyre- nees, and is a mountainous, barren country, 20 miles long and 12 broad. From tliis country the king of France takes his title of king of Navarre. See Palais, St. J\''avarrf, J\i'ew, province of New Mexico, bounded on the N by a country unknown ; E by New Slexico Proper and New Biscay ; S by Cuhacan, and W by the gulf of Cali- fornia. This country was discovered by the Spaniards in 1552. The natives are robust and warlike, and were with difficul- ty brought to submission : they make vise of bows with poisoned arrows, clubs of red wood, and bucklers. The chief Spanish town is Cinaloa. JVavarreins, town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Pyrenees, seated on the Gave d'Oleron, 26 miles SE of Bayonne. J^'auen, town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, 18 miles WNW of'Berlin. JK'anmberg; town of Germany, in Lovrer Hesse, situate on the Eider, 11 miles WSW of Cassel. JK'atnnlmrg, town of Germsny, in the electorate of Mentz, 14 miles WSW of Cassel, and 36 SW of Gottingen. It is situated on the Eder. J\''amnb%t,rg, town of tapper Saxony, capi- tal of the duchy of Saxe Naumbirg, seated on the Sala, 37 miles NR of Erfort, and 60 W of Dresden. Lon. 12 20 E, lat. 51 12 N, Jifavesink, See J\'eversink-HiUs. JVaviffator's Islands, a cluster of ten islands in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Bougainville, and explored by Perouse in 1787. They are called by the natives Opoun, Leone, Fanfoue, Maouna, Oyalava, Calinasse, Pola, Shika, Ossamo, and Ouero Opoun, the most southerly and easterly of these islands, lies in lon. 169 7 W, lat 14 7 S. Maouna, Oyalava, and Pola, may be numbered among the largest and most beautiful islands of the South Pacific Ocean They combine the advantages of a soil fruitful without culture, and a climate that renders clothing unnecessary. The inhiibi. 6R4 tants are a strong and lusty race ; scarcely a man to be seen among them less than six feet liigh, and the women are in pro- portion. See J\fao2iiia. JK'axkoTu, town of Denmark, in the isle of F^aland, with a harbour commodious for trade, and a plentiful fishery here It is 60 miles SW of Copenhagen. Lon. 11 31 E, lat. 54 52 N. JK'axos, or J\'axia, considerable island of the Archipelago, 25 miles iu length and 88 in cu'cumference. It abounds with orange, olive, lemon, cedar, citron, pomegranate, fig, and mulberry-trees ; and though it has no harbour, carries on a considerable trade in barley, wine, oil, cheese, figs, cotton, si:]c, flax, salt, oxen, sheep, and raules. It is inhribited both by Greeks and Latins, has four archiepiscopal sees, and a great many villages ; but the whole island does not contain abuve 8000 mhabitants, the highest mountain is Zia, which signifies the moun- t.in of Jupiter. This islund was anciently famous for a tort of marble called ophitus, from its being spotted like the skin of a serpent, with green and white spots. On the mountains near the coasts of the Medi- terranean is found the best emery, whence the neighbouring promontory is by the Italians called Cape Smeriglio. On the S side of the island is a town defended by a castle. About a gunshot from hence is a fine marble tower on a rock, in the mid- dle of a heap of stately ruins of marble and granite, prohably the remains of Bacchus's temple. Lon 26 10 E, lat. 36 41 N, J^'axos, or JSl'axia, capital of the isle of Naxos, with a castle and two archiepisco- pal sees, the one Greek and the other Latin. The greatest part of the inhabi- tants are Greeks. Lon. 25 59 E, iat. 37 8 N. JVazarelh, town of P;destine, famous for being the residence of Jesus Christ, in the early part of his fife. It is now nothing but a village, where the monks of St. Fran- cis have a convent. Lon. 35 20 E, lat. 32 30 N. J^'azareth, Lower, township of Nortliamp- ton county, Pennsylvania, on the Monocacy creek, seven miles NW from Easton. Population, in 1820, 1084. JWizaretli, C//)/>er, township of Northamp- ton county, Pennsylvania, on the Bush-kil! and Monocacy creeks, eight miles NW from Easton. Population in 1320,663. .Yazareth, post town in Northampton county, Pennsylvania, belonging to the Unitas Fratrum, or society of Moravians ; it is situated 10 miles N of Bethlehem, eight W by N of Easton on the river Delaware, and 53 N of Philadelphia. In 1800 it contained 311 inhabitants, distin- guished for theip industry and regularity of manners, .\ E E N K G A'azc, or Cape IJndenas, tlie most south- ern prom;>ntory of Norway, [.on. 7 20 E, lat. 57 oO X JW'iijh, Lough, lake of Ireland, stuated ill the CDiintiesof Armagli, Down, Antrim, Landondfrry, and Tyr.ine. It Is the largest in Europe, tlinse of Ladoga, and Oatga in Kussia, and that of Geneva in Swisser- land, excepted, being 20 miles long and 15 iji'oad. JS'eath, corporate town in GlamorgaR- sliire, with a market on Saturday. It is situated on the Neatii, over which is a ondgc, where sm;dl vessels come to load coal. On the oiher side of the river are the ruins of a fina monastery, and in the neighbourhood are iron forges, smelling works for copper, and coal mines. It is governed by a portreeve, who is sworn Ja by the deputy constable of the ca-tle.of Neatb, and seated ne.'»r tlie Bristol Chan- nel, 32 miles NW of I.jndaff, and 200 W by N of London. Lon. 3 45 W, lat. 51 43 N.' J, one of the Sandwich islands, five leagues W of Atooi. The E CD^st is iiigi!, and ris.-s abruptly from the sea ; the rest of it consists of low ground, except a round bluff head on the SB point. It pro- duce.-> plenty of yams, and contains about 10,000 inhabitants. j\'ee>~ui)iden, village of the Netherlands, a little N by W of Landen. See Landeii. J\eJ'iu, town in the kingdom of Tunis, 250 miles S by W of Tunis. Lon. 9 25 E, lat. 33 ON. j\'e§-apatam, city of the peninsula of Hin- doostan, oa the coast olCoromandel. It was first a colony of the Portuguese, but was taken by the Dutch who were dispos- sessed of it by the English in 1782; but, by the peace of 1783, it was agreed to be re- stored to the Dutch, whenever they should give an equivalent for it. Negajjatam is 183 miles S of Madras. Lon. 79 56 E, lat. 10 4G N. jYagambOy seaport on the W coast of the isle of Ceylon. It has a fort built by the Portuguese, which was taken in 1640, by the Dutcli, who v/ere forced to give it up to the English in February 1796. Lon. 83 46 E, iat. 7 30 N. J^'eg-rais, seaport on the E side of the bay of Bengal, 240 miles WSW of Pegu. Lon. 94 4 E, lat. 15 50 N. J\'egril point, most westerly promontory of the island of Jamaica. A'^s^ro, Cape, promontory of Africa, on the W coast of Angola, being the most southerly country to which the Europeans usually resort to purchase slaves. Lon. 10 40 E, lat. 15 54 N. J\egro, Rio, large river of South Ameri- ca, rises in the Andes. Lon. W C 3^ E, lat. 2*^ N. It flows SE by E by comparative courses 1000 miie.^, and falls into the Ama- zon at lon. V'l C 17" E, lat. 3*^ S. By one of i*s branches, the Cassiquiari, it has a com- munication with tiie Orinoco. J^i'egro, Rio, river of South A:nerica> rising in the Andes of Chili. Lon. W C 7° E, and lat. 33° S. It flows SE and falls into the Atlantic Ocean, after a comparative course of 500 miles. J^'egro's Island, one of the Piiilippine Islands^ between Pannay and Zebu. A'egroland, ov A'igfitia, couiitry of Africa, through which the river Niger is suppo- sed to run. ft has the great desert of Zahara on the N, and stretches far to the S, but the inland parl^ are very little known. The Europeans have many set- tlements on the coast, where they bar'er European goods for slaves, gold dust, and elephant's teeth. J^'egropont, island of Turkey in Etirope, the largest n\ the Archipelago. It was an- 6S5 N E L i\ E I. cienlly called Eubosa, and is near the N coast of Lavadia, separated from it by the strait of Negrop./nt, over u hich is a bridge. It is 90 miles in lengtli, and 25 in breadth, thougli in si'me places much narrower, it abounds in corn, wine, and fruits. J^'egropoiu, strong city, capital of the island of the same name, and a Greek archbishop's see. It has a good harbour, which is commonly the station of the Turkish sliips. The walls of the city in ■which the Turks and Jews reside, are two miles and a half in circumference ; but the suburbs, where the Cliristians live, are mucli larger. It was taken in 1469, from the Venetians, who attempted to retake it in 1688, without effect. It is seated on a strait of the same name, 30 miles NE of Athens, and 260 SW of Constantinople. Lon. 24 8 E, lat. 38 30 N. JVevGhand, ancient town of Persia, in Irac Agemi, famous for a battle fought near it, between the califf Omar and Yez Degerd, king of Persia, in 1638, when he lost that kingdom. It is 170 miles NVV of Ispahan. Lon. 47 10 E, lat. 32 20 N. J\''eidenc.u, town of Germany, in the elec- torate of Meniz, situat; d on the Jaxt. It is 33 miles ESE of Heidelberg. JVddenbei'g; town of Prussia, with a castle on a mountain, 75 miles E of Culm. J^^eilstoji, village in Renfrewshire, to the S of Paisley. It is noted for a cotton manufactory. Lon. 4 20 V/, lat. 53 22 N. J^eisoe, tov/n of Silesia, surrounded by thick walls and deep ditches. The bishop of Breslaw generally resides here, and has a magnificent palace. The inhabitants carry on a considerable trade in linens and wine. It is seated on a river of the same name, 27 miles NE of Glatz,and 35 SE of Breslaw. Lon. 17 o5 E, lat. 50 31 N. J\'eiva, province of Columbia in New Granada, with a town of the same name. The province lies on both sides of the Mag- dalena. Neiva the city is about midway between Popayan and Santa Fe de Bo- gota. JVellenbxirg, town of Suabia, capital of a landgravate of the same name, 20 miles N of Constance, and 20 NE of Schaff hausen. Lon. 9 8 E, lat. 47 59 N. JVtihon, English settlement in North .\merica, on the W side of Hudson's Bay, at the mouth of the river Nelson, 250 miles SE of Churchill Fort. It belongs to the Hudson's Bay Company, who carry on a great trade in beaver and other skins. Lon. 92 35 W, lat. 57 t N. JYelson, township of Buckingham county. Lower Canada, 35 miles SW from Quebec. j\elsBn, township of York county, Upper Canada, on lake Ontario. JYelson, post town and township Cheshire 686 county, New Hampshire, 33 miles SW from Concord. Population in 1820, 907. JSTelsott, post town, and township, Madi- son county, New York, Population in 1820, 2329. J\'elson, county of Virginia ; bounded by James River or Buckingham SE ; Amherst SW ; the Blue Ridge or Rockbridge and Augusta N W ; and Albemarle NE. Length 23 ; mean width 15 ; and area 345 square miles. Besides being washed by James river it is drained by Rock Fish, and Tye rivers. Surface pleasantly diversified by hill and dale. Warminster the chief town is about 60 miles a little N of W from Richmond. Population in 1810, Free white males ... 2,453 do. do. females - - - 2,444 Total whites .... All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - . Slaves - . . . . 4,897 108 4,679 Total population in 1810 - 9,684 Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females - All other persons except Indians not taxed - . . . 2,179 2,216 Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males - do, do. females Slaves, males - - - do, females - - - . 4,395 44 38 2,915 2,745 Total population in 1820 10,137 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - 3,174 do. in Manufactures - 162 do. in Commerce - - 47 Population to the square mile, 30. JVelson, county of Kentucky ; bounded E and SE by Washington ; S and SW by the Rolling fork of Salt river, or Hardin ; NW by Bullitt ; and N by Salt river or Shelby. Length 30 ; Mean width 17 ; and .'srea 510 square miles. It extends from the Kolhng to the main fork, and is traversed by the Beech fork of Salt river. Chief town, Bairdstown. Soil productive. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 5,615 do. do, females - - 5,325 Total whites - - - 10,940 All other persons except Indians — ' - - - 28 - 3,110 not taxed Slaves Total population in 1810 14,078 S E N X E K. Population in 1820. Free '{vhite males ... 6,672 do. do. females - - 5,668 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - Total whites . - - . 12,340 Free persons of colour, males - 39 do. do. females - 19 Slaves, males .... 1,849 do. females - - - 2,026 Total population in 1820 - 16,273 Of these ; Foreig-ners not naturalized - 26 Engaged in Agriculture - 4,160 do. in Manufiictures - 347 do. in Commerce - - 142 Population to the square mile, 32. A'elson, post village and NE township of Portage county, Ohio. Population 1820, 444. JVelsori's ferry, post office, 50 miles N from Charleston, South Carolina. JYelson's Fori, a British factory at the mouth of Nelson's river. Lon. W G 15 42 V/.lat. 57 12 N JVelson's river, large river of North Ame- rica in Cabotia, or British America. Ac- cording to all our maps it is very difficult to determine either the length or real source of either the Nelson or Severn ri- vers; both are made to be outlets of lake Winnipic ; and consequently the Assini- boin, and Saskatchiwaine, are the common sources of both the former streams. Ta- ken as a whole, these united waters form the third largest river system of North America, draining an area, of upwards of 1000, by 400 miles, or 400,000 square miles. j^'elsonviUe, village of Athens county, Ohio, on Hockhocking river, 14 miles \y from Athens. JVetneha, name of two small rivers of the United States, falling into the Missouri, between the Platte and Kanzas rivers. JVeitKea, village of the Morea, famous for the Nemsean games anciently celebrated here. J^emours, town of France in the depart- ment of Seine and Marne and late province of the Isle of France, with an old castle, between two hills. It is seated on the Loing, 10 miles S of Fountainbleau, and 15 SE of Paris. Lon. 2 37 E, l.,t. 48 16 N. JVen, the principal river of Northampton- shire, which rises in the W part of the county. It is made navigable at North- ampton, leaves the County at Petersbo- rough, and crossing the isle of Ely, forms part of the W boundary of Norfolk, and falls into the Lincolnshire Wash. It like- wise communicates by several channels, with the Great Ouse. ^Veii, river of Upper Canada, empties it- self into lake Ontario, in the township of Pickering ; it runs for a considerable dis- tance in the cotmtr}' thro'.igh Pickering, Markham, &c, crossing the Yonge-street, and aijparently rising in the vicinity of one of the brances of Holland's river, with which it Will probabl}^ at some future pe- riod, be connected by a canal. This river abounds vvith fish ; at its embouche are good intervals for meadow ground, and it is the back communication from the Ger- man settlement in Markham to lake On- tario, j\''eocastro, fort of Turkey in Europe, in Romania, where the Turks always keep a good garrison It is seated in the middle of the strait of Constantinople, 12 miles from that city, Lon. 29 4 E, lat. 41 10 N. JWo/'s St. town in Huntingdonshire, vvith a market on Thursdity. It is a well built town, has a considerable church, with a fine steeple, and a considerable trade in coal. It is seated on the Ouse, over which is a fine stone bridge, 20 miles WSW of Cambridge, and 56 NNW of London. Lon. 30 W, lat. 52 7 N. J\^epanoss, Lycoming county Pennsylva- nia. See A^ippeiiose. JVepaiil, long narrow kingdom of north- ern Hindoostan, bounded on the N by the Himaleh mountains; S by Bahar Oude and Delei ; and E by Bootan. Capital, see J\''apant. JVepean Island, island of the South Paci- fic Ocean, opposite Pon Hunter, on the S coast of Norfolk Island, consisting entirely of one mass of sand, held together by the surrounding cliffs, which are a border of hard rocks. The surface was covered with a kind of coarse grass, and upwards of 200 fine pines were growing on it. JVepean, township in the eastern district, is the eighth township in ascending the Ottawa river, and the first township on the west side of the river Rideau, Upper Can- ada. JSl'epissingu. See J\'ipissing lake. jVeponset, crtek of Boston harbour na- vigable 4 miles to Milton, for vessels of 150 tons. J\'eponsel, village on both sides of Ne- ponset river, sis miles S from Boston. Po- pulation, 500. J\'epi, ancient town of Italy, in the pfitri- mony of St. Peter, with a bishop's see, seated on the Triglia, 20 miles N of Rome. Lon. 1134E, lat. 42 14 N. J>l'erac, town of Prance in the depart- ment of Lot and Garonne, and late pro- vmce of Gviienne. It is situated on the ri- ver Ba'se, which is navigable here, and is divided by that river into great .ind little Nerac. In the 16'.h century, the greatest pyrt of its inhabitants embraced the re- formed religion, but were obliged to stir- 6S7 ::i E .8 X t: 1' sender to Louis XIII. in 1621. Iserac is 20 miles SW of A^en, ana 380 S by Wof Paris. Lon. 13 E, lat. 44 2 N. J^erbudda, r.ver of India, whicii issues fiom a lake on the sou: hern confines of the province of \ilahabad, forms the boundary between Hindoostan Proper and the Deccan, and falls into the guU of Cambay, below Baroach. .A'ericin, a subdivision of Sweden Pro- per, bounded on liie N by Westinania, on the E by Sudermania, on the S by East Gothland, and on the W by West Goth- land. Orebo is the capital, and the most considerable place in it. JVero, island in the East Indies, the se- cond oi the Baida Islands, where the Dutch have a fort called Fort Nassau. Here are large serpents, but not venomous, and the mountains are covered with trr-es, in whicli are birds of a very singular kind. Lon, 129 45 E, lat. 4 40 N. A''erc!unsk, one of the four provinces of the Russian government of Irkutzk. Its capital, of the same name, is seated on the Ner;cha, which falls into the .Schilka. J^hicopeck, river of Luzerne county, Pennsylvtinia, which rises in the southern part of the county and flows nearly W into the S'usquehannah, opposite tl.e town of Berwick. J\escopeck mountain, on the north side of Nescopeck creek, is a range nearlj' of the same heiirht with those of Wyoming, and parallel to them. It forms a regular and almost unbroken ridge, nearly destitute of timber on its summit, it extends from the Susqaeiiannah nearly to the Lehigh JVescopeck, township of Lvizerne county, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of Susque- hannah river, above and be'ow Nescopeck creek. Population 1820, 1034. JVescopecfc, post tov/n of Luzerne coun- ty, Pennsvlvania, on the left bank of Sus- quehannah river above the mouth of Nesco- peck creek, and opposite Berw:ck. A'eshaminy, river, of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, rising with the Tohicon and Perkiomen, and flowing SE falls into the Delaware in the SE angle of the county four miles below Bristol, A'eshanock, large creek rising in the cen- tral part of Mercer county, Pennsylvania, and flowing S\V, falls into Big Beaver, below the village of Newcastle, on the bor- der of Beaver count3\ .A'eshanock, township of Mercer coun- ty, Penusylvania, above the mouth of Neshanock creek. Population 1820, 1S28. JVeslc, town of France, in the depart- ment of Snmme, and late province of Picardy. It is seated on the Lingon, eight miles NE of Royes, and 65 N by E of Paris. Lon, 2 59 E, lat. 49 51 N. .A ess. Loch, beautiful lake in Inver- f^8S ness-shire, 22 miles in length, and for the most part, one in breadth, though some- times two. It is she'ten^d on the NW by the high mountains of Urquehart and M' alfourvnney, and edged with coppices of birch and oak. J^A'rshinsk, town of Siberia, capital of a province of the same name, but sometimes called Daourta, in the go- vernment of Irkutsk, with a fort The adjacent country is mountainous, but yields excellent pasture for cattle ; and there are some considerable lead and silver mines. It is seated at the conflux of the Nercha with the Shilka. 440 miles E of Irkutsk. Lon. llr 34 E, lat. 51 52 N. JVetchez, river of Texas, rises at lat. 32 N, and lon. W C \7 30 VV. It is form- ed by srveral branches, the principal cf which are ttie Ayeish, Attoyeaque, At- t'lscocito, Cariso, Nana, and Angelina. It flows a little E of S, and falls into Sa- bine lake, after a comparative course of about 170 miles The country drained by the Netchez though generally sterile is yet superior to that watered by the Sa- bine. This river is often called, though erroneously, Rio Nieves, or Snow Ri- ver. Its name is derived from a tribe of Indians," JVetherlands, or Low Coimtries, coun- try of Europe, anciently called Gallia Beli^ica, 26 ; miles in length, and from 100 to 200 in breadth ; bounded on the W and N by the German Ocean, E by Germany, and S by France. In the ninth century, the sons of emperor Lew- is the pii'.us, having divided the doir.in- ions of tht-ir father, who possessed Ger- many, France, and Italy, a new king- dom was formed, comprehending Ger- many and France, and a part of the Netherlands. It was called Lothario, but did not long subsist; for it was soon divided into two ; and that seated rieav the Mediterranean was called the king- dom of Burgundy ; wh.ile the other to the N, had the name of Austrasia. Nei- ther did this last continue long, it being divided into 17 provinces, under difF'e- renit names, exclusive of the territories of Liege and Upper Guelderland ; but they .'-till depended on the empire cf Geriniiny, and were called Lower Ger- many. li\ process of time, the house cf Burgundy purcliased many of them, and was llbout to form tliem, with Burgun- dy, into a kingdom ; but Charles the bold, the last duke of Bur^und}', being killed by the Swiss in 1477, his part r.i the Netherlands devolved on Mary, his o.'ly child ; by whose marriage with emperor iViaximilian, the Nctherlandv: were an acquisition to the house of Aus- N E i' tria. Emperor Charles V. king of Spain, in 1555, abdicated the sovereignty of the Netherlands, and soon after, the Spa- nish crown, in favour of his son Philip, The tyranny of this cruel bigot, Philip II. who endeavoured to introduce the in- quisition into the Low Countries, with the barbarities exercised by the duke of Al- va, exasperated the people to such a degree, that they threw off the Spanish yoke, and under the conduct of William i. pi'ince of Orange, formed the famous league of Utrecht, in 1579, which prov- ed the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces. After a long war (with the interval of a truce of twelve years) Philip IV. expressly ac- knowledged the independence of these provinces, by the treaty of Westphalia, in 1648. The other ten provinces, name- ly, Brabant, Antwerp. Malines. Namur, Liraburg, Luxemburg, Hainault, Flan- ders, Artois, and Cambresis, returned under the dominion of Spain, but with very favourable stipulations with respect to their ancient liberties. On the acces- sion of a branch of the house of Bour- bon to the Spanish monarchy, it was sti- pulated, in 1714, that the Spanish Ne- therlands should return to the German branch of the house of Austria ; but some considerable parts were obtained, by conquest or cession, by the French and Dutch. The Dutch had part of Brabant, Limburg, and Flanders : the French had Artois and Cambresis ; with part of Hainault, Flanders, and Luxem- burg. Austria held the rest ; and the the provinces of Antwerp and Malines were included under the name of Aus- trian Brabant. In 1788, emperor Joseph II. having projected many innovations, and enforcing them with violence, a uni- versal spirit of revolt broke out ; an army of 40,000 men rose as if by magic, to support the renunciation of all allegi- ance, which several of the provinces openly made ; a congress was formed from the different states, in whom the supreme government was vested ; and by the end of 1789 the Austrians v/ere ex- pelled. The new government, however, ■was not of long duration ; for Leopold II; (the successor of Joseph) was enabled, partly by conciliatory measures, and part- ly by the mediation of Great Britain, Prussia, and Holland, to recover the en- tire possession of his authority ; the me- diating courts having guaranteed the re- storation of the ancient Belgic constitu- tion. In 1792 the French over-ran the Austrian Netherlands : they were driven out of the country in 1793 ; but they re- turned in 1794, and subdued every part of it ; and in 1795 decreed it, with the 4 S territories of Liege and Upper Guelder- land, an integral part of the French re- public. To this country they gave the name of Helgium, and divided it into nine departments ; but in 1814, agreea- bly to the treaty of Paris, they evacuated all that part which formerly belonged to Austria and Holland. The Netherlands, or Belgium, is 170 miles long and 90 broad ; bounded on the N by Holland, E by Germany, S\V by France, and NW by the German Ocean. The principal rivers are the Scheldt, Meuse, Dyle, Sambre, and Lis ; and there are many fine navi- gable canals. The air is temperate, and the soil extremely fertile ; but the mouths of the rivers and harbours are frozen in winter. Brussels is the chief town. See Holland, or Dutch Kether- lands Js'ethe7~lands, kingdom of Europe, form- ed in 1814, and containing 17 provinces, or 18, if the grand dutchy of Luxemburg is included. It lies between lat. 49 30, and 53 34 N. and between Ion. 2*^ 30, and 7° E from London. It is bounded NVV by the German Sea, SW by France, and E by Germany. Area 24,400 square miles, inhabited by an aggregate popula- tion 5,270,000 or 215 to the square mile. Its provinces are : Holland - - - 750,000 East Flanders - - 600,000 West Flanders - - 520,000 Hainault - - - 431,000 South Brabant - - 366,000 Liege - - . 355,000 Limburg - - . 293,000 North Brabant - - 252,000 Antwerp - . 250,000 Guelderland - - 244,000 Luxemburg - - 226,000 Friesland - - - 177,000 Namur - - - 157,000 Overy^el - - - 148,000 Groningen - - 136,000 Zealand - - - 112,000 Utrecht - - - 108,000 Drentho - - - 47,000 5,270,000 The government of the Netherlands is a limited monarchy, with great resem- blance to that of England ; but the prin- ciples of civil Hberty much more respect- ed in the latter than in the former. In one very important particular the go- vernment of the Netherlands approxi- mates more to that of the United States, than any other in Europe. Each pro- vince has its own assembly where mu- nicipal concerns are regulated independ- ent in an extensive degree of the general government. With all this specious ap- pearance, however, the people of the Nc- 689 N E A :s" E U therlands have but little influence over the acts of the crown. The person of the king is inviolable ; and all bills must emanate from liis cabinet. The members of the upper house are nomiiiaied by the king and hold their offices for life, though their titles and office are not hereditary. The freedom of the press is tolerably se- cured, and no religious test required for office. The succession to the crown fixed in the family of Nassau Orange, and title of the monarch "king of tlie Nether- lands ; prince of Orange ;" and as a mem- ber of the Germanic confederacy," grand duke of Luxemburg." The kingdom of the Netherlands has six universities, which are Leyden, Utrecht, Groningen, Louvain, Ghent, and Liege. The four former were an- cient, the two latter instituted by the present government. There exists also, a naval school at Helvoetsluys, and a mi- litary school at Dort. The annual revenue and expenditure of this kingdom amountbtoabout7,000,000 pounds sterling or about 30,000,000 of dol- lars. The colonies of the Netherlands ai-e extensive and highly important ; they consist of 1st, in Asia, Java, Am- boyna, Ternate, Banda, Malacca, and Ma- eassar; with factories on the Coroman- del coast and in Persia. In Africa, 12 or 13 small forts on the coast of Guinea. In South America, Surinam. In the West Indies, the islands of Curracoa, St. Eustatius, and St. Martin. JVetschkau, town of Upper Saxony, in Voigtland, situated on the Golsch, 12 miles SW of Zwickau. Xettiino, town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, near the ruins of the ancient Antium, at the mouth of the Loracina, 24 miles S by E of Rome. J^^eva, river of Russia, which issues from the lake Ladoga, and flows to Pe- tersburg, where it divides into several branches, and enters the gulf of Finland at Cronstadt. It is formed by the drain of the vast low country NE from St. Pe- tersburg, and conveys to the gulf of Fin- land the waters of lakes Ladoga, Onega, and many others. It is only called the Neva between lake Ladoga, and the gulf of Finland. A'evada, Sierra de, chain of mountains iu the south of Spain; Wherever the ad jective Nevada, is annexed to Spanish mountains, it signifies that they are co- vered with perpetual snow. The Sierra de Nevada, of Granada rises in one peak, the Muley Hassen, to 11,250 feet, and in another the Veleta, to 10,985 feet above the Ocean level. The Mulev Hassau is 690 the highest mountain in Europe wesi from iVIount Blanc. jVeuburg, fortified town of Bavaria, capit il of the principality of the same name. It stands on a hill, on the Da- nube, and has two gates, but the fortifi- cations are chiefly gone to decay. The castle is a large building, and contains a hall of extraordinary size, embellished with portraits. It is 32 miles NNE of Augsburg, and 60 SW of Amberg. Lon. 11 13 E, lat. 48 43 N. JYeubtirtf, town of Bavaria, seated on the Schwarza, 17 miles ESE of Am- berg. Aleuburg, town of Suabia, in Brisgau, seated near the Rhine, 12 miles S of Brisach. Keuburg, town of Suabia, in the king- dom of Wirtemberg, seated on the Entz, 25 miles W of Stutgard. Miuchaleaii, town of France in the de- partment of Vosges ; seated in a soil fer- tile in corn and good wine, on the river Meuse, 25 miles'SW of Nancy. NtiLchately territory of Swisserland, which, with thatof Vallengin, forms one principality, between the lake of Ncu- chatel, and the borders of France ; ex- tending 36 miles from N to S, and 18 in its gi-eatest breadtli. By the death of the duchess of Nemours, in 1707, the sove- reignty of Neuchatel and Vallengin was claimed by Frederick I. of Prussia, as heir to the prince of Orange ; and his right was acknowledged by the states of the country. JVeuchatel, town of Swisserland, ca- pital of a principality of the same name. It contains not more than 3,000 souls, and is situated partly on the plain between the lake of Neuchatel and the Jura, and partly on the declivity of that mountain. The chief article of exportation is wine, which is much esteemed, and produced from the vineyards in its vicinity; and there are here manufactures of printed linens and cottons. Among the many public works which have been lately exe- cuted here, are the new town-house, and a superb causeway leading towards the valley of St. Imier Neuchatel is govern- ed by a great andfittle council ; the first is composed of 40 persons ; the second consists of 24 members, comprehending the mayor, who is president. It is 25 miles NE of Lausanne, and 25 W of Bern. Lon. 7 E, lat. 47 5 N. JVeuchatel, or Yverduii, lake of Swis- serland, which takes its name from a town of the same name, stretches about 20 miles in Length from the town of Yverdun to that of Neuchatel, in a di- rection from SW to NE, at which ex- tremitv it has a communication with the X E \ N E U lake of Bienne by a narrow outlet, and is Islands, in the West Indies, divided from 17 miles long, and 5 broad. the E end of St. Christophers by a nar- A''evern, village in Pembrokeshire, row channel. It has but one mountain, near a river of the same name, one mile which is in the middle, very high, and NE of Newport. There are several mo- covered with large trees up to the top. numents oi antiquity in this parish, and Here are springs of fresh water and a among the rest a single stone, of a square hot bath, much of the same nature as form, 13 feet high and two broad, with a those of Bith, in England. It is a small circular top, charged with a cross, and island, but veiy fruitful, and subject to all the sides are neatly carved with knot the English. Charleston is the capital, work of Various patterns. J\'eiunark-, town of Transylvania on the A'evers, considerable episcopal town river M.-risch, 56 miles N of Clausen- of France, in the department of Nievre, burg, Lon. 23 35 E, lat. 47 19 N. and late province of Nivernois, seated on A'euinark, town of Germany in the the Loire, over which it has a handsome circle uf Bavaria, 30 miles NNW of Rat- bridge. The town is bui!t in the form of isbon. I..on. 12 25 E, lat. 49 18 N. anamphitheatre, containing many elegant J\'c;/.i, river of North CaroUn a, which buildings, among which is the ancient enters Pamiico Sound, bslow Newbern palace, in which John Casim.er, king of where it is a mile and a half broad. It Poland, expired in 1672. It is 145 miles rises in Person county, interlocking SE of Paris. Lon. 3 14 E, lat 46 39 N. sources v/ith DdU river branch of Roa- .Yeufchatel, town of France, in the noke, and lowing 100 miles SSE, through department of Lower Seine, and late pro- Granville, Orange, Wake, and Johnson, vince of Normandy, noted for excellent enters Wayne county. Here itturnsSE cheese, commodiously seated on the river by E 8U through Wayne, Lenoir, and Arques, 20 miles SE of Dieppe, and 75 Craven counties, opens by a wide estuary NVVofParis. Lon. 1 30 E, lat. 49 46 N. into Pamlico Sound. The tides ascend. J\''cu/c/m(eaii, town of Austrian Lux- 10 or 12 miles above Newbern, and for emburg, 27 miles WN W of Luxemburg, boats this I'iver is navigable to Raleigh. Lon. 5 30 E, lat. 49 53 N. A''eusaltz, town of Silesia, in the princi- JVeufchatemu commercial town of pality of Glogau, 12 miles NW of Glogau. France, in the department of the Vosges, j\''€usidle, town of Hungary, 24 miles SW and late province of Lorrain. It is seat- of Piesburg, situated on a lake of the same ed in a soil fertile in corn, wine, and all name. the necessaries of life, on the river Mou- A^eusidler, lake of Hungary, 25 miles zon, 25 miles SW of Nanci, and 150 Eby long and six broad. It is 16 miles SSW of S. of Paris. Lon. 5 47 E, lat 48 24 N. Presburg, almost surrounded by fens, and JVeuhaus, strong town of Bohemia, in has in its vicinity the castle of Esterhazy, the circle of Bechin, with a castle. Lon. which is said to rival the palace of Ver- 15 30 E, lat. 48 9 N. saiiies in pomp. jYeuhaus, town of Germany, in the jVeiisol, town of Uoper Hungary, and a circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of bishop's see, with a 'large castl -, in which Bremt^n. It was once a place of great ig p dvcircli, covered with copper. In the trade, and had a commodious harbour at adjacent mountains are the greatest copper the mouth of the Oste, but a sand bank accumulating, in it, at the issue of the Oste, into the Elbe, its trade was almost annihilated, and it is row of much less consequence than formerly. It is 19 miles NNW of Slade. L'. JVdiisiadt, town of Franconia, capital of gary, seated in a marshy plain, on the the lower part of the principahty of Bay- river Neytracht, 15 miles NW of Como- rcuth, with a castle. The library belong- ra, and 40 SE of Presburg. Lon. 18 10 iug to the chvu-ch contains many curiosi- E, lat. 4S 1 N- ties. 1' stands on the river Aisch, 32 miles JVevin, or j^l'etvin, town in Carnarvon- ESE of Wurtzburg. Lon. 10 Ao E, lat. 49 shire, with a market on Saturday. It is 38 N. seated on the Irish Sea, 20 miles S by W of Carnarvon, and 249 WNW of London. Lon. 4 25 W, lat. 52 52 N. JKl'villxvilld, post village, Clermont county, Ohio, containing about 200 inha- bitants 30 miles above Cincinnati. JYevis, one of the Leeward Caribbee JVeusfadt, town of Franconia,inthe prin- cipality of Wurtzburg, seated on the Sale, 16 7nile.s N by E of Schweinfurt. jYeutstadt, town of Suabia, in the king- dom of Wirtemburg, seated on the Kocher, 12 miles NNE of Hailbron. A^t^nstadt.toyfn of Upper Saxonv, in Mis- 691 -\ E ^^ X E "\V iiin, capital of a circle of the same name. It has a castle, two cliurches, and a mine office ; and on a mountain near it is another castle, called Arnshaug. It is seated on the Orla, 46 miles SSW of Leipsic. Lon. 11 49E, lat. 50 45 N. JK'eustailt, town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark. Here are extensive brewe- ries, and manufactures of cloth and cutlery. It stands on the Finow canal, 31 miles NE of Berlin. JKeustadt, town of Rrandenburji^, in tlie mark of Fregnitz, celebrated for its manu- facture of plate-glass ; seated on the Dosse, eight miles ENE of Havelberg. JKeustadt, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, with a castle, and a spa- cious harbour on the Baltic, 20 miles N by E of Lubec. Lon. 10 57 E, lat. 54 10 N. JVeustadt, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, with a castle, 17 miles S of Schwerin. J^'eustadt, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick Lunenburg, with a castle, seated on the Leina, 15 miles NNW of Hanover, •N'eustadt, town ofBavaria, at the conflux of the Abenst with the Danube, 16 miles E by Noflngolstadt. JS'eiistadt, town of Bavaria, with a castle, on the river Nab, 27 miles NNE of Am- berg. JSi'eustadt, town of Moravia, in the cirole of Olmutz, 10 miles NW of Olmutz. JVeustadt, town of Silesia, in the princi- pality of Oppeln, 14 miles SE of Neis-se. A'htsCadt, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pilsen, 35 miles W by S of Pilsen. JVeuatadty town of Bohemia, 13 miles NE of Konigingratz. JK''eustadt, town of Westphalia, in the county of Mark, 50 miles ESE of Dussel- dorf. JVeustadt, town of Germany, in the pala- tinate of the Rhine ; seated on the Spire- bach, 14 miles W of Spire. JVeustadiel, town of Silesia, in the princi- pality of Glogau, 14 miles W of Glogau, and 17 E by N of Sagan. JVeuville, town of France, in the de- partment of Loiret, 11 miles NNE of Or- leans. J\'euii)ied, flourishing commercial city of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, capital of the principahty of Weid. It contains between 6 and 7000 inhabitants. Neuwied is 10 miles NNW of Coblentz. Lon. 7 25 E, lat. 50 32 N. JVetv Albany, handsomely situated town, and seat of justice for Floyd county, Indi- ana. It is situated on the right bank of Ohio river, four miles below Louisville and two below Shippingport in Kentucky. It con- tains about 200 houses, 1000 inhabitants, a fitcam, saw and grist mill, 5nd a ship vard. 692 ^\e-iy Alexandria, post village of West- moreland county, Pennsylvania, on Loyal- hanna river, 11 miles NE from Greens- burg. JVe^» Alexandria, small town of Colum- biana county, Ohio. JVrttf Amsterdam, town and capital of Berbice, in South America, on Berbice river near its mouth. JVeiu Antrim, post town in Orange coun- ty. New York ; situated on the post and stage road, from New York to Albany, 34 miles N by W of the former, and 33 SE of Goshen. J^eivark upon Trent, borough in Notting- hamshire, with a market on Wednesday. It is seated on the Trent, over which is a bridge, and once had a handsome caStle, now in ruins. Newark has a good trade, is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. It is 17 miles NE of Nottingham, and 124 N by W of London. Lon. 45 W, lat. 53 6 N. JVexvark, Upper Canada, is situated on the west side, at the entrance of Niagara river opposite to the fortress at Niagara, on lake Ontario. This town was laid out in the year 1794. It now contains about one hundred and fifty persons, two churches, a jail and academy. The first provincial parliament met at this place, and the pub- lic offices of government have been held pro tempore, here. J\'e-ivark, post town and seat of justice, Essex county. New Jersey ; situated on the W side of Passaic river. It has a college, instituted in 1792, and carries on the manu- facture of shoes in an extensive manner. Newark stands on a plain. The streets are wide, and laid generally in strait lines ; the houses are many of them spacious and elegant. It contains two banks, and exten-> sive tanneries, and other manufacturing es- tablishments. Very fine stone quarries exist in the vicinity ; it is distant nine miles W from New York, and sis NNE from Eli- zabethtown. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 12,212 do. do. females ... 11,885 Total whites All other persons except Ind not taxed Slaves - . - . Total population in 1810, ians ans 24,097 758 1,129 25,984 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females All other persons except Indi not taxed 2,989 2,916 Total whites 5,905 i X E W N E W Free persons of colour, males -25 do. do. females 279 Slaves, males . _ _ 44 do. females _ _ _ 54 Total population in 1820 - 6,507 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized - 108 Engaged in Agriculture - 229 do. in Manui'actui-es - 1,177 do. in Commerce - 104 J\''ewark bay, sheet of water extending from Slaten Island Sound to the mouth of Passaic and Hackinsuck rivers, in a direction of NNE, two miles wide and six miles long. J\^ev>ark, post town. New Castie county, Delaware, 14 miles SW from *.Vilming.>m. A'e-ii'm-k; post \own and seat of justice for Licking county, Ohio. It is situated near the confluence of the principal branches of I.icking river, 26 miles west by north from Zanesville, 26 north by east from Lancas- ter, and 33 east by north from Columbus. It contains a presbyterian meeting house and a court house of brick, eight stores, 70 dwelling houses, and 410 inhabitants. Lat. 40 4 N, Ion. 5 26 W. JVew Ashford, township of Berkshire county, Massachusetts, 25 miles N from Lenox. Population in 1820, 358. JVexv Athens, small town in the southern part of Harrison county, Ohio, six miles southfrom Cadiz, Itissituated on both sides of the township line, dividing Cadiz trom Short creek ; lying, therefore, partly in both of those two town^-hips. JVety Athens, or Tyogatoivn, post town in Bradford countj^, Pennsylvania. It is situa- ted near the confluence of the Tyoga river and the East branch of the Susque- hannah. A situation very convenient to intercept the trade of both rivers. JVew Baltimore, village and township of Green county. New York, on the Hudson, 18 miles btlow Albany. Population in 1820, 2036. JV«y Baltimore, post village, Fauquier county, Virginia. JVeiv Bnrlmdoes, township of Bergen county. New Jersey. Population in 1820, 2592. JVe-u) Bedford, Bristol county, Massachu- setts. J\''ey> Bedford, post village, in Mahoning township, Mercer county, Pennsylvania, 16 miles SVV from Mercer. JVVvt) Berlin, post village and township, of Chenango county. New York. Popula- tion in 1820, 2366. J\'ew Berlin, post village and seat of jus- tice. Union county, Pennsylvania, on Penns creek, 11 miles W from Simbury. JVeiubern, post village, Montgomery county, Virginia. A^nrhem, capital of Craven coiintv. North Carolina ; situated on the S bank of the river Neuse, at its jiuiction with the Trent, in the lat. of 35 20 N, and Ion. of T7 5 W, 35 miles S of Washington, on Pamlico river, and 81 S by VV of Edenton, on Albermarle sound. This is a post town and port of entry, the most populous in the state, and was the seat of government before the revolution. The quantity of lumber, Indian corn, tar, pitch and turpen. tine, exported annually from this town, is very considerable. The inhabitants are esiimatea at 2467, one moiety at least being blacks and mulattoes. A''e-ivberry, post village of Burlington county. New Jersey. JVe-rjjberry, village of Lycoming county, Peiivisylvania, on the west bank of Lyco- ming river, opposite Willianisp .rt- JX'ewberry, district of South Carolina ; bounded by Lexington SE ; Saluda river or Edgefield SW ; Laurens NW ; Ennoree river, or Union N ; and Broad river, or Fairfield NE. Length 25 ; mean width 20 ; and area 500 square miles. Surface rather waving than hilly. Soil productive. Prin- cipal staple cDtton Chief town, Newberry. Population in 1810, Free white males - - 5,123 do. do. females - - 4,725 Total whites .... 9,848 All other persons except Indians not taxed - . - - no Slaves 4,006 Total population in 1810 13,964 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 5,163 do. do. females . . - 5,014 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... q Total whites - . . . 10,177 Free persons of colour, males - 85 do. do. females 93 Slaves, males - - - 2,881 do. females - - - 2,868 Total population In 1820 16,104 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized . 14 Engaged in Agriculture - - 6,^76 do. in Manufactures - - 274 do. in Commerce - . 76 Population to the square mile, 32. JVexL'berry, post town and seat of justice, Newberry district. South Carolina, 40 miles NW from Columbia. JVexvberry, post village of Christian coun- ty, Kentucky. JVeivbills, post office, Campbell county, Virginia. JYa'-'bigmn, fishing town of Northum- 693 :\ E ^^ berland, seven miles E of Morpetli. It is situated on the N side of tlie bay ('f Xew- biggin. JVew Boston, township of Hillsborougli countv, New Hampshire, contai'iing 1619 inhabitants in 1810, snd in 1-820, 1686. It is situated on a branch of tlie Merrimack river, 50 miles westward from Portsmouth. J\nu Boston, inconsiderable post town in Clark county, Bethel township, (Jhi.>, on the western side of Mad river, four miles SW from Springfield. JVew Bourbon, village of Si. Genevieve county, Missouri, containing about 70 houses, and 350 Inhabitants. It stands two miles beluv.' St. Genevieve. JWw Braintrec, post town and township, Worces'.er county, Massachusetts, 18 miles WNW from Worcester. Population in 1820, 888. A'ev! Brilain, township of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, cont-uninsr 1474 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, lOSO. It is situated on Nesbaminy creek, between liiittown and Doylestovvn. ./Vew Bror^'mrille, new town in Wayne county, Ohio, on .Terome's fork. JVew Bru7isrdck, post town and city in Middlesex county, New Jersey, on the S bank of the river Rariton, 30 milts NE of Trenton, and 36 SW of the city of New York. By some inadvertance, the original arti- cle New Brunswick, in Brook's Gszetteer, was inserted in this edition. This article is very defective, and I wish the reader to consider it cancelled, and this used in its place. This city, beside the ordinary county buildings, has five places of public worship for Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Metlio- dists, Buplists, and Dutch reformed, each one. Queen's college, was formed by the Dutch reformed church, and intended for tfee education of their clergy. It was in- corporated in 1770, and since 1810, has been in some respects connected with a Theological school, founded in the same city. The site of New Brunswick, rises gradu- ally from the bank of Rariton river. The adjacent country is pleasantly diversified and well cultivated. The tide rises some little distance above the town, and steam boats, when not prevented by ice, ply regularly between that place and New York. Population in 1810. Free white males . - - 2,865 do. do. females - - - 2,808 .\ E W 'I'otal population In 1810 . 6,;"> Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 2,981 do. do. females ... 2,973 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Q Total whites . . . - 5,954 Free persons of colour, males - 165 do, do. females ... 195 S! ives, males . 213 do. females 237 Total population in 1820 - 6,764 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized 30 Engaged in Agriculture - 659 do. in ]\Ta)iut"acturss 323 do. in Commerce 60 Total whites - - - - 5,673 .A.11 other persons except Indians not taxed .... 206 Slaves . - . - . 433 694 jVe~vbvrg, corporate town in the isle of Anglesey, with a market on Tuesd;ty. It is governed by a mayor, and seated on the river Brant, 15 miles SW of Beaumari.s, and 257 NW of London. Lou. 4 27 W, kt. 53 10 N. J\^ewburg^ post town and township of Orange countv. New York, containing 4627 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 5812. It is situated on the W side of Hudson river, five ikules N of West Point, and 95 S of Albany. This is one of the most pleasantlj' situated towns on the Hudson. The bank rises by a rather bold acclivity, giving a fine view of the river, opposite shore, and adjacent mountains. Any vessel that can pass the bar at Sandy Hook, can reach Newburg. Its trade is active and increas- ing. JVeivbwg, populous and wealthy post township in Cuyahoga county, Ohio, immc- dia'ely S from Cleveland, containing 756 inhabitants in 1820. JYe^vburn, petty village in Northumber- land, on the W side of Newcastle, inhabited by Colliers, Here a part of the army of Charles I under lord Conway, were defeat- ed by the Scotch in 1540. J^ewbitry, corporate town in Berkshire, with a market on Thursday, its poor .ire chiefly employed in spinning. Two battles were fought near this town with dubious success, between the forces of Charles I. and the parliament, in 1643, and 1644. Newbury is commodiouslj'^ seated on the river Kennet, 26 miles S of Oxford, and 56 W of London. Lon. 1 12 W. lat. 51 25 N. .Tfeiubjiry, post town, the capital of Or- ange county, Vermont ; situated on the W side < \ Conieclicut river, 40 mites N of Dartmouth college, and five NW of Haver- hill, in New Hampshire ; it contains 1363 inhabitants, in 1810. JVi'xvbnry, township of Essex county. X E ^^ N E ^v Massachusetts, opposite Salisbury. Popu- lation in 1820. 3671. Aew6«)'(/, township and post villa.^e of York county, Pennsylvania. The township is on the point between Susqiielianniih river and Conewago crec-k, and the viliag-e five miles N\V Croni York Haven. Popula- tion in 1820, 1794 J^l'wbnrij, township of Geauga county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1^37. j\'ewbw-ij, NW township of Miami coun- ty, Oliio. Population in 1820, 542. J\'c2vbiirii-p'jrt, considerable port of entry and post town, in Essex county, Massachu- setts ; situated at the moutli of the river Merrimack, in lat. 42 47 N, Ion. 70 47 W, 40 miles N from Boston, and 22 SW from Portsmouth, in New H.-mpshire. Tiie site of Newberry-port is a gentle acclivity giv- ing a pleasing aspect to the place, v/hich is heightened by the regularity of the buil- dings and streets. It cor.iains two banks, two ensurance offices, and six or seven phtces of public worship. In point of foreign commerce it is the third in the state. In 1815 its shipping amounted to near 25,000 tons. J^'exobifa cross roads, post office, Cul- pepper county Virginia. J\'tiv: Canaan, post town, Fairfield coun- ty, Connecticut, about 30 miles WSW from New Haven. Population in 1810, 1600, and in 1820, 1682. It contains an academy. JVVw Canton, post village, Buckingham county, Virguiia; on the right bank of James river, 55 miles by land above Rich- mond. vA'Vyw Carlisle, town and capital of Gaspe county, Lower Canada, on Chaleur bay. J\'ewcastle, county of Delaware ; bounded by Delaware river E ; Kent county in Dela- ware S; Kent and Cecil counties in Mary- land SW ; Chester county in Pennsylvania NW ; and Delaware county in Pennsylvania NE. Length 36 ; mean width 12 ; and area 432 square miles. The surface of this county is generally decorated with hill and dale, though the northern section is mi/re broken than that of the south. The pro- jected canal to unite the Delaware and Chesapeak bays is to pass across this coun- ty. The line of separation between the primitive and the sea sand alluvial forma- tions, enters the NE angle of New Castle near Delaware river, and ranging SW, merges into Maryland between Glasgow and Frenchtown. Brandywine river, and Red, and White Clay creeks, rise in Ches- ter county Pennsylvania, and flow, nearly S, fall over the primitive ledge into Chris- tiana. The latter rises also in Pennsylva- nia, and crossing the NE angle of Maryland, flows nearly S, between Elk river, and Whiteclay creek, falls also over the ledge, and thence, turns to NE along its outer verge to Wilmington. Tliis range of falls reader the water facility found in New Caslie county for the propulsion of ma- chinery, equal to any other of equal ex- cent in the United States. This natural ad- vantage has been extensively improved on the Brandywine in particular. The prin- cipal sttiple of New Castle is flour. Chief town Wilmington. See Brandywine. Population in 1810 Free wliite males do. do. females Total whites ' - ... All other persons except Indians . not taxed .... Slaves Total population in 1810 - 9,945 9,518 19,463 3,919 1,047 24,429 Population in 1820. Free white males - - H 288 do. do. females - . n qj2 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - . q Total whites Free persons of colour, males do do. females Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820 - 22,360 2,215 2,129 654 541 27,899 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 304 Engaged in Agriculture - . 4,099 do. in Manufactures - 1,861 do. in Commerce . ■ 191 I'opulation to the square mile, 64. J\'dwcastle, town in Carmarthenshire, with a market on Friday. It is a poor town, and its once fine castle is now in ruins. It is seated on the Tyvy, 17 miles NW of Car- marthen, and 219 WNW of London. Lon. 4 30 W lat. 52 4 N. JVexucastle under Line, borough in Staf- fordshire, with a miirket on Monday. It had four churches, now reduced to one j and the castle, whence it took its name, is quite demolished. It has a manufacture of hats, is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. It is a large place with broad paved streets, and is fa- mous for more stone-ware being made near it than at any place in England. It is on a rivulet, 15 miles from Stafford, and 149 NNW of London. Lon. 2 2 W, lat. 5o 12 N. A'ervcastle, or JX'ewcastle upon Tyne, large borough and seaport in Northumberland, situated between the Picts Wall and the Tyne. The river is so deep, that ships of 600 tons burthen may come up to the town 695 N E W NEW in ballast, l)ut the colliers wait at Shields for their lading which is brought down the river in lighters, the great coUieries which have for centviries supplied London and most of the soiUhern parts of the kingdom with coal. This is the staple trade of, and has been the source of great wealth to Newcastle, the coals carried thence annu- ally are computed to amount to IjlSr.OOO tons ; it also manufactures steel, iron, glass, woollen cloth, earthen ware, white lead, milled lead, he. to a great extent, and here is a round tower for the manufactory of patent shot ; it exports large quantities of lead, salt, salmon, butter, tallow, and is particularly famous for its grindstones, that scarce a vessel goes from thence wiithout some of them. Newcastle was made a borough by William I. and t!ie first charter for digging cnal was granted by Henry III. in 1239. It is 34 miles S of Almwick, 94 N of York, and 271 N by VV of London. Lon. 127 W, lat. 55 3 N. J\'e-,vcastle, post town and the capital of Newcastle county, Delaware, situated on the W bank of Delaware river, six miles S of Wilmington, and 34 SW cf Philadelphia. Although one of the oldest towns on the river, being planted by the Swedes in 1627, it has long been on the decline ; the hundred containing in 1810, 2438 inhabi- tants, and in 1820, 2671. It lies in lat. 39 30 N, and lon. 75 18 W. J\'e-ivcastle, post town and township, in Lincoln county, Maine, 45 miles NE of Portland, and 12of Wiscasset, in nearly the same direction Population in 1820, 1243. jYcivcastlf:, or Great Island, island and town cf Rockingham county. New Hamp- shire, two miles E from Portsmouth, at the mouth of Piscataqua river. Population in 1810, 592, and in 1820,932. J\'(rwcastle, township of Wcst Chester county. New York, about 40 miles NNE from New York. Population 1810, 1291, and in 1820, 1368. A'exvcastle, village on the southern bor- der of Mercer county, Pennsylvania, on the point above the junction of Shenango, and Neshanoc creeks, 16 miles SS W from Mer- cer. J\''exi>castle, post town of Hanover county, Virginia, on the right bank of Pamunkey river, 24 miles NE trom Richmond. J\''ev!castle, post town, and seat of justice, Henry county, Kentucky. It contains the ordinary county buildings and near 200 houses. Population about 1000 ; 25 miles NW from Frankfort. Newcastle, Priace Edward county. Up- per Canada. This township is situated on the Presqu'isle de Quinte, extending into lake Ont?ario, from the easterly part of the township of Cramahe ; is a situation well suited for commerce and protection, and sheltered from all winds. 696 J\'ew Charleston, township of Penobscot countv, Maine ; 22 miles NW from Bangor. Population 1810, 210 ; and in 1820, 344. JVetw Chester, township of Grafton coun- ty, New Hampshire, on the Merrimack. Population 1810, 895 ; and in 1820, 971. jYewco7nersto-wn, settlement, in the SW quarter of Tuscarawas county. Ohio, 18 miles SW by W from New Philadelphia, and four east from Coshocton. J\'e-ivdigate, village in Surry, with a me- dicinal spring of the same nature as that of Epsom. .A dw Durham, township of Strafford coun- ty. New Hampshire, 40 miles NW from Portsmouth. Population 1810, 888, and in 1820, 1168. .A'tw Egypt, post village of Monmouth county. New Jersey, 55 miles NE by E from Philadelphia. J\'eio England, name given at an early period to all the country that lies between Canada and New York, and which at pre- sent comprises New Hampshire, Massachu- setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, and Maine. JK'eivenham, Cape, rocky point of con- siderable height, on the W coast of North America. It was discovered by captain Cook in 1778. Lon. 162 24 W, lat. 58 42 N. J^'e-Ment, town in Gloucestershire, near a branch of the Severn, 114 miles WNW of London. Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 51 56 N. vVew Fairfeld, township of Fairfield countv, Connecticut, containing 772 inhabi- tants 'in 1810, and in 1820, 788. It is situ- ated between Brookfield and the State of New^ York. A'ew Fane, township of Windham coun- tv Vermont, containing 1275 inhabitants in I'SIO, and in 1820, 1400. It is situated on E side of West river, eight miles NW of Fulham. ^'eiv Feliciana, parish of Louisiana, boun- ded N by Mississippi ; E by Amnite river, or parish St. Helena; S by East Baton Rouge ; and SW by the Mississippi river. Area 650 square miles, or 672,000 acres. New Feliciana is one of the most agreea- ble parts of Louisiana, being finely diver- sified by hill and dale. Some parts are level towards the Mississippi, but the sur- face is generally hilly and well watered. Natural timber, laurel magnolia; pine, va- rious species of oak, ash, elm, and hickory ; liriodendron, sassafras, lynden, dogwood, and many other trees. Soil of various qualities from river alluvion to poor pine woods. Staples cotton, maize, provisions, lumber, common productions for family use, garden vegetables of great variety, peaches, figs, and plums. St. Francisville is the only town worthy of notice. Population in 1820. Free w-hite males - - - 3,074 ]N E W Free wiiite females - - - 1!,360 All other persons, except Irfd'rans not taxed - - - . 65 Total whites - . - . 5,499 Free persons of colour, males - 37 do. do. females - 32 Slaves, mdes .... 3,619 do. temales - - - 3,545 Total population in 1820 - 12,732 Of these; Fo^eigne^•s not naturalized - 20 Engaged'in Aj^riculture - - 5,802 do. in Manufactures - 16 do. in Commerce - - 10 Population to the square mile, 20 nearl)'. JVewfield, town of York county, Maine, 40 miles NW from York. Population 1810, 815; and in 1820, 1147. ^Vew Forest, forest in Hampshire, siuiated in that part of thecounty which is, bound- ed on the E by Southampton Water, and on the S by the English Channel. JVeivfoundland, island on the E coast of North America, between 47 and 52° N lat. It was discovered by Sebastian Cabot in 1496 ; and after many disputes with tlie French it was ceded to the Engllh in 1713. Its form is triangular ; the N point is separated from Labrador by the strait of Belleiale, and from this apex it is 350 miles in length to the base, which is 3D0 in breadth. It is a mountainous, woody country, and very cold, being covered with snow five months in the year. It seems to have no inhabitants of its own, but in the summer time is visited by the Esquimaux Indians. It has several hays and liarbours, and t^ere are about 500 English f;>.milies who continue here all the year, beside the garrison of St. John, Placentia aiul other forts. In the fishing season wiiich begins in May and ends in September, it is re- sorted to by ai least 10,000 people, on ac- count of the great fishing-banks to ihe SE of the island ; -for here they cure the cod, which is carried not only to England, but to the Mediterranean and W. Indies. In winter the chief einploynemt of the inhabi- tants is to "Ut wood ; and tiie smallest kiiul, used for fuel, is drawn by their large dogs, trained op and liurnessed for thai purpose. Theic is great plenty of game, fish and fowl, but very little corn, fruit or cattle. St. John is the principal settlement. J^'eivfoti)^d mills, post-office, Hunover county, "V^h'ginia. S.Vew Garf/e?j,. township in Chester coun- ty, Pennsylvariia ; where tliere is a post office, 12 miles W by N of Wilmington, Delaware, and 125 from the city of Yv'asi)- ington. It contained in 1810, 1,038 inhabi- tants, and in 1820, 1199. 4T ,\ E W A'cio Garden, post village, Robinson county, Koith Carolina. /vl'j^ Garden, townsSiip of Columbia countvj . Ohio. Population 1820, uncer- tain. AVw Geneva, post village, Fayette county Pennsyjvania, on the right bank of Munongahela river, belovr the mouth of George's creek, 20 miles by landjabove Brownsville. JVeiv Georgia, group of islands in the Frozen Otean, discovered in 1819 by Capt Parry. Lon. W C from 20 to 40 W, lat, from 74 to 76 N. See Polar Regions, .Yew Gerhinntoion, post village, Hunter- don county, !Nevir Jersey, 35 miles N from Trenton. JV^w Glasgotv, post village, Amherst county, Virginia. It is the seat of an aca- demy for young ladies. Aevu Glouceaier, post town in Cumber- land county, Maine ; SO rniles N by W of Portland, containing 1648 inhabitants, in 1810; and in 1820,' 1653. vVdviJ Granada, formerly a captain ge- neralship r.f Spain, in South America, now an integral part of the Reptihlic of Columbia. It is b( unded N by the Ca- ribbean Sea ; NE by the former captain generalship of Caracas SE by Brazil, S by Peru, and W by the Pacific Ocean ; extending from 12 north to 6 degrees of S lat and from 10 E to 2 W Ion. from Washingion. The features of nature are on a scale commensurate v;ith the ex- pansive area of. this country. It contains the higliest mountains yet measured on t!;e wesiirrn continent, and the alluvial j)lains near the mouth of the Magda- lena. The Andes of Peru, gradually separa-- ting into diffv'rent ridges traverse New Gr..nada from SSVV t;o NNE. A little to the north of the Ecjuator three very distinct mountain chains extend ; one following the Pacific coast reaches, and is continued in the Isthmus of Darlen ; the second or middle range runs nearly^~ N and S separating the basins of Mag- dakna and Atrato, merges into the Ca- ribbe.ni Sea. The third or eastern chain rcViges NXE towards the head of the gulf of ?vfanc;ii '■ md separates the con- fluents of t!ie Magdalena fsjid Orinoco. At about 8 N lat. the latter chain again divides ; one iiranch tums N and merges into the Caribbean Sea, at Cape Vela; ttie other gradually curves to the E, and constitutes the mountains of Caracas. _ The rivers of New Granada, are nu- rtiercus and important. Tho§p flowing into the Pacific Ocean are generally short, and from the great inclination of ih?;ir planes of descent rapid in ther? 697 X E ^\" :. E w course. See didaqml in the .Addenda. .Vera Hagerstoton, small town in Tus- A communication between the Atlantic carawas county, Ohio, aud Pacific Occan has been pioposed ^^Vw Hamfishire, one of the states of through the St Juan of the Paciiic, and the United Slates, bounded by the At- Atrato flowing into the Caribbean Sea. lantic Ocean SE ; by Massachusetts S ; See Atruto in the Addenda. Btr-tween the by Vermont W , Lower Canada N; and great northern ridges of the Andes which Maine E. / we have noticed, rises and fl^ws tliK Miles, Magdalena. This is truly the river of It touches, and is washed by the At- New Granada, havins^ its source at 2°, lantic Ocean - - , - ,20 and entering the Caribbean Sea at 11 N It thence has a boundary of Maine lat. It is formed by two great branches, of _ - _ _ _ \sq the Magdalena Proper, and the Caaca. The boundary between New Hamp- It is rendered in a great degree unnavi- sbiie, and Lower Canada re- gable from the rapid descent of its plane. mains uncertain, but is about East from the Andes, in all the length Down Connecticut river, in common 50 iro setts - Having an entire outline of 80 470 i^ai , ... _ 3... of lSc;w Granada, in Cundinimarca, and with v ermont Quito, spreads an immense plain across Along north boundary ot Massacha which meanders the innumerable branch- es of the Amazon and Orinoco. The principal confluents of the former in New Granada, are, the Tungaragua, Napo, lea, Japura, and Negro. Those of the Orinoco, are the Yninita, Ua, Vichada, Meta, and Apure. These rivers, though mere branches of the two mighty rivers, Amazon, and Orinoco, , . ... , , , flow by comparative course from 300 to eleyat)onotits parts than any section of the 700 miles, and are generally navigable. Ln.ted States ; and of consequence its cli- Length from SW to NE, 160 miles. Breadth 90 miles. Area, 8,030 square miles ; or 5,139,200 acres. Extending from lat. 42 41 to 45 11 N. Tliis state differs more in the relative generally navig The country over which they flow is however, yet a wilderness, or extensive waste inhabited only by savages. mate and seasons have a corresponding excess in their extremes. The Atlan- tic border, is a sandy beach, followed by hills which increase rather rapidly in The chmate of New Granada par- ^x^^^^,^^_ The country- rises indeed, by takes of alt the -Jiversity of its surface ^^ ,. jj ^^ acclivity, (hat the tides do The elev:it.-d taole land of tne valleys of ^^^^ ^\^^ j„ ^^^ ,.^,^/j. ^^^.^ ^j^^^ ^^^^ ^3 the Aiiflfs lias be'rn celebrated for salu- brity, whilst the inhabitants of the low to 15 mi!es inland. The hilly region is ,, . , ^ , , .. , , . quickly fiUowed by the mountainous, alluvial coasts have been found sul^ject g.tween the Connecticut and Merrimac to the ordinary mahgnant diseases inci- ^■,^„^^ ^,^^ „g^,. ^^^ j^^y ^^ ,g ^f ^^is dent to such situations An tropical ch- .^^^^ f-,.^^^ Monadnoc rises amongst '"^ ^^" inferior sir^niaits to 3254 feet above the New Granada has been justly cele- ocean level Farther north, Sunapee is brated for its vegetable and mineral foilowed by Mooseiiillock, the latter at- wealth. Ill a country of sucli 'variety of taining an elevation of 4636 feet. Be- elevation within the tropics, the range of tween tht sources of Connecticut, Andro- vegetabte life must embrace nearly all scoggin. and Merrimac, rise however, the most valuable fruits an i plants use- the' highest inountain summits yet mea- ful to man. Gold, silver, platina, iron, ured In the Uv.ited States. Some of the and emerrdds are enumerated amongst peaks of the White mountains rise above its minei-al productions . Sqoo feet above the Atlantic Ocean. In the animal kingdom, the condor. 'I'ak^n as a whole, the natural features the largest carniv.rous bird yet knowji, of N^ w Hampshire are bold, prominent, is in a great degree" peculiar to this and in ma y places subli-ne. If we turn country. our view to the rugged aspect of its sce- Population according to recent esti- "^^»"y^ we would be led to expect much mates 1,875.700. See Columbia. ^^^^ fertility of sml ; but in fact few sec- JVeio GrQ72/liam, township of Cheshir- Coiinty, New FIamj>s!;ire, 36 miles NW tions of th.' United States of equal extent have more productive land than is inclu- ded in New Hampshire. The most im- from^Concord. Population 1810,^864, and portant vegetable productions are grass, in 18^0, IO08. wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, &:c. JVeio Guinea, or Pa/ma, large and im- The manufacturing establishments of perfectly known island, lying to the N New Hampshire, are numerous and in- from New Holland, from which it is se- creasing. More than 30 cotton and wool- parated by Torres' straits. len manufactures are in operation in that 698 N B W N E W state, and many of them on a very en- largedyscale. Staples, 'iron, lumber, pot, and pearl ashes, fish, beet, live stock, pork, and flax-seed. For civil and political purposes New Hampshire is subdivided into the six fol- lowing counties. Counties. Sq. miles. Pol). 1820. Coos - - 1,680 5,349 Grafton - - 1,540 32,989 Chtshire - 1,200 45,276 Hillsborough - 1,150 ' 53,884 Rochingham - 1=0;J0 55,246 Strafford - - 1,460 51,156 25 ; and ar^a 1350 square mil^s. Surface mostly flat, and part marshy. Beside Cape Fear river, which washes the S\V border of the cou!)ty, New Hanover is drained by Blacik river and tht NE fork of Cape Fear river. Stai)les, cotton, and tobacco. Chief town, "Wilmington. Pop'ilatlon in 1810. Free wUite males do. do. females 8,030 Population in 1810. Free white males ... do. do. females - , - 244,155 105,782 107,608 Tofvl whites i^ll other persons except Indians not taxed • - Slaves Total population in 1810 * - 213,390 970 214,360^ i Population in 1820. Free white males . . - do. do. females - - . All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - Total whites - - Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females. Slaves, males - . . - do. females 119,210 124,026 139 243,375 372 414 Total population in 1820 - 244,161 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 14 Engaged in Agriculture - - 52,3B4 do. in Manufactures - 8,699 do. in Commerce - - . 1,068 Population to tlie square mile, 30. JV'i?TO Hampton, post town and town- ship of Strafford county, Ntw Hamp- shii'e, on the Merrimac 30 miles above Concord. Population 1810, 1293, and in 1820, J\'ew Hamfiton, post town of Hunter- don county, New Jersey, 21 miks'N by W of Flemmington, and 40 NW of New Brunswick. \ JVeiv Hanover. . See Hano-ver JVeiv, township of Montgomery county, Penn- sylvania. ^ Meiv Hanover, county of North Caro- lina, bounded by the Atlantc Ocean SE ; Cape Fear river or Brunwick SVV ; Bladen W ; Sampson NW ; Dauphin N ; and Orslon E; length 50; mean width :,328 2,563 Total whites .... 4,891 All other ptrsons except Indians not taxed . - - - 132 Slaves - - - - - 6,442 Total popidation in 1810 Foptilation in 1820. 11,465 Free white ncales ... 2,634 do. do. females . - - 2,452 All othir persons except Indians not ta.\c-d , - - Total whites.' - - . - 5,086 Free persons of color.r, males - • 102 * do. do. females 117 Slaves, males .... 2,708 do. females . . - - 2,853 Total population in 1820 - 10,866 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 25 Engaged in Agricnlture - - 2,853 do. in Manufactures - 387 do. in Commerce • - 159 Population to the square mile, 8|. .Yeiv Hartford, post town and town- ship in Litchfield county Connecticut, 22 miles W by N of the city of Hartford, and 12 miles NEcf Litchfield, the shire tr.wn. Population 1810, 1510, and in 1320, 1685. , A'eiv Har'ford, post village in Oneida county. New York, four miles W from Utica. JVetv Haven, town of Sussex near the mouth of the Ouse, with a small harbour. The entrance of the river is defended by a battery ; and the haven is generally made the station of a slonp of war, to ii'.tercept the smuggling trade. It is seven miles S by E of Lewis, and 57 of London. JVew Havcnt post town Addison coun- ty, Vermont on Otter creek. J\'e%v Haven, county of Connecticut, bounded by l..ong Island Sound S ; Housa- tonick river or Fairfield SW ; Litchfield NW ; Hartford N ; and Middlesex NE. Length 27; mean width 22; and area about COO square miles. This is one of the most pleasantly diversified counties \v> 699 ]V E \V . X E W the United Sjates. It is traversed from SSW to NNE by a chain of mountains of no considerable e'evation, which rises in the vicinity of New Haven city,- and is intersected by Connecticut river at MiddletowA in Middlesex county. Be- su'e the Housp.tonick, Nev/ Haven is drained by the Naugatuck and Quinipi- ack rivers With the e>xeption of sttme tfracts of^smali extent near the snnnd, the surface is hilly or undulating The soil productive in grain, fruits, ancl pas- turage. Staples, grain. Hour, salted pro- visions, live stock, and manv other minor articles sent to. the New York market. Chief town New Haven, Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 18,141 do. do. females - - - 18,022 Total whites .... 36,163 All other p^^rsons except Indians not taxed ..... 850 Slaves 51 Total population in 1810 -.064 Populalion-in 1320, , Free white males - - - 13,667 do. do. femsles - - . 19,711 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - -^ '0 Total whites Free persons of colour, males ^ do. do. females Slaves, males . - - do. females Total population in 1820 38,3ro 585 637 8 8 39,616 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized 82 Engaged in Agriculture - j 6 673 do. in Manufactures - ' 2,648 do. in Commerce - 617 Population to the square mile, 66. JVew Haven, city, seaport, and seat of justice, New Haven county, Connecticut, situated on the east side of a bay formed by the mouth of the Quinipiack river, and about four miles N from Long Island Sound. The old town was laid out in a large square subdivided into nine lesser squares, each 858 feet each side, separated by 50 feet streets. In the centre are two large squares; SE of which stands Yale college. The general aspect of New H.iven, is peculiarly pleasing. The site is very nearly a plain ; and the streets extend- ing at right angles, with the general neatness of the buildings, and intermix- 700 ture of trees, affords a picture which every traveller must view with interest. Of all the public, edifices of this city, Yale college decidedly claims the first notice. It was founded in 1701. Its of. ficers are now, a president, nine profes- sors and five tutors. It is under the go- vernment of a board of trustees, com- posed of the governor of the state, the lieutenant governor, and six senior as- sistants ; together with the president and 10 clerical fellows. The college build- ings, consist of three large and spacious finisiied, and one unfinisheJ^edifice ; a chapel and philosophical chamber: a lycaeum containing the library and recita- tion rooms : a laboratory, of brick, and a stone dining hall. Connected with the college is the medical institution, found- ed in 1813, with four professors, an ex- cellent anatomical museum and a medi- cal library. The college library amounts to between 7000, and 8000 volumes The cabinet of minerals was the munificent deposit of Col. George Gibbs, and does honour to the doner, and to the college. Its original Spst amounted to above 17,000 dollars. The whole number of students in 1820, was 412 ; and according to Mr. Morse the entire number educated in this institution vfrom. its foundation was 3,47s, of v.'hom in 1820, there were stil! living 1,884, more than one half. An Episcopal seminary was establish- ed in 1820, under the government of the general convention of the Episcopal church. Besides the literary edifices, and the ordinary county buildings. New Haven contains ; two bank.s, a cu^toni iiouse, almsiiouse, three ensurance offices, a grammar sciiool, an academy, six print- ing offices, issuing four weekly newspa- pers, a relis^ious monthly magazine, and Mr. Silliman's journal of Science and Arts. The commercial connexions of this city are numerous and important particular- ly i!i the coasting trade. The harbour is good though only admitting vessels of 10 or 12 Icct draft. Before the erection of a long wharf of nearly a rnile, which stretches so far directly across the bay, the harbour was gradually filling up. The amount of shipping owned in the town is about 12,<500 tons. Amongst the burial grounds of New Haven one deserves particular notice. It is on an entirely novel plan, laid out in parallelograms, which are again subdi- vided into family burying places. It is a field lying N from the town, and being planted with trees, has a very"" solemn, K E W NEW and even awful effect wh^ seen either ;i^/jtliin or without. The monuments re gtnerallyjof marble. In 1810. New Haven contained 5,772, and m 1820, 7 147. .Al'vv Haven, township of New Haven county, Connecticut, and containing New Haven city. Pojiulation 1820, 8.326. AVzf Haven, township of Oswego coun- ty New York, on Mexico bay of Lake Ontario. Population 1820, 898. . J\''ew Haven, post township, in the south- ern borders of Huron county, Ohio. Po- pulation 1820, 481. .M'erv Holland See Holland J^Tenu. J\''exD H'llkind, post villisge of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, 13 miles NE from Lancaster, A'dv Hope, post town of Sclebury town- ship Bucks county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank of Delaware river opposite Lsmbertsviile in New Jersey, 16 miles above Trenton. At this place a very fine bridge has been constructed over Delaware. JVew Hope, post town, Wayne county, North Carolina. JN'Vjw Hope, post village, Spartinsburgh district South Carolina. JVe-iu Iberia, post town of Louisiana parish of St. Martin's on the right bank of Teche 48 miles above its mouth ; con sisting of one street along the river, or rather road, containing .-ibout 40 houses, 200 inhabitants. The bank is here some- thing higher than either above or below ; schooners drawing four or five feet water come up to New Iberia at all seasons. lat. 30 N, Jon. VV C 14 56 W. jYetvington, post village and township of Rockingham county, New Hampshire, on t!ie East side of Great bay, five miles NW from Portsmouth: Population 1820, 541. Aexif Inlet, coa^of New Jersey. Sec Little Eg-g HarboiiW j JVe-w Inlet, one of the mouths of Cape Fear river, North Carolina. J\''eru) Tpsu'ich, post village and township, Hillsboroug-h co'inty, New Hampshire, 52 miles N from Boston, and containing an academy and a nnanber of mills. 'Popula- tion in 1820, 1278. JVeiv Jerse;/, i-ne of the states of the United States; bounded by New York N E ; by Hudson river, S;aten Isiand Sound, Itarilon bay, and the Ailantic Ocean E; Atlantic Ocean SE ; Delaware Bay SW ; and Delaware river, or Pennsylvania W. [Miles. New Jersey h.as an exterior li.mit on the Atlantic Ocean from Cape May to Sandy Hook, of - - - 120 An interior boundary opposite New York, along Rariton bay, Staten Island SounJ, New York bay, and Hudson river .... 60 In coivuTion with New York, between Hudson an-1 Ddauare rivers - 45 Tl\eiice down Delaware river and bay to Cape May - -. - , - ' 220 445 Extreme length, by a line almost due north from Cap-.- May, to tlie northern an- gle on the Delware, 160 miles; with a mean widtii of aijout 43 miles. Between lat. 38 58, and 41 21 N. Area 6851 sqmjre miles, and 4.384,640 acres The natural geography of New Jersey, presents three very marked subdivisions ; ist, .sea sand alluvion ; 2dlv, -the hilly or middle section ; and 3d]y, tne mountainous or northern section. Tiie sea sand alluvion, embraces near one half the state. A line drawn from the mouth of Shrewsbury river to Bordentown, will nearly separate the hilly from the sea sand region. Between this natural limit and ♦he Sussex mountains, t!ie s'ate is delightfully variegated by hill and dale, and well watered. Some of the north-west. parts of Hunterdon, Morris, and Bergen counties, are broken into mountain ridge.=, but the real mountain section of New Jer- sey is comprised in Sussex county. It 'must be understood, that in this state, as in Pennsylvania, the intervening distance between ihe respective mountains is gene- rally an arable valley. By reference to the annexed table of th^ counties, it will be seen, that nearly on^ half the state is occupied by. the sea sand alluvion. This litter region, declines gradually from tlie hills, and before reach- ing the Atlrintic Ocean, spreads into an al- most unbroken plain The soil is nearly divisible by similar limits with the great subdivisions we have noticed. On the sea sand all' vion, it is generally thin and sandy, and in many places nsar^hy. Above the se.i sand alluvion where not mountainous, tlie soil is generally arable and productive, in grain, fruits, and pasturage. Compared with its latitude, extending two degrees and 23 minutes ; no state of the United States, possesses such wide ex- tremes of climate. The level sandy plains of its southern extension approximate to the clim.ate of South Virginia, whilst the" seasons in Sussex county, present a severity approaching those of Vermont and New Hampshire. The structure of the state, renders the causes of these meteorologi- cal phenomena obvious. The staples of New Jersey, are grain, flour, live stock, salted provision, iron ; and near New York and Philadelphia, an 701 X E ^Y indefinite variety of articles to supply the markets of those cities. Iron ore is plentifully found and exten- sively wrought, particularly in Morris county. Iron in bars, and hollow wase are produced m great quar.tilies, and of excel- lent quality. Leather and boots, shoes, and saddles, may be considered as forming a lai-ge share of the manufactured staples of this state. Newark is emphatically a city remarkable for the quantity and excellence of its shoes. The estimated value of exports in 1810, was upwards of 7,000,000 of dollars. ;No fair view, however, can be given of either the exports or imports of this state, as its two great marts are Philadelpliia and New Yo;k. The amount of shipping, is abouto5,000 tons. Surveys and levels have been taken with so much accuracy, as to ascertain the prac- ticability of executing a navigable canal over New Jersey, and a company lias long since been incorporated fur that purpose. The points intended to be united, are Trenton on the Uelaware, and New Bruns- ivick on the Rariton. The route was tra- ced by following the Assampink to near its source, and thence by a short cut into Stoney brook, a braitch of Millstone river, and down the latter and Kariton to tide water. The very erroneous principle ndopted of following the natural channels, has tended to discredit the operations of the New Jersey canal company. The distance from Brunswick to Tren- ton is about 26 miles, and the highest in- termediate summit level 50 feet, between the AssiiTlpink and Stoney brook. It is supposed, however, that a summit, level but little exceeding 40 feet can be obtained, by cutting between the confluence of Assam- pink and Shippetankiu creeks, and Row- ley's mill, near the c.^nfiuence of Stoney brook and Milistone river. An adequate supply of v/ater can be drawn by short feeders from Phillip's springs, Trenton creek, Sto ''y brook, and Millstoae river, all of which are more ele- vated than the route of the canal, some intermediate sand hills excepted. Suffi- cient depth of water for a sloop navigation i exists at the two intended extremities of the intended cafial. Estimated expenses : Digging 28 miles, at 20,000 dol- lars per mile - - ' 8^60,000 Lockage, 100 feet, probablv less, at 1,250 dollars per foot' - 125,000 Feeders, purchase of land, and water rights - - - 115,000 ^800,000* Gallatin's Report. 702 N E W Upon the iqjportance of the New Jersey canal but one opinion can exist, but as respects the expenses, it may be doubted whether less th.;n one million of dollars could suffice to effect such an object. If such an inland communication did exist, it is probable, however, tiiat if the intended transmission of coal from the Le. high and Delaware rivers succeeds, and there is no rational doubt of such success, that such a coal trade alone would, besides tlie incidental expenses of repairs and su- peiintendance, produce a revenue of more than tiie interest of §1.000,000. For political aad otb.er purposes, New Jersey is sul)divided ini6 13 counties. The following table exhibits tlie relative popu- lation with the respective area. Counties. Area Sq <.M. Pop. 1S20. to ■ Sg. M' Cape May, Alluvion, 310 4,265 14 Cumberland, Alluvion, 450 12,668 28 Salem, Alluvion, 312 14,022 45 Gloucester^ , Alluvion, 800 23,089 28| Burlington, , Alluvion, 500 28,822 58 Monmouth; , Alluvion, 875 25,038 28^ Middlesex, C Hills and 1 Alluvion, ^362 21,470 60 Hunterdon, , Hilly, 540 28,604 5:i Somerset, Hilly, 360 16,506 45| Essex, Hilly, 252 30,793 122 Morris, Hilly, 460 21,.368 46 Bergen, Hilly, 480 18,178 38 Sussex,, 5 Moun- 7 i tainoUs. $ 1160 32,/^2 20;f 6851 277,575 40 Progressive population. In 1790, New Jersey contained 184,139; in 1800, 211,149; in ISIO, 245,560 ; and in 1820, as above.,' The aggregate and classified population is seen in the follov/ing table. \ , ■ Population in lfl|0. Free white males do. do. females Total whites All other persons except Indians not taxed - . . j Slaves - - . - Total population in 1810 - Populntion in 1820. Free white males do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed . - . - 115,357 111,509 226,866 7,843 10,851 245,560 129,619 127,790 149 Total whites - - - 257,558 Free persons of colour, males 6,416 do. do. fema)es, 6,044 Slaves, males - - - 3,988 N E W .\ E \\ Slaves, females Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 5,569 277.575 1,529 40,812 15,941 1,830 ^Aew Kent, county of Virginia ; bounded by James city SE ; Chickaliomina river, or Charles city and Henrico SW ; Hanover NW ; and Pamunkey river or King William NE ; length 23 ; mean width 10 ; and area 230. Surface moderately liiily, and soil of middling quahty. Chief town, Cumber- land. Population in 1810. Free white males - do. do. females 1,225 1,220 Total whites - ... - 2,445 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - 308 Slaves, - - - - - 3,725 Total population in 1810 6,478 Population in 1820. Free white males - - 1,263 do. do. females - - 1,274 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . . . Total whites _ . - Free persons of colour, males do. do. ' females, Slaves, males - - do. females - Total populatioh in 1820 - 6,630 ( ■ Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 5 Engaged in Agriculture - 1,980 do. in IManufactures 36 do. in Commerce - - 11 Population to the square mile, 29 nearly. ./Vew Lancaster, See Lancaster, Fairfield County, Ohio. J\ ew Lebanon, post town, in Canaan town- ship, ColuTihia coftnty, New York, on the road from Pittsfield to Albany, 24 miles from the latter place. This town is re- markable for a tepid sprif.g wliicli has be- come a watering place of mucii resort. The water except its temperatin-e 7C:>° of Fahrenheit, differs in no oihur respect from pure mountain water; it is tasteless and inodorous, and used for ail common pur- poses of cooking and washing. The Shalsers own 3000 apres of land in tills township, and hare a very flourishing settl mcnt near Lebanon village. Thti scenery arcund Lebano;; is peculiarly pleas- ing, and even subhme. vAew Lebanon, post village of Camden county, North Carolma. ,\e-io Lexington, town in Richland coun- ty, Ohio ; on the west bank of Mohiccan creek, 10 miles from Bellville. ./^ety Lexington, inconsiderable town of Knox county, Ohio, thirteen miles E from Mount Vernon. J\'etu Lexington,\\\\9ige of Jefferson coun- ty^ Indiana, 17 miles VV from Madison. Salt wells have been dug here to the great depth of 700 feet. It contains about 4Q houses, 200 inhabitants, and one news-pa- per printing office. J^'eiulin, township of Chester county,! Pennsylvania, on the west branch of Bran- dywine creek six miles SSW from Down- ingtown. Population in 1820, 914. J\'cw Lisbon, township of Otsego county. New York; 10 miles SW from Cooper's town. Population in 1820, 2221. »Vew Lisbon, flourishing post town and seat of Justice, Columbiana county, Ohio ; 35 miles S from Warren in Trumbull coun- ty ; 56 NE from Pittsburg, and 160 NE from Columbus. It now contains an ele- Infant suit of county buildings, a bank, two brick meeting houses, nine or ten mercan^ tile stores. In 1820 the number of inhabi- tants were 746. In the vicinity are a fur- nace, four merchant, and four saw mills, a l^aper mill, an extensive woollen factory, .t fulling mill, carding machine, and glass fac- tory. jYe~M London, post town, Hillsborough county New Hampshire, 30 miles NW from Concord. Population in 1810, 692 ; and in 1820.924. jYew London, SE county of Connecticut, bounded by Rhode Island E ; by Long Island sound S ; by Middlesex county in Connecticut W ; Hartford and Tolland NW ; and Windham N. Length 30 ; mean width 20 ; and area 600 square miles. C'onnccticut river forms part of its west boundary ; but beside this stream Nfew London county is in a remarkable manner indented with bays and rivers; . Quintbaug and Shetucket unite in this C(;urty and form the Thames, which at Chelsea landing below Norwich re- ceives the Yantic, and forms a very fine and spacious entrance for vessels. Be- tween the Connecticut and Thames be- side many of mjnor importance the Ni- antic bay opens to Waterford. Bet\yeen the Thames and Pacatuck, the coast is indented by Pequonock, Mistick, Qui- amboc, Stonington, and Wickatequack, Pacatuck bnu.ids the county and state to the E. The western, or rather the northwestern part of New London is 703 X E W N E W mountainous, and except some marshes near the sea-coast, the genera! surface is hilly, but presents a very pleasing aspect. The soil is productive in fruits, grain, and pasturage. Staples, grain, flour, live stock, lumber, fish,'&c. Chief town New London. Population in 1810. Free wliile males - - - - 15 963 do. do. females - - 17,088 Total whites . . - . All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - . Slaves - f, . - - 33,051 1,579 17 Total population in 1810 - 34,707 Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females ... All ovher persons except ludians not taxed .... 16,397 17,852 Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males .. do. do. females - Slaves, males . - - . - do. females .... 34,249 796 887 3 8 Total population in 1820 35,94; Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized . 84 Engaged in Agriculture-' - . 7,681 do. in Manufactures - - 1,847 do i^i Commerce - - 975 Population to the square mile, 60 nearly. ■^ttiv. London, city, seaport, and alter- nately with Norwich, seat of justice for New London county Connecticut ; is si- tuated on the west side of the Thames, three miles above its mouth, 14 miles be- low Norwich, and 42 SE from Hartford, Ion. W C 4 48 E, iat. 41 25 N. Beside the ordinary county buildings it contains two banks, a marine ensurance office, two newspaper printing offices, and five w six places of public woi'ship. The shipping in 1818, amounted to near 16000 tons. Having a depth of five fathom's water, the harbour is the best between New York, and Newport ; and is very seldom obstructed by ice. It "is defended by forts Trurnbuil and Griswold, the former on the New London, and latter at Groton on the opposite side of the river The narrowness of the entrance renders its blockade easy, which was efficted during lasit war. On a point on the west side of the harbour is a light house. J\'ew London, post town Campbell county, Virginia, 18 miles 3VV ?fom Lynchburg. 704 JVf w London^ township in the SE quar- ter of Huron county, Ohio. Population ' 1820. 172. J^'etv Lo7idon, post town and seat of justice Madison county, Ohio. See Lon- don, Madison county, Ohio. j\'eiv Longueil, seigniory Y(jrk county. Lower Canada, 40 miles W from Mon- treal. .Ve-7f Madrid, post town and seat cf justice New Madrid county, Missouri, 70 miles below the mouth of Ohio. It is built on an alluvial bank somethnig above the ordinary height of the Missis- ippi banks, contains about 50 houses and from 250 to 300 inhabitants. .AV-w ^[adrid, county of Missouri ; bounded by Mississippi river SE; Ar« kansaw territory S ; St Francis river NW ; and C'ape Girardeau N. Length 60 ; mean width 25-; and area 1500 square miles. Surface one general alluvial plain, arable only near the bank of the Mis- sisippi and the other streams; the resi- due being liable to annual submersion; Staples, Indian corn, pork, and cotton. Chief town New Madrid. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 937 do. do. females . . • 874 Total whites ^ ... 1,811 Ail odier persons except Indians not taxed ... - 5 Slaves 287 Total population in 1810 - - 2,103 r Population in 1820. Free white males ^r^, - . - 1,068 do. do. fe rales ... 933 All other^ persons except Indians j. not taxed .... '0 Total whites - - - 2,001 Fiee persons of colour, males - 1 do. do. fenlales 3 Slaves, males .... 148 do. females - - 143 Total population in 1820 - 3,296 Of these: Foreigners not naturalized - 1 Engagfil in Agriculture - 538 do. in Mj.mifactures - 43 do. in Commerce - - 28 Populitlon to the square mile, li. jYewinarkc'C, town in Suffolk. It is the most celebrated place In England for horse-races ; and here Charles II. built a house- for the sake of this diversion. It is 13 miles W of Bur_v, and 61 N by E of London. J^Teivmarkct, post village and township A E \\- N E VV Rockingham county New Hampshire, 15 miles VV from Portsmouth. The village is at the mouth of Lamprey river into Great Bay. Population 1810, 1061, and in 1820, 1083. J^ewmarkct, post village of York coun- ty, Pennsylvania, near the raoutli of Co- newag'i creek. JVeivmarket, post town Dorchester county, Maryland, near the left bank of Choptank river, 12 miles SSE from Eas- ton. JVe%vmarkety post village, Spottsylva- nia county, Virginia. J\l'eiumarket, post town in Frederick county, Maryland, 11 miles eastward of Frederickstown. JSFeivmarket, post town in Shenandoah county, Virginia, situated on the E side of Robinson river, 132 miles W by S of Washington and 50 SSW from Winches- ter. jM'exvmarket, post town.II gliland county, Ohio, 42 miles Vv, from Chilicothe. JK'eiu market, township of Hig')i::nd coun- ty. Ohio, inciudini^ the foregoing; village. Populaiion 1820, 747. j\i'e-:v J\Iarlboro7(g}i, post village; and township, Berkshire county, Massachu- setts, 23 miles SSE from Lenox, Population 1820, 1668. Mtr.u Mexico, province of New Spain, or Mexico in the internal provinces. This is the most nor;!iern of the Spanis'i settle- ments in the interior of North America ; its length, from sonth it) nor'Ji, about 500 nniles bVcadlii about 200 miles. Area 44,000 square miles. Population 40,000. Bound- ed S by N'-\v Biscay or Unrango, E by Texas, and on ail other sides by regions little known, inhabited by native Indians. New Mexico, is an ancient Spanish con- quest, as early as 1559, um'.er the Viceroy Velasco el Primcro, Durango was a mili- tary post. Tov.ai'ds the end of the 16th centuiy, t!ie then Viceroy, count de Mon- terey, sent Juan de Onate, to New Mexico ; tliis general drove away the Indians and peopled tiie banks of Itio del Norte, Con- sequently the establishment of that nation, in New Mexico hx.ve. existed more than t'.vo hundred years. The two provinces of New Biscay, and New Mexico, are separated by a desart. This desart crosses the Rio Grande ')e- tween ilie Pass del Norte and Albuquer- que. The ('e?art of the Muerto, is up- wards of 100 miles wide and destitute of water. " Tl.e whole of this country," .says Humboldt,;" is in general of an alarming state of aridity, for the moun'.ains Delos Mansos, situated to the east of tiie road from Durango, to Santa Fe, do not give rise to a single brook. Notwit';standing the mildness of the climate, and the pvo- 4r gress .jI" industry, a great part of tliis coun- liy as well as Old California, and several districts of New Risca}-, and the Intendan- cy, of Giiadalnxara, will never admit of any consi;le:ab!e population." This desart lies in a N Band NW direction, and extends from lu Pacific Ocean to within 200 miles SW of St Louis in Missouri. It is cover- ed in Autumn with muriate of soda, com- mon salt, and is every where extremely cold (or the climate ; see the article Rio Grande. The inhabitants of New Mexico, are exposed to the hostile Indians, and live cliiefly in towns. Tiiey are like those of New Biscay, a bold and daring race of men, continually on horseback. The arid ster- ility of their soil, and the almost inimitable extent of their savannas, compel them to a pastoral ii:e. New Mexico, is however with all its de- lects a delightrul residence. Tlie purity of the uir and the rich scenery of the fer- tile banks of the rivers, have a fine effect. European g-rain and fruits grow luxuriantly whsre the soil is fertile. The dryness of the seasons is favourable to the grape, which is peculiarly delicious in that coun- try. Perhaps in the advance of civilization the borders of the North American desart m sy from its exemption from rain, become remarkable for its rich wines. See' .Mexican Empire; section Rio Grande del Norte. J\Vw Jlli/ford, post town in Lincoln coun- ty, Maine, at the head of Sheepsgut river, 15 miles N by VV of Wiscasset. .A''-v Jlitfuvd, post town in Litchfield county, Connfctictit, 16 miles N of Dan- bury.'and 18 SW of Litchfield, on tite NE s.de of lloti-jalonick river, containing jbout 3537 in 1810, and in 1820, 4610. .Vtfw JMilford, post village, Susquehannah county, Fennsylvan'a. .W.i' Mills, tliriving village, with a post office, in B;n-l'n,u:toM cotuity, New Jersey, about five miles E of Mount Holly. .\\:\L'nham, corporate town in Gloucester- shire, with a market on Friday. It is seat- ed on tiie S ?vern, eight miles S Vr of Glou- cester, and 1J2 WNW of London. Lon, 2 23 W, lat. 51 46 N. J^A'~x Orlecms, capital, and chief town of the stale of Louisiana, stands upon the left h.ank of the Mississippi river, ai N lat, 30* ai.d W lon. W C 12 5. It h compr .sed of the city properly so calicn, and several F.iuxbourgs, (suburbs,) the principal of which .are, St. Mary's, An- ininciatinn, and La Course, above the city ; Marign>'s ,and Erqniers, below ; and Trenie, and St. John's in the rear of the city, towards Bayou St. John's. The city Itself is laid out wilh the streets inlcrsccling each other at right angk-;. T05 X E W N E W The Faiixbourgs, though in general aibo regiikr, deviate in some places. L'ke all other places along- the banks of the Mis- sissippi, the groaiitl tipori which New Or- leans stanJs falls, by a gentle declivity, from t!K- mai-i;iu of the livc-r, -.intii de- pressed in'i) a swamp, or overflown fl.se of th Treme and St. John's, staiid upon the solid borde.T of land between tVie river and swamp, tiie medium width of which,is about 4U0 yards. The extreme length of New Orleans along the Mississippi is nearly three miles. Tlie rivers running opposi.e in the form of an S. It contaii s a State-house, Prison, Mar- ket-house, Ho-pital, Princip.d, or Town- house. A Cathedral, or tlie Church of St. John's, Ursuline C^ivent, an Episcopalian, and a Calvanistic church, two Theatres, a Court-house, three Ensurance otfices, four Banks authorized by the stale, a braBch of that of the United States, a Custom iiouse. Navy \ard. Arsenal, Barracks, and one Fort, that of St. Charles, sit-.ia ed between the city proper and Fauxbourg Marigny. New Ork ins is sitnaterl 105 miles above the mouth of the Mississippi, 322 by water, and 156 by land, below Natchez ; 1189 be- low St. Louis; 991 below the mouth of Ohio, and 1933 below the city of Pittsburg. It is ruled by a mayor and city council, elected by the freeholders. This city is admirably situated for a com- mercial depot, h;iving equal facility of in- tercourse, foreign and domestic. Its mar- kets are excellent, particularly for garden vegetables, .md for fruits, both tropical, and from the numerous settleniftnts on the various confiueuTS of the Mississippi. The houses, and population are both rapidly on the increase, as may be seen by t e ibllovv- ing comparative view of its census in 1810 and 1820. At tiie Former period, the c^liy and parish contained 24,553, of whom, above 17,000 were found in tlie city. In 1820, the number of inhabitants stood thus : Free white males - - - 11,675 do. do. feniales ... 7,512 Foreigners not naturalized - 1,542 of Orleans, then Regent of France, during" the minority of Louis the XIV. It remain- ed in the h.Mids of the French until 1769, when togetiier witii all Louisiana it was taken (jossession of by the Spanish gener- .1', O'li' illy r was again given up by Spain to France in 18U5, and on the 20th of December of that year dehvered to the Unite ) States, by the French colonel Pre- fect, Laussatt. In the utonth of November, 1814 a Bnlish fl et and arnny appeared off Cat Island, and on t!ie 16th of November, the United States flotilla of gun boats were captured in the Pass, between the JVIalheureux islands and Florida shore. On the morning of the 23rd De- cember, part of the British army reach- ed the bank of the Mississippi, at Gene- ral Villaret's plantation, eight miles below New Orluans- On the evening of the same day, General Jackson attacked them in their encampment, when a sharp but indecisive engagement took place ; both armies claiming the victory. On the ensuing morning, the United States army took positir.n on Rodriguez's canal, three miles below the city, and that of thr- British formed its lines one mile still lower down. Partial engage, mentsenter- vined, on the SiSth day of I)ecember, and on the 1st of January 1815. On Sunday morning, January 8th General Packeh- ham quit his lines and attacked the United Statirs army in its entrenchments. The former were defeated with great siaughitr, but with very trifling loss on the part of the latttr. The British lost aI)out 2000 men, the United States had only fivv kiUed, and s:-ven wounded. On the night of the 18th the British army ci mmenced its retreat, and a few davs afterwards evacuated all Louisiana. Total . . . - Slaves, males ... do. females Free persons of colour, males do. do. females 20,793 7,331 7,615 2,835 4,326 Total of Slaves and Free coloured persons - - - - 22,p7 Entire population 42,900 New Orle.ins was laid out in the spring of 1717. and named in honour of the Buke ro.6 Population in 1810. Free whiie males . . - 3,586 do. do. females - - - 2,745 Total whites .... 6,341 All other persons except Indians not t ixed - - - 4,950 Slaves 5,961 Total population in 1810, • 17,242 Population in 1820 Free white males ... 8,268 do. do. females - - 5,318 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - Total whites .... 13,584 Free persons of colour, males - 2,432 do. do. females 3,805 Slaves, males ... - 2,709 do. females , - - - 4.646 X E W Total population in 1820 27.176 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 1,500 Engaged in Agr:cultu!e - • do. in Manufactures - 2,704 do. in Commerce - - 4,574 J\\iv Orleans, parish of Louisiana, in- cluding the city of New Orleans ; bound- ed by the gulf of Mexico S ; the interior of Lafourche, and German c>;ast or B r- nard W ; Lake Pontchartrain N ; the Rigol'jts, and Lake Borgne NE ; and Paquemine E. Length SO ; mean width 16 ; and area 1.300 square miles. Lving between lat. 29 14 atid 30 12 N. The surface an almost undeviating plain, and mostly, an unwooded grassy morass The only arable part the margins of the streams, and a few spots on the sea coast. Vegetable productions, cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco, indign, maize, fii^s oranges, peaches, &c. Chief town Nt w Orleans. Fopulation in 1810. Free white males - - - 9i9 do. do. females - - - 721 Total whites .... 1,67 All other persons except Indians 777 not taxed • . - . 21 Slaves . - - - ' 4,863 Total population in 1810 - - 7,310 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 3,409 do. do. females - - - 2,251 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites . - - - 7''"ree persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males .... do. females . . . Total population in 1820 - 14,175 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized * - 49 Engaged in Agriculture - 5,438 do. in Manufactures - 1,777 do in Commerce . - Population to the squars mile 11. J\'ew Paltz, post village and township Ulster county. New York, 15 miles below Kingston landing. Population 1810, 4,612. JVVzw Philadelphia, post village Harden county, Kentucky, 35 miles below Louis- ville JVew Philadelphia, poft town and seat of justice, Tuscarawas county, Ohio. It is situated on the left bank of Mukingum,- N E W river, on an extensive and beautiful plain, opposite the mouth of Sugar creek. it contains the county buildings, several stores and about 300 inhabitants. It is 50 miles NE from Zanesville. A'e7vpori, borougli of Hampshire, and tiie chief town in the isle of Wiglit, with a mu'uifacture of starch. It is seated on the river Cowes, which is navigable for small vessels, 17 miles S by lu of Soutiiamptun, and 91 SW of London. L-n. 1 l6 W, lat. 50 42 N. JK'ewport, borough in Cornwall, three miles N ot Launceston, and 214 W by S of London, JKewporl, town in Shropshire, with a handsome freeschool, 17 m.les Eof Shrews- bury, and 139 XW of London. ji'eiuport, town in Monmouthshire, on the river U^k, 19 miles SS W of Monmouth, arid 118 W by N ol London. J\'ewport, town of Wal'S, in Pembroke- shire, at the foot oi'a high hill, on a bay of the same nam , 18 miles NE of St. David, and 250 WNW of London. .\' store, post office, Buckingham county, Virginia. A'cw Switzerland, town of Sv/itzer- land county, Ohio, on the right bank of Ohio river, 65 ij;iles below Cincinatti. The inhabitants are mostly Swiss emi- grants, who have made some not unsuc- cessful attempts to cultivate the vine. A'etuton, town of Montgomeryshire, on the Severn, seven miles SW of Montgo- mery, and 169 VVNW of London. I..on. 3 12W, lat 52 21N. jVavton, town of England in Lanca- shire. A'ewton. town of England in Cheshire. A'ewton Btishel, town of England in Devonshire. J\"eivton, borough of England in the Isieof Wight. ./Veiv/on, township of York county. Lower Canada, 40 miles W from Mon- treal. A^eiuton, post town, Middlesex county, Ma-sacinisetts, on Charles' river, nine miles west from Boston, and on Charles' river. Population in 1810, 1709; and in 1820, 1850 J\'wtQ7i, post town, and the capital of Backs county, Pennsylvania, 22 mili-sN of" Philadelphia. It is in the township of Newtown. A''ewlon, populous township of Trumbull county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 438. J\''ewto7i, township oi' Muskiagum county, Oiiio. Population in 1820, 1723 ; in which is situated the village cf Uniontown. jYeivton, village of Hamilton county, Ohio, in Anderson township, on the east side of Little Miami, six miles from its entrance into the Ohio river. Population in 1820, 100. . . J\'e-.vtoii, western township of Miami county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 506. JVewton-Bushel, town in Devonshire, on N E W N E W the Teign, 15 miles S bv W of Exeter, and 188 WSVV of London. 'Lon. 3 38 W, lat. 50 32 N, , ^''ewtoti, township in Fairfield count}', Connecticut, eiglit miles NE of Danbury, and 25 NW of New Haven : the township contained 3000 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820, 2879. A'eivto?istexmrl, town in Wicftonshire, situated on the navigable river Cree, over ■which there is a handsome bridge, and whose mouth, in Wigton bay, ailbrds a valuable salmon-fishery. Several manu- factures have been commenced witii suc- cess in this town. It is 26 miles E by N of Port-Patrick. •AewZowH, township of Rockingham county, Nev/ Hampshire, 10 miles NW from Newburyport. Population in 1810, 454 ; and in 1820, 477. A Commencing at the SW point of Staten Island, thence up Sta'en Island Sound, New York Harbour, and Hudson river to the NE angle of New Jersey . . . _ 45 Along tlie NE limit of New Jersey, to the Delaware river, at the mouth of Nevisiidc river ... 45 Up Delav/are river opposite Pennsyl- vania QS Thence W, along N boundary of Penn- sylvania - - - ' . . 225 Thence due N to lake Erie - - 19 Down lake Erie to the head of Niagara river 66 Down Niagara river to lake Ontario 35 Along south shore of lake Ontario, to the head of St. Lawrence river 200 Down St. Lawrence river to lat. 45 N 100 Upon lat. 45 N, to take Champiain 65 Up lake Ch:implain to Whitehall, at the junction of Wood creek and Poultney river - - . . 105 U[) Poultney river, along Vermont 10 Thence along W boundary of Vermont 54 Thence E along S boundary of Ver- mont . - . . . 3 Thence along W boundary of Massa- chusetts 50 Thence E, along S boundary of Mas- sachusetts - - . . 2 Tnence along W boundary of Connec- ticut to the mouth of Eryan river, on Longlsland Sound - - 81 From Malinicock pomt on Long Island, 7U X E W K E W opposite the mouth of Byram river to Montauk point, the eastern ex- tremity of Long- Inland - - 100 Along the southern shores of Long and Staten Island, to the SW point of the latter - - - - 130 Having an entire outline of 1400 This great state extends over 46,000 square miles, or 29,440,0^0 acres. Length from Sta'.en Island, south point, to N lat. 45° 340. Breadth from south west angle of Massachusetts, to the western boundary 340 miles Lat. 40 30 to 45° N. This state extending over four and a iialf degrees of latitude, and intersected by several mountain ridges, presents a great diversity of soil and climate. Though the western parts are less broken than those of the east and north, yet, the whole state with very partial exceptions, is either hilly or mountainous. The Hudson river flows from a moun- tainous rei>ion, and is precipitated into a deep valley, at or near its junction with the Mohawk. The Hudson valley is one of the most remarkable phenomena in the hydrography of the United States. From the junction of the Hudson, and Mohawk to Sandy Hook, is a long narrow bay rather than a river of 150 miles in length. In this distance, two cha'ns of mountains are passed. The banks are for the most part abrupt, rising to two or three hundred feet ; in many places pr> cipitous, as the Basaltic rocks along tiie right bank above the city of New York, and in many other places above and below the High lands. The pass known by the :erm Higli lands, is indeed a very remarkable feature in the geography of the state. E.iormous walls of pi^rpendicular rock rises ^n both banks, to the app-ihog elevation of more than 1000 feet. Broken in'o great variety of form, rude, and deep valleys, entervening be- tween the gigantic jjrominencic's, avid the whole covered by a hick ftn-est, affords one of the most impressive landscapes, to be found in North America. Here tlie great primitive ranges paises the Hudson, and here the Ocean tides find tlie only passage over this boundary into the interior, wiiich exists in the United States. The Higli lands, are in fact the elonga- tion of the same range whicli passes through Penn.sylvania, by a very Iiumble ridge dividing Lancaster and Ciiester counties, in part ; the north-west part of Chester from Berks ; the north -we^t part of Montgomery from Berks; and Bucks from Lehigh ; and crossing Delaware be- low Easton, passes through New Jersey, dividing Susst:; county from t!ie other parts of the state, enters New York, form- ing the north-western parts of llockland, 7ia and the south-eastern parts of Orange counties, crossing the Hudson above \Ve"st point, at tlie noted place we have review- ed. Tiiis chain continues into Connecti- cut, M:;ssachu.-etts, and Verrriont, forming in Connecticut the rugged hills of Litch- fi- Id, in Massachusetts, the alpine, but fer- tile county of Berkshire ; and in Vermont the elevaied chain which gives name to that s-ate. What is known in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania by the name of Blue Ridge, or South Mountain, which crosses the Potomac below the mouth of the She- nandoah, the Susquehaniiah below Harris- burg, and the Delav.ure below tlie extreme south point of Wayne county, at what is called the Water Gap, and following the course of the Delaware river, forms the north-western border of New Jersey, enters New York, \t the mouth of the Nevisink river, or at the north-west angle of New Jersey. The Shawangunk is the termina- tion of this range, west of the Hudson. The Kittatinny range, is one of the most remarkable of all those v.'hich constitute the Allegany or Appalachian system. The Kittatinny, though of so much importance, has not been hitherto correctly drawn upon .iny of our maps. It is the same range, which by several local names crosses Virginia and Maryland, from the sources of Tennessee and Great Keniiaw^a, cro.sses the Potomac below Hancock's town, enters Pennsylvasiia, crosses the Susquc- hannah five mdes above Hanisburg, runs north-east, and finally enters New York, in the nort!)-west part of Sullivan county. The Kruatsbergs is a part and the most ele- vated and proniiricnt of the Kittatinny range. An observation upon the very singular bend in the course of our mountains, ought to be made in this place, as this change of direction takes place in New York. If we glance upon tlie map Ijcfore us, we find the range which forms the High .. lands, after passing the Hudson, clunge its north east to a north cour.ie, in Duchess county, aifil winding through Mas.sachu- setts and Vermont, enters Lower Canada. Tlie Shawangunk, is most probably con- tinued in tlie ridges found in the central parts of Duchess and Colum.bia counties. Ti'e Kitatinr.y forming the north-west limits oC Siillivan and Ulster counties, in New York, pres?rves tlie north-east direc- tion in'o Greene coutity, where the range turns rather abruptly to the north and north-w-est, attains its greatest elevation in the town of Wyndham. Thence it ranges along tlie south-west part of Schoharrie, the soutii-ea.st of Otsego, along the soutii- ^.vn pails of Herkimer and Montgomery, crosses the Mohawk by the Little Fails, ranges through Herkimer, where 'i ■ TSr E w N E \\ known by the local name of the Sacondago mountain. It thence ranges between the Osvvegatche and Black rivers, crosses tlie St. Lawrence by tlie Thousand Islands. It has been from ignorance of, or inattention to this fact, of their true organization, which has introduced so much confusion in the delineation of our mountains. All the minor chains, east of the Hudson, pursue a course very nearly north and s-outh. It has been from erro- neously projecting the mountains of New Hampshire, in a north east direction, which has placed mountains between Maine and Lower Canada, where none exist. I am inclined to consider the mountains of New Hampshire, extended in a direction very nearly north from where they leave that state, to be identified with tlie preci- pices of Quebec, Montmorency, and the Chandiere. I have introduced these remarks in this place, in order to explain the strong fea- tures of New York, and the connexion be- tween its natural Geography and that of the adjacent places. We now proceed with the local physi'-gnomy of that state. We have examined the principal moun- tains which chequer the face of New York, and we have shown that the greate.-t part of its surface is uneven. The only level tracts are, the eastern margin of Long Island, a narrow strip along the souli) ^ide of Lake Ontario, and a few confined allu- vial bottoms along some of the smaller rivers and creeks. The most m:aper at Utica " Very little transportation was done upon the canal this seasoi> before the 20th of April, owing to the deep pene- tration of tlie frost last winter, which rendered it uns-afe to let in the water be- fore the banks had perfectly settled. On the section east of this, which is navi- 7)5 N E \y ,.Js E \V g&')le 22 miles, there have been repeat- ed interruption to the navigation for a week or ten days at a time, since Apiil, and one of four or five days on what is called the middle section, \w- st nf this village. These interruptions have been caused by the enibani'iments giving away where they were high, or at places where the canal passed through the !)eQS of quicksand. Difficulties of this kind must be exptcted to occur until the earth has fully settled " Toll has been collected on 160 rniles of canal, viz : from Little Falls to M-^n- tezuma, 118 miles ; at which place there is an interruption of six miles, the b-ats pass up Clyde river, and re-enter the canal at Blockhouse ; from which place, to Hartwell's basin, tliere is 42 miles un- interrupted navigation. Allowing the toll on the Northern Canal to have in- creased since last year the same ratio it has on this, and the amount of toll on both canals, uj) to the first day of July, will not vary from §25,000. During which time, there has been at this place, 712 arrivals, 24 of which were rafts, with the following articles, viz ; — 71,037 barrels of flour, — 519 bbls. provisions — 5,000 bbls. salt— 3,508 bbls. ashes— 190 bbls- oil —232 bbls. beer— 34,050 bushels wheat — 38,610 do. water lime — 404 do. rye— 2,458 do. corn— 2,668 do. oats— 29 do. grass seed — 10 tons bar soap — 10 tons meal— 275 tons gypsum — 14 tons mill- stones and clay — 905,827 feet boards — 37,206 cubic feet timber— 604,000 shin- gles— 19,250 staves and heading— 32,700 brick— 3,777 boxes glass— 61,09o'lb. hams. — 114,671 lb. lard 6,706 lb wool — 24,960 lb. butter— 98,782 galls, whiskey. Cleared during same time,'2, 018 tons mer- chandize — 43 tons household goods, &c. " There has been 307 boats res^istered at the collector's office, the aggregate tonage being 7,675 tons. No. II. — This canal extends from lake Erie at the mouth of BjjflTalo creek, to the Hudson at Albany, a distance of 360 miles. It is 40 feet wide on the surface of the water, 28 feet at bottom, and four feet deep ; commencing at Bafl^lo creek near its mouth, it passes along near the shore ef the lake and Niagara river to Black liock, a distance of two miles, where it comes close to the shore of the river, and passing along that shore for 10 miles; it then inter- sects the Tonewanta creek a short di.s- tance above its confluence with the Niagara river. In this distance it ^>as a descent of six inches, or half an inch to the mile. To raise the creek to the level of the canal, a dam four feet six inches high is thiown across the creek a little distance below the point of junction with the canal. The chan- 716 no! of the creek is then used as the canal, and a towing path constructed alons; its bank for 12 miles, (the creek in its natural state having but one foot fail ii; that dis- tance.) From tliis point a cut across what is called the Mountain Rloge, north eas'er- ly of seven miles avd a half is made ; and oiie part 30 feet deej), and including three milrs of Rock : — In this deep cut a descent of one inch to the mile is given to the canal to the brow of the mountain (so called) joining the great basin of Lake Ontario, and which is the range of highlands, called the Lnvistown or Qiieenston Heights, on the Niiigara river. Here it descends 60 fe>-'t by me-.ins of Jive combined and double locks of 12 feet each ; after descending it passes on easterly, witli a descent of half an inch to the mile for 63 miles to the Ge- nesee river, over which it passes by a stone acqiieduct of 600 feet in length, consisting of nine arches of 50 feet span each, and two of 40 feet each to convey water to mills; the arches being a segment of a circle of 11 feet rise; after passing the Genesee ancf cimtintiing easterly about two miles, descent by a lock of seven feet forty one- huiidredth's ; then a level of 70 chains, and another lock of same descent — then a pound of 15 chains and another lock of the same descent — then a pound of 18 chains and another lock of the same descent— then a pound of 57 chains and another lock of the same descent — a level or pound then com- mences, which extends eight and a half miles, to one mile E ofPiilsFord — then a lock of eight feet descent ; thence over the high embankments about the Irondequ^it, and the same level continued for 14 miles to the west part of the town of Palmyra — then a lock of 10 feet descent — thence level half a mile, then a lock descent 10 feet — then easterly over Mud creek, and passing the town or village of Palmyra a level of 12 miles — then a descent of 24 feet by three locks separated so as to form pounds of 200 yards between each, thence a level of six miles to Mud creek, over which it passes by a stone acqueduct of three arches of oO feet each, and then descends by a lock oflOl'eet — then leveloneniileaiulahalf to the village of Lyons, passing the same, and having a descent by a lock of six feet ; thence level four miles and a half and a lock of seven feet descent — thence level lour miles to the village of Clyde, a lock of five feel descent — thence level five miles to the western edge of the Great Cayuga Marshes, and then a lock of rine feet de- scent to the level of the surface of Se- nt ca river — this level continues six and a lialf miles, passing through the Seneca ri- ver on its natural level to the E side there- ot — here a lock of seven feet rise to the village of Montezuma— thence level one mile and a half to a lock of nine feet rise N E W N K -W —thence level four miles, and crossing tlie a quarter to two locks of eight feet descent Ovvasco outlet by an acqueduct of four — thtnce 'evel four miles to a lock of eight arclies of 20 f-et ecch, to a lock of nine feet feet descent — thence level three miles to rise — thence level 11^ miles to a lock of 11 a lock of eight, feet descent — thence a far- feet rise (at Jordan) which is connected ther distance of three miles to a lock of with an acqueduct uf three arches of 20 eight feet de-cer.t — theiice level half a mile feet each— the Jordan summit extends 12 to a lock of eight feet desceni— tiiencelevd miles and the canal then descends by a three miles to Sclienecfady, and continuing- lock of 11 feet and wliich is connected with the same level four mds s below the last an acqueduct of two arches of 30-feet each mentinned place lo an acquediict SoU feet — tlience a level seven miles and a lock ot long and 21 feet ab-ve iow vvaler of the six feet descent which brings you to the river, an i immediately after crcssi ii the Salina Level [here a branch of one mile river it descends 12 feet by three locks of and a half connects tlie canal with the sait seven feet each, with short pounds bctveen works on the Oaandaga lake] which crosses —thence level two miles to a lock of seven the Onandaga creek by an acqueduct of feel descent —thence a level of one- nuie four arches of 30 feet each — Uience level and a half to a lock of seven feet descent-*— one mile and a half to a lock of six feet rise thence level three miles and a iialf to a lock — thence level one mile to two locks of 10 of seven feel descent — thence level ei^ht feet rise each with a small po!jnd berween — miles, and passing the Mohawk by i.n ac- thence level 69 miles, passing through the queduct 1150 feet long and 16 fe t above town of Munlius in Onandaga county — tiie the river to f .ur locks descent '32 feet wiui towns of Sullivan and Lennox in Madison short pounds between — tnence itivnl one county, the towns of Verona, Rome, Whites- mile and a quarter (say a quarter of ii miie town and Utica in One:du county, and below Cnhoes falls) to two locks descent 18 through the greater part of the town of feet— thence a quarter of a mile levei and Frinkitort in Herkimer county to a lock of Ihrse locks descent 26 teet — thence level eight feet descent nine miles E of Utica — half a mile und seven locKs with short then a level one mile to a lock ot eight pounds between descent 56 feel— here a feet descent — thence level hah' a mile to a feeder or branch oi the Northern canal lock of eight feet descent — thence level connects with tlie Western cauiJ, which two and a half miles to a lock of eight feet soon descends 22 feet by two locks thence descent — thence level a quarter of a mile le^el seven miles to a lock of 11 feet de- to a lock of eight feet descent— thence scent — thence one mile and a half level to a level one mile and a half to a lock at (ier- point nearly east of tne State arsenal in the man Flats, nine feet descent into the old "orih part of the city of Albany— here a canal (constructed by tne Western Inland lock of 11 feet descent connects the canal Lock Navigation Company in 1798,) and with the Hudson river. Opposite the city following the old canal half a mile, and then of Troy a branch connects with tiie Hudson leaving it and continuing the same level for by two locks of 11 feet descent each also three miles to a lock of eight feet descent at Little Falls on the Mohawk, a large ac- —thence level three miles and a half to the queduct over the Mohawk with three head of the Little falls (town of German arches, one 70 feet chord, and two of 50 Flats) thence descending the declivity at each lo connect the old and new canal, and Little Falls by five locks of eight feet de- to operate as a feeder, this is a most per- scent each, and placed so as to form pounds manent, solid and durable work which can between, of sufficient length for boats to be conceived.and built of the best materials, pass each other — thence level five miles to and the best workmanship. a lock of eight feet descent — thence level No. III. — Those magnificent plans of in- four miles to a lock of eight feet descent — ternal improvement which have been pro- thence level three miles and a quarter to a jfcted, and are now rapidly executing by lock of eight feet descent — thence level the State of New York, whose extensive four miles and three quarters to a lock of physical resources they have contributed seven feet descent, near Esquago creek, to deveiope, are deslmed to form the corn- town of Canajoharie — thence three miles mencement of a new era m the history of and a quarter (to Canajoharie village) a this country' — an era which will be distin- lock of six feet descent — thence level 12 guished as the period when the genius and miles to a lock of seven feet descent — enterprse of a free and powerhil people thence level to the west bank of Schoharie are directed to splendid works of public creek four miles and a half, then a lock of utility, the efiects of winch will be felt to six feet descent — thence across the creek remotest posterity. For grandeur of de- in a pond formed by a dam (a grand lock sign, celerity of execution, importance, and on E Bank) thence level three quarters of extent, the canals of New York, will admit a mile to a lock of four feet descent — of a comparison with the most celebrated thence level three miles to a lock of eight artificial works of the old world. Inde- feet descent— thence level four miles and pendent of the immense advantages which 717 N E \V NEW New York will derive from them, in the new and energetic impulse which will be given to her agncul'.ure, manufactures and commerce, and as a coiistantl) increasing source of revenue, the j have a still strong- er claim to our admiiatiou from ihe iiTipor- tant effects which they are calculated to havt' upon our internal policy hs a nation. The political benefits, which they are des- tined t'l confer., begin lilready to exhibit themselves and aflurd conclusive evidence that the Union, cemented by tucli bonds, will be indissoluble. Viewed in this light the subjec. becomes peculiarly mtercsting and a brief descrijition of the Erie canil, embracirig its prominent outlines, by ebta- blishingthe fact that there are no (;bstactes which industry and enterprise canno'i over- come, may have an influence m exciting to similar undertakings. This canal extends fi oni Buffalo at the norlh eastern ex'remity of lake Er.e to the Hudson at Albany a distance of 360 miles. Its dimensions are 40 feet on the surface of the water, 28 feet at bottom, and four feet deep. Boats of 50 tons can navigate its waters. The expense was ex- tenuated at five millions ot dollars, and will not much exceed tliat amount. At Buffalo a safe and commodious harbour has already been constructed at an expense of about 15,000 dollars. [This place is here- after destined to' become the great com- mercial metropolis or mart of exchange of all that extensive tract of fertile country which is here washed by our northern in- land seas, aod their numerous tributaries. These advantages of location are duly ap- preciated, and in anticipation of its future importance it has already received the ap- pellation of the • New York of the lakes,' At the distance of two mdes from Buff^^lo, and on the Niagara River is situated the village of Black Rock, through which the Can.it passes and where it is contemplated to construct a still more spacious and ex- tensive harbour, corresponding with the magnificence of the work witii which it is intended to be connected.] Leaving Buf- falo, the Cannl runs along the shore of the Niagara river for 12 miles when it inter- sects the Tonewanta creek, across which a dam is thrown and a towing path con- structed along its bank and the creek is there used as the canal for a distance of 12 miles. There it diverges and pursues u north-easterly course for seven miles and a half across the mountain ridge, as it is called, [a chain of highland w'lich origi- nates in Uppe; Canad.i, and running easter- ly parallel with lake Ontario, form in their course tiie Niagara, Genesee anfl Oswego Falls, and terminates in Cswego county.] The passage of the oonal throug.h tlii-. ridge presented one of the most serious obsticles on the whole route and one which ~]8 from the geographical formation of the country was unavoidable. The expense of this seven miles and a half, (which will average a depth of from 20 to 30 feet and includes three miles of rock) was original- ly estimated at §500,000, but will no doubt require an expenditure of nearly double the amount. At this point tiie Canal is about 12 miles south of lake Ontario, [and here it passes through the vill.ge of Lock- port, wiiich, s its name implie.-;, has risen under its auspices, and though a year only has elap.-ed, now contains 180 buildings and 500 mhabitants, such are the important ef- f ct.s of the Canal in promoting settlement upon its borders] The Canal here has a descent of 60 feet by means of five com- bined and double locks of 12 feet each, to what is termed the Genesee level, which from the favourable declivity of the coun- try to the north, is extended easterly a dis- tance of 65 miles without the incumbrance of a lock ; passing through in its course the fertile and populous counties of Niaga- ra, Geaesee, and Monroe, and crossing the Genesee river at Rochester by a stone aqaeduct 600 feet long, consisting of nine arches of 50 fieet span each, and two of forty feet each, to convey water to mills, — the arches being a sigment of a circle of eleven feet :rise. From Buffalo to Ro- chester, a distance of 94 miles the Canal is supplied pri- c;pal!y with water from the great reservoir lake riiie, and to facilitate the passage of the water and secure a con- stant supply a descent of lialf an inch to the mile is given to the Canal throughout that distance. And as the supply for the extended lower level, must be much great- er than the lockage alone would require, a waste basin is constructed above the locks at the Mountain ridge over which the sur- plus can discharge itself and in its passage to the level below, to be applied to hydrau- lic purposes. Near Rochester the Canal approaches within four miles of the lake.^ [This place affords a striking instance of the astonishing increase of population and the rapid progress of improvement in the M'estern parts of this state. It first began to assume consequence at the conclusion of the late war, since which time it has ad- vanced with astonishing rapidity and now contains a population of 3500 souls. Situa- ted in the heart of an extensive tract of rich and fertile country which already con- tains a dense and industrious population--- enjoying from ils position on lake Ontario and on the Canal a choice of markets for its products, with the capacity afforded by the Genesee of increasing its h\draulic machinery to an indefinite extent, added to the facility for the transportation of the raw material ot manufacture produced by the Canal. Nature and art appear to have combined to contribute to its prosperity N E W N E W and Rochester possessed of these advanta- ges is unq'ieslionably destined to become one of the greasest inland manufactuiing and commercial sites iii the United States.] On Uic B side of tlie river a lateral canal, or navisrable feeder connects the Caii.d with the Genesee, at a point above \vliic!\ there is 40 miles of good navigation through an extremely fertile rnd p -.pulous district. The extended level of 65 miles terminates about two miles E of Rochester, wiien the Canal descends 27 feet by five locks in about two mdes and continues that level eight miles and a half (passing through the village of Plttfurd) when it again descends eight fret by one lock. It then crosses the heavy embarkments in the valley of Irondoquoit, which consists of several stu- pendous mounds of eartli, the principal about 10 chains long and 70 feet high and under which there is a semicircular stone culvert of 24 feet chord and 250 feet long for the passage of the Irondoquoit creek, and continuing the same level about 14 miles reaches the valley of Mud creek a tributsry of the Canandaigua outlet — It thence follows down the valley of t!ie creek and outlet, descending with the country and in its route crossing Mud creek by a stone aqueduct of three arches of 30 feet each and passing the flourishing villages of Palmyra and Lyons in Ontario county and throiig'h the village of Clyde and the Ca- yuga marshes in Seneca county, to the Seneca river. This embraces a distance of ab ut 39 miles and a descent of 81 feet by nine locks which brings the Canal to the level of the Seneca river, thr'jugh which it passes and over which a towing path bridge three fourths of a mile long has been constructed. By means of the Sene- ca river a communication is opened with Seneca and Cayuga lakes which stretch off at I'ight angles to the Canal, about 40 miles into the interior and embrace a district of country which will compare for productive- ness with any in the United States. On the E side of the river, there is a lock of seven feet rise to the village of Montezu- ma, when the Canal continues its course througii Cayuga county a distance of 17 miles to Jordan in Onandago county, cross- ing in its course the Owasco outlet by an aqueduct of four arches of 20 feet each, and attaining by four locks an elevation of 36 feet above, the Seneca river, to the summit at Jordan — connected with the lock at Jordan, there is an aqueduct over the Skeneateles outlet of three arches o!' 20 feet each. The length of the Jordan summit is 12 miles, when the canal again as- cends by a lock of 11 feet (and wliich is connected with an aqueduct of two arches of 30 feet each) and in a further distance of seven miles by another lock of six feet, to the Salina level and crosses the Ononda- go creek, by an aqueduct of lour arches of' 30 leet eacli. Here a branch of one mile and a lialf extends to the salt works on the Onandago lake with wMch it is contenipla- ted to open a communication by means of locks, and thus connect the canal with hike Ontario, tlirough the Seneca and Oswe- go rivers In a fartiier distance of tivo -.niles and a half a rise of 26 feet by three locks elevates tlie canul >othe Home su.mmit, an extended level of 69 miles and which passes through the imp<)rt;!nt agriculmral ctjunties of Onondaga, Mav'i.son, O'lcida, (through the villages of Home and Uilca,) and ex- tends nine miles E . Utica into the town of Frankfort, in Herkimer county. At Home 15 miles NW of Utica, the canal crosses the ridi^e which divides the waters wh'ch flow into lake Ontario, from those which empty themselves into the Hudson. From Rome westerly, as will be seen by an inspection of the map, the general de- clivity of the country is to the north and of oursc extremely favourable for the loca- tion of a canal. The only difliculty there- fore which presented itself was tiie selec- tion of such a level as would enable the canal to cross the dividing ridge and gain the valley of the Mohawk. At the dis- tance of nine miles E of Utica, the canal commences descending the valley of the Mohawk. In the distance of about 13 miles it has a descent of 57 feet by seven locks to the head of the declivity at the ^ Little Falls which it descends by five locks ^ of eight feet each with short intervening pounds and in the distance oi about twen- " ty miles and a quarter a still further de- scent of 37 feet by five locks with inter- vening levels of from three and a half to five miles to Canejoharie in Montgomery county. This level extends 12 miles where it has a descent in four miles and a half of 13 feet by two locks to the Schoharie creek which is crossed by a dam and the creek introduced as a feeder. From this point to wititin three miles of Schenectady, a distance oi about eighteen miles and a half the canal has a descent of 52 feet by six locks of eight, and one of four feet with intervening pounds of from a half to four miles and a half. Foia' miles E of Schenec- tady the canal crosses the Mohawk by an aqueduct 850 feet long and 21 feel above low water of the river. Tiiis uqueduct consists of stone abutments and piers sup- porting a wooden trunk. 'I'here are seve- ral others of a similar construction, but of a minor character at diff"erent pouits along the lino where the distance between the bottom of the canal and the surface of the water in the stream crossed, was not sufiicient to admit of the turning of an arch ; but they are considered as tempo- rary structures and were preferred from a wish to diminish the immediate expendi- 719 N E W NEW ture as far as practicable, and when they decay will be supplanted by permanent trunks o!' cast iron. Immediately after crossing the river ihe canal hj.s a descent of 21 feet by three, locks of seven feet each, and in about seven miles has a still further descent or" 21 f'*et by three locks with intervening pounus of from one mile and a iialf to three miles and a haif. It ])ur.^ues the last level eight miles and crosses the Mohawk from the N to the S side by an aqueduct 1150 feet long and 16 feet above the river, when it ascends 32 feet by four locks of tight feet each with short intervening pounds It now rapidly descends the declivity nf the Cohoes Falls, halving m about two miles a descent of 100 feet by 12 locks with 'short intervening pounds. Here a branch 'Vom the northern Canal intersects the Western Canal which soon descends 22 feet by two locks and then has a level of seven mile?, when itagain descends 11 feet by one lock, and in about one mile and a half by another lock of the same descent which connects it with the Hudson at Albany and opposite to the city of Troy a branch connects it with the Hud- son by two locks of 11 feet each. This statement exhibits a descent from the Rome summit to the Hudson, a dis- tance of about 100 mdes, of 417 feet by 52 locks. In the construction of the canal, through the valley of the Mohawk, nu- merous difiicuUies, exclusive of the great descent, and a judicious arrangement of the lockage presented themselves — and {)oints of hills, elevated far above the level of the canal, frequently projecting into the river, and requiring the canal to be m.'.de for many miles in the bed of the stream. Con- sequently, great additional expense was necessarily incurred, in guarding it from the injuries to which it was liable, from the floods ;)f the river. This was particuLirly the case in the \icinity of the Little Falls, and at the Cohoes, where also heavy exca- vations of rock were encotmtered. The expense of this section, was originally esti- mated at 2,200^000 dollars. The dimensions of liie locks are 90 feet, between the gates, and 15 feet \u the clear ; they are all constructed of the most solid .and pcr:nane!U mason woik; the front of the walls, consisting of regular courses of i* at least a foot thick, united by liie best hy- draulic cement, and with the chamber of the lock, handsomely faced. The Chan:ip'ain canal is 22 miles long from Whitehall at the !i. 1810, IS20, Albanv 34,661 38,116 Alleghany S.942 9,330 Broome 8,130 14,394 Cattaraugus 4,090 Cayuga 29,843 38,897 Chataque 12,568 Chenango 21,704 31,215 Clinton 8,002 12.070 Columbia 31.390 38 330 Cortland 8,868 16.507 Delaware 20 303 26,587 Duchess 51.431 46,615 Erie, erected sir ice 1820. Essex 9,477 12,811 Franklin 2,717 4,159 Genesee 12,588 58,093 Green 19,536 22,996 Hamilton 1,251 Herkimer 22,046 31,017 Jefferson 15,140 32,952 King's 8,303 11,187 Lewis 6,433 9,227 Li\ ingstou, erected since 1820. Madison - 25,141 32,208 Monroe, erected since 1820- Montgomery New York Niagara Oneida Oiiondaro Ontario Orange Oswego Otsego Putnam Queen's Rensallaer Richmond Rockland S .ratoga Schenectady Schoharie Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suilblk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Washington \Varren \^'est Chester Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females '|-of:a whites - - : 918,699 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - ^^''l^t Slaves ... - - 15,0ir 41,214 37,569 96,573 123,706 8,971 22,990 33,792 50,997 25,987 41,467 42.032 88,267 34,347 41,213 12,374 38,803 44,8.i6 11,268 19,336 21,519 36,309 40,153 7,758 8,837 5,347 6,135 33.147 36,052 10,201 13,081 18,945 23,164 16,609 26,619 7,885 16,037 7,246 21,189 21,113 24,272 6,103 8,900 7,899 16,971 20,681 26,576 30,934 44,289 38,831 9,453 30,272 32,638 959,219 1,372,812 474,281 - 444,418 Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Free whilG males do. do. females All other persons except Indians nut taxed . - - - Total whites - - - - Free persons of colour, males ■ do. do. females Slaves, males - - - do. females 959,049 679,551 653,193 701 1,333,445 13,458 15,821 5,088 5,000 Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce - 1,372,812 4T 15,101 247,648 60,038 9,113 Population to the square mile, 30 nearly. Summary of the census taken undev 721 \ E W N E W the act of the legislature of New York, passed March 26, 1821, as reported bj'- the secretary of state to the legislature. Freeholders, owning freeholds to the amount of 8-50 and up- wards, - - - 100,490 Freeholders, owning freeholds to the value of ^50 and upwards, 8,9S5 Persons not owning freeholds, but renting tenements to the year- ly value of g5, - - 9,3,035 Persons ni;t owning freeholds nor renting tenements, but who pay taxes or serve in the militia, or work on the highways, or are exempt from militia duty or from taxation ... 56,877 Grand Tntal, 258,387 Number of acres of improved land, occupied in this state, 5,717,494 Number of neat cattle, 1,215,049 hoi'ses, - - 262,623 sheep, - . 2,147,351 Yards of fulled cloth, manufac- tured in the domestic way, in the year immediately preceding 1,958,712 Yards of flannel and other v/ool- len cloths not fu'led, manufactur- ed in thedomestic way during the same year, - - 2,451,107 Yards of hnen, cotton, or other thin clotii, manufactured in the domestic way, during the same year, ... 5,635 895 Grist mills, - - 2,132 Saw nrii'ls, - - 4,304 Oil mills, - - 159 Fulling mills, - - 991 Carding machines, - 1,233 Cotton and woollen factories, 184 Iron works, - - 107 Triphammers, - 172 Distilleries, - - 1,057 Asheries, - - 1,226 A'eiu York, city and county of New York, situated on Manhattan island, be- tween Hudson river. East rivor. New York bay, and Haerlem river. Lat. 40 42 N, and Ion. 74° W from London, and 3 E from Washington, 143 miles below Albany, 90 NE from Philadelphia, and 210 SW from Boston. The city and county of New York are commensiirate, and occupy the whole of Manhattan island, which is about 12 miles long, and averages one and a half wide, v/ith an area of 18 square miles The city of New York, is composed of the city proper and Grernwicb. The com- pactly built part commences at the battery, or point of confluence between the Hudson and East rivers, and gradually becoming more scattered, the buildings extend bc= ''22 tween three and four miles up each river. Ti>e streets in the lower, or ancient part are generally irregular ; but the more mo- dern streets are generally straight, and in- tersecting each other at right angles. The boast of New Yiirk, and perhaps the United States is Broadway, extending eighty feet wide, upwards of three milts. No style of building can be noticed as charactei-istical of New Y,)rk. The private buildings vary, from the old, heavy Dutch mode, to the utmost rehnement, and convenience of modern taste. The city Hall claims the first notice amoiig-st the public edifices of this city. 5t . is 216 t; et by 105 ; and 65 feet high. The frmt and ends are constructed of white marble, as are 'he columns in the inside and front. The expense of the entire structure upwards of §500,000. It is occupied by tlie courts of law, and the city council. The governor of the state for the time be- ing, has also, a room of audience in the se- cond story. This room is decorated with portraits of distinguished Americans. The New York, general Hospiial, com- prises a hospital for sick and disabled per- sons ; as also a lunatic, and lyinir in Hospi^ tal. A medical library, contaming between three and four thousand volumes is attached to this institution. The alms-house is situ- ated on East river, above C'-rlaers Hook. It is a spacious but plain edifice, three sto- ries high, 320 by 50 feet. It comprises a work-house, penitentiary &c. and cost about g420,000. The state prison, is on the Hud>on, in Greenwich. In the rear oi the city hall stands the in- stitu'.ion, a long range of brick buildings containing the Museum, Lyceum of Natu- ral History ; halls of the Philosophical, and Historical Societies ; t'^e Deaf and Dumb Asylum ; and the American Academy of tlie Fine Arts. The H stor cal Society has ur, over which is a brirlge, 16 miles SW of Ipswich, and 57 NE of London. Lon, 1 5 E, iat, 52 1 N. JYei/tracht, town of Upper Hungary, capi- tal of a county of the same name, with a bishop's see. It is seated on the Neytra, 40 miles NE of Presburj. Lon. 17 49 E, lat. 48 28 N. J\'ezpigue, river of Louisiana, the west branch of the .Mermentau. It rises about 40 miles NW from ihe town of St. Land; c, in Opek-usas, flows S and joias the Pla- quemme Brule, to form the Mermentau. JVgan-King-Jmt, the capital of the wes- tern nart of tlic, pronnce of lsia:5g-nan In 3^" I A X 1 A eliina ; Its sUualion is delig'iUuil. All the countr}' belonging^ to it is level, pleasant, and fertile. It has under its jurisdiction o:ily six cities of the third class. Lou. 116 4i E, lat. 30 S3 N. J^'ganlo-fou, rich and populous citj' of China, in the province of Hou-qunng, con taining in its district, two cities oFihe se- cond, and five of the tliird class. It is 425 miles W by S of Nanlcing-. Niagara, river of North America, be- tween lakes Erie and Ontario. It is, strict- ly speaking, a strait uniting the two lakes. It commences by a rapid, two miles NN "\V from the town of Buffalo. The raj^id terminates at or a little below Black Kock, and assuming a placid current, witli a width from half to one and a half mile •wide, the river flows from Black Rock to tiie head of Grand Isle, seven miles, witli a course nearly NW. Here it divides i-^to two large branches, which, encircling Grand Isle, again re-unite three miles abo^ e the falls. Now upwards ot a mile wide, and gradually contracting in breadth, and increasing in velocity, the whole m iss ap- proaches the great ledge, which farms tiie tremendous cataract of Niagara. This ledge is itself a part of the vas? floe'z strata, which stretches along the southern shores of lake OUario, crosses Niagara river, and reaches to an imknowu distance into Canada. Below Grand Isle, the river turns to a course of nearly west, which it conunues to the falls, where it abruptly curves t) N E, which it continues about a mile, from whence it assumes a northern direction, which with some par'ial bends it continues to lake Ontario. See the succeeding arti- cle, J^'iagaru Falls. JViagara Falls, is a cataract in Niagara river, formed by the intersection wi;h that stream of the great ledge, noticed in the article Niagara river. The following table exhibits the entire length of Niagara river, and the respective fall from Erie to Ontario. .JFdes. Fall. Trom lake Erie to the head of the rapids, - - - 20 15 ft. From the rapids to the head of the fall, . - - . U 51 Great fall, .... * i(V2 Prom Falls to Lewlstown, - 7 104 From Lewistown to lake Onta- rio, - - . -7 2 Entire distance and fall, - oSh 3.34 Standing on either side of Niagara river above the Falls, the aspect of the adjacent country is that of a general level. Nothing announces an approach to the cataract, except the spray and cloud of vapour, which rises from the surge below. 724 The wafer is precipitated over an im- men'-e mass of limestone rock, which forms the bed of ti.e river. The widtli of the river in a straight line, at tlie falls, is three- fourths of a mile. But as its principal force is exerted in the centre, the brow of the precipice l:as b.^en worn in the shape of a horse-shne, and its whole winding width is not less than a mile and a half. This distance is divided by a smdl woody islaul, called Goat island, near the Ameri- can side, which divides the cataract into two. The cleva'ion of this island abuve the surface o.'the s'ream is not very great, but it pr scnts towards the nordi-west, a bold perpendicular front ot bae solid rock, the whole height of the cataract. The width of the fail between Goat Island and the America i side is aboi;t one-fifih of the whole, and that of the island itself another fiftii ; aithougli the quantity of water on tile British side is probably ten times as great .is on fiie other. A bridge now con- nects the New York shore to Goat Island. The Table Rock is a part of the Canada bank, which is on the margin of the great sheet ot failing water. It furnishes alto- gether the most mteresling view of the Uir., St. town of France, in the de- p;a*tment of Meurthc, and l;;te province of Lorrain, with a handsome church, dedica- ed to St. Nicholas, to whirh nilgrims for- N I Q N I C merly resorted, from all quarters. It is seated on the Meurthe, five miles SE of Nanci, and 265 E of Paris. JVicholas, St. seaport in Russia, in the government of Archangel, seated at the inouth of the Dwina, on the White Sea, six miles S of Arcliangel. JVicholas, St. or Mole St, J^icholas, town, harbour, and cape of the West Indii s, at the NW extremity of St. Domingo, com- manding the strait called the Windward Passage. The harbour is very capacious at the entrance ; and ships of any burden may ride at anchor in the b;isiii, during the greatest storm. It was taken by the En- glish, aided by the French royalists, in 1793. Lon. 73 20 W, lat. 19 15 N. JVicholas, county of Virginia; bounded by Bath NE and E ; Monr.* SE and S ; and by GreenDriar W and NW. Greenbriar river passes through this -coun'y from NE to SW, dividing it into two nearly equal sections. Surface very hilly and moun- tainous. Chief town, Lewisburg. Length 40 ; mean width 20 ; and area 800 square miles. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 923 do, do. females - - 882 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - . - All other persons except Indians not taxed - - Total whites . - - Free persons of colour, males • do. do. females, Slaves, males . - . . do. females - - - . Total population in 1820 1,805 25 23 1.853 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - - Engaged in Agriculture • - 407 do. in Manufactures - - 4 do. in Commerce - - 6 Population to the square mile, 2. JVicholas, county of Kentucky ; bounded by Bath SE ; Bourbon SW; Harrist.n W; Bracken NW; Mason NE; and Fleming E. Length 30 ; mean width 12 ; and area 360 square miles. Chief towns, Ellisvide, Millersbuig and Carlisle. Population m 1810, Free white males • - - 2,257 do do. females - - - 2,111 Total whites - - - - 4,368 All other persons except Indians not taxed ..... 21 Slaves, ' .... 509 Total population in 1810 - . 4,898 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 3,492 do. dn. females - - 3,529 Total whites .... 7,021 Free persons of colour, males 21 do. do. females - 12 Slaves, males . . . . 457 do. females ... 462 Total population in 1820 7,973 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 2 Engaged m Agriculture - 2,041 do. in Manufactures - 188 do. in Commerce - - Population to the square mile, 26. JVicholasville, post town and capital, Jes- simine county, Kentucky, 15 miles SSW from Lexington, and 30 SSE from Frank- fort J\'ichol's Inn, post office. Dearborn coun- ty, Indiana. JVicholson's House, post office, Warren couniy, North Carolina. JVicklesburg, town of Germany, in Moravia, with a castle, 27 miles N of Vienna. Micobar Islands, several islands at the entrance of the guU of Bmgal. They arc almost entirely uncultivate(; ; but the cocoa nut, the meliori or Kruni (a kind of bread-fnnt) and other tropical fruits, gi'ow spontaneously to the greatest per- fection The largest of these islands is abi'Ut 40 miles long, 15 broad, and the inhabitants are said to be a harmless sort of people, low in stature, but very well made, and surprisingly active and strong, 'i'hey are naturally gf;od humoured and gay, and are very fond of sitting at table with Europeans, and eat most enormous- ly. There subsists among them a per- fect equality, A few aged people, iiave a little more respect paid them, but there is no appearance of authority ovtr one another. These islands extend north- ward, from the N point of Sumatra. The largest of them, which gives name to the rest, is 10 miles in length, and 15 in breadth Its S extremity in lon. 94 23 E, lat. SON. JVicojacfc, remarkable cave, or cav- ern of the Lor.kout mountain in the Che- rokee country, out of which flows an immense stream of water. It is about one mile and a half from Tennessee river, and near where the boundaries of Georgia and Alabama reach that stream. A''icolaytf, city of Russia, in the go- vernment (if Catherinenslaf, founded by CathariBe II. on the S side of the Ingul, at its conflux with the Bog. Tha,pub- lic buildings and a number of private houses are constructed of a white caica- X I I .N 1 E reous stone, but the rest of the houses are of wood. This place being of easier access by water for vessels than Chtrson, it is now the capital of the naval esta- blishment of the Black Sea. The admi- ralty, with a long line of magazines, workshops, wet and dry docks, and every necessary department for shipping, are placed along the bank of the Ir.gul. It is 30 miles NNE of Oczakow, and 45 NW of Cherson. Lon. 30 46 E, lat. 46 58 N. JVicolas, St. one of the largest of the Cape de Verd Islands, between St Lu- cia and St. Jago. It is 75 miles in length ; and the land is stony, mountain- ous, and barren. Lon. 14 10 W, lat, 16 32 N JsTicolet, river of Lower Canaria, risf s in Buckingham county, by two sources, which flow NW bttween Becancour and St. Francis rivers, unite about 6u miles, unite and fall into the lower end of Lake St. Peter, 10 miles above Three Rivers. JVicolet, seignidry, Buckingham coun- ty. Lower Canada, on Lake St. Peter and on both sides of Nicolet river. A''icoio, St. the most considerable and most populous town of the isle of Tre- meti, in the guif of Venice. It has a har- bour, defended by a fortress, in which is an abbey and a church. Lon. 15 37 E, lat. 42 10 N. J^icomedia, town of Turkey in Asia, in Natolia, now called Ischmich, or Schmit. It was formerly a large place, as appears by the fine ruins ; and now contains 30,000 inhabitants, who consist of Greeks, Armenians, and Turks. It is still a place of consequence, and carries on a trade in silk, cotton, glass and earthen ware. It is the s^e of a Greek archbishop, and is 50 miles SW of Con- stantinople. Lon. 29 30 E, lat. 40 30 N. Mkofioli, town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, famous for a battle fought between the Tui'ks and the Christians in 1396, when emperor Sigismund was defeated, and had 20,000 men killed. It is seated on the Danube, at the influx of ^theOsma, 60 miles SSW of Buchorest, and 150 NNW of Adrianople- Lon. 25 43 E, lat. 44 16 N. Micofioliy ancient town of Armenia, built by Pompey the Great, in memory of a victory gained over Milhridates. It is seated on the Cerauna, 165 iviiles SW of Erzerum. Lon. 37 55 E, lat. 38 15 N. JVicosia, strong town, capital of the island of Cyprus, and the residence of a Turkish bashaw, delightfully seated be- tween the mountain Olympus and a chain of other mountains. It was formerly well fortified by the Venetians, bi?t notv the works are in ruins. It is three miles in circumference ; and there are planta- tions of olives, almonds, lemons, oranges, mulberries, and cyprus-trees, interspersed among the houses, which give the town a delightful appeai-ance. The church of St. Sophia is an old Gothic structure, which, the Turks have turned into a mosque, and destroyed the ornaments. It is luO miles W of Tripoli, and 160 SW of Aleppo. Lon. 54 45 E, lat. 34 54 N. Alcosia, town of Sicily, in Val di De- mona, 12 miles S of Cefaln. J\'ico(era, town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, near the coast of the Medi- terranean, 35 miles NNE of Reggio, and, 185 SE of Naples. Lon. 16 30 E, lat. 38 34 N. JYlcoya, town of Mexico, in Costa, Rica, situate on the Dispensa, which runs into the bay of Salinas, where there is a pearl fishery. It is 98 miles WN W of Cartago. Lon. 85 40 W, lat. 10 40N Mcsara, town of Asiatic Turkey, in Caramania, and an archbishop's see, 10 miles N of Tocat. Lon. 36 9 E, lat. 39 25 N. JVidau, town of Switzerland, capital of a bailiwic in the canton of Bern with a castle ; situate on the lake of Biel, 15 miles NW of Bern. Xidda^ town of Germany, in Wettera- via, seated on a river of the same name, 20 miles NE of Frankfort. jV:deckan, town of (iermany, in the circle of Westphalia and dutchy of Ju- liers. It is situated on, and surrounded by rocks, and is 13 miles SSE of Juliers. Lon. 616 E, lat. 50 46 N. .N'ijibubad, small town of Hindoostan, Proper, 80 miles NNE of Delhi. Lon. 78 41 E, lat. 29 25 N. N'u'bla^ town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated on the Rio Tinto, 40 miles W of Seville. Lon. 5 56 W, lat. 37 26 N. Jifiederbieber, village of Germany, in the principality of Wied, three miles from Neuwied. Many valuable antiqui- ties, and tile traces of a Roman city, were discovered here in 1791. JViemecz, strong town of Moldavia, between Soczoway and Brassaw, being 25 miles from each. Lon. 26 16 E, lat. 48 58 N. Alemen, large river cf Poland, which rises in Lithuania, and passes by Bielica, and Gndna ; it afterward runs through part of Samogitia, and Eastern Prussia, v^here it falls into the arm of the sea, called theCurisch-haff by several mouths, of which the most northern is called the Russ, being the name of the town it pas- ses by. It is united to the Dnieper by the canal of Qginski. See Osrinsku Be- X 1 K X I .M low the junction of the Niemen, and \ i- lia, the united stream is generally known astheMemel. Nitnburg, town of Germany in the circle of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick-Lunenburg, with a strong cas- tle. It carries on a considerable trade in corn and wood, and is a rich andstrong town, is seated on the Weser, 30 miles NW of Hanover, and 37 SE of Bremen. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 52 45 N. Xien Closter, town of Lower Saxony, in the bishopric of Schwerin, three miles Eof Wismar. J\'ie?ihuis, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia and bishopric of Paderborn, seated ontheLippc-, 20 miles E of Liepstadt. Lon. 8 55 E, lat. 51 50 N. JViefier. See Dniefier. • J^iestadt, town of Germany, in Lower Saxony^ in the dutchy of Mecklf-nburg, 15 miles S of Schwfrin. Lon. 11 46 E, lat. 52, 59 N. jXiestadt, town of Germany, in the Middle Marche of Brandenburg, seated on the Fuyhre, 25 mil-s NE of Berlin. Lon. 14 1 E, lat 52 49 N A'iester. See Dniester. JVeufwrty seaport of Austrian Flan- ders, seated on the German Octan, at the mouth of the Yperlee. It has been taken and retaken in various wars, the last time by the French in 1794 It is nine miles SW of Ostend, and 16 NE of Dunkirk. Lon. 2 45 E. lat 51 7 N. .Viger, large river of Africa, foriner- ly very little ku'iwn. In ordt-r to ascer- tain the rise, course, and termination of the Niger, Mr Parke was sent out by the African association, in 1795. The course of the river which was ft rmt rly supposed to be from E to W, but has been determined by Mr. Parke to flow N through the country of Man. lingo, and then take an easterly course through the king- doms of Bambara, Tombuctoo, Tmcur. and Ghana, to Wangara, where it di- vides into several branches. The Moors and Arabs call it Neel il Abced, or Ri- ver of Slaves, and Nel Kibeer, nr Great River. In the rainy season it swells above its banks, and floods the adjacent lands. Since the expeditions of Mr. Park" se- veral subsequent ones have been fitted out by the British government t" exjjlore this stream, and to determine its course and point of discharge. All those ex- peditions have proved unfortunate and abortive, as the to main cbjectr.f n search. It is, however, a subject of no reasonable doubt, but that it flows into th^- Atlantic Ocean. Its connexion with the Nile is rejected by the best geographers. -yigrittia. See Aegrola?id. 728 A'ikophig, town of Denmark, capita; of the island of Falster, or Hulster, in the Baltic, with a strong fort, 55 miles SW of Copenhagen. L n. 12 7 E, lat. 54 50 N ^V/ko/iinff town of Sweden in Suder- mania. 60 miles SW of Stockholm. Lon. 16 40 E, 1st. 53 40 N. J^'He, great river of Africa, wliich., according to Mr. Bruce, rises in Abys- sinia, near the village of Geesh, in lon. 36 55 E, lat, 1059 N.' It runs first througli the lake D mbea, tiien makes a circuit towards its source, which it leaves 25 miles to the E, and enters into Nubia, through which country it makes a cir- cuitous course, and forms some conside- rable cataracts- It then fl.ows almost di- rectly S through Egypt, till it arrives at Cairo; and a httle below that city it di- vides into two great branches, which, with the Mediterranean sea form the island called Delta. The ancients reck- or-ed eleven mouths of the Nile, of which seven were considerable ; but now there are only two that are navigable at all times ; and these ar at Rosetta and Damietta. In the middle of this river, between Old Cairo and Gizeh. is seated the island of Rodda, which is almost as long as Old Cairo, and 500 paces in breadth in the middle ; and the front of the Mekias t-kes up all the breadth of tlie southern part This is the work of the Saracins, and derives its name from its use. for it sigi.ifies measure. In real- ity they observe there every day, by means of a graduated column, the in- crease or decrease of the waters of the Nile. This rive;- overflows regularly every year, from the 15tli of June to the 17lh of Septemi)er, when it begins to de- crease The fertility of Egypt depends upon the overflowing of the Nile ; and thev reckon it will be a bad year when it is less than 14 cubits or above 18 ; but 16 cubits is the proper height. During the iimndation, the little towns, standing upon eminences, look like so many isl- ands, and they go from one to the other by boats. In Cain^ there is a canal cal- led Khalis, which is opened when the water is high enough ; thence it is con- veyed into veservdrs and cisterns, and is afterwards, distributed into the fields and gardcp.s, as occasion requires. This inundation of the Nile is caused by the periodical rains which fall every year between the tropics, and more particu- larly in Abyssinia, which is full of high mountains, .Vile, SW township of Sciota county, Ohio Population 1820, 524. JVimeguen, city of Holland, capital of Geldcrhnd, with a citadel, an ancient na- NIP lace, and several forts. It is also tlie capi- tal of a country of its name, or of tlie is- land of Bettiwe, the ancient Batavia. It is seated on the Waal, 35 miles SE of Utrecht, and 70 NE of Antwerp. Lon. 5 45 E. lat. 51 55 N. J\'imes. See J^'ismes. JVimishillen creek, considerable stream, rising in the northern part of Stark county, Ohio, and runwhig- from thence a S direc- tion above 40 mites into the NE quarter of Tuscarawas county, where it unites with Sandy creek, when tlie joint stream flows W five miles into the east side of Tuscara- was river. JVimishillen, township of Stark county, Ohio, situated on the abovb described creek north-easterly from Canton. Population 1820, 630. j\'ing-Koue-fou, city of China, in the pro- vince of Kiang-nan, noted for its manufac- tures of paper, made of a species of reed ; and containing in its district six cities of the third class. JVing-fo-fou. called by the Europeans Liampo, an excellent seaport of China, on the E coast, opposite to Japan, in the pro- vince' of Tche-kiang. This city has four others under its jurisdiction, besides a great number of fortresses. It is 850 miles SE of Peking. Lon. 120 18 E, lat. 29 57 E. Mingouta, city of Eastern Chinese Tar- tary, in the department of Kirin. It is sur- rounded by a wooden wall, composed of plain stakes driven into the earlh. With- out this palisado, tliere is another of the saiqe kind, a league in circumference, which has four gates, corresponding to the four cardinal points. JVinove, town of the Netherlands on the river Dander, with an abbey, 13 miles W of Brussels. Lnn. 4 5 E, lat. 50 52 N. .-V/o, island of the Archipelago, to the S of Naxia, anciently called los. It is 55 miles in circumference, and fertile in corn, but lias very little wood or oil. It has sev;?ral commodious harbours, and is re- markable for nothing but Homer's tomb, who is said to be buried here. Lon. 25 35 W, lat 36 43 N. JViort, town of France, in the department of the Two Sevres, and late province of Poitou. Its dry sweetmeats arc much es- teemed, and it is noted for manufactures of coarse woollen goods. It is 28 miles NE of Rochelle. Lon. 33 W, lat. 46 20 N. JVipeffoii ia^e, Upper Canada, lies to the northward of lake Superior, about half way between it and Albany river, James' bay. JViphon, largest island of Japan, 600 miles long, and 150 broad, containing 55 provinces. It was discovered, ui 1542, by the Portuguese, who were cast on siiore bv 4Z N I V a tempest. The chief town is Jetlo. It is 134 miles E of China. J\i'epissi7i£; Lake, lies NE of lake Huron, and is connected with it by the river Fran- cois. Mshnei-J\'ovogorod^ town of Russia-, in a government of the same name. See JVovo- gorod JViznei. ' JWsiben, or J\'lsbi)i, ancient JVisibis, very ancient and celebrated town of Diarbeck, now only tlie shadovv of what is was, and seated in a vast plain, 70 miles SW of Diarbekar. Lon. 38 26 E, lat, 36 10 N. J\'isita, small island on the coast of Na- ples, very fertile, and would be more so, but for "the great number of rabbits. It has a harbour, called Porto Pavone. .Yismes flourishing city of France, In the department of Gard, and late province of L^.nguedoc, with a bishop's see._ Here are several monuments of antiquity, of which the amphitheatre built by the Ro- mans, is the principal. The Maison Quaree, or the square house, is a piece of archi. tecture of the Corinthian order, and one of the finest in the v/orld. The temple of Diana is, in part, gone to ruin. Nis- mes was taken by the English in 1417, The population of Nismes is composed at near 50,000, It is seated in a plain., abound- ing in wine and oil, 12 miles N W of Aries, and 75 NE of Narbonne, Lon, 4 26 E, lat. 43 51 N. jViskayima, village and township of Schnectady county. New York. The vil- lage is owned and inhabited principidly by the sect called Shakers. It is 12 miles NW from Albany. Population 1820, 516. A^tssa, or JVessava, town of Turkey in Europe, in Servia, seated on the Moravia. It was burnt by the Imperialists in 1689, and is 20 miles E of Precop, and 120 SE of Belgrade. Lon. 22 32 E, lat. 43 32 N. jYith, river in Dumfriesshire,^ which is- sues from a lake in the mountains to the NW, and passing the towns of Sanquhar, Morton, and Drumlanrig, joins the Cairn, a little above Dumiries, and their united streams form a fine eslu.ory in Soiway Frith. J\7shsdale, divlsicm of Dumfriesshire, Scotland, lying to tlie W of Annandale. It is a large aiid mountainous country and derives its name fiom the river Nith. It was formerly shaded with noble forests, which are now ahnnst destroyed. It yields lead, and the mountains are covered with sheep and black cattle. A'itria, famous desert of Egypt, 37 miles in length, on the coast of the Mediterrean Sea. ''it had formerly a great number of monasteries, which are now reduced to four : and it takes its name from a salt lake, out of wliich is got the natrum of the ancients. XivrUa, town of Austrian r.vab.ant5 re- 729 ) IV G N N mai'kable foi* its abbey of noble canon- seses, whose abbess is st)!ecl princess of Nivelle. Here also is Jolin of Nivelle, so much admired by the common people ; which is the figure of a man in iron, stand- ing oil the top of a tower near tlie clock, wiio strikes the hours with a hsm'Tier. The place enjoys great privileges, and las a manufacture of cambrics. It is 15 miles SE of Brussels. Lon. 4 36 E, lat. 50 35 N. A'tvernois, late province of France, be- tween Burgundy, I3ourbonno)s, and Berry. It now forms the department of Nievre. AYxndonr, town of Persia, in Korasan, §0 miles SE of Mesched. Lon. 61 32 E, lat. 35 40 N. JS'ixapa, considerable town of New Spain, with a rich Dominican convent. The country near it produces a great deal of indigo, cochineal, and sug-ar. It is 30 miles SE of Antequiera. Lon. 97 15 W, lat. 16 42 N. J\''ixon's, post office, Marion county, Jlis- sissippi. J^'ixonton, viliaf^'e of Pasquotank county, Korth Carolina, 28 miles N from Edonton. ..Alxowiort, post town in Pasquotank coun- ty, North Carolina; situated on the E side of Little river, 35 miles NE of Edonvon, and 13 SW of Jonesbure^ on Pasquotank river. This is the capital of the county, and principal seat of justice. J\'izza-della-PagUa, town of Italy, in Montferrat seated on the Belbo, 15 miles SW of- Alessandria. Lon. 8 36 E, lat. 45 15 N. JVbanagur, town of Hindoostan Proper, situated on the S coast of the gulf of Cutch. It is capital of a district inha- bited by a piratical tribe, called Sanga- rians. It is 300 miles NW of Bombay. JVoble, NE township of Morgan coun- ty, Ohio. Populavion 1820, 368. A^'ohleborough, township of Lincoln county, Maine, containing 1,206 inhabi- taots in 1810, and in 1820, 1,513. Situa- ted on the E side of Kennebec river. J\''ock-a?nixon, township of Bucks coun- ty, Pennsylvania, containing 1,207 inha- bitants in 1810, Population 1820, 1,650, It is situated on the SW side of the river Delaware, between Tinicutn and Dur- ham, and opposite Alexandria in New Jersey. jYocera, ancient town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoletto, witli a bishop's see ; seated at the foot of the Appennines, 18 miles NE of Spoletto. Lon. 12 49 E, lat. 43 1 N. JVacera-di-Pagani, town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, 15 miles S cf Naples. Lon, 14 20 E, lat. 40 36 N. jVogarcoi, loyvn of Hindoostan, Proper, noted for a celebrated pagoda. It lies in 730 the province of Napoul, and is 50 milea NE of Catmandu. Lon. 85 12 E, lat. 28 40 N. JVogayans, name of a Tartar nation which occupy the deserts on the north- ern side of the Euxine and the Caspian Sea, and on the northern side of Mount Caucasus ; besides several settlements to the VV and NW of the Euxine ; in such a manner that they occupy the lower part of Volga, the rivers Terek, Kouma, and Koub.m, the environs of the Palus Moeotis, the borders of the Tanais in the penin.sula of the Crimea, and the banks of the Borysthcnes and the Dniester, to the other side of the Danube. JS/'ogent- sicr- Seine, town of France, in the department of Aude, and late pro- vince of Champagne, seated on the Seine, 25 miles NW of Troyes, Lon. 3 40 E, lat. 48 30 N. Mogentle-Rotrou, pretty populous town of France, in the department of Eure and Loire, and late province of Beauce, seated on the Huisne, 35 miles NE of, Mans. Lon. 50 E, lat. 48 26 N. JStoir^ Cafie, promontory of South America, at the S extremity of Terra del Fuego. Lon. 73 3 W, lat 54 32 S. JVoirmotier, island of France, near the mouth of the river Loire. It is 17 miles in length, and eight in breadth, full of bogs, and yet there are good pastures. The English attacked it without success in 1795. The principal town is of the same name. Lon. 2 10 W, lat 47 N. J\''ola, ancient town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, with a bishop's see, 10 miles NE of Naples. Lon. 14 28 E, lat. 40 56 N. JVolachucky , river of Tennessee, and North Carolina, rises in the northern part of Bunccmb county of the latter, and flowing W, enters Carter county in the former, and crossing Carter, Washington, and Greene joins the French Broad, 40 miles above its junction with the Hol- ston at Knoxville. J\^oli, town of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, with a bishop's see, and a good harbour. It is five miles NE of Final and 30 SW cf Genoa, Lon. 8 41 E, lat. 44 18 N. J\''9vibr£.-ds- Dios, town cf Terra Fir- ma, in the province of Darien, a little E of Porto Beilo, to which its once flour- jshini; trade is now transferred. Lon. 7& 35 W, lat. 9 40 N. JVomeny, town of France, in the de- partment of Meurthe, and late province of Lorrain, seated on the Selle, 15 miles N of Nanci. Lon. 6 15 E, lat. 48 56 N. A'on, Cc/?e, promontory of Africa, op- N O II X O It posite the Canary Islands. It was long considered by the Portuguese, in their attempts to explore Africa, as an inapas- sable boundary, denoted by its name. But they doubled it at last, in 1412. Lon. 10 3o VV, lat. 28 30 N. J\''ona, small but strong town of Hun- garian Dalmatia, with a bishop's see. It is seated near the sea, seven miles N by Wof Zara. Lon. 16 10 E. lat. 44 35 N. JVontron, town of France, in the de- partment of Dordogne, and late province of Perigord, 21 miles N of Perigneux, and 30 SSW of Limoges. Lon. 33 E, lat. 45 32 N J^Toofiour, town of Hindoostan Proper, in the province of Guzerat, 55 miles E of Surar, and 142 W of Burhampour. Lon. 73 50 E, lat. 21 11 N J\'oorden, considerable town of West- phalia, 12 miles N of Embdcn, Lon. 7 5 E. lat. 53 38 N. A'ootfca. Ste King Gecrge's Sound. J^oquet^s, bay of Michigan territory, on its SW coast. It . sets inland, 45 miles jVorberg, town of Sweden, in West- manland, 34 miles N of Stroemsholm. In its vicinity are the best iron mines in the province. Lon. 16 12 E, lat. 62 2 N. J^Torcia, town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto, seated among the mountains, on the river Fredara, 20 miles SE of Spoleto J\o7-d. department of France, so named from being the most northern in situation. It includes the late French provinces of Hainault, Flanders, and Chambresis. Douay is the capital. JVordbwg, town of Denmark, at the N extremity of the isle of Alsen, with a castle, nine miles NNW of Sunder- burg. A'orden, seaport of Westphalia, in East Friesland, and a considerable place of trade, with a good harbour. It is four miles from the German Ocean, and 14. N of Emden. Lon. 7 13 E, lat. 53 32 N. JVordgau. See Bavaria, Palatiriate of. JVordfiausen, town of LFpper Saxony, in Thuringia, with seven Lutheran churches, and a well-built orphan-hcuse. It has a considerable trade in corn, brandy, and rape, and linseed oil, with manufactures of marble and alabaster. It is seated on the Zorge, 35 miles NNE of Erfurt. Lon. lo'56 E, lat. 51 SON. Kordheim, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick, situate on the Rhurne, at its conflux with the Leina 10 mites N of Gottingen. JVordkofiing, seaport of Sweden, ca- pital of East Gothland. It is 10 miles ia circumference, but the houses are scat- tered, and the inhabitants do not exceed 12,00. The river Motala flows through the town, forms a scries of cataracts, and is divided into four principal streams, which encircle several rocky islands, co- vered with buildings ; but at the extre- mity of the town it is navigable for large vessels Here are manufactures of wool- len cloth, paper, and fire arms ; some sugar-houses, and a brass foundery. corn is exported hence in great quan- tities ; and a salmon fishery gives em- ployment ai d riches to many of the in- habitants. It is 110 miles SW of Stock- holm. Lon. 15 50 E, lat. 58 35 N. A'ordland, one of the five gi'and divisions of Swe'en, bounded on the X by L^ipland, E by the gulf of Bothnia, S by Sweden Proper, and W by the same and Norway. It contains six provinces. J^ordlijigeTi, town of Suabia, fortified in the ancient manner. Here the league of the five western circles of the empire was concluded in 1702. In 1796, it was taken by the French. It is a commei'cial place, seated on the Eger, 38 miles NNW of Augsburg. Lon 10 34 E, lat. 48 50 N. J\''ordmulingy town of Sweden, in Anger- mania, nciT a bay of the gulf of Bothnia, 24 miles SW of Uma, r.nd 70 NE of Her- mosand. JK'ordslrand, island of Denmark, on the W coast of S Jutland, 12 miles long and five broad. It has a town called Hams 28 miles W of Sle^v.-ick. Lon. 9 R, lat. 5440 N. JSTorfolh, county of *',ngland, 77 miles long ;»nd 45 broail ; bounded on the N and E by tlie German Ocean, SE and S by Suf- folk, and W by C imbridgeshire and Lia- cohisliire. It contains 1,694,400 acres ; is divided into 32 hundreds, and 660 parislies ; has one city and 32 market lowns; and sends 12 members to parliament. Popula- tion in 1801, 273,371; in 1811, 29L999 ; and in 1821, 344,368. The products vary according to the soil and situation. The lighter arable innds produce barley in great p^nty ; wheat is cultivated in the strongest soils ; and turnips are grown here in great quantities : much buck-wheat is also grown in tlie light soils, and used for feeding swine and poultry. The fenny parts yield great quantities of butter ; which is sent to London under the name of Cambridge but- ter. The sheep are a hardy small breed, much valued for their mutton. Turkeys are reared here to a larger size than else- where ; rabbits are extremely numerous on the sandy heaths ; and there is abundance of game especially of pheasants. The man- ufactures of Norfolk are worsted, woollen, and .jilks. Its principal rivers are the 731 :\ u n N O 11 Great Ouse, Nen, Litile Ouse, Waveiiey, Yare, and Bure. Norwich is the capi- tal. JVorfolk Island, island in the Pacific Ocean, lying E of New South Wales, and settled-by a colony of convicts, subordinate to thai government. It was discovered in 1774:, by cap ain Cook, who found it unin- habited, except by birds. It is very hilly, but some of the valleys are tolerably large, ilount Pitt, the only remarkable hill 12,000 feet high. The whole island is covered by a thick forest, but has not much under- wood ; and the principal timber tree is the pine, which is very useful in building, and seems to be durable. The soil, when clear- ed, may be I'endered very productive. The spring is perceptible in August; but tlie trees are \n a constant succession of flower- ing and fruiting the year round. In sum- mer the heat is excessive; and from Febru- ary to August may be called the rainy sea- son ; and the winter, from April to July, is very pleasant. The island is supplied with many streams of good water, which abound with very fine eels. The clifis round the coast are 240 feet high, quite perpendicu- lar ; and anchorage is safe all round the island, on taking tlie lee side ; but there is no harbour. The settlement was made by a detachment from Port .Tackson, 1788, in Sydney bay, on the S side of the island. Lon. 168 12 E, lat. 29 4 S. JVorfolk, county of Massachusetts, bound- ed by Rhode Island SW; Worcester in Massachusetts W ; Middlesex NW and N ; and Suffolk county, Boston harbour, and Hull bay, NE. Lengtli 30, mean widlii 13, and area about 400 square miles. Surface uneven rather than hilly. Soil productive in grain; fruits, and pasturage. Chief town, Dedham. Population in 1810, Free white males do. do. females Total population in 1820 - 36,459 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 340 Engaged in Agriculture - - 6,039 do. in Manufactures - 5,415 do. in Commerce - 47 7 Population to the square mile, 91. J^'orfolk, county of Virginia; bounded by Hampton Roads and Lynhaven bay N ; by Nansemond county of Virginia W, by Pas- quotank and Currituck counties, in North Carolina S, and by Princess Anne county of Virginia E„ Length 30, mean width 20, and area 600 square miles. Sui-face level, and in part marshy. Soil generally thin, sandy, or wet and sterile. Population in ISIO. Free white males do. do. females - 15.177 15,812 30,989 Total whites .... All other persons except Indians not taxed - - . . 256 Slaves - ... Total population In 1810 31,245 Population in 1820. Free white males v . 17,451 do. do. females - - 18,754 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females. Slaves, males . . - do. females ... 733 Total whites . . - All other persons except Indians not taxed . - . . Slaves . - - - . Total population in 1810 - 3,680 3,765 7,445 587 5,647 13,679 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 4,550 do. do. females - - 4,092 All other persons except ladians not taxed .... 7 Total whites .... 8,649 Free persons of colour, males - 417 do. do. females - 475 Slaves, males .... 3,227 do. females .... 2,697 Total population in 1820 - - 15,465 Of these ; Foreigners not Naturalized - 13 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,807 do. in Manufactures - - 261 do. in Commerce - « 61 Population to the square mile, 25^. JVorfolk, post town, borough, and port of entry, Norfolk county, Virginia, on the right bank of Elizabeth river, immediately below the junction of its two branches, and eight miles above Hampton roads. Lon. from the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, 76 23 W, and from W C, 37 E. It is the most commercial town of Virgi- nia ; and in 1815, the tonnage exceeded 34,700, and stood next to Charleston of any of the United States, south from Balti- more. It is defended by several forts, the most important of which is on Craney isl- and, near the mouth of Elizabeth river, about five miles below the town. The United states Commissioners, who were ap- ^" O R N O R pointed in 1818 to survey the lower part of Gestrikeland, Ilelsingland, Medelpadia, of the Cliesapeak bay, reported, that Uamp- Hiemtland, Herjedalia, Ongermanla, and ton Roads, though extensive, were capable West Bothnia. of adr-quate defence, so as to prevent the jYorman, Mais, Upper Canada, in the entrance of an enemy's fleet. township of Newark, empties its waters Norfolk is connected with the commerce into lake Ontario, about the centre of the of North Carohna by the Dismal Swamp township W of Niagara Fort, called the canal. This inland communication opens Four M le Pond. from Elizabeth river, nine miles above Nor J^Tormandy, late province of France, folk, and extends through the Dismal bounded on the W by the Atlantic, N by Swamp, inio Albemarl sound. By means the English channel, E by Ficardy and the of this canal the produce of an extensive isle of France, and S by Perche, Maine, and section of North Carolina finds a market at Bretagne. The Normans, a people of Den- Norfolk, mark and Norway, having entered France This town contains a theatre, two state under RoUo, Charles the Simple ceded this banks, a branch of the bank of the United country to them in 912, which from that Siates, a marine hospital, orphan asyhim, time, was called NttJ-mandy. Rollo was tlie an academy, Lancasteiian school, Athenx- first duke, and held it as a fief o: the crown um, and six or seven places of public wor- of France, and several of his successors ship. The site is level, and so low in some after him, till William, the seventh duke, places as to be marshy; but the streets are conquered England, in 1066, from which commodious, being well paved. Population in 1810. Free white males . . - do. do. females Total whites All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - Slaves - . - . - Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. , Free white males do. do. females . - - All other persons except Indians not taxed . - » Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females ... Total population in 1820 - Of these; Foreigners not naturali-zed Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 2,501 2.275 time it became a province of England, till it was lost in the reign of king John, and re-united to the crown of France. The English, however, still keep possession ot the islands on the coast, of which Jersey and Guernsey are the principal. It is one ot the most fertile provinces m France, and abounds in all things exc^^pt wine, but that defect is supplied by cider and perry. It contains iron, copper, and a great number of rivers and harb , urs. This province now forms the departments of Calvados, Eure, Manche, Orne, and Lower Seine. jYori'idgciuock, post town and township, Somerset county, Maine, lying on the S side of Kennebec river, 35 miles NW of Augus- ta, wiih 880 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1454. JVorridgewock, town and seat of justice, Somerset county, Maine, in the foregouig township, 35 miles W by N from Hallo- well. J^orristo-wiif capital of Montgomery coun- ty, Pennsylvania, situated on the NE side of the Schuylkill river, 17 miles above Phi- ladelphia. It contains, the county build- ings, a bank, and an academy. Population in 1820, 827. JVorriston, township of Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, around the borough of Norristown. Population, in 1820, 1098. JM'orfolk County, Upper Canada, is boicnd- JK'orielga, or j\'ov Telge, maritime town ed on the N and E by the county of Lincoln of Sweden, in the p'ovince o* Upland, near and the river Thames; on the S by lake which is a forge for makini^ fire aims. It Erie, until it meets the Orwell rivei-; thence was much injured by the Russians in 1719, by a line running N 16 degrees W, until it who ravaged the town. It is 30 miles NE 4,776 592 .3,825 9,193 2,187 2.431 4,618 229 370 1,453 1,808 8,478 23 5 147 intersects the river Tname?, and tiience up the said river, until it meets the NW boun- dary of the county of York. It sends, in conjunction witti the fnu'tb riding; <;f the CO :nty of LiRroln, one representative to the provincial parliament. JVorland, one of trie five general div-s-ons of Sweden, comprehending the provinces of Stockholm. Lon. 10 32 E, lat 50 44 N. JVorth^ township of rfarrison county, Ohio, in wliich i- situated the village or *ovv -. ot New Rumley. Population in 1820, 1118. '* Mrth Adams post village of Berkshire county, Massjicltusetts. JVo'rth America, post village of Duchess 733 ZSI O R NOR county, New York, 25 miles E from Rhi- nebeck. A'orth, or J^'ord, department of France, which comprehends tlie late French Pro- vinces of Hainault, Flanders, and the Cam- bresis. JK'orth Cape, most northern promontory of Europe, on the coast of Norway. Lon. 25 57 E, !at. 71 20 N. JK'orth Coas;, department of France. See Cotes ilu jVbrd. JVorlh Ferry, small town at tlie N side of the Frith of Forth, at the Queen's ferry passage. It formerly had a chapel endow- ed by Robert I. JK'orthallerton, borough in the N riding of Yorksltire, with a market on Wednesday. It sends two members to parliament, and IS seated on a small brook, which, a mile below, runs into the river Wisk. It is a well built trading place, 30 miles NNW of York, and 223 N bv W of London. Lon. 1 20 W, hit. 54 23'N. JVorihampion, borough and the capital of Northamptonshire, governed by a mayor, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the Nen, which is navigable to Lynn, and was formerly surrounded by a wall, and had a castle. It was almost entirely destroyed by fire in 1675, but was soon re- built. It has four churches, a spacious market-place, a good free-school, and a county infirmary and jail. The principal manufacture is boots and shoes, of which many are made for exportation. In the meadows below the town, a battle was fought in 1460, between Henry YI. and the Yorkists, in whicli the former was defeated and made prisonei-. Two miles to the S is an ancient structure, called Queen's Cross, erected by Edward I. in memory of his queen Eleanor. This town is 30 miles SE of Coventry, and 66 NW of London. Lon. 1 11 W; la't. 52 11 N. JVorthampton, county of England, 60 miles long and 22 where broadest ; bounded on the S by Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, W by the latter county and Warwickshire, NW by Leicestershire and Rutlandsliire, N by Lincolnshire, and E by the counties of Cambridge, Huntingdon, and Bedford. It coritains 617,000 acres ; is divided into 20 hundreds, and 336 parishes ; has one city and 11 market towns ; and send? nine mem- bers to parliament. In the north-east part, near Pelerborough, commences a fenny tract, extending to the Lincolnshire Wash. With this single exception, North- amptonshire is said to contain less waste ground, and more seats of the nobility and gentry, than any other county. Its great- est defect is a scarcity of fuel, which is but scantily supplied by its woods ; and though coal is brought by the river Nen, it is at a very dear rate. This countv, however, ?34 possesses some considerable i-emains of its old forests, particularly those of Rocking- ham on the NW, and of Salcey and Whit- tlebury on the S. Its products are, in general, the same with those of other farming counties ; but it is peculiarly cele- brated for grazing land. Horned cattle, and other animals, are fed to extraordinary size ; and many horses of the large black breed are reared. Woad for the dyers is cultivated here ; but the county is not dv- tinguished for manufactures. The princi- pal rivers are the Nen and Welland ; be- side which it is partly watered by the Ouse, Learn, Chorvvell, and Avon. Popu- lation in 1801, 131.757; in 1811, 241,353 ; and in 1821, 163,433. J\"orthampion, town of York county, New Brunswick. JWrthampton, township of Rockingham county. New Hampshire, on the Allaniic Ocean, seven miles SW from Portsmouth. Population in 1820, 764. J\'orlhampto7i, post town and seat of jus- tice, Hampshire county, Massachusetts, on the right bank of Connecticut river, in a delightful country, 18 miles above Spring- field, and 42 above Hartford. The aspect of the adjacent country is not only pleasant, but highly romantic. The neighbouring mountains, particularly Mount Uolyoke, afford sorre of the finest landscapes in New England. It contains the county buildings, one bank, one ensurance office, a weekly news-paper, and several manu- factories. Population in 1810, in the town- ship 2631 ; and in 1820, 2854. A'ortfiampton, township of Montgomery countv. New York, containing 1474 inhabi- tants m 1810; and in 1820, 1291. About 60 miles NW of Albany. JVorthampton, township of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, containing 1176 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1411. It is situated on the SW of Neshaminy creek, eight miles SE from Doylestown. JVorthampton, township of Burlington county, New Jersey, seven miles SE from Burhngton. Population in 1810, 4171; and in 1820, 4833, including Mount Holly. jVorthampton, or JlUentoim, post town and seat of justice, Lehigh county, Penn- sylvania, on the point above the conflu- ence, between Lehigh river and Little Le- high creek above their junction, si.x miles SSW from Bethlehem, 18 miles SW from Easton, and .55 NNW from Philadelphia. It is situated in a wqII cultivated and fertile settlement. The site is elevated and plea- sant. It contains, beside the county build- ings, a bank; printing office, several dry good stores, and a number of merchant mills. The principle staple, flour. An elegant wooden bridge, resting on stone arches, has been erected over the Lehigh, on the road to Easton and Bethlehem. A N li NOR direct The. South substantial bridge also crosses Little Le- passes through the coimty ,n a diiec high, on the. Philadelphia road. The Le- line. Those in the north-west are scat hifh'is here turned at' nearly righ^ angles tered. disunited, and lie rather m groups by tl,e South Mountain. than extend to collate.^', ''dges^ A 1, Xonhamhton, county of Pennsylva- however, have a general noith east and nia, bounded by the Delaware river, or south-west arrangennent. and leave inter c? ■'. •t.T -w T-. T» 1 ■.,t.-.\-^„ <7oiic}'• 3,350 r,4r4 1,629 1,740 3,369 MO 573 1,695 1,628 7,705 Total whiles - - - - All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - Slaves Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males ... do, do. females . :■ - All oiher persons except Indians not taxed . . . - Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males do. do, females - Shaves, miiles . . - - do. females - - - . Total population in 1320 - 19,475 18,481 37,956 189 1,579 38,145 13 1,876 103 121 16,245 15^320 31,565 109 91 31,765 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 32. JVorthamfiton, county of North Caro- hna, bounded by Virginia, N ; Hartford county, in North Carolina. E; Bertie, S ; and Roanoke river, or Halifax, SW ; length 40 ; mean width 12 ; and area^^SO square miles. There is a post office at the court-house. Population in 1810. Free white males - do. do. females Of these ; Foreigners not nainraiized - 198 Engaged in Agricultiu'e - - 5,787 do. in Manuf act 1 ires . - 2,398 do. in C.nunercu - - Population to the square mile 29 nearly Xorthamfuon, county of the Eastern Shore nl Virginia ; bounded by the At- lantic Ocean E ; Chesapeak bay, S and W ; and Accomack, N ; length 30, mean v/idth o; and area 240 square mile.s. Surface level, and soil sxndy. It occupies the extreme part of the penin- sula, on the E side of Chesapeak bay, from Cape Charles to the mouth of Po- comoke river. There is a post office at the court-house. Pop-ilation in 1810. Free white males ... 1,615 do. do. females - - 1,601 Total Whites - . . . All other persons except Indians not taxed - • - Slaves, . . - - . Total population in ISlO Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 2,600 2,644 5,244 580 7,258 13,082 2,558 2,716 Total whites - - - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females, Slaves, males .... do. females - . . Total population in 1820 5,254 363 362 3,766 3,497 13,242 Total whites . . - - All other persons except Indians rsot taxed - - 6 A 3,216 908 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 1 Engaged in Agriculture - 1,444 do. in Maimfactures 111 do. in Commerce - - 9 Population to the square mile, 27|. Xorthamfiton, post town in the west= ern borders of Portage cpuntv, Ohio, 15 737 ■ X O R milei; VV from Ravenn-i, containing 2S7 inhabhanls. in 1820. •A'dr?/; bend, nanne of a settlement on the nortmrn bfnd of Oi:in river, 15 milr- below Cincinnati, and four north- eriBU-r!y from the SVV corner of the state of Ohio. Jy'orth borough, township and post town, Worcester county, Massachusetts, 11 miles from Worcester. P -/pulation 1810, 71:5 ; and in 1820, 905. Xorlh brookfield, township of Worces- ter county, Massachusetts. Pcpuldtion 1820 109.5. jVortfi Castle, township of West Ches- ter county. New York, containing 1,366 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1,480. It is a post town, situated on the E side of Hudson river, about 16 miles from King's bridge. jVorth Channel, Bay of Quinte, Upper Canada, leads from John's Island, south- erly, between the townships of Soy)hias- burgh, Fredericksburgh, and Adi^lphus town. JVorthcurry, town in Somersetshire, with a market on Tutsday and Saturday It is seated on the Tone, 20 miles SW of Wells, and 13 1 W by S of London. Lon. 3 W, lat. 51 N. JVorth Mast, township of Duchess coun- ty. New York, containing 3 441 inhabi- tants ill 1810, and in. 1820, 2,037. Situa- ted on the E side of Hudson river, about 90 miles N of N<-w York, JVorJificld, township in Staten Island, New Yoi-k state, containin?? 1,595 inha- bitants in 181U, and in 1820, 1,980. J\'orihfield, post town of Franklin county, MassachuseUs, on the E bank of Connecti- cut river, nearly opposite to (Greenfield, and 80 miles W by N of Boston. It con- tained 1213 inhabitants, in 1810; and in 1820, 1584. JVorthJidd, township ofWashing'ton coun- ty, Verm nt. Population 450. j\'oithfteld,\.oyii\i\n\> of Rockingham coun- ty, New ll.unpshire, on the Merrimac, 14 miles above Concord. Population 1820, 1304. J\i'o'-thJiHd, town of Essex county, New Jer-i^ey, NW from Newark. Population 1820, uncertain. A''orthfifld% NW township of Portage county, Ohio. Population 1820, 178. JVort'ifieet, village i" Kent, seated on the Thames, one mile W of Giavesend, and 21 from London. The church is very large, and contains fragments of monu- men'.s, as anci;nt as the foirieenth cen- tury. Vast qtiaiitlties ol' lime are made, and great numb -rs of extraneous fossils have been liug up here. JVorthford, post town, New Haven, coun- tv, Connecticiib s G n Xortk Hasen, township of New Haven county, Connecticut; seven miles N from New i\■xv^n^. Population 1820, 1298. J\''orth Hemps:ead. post town, and scat oi ju-tice, Queen's county. New York, on Lohg Is.and, 20 mdes E from New York. Harboiirhili in thi t> vvn is the highest la.id on Lon? Island. Population, 3000_. JVortA Hero, post town and seat of jus- tice, Grand Isle county, Vermont, on Grand Isle. P.pulaiion, 600. Morth Kiilingivorth, post village, Middle- sex county, Connecticut, 15 miles SSE from Middletown, and 20 miles NE by E from New Haven. J\rorth Kingston, township of Washing- ton county, Rhode Island, containing 2,957 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 3007. It is situated on tiie W side of Narraganselt bay, between East Greenwich and South Kingston. JVorthUch, corporate town in Gloucester- shire, With a market on Wednesday, several almshouses, and a tree grammar-school. It is seated on the Lech, 25 miles E of Glou- cester, and 80 W by N of London. Lon. 1 43 W, lat. 51 46 N. JK'orth jyiouniain, local name for that part of the Kittatinny range which passes between Cumberland and Perry counties, and through Franklin county, Pennsylvania. J\'orth Portland, township of Somerset county, Maine, 25 miles NW from Nor- ridgewock. Population 1820, uncertain. A'orth Providence, township of Provi- dence county, Rhode Island, commencing four miles N from Providence. It includes the manufacturing village of Patucket, three churches, two academies, and a bank. Po- pulation 1820, 2420. J\'orthri7igton, post village, Hartford coun- ty, Connei licut, on Farmington, river, seven miles NW by W from Hartford. jVorth River, of Massachusetts rising in Pembroke, Plymouth county and falls into the Atlantic Ocean between Marchfield and Scituate. It is navigable for vessels of 300 tons 18 miles to Pembroke. JVorth Salem, township of West Chester county. New York. Population 1810, 1204, and in 1820, 1165. It contains an aca- demy. Jv'ovth Stoniiig-ton, township. New Lon- don county, Connecticut, nine miles E from New London. Population 1810, 2524 ; in 1320, 2624. JVorth Vineyard, township, Somerset county, Mainii, 15 miles W from Norridge. wock. JVorthumberlavd, county of England, which received its name from being situated N of the Humber, In thefSaxon Heptarchy it was a part of the Kingdom of the North- umbrians, which contained also the coun- ties of York, Lancaster, Durham, Cumber- land, and Westmoreland. It forms the N X O R extremity of Enj^land, and is bounded on the R hy the German Ocean, and on the S by the bishopric of Durham, on tlie SW and W by Cumberland, and on the N\V and X by Scotland, fi'om v\hich it is separa- ted by the Tweed, [t extent's 70 miles from N to S, and 50 from E to VV. It lies in the diocess of Durham ; contains 12 market-towns, and 460 parishes; and sends eight members to parliament. Po. pulation 1801, 157, 101; in 1811, 172,161; and in 1821, 198,965. The air of this county is not so cold as might be ima- gined from the lat. in which it lies ; for its situation between two sr-as, in th.e nar- rowest part of England, gives it the ad- vantage of having the cold moderated by the vapours of e.icli ; and, for this reason, the snow seldom lies long in this county, except on the tops of high hills. The air is very healthful, and the people wiio ge- nerally live to a great age, are seldom af- flicted with sickness. The soil is various, the eastern part, wiiich is fruiiful, having very goud wheat, and most sorts of corn, and has rich meadows on the banks of liie rivers ; but the western part is generally barren, it being mosily heathy and mnun- tainous. The SF, part abounds with pit coal, of which 658,858 chaldrons are com- puted to be annu.dly shipped from tlience to London. There are also large quanti- ties of lead and timber. The principal rivers are the Tyne, the Tweed, and the Cocket. Alnwick is tlie county town, but the largest is ^fewcastle. jyorthumberlnnd, NE county of Lower Canada, on the left side of St Lawrence river, extending from Hampshire indefi- nitely towards l.,abrador. JVorthumberhmd, county of Upper Cana- da, W from Prince I'dvvard and Hastings counties ; and extending from lake Onta- rio to Rice lake. JSi'ortJnimberland, post village, and town- ship, of Saratoga county. New, York, on the right side of Hudson river, 15 miles NE from Ballston Spa. Population 1810, 2041 ; and in 1820, 1279. Wilton was out oft" from Northumberland since 1810. JVovtfiumberland, county of Pennsylvania ; bounded by Schuylkill, "SE ; Dauphin, S ; Susquehannah river, or Union, W ; Ly- coming N ; and Columbia NE. Len;^th 35 i mean width 13 ; and area 455 square miles. This is one of the mountain coun- ties of Pennsylvania, and very much di- versified in surface. Having so nfiuch ri- ver, it possesses, notwithstanding its gen- eral mountainous aspect, a large propor- tion of good, and considerable first-rate soil. Washed by the main Susqiiehsnnah, 20 miles below and by the W branch, 20 miles above Sunbury and Northumber- land, produces a range of river soil of 40 NOR miles in length. To this may be added 10 miles of the E branch, between Sun- bury and Dinville ; the whole, including both banks of the latter section, yielding a river hue of 60 miles. This alluvial range contains the mass of the population. Contrary to tlie ordinary cours:- of the Ap- palachian r;dges, tlie moun ains of North- umberland extend nearly east and west. The principal ridges are, advancing from south to north. Line Mountdn, Little Ma- hanoy.Mahanoy, and Shaniokin, below the junction of the two great branches of Sus- quehannah : above their confluence, Mon- tours Mountain, and ibe Limestone Ridge. Beside the two fine rivers we hi»ve no- ticed. Northumberland is drained by some large creeks, the principal of which, are, Mahantango, Mahanoy, and Shamokin, en- ■ering Susquehannah, below Sunbury ; and Chilisquaqu^-, Limestone, and Warrior creeks, above Northumberland, Some oC those creeks meander througli narrow val- leys, with much ^ood soil. The staple productions of Northum- berland, are grain, flour, salted provisions, lumber, whi-key, and many other articles. Its principal towns are, Sunbury, North- umberland, Mdton, and Watsonburg. Sunbury, a nost town, borough and seat of Jtistice, stands on the left bank of Susque- hannah river, immediately below the main fork, and above the mouth of Shamokin creek Northumberland, post town, stands on the point above, the junction of the two main branches of Susquehannah, and op- posite to Sunbury. Milton, post town and borough, is situa- ted on the west branch of S\isquehannah, 12 miles above Northumberland. There are some other villages in the county, bu' undeserving particular notice. The two follow'.ng tables exhibit the ag- gregate, and relative population of tliis county. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 18,673 do. do. females ... 17,457 Total whites - - - 36,130 Ail other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - 194 Slaves 3 Total population in 1810 - - 36,327 Popid.ation in 1820. Free white males . - . 7,773 do. do. females - - - 7,537 Ad other persons except Indians not taxed ... - Total whites - - - 15,310 Free persons of colour, males - 59 do. do. females 5A 739 N o n \ O K Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820 Of these: Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 1 15,424 52 1,350 29 665 Population to the square mile, 34 nearly. J^Torthumberland, county of Virginia ; bounded by Potomac river NE ; Chesapeak bay SE ; Lancaster and Richmond SW; and Westmoreland NW. Length 30 ; mean width 8 ; and are.a 240 square miles. Surface rather waving than hilly. Soil of middling quality. Chief town, Bridge- town. Peculation in 1810. Free white males - - - 2,005 do. do. females - - 2,157 Total whites - . - 4,162 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - 299 Slaves 3,84r Total population in 1810 . 8,308 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 2,087 do. do. females ... 2,047 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites .... 4,134 Free persons of colour, males - 320 do. do. females. 294 Slaves, males - . - - 1,651 do. females 1,617 Total population in 1820 - 8,016 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 2 Engaged in Agriculture 2,426 do. in Manufactures 108 do. in Commerce 18 Population to the square mile, 33. JVorthiimbevland, post town, in Point township, Northumberland county, Penn- sylvania. This village is situated on the point above the confluence of the two great branches of Susquehannah river, and opposite Sunbury. Population of the township in 1820, 1373. JVorth-west River Bridge, post office, Norfolk county, Virginia. JVorthivest Territory. See jyticMgan territory. JSTorthvood, township of Rockingham 740 county, New Hampshire, 20 miles E ftom Concord. Population in 1810, 1095 ; and in 1820, 1260. A'orth Yarmouch, post village and town- ship, Cumberland county, Maine, on Casco Buy, 12 miles N fnjm Portland. Popula- lion in 1810, 3295 ; and in 1820, 3679. j\i'orthivicli., town in Cheshire, with a market on Friday. It is seated on the Weaver, near its conflux with the Dane, and is noted for its salt-works. The stra- ttmi of salt lies about 40 yards deep, and some of them are hollowed i.-.to the form of a temple. Vast jiits of solid rock salt have been dug here to a great depth, from whicli immense quani.iiies are raised ; and mucii of it, in its crude state, goes to Liv- erpool by the river Wearer, to be export- ed. Northwich is 20 miles NE of Chester, and 173 NW of London. Lon. 2 36 W, lat. 5o 16 N. J^y''orto7i, village of Essex county, Ver- mont. JK'orton, township of Bristol coimty, Mas- sachusetts, containing 1598 inhabitants in 181Q ; and in 1820, 1600 Situated on the W side of Wading river, seven miles NW of Tau:.ton. J\'orio7i, post village, Delaware county, Ohio, nine miles N from Delaware, and 34 in the same direction from Columbus. Population in 1820, uncertain. JYorton, SE township of Medina countv, Ohio. Population in 1820, 344. JVortnii, or Chipping J\rorton, corporate town in Oxfordshire, with a market on Wednesday. Roman coins have been fre- quently found here. It is 12 miles SW' of Banbury, and 74 NW of London, Lon. 1 17 W iat. 51 55 N. JVorton Sound, inlet of the sea.on the W coast of North America, discovered by Captain Cook in his last voyage. There is no good harbour in all the sound, nor even a tolerable stafion for ships. Lon. 162 47 W, lat. 64 55 N. jVoi~walk, post town in Fairfield county, Connecticut, situated on Long Island Sound, 12 miles SW of Fairfield, and 50 NE of the city of New York. It contained 2983 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820, 3004. It contains a news-paper printing office, an academy, and three churches. jVortBulk, post town and seat of justice, Huron county, Ohio, 14 miles from Lake Erie, and 100 NE from Columbus. Lon. W C 5 33 E, lat. 41 16 N. Population in 1820, 579. JVorway, kingdom in the N of Europe, the most westerly part of the ancient Scandinavia. It is bounded on the W and N by the Northern Ocean ; E by Swedish Lapland and Sweden ; and S by the Cate- gat ; extending from the Naze in lat. 57 30, to the North Gape in lat. 71 10. Its X O K :ir K breadth, which is very unequal, is from 40 to 280 miles. It is naturally-, formed into two divisions, na'tiely, Northern, and Southern, or proper Norway, separated from each other by the sni dl Swedish pro- vince of Herndahl. It is divided into the governments of Aggerhuys, Christiana, or Christiansand, Beighen, Drontheim, and Finmark The whole embracing' an area of 161,000 square miles ; and witli an ag- gregate population of 930,000. By the in!quito:isand infamous treaty of Kiel, January 1814, Norway, agamst tlie free opniion of i^s people, was tr.insferred from Denmark to Sweden. Denmark re- ceiving in return, Swedish Pomerania, und the island of Rugen. From ils rockv soil, and northern position, Norway is not populous in proportion to its extent. The inliabitants like the Swiss mountaineers, are exceedingly attached to their country. In Norway, they have a particular code, called the Norway Law, compiled by Grieftelfeld, at the command of Christian V. the great legislator ot this country. By this law, the palladium of Norway, the pea- sants are free, except in some aristocratic estates near Frederickstadt ; and the bene- fi'sof this code were visible in the great difference in their appe;(rance, between the free peasants in Norway and the enslaved vassals of Denmark, though both were living under the same government. The inviolability of their laws, and the integrity of the kingdom were stipulated in the treaty of Kiel. The Norwegian peas;ints possess much spirit and fire in tlieir manner; are frank, open, and undaunted, yet not inso- lent ; never fawning, yet paying proper r:-- spect. Their principal mode of salute h by offering their hand ; and when they are given or paid any trifle, the peasants, in- stead of returning thanks by words, or by a bow, shake iiands vvitii great frankness and cordiality. The same causes which affect the population of Norway, operate likewise on the state of tillage ; for, al- though in some places veget.'ition is so quick, that the corn is sown and cut in six or seven weeks, yet the country does not produce sufiicient corn for its own con- sumption. It is, however, exceedingly rich in pasture, and consequently produ- ces much cattle. The horses are small, but strong, very active, and hardy. The fisheries, particularly on the W coast, find employment and wealth for the natives, and supphed the finest sailors for the Da- nish fleet. The princip.il fish are salmon, cod, ling, and whiting ; their livers also yield train-oil ; and the smallest are given as winter fodder to the cattle. — The ex- tensive forests of oak and pine produce timber, spars, beams, and planks, beside charco:il, turpentine, bark, fuel, and even manure ; and the bircii (the bark of which is used as a covering for ihe roofs of houses) not only supplies fuel, hut also a kmd of wu\e. The general exports are tallow, bntter, sail, dried fish, timbe-., plvinks, horses, horned cattle, sdver, cobalt, alum, Prussian blue, copper and iron. It abounds in lakes and rivers ; Uie former so large that they appear like inlets of the sea ; bui the riveis are in general of a short course, except the Glommen. The mountains are numerous, and generally clothed v.'ith pints and firs ; the grand Scandinavian chain, which runs from S to N, dividing this kingdom from Sweden, is known by distinct appellations ; the chief are ireigners not naturalized - 1 Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,170 do. in Manufactures - - 238 do. in Commerce - - 12 Population to the square mile, 062. J\''ottelen, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, in the bishoprick ot Mun- ster, seven miles W of Munster. JN'ottinghum, East and West, the two SW and contiguous townships of Chester coun- ty, Pc-nnsylv.'-nia, containing together, 2051 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820, 1960. They are situated on the E side of Oc- torara creek, and joiit the state of Mary- land. J\'ottingham, county town of Nottingham- shire, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is situated on a rocky emi- nence, crowned by its custle ; a magnificent modern structure, belonging to the duke of Newcastle, and bud' on the site of an ancient fortress, celebrated in English his- tory. It is a populous and handsome tov.n, distinguished by its spacious marketplace, .\ o \ N O \ and noted tor its excellent aie. It is one of tlie pri!!cipal seats "t'the stocking manufac- tiire, [>-i-i ciiiariv ot'llie finer kinds as iliose of silk a id coitoii, and iias also a inanufac- ture of c-arre eart'^^en svar . It lias three parish c'luiches, and scv ral meetings for the d'.Siien'.ers. It is rtiDnrkabie foi its vaults, or ceU^rs cut into the rock ; and in the neifflibuurh- od are many coal pits, which afford plenty of fuel, ac liitle ex- pense. Not'ingham is governed by a mayor, sends two members to parliament, and is seated on a river which communi- cates \vitl» the Trent, oRe mile \.o tlie S. It is IG miles E of D^rbv, and 123 N by VV of London. Lon. 1 2 W, lat. 52 58 N. J\'uttingham, post town in Rockingiiam county, New Mampshire, 24 n^des \W of Portsmoutii. witii 964 iniiabitants in 1810; andinlS20, 1120. JWumgluim, West, town of Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, on the E side -'f Merrimack river, 45 miles N by W of Bos- ton. It has a post office and 1267 inhabi- tants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1227. JVotting/iain, township of Burling:! on coun- ty. New Jersey. Population in 1820, 3633. JVottingham, NE townsidp of Washing- ton county, PennsyWana, on Mononguhela river, 18 miles from Washington. Popula- tion in 1820, 2100. Nottingham, post town in Prince George county, Maryland, on the W side of Patux- ent river, 27 miles SE of Wasliington. JK'oitlngham, a hilly township of Harrison county, Ohio, seven miles W from Cadiz. This township contains the viiLige of Moor- field. Population in 1820, uncertain. JVotiiiig/uunsIiire, county of England, 48 miles long, and 20 broad ; bounded on the N by Ycrk-.hire and Lincolnslnre, on the E by the latter county, on the S by Leices- tershire, and on the W by Derbyshire. It lies in tiiC diocess of York : contains 95,000 inhabitants, and s'jnds eight members to parliament. No county in England enjoys a pleasanter and healthier air. As for tlie soil, it differs widely in various parts of the county. Towards the W where lies the forest of Sherwood, v/hich takes up the greatest part of it, it is sandy, but the S and E parts, watered by the Trent, and rivers tlrat fall into it, are fruitful botli in corn and pasture ; but the former produces little, except, wood, coal, and some lead. The principal rivers are the Trent, and Idle ; the former inferior only to the Se- vern, Thames, and Humber. Population in 1801,140,350; m 1811, 162,000; and in 1821, 186,873. A'ovalle, small, but populous town of Italy, 10 miles NE of Padua, and 12 SW of Treviso. Lon. 12 10 E, Int. 45 29 N. .A'ovarn, ancient and strong town of itaiy, \n the duchy of Milan, capital of tiie Novarese, with a bisiiop's see. It is sei- ed on afi emin'-nce, 12 miles NE of VerceJ, and 25 W by S of Milan. Lon. 8 35 E, laf. 45 25 N. ' 1 jYova Scotia, or JxaiUa, province of Bil- tish North America, bounded on the W hf the United States, on the N by the river S . Lawrence, on tlie E by tlie gulf of tb^t name, and on the S by the Atlantic and ba^' of Fundy ; being so indented by the latter, tiiat its eastern part forms a peninsula. It extends irom cape Subie, its most southeiji poini, in lat. 43 23 to 49 30 N, and from fiO 15 to 67 W lon. In 1784, part of ths country was formed into a new province. Sec J\''ew Brvnsxvich. The most part of tlje country is one continued tract of forest, aiil the soil, except on the rivers' banks, is thin and barren. Halifax is the capital. \ JSi'uva Zemlia, or J^ova Zembla, large an^ dr-solate island, lying off tlie northern coast of Asia, and NE of Europe, extending front lat. 69 to 76 N. It. is about 500 by 24(] miles. It is uninhabited, and only visited by fishermen in .summer. j J\,'o7Jelluru, town of Italy, capital of a smalj district of the same name, vvith a castlei where the sovereign resides. It is 17 mile? E by N of Farma,'and 20 S by W of ManJ tua. Lon. 11 4 E, lat. 44 48 N. [ jYovi, town of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, 22 miles N W of Genoa. Lon^ 8 2S E, lat. 44 45 N. ,\ovi Bazar, town of European Turkey, in Servia, seated near the Oresco, 72 miles W of Nissn, and 103 S of Belgrade. Lon. 21 1 E, iat. 43 35 N. J\'ovigrad, town of Upper Hungary, ca- pital ot a county of the same name, with a castle ; seated on a mountain, near the Da- nube, 25 miles N o.^ Buda. JVovigrad, town of Dilmatia, with a cas- tle ; seated on a lake of the same name, near the gulf of Venice, 17 miles E of No- na, .and 25 N W of Zara. A''ovlgrail, strong place of Eviropean Tur- key, in Servia, seated near the Danube, 35 miles N of Nissa. jK'ovogorod, city of Russia, capital of a government of the same name, and formerly called Great Novogorod, to distinguish it from other towns of tlie same appellation. It was for a long time, governed by its own dukes ; and Vv'as in fact, a republic, under tlie jurisdiction fflf a nominal sovereign. Its territory extended to the N as far as the Irontiers of Livonia and Finland; compo- sing great part of the province of Archan- gel, and a large district beyond the NW limits of Siberia. It was the great mart of trade between Ku.ssia and the hanseatic c tie.<:, and made the most r.apid advances in mtilence, and population. Its powtr 743 -\ U i vas 30 great, and its sliiiaUon so impregna- He, as to give rise to a proverb, Who can lesist the gods and great Novogorod r But ii tile 15Ui century, ihis independent re- public was obliged to submit to Ivan Busi- bwitz 1. grand duke ot Russia. It cotitin- led, nevertheless, the largest and most iommercial city in Russia, and contained at feast 400,000 souls. It v.as lirst desolated, in a manner, by the cruelties of" Ivan Basi- bwitz il ; but its splendour was not totally (clipsed until Peter the great built Peters- lurg, to which he transferred all the com- nerce of the Baltic that had before center- «d here. It now contains scarcely 7000 souls ; and a vast number of churches and convents stand melancholy monuments of its former magnificence. The town stretch- «s on both sides of the VoikofF, a river o: considerable depth and rapidity, which se- parates it into two divisions ; namely, tiie Trading Part and the quarter of St. So- phia : in the latter is a cathelh are merely strong ra- pids, th. 'h.t ' only obstructing up; trcm, both admitting down-stream navigation. Indeed exemption from impediments to commercial interccurse maybe constantly kept in view, as one of the most feici tous features of the whole Mi>L,'^.^sippi basin. An ; xempiion touiid to -in qual extent no where else on the g!' be, ex- cept in the basins of the Plate, Amazon, and Oroiioco rivers, m South Anicvica It would be a very interesting s' luticn to determine the relative extent of the various liatur^il sections of Ohio. Such an estimate v/ouid be so vague, upo'i the uncertain data we possess, that p.o satis- factory result can be obtained. It may be observed thar. the three sectiohs, hiliy. rolling, and level, are neai'ly of equal ex- tent, or about 13,300 square miles each ; and that the whole state is, though une- qually so, habitable. The result of the settlement of this state proves its general productiveness. 1 have been myself over a large part of the southern and northern frontiers of Ohio, and have every where found the soil favourable to the purpose of agricul- ture. No part of what is called barrens, or swamp in Ohio, are so irreclaimable as the sandy shores of the Carolinas and Florida, the sea marshes of Louisiana and Texas ; or so unproductive as the inter- minable pine tracts which reach from the Roanoice to Red river. In point of position, its local is in many respects favourable ; but its advantages are more appropriate to an interior than exterior communication. The quantity of its arable soil will, no doubt, combi- ned as it is by many moral causes, su- perinduce a very dense population in Ohio ; circumstances, however, coromon to all will produce in Ohio, Indiana, Il- linois, and Michigan, a mass of popula- tion by fav exceeding that of any other equal continuous extent in the United States. The most common mineral productions of Ohio are, c al and iron Coal is found along the Ohio and Muskingum rivers, and iron ore in various parts of the state. Water impregnated with muriate of soda, common salt, has been found, but not in anv quantity to render the manu- O H I O H I facture of salt an object of any considera- ble value. The staples of this state are numerous and important, consisting of wheat, rye, oats, Indian corn, whiskey, apples, cider, live stock, and salted provisions. The most frequented commercial outlets are, by the (3hio, and Mississippi rivei", to New Orleans ; by lake Erie and Detroit river, to Detroit ; by lakes Erie and On- tario, and St. Lawrence river to Mon- treal ; and by land, to Pittsburg, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. The seat of government is at Colum- bus, but by far the largest town in che state, is the city of Cincinatti, contain- ing, at present, above 10,000 inhabitants. Steubenville, Zanesville, Cleaveland, and several others, are flourishing places, containing a population of from 500 to 3000. The civil and political subdivisions of Ohio are the following, with the result of the census of 1820 annexed. Counties. Adams Allen Ashtabula Athens B-lmont Brown Butler Cliampaign Clark Clermont Clinton Columbiana Coshockton Crawford Cuyahoga Darke Delaware Fairfield Fayette Franklin Gallia Geauga Greene Guernsey Hatnilton Hancock Harrison Henry Highland Hardin Hocking Huron Jackson JfiFerson Knox Lawrence Licking Logan Madison Marion Inhabitants^ 10,406 7,382 6.338 20,329 13,356 21,746 8,479 9,533 15.820 8,085 22,033 7,086 6,328 3,717 7,639 16,633 6,616 10.292 7,098 7,791 10,529 9,292 31,764 14,345 12,308 2,130 6,675 3,746 18,531 8,326 3,499 11,861 3,181 4,799 752 Sij, miles. To Sq. mile. 400 700 750 500 470 480 460 400 416 360 864 900 540 468 672 650 540 450 520 500 600 400 470 400 578 450 630 420 570 432 900 490 500 600 430 700 500 400 530 26 10 8 40 60 45 18 24 38 22 25 6 9 5i 12 30 14 m 14 13 26 19 79 31 30 5 7 7J,- 37^ 14 8 19 6 12 Medina Meigs Miami Monroe Montgomery Morgan Muskingum Paulding Perry Pickaway Pike Portage Preble Putnam Richland Ross Sandusky Sciota Seneca Shelby Starke Trumbull Tuscarawas Vanwert Union Warren Washington Wayne, Williams Wood 3,082 4,480 8,851 4,645 15,999 5,297 17,824 8,429 13,149 4,253 10,095 10,237 9,169 20,619 852 S,750 2,106 12,406 15,546 8,328 1,996 17,837 10,425 11,933 760 400 410 518 480 500 660 432 400 470 4^0 750 430 575 ?00 650 600 575 540 418 800 870 680 432 500 400 600 720 600 750 581,434 38,260 4 11 21 9 33 lOh 27 21 30 10 13 23^ 10 31 6^ 10 5 151 m 12 34 44i 17" 16| 15 Ohio is calculated by Mr. Kilbourn, in his Gazetteer, to contain 40,000 square miles That calculation is, no doubt, nearly correct : therefore, allowing for surface, irreclaimable swamps, and other uncultivated tracts, the aggregate of the counties will approach very closely to the real arable land of Ohio. The counties of Crawford, Hancock, Harden, Heniy, Marion, Paulding, Put- nam, Seneca, Vanwert, and Williams, have been formed subsequent to the last census, and, being mostly in the new pur- chase, remain in great part uninhabited. These counties, taken together, amount to 5427 square miles. The aggregate of the census of 1820 was but little influen- ced in its amount by the few inhabitants then upon this surface ; an area approach- ing one- seventh part of the superficies of the state. Deducting 5427 square miles from 38,260, leaves 32,833, as the really inhabited surface of Ohio. The latter area has, therefore, at present, if we make but a moderate allowance for the augmentation since the census was closed, upwards of eighteen to the square mile. I'he uninhabited, or thinly peopled coun- ties, more than equal, in point of fertility of soil, the general aggregate surface of the state, and will consequently admit, at least, an equal density of population, or OKA 9 h U permit the addition of nearly 100,000 in- SW bmnch of tiie Volga. It rises ia the habitants to the state. governments of Smolensk, Kalouga, and Tlie progressive population of Ohio is Orel, flows NE by E and falls into the Vol- an unmatched phenomenon in the history ga at Nishnei-Novogorod, after acompara- of colonization. In 1783, the ground now live course of 600 miles. It passes by embraced within its limits, was one wide waste. In 1790, 3000 civilized inhabitants were only found on its surface. In 1800, they had increased to 42,156. In 1810, the census presented an abstract contain Orel, Kalonga, Kolomna, lliazane, Spaak, Kissiiiov, and Murom. Mosqua, on which stands Moscow, is one of its northern branches. It is one of the best navigable secondary rivers in Europe, being passable iag 227,843. In 1820, the state possessed ^^'''h boats to Orel near its source 581,434 inhabitants. It demands a very limited knowledge of the relation of Ohio, its admirable position, its exuberant soil, and above all, the effects which must en- sue from opening the western canal of New York, to foresee an augmentation of people on Ohio more rapid in the next ten years than in any equal antecedent period. Ohio, in 1820, contained 576,572 white inhabitants, and 4723 free coloured per- sons. In point of classification, the inha- bitants were comf)osed of : Foreigners not naturalized - 3495 Engaged in agriculture • 110,921 Do in manufactures, - 18,956 Do in commerce - - 1,459 Ohio became a state of the United States in 1803. Ohio, river of the United States, the great NE branch of Mississippi. See Mississippi, section Ohio. 0/do, southern township of Gallia coun- ty Ohio. Poi)ulation 1820, 483. Ohio, SW township of Clermont coun- ty, Ohio. Population 1820, 2791 Ok-lock-one, river of the United States, rises in Georgia, and flowing SSW falls into St. George's Saund 40 miles K from the mouth of die Apj)alachicola river. Okeham. See Oakham. Okin^ham, or IVokingham, town In Berk- shire, v.ith a market on Tuesday, eight miles SE of Reading, and 32 W of Lon- don. I.on. 59 W, lat. 51 25 N. Okotzk, province of the government of Irkutzk, in Russia. Its capital, of the same name, is seated at the mouth of the Okota, in a bay of the Eastern Ocean. Oliktiburq^, town of Westphalia, capital of a countpy of the same name, The church of St. Lambert contains the tombs of the last counts of Oldenburg, which are very curious. It is noted for its horses ; and is seated on llie Hunta, 22 miles W of Bremen, and 45 SE of Embdem. Lon. 8 8 E, lat. 5'o 7 N. Oldenburg, Grand duchy of NW Ger- many ; consisting of, Oldenburg, Delmen- horst, Vasel, Jever, and Kniphausgn, 2250 square miles, and 180,000 inhabitants ; principality of Eutin or Lubec ; 200 square miles, and 20,000 inhabitants ; and Birken- Ohiofiyk falls, in Youghiogheny river, field 170 square miles, and 20,000 inhabi- They are in Fayette county, 11 or 12 tants. Oldenburg was created a grand miles NE from Uniontown. duchy, and its duke received into the Ger- Oil creek, creek of Pennsylvania, ri- monic confederation, 1815. sing in the NE part of Crawford, and OUlenburg, town of Lower Saxony, Irt SVV of Warren county, flows S, and falls the duchy of Ilolstein, seated near the Bal- into the Alleghany river, 10 miles above tic, 30 mdes N of Lubec. Lon. 10 47 E, Franklin. On it is a remarkable spring, lat, 54 22 N. on the waters of which, a mineral oil is Oldendnrf, town of Ldwer Saxony, in the found to float. duchy of Lunenburg, seated on the We- Oil creek, SE townsbJp of Crawford county, Pennsylvania. Population 1820, 495. naw N. and Esca. Lon. 10 35 E, lat. 53 16 Oldendorf, town of Westphalia, in the Oil spring, post office, Catharaugus cQua- territory of Schavenburg, seated on tl;e ty. New York. Weser, 28 miles SW of Hanover] Lon, Oisans, town of France in the depart- 9 31 E, lat 52 16 N. ment of Isere and late province of Dau- Oldenzecl, town id the United Provinces phiny, 28 miles SE of Grenoble. Beau- of Overyssel, 30 miles E of Deventer. Lon, vais is the capital Lon. 6 25 E, lat. 45 6 57 E, lat 52 .20 N. N. OUkrh, town of Lower Saxony, in the Oise, department of France, including ditcby of Ilolstein, seated on the Trave, 17" part of the late province of the Isle of miles W of Lubec, and 25 NE of Ham<> France. _ burg. Lon. 10 18 E, lat. s:i 52 N. Oise, river which has its source in tire OW i/amwV/e, town of Rockcastle county, Ardennes, and falls into the Seine, near Kentucky, on Rockcastle river. Pontoise. It gives name to the above de- Old head of Kinsale, cape on the south partment. coast of Ireland, about six miles S from Oka, river of European Kussla. gjc^it Kinsale, It is a higli rocky promontory ; 5C ' TSj i} L I O L \ which has been vecently rftndered distress- fully remarkable by the wreck of the Al- bion, 1822. Oilman's creek, small stream of New Jer- sey, separating Salem and Gloucester coun- ties, and falling into the Delaware about three miles below Marcus Hook. Old Town, or Indian Old Toivn, island in Penobscot river, Penobscot county Maine. It is an Indian settlement, containing about 200 acres ; and 300 persons. Old Town, post town in Allegany coun- ty, Maryland; situated on the N side of Potomac river, near the mouth of the SW branch, 14 miles SE of Cumberland, and 134 NW of Washington, Olean, township of Cattaraugus county, New York, on Allegany river, at the mouth of Olean creek, containing Hamilton, which see. Population in 1820, 1047. Olean, creek, of Cattaraugus county. New York, flows S. and falls into Allegany river at Hamilton. OleroTt, isle of France, five miles from tlie coasts of Aunis and Saintonge. It is 12 miles long and five broad ; is populous and fertile, producing corn and wine, and is defended by a castle. It contains about 10 or 12,000 inhabitants, and on a headland is a light-house, and on its E side stands a strong castle. In the reign of Richard I. this island was part of the possession of the crown of England ; and here that monarch compiled the code of maritime laws, called the Laws of Oleron, which are received by all nations in Europe, as the ground of all their marine constitutions. Lon. 1 20 W, lat. 46 3 N. Oleron, town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Pyrenees and late province of Beam, with a bishop's see. It is seated on the Gave, 10 miles SW of Pau. Lon. 14 W, lat. 43 7 N. Olesko, town of Poland, in Red Russia, 36 miles ENE of Lemburg. Lon. 25 10 E, lat. 50 23 N. Oley, township of Berks county, Pennsyl- vania, containing 1284 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1400. It is situated eight miles E of Beading and 12 NW of Potts- grove ; and is watered by Mannatawny creek. Olika, town of Poland in Volhinia, with a citadel, 20 miles E of Lucko. Lon. 26 8 E, lat. 51 15 N. Olinda, town of Brasll, seated on the Atlantic with a very good harbour. It was faken by the Dutch in 163C, but the Por- tuguese have since retaken it. Lon. o5 W, lat. 8 13 S. OlitOt town of Spain, in Navarre, where their^ings formerly resided. It is seated in a fertile country, 20 miles N of Tudela. Lon. 1 46 W, lat. 42 22 N. Oliva, celebrated monastery of Western Prossfe, three miles W of Dantzjc. It con- tains several tombs of the dukes ot Po- merania, and is remarkable for the peace concluded in 1660, between the emperor of Germany and the kings of Sweden and Poland. Olivenza, strong town of Portugal in Alentejo, seated near the Guadiana, 13 miles S of Elvas, and 40 E of Evora. Lon. 7 4 W, lat. 38 30 N. Olive, township of Morgan county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 520. Olive, township of Meigs county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 485. Olive Gree«, township of Morgan county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 300. Olmedo, town of Spain, in Old Castile, seated on the Adaja, 30 miles S of Vallado- lid. Lon. 4 29 W, lat. 41 20 N. Olmutz, commercial town of Moravia, on the Morava, 80 miles N by E of Vienna, and 97 S of Breslaw. Lon. 17 35 E, lat. 49 26 N. Olneij, town in Bucks, with a market on Monday, and a considerable manufacture of bonelace. It is seated on the Ouse, 12 miles SE of Northampton, and 56 NNW of London. Lon. 54 W, lat. 52 5 N. Olone, island, town, castle, and harboa?- of France, in the department of Vendee and late province of Poitou 30 miles NW of Rochelle, and 258 S W of Paris. Lon. 1 43 W, lat. 46 30 N. Olonetz, government of Russia, included formerly in the government of Novogorod. In this district are some considerable iron works. Olonetz, town of Russia, in a govern- ment of the same name, famous for its mines of iron, and its mineral water. It is situated on the river Olonza, which falls into the lake Ladoga. Lon. 34 20 E, lat. 61 26 N. Olse, or Oehe, strong and considerable town of Silesia, with a castle, where the duke generally resides. It is 17 miles NE of Breslaw. Lon. 17 26 E, lat. 51 19 N. Olsonitz, town of Upper Saxony, in the territory of Voigtland, seated on the Elster, 60 miles SW of Dresden. Lon. 12 27 E, lat. 50 40 N. Oltsn, town of Swisserland, capital of a baliwic, in the canton of Soleure. It is dependent on the bishop of Basle, and is seated a little to the N of the Aar, between Arberg and Araw. Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 47 16 N. Olympus, mountain of Natolla, one of the highest and most considerable in all Asia. The ancients supposed its top reach- ed the heavens : and, from that circum- stance, placed the residence of the pods there, and made it the court of Jupiter. There are several mountains of the same name. N K N tr Omhrone, river of Italy vvhicii rises in the Siennese, and falls into the Mediterra- nean. Ombrone, town of Italy in the Sien- nese, between t!ie river Ombrone and the lake Castigliano, three miles S of Gros- setto. Omeffna, town of the duchy of Milan, in the Novarese, with a castle, five miles N of Orta. Omer St. fortified, large, and populons town of France, in the department rtf tlie straits of Calais and late province of Artois, on the Aa, on the side of a lull, eight miles NW of Aire, and 135 N of Paris. Lon. 2 20 E, lat. 54 45N. Ommen, town of the Netherlands, in Overyssel, seated on the Vecht, 17 miles NE of Deventer. Lon. 6 10 E, lat. 52 32 N. Ommenburg, strong town of Germany in the electorate of Mentz, seated on the Dthern, nine miles SE of Marpurg, and 45 NE and francfort. Lon. 9 13 E, lat. 50 SON. Omndrabih, river of Africa, which rises in mount Atlas, separates the kingdom of M)rocco from that of Fez, .and entering the Atlantic, forms a capacious bay on the E side of Azamor. Omova, sea port of Mexico in Honduras, near the bottom of the bay of Honduras, Lon. W C 10 40 W, lat. 15 53 N. Omrapoora. See Ummerapoora. Omsk, town and fortress of Russia, in the government of Tobolsk, situate at the conflux of the Om v/ith the Irtysh, 350 miles SE of Tobolsk. Lon. 74 54 E, lat. 54 14 N. Onecote, village in StaflTordshire, eight miles N by E of Cheadle, noted for the rich copper mines in its vicinity. Oneeheoiy, one of the Sandwich islands in the Pacific ocean, five leagues W of Atooi. JLts eastern coast is high, and rises abruptly from the sea, but the other parts consist of low ground, except a round bluff' hea,d on the SE point. It produces plenty of yams, and of a sweet root called Tee. Lon. 161 W, lat. 21 54 N. Onej, town of Russia, in the government of Archangel, on the river Onega, near the White sea, 80 miles SSW of Archangel. Lon. 37 24 E, lot. 63 35 N. Onega, lake of Russia, in the government of Olnnetz. The lake is 100 miles long, and 40 broad, and has a communication with the lake Lodoga, by the Svir river. Onega, r.ver of Russia, rising in the government of Olonetz, and flowing NNE into the SW extremity of the Wiiite Sea. Onega, town of Russia, at the mouth of the Onega river. Oneglia, principality of Italy, surrounded by the tereitory of Genoa, but subject to the king of Sardinia. It abounds in tjive- trees, fruits and wine. Oneglia, sea port of Italy, in a principali- ty of the same name, on a small river, 30 miles SE of Cogni, and 50 W by S of Ge- noa. Lon. 7 31 E, lat. 45 58 N. Oneida, county of New York ; bounded by Lewis county N ; Herkimer E, Madison SW ; and Oswego W. Length 40 ; mean width 30 ; and area 1200 square miles. Surface much diversified by hill and dale. Soil generally productive. The local posi- tion of this county is very remarkable ; as it occupies the summit level between the waters of Hudson, and St. Lawrence basins. The ISIohawk rises in its centre; the sources of Black river flow from its NE angle into lake Erie at Sacket's Harbour ; its western sections are drained by Fish creek, AVood creek, and Oneida creek flowing into lake Oneida; and from its extensive southern limit flows the UnudlUa branch of Susque- hannn.h. Chief tovtns Utica, Rome, and Wliitesborough. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 17,421 do. do. females • - - 16,160 Total whites - - . . 33,581 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 130 Slaves - fil Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males - - - do. do. females - - . All other persons except Indians not taxed . - . . Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males .... do. females - - . Total population in 1820 33,792 25,711 24,909 50,997 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized 945 Engaged in Agriculture - 10,111 do. in Manu/acturcs - 2,575 do. in Commerce - 184 Population to tiie square mile, 42J. Oneida, or Onondaga, lake of New York. It is 20 miles W of Rome, and extends westward about 25 miles, where its outlet, the Oswego river, runs into Lake Ontario, at Oswego. The grand Erie canal, passes through Oneida, to the SE, and Madison, and dnondago to the S of the Oneidi lake. One Leg, a ridiculous name of an eastern township of Tuscarawas county, Ohio. Population 1820, 823. bit^ar, ov Chipping Onfiar, \pvin ia F-»- O N O O N T s£X, vvith a markeJt on Saturday, X2 miles W of Chelnraford, and 21 EXE of London. Lon. 16 E, lat. 51 43 N. Ongole, town of Hindoostan, in the Car- natic, seated on a river which fells into the 15ay of Bengal, not far from its mouth, and is 829 miles SW of Calcutta. Lon. 80 5 E, lat. 15 30 N. Onion, river of Vermont, which Rises in Galedonia county, and running nearly in a NW course, fiovvs into lake Champlain, near Colchester. Onondaga, lake and river^ in the state of New York. The river flows W from the lake, till it meets the Senecu, when its course turns N to Osyyego, where it enters Lake Ontario. It is bo.ituble from its mouth to the head cf the hJce, except one faH •which causes a portage of 20 yards. To- wards the head waters of tliis river, salmon are eaught in great qiiantities. Onondaga, county ; f New Ycrk ; bound- ed by Madison E ; Ct)uriland S ; Cayuga SW; Oswego N; and Oneida lake NE. It is about 30 miles square, and with an area of 900 square miles. It i-ncludes Ske- neatales, Owasco, ani Salt lakes, and is wa- tered by Seneca, and Oswego rivers, and some of their conflaents. The soil rs gen- erally fertile. Staples grain, flour, Salt, and gypsum. Chief town, Oiiondago. ■population in 1810. Free white males - - • 13,653 do. do. females - - - 12,170 'f otal whites . - . . All other persons except Indians not taxed . . . . Slaves . - - . . Total population in 1810 25,823 114 50 grcAteit salt work in the United Slates. It abounds also in gypsum. See Salina. Po- pulation of the township 1810, 3745 ; and in 1820, 5552. Onondaga, small lake of Onondago coun- ty, New York, above six miles long by one wide. The Saline is on its borders. Onslonu, township, Halifax county, Nova Scotia. Onslavx, county of North Carolina; bound- ed by the Atlantic Ocean SE ; New Han- over and Duplin counties W ; Jones N, and NE ; and Carteret E. Length o5 ; mean width 20 ; and area 700 square miles. It is drained by New river, and is general- ly tiat, wi'.h a sterile soil. Chief town, Swansborough. There is a post office at the court house. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 2,143 do. do. females - - - 2,186 Total whites .... 4,329 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - 41 Slaves 2,299 Total popuktiou in 1810 - - 6,669 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 2,095 do. do. females ... 2,084 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total Whites .... Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males .... do. females . . - - 25,987 ^0^^] population in 1820 7,018 Population in 1820. Free whites, males - . 21,107 do. do. females - - 20,106 All other persons except Indians not taxed ...... Total whites _ 41,213 Free persons of tolour. males 96 do. do. 1 females 99 Slaves, males _ 25 do. females - 34 Total population ift 1820 - 41,467 Of these: ; foreigners not naturalized - 99 Engaged in Agriculture - . 6,968 do. in Manufactures • 1,640 io. in Commerce . - 120 Population to the square mile, 46. Ono7idago, post t6wn, and seat of justice, Onondago county, New York, 50 miles \V from Utica. The to\vrish"p 0001,1103 ihe 75^ Of these ; t'oreigners not naturalized • 3 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,217 do. in Manufactures . 1,365 do. in Commerce - - 22 Population to the square mile, 10. Oatanagun, river of the territory of Mich- igan, rising with the Onisconsin, and Ulack fiver branches of the Mississippi. It flows N, and falls into the hke Superior, about 90 miles SW from Point Keeweena. A large mass of native copper, has been found imbedded in a rock near the bank of this strear» ; estimated lecenily, from ac- tual inspection by Mr. II. Schoolcraft at 2200 pouiids. Ontario Lake, one of that grand chain of lakes which divide the United States from tpper Canada. It is situated between lat. 43 15 and 44 N, and lon. 76 and 79 W. Its form is nearly elliptical ; its great- est length is from SW to NE, .and its cir- curoftrence about 600 miles. The division o :si 1 O F E iine between the state of New York And Canada, on the north passes through this lake, and leaves within the United States, 2,390,000 acres of the water of lake On- tario, according to the calculation of Mr. llutchins. It abounds with fish of an ex- cellent flavour, among which are the Os- wego bass, weighing three or four pounds. Its banks in many places are steep, and the southern shore is covered prnicipally with beach trees, and the lands appear good. It communicates with lake Erie by the ri- ver Niagara. It receives the waters of Genesee river from t!ie south ; and of Onondago, at I'ort Oswego, from the south- east, by v/hich it communicates, tiirough Oneida Lake and Wood Creek, with the Mohawk River. On the north-east this lake discharges itself into the river Cata- raqtii, which at Montreal takes the name of St. Lawrence, which empties into the Atlantic ocean. The islands are all at the eastern end, the chief of which, are Wolfe, Amherst, Gage, and Howe Islands. Ontario, county in Upper Canada, con- sists of the following islands ; Amherst Island, Wolfe Isbnd, Gage Island, and all the islands between the mouth of the Ga- nanoqui, to the easternmost extremity of the late township of Marysburg, called Point Pleasant. Ontario, county of New York ; bounded by lake Ontario, N ; Seneca county E ; Seneca lake SB ; Steuben S ; and Livings- ton and Monroe W, Length 50 ; mean widtli 24 ; and area 1200 square miles. Soil fertile. It is in great part drained by the sources of Seneca river, and contains all Canandaigua, and some smaller lakes with part of Crooked lake ; and is bounded by Seneca lake on the SE. Though gen- erally hilly, some extensive flats exist in tiiis county, near lake Ontario, and in the valley of the Seneca river. The grand Erie canal crosses its northern section fol- lowing the valley of Seneca. In the cen- sus of 1820 this county contained all those parts of Livingston and Monroe ; E from Genesee river, and then contained about 1750 square miles ; and upon the latter area the annexed tabular aggregate is foun- ded. Chief towns, Canandaigua, Geneva, and Lyons. Population in 1810. Free wiiite males - - - 21,838 do. do. females ... 19,683 Total wiiltes .... 41,521 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 299 Slaves 212 Total population in 1810 - - 42,032 Population in 1820, 'Free whito males - - 44,936 Free white females - . 42,604 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - . o Total whites .... 87,540 Free persons of colour, males 353 do do. females 374 Slaves, males ... Q ,do. females - . . Total population in 1820 - . 88,267 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 214 Engaged in Agriculture . . 19,703 do. in Manufactures - 2,117 do. in Commerce - - 169 I'opulation to the square mile, 50A, for 1750 square miles in the former county. Ontario, township of Ontario county, on lake Ontario, 20 miles N from Canandai- gua. Population in 1820, 2233. OodooarmHahf Xown of Hindoostan Proper, in Bengal, seated on the W bank of the Ganges, at the foot of a chain of hills. Here is an elegant bridge over the Ganges, buiit by the Sultan Sujah. Oodooanullah is 82 miles N by W of Moorshedabad. Lou. 87 35 E, lat. 24 58 N. Oonalaska, one of the islands of the Nor- thern Archipelago, visited by captain Cook in his last voyage. It is the largest of the Aleutian or Fox islands. Lon. 165 W, lat. 53 5N. Oonemak, or Uniak, one of the Aleutian or Fox islands, between Oonelaska and Alaska. Oostenalak, river of Georgia, which joins the Etowah and forms the Coosa. Ooronp and Oosheshaer. See Kiirilcs. Oostborch, town and fort of Flanders, in tlie isle of Cadsand, four miles NE of Sluys. Lon. 3 29 E, lat. 51 22 N. Ooatenlni, town of Sweden, in the isle of Oeland, 27 miles S of Borkholm. Opclousas, county of Louisiana ; bounded by the gulf of Mexico SW; Sabine river, or the province of Texas W ; the parishes of Natchitoches, and Rapides N ; parish of Avoyells ami Atchafalaya river NE ; anil Altacapas SE. Length 110 miles; mean width 70; and area 7700 square miles. All the southern, south-eastern, and eas- tern part of Opelousas is one vast plain. The north-west and northern sections, swells into hills of moderate size. In point of soil, it is divisible into three distinct regions. Towards the gulf of Mexico it is marshy, but rising gradually into arable prairies witli a thin sterile soil. This cha- racter of country is followed, advancing* north, by an immense pine forest, out of which flow numerous creeks falling into Sabine ; the Calcassiu river, and the Nez- pique river, or north-western brancli of Merimentai!. The soil of the nine tract is 757 P o Q R A also sterile. Advancint? to the eastern part of the county watered by the Teche, Boeuf, and Coiirtablean, a total change takes place, the soil is exuberantly productive, and in part excessively heavy timbered. The northern and eastern parts of Opelou- sas are covered by a dense forest ; the resi- due open prairies. It is emphatically the pastoral section of Louisiana, and conta'ms the most numerous individual flocks of cat- tic in the United States. Farming is, how- ever, extensively pursued in the eastern part of the county. Staples, cotton, beef, tallow, hides, live stock, such as horses, mules, horned cattle, and some sheep. It is watered by the Siibine, Calcassiu, and Upper Teche, flowing into the gulf of Mexico. A low uninhabitable, and annu- ally overflown tract, indeed extends from the arable boi-der of the Teche to the At- chafalaya. See Cowtablean, Louisiana, Jlississippi, &c. For the ordinarj' munici- pal regulations of that part of Louisiana, it is designated the parish of St, Landre. Population in 1810. Free white males . . - 1,696 do. do. females - - - 1,293 Total whites - - - - 2,989 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - 389 Slaves 1,670 Total population in 1810 - - 5.048 PopuLation in 1820. Free white males • - - 2,929 do. do. females ... 2,4-39 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females - Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820 - 10,085 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 83 Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,796 do. in Manufactures • 244 do. in Commerce - - 83 Population to the square mile, 1 1-3. Oporto, or Porto, city and seaport of Portugal, in Entre Douero e Minho, and a bishop's see. It is by nature almost im- pregnable ; and is noted for its strong wines, of which large quantities are ex- ported to England ; whence all red wines from Spain or Portugal are called Port wines. The other chief exports are oran- ges, lemons, &c. and linen cloth to Brasil. Its commerce greatly increased after the earthquake at Lisbon, in 1755 ; before that 75« time the population was estimated at 20,000, and it is now said to be 60,000, It is seat- ed on the side of a mountain, near the river Douero, which forms an excellent harbour, 147 miles N by E of Lisbon. Lon. 8 22 W, lat. 41 10 N. Oppeln, strong town of Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name, with a catholic collegiate church. It has a great trade of wool, and stands on the Oder, 150 miles SE of Breslau. Lon. 18 E, lat. 50 39 N. Oppenheiin, town of Germany, in the pa- latinate of the Rhine. The vicinity produ- ces excellent wine. It is seated on the side of a hill, 12 miles SSE of Mcntz. Oppenheim, west township of Montgome- ry county, Pennsylvania, in the N .side of the Mohawk. Population in 1810, 2693 ; and in 1820, 3045. Oppido, town of Naples, in Calabria Ul- teriore, at the foot of the Appenines, 25 miles NE of lieggio. Oppido, town of Naples, in Basilicata, five miies SSE of Acerenza. Oppur^, town of Upper Saxony, in Mis- nia, with a castle, lour miles WSW of Neustad t. Orach, town of European Turkey, in Bosnia, near the river Drino, 60 miles SW of Belgrade. Ornn, city and seaport of Algiers, in the province of Mascara, with an excellent liar, hour, almost opposite Carthagena, in Spain. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1509, and re-taken in 1703. In 1732, the Spaniards became masters of it again, and have kept it ever since. Oran, post village, Onondago county, New York. Orange, city of France, in the depart- ment of Vaucluse, lately a bishop's see. It was an important place in the time of the Romans. A triumphal arch 200 paces from the town, was formerly within its limits ; and here are also the remains of a fine amphitheatre, some aqueducts. The city is sc-ited in a fine plain, on the river Aigues, 12 miles N of Avignon, and 57 S of Valence. Lon, 4 49 E, lat. 44 9 N. Orange, formerly Cardigan, township of Grafton county. New Hampshire, 14 miles SW from Plymouth. Population in 1810, 230 ; and in 1820, 298. Orange, county of Vermont ; bounded by Connecticut river E ; Windham county in Vermont SW ; Rutland SW ; Washington NW ; and Caledonia N. Length 33 ; mean width 18 ; and area about 600 square miles. Its western part is mountainous, but the surface becomes less rugged approiiching the Connecticut river. The soil is produc- tive in grain and pasturage. Chief towns, Newberry and Randolph. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 12,75!i O U A <> it A Free white females - - - 12,444 Shves Total whites . . . • AH other persons except Indians not taxed - - Slaves . . _ , . Total population in 1810, 25,196 Total population in 1810 - 51 Population in 1820. Free white males - . - do. do. females 25,247 All other persons except Indians — — — not taxed . - . - Population in 1820 Free wliite males - - - 12,267 do. do. females - - 12,366 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites . . - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females . - - Total whites . - - - Free persons of colour, males • do. do. females, Slaves, males . . . - do. females - - - . Total population in 1820 966 34,347 19,952 19,167 Q 39,119 480 489 507 618 41,213 Total population in 1820 - ■ 24.681 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 13 Engaged in Agriculture • - 5,830 do. in Manufactures - 741 do. in Commerce - - 82 Population to the square mile, 41 . Orange, township of Orange county, Ver- mont, 15 miles SE from Montpelier. Popu- lation 700. Orange, county of New York ; bounded by Hudson river E; llockland county in New York SE ; Bergen and Sussex coun- ties in New Jersey SW ; Delaware river W ; Sullivan county in New York NW ; and Ulster N. Length 40 ; mean width 20 ; and area 800 square miles. This is a very greatly diversified county. Towards the Hudson, it is either mountainous or hilly, in th& centre flat, and again, mountainous or excessively hilly. The Walkill river rises in Sussex county, New Jerse}', and flowing NE, crosses Orange into Ulster. Near this stream is a high but swampy sec- tion, called the Drowned Lands. Inter- locking with the VValkiil, but flowing to the SE are the sources of Passaic river, also in Orange ; and at the western extremity the Nevesink crosses this county in its pas- sage into the Delaware Notwithstanding the rugged features of Orange, the soil is generally productive in grain, fruits, and particularly pasturage. Staples, grain, flour, whiskey, beef, butter, cheese, ap- ples, cider, hay, and live stock. Chief towns, Newburg, Goshen, and West point. Population in 1810. Free white males ... do. do. females . . - Total whites .... All other persons except Indians not taxed Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - - 175 Engaged in Agriculture - - 6,689 do. in Manufactures - - 2,362 do. in Commerce - - 294 Population to the square mile, olh. Orange. See Half Moon township, Sara- toga county, New York, in the Addenda, Oraiige, post village and township, Es- sex county. New Jersey, near Newark. It is the seat of an academy. Population in 1810, 2266 ; and in 1820, 2830. Orange, eastern township, Cuyahoga county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 143. Orange, NE township of Richland coun- ty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 440. Orange, also a township, the north-eas- ternmost in liichland county. Orange, township of Shelby county. Orange, post township on Shade river, in Meigs county. Orange, pleasant township in the southern borders of Delaware county, Ohio. Along the borders of Alum creek, wkich passes through the eastern parts of the township, the land is peculiarly fertile and handsotne= ly situated. Orange, county of Virginia ; bounded by Spotsylvania SE ; by North Anna river or Louisa S ; Albemarle SVV ; Blue Ridge or Rockingham NW ; Rapid Ann river, or Madison and Culpepper counties N, Length from west to east, 60 miles ; mean width 10 ; and area 600 square miles. This county is drained by the Rivanna, North Anna, and Rapid Ann rivers. The surface is generally hilly, and in part mountainous. Soil various ; but much really excellent soil skirts the various streams, and several other places. Staples, grain, flour, and to- bacco. Chief towns, Cordoiisville, and Sta- nardsville. The court-house, with a post- 16,734 office is near the head of the North Anna 15,720 river, 45 miles S W by W from Fredericks- burg. 32,454 Popuhation in 1810. Free white males - - = 2,869 927 do do. females - < - 2,842 759 OKA O 11 A Total whites .... 6,711 All otlier persons except Indians not taxed ... - 96 Slaves, .... 6,516 Total population in 1810 . . 12,323 Population in 1820. Tree r.hite males ... 2,637 do. do. females - - 2,582 All other persons except Indians not taxed • . . - 32 Orange, county of Indiana; bounded by Crawford S ; Dubois SW ; Owen W ; Lawrence N ; and Washington E. Length 22 : mean width 18 ; and area about 400 square miles. It is drained by the SE branches of East Fork of White river. Chief town Paoli. Population in 1820. Free white males - . 2,733 do. do. femalesr - - 2,539 All other persons except Indians not taxed - _ . Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females Total population in 1820 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 57 Engaged in Agriculture . 4,267 do. in Manufactures - 278 do. in Commerce - - 13 Population to the square mile, 21^. Orange, county of North Carolina ; bounded by Chatham S ; Guilford W ; Cas- well and Person N ; and Granville and Wake E. Length 36 ; mean width 25 ; and area 900 square miles. It is drained by the head branches of tiie Neuse and Haw rivers. Chief town, Hillsborough. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 7^707 do. do. females ... 7,39S 5,252 Total whites . . . . ^ Free persons of colour, males " 091 ^°' ^°' females " or ^^*^^8, males ... ^)^9' do. females ^-'^^^ Total population in 1820 5,368 15,102 Total whites . . - - All other persons except Indians not taxed • . . - 332 Slaves .... 4,701 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females - - . All other persons except Indians not taxed Total whites . . - . Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males .... do. females ... Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do in Commerce Population to the square mile 26.. r6Q Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 4 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,438 Do. in Manufactures - 76 Do. in Commerce • - 6 Population to the square mile, 9 nearly. Orange, largest river of Southern Af- rica, rises in the district of Graaf lieynet ; and flowing first to the NW, winds to the W and falls into the Atlantic Ocean lat. 28 30 S, after a comparative course of 600 miles. Orange, or Gum Sprmgs. See Gwn S firings. Orangcbiirgh, district of South Caro- lina ; bounded by Charleston, and Col- leton SE; South Edisto river, or Barn- well SVV ; Edgefield NW ; Lexington district, and Congaree river N ; and Santee river, or Sumpter district NE. Length 70 ; mean width 25 ; and 1,750 square miles. Surface generally level, and soil rather sterile. Staples cotton, and tobacco. Chief town Orangeburgh. Population in 1810. Free white males . - 3,416 do. do. females - - 3,223 Total wliites - - • 6,639 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 26 Slaves - . - - - 6,564 TotalpopulationinlSlO, . 13,229 Population in 1820. 23,492 Free white males - . . 4,551 do. do. females - - 3,209 All other persons except Indians 8 not taxed .... Q 20,135 8,483 8,294 7,353 483 43 Total whites .... 7,762 Free persons of colour, males ■> 30 do. do, fenniles ■?4 ORB Slaves, males - do. females Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in A.griculture do. m Manufactures do. in Commerce ■3.6§5 4,144 15,653 7,046 16 30 Population to the square mile, 9. Orangeburg, post town of South Ca- rolina, capital of the district of its name. It stands on the N branch of the Edisto, 75 miles NW of Charleston. Lon. 80 42 w, lat. 33 23 N. It is the seat of an academy. Orangetoiun, township of Washington County, Maine, 20 miles E from Machias. Orangetown, township Rockland coun- ty, New York, on the W side of Hudson, 28 miles N of New York. Population 1820,2257. It is remarkable for a number of mills, and contains an academy, and two churches. Oranienbaum, town of Upper Saxony, in the duchy of Anhalt- Dessau, six miles SE of Dessau. Oranienbaum, town of Russia, in In- gria. It is seated on the gulf of Finland, 20 miles W nf Petersburg. The unfor- tunate Peter III. emperor of Russia, was residing at this village, when his wife, afterwards Catharine II. excited that revolt, which placed in her hands the sceptre of Russia, and hurled her wretch- ed husband from his throne to the grave, May, 1762. Oranienburg, town of Brandenbur?, in the middle mark, ancieatly called Kret- zow. It is situate on the Havel, 18 miles K of Berlin. Orarava, town on the W side of the island of TenerifF, and the diief place of trade. It is seated at the bottom of an amphitheatre of mountains, outcf which rises the Pike of TenerifF. Its port is at three miles distance. Lon. 16 24 W, lat. 28 23 N. Orbas.ian, to-.vn of Piedmont, six miles SW of Tin-:n. Or be, town of Switzerland, in the Pays de Vaud, 32 miles WSW of Bern. Orbe, town of Germany, in the late electorate of Mentz, celebrated for its extensive salt works. It now belongs to Bavaria : 96 miles E from Frankfort on the Maine. Orbitello, strong seaport of Tuscany, in the Siennese, defended by several forts, and seated near the Atbegna, 5^ miles S by VV of Sienne, and 85 S of Florence. Lon. 11 10 E, lat. 42 18 N. 'Orbrc, river of Frrujce, which rises in 5 1) () R P the CevenneS;^ and after v-atering Baziers, falls into the gulf of Lyons, five miles below that town, Orcades. See Orkneys. Ore/lies, ancient town of France in the department of the North, and late province of French Flanders, 14 miles SE of Lisle. Lon. 3 25 E, lat. 50 28 N. Orchilla. island of the Caribbean Sea, 80 milts N of the coast of Terra Firma, and 160 E by S of Curracao. Lon. 65 20 W, lat. 12 N. Orcheviont, tovnj of Germany, in the duchy of Luxemburg, situated on the river Semio, 18 miles N of Sedan. Ordingen, or Urdingeit, town of the electorate of Cologne, in Germany, H miles N of Dusseldorf, and 32 NNVV ot Cologne. Ordxnnta, seaport of Spain, in Biscay , seated in a valley surrounded by high mountains, 20 miles SW of Bilboa. Lon. 3 26 VV. lat. 43 11. Orebro, capital of the province of Nericia, in Sweden Proper, well known in history, and is seated near the W ex- tremity of the Lake Hielmar. Here are manufactures of fire arms, cloths, and tapestry ; and it has a considerable trade with Stockholm, across the lakes Hiel- mar and Maeler, by means of the canal of Arboga ; sending iron, vitriol, and red paint in particular. Orebro is 95 miles SW of Stockholm. Lon. 15 12 E» lat. 59 12 N. Oregnmd, seaport of Sweden, on the coast of Upland, in the gulf of Bothnia, Opposite the small island of Ginson, 60 miles N of Stockholm. Lon. 18 15 E, lat* 60 20 N. Orel, government of Russia, once a province of the government of Bielgo- rod. Orel, capital of the above government, is seated on the Occa and Orel, 207 mi'es SSW of Moscow. Lon. j5 20 E^ lat. 53 N. Orellana. See Amazon. Orenburgh, one of the two provinces of the government of Ufa, in Russia. The inhabitants carry on commerce, and ex- ercise stveral trades, and have even some manufactories. Its capital of the same name, is seated on the Urel for- merly called the Yaik. 480 miles NE of Astracan. I>on 55 E, lat. 51 46 N. Orense, ancient town of Spain, in Ga- lacia, with a bishop's see, and famous for its hots baths. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, on the river Minho, over whicii is a bridge of one arch, 47 miles SE of Compostella. Lon. 7 36 W, lat. 42 19 N. Orfa, considerable town of Asia, m 761 O 11 1 O K I Diarbeck. It formerly belonged to Per- sia, but is now in the Turkish dominions, and has a good trade, particularly in car- pets of several sorts, some of v/hich art- made here. Is has a stately castle on a hill, and is seated on the Euphrates. 83 miles NE of Aleppo, and 100 SW of Diarbekar. L^n. 38 20 E. lat. 36 50 N. Orford, seaport and borough in buf- folk, on the Gerreian Ocean, between two channels, 18 miles E by N of Ips- wich, and 88 NE of London. Lon. 1 40 E, lat. 52 11 N. Orjord, post town on the E bank of Connecticut river, in Grafton county. New Hampshire, at the distance of 18 miles N by E of Dartmouth college, and 17 S of Haverhill. In 1810 the township contained 1265 inhabitants, and in 1820, 1568. Orford, township of Kent county, Up- per Canada, Orford To-L-mhip, in the county of Suf- folk, Upper Canada, distmj^uished some- times by Orford North and S^mth, is the residence of the Moravians ; it is bounded on the S by lake Erie, and watered by the Tham s to the northward, Oxford ^^"685, cape of England, on the SE coa?t of Sussex, vhich is a shelter for seamen when a NB wind blows hard upon the shore. Here is a lightliouse erected for the direction of ships. Lon. 1 6 E, lat. 52 4 N. Organford, village near Poule, in Dorset- shire, noted for the quantity of pennyroyal produced in the neighbourhood. Orgaz, town of Spain, in New Castile, with a castle, 15 miles S of Toledo. Lon. 3 22 W, lat. 39 36 N. Orgelet, town of France, in the depart- ment of Jura, and late province of Franche- Compte, seated at the foot of ihe Valoiise, 30 miks N by E of Bourg. Lon. 5 39 E, lat. 46 36 N. Orgivah, ioww of Spain, in the province of Granada, 25 miles S of Granada. Lon. 3 50 W, lat. 36 43 N. Ona, decayed town of Nsples, in Terra d'Otranto, with a citadel, and a bishop's see. It is seated at the foot of the Appenines, 40 miles NW of Oiranto. Lon. 17 48 E, lat. 40 39 N. Orient, or Port V Orient, regular and handsome town of France, in the depart- ment of Morbiiian, .and late province of Bretagne, built in 1720, by the French East In'iia Company, who made it the ex- clusi\ e mprt of their conimerce. It is five miles S W of' Hennebon. Lon. 3 20 W, lat. 47 46 NT. Origitela, town of Spain, in Valencia, with a bishop's se ■, a univcrsii.y, and a citadel built on a rock. It is sea'ed on the Segu- iM, 33 miles N of Carthygena. Lon. 1 3 W, lat. 38 10 N. Orinoco, river of the first rank in South America. It risRS in the mountains of Gui- ana, and flows, about 300 miles to the S ; it thence turns W 150 miles, and receives the Cassiquiari from the SW, The latter commuiiicates with the Rio Negro, branch of the Am zen. Below the mouth of the Cassiquiari, the Orinoco, turns to NW to St. Fernand.o, where it unites with Guaviari, an immense stream, little if any inferior to the Orinoco. The united streams assume a N course to 'he mouth of the Vichada, another large vkfestet n tributary. Immedi- ately below its junction with the Vichada, the Orinoco, pours its waters down the ca- taract of Atures 760 miles below its source, and 740 above its discharge into the Atlan- tic Ocean. The cataracts are in lon. W C 8 55 E, and lat. 5 15 N. About 100 miles below the cataracts the volume of the Ori- noco is enlarged by the Meta, a large river flowing from the Andes 500 by compara- tive courses Below its junction with the Meta 150 miles, the Orinoco, is again swel- led by the Apure, a very considerable branch flowing from the NW, and W about 500 miles, and drawing its sources from the mountains of Varinas, and Venezuela. From the cataracts, the Orinoco gradually turns more to the E, and below the dis- charge of the Apure, assumes a course a little N of E, and falls into the Atlantic Ocean by a wide delta, between 14° and 17° E from Washington, and from lat. 8 30 to 10° N. The entire comparative course of the Orinoco is about 1500 miles ; and the area of the basin it drains 400,000 square miles, .\bout 100 miles above its mouth it receives the Paraguay, or Oarom, the only large tributary which augments its vo- lume from the S. See Oar-om, and Para- gvai/, of Orinoco. Only the S, or main channel of Orinoco is navigable for large vessels. For boats few rivers of the world afford a more ex- tended and less interrupted navigation. The entire basin of this great river is in the republic of Colombia. Oriskany, post village of Whitestown, Oneida county. New York, at the mouth of Oniskany creek. It contains extensive manufactories of cotioti and woollen cloth; seven miles above Utica. Orio, town of Spain, in Guipuscoa, at the month of the Orio, eight mles SW of St. Sebastian. Lon. 2 19 W, lat. 43 23 N, Ormfl, province of the peninsula ofHin- doostan, bounded on the N by Bahar and Bengal, on the W by Berar, on the S by Golconda, and on the E by the bay of Ben- gal. In Orissa, the district of Midniupour only, is subject to the English ; the rest being entirely in the hands of the Mabrat- tas, and thfir tributaries. Oristngni, ancient town of Sardinia, with a good harbour, and an archbishop's see. O R I. R I. It is large, and well fortified, but thinly in- habited, on account of the unhealthy air. It is seated on tiie W coast, on a ba> of the same name, 42 nules NW ofCaghari. Lon. 8 51 E, lat. 40 2 N. Orizaba, volcanic mountain of Mexico, Or'ean of Arc, called the that part of the Mexican coast from the Maid of Orleans. It is now considered as gulf of Mexico. It is the Citlaltepetl of one of the largest and most pleasant cities the Aztecs. in France ; and its cr>mmerce consists in Orkened, town of Schonen, in Sweden, stockings, sheep-skins, wine, braiuly, corn, 24 miles N of Christianstadt. Lon. 14 9 groceries, and particularly sugar, v/hich is E, lat. 56 48 N. brought raw from Nantes and Rochelle. Orkney Islands, or Orkneys, ancient Or- The fauxbourg of Paris is of a prodigious cades, a cluster of islands to the N of Scot- length, and that of Olivet, on the left side land, from which they are separated by of the Loire, has a communication with the Pentland F'ith. They lie between 57 35 ciiy by a bridge of nine arches. Near the and 49 16 N lat. and are 26 in number, of city is a forest, containing 94,000 acr&s, which one greatly exceeds the otht-r in planted with ouk and otlier valuable trees. extent. This, like the principal one of Orleans is 30 miles NE of Blois, and 60 SSW Shetland, is sometimes dignified with the appellation of Mainland, but is more fre- quently called Pomona. Beyond this isl- and, to the NE are seen, among oiliers, Rowsa, Eglisha, and Westra, Shappinsha, and Eda, Stronsa, Sanda, and N. Ronaldsha; and to the S appear Hoy, and S Ronaldsha, of Paris. Lon. 1 54 E, lat. 47 54 N. Orleans, island and town of Lower Cana- da, in the river St. Lawrence, a little to the E ot Quebec. Lon. 69 50 W, lat. 47 N. Orleans, island of, that p^^rt of Louisiana, enclosed by the Mississippi ri\er, beyond with others of inferior note The currents Iberville, Amite river, lake Maurt-pas, Pass and tides which flow between these islands of Mauchac, lake Pontchartrain, the Rigo- are rapid and da-^gerous; and near the small Jets, lake Borgue, Pass of Marianne, Chan- isle of Swinna are two whirlpools, very deleiir bay, and gulf of Mexico. It is about dangerous to mariners especially m cidm* 170 miles long, with a width of from 10 to Springs of pure water are found in all the 25 miles; and contains part of the parishes mountainous parts of these islands;and there of Ibervdle, Ascension, St. .Tames, St. John are numerous lakes and rivulets aboundmg Buptiste, St Charles, St Bernard, Orleans, in fish. The climate of the. e islards in sum- and Plaquemine. The surface an unbro- mer is moist and cold ; but in winter there ken plain, and except near the Misiissippi, is never much snow, and that lies only a and a tew of the other streams, morass ; or short time. Preceding ti,e autumnal equi- ^^ igjs' liable to annual submersion. nox, they are visited by dreadful storms of Orleans, middlemost of the three north- wind, rain, and thunder. The coast afford gp^ countiis of Vermont, bounded N numerous bays and harbours for the fishe- \^y Lower Canada ; E by Essex county, ries. The chief exports are linen and wool- -,„ Vermont; SE by Caledonia; SW len yarn, stockings, butter, dried fish, her- ^^ Washington ; and W by Franklin, rings, oil, feathers, and skins of various Length 40 • mean width 20; and area kinds, and kelp. The English language gQQ square miles. Surface mountainous prevails in all these islands, althougli tliere ^^ ^^j.y broken by hills. Soil rocky,^ and are many words in the Norse, or Norwe- gxcept in a few places sterile. Chief gian, still in use. The inhabitants have the ^Q^yjjs, Craftsburv and Brownington. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females Toial whites general character of being frugal, sagacious, circumspect, rehgiou<^, and hospitable. Orlamunda, town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, seated on the Saale, opposite the influx of the Orla, 40 miles WSW of Altenbuig. - . , ,• Orland, township, Hancock county. All other persons except Indians Maine, 20 miles N from Castine. Popula- not taxed .... tion in 1820, 610. _ Slaves - . . . Orlando, cape on the N coast of Sicily, 15 miles W by N of Patti. Lon. 15 4 E, Total population m 1810 - iat. 38 14N. / 63 3,088 2,715 5,803 27 5,830 O U M O R S Populatisn in 1820. Eree white laales - - o,,'>9o do. do. females - - 3,oi7 Ail other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - Total whites - - - 6,940 Free persons of eolour, jnales IS do. do. females, 18 Slaves, males ... do. females _ . - o Tofalpopalation ill 1820 - 6,976 ©; these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 5 Engaged in Agricalture - - 1,536 do, in Manufactures - 101 do. in Commerce - H 37opulation to the square ralle, ?:}. Qrleanst post village and tnwnsliip, Barnstable county, Massachusetts, 20 ^i!es "E from Barnstable. Population 1820, 13i3. Orleans, parish of Louisiaoa. See Fa- visli ofNcai Orlean/>. Orleans, Canal of, which is about 48 miles long, commences at the river Loire, two miles above the city, crosses the fo- rest of Orleans, and terminates in the Ijoing, which falls into the Seine. It was linished in 1682, and has 30 locks in its course. Orleiiga, small town of Russia. It is situated in the government of Irkutsk, on the Lena, 232 miles N of Irkutsk. Lon. 105 40 E, lat?. 56 N. Ormea, town of Italy, in the county of Asti, taken by the French in 1794. It is situatifd on the Tanaro, 10 miles S of Cevar. Lon. 8 9 E, lat. 44 16 N. Ormond, northern division of the coun- ty of Tipperary in Ireland. Ormskirk, town of Lancashire, with a markeb on Tuseday, seated near the ri- vep Douglas, 30 miles S of Lancaster, and 206 NNW of London. Lon. 3 3 W, lat, 53 37 K. Ormus, small island of Asia, in a strait of the same name, at the entrance of the gulf of Persia, nine railes S of Gorabreon. It was taken in 1507 by the Portuguese, who fortified it ; and it was afterv/ard frequented by a number of rich mepehants. In 1622, the Persians, by the assistance of the English, conquered this place, and demolished the houses, ■which were 4000 in number, containing 40,000 inhabitants. Some time after, the Persians rebuilt the fort, and placed a garrison in it ; but they could never bring it to be a place of trade as before ; however, it is the key of the gulf of Per- sia, on account of the eommodiousness of the harboyr. It is almost dfserled ; 764- for it pcoduces nothing but salt, which sometimes is two inches deep upon the surface of the earth. Lon. 26 25 E, lat. 27 20 N. Ormyah, town of the kingdom of Per- sia, seated in the province of Tauris, 120 miles SW of Tauris. Ornans, town of France io the de- partment of Doubs and late province of Franche Compte. In its vicinity is a well, the same as that of Vesoul, which, du- ring the time of great rains, overHows in such a tuanner as to inundate the ad- jacent country ; and fishes that it dis- gorges are called umbres. Ornans is Bead- ed on the Louvre, eight miles SE of Be- sancon. Orne, river of France, in the late province of Normandy, which has its source at the village Aunon, and falls into the sea eight miles below Caen. Or7ie, department of France, which, includes the late province of Percl^e and part ef that of Normandy. It takes il^ name from a river, which falls into the English channel eight miles below Caen^ The capital is Alengon. Oronolfo, river of South America. See Orinoco. Oronsa, small fertile island of Scot- land, one of the Hebrides, seven miles W of Jura. Here are the ruins of an ab- bey, with many sepulchral statues, and some curious ancient sculpture. 07-0, Ca/ie d', ancient Caphareum, SE cape of Negropont, ancient Euboea. Oro7ttes, river of Syria, rising in mount Libanus, near Damascus, heading with the Jordan, flowing N, falls into the Me- diterranean, lat. 36 N. Orofiesa, town of Spain in New Cas- tile, 22 miles E of Placenlia, and 50 W of Toledo. Lon. 4 36 W, lat. 39 50 N. Orofiesa, town of Peru, seated at the foot of the mountains, 150 miles NE of Potosi. Lon. 63 30 VV, lat. 18 S. Orr, river in Kircudbrightshire, Scot- land, which rises near New Galloway, waters the town of Orr, and enters the Solway Frith. Orrijigton^ town situated on the E side of Penobscot river, in Hancock county, Maine. It had 1341 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 2000, 30 miles N of Castine. Orrsville, post village, Pendleton dis- trict. South Carolina. Orsova, town of Upper Hungary, in the bannat of Tameswar. It is seated on the N side of the Danube, almost oppo- site Belgrade, and is subject to the Turks. Lon. 22 3 E, lat. 45 30 N. Orsova, J^ew, fortress of European Turkey, on an island in the Danube, about 100 miles below Belgrade. Ovaoi/, town pf Germany, in the circle O II w OSS of Westphalia, in the duchy of Cleves, belonging to the king of Prussia. It is 9.0 mi'les SE of Cleves. Lon. 6 43 E, lat. 51 28 N. Orta, episcopal town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, seated on the Ti- ber, 10 miles E of Viterbo, and 30 N of Rome. Lon. 12 57 W, lat. 42 22 N. Orta, town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, and in the province of Capita- nata, 11 miles NNE of Ascoli. Orte^al, cape and castle on the N coast of (iailicia, in Spain, 30 miles NNE of Ferrol. Lon. 7 39 W, lat. 43 46 N. Orcenburg, town of Germany, in the circle of Austria, seated on the S bank of the Drave, opposite its confluence with the Liser. Lon. 13 38 E, lat. 46 52 N. Orthez, town of France, in the de- partment of the Lower Pyrenees and late province of Beam, seated on the declivi- ty of a hill, near the river Gave de Pau, 17 miles SVV of Pau. Lon. 24 W, lat. 43 5 l part of a chain extending from ^P!5 O S T o s w Macedonia SE, nearly parallel to the Ac- geaii sea, and terminstins^ oppnsite the N part of the island oS Ne.£;rop!}nt. It is separated from m^'Wiit Olympus by the wall of Tempe. See Tempe. Ossabmv Sound, on the coast of Georgia, between Great Warsaw and Ossaban islands, is in reality the mouth • f Ogeecliee river. Ossetia, country of the Ossia, or Os- seti, one of the seven Caucasan na- tions, between the Black sea and the Cas- pisn ; bounded on the N by Great Cabarda, E by the Lesguis Tartars, and S and W by Itneritia. It contains 19 districts, of which one is subject to Imeritia, and the others to Georgia. These districts are of very unequal size ; some con'ainln,^ only five, and others 50, villages, eacli of which com- prise from 20 to 100 families. Their lan- guage has some analogy with that of the Persian. Their history is entirely un- known. The Circassians and Tartars call them K'isha. Ossipee gore, township of New Hamp- shire, Strafford county. Population in 1820. 195. Ossippee, township of Strafford county. New Hampshire, containing 1205 inhabi- tants in 1810, and in 1820, 1793. Ostend, Ibrtified seaport of the 'Nether lands, in Flanders, seated amouij a number of canals, and almost surrounded by two of the largest of them, into which ships of great burden may enter with the tide. It is 10 miles W of Bruges, 22 NK of Dun- kirk, and 60 NW of Brussels. Lou. 3 1 E, lat. 51 14 N. OsiV'-ot/c, town of Lowep Saxony, in the principality of Grubenhagen, noted for a manufiicture of woollen stuffs. It has like- wise a magazine of corn for the miners of Hartz forest, to whom it is delivered at a fixed price. It is 16 miles SW of Goslar. Lon. 10 33 E, lat. 51 50 N. Osterrode., town of Prussia, in the pro- vince of Oberland, situated on the Dri- bentz. It has an ancient castle, and is 65 miles SE of Dantzic, and 70 SSW of Ko- ningsberg. Osterwieck, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Lower Saxony, and principality of Halberstadt. It carries on considerable manufactures in woollen sUiffs, and is situa- ted on the Use, 13 miles W of Halberstadt, and 15 miles NE of Goslar. Lon. 10 52 E, lat. 52 10 N. OsUa, once celebrated but decayed sea- port of Italy, in Cliampagna di Roma, seat- ed at the mouti) of the Tiber, with a bish- op's see : the harbour is choaked up. It is 12 miles SW of Rome. Lon. 12 24 E, lat. 41 44 N. Ostiglio, town of Italy, in the duchy of Mantua, seated on the Po, 15 miles E of Mantua. Lon. 11 8 E, lat. 45 7 N. 7r>6 Osihi^hausen, town of Germany in the circle of Wesphalia, situated on the Alst, eight miles W of I-ipstadt. Ostrogothia, eastern part of Gothland, in Sweden. Ostunt, town of Naples, in Terra d'Otran- to, with a bishop's see. It is seated on a mountain, near the gulf of Venice, 16 miles NW of Brindici, and 24 NE of Tarento. Lon. 17 59 E. lat. 40 51 N. Osiuald, St. village in Northumberland, on the Pic -i' Wail N of Hexham. Here Oswald, who was afterwards sainted, set up the first cross in the kingdom of North- umberland. Osioegaichie, river of St. Lawrence coun- ty, New York, risps in the southern parts of the county, and flows NW into St. Law- rence it Ogdensburg. It communicates witl) Grass river by a natural channel. Its comparative course about 60 miles. Oswegatchie, township of St. Lawrence county, New York, on the Sn Lawrence, and including the village of Ogdensburg. Population in 1820, 1661. Oswego, river of New York, formed by the outlet of Oneida lake and Seneca river. Its comparative length about 30 miles, it falls into lake Ontario about 80 miles NW from Utica, and has been made navigable from Oneida lake to its mouth, by locks and side cuts. Oswego, post town and post of entry? Oswego county, New York, on both banks of Oswego river at its mouth. It is an in- creasing town, and place of considerable comm rce. In time of war, it is also a mili- tary post of much consequence. It is partly in the township of Scriba and partly in Hanibal. Oswego, county of New York j bounded by lake Ontario NW ; by Jefferson N ; Lewis and Oneida E ; Oneida lake and Os- wego river or Onondago county S ; and Cayuga SW. Length 45 ; mean width 22; and area about 1000 square miles. Surface generally broken, and soil of middling, quality. Besides the Oswego, it^B drained by Salmon river and some of lesser note ail falling into lake Ontario. Chief towns Oswego. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 6,535 do. do. females - - - 5,837 All other persons, except Indians not taxed ... - Total v/hites ... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males - - /. do. females Total population in 1820 12,342 17 15 12,374 O T O O T S Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 131 Engajjed in Agriculture - - 3,402 do. in Manufactures - 488 do. in Commerce - - 227 Population to the square mile, 12. Opnhtt, one of the Society islands, in the S Pacific Ocean. It lies N of Ulitea; and is divided from it by a strait, which in the narrowest part, is not more than Uvo miles broad. This island is smaller and more barren than Ulitea. but has two very good harbours. OsTveiczsn, town of Poland, in tiie palati- nate of C.-acovia. It has a great trade in salt, and is seated on the Vistula, 15 miles SW of Cracow. Lon. 19 44 E, lat. 59 ON. Os^uestry, corporate town in Shropshire with a market on Wednesday. It had a wall, and a castle long ago demoHshed ; and has some trade with Wal s in flannels- It is 18 mil'js NVV of Shrewsb».rv, and 174 of London. Lon. 3 3 W, lat. 52 52 N. Osyth, St. village in Essex ; here are the remains of an ancient monastery, now the seat of the earl ofRochford. It is situated near the sea, nine miles SE of Colchester. Otaheite, one of the Society Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, lying in 18 deg, S lat. and 150 deg. W lon. and first disco- vered by captain Wallis in 1767, who call- ed it George the Third's Island. M. di Bougainville next arrived at in April 1763, and staid ten days. Captain Cook came hither in 1769, to observe the transit of Venus : sailed round the whole island in a boat, and staid three months. It has since been visited twice by that celebrated navi- gator. It consists of two peninsulas, great part of which is coveied with woods, con- sisting partly of bread-fruit trees, palms, cocoa nut trees, plantains, bananas, mul- berries, sugar canps and others peculiar to the climate, particularly a kind of pine ap- ple and the dragon tree. The people have mild features, and a pleasing countenance. They are about the ordinary size of Eu- ropeansj^^f a pale mahogany brown, with fine bla^Riair and eyes. Otis, post village and township, Berk- shire county, Massachusetts. 20 miles SE from Lenox. Population 1820, 981. Otisco, small lake, and township, in the SW part of Onondago county, N/w York. Population of the township 1820, 1726. Otisjtehl, township of Cumberland coun- ty, Maine, 43 miles N from Portland. Po- pulation 1820, 1107. Otletf, town in the West Riding of York- shire, with a market on Friday. It is seat- ed on the Wharf, under a high craggy cliff, 25 miles W of York, and 302 NNW of London, Lon. 1 48 W, lat. 53 54 X. Otoque, island of South America, in the bay of Panama. Lon. 81 10 W, lat. 7 50 N. Otranto, or Terra D'Otranio, province of Naples, bounded on the N by Terra-di- Bari and the gulf of Venice, on the E by the same gulf, and on the S and W by a great bay, between that and Basihcata. It is a mountainous country, abounding in olives, figs, and wine. Here is a kind of spider, called a tara-itula, whose bite is ve- nomous ; and the country is oflen visited by locusts. Otranto, city of Naples, capital of Terra d'Oirauto, with a commodious harbour, an archbishop's see, and a strong citadel, where the archbishops reside. It was taken, in 1480 by the Turks, who did a great deal of mischief, but it has since been restored. It has also suffered greatly by the Algerine pirates. It is seated on the gulf of Ve- nice, 37 miles SE of Brindici, and 60 SE of Tarento. Lon. 18 35 E, lat. 40 20 N. Oiricoli, town of Italy, in the duohy of Spoletto, seated on a hill, two miles fronri the Tiber, nd 32 N of Rome. Lon. 12 23 E. lai. 42 26 N. Otsego, narrow lake of North America, ill the state of New York, in Otsego coun- ty. It is nine miles long, and lies at the head of the river Susquehannah. Otsego, county of New York ; bounded by Schoharie E; De,iwareSE; Unadilla river or Chenango county W ; Madson and Oneida NW ; Herkimer N; and Montgo- mery NE. Length 40 ; mean width 25 ; and area 1000 square mdes. Surface gen- erally hilly ; but soil generally produc- tive. Staples, grain, flovr, live stock, and salted provision. Cliief towns. Cooper's town, and Ciieriy Valley. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females - Tot.il whites All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves . . - - - Total population in ISIO - Population in 1820. Free white males - . - do. do. females All other persons except ladians not taxed - - - " Total whites - - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females - Slaves, males . . - - do."^ females . . - - Total population injl820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 767 19,718 18,877 38,595 133 74 38,802 22.303 22,302 44,605 119 116 4 12 44,856 f 331 O U D O V E Engaged in Agriculture - - 12,588 do. in Manufactures - - 2,466 do. in Commerce - - 126 Population to the square mile, 44J. OtseUc, small river of New York in Cha- nango county, falling into the Tioughioga branch of Susquehannah. Otselic, township of Chenango county, New York. Population 1820, 526. Oeia-wa, large river of British America, rises north from lake Huron, and flowing SE falls into St. Lawrence, 25 miles NW from Montreal, after an entire comparative course of 500 miles. It forms part of the boundary between Upper and Lower Ca- nada. Its volume of water is very large for its length of course. Settlements are scattered along its banks about 150 miles from its mouth. Though much obstructed by rapids, it is one of the channels of in- land trade from Montreal to the NW. Ottentlorf, town of German}', in the cir- cle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Saxe Lauenberg. It is seated on the Meden, 24 miles N of Stade. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 53 53 N. Ottensheim, town of Germany, in the archduchy of Austria. It lies on the N side of the Danube, 16 miles SW of Frey. stadt. Otter, river of Vermont, which rises in the Green Mountains, Bennington county, and after running a NW course through the country for 70 miles, flows into lake Cham- plaine, about 15 miles above Crown Point. Ottet'-bridge, post office, Bedford county, Virginia. Otterberg. town of Germany, in the pa- latinate of the Rhine, five miles N of Kay- serslautern, Otterbwn, village in Northumberland, on the river Reed, 22 miles W by N Morpeth. It is celebrated for a battle in 1388, on which is founded the ballad of Chevy ChaCe, Ottersberg, town cf Westphalia, in the duchy of Bremen, with a fort, 17 miles NE of Bremen. Ottery, St. Mainj, town in Devonshire. It has a large church with two square tow- ers, and manufactures of flannels, serges, 8sc. It is seated on the rivulet Otter, 10 miles E of Exeter, and 161 W by S of London. Ottmuchau, town of Silesia, in the prin- cipality of Niesse, with a castle ; seated on the river Niesse, seven miles W by S of Niesse. Oltona, or Ortona, town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, on the gulf of Venice, 10 miles N of Lanciano, and 43 E of Aquilcia. Lon. 14 59 E, lat. 42 28 N. / Ott-aeiler, fortified town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, with a castle, 40 miles SE of Treves. Ouachitau. See JFnshitau. Oude, province of Hindoostan Proper, ■Bubiect to a nabob, whose dominions lie on 768 ' both sides of the Ganges, occupying (with the exception of the district of Rompour) all the flat country between that river and the northern mountains, as well as the prin- cipal part of that fertile tract, lying be- tween the Ganges and Jumna, known by the name of Dooab, to witliin 40 miles of the city of Delhi. Oude and Its dependen- cies are estimated at 360 miles in length from E to W, and in breadth from 150 to 180. Oude, ancient city of Hindoostan Proper, in the province of Oude, the remains of which are seated on the Gogra. nearly ad- joining Fitabad. It is said to have been the first imperial city of Hindoostan, and to have been the capital of a kingdom, 1200 years before the Christian era ; and it is frequently mentioned in the Mchabe- ret, a famous Hindoo work in Sanscrit, under the name of Adjudiah, But what- ever may have been its former magnifi- cence, no traces of it are left. It is con- sidered as a place of sanctity ; and the Hindoos frequently come hither, on pil- grimage, from all parts of India. Oudenaed, town of the Netherlands, in the middle of which is a fort ; it is 12 miles S of Ghent, 15 NE of Tournay. and 27 W of Brussels. Lon. 3 49 E, lat. 50 51 N. Oudenbjtrg, town of Flanders, eight miles SE of Ostend, and 10 W of Bruges. Lon. 3 E, lat 51 9 N. Oudipovr. See Cheitore. Overflackee, island of Holland between the mouths of the Maese. Melisand is tlie principal town. Overton, county of Tennessee ; bound- ed by Cumberland county in Kentucky N ; Morgan county in Tennessee E ; Bledsoe S ; White SW ; and Jackson W. Length 40 ; mean v/idth 15 ; and area 600 square miles. It is drained by Obed's ?.nd Roaring river, branches of Teimessee. Chief town Monroe. Population in 1810. Free white males - - ^ 2,634 do. do. females - tB 2,648 Total whites - - - 5,282 All other persons except Indians --- -' - - - 6 S55 not taxed Slaves Total population in 1810 5,64S Popidation in 1820. Free white males - - - 3,255 do. do. females ... 3,176 All other persons except Indians nottuxed ... o Total whites .... Free persons of coIo\ir, males - dp. do. females U l: S O L S Siaves, mules do. females Total population in 1820 342 7,128 Of these ; Foreigneis cot na*ural/zecl - Eii;;asjcd in Agriculture - - 1,950 do. in Manufactures - 40 do. in Commerce - - 11 Population to t!ie square ir.ile, 12 nearlj'. Overijsclic, town of Austrian Brabant, seared oti the Ysche, six miles NE of Brussels, and nin? SW of Louvain. Lon. 4 30 E, lat. 50 53 N. Overysnel, province of the Nether- lands ; biiunded on the E by the bishop- ric of Munster, on the N Ijy Friesland and Gro'iinj^en, on the VV by die Yssel, and on the S by the country of Zutphen and bishopric of Monster. It is divided into three districts, called Drcnte, TweMt, and Saliand. There are many morasses in this province, and but few inhabitants, in comparison with the rest. It i^reattst riches consist in turf, which is dug up here, and sent to the neighbouring pro- vinces, particularly Holiand. Ougien, town of Hn.doostan Proper, in the province of Malwa, capital of one of the Western Mahratta chiefs. It is a place •■■•f great antiquitv, 452 miles SW of Poonah. Lon. 75 56 E, lat 23 26 N. Oviedo, town of Spain, cajjital of As- turia d'Oiicdn, with a bishop's see, and a university. It is seated at the conflu- encf of the Ove and Devn, wiiich forms the Astra, 50 miles NW of Leon, and 208 of Madrid. Lon. 5 44 W, lat. 43 25 N. Ouia(G7i, or Ouitanon, village of In- diana, on the Wabash, 150 miles above Vinciennes. ^ Ovid, township and post vlHag^eiieca county, New York, between Seneca, and Cayuga iake.s.^ The principal village is near the former 22 miles above Geneva. Population 1810,4535. and in 1820, 2654. Oulsconsin, river of the United States the NW territory rises at lat. 46° N, and between 12 and "lo"^- W from Was'.iington, interlocking witii the *Menomonie of Green bny and with the southern rivers of Lake Superior. It thence flows S to about lat. 4v 45, where it approaches so very near Fox river of Green bay, as to leave only a p'l'tatce of one mile and a half, Sf.e Fosc rivr of Michigan. Be- low the portage the Oa;scnnsin. turns to SW by W, and falls into Mississippi about fivf: miles below Prairie du Clii n at lat. 43^ N. Tliis streams forms one of the great natural cliannelsof commu- nicaticn between the St Lawrence and Mississippi basins. Though generallv A K rapid in its current, it is unimpeded Ijy cataracts, or, even dangerous shoals. The entire length by comparative courses 350 miles, nearly one half of which dis- tance is below the portage. Ou'.z, town of Piedmont, seated in a valley, 12 miles SW of Susa. Oundk; town in Northamptonshire, with a market on Saturday, seated on the N.-'u, over which are two bridges, 26 miles NE of Northampton, and 78 N by W of London. Oural. See Und inountains. Oiirem, town of Portugal, in Estrema- dura, seated on a mountain, 12 miles W of Tomar. Otirfa. See C'rfa. Ourifjue, townof PortUijal, in Alente- jo, celebrated for a victory, obtained by Alphons;), king of Portugal, over five Moorish kings, in 1139. The heads of these five kings are the arms of Portugal. It is £6 miles SW of Beja. 0?.i5c, river in Yorkshi;'e, formed of th-.' Ureand Swale, which rises near each other in the romantic tract called Kich- mondshire, and unite at AUlbtirough. It thence takes the name of Ouse, and flows through York, where it is naviga- ble for consi'ierable vessels; and after- ward receiving the Wiiarf, Derwent, Aire, and D -n, it meets the 'I'rent on the borders of Lincolnshire, where tlieii' united streans form the Humbcr. Ouse, river in Sussex, formed of two branches, one of v/hicli rises in St. Leo- nard forest, the ether in the forest of V.'cirth, and they unite above Lewes. It flows by that town to N- w Haven, below which it forms a consider ible haven, and enters the E'lg'ish chani;el. Ouse. (ivcat. river which rises in Norihamptt)n.>,hire, near Brackley, aiid flows to Buo.k;ngham, Stoney, Sratf jrd, Newport Pagnel, Obuy, and Bedford, where it is nav gable. Thence it pro-' ceeds to St. Nei.t, Huntingdon. St. Ives, Ely, raid Lynn, btlovv which it enters the Lincoliis lire wash. Oufie, Little, river which rises in the S part of x\;jrf>!k. and dividing that county from Suffolk, as it flows west- ward, becomes navigable at Thetfcrd; and afterwards joins :he Great Ouse. OuHC, or Grand river, .stream of Up- p r Canada, rising in the interior coun- try, which sources interlocking with those of the Thames. It thence flows a little E of vS into Lake Erie, which it enters about half way from Fort Erie to the North Foreland The bar at it* month, has about seven feetw^iecr. Oussore. town and fort of Hi:>doostan, in Mvsore. taken bv the English in 17'^'!. ' 76<' O W £ O X 1 It is 19 miles SE of Bangalore, and 60 ENE of Seringapatam. Outeiro, town and fortress of Portugal, in Tra los Monies, seated on a mountain, nine miles SE of Braganza, and 21 NW of Miranda (hoasco, lake of Cayuga county, New- York ; its waters is discharged into Se- neca river. Owasco, township and post village Cayuga county, New York, at the bot- tom of Owasco lake three miles SE from Auburn. Population 1810, 496; and in 1820, 1290. Onvego, town of New York, in Broome comity on the E branch of the Susque- hannah, 20 miles W of Union, and 30 miles SSE from Ithaca. It is a place of much trade in salt and Gypsum from Ofliondaga county. Population 1820, 1741. Otvego, small river of Xew York rising in Courtland and Tompkins, and flowing S between Broome, and Tioga counties falls into the Susquehannah river at the village of Owego. Owen, county of Kentucky ; bounded by Kentucky river or Henry county W ; Gallatin NW; Garret N ; Harrison E ; and Scott, and Franklin S. Length 20 ; mean width 12 ; and area 240 square miles. Chief town Owentown. Population in 1820. Free white males, - - - 944 do. do. females . - - 879 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - - Total whites .... 1,823 Free persons of colour, males - ^1 do. do. females - Slaves, males .... 96 do. females _ - . m Total population in 1820 - - 2,031 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 528 do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce - - 1 Population to the square mile, 8^. Owen, county of Indiana ; bounded by Dubois S ; Daviess W ; Martin N ; and Lawrence and Orange E. Length 24 ; width 18 ; and area 432 square miles. The East branch of White river ira- versss this county obliquelv from NE, to SW. Chief town Greenwich. Population in 1820. Free white males - - 457 do. do. ft^males - - 370 -VJl other persons except Indians "t-t taxed .... 838 1 170 2 Total wh'itfcs 827 Tro Free persons of colour, males do. do. females, Slaves, males .... do. females - . . Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalize^ Engaged in Agriculture do. in Ma!.\ifactures do, in Commerce - Population to the square mile, 2. Owen's, tavern, post office, Middlesex county, ^ irginia. Otventon, post town and seat of jus- tice, Ov.'en county, Kentucky, on a branch of Eagle creek, 20 miles NNE from Frank- fort. Oioyhee, largest and most eastern of the Sandwich islands, in the Pacific Ocean. Its length from N to S is 84 miles, and its breadih 70. It is divided into six districts, two of which, on the NE side, are separated by a mountain, that rises in three peaks, perpetually co- vered with snow, and may be seen at 40 leagues distance. To the N of this mountain, the coast consists of high and ybrupt cliff's, down which fall many beautiful cascades ; and the whole coun- try is covered with cocoa-nut and bread- fruit trees. The peaks of this moun- tain on the NE bide appear to be about half a mile high. To the S of this moun- tain, the ground is covei'ed with cinders, and in many places has black streaks, which seem to mark the course of a la- va, that has flowed from the mountain to the shore. The southern promonto- ry looks like the mere dregs of a volca- no. The projecting headland is com- posed of broken and craggy rocks piled irregularly on one another, and termi- nating in sharp points ; yet, amid these ruins, are many patches of rich soil, carefully laid out in plantations. The fields are enclosed by stone fences, and are interspersed with groves of cocoa- nut trees. Here captain Cook, in 1779, fell a victim to the sudden resentment of the natives, with whom he unfortunate- ly had a dispute*. Lon. 156 W, lat. 19 28 N. Oxford, capital of Oxfordshire, and a bishop's see. It is seated at the conflux of tlie CherwcU with the Thames, and has a canal to Brunston, in Northamp- tonshire. The citj'-, with the suburbs, is of a circular form, three miles in cir- cumference, and was anciently surround- ed by walls, of which con.siderable re- mains are yet to be seen ; as also of its extensive castle, the tower of which now serves for a country jail. In 1811, the number of inhabitants was 12,931. It has. O X F O X F beside tlie cathedral, 13 parish-church- es, a famous university, a noble market place, and a mat^nificent bridge. The university is gfneral'y supposed to have bttn a Seminary for learning before the time of Alfred, although it owed its re- vival and consi quence to his liberal pa- tronage. Here are 20 coleges, and five halls, several of which, stand in the streets, and givK tht- city an air of mag niticence. The colleges are provided with sufficient revenues for the mainte- nance of a master, fellow, and students. In the halls the students live, either wiiolly, or in part at their own expense. The colleges are, Uidversity, Baliol, Merton, Exeter, Oriel, Qu-en's. New, Lincoln, All Souls, Magdalen, Brazirn Nose, Clorpus Chrifeli, Christ Church, Trinity, St, Juhn Baptist's. Jesus, Wad ham, P -mbroke, Worcester, and Hert- ford. Of these the most ancient is Uni- versity College, founded before the year 872 ; and to Christ Church College, be- gun by cardinal Wolsey, and finished by Henry VIII. belongs the cathedral. The halfs are Alban, Edmur.d, St. Ma- ry's, New Ifin, and St. Mary Magdalene. Among the libraries in the uni' ersity, the most distinguished is the Bodleian, founded by Sir Thomas Bodley ; those of All Souls College, Christ Church, Queen's, New, St. John's, Exeter, and Corpus Christi. Among other pubUc buildings are the Ashmolean Museum, the Clarendon Printing-house, Radcliff Infirmary, and an Observatory. Magda- len Bridge, besides the beauty of its ar- chitecture, has this singularity that more than half of it is on dry ground, and the rest covers two small stripes of the Cher- wel ; this bridge is 526 feet long. The Theatre, more magnificent of any thing of the kind hi the world. The physic- garden of above five acres, walled rouinl with fine gates one of which cost 600/. Oxfordshire, county of England, bound- ed on the E by Buckinghamshire, W by Gloucestershire, S by Berkshire, and N by Warwickshire and Northampton- shire. The extreme length is 48 miles, and breadth 26, but its form is very irre- gular. It contains 450,000 acres ; is di- vided into 14 hundreds, and 207 parisii- es ; has one city and 12 market towns ; and sends nine members to parliament. The soil, though various, is fertile in corn and grass. The S part, especially on the borders of Buckinghamshire, is hilly and woody, having a continuation of Chiltern hills running through it. The NW part is also elevated and stony. The middle is, in general, a rich country, wa- tered by numerous streams running from i? to S, and terminating in the Thames. Of these, the most considerable are the Windrush, Evenlode, Cherwell, and Thames ; the latter, although an inconsi- derable rivulet, has obtained some im- portance from having been supposed to give name to the Thames. The pro- ducts of Oxfordshire are chiefly those common to the midland farming coun- ties Its hills yield ochre, pipe -clay, and other earths, useful for various purpo- ses. Corn and malt are conveyed from it, by the Thames, to the metrcpolis. Population 1801, 109,620, in 1811, 119,191, and in 1821, 134,327. Oxford, township of Granville coQnty, Upper Canada, on the Rideau. Oxjord county of Upper Canada, wa- tered by the sources of the Thames, and Grand rivers. Oxford, county of Maine, bounded NW by Lower Canada ; W by New Hampshire ; S by Cumberland, and York, ?ind E by Kennebec and Somerset coun- ties. It extends indefinitely along the western side of the state from York and Cumberland counties. Area of the set- tled parts, about 2000 square miles. The Androscoggin, has its principal sources in, and flows obliquely across this county. Chief town Paris. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females 9,028 8,589 17,617 Total whites ... Ail other persons except Indians not taxed - - . . 13 Slaves Total population in 1810 - - 17,630 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 13,714 do. do. females - - - 13,37^ All other persons except Indians not taxed .... o Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males . . - - do. females Total population in 1820 Of these: Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 27,104 SO 6,809 571 13 Population to the square mile, 2%\. Oxford, township of Worcester coun- ty, Massachusetts, containing 1277 inha- bitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1562, situa- ted on the E side of French river, about 14 miles to the S of Worcester. Oxford, township of New Haven coun-. , 771 V A i» A (; ty, Connecticut, containing 14j3 inhabi- tants in 1810, and in 1820, 1683, situated on the VV of the Naiigaheck river, 12 miles NW of New Haven, Oxford, township of Chenango coun- ty. New York, containing 2988 inhabi- tants in 1810, and in 1820, 231", situated on the W side of Chenango river, 110 miles W of Albany. In this town an academy has been incorporated. Oxford, township c.f Sussex cnunty, Nevy'jersey, containing 2470 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 3039, situated on the E side o£ the river Delaware, between Hardwick and Mansfiekl Oxford, township of Philadelphia ccun- tv, Pennsylvatiia, containing 97.1 inhabi- tants in 1810, and in 1820. 1315, situated on the NW side of Delaware river, abnut tight miles N of Philadelphia. Oxford, Lower, township of Chester crunty, Pennsylvania, between Elk, and Octcrara creeks, 25 miles SW from Ches- ter. Population 1820, 914. Oxford, Ujifier, townslnp of Chester county, Pennsylvania, adjoining the pre- ceding to the N. Population 1820, 710. Oxfork, post village of Adams county, Pc nnsylvania, nine miles NE by E from Gettysburg. Oxford, post town and port of entry, on the E side of Tread Haven bay, Tal- bot county, Maryland, 50 miles SE from Baltimore. It is one of the most trading places E of Chesapeak bay. The shipping owned here in 1816, exceeded 13,000 tons. Oxford, post village, Car(;lina county, Virginia. Oxford, post town, Granviiie county. North Carolina, 30 miles N by W frorn Raleigh. It is the scat of two academies. Oxford, one of the western townsliips of Huron connty, Ohio, containing the village of Bloomfieid. Population in 1820, 422, Oxford, northern township of Delaware county, Ohio. Population, in 1820, 205. Oxford, NW township of Uutler county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1658. Distant 35 miles NW from Cincinnati. Miami University, a literary institution, located in this township in 1809, is on the land granted for that purpose by congress. The neces- sary bullflings have been commenced, and the revenues already amount to more than 400 dollars annually. Greek, and Latin are already tauglit, and the funds and prospects of the college augmenting. Oxford, township of Tuscarawas county, Ohio, containing the village of Wilmington. Population in 1820, 193. ' Oxford, post village, of Coshocton coun- ty, Ohio. Oxford, township of Guernsey countv, Ohio. Popula-,ioninl820,915. Oijster Bav, or more correctly Oester, {West Bay,) township of Queen's county. Long Island and slate of New York, con- taining 4725 inhabitants in 1810. It ex- tends quite across the island from the ocean to Long Isl.and Sound. Oz7oie:i/i, town of Little Poland; seated on the AVeitchssfl. The houses are built of wood; and the town is covered on one side by a great morass, and on the other defended by a castle, whose walls are of wood. It is 34 miles W of Cracow. Lon. 19 10 E, hit. 50 ION. Pacem, town in the N part rf Stunatra, in the East Indies, Lon. 97 15 E, hit. 5 N. Pacham(}e,\Ci\\ey in Peru, celebrated for its pleasantness and fertility, but more for u magnificent temple, budi by the Incas to ti-e honourof their god. The Spaniards, when they conquered Peru, found immense richea in it. ll is 10 miles S of Lin^a. Pachica, town of Mexico, famous for its silver mines. Some .tuthors say, that in the space of six leagues there fire not less ihwu fi thousand. One cf which called Trinity, is supposed '.o be as rich as any in the Spa- n'sh dominions. F* rly millions of .silver having been taken from it in 10 years. It is 45 miles NNE of Me.xico. Lon. 100 4 W, lat. 20 32 N. Pachsu, small Island in the Mediterrane- an, near the coast ot Epirus, S of Corfu, and W ot the gulf of Arta. It is subject to Venice. Pacific Ocean, that vast ocean which se- 772 paratcs Asia from America. It is called Pacific, from the moderate weather the first mariners who sailed in it met with between tlie tropics: and it was called South Sea, because the Spaniards crossed the isthmus of Darien from N to S when they first discovered it ; though it is pro- perly the Western Ocean with regaid to America. Geographers call the South Sea Marc Pacificum, "• The Pacific Ocean," as being less infested with storms than the Atlantic; but M. Frezicr affirms it does rot deserve that appellation, and that he has seen as violent storms therein as in any other sea : but Magellan happened to have a very favoiirabl.f; wind, and not meeting with any thing to ruffle him when he first traversed this vast ocean in 1520, gave it the name which it has retained ever since. Maty, however, adds, that the wind is so regular there, that the vessels would fre- quently g« from Acapuico to the Philippine; ]> A i) P A 1 Islands without shifting a sail. All tiie pre- ceding characters of the Pacil'ic Ocean are correct wiien iipplied to dilierent parts ot" that immense basin. Within and lor some, distancii above t!ie tropics, it is truly Paci- fie, whilst in high latitudes, and particular- ly near land, it is liable to all the meteoro- logical changes arisir.g from difference of t.'.nperature. I'ackersfieUlf now J\'clson, township of Cheshire county, New Hampshire, contain- ing 1076 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 907. Situated on the head branches of the Ashuelot river, about 20 miles E of Connecticut river. Pacoiet river, rises in liutheiford county North Carolina, and flowing S enters Spar- tanbury district South Cai-olina, and con- tinuing SE, crosses Spartanburg, ;.nd Uriion, and falls into Broad river, opposite the S\V angle of York district. Pcicij, ancient town of France, in the de- partment of Eure and late province of Nor- mandy, seated on the Eure, eight miles S by E of Vernon. Lon. 1 41 E, lat. 43 58 N. Padung,st&\iort on the W coast of Su- matra, in the East Indies, in the posses- sion of ihe Dutch. Lon. 99 46 E, lat. 50 S. Paddington^ village in Middlesex, W by N of London, wiih a handsome new church, erected in 1790, in a singularly pleasing style. Paderboni, blshoprick of Germany, in the circle of Westphaii.a, 32 miles long and 20 broad. In the middle of it are high mountains, andiron rnmes; but the rest of the country is fertile in corn and pas- tures. However it is most remarkable for its bacon and venison. It was secularized in 1802, and now belongs to Prussia. Po- pulation in 1820, 120,000. Paderboru, ancient and populous town of Germany in Westphalia, cap'tal of the pro- vince of the same name. It takers its name from the rivulet I'adtr, which rises under the high altar of the cathedral. It has a celebrated university, and is 37 mdes SW of Minden, and 43 ESE of Munster. Lon. 8 55E, lat. 51 46N. Padron, town of Spain, in Galicia, seated on the river Ulia, 12 miles S of Compostel- la. Lon. 8 17 W, lat. 42 40 N. Padstow, town in Cornwall, with a mar- ket on Saturday. It is seated on ti.e P)ris- tol Channel, and has some trade to Ireland, from which place it is dislant 240 miles. It is 30 miles W of Lauceston, and 243 W by S of London. Lon. 4 45 W, iat. 50 42 N. Padjia, ancient, large, and celebrated city of Italy, capital of the Paduano, with a university and a bi.shop's see. It is seven miles in circumference, and much less con- siderable than formerly ; for it now contains ^jnly 30,000, whereas ft formerly contained 100,000 inhabitants. The university was new modeled in 1814, and consists of the faculties of mathematics and philosophy, medicine and law. Students about 300. It is seated on the Brenta and Bachiglione, in a fire plain, 20 miles SE of Vicenza, and 225 N of Home. Lon. 12 1 E, lat. 45 22 N. Paihunio, formerly a prcvince of Italy, in the territory cf Venice, :iow part of Aus- trian Itrtiy, 40 mdes long, and 25 broad ; bounded on tlie K by the i)ogado, on tlie S by Polesino di llovigo, on the W by the Veronese, and on ;he N by the Vincenluio. Iti soil is well watered, and is one or' the most fertile in Italy. Padua is the capital. PaduJa, town of Italy, m the kingdom of Naples, in Principato Citeriore. Lon. 15 41 E, lat. 40 29 N. Paefenhoffen, town oiVvaxxce, in ll'e de- partment of Lov\er Rhine and late province of Alsace, seated on the declivity of a mountain, near the river MoUeir,eigl"it miles W ofH:ig>;enaii. Um. 7 38 K, lat. 48 48 N. Pugliano, town of Italy, in Ahbruzzo Ul- teriore. Lon. 13 4G K, lat. 42 28 N. Pagn, island in the gulf of Venice, sepa- rated from Venetian Daiamatia by a narrow strait. The air is cold, and the soil barren; but it is well peopled, and contains salt- works. Pahang. See Pan. Paimbccvfi seaport of France, in the de- partment of Lower Loire and late province ofBretagne, at the mouth of the Loire. Wliat makes it of consequence is, that all s'lips belonging to Nantes, take their de- parture hence, and here they anchor on their arrivrd. It is 20 miles W of Nantes. Lon. 1 5o W, lat. 47 15 N. Pahisville, fine commercial post village of Geauga county, Ohio, on Grand river, about three miles above its mouth, at Fair- port. A bridge constructed of wiiod of 400 feet has been erected over Grand river at this^ place, and toll free. Population in 1820, 1257. I'aiiiesvil/e, post village, Amelia county, Virginia, 45 miles W horn Petersburg. Paint, SE township of Wayne county, Ohio. Population in' 18:20, o90. Paint, township in the western i)orders of Ross county, Ohio. Population m 1820, 946. It is watered, on the W and 8 by Paint creek, and near the middle, by Buck- skin creek, which runs across It from NW to SE. Paint, township in the northern borders of Fayette county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 767., Paint, township in the eastern part of Highland county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1895. Paint c)'eeA-,western branch of tlu- Sclota river, rising in the SW corner ot Madison county, Ohio ; near the source of Little Mi- ami, from whence it runs 35 miles SW P A L P A L across Fayeltc co inl\ by VVnshington, and along the SW borders ofKoss county, wlien it turns and runs i:; a somewhat NE direc- tion, in'.o Ro;^s county 15 mdes, thence E 1:; miles tanner, wliere it joins the Scicta river five miles below Chilico'.he. Painsivick; town in Gloucestershire. It has a manutacmre of white cloths for the army, and for ihe India and Turkey trade ; and henc:^ is br >ught a stone remarkable for its beauty and neatness, for the pave- ment of fl')0rs. It iS seven n^.iles SE of Gloucest r, and 101 W by N of London. Lon. 2 11 W, lat. 51 46 N. Painted Post, post town in Stuben coun- ty, New Y'jrk; situated on the NVV bank of Tioga river, near the mouth of Cochoc- ton creek, 43 mi'es N\V of Athenf, and about 60 miles S of Jerusalem. Population in 1801, 954; and in 1820, 2088. Painter Creek, western brook of Still- water rivulet, emptying into said rivulet in Miami county. It r>ses in Dark county. Painter's Cross Roads, post office, Dela- ware county, Pennsylvania, 22 miles SSW from Phdadelphia. Paintville, recently laid off town, in Wayne county, Oliio, 15 mile.-, from W oos ter, on the road leading from that town to New Philadelpliia. Population in 1820, uncertain, Paishaivur, city of Candahar, capital of a district in the country of Cabul. It is situated on the Kameh, 125 miles SE of Cabul, and 170 N of Moultan. - Lon. 70 36 E, lat. 33 18 N. Paisley, town of Scotland, the largest in Reiifrewshire. It h.as considerable manu- factures of .silk and linen gauze, lawn, mus- lin, cambric, thread, he. also e.xtensivc soap, candle, and cotton works ; and is deemed the first manufacturing town in Scotland. The river While Cart divides it into the old and new town, which commu- nicate by three bridges. The latter stands on the E side of the river, and consists of many handsome buildings. By means of the rivt-r, and a canal, vessels of 40 tons can .come up and unload at the qyay. In 1811 tile number of inhabitaiats was 32,000 in the old town, and 14,153 in the abbey parish. It is 10 miles W of Glasgow. Lon. 4 26 W, lat. 55 52 N. Paita, seaport of Peru, in the audience of Quito, with an excellent harbour. It has frequently been plundered by the buc- caneers ; and, in 1741, it was plundered and burnt, by commodore Anson, because the governor refused to ransom it. The bay is defended by a fort. Lon. 80 94 W, lat. 5 12 S. Palachy, town of Hindoostan, in the pro- vince of Coimbetore. Lon. 77 08 E, lat. 11 47 N. Palacios, town of Spain in Andalusia, %2 774 miles S of Seville. Lon. 5 24 W, lat. 57 20 N. Palais, town of France, capital of the island of Beileisle, off the coast of Bretag- ne. It has a strong citadel, which stood a long siege against the English, in 1761, and then -unvndered on lionourablettrms. Lon. 3 2 W, lat. 47 18 N. Palais, iSV. town and d. strict fPranc", in the department of the Lower Pyrenees, which. With the town and district of St. John Pied-de-Po!t, ibrms nearly the whole of the late province of Lower Navarre, a mountainous country, which produces scarcely any thing but millet, oats, and fruits of which they make cider. St. Pa- lais is seated on the river Hibouse, 15 miles SE of Bavonne. Lon. 1 4 W, lat. 43 21 N. Palambang, town, river, and district of Sumatra, on the NE co.^st of the island. The town is situated at lon. 104 54 E, and lat. 2 59 N. Palamcotta, or Tinevelly, town of the peninsula of HindoO',taii, in the Carnatic, 410 miies SW of Madras. Lon. 77 54 E, lat. 8 43 N. Palamos, strong seaport of Spain, in Cata- lonia, witli a good harbour, seated on the Mediterranean, 47 miles NE of Barcelona. Lon. 2 58 E, lat. 41 58 N. Palamo'tv, town of Hindoostan Proper, in the province of Bahar, 210 miles SSW of Patna. Lon. 84 10 E. lat. 23 40 N. Pa'.anka, town of Upper Hungary, in the county of Novigrad, seated on the Ibola, 37 miles N of Buda, Lon. 18 23 E, lat. 48 9 N. Palaos Tshmds. See Philippines, J\'e7ir. Palatinate Lower, formerly a province of Germany W of the Rhine. It is now divi- ded between Bavaria and Hesse Homberg. Palatinate Upper, province of Bavaria, bordering on Bohemia, and subdivided into the circles of Regen and Upper Maine. Palatine, Lower, post village of Mont- gomery county, New York, o-n the Mo- hawk, 41 miles above Schenectady. Palatine, Middle, village of Montgomery county. New York, on the Mohawk, four miles above the preceding. Palatine, Upper, or Palatine Church, post village of Montgomery county. New York, six miles above Middle Palatine. Palatine, township of New York, in Montgomery county, on the Mohawk, from 41 to 57 miles above Schenectady. Popu- lation in 1820, .3936. Palembang. See Palambang. Palencia, town of Spain, in Leon, with an archbishop's see. It is seated on the Carion, 40 miles SW of Burgos, and 110 N by W of Madrid. Lon. 4 42 W, lat. 42 10 N. Paleno, town of Naples, in Abbruzzo Ci- teriore, nine miles £ of Solmona. PAL PAL Palenzuela, town of Spain, in Old Castile, 25 miles SW of Burgos. Lon. 3 15 W, lat. 42 5 N. Palermo, fortifietl city of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, ci'pital of the island, and an archbishop's see. It stands on a bay of the same name, on the N coast, near the extremity of a kind of natural amphitheatre, formed by high and rocky mountains. The country between the city and the moun- tains is one of the richest plains in the world ; the whole appear'ng a maj^nificent garden, filled with frui'ful trees, and water ed by founvains and rivuleJs. Tiie inhabi- tants of Palermo are estimated at 130,000. Two great streets intersect each other in the centre of the city, where they form a handsome square, called the Otlaigolo^ frim the ceiitre of which is seen the whole of these noble street;;, and llie four elegant gates which terminate them, eacli at the distance of half a mile. The Porto Felice opens to (he Marino, a delitriitful walk, whicli has on one s:de the. wall of ;he city, and on the other the sea ; and '.n the centre is an elegant kind oT ten'ple, frtquently made use of as an orchestra The churches of Palermo are upwards of 300, and many of them very ncli and magnificent. This city has suffered greatly at differerit peri- ods, by earthquakes or inundations. The harbour, ciefeuded by two c sties, is dan- gerously open to the sea from the NE ; and, even at the anchoring place, sliips are in danger when a westerly wind rushes through tiie valley of Colli between the mountains It stands in a pleasant fruitful country, on the NE end of the island, and at the bottom of a gulf of the same name. Lon. 13 23 E, lat. 38 15 N. Palermo, town of Naples in Calabria Ci- teriore, six miles SSW of Cosenza. Palicandcherry, town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, in the country of Calicut, 20 miles S of Coimbeltore, and 66 SE of Cali- cut. Palestine, part of Turkey in Asia, so called from the Phili.stines who inhabited its sea coasts ; it is called also Judaea, from the patriarch Judah, and the Holy L';nd, from its having been the residence and scene of our Saviour's passion, and in Scripture Canaan, and the Promised L.'nd. It is bounded by Mount Libanus, which divides it from Syria on the N, by Mount Hermon, which separates it from .-Arabia Deserta on the E, by '.he mountains of Seir and the deserts of Arabia Peir?ea on the S, and by the Mediterranean on the W It is in general a fruitful country, abounding in corn, wine, and oil, where cultivated, and might supply the neighbouring coun- tries with all these, as it anciently did, were its present inhabitants equally indus- trious. The parts about .Jerusalem, its once famous capital, are the most moun^ tainous and rocky, but they feed numerous herds and flocks, andyiehl plenty of honey^ excellent wine ai>d od ; and the valleys larj^e crops of corn. Palestine i& formed by a ridge of lime- stone hilis, or low mouniams, extending nearly N ai.n S, and two slopes ; one tow- ards the Meilitei lanean, and tiie otlicr de- clining towards the i/ivtr Jordan and IJcad Sea. Like ail limeatone regions, its aspect when uncultiv^ited is m:;re des iiate, and the soil in a[ipearance more sterile than it is in fact. Palestine, post town Lawrence county, Indiana. Faiestrina, episcopal town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, cipitai of a prin- cipality of thf same name. It was fa- mous for the Temple of Fortune, being then called Prensste, the rums of »vi,ich may yet bi- seen. It is 36 rniles E of Rome. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 41 52 N. Palestrina, one of the largest of the islands called thi Lagunes, n< ar Venice, where the most considi-rabit of the no- bility have couiitry ticusss. The princi- pal harbour has the same name Palicata, seaport of the Eist Indies, on the coast ot Coromandel, where the Dutch have a factory. It is 25 miles N of Madras, Lon. 81 33 E, lat. 13 30 N. Palimbum, capital of a kingdom of the same name, in the island tl Suma- tra seated on the E coast, 120 miles NE of Bencoolen, and subject to the Dutch, Lcn. 103 31 E, lat. 3 S. Pallisner's Islands, group of Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. Lon. 146 30 VV, lat. 15 30 S. Pabna, town of Portugal, in the pro- vince of Aientejo, seated on the river Cadoan, 20 milcs E of St. Ubes. Lon. 8 40 W", lat. 38 27 N. Pabna, town of South America, in Terra Firma, in New Granada, 50 miles NW of St Fe-de Bogota Lon. "3 40 W, lat. 4 30 N Pabna, one of the Canary Islands, lying to the N of Ferro. Lon. \7 50 W, lat. 28 37 N. Palma, or Pabna iN'uova, strong town of Italy, in Friuli, seated in a most agree- able vallev, on the gulf of Venice, 10 miles SE of Udina. and 5^ NE of Venice^ Lon. 13 15 E, lat. 46 2 N, Palmaria, small island lying in the Mediterranean, 15 leagues from the coast of Italy. Lon. 12 45 E, lat. 40 58 N. Palmaria, small island, seated in the Mediterranean, near the coast of Italy ; at the entrance of the gulf of Spezzia. Lon. 9 46 E, lat. 41 1 N. 775 V A L 1' A L Palmas, capital of the island of Cana- naria. See Canary. Palmas, one wn of the same name, ■whicli separates the bay of Car- thagena from that of Alicaiit. Lon. 6 39 W, lat. 37 i7 N. Palourde, Grassy, Jean, and Verret form a chain of small lakes between Teche and the Fourche river Lousiana. It is through this chain of lakes that a fer- ry has been established from the mouth of 'ieche to the Fourche, and Mississippi rivers. The intermediate ground is so low and marshy, as to render the forma- tion of a road at any season impractica- I)ie. A small canal and creek unites the Fourche 16 miles from its efflux from the Mississippi with Lake Veret, from which the lakes mentioned in this arti- cle, and their connecting channels com- plete the communication between the easterji and w --stern parts of the state. See Verret. Palota, town of Luwer Hungary, in the count) of Alba Rcgalis, taken from ilie Tuivs in 1687. It is 40 miies SW of Buda. L:n. 18 B, lat. 47 ON. Palotza, small low;: of Hungary, seated on the river Poprai, 54 milf's N of Casso- via. Lon. 21 20 E, lat. 47 12 N. Pake, faiiiovis iake of" Thibet, lying to the S ';f Lassi, about three days journey, and 12 mdes S uf ihc r.ve; Sar.poo or Bur- rampooter It is 150 mile? in crcumfer- enr.e ; and in the middle of it is one large island. Ou the W sliore of this island, or congeries of islands, is a monastery, and P A N the seat of the Lamissa Turccpamo, or the Great Uegenerate, ia whom the Thibetians think that a divine spirit is regenerated, as it is ill the Great Lama. 'I'lie word Liunu signifies a priest or minister of rejig on, and Lamissa is tlie feminine of Lama. Paltz, J^'eiv, tmvnsiiip of Ulster county, New York, containing 3999 inliabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 4612. Situated on the W side of Hudson river, 40 miles S of Hudson and 83 S of Albany. Palmelia, township of JefFerson county, New York. Population hi 1820, 1342. Pamiers, town of France, in tlie depart- ment of Arriege and late territory of Foix, with a bishop's see. It is not so considera- ble as formerly, nor peopled in proportion to its extent. Near it is a mineral spring, said to cure the gout and obstructions. Pamiers is seated t)n the Arriege, eight miles N of Foix, and 30 S of Toulouse. Lon. 1 32 E, Lit. 43 8 N. Pamlico Sound, inland sea of yovth Caro- lina, 100 miles long and from 10 to 20 broad. It is separated in iti, whole length from the sea, by a beach of sand, hardly a mile wide, generally covered by small trees or bushes. Througli this bank it has several inlets ; but tiiut of Ocrecock is the onlv one that will admit vessels of burden. Th'is inlet is in lon. 76 20 W, lat. 35 10 N. Pampas, name given in South America to extensive grassy plains. The Pampas extend over an immense surface southward of the Plate river, and even stretch into Patagonia The Pampas del Sacramento, spread be- tween the Amazon and Ucayale from 5 to 6 S lat. Pampeloiine, town of France, in the de- partment of Tarn and late province of I^anguedoc, 15 miles N by E of Alby. Lon. 2 17 E, lat. 44 10 N. Pampeluna, town of Spain, capital of Up- per Navarie, witli a very strong citadel, and a rich bishopric. Its squares are handsome, and adorned with shops full of rich merchandise. It is seated in a very fertile plain, on the Arga, 42 miles S of l?ft\onne, and 167 NE of ZVladrid. Lon. 1 35 W, lat. 42 47 X. Pumpehina town of South America, in New Gr j'lada, famous for its mines of gohl, and numerous flocks of sheep. It is 150 miles N bv E of St. Fe-de-Bagota. Lon. 71 30 W, hit. 6 30 N. Pamplie^n, town of Spain in the province of Old C;istile, 12 miles £ of Burgos. Lon. 3 37 W, lat. 42 14 N. Paimtnhy, navigable river of Virginia, which is formed by the junction of North and South Anna, and other lesser streams, and falls into York river near Delaware. Pa7}, or Pahaug, town of Asia, on the E coast of the peninsula of Malacca. It is the capital of a kingdom of the same namp. PAN remarkable for the great number of ele- pliants, and for tiie plenty of pepper it produces. Pan is 140 miles NE of Malac- ca. Lon. 103 20 E, kt. 3 55 N. Panagia, handsome town of Turkey in Europe, in the province of Romania. Lon. 27 2 E, lit. 40 40 N. Panama, city of South America, the capital of Terra Firma Proper. It was built in J517, and was sacked and burnt by the English buccaneers in 1670. The Spaniards of ChiU and Peru, used to bring the products and manufactures of Europe to Panama ; but the commercial intercourse is now carried on by register ships which sail around Cape Horn, and convey directly to the ports of Chili and Peru, the mer- cliandise, v;hich was formerly conveyed across the isthmus of Darien to Panama, In the harbour of Panama, is a fine pearly fishery. This city is seated on a bay of the same name, 70 miles S of Porto Bello. Lon. 80 35 W, lat. 8 48 N. Panaii, one of tlic Lipari islands, in the Mediterranean, between Lipari and Strom- bolo. . It is a barren inconsiderable island, and only five miles in circumference. Lon. 15 41 E, lat. 38 38 N. Panay, one of the Philippine islands, be- tween those of Paragoa and Negro. It is 250 miles in circumference, and the most populous and fertile of them all. It is watered by a great number of rivers and brooks, and produces a great quantity of rice. Uoila is the capital. Paneras, St. village in Middlesex, a little to the NW of London, At a public house near the church is a medicinal spring. Here is a hospital for inoculation, and the Veterinary College, estabhshed in 1791, under the putronagc of people of the first rank and fortune, for tb.e improvement of farriery, and the treatment of cattle in general. Panga, town of Africa, in the kingdom of Congo, capital of the province of Bamba. Lon. 14- 25 E, lat. 6 30 S. Parisian^, town of Pegu, in the Birman empire, situated on the river Rangoon. .^ Lon. 17 4 E, lat. 95 54 S. M Pnniput, town of Hindoostan in Delhi, " remarkable for a sanguinary battle fought in 1761, between the combined armies of tlie Seiks and Mahometans of Hindoostan, and the Mahrattas, in which the latter were defeated, with, it is said, a loss of 150,000 men. Lon. 76 80 E, lat. 29 23 N, 72 mile3 NW from Delhi. Panjab, country of Hindoostan Proper, being' that watered by the five eastern branches of the Indus. It was the scene of Alexander's last campaign, and the ne plus ultra of his conquests. It forms n. square of 250 miles, and includes the whole of La- hore, and a great part of Moultaii Proper. To the l^r persons except Indians not taxed .... Total uiiiles .... 3,776 Free persons of cnloisr, males - 51 do. do. females 49 Slaves, males .... 593 do. females ... - 620 Total population in 1820 - - 5,089 Of these ; Foreig-ners iiot nafuwiHzed - PAT P A U Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,382 do. in Manufactures - 60 do. in Commerce - - 4 Population to tlie square mile, 8^ nearly. Patricks -mills, post office, Craven coun- ty, North Carolina. Patricksville, post village, Craven county, North Carolina, near Newbern. Patrimony of St. Peter, province of Italy, in the Ecclesiastical State. It is o5 nniles in length, and 50 in breadth ; bounded on the N by Orvieto, on the E by Umbria and Sabina, on the S by Cam- pagna-di-Roma, and on the SW by the sea. Viterbo is the capital. Patringlon, town in the E riding of Yorkshire, at the mouth of the Humber, 50 miles SE of York, and 191 N of Lon- don. Lon. 8 E, lat. 53 49 N. Pattensen, town of Germany in the circle of Lower Saxony, and principality of Caleniberg, formerly a fortified town. It is six miles S of Hanover. Patterson, post village and township, Putnam county. New York. Population 1820, 1578. Patterson, post town, Essex county, New Jersey, on the Passaic river, at its lowest and greatest falls, 15 miles N from Newark, and 18 miles NW from New York. It is one of the most advan- tageously situated places in the United States for manufacturing establishments several of which are in operation. It contains also a bank, and a printing office. Patti, episcopal town of Sicily, in the Val-di-Deroona, 28 miles W of Messina. Lon. 15 22 B, kt. 38 11 N. Palucket falls, in Merrimack river, be- tween Clielmsford and Dracut, a short dis- tance above the mouth of Concoi^ river. The descent of these fails is 28 fee^^ich is obviated by a side canal of one nffllRwid a half. The village of Patucket contains several manufacturing establishments, and a post office. The Middlesex canal leaves Merrimack river about two miles above Patucket. Pattwi, or Puttan, town of Hindoostan Proper, in the country of Guzerat, and ca- pital of a circar of the same name, 132 miles SW of Oudipour. Lon. 72 30 E, lat. 23 45 N. Patuxent, river of Maryland rising in t-He northern part of Montgomery, imd the NW of Baltimore counties, and flowing SE by comparative courses 40 miles, separates Anne Arundel, from Montgomery, and Prince Georges counties. It has now reached within 10 miles of the Chesapeak at Anapolis, and turning to nearly H fol- lows very nearly the geupral curve of the Chesapeak, about 60 miles falls into 'hat bav bv a wide estuary, about 20 miles N 5G from that of the Potomac. It admits vessels of 250 tons to Nottingham, 46 miles, fol- lowing tlie inflexions of the river above its mouth. Pan, town of France, in the department of the Lower Pyi-enees and late province of Beam, with a castle where Henry IV. was boTn, It is seattd on an eminence, at the foot of v,hich runs the river Gave, 97 miles S of Bourdeaux. Lon. 4 W, lat. 43 15 N. Pavia, ancient and fortified town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, with a cele- brated university, on theTesino over which is a bridge, 15 miles S of Milan. Lon, 9 15 E, lat. 45 13 N. Paul, St. parish of Charleston district. South Caroluia. Paul, St. town of France, in the depart- ment of the Straits of Calais, and late pro- vince of Artois, 16 miles WNW of Airas. Lon. 2 30 E, lat. 50 24 N. Paul, St. town of South America in Bra- sil, and province of St. Vincent, it is sur- rounded by mountains and thick forests. Lon. 45 52 W, lat. 23 25 S. Puul-cle-FemioidUedes, town of France, in the department ofGurd and lace province of Languedoc, seated on the river Egli, among mountains, 30 miles N of J.iontpel- Ifer. Lon. 3 58 E, lat. 44 7 N. Paul-les-Vence, St. town of France, in the department of Var and late province of Provence, five miles W of Nice, and 450 SE of Paris. Lon. 7 13 E, lat. 43 42 N. Paul-trois- Chatemtx, St. town of France, in the department of Drome and late pro- vince of Dauphiny, seated on the declivity of ft hill, 16 miles S of Monlelimar. Lon. 4 57 E, lat. 44 21 N. * Paula, town of Naples, in Calabria Clte- riore, seated near the sea, in a fertile and well cvdtivated country, 12 miles W of Co- senza. Lon. 16 9 E, lat. 39 24 N". Paulding, coun'y of Ohio? bounded by Indiana W; Wiili:»ms N; Henry and Put- nam E ; and VanwertS. Length 24 ; mean width 18; and are;* 432 square miles. This county was forn^^d in 1820 out of the New purchase. M^-^iniee river crosses its north- ern side. Pauli^^ kill, river of Sussex county. New Jersp/j rises near Frankford, and flowing S^» , falls into the Delaware between the villages of Columbia, and Knowltott) 18 miles by land above Ea.ton. Paulograd, small town of Russia, in the government of Cartharinensl&f, 32 miles B of that place. Lon. 03 54 E, lat. 47 10 N Pavoasan, episcopal seaport of Africa in the isle of St. Thomas, with a fort and a good harbour. It belongs to P:,rtuga1, and liey under the eq-iator, in lon. 8 30 W. PausiUppo, mo\in;ain of Italy, five miles from Puzzoli, celebrated for a grotto, which 785 P A X is a subterraneous passage through the mountain, near a mile in length, about 20 feet in breadth, and 30 to 40 in height. Patukey town of Western Prussia, in Po- merellia, 25 miles NVV of Dantzic. Lon. 18 41 E, lat. 54 44 N. FauUngs, township of Duchess county. New York, containing 1756 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1804. It is on the Hud- son. Paxvcatuck, small river of Connecticut, and Rhode Island, forming for about 10 miles, the limit between the two states. It falls into the Atlantic Ocean 13 miles E from the mouth of the Thames. Paivtucket, river, rather creek, rising in the NW part of Bristol county, Massachu- setts, and flowing nearly S, falls into Seek- honk rirer four miles NE from Providence. This stream gains its only consequence by its falls at Pawtucket. Pawtuckety post village, at the falls of Pawtucket river, four miles NE from Provi- dfince. It is partly in the township of North Providence, and partly in that pare of Seek- honk in Massachusetts. The fall of water here is about 50 feet ; presenting one of the finest manufacturing establishments in the United States. The natural advantages have been extensively improven. There are in Pawtucket, and vicinity, besides a number of other manufactories; 10 cotton mills, two casting furnaces ; six shops for constructing machinery, two anchor shops, a nail factory, two slitting mills, two screw factories, three or four grain mills, and blacksmith shops, taylors, &;c. Population of the township in 1820, 2420. Pawtjixet, river of Rhode Island, risiug in Providence and Kent counties, and flow- ing E, enters Narragansett bay, five miles below Providence. From its numerous falls, this stream affords great facility of water power. Upwards of 40 cotton factories are on it and its branches. Pawliixet, post village and port of entry on both sides of Paw^uxet river at its mouth, and partly in ProvVience and partly in Kent counties. It eontaJns numerous factories, a bank, and aa acadei^y with usu- ally 70 students. Population abojt 1000. Paxton, township, Worcester ojunty, Massachusetts, nin« miles NW from Vr^r- cester. Population in 1810, 619; and ih. 1820, 613. Paxton, Lower, township of Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, five miles E from Harrisburg. Population in 1820, 1283. Paxton, Middle, township of Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehan- nah river, 10 miles above Harrisbui^. Po- pulation 1820, 973. Paxton, Upper, NW township of Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, on the Susqiiehao- nab, 25 miles above Harrisburg. Population ?-n 1S20. 1097. 786 P E D Paxton, SW township of Ross county^ Ohio. Population in 1820, 388. It con- tains the village of Bainbridge. Paz, La, city of the united provinces of Buenos Ayres, in Peru, near the SE part of lake Titiaca. Lon. 8 35 E, lat. 17 15 S. Pojjulation 20,000 Peace River. See .Miakenzies' River. Peacham, post village and township, Caledonia county, Vermont, 19 miles SE from Montpelier. It is the seat of an academy. Population 1350. Peach bottom, post village, in the SE part of York county, Pennsylvania, 30 miles SE from Y^ork. Peach bottom, SE township of York county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1820, 928. Peach to-wn, village of Tompkins county. New York. Peaki of Otter, part of the Blue ridge In Bedford county, Virginia, rising to upwards of 4000 feet. They are the most elevated ground in the United States, SW from the Catskill mountains. Pearl Islands, islands lying in the bay of Panama, in South America. Peai'l river, of Louisiana and Mississippi, rises in the latter as high as N lat. 33 0, from whence it flows SW about 80 miles and soutli 80, where it turns to SSE, flow- ing in that direction 40 miles, crosses the 31° N lat. and enters Louisiana, having an entire course in Mississippi of 200 miles. In Louisiana, it continues SSE 70 miles, to its junction with the Rigolets, after an en- tire comparative course of 270 miles. Be- low N lat. 31 0. Pearl river is part of the boundary between Mississippi and Louisi- ana. The general character of the country, watered by the Pearl river, is unfavourable to agriculture or navigation. With partial exceptjAs, pine covers the surface, with as usu^^ifnin sterile soil. Schooners cannot enter tbe Pearl in consequence of a raft of timber. Pease, NE township of Belmont county, Ohio, Population in 1820, 2019. Pecquencour, town of France, in the de- partment of the North and late province of Hainault, seated on the Scarpe, five miles E of Douay, Lon. 3 16 E, lat. 50 23 N. Pedee, river which rises in North Caro- lina, and is here called the Yadkin river, i-nd entering South Carolina, it takes the nartue of Pedee, and flow.s into the Atlantic Ocean, 12 miles below George Town. The naouth "« called Winyaw bay. The Pedee is navigable for vessels of 60 or 70 tons, upwards of 200 miles. Pedena, town of Italy, in Istria, 25 miles SE of Capo d'Istria. Lon. 14 30 E, lat. 45 34 N. Pederneira, seaport town of Portugal, in the province of Estramadura, 18 miles NE of Peniche. Lon. 8 6 W, lat, 39 51 N. r E G V E L Peciic, town of Sumatra, 40 miles E of Achen. Lon. 96 36 E, lat, 5 22 N. Pedro, Point, the most northern point of the island of Ceylon, opposite Point Caly- jmere, on tlie continent of India. Lon. 80 27 E, lat. 9 52 N. Pedro, St. one of the islands in the South Pacific Ocean, called Marquesas. Lon. 138 51 W, lat. 9 58 S Pee Pee, township of Pike county, Ohio, 20 miles below Chilicothe. Population in 1820. 654. Peebles, capital of Peebleshire, on the Tweed, over which is a bridge. It has manulactures of carpets and serges. It is 22 miles S of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 7 W, lat. 55 36 N. Peebleshire T-ioeeddale, county of Scot- land ; bounded on the E by Selkirkshire ; on the N by Edinbnrgshire ; W by Lanerk- shire j and S by Dumfriesshire ; and con- tains 308 square miles, is 28 miles lon.^, and 18 where broadest. The climate is temperate and the air clear. This county .yields limestone, &c. witii every necessary of life. The chief manufactures are shoes an.l thread. Popuialion in 1801, 8735; in 1811, 9935; and in 1821, 10,046. Peekskill, post town in West Chester county, New; York; lying on the E side of Hudson river, 50 miles N of the city of New York, and about 10 below the fort at West Point. Peel, town of the Isle oi" Man. It is situated on a spacious bay, at the S extre- mity of which is Peel Isle, a rock of great magnitude and height. Lon. 4 40 W, lat. 54 13 N. Peeling, township of Grafton county, New Hampshire. Population in 1820, 224. Peer, town of the Netherlands, in the bisliopric of Lieg^, 24 miles NNW of Ma- estricht. Lon. 5 20 E, lat. 51 8 N. Pesee. See Peaths. Pegau, town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, on the river Ulster, 58 miles W of Dresden. Lon. 12 22 E, lat. 51 13 N. Pegnajiel, town of Spain, in Old Castile, on the Deuero, 20 miles SE of Valiadolid. Lon. 4 W, lat. 41 41 N. Pegna-Macor, town of Portugal, in tiie province of Beira, with a castle, 40 miles NW of Alcantara. Lon. 6 32 W, lat. 39 SON. Pegnaranda, town of Spain, in Old Castile, capital of a duchy of the Sime name, 30 miles SW of Olmedo. Loii. 4 8 W, lat. 40 59 N. Pegu, kmgdom of Asia, now a part of the Birman empire, lying to the SE oi' Bengal. It is bounded on the N by Rur- mah, on the W and S by the Ocean, and on the E by Laos and Slam. Its products are timber for building, elephants, ele- phants' teeth, bees' wax, lac, s.altpetre, iron, lead, tin, petroleum, very fine rubies, small diamonds, and plenty of lead, oi which they make their money. It is very fruitful in corn, roots, pulse, and fruits. Pegu was an independent kingdom, till 1751, when it was reduced, by the king of Burmah, to the state of a dependant pro« vince. Pegii, town in a kingdom of the same name, in Asia, on a river of the same name, 520 miles S of Ava. Lon. 96 30 E, lat. 18 10 N. Pegunnock, small river of New Jersey. See Pegnaiioc. Pejepscot, township and post village, af Cumberland county, Maine, 30 miles N from Portland. Population in 1810, 805; and in 1820, uncertain. Peine, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick. It is 17 miles W of Brunswick. Lon. 10 19 E, lat. 52 25 N. Peipus, large lake of Russia, in the go- vernment of Livonia. From which issues the river Narova, by which it has a com- munication at Narva, with the gulf of Fin- land. Poishore, or Pishour, city of Hindoostan Proper, in the province of Cabul. It is subject to the king of Candahar, and is 50 miles NW of Attock. Lon. 69 54 E, lat. 32 44 N. Peitz, town of Germany, in Upper Saxo- ny, and marche of Brandenburg. In the vicinity of which iron mines are wrought to advantage, and manufactures of pitch and turpentine are carried on to great extent. It is 30 miles SSW of Franckfort on the Oder. Lon. 8 c,5 E, lat. 52 5 N. Peking, the capital of the empire of China, in the province of Pe-tche-li. Its name signifies the Northern Court, to dis- tinguish it from Nanking, the Southern Court, where the emperor formerly resided. This capital forms an oblong square, and is divided into two cities ; one inhabited by Chinese, the other by Tartars. These two cities, exclusive of the suburbs are nearly 11 miles in circumference. A Russian churcli is established here with a seminary in which the students are permitted to re- side for the purpose of learning the chi- nese language. Since this establishment, many interesting publications have appear- ed at Petersburg, relative to the laws, his- tory, and geography of China, translated from the original ; published at Peking. This city is 500 miles N by W of Nanking, Lon. 116 14 E, lat. 39 54 N. Pelagiiisi, island of the Archipelago in the Mediterranean sea, eight miles in cir- cumference. Lon. 24 12 E, hit. 39 30 N. Pelegrino, J)fount, promontory on the N coast of the island of Sicily, nearly two miles W of Palermo The prospect from this mount is beautiful and extensive : most of the Lipari Islands are discovered in a clcsur day, aud also a large portion of Mount 7i?r P E M i* E N Etna, although at tlie distance oF almost the wliole length of Sicil;'. Felet!} Islands, were in all probability, first discovered by tlie Spaniards of the Philippines, and by them called the Paloo Islands from the t3» pslm trees that grow there in great numbers, and whicii at a distance have the appearance of masts of ships ; the word palos, in the Spanish lan- gusge, sometimes sitfiiifying a mast. Felham, township in the county of Lin- coln, Upper Canada, lies to the south of Louth, and is watered by the Chippawa, or Wellaiid. Felham, township of West Chester coun- ty, New York, on the East river, 20 miles from New York. Population 1820, 283. Pelham, township c f Hampshire county, Massachusetts, containing 1185 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1278, situuled on the E side of Coniiecticu'. river, about 80 miles W of Boston. Fe'ham, small township, with a post of- fice, in Rockingham county. New Hamp- shire, 35 miles W by S of Ncwburyport, and 36 NW of Boston. Population 1820, 1040. Pelissa, town of Lower Hungarj^, capi- tal of a country of the samt name, seated near the Danube, 15 miles north of Buda. Lon. IS 20 E, lat. 47 40 N. Pelissane, town of France, in the depart- ment of the Mouths of the Rhone, 15 miles %VNW of Aix. Lon. 5 21 E, lat. 43 26 N. Pel'a, town of Turkey in Europe, in Janna, 50 miles W of Salonichi. Lon. 21 53 E, lat, 40 41 N. Pellerin, town of France, in the depart, ment of Lower Loire, situated on the Loire, with a harbour for sniali vessels, ten miles N of Nantes, and 13 SE of Painbanif. Lon. 1 44 W, lat. 47 23 N. Pcloso, town of Naples, in Basilicata, 35 miles W of Bari. Lon. 16 20 E, lal. 41 26 N. Pemaquid bay and jioint, Lincoln count)", IVlaine. The point is at lo:i. W C 7 30 E, !at. 43 37 N. Pemby, town of Congo, capital of a pro- vince of the same name, Lon. IS 25 E, lat. 7.30 S. Peinba, or Penda, island in the East In- dian Ocean, lying near the coast of Africa, and extending about 100 miles in circum- ference. It is governed by a king tribu- taiy to the Portuguese. Lon. 40 E, lat. 5 20 S. Pembridge, town in Herefords!;lre, on the Arrow, 12 miles NW of Hereford, and 145 WNW of London. Lon. 2 42 W, lat. 52 14 N. Pembroke, capital of Pembrokeshire. It is seated on the innermost creek of Mil- ford Haven, over which are two bridges, but the navigation to it is become mjured by the rubbish of the limestone quarries 788 near it, 237 miles W by N of London. Lon. 4 55 W, lat. 5145 N. Petnbruke cormty, SW extremity of Wales, derives its name from Pembroke, the coun- ty town, and is bounded on the east by Carmarthenshire, on the NK by Cardigan- shire, and on all other sides by the Irish Sea. It extends in length from N to S 35 miles, and frc.m E to W 29, and is about 140 in circumference. Population in 1801, 56,280 ; in 1811, 60,615, and in 1821, 74,009. Pembroke, township of Rockingham coun- ty, New Hampshire; containing 1153 in- habitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, ; si- tuated on the E side of Merrimack river, , about 40 miles W of Portsmouth. Pembroke, township of Plymouth county, Massachusetts, containing 2051 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, ; situated about four miles E of Hanover, and 10 NW of Plymouth. 'Pembroke, post village and township of Genessee county New Y'ork, in Ellicott's 25 miles E from Buffalo. Population 1820, 2576. Pemis^eraasset, river of New Hampshire, the main source or branch of Merrimac river It joins tke Winnipisseogee, at San- bornton. * Peua Garcia, town of Portugal, in Beira, with a castle. It is six miles E of Idanha Velha, Lon. 6 6 W, lat. 59 40 N, Penalva, town of Poitugal, in Beira, seated on a hill with a castle, eight miles 5 of Coimbra. Lon. 8 17 W, lat. 40 4 N. Penajitier, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aude, and late province of Languedoc, four miies N of Carcassone. Lon*. 2 25 E, lat. 43 18 N. Pendennis, castle in Cornwall, on a hill of the same name, on Falmouth Bay. It lies a little to the SE of Falmouth. Lon. 5 30 W, lat. 50 10 N. Pendleton, county of Virginia, bounded by Rockingham and Augusta SE ; Bath SW ; Randolph NW ; and Hardy NE. Length 50; mean width 22; and area 1100 square miles. Its surface is very moun- tainous. From the NW angle Green Briar river flows SW into the Great Kenhawa ; in its SW angle rise Jackson's and Cow- pasture branches of James river. The far greater jiart however, of its superfices is drained by the head branches of the south branch of Potomac. Soil generally rocky and l)arren. Chief town, Fincastle. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 2,017 do. do. females ... 1,735 Total whites - - . . 3,752 All other ])ersons except Indians not taxed .... 25 Slaves 262 PEN PEN Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males _ - - do. females _ _ - Total population in 1820 4,039 South Carolina, on a branch of the Savati- dah river, lOU miles NW from Columbia. PendletGU, county of Kentucky ; boand- 2,258 ed by Harrison S ; Grant W ; Campbell 2,186 N ; Ohio river NE ; and Bracken E. LeuKih 20 ; and mean width 17 ; and area 340 square miles. Surface very — — much broken, and soil sterile. The two 4,444 main forks of Licking river unite in this 5 county at Falmouth the seat of justice. 6 Population in 1810. 177 Free white males - - • 1,399 204 do. do. females - - 1 .275 Of these : Foreigners not naturalized - 9 Engaged in Agriculture - 1,080 do. in Manufactures - 88 do. in Commerce - 10 Population to the square mile, 4 1-3, Pendleton, NW district of Soith Caro- lina ; bounded by Tiigaloo river or Geor- gia SW ; by Cliatuga river or Geortria NW ; by North Carolina N ; Saliiia river or Greenfield district NE; and Abbeville SE. Length 55 ; mean vvidtii 39 ; and area 1630 square miles. Surface very mountainous ; but. soil generally ])roduc- tive. It is principally drained oy the Sene- ca branch of Saluda river. Chief towns, Pendleton, and Anderson's ville. 4,836 Total whites . . . - ■ All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves - . . - . 2,674 1 386 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free while males - - . do. do. females - - - All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites ... Free per-sons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males . - - . do. females Total population in 1820. 3,061 1.417 1,341 2,758 237 91 3,086 Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females Total whites .... All other persons except Indians not taxed - . - . Slaves - - . _ . Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males - . . do. do. females . . - All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites - . . . Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males - - . do. females - - - Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do in Manufactures - do. m Commerce Population to the square mi e, 16^. Pendleton, town of Pendleton" district 789 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 517 do. in Manufactures - - do. in Commerce - - 3 Population to the square mile, 9. Pennjield, post town and township of Monroe county, New York, on Genunde- 22 897^^"^ ^^y ^"^ miles E from Rochester. ' Population 1820, 3^44 Pejinfield, township of New Bruns- wick on the bay of Fundy, Charlotte county. Pentmunder, fortress of Germany, in Prussian Pomerania, seated "m the isle of Usedom, at the mouths of the Pene and Oder, in the Baltic Sea. Lon. 14 16 E, lat. 54 16 N. Penguin Island, and Bay, lie on the coast of Patagonia, 182 mil^s N of Port St. Julian. Lat. 47 48 S. Peniche, strong town of Portugal, in Estramadura. with a good harbour and a citadel, 34 mii^s N of Lisbon. Lon. 9 5 E, lat. 39 16 N. Penick, town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia. It is seated on the Muite, eight miles E of Altenberg. Lon. 12 44 E, lat. 50 .5y N. Peniscola, to\r^jfoi Spain, in Valen- cia, seated on a high point of land, on 10,002 9,362 19,364 48 3;485 11,031 11,109 22,140 94 73 2,375 2,340 27,022 12 8,216 466 85 P E N P E N £he Mediterranean, 60 miles N of Valen- Pennsboroiigh West, township of Cum = cia. Lon. 1 E, lat. 40 29 N. berland county, Pennsylvania, lying on Feni&hehr, town of Hindoostan Pro- the Connedogwinet creek, commencing per, and capital of a district, in the coun- three miles VV from Carlisle, and extend- try of Cabul, 46 miles N of Cabul. Lon. ing 10 miles up the creek. Pouulation «s ^A -p io» Qc lA XT 1820, 1553. 68 14 E. lat. 2,5 16 N, Penkridge- town in Staffordshire, prin- Pennsboroueh, village of Lycoming cipally noted for its horse fairs. It is six rniintv pVnn«XJ,,ia ^^ fhl « c .Xl^ w,;i=o « ^f v;»off„^^ ^^A 100 \!.\-Ki s ^'Ounty, rennsvlvania, on the Susquehan- miles S of Stafford, and 129 NW of ^^h river below the mouth of Muncy creek. London. Lon. 2 W, lat. 32 54 N. PenkuTtiy town of Germany in Upper Saxony, in Anterior Pomerania, 15 miles SW of Stetin Pennaburg, township of Chester coun- ty, Pennsylvania, on the VV side of Bran- Penmaenmhar, once tremendous pre- ,^yw'"«^ ^reek, adjoining the state of De- cipice in Carnarvonshire, overhanging 1090'" 70^"^ Delaware county. Population the sea ; but now safely crossed by a ' good road. It is four miles SW of Aber- Pennon, fort of Africa, seated on a conway. small island before the harbour of Al- Peunaflor, town of Spain, in Asturias, gi^rs. seated on the Astra, 14 miles SW of Pennon de Velez, very important sea- Oviedo. Lon. 5 56 VV. lat. 43 15 N. Port of Barbary, seated on a rock in the Pennqflor, town of Spain, in Andalu- Mediterranean, near the town of Velez. sia, seatf d near the Xenil 10 miles N of I^ was built by the Spaniards, in 1508, Ecjia. Lon. 4 12 W, lat. 37 44 N taken by the Moors in 1522, and retaken Penn, township of Philadelphia county, i" 1^64. It is 75 miles E of Ceuta. Lon. Pennsylvania, adjoining the city of Phi- ^ 'J W. lat. S5 25 N. ladelphia, tlie Northern Liberties, Spring Pennsylvania, one of the states of the Garden, and extending up the Schuyl- United States ; bounded by Maryland S ; kill to Roxborough. Population 1810, Virginia SW ; Ohio W ; Lake Erie 3,79-i ; and in 1820, 3.105. . NW ; New York N, and NE ; and Penn East, township of Northampton New Jersey and Delaware SE. The county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank outlines of this state are ; of Lehigh river, adjoining Schuylkill, I" common with Maryland, from and Lehigh counties. Population 1820, the NE to the NVV angle of the I latter From the NW angle of Maryland to the SW angle of Pennsylva- nia - _ _ _ _ From the NW angle of Pennsylva- nia, due N along Virginia to the Ohio river - - - 1,882. Penn West, NE township of Schuyl- ccunty, Pennsylvania, adjoining North- ampton, and Lehigh counties. Popula- tion 1820, 1,152. Penn, township of Chester county, Pennsylvania, between Elk and White C'.ag creeks, 40 miles 5W by N from Continuing the preceding line Philadelpiiia. Population 1820, 481. along Ohio to Lake Erie Penn, southern township of Morgan Along Lake Erie to the extreme county, Ohio. P(;pulation 1820, 241. northern angle of Erie county jPenwar, river which has its rise in the on the western limit of New kingdom of Mysore, in the peninsula of York - . - - . Hindoostan, and watering Gooty, Gandi- Thence due S along Chatauque cotta, Cuddapah, and Vellore, enters the county to the SW angle of New Bay of Bengal, at Gangapatnam. York ----- Penn's creek, river of Pennsylvania, Thence East to the Delaware 500 53 64 91 which rises in the SE part of Centre county flows E through Centre and Union, passes by New Berlin and falls into the Susquehannah at Seling grove, after a comparative course of 50 miles. Penn's Valley, in the SE part of Cen- tre county, between the Brush, and Path valley mountain. Pennaborough East, township of Cum- berland county, Pennsylvania, on both sides of Connedogwinet creek, extending Thence along that semicircle to from the Susc^uehannah river to within its point of intersection with the three miles trom Carlisle. Population eastern boundary of Cecil county 1810, 2365 ; and in 1^8, 3513. in Maryland ., - - 790 river, in common with New York Thence down Delaware river to the Northern angle of New Jer- sey _ - . . _ Thence continuing down the De- laware river, to the intersection with that stream of the semicir- cle of 12 miles around New Cas- tle - . - . - 19 226 70 160 26 PEN P E N Thence due N to the NE angle of Tranklln Marvland _ - _ - 2 Having an entire outline o^" 950 Between lat. 39 43 and 42 16 N. Lon. W C 2 17 E, to 3 31 W. Length from opposite Bordentown, to the W boundary 211 miles. Greatest width 176, and mean width 157 miles. Area 43,950 square miles; equal to 28,128.000. Taken as a whole, Pennsylvania is di- visible into three great sections, of very unequal extent. The smallest but much best peopled section lies SE from the Kittatinny mountain or Blue Mountain ; and contains about one third of North- ampton., all Lehigh, Bucks, Berk. Mont- gomery, Philadelphia, Delaware, Ches- tei', Lancaster Lebanon, nearly one half of Dauphin ; all York, Adams, Cumberland, and nearly all Franklin counties. The mountainous or Middle section, extends over the counties of Wayne, Pike, two thirds of Northampton, all Susquehannah, Bradford, Luzerne, Tioga, Potter, Lycoming, Columbia, Northumberland, Union, Centre, Clear- field, Cambria, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Perry, one half of Dauphin, all Schuyl- kill, Bedford, and Somerset, with the eastern part of Westmoreland and Fay- ette. The western hilly section includes the counties of McKeauj Warren, Jefferson, Indiana, Armstrong, Crawford, Venango, Erie, Mercer, Beaver, Butler, Alleghany, Washington, Green, and the western parts of Fayette and Westmoreland. Before proceeding to give the geogra- phical detail of the state in general, the reader is presented with the following tables exhibiting the relative extent and population of each of the foregoing sec- tions. Sq.mites. Populatim> tosq-m. 22,030 27 756 31,892 42 7869 569,355 77 The mountainous or middle section contains. Wayne Pike Near two thirds of < Northampton ^ Susquehannah Bradford Luzerne Tioga Potter Lycoming Columbia Northumberland Part of Dauphin Schuylkill Union Mifflin Perry Centre Clearfield Hunterdon iledford Somerset Cambria Part of Indiana Part of West- 7 mcreland 5 Part of Fayette 720 772 710 800 1174 1784 1100 1100 2290 574 457 300 745 551 826 540 1370 1425 1185 1520 1066 670 300 250 22565 260,506 Western section contains. Counties, Part of Northamp ton county E of Kittatinny Lehigh Bucks Philadelphia city? 'i 400 335 600 and county Montgomery Berks Chester Delaware Lancaster Lebanon Lower part Dauphin York Adams Cumberland 5 18,895 56 37,842 62 120 137,097 1142 of; 450 874 738 177 928 288 230 900 528 545 35,793 46,275 44,451 14,810 68,336 16,988 13,211 38,759 19,370 23,606 80 53 60 84 73 59 57 43 35 43 McKean Warren Erie Crawford Venango Jefferson Western part of > Indiana 5 Western part of > Westmoreland 3 Western part of Fayette Armstrong Allegany Butler Mercer Beaver Green Washington 1442 832 720 974 1114 1200 470 814 488 941 754 785 830 646 600 10,324 34,921 10,193 11,681 15,340 15,555 40,038 13,398 219,597 Summary. Eastern section 7869 569,355 Middle do. 22565 200,506 Western do, 13942 219,597 4,127 6 2,894 4 9,735 16J 9,960 11,554 20,027 4,021 186 13,517 17,621 15,424 8,442 1L339 18,619 16.618 11,342 13,796 2,342 20,142 20,248 13,973 3,287 3,627 4,216 3,448 13 10 11 4 i 6 30 34 28 15 34 20 21 10 1^ 17 13 15 5 12 I6i- 10 2 12 10 728 1,976 8,5.53 9,397 4,915 561 i 5,255 11 26,344 32 23,937 30 11 45 IS 14 24 26 45 77 12 16* 43932 1,049,458 791 P E N P E N The relative density 'of population in Pennsylvania has followed the quality of soil perhaps less than in any state of the United States. The above table exhibits a singular inequality in the different coun- ties, independent of either soil or com- mercial facility. It is seen that more than one half of the population exists on a small fraction above one sixth part of the entire area. The following table exhibits the classifi- ed population of this state, agreeable to the census of 1810, and 1820. ■2- S3 Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females - 401,566 - 385,238 Total whites - • - 786,804 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - 22.492 Slaves 795 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males - . . do. do. females . . . All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 810,091 516,618 500,476 1,951 Total whites . - - - 1,019,045 Free persons of colour, males - 14,804 do. do. females, 15,398 Slaves, males ... - 85 do. females - - - 126 Total population in 1820 . Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the squai 1,049,458 10.728 140,801 60,215 7,083 1ICH..C • - / ,uo square mile, 23J nearly JVwnber oftaxabks by the state census. 1st in 1793, .... 2d 1800, .... 3d 1807, .... 4th 1814, .... 5th 1821, .... Free coloured persons in 1821, Western District, Slaves, Eastern District, ... Slaves, . . . . - Total petaons of. colour, 792 91,117 138,285 163,780 208,512 4,298 Counties' 1 Philad. county 2 Lancaster 3 Philad. city 4 Chester 5 Berks 6 Bucks 7 York 8 Montgomery 9 Washington 10 Allegheny 11 Westmoreland 12 Franklin 13 Northampton 14 Fayette 15 Cumberland* 16 Huntingdon \7 Dauphin 18 Bedford 19 Adams 20 Lehigh 21 Miffl'in 22 Union 23 Luzerne 24 Columbia 25 Lebanon 25 Beaver 27 Northumberland 28 Somerset 29 Delaware o^ Lycoming 31 Centref 32 Green 33 Mercer 34 Perry 35 Bradford o& Armstrong 37 Schiiylkili 38 Butler 39 Crawford 40 Erie 41 Stisquehannah 42 Indiana 43 Venangot 44 U'aynt§ 45 Tioga 46 Cambria 47 Pike 48 Warren 49 Clearfield 50 Warren :t: 51 M'Kean§ 52 Jefferson 53 Potter Taxahles Tax-nhlti l;i 1314. 1821. 10,486 15,196 -i| 11,346 13,560 39 14 9,383 12,696 38 7 8,072 9,171 14 6 7,390 8,896 24 4 7,066 8,300 17 6 6.772 7,983 26 12 6,221 7,437 17 2 6,780 7,345 29 4 5,518 6,969 10 10 5,370 6,176 24 7 4,331 5,841 8 10 4,523 5,646 3 4,579 5,372 9 31 5,971 5,048 22 25 3,502 4,281 13 2 3,348 4,235 6 11 3,351 4,045 14 2 2,979 3,852 11 24 2.902 3,763 18 3,063 3,656 7 2 2,772 3,620 2,379 3,540 11 3,349 3,459 10 1 2,696 3,228 4 3 2,398 3,120 1 1,687 3.037 10 1 2,191 2,925 13 4 2,661 2,856 3 2 1,858 2,836 6 3 1,765 2,820 11 1 2,412 2,612 9 1,734 2,440 3 2,430 6 4 1,493 2,277 6 4 1,454 » • 2,089 5 1,614 2,045 7 1,491 2,022 8 4 1.184 2,000 858 1,973 14 2 1,242 1.929 1 1,363 1,923 656 1,050 1 551 979 199 810 3 2 521 757 1 473 690 1 3 679 264 584 — 524 3 _ 211, 35 137 — 50 163,780 208,512 484 224 81 • Perry taken from Cumberland in 1820. 25,904 t Centre and M'Kean in 1814, was 1765. 130 Centre in 1821 was 2820, and M'Kean 211. ■ T Venango and Warren in 1814, was 656. 30,413 Venango in 1821, was 1050, and Warren 524. — —• ^ Pike taken from Wayne in 1814. PEN PEN Number of i»ihabitants in the 14 wards of the city of Philadel- phia, bv tile United States cen- sus of "1820, - - - 63,802 Taxables in the samp by state census of 1821, - - - 12,696 Inhabitants in the city of Lancas- ter, 1820 ... - 6,633 Taxables, 1821, - - - 1,620 Inhabitants of the city of Pitts- burg, 1820, - - - 7,248 Taxables, 1821, - . - 1,393 Pennsylvania contains three cities, Phila- delphia, Lancaster, and PittsbuVii-, and about 40 boroug'h t.)\v,s ; the prin'^ipal ot which are, Reading', Harrisburg', Easton, and west of 'he moun'ains Greenburg', Brownsville, Washington, and Meadville. The advance of p<"pulation in this sta'e, has been generally slealy ; about the mid- dle of last centuiy, i' contuned nbout 220,000; at the commencement O) the revolutionary war, :!ie oopi.'laiion had risen to upwards of 350,000 ; in 1790, 434,373 ; in 1800, 602,545 ; and in 1810, and 1830, as shown in the table al^nvc. The follovvino- table ex'racte 1 from the files of the jo'irnal • f the House of Repre- sentatives of Pen sylvania in 1821 — 22, ex- hibits the then state oftiie arms and mililia of the state. PUBLICK ARMS. Field pieces in the Ar enals do. in the B'. cades 19 21 Muskets in the Arsenals do. in the Brigades 40 Rifles in the Arsenals do. ill the Brigades 1 4,920 t:.652 23,572 1,397 616 2,013 Repeating swivels ... 23 do. muskeis • - - .500 Muskets reported as private properly 432 Rifles, do. do. 2,448 16 Divi.slons, 32 Brigades, 120 Regi- ments. Governor and commander in chief 1 Major Generals ... - 16 Brigadier Generals and staff - 108 Adjutant G<;neral - . '. 1 Infantry, (incliiiling officers) 128,095 Volunteer Cavalry ... 1,292 Ai-tillery - - - 1,123 Infantry - - - 7 556 Riflemen ... 5,931 Grand total 143,923 There is no other section of the Uni- ted States, v.'here the elements of popu- lation are so various as Pennsylvania. Taken relatively, as to national descent, this population is composed of English, IriaJi, Germans, Scotch, Dutch, &c. and 5H the descendants of these nations. The Engish language is general, bat entire nughbi'urhoods of Germans have retain- ed the German language. This is par- ticularly the case in many of the southeast- ern counties Th'^re^igiousdenominations are also numtnius. c<;nsisting of almost evf-ry sect of Christians known in the Unittd States. The most numer us de- nominations are, hcwv ver. Pr-sbyti rianS, Rooian catholics German Ca vinists Ger- man Lutherans, Friends. Ba]>tists. Epis- copalians, M 'thodists, &c. The unitas fratrnm, or Moravians have some small but very respectable congregations in dif- erent parts ot th. state. The literary institutions of Ft nnsylva- nia, are, thf university cf Pennsylvania. See PliHadelfihki City ; Dickinsiiii ci.'llege at Carlisle J fie r on college at Canons- bur^, Wasbingion college at Washington, Alleghany coU-ge at Meadville, and M u t Airy college in Germaiilown. Respectable acadtinies exist in most of the county towns and ample donations have b' en m..'S in th: IJni- ted States, P.-nnsylvania is; after Massa- chusetts and Rhode Island conn pa rati ve- ly, the most manufacturing state in the IJnited States. In mineral wealth Pnnsylvania stands far before any other sectien of the Uni- oc. The apparently inexhaustible stores 793 PEN PEN of mineral coal existing in the eastern, middlr, and western afford with, an im- mense facility of water power in evf-rj' quarter, means of caryi'ig machinery to any extt-nt, which an du:^menting pupu lation may demand. For a particular notice of the different n^positori'TS of cnal, see J\''orthampton, Schwjlkill, Luzerne, Alle- ghany, and some other c<.uiities. The following tables exhibit a view of the roads canals, bridges, and navig ition companies of Pennsylvania at th* b'gin- ning of the year 1823, are extracted from Vol. VIII. Laws of Pennsylvania. On the 15th January. 1817 the audi- tor general was requested, by a vote of the house of representatives to furnish a statement of the incorporated companies to the st-vck of which the state had sub- scribed. From his report of the 17ih (journals of the senate 1816—17, p. 286) the following is taken. TURNPIKES. Erie to Ifaterfo'^d, act authorising its incorporation, (vol. 4 p. 12i ) The states subscription by act, (ib. 348,) is 100 shares, at 50 dollars. g5,000 Easton and Wilkesbarre, act author- ising its incorporation (vol 4, p. 7.) the state subscription by act, (ib 495.) of 250 shares, at 50 dollars, 12,500 Snsqnehaiinah and Lehigh, act autho- rizing its incorporation, (vol. 4. C. 1A5 ) The state subscription y tl'.e same, 100 shares, at 100 dollars, 10,000 Centre, act authorizing its incorpo- ration, (vol.4, p. 227 ) The state subscription by the act (ib 495 and vol. 5, p 367.) 900 shares, at 50 d' liars 45,000 Susqiiehaivmh and Tioga, act autho- rizing its incorpriration (vol.4, p. 340 ) The state subscription hy act, (ib. 495.) of 200 shares at 100 dollars. 20,000 Harrisbar^, Bedford, and Pittabtirg, act authorizing its incorporati ^n, (vol. 4. p. 279.) The state sub- scription thereto by act (vol. 5. p. 270.) 350,000 ■ Ifarrisbi/rg, Ije;sistown, Ilitntingdon, an I Pittsbuyg, act autht.Tizinfi; its incorporation, (vol. 4. p. iv^J.) State subscription by act, (ib. 495.) 100 000 but by act, (vol 5, p 351.) inci-eased to, 200,000 Lancaster. Elizabeth, and Middle- town, act authorizing its incorpo- ration, (vol. 4. p 134.) State subscription by act, (ib. 4S5,) 100 shares at 100 dollars, 10,000 Susquehannah and York, act autho- rizing its incorporation, (vol. 4. p. 161) State subscription by the same 50 shares, at 100 dol- lars, 5,000 Gap and JVewport, act authorizing its incorporation, (vol. 4. p. 395.) State subscription by the same 100 shares, at 50 dollars, 5,000 Do~iUmngtown, Ephrata, and Harris- burg, act author' zing its incorpo- ration, (vol. 4 p. 31 ) State sub- scription of i;50 shares, by act, (vol. 5 p 60, 270,) at 100 dol- lars, 25,000 Siisqjiehavnak and IVaterford, act~\ authorizing its incorporation, vol. 5. p 294 ) J^Torthumberland, and Anderson's ^200,000 creek (by same act) state subscription to both these roads, J\£l/ord and Oivego, act authorizing its incorporation, (vol. 4. p 359.) State subscription by the act, vol. 5. p, 270) 40a shares, at 25 dollars, 10,000 Perkiomen and Reading, act autho- rizing its incorporation (vol. 5. p. 146, 197.) State subscription 300 shares, 50 dollars, ib. 374. 15,000 Middletoim and Hurrisburg, act au- thorizing its incorporation, (vol. 5. p. 116.) State subscription of 200 shares by act, (vol. 6. p. o27,) at 50 dollars, 10,000 York and Gettysburg, act incorpo- rating, vol. 6. p. 276.) State subscription by the act (ib. 339,) of 150 shares, at 100 dollars, 15,000 Little Conestogo. act authorizing its inci'rporali"n, (vol. 5. p. 29.) State subscription by act, (vol. 6 p. 335,) of lOU shares at 50 dollars, 5,000 Clifford and Wdkesbarre, act autho- rizing its incorporation, (vol. 5. p. 256 ) State subscription by the act, (vol. 6. p. 341, of 100 sl^ares at 50 d' liars. 2,500 Bridgevialer and IVilkesharre, act authorizing its iiicnrporation, (vol. 5. p. 246.) State subscrip- tion by the same 100 shares at 50 dollars, 5,000 Springhouse Tavern to Bethlehem, act author! ziug its incorporation, (v! 1. 4. p. 251.) State subscrip- tion of 200 shares, at 100 dol- lars, 20,000 §970,000 794 PEN P E N An alphabetical list of the Incorporated Tcrnpike companies, to which the common- ivealth has subscribed, showing the contemplated length of each, the number of miles completed (1822) and the amount of sttte and Individual subscriptions, cKtr-acled from a report made to the House of Itepresentatives on the 23d of March, 1822. -§ ^63 NAMES Anderson's ferry, Waterford and New Haven Armstrong and Indiana Bedford and Stoystown . . . . . Bellefont and Phdipsburg Bellmont and Ochquaga Bellmont and Easton Berks and Dauphin Bethany and Dnigman's choice - - - . Bridge water and Wilkesbarre . . - . Butler and Mercer *Cayuga and Susquehannah (rest in New York) Centre Centre and Kishacoquillas - - - - - Chambersburg and Bedford - . - . Clifford and Wilkesbarre Downingstown, Euphrata and Harrisburg - Easton and Wilkesbarre . - . - . Erie and Waterford Gap and Newport Greensburg and Pittsburg . - - - • Hanover and Carlisle Harrisburg, Carlisle and Chambersburg Harrisburg and Miilersiown . . . , Huntingdon, Cambria and Indiana Indiana and Ebensburg Lancaster, Elizabeth and Middletown Lewistown and Huntingdon - - - Little Conestogo . - - . - Mercer and Meadville . - . . . Middleton and Harrisburg - . - - • Milford and Oswego ... - - Millerstown and Lewistown . . . , Morgantown, Churchtown and Blue Ball New Alexandria and Conema'ugii New Holland Perkiomen and Reading . . . . Philadelphia, Brandywine and New London Philadelphia and Great Bend ... Philipsburg and Susquehannah Pittsburg and Butler .... Pittsburg and New Alexandria ... Pittsburg and Stubenville ... Ridge -....-.. Robstown and Mount Pleasant ... Somerset and Bedford . . - - Somerset and Mount Pleasant ... Sprlngliouse, Northampton and Bethlehem Sioystown and Greensburg Susquehannah and Lehigh Susquehannah and Tioga, ... Susquehannah and Waterford - Susquehannah and York ... Washington and Pittsburg ... Vvasbington and Williamport -. - - Waynesburg, Gteencastle and Mercerburg - York and Gettysburg - - - . . "?= "S's" Miles. . Miles. Dollars. Dollars. 13 13 3y.60O 10,000 24 12500 9,000 28* 28* 40,400 10*,000 28^ 20' 12,500 20.000 18 7,000 5 000 63i 6^ a4,200 17,500 41 34 63,905 29 000 50 32* 20,400 8,000 64 36 13.500 25,000 31i 6 8,750 19,'<65 o 3 6,000 75 75 65,000 SO (iOO 23 15,000 20,OJ0 55 55 113,850 1(37,500 43 12 6.950 6,500 67| 671 1 16,500 60,000 60 4'i 60,000 12,500 14 14 20,502 5,000 30 30 91,000 20,000 30 J- 50^ 62,000 89,000 30' 20 70,000 10,000 48* 48* 75,000 85,000 26' 25,000 40,000 80 80 55,950 171,850 26 14,325 12,000 26 26 67,400 10,000 32 30.5d0 50,000 21 21 26,375 10,000 29 29 18,025 19 666 n H 51000 14,000 .89 67 62.250 31,000 '.6 5 70,000 39,500 10 10 10000 9,000 9i 9i 10,925 16,100 15 10 23 000 10.000 28.| 28^ 133.000 53,000 40 9 33,000 15,000 63 15=0U0 I2,0u0 m 18i 6,500 16u00 30 20 11,500 19,000 27i 27i 22,900 48,360 28 5 30,000 12,u00 23^ 23i 90 000 25,000 21 5 40,800 10,U00 S3 15 40,000 I2..1OO 2H 17 53,050 12,500 42 5 19,440 10 000 37 37 71000 112,000 30 30 22.000 lu.UOO 80 64 41400 39,400 126 117^ 50,000 140,000 Mi IJA 3:-,,7-jQ 5,O0J 25 10 50,'/0u 12.-J00 19 5 10,.>00 10,'jjO 42 24 103,000 15,000 28i 28^ 90,00j 40,000 Incorporated by the state of New York. 795 V E N r. ^ The number of miles of turnpike ROADS con tt'iTti plated hv tlie chartt-rs of the incotpuralti! c-i.inpanies is 2521. Of which thfre havr 'xen c iiiplcted 1807, of tlicse 1253 are of srcjsir, having on their surface no angle grcntcr than 4,2 or 5 degrees. The amount of capital sub- scribed Ijy individuah. By the commonwealth, Add half of the debts which it is , prohabic the roads cost more than the amount sub- scribed . _ - . Total amount of subscriptions and appropriations to turn- pikes, - . , D-dls. 4,158,347 1,861,542 581,585 6.401,474 When the works now in progress shall be completed tticre wih be tvvo complete stone roads fror^i Phjadelphia to Pittsburg, 300 miit^s each in lengtii, one of which is already finished. One continu' d r .ad from Piiilade'phia to the town ot Erie, through "-unbury, Bellefonte, Philipsburg, Frankhn and Meadville. Two roads having but a few miles of turnpike deficient, from Philadelphia : one to the New York state line, ii' Brad- ford county, passing through Berwick, and one to the northern part of the state, in vSusqu^-hunnah county passing through Bt'thlehen). One continued road from Pittsburg to Erie passing through Butler, Meicer, Meadvilie and Waterford. Pdor to the session of 1821—22, 14G companies have been authorized, of which 84 have been incoporatcd. BRIDCiES. Extract from the Auditor Generals report before referred to. Harrisbiirgf act authorizing in- corporation (vol. 5, p, 57,) states subscription, {ib. 272,) 90,000 Columbia, act authorizing incor- poration, (voi. 5, p 4.1,) states subscription, {ib. 272,) 90,000 JVovllnimberland, act authoriz- ing inc :tion RIVERS. Allegany at Pittsbn-g ... Coneir.augh, on Northern route French creek vS Friiiikl n Monon£V!ihe!a ^.f Pi.tsaurg Schuylkiil at PottsTDwn • 3usquehiinnan, >! 'Call's Ftrry do. Coiv;iT>bi;i do. Ilarrisburg do. Northumi>er':£i!d do. Lewisburg or D rr's town do. Xcicopeck do. Wilkesbarre Subscribed by Individuals Bv the State Feet. 1122 29."; 300 1500 340 600 5690 2876 1825 1120 1256 700 ■ ^. • S. 45,435 10,000 7,000 57,450 10,850 29,500 419,400 65,000 40,000 40,000 23,000 27,4 > 5 Add half the amount of the debts as in cnse of turnpikes Total expendi ure on bridges ... do. do. turnpikes .... do. do.' navigation Total - 7d& 1,629,200 382,000 2,011.200 4.0,595 2,051,795 6,401,474 1,916,510 10,369,779 1,321,000 ed, and to Individual 40,000 5,000 3,000 40,000 3,000 20,000 90,000 90,000 50,000 20,000 8,000 13,000 382,000 P E N P EN The number of bridges, exciusive of those which individuals wei'e authorized to erect, was, prior to the scsbion 1S21- 22, 49, of which 30 have been incorpo- rated. NAVIGATION COMPANIES. Jhithonzed by the Ijegislature. Vol. 3, ch. 157^, .Schuylkiin and Susquehannah canal, I companiel uin- Vol. 3. ch. 1636, Delaware ( tty White, &c. ^ lb. p. 220, Schuylkill West Branch, Vol. 7. p. 222. Octorara. Vol 7, p 304, Conestogo. Vol. 6, p. 83, Conewago Canal. A Hst of the Canal and L'.ck Navigation Companies whic'v l\ave been drganizcd, and to the Stock of whicii tht Statf has subscribed, tht extent ui the im- provements Contemplated, and the amount of individual and State sub- scriptions. Name. Kxtentof Individual State iniprovement Subscription subsc. Union Canal, 71 4ou,0J0 50,u00 Schuylkill nav. 117 948,000 50,000 Monongaheia, 90 18,360 30,oo0 1,416,510 130,000 To which add the cost of tne Cone- wago Canal private props it) estimated at 220,000, .and the j)robdLk amount ex- pended by White and company on the Lehigh of 150,000 dollars, together 170,000 dollars exclusive of the expendi- ture on tile Schuylkill, and i^nsquthan- nali, and Delaware and Schuylkill. The amount of >. xpenditures on this branch of internal improvement will bt 1,916,510 dollars. If all these subscriptions, appro- priations, and, individual expenditures for roads, brid^;ts, c;»nals, Sec. are ad- ded, the amount will be 10,369,779 dol- lars. The number of Canal, and Lock Na- vigation companies which have been au- thorized is 18, of which nine have made progress in the works. Strenu'^us exertions are now making to improve the navigation of the Lehigh, Schuylkill, and Susquehannah rivers. See those articles. The Union canal in- tended to unite the navigation of Sus- quehannah with the Delawaie is in pro- gress In brief the general aspect oi the state IS improving steadily, if not rapidly. The number of machines, in- cluding saw and grist mills, now in ope- ration in the state must exceed 6000. A fair view of the commercial opera- tions of Pennsylvania, cannot be given as from its local position it possesses no point of general concentration. Balti- more and New Orleans are as much ports in this slate as is Philadelphia, With all thi se points of diversion the amount (;f national revenue raised in Pen- sylvania, stands in ordinary years next to New York. Estimaces of either imports or exports to and from this state are also liable to tlie fo-f-egoing difficulties; and arc consequently in all instances too con - fined in vaiue. In 1820 the value of ex- ports was valut d at 5,743^549. The partial vi-: ws taken of the com- mercial r^iatinns of this state even by its legislature, may be seen from the sub- joined table being confined to Philadel- phia. By resolution 16th March, 1820 and 1st February 1821, reciting in the preamble the imp( rtance of developing tlie resour- ces of the state, and that as by tlic con- stitution of tht United States it is d( dared tliat no state shali without tiie consent of c tigress, lay any imports or duties on imports or exports, except what may be necessary for executing 'ts inspection laws, and that there was reason to be- lieve that the charges of inspection are more than necessary for the purpose aforesaid, the inspectors in Philadelphia were required annually under oath to report to the auditor general the quan- tity and value of the articles inspected, &c. The following is an extract from the last annual report. Wheat ttour, barrels, do. do. half barrels Rye flour, b.'irrels. Corn meal hogsheads, do. do. barrels, M!ddlin)4S. do. Receipts, Expenditures. Inspcdor of black oak bark; from 22(1 March. Hogsheads - - • 3,846 Tierces - . - 220 Barrels - • 873 Tons. 1984 T2(r.i-t Sgr. 21 lbs. Receipts, S5^92 35 Expenditures, 1275 62 . 301,000 i, 31.665 . 17,892 6,879 . 22,149 . 2,489 S3005 72 1245 35 SI 760 37 797 §271 6 63 i* E JS P E N Inspector of salted provisions from 2\st March. Beef, barrels, - - 4,562 do. halt; do, - - 660 Pork, barrels, - - 8,281 do. half, do. - - 286 Shad, barrels, - - 22 Herrings, barrels, - - 602 Receipts, g 1158 39 Expenditures, 453 75 S7u4 64 Inspectors of domestic distilled spirits one from the 5th and oUier from the 20th Jllarc/i. Whiskey, hogsheads, - 8,9>.8 do. tierces, - 157 do. barrels, - 17,791 Receipts §1,578 00 & glOSl 50 §2,609 50 Expendit's 943 418c 227 25 1,170 66 §634 59 S8U4 25 §1,438 84 Gallons estimated at 120 per hhd, 6U per tierce, and 33 per barrel, 1,614, 510. Inspector of lumber, from 2\at JMarch. Pine, yellow, feet, - 44,997 do. white do. - 127,080 Cherry and maple, do. - 32,028 Oak, feet, - oO,B32 Red cedar, do. - 1,593 Ash, do. - 3,025 Hemlock, do. - 9.277 For exportation, feet, Mahogany, feet, Red cedar, do. Sawed lumber, do. Imported feet. Total receipts, Expenditures. 248,883 46,305 17,851 2,562,487 2,626,543 g49'2 84 3175 S4()l 09 Journals senate 1821-22 p. 374. Wheat is by far the most valuable of the vegetable staples of Pennsylvania ; but large quantities of wrought articles and also rye, oats, salted provisions, fruits, whiskey, live stock, iron in all forms of bar iron a»^d hollow ware i flax-seed, &c. are exported. For the mountains and rivers of Pennsyl ania, see the respective counties, and the ar- ticle United States. Pennyto-wn, post village, of Hunterdon county, New Jersey, 10 miles NNW from Trenton. Perio, town of Pike county, Missouri. Penobscot river, falls into the Atlantic Gee in fifiy miles north-east from the mouth of the Kennebec. The basin of the Penob- 798 scot is 150 miles in length, with a mean > width of 55 miles. Ttie sources of this river remain imperfectly known, but reach above north lat. 46 0, and interlock with the sources of Cliaudiere branch of St. Lawrence, those of St. John's river of New Brunswick and Maine, and those of Kennebec. This basin extends over an area of 8000 square mil s. The tide as- cends to the town of Bangor, 50 miles above the entrance of the bay. Though draining less surface than the Kennebec and Androscoggin, the Penobscot is more navig^bie than either, and is considered as the principal stream of Maine. Fails do not immediately occur in the Penobscot at the head of the tide. Boat navigation re- mains uninterrupted 20 miles farther in- land. Timber and fish are the chief staples exported from this fine river, the former in immense quantities. From Penobscot bay to that of Passama- quoddy, in a distance of about 100 miles, a number of small rivers enter the Atlantic Ocean, the principal of whicn are. Union river, Narraguagus river. Pleasant river, Ciiandier's river, Machias, and East rivers. Union river falls into the Blackhill bay, the Naraguagus into Pigeonhill, or Narra- guagus bay; Pleasant river into the bay of the same name ; Chandler's river into English bay i and Machias and East rivers into Ma- chius bay. None of those streams have sources sixty miles inland, and though in a very remarkable manner supplied with convenient harbours, the inland commerce o! the country is very confiner i's sait-works, and is six mdes SW of Narbonne. Periapatam, '.own of Hindoostan, 24 miles SW of Serinjfapatam. Lon. 76 31 E, lat. 12 15 N. Perigord, late province of France, 83 miles lorig and 60 broad ; bounded on the N by Anyoiimois and Marche, on the E by Querci and Limosin, on the S by Age- nois and Bazodois, and on the W by Bour- delois, Ar.grumois, and Saintonj^e. It abounds in iron mines, and the air is pure and healthy. It now forms the depart- ment of Dordogne. Pengueux, ancient town of France, capi- tal of the department of Dordogne, and lute province of Perigord, wi;h a bi^'.iop's see,, the ruins of a temple o. Venus, a-id an am- phitheatre. It is s.-aied on the river Isle, .50 miles SW of Limoges. Lo:;. O 48 E, lat. 4.5 UN. Perkins, township of Huron county, Ohio, in which is situated the town cal- led Sandusky city. Perkinsonville, village of Amelia county, Virginia, 40 miles W from Petersburg. Perkiomen, river of Pennsylvania, rises in the eastern angle of Berks, the southern of Lehigh, and western of Bucks. It Hows nearly soutli through Montgonr.^'ry county into Schuylkill, which it enters six miiCs by land abov^- Norri^town. Perkiomen and Ski/ifiack, central town- ship of Montgomery county, Pcimsylva- nia, 25 miles NW froai Philadelphia. Population 1820, 1146 Perm, government of Russia, former- ly a provmce of Kasan, It is divided into two provinces of Perm and Catha- rinburgh. The government of Perm includes great part of the E of European Russia, extending from Viatka to Tobolsk . Per 711. capital of the Russian govern raent of Perm, on the Kama. Lon. 56 26 E, lat. 58 N. Upwards of 900 miles E by S from St. Pftf rsburg. Perindu, town or the Deccan, in the province of Dowlat-ibad, 183 miles NW of Hydrabad. Lon. 75 50 E, iat. 18 33 N. Perleberg, town of Upper Saxony, the capital of the marche of Prigniez, 62 miles NW cf Berlin. Lon. 12 36 E, lat. 23 25 N. Pernalla, town of the Deccan, in the province of Guzerat, 20.miles W cf Du- rampour. Lon. 72 53 E* lat 20 35 N Pernambuco, province of Braz'l, 200 miles long and 150 broad : bound.-d on the N by Tamara, on the E by the At- lantic, on the S by Seregippe, and on the V/ by Tapuyers. It produces a great quantity ot sugar, cotton and Brazil WQcd. soo Pernambuco, city of Brazil, and capi- tal of the province of the same name. It is composed of three towns, Rec fe, St. Antonis, and Boa Vista, united by bridge s P.,pulation about 35,000. Lon. W C 37 10 E. lat. 7 20 S. Perne, town of France, in the depart- ment of the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence. It is the birth-place of the celebrated orator Fle- chier, bishop of Nismes, and a little to the W of Apt. Perneau, town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Livonia, near the mouth ftf a river of the bame name, 35 miles N of Riga. Lon. 23 37 E, lat. 58 27 N. Pernes, town of France in the depart- ment of the Straits of Calais and late pro- vince of Arto'.s, on the Clarence, 17 miles NW of Arras. Lon 2 31 E, lat. 58 26 N. Ptrno, town of Sweden, in the pro- vince of Nyiand, on the coast of the Bal- tic, 36 miles E of Helsingfors. Lon. 25 40 E, lat. 60 30 N. Pernov. fortified town of Russia, in the government of Riga It is defended by a castle, and is 92 miles N of Riga. Lon. 24 ;.0 E, lat. 58 30 N. Peronne, town of France, in the de- partment of Somme, and late pnninceof Picardy, on the S(;mme, 27 miles SW of Caml)ray, and 80 E by N of Paris. Lon. 3 2 E, lat. 49 55 N. Perot e, town of Mexico, in the inten- dancy of Vera Cruz, about 75 miles NW from Vera Cruz, and HO nearly E frwm Mexico Lon. AV C 97 10 W. lat- 19 50 N. N^ar this ciiy, rises the vast m'^un- tain called by the Spaniards CofFre de Perote, the Nangl^cartspatepetl, of the Aztecs ; 13,414 feet above the level of the gulf of Mexico. It is distant from the Peak d'Orizaba 32 miles. Perousa, town of Piedmont, the chief place of a valley of the same name. It is seated on the Cluson. 18 miles SW of Turin. Lon. 7 13 E, lat. 44 .59 N. P erp.igncm ,^cx?i\CT\\ an i-pisc pal town of France, capital of the department of the Eastern Pyrenees and late province of Roussillon, v/ith a university. It is seated on the Tet, over which is a bridge, 100 iriks SF, of Bourdeaux. Lon. 3 E, lat. 42 41 N Perc/uufian.f, county of North Caro- lina ; bouned* r)y Albemarle Sound S; Chowan county W ; Gates NVV ; and Pasquotank NE, and E. Length 20; mean width 10 ; and area 200 square miles. Surface generally level, and part marshv. Soli toler.'ibly productive. Chief town Hartford. Population in 1810. Free white femalen; - - - 1,9.3S P E li PER Free white females 1,9/8 Total whites All oilier persons except Indians not taxed . - - . Slaves . . • . - 3,916 119 2,017 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females ... All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males ... - do. females 6,052 2,048 2,131 4,179 100 113 1,276 1.191 Total population in 1820 6,859 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 2 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,188 do. in Manufactures - 90 do. in Commerce - - 10 Population to the square mile, 34. Perry, town of Washington county, Maine, 25 miles NE from Machias. Po- pulation 1820, 407. Perry, post village and township of Genesee county, New York. Population 1820, 2317. Perry, county of Pennsylvania ; bound- ed by Cumberland S; Franklin SW; Mifflin NW ; and the Susquehannah river, or Dauphin NE, Length 38 ; mean width l-t; and area 540 square miles. This county was taken from Cumberland in 1850, and comprises Sher- mans and Tuscarora valleys, and the lower part of the peninsula between the Susquehannah and Juniata rivers, ex- tending from the Blue or Kittatinny, to the Tuscarora mountain. It is watered by the Susquehannah, and Juniata rivers, and by Sherman's, p.nd other creeks. The soil is generally productive, in grain, fruit, and pasturage. Chief town Land- isburg. Population in 1810, Free while males - - - 4,418 do do. females - - - 4,192 Free white females - . 5,527 All other persons except Indians riOt taxed - . . . 5g Total wliites . - . . 11,274 Free persons of colour, males - 37 do. do. females - 30 Slaves, males .... o do. females - - - a Total population in 1820 - 11,342 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 34 Engaged in Agriculture - 1,489 do. in Manufactures - 645 do. in Commerce - - 19 Population to the square mile, 21. Perry, county of Kentucky ; bounded by Havlan S; Clay W; Estille NW; Pike N ; and Floyd E. Length 50 ; mean width 20 ; and area 1000 square miles. Surface hilly and broken gene- rally, and in part mountainous. Ken- tucky river rises in the southern part of this county. By the census of 1820, tjie l)opulation of Perry was given in Clay and Floyd counties. Perry, interior county of Ohio, bounded on the N by Licking countj^ E by Muskin- gum and Mc.rgan, S by Athens and Hock- ing, on the VV by Fairfield county. It is 2i miles long by 18 broad, containing 400 square miles. A considerable part of Perry county is hilly and somewhat hard of tillage. It is, however, found to be excellent for the production of wheat. Stoiie coal is found in several places. It contains the post town of Somerset the seat of justice, and Thornville ; beside New Reading, Lexington and Burling- ton, of less importance. It has no con- sidei'able stream of water, within its li- mits; some of the ti-ibutary branches, however, of the Muskingum and Hock- hocking, rivers rises in this county. Population ii-i 1820. Free white males . - 4,410 do. do. females . - 4,001 Ail other persons except Indians not taxed - - . Q Total whites .... All other persons except Indians not taxed - . . . Slaves, . . . . Total population in 1810 . Population in 1820. Free white females V I Total whites - - - 8,411 Free persons of colour, males 6 do. do. females, 12 Slaves, males ... o 8,610 do. females ... 36 Total popvilation in 1820 - 8,429 17 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 60 8,663 Engaged in Agricwlture - - 1,704 clo. in Manufactures - 226 do. in Commerce - 6 5,689 Population to the square mile, 21. 801 P E ft PER Perry, towrisliip of Geaug^i county, Ohio, i-ituated between Painesville and Madison, on the sontliern shore of Lake Erie. Population 1820. 614 Perry, township of Stark county, Ohio, containing 605 inhabitants, and in which is sitaated the town of Kendall. Population 1820, 607. Perry, township of Wayne county, Ohio. Population T820, 558. Perry, township of Shelby county, Ohio. Population 1820. uncertain. Perry ; township in the southei-n bor- ders of Tuscarawas county, Ohio, in which is situated the village of Westches- ter. Population 1820. 256 Perry, township of Muskingum coun- ty, Ohio Population 1820, 543. Perry, township of Gallia county, Ohio. Population 1820, 455. Perry, northern township of Brown county, Ohio. Population 1820, 666. Perry, township of Franklin county, Ohio. Population 1820, 426. Perry, NE township ot Licking coun- ty, Ohio. Population 1820, 297. Perry. S township, Fairfield county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 612. Perr-y, township of Richland county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 400, Perry, county of Iiidiana ; bounded by Ohio River SE and S ; Spencer W ; Dubois NW ; and Crawford N and NE. Len.::;tl» 28 ; mean width 15 ; and area about 400 square miles. Surface broken ; and soil fertile. Population in 1820. Free white males - - 1,221 do. da. females - - 1,093 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Totril whites ■ - - 2.314 Free persons of colour, males - 4 do. do. females - 11 Slaves, males ... do, females _ - . 1 Total population in 1820 - 2,330 Of these; Foreigners nol naturalized - 6 Engaged in Agriculture - - 614 do. in Manufactures - 20 do. in Commerce - - Q Population to the square mile, 5^. Perry, county of Tennessee ; bounded by Wayne S ; Hardii) S W; Henderson W ; Caroll NW ; HMmpln-ies N ; and Hickman E. Len"5tli 33 ; mean wiflth 25 ; a'ld area SL25 square miles. Tennessee river flows N through the western part of tlsis county. Population in 1820. Free white males - - 1,141 do. do. females - 1,020 802 .\U oUier persons except Indians not taxed . . - - o Total whites .... 2,161 Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males .... Ill do. females ... 112 Total population in 1820 - 2,384 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Eng-aged in Agriculture - - 652 Do. in Manufactures - Do. in Commerce • - 6 Population to the square mile, 2^. PetTu, central county of Alabama; bound- ed by'^Dallas S; Green W; Tuscaloosa NW ; Bibb NE ; and Autauga BE. Caha- ba river flows across this county from N to S dividing it into almost equal sections. Perry, county of Mississippi ; boimded by Jackson and Hancock S ; Marion W ; Covington N ; and Green E. Length 30 ; breadth 30 ; and area 900 square miles. Surface moderately hilly ; soil except to a very -mall extent near the streams is sterile, and covered with pine timber. Leaf river, the great NW co'ifluent of the P;iscagoula, flows through tiiis county. Staple cotton. Population in 1820. Free white males . » . 804 do. do. females ... 735 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... o Total whites .... 1,539 Free persons of colour, males - 4 do. do. females ... 3 Slaves, males .... 240 do. females ... 251 Total population in 1820 - ., 2,03r Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 6 Engaged in Agriculture - - 179 do. in Manufactures . 5 do. in Commerce - . 7 Poptdation to the square mile, 2. PervyopoUs, post village of Fajette coun- ty, Pennsylvania, on Youghiogany river, eight miles NE trom Brownsville. Perrysbnrg, town of Wood county, Ohio, at the lower ; apids of Maumee river, and on the right bank of that stream, 135 miles NNW from Columbus, 80 miles SW from Detroit, and about 50 miles SW by W from the Bass islands in lake Erie, the scene of the splendid naval victory gained by the hero for whom it is named. Perrysville, post village, Hunterdon county, New .Jersey. P E II V E It PerrysviUe^ post village, Allegany couu- Population in 1819, ty, Pennsylvania, seven miles nearly N !rom Free white males Pittsburg, on the road from that city to do. do. females Harnitmy. l^crrysville, post village of Mercer coun- Total whites ty, Kentucky, 40 miles S\V from Lexing- ton. Perrysville, post town, Bond county, Illinois, on Kaskaskias river, 15 miles be- low Vandala Peraain, town of the kingdom of Pe- gu, near a river of the same name, 132 miles SW of Pegu. Lon. 94 55 W, lat. 16 45 N. Persepolis, one of the ancient capi- tals, city of Persia, properly so called. Its magnificent ruins are 50 miles NE of Schiras, and 20' SE of Ispahan. Lon. 56 20 E, lat. 30 10 N. Persepolis, (the Persian city) is a name purely Greek, and unknown to either the ancient nr modern Persians The latter call the ruins of that city, " Tacht a Jeinsheed," or the Palace of Jemsheed, and " Tchehil Minar," The Forty Tow- ers. Pershore, town in Worcestershire, with a manufacture of stockings ; on the Avon, nine miles ESE of Worcester, and 106 WNW of London. Persia, large kingdom of Asia, ccn All other persons except Indians not taxed • . - - Slaves Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females . . - All oiher persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites . . - . Free persons or colour, males do. Slaves, males do. females ilo. females Total population In 1820 2,085 1,902 3,98r 82 2,573 6,642 2,660 2,615 5,275 36 44 1,890 1,784 9,029 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 1 Enga;^ed in Agriculture - 2,512 do. in .Manufactures - 171 do in Commerce - - 13 Population to the square mile 22^. r -,-. ... Perth, borough of Scotland, capital sisung of several provinces, which, at ^f Perthshire, on the SW side of the different times, have had their particular kings. It is bounded on the N by Geor- gia, the Caspian Sea, and Usbec Tartary, W by I'urkey and Arabia, S by the gulfs of Persia and Ormus, and the Arabian Sea, and E by Hindoostan Proper. It is about 1225 miles in length from E to W and 900 in breadth from N to S. Their fay, which is navigable for small vessels, but the largest vessels are obliged to un- load at Newberg. The salmon fishery is a great article of trade ; and it has considerable manufacture of linen and cotton goods, leather, boots, shoes, and gloves. In 1811, the number of inhabitants was 17,000. It is 35 miles N by W of principal manufactures are silks, silks g^jinburg Lon. 3 '^'0 W lat. 56 24 N mixed with cotton, or with camel's or Population 1801, 126~336, in 1811, 135.093, goat's hair, brocades, gold tissues, gold ^^[^ in 1821, 139,050. velvet, carpets, calicoes, camlets, &c. ,, , ^ , • -vr -i The Persians are generally Mohamme- ^ ^'^^^' •^'«^''2/« se^Po" '"^^* l^P^Y' dans of the sect of Ali. Ispahan is the Essex county, seated on a neck of land, -„--:._i ^ between the river Raritan and btaten ^ Island Sound. Population 1620, 798 ; its situation is high and healthy. It lies open to Sandy Hook, and ii> one of the best harbours on the continent. It is 25 miles SW of New York. Lon. 75 W, Persia, Gulf of, sea or inland lake between Persia and Arabia. The en- trance near Ormus is not above 30 miles over : but within it is from 120 to 250 in breadth, and the length from Ormus to , ^ ^q 35 j^ the mouth of the Euphrates is 500 miles. The southern side is particularly celebra- ted for its pearl fishery. Person, county of North Carolina; bounded by Virginia N ; Granville E ; Orange S ; and Caswell W. It is a square of 20 miles each side, area 400 square miles. The extreme NW sources of Neuse and Pamlico rivers rise in the SE angle of this county, whilst its NW part Perthes, town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Marne, six miles SSW of Melun. Perthes, town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Marne, six miles NW of St. Dizier. Pertigi, town of the island of Sardi- nia, 19 miles SE of Castel Aragonese. Pertuis, town of France, in the de- is drained by the SE confluents of Dan partment of the Mouths of the Rhone river. and late province of Proven«e, 10 miles SOS N of Aix, and 27 of Marseilles. Lon. 5 36 E, lat. 43 44 N, Peru, late a province of Spain in S America. It lies between lat. 1 30 N and 25 10 S, being nearly 2000 miles long from N to S, and 350 in breadth. It is bounded on the N by Popayan ; on the E by the country of the Amazons and Pa- raguay ; on the S by Chili and La Plata ; and on the \V by the Pacific Ocean. The land next the sea is mostly barren, some valleys excepted, into which the streams from the hills turn. Between the hills are very extensive valleys, yiekling all manner of grain and fnii't, and the wea- ther temperate. The Andes are covered with snow the greatest part of the year, and consequently cold. The weather on this coast, from 4 deg. to 25 deg. S being generally serene. No vain fells in this tract unless within four or five degrees of the Equator. On the Cordileras or high mouritains, it rciins cv snows two thirds of the year. Peru was until the re- cent revolutions in Spanish America divi- ded into three great audiencesjwhich were Quito, Lima, or Los Reyes, and Los Charcos. The first were fixed at St. Fede Bogota, the capital of the kingdom of Granada, and extended over the whole of Terra Firma, and the audience of Quito. In the jurisdiction of the second, established in 1776, were the provinces of Plata, Buenos Ayres, Paraguay. Tu- cuman, Potosi, St. Cruz de la Sierra, and the towns of Mendcza and St. Juan. Lima is the capital. Peru is now in a revolutionary state. That part formerly included in the au- dience of Charcos has been united to, and forms a part of the vast regions included :n the United Provinces "^of La Plata. The northern sections are still nominally held by Spain. The staple commodities of this great country include nearly all that is valua- ble in the vegetable and mineral king, doms. Peru, town of Bennington comity, Aver- ment, 30 miles NE from'Hennington. Peru, post village and township of Berk- shire county, Massachusetts. Population in 1820, 748. Peru tovjnship, Clinton county, New York on lake Champlain, nearly opposite Bur- lington. Population in 1820, 2710. Pervgia, city of Italy, capital of Perugino, with a university, on a hill 75 miles N of Kome. Lon. 12 20 E, lat. 43 6 N. Perugia, lake of Italy, of a circular form, almost five miles in diameter. It is eight miles from the city of that name, in the province of Perugino. Perugino, province of Italy, in the Ecele- Biastical State ; bounded on th« W bv fas- 804 P E 1' cany; on the S by Orvietano ; on the W by the duchies of Spoleto and Urbino, and on the N by the county of Citta Cas- tellana. It is 25 miles in length, and near as much in breadth. The air is pure, and the soil fertile in corn and good wine. The capital is Perugia. Pesaro, town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino. The harbour is excellent ; the environs are remarkable for producing good figs, of which large quantities are sent to Venice. It is seated on an eminence, at the mouth of the Foglia. on the gulf of Venice, 17 miles ENE of Urbino, and 130 of Rome. Lon. 13 2 E, lat 43 52 N. Pescura, town of Naples, in Abruzzo CI- teriore, at the mouth of a river of the same name, on the gulf of Venice, eight miles R by S of Civita-di-Penna, and 100 NE of Naples. Lon. 15 2 E, lat. 42 27 N. Peschiera, town of Italy, in the Veronese, on the Mincio, which proceeds from the Garda, 16 miles W of Verona. Lon. 11 4 E, lat 45 26 N. Pescia, town of Tuscany, noted for the excellent oil it produces. It is 10 miles SW of Pistoia. Lon. 11 22 E, lat. 43 47 N. Pesenas, town of France, in the depart- ment of Heraulf, and late province of Lan- guedoc, delightfully seated on the river Pein, 12 miles NE of Beziers. Lon. 3 34 E, lat. 43 28 N. Pest, town of Upper Hungary, capital of a county of the same name, oh the Danube, opposite Buda, o5 miles SE of Presburg. Lon. 18 25 E, hit. 47 24 N. Pcta-d', town of Germany, in the duchy of Stiria, on the Drave, 100 mdes S of Vi- enna. Lon. 15 36 E, lat. 46 40 N. Pe-tcheli, Tcheli, or Lipa-fo7i, the princi- pal province of China ; bounded on the N by the great Wall and part orTartary ; on the E by the Yellow Sea ; on the S by Chang-tong and Ilonan, and on the VV by the mountains of Chan-si. It contains nine cities of the first class, which have several others under their jurisdiction. The tem- perature of the air in this province does not seem to agree with its latitude ; for although Pe-tcheli extends no further than the 42d degree N, yet all its rivers are so much frozen during four months in the year, that wagons with the heaviest loads may safely pass them. The soil is sandy, and produces verj- little rice ; but it abounds with all other kinds of grain, and with the greater part of the fruit trees we have in Europe. Peking is the capital. Peter and Paul, St. or Petropaivloskoi, seaport of Kamtscatka, in the Russian go- vernment of Irkutzk. The town consists of some miserable log-hou.ses and a few conical huts. Lon. 158 43"E, lat. 53 N. Peterborough, city of Northamptonshire, on the Nen, over which is a bridge into HunlingdoTishire. It carries on a trade in P E T PET corn, coal, and timber. It is 42 miles NE superlour to common cottages, are blended of Northampton, and 81 N of London, with the public buildings The brick Lon. 10 W, hit. 52 30 N. houses are ornamented witli a white stucco, Peterborough, posi village, Madison which has led several travellers to say. that county, New^York, on Oneida creek, 30 they are budi of stone. The mansions of miles SW from Utica. In this place, is a tlie nobles are vast piles of building, fur- printing office, a state arsenal, and factories nished with great cost, in the same elegant of cotton and woollen goods, and glass style as at Paris or Lond(jn, and situated ware. chiefly on the S side of the Neva, either in Peter, St. parish of Beaufort district, the admiralty quarter, or in the suburbs of South Carolina. Livonia and Moscow, which are the finest Peterhead, town in Aberdeenshire, near parts of the city. The views upon the the mouth of the Ugie.on the most easier- banks of the Neva exhibit the grandest and ly point of Scotland. It has an excellent most lively scenes imaginable. That river harbour, defended by a new pier; which is in many places as broad as the Thames can contain 40 or 50 vessels in perfect at" London ; it is also deep, rapid, and as safety A considerable trade is carried on transparent as crystal ; and its banks are directly to the Baltic, for iron, hemp, t;n", liiied on each side with a continued range and other articles. It has likewise a manu- ofgrand buddings. On the N tlie fortress, facture of sewing thread. It is a little to the academy of sciences, and the academy the W of Buchanness, and 34 miies NE of of arts, are the most striking objects. On Aberdeen. Lon. 1 28 W, lat. 57 28 N. ^he opposite side arc the imperial palace, Peterhoff, in Russia, is situated about 20 t!ie admiralty, the mansions of many Rus- milesfrom Petersburg, and is distinguished sian nobles, and the English line, so called for its palace and gardens. because it is mostly occupied by English Peters, township of Franklin county, merchants. In the front of these buildings, Pennsylvania; containing 1762 inhabitants on the S side, is the quay, which extends in 1810, and in 1820, 2776 Situated be- three miles, except where it is interrupted tween the E branch of Conegocheague by the admiralty; and the Neva, during creek and the North mountain, 10 miles S the whole of thai space, has been embank- W of Chambersburg. ed, by order of the late empress, by a wall, Petersboro' post town in Hillsboro' coun- parapet, and pavement of hewn granite, ty, New Hampshire ; 18 miles W of Am- Petersburgh, though more compact than herst, 74 W by Nof Newburyport, andthe the other Russian cities, still bears a re- same distance from Boston. It is a place semblance to the towns of that country, of very extensive manufactures ; amongst being built in a very straggling manner. It which are, five cotton, and one woollen has been lately enclosed within a rampart, factory. Population in 1820,1500. the circumference of which is 14 miles. In Petersburgh, metropolis of the Russian it there are no fewer than 35 great church- empire, in the government of the same es, (almost every sect of Cliristians being name, is situated on the river Neva, near the tolerated,) and the number of inhabitants gulf of Pinland,and is built partly upon some is supposed to be about 300,000. It is said islands in the mouth of that river, and part- that 3000 one horse sledges are employed ly upon the continent. So late as the be- for passengers in the streets, in winter. ginning of the last century, the ground on From its low and marshy situation, it is sub- vvhich Petersburgh now stands was only a jeci to inundations, which have sometimes vast morass, occupied by a few fishermen's* risen so high, as to threaten the town with huts. Peter the Great first began this city, a total submersion. The opposite divisions in 1703. He built a small hut for himself, of Petersburg, situated on each side of the and some wretched wooden hovels. In Neva, are connected by a bridge on pon- 1710, the Count Golovkin built the first toons, which, on account of the large masses house of brick, and the next year, the em- of ice driven down tlie stream from lake peror with his own hand, laid the founda- Ladoga, is usually removed v^ihen they first tion of a house of the same materials. P'rom make their appearance; and, for a few these small beginnings rose the imperial days, till the river is frozen hard enough city of Petersburg; and, in less than nine to bear carriages, there is no commimica- years after the wooden hovels were erect- tion between the opposite parts of the ed, the seat of empire was transferred from town. Among the noblest ornaments of Moscow to this place. The streets, in Petersburg, is an equestrian statue of Peter general, are broad and spacious; and three the great, in bronze, erected by Catherine of the principal ones, which meet in a II. in 1782. It is of colossal size, and stands point at the admiralty, are at least two on a huge pedestal of rock, brought there miles in length. Most of them are paved ; at great expense. Within the walls of the but a few are still suffered to remain floor- fortress, is the cat'.iedral of St. Peter and ed with planks ; and, in several parts of St. Paul, in which are deposited the re- this metropolis, wooden hotxses, scarcely mains of Peter the great, and of the succes,- 805 P E T E T sive sovereigns, except Peter H. who was buned ut Moscow, Petersbiugh is 355 miles NW of Moscow, 750 NE of Vienna, 535 NE of Copenhag- n, ai.d 3U0 NE of Stockhol-xi. Li.n 30 25 E, lut 69 60 N. Petersburg, port ot entry and pos town in Dmwiddie comUy, Virginia ; situated on the S side of i^ppoinatox nvt-r, in lat. 37 12 N, and ion. 78 8 VV. It is 25 miles S of Richmond, and 79 W of the borough of Norfolk. This is a place of considerable trade in cotton, grain, flour, and tobacco ; the exports of one year having amoanted to I,o90,u00 Collars. Being in the centre of one i)X the earliest settled parts of the State, it is surrounded by a wealthy and populous country. The situation of Petersburg, is peculiarly well adapted to both commerce and manu- factures. The falls in Appomattox, pre- sent excellent sites for machinery; whii.st a canal cut around thtm obviates their natural impediment to navigation. The town now contains, two banks and an en.su- rance office. It occupies part of three counties. The body of the place is in Dinwiddie, but it also comprises the village of Blandford in Prince George county, and Powhatan in Chesterfield county. Population in 1810. Free white mates - - • 1,375 do. do. females - - - 1,029 Total whites .... All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - . Slaves - - - ' - Total population in 1810 2,404 1,089 2,173 5,666 Population in 1820. ipree whites, males do. do. females Total whites - . . - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males ... do, females _ _ - 1,725 1,372 3,097 513 652 1,195 1,233 Total population in 1820 6,690 orthe.se ; Foreigners not naturalized - 70 Engaged in Agriculture - - - 8 do. in Manufactures - 267 do. in Commerce - - 196 Fstersbyrg, township of Rensallaer coun- ty, new York, 25 miles NE from Albany. Population in 1820, 2248. Petersburg, post village, eight miles SE from Gettysburg, Adams counly, Pennsyl- vania. Petersburg, post village of Perry county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank of Susque- hannah river, 15 miles above Harrisburg. Petersburg, post town of Elbert county, Georgia, on the rigiit bank of Savannali river, an ttie point at thejunction of Broad and Savannah rivers, 35 miles above Au- gusta. Petersburg, village of Woodward county, Kentucky, on Kentucky river, 15 miles above Frankfo."'^. Petersburg, small village, on the eastern border of Columbiana county, Ohio. Petersdorf, town of Prussia, in the pro- vince of Samland, 24 miles Ei of Konings- berg Petersjield, borough in Hampshire, on the Loddon, 18 miles NE of Portsmouth, and 53 SW of London. Lon. 58 W, lat. 51 2 N. Petershagen, town of Germany, in the principality of Minden, seated on the We- ser, three mdes from Minden. and '37 VV of Hantiver, Lon. 9 6 E. lat. 52 25 N. Petersham, post town in Worcester coun- ty, Massachusetts, 25 mihs NW of Wor- cester, and 66 W of Boston : a branch of Chickapee river passes by tliis town. The inhabitants were 1490 in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1623. Peterstoivn, post village Monroe county, Virginia. Petenville, post village, Frederick coun- ty Maryland, 20 miles NE from Frederick. Pelerxvaradin, town of Sclavcnia, on the Danube, between the Save and Drave, 35 miles NW of Belgrade. Lon. 20 30 E, lat 45 26 N. Peiherton, town of Somersetshire, on the Parvet, 18 miles S bv W of Wells and 133 W by S of London. Lon.2 41 E,lat. 50 56 N. Petigliano, town of Tuscany, in the Sien- nese, 45 mdes SE of Sienna, Lon. 11 42 E, lat. 42 23 N. Petit Guave, seaport of St. Domingo, on a bay at the W end of the island. Lon. 72 53 W, lat. 28 27 N. Petoune, city of Eastern Chinese Tartary, ^in the department of Kirin, on the Son- gari, 112 miles N by E of Kirin, and 500 NE of Peking. Lon. 124 55 E, lat. 45 3 N. Petrikoxv, town of Great Poland, in the palatinate of Siradia, 80 miles SW of War- saw. Lon. 19 46 E, lat. 51 12 N. Petrina, town of Austrian Croatia, on the Petrina, 27miles E of Carlstadt. Lon, 16 E, lat. 46 N. Pettaiu, town of Germany, in the duchy of Stiria, on the Drave, 28 miles S by E of Gratz. Lon. 15 37 E, lat. 47 46 N. Pettapolly, seaport of Hindoostan, on the coast of Coromandel. Lon. 80 46 E, lat. 15 49 N. Pettycur, harbour In Fifeshire, one mile from Kinghorn, in the Frith of Forth. Pet-worth, town of Sussex, near the Arun, 12 miles NE of Chichester, and 49 SW of London. Lon. 34 W, lat. 50 58 N. PHI ■Pevenseif, village in Sussex, on a small river which runs into a bay of the En- glish Channel, called Pevi nsey Harbour, 14 miles WSW of Hastings. Peyt07isburg, small village "f Pilsylvania county, Virginia, 45 miles S from Lunch- burg. Pfafenhoffen^ town of Germany in Upper Bavaria, on the 11m, 19 miles NW of Ratis- boi). Lon. 12 3 E, lat. 49 27 N. Pfalgel, town of Gei-mimy, in the electo- rate ot Treves, with a convent, formerly a palace of the kings o*' the Franks. It is three miles NE of Treves. PJirt or Forette, town of France, in the depart rent of Uppr r Rliine and late pro- vince of Alsace, ten m.les W of Basil. Lon. 720E, lat. 47 37 N. Pfortshiem, town of Suabia, in the mar- quisate v.-f Baden-D irlach, with a castle, seated on the Entz, 15 rniles SE of Dur- lach. Lon, 9 46 E, iat. 48 57 N. Pfriemb, t^iwn n* Germany, in Upper Bavaria, with a cas le, seated at the con- fluence of the Ffrien and N ib, 10 miles NE of Ainberg. Lon. 12 21 E, lat. 49 21 N. PfuUendorf, imperial town of Snabiaj seated on the Vndaispatc!., 37 miles SW of Uim. Lon. 9 27 VV. l.t. 48 8 N. P/ianaeroria, small »nd beautiful island of Asii, on the E side of ilie strait of CifFa. Pharos, small island in ihe Mediterra- nean Sea, opposne Alexandria, in Egypt, the space between which and the conti- nent forms an extei.sive harbour. It has a communication with the continent by a stone causeway and bridge. It formerly had an exceedingly high tower upon it, call- ed the Ph:!ros, and on the top of it were lights for the direction of ships. Lon, 31 11 E, lat. 30 24 X. PharsaUa, now Pharzn, town of Turkey in Europe, in .Janna, in the plains of which some suppose the decisive battle was fought between Cxsar asid Pompey, in 4S B C. Seated on the Enipens, 10 miles S of La- rissa. Phnsis, river of Asia, which crosses Min- grelia, and falls into the Black Sea. Phelps, township of Ontario county, New York, containing 3408 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 5688. Situated about 200 miles W of Albany. Philadelphia, city of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, seated on the foot ot the mountain. Timolus, in an extensive plain. The Greeks retain its ancient name, but the Turks cuIl it Allahijah. It contains 11,000 inhabitants. among whom are 2000 Christians, It is 40 miles ESE of Smyrna. Lon. 28 15 E, lat. 38 28 N. Philadelphia, county of Pennsylvania ; bounded by Delaware river SE ; Delaware county SW; Montgomery county NW ; and Bucks county NE. Length 18 ; mean widtli 7 : and area about 120 square miles. P H I exclusive of the space occupied by Phila* delpliia and its suburbs. The distinction made in the returns of the census of 1820, between the city and coun- ty of Philadeiph'.a gives a veiy inadequate represen'.atioii of tlie respfctive population of each. The tablci annexed to those ar- ticles were constructed from the census, but it is necessary to enable the reader to correct the defect of the return. In the first instance, there is a material distinction, between the Incorporated Northern Liber- lies, and Nortlifrn Liberties township. To ali commercial, and mcrai purposes, Phila- del;ncerned, may be implicitly relied on ; and also the coasting trade, as far as it goes. If about thirty vessels a month, principally schooners and si ops from N"rth Carolina, with naval stores and lumber, and from other ports in the United States are added, die account will be near ly perfect for the time specified. It should be borne in mind, that the summer is not the most active commercial season ot the year. The spring and fall present a great many more iirrivals, especially from foreign ports. It wili be seen by the table that there has been a gradu-.l increase of the com- merce of Piiiladelp'iia for the la>t three years, witli the exception of 1820, which was owing in all probability, to the exag- gerated stories which wer.t abroad, respect- ing ihe partiwl prevalence of epidemic fe- ver in the cilv. JS o en ^ S. T)3 1819. June - 14 22 39 20 95 56 1101 July . 19 27 39 13 98 59 August 14 21 38 8 81 52 Sept. 17 30 26 4 77 59 2007 64 100 142 45 351 226 6760 1811 1841 1820. June - 10 17 39 9 75 39 Jidy . 11 26 31 6 75 41 August 16 19 33 10 78 44 Sept. 18 19 27 5 69 55 675 572 583 575 55 81 130 ' 31 297 179 2405 13 17 42 10 82 18 27 36 7 83 35 45 8 24 60 14 103 56 17 28 32 4 81 54 606 681 606 603 56 96 170 32 354 190 2496 12 30 50 12 104 52 10 27 53 5 75 43 21 25 35 17 118 63 1175 S50 624 9 31 44 12 96 54 581 52 113 182 46 393 213 3230 1821. June - July - August Sept. 1822. June - July - Aiigust Sept. As a manufacturing city, Philadelphia is first in the Union. It would be use- less to specifiy the number or value of each article it may suffice to say, that in the City, Liberties, aud environs almost every object of nee-, ssity, and some of ornament and luxury are produced. Accorflini'; to Coxe's View, the value of manufactured articles produced here in 1810. exceeded 16,000,000 of dollars. Printing is very extensively carried into operation ; both in the production of books, and public prints. Tht ill i and trade of Pennsylvania is vei-y extensive This citv coiTipetes with New York, New Orleans and Bal- timore in the supply of the inhabitants in the basin of Mississippi. Under the articles Lf-high, Delaware, Schuylkill, and Susquehannah, may be seen tiie va- rious natural facilities of external and internal water communication open to Philadelphia ; and under the same, and other articles, are noticed the artificial operations, either performed in progress, or desieoed, to aid the natural facilities. ? H I PHI or remove impediments to intercommu- nication. The United States Navy Yard at Philadelphia composes a part of South- wark. The depth of water is sufficient for launching vessels of the first class, but not of floating them with their guns, crews, and uther necessary lading Be- fore being prepared for sea, ships of the line have to be removed lower down the Delaware. The environs of Philadelphia have been justly admired f)r soft, and yet va- ried scenery. The banks of the Schuyl- kill, are much more picturesque, than those of the Delaware ; and the former, also, much more extensively and taste- fully improven. Pratt's gardens above, and Bartram's below the city are indeed elegant and rich additions to a picture rendered more seductive by contrast with the two fine villages of Hamilton and Mantua, and two beautiful and noble bridges which connect those villages to the city. The whole i?iterminged with numerous detached seats, and crowned by the artificial cascade, locks, water works, and reservoir at Fair Mount. Taken together, if we engroup its ad- vantages and disadvantages ; if we con- sider the order of its citizens, the clean- ness, and regularity of its streets, and its •well cultivated and abundant neighbour- hood it may be doubted whether more is concentrated in any other place to minis- ter to human comfort and prosperity. Population ia 1810. Free white males - - - 23,240 do. do. females - - - 24.128 Total whites - - - 47,368 Ail other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - 6^352 Slaves 2 Total population in 1810 53.722 Population in 1820. Free white males . - . do. do. t'e .''ales - . - AU other persons except Indians not taxed .... 25,785 29,232 1,203 Total whites Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males .... do. females 56,220 3,156 4,423 o Total population in l82o' - 63,802 Of these: Foreigners not naturalized - 777 Engaged in Agriculture - 156 do. in Manufactures - 6,100 do. ia Commerce - - 2,984 The preceding table includes only the population of Philadelphia, from the S'-uth side of Vine, to the north side of Cedar, or South street inclusive. See Philadelphia county. The incorporated suburbs of Philadelphia cont.iined in 1820, 45,007 inhabitants, thus classed. Foreigners not naturalized - 672 Engaged in Agriculture - 63 do. in Manufactures - 3,475 do. in Commerce - 481 Combining these separate elements, the productive p.-pulation of the city and suburbs will stand as follows. Ei.'gaged in Agriculture - 219 do. Manufactures - 9,575 do. Commerce - 3 465 The governm nt of Philadelphia is vested in a Mayor, Aldermen, Recor- der, and Select and Common Ci uncils. Progressive population In 1790, 43,527 1800, 1810, 92,247 . 1820, 108,809 The old and new state prisons, as they b long to the state, and not to the city will be notic d under the artici.: Penn- sylvania, vi-hich see. Philadelphia, post town Monroe coun- ty, A abama. Pkilipsburg, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine. It is seated on the R'tine, seven miles S of Spire, and 40 NE of Strasburg Lon 8 Zo E, lat. 49 12 N. Philips- Kort on town in Somerset- shire, seven miles S of Bath. Lon. 2 16 W, lat. 52 16 N. Philipatadt, town of Sweden in Wer- meland, seated in a hilly and rocky country, abounding in iron mines, be- tween two lakes, and watered by a ri- vulet. It is 2u miles NE of Carlstadt, and 140 NW of Stockholm. Lon 14 10 E, lat 59 30 N. Philipstoivn, borough of Ireland, capi- tal ot King's County, 40 miles W of Dub- lin. Lon. 7 3 W, lat 5?, 18 N. Phllipville, town of France, in the de- partment of the North, and late province of Hair.ault, on an eminenc, 35 miles SE of Mons, and 125 N by E of Paris. Lon. 4 24 E, lat 50 7 N. PhiUppi, ancient town of Macedonia. It was near this plac", commonly called the plains of Philippi, where Cassius and Brutus, two of the assassinators of Cxsar, were tlefeated by Augustus and Mark Antony, in 42 B. C It is 67 miles E of Salonichi. Lon. 24 25 E, lat. 40 N. I'hilippina. See Samar. Philippine, town of Flanders, on an arm of the Scheidt, 12 mili s SK oi' Flush- ing. Lon. 3 51 E, lat. 51 16 N. 811 I* I A 1* J C .Philippine Islands, islands in the Indian Ocean, discovered by Magellan, in 1521. They are said to be about 1200 in num- ber, of which 400 are c nsidcrabie. The principal are Luconia, Mindanao, Samar, Matsbate, Mindoro Lubao, Panay, Lf y te, Bohol, Ztbu, Negro's St John's Xolo. and Abyo. The air is very hot and moist, and the soil fertile in rice and many other useful vegetables and fruits. Lon. 117 13 to 120 50 E, lat 6 30 to 18 15. Philippines J\''e7L\ otherwise called Pa- laos and CaroUnas, islands in the North Pacific Ocean, to the E of the most southern of the Philippine Islands. There are about 32 in all, between the equator and the Ladrones ; but they are very little known to the Europeans. FMlippoH, town of Rorsiana, on the Ma- riza, 82 miles NW of Adrianople. Lon. 24 50 E, lat. 43 15 N. Philips, post town and township, So- merset county, Maine, 40 miles N from Norridgewock Population 1820, 634 Philips, township of Putnam county, New York, on Huds moreover, for- cibly efliscted a threat change in the consti- tutiori. In 1791, however, the king and the nation, in concurrence, almost unani- mou.siy, and without any foreign interven- tion, Cbtablished another constitution ; and one so unexceptionable every way, that it was celebrated by Mf. Burke, as a revolu- tion, whereby the condition of all were made belter, and the rigii's of ?jo;ie infringed. By it the broils of an elective monarchy, by which Poland, on almcst eveiy vacancy of the throne, had been involved in the calamities of v ar, wei e avridcd, the throne being declared hereditary in the house of Saxony. A few of the nobiiity, however, discontented at the gtiieious sacrifice of some of their privileges, repaired to the court of" Russia; and th;-ir representations conc'.'.rrir.g witli the Amb;tiou.> views of the empress, she sent an arv.!}' into Poland, under pretext of beng g'-arantee o* the constitTi'Kn of 1772. lier interference was too powerful to be resisted ; and this new constitution was overthrown. But the «2l P O L F O I. principal object for whicii Uie Russian army entered Poland was not yet attained. The' empress had planned; in conjunction with the king of Prussia, a second partition of this country, which took place in 1793. Such multiplied oppressions at last roused the spirit of the nation. General Koscusko appeared i:: 1794, at tlie head of a Polish army, vo assert the independency of his country, and to recover -he provinces wrested from it. He was successful at first, against the king of Prussia; but was at length overi'owcred bynsmbs'rs; the country was in diflferent parts desolated, the house-, bnrnt, au'i the i^ihabitsnts mas- sacred in crowds. The brave Kosciusko was taken prisoner, and sent with a num- ber of other patriots into confinement at Petersburgii, tor iiaving dared to defend their native connlry against foreign ag- gression. The king formally resigned his crown at Grodno, in 1796, and was after- ward removed to Petersburgii, where he remained a kind of state prisoner, till his death, in 1798. Wilh hiin ended the kingdom of Poland, subdued and dismrm- bered by powes which were either former- ly its vassals, or indebted to it for their very existence. But the sr.me horrors and aggressions which had marked the conduct of the dismerabeiing powers, with regard to this unhappy kingdom, have since been but too justly retor'.ed on themselves. The whole of the country w:iS divided among the three p;trlitior.ing powers. Austria had Little Poland, and the greatest part of Red Russia and Podolia, which is now cal- led the kingdom of Galacia ; Prussia had Great Poland, Poiish Prussia, a small part of Lithuania, and Polachia ; and Russia had Samngitia. the remainder of Lithuania, Volhinia, and Podolia. In the war with Prussia, in 1806, the French penetrated into Poland, and proclaimed their desire to restore its ancient independence, when treaties of peace having bteu adjusted with Russia and Prussia, the project was for the most purt abandoned. By the peace of Tilsit, the king of Prussia renounced Uie possession of the greater part of his Polish provinces, when they were erected into the dukedom of Warsaw, in f..vour of the knig of Saxony. See Warsm'. Rut on the retreat of the French army out of Po- land, in 1813, the Russians took possessicni of the duchy of Wi^rsaw, in whose hands it at present remains. It is now expected, however, tluil the kingdom ot Poland v.'ill shortly be re-established under a Russian prince. The towns of Poland are for the most part built of wood ; and the villages consist of mean cott.ages, or huts. The country is so fertile in corn in many places that it supplies Sweden and Holland with large quantities, and it has extensive pas- tures. Peat, ochi-e, chalk, beleranites, «53 agate, chalcedony, cornelian?^ onyxes, jas- per, rock crystal, amethysts, garnets, to- pazes, sapphires, and even rabies .ind dia- monds are found in Poland ; also talc, spar, lapis calaminaris, coal, iron, lead, and'quick- silver. Here i- much teai::er, fur, hemp, fl.tx, saltpetre, alum, manna, honey, and wax ; and there are miies of salt, of a great depth, out of v/hich is dug rocksalt. Horses are numerous, very strong, swift, and beautiful ; and horned catile are bred in such numbers, that above 80,000 are driven every year out of the country. The principal rivers are the Daieder, Vistula, Bug, Niemen, Dniester, and B ig. Poland^ kingdom of Kurope Tlie cen- tral provinces of Poland have been recent- ly formed into a kingd nn of which the emperor of Rv!s:^ia is king. Some con- siderable bhare of the ancient liberties of Poland are preserved. Though subject to the same monarch with Russia, Poland en- joys a much more liberal form of govern- ment than the former empire. The king is represented by a vice roy, and chamber of miniiiters. The latter accountable to the senate. This body con-ists of 30 mem- bers. The chamber of deputies, are form- ep from the nobility, gentry and members of the cabinet Very liberal principles of rehgious tslcation a'so prevails. This state iS subdivided into the palatinates of Cracow, Sendomir, Kalish, Lublin, Plock, Masovia, Podlachia, and Augustow, Area 47,060 square miles. Poptdation 2,800,000. See GaUicia. Pimssia, &c. Poland, or Mhiot, post town in Cumber- land county, Maine, on the W side of And- roscoggin river, 40 miles N of Portland; the township had 2125 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820, 1353. Poland, SE town and township of Trum- bull county, Ohio, on Mahoning river, and upon the road from Pittsburg to Warren. Distance, from the latter place 13 miles, 65 from tlie for.nier, and 175 NE from Co- lumbus Population 1820, 990. Polar Regions. From the discoveries made by Captain Perry in 1819, it is now determined that the Polar sea to the N from America, is filled with islands and inlets. That really great Navigator wintered 1819 — 20, at longitude 114 W from London ; 37 W from Washington, and at lat, 74 N. He is.now out on a similar voyage, Poleron. See Pooloroon Poleda, name given to the palatinate of Pirzescia, in Lithuania. Polesino-di-Rovigo, province of Italy ; bounded on the N by the Paduan, on the S by the Farrarese, on the E by the Doga- do, and on the W by the Verone. It is 42 tniles long and 17 broad, and is fertile in corn and pastures. Rovigo is the capital. Pol, St. town of France, in the depart- ment of the Straits of Calais, and late pro- 1' O M P O N 'xnnce of Artols, noted for its fine mineral waters, and is 16 miles N\V of Arras. Policandro, an island io the Archipelago, one of the Cyclades, 20 miles in circum- ference. Here are a few villages, a custle, and a harbour ; but it consists in general, of nothing but barren rocks raid moimtains. It lies between Miio and Paros. Lon. 25 31 E, lat. 36 32 N. Policustro, town of Naples, in Prlncipato Citeriore, on a gulf of the same name, 68 miles SE of Naples. Lon. 15 40 E, lat. 40 15 N. Polignano, town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, on a craggy rock, near the sea, 16 miles E of Bari. ' Lon. 17 24 E, lat. 41 25 N. Polina, town of Albania. 12 miles S of Durazzo. Lon. 19 20 K, lat. 42 42 N. Poligni, town of France, in the depart- ment of Jura, and late province of Francae Compte, seated on a rivulet, 52 miles SW of Besancor,. Lon. 5 55 E, Lt. 46 50 N. Polito, or Polizzi, town of Sicily, in the Val-di Demona, at the foot of the moun- lain Madonia, 50 miles SE of Palermo. Lon. 13 53 E, lat. 38 4 N. Pollockshmvs, considerable mannfactiiring town of Renfrewshire, seated on the river Wiiite Cart. Polotsk, government of the Russian em- pire, formed of part of a palatinate of Lith- uania, dismembered from Poland by the treaty of partition in 1772, Its products are chiefly grain, hemp, flax, and pasture ; and tiie forests furnish great abundance of masts, planks, oak for ship-building, pitch, tar, 8ic. which are chiefly sent down the Dwina to Riga. Polotsk, strong town of Russia, capital of a government of the same name, sealed on the Dwina, .at the mouth of the small river Polota, 50 miles SW of Vitepsh. Lon. 27 50 E, lat. 55 43 N. PoUeii, St. town of Lower Austria, seated on the Drasam, which falls into the Danube, near Holmsburgh, eight miles from Vienna. Polynesia, distinctive name given to the numerous islands of the Pacific Ocean, E from Austral Asia. Pome^tie, island in the Mediterranean, near Marseilles. Pomerania,(^Vic\\y of Germany, i:\ the cir- cle of Upper Saxony ; bounded on the N by the Baltic, on the E by V/estern Prussia and Poland, on tlie S by Brandenburg, and on the W by Mecklenberg. It is watered by several rivers, of which tiie Oder, Reck- enitz, Pene, Uckcr, Rega, Persanet, Wip- per, Ihna, Stolpen, and Lebo, are the most considerable. The air is pretty cold, but compensated by the fertility of the soil, which abounds in pastiu-es and corn, of which a great quantity is exported. It is a flat country, containing many lakes, woods, and forests, and has several good harbours, particularly Stetin and Stralsund. It is 250 miles long and 75 broad, and di- vided into Hither and Further Pomerania, both with the island of Rugu belong lo the king of Pruss a. Stetin is the Ctiptal. Pomcrela., district of Polish or Wes- ttrn Prussia, which in the partition of Poland fell to the share of the king of Prussia. Dantzic is the ca|)ital. Pcmesania, large country of Western Prussia which extends from E to W from the Passerge ns far as the Vistula, between E and W Prussia. It is full of lakes and morasses Pomjret, post town and township of Connecticut, in Windham county, 16 miles N of Canterbury, and 36 NE of Hartford. Population 1820, 2042. Pomjret, townsliip of Windsor county, Vermont, containing 1473 inhabitants in 1810 Situated on the N side of Wa- tergueche river 14 miles NVV of Wind- sor. Pompet, township of Chatauque county. New York, on lake Ei-ie, containing the villages of Dunkirk and Fredonia. Popu- lation in 1820,2306. Pom^iey, one of ihe military townships of Onondago county. New York, contain- ing 5699 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 6701. Situated about six miles S of Salt Lake. Powjona, the principal of the Orkney Islands. See Mainland. Pompton, post town, Bergen county. New Jersey. Pondesturia, town of Italy, in Mont- ferrat, seated on the S side of the Po, 33 miles E of Turin. Lon. 8 25 E, lat. 45 2N. Pondkhen-y, town of Hindoostan, on the coast of Coromandel It is 100 miles S of Madras. Lon. 80 E, lat. 11 56 N. Pondico, smn.ll uninhabited island of tht; Archipelago, in the gulf of Zeiton, near the coast of Negropont. Pontferrada, town of Spain, in Leon, on the "river Sill, 40 miles SW of Leon. L-n. 6 6 W. lat. 42 30 N. Ponc-hou, islands in the Chinese Sea. They lie E ti the coast of Fokien and form an archipelago between the port of Emouy and the island of Formosa. They are only sand banks or recks. Pons, town of France, in the department of Lower Charente, and late province of Saintonge, 10 miles S of Salutes. Lon. 30 W, lat 45 36 N. Pons, St. in the department of Heranlt and late province of Languedoc. It is 24 miles N of Narbonne, Lon. 2 47 E, lat. 43 29 N. Pontafella. See Pontefu. Pmit-a-JMousson, town of France, in the department of Meurthe and late province 1' o ]M 1' G N oi' Lorrain, witii a university. It is seated on the ]Mosel!e, wliich divides it into two parts, two miles NW of" Nanci. Lon. 6 16 E, lat. 48 43 N, Pont-Arlier, town oh Fraisce, in the de- partment of Jura and late province of Franclie Comte, sealed on the river Doubs, near Mount Jura- It is a commodious pas- sage into Swisserland, and is defended by a strong castle. Lon. 6 26 E, lat. 46 55 N. Pont Audemer. town of France, in the department of Kure and late province of Norm:»ndy, seated on the Eille, 13 miles E of Harfleur, and 85 NW of Paris. Lon. 35 E, lat, 49 21 N. Pontchartrain, lake of Louisiana, be- tween the high lands of St. T;immany and the alluvion of llie Mississippi. Both Pont- chartrain and Maurepas, appear to be the remains of a larije bay which has been par- tially filled, or rather interrupted by allu- vion. From the pass of Manchac to that of the Rigolets ; lake Pontchartrain is about 30 miles iu length, its greatest width 22 miles, and medium depth 18 feet. The shores of this lake towards the Mississippi, are low and marshy, on the side of St. Tam- many more firm but flat. ' Very little tim- ber grows on the Mississippi side of the lake ; on the opposite shores, are for sts from the mouth of the Tangipao to that of Pearl river. Pont-de-l^Avche, town of France, in the departnTiCnt of Erne and late province of Normandy, on ttie Seine, five miles N of Louviers,'and 62 NW of Paris. Lon. 1 15 E, lit. 49 5 N. Pontde-Ce, town of France, in the de- partment of Miiine and Loire and late pro- vince of Anjoii, seated on the Loire, three miles from Angtrs, and 178 SW .>f Paris. Lon. 29 W, lat. 47 25 N. Ponl de-Lima, tov/n of Portugal, in En- tre-Douero-e-Minho, on the Lima, over whicli is a magi>ifici:nt bridge, 13 miles N "W of Braga, ai'.d 190 N of Lisbon. Lon. 8 44 W, lat. 41 51 N. Punt de-Vaxix,X.own ol France, in the de- partment of Ain and late province nf Bre.sse, seated on the Ressousse, eight miles S of Macon. Lon. 4 55 E, lat. 46 28 N Ponl de- Fesle, town of France, in tlie de- partment of Ain and late province of Bresse, on the Vesle, 12 miles W of Bourg. Lon. 5 4 E, l:tt. 46 16 N, Poni-dn-Gard. See Gard. Pontefa, or Pontafella, town of Germany, in Carinthia, seated on the Fella, over which is a bv'dge thut leads to the best pas- sage i.ver tl^' .-Vlps. It is 20 miles NW of Friuli. Lon. 13 E, lat. 4(3 25 X. Potitefract, borough in thf W riding of Yorkshire, in a very ncii soil, and noted for its large plantations of licorice, 22 miles S S24 W of York, and 175 NNW of London. Lon. 1 18 W, lat. 53 42 N. Ponte-Stura, town of Italy; in Montferrat, seated at the confluence of the Stura and Po, three miles SW of Casal. Ponte-Vedra, town of Spain, in Galicia, on the Lerls, and famous for its fishery of pilchards. It is 10 miles E of Porto Nova. Lon. 8 27 W, lat 42 20 N. Pont-Gibcivt, town of France, in the de- partment of Puy de Dome and late pro- vince of Auverg;ie Near this place is the village ot Rore, with a silver mine, 10 miles WNW of Clermont. Lon. 2 58 E, lat. 45 51 N. Pontine, town and capital of Oakland county, Michigan territory, on Huron river of Lake St. Ciair. It stands in a very fer- tile district, and bids fair to become a place of considerable consequence, Pontivy, town of France, in the depart- ment of Morbihan and late province of Bretagne, seated on the river Blavet. Pont I'Evegue, town of France, in the department of Calvados and late province of Normandy, seated on the Tonque, 10 miles NW of Lisieux. Lon. 6 E, lat. 49 17 N. Pontoise, town of France, in the depart- ment of Sene and Oise, and late province of the Isle of France. It is seated on an eminence, en the Oise and Vienne, with a bridge over the former, whence it takes its n::me. It is 43 miles SE of Rouen, and 27 NW of Paris. Lon. 2 11 E, lat. 49 3 N. Pont- Orson, town of France, in the de- partment of the Channel and late province of Normandy, seated on the Coesnon, 20 miles E of St. Malo. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 48 30 N. Pont-Remoli, town of Tuscany, with a .strong casile, seated at the foot of the Ap- penines, 40 miles E of Genoa, and 66 NW of Florence. Lon, 9 40 E, lat. 44 25 E. Po7it St. Esprit, town of France, in the department of Gard and late province of Languedoc. On the Rhone, over which is one of the finest bridges in Europe, con- si.-tiiig of 19 great and four small arches. Pont St. Esprit is 17 miles S of Viviers, and 55 NB of Mj-.ntpellier. Lon. 4 46 E, hit. 44 13 N. Pont Si. Maixence, town of France, in the department of Seine and Oise and hite province of the Isle of France, seated on the Oise, five miles N of Seins, Lon. 2 40 E, lat. 49 18 N. Pont sur- Seine, town of France, in the 'lepartment of Aube and late province of Champagne, on the Seine, 17 miles NW of Troyes, and 55 SB of Paris. Lon. 3 40 E, lat. 48 28 N. Poiit-Sur-Yonne, town of France, in the department of Yonne and late province of Burgundy, eight miles NW of Sens. Lon» 3 14 E, lat. 43 16 N. 1» © p 1' o ii Pmitepool, town in Monmoutiishir?, on tfee river Avon, and is 15 miles SW of Monmouth, and 146 W by N of London. Lon. 3 6 W, lat. 51 42 N. Pont-y.Pridd See Taaff. JPonza, or Ponlia, smuU island in the Mediterranean Sea, to which many illus- trious Romans were formerly banished. Lon. 13 10 E. lat 40 53 N. Poole, borough and seaport in Dorset- gjg of Anne Arundel county," Maryland, shire It is 40 miles WSW of VVinchester^35 miles N from Washington. Engaged in Agriculture - « 419 do. in Manufactures - - do. in Commerce - - Population to the square mile, 4. PQfilar drove, prist office Newberry district South Carolina. Poplar ridge, post office Cayuga coun- ty, Nvv York. Po/ilar- Sjyrings, post village NW an- Lon. 2 W, Montgomery and 105 VV by S of London lat. 50 42 N. Poolstore, post village county, Maryland. PoolsvUle. post village Spartanberg district South Carolina. Pooloroon, or Polcron, one of the Banda Islands, 1 00 miles SE of Amboy- na. Lon. 130 E, lat. 4 20 S. Poolowoy, one of the Spice or Banda Islands. Poonah, town of the D'^ccan of Hin- doostan, in Visiapour. It is the capital of the Westtrn Mahratta empirej^ 100 miles SE of Bombay 18 30 N. Poplin, post town and township Rock- ingham county. New Hampshire, 19 miles W from Portsmouth. Pop\ilation 1820, 453. Popocatepetl, volcanic mountain of M xico, in Putbia, rising to the great elevation of 17 716 f-et above the level of the ocean. Lon. W C 21 30 W, lat. 19° N. 45 milt s SE from Mexico. Portage, county of Ohio; bounded by Columbiana SE ; Stark S ; Medina W ; Cuyahoga NVV ; Geauga N ; and Trum- bull E Length 30 ; breadth 24 ; and area 720 square miles. This county was Lon. 73 55 E, lat. named from, the interesting fact that it contain the short portage of one mile Pooronder, fortress of the Deccan of between the navigable waters ef Cuya Hindoostan, in Visiapour, on a mountain, 18 miles ESE of Poonah. Poote La. small town of France, in the department of Mayenne, six miles WSW of Ale neon. Popayan, province of New Granada, bounded on the S by P.ru, and on the W by the Pacific Ocean. A chain of barren mountains runs througl> the coun- try from N to S ; and the soil near the sea is flat, marshy, and often flooded by the rains. Popayan, capital of a province of that name, in New Granada, upwards of 5900 feet aliove the level of the Ocean ; 240 miles NE of Quito. Lon. W t:i 05 E, lat. 2 35 N. Pope, conntv of Illinois ; bounded SE, and S, by Ohio river ; W by John- !?on ; and N and NE by Gallatin. Length 30 ; mean width 20 ; and area 611 square miles. This county lies opposite m the mouth of the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers. Chief town Golconda. Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females hoga, and i'uscarawas rivers. It is by this route that a canal is projected to connect the Ohio waters with lake Erie. The land is generally high elt vated and considerably broken. Chief town Ra- venna. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - l»ol<, do. do. females - - 1,376 Total whites - • - 2,988 All oiher persons except Indians not taxed ... - 7 Slaves • 9 Total population in 1810 . 2,995 Population in 1820. Free white males . - - 5,396 do. do. females - - - 4,677 Total whites ... - 10,073 Free persons of colour, males - 13 do. do. females, 9 Total population in 1820 - - 10,095 31 ,067 257 7 Total population in 1829. Of tliese ; Fnrei^ners not natural; ze^l 5M 2,610 Of tiiese ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in AgriciiUave do. in ManuThctures do in Coiniiiorce Popnlation to the square mile, 14. Port av Prince, seaport of St. Domingo, seated on a bay on the W side of the island, of -which part it is the capital. It was ta- ken by the Knglisji apd royalists in 1794^ 1' R P O li but the whole island has been since'eva- harbour. Portland is very considerably Guated by the English. Lon. 72 10 W, the largest town in Maine Population iat. 18 45 N. ItilO. 7U)9 ; and in IBJU, 8531. Port Ehzabeth, post tawn of New JtV- Poriland, township and post village, sey, in Cumbeiiand cuui.ty, lying o» the Cliatauque county, New York, on Lake E side of Maurice riv..r. ^:5 miles N of En,. Fipul.aion ISiO, 11 6^. Cape May Court-house Porit-r, township on the Ohio river, in Scioto countv, Oliio. Population 1820, 879 Porter, township of Oxford county, Maine, 34 miles SW from Paris. Popu- lation 1820,487. Porter township of Niagara county. New York, on Lake Ontario. Population 1820, 850. Port Gibson, seat of Justice for Clai- borne county, Mississippi, on the waters of the Bayon Pierre 45 miles NE of Natchez, and 12 miles E of the Missis- sippi river, contains a branch of the State Bank — handsome court house, and 100 dwpilinK houses some of which are in fine tastr a-d aiiout 8'JJ inhabitants — the circunijacent lands are of t-xteilent quality, and in a high state of cultivation as cotton plantations Port Jackson, sc namsd by Capt Cook : a large bay on the ccast of New South Wales, three leagut:s and a half N of .Cape Banks The capes that form its en- trance are high rugged, and pt: pendicu- lar cliffs Oo proceeding within, in 1783, governor Philip disccvered a large branch extending to the S, and fnund himself perfectly land locked, with a good depth of water ; and finding also, that the coun- try was greatly superior to that round Botany Bay, he deti rmined to fix a coio ny of convicts hi re, w'nich had been ori- ginally intended for Botany Bay. Lon. 151 28 E, Iat 33 50 S. Portici, village four miles ESE of the city of Naples, situated on the sea-side, near mount Vesuvius. Portland, peninsula in D o-setshire, surrounded with inaccessible rS E, iat. 39 50 N. See Philip's Fort St. Port Paix, town on the N coast of St Domingo, in the West Indies with a good harbour, Lon. 72 55 W, Iat. 19 58. Port Perm, \\\Vdge of New Castle county, state of Delrtwai e ; situated at the mouth of a hmall creek, opp-site to Reedy-Island, eight miles S of New Castle. Port Patrick, seaport of Scotland, in Wi.ktonshire, confined by the sea on one side, and on the other by over-hanging rocks and hills. It is 107 miles SW of Edinburgh, and 487 NW of London. Port Roseivay. See Shelhirne, Port Royal, seaport of Jamaica six miles E of Spanish Town, and as much by water SE of Kingston. Lon. 76 45 W, Iat 18 N. Port Royal, town and fort of the island of Martitiico, 21 miles SE of St. Pierre. Lon. 6i 9 W, Iat 14 3 N. Port Royal island on the coast of South Carolina, tlie space between which and the neighbouring c "ntinent forms a com- modious harbour. It is 15 miles in length, and the town on the N shore, called Beaufort, is 100 miles SW of Charleston. L(>n. 80 10 W, Iat. 31 40 N. Port Royal, in Novia Scotia, See Jln- napolis. Port Royal, post tow^n of Virginia, si- tuated on the SW side of Rappahannoc river in Caroline C'unty, 22 miles SE of Fredericksburg on thf saire water, and 84 S of Washington. It has ^.bout 1500 inhabitatits ; and is the seat of an acade- my with about 60 students. r o R \' O K I'on lioyal, post village Montgomery county, Tennessee. Port Royal, village of Dearborn county, Indiana Porto Bella, seaport of South America, on the N coast of the isthmus of Darien, having a large commodious harbour, with good anchorage and shelter for ships ; its entrance is narrow, and dffended by several forts. It is 70 miles N of Pana- ma, and 300 W of Carthagena. Lon. 80 45 W, lat. 9 33 N. Porto Cavallo, seaport of Colombia, on the coast of Carracas Lon. W C 9 10 E, lat. 10 25N. Porto del Principe, seaport on the N coast of Cuba, with a good harbour. Lon. 78 15 W, lat. 21 52 N. Porto Farino, seapurt of the kingdom of Tunis, to the W of the rums ot Carth- age, and 30 miles N of Tunis. Lon. 10 16 E, lat. o7 12 F. Porto Ferrajo, town of Italy in the isle of Elba, with a good ci adel. It is seated on a long, high, seep, point of land, VV of the Bay of the same, which has two f'rts. It is 40 miles NW of Orbiiello. and 60 S by E of Leghorn. Lon, 10 25 E, lat. 42 38 N. This place has ginned j'ss celebriy from being the residence of Napoleon, from May 4th, 1814. until February 26th, 1815. Porto Galleto, seaport of Spain, in the Bay ot Biscay, on a smal river, eight miles N of P.ilboa. Lon. 3 11 VV, lat. 43 22 N. Porto Griiaro, town of Italy, in Frudi, on the Lema 15 miles W of Marano. Porto Her cole, seaport of Italy, '{w the state of Presidii, four miles S of Orbitelb. Lon. 11 12E, lat. 42 14 N. Porto Long-one, town of Italy, in the Is'c of Elba, on the E end of the island, eight miles SW of Piombmo. Lon tO 10 E, lat. 42 52 N. Porto J\''ova, seaport of Spain, in the pro- vince of Ga!icia, near the mouth of the Leris, 54 miles of Orense. Lon, 8 36 W, lat. 42 19 N. Porta Pedro, seaport in the island of Ma- jorca. Lon. 2 41 E, lat. 39 :i7 N. Porto Praya, town and bay of St. Jago, one of the Cape de Verd Islands. Lon. 23 29 VV. lat. 14 53 N. Porto Rico, See Juan-de-Puerto Rico. Porto Santa Maria, seaport of Spain, seated in the bay of Cadiz. It is a populous place, containing nearly 10,000 inhabitants, whose principal trade is in salt. It is seven miles N of Cadiz. Porto Santo, island of the Atlmtic, the least of the Madeiras, 15 miles in circum- ference. It has no harbour, but good an chorage in the road. Lon, 16 25 VV, lat; 32 58 N. Porto Seguro, capital of a government of the same name, in Brasil. It is seated in a fertile country, on the top of a rock, at the mouth of a riv. r that flows into the Atlan- tic. Lon. 38 50 VV, lal 17 S. Porto Vechio, seaport of Corsica, seated on a bay o.\ ihe E coast of the island, 40 miles N of Sardinia. Mon. 9 20 E, lat. 41 42 N. Porto Venerea, seaport of Italy, on the coast of Genoa, a' the entrnce of the gulf of Spezzia. It has h good haiboui*, and is s- ated on the side of a hili, at the top of which is a fort, 45 mdes SF« ol Genoa. Lon. 9 38 K, lat 44 5 X. Portree, town .of Skye one of the West- ern lsland^ of Scotland The chief trade of the inhabitants is in black catile, small hoi'^es, and kelp Portsea, island between Chichester Bay and the harbour nf Portsmonth, in H.^mp- shire It is a low tract o' considerable ex- tent, separ.iti d from the mainland by a creek, over which is a bridge. At the SW extremity of it is situated the town of Portsm<'Uth. Portsmouth, seaport and boro'.igh ia Harn]5shire, on the isle of Portsea, It is the most consid rab'.e haven for men of war in England. The capacious harbour is made by a bav, running up between the isla' d and an opposite peninsula, having a narrow entrance commune If d by the town and forts. Portsmouth is the most strong- ly fortified place in G:car Britain. It is 20 miles SSE of Wi'tches er, a.\d 72 SW of London. Lon. 1 1 VV, lat 50 49 N._ Portumoi'lh, post to.vn, seat of justice, and port of enM-y in R (kinjrham county. New Hampshire I* is seated on the S bank of the Piscutaqna river aiid harbour, \n lat. 43 9 X, and lon. 70 76 VV, at the distance of 22 miles N of Newburvport, and 56 NE of Bost .n. I'l 1810 the inhabi- tants were enumerated at 6,934 The harbour is one of the bes- in the U ited States, and 'he trade extt^nsive. From the excessive tides, the harbour is very seldom fr zen. It is completely landdocked, and ad- mits vessels of the largest class. The main entrance about a mile wide, between the Kittery shore and Great Island, and well defended by Forts Constitution, and Mc Clarv. Depth from eight to ten fath ms. This town contains the ordinary county buildings, f- ur state banks, a branch of the bank of the United States, eight places of public worship, abns-housp, female asylum, athenxnm, an academy, two market houses, and three or four ensurance offices Po- pulation in 1820,7327. It is situated be- tween Newport and Bristol Porismo7itJi, township and post village, of Newport county, lihode Island, contain- ing 1795 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, lfi45. 927 ^* o K ¥ T ^ovtsmouth, post town in No'.folk county, Virginia; situated on Elizabeth river, op- posite to the borougli of Noifolii, 41 miles SE of Williamsburg and 28 NE f)f Suffolk on Nansemond river. It suppports a con- siderable trade, and contains above 2000 inhabitants VoTtamouth, post town and seat of jus- tice for Sciota county, Ohio ; on the eastern bank of Sciota river, just above its junction with the Ohio. It contains a court-house and jail, a bank, a printing ofiScC; one book store, and six mercantile stores, and two commission wavchouses, which do pretty extensive bu iness. Num her of inhabitants 527 Distance, 45 miles south from Chilicothe, and 90 in the same direction from Columbus. N lat. 38 48, \7 Ion. 5° 54. Port Tobacco, pnst town, the capital of Charles county, Maryland ; lying on the N side of Potomac river, 34 milt-s S of the city of Washington, and 45 SW of Annapolis. It contains about 500 in- habitants. Portiigal, the most western country on the continent of Europe, about 310 miles in length, and 150 in breadth. The principal rivers are, the Tajd, the Due ro, or Douro, the Guadiana, the Minho, and the Munda, or Mondego. Portugal is divided into six provinces, namely, Estremadura, Beira, Entre Minii -e Due- ro, Tras los Montes, Alentejo, and Al- garva. It is bounded on the VV and S by the Atlantic. Ocean, and E and N by Spain. Thougli Spain and Portugal are in the same climate, yet the air of the latter is much more temperate than that of the former, on account of the neigh- bourhood of the sea, and beir)g less ele- vated. The mountain chains of the peninsula generally exttnd E and W, and most of those of Spain reach into Portugal. The vegetable productions are very much varied, consisting of wheat, oats, barley, olives, apples, pc-aches, or- anges, lemons, wines, &c Silk is made in abundance, and of excellent quality. Wine is the chief article of export, but salt and wool are also produced and ex- ported in ordinary years, to the amount of one million and a half of dollars. The recent revolutions in Europe and the Brazils, have very materially afFectt d the foreign and domestic relations of Por- tugal. Formerly the king was absolute, now the ancient free constitution of the kingdom has been restored with melio- rations to suit the improved condition of the age. This new form of government is now in operation, whilst Brazil is in a disturbed state. The internal concerns oif neither, can be consideEed as fixed on j4 permanent basis. Po&en, fortified city of Great Poland, capita! of a palatinate of the same name, with a university. It is seated in a plea- sant plait 1, 27 miles W by S of Gnesna. Lon 17 W, lat. 52 24 IS! Posen, government of Prussian Po- land, of which Posen is the capital. Posey, SW county of Indiana, occu- pying the peninsula between thf- Ohio and Wabash rivers ; and bounded by Gibson N ; and Vanderburgh E Length 30 ; mean width 14 ; and area about 430 square miles. Chief town Mount Vernon. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 2,095 do. do. females - - - 1,049 All other persons except Indians not taxed - . . . Total whites ... 4,044 Free persons of colour, males 4 do. do. females 2 Slaves, males . - . . 8 do. females - - - 3 Total population in 1820 - 4,061 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 1 Engaged in Agriculture - 1,766 do. in Manufactures - 27 do. in Commerce - S Population to the square mile, 9. Porsneck, town of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Altenburg. It has manufactures of cloth and leather, and is seated on the Gams, near its conflux with the Orla, eight miles NE of Saal- fi^-id. Potomac. See in the Addenda, Poto- mac. Potosi, town of Peru, capital of a jurisdiction to the south of Charcos, Here are the best silver mines in all America, in a mountain in the form of a sugar-loaf. Silver was as common in this place as iron is in Europe ; but the mines are now much exhausted, or at least little is got in comparison of what was formerly. The country around is so naked and barren, that the inhabi- tants get their provisions from the neigh- bouring provinces. It is seated at the bottom of the mountain of Potosi, 260 miles WNW of Africa. I.od. W C 9 30 E, lat 19 50 S. Potosi, or Mine-au Burton, post town and seat of justice, Washington county, Missouri 70 miles WSW from St. Louis, and 55 W from St. Genevieve. PotOFsi, Sa?i -Louis, intendancy of Mex- ico. This intendancy is but vaguely de- fined. It is generally considered to em- brace the northeastern part of Mexico, towarfls the IPJnited States, along (he gliTf P O T P « W ef Mexico; and including New Santan- der, New Leon, and a part of Texas. See Mexican empire. Potsdam, cily of Upper Saxony, in the middle marche of Brandenljurgh, with a palace belonging to the king of Prussia. It is the most elegant and sin- gular city in Europe; on an island 10 miles in circumfertnce, formed by the rivers Spree and Havel, 12 miles W of Berlin. Lon. 13 46 E. lat 51 52 N. Potsdam, province of German Prussia, comprehi-nding the Ucker Mark, the Mark of Priegnitz, and the greatest part of the Middle Mark. It lies between Pomerania, West Prussia, and Saxony. Potsdam, post village and township of St Lawrence county. New York, on Racket river, about 90 miles W from Plattsburg. Population 1820, 1911. Potter, county of Pennsylvania, bound- ed by Alleghany county. New York N; Steuben in New York NE ; Tioga coun- ty, in Pennsylvania E ; Lycoming SE ; andS; and M Kean VV. Length 37; brtadth 30; and area 1100 square miles. This county extends over an extensive table land from which the rivers flow like radii from a common centre ; Alle- ghany flows NW into New York, the extreme SW sources of Tioga river, flows NE also into New York ; whilst in the intermediate space Genesee rises, and flowing N pursues its course towards lake Ontario. Pine creek, Kettle creek, the Sinamahoning.and Driftwood, branch- es of the West Branch of the Susquehan nah, all rise in the southern section of this c )unty, and flow south. All these streams rise near Coudersport, and very near the centre of the county. The sub- joined table will exhibit the uncultivated state of this extensive county. Population in 1810. Free white males . - . 21 do. do. femstles - - - 7 Total whites .... 28 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 1 Slaves Total population in 1810, - 29 Population in 1820. Free white males 96 do. do. females 89 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - Total whites 185 Free persons of colour, males 1 do. do. females Total population in 1820 4,836 Of thess : Foreigners not naturalized - 7 Engaged in Agriculture - 47 do. in Manufactures - 3 do. in Commerce - Population to the square mile, seroentten one himdreth. Potter, SE township of Centre county, Pennsylvania. Population 1820, 1810. Potistown, post town, Hunterdon, county, New Jersey, 20 milts E from Easton in Pennsylvania. Pottsgrove, upper township of Mont- gomery county, Pennsylvania, on the Schuylkill. Population 1820, 1882. Potistown, post village of Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, in Poitsgr:ive town- ship, on the Schuylkill, 16 miles below Reading. Potion, town of Bedfordshire, with a market on Saturday, 12 miles E of Bedford, and 48 N by W of London. Lon. 18 W, lat. 52 11 N. Pou^hkeepsie, post town, the capital of Duchess county, Nev.- York ; situated on the E bank of Hudson river, 47 miles S of the city of Hudson, and 85 N of the city of New York, cont.'.ming 4670 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 5726. The village of Poughkeepsie is on an elevated plain, and has a neat and even romantic appearace. It is a place of considerable manufactures, has in addition to the ordinary county buildings, an academy and five or six places of public worship. Powel's River, the NW branch of Ten- nessee, rises in Scott and Lee counties, Vir- ginia, flows SW, and enters Claiborne coun- ty in Tennessee, and joins Clinch river, at Grantsborough in the southern part of Campbell county. Poxvell's mozmtain, an Appalachian ridge extending between Clinch and Powell's rivers, in Scott and Lee county, Virginia, and in Claiborne county, Tennessee. PoiueWs valley, partly in Virginia, and p.60 5N Population in 1820. Free white males 1,511 do. do. females . - - 1,608 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - . - Total whites .... 3,119 Free persons of colour, males 278 do. do. females 310 Slaves, males .... 2,261 do. females ... 2,062 Total population in 1820 - 8,030 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized = 5 Engaged in Agriculture . . 2,342 do, in Manufactures - 244 do. in Commerce . . - 8 Population to the square mile, 29. Prince of Walen^ Island, or Pulo Pinang. Lon, 100 19 E, lat. 5 25 N, It lies oft' the Malay peninsula. An English fort and fac- tory has existed here since 1786, and has become a very important mart command- ing the trade of the straits of Malacca. Prince of TFales, Cape, the most western extremity of all America, hitherto known, discovered by captain Cook, in 1778. Lon. 168 5 W, lat. 65 46 N. Prince of Wales, Fort, ihe most northern setdement of the Hudson's Bay Company, seated on the W side of Hudson's Bay, at the mouth of Churchill River. Lon. 94 7 W, lat. 58 47 N. Prince JVilliam, township of York coun- ty, New Bruns\vick. Prince William, county of Virginia; bounded by Potomac river E ; Stafford, county SE ;' Fauquier SW and W; Loudon N ; and the Ocoquon nver or Fairfax NE. Length 30 ; mean width 10 ; and area 300 square miles. Chief towns, Haymarket and Dumfries. Surface near the Potomac very hilly, and soil sandy. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do, .females 2,787 2,946 Total whites - - - - 5,733 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 358 Slaves 5,220 Total population in 1810 835 11,511 1^ a J p ji I Fopu'ation in 1820. Free white males do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males .... do. females . . - . Total population in 1820 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Total whites . . . . 13,356 Free j)ersons of colour, males 2,4U5 do. do. females Slaves, males do. females 4,761 114 164 2,168 2,212 Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures 9,419 do. in Commerce 4,81J 120 130 1.916 1,789 8,767 10 5,020 23 6 4,565 44 37 Population to the square niile, 31. Prince William Henry^s Island, isl- and in the Eastern Ocean, lying WNW of Tench's Island. It is pretty high, and 70 miles in circuit. A high moun- tain rising in the centre of it, was called Mount Philip. Lon. 149 30 E, lat. 1 32 S. Prince William Henry's Island, isl- and of the S Pacific Ocean, discovered bv captain Wallis, in 1767. Lon. 141 6 W, lat. 17 S. Prince William's Sound, gulf on the NW coast of America, so named by cap- tain Cook, in 1778. Princess jinn, post town and seat of justice, Somerset county, Maryland, at the head of the Manokin river. Eastern shore, about 90 miles SE from Wash- ington city. It is a place of considera- ble trade, and contains the county build- ings, three places of public worship, and a bank. ■ Princess Ann, SE county of Virginia, bounded by the Atlantic Ocean E ; Cur- rituck county in North Carolina S ; Nor- folk county W ; and Chespeak or rather Lynhaven bay N. Length 30; mean width 10; and area 300 square miles. Chief town Kempsville. Population in 1810. Free white males . - 2,681 do. do. females - - 2,624 Total whites - - - 5,305 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 267 Slaves 3,926 Total population in 1810 9,498 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 2,323 do. do. females - - 2,489 All other jiersons except Indians not taxed ... - o S34 Population to the square mile, 29. Princeton, post town and townshipj Worcester county, Massachusetts, 16 miles N from Worcester. Wachusett mountain rising to near 3000 feet above the ocean level, stands in the N part of this township. Population 1810, 1062 ; and in 1820, 1261. Princeton, post town partly in Somer- set, and partly in Middlesex county, New Jersey. 18 miles SW of New Bruns- wick, 10 NE of Trenton, and 40 of Phi- ladelphia, in lat. 40 22 N, and lon. 74 34 W. The college erected here, called Nassau-hall College, founded in 1738, is a handsome stone building, 180 feet wide by 54 deep, placed on a small eminence that commands a pleasing view of the adjacent country, The presidents have been distinguished for learning and pi- ety, and the institution has produced men of extensive usefulness in church and state. The college library contains about 8000 volumes, with a fine philosophical appa- ratus, and a real treasure of sciences ; an orrery constructed by the celebrated David Rittenhouse ; and a valuable ca- binet of mineralogy and natural history in general. The faculty consists of a president, vice president, who is professor of lan- guages, and belles letti'es, a professor of mathematics and mechanical philosophy, and a professor of chemistry, experimen- tal philosophy, and natural history ; with three tutors, Students about 120. According to Mr. Morse, the number of persons educated in this college from its foundation were 1425, of whom 1023 were living in 1815. Annual amount of collegiate and other expenses for a stu- dent at this college §225. A theological iseminary was formed here in 1812, by the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church. The edi- fice for this institution is a spacious stone building, standing to the east of the road from Princeton to. Trenton, a little ^i of the village. The foujvdation has two professors, one for Didactic and Pole- mic Theology, and the other of eccle- 1* R PRO siastical history. Students about 70. Pre- sent population of Princeton about 500. Princeton, post town, Caldwell county, Kentucky, 60 miles N\V by W from Russelville. Friiiceton, post town, Butler county, Ohio, six miles E from Hamilton, and 19 miles N from Cincinatti. Princeton, post town and seat of jus- tice, Gibson county, Indiana, containing about 100 houses, and 500 inhabitants, 30 miles S from Vincennes, and about an equal distance from Evarsville on Ohio. Principato, province of Naples, divi- ded into Principato Ulteriore, and Prin- cipato Citeriore, that is. the Further and Hither Principality. Principato Citeri- ore, is boundf^d on the N by Principato Ulteriore and Terra- di-Lavora, on the W and S by the Mediterranean, and on the E by Basilicata. It is 60 miles long and 30 broad ; the soil is fertile in wine, corn, oil, and saffron ; and it has a great deal of silk, and several mineral springs. Sa- lerno is the capital. Principato Ulteriore is bounded en the N by the Moiise and Terra- di-Lavora, en the W by the Me- diterranean, on the S by Principato Ci- teriore, and on the E by Capitanata. It is 37 miles long and 30 broad. Prisdenia, town of Turkey in Europe, in Bosnia, on the Drinn, 32 miles NE of Albanapolis, and 195 N of Belgrade. Lon.2l3E, lat. 42 ON. Pristinn, town of Turkey in Europe, in Servia, on the Rusca, 58 miles NVV of Nissa, and 150 SE of Belgrade. Lon. 22 5 E, lat. 42 43 N. Pritztvalk, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, in the marche of Prignitz, 44 miles N of Brandenburgh, and 54 NW of Berlin. Lon. 12 13 E, lat. 53 9 N. Privas, town of France, in the depart- ment of Ardeche, and late province of Dauphiny. On a hill, near the conflu- ence of three small rivers, 16 mi'es N of Viviers. Lon. 4 41 W, lat 44 45 N. Procita, island of Italy, in the gulf of Naples, near that of Ischia. It is eight miles in circumference, and very fertile and populous. The capital of the same name, is a small fortified place, on a high craggy rock, by the sea-side. Lon. 14 8 E, lat. 40 43 N. Prodano, anciently Spacteria, island in the Mediterranean, near the W coast of the Morea. It is 36 miles SSE of Zante. Lon. 21 24 E, lat. 37 15 N. Pron, town of the kingdom of Bur- ma!), s'-ated on the Menan, 200 miles NW of Pegu. Lon. 94 E, lat. 17 50 N. Prospect, post town in Hancock cotmty, Maine, situated on the \V side of Penob- scot river, eight miles NR of Belfast, and seven S of Frankfort, all lying on the same river. Population 1810, 1300, and in 1820, 1771. Prospect, post town, Prince Edward county, Virginia. Prospect hill, post office, Fairfax coun- ty, Virginia. 14 miles N by W from Wa- shington. Provence, late province of France, 138 miles long, and 100 broad ; bounded on the N by Dauphiny, on the S by the Me- diterranean, on the W by the river Rhone, which separates it from Languc- doc, and on the E by the Alps and the river Var. The air near the Alps and Dauphiny is cold, on the sea coast, hot, and iii the middle temperate. In that which was called Upper Provence, the soil is fertile in corn and pastures ; but in Lower Provence, dry and sandy. It produces, however, wine, oil, figs, al- monds, prunes, and pomegranates, along the sea-coast from 'I'oulon to Nice. There are orange and citron trees in the open fields ; and many*medicinal plants, mi- neral waters, and mines of several kinds. Provence now forms the departments of Var, the LoAver Alps, and the Mouths of the Rhone. Providence, one cf the least of the Ba- hama islands, but the best of those plant- ed by the English. It wsis taken by the Spaniards in 1782, but retaken the next year. It lies 200 miles E of Florida. Lon. 77 1 W, lat. 24 50 N. Providence, island in the Atlantic, 150 miles E of the coast of Nicaragua. Lon. 80 44 W. lat. 13 25 N. Providence, capital of the state of Rhode Island, a pnst town and port of entry ; situate in Providence county, and on Providence river, near the head of Naragansett bay, and in lat. 41 49 N, and lon. 71 23 AV . It lies 30 miles N by V/ of Newport, and 45 SW of Boston. The inhabitants of this metropolis were 7614 at the last enumeration. T7 P U I. P U L Fughio-a>n, post town, Cliestei- county, Slaves Pennsylvania, on French creek, oS miles NW from Philadelphia. Puglia, modern name of tlie ancient Apulia, containing' the three provinces of Cipitanata, Bari, and 0;ranto, on the E side of the kin,:^dom of Naples. Pnlaon,\s\ii\\(\ in the hidian Ocean, lying on the W of the Phihppines. It is very fertile, and subject to its own king, who is tributary to that of Borneo. Lon 129 12 E, kt. 9 30 N. Pulaski, county of Georgia, bounded by Telfair SE; Houston SVV ;" Monroe NW ; Twiggs N ; and Laurens NE Length 35 ; mean^width 14; and area 490 sq.sare miles. Little Oakmulgee river rises m \!ie NE angle, and traverses the entire length of this county; and the main Oakmulgee also passes through its SW side. Chief town Hartford. Population in 1810. Free while males - - - 815 do. do. females • - - ^38 Total population in 1810 • Population in 1820. Free white males do. do, females - All o'.her persons except Indians not taxed Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females Total population in 1820 468 6,897 3,603 3,348 6,951 6 3 301 336 7,59r Total whites .... 1,553 All other persons except Indians not taxed 12 Slaves .... - 528 Total population in 1810 2,09S Population in 1820, Free white males - . - 1,697 do. do. females - - - 1,540 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 2- Engaged in Agriculture - 1,951 do. in Manufactures - 51 do in Commerce - - 18 Population to the square mile 9. Pulaski, county of Arkansaw territory, on the Cadron, about 300 miles above Ar- kiopolis. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 1,014 do. do. females - - ' - 724 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 2 Total whites . 3,237 Free persons of colour. males - 12 do. do. females. 13 Slaves, males . . 1.053 do. females - - 968 Total population in 182C ) - 5,283 Of these ; Foreigners not n-iturslized - - Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,773 do. in Manufactures - • 44 do. in Commerce - - Population to the square mile, lOJ. Pulaski, county of Kentucky, bounded by Cumberland river or Wayne S ; Adair W; Casey, and Lincoln NW; Rockcastle NE ; and Rockcastle river, or White E. Length 35; mean width 23; and area about 800 square mdes. Chief town Somerset. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 3,416 do. do. females . . - 3,013 Total whites .... All other persons except Indians not taxed • - - - «^8 6,429 Total whites .... 1,740 Free persons of colour, males - 10 ¥io. do. females ... 2 Slaves, males .... 82 do, females ... 89 Total population in 1820 - - 1,923 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized ' 6 Engaged in Agriculture - - 597 do. in Manufactures - 51 do. in Commerce - - 20 Population to the square mile, uncertain. Pulaski, post town, and seat of justice, Giles county, Tennessee, on Richland branch of Elk river, 45 miles NW from Huntsville, and 80 miles S from Nashville. Pulhely, maritime town of Carnarvon- shire, seated at the head of an inlet of Car- digan Bay, between two rivers ; six miles S of Newin, and 143 NW of London. Lon. 4 15 W, lat. 52 52 N. Pulo-Canton, island in the Indian Ocean, on the coast of Cochin-China. Lon. 109 35 E, lat. 15 10 N. Pulo' Condore, the name of several islands in the Indian Ocean, the principal of which is the only one inhabited. It is 13 miles in length, and nine in breadth, but in some pl.ices not above a mile over. I-on. 107 20 E. lat. 8 40 N. 1' U li !• V T Puh-Uindivgy island in the Indian Ocean, on the W coast of the peninsula of Ma- lacca. It belongs to the Dutch. Pulo-Timo?i, island in the Indan Ocean, on the E coust of the peninsula, of Malac- ca. It is often touched at for taking in wood, water, and other refreshments, and there is great plenty of green turtles. Lon. 104 25 E, lat. 2 N. * PuloUby, island in the Indian Ocean, yielding good water and plenty of wood. It lies at the entrance of the bay of Siam, and is 20 miles in circumference. Lon. 105 56 E, lat. 8 25 N. Pulo-Way, island in the Indian Ocean, near the N point of that of Sumatra. It is the largest of the islands, tliat form the entrance of the channel of Achem, and is peopled by men banished from Achem. Lon . 95 59 E, lat. 5 50 N. PuUmisk, town of Great Poland, in the palatinate of Masovia, seated on the Nareu, 20 miles NE of Warsaw. Lon. 21 47 E, lat. 50 30 N. Pultney, post town, and township, Steu- ben county, New York, 12 miles N from Bath. Population 1820, 1162, Pultney, village and township, Belmont county, Ohio, nine miles below Wheeling. Populatiofi 1820, 10.57., PtiltoTou, fortified town of the Ukraine, famous for a battle in 1709, between Peter the Great, and Charles X(I. of Sweden, wherein the latter was tutally defeated, and obliged to fly into Turkey. It is 100 miles SW of Belgorod. Lon. 34 35 E, lat. 49 26 N. Puna, island in the Pacific Ocean, 35 miles long, and 12 broad, lying at the en- trance of the bay of Guiaquil, 115 miles N of Paita. Lon. 81 6 W, lat. 3 17 S. Puna, town of South America, on lake Chucnito. Lon. W C 6 34 E, lat. 16 20 S. Punch Hall, post village, Caroline coun- ty, Maryland. Punjab. See Punjab. Punta-del-Guda, capital of St. Michael, one of the Azores, with a strong castle, and a harbour. Lon. 25 42 W, lat. 37 47 N. Purheck, Isle of, a rough and healthy tract in Dorcetshire, to the S of Poole Bay. It is msulated by the sea and rivers, and is famous for its stone quarries Percliena,ioy>/n of Spain, in the province of Gr£.nada, 60 miles W of Carthagena. Lon. 2 5 W, lat. o7 19 N. Purfeet, village in Essex, situated on the Thames, noted for its extensive lime works, and a large magazine of gun powder. Purmerens, town of New Holland, so called from a brook of the same n;mie on which it is seated. It is 10 mil? s N of Am- sterdam, and 13 SE of Alcmaer. Purysburgh, town of the United States, in Georgia, built by a colony of Swiss, It is seated on the river- Savannah, 30 miles NW of the town of Savannah. Lon. 80 49 W, lat. 22 22 N. Puschiavo, town of Swisserland, in the country of the Grisons, three miles N from a lake of the same name. It is 17 mile.s WSW of Bornio, :uid 20 E of Chiavenna, Lon. 9 40 E, lat. 46 20 N. Putala. mountain of Great Thibet, seven miles E of Lassa. On iis summit is the palace of the grand lama, the high priest and sovereign of Thibet. Putin- Bay, bay of the southern Bass island, in lake E;ie. It has two entrances, between two of the islands, is well shelter- ed, and of sufficient depth for a frigate of tlie first class It was about five miles west of this bay that on the 10th of September 1813, commodore Perry captured a Bri- tish squadron under commodore Barclay. The group of B^^ss islands bel«ng to Huron county, Ohio. Distant about 20 miles N from Sandusky bay. Putnam, township of Lincoln county, Maine, 30 miles N from Wiscasset. Popu- lation 1820, 652. Putnam, county of New York; bounded by Hudson nver W ; Duchess county N ; Connecticut E ; and West Chester county S. Length 22; mean width 12; and area 264 square mdes. Surface generally hilly but soil product ve in grain fruits and pas- turage. In tlie census of 1810, Putnam was included in Duchess county. Chief town. Camel. Population in 1820. Free white males - - 5,555 do. do. females - - 5,498 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . , . Total whites Free persons of- do. Slaves, males do. females Total population colour, males - do. females - in 1820 11,053 83 83 26 23 11,268 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 39 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,996 do. in Manufactures - 655 do. in Commerce - - 35 Population to the square mile, 42 2-3. Putnam, township of Washington county, New York, on Like Champlain, 30 miles N from SandyhiU. Popidation 1820, 892. Putnam, county of Ohio; bounded by Henry N; Hancock E; Alien S; and W by Vanwert and Paulding. It is 24 miles square, and contains 576 square miles. It is watered by the Auglaize, Hog, and Blan- chard's rivers. Surface generally level, in part v/et and even marshy ; with vei'V fa- 839 1' U Y vourable exceptions of roirmg-, well water- ed, and very productive soil. Putnam, county of Georgia, bounded by Oconee river ir Hrir.cnck SE ; Bald win and Joiieii S ; Jasptr W ; Morgan N ; and Oconee river, or (iretne NE. L; ngth 20; mean width 18; and area 360 square miles. Chief town Eatonton. Popul.ition in 1810. Free white males ... 3,552 do do. females ... 3,219 Total whites .... 6,771 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - . 38 Slaves, .... 3,220 Total population in 1810 - 10,029 Population in 1820. Free wliite males ^■. - . - 4,236 do. do. females - 3,972 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites . - - . 8,208 Free persons of colour, males 21 dr). do. females . 5 Slaves, males .... 3,592 do. females - - - 3.649 Total population in 1820 15,475 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 3 Engaged in Agriculture - 5,043 do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce - - Population to the square mile, 43. Putnam, post town of Muskingum coun- ty, Ohio, on the west bank of Muskin- gum river opposite Zanesviile. A sub- stantial wooden bridge on stone piers unite the two towns. Pntiiey, village in Surry, seated on the Thames, five miles VVSW of London. Putney, post town and township Wind- ham county, Vermont on Connecticut 33 miles S from Windsor. Population 1820, 1650. PiCumayo, or lea, river of South Ame- rica, rising in Quito, flows E about 300 miles, takes the name of lea, lurns to SE, and continues into the Amazon. Lon. W C B'' E, lat. 3« S. Pvy, town of France, in the depart- mer.t of Upper Loire and late pri'vince of Velay, seated on the mountain Anis, near the river Loire. Puy has manufac- tures of lace and silk stuffs, and is 45 milps NE of Mende. Puycerda, town of Spain, in Catalonia, and capital of Cerdsgna, between the Carol and Segra, at the foot of the Pv- 840 P Y R renees, 53 miles W of Perpignan and &T NW of Barcelona. Lon. 1 50 E, lat. 42 36 N. Puy de-Dome, department of France, containing part of the late privince of Auv rgne This department includes al- most ail Limagne, a territory about 12 leagues 'ong, by six broad ; one of the most pleasant and trtile in France ; in which are seen, under the same point of view, ' rchards, meadows., vineyards, ara- ble land, in a word, every kind of culti- vation imaginable. The borders of this basin, or circular plain, are mountains now covered with habitations, herds, and flocks, but once so many volcanoes, which exhibited to the mspection of the learn- ed tlie most extraordinary phaenomena. Clermont is the capital of this depart- ment. Piiy-cn-Anjou, town of France, in the department of Mainr and Loire and late province of Anjou, 10 miles SW of Sau- mur, and 260 of Paris. Lon. 13 W, lat. 47 6 N. Puylaurans, town of France, in the de- partment of Tarn, and late province of Languedoc, eight miles SW of Castres, and 23 Eof Toulouse. Lon. 1 57 E, lat. 43 35 N. PuzzoH, celebrated but now inconsi- derable town of Italy, on the bay of Na- ples, 10 miles W ot Naples. Pnlhely, seaport in Carnarvonshire, at the head of an in iet of Cardii?.an Bay, be- tween two rivers, six miles S of Newin, and 143 NW of London. Lon. 4 15 W, lat. 52 52 N. Pyvaniiils of Egypt, structures formerly counted one of the Seven Wonders of the Wurld. They are built upon a rock, at the foot of the high mountains which ac- company the Nile in its course, and sepa- rate Egypt from Lybia. Various have been the conjrctures how and when they were built, yet no two authors agree ex- actly about them ; however, this is cer- tain that they are extremely ancient, and that there is no acccunt, in any author of credit, wht-n or for what reason they" T/ere founded. Pyramids, Teocalli, and other ruins of North America. The stupendous mag- nitude of those monuments of antiquity on some parts of this continent is very little known. They are spread over an immense space of country in the empire of Mexico. They consist of: Cholula, situat(^d in tlie intendancy of Puebla, N lat 19 02 W, lon. W C 21 IS. This pyramid consists of four stages, perpendicular elevation 177 feet, and the herisontal breadth of the base 1,423 feet Its sides are exactly parallel to the me P \ R P i ricjians and parallels of latitude and con- structed of alternate strata of brick and clay. It is matter of real astonishment to find the similarity of form and constitu- ent material between this Mexican mo- nument, and that of the temple of Belus, at Babylon, and the pyramids of Muise- hich. — Dashour, near Sahara in Egypt. The immense platform of this trunca- ted pyramid has an area of 45,208 square feet whose sides exceed 212.5 feet. From this platform is seen in clear weather, the volcanoes of Puebla, Peak of Ori- zaba, and the mountains of Matlacueye. The pyramid ot Cholula and that of Touatiuh Itzaqual, are very nearly of equal height, and about 10 feet higher than the Mycerinus, or third in elevation of the group of Ghize Its length of base exceeds that of all simular monumeiits found by travellers on either continent ; and is almost double that of Cheops. It has been supposed that this vast cdifica was formed by an incrustation of clay and brick around a natural hill ; but a road cut through part of the first, nv Tw- er stage favours the supposition, that :t is entirely artificial. Though dilapida- ted by time, and, no doubt much di'pns- sed yet its height, and the length of its base are stiii 8 to 1; whilst that of Ghizc is 8 to 5 nearly. It has long been ob- served, that a regular gradatir.n of sym- metrical pyi'amids surround thf larger of those of Egypt Mr. Grobtrt has pub- lished a drawing of the regular disp' si- ticn of the small pyramid, which envi- ron the Cheops and Mycerinus at Ghize. The tencalli at Ch'lula, and Tentihui- can, are in an analogous manner sur- rounded by lesser moriuments. To the west of the former, stand two prismati- cal masses, now called Alcosac, and Cerro de In Cruz. To the NE of the city of Mexico, and of the lake of Tezcnco, in the Mexican Valley, are the remains of the Teocalli, or temple of the sun and moon, or pyra- mids of Teotihuican, con.sisting of two truncated pyramids, called in the Aztec language Tonatiuh Ytzaqual, house of the sun ; and Metzii Ytzaqual, house of the moon. According to the admeasure ment made by a M^'xican, Dr. Orteyza, the hou-e of the sun, which is ir.ost south- ern, has in its present state, a base of 682 feet, and 171 feet perpendicular.ele- vation. Tht' house of the moon has a lesser base and is oniy 135 feet in per- pendicular height. Those mnnumi^nts from their furm would seem to have been the modi;!s from which the other teocalliea of Mexico were constructed. The Aztec nations found by the Spa- Bi3Vjds in New Spain, attributed the py- .5 O ramids of Teotlhuican to the Toultecs, consequently they must have been erect- ed above lOUO years. Siguenza believes them to be the production of the Olmecs; if so, they are three or four centuries still more ancient, than if constructed by the Touitecs. The faces of these edifices are within 52' of an exact conformity to the meridi- dians and parallels. Their interior is clay mixed with small stones, encrusted by a shell of porous amygdaloid. Traces of a bed of lime covering the stones is still visible. Time, the inroads of vegeta- tion, and human curiosity, are here as in all similar cases, changing the pyramidal to the conical figure, by erasing the fea- tures of the outer crust. The original was comp sed of four stages, again subdivided into steps of a little more than three feet. A winding staircase of large hewn stones formerly led to the top. The Tonatiuh Ytzaqual iias according to Orteyza, a cubic mass of 33,743,201 Cubic feet. To pit-rce such tnormnus bodies is a very dilBCult undertaking ; it is therefore not easy to determine the problem, whetlier they are natural .ievatinns modified by the hand of man, or entirely artificial. M. Humboldt inclines to the latter sup- position re ppcting tiiose of Mexico, and supports his opinion by their isolated po- sition on plains. That those of Ti-otihu- ican are the product of art, is also ren- dered almost certain by the circumstance of a group of smaller pyramids surround- ing the larg;.-r. These lesser monuments of about 30 feet elevation, extend from the four faces of the larger pyramids in vast .streets in exact conformity to the meridians and parallels. They amount to many hundreds, and are more abun- dant south of the temple of the moon, than towards the temple of the sun. Ac- cording to the tradition of the natives, these smalk-r pyramids were dedicated to the stars There is little doubt but that they served as sepulchres to the chief of tribes. The whole plain bore formerly in the Azteca. and Toulteca languages, the name of Micaotl or, road of the dead. " What analogies," says Humboldt, *• with the monuments of the ancient continent. This Touitec, (or Olm.c,) nation, arriving on tht- Mexi- can soil, in the seventh century, (or more early,) constructed on a uniform plan, several of th( se colossal monuments, those truncated pyramids, divided by 1 lyers, like th' temple of Belus at Ba- byl(in ; wlienc* did they derive the mo- del of these erlificfs .■' Were they of Mo- gul race ? Did they d' scend from a common stock with the Chinese, the Hione-nu, and the .Japanese." Or more .'541. V Y II P Y R probably, were they not a race whose civilization was indigenous? The pyra- midal form of temples, and their north, and south, and east, and west position, are thi result of qbvious natural causes, apparent to all mankind. Another ancient monument is the mi- litary intrenchment of Xocliicalco, situ- ated to the SSW c/f Cuernevaca, near Tetlauia. It is an insulate ! Ir.ll of 380 feet elevation surrouisded with trench- es and cut into five stages, or terraces covered witii masonry. The whole form- ing a truncated pyramid, whose faces correspond to the .cardinal points. Tlie basaltic, and porphyry stunes, are cover- cd with hieroglyphics; the most striking of which, are crocodiles spouting water, and men sitting in the cross-legged po- sition of Asiatics. The platfcsrm of this monument contains more tlian 96,825 square feet. Though M. de Humboldt calls this a fortress, it would seem from its form, to have had an analogous use with the pyramids of Cholula, and Teo- tibuican. Edifices, however, answering the double purpose of forts and temples, have been found in various parts of the earth, in very distaiit ages. The most remarkable monument of ahtiqu tv m America, for the elegance and symmetry of its rTiiaments is the ruins of the palace or temple of .Mitla in O.tx- aca. The walls of Mitla are decorated with Gff cques, and labyrinths in viosaic, of small porphyry stones. Mitla was called by the Aztecs, Miquitlan, or, place of sadness. It appears from its form, and trom tradition, to have been a palace erected over the toinbs of the kings. It was a house of mourning, to which the monarch retired to deposit and weep over the remains of a beloved rela- tive, and whtre he himself was is mountainous, itis fertile: pro- in Mississippi basin, has been supposed, out ducing corn, excellent wines, olives, seems unsupported by any conclusive tes- oranges, and leather of a superior quali- timony arising from analogy. Obsidian ty. Perpignan is the capital is entirely wanting in the fragments of Pi/ve^ees, Zowec, dipartment of France, domestic utensils, and military tMeap.ins, containing the lati' pvavinces of Basques, found in the Missisi-ippi ruins. The pot- and Beam. P.iu is the capital. See tery is also differ-^nt in the two regions JVa-uarre. But the most decisive circumstance evm- Pyrenees, C/"/>/)er, dipartnient of France, cing an entire dis-conncxion, is, that in containing the late provinces of Bigorre. the intermediate countries no remains H re are excellent horses and g od par- similar to either, are found. The so- tridges. The valleys are very fertile ; lidity, extent, and hieroglyptiic sculp- furnishing rye, millet, Spanish corn, and ture found on so large a scale, in the flax. The mountains have mines of Mexican mo, uments, evince a state of lead, iron, and copper, and quarries of science, art, and civiliz ition, at least as slate, m.-irble and jasper. Tarbes is the far advanced as that of Egypt, at the pe- capital. riod when the pyramids wt-re construct- Pyrmont, town of WcstphaUa, in a ed ; whilst the rudenesS; simplicity, and county of the same name, suhj ct to the absence of all mental representation in prince of VValdeck, with a castle, the re - their structures, prove that tie ancient sidence of the governor. Nearitaremi- "Hihabitnnts of Ohio and Mississippi, were neral waters, well known to all Europe, not^nnre, if as far advanced in the arts and often frequented bv persons of the of civilized life, as the present tribes of highest rank, and preferred to those of South Sea islanders. Spa. It is 40 miles SW of Hanover. The most remarkable circumstance, Lon 9 20 E, Lit. 52 ON. however, respecting the North Ameri- Fyrna, town of Germany in the elec- can ruins, is, their almost entire non-ex- torate of Saxony, in Misnia. It has a cas- istance, on the Atlantic slope, east of the tie, on a mountain called Sonnensteir:, Alleghany mountains, the aboriginal na- which has been used sometimes as a state tions seem to have been at all times prison. Near itis a fine quarry of stone, purely savage ; whilst traces of agricul- which is transpo ted to dilF::Tent places tural life, are frequent and striking. W by the river Elbe. Pyriia is seated 'w the of the Alleghany ridge, in all the inter- Elbe, 10 miles SE of Dresden. Lon. 13 mediate stages, frnm the barrow of Ohio, 56 E, lat 51 6 N. to the superb edifices of Puebla, Oaxa- Pyaccfc, v wn of Bohemia, in the cir- ca, Mexico, and the Rio Gila. cle of Prachin, seated on the Attoway, It may be observed respecting all the near the Mnldaw, 50 miles S of Prague, pyramidal structures yet known, from Lon. 14 46 E, lat. 49 16 N. «43 « I K U U E, a ^uaclia, lake of Lousiana, between the Mississippi and Barraiaria bay. The country adjacent to the Quacha lake is an open grassy marsh, Quadin, town of Upper Egypt, seated on the Nile, between Elne and Dander, and remarkable for a great number of valuable and ancient monuments. Quadra, and Vancouvei-'s Island, on the Pacific coast of North America, ex- tending from the Straits of St. Juan, de Fuca, to Queen Charlotte's Sound ; 250 miles long by 50 mean width. Qicakenbrugge, or Quakenburg, town of Westphalia, in thi- bishopric of Osna- burg, seated on iht Hase, 22 miles W of Osnaburg. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 52 46 N. Quadratil. See Cadron, Pulaski coun- ty, Arkansaw. Quakertown, village with a post of- fice in Bucks county. Pennsylvania, about 57 miles N of Phiiadelpl i i. Quang-fiing fou, city of China, in the N part of Pc-tcheli, between the pro- vince of Chang-tong and Ho-nan. Quang-si, province of China, bounded on the N by Koei-tcheou and Hou-quang, on the VV by Yunna and the kingdom of Tonquin, on the S by the gulf cf Ton- quin and the province of Quang-tnng, and on the E by the same and H' u- quang. Quei-ling-fou is the capital. Quangtong, the most considerable of the southern provinces of China ; bound- ed on the NE by Fo-kien, on the N by Ki-ang-sj, on the VV by Quang si and the kingdom of Ton-king ; tht- rest is •washed by the sea. Canton is the capi- tal ; but the viceroy resides at Chao- king. Quaiilico-mills, post village Somerset county, Maryland, 30 miles SE from Cambridge. Quarte?i, town of Swisseiiand near the lake Wellenstadt, five miles E of Glarus. Quaere Bras, hamlet or village of the Netherlands in Namur, seven miles W from Ligny. The French authors name the battle of Waterloo, from this place, or from M unt St Jean QuebeC; city of and capital of British America, tin the left bank of St. Law rence river, about 400 miles above the sea, and 180 be{f>w Montreal. Lon, W C 5 10 E, lat. 46 SO N. Population about 20,000. This city stands upon a point of land the salient proj taction nf a range nf heights be- tween St. Lawrence and Charles rivers. The ground rises from an alluvial slip S44 along the harbour, to the summit of Cape Diamond 350 feet. It is divided into the Upper and Lower towns, the whole fortified with every advantage of natural position and resource of art. The principal buildings ; the Cathohc Cathe- dral ; Jesuits college now barracks ; Pro- testant Metropolitan church ; Hotel Diew, or female hospital ; Ursuline Convent ; General hospital ; and the artillery bar- racks. The basin or harbour is very spacious, and with a depth of 28 fathom. The com- mercial relations are extensive and in- creasing, hi its actual state, Quebec is a place of primary importance as a mart of trade ; the capital of extensive territories and post of great strengih and capacity as a miiitary station. Quecla, king\' ."00 miles. It receives in its course the Chelum, and Chenaub. Havilz, small town of Poland, in tly, in the LanOgiMvate of Hesse Ci ssel. ^our miles iN of Marpurg, and 32 SSW tf Casstl. Lon. S 46 E, htt. 50 33 N. liaiua, '.own of Poland, cip.tid of the palatinate of Kawa, 56 miles SW of W.r- ^aw. liavay. Post town of New Jersey; si- tuated in iMiddlcscx count}, 5 miles SW of Elizabeih town, aiul abeated on the little river Peil, and noted for tl>e peace concluded in 1790, between Wilmington. , , , , ,, ■. ^, r^ , Regaisbevg, handsome town of Swisser- ^^e emperor Leopold 11, and the Turks, land, in the canton of Zuric, capital of a . ^^^to^ier^-, castle of Germany, m the baliwic of the same name, seated on a rock, '^""'^'f "\ ^PP^"" ,^^''"^ '*"^\ ^^""^y of Cat- called the Lagerberg, 10 miles NW of zenelenbogen. It .,s aeated on a mountain, 2,jri(. near the Rhme, and belongs to the pnnce Regenstein, town of Lower Saxony, in fJ^^'^^ Kbeinfeldt. Lon. 7 57 E. lat. 50 the bishopric of Halberstadt, six miles S of Halberstadt, and seven W of Quedlingburg ReichenfeUs, town of Germany, in the Lon. 41 E, lat. 51 26 N, duchy of Carinthia, 24 miles E of Muhrau, Regent's Town, settlement of liberated ^^^- ^^ 4 E, lat. 47 9 N. negroes on W Africa, in the colony of Siera Reicheiiall, town of Germany, in Upper Leone. Bavaria, on the Sala, with a rich salt spring Reggio, town of Italy, in Naples, in Gala- nine miles SW of Saltzburg, and 64 SW of bria Ulteriore, with a woollen manufacture. Munich. Lon. 13 2 B, lat 47 28 N. It is a large and populous place and is seat- Reichenstein, town of Bohemia in Silesia, ed on the strait of Messina, 12 miles SB of famous for the silver mines in its neigh- Messina, and 190 S of Naples. Lon. 16 bourhood. It is 12 miles W of Grotes- B, lat= 38 4 N. kaw, 85.2 yi E A" R E Q Eeichshofen, town of France, in the de- partment ofl-ower Rliine, with a castle. Rdfferscheid, town of Germar.j', in the circle' of Lower Khi'ie and arclibisliopric of Cologne, capital of a county of the same name. It is 32 mites SW of Cologne, and 42 W of Coblentz. Lon. 6 50 B, lat. 50 20 N. ReiseJiburg, town of Prussia, in the pro- vince of Oberland, n^ar which is an ancient castle, 78 miles S W of Koningsberg. Lon. •20 5 E, lat 53 52 N. Reister's-to-cn, post town, Baltimore county, Maryland, 15 miles "NTW of Balii- more, and 63 N by E of Washii7gton. Rembertstown, post town, Surapter dis- trict. South Carolina. Remedios, city of Xew Grenada, and ca- pital of the proviPiCe of Rio del Hacha, 7o miles E by N of Santa Martha. Remiremont, town af France, in the de- partment of tae Vosges, and late province of Lorrain; on the river Moselle, at the foot of Mount V.'sagfis, 42 miles S by E of Nan- ci. Lon. 6 47 E, lat. 48 3 N. Remsen, post town and township, Oneida conntj^ New York, 35 miles N from Rome. Population int of the island, in a pleasant county, 45 miles from Candia. Lon, 24 45 E, lat. io 22 N. Revel, town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Garcnne, and late province of Languedoc, nine miles N of St. Papoul. Lon. 2 10 E, lat. 43 26 N. Revel, government of Russia. See Es- tlionia. Revel, strong seaport of Russia, capital of the government of Esthonia. There is a college, with four professors. It has be- come a place of great trade, since the Rus- sians obtained possession of it ; and there are two great fairs, in May and September, frequented by English and Dutch mer- chants. It is seated on the gulf of Fin- land, partly in a pleasant plain, and partly on a mountain, 85 miles SE of Abo, and 133 W by S of Petersburg. Lon. 23 57 E, lat. 59 20 N. Revello, town of Italy in Pied?nont, in the marquisate of Saluzzo, near the Po. It is seated on the top of a very liigli mountain, and is strongly f" /ftified both by nature and art. It is three mdes NW of Saluzzo. Revero, strong town of Italy, in the Man- tuan, seated on the river Po, opposite Os- tiglia, 10 miles NE of Mirandola, and 20 SE of Mantua. Lon. 1 9 E. lat. 44 58 N. Reitss-Greitz, and ReiisS'Lobenstdn, two petty, but independent states of central Germany, between Prussia and Havana. Reus, town of Spain, in Catalonia. It has a considerable trade in wine, brandy, and nuts. It is seated in the middle of a most fruitful plain, 35 miles NE of Torto- sa, and 60 WSW of Barcelona. Renss, river of Swisserland, which rises in the lake of Locendro, between the mountains of Petina and Locendro, flows through the lake of Lucern and the tow;i of that name, and joining the Aar, falls Joto the Rhine, below Zurzacb- 7 Reuliiii^'eii, town of fGcrmany in Sua- bia, in tke duchy of Wirtemburg, on ttie Echetz, near the Xeck.tr, 10 miles E of Tubingen, and 57 S of Stutgai-d. Lon. 9 10 E, lat. 48 31 N. Re7i.v, fortified town of the Netherlands, in Austrian Hainault, eight miles NE of Mons. Rexeab, town of Ilindoostan in the pro- vinre of Allahabad, 57 miles >SW of that place. Lon. 81 36 E, lat. 24 35 N. Reyna, town of Spain, in Andalusia, three miles from Lerna, and in a territory abounding in wine and cattle. Rezaiiy government of Russia, formerly a province of the government of iMoscow. It contains 12 districts, and is fertile in corn, and populous. Rezan, city of Russia, capital of a go- vernment of the same name. It is seated at the confluence of tiie Trube.sh and Oc- ca, 100 miles NE of Moscow. Lon, 4-0 37 E, lat. 54 55 X. Rhe, island on tlie W coast of France, in the department of Lower Charente. It is four leagues long and two broad, and very populous, eight miles W of Rochelle. St. Martin is the capital. Rhea, county of Tennessee ; bounded by M'Minn SE ; the Cherokee lands and Hamilton county SW ; Bledsoe W, and NW ; and Rowan NE Length 30 ; mean width 20 ; and area 600 square miles. It extends along both sides of Tennessee^ above the mouth of Hiwassee River. Population in 1810. Free white male? - . - 1,165 do. do. females - - 1,125 Total whites . , - . 2,290 All o'.her persons except Indians not taxed .... o Slaves 214 Total population in 1810 - - 2,504 Population in IS20. Free white males - - - 1,980 do. do. females - - - 1,878 -Vll other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites .... 3,858 Free persons .if colour, males - 14 do. do. females 9 Slaves, males .... 169 do. females ... - 165 Total population in 1820 - . 4,215 Of tliese ; Foreignei-s not naturalized - 17 Engaged in Agriculture - 937 do. in Mai-.-ufacturcs . 97 do. in Commerce - - 13 Poouia'.ion to the square mile. ■' K H E II H I Hheda, town of Germany in the circle ot Westphalia, and county of I>ingen, 10 miles N of Lipstadt. Loii. 7 22 E, lat. 51 4? N. Rheims, ancient city of France, in the department of Martie, and late province of Champagne. The inhabitants are com- puted to be 30,000. Here are manufac- tures of flannel, coverlets, and other wool- len stuffs ; on the river Vessc, 62 miles N of Troyes, and 73 NE of Paris. Lon. 4 8 E, lat. 49 15 N. Jiheinau, town of Swisserland, in Thur- gau, with an abbey, on an island formed by the Rhine, between Shaffenhausen and Eg-lisau Hheinbach, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Lower lihine, and electorate of Co- logne. 53 miles E of Leige. Lon. 6 9 E, lat. 51 39 N. liheinher^, town of Germany, in the elec- torate of Celogne, seated on the Rhine, 40 miles NW of Cologne, and 40 SE o! Guelderland. Lon. 6 39 E, lat. 51 29 N. Rimnecy town of Germany, in the arch- bishopric of Cologne, seated on the Rhine, 34 miles SSE of Cologne. Lon. 7 23 E, lat. 50 27 N. Rhelnec, town of Swisserland, capital of the Rhelnthol, with a castU , seated on the Rhine, near the lake of Constance. Lon. 9 23 E, lat 47 41 N. Rheinfeldy castle of Germany in the cir- cle of Lower Rhine, and county of the same name. It is 15 miles S of Coblentz. Rheinfeldeny strong town of Suabia, eight miles E of Basle. Lon. 7 46 E, lat. 47 36 N. Rheingau, district of Germany, on the E side of the Rhine, extending from Nei- der Wallauf, to Lorrich. The vine is here chiefly cultivated. Eifeld is the capital. Rheinhausen, town of Germany in the bishopric of Spire. It is situated on the Rhine, three miles .SE of Spi."e. Rheinland, port of South Holland, lying on both sides of the Rhine. Leyden is the capital. Rlieinmagen, or Remagen, town of West- phalia, near the Rhine, 19 miles NNW of Coblentz. Lon. 6 30 E, lat. 50 38 N. Rheinsabem, town of Germany in the bishopric of Spire, with a castle, 15 miles S of Spire. Rheinthal, fertile valley of Swisserland, lying along the Rhine. It belongs lo the eight ancient cantons, and to that of Ap- penzel. The protestant inhabitants are the most numerous. Rheinwahl, large valley in the cotmtry of the Gnsons ; so called from the Hinder Rhine, which rises at the distance of 12 miles^, and runs through the valley. Splu- gen is the capital. Rhenen, city of the Netherlands, in Ut- recht on the Leek, 20 miles SE of Utrecht. Lon. 5 22 E. lat. 51 50 N. ,S58 Rlune^ great and remarkable river of Europe, which rises in Switzerland, in the canton of Grisons. It is formed of three streams ; the Further Rhine from the head of the valley of Disentis ; the Middle Rhine from the valley of Medelo, an ap- pendage of St. Gotherd ; and the Hither or Upper Rhine from the mount Avicula. The first two torrents united is ciUed the Lower Rhine, which receives the Upper Rhine at Richenau ; and the heiglit is here about 6180 feet above the sea. Flowing by Coire, at the distai ce of a mile, the Rhine here becomes navigable for rafts. It is soon after the boundary between the Rheinthal and a territory of Austria, and passes through the lake of Constance frora E to W. Leaving this lake, it becomes the boundary beiween Switzerland and Suabia, flowing by Schaffhausan (below which it form-, a cckbrated cataract) to Basel. At Basel the river turns to tiie N, and flows the ice to Holland ; in which course it becomes the barrier between France and Germany, gives name to the two German circles of the Upper and Low- er lihine, waters many considerable cities and towns, and receives some large rivers. Below Emmerick, in the duchy of Cleve, it divides into two streams ■ That which bends to the W, and flows by Nimeguen, is called the Waal, but loses that name on its junction with the Meuse, at Gorcum. Below Gorcum, it divides into four princi- pal branches, forming the isles of Yssel- monde, Voorn, and Overslackee ; the most northern branch is called the Mervve, and passing by Rotterdam and Schiedam, is joined by the branch from the S side of Ysselmonde, and enters the German ocean, below Briei : the other two branches make their exit at Iltlvoetsluys and Goree. The other stream which had branched off to the NW below Emmerick, retains its name : but below Huess-en another branches off to the N, takes the iiamc of Yssel, and en- ters the Zuider Zee, below Campen. The old river proceeds W by Ariiheim to Duer- stede, when it again divides into two streams : that to the left is called the Leek, and enters the Mervve above Rotterdam. The branch to the right, which retains its name, pusses on to Utrecht, where it di- vides once more, into two streams : the smaller one is called the Vecht, which • runs N into the Zuider Zee, at Muyden ; * and the other, the remains of the noble Rhine, flows W by Woerden to Leyden, where it divides into several channels, and afterward is lost ammg hills of sand near the village of Catv.'vck Rhine, Lower, formerly a circle of Ger- many. It extended on both sides the Rhine, from the circle of Snabia, on the S, to that of Westphalia, on the N; containing the Lie electorates of Mentz, Treves, and Co- U II o H H (!) iOgne, llie palatinate of tiie Rliine, the duchy of Westphalia, and Xhe county of Lower Isenburg. It now belongs to Bavaria. Ithine, Lower, department of France, containing the late province of Lower Al- sace. Strasburg is the capital. Rhine, Upper, department of France, containing' the late province of Upper Al- sace. Coimar is the capital, Rhine, Upper, formerly a circle of Ger- many. It extended across tlie Rhine, from the province of !,.o''a;i!e in France, on tlie S to the circle of Lower Saxony, on the N, and was nearly intersected by the pala- tinate of the Rhine. It included the lan- gravate of Hesse, Wetleravia, the counties of Catzenellenbogen and Waldec ; the im- perial town of Frankfort, the b shoprics of Fulda, Spire, and Worms, and the duchy of Deux Fonts. Rhine, Palatinate of the, late electorate of Germany, \n the circle of lower Rhine ; bounded on the N by the archbishoprics of Mentz and Tieves, E by Franconia, S by Suabia, and W by France. Rhode Island, state of the United States ; bounded by the Atlantic Ocean S and SE ; Connecticut W ; and Massachusetts N, NE, andE. Miles, Having an outliRe on the Atlantic ocean . . - - . 40 Along ConnecUcut - - - 50 Along Massachusetts - . - 70 Having an outline of - - - 160 Extending from lat 41 18 to 42 1 N. Area, exclusive i)f water, 1200 square miles, equal to 768.000 acres. It is for its extent a very diversified state. The NW part is liilly and broken ; but gradually subsiding to levtd land, ad- vancing towards the Atlantic ocean. The islands are most dclightfiilly variegated by gentle slopes and swells. The state is composed of three sections ; that part W of Narragansett bay, bordering on Connec- ticut ; the islands of Rhode Island, Con- nanecut, Prudence, and a few of lesser note ; arid two small .slips on the E side of Narragansett bay. The soil of this state is as various as are the features of its geogra- phy ; thin and rocky to the NW ; level and in part marshy SE ; but in the islands and many of the capes jutting into Narragan- sett bay, exuberantly fertile. Rhode Island is the most manufac- turing section of the United States in •proportion to population. Cotton is the chief subject of manufacture. Including, those on Massachusetts near Providence, and owned in that city more than 100 cotton factories are in operation in that vicinity. The commercial prosperity of this state has kept pace with its manu- facturing industry. The amount of ton- nage exceeds 40,000 ; and more than half . the amount of exports of domestic pro- duce. The exports in 1820, amcuntefl to more than one million and seventy two thousand dollars. In no part of the United States has banking been carried to such an extent. There are in Pi'Dvidence five, Nevyport five, Bristol five, Smithfieid three, Wes- terly two, and at Warren, Pawtucket, Patuset, Cranston, Gloucester, Burril- ville, Scituate, Coventry, Greenwich, Wickford, and South Kingston, one each ; 33 in all. Common schools, have met no legisla- ture support in Rhode Island, though the interests of education have not been ne- glected. See Providence, Academies exist in most of the towns, and private day schools are scattered cvt r the state, in almost every neighbourhood. The number of Baptists congregatior.s 57; Friends 18; Congregationalists 11; EpiscopaUans 5 ; Moravians 1 ; and Jews 1. Population in 1810, Free white males - - 35,743 do. do. females - - 37,471 Total whites - - ' - • 73,214 All other persons except Indians not taxtd - - - - 3,609 Slaves 108 Total population in 1810 76,931 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 38,492 do. do. females - - - 40,921 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 44. Total whites - . . Fiee persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820 79,457 1,587 1,967 18 30 83,059 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 237 Engaged in Agriculture - 12,559 do. in Manufaciures - 6,091 do. in Coininerce - - 1,162 Population to the square mile, 69. Rhode Island, from which the state of the same nanjc is formed, is situated in Narraga sett bay, extending nearly N and S 15 miles, with a mean width of two miles and a half, and subdivided into the i,r.v:-ships of Newport, Mid- dleton, u.v.d Portsmouth. See JVewfiort county. ' Rhodes, island of the Archipelago, at %'5') a 1 & m c the entrance of tiie giilr ef Macri, 40 miles long and 15 broad. The soil is pi-etty fertile, but badly cultivated. This island is much celebrated in an- cient and nnodern history. It was taken by the Turks, after an obstinate resi- 1- ance 1523 ; and the small number of knights that remained, aftervs'ards remo- ved to Malta. A pacha is the governor- general of the iiiland, who presides over ci.\il justice and military discipline. Rhodes, capital of the island of Rhodes, was anciently nine miles in circumferLnce, but the present town occupies only a quarter of the extent of the ancient city. It has a good harbour, with a narrow en- trance between two rocks, on which are two towers to defend the passage. It is inhabited by Turks and Jews ; for the Christians are obliged to live in the su- burbs, they not being suffered to be with- in the wails in the night-time. Lon. 28 25 E, lat, 36 24N. Rhodez. See Rode~. Rho7ie, large river of Europe, \s?hich yises in Swisserland, from the glacier of Furca, between the two rocky mountains of Gleehterberg and Satzberg. Crossing the Vallais, it runs through the lake and city of Geneva, and there receives the I'iver Arvt. After which it widens, and becomes navigable near Seissel ; then running SW to Lyons, and receiving se- veral other streams, particularly the river Saone, continues it course due S; and passing by Orange, Avignon, and Aries, it falls to the westward of Mar- seilles into tlie Mediterranean by three mouths. Rhone, Mouths of the, department of France, containing part of tue lite pro- vince of Provence. Aix is the capital. Rhone and Loire, department of France, including the late provinces of Forez and Lyonois. The capital is Lyons. Rkijaidergoivy, town in Radnorshire, near a cataract of the river Wye. It is 20 miles WNW of New Radnor, and 177 of London. Lon. 5 2? W, lat. 52 17 N Rhynbeck, pest town of Duchf ss coun- ty, New York, containini^ 4486 inhabi- tants in 1810, and in 1820, 2729. It is situated on the E side of Hudson river, 65 miles S of Albany, and 30 S of Hud- son. Rhynds or Rinns of Galloway, the W division of Wigtonshire, divided from the other parts of the county by Loch Ryan and the bay of Luce. Rhyney See Rumney. JRibadavia. See Rivadavia. Ribadeo, seaport of Spain, in Galicia. It IS situated at the mouth of the. Kb, S60 and is 15 miles NE of Moudonedo. Lcn. 7 2 VV, lat. 43 30 K. Ribas. town of Spain, in New Castile, on the river Xarma, eight miles from Madrid. Ribau Pierre. See Rafiolfatdn. Ribble, river which rises in the W riding of Yorkshire, runs across Lanca- shire, and falls into the Irish Sea, below Preston. Ribeira Grande, town of St Jago, the principal of the Cape de Verd Islands, with a good harbour It is seated be- tween two high mountains. Lon. 23 24 W, lat 15 N. liibcviont, town of France, in the de- partment of Aisne, and late province of Picardy, seated on an eminence, near the river Oise, 10 miles VV by S of St. Quin- tin. Lon. 3 21 E, lat. 49 48 N. Riberac, town of France, in the de- partment of Dordogne, 17 miles E of Perigneax, and 27 SSE of Angoulesme. Lon. 1 5 E, lat. 45 15 N. Ribtiik, episcopal town of Turkey, in the province of Wallachia, 44 miles S of Hermanstadt, and 130 ESE of Tennes- war. Lon. 23 40 E, lat. 45 19 N. Itibnitz, town of Germany, in Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, with a nunnery for noble women. It is seated on a bay of the Baltic, 12 miles N of Rostock Lon, 12 35 E, lat. 54 10 N. Riceboro', port, post town, and seat of justice, Liberty county, Georgia, near the head of Newport river, which is, how- ever, navigable thus far for sloops ; 34 miles SSW from Savannah. Richieleu, county of Lower Canada, on St. Lawrence and Richelieu rivers, and extending SE from the former, to the north bnundaiy of Vermont. Richelieu, river of Lower Canada. See Sorelle. liichelien, town of France, in the de- partment of Indre and Loire, and late province of Poitou, on the Amable and Vide ; 27 miles N of Poitiers, and 152 S W of Paris. Lon. 20 E, lat. 47 2 N. Richfield, post town of Otsego county. New York, 75 miles W of Albany, and containing 2083 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820. 1772 Richfield, thriving agricultural town- ship of Ashtabula county, Ohio, situated on Grand river, immediately south of Austinbnrg. Population 1820, 193. Richfield, NE comer township in Me- dina county, Ohio, containing 347 inha- bitants in 1820. Richfcrd, town of Franklin county, Vermont, on Misisque river, 44 miles NE from Burlington. Population 450. Rich-hill, N W township of Green coun- K I C 'U i c ty, Pennsylvania, on the head of the SE fork of Wheeling, and the middk- fork of of Tenmili creek. Population in 1810, 716; and in 1820, 687. Rich hill, town^h r. in the eastern part of Muskingum county, Ohio Population 1820, 706 Richland post town, Oswego county, N w York, on lake Ontario. Population 1820, 2728. Richland, one of the NW townships of Buck;- cixinty, Pt-nnsyivaiiia, on the heads of Tohickoncreek.SS miles N from Philadelphia. Population 1820, 1385. Richland, one of the southern town- ships of Venango county, Pennsylvania, on the point, between Alleghany river, and Toby's creek, above their junction. Po- pulation 1820, 1031 Richland, county of Ohio, bounded N by Huron, E by Wayne, S by Knox, and VV by Marion and Crawford counties. It is 30 miles square, containing 900 square miles. The county emhraces-a tract of country high and elevated. The prin- cipal streams are numerous branches -A Mohiccan creek, and the head waters of Sandusky and Whetstone rivers. Chief town Mansfi- Id. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 4,897 do. do. females . - 4,242 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - Total whites . - - - 9,139 Free persons of colour, males 15 do. do. females, 15 Slaves, males .... do. females .... Total population in 1820 - . 9 J 69 Of these ; foreigners not naturalized - - 19 Eogaged in Agriculture - - 1,935 do. in Manufactures - - 274 do. in Commerce - - 7 Population to the square mile, 10. Richland, township of Belmont coun- ty, Ohio, containing 3879 inhabitants, in 1820, in which is situated St. Clarisville, the county seat. Richland, township of Guernsey coun- ty, Ohio. Population 1820, 860. Richland, township in the NE corner of Clinton county, Ohio. Population 1820, 1056. Richland, tovmship in the northern borders of Jackson county. Population 1820, 182. Richla7id, township in the eastern part of Fairfield county, Ohio, in which Rush- ville is situated. Population 1820, 1071. Riddands central district of South Ca- roliua, on the peninsula between the VVa- t?ree iid Congaivo rivers, with Fair- field ar.;'. Kenshaw districts N. Length 40 ; mean width 12 ; and ars-a -ISO square miles. Surface moderately hilly, and soil productive, staple, cotton. Chief town Coiumbia. Popuhdion in 1810. Free white males ... 1,763 d'j. do. females . - - i.70> Total whites .... 3.468 All otlier persons except Indians not t ^xed 321 Slaves . . - . - 5,238 Total population in 1810, 9,027 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 2,358 do. do. females - 2,141 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites .... 4,499 Free persons of colour, males 101 do. . do. fenules 94 Slaves, maleb 3,810 do. females 3,817 Total population in 1820 - - 12,321 Or these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 50 Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,064 do. in Manutiictures - 266 do. in Commefce - - 48 Population to the square mile, 26. Richland, river of Tennessee, rises in Murray, and flows into Giles ci>unty, passes Pulaski, and falls into Elk river, below Elktcn. Richland, j)ost village, Giles county, Tennessee Richmond, borough in the N riding of Yorkshire It has a manufacture of wool- len stockings, caps, &c, on the Swale, 40 miles NW of York, and 230 NNW of Lotidon Lon. 1 35 W, iat. 54 28 N. Richmond, village in Surry. The tide of the Thames reaches just to this vil- lage, which is 60 miles from the mouth of it, a greater distance than the tide is carried by any other river in Europe. Nine miles above London. Richmond, town of Chittendon county, Vermont, on Onion river, 13 miles SE from Burlington. Population 1820, 1000. Richmond, post village and township, Cheshire county, New Hampshire, 47 miles SW from Concord. Population 1820. 1,391. Richmond, post village and township, Berkshire county, Massachusetts. Po- pulation 1820, 923. 8.61 fe I o K I C Richmond, post village and tovrnship, Washington county, Rhode islaud, on Wood river, 30 miles SSW from Provi- dence. Pi-pulation 1830, 1423. Richmond, t; wnfehip, doubtful whether in Outariu, Alonroe, or Livingston coun- ties. Population 1820, 2765. Richmond, county of New York, in- cluding Staten Island. Length 12 ; mean ■width 4 ; and area48 siuare nii'es. Sur- face waving, and soil productive. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 2,358 do. do. females - - - 2.278 Total whites .... 4,636 Ail other persons except Indians not taxed .... 274 Slaves • . . . , 437 Total population in 1810, - 5,347 Population in 1820. Free white males - - 2,835 do do. females - - 2,590 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites 5,525 Free persons of colour, males A2 do. do. females 35 Slaves, males - _ _ 331 do. females - _ - 201 6,135 5 480 294 209 Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not mturaiized Engager' in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 127|. i?/VAmo7M/, city and metropolis of Virginia, situated in the county of Henrico, on the north side of .Tames' river, at the termina- tion of the f-iils about 100 miles above the termination of the river, Ion. 77 31 W, lat. 37 30 N, 21 miles N of Petersburg, and 124 miles W of S frm the City of Wash- ington ; there are about 1400 houses, of which probably more tiian lOUOarc ot brick geiierally covered with sl:!te, the rest of VrOO'.i, "th" buildings in Richmond are generally p-a''-.i, wilhont much dis|)'ay of arciiitectural taste or reference to other objects than utility ; to this remark, there are however some exceptions, had the model of the c-tpiiol been equalled by its execution, it would be the finest building in ihe United States, its proportions are perfectly correct and its plan chaste ; and even as it is, when seen from a distance, as is often the case, it seems to rise in greater grandeur and besiuty before tlie spectator. The public square on whidi ?62 the capital stands, contains about eight acres, and lias been enclosed by a substan- tial railing of cast iron ; many other im- piovements have been designed and in part executed, which when completed, "Aill render it a place of greater beauty. Near the capitol stands the Government house and City Hall, a hands:>me and cosiiy building. The Presbyterians, Episcopa- lians, Baptists, and Mfthoriists, have each txvo places of v\ orship, the Friends, Roman Catholics, and Jews one ; of these, that which will be regarded witii most interest by the traveller, is called the Monumental church, now an Episcopalian place of wor- ship, erected on the site of tlie Theatre, which on the 26th December, 1811, was consumed by fire, and in which the Gover- nor of Virginia, G. W. Smitli, Esq. and 71 other persons, man}' of thifm highly respect, able, perished. The Monument, -when com- pleted, will commemorite this mourntbl event. A new Tlieatre has been erected, sufficiently spacious for the purposes for which It is i'>tended. There are also a Peiii- tf ntiary, an Armory, a Lancasteran School- house, an Orphan As_vlum, a Poor-hcuse, and a valuable though sm^ll Public Library, and a Museum in Richmond, besides a nun-ber of buiidmgs connected with com- merce and manufactures, such as three Banking houses, two Ensurance offices, f' iir Tobacco ware-houses, a Sugar Refi- nery, two Roiling and Slit'ing Mills., Nail .manufaciorv, and four very valuable Flour Mills. The town of Richmond was established by an act of the general assembly of Vir- gmia, in the year 1742, a.id the seat of go- vernment for the state, was removed from Williamsburg in 1780 ; at which period the population may be conjectured at 500 per- sons ; in the year 1822, the number of in- habitants of the city, and of such of the suburbs as are immediately connected with it, may f«irly be rated at 16 fo 18,000, a majority being white persons ; this rapid increase of population during the last foi'ty two-years, may in part be ascribed to the transfer of the seat of government, with its attendant advantages, but as the number of officers connected with the siate government is not considerable, and the courts of higher jurisdiction which for a few years sat in tlie capitol, have since been branched out in such a manner that their sessi.)ns are held in other places — other causes naust be sought for to account for the whole efiect produced in the pe- riod first mentioned, the very fruitful coun- try bordering on .Tames' river above its falls, wa'^ partially and imperfectly cultiva- ted, and the impossibility of obtaining a navigation through the rapids immediately above Richmond, had deprived the inhabi- tants of a free use of the rirer for the trans' B I C R I portation of the products of the state. In the yeai- 1794, the canal was so far com- pleted that all -difficulty of passing- the rapids were removed, and gradually since that time the navi.a:;ttion has been succes- sively used Jor 250 miles above Richmond, passin,£f the rang-e of the Blue Kidgeto the foot of the Allegany mountains. The tolls of James' River Company, afford a correct view of the growing importance of the country in the years, viz. 1794 amount of tolls §1,764 33 2,744 05 6,454 55 7,483 49 12,112 18 14,819 51 12,324 27 15,605 45 16,642 97 19,943 20 15,115 24 16,748 95 14,792 47 18,519 02 14,U21 04 18 2, 29 22.906 22 20,750 18i< 16,816 93 24,645 53 27,880 61 34,3 7u 50 32,902 10 25.735 24 29,245 29 24,493 98 As the variable condition of the stream has caused much uncertainty in the navi- gation, the legislature of the state employ- ed two very skilful engineers to survey and level James' river Tom Richmond to Dun- lap's creek, and report to the board of Public Works, what in their opinion will be the best mode of improving the river, and of connecting its waters with those of exceeding three miles from the city ; a bar the Ohio ; the result is, that the legislature of sand about 350 feet in width, forms the have adopted the plan proposed by the only obstruction to the mouth of the dock, engineers, and approved by the board of which forms a safe harbour for more than Public Works, namely, the construction of 300 sail of vessels, drawing 12 feet water an independant canal, bordering on the in the centre of the city. As to her cs- north branches of James' river, and extend- ports, Richmond is most favourably situa- ing from Richmond to Dunlsp's creek, a ted, for enjoying a monopoly in the coal distance of 250 miles, a turnpike road of business, is the- first port in the United 90 miles in length from Duniap's creek to States, as well as for quality and quantity a given point on the Great Kenawha, and of tobacco, ami is not much behind any an'^improvemer.t in the bed or the Great Ke- other city in the article of flour, which nawha from that point to the Ohio river, from a variety of circumstances attached to which last, affords easy and safe convey- her local situatii-n, is :dways ready for 1795 do. do. 1796 do. do. 1797 do. do. 1798 do. do. 1799 do. do. 1800 do. do. 18C1 do. do. 1802 do. do. 1803 do. do. 1804 do. do. 1805 do. da. 1806 do. do. 1807 do. do. 1808 do. do. 1309 do. do. 1810 do. do. 1811 do. do. 1812 do. do. 1813 do. do. 1814 do do. 1815 do. do. 1816 do. do. 1817 do. do. 1818 do. do. 1819 do. do. 1820 do. do. 1821 do. do. will be required, and that upon a fair cal- culation of the tolls which may be exacted, founded upon the actual experience of the present company, a:! adequate inieresl may be expected upon the sum disbursed. Three fourths of the shares of the origi- nal company have been purchased by the commonwealth, and §500,000 liave been already obtained, by a lo;tn under its pat- ronage, and the work is now in progress. As the funds of Virginia are exclusively applicable to internal improvement are most ample and active, no doubt can be entertained that they v.'ill be liberally era- ployed in the successful prosecution of the work. The influence of this grand nation- al effort will be felt within the limits of Virginia alone, through a country of very iincommon resources and fertility, extend- ing 4'1'0 milfs in 'entjthand 150 in breadth, and will aflord to Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and other western st-ites a very safe and expeditious communication with the Allan- tic Ocean. benefits of this work will not be ed to Navig-ation alone, through the the canal a water power of to manufacturers will be view of the city of Rich- mond, it may not be unfair to calculate that 10U ' sites for machinery of different de- noniinavions may be Sound, each affording' an Hmple supply of water at all seasons; this calculation is founded upon the fact, that the elevation of the canal above tide water of the dock, is little short of 30 feet, and that the natural condition of the falls will furnish very great resources for such a supply. Such are the advantages which Rich- mond possesses above the falls, nor are those which she possesses below of less importance, for a distance of nearly 150 miles James' river meanders through an uncommoidy productive country, and the depth of water is sufficient to bring vessels drawing 15 feet water, to a distance not ance to the Great Salt Works near its banks. To accomplish this great plan, the board o'i Ptiblic Works have advised tiie legisla- market there some months sooner than in other places. The natural situation of Richmond is beautiful and even roFnantic, Snokoe and ture that an expenditure of §2,383,?'50 Rrchmond Hills stands opposite to eacli 863 a I c R I c other, with Shokoe creek a bold and lively stream between them. The city is spread over those hiils. and along the margin of the river the lulls have bern ihrown into various undulations, and present a gnat many points, from whicli different views may be taken, highly pictnre'.qvie and beautiful; the falls of the river which de- scends more than six miles ; the island ; the town of Manchester, connected by two bridges with Richmond; the rich planta- tions adjoining the town, the river winding and stretching below to a great extent, the wavering hills on its north side, and the valley through which Shokoe creek passes, are the principal objects on which the eye fixes, and from every eminence they are seen in some new form, and under some new colouring of light and shade, the whole presenting the three great requisites of landscape, viz. grandeur, beauty, and variety — besides, Richmond is one of the healthiest cities in the United States, or perhaps in the world, the annual amount of deaths on an average, is one in eighiy-£ve ; it has never been visited by Yellow liver, or any violent and desolating disease. EXPORTED IX AMERICAN VESSELS. Date of Wids. of Kegs of Bbls. of Pounds Exportation. Tobacco. Tobacco. Flour, of Cotton March, quarter 1819 400 5270 3964 June do. 698 710 September do. 5856 2920 12051 December do. 683 2914 17588 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - 1,189 Slaves, 3,748 Total population in 1810 - 9,735 Population in 1820. Fi'ee white males ... ^'^^^ do. do. females - - _ - 2,95o All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - Total whites .... 6,445 Free persons of colour, males - 532 do. do. females - 703 Slaves, males ... - 2,171 do. females . - - - 2,216 Total population in 18^0 - - 12,067 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 324 Engaged in Agriculture - - do. in iJanufactures - 1,305 do. in Commerce - - 539 Richmond, county of Virginia ; bounded by Rappahannoc river SW ; Westmore- land N and NE ; Northumberland E ; and Lancaster SE. Length 20; mean width 6 ; and area 160 square mdes. Chief town, Dunkirk. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 1»'519 do. do. females - - 1,456 9,256 400 11,814 33,603 Total whites - - - , - ^jj oj^jjer persons except Indians not taxed . . . - EXPORTED IN BRITISH VESSELS. slaves Date nf Hogsheads Barrels of Pounds of Export alien. of Tobacco, March, quarter June do. September do. 2,098 December do. 232 Cotton^ Total population in 1810 - 24,04:; Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females 2,330 24 043 ^^^ °^^^^ persons except Indians ' not taxed .... Tomiage Oitmed in Richmond. Registered vessels 1031 tons > For the Enrolled do. 819 do. 5 year 1821. Entered from Foreign Ports. American vessels British vessels .... Cleared to Foreign Ports. American vessels British vessels - . . - Population in 1810. Free white males - - ~ do. do. females 32 10 46 12 2,775 261 3,178 6,214 1,307 1,442 2,749 147 146 1,333 1,331 5,706 Total whites 2,727 2,071 4.798 864 Total whites - - - - Free persons of colour, males • do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females - - - Total population in 1820 Of These; Foreigners not naturalized - - 2 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,737 do. in Manufactures - 171 do. in Commerce - - 13 Popvdation to the square mile, 35J. Richmond, county of North Carolina; bounded by South Carolina SW ; Yadkin river W : Montgomery and AToore N ; M I C Cumberland E, and Robeson SE. Lenp:th 45; mean width 18; and area about HOO square miles. Chief town, Rockingham. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 2,693 do. do. females - - 2,679 5,372 22 1,301 6,695 Total whites All other persons except Indians not taied . . - - Slaves Total population in 1810 Population in 1 820. Free white males - - - 2,740 do. do. females ... 2,719 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - Total whites . - - - 5,459 Free persons of colour, males - 31 do. do. females, 26 Slaves, males . - - - 1>0^^ do. females - ■ - 1.002 Total populatiun in 1820 - - 7,537 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - _j2 Engaged in .\griculture - - 2,5/8 do. in Manufactures - 91 do. in Commerce - - 1^ Population to the square mile, 9. liichmond, county of G-eorg-ia ; bounde*^' by Savimiiab river E ; Burke .S ; Briar river or Jefferson S\V ; and Columbia NW. Length 28; mean width 13 ; and area 364 square miles. 1 s chief town Augusta, is ja tlie NE angle on Savannah river. Po})ula'ion in 1810. Free white males - - r - 1,481 do. do. females - - - 1,200 Total whites - - - 2,681 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - 72 Slaves ... - - 2,436 Totalpopulatlonhi 1810 - 6,189 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 2,lo6 do. do. females - - - 1,531 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites ... - 3,667 Free persons of colour, males - 49 do. do. females 61 Slaves, males - . - - 2,549 do. females - - - 2,282 Total population in 1820 - - 8,608 5 R li I 1) Of ll'-ese ; Foreigners not naturalized - 84 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,649 do. in Manufactures • - 241 do. in Commerce - - 529 Population to the square mile, 21 nearly. Richmond, village and post town, si- tuate on the head of a small stream, to which it gives name, about two miles west of Delaware nver. It is on the main road from Easton to the Delaware Water Gap, about sixteen miles from Easton, and about three miles west of Delaware river, in Upper Mount Bethel township, Northampton county, Pennsyl- vania. Richmond, A'cw, post town on the west bank of Salt creek, one mile from its mouth, and on the road from Chili- cothe to Gallipolis, Ohio, 14 miles SE from Chilicothe Ric/imondshire, district in the N rid- mg of Yorkshire, noted for the industry of its inhabitants, who manufacture knit stockings and other coarse goods. Many lead mines are now in this district, of which Richmond is the chief town. Richtenberg, town of Germany, in the duchy of Anterior Pomerania, 28 miles ENE of Rostock. Lon. 12 50 E, lat. 54 ION. Ricfcmanswonh, town in Hertfordshire on the river Coin, eight miles SW of St. Albans, and 18 WNW of London. Lon. 16 E, lat. 51 42 N. Rideau, river of Canada, a southern branch of Ottawas. Padge, post village, St Mary's coun- ty, Maryland, five miles N from Point Lookout. Jiklge, post village, Edgefield district, South Carolina. Ridgebtirg, post village and township, Orange county, New York. Ridgefidd, township of Huron county, Ohio. Population 1820, 335 Ridgpfield, post town in Fairfield coun- ty, Ci t-.necticut ; lU miles S of Danbury, and 47 westward of New Haven, con- taining 2025 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1S20, 2301. Ridgevillc, western township of Cay- hoga county, Ohio. Population 1820, 29.5. Ridgeville, post village, Warren coun- ty, Ohio, 70 miles SW from Columbus. Ridgewmj, post village and township, Gcntsee county, Nev/ York, near Oak Orchard Rivtr. Population 1820, 1496. Ridley, township of Delaware county, Pennsyr^ ania, situated on the N side of Delaware river, between Lower Darby and Providence, and 10 miles SW of Phi- ladelphia. It is a small township, and 865 RIM IS. r contained but 996 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 893. Riesburg, tov/n of Germany, in the circle o£ Westphalia, and capital of a county of the same name. It is seated . on the river Ems, 12 miii^s NNVV of Fa- "derborn. Lon. 8 50 E, lat. 51 55 N. Rieti, town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto, seated on tiie river Velino, near the lake Rieti. 27 miles S by E of Spc- leto, and 27 NE of Rome. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 42 23 N Rieux, tov/n of Fr,^nce, in the depart- nient of Upper Garnnne, and late pro- vince of Languedoc, it is seated on the Rise, 24 miles SW of Toulouse, and S3 W fif Nar bonne. Lon. 1 17 E. lat. 43 16 N. Riez, town of France in the depart- ment 01 Lower Alps, and iate province of Provence, on the river Auvestre in a plain abounding with good wine and ex- cellent fruits, S5 miles NE of Aix, and 50 NE of Toulon. Lon. 6 22 E, lat. 43 51 N. Riga, government of Russia. See Li- vonia. Riga, strong and populous town of Russia, capital of the government of Li- vonia. Next to Petersburg, it is the most commerciai place in the Russian empire. The principal exports are corn, hemp, flax, iron, timber, masts, leather, and tallow. Within the fortifications are 9,000 inhabitants, and in the suburbs 15,000. Riga is five miles from the mouth nf the D>vina, and 250 SE of Stockholm, Lon. 24 25 E, lat. 56 53 N. Riga, post village and township of M.nroe county, Ni^w York, on Black creek, 15 miles SW from Rochester. Population 1820, 3li9. Rigaiid, seigniory, York county. Low- er Canada, 35 miles W from Montreal. Rigoleis, nar.,e of one of the straits uniting lakes Borgne, and Pontchartrain, and into which Pearl river is discharged bv several mcmths. rht- strait of the Kigolets is about nine miles in length, having about nine feet water on each bar This is the inside passage from Mobile, Pensacola, &c. to New Orleans. Rigolets de lion dieu, river of Louis- iana, formed by Saline, and Black lake rivers', and by an outlet of Red river, four miles above Natchitoches. It falls into Red river from the north, 25 milju above Alexandria. Riley, towiisiiip Oxford county, Maine, 30 miles NW from Paris Population 1820, uncertain. Rijnonski, scignnry, Cornwallis coun- ty. Lower Canada. Rimini, town of Italy, in Romagna, in a fertile plain, at the mouth of the Mar- rechia, on the gulf of Venice, 20 miie'j SE of Ravenna, and 145 N by E of Rome. Lon. 12 39 E, lat. 44 4 N Rimmegen, town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Juliers, seated on the Riiine Rincofiing, or Rinkibbing, town of Den- mark, in N Jutland, seated in the W coast, 50 miles N by W of Ripen. Rindge, township of Cheshire county. New Hampshire, containing 1226 inha- bitants in 1810, and m 1820, 1298. It is situated between JafFrey and Fitzwilliam townships. Ringleben, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and principality of Eisenach. 26 miles ENE of Eisenach. Lon, 11 25 E, lat, 51 5 N. Ringo^s, post town in Hunterdon coun- ty, Nfw Jersey ; 29 miles W by S of Nfw Brunswick, and 19 N by W of Trenton. Ringsted, town of Denmark, in the isle of Zeatland, 40 miles SW of Copenha- gen Lon. 12 10 E, lat 55 28 N, Ring-wood, town in H.impshire, with a considerable manufacture of worsted knit hose ; seated on the Avon, 30 miles SW of Winchester, and 91 W by S of London. Lon 1 41 W, lat. 50 49 N. Rintlen^ov Rinteln, town of Germany, in Westphalia, in the county of Schawenburg, with a university. It is subject to the langrave of Hesse Cassel, and is seated on the Wt ser, 15 miles SE of Minden, and 35 SW of Hanover. Lon. 9 20 E. lat. 52 13 N. Rio-de la-TIacha, small province of Co- lombia, in the form of a peninsula, between the gulf of Venezuela on the E, and a bay of the Caribbean Sea on the W Rio-de- la-Hacha, the capital is seated at the mouth of a river of the san.e name, 100 miles E of St. Martha. Lon. 72 34 W, lat. 11 Rio dela Madnlena, river of New Grena- da, which taking its rise in the mountains N of Popajan, runs N, and falls into the Caiibbcan Sea, Letvveen Carthagena and St. Martha. It is also called Rio Grande. Rio del a. Plat a See Plata. Rio de-.Mirauda, river of Spain, which rises in the mountains of Asturias, and se- parating that province from Galicia, enters th° bay of Biscay, at Ravadeo. Rio- Grande, river of Africa, which runs from E to W through Negroland, and falls ■ >'- the Atlantic Ocean, in ll* N lat. Rio-Graiide, river in Brasil, which rises T.ear tlie AtLntic Ocean, and runs W into the Parana, being the principal branch of that river. Rio-Janeiro, river which rises in the W mountains of Brasil, and runnhig E through that country, falls into the Atlantic Ocean , at St. Sebastian. RIP R I V Jiio-Janeiro, one of the richest jirovinces of Brasil, lying near the tropic of Capricorn, on a river of the same name. It produces cotton, sugar, coffee, cocoa, wheat, rice, pepper, and tobacco in great abundance. The Portuguese annually export hence gold, sdver, and precious stones. St. Se- bastian is the capital. liiom, ancient town of France, in the de- partment of Puy de Dome, and late pro- vince of Auvergne, seated on a hill, in a pleasant country, eight miles NE of Cler- mont, and 115 S of Paris. Lon. 3 13 E, lat, 45 54 N. Rions, town of France in the department of Giroiide, and late province of Guienne, seated on the Garonne, 18 miles SE of Bordeaux. Ripa Transone, populous and strong town of Italy, in the territory of tlie church, and marquisaie of Ancona,\vith a bishop's see, five miles W of the gulf of Venice, and eight S of Fermo. Lon. 13 50 E, lat. 42 59 N. Ripen, town of Denmark, in N Jutland, capital of adiocessof the same name, witii two colleges, a good harbour, and a public library. The liarbour whicli has contribu- ted greatly to the prosperity of the place, is at a small distance, at the mouth of the river Nipsaa, 55 miles NW of Sleswick, and 60 S by W of Wiburg. Lon. 9 E, lat. 55 25 N. Ripley, town in the W riding of York- shire, with a market on Monday, seated on the Nyd, 23 miles WNW of York, and 221 N by W of London. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 54 4 N. Ripley, post village and tr^wnship of So- merset county, Maine. Popluation in 1820, 325. Ripley, post town, Chataugue county, New York on lake Erie. Population in 1820, lllL Ripley, post town and seat of justice, Brown county, Ohio ; on the north or right bank of Ohio river, 50 miles above Cinci- iiati. Ripley, county of Indiana ; bounded by Fayette NW ; Franklin N ; Dearborn E ; Switzerland SE; Jefferson S ; and Jennings W. Length 27 ; mean width 16 ; and area 432 square miles. It is an elevated tract from which tlie streams flow in v.irious di- rections into Ohio and Wabash rivers. Chief town, Ripley. Population in 1820. Free svhite males, ... 927 do. do. females ... 893 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves, HJales do. females Total population in 1820 1,822 Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females 1.820 2 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 509 Engaged in Manufactures - 21 do. in Commerce - - Population to the square mile, 4, Ripley, village and seat .'if justice, Ripley county, Indiana ; 40 m.les W from tjinci- nati. Ripley, town of Rjnd county, Illinois, about 20 miles E from Edwardsville. Ripon, borough in West Yorkshire, noted for its manufacture of hardwares, particu- ly spurs, and the narket-place is one of the finest squares of the kind in England. It is seated on the Ure, 28 miles NW of York, and 218 NNW of London. Lon. 1 29 W, lat. 54 1 1 N. Riqmer, town of Franc c, in the depurt- ment of Sor-.ime, and late province of Pi- cardy, on the Cardon, five miles NE of Ab- beville, and 95 N of Paris, Lon. 1 59 E, lat. 50 10 N. Rinborou^h, town in Buckinghamshire ; 20 miles S of Aylesbury, and 37 WNW of London. Lon. 42 W', iat. 51 40 N. Rising Sun, post office, Cecil county, Maryland; 18 miles SWfroin Wilmington. Risivif Sit7i, post town, Dearborn county, Indiana, on the right bank of Oiiio river; 13 miles below the mouth of the Great Mi- ami. Rifstigouche, river and harbour of New Brunsw.ck and Lower C.inud.i. The river falls into Chaleur bay, and the harbour is situated at the junction. The main stream of Ristig:ouche separates Lower Canatia and New Brunswick. Ritberg, town of Germany, in Westpha- lla, ca))ital of a county of tiie same name, on the Emhs, 12 miles NW of Paderborn. Lo.). 8 42 E, lat. 51 52 N. Riva, strong town of Germany, in the bishopric of Trent, at the iiouth of a small river, on the lake Garda, 17 miKs SW of Trent. Lon. 11 7 W, lat. 46 4.N. liivadavia, town of Spain in the pro- vince of Galicia. It is seated at the conflu- ence of the Minho and Avia, and the cir- cumjacent country abounds with the best wine in Spain. It is 15 miles WNW of Orense. Lon. 7 55 W, lat. 42 13 N. Rivadeo, town of Spain, in Galacia, with a good harbour, ft stands on a rock, at the mouth of the Rio de Miranoa, 45 miles NNE of Lugo. Lo'i. 6 47 W, lat 43 38 N. Rivallo, town of Naples, in Terra di La- vovo, seated o.i a mountain, 20 miles from Naples. Rivalta, town of Italy, in Piedmont, 867 11 O A ROB s'llualcil on'^the Sangon, sis miles SW of Turin. Rivalta, town of Italy, in the Milanese, situated on the river Adda, 15 miles E of Milan. Mivaniia, river of Virginia, which rises in the Blue Ridge, and aiier running a SR course, falls into James river nea;- the to-vn of Columbia. See Albemarle, and F/uvianna counties. jRizarolo, town of Italy, in Piedmont, on the river Orio, 15 miles X of Turin, and 12 N \V of Carmagnola. Biver Head, township of S'lffilk county, on Long Island, State of New York, con- taining 1711 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1907. It contains tlie seat of justice for the county, with four churches. Rivesaltes, town of France, in tiif de- partment of Eastern Pyrenees, and late province of Rousillon, It i'N seated on tlie Egly, eight miles N of Perpignan, and is famous for its fine wine. liivoU, town of Italy in Piedmont, with a magnificent castle, nine miles W of Turin, Lon. 7 32E, lai. 45 4N. Hivolo, town of Italy, in the Ver 'uese, seated on the lake Garda. 20 mdes NW of Verona. Lon. 11 1 E, l?.t. 45 34 N Jiouj strong town of Spain, in which rises in the circle of Ujjper Rhine, waters Arens- burg, and falls inlo the Rhine bclovt- Dias- burg. Roenx, town of the Netherlands, in Austrian Hainatdt, eight miles NE of Mons. Lon. 4 12 E, lat. 50 31 N. Rogonattoiir, town of Hindoostan Pro- per, in the countrv of Bengal, 106 miles SW of Moorshedabad; and 101 NW of Calcutta. Rochaczo~i', town of Lithuania, capital of a district of the same name, at the con- fluence of the Dnieper and Ordwa, 37 miles NVV of Rzeczica, and 158 N of Kiofo. Lon. 30 40 E, lat. 53 2 N. Rochan, town of Frnnce, in the depart- ment of Morbihan, seated on the Aoust, 20 miles N of Vannes. Lon. 2 42 W, lat. 48 N. Rachilcxind or Rohiila, territory of Hin- doostan Proper, whose inhabitants are call- ed Rohlllas. It lies to the E of Delhi, and ■was subject to the nabob of Oude, by whom it was conquered in 1774. Bereilly is the capital. Ii was ceded to the British in 1801, and is now included in the district of Bareily. Rogersmills, post village, Saratoga county. New York. Rogerstoxuii, post town of Franklin coun- ty, Missouri, 55 miles SW from St. Louis, on Merimac river. Rogersville, post town and seat of jus- tice, Hawkins county, Tennes.see, on the right bank of the Hoiston, river about 70 miles above Knoxville. It contains beside the county buildings, an academy, bank, and jjrin'ing office. Jiohilcunil. See Rocldlcnnd. Roldue, town of the Netherlands, in the duchy of Limburg, capital of a territory of the same name, with a castle, seven mdes N of Aix-la-Chapelle. Lon. 6 6 E, lat. 50 55 N. Rolbich Stones, in Oxfordshire, N of Stanton Harcourt, six miles W of Oxford. it is a circle of stones standing upright which the vulgar have a notion were men peirified. Antiquaries disagree with re- spect to the origin and intention of this ancient monument. Rom, or Room, island of Denmark, on the B coast of South Jutland. It is five miles in length, and half as much in breadth, and contains a few vUlages. Roinagna, province of Italy, in the Ec- clesiastical State, bounded on the N by the Ferrarese, on the S by Tuscany and Urbi- no, on the E bv the gulf of Venice? and S73 ROM R O M on the W by the Bolognese and Tuscany. It is fertile in corn, wine, oil, and fruits ; and lias also mines, mineral waters, and sait-works, which make its principal re- venue. Ravenna is the capital. Ilomain Motier, town of Swisserland, Pays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwic, at the foot of a mountain, in a narrow valley, through which flnvs t!ie river Diaz. Romania, province of Turkey, in Europe, 200 miles long, 150 broad ; bounded on the i^I by Bulgaria, on the E by the Bluck Sea, on the S by the Archipelago and the sea of Marmora, and on the W by Macedonia and Bulgaria. It was formerly called Thrace, and is the largest of all the Turk- ish provinces in Europe. It is fruitful in corn, and has mines of silver, lead, and alum. It is divided mto three sangiacates or governmen'is ; namely, Kirk; 1, of which Philipopoli is the capital ; Galipoli, who^-e capital is of the same name ; and Byzan- tium, Byzia, or Viz;i, or which Constanti- nople is the capital. jRomcwo, strong and populous town of Italy, in Bergomosro. It carries on a great trade in corn, and is seated on a river that runs between the Ogho and Serio. Romans, town of France, in the depart- ment of Drome, seated in a fine plain, on the river Isere, 22 miles SW of Gren ble, and 30 S of Venice. Lon 5 12 E, lat 45 2N. Rome, celebrated city of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, and the capital of the Pope's dominions. It is situate on the Tiber, over which it has four bri g es. The walls are of brick, in which are 15 gates; and its whole circum- ference, including that part beyond the Tiber and all belonging to the Vatican, is upwards of 16 miles. It is computed to contain 170,000 inhabitants, which, though greatly inferior to what it could boast in the days of its ancient power, is considerably more than it could num- ber at some former periods since the fall of the empire. Some of the princi- pal streets are of considerable length, and perfectly straight. That called the Corso is the most frequented. The shops on each side are three or four feet higher than the street ; and there is a path for foot passengers, on a level with the shops. The palaces, of which there arc several in this street, range in a line with the houses, have no courts before thtm. The Strada Felice, and ttte Strada di Porta PJa, are also very long and noble streets. There are no 1 imps lighted in the ■ tr:-ets at night ; and all Rome would be in utter darkness, w^re it not for the candles which the devotion of individu- als sometimes places before the statues of the Virgin : these appear glimmering, 874 at vast intervals, like stars in a cloudy night Rome exhibits a strange mix- ture of magnificent and interesting, and of common and beggarly objects ; the former consists of palaces, churches, fountains, and the remains of antiquity ; the latter compreh nd ail the rest of the city. The church of St. Peter, in the opinion of many, surpasses, in size and magnificence, the finest monuments of ancient architecture. It was begun to be built in 1506, fiiiished in 1621, and is entirely covered both within and with- out with marble Its length is 7-0 feet, the breadth 520, and the height, from the pavement to the top of the cross, which crowns the cupola, 450. The high altar under the cupolo is 90 feet in height, and of extraordinary magnifi- cence. A complete description of this church, and of its statues, basso-relievos, columns, and various other ornaments, would till volumes. The cathedral of St. John Lateran, the Romans say, is the most ancient of ail the churches of Rome, and the mother f f all the church- es in Christendom. It contains the Scala Santa, of 28 white marble steps, brought from Jerusalem, by which Clirist is said to have ascended to the pnlace of Caii)has. To this church every new pope c instantly goes first, in a magnifi- ccnt procession, to take possession of the holy see. The Pantlieon is the most perfect of the Roman temples which now remain, and notwithstanding the depredation it has sustained from Goths, Vandals, and popes, is still a beautiful j monument of Roman taste. The pa- ] vilion of the great altar of St Peter, | and the four wreathed pillars of Corin- ■* thian brass which support it, were form- ed out of the sp; lis of the Pantheon, which, after, 1900 years, has still a pro- bability of outliving its proud capacious rival. The Pantheon, originally erected to the honour of all the gods, is now be- come a christian temple, dedicated to the Virgin, and has obtained, from its cir- cular form, the name of the Rotundo. Its height is 150 feet, and its width near- ly the same. There are no pillars to support the roof, which is constructed in the manner of a cupola ; neither has ii any windows, a sufficiency of light be- ini. admitted thri.iugh a central opening in the dome. As the Phantheon is the most entire, the amp'.iitheatre of Vespa- sian is the niost stupendous monument of antiquity in Rome. About, one half of the external circuit still remains; from which a pretty exact idea may be formed of the original structure, and by comjjutation it could contain 85,000 spectators. But the antiquities of Rome H G M tt O M a-re too numerous to be minutely de- Vienna, and 600 SE of Paris. Lon. 12 Sy scribed ; that the ancient Forum, now E, lat 41 54 N. a cow market ; the beautiful column of Rome, township of Kennebec county, Trajan, &c must be passt-d ovi from Augusta. Campidogiio, built by Michai-I Angdo, 7?07?ze, post town, (Jsic-ida county, New is a beautiful stiucture, standing on t!ie Yurk, at the head of Boat navigation in sire of the ancient Capitol, so loi.g the the Mohawk, 15 miles N\V from Utica. centre of the t mpire of the world The It occupii^s tht site of fort Stanvix. It body of this {)lace is the residence of is alternateiv with Whitesboro', the seat the senators of Rome, and the wi.igsare of justice tor the county, and contains inhabited by thr conservatores of the ci- the county buildings, an arsenal belong- ty. Thf popt^- has three super!) palacfs, ing to the United States, and also one to of which the principal is the Vatican, the state of New York. The Erie ca- near St. P ter's church rhe library of nal passes about one fourth of a mile S this palace is the largest and most com- from this village. Population about plete in the world ; rich, especially in 1000. manuscriptSj^ in all languages and of all Home, E township of Lawrence coun- agf-s. In Rime the connoisseur will meet with innumerable paintings by the greatest master, and with the finest ■works of sculpture, 8cc Beside the uni- versity, which consists of several noble Colleges, there :ire numerous academies and literary societies. The castle of St. ty, Ohio, on Ohio river. Population 1820, 399. Rome, township of Athens county, Ohio. Population 1820, 491. Romelia, general name given by the Turks to their European dominions. Romenay, town of France, in the de- Angelo serves more to keep the city in partment of Saone and Loire and late awe, than to repel any foreign attack province of Burgundy, eight miles SE of Rome was formerly the metropolis of Tournus, and 1.5 NNE of Macon. Lon. one of the greatest empires that has 5 5 E, lat 46 30 N ever existed, and may be regarded as Romerstadt, town of Bohemia, in Mo- the parent of all the cities, the arts, and ravia, in the neighbourhood of which, states of midern Europe. The ancient are some iron mines. It is 20 miles Romans were governed by seven kings, NNE of Olmutz. Lon. 17 45 E, lat. 52 for about 230 years. During the next 2o N. 488 years they were governed by con- Romhilden, town of Franconia, with a suls. tribunes, decemvirs, and dictators castle. It belongs to the duke of Saxe in their turn. They were afterwards Altenburg. governed by 60 empercrs, for the space Romna, town of Russia, in the gov- of 518 years. Their wars with the Car- ernment of Tchernigof, 28 miles SSE thaginians, Spaniards, Gauls, Miihridates of Tchernigof. Lon. 33 24 E, lat. 50 36 of Pontus, Parthians, and Jews, were N the most noted. The Roman empire Romney, .A''eiv, town in Kent, seated was afterwards much distracted by va- in a marsh of the same name. It is one rious commotions, and in 410, iiome of the cinque ports, it is reduced to a was taken and burnt. In May, 1527, small place. It is 71 miles SE of Lon- Roine was invested by the army of the don. Lon. 1 5 E, lat. 51 N. emperor Charles V.; and the general, to Romney, post town and seat of justice, prevent a mutiny, promised to enrich Hampshire county, Virginia ; on the S them with the spoils of this opulent city, branch of Potomac river, 50 miles west- The general, however, was himself kil- ward of Winchester led, as he was planting a scaling ladder ji,,nney, post town and seat of jus- agamst the wall. ; but his soldiers not ^. Hampshire county, Virginia, on the discouraged by his death mounted to j^f^ bank of the SW branch of Potomac, the assaul with the utmost valour and 5^^ ^^^^^ ^ f^.^^ Winchester, entering the city, exercised all those . - brutalities that may be expected from Romont, or Rodmont, strong town of ferocity aggravated by resistance. In Swisserland, in the canton ot Friburg, the wars which attended the French re- f^ated on a mountain, 10 miles from Fri- volution, Rome was again a considera- o^"'? ''"^^ 1- ffof" ^^^^- ^o"' ^ ^ E, lat. ble sufferer. Lar^-^e contriiuitions, and ^o^O-^*- severe military exactions were drawn RomorenUn, town of France, in the from the inhabitants ; and a great num- department of Loir and Cher, on the ber of the most valuable statues and brook Morentin, which loses itself in th.e paintings were sent off to Paris. Rome Saudre, It has a manufacture of serges is 110 miles NW of Naples, 410 SSW of and cloths, which .serves to make the 875 K O S K O S place known. It is 45 miles E of T<;urs, and 100 S by W of Paris. Lon. 1 47 E, lat. 47 23 N. RomsdaU town of Norway. It is the capital of a provoslship, in the dioccss of Drontheim, and is 100 miles SSW of Drcntheim. Lon. 7 54 E, lat. 62 i8 N. Romulus, post village and township of Seneca county, Nt-w York. It is situated on the E side of Seneca lake, and be- tween that and Cayuga lake. It con tained 2766 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 5698. Roncevallos, town of Spain, in Na- varre, situated in a valley of the same name, 14milesNNEof Pampeluna. Lon. 1 25 W, lat. 42 54 N Roneiglione, town of Italy, in the pa- trimony ot St. Peter, capital of a small district of the same name. It is seated on the Tereia, near the lake of the same name, 12 miles S of Viterbo, and 24 NNW of Rome. Lon. 12 32 E, lat. 42 18 N. Ronda, strong town of Spain, in Gra- nada, 20 miles NVV of Gibraltar, and 62 SE of Seville. Lon. 5 12 W, lat. 36 40 N. Ronneburg, town in Germany, in Up- per Saxony, and principality of Alten- burg, 12 miles miles SW of Altenburg, and 60 W of Dresden. Lon 12 7 E, lat. 50 48 N. Roots, township of Portage countv, Ohio. Population 1810, 316. Rogue, 6V. large village of Spain, in Andalusia, at the entrance of the isth- mus which separates Gibraltar from the continent. It is seated on the Um of a hill, overlooking the bay, and has seve- ral batteries, and a fort at each end, to defend the lines which run across the isthmus. Roque dc Morsan, town of France, in the department of Landes, and late province of Gascony, on the Douese, 10 miles NE of Mont de INJursan. Roquebrune, town of Italy, in the principality of Monaco, near the sea, three miles from Monaco. Roquemaure, town of France, in the department of Gard, and late province of Languedoc, near the Rhone, 22 miles NE of Nismes. Lon. 4 48 E. lat. 44 2 N. Roquetas, town of Spain, in Granada, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 10 miles SVV of Almeria, and 52 SE ot Gra- nada. Lon. 2 5 W, lat. 46 51 N. Rosana, town of Lithuania, in the pa- latinate of Novogrodec, seated near the Zolva, 20 miles SW of Novogrodec. Lon. '-?5 45 E, lat. 55 30 N, Rosbac/i, town of Saxonv, famous for S7fi a victory obtained by the king of Prus- I sia, over the French, and the army of I the empire, in 1557. 1 Roschad, trading town of Swisserland, in a bailiwic of the abbey of S Gallen, with a castle on a mountain. It is seat- ed on the lake of Constance. Roschild, town of Denmark, in the isle of Ztaland with a bishop's see, and a university. It was formerly the nietro- polis of Denmark and the residence of its kings ; it stands at a small distance from the bay of Icefiord, not far from the boitum of a small bay, 16 miles W , of Copenhagen. Lon. 12 15 E, lat. 55 43 N. Roscommon, county of Ireland, in the province of Connaught, 50 miles long and 28 broad ; bounded on the E by Longford and W Meath, on the N by Sligo and Leitrim, on the S by Galway, and on the W by Galway and Mayo. It is a level fruitful country, and by the help of good husbandry yields excellent corn. It contams 59 parishes, and sends eight members to parliament. RoBommon, borough of Ireland, in a county of the same namr> with a sessions house and a jail, 80 miles W of Dublin. Lon. 8 2 VV, lat 53 34 N. Roscrea.. town of Ireland, in Tippera- ry, 26 miles NW of Kilkenny, and 26 N of Cashel. Rose, township of Stark county, Ohio. Population 1820, 380. Rose Island, island stretching from Pensacola eastward along the coast of Florida about &0 miles. It is generally less than half a mile wide. Roseau, or Charlotte-totun. capital of the island of Martinico, on the SW side of the island. Roseburg, post village in the NE part of Armstrong county, Pennsylvania. Rosemills, post village, Amherst coun- ty, Virginia, 50 miles W from Hudson. Rosebrugge, town of Netherlands, in Flanders, lymg 12 miles NW of Ypres. Lon. 2 28 E, lat. 50 49 N. Roses, seaport of Spain in Catalonia, on the bay of Roses, in the Mediterra- nean, 15 miles NE of Gironna. It was taken by the French in 1693, and in 1795. Lon. 3 1 E, lat. 42 16 N. Rosetto, town of Egypt seated on the W branch of the Nile; The Egyptians call it Raschid, and account it one of the pleasaiUest places in the country. It has a great manufacture of striped and other coarse linens ; but its chief busi- ness is the carriage of goods hence to Cairo ; for all European merchandise is brought hither from Alexandria, by sea, and carried hence by boats to Cairo. R O S 11 O S The E-uropeans have their viceconsuls and tactors tiere. It is 25 miles NE of Alexandria, and 100 NVV of Cairo. Loii. 30 45 E. lat. 31 SON. lion/man, country of Asia, lying to the W of the kingdom of Burmah, to which it is subject. liosicnne, town of Samogitia, seated on the Dulji-se, 70 miles S of Mittau, and 188 NE of Warsaw. Lon. 23 45 E, lat. 55 30 N. Rosiers-aux' Salines, town of France, in the department of Meurthe and late province of Lorrain, famous tor its salt works. It is seated on the Meurthe, nine milts SE of Ninci, and 170 E of Paris. Lon. 6 27 E. lat. 48 35 N. Rosierts Cafie, cape of Lower Cana- da, at tirie mouth of the river St. Law- rence. Lon. 6 27 W, lat. 48 35 N. RosliJi, most pleasant village near Edinburgh, on the banks of the river Esk, noted for its beautiful chapel and castle, the former of which is the most entire specimen of Gothic architecture in Scotland. Rosoy, town of France, in the depart- ment of Seine and Marne, and late pro- vince of the isle of France, with a mag- nificent castle, 15 miles S of Mtaux. Lon. 2 59 E. lat. 48 40 N. Rosst town in Hertfordshire. It owes most of its improvements, and charita- ble institutions to John Kyrle, common- ly called the IVIan of Ross, whose bene- volent character is so interestingly deli- neated by the pen of Pope. It is seated on the Wye, 12 miles SE of Hereford, and 115 W by N of London. Lon. 2 25 W, lat. 51 56 N. Ross-shire, county of Scotland in general (including Tain and Cromarty, which last, though a small county of itself, is also con- sidered as a part of Ross-shire,) is bounded on the W by the isle of Skye and the western Sea ; on the NE by Sutherland- shire; on the E by the Friihs of Murray and Cromarty, and on the S by Inverness- shire. The form is very irregular, being nearly triangular, each side 70 miles long, exclusive of part of tiie isle of Lewis. Population in 1801, 55,343; in 1811, 60,553; and 1821, 68,828. Ross, maritime town of Ireland, in the county of Cork. It is united to Cork as an episcopal see, and is seated on a bay of the Atlantic, 20 miles SVV of Kinsale. Lon. 8 58 W, lat. 51 32 N. Ross A''e~LV, considerable trading town of Ireland, m Wexford, situated on the Bar- row, which is navigable for large vessels lip to the qua. It exports a great quantity of butter and beef. It is 11 miles NE of Waterford, and 17 W of Wexford. \,nr.. 6 .'58 W, lat. 51 22 N Ross, tov/nship of Allegany county, I'enn- sylvany, on Allegany and Ohio rivers, op- posite Pittsburg. Population in 1820, 1979. Ross, county of Ohio : bounded N by Pickaway ; E by HocKjng and Juck.son ; S by Pike ; and W by Highland and Fayette counties. It is 34 miles long from E to W, and 22 broad from N to S, containing aliout 650 square miles. The liind is generally fertile, and suitably diversified with ir.ea- dow and upland ; the latter of which is pe- culiarly well adapted to the production of grain. The principal waters are Scioto riN'er, Paint, D^^er, Ktnnikinnick, Little Walnut, and Salt creeks. Population in 1810. Free wmte males « - 7,950 do. do. females - . . 7,194 Total whites . . - . 15,144 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - 370 Slaves .... Total population in 1810 - 15,514 Population in 1820. Free wliite males ... 1;),417 do. do. temples - - 9,700 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites . - . 20,117 F;ee persons of colour, males - 233 do. do. tiemales - 269 Slaves, males ... do. females - - . Total population in 1820 - 20,619 Of these ; Fonigners not natui'alized - 42 Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,128 do. in Manufactures - 634 do. in Commerce - - 39 Population to the square mile, 31, Ross, hilly township, six miles square, in the northern part of Jefferson county, Ohio. Big Yellow creek meanders through this township. Population in 1820, 738. Ross, township of Green county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 814. Ross, township of Butler county, Oiiio. Population in 1820, 1665. Rossano, strong and populous town of Italy in Naples, in Calabria Citeriore ; three miles from the gulf of Venice, and 136 SE of Naples. 16 38 E, lat. 59 48 N. RossviHe, post town of Butler county, Ohio, on the right bank of Miami river, op- posite Hamilton. Uossville, or Rosstown, post village of York county, Pennsylvania, J 2 miles N'W from York. «7? R O T U O tJ llussville, town of new Madrid county, Mis.ouri. Rossville, post village, Tennessee, on the Clie.oliee lands. It siancls on the great bend ot T'. nnessee, opposite Hamilton county ; about 70 miks NE frum Hunts- ville. Rostock, town of Germany in Lower Saxonv, in tue duchy of Mecklenburg, Schtterin, with a university, and good harbour, on the river Varnow, three miles from tlie Baltic, 12 N i.f Gustrom, and 60 E of Lubec. Lon 12 15 E, lat. 54 8 N. It is a place of mucli trade, and the only port of consequence in the duchy. Rostof, large and archiepiscopal town of Russia, in the government of Yaroslaf, which communicates with the Volga by the river Kotorost, 95 miles NE of Moscow. Lon. 40 25 E, lat. 7 5 N. Rostraver, western township of West- moreland county, Pennsylvania, betwt.cn Yougiiiogaty and Monongahela rivers. Po- pulaiionm 1820, 1679. Rotu, town and castle of Spain, in Anda- lusi;;, at the entrance of the isay of Cadiz, seven miles N of Cadiz. Lon. 6 16 W, lat. 36 35 N. Rota, one of the Ladrone islands in the East Indies. Rotas, town of Bahar, in Ilindoostan, 65 miles SE of Benares. Lon. 83 50 E, lat. 24 50 N. Rotenberg, tovvji of Germany, in Bavaria and capita! of a territory of the same name, 12 miles NE of Nuremberg, and 46 NW of Ratisbon. Lon. 11 20 E, 'lat. 49 35 N. Rotenberg, small town of Swisseriand, in the canton of Lucern, four miles N of Lu- cern. Rotenburg, free imperial town of Germa. ny, in Franconia, with several handsome public buildings, seated on the Tauber, 15 miles NW of Anspach. Lon. 10 23 E, lat. 49 23 N. Roteiibiirg, town of Germany, in Suabia, and county of Hoenljnrg, reoiarkable for its mineral waters, and is seated on tlie Neckar, seven miles W of Tubingen. Lon. 8 55 E, lat, 48 28 N. Rotenburg, town of Germany, in tlie landgravate of Hesst-Cossel, on the Fulde, 25 miles S of Cassei, Lon. 9 oO E, lat. 50 55 N. Rothbury, town in Northumberland, nine miles SW of Aimwick, 30 N by W of Newcastle, and 302 N by W of Lon- don. Rather, river which has is sonrse in Sussex, divides tiiat county and Kent, for a short space, and enters the Channel at Rye. Rotherham, town in the W riding of Yorkshire, the iron works in its neighbour- hood, which are very copsiderable, render 878 it very famous. See Masborough. It \i seated on the Don, over which is a stone j bridge, 31 mi.'es N of Nottingham, and < 160 N h\ W of London. Lon. 1 24 W, lat. 53 24' N. Rothsay, town in the isle of Bute, of which it is the capital, 70 niiiles W of Edin- burg. Lon. 5 17 W, lai. 55 50 N. Rothiuell, town in Northamptcmshire, on the bide of a hill, 15 miks NNE of North- ampton, and 79 NNW ofLmdon. Lon. 1 7 W, lat 52 21 N. Rotterdam, city of Holland, with one of the finest harbours m the Netherl.nds. It ' is the most considerable place in Holland, for size, bea'ity of its buildings, and trade, nexi to Amsterdam. It is a large and po- pulous city, (if a triangular figure, hund- somelj built of brick, the streets wi«le and well paved. Its port is very comodious ; for the canals which run through most parts of the town, bring the ships some of 200 or 300 tons, up to the merchant's door; a conveniency for loading and un- loading which is not to be found in other ]5laces ; a great advantage they have liere for commerce, is, that the Measr is open, and the passage free from ice, much sooner in the spring th n in the Y and Zuyder-sea, which leads to .\msterdam. It is sc.ted on tiie Merwe, (tl»e most northern branch of the Mease,) 13 miles SE of Hague, and 30 SS W of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 28 E, lat. 51 56 N. Rotterdam, one of the Friendly islands, in the S Sea, said to have been discovered bv Tasman, in 1643. Lon. 174 30 W, lat, 20 16 S. Rotterdam, post village, Oneida county. New York. Population in 1820, uncertain. Rottingen, town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, and bishopric of Wurtzburg, situated on the Tauber, nine miles NE of Mergentheim. Lon. 8 55 E, lat. 49 35 N. Rot-veil, city of Germany, in Suabia, in allinnce with the Swiss cantons since the y. ar 1513. A mile and a half from this place is a famous abbey, where tiiey re- ceive none but noble women. It is seated on the Neckar, near its source, and also near the D.iniibe, 27 miles SSW of Tubin- gen. Lon. 8 44 E, lat. 48 9 N. Roiten, city of France, capital of the de- partment of Lower Seine, in the late pro- vince of Normandy, stands on the N side of j the Seine, and is seven miles in circuit ; 1 and (its six suburbs included) is computed to contain 80,000 iijiabitants. Tite streets are narrow and crooked, and consist of wooden houses ; notwithstanding winch, it is one of the most opulent and commercial places in France. Among the public buil- dings, t!ie most distinguislied are, tiie great hall of the palace, in wL^iicL- the Lite parlia- ment of R-oucn met, the old castle, and tlie U u R X principal church, ornamented with three towers. Near this church, whicli is net the only r'murkable one, is the publick library. I;i the market-i'luce is a staiue of the celebrated Maid of Orletns, who was burnt here by the English for a witch. The suburb of St. Sever, situate on the other side of the Seine, commnnicales with the city by a bridge of bo ;ts, which is ma^Ie to open, so as to admit tiie passage of ships. Kouen is the birthpl:ice of the two Comeillcs, and of F menelie. It is 50 miles SW of Amiens, aad 70 N\V uf Paris, Lon 1 2 K, iat. 49 26 N. The ancient cavliedral of ti;is ci'y, built by William the conqueror, was recently (in 1822) consu- med by fire. Rouen is one of the most manufacturing towns on the contin: ni of E'.tope, particu- larly in cotton, woollen, linen good-. The annu.ii amo'in* f its manufactures is at least 10,000 000 >;' dollars. Roveredo, ox linvere, to>vn of Austria, in the Tirol, seated on the Adige, at the foot of a mountain, and :.n th.: side of a stream, over which is a bridge, defended by two large towers a>id a strong castle; the French took possession of the town In 1796, afttr having defeated the Austrians before it, but they were obliged to abandon it soon afterwards It is eight miles S of Trent. Lon. 11 27 E, Iat. 46 ON. Roverbella, town of It ily, in the Mantu- an, 12 miles from Mantua. Lon. 10 42, Iat. 45 18 N. Rouergue, late province of France, in the government ot Guienne ; bounded on the K by the Cevenese and Gevaud.in ; on the W by Querci, on the N by tiie same and Anvurgne ; and on the S by Languedoc. It is 75 miles long, and 50 broad : it is not very fertile, but feeds a number of cattle, and has mines of C'^^pper, iron, alum, vitriol, and sulphur. It now forms the department of Aveiron. Rouge, small but important river of Mi- chigan, rises about 25 or 30 miles NVV from Detroit, flows first S, and thence SE, and falls in;o Detroit river, five miles below Detroit. It has 16 feet water four miks ; and thence three feet eight miles. Rovigno, town of Italy, in Istrie, with two good harbours, and quarries of fine stone. It is seated in a territory which produces excellent wine, on a peninsula, on the western coast, eight miles S of Pa- renzo, and 32 of Capo d'Istria. Lon, 14 2 E.lat. 45 16N. Rovigo, town of Italy, capital of Polesi- no' di Rovigo, lately belonging to the Venitians, on the Adige, 37' miles SW of Venice. Lon. 12 14 E, Iat. 45 38 N. See Polesino di Rovigo. Rouse^s Point, Lower Canada, W cape, at the outlet of Lake Champlain ; former- ly supposed to be in New York ; but found to be above Iat 45° of course in Lower Ca" nada. Rousselart, town of France, in the de- partment of the North, and late province of Frer.ch Fla.nders, 10 miles NE of Ypres, and 20 SE of Ostend. Lon. 3 E, Iat. 50 58 N. Rousillon, late province of France, 50 milts long and 25 broad ; bounded on the E by the Mediterranean, on the W by Cerd.^gne, on tlie N by Lower Languedoc, and on the S by Catalonia, from which it is separated by the Pyrenees. See Pyre- nees, Eastern. It is a fertile country, and remarkable for its Olive trees. Rnwan, county of North Carolina; bounded S by .Montgomery and Cabarras ; W by Ii-edell ; N by Surry and Stokes, and E by Guilf'rdand Randolph. Length 40 ; mean width 36 ; and area 1440 square miles. The main stream of Yadkin river passes through it obliquely from NW to SE, Soil productive on the streams. Chief town, Lexington. Population in 1810. Free white males - - -. 8,981 do. do. females - - -' 8,716 Total whites .... 17,697 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 89 Slaves 3,757 Total population in 1810 - - 21,543 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 10,027 do. do. females - - . 10,462 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - . _ q Total whites .... 20,489 Free persons of colour, males - 80 do. do. females - 59 Slaves, males . . . _ 2,748 do. females .... 2,633 Total population in 1820. 26,009 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 17 Engaged in Agriculture - - 7,273 do. in Manufactures - • 555 do. in Commerce - - 153 Population to the square mile, 18. Roiuley, township of Essex county, Mas- sachusetts, it contained 1682 iniiabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1825; situated four miles NW of Ipswich and 22 N of Salem. Roxborough, township of Philadelphia county, Pennsylvania ; situated on the NE side of Schtiylkill, eight miles NW o'Phi- ladelpliia. In 1810, it contained 12Si in- habitants, and In 1820, 1682. Roxburgh, village and castle o? Scotland, which gives name to a county, situated 879 1{ u v ft U G near the Tiviot, 19 miles SVV of Berwick, and 32 SE of Edinburg. Lon. 2 47 W, lat. 55 46 N. Roxburgh, county of Scotland, formerly called Tiviotdale, bounded on the E by Northumberland ; SE by part of Cumber- land; SSW bv Dumfriesshire; NW by Selkirkshire, and N by Berwickshire. It is fruitful in pasture and corn, especially oats, and abounds with sheep, horses, and black cattlf. Population in ISOl, 33,682 ; in 1811, 37,230 ; and in 1821. 40,892. Roxbury, township of Orange county, Vermont, 45 miles N from Windsor. Popu- lation 700. Roxbttry, township of Clieshire county. New Hampshire, o7 miles SW from Con- cord. Population in 1820, 366. Roxbnry, township of Ncrfolk county, Massachusetts, two miles SW from Boston, of which it is in reality a suburb. Popu- lation in 1810, 3699 ; and in 1820, 4135. Roxbnry, township of Litchfield county, Connecticut, 35 miles NW from New Ha- ven. Population in 1820, 1124. Roxbnry, township and post town, Dela- ware county, New York, 56 miles SW from Albany. Population in 1820, 2488. Roxbury, township of Morris county. New Jersey, 45 miiC:^ N from Trenton. Population in 1820, 1792. Roxbury, or Leverings, in Roxborougli township, Philadelphia county, Pennsyl- vania. Roxbury, township of Washington coun- ty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 397. Roxent, Cape, or Rock of Lisbon, re- markable mountain and promontory in Portugal, lying at the N entrance of the Tagus, 22 miles W of Lisbon. Lon. 9 35 W, i.'.t. 38 43 N. Royal, post town, Sampson county. North Carolina. Royal, island of lake Superior. Royalioii, tuwiiship of Windsor county, Vermont, on White river, 28 miks N fri.m W.ndsor. It is the seat of an academy. PupuUtion 1758. Ruyalton, township of Worcester county, Massachusetts, 38 miles NW from Worces- ter. Population in 1820, 1424. Royalton, post village and township, Niagara county, New York, on the heads of Eighteen Mile creek. Population in 1820, 1849. Royalton, township on the southern side of Cuyahoga county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 225.' Royalton, village of Fairfield county, Ohio, 10 miles W from Lancaster. Royan, once a large town of France, in the department of Lower Charente, and late province of Sain'.onge, now almost in ruins, seated at the mouth of the Garonne, 30 miles S of Rochelle. Lon. 57 W, lat. 45 28 N. 880 Royes, town of France, in the depart^ ment of Somme, and late pravince of Pi- cardy. Some mineral waters were lately discovered here. It is 12 miles NW of Noyon, and 60 N by E of Paris. Lon. 2 51 E, lat. 49 46 N. Royston, town in Herts and Cambridge- shire, in a fertile vaie, 15 miles S by E of Huntingdon, and 37 N of London. Lon. 1 E, lat. 52 6 N. Ruutan, island of Mexico, in the bay of Honduras, 10 miles from the coast, with a good harbour, formerly resoned to for the purpose of cutting log-wood. Rubieva, small but strong town of Italy, one of the keys of the Modenese, seated on the Seccia, eight miles NW of Modena. Lon. 11 14E, lat. 44 39 N. Rudaxu, town of Prussia, 12 miles NNW of Konigsberg. Rudelstadt, town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, in the landgravate of Thuringia, and county of Schwarlzburg, near the river Sala. Rudesheim, town of Germany, in the elec- torate of Mentz, three miles from Bingen. Lon. 7 56 E, lat, 49 49 N. Rudisto See Rodosto. Rudkiobing, town of Denmark, in the ■ island of Langeland, with a good harbotir, J and a consider^ible trade in corn and other < articles. Lon 10 45 E, lat. 55 1 N. Rudolfiocrd, strong town of Germany, in Carniola. It belongs to Austria, and is seated on the Gurk, in a country fertile in ^o<^^ wine, 45 miles SE of Laubach. Lon. 15 20 E, lat. 46 8 N, Ruffac, 'own of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Rhine, and late province of Alsace, seated on the Rotbach, seven miles S o' Colmar, and 17 NW of Basle. Lon. 7 27 E, lat. 47 58 N. Rvjfec, town of France, in the depart- ment of Charente, and late province of Angoumois, seated on the Anche, 24 miles N of Angouleme. Rngby, town of Warwickshire. It has a famous free-school, and is 11 miles SE of Coventry, and 85 NNW of London. Lon., 1 12 W, lat. 52 24 N. ^_, Rugen, island of the Baltic, on the coast of Pomerania, opposite Stralsund, about 23 miles long, and, 15 broad. It is strong both by art and nature, and abounds in corn and cattle. The chief town is Ber- gen. Rugenwald, town of Pomerania, the chief place of the duchy of Wenden. It is subject to Prussia, and is seated on the Wipper, eight miles from the Baltic, and 35 NE of C'olberg. Lon, 16 27 E, lat. 54 35 N. Rngley, town in StafFordshire, on the S of tiie Trent, 10 miles SE of Stafford, and 126 NW of London. Lon. 1 48 W, lat. 52 57 N. it t y a b b liumford, town in Esses, 12 miles ENK amptoQ counties, Pennsylvania. JPopula- Of London. Lon. 13 E, lat 51 36 N. tion 1820. 253 Rumford, post town, Oxford county, Rush, township of Northumberland Maine, 20 miles N from Paris. Population county, Pennsylvania, on the left side of in 1820, 871. Susquehannati river in tlie bend oppo- Rumford, academy and post office, King site Danville. Population 1820, 1192. William county, Virginia, 35 miles NE from Rus/iford, post villaRe and township Uichmond. Allegany county, New York. Population Rwnillt/, towii of Savoy, on an elevated 1820, 609 plain, at the confluence of the Seram and Ruahville, post village Fairfield coun- Nepha, five miles from Annecy. Lou. 6 ty, Ohio, 26 miles SW irom Zanesville. 10 E, lat. 45 56 N. "^ Russell, township of Hampden county, Rumney, dr Rhyney, river which takes Massachusetts, 15 miles VV from Spring- its rise in Brecknockshire, divides the field. 'Population 1820, 491. counties "f Glamorgan and Monmouth, and enters the Bristol Cliannel to the SE of Cardiff. Rumsey, corporate town in Hampshire. It carries on a manufscture of shaloons, and several paper and corn mills. It is eight miles NNW of So>ithampton, and 74 W by S of London. Lon. 1 31 W, lat. 51 2 N. Ruiiffpour, town of Bengal, in Hindoos Russeil, post village, and township St. Lawrence county, New York, 25 miles SE from Ogdensburg. Population 1820, 486. Russell, county of Virginia ; bounded by Clinch mountain, or Washington county SE; Scott SW ; Cumberland mountain or Kentucky NW ; and Taze- well NE. Length 50 ; mean width 40 ; tan Proper, 73 miles NE of Mauldah, and ^nd area 20 '0 square miles. It is drain 106 NNE of Moorshed.^bad. edby Clinch and Powell rivers, branches Runkel, town of Germany, in the circle ^^ -j-, nnessee and by the W branch of of Westphalia, on the Lalm, 14 miles Eof g^ndy river. Surface generally broken Nassau. Lon. 8 5 E, lat. 50 23 N. jjjUy gn^ mountainous. Soil rocky and Runnymead, cel'^bfated mead, near Eg barren. Chieftown Franklin, ham, in Surry, where king John was com- population in 1810. peiled to sign Magna Charts, and Charta de p^.^^ .yjjjte ^^i^g Foresta, in 1215. See Wraysbury. ^^ ^^ females - Ruf>el, river of tlie Netherlands, formed by the junction of the Senne and Demen. Total whites - below MecitUn. It runs from E to W, and ^j-, ^^^^^^ persons except Indians falls into the Scheldt at Rnpelmonde. ^j,.,,. ^^^ed .... Rupelmonde, town of Austriun Flanders, gi^ves seated on the Scheldt, opposite the mouth of the Rupel, eight miles SW of Antwerp, .p^^j population in 1810 - and 22 NE of Ghent. Lon. 4 23 E, lat. '^ "^ ; 51 7 N. . Population in 1820. Ruperdorf, town of Koningratz, in Bohe- p^.^^ ^,|^5^^ ^^j^g , , 2^524 mia, four miles NNW of Braunau. ^^ ,jg_ females - - 2,465 3,030 2,867 5,897 3S 386 6,319 Rupert, township uf Bennington county, ^jj ^^j^^^. persons except Indians Termunt, containing 1!70 mhabitants. not taxed - - Rupert, Fori, fort \\\ North America, be- longing to tlie Hudson's Bay Company, ^^^^^^ whites Q :d on the south end of Huds.^i's Bay. ^ of colour, m mal$s males 4,989 8 13 228 298 seated Lon. Rush, western township of Centre g^^^.^^ ^^^^^ county, Pennsylvania. Population 1820, ^^ ' ^^^^\q^ 173. Rush, township of Dauphin county, Total population in 1820 Pennsylvania, on the head of Clark, and Stony creeks, in the angle between Qf these ; Lebanon and Schuylkill counties. In the Foreigners not naturalized census of 1820, Rush was included with Engaged in Agriculture - Bethel and West Hanover ; and their Do. in Manufactures joint population 397. Do. in Commerce Ru^h, one of the western townships of Population to the square mile, 2f|. Susquehannah county, Pennsylvania, on Russellville, post town, and seat of Wyalusing creek, eight miles SW from justice, Logan county, Kentucky, near Montrose. Population 1820, 242. the dividing ground between the sources Rush, township of Schuylkill county, of Red river bramh of Cumberland, and Qrt the brjrder^ of Luzerne, and North- Muddy river branch of Green nver, 64 *" " n ' So l- 5,536 1,494 47 7 K L ^ u b miles nearly N from Nashville, and 180 SW fiom Frankfort. It contains a bank, an academy, a meeting hnuse, two print- ing offices, the couHty buildings, and about. 1H7 houses, with 900 inhabitants. jRuss, t '\vn of Lithuania, at the mouth of the river Russ, the chief branch of the Xiemen, <0 miles NW of Tilsit. liusseis/ieim, town of GermaDy, in the principality of Hesse- Darmstadt situate on the Maine, s!X miles E of Mentz and 13 NvV of Darmstadt. liussey, town of France, in the de- partment of Doubs, 34 miles E by S of Besancon. Russia, vast empire, partly in Asia, and partly in Europe ; bounded on the N by the Frozen Ocean, E by the Pacific Ocean, S by Great Tartary, the Caspian Sea, Persia, Turkey in Asia, and the Black St:a, and W by Turkey in Europe, Poland, the Baltic Sea, and Sweden. There >verethrer- countries that had the , name of Russia ; namely, Red Russia, which formed the S part of Poland; White Russia, which comprehended the E part of Lithuania ; and Black Russia, •which included the governments of Ka- luga, iVIosiCow, Tula, Rezan, Volodimir, and Yaroslaf ; and hence his imperial majesty takes the litle of emperor of all the Russias. This empire, inclusive of the acquisitions from the Turks and from Poland (see Poland) fi">rms a square, whose sides are 20G0 miles each. A country of such vast extent must lie in different climates, and the soil and pro ducts must be as different. The most fertile part is near the frontiers of Po land ; insomuch that the inhabitants are able to supply their neighbours with corn. The north part is not only colder, but very marshy, and overrun with for- ests, inhabited chiefly by wild beasts. The country affords a variety of commo- dities, which beii;g of great use to for- eigners, pri.duce a considerable annual balance of tpade in favour of Russia. The home commodities are chiefly sa- bles, black furs, the skins of black and white foxes, ermines, hysnas, lynxes, bears, panthers, wolves, martins, white hares, &c red and black juchte, or Rus sian leather, which for colour, smell, and softness is not equalled in the world ; copper, inn, talc, tallow, wax, honey, potash, tar, linseed and train-oil, castor, isinglass, hemp, flax, diread, sail-c'oth, calimanco, Siberian musk, soap, fea- thers, timber, &c. To these commodi- ties may also be added, almost all the merchandise of China, India, Persia, Turkey, and some European countries. This extensive empire was divided by the empress Catharine II. into 41 go- S8'^ vernments, namely, Petersburgh, Oio=^ netz. VViburg, Revel, Riga, Pskof, No- vo^orod, Tvtr, Smolensko, Polotsk, Mo- hik'f, Orel, Kaluga, Moscow, Tula, Re- zan, Vuiodimir, Yaros'av, Voloj^da, At ch- ange!, Kostroma, Nishnei-Novogorod, Kasan, Simbrisk, Penza, Tambof, Voro- netz.. Kurst, Novogorod, Severskoi,Tcher- nigof, Kiot, Kharkof, Catharinenslaf, Caucasus, Saratof, Ufa, Viatka, Perm, Tobolsk, Knlyvan, and Irkutsk. Since the reign of Catharme II. Finland Geor- gia, Shirvan, Daghcstan, Imarette and other counties have been added to Rus- sia The number of governments was re- cently 53. A considerable number of the Russians profess the Mahometan re- ligion, and a greater number are still pa- gans. The inhabitants of the Swedish provinces are Lutherans. There are many convents for both sexes, but it has been wisely ordained, that no male can enter into a vnonastic life before he is 30 years of age ; and that no female can take the veil till she is 50, and even then not without the licence of the ho y synod. The inhabitants in general art robust, well shaped, and of pretty good complexions. In 17'24, the first univer- sity was founded that ever was in Rus- sia ; and there is now an academy of sciences at St. Petersburgh, supplied with eminent professors. The rising genera- tion are modernizing their antic vest- ments: the stiff embroidered napkin is supplanted by one of flowing silk, the jacket and petticoat are of muslin, or other fine stuffs ; and the plaid is ex- changed for a silk or sati i cloak, in the co^d season, lined with fur. The richer class of females wear velvet boots. The dress of the higher ranks is after the French and English fashion. The prin- cipal rivers are the Dnieper, Volga, Don, Dun;i, or Dwina, and Oby. The sove- reigns of Russia, are absolute. They were formerly called Grand Dukes, which is still the title of the heir appa- rent. They afterv/ards assumed the title of czar, and, in the sequel, that of empe- ror. The natives pronounce the word czar^ like tzar, or zaar, and this, by corruption, from Caesar, from some fan- cied relation to the Roman emperors on account of which they also bear the eagle as a symbol of their empire. The htst who bore the title of czar, was Basil, son of John Basilides, who freed his country from its subjection to the Tartars, about the year 1470. The title of Em/ieror was fiist assumed by Peter I. who, by his iiluitrious actions justly ac- quired the surname of Great. Pie died in 1725, and perhaps no country ever ex- hibited, in so short a time, the wonderr R r s RUT uiac may be elFected by the genius and ness of this colossal political mass, ascniy exertions of one man. Peter the great, at in embrj'o. It is a singular, and per- his accession to the throne, found his sub- haps a sohtarj- fact, that whiht tiie real jects of all ranks involved in the grossrst strength of Russia, was daily augment- ignorance and barbarism ; his numerous ing, that nearly a centar}- has no\v pas- armies ferocious and undisciplined ; and sed since it was ruled by a man of mili- he had neither merchant ships nor men tary ambition and genius. A circum- of war ; which, added to the rf mnteness stance alone waiting to prostrate the of her situation, rendered the influence other governments of Europe and Asia of Russia in the po itics cf Europe of in broken, and scattered iragm^-nts. The little consideration Peter civilized his government as to intsrnai police a^d ex- barbarcus subjects, disciplined his ar- ternal policy is a despotism, controlled mies, built cities and fortresses, and ere- and directed by the forc'i of public opin- ated a navy. These national improve- ion and a mo*.t powerful aristcracy. ments hare been continued since his An account of tlie invasion ot this coun- time, and Russia now holds a rank try, in 1812, wU be found under the among the nations of the world, of which head of France. Petersburgh is the ca- human foresight, at the commencement pita! of the whole empire, of the eighteenth centun-, could have EusUhuk, town cf liuropean Turkey, formed no conception. In 1S19, the in Bulgaria, on the right bank rf the army amounted to 778,000 men, and the Danube, at the mouth oi the Kara Lom, fleet, to 30 sail of the line 20 frigates 15 sloops and 200 galleys, with between oO.OOO, and 40,000 disprsab'e s< amen. The principal seaports f the empire, are in Europe, Archangel at the mou'.h of the Northern Dwina. Cronstadt, 40 miles E from Niccpcli. Rutherford, coui ty of North Carohna ; bounded bv S-uth Carolina S; Buncom- be W; Burke N; ar.d LincoliE. L(-ngth 40; width 25; and area lG-0 square miles. Surface hilly generally and in Revel, and Riga, in the Baltic, and Se- part mountainous. Soil except near tne St' eams thin and sterile. It is drained by Broad river, and its numerous branches. Chief town Rutherfordton. Popuia-ion in IblO. Free whte males ... 6,289 do. do. females - - - 5,895 vastopol, and Odessa in the Black Sea In Asia, Astracan near the mouth of the Volga, Ochotsk in the sea of Ochotsk, St Peter and Paul in Kamschatka ; with some forts and factories in Ame- rica. The empire now extends to the river Tcmea, on the side of Swedm; towards To»al whi European Turkey to the Pruth, and Da- A I other persons except Indians Dube. Between the Black and Caspian not t^xed . - - - Seas, to the Kur, and Bathus rivers. In Slaves this quai tcr Russia now possesses, on the Black Sea Mmgrelid, and Imarretta Total popuhtion in 1810 - wrested from Turkey, and Georgia, Shirvan and Daghestan from Persia. In Asia the limits of Russia are vaguely de- fined. The v^fhole empire is now subdivided into upwards cf 50 governments, extend- ing over -8,000,000 of square mil&s, with a population exceeding 50,000,000- All religious opinions are tf leraled, and more Free persons of colour, maes than half the religious denominations of do. do. femaies the globe actually exist in this empire. Slaves, ^al-s The most numerous, and ruling profes- sion is, however that cf the Greek Church amounting to near 40,000.000. The Ca- tholics are estimated at 5,500,000 ; Luth- erans 2,500,000 ; Mahometans 3,000,000 ; Jews 1,000.000, &e. Like every other daject of human pur- suit in this gigantic empire, literature is making a progress of which the inhabi- tatits of other countries have but very inadequate ideas. In brief, if we can form any safe anticipation of the future - 12,184 .S9 979 13,202 Population in 1820. Free wtjite males . - - do. do. fe.T.ales - . . All other persons except Indians not taxed . . . - Total whites do. females Total population in 182J 6,373 5,615 11,989 23 18 1,523 1,798 15,351 Ofthe.se; Fortlsrners not naturalized - 1 Enjjaged in Aj^rit nl'iire - 4,744 do. in Manufactures - 157 do. in Comnteice • - 24 Popul.'tion to the sq-iare mile, 15 1-3. Ruthtrford, county of Tennessee j bounded by Bedford S ; Williamson SW ; from the past, we maVccnsidcr the crcat- Da-* Idson 'N\V ; Wilson IsE ; and War- R U 1- R Y E ren E. Length 30 ; width 22 ; and area Slaves 610 square miles. It is drained by Stones river branch of Cumberland. Population in 1810, Free white males do. do. females ,924 ,603 7,627' Tntal whites All other persons except Indians not taxed - . - . 37 Slaves - - - 2,701 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. 10,-265 Total population in 1810 - - 29.486 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 14,883 do. do. females - - - 14,972 A'l o her persons except Indians not taxed .... 8 Total whites .... 29,863 Free persons of colour, males * 64 do. do. females - 56 Slaves, males .... do. females .... 3Free white males ... 7,183 do. do. females . - - 6,982 .\11 other persons except Indians not taxed Total whites . . . - 14,165 Free persons of colour, males - 147 do. do. females . - - 5> Slaves, males .... 2,556 do. females ... 2,631 Total population in 1820 29,983 19,552 13 4,930 414 49 Total population in 1820 - Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in ManufacHires do. in Commerce Population to the squnremile, 32. Jiiithen-fordion, post town and seat of justice, Rutherford county, North Carolina, 45 miles south from Morgantown. It is the seat of an academy. Rutland, small county in England, en- circled by the coviiities of Lincoln, Leices- ter, and Northampton, seeming as if it were cut out of the two former. It is of a roundish figure, in length 15 miles, and in breadth 10. Population in 1801, 16,356 ; in 1811, 16,380 ; and in 1821, 18,487. Rutland, county of Vermont ; bounded by Washington county in New York SVV; lake Champlaiii NW ; Addison county in Vermont N ; Windsor E, and Bennington S. Length 40 ; mean widih 23 ; and area 920 square miles. It is drained by Poult- ney, Pawlett, and Otter rivers. Surface very diversified from alluvial plains and even marshes, to some of the highest sum- mits of the Green mountains. Soil pro- ductive in grain and pasturage. Chief town.Hutland. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females Total whites - . . . All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 8§4 14.814 14,573 29,387 99 Of these ; Fureignt-rs not naturalized - 45 Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,169 do. in Manufactures . - 1,137 do. in Commerce - - 76 Po' utaiion to the square mile 32^. Rutland, post town and seat of justice, Rutland county, Vermont, on the right bank of Otter river, about 55 miles above its mouth, 57 N from Bennington and 33 above .Vliddlebury. Rutlend, post town and township, Wop- cester county, Massachusetts, 14 miles N W from Worcester. Population in 1810, 1231, and in 1820, 1262. Rutland, post villa!?e and township, Jef- ferson county. New York, on Black river, immediately south from. Watertown. Popu- lation in 1810, 1738 ; and in 1820, 1946. Rutland, post village and township, Meigs county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 724. Riitledge, post town and seat of justice, Granger county, Tennessee, 25 miles XE from Knoxville. Rutigliano, town of Naples, in Terra dl Bari, five miles SS of Bari. Rnitunpour, city of Hindoostan in Orissa, and the capital of one of the Western Mahratta chiefs. Lon. 82 36 E, lat. 22 16 N. Ruvo, town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 16 miles west of Bari. Lon. 16 44 E, lat. 41 26 N. Ruza, town of Russia. Lon. 36 2 E, lat. 55 46 N. Ryacotta, town of the Mysore country, 75 miles south of Seringapatam. Lon. 76 45 E, lat. 30 15 N. Ryan, Loch, lake at the NW angle ©f Wigiitonshire. The sea flows into it through a narrow pass. Rydal'-iuater, lake in Westmoreland, a little to the west of Ambleside. Rijdrog, town of Hindoostan, 128 miles N of Seringapatam. Lon. 76 52 E, lat. 14 40 N. Rt/e, borough in Sitsse^f. 28 miles SSE of- ^ SAB SAB Maidstone, and 63 SB of London. Lon. G 45 E, lat. 51 N. Rtje, township of Rockingham county, New Hampshire, four miles south from Portsmouth. Populatio;i in 1820, 1127. Rye, post village and township, of West Chester county. New York, on Long Island sound, 18 miles NE from New York, Population in 1820, 1342. Rye, SE township of Perry county, Pennsylvania. It is situated on the SW side of Juniata river, between Big Bnffaloe and Sherman's creek. Population in 1820, iro4. Ryegate, borough in Surry, 16 miles E of Guilford, and 21 SW of London. Lon. 15 W, lat. 51 16 N, Myegate, post village and township, Cale^ donia county, Vermont, on the right side of Connecticut rivpr, 22 miles E from Moritpelier. Population 1000. Rymenaut, town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, on the river Dyle, five miles E of Mechlin. Rysiuich, village in Holland, between Hague and Delft. A treaty was concluded here in 1697, between England, Germany, Holland, P'rance, and Spain. Eseezica, town of Poland, in the province of Lithuania, and capital of a territory of the same name, at the confluence of the rivers Wyedszwck and Dnieper, 25 miles N of Kiof. Lon. 35 5 E, lat. 50 32 N, s Saaba, kingdom of Negroland, with a capital of the same name, west of Tombuc- too, on the river Senegal Saada, or Saade, town of Arabia, in Ye- men, and the residence of a sheik, 140 miles WNW of Sanaa. Lon. 44 55 E, lat. 17 50 N. Saalfeld, town of Upper Saxony, in the principality of AKenburg. Here are manu- factures of cloth, and of gold and silk stuffs. In 1806, prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia was killed here in a skirmish with the French. It stands on the Saal, 34 miles NNE of Coburg, and 46 SW- of Altenburg. Lon. 11 32 E, lat. 50 41 N. Saalfeld, town of East Prussia, seated on the lake MeDing, 23 miles SE of Maricn- burg. Saw, town of Moravia, in the circle of Brun, on the confines of Bohemia, 42 miles NW of Brunn. Saarmtmd, town of Brandenburg, in the Middle-mark, six miles S of Potsdam. Saatz, town of Bohemia, on the Eger, 48 mdes WNW of Prague. ' Safta, island of the West Indies, 12 miles in circumference, inhabited by a few Dutch famihes. Lon 63 17 W, lat. 17 39 N. Sabanja, town of Asiatic Turkey, in Na- tolia. Here all the roads from Asia to Constantinople meet, 60 miltrs ENE of liursa, and 62 ESE of Constantinople. Lon. 29 40 E, lat. 40 30 N. Sabaiz, or Sabacz, town of European Turkey, in Servia, on the Drave, 22 miles S of Pet.erwardein, and 28 W of Belgrade. Sabi. See Xavier. Sabine, river of North America, rises in the province of Texas in a pruirie country, aboutlat.32 40N, lon. WC 18 OW. It pur- sues a south-east course enterlocking with the sources of the Trinity, and Little river of the south a branch of Red river. At N lat. 32 f), and W lon. W © 17 2.5, the Sa- bine becomes the boundary between Loui- siana and Texas, and of course between the United S'.ates and the SjiaMish domin- ions in North America. It is ai this point a C' insiderable stream 40 or 50 yards wide, and at high water, navigable for boats of considerable size. Though rising in a prairie country, its banks at lat. 32°, is covered by a very dense forest, composed of pine, oak, hickon,, elm, sweet gum, black gum, ash, and muny other genera and species of irees. From this point to the prairies on the sea coast, the mixture of timber continues nearly similar — the west OP right bank is higher than the east or left in general — high blufFs are frequent, and in some places rocky precipices occur on the former bank, but no place on the latter — the low banks near the border of the stream, are mostly liable to inundation at high water— tlie soil near this stream is uniformly thin and sterile. Many fine creeks of clear pure water flows into Sa- bine, below lat. 32 ; the most remarka- ble from the lett, are, D!Jga..'s, Darby's, Toney's, Lafitt's, bayou Scie, bay u Le- nau, Negri tta, bayou Taureau, and Liana Coucou. From the right, tt:e Nadaco, Patron, Barregus, and W'aukahatcha, are the principal. Below lat. 32^, the Sabine continues south-east nearly, at lat. 31 reaches its extreme eastern bend — here the river turn."; to S9^V, and at N lat. 29 55 expands into a lake of the same name — about 20 miles above the head of Sabine lake the timber ceases, though not ab- ruptly ; but 10 miles below the head of the lake very little timber is to be seen — the bank.-, on both sides are low and flat before emerging into the prairies — at the mouth of the river is a shell bank, on which are a few dwarf trees — along the lagunes that intersect the marsh or prairie a few trce.B arc .^icattered, but the residue 8«5 s A B SAO js an open grassy expanse— Though many ledges of rocks rise from the stream on the right bank, no mdications of minerals are visible — at the point where the road be- tween Nacogdoches and Natchitoches crosses the Sabine, there is a salt spring on the Louisiana side, bu^ where the salt water issues the ground is liable to be overflown when the river is highly swelled by rains. The whole lengih of the Sabine is 70 miles above and 250 miles below, N lat. 32 0. Sabine lake is tlie estuary of the Sabine and Natchez rivers, it is about 30 mdes Jong and eight or ten miles wide, commu- nicating with the Gulf of Mexico by a nar- row channel of four or five miles in length, and about 400 yards wide. I'hs channel commonly known as the mouth of Sabme river, is at lat. 29 24 N, Ion. W C 17 04 W. This lake is very shallow, generally about five or six feet, but near tiie shores not more than two or three. The adjacent country on the lake and outlet, is one wide waste of grass, much of it marsh, cut by innumerable lagunes and small ponds or lakes. Four miles SVV from the mouth of the Sabine the Natchez enters the lake from the NW — a bar crosses the mouth of the Sabine outlet, on which at ordinary tides is about three feet water — the tide ascends the Sabine lake anrence Basin. St. Clair, township of Allegany county, Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela and Ohio rivers, of/posite Pittsburg, and be- tween Cliartier and Street's creeks. Popu- lation 1820,4142. St. Cluir, township of Bedford county, Pennsyh anift. on Dunning's creek six miles N from Bedford. Popidation 1820, 1748. St. Clair, county of Illinois; bounded by Mississippi river NW ; Madison N ; Washington E; Randolph SE ; and Mon- roe 3W. Length 30 ; mean width 24 ; and area 720 square miles. The body of this county lies SE.from St. Louis, commencing immediately opposite that town. It is wa- tered by the Mississippi and Kaskaskias ^-i - vers. Cliicf tn',V'n, Cakokia, S A I S A 1 Population in 1810. Free white males ... 2,712 do. do. females - - • 2, Ho Total whites .... 4,854' All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - 113 Slaves 40 Total population in 1810 - - 5,007 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 2,861 do. do. females - . - 2,207 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 5 Total whites .... 5,073 Free persons of colour, males - 40 do. do. females 42 Slaves, males .... 58 do, females .... 40 Total population in 1820 - - 5,253 Of these ; Foreig!iers not naturalized - 9 Engaged in Agriculture - 608 do. in Manufactures . 64 do. in Commerce - . 12 Population to the square mile, 7. Saint Clair, village of Butler county. Opposite Hamilton. Si. Clair, coimty of Alabama ; bounded by Shelby S ; Jeffers m SW ; El Mint NW ; Cherokee lands N ; and Coosa river E. It is about 35 miles square. Surface hilly and brok.'!i ; drained by the Coosa and Ca- haba rivers. Chief town, St. CLirsv.^ie. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 1,920 do. do. females . - - 1,687 All other persons, except Indians not taxed .... Total v/hites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males . - . do. females Total population in 1820 4,166 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in \gricu!ture - - 774 do. in Manufactures . 27 do. in Coinmerce - - 17 Popidation to the sqtiare mile, 3. St. Ctersw/fe, village of St. Clair county, Alabama, on Canoe creek of Coosa river, about 65 mdt's SSE from Huntsville St Clairsville, post town and seat of jus- tice, Belmont county, Ohio, 11 miles W from Wheeling in Virginia. It is a flou- Ti.«hing village containing a bank, printing 5 TJ office, the county building'^, three churches, and upwards oV 100 houses. Population about 700. St. Croix, Schoodic, or Passamaquoddy, river of Maine, and New Brunswick. It is a str am of more political than com- mercial consequence, forming a national boundary in all its length. St Croix, branch of the Mississippi, rises at lat. 46 N, interlocking sources with the IJuis Brule, branch of lake Superior. It flows SW and falls into the Mississippi, about 50 miles below he Falls of St. An- thony. It is wide and n;ivigab1e, and sup- posed to offei' the most eligible commu- nication from lake Superior to the Missis- sippi, Saint Domingo. See Domingo St. Saint Etienne de Furand town of France, in Rhone and Loire, in the neighbourhood of very rich coal mines. It has the most extensive manufactory of fire arms in France, 27 miles SSW from Ly York to St. Louis, btf Hamilton, Pittsburg, Cincinna- ii, Louisville,and the Ohio and Mississip- pi rivers. Miles. Miles. Newburgh ... 60 Cocheton - - - 60 120 Hamilton - - - 200 520 Pittsburg ... 261 581 Steuben ville - - - 59 640 Cincinnati - - - 263 1003 Louisville ... 131 1134 Mouth of Ohio - - 393 1527 St, Loms - - - 198 1725 Route from the city of JVe~M York to St. JLuuis, by ^3lbany, Buffalo, Detroit,. Jtli- chilimacinac, lake J\Ech!gan, Illinois, and ^lississippi rivers. Miles. Miles, Albu'v .... 143 Canaiidaigua ... 213 356 BuflTalo - - - - 92 448 Erie . - - . 90 538 Cleaveland ... 90 628 Dettjoit - - - - 110 738 Fort Gratoit ... 67 805 Michilimacinac - - - 190 995 Mouth of Chicago river - 280 1275 Head of Illinois do. - 40 1315 Mouth of do. do. - 400 1715 St. Louis ... 30 1745 It will be at once seen by an inspection of this table that the difference in distance, by the two routes, is trifling ; and all things considered, no great diversity exists natu- rally in the facility pffered, or impediments opposed to mercailtile transportation ; but uith the Grand Canal from Albany to Buf- falo, the advantages are obviously in fa- vour of the northern route. Canal commimicution between lake Mi- chigan and Illinois river, must speedily follow the advance of population into that section of country. A number of rivers of considerable mag- nitude enter the eastern and south-eastern shore of Michigan, by the channels of which a considerable commerce must be S A I S A I carried on, as settlement and wealth in- crease. Ot' these 'the St. Joseph heads, with Maumee falling- into the head of Lake Erie, and with Wabash flowing iato Ohio. The intermediate country lias not, how- ever, been surveyed with sufficient accu- racy, to permit us to determine how far na- ture has prepared the way to enable man to complete the entire navigable commu- nication from any one water to any of the otliers. The Maumee is a river deserving very particular notice, in a survey of the inland navigation of the United States. Tiiis ri- ver has its sources on the table land, be- tween Lukes Michigan and Erie and the Ohio river, interlocking its branches with those of Miami, Wabash, Illinois, and St. Joseph. On this extensive flat table land the streams are sluggish, and only gain current by reaching a more inclined des- cent. Sucli a construction of country is, in an eminent manner, calculated to facili- tate the formation of canal and lock navi- gation. Maumee is formed by three branches ; the St. Joseph's, interlocking with the sources of the river of the same name flow- ing into Lake Miciiigan ; the St. Mary's, the sources of which rise with those of the Wabash, and Miami, flowing into Ohio ; and the Atiglaize, heading with the Miami. From the earliest settlement of Canada, the peculiar structure of the intervening coun- try, between the heads of the foregoing rivers, struck every traveller ; and at the present moment, when the Indian title to the soil is extinguished, and an active ci- vilized population must rapidly arise upon its surface, the abundant natural resources for inland commerce will be called into active operation. The St. Joseph's and St. Mary's branches of the Maumee unite near the west boun- dary of Ohio, but within Indiana. Turning to nortii-east, the united streams flow in that direction, by comparative courses, about 100 miles, and fall into the esireme south-western angle of Lake Erie. The current is in general rapid, though the bed of the river, except in one place, is un- incumbered with shoals or falls. That ex- ception occurs near Fort Meigs, 20 miles above the mouth, where a ledge of rocks crosses the river, and produces shoals for 14 or 15 miles along the stream. The en- tire depression of 'he river at this obstruc- tion has never been determined accurately, but is not supposed to exceed 100 or 150 feet perpendicular. A bar crosses the mouth of Maumee river, over which there is not above seven feet water. A glance upon a map of the entire region between Ohio river and Lakes Michigan and Erie, can scarcely leave a doubt but that the channels of Maumee, Wabasli, and Miami, must become the great lines of inland na- vigation between the Canadian sea in that quarter, and the valley of Ohio. The dis" tance from Lake Erie to the teead of boat navigation in Maumee is, as has been ob- served, 100 miles by comparative courses. By a similar mode of admeasurement, the navigable channel of the Wabash is 250 mile's, making the entire channel from Erie to Ohio of 260 miles ; wliich by adding one-third for the particular bends of the rivers, will yield an inland route of 480, say in round numbers 500 miles. The en- tire portage between the naturally naviga- ble points of the two nvers is not quite five miles. The other route, through the Miami, is 200 miles shorter than the for- mer; but striking the Ohio 360 miles higher, following the bends of the latter river, and also with a much wider inter- vi:-ning portage, the Miami channel offers much fewer advantages than that by the Wabash. The next navigable route from Lake Erie to Ohio river, after the preceding, is through the Sandusky and Sciota rivers. The latter is a very direct line in inter- communication, of about 300 miles, follow- ing the bf nds of the streams, 100 o'. which are in the Sandusky and intervening por- tage of about 20 miles, aud 200 in the Sciola. Tiie country between the sources of Sciota and Sandusky is flat, and in spring floods in great part overflown. The por- tage, as already observed, 20 miles^ be- tween the naturally navigable waters of those two rivers. The navigation of San- dusky, like that of the Maumee, is im- peded by r pids and falls before reaching Lake Erie, but is otherwise suitable for the conveyance of boats of considerable size. Hitherto the confluence of Ohio river are without falls or dangerous rapids. The Wabasii, Miami, and Sciota, are sluggish streams near their sources, but become more rapid in their progress towards their common recipient. They are all, at seasoiis of high water, navigable to very near their sources, and flow through a highly fertile country. From the advance of population, and from the near approximation of th- Ohio ri- ver to Lake Erie, the channels of Cayahoga and Tuscarawas branch of Muskingum have been chosen by the legislature of the state of Ohio, as the route of a navigable canal to connect the Canadian sea to the val- ley of Ohio. The Cayahoga rises principally in Por- tage and Geauga counties in Ohio, and flowing fifty miles soush-west, reaches with- in ten miles from the navigable waters of the Tuscarawas. Already a fine beatable stream, the Cayahoga. turns at an acute angle near the village of Northampton, and flows in a direction of NN\y about 40 895 S A I S A I miles, falls into Lake Erie inCayahoga coun- ty, at the flourishing town of Cleveland. The Tuscarawas rises in Wayne, Medina, Por'age and Stark counties, and forming a large navigable creek in the latter, flows SSE 30 miles, receives Sandy creek from the east, and 12 miles still lower. Sugar creek, from the west near New Philadelphia. Beiow the latter place the Tuscarawas curves gradually SE and S W, and finally W, flows 50 miles to its junction with Whitewo- msn's river at the town of Coshocton, The two rivers at their confluence are nearly of equal size, and are both lost in the gen- eral name of the Muskingum. Assuming a southern course of ten miles. Wills creek enters from the SE, and winding more to the wes"^, oU miles farther, receives Lick- ing creek, a large tribuiary brancii, at the town o' Zanesvilie, in Muskingum county. Here the riv*:r is precipitated over its only falls, or rather rapid, 30 or 40 feet entire depression. Below the falls, Muskingum turns to the SE 80 miles, to its junction with Ohio river at Marietta, in Washington county. From this sketch, we find ihls inland channel lying m ntariy a N and S direction. Advancing from Cleveland on Lake Erie, up the Cayahoga 40 miles, we reacli the Portage, from the stream to the Tuscara- was ; thev.ce ten miles over that portage, and aga.n down the Tuscarawas and Mus- kingum 212 miles to Marietta, exhibits an entire line of 262 miles. As this is proba- biy the first route of inland navigation to connf'ct the river systems of Mississippi and St. Lawrence, which will le completed by act, it will be necessary to take particu- lar notice of the steps alreidy taken to carry those improvemen's into eff'ect. In 1814 the legislature of Ohio granted corporate powers to a company for the purpose of cuttmg a canal and constructing locks around tiie falls of the Muskingum at Zanesvilie. Tlie necessary expenses of the -vorks are calculated at from 70,000 to 100,000 dollars. The undertaking is in ra- pid progress, and will no doubt be soon completed. The adjacent country abounds with exhaustlet.s beds of mineral coal, and the water power aflbrdcd by the falls ren- ders the vicinity of Zanesvilie one of the most favourable manufacturing sites in the valley of Ohio Independent of the com- munication between the Tuscanwas and the Canadi:m sea, the canal and locks past the falls of Muskingum will open to the Ohio trade an expanse of country having an area of about 8,000 square miles. It wou'id be needless to notice the sug- gested route of water communication be- tween lake Erie and the Ohio valley, through Big Beaver river, or the branches of the Allegany river, as the elevation of the intermediate ground precludes anv ra- 896 tional hope of efiecting canals to a profita- ble issue in that quarter. We, therefore, close our observations, in this place, upon the Unlied States' side of the middle basin of St Lawrence, and refer tne reader to our review of the New York canals. If we turn our attention to the Canada side of St. Lawrence middle basin, we per- ceive a long triangular peninsula, bounded SE by lake Erie, Niigara strait, and lake Ontario, on the NVV by the Detroit river, lake S*. Clair, St Clair river, and lake Hu- ron, and on tt.e NE by Black river of lake Huron, lake Simcoe, a chain of small lakes leaciing into tlie head of the river Trent, down that river into the bay of Qiiinte. and by that bay to its mouth, into the NE part of lake Ontario. This peninsula, of 280 miles in length, by a mean widdi of about 80, or embraciiig an area of 22,400 square miles, is partly in the lower, but mostly in the midd'e St. Lawrence basin. Through the chain of lakes and rivers extendmg lake Ontario to Gl -usester bay of lake Huro", an inland route already exists, with only one short portage, which abridges the distance from the head of St, Lawrence r ver at Kingston, to lake Hu- ron, one half; it being only 300 miles from the latter to lake Ontario, by the Q;iinte and lake Simcoe rou'e, and between 600 and 700 by lake Ontario, Ni4gara river, lake Erie, Detroit, and lake and rivt- r St. Clair. The peninsula is the best peopled part of Upper Canada, and in the advance of population and wealth, the impt ovement of the Quinte, and G uce^ter bay channel, of inland commerce, must follow in the very nature of human affair';. This chan- nel has some other pre-eminent advantages over that by the great valley of the Cana- dian sea. The foimer avoids the falls of Niagara, and the dangerous navigation of lakt s Ontrio, Erie, and St. Ciair. We have now reached the lower or inferior basin of the St. Lawrence This immense country extends from NW to SE 700 miles, with a mean width of 300, or over a superficies of 210,000 square miles. Of this vast expanse, the United States possess only a strip 350 miles in length, by 70 miles mean width, or an area of 24,500 square miles, leaving 185,500 square miles in Upper and Low- er Canada. In the Niagara strait, from the sur- face of lakf Erie to that of lake Onta- rio, in a distance of about 28 miles, a de- pression takes place of 334 feet. Of this depression, the stages are : — From lake Erie to the head of the rapids 15 feet ; in the rapids, 51 feet ; in the falls of Ni- agara, 162 feet ; from the falls to Lew- istown, 104 feet ; and from the latter place to the sttrface of lake Ontario, two feet. S A A i 'Lake Erie is within a trifling fraction of 565 feet above the Atlantiq tides ; of course. 565 less 334, or 231 feet, jb the elevation of lake Ontario above the same tides. To give the reader a critical know- ledge of that part of the St. Lawrence which passes aiong the United States, the subjoined sketch is given, drawn from accurate materials. rhe first obstruction originates on oar side, three miles and 1,320 yards above St. Regis. Here, for a distance of 440 yards, the velocity of the current is five miles per hour ; but the water being deep, and near a lime-stone shore, its navigation can be sufficiently aided by the erection of a towing patii, at an expense of about 300 dollars. The next rapid of any consequence, is the strait separating Massena point from the head of Cornwall island. ')lie Current runs through this strait, for " more than 800 yards, at the rate of eight knots per hour; but the bank is so form- ed at this place, that the navigation may be rendered entirely convenient by a tnw- ing path, at an expense of about 700 dollars. About one mile and a half above Mas- sena point, commences a series of ra- pids, generally denominated "•The Long Sault Rapids. ^^ For this distance navi gators avail themselves of several bays formed by the incurvity of the shore, and a current to propel boats of the largest class, by setting poles and oars On ar- riving at point Ellicott, nine miles and three fourths from St.Re^is, a very strong current is met, running, for the distance of a mile above, at the average velocity of 11 knots per hour. After douiiling this point, boatmen find relief fro.m a small basin of still watv:r, extending up- wards a few rods The difficulties of the navigation of these rapids may be overcome by a well constructed towing road, the expense of which would not exceed 1000 dollars. A reilax. or eddy, renders navigation very easy from the termination of the last proposed path, to Sturgeon Point, nearly opposite to Long Sault island, and 14 iniles from St. Regis. Here boats en- counter a violv-nt rapid, called by the Canadians Xa petite ChMe, in contradis- tinction to ha grand Chatc, upon the opposite side of the river. From the foot of the former rapids, for 890 yards, and upwards, the current rushes at the rate of 16^- miles per hour. This is consider- ed as the most difficult passage for all boats or vessels ascending between St. Regis and lake Ontario ; and to render iv practicable, Twithout the aid of locks,) ■ 5X it will be necessary to have a towing path of nearly a mile in length, of sufficient strength to resist the shocks of the de- scending ice, and wide enough to allow two or more horses to be employed at the sanTiC time in dragging boats against the stream. As a great portion of the materials necessary for this work must be brought from a great distance, the expense will be enhanced. I should sup- pose the completion of this v/ork would require an expenditure of about 5,500 dollars But to render the navigation of ha petite Chtue permanently good, I should recommend a well connected line of locks. After passing Polly's bay, another ra- pid of considerable velocity occurs at Store's p int. A towing path will be re- quired here l,t''20 yards in length, and will probably cost 750 dollars. At PepP' r mill point, 17 miles, 587 yards from St. Regis, is a short, but very strong rapid ; this may be render- ed navigable by a towing path at the ex- pinse of about 400 dollars. A short dj:>tance below the last point, is a rapid of considerable extent, that will require a towing path, which may cist 220 dol- lars. At Wilson's point, opposite to the lower and of Baxter's Island, and 18| miles from St Regis, runs another rapid, tiiough of no great extent. The passage of vessels here will require a towing path of 250 yards in length ; to construct this, and to remove a quantity of rocks lying along the point, will occasion an ex p. use of about ."50 dollars. At Point H -ml! ck, 19| miles from St. Regis, is a ripid that makes a towing path of about 100 yards in length necessary ; this may cost 200 dollars. There is an obstruction in the navigation from Point Hemlock to Bluff point, other than a steady as- cent, wliose average velocity is about tvvo miles per hour. At the last men- tioned Point we fine rapids of considera- ble swiftness ; but these are of inconside- rable length, and materials to form a path are at hand and plenty ; its ex- pense is estimated not to exceed 450 dollars. At several places between BluflF Point and Dry Island, (a distance of about eight miles.) the strength of the stream obliges the boatmen to have re- course to their setting poles ; but in no place is it so swift as to make a pathway indispensably necessary. Dry Island it- self, however, requires some notice: it is so called, because separated from the New York main by a small stream, which in the summer season is nearly dry It appears, indeed, that this pas- sage between the inland and main was made several vears ago. The bottom nt 6 A 1 this channel is composed of clay aiid round stones, mixed with gravel A ca- nal, sufficient fnr all the purposes '- vigation, may here be completed at an expense oi luOO dollars. Tlse nexi rapid that requires cotisidevation is Rapidc plat, running between an island ot that name and tiie little village of Hamilton, (now called Waddingtoi,-.) Ti.ese tails are 57 miles above St. Regis. Jiidi^e Ogden, who r. sides upos the island, has erected a dam and feri.'ge across them. It is said, previous to the erection of this dam, that this current was very im- petuous for several miles, and that an abrupt fall of nearly 10 feet rendeivd the navigation utterly impracticable. The ■water having become comparatively smooth by means of \h.^ dam. Judge Ogden and others supposed that boats wo,000 00 Sum Total, §80,0^0 00 In the foregoing I have endeavoured to point out, with as much precision as my information would allow, the piaces where improvements are necessary, to- gether with the expense at which they may be respectively effected ; and al- though the estimates have been made with great care, it is probable that in sonie cases they are computed too high, in otliers too low ; I feel pretty confi- dent, however, that the above sum is siif- iicient to accomplish the object in view. My remarks have hitherto been con- fined to the shores of the St Lawrence ; but, I deem it a duty to present another project for improving the navigation along the frmtier ; from the adoption of which most important benefits are anticipated. From the mouth of Grass river to a place called FauchJs Mills, is about seven miles : for this distance, with the exception of a short and inconsiderable rapid four miles from its mouth, the river affords an excellent communica- tion for vessels of ;i0 tons, those bting the largest generally employed between Ogdensburgii and Montreal. My design is to connect the St. Law- rence with Grass river, by opening a Canal from the Bay above Wilson's Point to the foot of the rapid at Fau- ches Mills. As thert.' are no villages on the St. Lawrence to be accommodated, or in any way aff cted, by the Canal from Wil- sons's Point to the mouth of Grass river, the shortest practicable route ouj^ht to be pursu d. It is true, that art, combi- ned with great labour and expense, may do much, towards improving the naviga- tion of these rapids. I scarcely believe it possible that all the difficulties oppo- sing tlicmse'ves to any easy passage can be entirely subdued ; besides, any works erected upon them must be equally af- fected and endangered by the attrition of immense bodies of ice and water rush- ing against them. The Canal can be supplied with water in abundance at the summit just above inison's Point, and the arrangement and quality of the strata upon the above route are favourable for a Canal. There are no ranges of very high or very low lands ; and there are no valeys, springs, brooks, or rivulets, (with one exception) worthy of notice that cross it. For a consider.ble portion of the distance the soil is composed of loam and clay, through which water cannot percolate : the soils of the residue, however are porous, consisting of sand and gravel, but as the country here abounds wit'.i the best pud- dling stuff, (loam and coarse sand mixed) it is fair to presume that the expense will not be great. A tjliort distance above Pepper Mill Point, the route is crossed by a bank upon an aqueduct. It will be necessary to di.; deep for a short distance at the proposed com- mencement of the Canal, unless it should be thought expedierit to run it along the shore for about 90J }"ards below. This could be done with tase, the bank of the river at this pliice bei^g composed of clciy and loam. As the main river v/ill always be preferred for a d twnward passage, it only becomes necessary to pro- vide for ascentlmg vessels. The project- ed Canal need not, therefore, be so wide as to admit large boats to pnss each other. Ewtnty-five feet "in width upon th*^- surface of the water, IS U-et at the bottom, and hree feet and a half water, will, it is believed, be sufficient. It is the opinion of Mr Adams, (our astronoaiical surveyor) that no more than four Locks, of 10 feet lift, would be required upon this route ; and as the aveiage length of these will not exceed 75 feet, the expanse of liorkage may be s:ifely computed at 32,000 dollars. 'Fhe cost of livis Canftl would not vary much from the following estimate. Expense for excavating, say two miles -and three fourths g 6,500 00 Grul)bing, clearing away tim- bi-r, puddling and lov/i> g paths . - - 5,750 00 Wooden aqueduct over a brook at Grass river - 30,500 00 Four Locks - - - _ 33,000 00 Clearing out and deepening the channel at the small rapids in Grass river - 500 00 Tool's and implements - 3,500 00 Engineer superintendance 4,000 00 Add for contingencies .5 per cent. - - - - 2,787 00 Aggregate, 58,537 00 The expenses of facilitating navigation along the shore of the St. Lawrence from Massrna Point, to Point Vv'ilson, (both included) by means of Locks and 'towing paths amount accordir.g to my L^.timate, to 34,000 dollars. Deduct this aum from that at which the Canal can b*^ opened, and it presents a tlifference 899 S A I tS V I of 24,537. The advanta.jje of the Canal, navigation over tiiat of the river, are too apparent to r« quire tliicidat'Dn. SUould the Ciin-dl pnj ct b- adopted, the expenses of iinprovii.'g the navigation from St. Rigis to Lake Ontario wiil stand ihus : Canal - - - § 3S,5S7 00 Towing path and Lucks 46,145 00 S 104,632 Oi) The foregoing communication is alike honourable to the intelligence and paui- otic feelings of its author, but in his esti- mate of expense, he has, no doubt, been much too limited, i'he serirs of rapids from Ogdeiisburg to St. Regis, is very correctly delineated The causes wiuch have hitherto carried tiie navigation to the Canada shore uf St. Liav/rence were, as Col. Hawkins states, in a gnat part political, but the mere circumstance of the uncultivated condition of the United States shore has had a large share in producing this result. If five tim^s the sum e.^timated by Col. Hawkins was expended upon this in- land navigable' line, it would be money most beneficially employed. Below the limit of the United States, the St. Lawrenc-- expands into lake St. Francis, of abiut ."30 mil s in length, Avith a mean width of four miles At the lower end of tins lake the river again contracts into two narrow channels, se- parated by Gros Isle. Here rapids again occur, which is also the ease at the Ce dars, a few mih-s lower down. At the lower end of tht- Cedar rapids, the river again dilates, having one channel ciim- mimicating with the Ottawa river, and the other opening ioto iakt- St. L:Ugh the St. Lawrence and great lakes, than by the Ottawa ri- vrr. The navigation of the latter is much encumbered with rapids and shoals, but is, nevertheless, much frequented, from its superior safety, and from being so much shorter. Montreal is extremely well situated to become the centre of- a very extensive '•. inland commerce. It is already such, as \ far as the advance of population will ad- • mit. Standing at the head of ship navi- gation, this city is on the St. Lawrence, the point of contact between the foreign and int< rior comm.erce of an immense ex- panse of country . La Chine is the upper port of Mon- treal, and situated on the same island with that city, and at the lower extremi- ty of lake Si Liuis. La Chine is the centre of shipment between the Upper and Lowt r provinces, and the North country. In M.-.y and November, boats, to and from various parts of Upper Ca- nada, are continually arriving and de- parting from this place. They are from 35 to 40 feet in length, with about six feet beam ; their usual freight from four to four and a half tons. They are work- ed by oars, a mast, and sail, drag-ropes for towing, arid long poles for setting them tnrough the strong currents or rapids. Four men manage them in sum- mer. They bring down ■wheat, flour, salt provisions, pot and pearl ashes, and pc-ltries. They are usually navigated in squadrons of from four to 15 boats, in order to enable the crews to aid each otlier in passing the rapids. Fr>!m La Chine, the bark canoes em- ployed by the North-West company in the fur trade take their departure. Of all the contrivances for transporting hea- vy burdens by water, these vessels are perhaps the most extraordinary. They are formed by a slight frame, to which the bark of the white birch tree, (Betu- la alba) in slips, is attached. These ca- noes are the lightest of all navigable vessels to their capacity It is the latter circumstance which enables the Canadian bnatman to perform so many long and fatigueing portages, with their vessels and cargo. With these light canoes the traders proceed up the Grand, or Ottawa river, to the south-west branch, by which, and a chain of small lakes, they reach Ni- pissing ; thrugh it, and dov/n the French river, into lake Huron ; along its south- ern coast, up the narrows of St. Mercy, S A I S A 1 into lake Superior; and then, by its northern side, to the Grand Portage, a distance of about 11,000 from the jilace of their departure. From the Grand Port- age, which is nine milts across, there is a continuation of similar toils and bark ca- noes of smaller size, through chains of lakes and streams, that run from the heii^ht of land westward to thr lake of the Woods, and lake Winnepeg. to the more distant establishments of the com- pany in the remote regions of the north- west country. From the city of Montreal to the east- ward, the shores are from 15 to 20 feet above the level of the St Lawrence ; but, in the opposite direction, towards La Chine, they are low. Btrtwcen the Coteau St. Pierre and the river, the land is so flat, and particularly near the small lake St. Pierre so marshy, as to induce a conjecture that it was once covered with water. Over this place it is in- tended to cut a canal, by which a direct communication would be formed bttwe n La Chine and the city and the rapid St. Louis (intervening) avoided. Near the head of lake St Louis ex- tends the Point des Cascades, and in the river lies the island des Cascades, which with one or two other smaller ones, break the current of the river at its en trance into lake St, Louis, and present nearly the same effect that would be pro- duced by the most violent tempest. To avoid these, a canal, usually calk'd the Military Canal, has bten constructed across. the point of land, and through which tile boats pass to the locks at Le Buiessen ; it is 500 yards in length. At a place near Lorguil's mill, the boats going up the Sc Lawrence are unload- ed, and their freights transported in carts to the village, while the empty boats are towed through the rapid du Coteau des Coches. At Coteau du Cac, just above the river de Lisle, ascending boats again enter locks, to avoid a very strong rapid. We may now take a brief view of those rivers by which a water communication is had from the United States .to the St. Lawrence. Of tliese, the most import- ant is the river Richelieu, v.'hich tiows from the lake Champlain, in a northerly course, and unites with the river St. Law- rence, at the town of William Henry. The navigation is carried on by beats, canoes, and rafts. From its junction v/ith the St.Lawrence,decked vesselsof 150 tons may. ascend 12 or 14 miles; its mouth i.> about 250 yards in width, and this conti- nues nearly to the basin of Chambly; from thence to the Island du Portage, it is 500 yards ; beyond this, it is double that ex- tent to St. John's, from whence there is a ship navigation 160 miles along lake Champlam. From the basin down to the St. Lawr^^nce, the current is gentle, notwithstanding the shoals and flats ; but, from lake Champlafin, the stream is in som;- places broken by rapids. There is much trade»upon this important naviga- tion and its importance is unequivocal. The river St Francis is alio an im- portant line of communication, only it is obstructed by a number of violent ra- pids ; its source is a large lake of the same name, in the townships of Garth- ley and Coleraine ; it flows in a south- west direction for 30 milrs, then nearly north- vvesi for about 80 miles, and falls into the lake St. Peter ; a branch con- nects with lake Memphremagog, from w'liich several streams dtscend into the state of Vermont Notwithstanding the imperfection of this navigation, much trade is thereby sent to the St. Lawrence. The general staples brought down the St. Lawrence, are peltry, grain, flour, and timber. The town i/f Ogdensburg, at the mouth of the Osv/egatchie, in St. Law- rence county, New York, is the point of contact between ship and boat navigation above the rapids. Fron) Ogdensburg the navigation is pursued up the St. Law- rence, and through lake Ontaria, in slTewbuiyport, and 46 N by E of Boston. b A L ropulation 1810, 2047; and in 1820, 2006. Salisbury, post town, and township in Litchfield county, Connecticut, 19 miles NW of Litchfield, and 60 of New Haven, with 2266 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820, 2695. Salisbury in Connecticut, is remarkable for the abundance and rich- ness of its iron ore, which is very exten- sively wrought, and manufactured into anch.ors, screws, scythes, hoops, gun barrels, &c. Salisbury, post village, and township Herkimer county, New York. 21 miles NE from Utica. Population 1810, 1252 ; and in 1820. 1438. Salisbury, post village, Orange couoty, New York. Saliisbury, township of Lancaster coun- ty, Pennsylvania, in the NE side of the county, on the head waters of Pequea creek, 12 miles E of the city of Lancas- ter. In 1810 it contained 1841 inhabi- tants ; and in 1820, 2484. Salisbury, township of Lehigh county, Pennsylv nia, between Saucon creek, Little Lehigh creek, and Lehigh river. Population 1810, 933 ; and in 1820, 1165. Salisbury, post village of Somerset C'lunty, Pennsylvania, 20 miles S from Somerset. Salisbury, post town in Somerset coun- ty, Maryland, lying on the N side of Wiccomico river, near the confines of Delaware ; 20 miles NW of Snow Hill, and 33 S by W of Lewistown near Cape Henlopen. Salisbury, post town, and capital of Rowan county. North Carolina, five miles SW of Yadkin river, 34 miles from Salem in the same direction, and 120 NW of Fayetteville ; containing about 500 souls with a post office. Salisbury, township of Meigs county, Ohio. Through this township runs Leading creek. Population 1820, 481. SaUsbury, post village Wayne county, Indiana. Salle, ancient town of the kingdom ot Fez, with a harbour and several forts. Its harbour is one of the best in the country, and yet, on account of a bar that lies across it, ships of the smallest draught are forced to unload and take out their guns, before they can get into it. It is 100 miles W of Fez, and 150 S of Gibralter. Lon. 6 31 W, lat. 34 ON. Salm, town ot (iermany, in the duchy of Luxemburg, H miles SSE of Spa, and 38 N of Luxemburg. Lon. 5 55 E, lat. 50 25 N. Salm, town of France, in the depart- ment of Meurthe, and late province of Lorrain, with a castle, seated at (he 907 S A L S A L source of tlie Sar, 20 miles VV of Stras- burg, and 33 SE of Nanci. Loh- 7 15 E, lat. 48 34 N. Salmon creek, stream of St. Lawrence county, flows NNW. about 70 miles, enters Lower Canada, at French Mills, and falls into St. Lawrence river at the head of 1-ake St. Francis. Sal?)io7i, creek of J^ew York, I'ises in Jefferson and Lewis counties, enters Os- wego, and fails into Mexico bay, of Lake Ontario, 20 miles E from the mouth of Oswego river. Salmon Jail, local name of that part of Piscaiaqua below Berwick fails. Salo, towi! of Italy, in the Brtsciano ; on the Lake Digarpa, 17 miles NE of Brescia. Lon. 10 49 E, lat. 45 58 N. Salobrena, seaport of Spain, in Gra- nada. It carrits on a great trade in sugar and fish, and is seated on a reck, near ihe mouth of a river of the same name, 12 miles E of Almuneear, and 56 S of Granada. Lon. 3 50 W, lat. 36 31 N. Saloji, town of France, in the de- parinu nt of the Mcuihs of the Rhone, and latt province of Provence, seated on the canal of Craponne, 20 miles NW of Aix. Lon. 5 5 E, lat. 43 38 N. Salona, seaport of Dalmatia, on a bay of the gulf of Venice. It was formerly a considerable place, and its ruins show that it was ten miles in circumference. It is 18 miles N of Spabtro. Lon. 17 29 E, lat. 44 10 N. SaloTie, town of Livadia, with a bi- shop's see. The inhabitants are Chris- tauis and Turks, pretty equal in num- ber; and J ws are nrt suffered to live here. It IS seated on a mountain, on the top of which is a citadel, 20 miles NE of Ltrpai.to. Lon. 23 1 E, lat. 38 53 N. Solonichi, ancient Thessalonica, a sea- port of Turkey in Europe, capital of Macedonia. It is 10 miles in circumfe- rence, and a place of great trade, car- ried on principally by the Greek Chris- tians and the Jews, thr- former of which have 30 churches, and the latter as many synagogues ; the Turks also liave a few mobques. It is surrounded by walls, and defended on the land side by a citadel, and near the harbour by three forts. It ■was taken from the Venetians, liy the Turks, in 1431. It is seated at the bot- tom of the gulf of the same name, partly on the top, and partly on the side of a hill, near the river Vardar, 50 miles N of Larissa, and 240 W of Constantinople. Lon. 23 8 E, lat. 40 41 N. Salofi. See Shropshire. ^ifict town of Naples, in Capitanata, 9m on a lake near the sea. It is noted for considerable salt-works, and is 23 miles S of Manfredcnia, and 92 ENE of Na- ples. Lon. 16 10 E, lat. 41 12 N. Salses, strong castle of France, in the departm.ent of Eastern Pyrenees, seated on a lake of the same name, among moun- tains 10 miles^K^ of Perpignan. Lon. 3 E, lat. 42 53 N. Salsetce, fine island of the Deccan of Hindoostan, lying off the coast of Con- can, to the NE of Bombay, from which it is separated by a narrow strait ford- able at low water. It is about 15 miles square, and fertile in rice, fruits, and sugar-car.es. It has subterraneous tem- ples cut out of the solid reck, in the man- ner of those of Elephanta, which appear to be monuments of a superstition ante- rior to that of the Hindoos. Salsonna, town of Spain, in Catalo- nia, seated on the Lobregat, 44 miles NW of Barcelona. Lon. 1 38 E, lat. 41 56 X. Salia, city of Buenos Ayres, in a pro- vince of the same name, on Roquera, a river flowing into the Vermejo. Lon. W C 10 30 E, lat. 24 40 S. SaUa, province of Buenos Ayres, be- tween Potosi and Cordova ; and between Chili and Paraguay, It is drained by the Dulce, Salado, and V'trmejo. Between lat. 23 30, and 29 30 S. Saltasli, borough in Cornwall, on the side of a steep hill, six miles NW of Plymouth, and 220 W by S of London. Lon. 4 17 W, lat. 50 25 N. Salt creek, post village and township Muskingum county, Ohio. The post oflBce is nine miles SE from Zanesville. Population 1820, 967. Salt creek, river of Ohio, falls into Sciota from the S 15 miles below Chili- cothe. Salt creek, township of Wayne county, Ohio Population 1820, 1000 Salt creek, township of Hocking coun- ty, Ohio. Population 1820, 414. Suit Creek, SE township of Pickaway couPity, Ohio, including the village of Tarltoii. Population 1820, 1304. Saltcoats, seaport of Scotland, in Ayr- shire, much resorted to as a watering place. It has a considerable trade in salt, coal, and sail cloth, together with a rope-yard. It is situated on the Friih of Clyde, 10 miles NNW of Ayr, and 22 SW of Glas- gow, Lon. 4 45 W, lat. 35 39 N. Salt Hill, village in Berks, noted for its fine situation and elegant inns. It is on the road to Baih, 22 miles W of London. Salt River, river of Kentucky formed by three branches ; Salt Biver, Rolling' Fork, and Beech Fork ; all rising \n Casey S A 1. S A M county, and flowing' generally K\V, unile tiiid enter Ohio between liullit and Hardin counties, 2'i miles below Louisville. ^ ^ Salt Biver, nver ol' Missouri entering liie Mississippi from the NW, about 100 miles above St. Louis. SaUza, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg. It takes its name from the salt pits, and is 12 miles SSE of Magdeburg. Lon. 11 54 E, lat. 53 3 N. Saltzbzirg, formerly an independent arch- bishopric now district of Lower Austria ; 70 miles long and 60 broad ; bounded on the N by Bavaria, on the E by Austria, on the S by Corinth and the Tirol, and on the W by the Tirol and Bavaria. It is a moun- tainous country, but pretty fertile, and contains mines of copper, silver, and iron. Sallzlmrg, ancient and populous city of Germany. It is well built, and defended by a castle on a mountain, and near it are some considerable salt works whicli are very productive. It formerly was tlie capital of an independent state, now a dis- trict of Lower Austria The university depends on the Benedidine monks. It is seated on both sides the river Saltz, 45 miles S by W of Passaw, and 155 W by S of Vienna. Lon 13 5 E, lat. 47 o7 N. Saliz-iuedel, town of Germany in the cir- cle of Upper Saxony, in the old marche of Brandenburg, noted for its flourishing manufactures of cloth, serge, and stock- ings. It was formerly one of the Hanse towns, and is situated on the Jetze, 20 miles NNW of Gardeieben, and 48 ENE of Zell. Lon. 11 30 E, lat. 52 55 N. Salvador, St. one of the Bahama Islands. See Guanahami. Salvador, St. capital of the kingdom of Congo, on a craggy mountain, 240 miles E by S of Loango. Lon. 15 39 E lat. 4 50 S. Salvador, St. populous city of South America, in Brasil. The principal streets are large, and there are many gardens, full of great v.sriety of fruit-trees, herbs, and flowers. The chief commodities are su- gar, tobacco, woad for dyers, raw hides, tallow, and train-oil. It is seated on an eminence, on the bay of All Saints, 120 miles SVV of Sergippy. Lon. 40 10 W, lat. 13 30 S. Salvages, small uninhabited islands, ly- ing between Madeira and the Canaries, 27 leagues N of Point Nogo in TenehfF. Lon. 15 54 W, lat. 30 N. Salvalerra, town of Portugal, in Estra- madura, with a royal palace, sealed on the Tago. Lun. 7 51 W, lat. 38 59 N". Salvaterra, stro .g town of Portugal, in Beiro. It was taken by the French in 1704, and by the alhes in 1705. It is seat- ed on the Elia, 12 miles NE of Alcantara. Lon. 6 14 W, lat. 39 30 N. Sahademr. town of Spain, in Galicia, seated on the Minho, 56 miles S of Com- postello, Lon. 8 16 W, lat. 41 48 N. Sulvatierra, town of Spain, in Biscay, at the foot of Mount St. Adnan. 30 miles E by S of Vittona. Lon. 2 17 W, lat. 42 54 N. Saluda, river of South Caroliria, which rises in the mountains of Pendleton, and Greenville districts, and runs in a SE course till it joins the Congarce, opposite the city of Columbia. Sahiter, river of Louisiana in Natchi- toches and Ouachitta. The sources of this stream is on the line between Louisiana and Arkansaw, N lat 33 0, \V lon. W C 16 20, interlocking v.-iih the waters of Datchet, and Uerbane, and flowing a simi- lar course and parallel 1o the latter, tails into Ouachitta three miks below the mouth of Barthelony river. The country drained by the Saluler is generally pine woods, soil thin and s'.erile. The' entire length of the Saluter is about 60 .miles. SahizzOy town of Piedmont, capital of a marquLsate ol the same name, on an emi- nence, at the foot of the Alps, near tiie river Po, 22 miles S bv W of Turin. Lon. 7 37 E, lat. 44 44 K. Samand'-achi. See Samothracig,. Samarcand, ancient and populous city in the country of the Usbec Tartars, with a castle and a university. It was the birth- place and seat of Tamerlane the Great. It carries on a trade in excellent fruits, and is pleasantly seared ne:-.r the Sodge, which runs into the Amo, 138 miles E by N of Bokhara. Lon. 65 15 E, lat. 39 50 N. Samar, Philippina, or Tandago, one of the Phillippine Islands, in the Indian ocean SE of that of Luconia, from which it is separated by a .strait. It is 329 miles in circumference, and is full of craggy moun- mains, among which are fertile valleys. Samara, town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Ufa, situated on the conflux of the rivers Salmisch and Sakmara, 12 miles N of Orenburg. Lon. 55 5 E, lat. 53 2 N. Samara, town of Russia, in the govern- ment 01 Simbirsk, not far irom the Volga. Lon 49 26 E, lat. 53 20 N. Sumarand, populous town on the eastern part of tiie island of Java. Samathan, town of France, in the de- partment of Euro, with a strong castle on a moan tain. It is seated in a valley, on the river Save, five miles N of Lombez. Lon. 1 E, lat. 43 34 N Samballus, island on the N coast of the isthmus of Darien, not inhabited but claim- ed by tiie Spaniards. Sambas, to>\n of the island of Borneo, situated near the W coast. It is a capital of a kingdoin of the same name, and in its vicinity diamonds are found. Lon. 109 E, Kit. 2 23 N. Sambre, river of the Netherlands, which 909 S A iSt S A ]Si vises in Picardy, and passing by Landrecy, I*Iaubeiige, thun, and Charleroy, falls into the Maese. al Narnur. SuTTw^itia, province of Poland, 175 miles long and 125 broad ; bounded on the N by Courland, on tlie E by Litliuania, on the W by the Baltic, and on the S by Western Prussia, bei.ig about 175 miles long-, and 125 broad. Rosienne is tlie principal town. Samos, island of the Archipelago, on the coast of NatoUa, and to the E of the isle of Nicaria. The women are clothed in the Turkish manner, except a red coif, and their hair hanging down their b;icks, with plates of silver, or block tin, fasten- ed to the ends, it is 32 miles long, 22 broad, and extremely fertile. It abounds with partridges, wood-cocks, snipes, wood- pidgeons, thrushes, turtle-doves, wheatears, and excellent poultry. They liave abun- dance of p.-ielons, lentils, kidney-beans, mus- cadine grapes, and white figs, four times as big as the common sort, but not so well tasted. Their siik is very fine, and the honey and wax admirable. They have iron mines, and most of the soil is of a rusty colour ; they have also emery stone, and ah the mountains are of white marble. The inhabitanfs, about 12,000, are almost all Greeks, and have a bi.sliop '*ho resides at Corea. Lon. 27 13 E, lat. 37 46 N. Samothracia, now called SamandracJd, small island of the Archipelago, between Stalimeni and the coast of Romania, and to the N of the isle of Imbro. It is 17 miles in circumterence, and pretty well cultivated. Lon. 25 17 E, lat. 40 34 N. Samoijedcs, naiion of Tartary. They in- habit the coasts of the Frozen Sea, from the 65 degi-ee of N lat. to the sea shore. The countries they occupy are marshy and full of rocks, so that fiom the 67 degree of lat. there are no trees of any kind, and the cold that prevails in these climates pre- vents vegetation to such a point, that even the little brush wood, here and tliere to be seen dwindles away to nothing f.s you ad- vance towards the north. In stature the Samoyedes are scarcely ot a middling height ; it beittg rare to meet witli a man of more than five feet, though it must at the same time be confessed, that the short- est, who are about four feet, are equally scarce. They seem all of a heap ; have short legs, small neck, a lartre head, flat nose and face, with the lower part of the face projecting outwards ; they have, large mouth and ears, little black eyes, but wide eyelids, small lips, and little feet. Sampson, county of North Carolina ; bounded by New Hanover SE ; Bladen S\V; Cumberland W ; Johnson N ; Wayne NE ; and D.tuphin E. Length 35 ; mean width 20 ; and area 700 square miles. It is drained by Black river branch of Cane 910 Fear river. The court house is about 65 miles NNW from Wilmington. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 2,387 do. do. females - - 2,175 Total whites .... All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves ..... Total population in 1810 • Population in 1820. Free white males - . - do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - - Total whites . - - . Free persons of colour, males do. do. females, Slaves, males .... do. females - - . - Total population in 1820 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - Eiigaged in Agriculture do. in .V/anufactures - do. in Commerce 4,562 9 2,049 6,620 2,900 2,978 2,745 Population to the square mile, 12^-. Samptown, village of Middlesex county, New Jersey, 13 miles SW from Elizabeth- town. Samso, or Samsoi, Island of Denmark on the E coast of North Jutland It is eight miles long and three broad, and very fertile. Lon. 10 33 E, lat. 56 2 N. iSamson, St. town of France, in the de- partment of Eure and late province of Normandy, seated on the river Rille, five miles from Pontaudemer. Scmu, or Za7ia, town of Peru, and capi- tal of a jurisdiction in the bishopric of Truxillo. Its sititation is delightful, and adorned with the mo.t beautiful flowers, whence it receives the name of Mirafloris. It is 90 miles N of Truxillo. Lon. 78 30 W, lat. 40 35 N. Sanaa, capital of ^'^rabia Felix in Ye- men Proper. It is seated among moun- tains and fine orchards, 240 miles NNE of Mocha, and 450 SE of Mecca. Lon. 46 35 E, lat. 17 28 N. Sa?i Antoniss de los Cues, city of Mexico, in the intendancy of Oaxaca, 130 miles SE from the city of Mexico, and about 80 miles nearly N from that of Oaxaca. San Bias, city and seapoit of Mexico, in Guadaluxara, at the mouth of the river Siditiago. It is the residence of a depart- ment of the marine, but in Summer and Autumn the insalubrity of the climate. S A N SAN obliges the officers, and inhabitants, to seek at Tepic, a cooler and more healthy air. Lon W C. 28 17 W, lat. 21 33 N. Sandbach, town in Cheshire, on the We- Jock, 26 miles E of Chester, and 161 NNW of London. Lon. 2 28 W, lat 53 8 N. Sanborntovm, township of Strafford coun- ty. New Hampshire, containing^ 2884 in- habitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 3329- Si- tuated 55 miles NW of Portsmoutli. Sa7icerre, town of France, in the depart- ment of Cher, and late province of Berry. In its neighbonrhood are excellent wines, equal to those of Burgundy. It is seated on a mountain, near the river Loire, 22 miles NW of Nevers, and 110 N of Paris. Lon. 2 59 E, lat. 47 18 N. Sancion, island of China, on the coast of Quang-tong-, 40 miles in circumference, and famous for being the burying-place of St. Francis Xevier, whose tomb is to be seen on a small hill. Sarwoiiis, town of France, in the depart- ment of Cher, and late province of Berry, seated on the Argent, 15 miles SW of Ne- vers. Sanda, one of the Orkney islands, in Scotland, lying NE of that called Mainland. Saiidecz, strong town of Little l'ol;*nd, in the palatinate of Cracow. There are mines of gold and copper i:i its territory, and it is seated at the foot of Mount Kra- pack, 32 miles SE of Cracow. Lon. 20 32 E, lat. 49 43 N. Sandersville, post town and seat of jus- tice, Washina:toa county, Georgia, 30 miles SE from MiHedgeville. Sandford, township and post village, York cotmtv, Maine. 22 miles N from York. Population 1820, 1831. S :ndyate, township of Bennington coun- ty, Vermont ; N from Bennington. Popu- lation 1320, 1200, Sandisfield, township of Berkshire coun- ty, MassachuseUs, contain mg 1658 inhabi- tants in 1810, and io 1820. i646 It is si- tuated between North Marlborough and Mount Washington, and near the Connec- ticu". line Sandiston, township of Sussex county. New Jersey. Population 1820, 858. Sanderdeben, town of G'rrmany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and principality of Anhault Dessau, situated on the Wipper, 16 miles SE of Quedlingburg, and 31 SW of Dessaw. Ijon. 11 22 E, lat. 51 38 N. Sandersted, village in Surry, to the S of Croydon, and in an elevated situation, which affords a delightful prospect over tlie adjacent country. Sandgate Castle, castle in Kent, SW of Folkstone. Sandhamn, seaport of Sweden, in the province of Upland, appointed for the ex- amination of all vessels to and from Stock- holm. It is 10 miles E of Stockholm. Lon, 18 20 E, lat. 59 20 N. Sando, island of .Tapan, on the N coast of Niphon ; with a town of the same name. It is 78 miles m circumference. Lon. 139 30 E, lat 33 35 N. Snvdomir, strong town of Little Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name, seated on a hill, on the Vistula, 75 miles E of Cracow, and 142 S of Warsaw. Lon. 22 E, lat 50 21 N. Sando-m, township of Rockingham coun- ty, New Hampshire, 23 miles W from Portsmouth. Population in 1820, 527. Sandusky, bay of Ohio, in Sandusky and Huron counties. It c.x^tends from the mouth of Sandusky river, F. 23 miles with a mean width of three miles ; and communicates with lake Erie by a narrow strait. Sandusky, river of Ohio, nsing in Rich- land county, and flowing W about 20 miles into Crawford, where it turns nearly N and continues in tdat direction 60 miles into Sandusk-v bay. It is generally navigablco I- rises in a level and in great part open country, covered in summer with succu- lent herbage, and in wmter and spring ex- posed to inundation ; having a perfect re- semblance 'o the prairies of Louisiana, Missouri a^d Arkansaw. Suudusky. county of Ohio , bounded N bv l^ke Ene ; E by Huron cocnty ; S by S'jnpca ; and oii the W by Wood county It is 30 miles long and 25 broad, containing abo:it 600 s-quare miles. It contains Cro- ghanvilie the cour.ty seat. The 'ace of the country is generally loiv and level. Its principal waters are Sandusky bay, and S;indu.sky and Portage rivers ; besides se- veral smaller streams. Population m 1820. Frpe white males, ... 470 do. do. females ... 379 All o'.her persons except Indians not taxed .... q Tot."^l whites ... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males . . - do. females Total population in 1820 - 849 3 852 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 13 Engaged in Agriculture - - 181 Engaged in Manufactures - 21 do. in Commerce - - 5 Population to the square mile, H nearly. Sandusky, post village and po't of entry, Hl Slue OI - 1 „t>t,., on ontiro rrviii-eo nf ohfMif T7n Santa Cruz, seaport on the i^ siue .u ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^.^^ ^f ^^^^^ ^y^ the island ot Cuba, in the West Indies, ^^^^^^ ^^jj^ j,. ^^ ^^^ p^^.^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^ 60 miles E of Havannah. Lon. 81 10 VV, ^.j^y ^^ g^,^ gjj,g_ Santiago is by far the lat. 23 10 N. largest stream of Mexico, it is navigable Santa C7-uzde la-Sierra, town of South for some distance from its mouth, but America, in Peru, and capital of a go- the adjacent country, is thickly wooded, vernment of that name, in the audience uncuUivated, and unhealthy, of Los-Charcos. with a bishop's see. It santillana, seaport of Spain, in Astu- is seated at the foot of a mountain, in a ^.j^^ ^^ Santiilana. of which it is the ca- country abounding in good frmts, on the j^^, . ,.^^^^^ ^,^ ^^^ ^ ^f q. ^^ ITL^I^r'"'^^' fo Tai^ miles E of Orviedo, and 200 NW of Ma- 59 55 W, lat. 19 46 S Santa Fe, capital of New Mexico, in N America, seated among mountains, near the Rio-del-Norte, 950 miles N of Mexico. Lon. 106 'i5 W, lat. 35 32 N. drid. Lon. 4 32 W, lat. 43 34 N. Santormi, island of the Archipelago, to the N of Candia, and to the S of Nio. It is eight miles in length, and nearly as much in breadth ; and near it are three Santa- Fe-de- Bogota, town of South ^^ j^^^. ^^^^^ ^^^j, ^^j^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ America, and the capital of New Gra- ^^^^ ^^.j^^^^ ^^^^.j^^ ^.. ^ ^.^,^^^^^ origin. nada. It is seated on the river Madalena, being all covered with pumice stones. It ma country abounding m corn and fruit, produces plenty of barley, cotton, and with nrnnes ot silver m the iT^ountains, '^. ■ ^''hjeh and the cotton manufac- <2fin milou « r^f f'off-hQcrpnn T.nn 7*^ .T W. ' . , . •.-... 360 miles S of Carthagena. Lon. 73 5 W, lat. 3 58 N. Santartm, town of Portugal, in Estre- madu'a, seated on a mountain, near the river Tajo, on a country fertile in wheat, wine, and oil. It was taken from the Moors in 1447, and is 44 miles NE of Lisbon. Lon. 8 25 W, lat. 39 2 N. Santee river., river of considerable magnitude, having its sources in the Ap- palachian mountains, at N lat 36°, W lon 5°, from Washington City, and fall- ing into the Atlantic Ocean at N lat. S3 tures, its trade consists. Fruit is scarce, except figs, and it has neither oil nor wood. The inhabitants are all Greeks, about iO.OoO m number, and though sub- ject to the Turks, they choose their own magistrates. Pyrgos is the capital. Lon. 26 1 E, lat. 36 10 N, Saonne, U/i/ier, department of France, including part of the late province of the Isle of France. It takes its name from a river, which rises in Mount Vosges, and falls into the Rhone at Lyons. The capi- 12, W lon~ 2° from Washington City; tal is Vesoul. jt consequently runs through three de- Saonne and Loire, department of grees of latitude and three degrees of France, including part of the late pro- longitude, having an entire length of 250 vince of Bu'gundy. Macon is the capi- miles by C(>mparative courses, and drain- tal. ing about 11,000 square miles. The Saoigis, town of Italy, in Piedmont, Santee is formed by the United streams situated on the summit of a rock ; taken of tiie Wateree and Congaree rivers, both by the French in 1794. Lon. 7 33 E, lat. originating in the Appalachian moun- 36 38 N. tains. The Wateree, in the higher part Safiienza, three small islands, and a of its course is known by the name of cape^ near the S coast of the Morea. The Catawba, and the Cnngaree is formed by largest island was anciently called Sphac- the Saluda and Broad rivers The San- teria. The pirates of Barbary conceal tee is navigable by sloops a considerable themselves behind it, to surprise vessels distance above tlie main fork, and steam- which come from the gulf of Venice, or boats ascend at high water to Columbia, the coast of Sicily. Lon. 22 35 E, lat. 36 on the Cop.garee 50 N. Santiago, ancient Tololoilan, river of Sara, creek of Louisiana, in New Fe- Mexico, rising about 23 miles NW from liciana. rises in the state of Mississippi, the city of Mexico, on the table land of near Woodviile, and flowing S. crosses Anahuac, Hows through, or drains part lat 31° N. and falls into the Mississippi of the intendencies of Mexico. Guauax- at St. Francisville, after an entire course vsatOj Guadalaxara, and Vailadolid. From of 25 miles. 5 Z 913 S A R S A K >Sai'agossa, city of Spain, in Arragou, with a university. It is said to have been built by the Phcenicians; and the Ro- mans sent a colony hither in the reign of Augustus, whence it had the name of Cajsar A.ugustus, which by corruption has been changed into Saragossa. It is 137 miles W of Barcelona, and 150 NE of Madrid. Lon. 2S W, lat. 41 .53 N. SaratoJ. government of Russia, former- ly a province of Astracan. It contains 11 districts, of which that of the same name is the principal. Saratof, town of Russia, capital of the government of the same name. It is seated on the side of a mountain, near the river Yoiga, 220 miles S of Kasan, and 300 NW of Astracan. liOn, 49 25 E, lat. 52 4 N. Saratoga, county of New York, bound- ed by the Hudson river NE and E ; Mo- hawk river S ; Schenectady county SW; Montgomery and Hamilton \V ; and VVarrea N Length 40 ; niean width 20 ; and area 800 square miles. Surface very diversified as is the soil. Some part** towards the Mohawk are sandy, but in general, the soil is idluvial and loam, and productive in grain, pastura.L'C. and fruit. It is drained by numerous creekS: and almost ."nr.ircled by the SacondaKo, Hudson, and M ;hawk rivers. Chief towns Baliston and Waterford. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. fema'es Total v.'hites All otVier per?*"' ^ - • j not taxed Slaves ---.... Total population in 1810 Population m 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females ... All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, m.iles - - . do. females ... Total population in 1820 Of these ; Porei5 1Q7 33,146 17.H51 17,574 }6,052 258 6,368 1,479 107 Population to the square mile, 45. Sco-atogO;, post village and township of 914 ^ Saratoga county, New York, about 31 miles N from Albany, rendered memo- rable for the surrender of Burgoyne with his whole army, October 17lh, i777. Population 1820, 1909. Saratoga S/irmgs, post village and township of Saratoga county, New York, formerly the westr:'rn part of Saratoga. In this township are the much celebra- ted springs, and handsome village in this vicinity. Pt-rsnns directing Utters ouf^ht to caretuliy distinguish between Saratoga, an-i Saratoga springs. See 'iallsiow The accommodations at Saratoga for travellers are spacious and elegant. Population 18.0, 1293. Saratoga, lake of Saratoga, county, New Y. rk nine miles long and mean width two. It receives the Kayadaro- seras from ttie west, and discharges into Hudson by Fish creek, four milesEfrom Baliston Spa. Sarbourg, town of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, seated on the Sare, eight miles S of Treves. Lon. 5 40 E, lat= 49 37N Sarbourg, t^wn of France, in thf de- partment of Meurth, and late province of Lorrain, seated on the Sare. Lon. 7 9 E, lat, 48 40 N'. Sarbruck, town of France, in the de- partment of M<.seHe, ai:d lat-? province of Lori-ain, seated on the Sare, 14 miles ESE of Sariouis, and 40 E by N of Metz. Lon. 7 2 E, lat. 49 14 N, Sardam. seaport of N Holland, where there are vast magazines of timber for building ships, and naval stores, with a great numbt r of shiprights. Peter the Gn-at resided ii. this town while he work- ed as a shipri^ht and his hut is still to b.' seen Sardam is seated on the Wye, ^even miles IS W of Amstenlam. Lon. 4 45 E, iat 52 28 N Sardinia, island of the Mediterranean, 142 miles fronft N to S. and 80 from Etc W The soil is fertile in corn, wine, I ranges, citr-^ns, and oives. Population about 500,000 It forms a part of the kingdom of Sardinia. Caghairi is the capital Sardmia, kingdom of Europe, compo- sed of the island of Sardinia part of Piedmont, including Nic'% Montferrat, and part of the duchy ri Milan ; and also the city of Genoa and its former terri- tories In general, Sardinia ])os,sesses the NW of Italy, as far as the limits of the Lombardo-Venitian-kingdom. Sardo, town ol Turkey in Asia, in Nato- lia. It was formerly called Sardis, v.nd was the c ipital nf Lydia. It was one of the seven churches of Asia, celebrated in the book of Kevelation. It now contains only a few wretched huts. There are also a S A R S A S few Christians, who emploj' themselves in gardening,', but they have neither church nor priest. Ii is 70 miies E of Smyrna. Lon. 28 .10 E, !at. 28 44 N. Sare^ river which rises at Salm, in France, runs N into Ge-niany, and falls into th:- Mo el!e, a li'tl? ab.ve Treves. Sarecto, post town and seat of justice, Duplin county N >rth CaroUna, about 50 miles N fro.n Wilmington. Sarepta, cohny of, flourishing colony of Moravian brethren, seated on the banks of the little river Sarpa, in ilie Russian go- vernment (if Sar.i'ov, to which the f unders have given the name of Sarepta, borrowed fr^im tfie sacred writers. The beg nning of this settlement is dated in 1765, and in ihe same year the most distinguisied privileges were granted it by the imperial court. It is eigh: miles south 'rom Tzaritz n. Sargans, town of Swiss-nand, capital of a couity of the same name, in the c; nt'-n of Zuric, with a castle on ;- roek, whr le Andrew Dori>, was defeated bj Barbaiossi'. It is seated on the top of a hill, and near it are mineral springs, good for various dis- eases. Sargcl, large and ancient seaport of tlie kingdom of Morocco, and province of Tre- mesen, with a castle, seated on tlie sea- coast, 25 milfrs SSW of Algiers Lon. 2 IS E, lat 36 30 N. Sarguemine, town of France, in tlie de. partment of Moselle, seated on the Sare, nine miles from Sarback. Lon. 7 6 E, lat, 49 8 N. Sari, ancient town of Persia, in Mesan- deran, 20 miles SW of Ferabad. Sark, little island belonging to Great Britain, on the coa:-t of Normandy, situated between Guernsey and .Jersey. Savk, river of Scotland, which rises in the E part of Dumfriesshire, and for many miles forms the boundaiy with England. Sarlnt, town of France, in the depart- ment of Dordogne, and kte province of Perigord, 27 miles SE of Perigueux, and 87 E by N of Bordeaux. Lon.'l 19 E, lat. 44 5 N. Sarlouis, town of France, in the depart- ment of Moselle, seated on the Isthmus of a peninsula formed by the river Sare, 20 nr.les E of Thionville, and 32 NE of Metz. Lon, 6 48 E, lat. 49 21 N. Sarnen, town of Swisserland, in the can- ton of Underwalden, seated on a lake of that name. It is nine miles south ot Lu- cern. Lon 8 7 E, hit. 46 9 N. Sarno, river of tlie kingdom of Naples, which rises near Sarno, and falls into the bay of Naples. Sarno, town of Naples, in Principato Ci- teriore, with a bishop's see. In is seated on the Sarno, near its source, 12 miles NE of Salerno, and 20 SE of Naples. Lon. 14 49 E, lat. 40 46 N. Saroa, strong castle in Upper Hungary in a county if the some name, seated on the Tariza, at the foot of Mount Krapacb, five miles NNW of Eperies. Swp, or Sarpen, town of Norway, in the province of Christiansand. It is situated in the neighbourhood of a cataract, 10 miles WSW of Fredericstadt. Lon, 10 4.7 E, lat. 59 9 N. Sarreal, town of Spain, in Catalonia, seated on the Francoli, in the neighbour- hood of which are quarries of alabaster, so transparent that windows are glazed with it. L.n. 2 E, lat. 41 30 N Sarmna, town of Italy, in Rotnagna, 158 miles N W of Rome. Lon. 12 14 E, lat. 43 59 N. Sarsina, episcopal town of Italy, in Rn- magna, 11 miles WSW of Rimini, Lon. 12 32 E, lau 44 N. Sarle, department of France, including the iate province of Mi.'ne It takes its name from a river \vl'ich joins the Maine and the Loire, above Angers. The capital of the di-p.irtme it is Mans. Sarum, JV«y. See Salisbury Sarian, Old, ancient borough in Wilts, witli the ruins of a fort that belonged to the ancient Britons. One farm house is all that remains of this town wiiich yet sends two members to parliament. It is two miles N of Salisbury. Lon. 1 42 W, lat. 51 7 N. Savertlen, town of France, in the depart- ment of Moselle, seated on the Sare, 18 miles south of Sarbruck. Lon. 7 7 E, lat. 48 58 N. Sw-u/ar, town of Lower Hungary, capital of a county of the same name, seated on the Raab, at its conHuence with a small river. It is 50 miles W by N of Buda. Lon. 16 48 E, lat. 47 30 N. Sarzana, strong town of Italy, i.i the ter- ritory of Genoa, with a bi.;hop's see. It was given to the Genoese, by tiie great duke of Tuscany, in lieu of Leghorn. It is seated at the mouth of the Magra, 50 miles SE of Genoa. Lon. 9 52 E, lat. 44 8N. Saseram, town of Hindoostan Proper, in Be'igal, seated at the foot of a mountain, near a great lake, 50 miles SE of Benares, Lon 86 44 E, lat. 26 10 N. Saskacha-ii'cdne, great river of North America, is formed by two large branches, both rising in the Chippewan mountains, and flowing generally to the E. After a comparative course of 600 miles they unite at lon. \V C 27 30 W ; the united streams flow thence 200 miles into the NW bay of lake Winnipic. The Severn flowing from the eastern side of lake Winnipic, is the continuation of the Saskatchaw;iine and Assiniboin rivers. See Severn in the text, and Assiniboin in the Addenda, Sassafras, river of Maryland, rises on tlje 0]5 SAY S!A V coniines of Delaware, and flowinpr west between Kent and Cecil coun' ies, falls into CiiesKpeak bay 11 miles south from the mouth of the Siisquehunnali. Sassari, city of Sardinia, capital of the territory of Liigari. It contains 30,000 in- habitants. It is seated in a plain, six mil s N of Algher. Lon. 8 o9 E, lat. 40 46 N. Sassebes, strong town of Transylvania, capital of a county of Xh?. same name ; seated at the confluence of two rivers, which fall into tlie Maroch. Lon. 26 40 E, lat. 46 26 N. Sas van Ghent, strong town of Flanders It has fine sluices, and is seated on a canal, which comuivmicates Vt'itii Ghent, about eight miles N from it. It was huilt by the inhabitants of Ghent, as a bulwark to that town. Lon. 3 49 E, lat. 51 11 N. Sussuolo, town of Italy, in the duchy of Modena, on the Seccia, 10 miles SW of Modena. Lon. 11 HE, lat. 44 28 N. Satalia, strong seiport of Turkey, in Asia, and Natolia, on the coast of Carama- nia. It is divided into th.-ee towns. The surrounding country is very fertile ; and the citrons and oranges are t-x'remeiy fine. I'. is 150 miles W by S of Cogni, and 265 S by E of Constantinople. Lon. 32 21 E, lat. 37 1 N. Sat^-ons;; or Satngoiig, village of Hin- doostan Proper, in Bengal, on a creek of the Hoogly river, about four miles NW of Hoogly, Satilla, river of Georgia. See St. Ilia. Sattarab, town of the Deccun of Hin- doostan, in the province of Viniapour, for- merly the capital of the Malirattah state. It lies near the E foot "f the Ghaut-s, and near the most dstant source of the river Kistnah, 63 miles ^>outh of Pooisah, and 77 west of Visiapour. Lon. 74 8 E, lat. 17 45 N. Saiicon, Lo7ver, extreme southern town- ship of Northampton county, Pennsylvania. Population in 1810, 1974; and in 1820, 2208. Saucon, Upper, extreme SE township of Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, on Savicon creek. Population in 1 810, 1456 ; and in 1820, 1642. Savage Island, in the S Pacific Ocean, so named by captuin Cook, f'om the inhos- pitable behaviour of its inhabitants. It is about 35 miles in circumference. Lon. 169 37 W, lat 19 1 S. Savannah, river of N America, which forms a part of the divisional line that se- parates the state of Georgia from that of South Carolina. Its course is nearly from NW to SE. It is formed principally of two br.^nches t!ie Tiigaloo and Kioevee, which spring from the mountains. It is navigablefor large vessels up o Savannah, and for boats of 100 feet keel as far as Au- gusta, lb fails into the Ocean at Tybee 916 Bar, in lat. 31 57 X, where it has 16 feet water at half tide. Savannah, largest 'own in Georgia, and formerly the seat .'if government. It is situated on the SW of Savannah nver, in Chaiham county, in lat. 32 5 N, lon. 81 24 W, and about 15 miles from the Ocean. The town is accounted healthy (or so hot a climate, being seated on a bluff in a bend of the river, and elevated considerably above the surrounding plantations The wet mode of cultivating rice it is supposed contributed much to the insalubrity of the summ.er and autumn seasons in Savannals. In 1817, the citizens of that town voted §70,000 to induce tlie proprietors of rice farms in the vicinity to abandon the wet, and adopt the dry mode of culture. Ves- sels of large burden can moor close to the town ; but from its vicinity to the ocean they are often exposed to tremendous floods. The trade is great, and increases r.tpidly. In 1803, the exports amounted to g2,370.875. From September, 1816, to .Time 1817, inclusive, there were exported lu7,320 bales of cotton ; 3,605 hhds. of to- bacco, and 11,228 tierces of rice. The whole valued at 996,503 dollars. In 1816, the amount of shipping was 12,776 tons. Here is a bank of discount and deposit. The town is 115 miles SW of Charle-nton, (South Carolina) 100 SE of Louisville, and 653 south by west of Washington. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 1,313 do do. females - - - 1,277 Total whites .... All otiier persons except Indians not taxed - - - - Slaves, - . - "- Total population in 1810 - 2,590 530 2,195 5,315 Population in 1820. Free white males . - - do do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed - . . - Total whites - - ' - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females - Slaves, males . . - . do. females ... 2,106 1,760 3,866 224 3.58 1,325 1,750 Total population in 1820 7,523 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 190 Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures - 544 do. in Commerce - - 590 Savannah, name of the two small rivers of the NW territory of the United States, one. a head branch of St. Louis, and the S A tJ S A U other of Sandy Lake rivers. The two Sa- vannah rivers approach so near each other as to leave onlv a short portap^e between them. See Sandy Lake Jliver, and St. Louis River. Save, river of Germany, which has its source in Carniola, runs through that country from W to E. separates Sclavo- nia from Croatia, Bi snia, and Servia, and falls into the Danube, at Belgrade Savenat, town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Loire, 18 miles NW of Nantes. Lon. 1 55 W, lat. 47 23 N. Savendroog, strong and almost im- pregnable fortress of Hind(X)stan, in the kingdom of Mysore. It is situated on the top of a vast rock, rising half a mile in perpendicular height, from a base of above eight miles in circumference, and divided at the summit by a chasm, that forms it into two hills ; these having each its peculiar defences, serve as two cita- dels, capable of being maintained inde- pendently of the lower works, wliich are also wonderfully strong. Notwithstand- ing this, it was taken by the English, in December 1791, after a siege of seven days. It is 18 miles W of Bengalore. Saverdun, town of France, in the de- partment of Arriege, seated on the Ar- riege, 25 miles SSE of Toulouse. Lon. 1 36 E, lat. 43 14 N. Saverne, town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Rhine, and late coun- ty of Foix. It is seated at the foot of Mont Vosges, in a fertile country, which produces plenty of wine, 18 miles NW of Strasburg, and 120 E of Paris. Lon. 7 33 E, lat, 48 51 N. Saugatuck, one of the three harbours of Fairfield, in Fairfield county, Connec- ticut. The village stands at the mouth of Saugatuck liver, seven miles SE from Fairfield. Saugerties, post village, and township of Ulster c unty, Ntw York. The vil- lage is situated on Hudson river above the mouth of Esopus creek, 13 miles NNEfrom Kingston. Population of the township 1810, 2194 ; and in 1820, 2699. Sangus, township Essex county, Mas- sachusetts, 10 miles E from Boston. Population 748. Sa-oigliano, strong town of Piedmont, capital of a territory of the same name, with a rich Benedictine abbey. It is seated on the Maira, five miles W of Fo- sano, and 26 S of Turin. Lon. 7 44 E, lat. 44 30 N. Savington, post office, Cecil county, Maryland. Saulgen, town of Germany, in Sua- bia, capital of a county of the same name, which belongs to the baron of Walburg- Saulieu, town of France, in the depart- ment of Cote d'Or, and late province of Burgundv. It is seated on an eminence, 25 miles W of Dijon, and 142 SE of Paris. Lon. 4 7 E, lat. 47 17 N. Saumur, town of France, in the de- partment of Maine and Loire, and late province of Anjou. Here is a famous bridge over the Loire, consisting of 12 elliptic arches, each 60 feet in diame- ter. It is 22 miles SE of Angers, and 160 SW of Paris. Lon. 4 VV, lat. 47 15 N. Saunders, Cape, cape of Sandwich Land, in the Southern Ocean. Lon. 36 57 W, lat. 54 6 S. Saunders Isle, island near S Georgia, in the Southern Ocean. Lon. 26 38 W, lat. 58 S. Savona, town of Italy, in the territory of Genoa. The surrounding country is well cultivated, and abounds in silks, and all sorts of fruits. It is seated on the Mediterranean, 20 miles SW of Genoa. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 44 18 N. Savoniers, town of France, in the de- partment of Indre and Loire, and late province of Touraine, five miles from Tours, Near it are caverns, famous for their petrifications, Savoy, duchy of Europe, between France and Italy, 83 miles long, and 67 broad ; bounded on the N by the lake of Geneva, which separates it from Swis- scrland ; on the E by the Alps, which divides it from Pit^dmont and Vallais; on the W by the Rhone, which parts it from Bresse ; and on the S by Dauphiny and Piedmont. The principal rivers are the Isere, Arc, and Arve. This coun- try was subdued in 1792, by the French, and the National Convention decreed that it should constitute the 84th department of France, by the name of Mont Blanc. Cham.berry is the capital. It has again become subject to Sardinia. Savoij, post village and township of Berkshire county, Massachusetts, 25 miles NE from Lenox. Population 1820, 852. Saurungfiour, town of Hindoostan Proper, in the province of Malwa 42 miles NNE of Indore, and 43 NE of Ougien. Lon. 76 32 E, lat. 23 35 N. Sauves, town of France, in the de- partment of Gard, and late province of Languedoc, seated on the Vidoure, 12 miles SW of Alais. Seuveterre, town of France, in the department of Lower Pyrenees, and late province of Bearne, with an old ruined castle, 20 miles WNW of Pau. Sauveterre, town of France, in the department of Aveiron, and late pro- 9]7 SAX S C A viiice of Bouergue, 12 miles SE of Ville- frariche. Savii, island in the Indian Ocean, to wliich the Dutch formerly had an ex- clusive trade. Lon. 122 30 E, lat. 10 35 S Saivfiit, post village West Chester county, New York. Saxenburg. town of Germany, in the duchy of Carinthia, It is situated on the river Drave, 38 miies VV of Giagenfort. Lon. 13 40 E, lat. 46 52 N. Saxenhagen, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, and county of Schawenburg, 20 rnikb NWof Hanover, Lon. 9 36 E, lat. 52 30 N. Saxjnundham, town in Suffolk, with a market on Thursday, stated on a hill, 29 miles NE of Ipswich, and 89 NE of London. Lon. 1 40 E. Ui. 52 18 N. Saxons, post village Abbeville district. South Carohna. Saxony, Lower, formerly a circle of Germany, bounded on the E by Upper Saxony, S by the same and the circle of Upper Rhine, W by Westphalia and the German Ocean, and N by Jutland and the Baltic, It comprehended the duchies of Nagdeburg, Bremen, Brunswick, Lu- nenburg, ' Holstein, Lauenburg, and Mecklenberg, the principalities of Hai- berstadt, Ratzeburg, Hildesheim, and Lubec, and the cities of Hamburg, Bre- men, Goslar, Mulhausen, and Nord- hausen. Saxony, U/i/ier, formerly a circle of Germany, bounded on the E by Prussia, Poland, and Lusatia, S by Bohemia and Franconia, W by the circles of Upper Rhone and Lower Saxony, and N by the latter and the Baltic. It comprehended Saxony Proper, the margravate of Mis- nia, the langravate of Thuringia, the principalities of Brandenburg, Merse- burg, Nauburg, Anhalt, Ccburg, and Querfurt, the counties of Barby, Mans- field, Schwartzburg, Stolberg, and Ho- henstein, and the duchy of Pomerania. Saxony, one of the Prussian provinces formed in 1815 ; subdivided into the go- vernment of Merstburg, iVIagdeburg, and Erfurt. Area 8492 square miles. Population 1,180,000. Magdeburg is the capital. Saxony, kingdom of Europe in Ger- many, bounded N by Prussia ; SE by Bohemia, or Erzeberg mountains ; and on other sides by various states of Ger- many, Area 7476 square miles. Popu- lation 1,5:00,000. The kingdom of Saxony embraces one of the best cultivated, most productive, and most civilized regions of the earth. In literature, science, arts, and manu- factures, the jnliabitants of this little 918 kingdom holds an exalted rank. The most celebrated universities are at Jena, and Lit'psic. The latter the most exten- sive book mart in Europe. The products of its arts are too extei.sive to be enume- I'ated in this place. A similar observa- tion must be made respecting its mineral wealth. It may be sufficient to observe that its workshops produce excellent of their kind, linen, lace, glass, pcrcelain, &c. and that its mountains abound in silver, tin, bismuth, manganese, and co- balt. Say brook, ancient post town in Mid- dlesex county, Connecticut, settled by a colony directly from England, under the patronage ef lords S?.y and Brock, as early as 1634. It contained 3996 inhabi- tants in 1810; and in 1820, 4165, and is situated on the V siue if Connecticut viver, 35 miles E of New Haven, and 45 S by E of Hartford, in lat. 41 15 N, and on. 73 30 Vv'. Saycoek, one of the islands of Japan, dividend fr(rn Niphun by a narrow chan- nel. The Dutch factors are permitted to reside in the little island of Disnia, which is on che W side of this. Lon. 132 28 E, lat. 34 N. .unds in cuttle and game, and has mines of iron, quarries of ma. ble, and seve- ral good harbours. The Turks are masters of it, but the inhabitants are Greeks. Lon. 27 40 E, lat. 35 45 N. Scarpe, river of France, v/hich has its source in Artois, and flowing past Arras, Douay, and St. Amand, ialls into the Scheldt. Scarsdale, fertile tract, in the NE part of Derbyshire, surrounded by barren rocks and mountains. Schaafntadt, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, eight miles W of Mersburg, and 26 W of Leipsic. Lon. 11 36 E, lat. 51 19 N. Schaffhauseii, smallest canton of Swis- serland, bounded on the N and W by Sua- bia, on the E by the canton of Zurich and the bishopric of Constance, and on the S by same and Thurgaw. It is but five leagues in length and three in breadth, and contains 30,000 inhabit. ns. It produces all the necessaries, as wine, fish, wood, flax, horses, sheep, wool, black Ciltle, and deer. The principal article of trade is wine, the country abounding in vineyards; and as the canton affords but little corn, it is procured from Suabia in exchange for wine. Schaffluixi.wii town of Swisserland, capi- tal of a canton of the same name. It is sealed on the llliine; and owes its origin to I he niterrup! ion of the navigation of that river by 'he cataract at Lauffeo. It is re- markable for one of the most curious bridges in Europe, over the llliine, con- necting it with the otiier parts of Switzer- land. Schaffliausen contains about 6000 inhabitants, and is 22 miles N by E of Zu- ric, and 39 E of B...sil. Lon. 3 41 E, lat. 47 39 N Schagticoke, post village ai^d township, Renssal er county, New York, on the left bank of the Hudson, ll miles ab'jve Troy. Populatioi? in 1820, 2522. Schalholt, episcopal town of Iceland, with a college. Lon. 22 20 W, lat. 64 40 N. Schamachie, formerly a town of Persia capital of Sen-van. See Scamachie. Scha7itz Sterney, fortress in the Russian government of Wiburgh, seated on the Neva, a little E of Petersburgh. Lon. 31 15 E, lat. 60 N. Scliarding, town of Lower Bavaria, seat- ed on the In.-i, seven miles S of Passuw. Lon. 13 36 E, lat. 48 21 N. Schornitz, fortified town of Germany, in the Tirol. It is a passage of great impor- tance, on tie confines of Bavaria, 12 miles N of Inspruc. Schauenburg, ierritory of Westphalia, 22 miles long and 10 broad, belonging to the langr.ivaie of Hesse Cassel. Schannstein, tov.n of Germany, in Fran- coma, and principality of Cullembach, 18 miles NE of Cullembach. Lon. 11 44 E, lat. 54 35 N. Schaianberg, town and castle of Germa- ny, in lower Rliine, 23 miles NNW of Mentz, and 25 WSW of Wetzlar. Lon. 8 2 E, lat. 50 14 N, Sheiberg, town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, in the neighbourhood of which are mines of silver and iron. It is four miles NE of Schwarlzburg. Scheldt, considerable river of the Nether- lands, which rises in France, in the late province of Picardy. It passes through Flanders, and divides into two branches beloy/ Fort Lillo, and both forming several islands, enter the German Ocean. Schelestadt, strong town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine and late pro- vince of Alsace, seated on the river III, 20 miles SW of Strasburg. Lon. 7 40 E, lat. 48 17 N. Schella, town of Upper Hungary, seated on the Waag, 25 miles NE of Presburg'. Lon. 18 17 E, hit, 48 32 N. Schellenburg, fortress of Germany, in Bavaria, 22 miles W of Ingolsiadt. Lon. 10 58 E. lat. 48 46 N. ScheUing, island of the United Province.?, in Friesland, lying at the entrance of the Zaider-Zee. Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 53 20 N. 919 s c:H s c If Schemnitz, town of Upper Hungary, one of the seven mountain-towns, with three castles. It is famous for mines of silver and ether metals ; as also for its hot baths Near it is a high rock of shining blue stone, mixed with green and some spots of yel- lovv. It is 50 miles NK of Presburg, Schench, fortress of Dutch Guelderland, on the point where the Rhine divides into two branches. It is the centre of commu- nication between Holland and Germany. Lon. 5 26 E, lat. 51 55 N. Schenectady, county of New York ; bounded by Saratoga county, and Mohawk river NE ; Albany county S ; Schoharie county S W ; and Montgomery NW. Length 20 ; mean widtli 12 ; and area 240 square miles. The Mohawk river flows obliquely through it, and affords much excellent al- luvial soil near its banks. Other parts of the county are hilly and broken, with a mixt soil. Chief town Schenectady. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 5,0r6 do. do. females - - . 4,619 Total whites - - . - 9,695 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 338 Slaves 318 Total population in 1810 - - 10,201 Population In 1820. Free white males - - 6,305 do. do. females . - 6,015 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - . 205 Total whites - - . Free persons of colour, males do do. females Slaves, males - . . do. females 13,081 194 1,875 687 85 Total population in 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 54^. Schenectady, city, post town, and se-st of justice, Schenectady county. New York, on the r ght bank of 'he Mohawk, 15{7 miles by land NW from Albany. It is one of the oldest towns in tiie state, being built nearly co.evil with Albany. M my of the buildmgs are elegant, but like all the an- cient towns of New York, the old and new edifices are contrasts, exhibiting the ad- vance in elegance and convenience effected in the course of upwards of a centurv. A 920 fine and very substantial wooden bridge here crosses the Mohawk. Union college stands a little to the NE from the city. This institution was incor- porated in 1794, and is now a very respec- table and prosperous institution. The col- lege buildings are spacious and calculated to accommodate 200 students. The site is pleasantly elevated, and near the Moiiawk. The library contains above 500 volumes. In 1820, it was under the direction of a president, and four professors, one for mo- ral philosophy, one for mathematics, one of the Greek and Latin languages, and one of modern languages, and two tutors. In 1820, the students amounted to 245, The great Erie canal is now completed from Genessee river to Schenectady. Whilst this article was in hand, the follow- ing notice appeared in the New York Statesman. " The Erie Canal is now finished from the Genesee river to Schenectady, a dis- tance of 238 miles, and the water is ap- proaching this city from the west, and by co-morrow evening (Nov. 19, 1822,) the canal will be filled and fit for navigation. The Champiain Canal wili be filled with water in the course of this week to Water- ford, a distance of 62 miles. Thus in five years and four months 300 miles of artificial navigation have been completed, and the remaining 124 miles are so far finished, thut it is believed they will also be in a navigable state during the next ypar, I congratulate you on this auspicious state of things. The increase of travelling has been so great, that a share of 55 dol- lars in a western pucket has produced this season a complete profit of 85 dollars. The par s of the Canal not finished are, on the Champiain Canal, from Waterford to its junction with the Erie Canal ----- 32 miles The Er e Canal from Albany to Schen ctady - - - 28 From Rochester to Buffalo - 64 124 Population of the city of Schenectady in 1810, 5909 ; and in 1820, 3939 This city contains a bank, four places of public w r- ship, and near 600 dwelling houses. Its position for commercial operations is very advantageous, which will be much eiihan- ced by the canjls now completed. Schening, town of Sweden, in E Goth- land, seated in a fertile country, 10 miles SE of Wastena. Lon. 15 47 E, lat. 58 12 N. Scheningen, town of Germany, in the circle of Lov.'er Saxony, 16 miles N of Halbersladt, and IS ESE of Wolfenbutile. Lon. 11 25 E, lat. 52 22 N. Schcr, town of Germany in Suabia, bs S (J H S (J H longing to the baron of Walbnrp, sealecl on the Danube, 36 miles SW of Ulm. Lon. 32 K, lat, 48 8 N. •Scherdin^, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Bavana, seated on tlie river Inn, eight miles south by west of Passaw. Sc/ieve, town of Denmark, in N Jutland, seated at the moutii of a river, in tiie gulf of Virk-Fund. Schiedam, town of Holland, on a canal, which communicates with the Maese, four miles E bv S of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 30 B, lat. 51 54 N. Sehika, strong town of Upper Hungary, in the county of Neitra, seated on the river Waag. Schintznach, town of Swisseriand, in Bern, remarkable for its agreeable position on the Aar, and its waters, which flow- warm from a rock. Near it, on a lofiy emmence, are the ruins of the famous castle of Hapsburg. Schiraa, tamous city of Persia, in Farsis- tan, and the capital of southern Persia. It is three miles in length, but not so much in breadth ; and is seated at t^ie end of a spacious plain, surrounded by high hills, under one of which the town stands. It is 225 miles south of Ispahan. Lon. 54 20 E, lat. 29 40 N. Schivvan, province of Persia, surrounded by Daghestan, by the Caspian Sea, by Eri- van, and by Georgia. It is 150 miles in length, and 90 in breadth. Schamachie is the capital. Schladen, town of Germany, in Lower Saxony, 28 miles ESE of Hilde'sheim. Lon. 10 47 E, i.at. 52 10 N. Schleusshigen, town of Germany, in Fran- conia, and county of Henneburg, seated on the Schieuss, 10 miles SE of Smaikaid. Lon. 11 2 E, lat 50 43 N. Schleyden, town of Germany, in West- phalia, ko miles N of Treves.' Lon. 6 40 E, lat. 50 25 N. Schlitz, town of Germany, in Suabia, in a county of the same n;;me, situated on a small river, seven miles NW of Fulda. Lon. 9 40 E, lat. 50 45 N. Schlussalfidd, town of Germany, in Fran- conia, and bishopric of Wurtzburg. It is surrounded by the bishopric of Bamberg, and lies 13 miles SE of Bamberg. Lon. 10 58 E, lat. 48 54 N. SiMusselburg, town oP Russia, in the go- vernment of Riga, on the river Neva, near lake Ladoga. It has a fortress whicli is seated on an island, in the river, and is 36 miles E of Petersburg. Lon. 30 55 E, lat. 59 55 N. Sclimidber^; town of Bohemia, in Silesia, in the duchy of Jauer. Almost all the in- habitants are smitlis, whence the place takes its name. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, near the soui-ce of the Bau- l>er, 6 A Schneebe'rg, town pf Germany, in the cir- cle of Upper Saxony, with considerable munufactures. It is seated on the Mulda, and is sevt^n miles NW of Schwarlzburg. Schodack landing, post village, Renssalaer county. New York, nine miles below Al- bany Schodack, township of Renssalaer coun- tv. New York, containing 3166i nhabitants in ISIO, and in 1820, 3493. It is situated on the E side of Hudson river, nine miles below Albany. Schanbnm, Moravian missionary settle- ment, on the Mubkingum river, in Tusca- rawas county, three miles below New Phi- ladelphia. The name signifies " clear spring." Schoharie, river of New York, rises amongst the Katskill mountains in Green county, by a number of creeks wbicli flow NW, and unite on the southern ex- tremity of Scholiarie county, and thence turning to a north course about 45 miles, falls into the Muhawk 25 miles above Sche- nectady. Schoharie, county of New York ; bound- ed by Albany E; Greene SE ; Delaware SW ; Otsego W ; Montgomery N ; and Schenectady NE. Length 30 ; mean width. 20 ; and area 600 square miles. Surface generally hilly, but soil productive in grain, fruits and pasturage. Chief town, Scho- harie. Population in 1810. Free white males . . - 9,451 do. do. females - - - 8,943 Total v.'hites . - - . 18,394> All other persons except Indians not taxed 235 Slaves . - . . - 316 Total population in 1810 - - 18,945 Popiilation in 1820. Free white males ... 11,570 do. do. females - - - 11,011 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - T Total whites ... - 22,588 Free persons of colour, males - 145 do. do. females, 119 Slaves, males . . - - . 163 do. females .... 139 Total population in 1820 23,154 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 58 Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,5.58 do. in Marnifactures - • 791 do. in Commerce - - 54 Population to the square mile, 38^. Schoharie, post town and seat of justice, Schoharie county, on the riuht bank of 921 sen s e If Schoharie in cr, 33 miles W From Albany, rt stands on one of the ricli il;its of Scho- harie. Popuirttion of ilie township in 1820, 3^20 Scomberg, town of Gcnnany, in Treves, on a moi.iiitain 15 miles from I.imbctirg'. Schoneck, or Schocncck, town of Germa- ny, on the Nyms, 27 miles N of Treves. Lon 6 26 E, lat. 50 12 N. Schonen, Scania, ol Skone, province of Svved-n, boundecs o.i the W by Uie Sound, whicli .separates it from Ze^iaid ; on the N by llallund and Smolmd -, und .)n the Kand S by Diekingen and the Baltic. It is 58 mdes long-, and 40 broad, and is a fertile coimtry. Liinden is ihe capital. Scfwug-n-u!, town of Upper Bavaria, seat- ed on the Lech, 30 miles south of Augs- burg. Sclioolei/s 7)iountain, mountain range and watering plact- , Morris county, New Jersey. The watering place and post office", is in the south-western angle of the county ; about 20 miles NE from Easton in Pennsylvania. Schoonhoveii, strong town of Holland, with a commodious haven, on the Leek, where there is a productive sa'.mon-iishery. 14 miles E of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 54 E, Lit. 51 58 N. Schovndorf, town of Germany, in Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemburg, with salt spring?, from which a great deal '.f salt is made. The French took tliis town in Au- gust, 1796. It is sea'.ed on the K-nis, 12 miles NE of Suitgard. Lon. 8 54 E, lat. 48 56 N. Schoutcn, islands in the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of New Guinea. They were discovered by William Schouten, u Dutchman, in 1616. Lon. 136 25 E, lat. 46 S. Schowen. island of the Netherlands, in Zealand, NR of the isle of \\alcheren. It is 15 miles long, and six broad. Zuric- zee is the capital. Schuyler, lake of Otsego county. New York, five miles by one ; it is one f the sources of Susquehannah river. Schuyler, township of Herkimer coun- ty. New York, containing 2107 inhabi- tants in 1810, and in 1810, 1837. It is situated on the S side of Canada creek, 84 miles NW of Albany. Schuylkill River. See DeJa=s}are. Schuylkill, county of P'-nnsylvania, bounded by Berks county SE ; Dauphin SW ; Northumberland and Cohnnbia N W ; Luzerne N ; and Northampton and Lthigh NE. Length 37 ; mean width ; and area 475 Suriface very hilly gene- rally, and in part mountainous. Soil ex- cept near streams, or very partially rough, rocky and sterile. It is drained l>y the streams of Mahanny, Mahatitan- go, and Swatara, flowing into the Sus- quehannah, and by the head branches of Schuylkill. Chief town, Orwicksburg. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 5,785 do, do. females - - 5,431 AH- other persons except Indians not taxed .... 23 Total whites . . - - Free persons of colour, males -, do. do. females Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 384 Engaged in Agriculture - 1,194 do. in Manufactures - 662 do. in Commerce - 20 Population to the square mile, 15. Schwalbach, village iif Gerrv.any, in the county of Nassau, frequented for its mineral waters, which are of a similar nature to those of Spa. It is seated on the river Aa, nine miles N of Mentz. Schwartz, town of Germany, in Tirol, famous for its mines of diiFc-rent metals. It is seated on the river 111, 14 miles NE of Inspruc. Lon. 11 42 E, lat. 47 19 N. Schvjartzburg, town of Thuringia, and capital of Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt. It is seated on the Schwartz, 22 mi^es SE of Erfurt, and 35 N of Culembach. Lon, 11 30 E, lat. 50 40 N. Schwartzburg- Sonderhausen, princi- pality of Saxony, in Thuringia, contain- ing 500 square miles, and 45,000 inhabi- tants, Cliief town Armstadt. Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt, small prin- cipality of Saxony, in Thuringia, contain- ing 500 square miles, and 54,000 inhabi- tants Schtvarlzenburg, town of Germany, in Franconia, capital of a piincipality of the same name, on the Lee, 25 miles NW 'f Nuremburg. Lon. 10 44 E, lat. 49 43 N. Schvjartzenburg, town of Swisserland, in Bern, 17 miles SSW of Bern. Lon. 7 1 E. lat 46 40 N. Schiviednitz, city of Bohemia, in Sile- sia, capital of a province of the same name, on an eminence, on the river Wcstritz, 22 miles SW of Breslaw, and 27 SE of Lignitz. Lon. 16 54 E, lat. 50 46 N Schiveinfurt, town of Germany, in Franconia. The environs are rich in cattle, corn, and wine, the inhabitants are Protestants, and carry on a large trade in Avine, woollen, and linen doth. b L i goose quills, and featliers. It is seated oy the river Maine, 25 miles of Bam- berg. Lon. 10 25 E, lat. 50 15 N. Schnceinmunder, town i)t' Germany, in Upper Saxony, in the isle of LJsedi;m. Lon. 11 18 E, lat 54 3 N. Schiueitz, canton •if Svvitzer.'and, which gives name to them all. It is bounded on the W by thf lake of the Four Can- tons, on thr S by the Cantons of L'ri. on the E by tiiat of Glarus, and on the N by those of Zuric aad Zue; The i^overn- mtnt of Schw>. icz and Uri is entirely d!^- rnocratica] , and nearly the same They contain, including their subjects, 50,000 souls ; and, in case of necessity, could furnish 12,0'J'J militia. The same kind of soil, and the same productions, are common to the two cantons; purity of moral.1 prevails, which can scarcely be intiagii!' d by the inhabitants of great and opulent cities. The R-.man catholic re- ligion is here exclusively established. The canton suffered in common with all Swisserlaud when invaded by the French in 1798, being dreadfully wasted and de- solated. Schioeitz, town of Svvisserland, capi- tal of the cantvin of that name, seated near the Waldstxtter See, on a hill, with a large and magnificent church It is 10 miles SE of Lucern. Lon. 8 30 E, lat. 46 55 N, Schiveitz, Lake of. See Waklstxtt-^r See. Schewelm, town of Germany, in West- phalia, with a medicinal spring near it. Lon. 7 25 E, lat. 51 10 N. Schiverin, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Mccklenbu'g Sciiwerin, of which it is the capital It is 35 miles W of Gus- trow. Lon. 11 48 E, lat 53 43 N. Schvjerte, town of Germany, in West- phalia, 38 miles NNE of Cologne. Lon. 7 15 E, lat. 51 38N. Sc/iwindu7'if, town of Denmark, on the S coast of the island of Funen, 23 miles SSE of Odensee. Lon. 10 iu E, lat. 55 10 N. Sciati, island of the Archipelago, near the coast of Jaiiua, 20 miles to the N of Negropont, and almost at the entrance of the gulf of S.ilonichi. It is 22 miles J!) lengtli and right in breadth. Lon. 23 40 E, lat. 39 26 N. Sctglio, or Scilla. See ScyUa. Sciily, cluster of islands and rocks, lying almost 10 leagues W of the Land's End, in Cornwall, and are easily discern- ed fi om it. Of these only five or six are inhabited. The mhabitants princijjally subsist by fishing, burning kelp, and act- ing as pilots. The chief of the islands is St. Mary's, which has a good port, is the best cultivated, and contains more inhabitants than all the rest put toge- ther, in this island, and two or three ethers, are varices antiquities particu- larly the remains of a temple of the Druids, and ancient sepulchres ; but the greatest ornament is the light-house, which, with the gallery, is 51 feet high, and is a very fine column. The Scilly rocks have been fatal to numbers of ship's entering the English Channel. One of the most disastrous events of this kind happened in 1707, when admiral Sir Cloudesly Shovel, with three men of war, peri.shed witli all their crews. Lon. 6 46 W, lat. 49 56 N. Scilly, group of islands in the South. Pacific Ocean, discovered by capt. VVal- lis in 1767. Lon. 155 30 \N, lat. 16 28 S. Scind. See Sindy. ^ Scio, anciently called Chios, celebra- ted island of the Archipelago, near the coast of Natolia, N\V of Samos. It is 32 miles long, and 15 broad, and a moun- tainous country ; yet fruits of various kinds, grow in the fields, such as oran- ges, citrons, olives, nmlb'-rries, and po- magranates, interspersed with myrtles and jasmines. The wine of Scio, so ce- lebrated by the ancients, is still in great esteem ; but the island is now principal- ly distinguished by the profitable culture of the mastich ; it has also some trade in siik, wool, cheese, and tigs. Scio has recently become the scene of some dis- astrous events In the summer of 1822, the Turks landed a force on the island, and massacred, or led into slavery it is supposed at least 30,000 persons of both s-^xes, and all ages, and reduced most of" the towns and villages to ruin. See C/iia- me, biith in the text and Addenda. Be- fore this sPvfuinary invasion, Scio was computed t. contain 110,000 inhabitants. S'cic, seaport, the capita! of an island of the same name. It is the best built town in the Archipelago ; the houses be- ing commodious, some of them, terraced, and others covered f/ith titles. The castle is an old citadel, built by the Ge- noese. The harbour is a rendezvous for ships that go to or come from Constan- tinople, it will contain 80 vessels, and is protected by a low mole and two light- houses. It is seat! d on the E side of the island, 47 miles W of Smyrna, and 210 SW of Constantinoj)le. Sciota, river in the state of Ohio; it rises within a fev/ miles cf the head springs of the Sandu':ky, and after run- ning nearly due south through the state, falls into the river Ohio 47 miles below Chilicothe, aiid 390 below Pitlslnirg. '.rhis is a large and gentle stream, bor5^ 9?3 3 C I S G « deyed with rich flats, or natural meadows. It generally overflows in tlie spring, when it spreads about half a mile. It is pas- sable by small craft near 2U0 miles to a portage, which is only about four miles from the Sandusky. At its mouth it is large enough to receive sloops. Sciota, river, the second in magnitude of hose flowing entirely within the state of Ohio It rises in Kardin, Marion, and Richland counties ; runs first NE 10 miles, thence SE : miles, where it receives Little Sciota from the NE, and there it gradually turns into S by E, and f.nally into a generally south direction 13 miles further, to the Ohio river be- tween ortsmouth and Alexandria, by a mouth 150 yards wide. It is navigable 130 miles. Sciota, salt works, near the centre of Jackson county, Ohio, reserved by the United States, about 28 miles SE from Chilicothe. Sciota, one of the central townships of Ross county, Ohio, containing tlie town of Chilicothe. Population 1820, 456. Sciota. township of Delaware county, ©hio, on the W side of Sciota river. Population 1820, 178 Sciota, township of Pickaway county, Ohio. Population 1820, 403. Sciota, township of Jackson countv, Ohio. Population 1820, 364. Sciota, county of Ohio ; bounded by Ohio river S; Adams W ; Pike N; Jackson NE ; and Lawrence E. Length 30; mean width about 19; area 575 squai'e miles. Surface broken, and soil of middling quality. Sciota river tra- verses it from N to S. Chief town Ports- mouth. Population in 1810. Free white males - - . 1,792 do. do. females - . 1,578 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures do. in CommTce 14 1,048 224 25 Total whites .... All other persons except Indians not taxed Slaves Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females ... All other persons except Indians not taxed - . - . Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males . . . . do. females ^{3} p^Opulation in 1820 .- 4. It is situated on the N branch of Patuxet river, between Gloucester, and Coven- try. Sciro, cr Sctros, island of the Archi- pelago, W of Meterian. It is 15 miles long, and eight broad, is a mountain cu-s country, but has no mines. The vines make the btauty of the island, and the wine is excellent ; nor do the natives want wood. It contains only the village and convent of St. George, both built on a conical rock, 10 miles from the harbour of St. George. The superior of the con- vent exercises despotic sway over the in- habitants, whose superstition is mi^re ex- cessive than that of the other Greeks in the Archipelago. The inhabitant are all Greeks, but the Cadi is a Turk Scenectady. See Schenectady Sclavonia., country of Europe, be- tween the river Save, Drave, and Da- nube. It is divided into six counties, and belongs to Austria ; it was formerly a kingdom, and is not above 75 miU s in breadth ; but it is 300 in length, from the frontiers of Austria, to Belgrade. The eastern part is called Ratzia, and the inhabitants Rascians. These form a particular nation, and are of the Greek church. The language of Sclavonia is the mother of four others, namely, those of Hungary, Bohemia, Poland, and Rus- sia. Scotie, OP Schoone, village in Perth- shire, on the E side of the river Tay, N by W of Perth. It is 30 miles N of Edin- burgh. Scopelo, island of the Archipelago, five miles E of Sciati, and 17 N of Ne- gropont. It lies at t!ie entrance of the SCO gulf of Salonicha, and is 10 miles long and fiv broad. It is very ftrtile, pro- duc s pl'-tity ot good \vitie, and contains 12,00w inh-'.bitants, who are almost all Grreks. Scofiia or Uscapia^ archiepiscopal town i,f Taikey in Europe, in Bulgaria, seated •!'( i-he Vaniar, over which is a bridge of 12 arc'.es. 67 niiies WSW of Soffa. L'.n. 2'-] 25 E, iat. 42 10 N. Sco'sdurg post town in Halifax coun- ty, Viriimia ; 256 miles from V\ ashmg- ton Scotland, or J^'orih Bi'Uain., the north- ern of the two kiiigdoms, into which the island of Gieat H'iiain was formerly di- vided. It IS bour.ded on the W by the Atlantic Ocran, N by the North Sea. E by tht- German Ocean, SE by England, and S by the Irish Sea. To Scotland albo appertain the islands on its western coMst, called the H.-brides, or Western isla. ds. and those to the NE called the Drkney a^sd Sht eland islands. From N to S it ext- nds 270 miles ; and its great- est breadth is 150, but in some p'aces not above 30, and no part is distant above 40 miks froo) the coast. It con- tains about 17,738,000 acres, and the number of 'inhabitants in 1801, was. ^599,069; in 1811, 1,805,688 : and in 1821, 2,092,014. .Scotland is divided into two districts, the Highlands and the Low- lands ; the f'.rmvr is applied to thf mountainous yx:t to the ^' and NW, and the latter to the more level district on the E and SE But nature seems to have pointed out three grand divisio' s in Scotland. The fir.nt, or Noith division, is formed by a chain of lakes, which cn.ss the country, from the frith of Mur- ray to the island of Mull inaSW direc- tion ; the second, or Middle division, is bounded on tnt S by the friths of Forth and Clyde, and the great canal by which they are united ; and on the S side of this boundary is the third, or South di- vision. The North division is chiefly an assemblage of vast dreary mountains ; not, however, without some fertile val. leys on the northern and eastern shores. The Middle division is travered, in dif- ferent directions, by several ranges of mountains ; and though cultivation here is also found chiefly on the eastern shore, yet of this division, as well as of the for- mer, the aral)le land bears a small pro- portion to the mountainous and barren tracts. The South division has a great resemblance to England, and with res- pect both to the general aspect of the country, and to the progress of cultiva- tion, exhibits rvery kind of rural variety. The civil division of the country is into 3.3 counties, namely Shetland and Ork- ney, Caithness, Sutherland, Ross, Cro- narty, Inverness, in the North Division ; Argyle, Bute, Nairn, Murray, Banflf^ Aberdeen, Kincardine, Angus, Perth, File, Kinross, Clyckmaonan, Stirling, Dumbarton, in thf.- Middle division ; and Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, B rwick, KentVew. Ayr, Wigton, La- ■ lerk, Peebles. Srikirk, Roxburg, Dum- fries. Kirkcudijrigr.t, in the South divi- sion. The principal rivers are the Spey, Don, Tay, Twteci, Clyde, Forth, Nor- thern Dee, Esk. Annan, Nith, and Sou- thern Dee. Edinburgh is the capital. ScoUand neck, post office, Halifax coui.ty, Ni'Vtii Carolina. Sco.lund Societij, post village Wind- haro C'lunty, Connecticut. S(.ott, township Cortland county New York. P pulation 1820, 775. Scott, coonty of Virginia ; bounded by Tcnesare S ; Lee coun'y of Virginia W ; Cumberland mountains or Virginia N ; Rus- sel county iis Vi.ginia NitJ ; and Washing- ton SE Lf-ng>h 40; mean width 28 ; and area about 1000 square miles, it is "irain- ei by Howell's, Clinrh, and Holston rivei's vvitn dieir nunierous confluents. Surface generaiiy i.iliy or aiounlainuus. Chief tuwn, Estleville Population m 1820. Free white males - - 1,916 do. do. fe: Mies . - - 2,076 Ail o tier persons excep Indians not t>ixed .... o Total whites .... 3,992 Free persons of colour, males ~ 8 do. do. females - 5 Slaves, males .... 128 do- females . - . . 130 Total population in 1820 - 4,263 or these ; F-reigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,237 do. in Manufactnies - - do. in Commerce - - P.;.;iuIation to the square mile 4 nearly. Scott, county of Kentucky i bounded by Fayette SE ; Woodford SW ; Franklin W ; Owen N ; and Harrison NE. Length 14 ; mean width 13 ; and area about 170 square miles. Soil highly producuve. Chief town, Georgetown. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 4,623 do do. females - - 3,976 Total whites - - - 8,599 Ail other persons except Indians not taxed - . - - 88 Slaves - - - 3,732 Total oopulation in 1810 - 12,419 935 S C 11 SEA Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 4,949 do. do. females . - - 4,596 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females - Slaves, males ... do, females Total population in 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population in 1810. Free wiiite males do. do. females . . . Total whites . . . . All other persons except Indians not taxed . . . . Slaves . . _ . . Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. 14,219 Free whiles, males ■■ '■ do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 1,3P8 l,2c9 2,657 4 1,816 4,477 1.085 1,005 1 3,030 131 53 Population to the square mile, 83. Scott, county of Indiana ; bounded by Clarke SB , Floyd S ; Wasliiiigt.m W ; Jackson NW; Jcnniiigs KE; and Jefler- son E. Len,-th 20; breadth 15; and area 270 square miles. It is traversed by seve- ral branches of White river. Population in 1820, Free white males ... 1,235 do. do, females . - 1,093 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites .... 2,328 Free persons of colour, males do, do, females Slaves, males .... 2 do. females .... 4 Total population in 1820 - 2,334 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 11 Engaged in AgrjcuUure . - 444 do in Manufactures - 62 do, in Commerce - - 18 Population to ihe square niile, 9 nearly. Scoitsbury, post village, Halifax county, Virginia. Scott^s Ferrij, post office, Albemarle county, Virginia. Scoci's ville, post village, Po\vhatan coun- ty, Virginia, 25 miles W from Kichmond, Scott's ville, post village, and seat of jus- tice, Allen county, Kentucky, 45 miles nt-arly E from Kusseilvilie. ScHhu, post town, and townsh-ip, Oswego county. New York, un the W .side of Os- wego liver, at its mouth. Population, 1820. 741. SciiV(^/i, county of Georgia, between Sa- vaiuiah and Ogeechee rivei, bounded by Effingham counlv SE ; Ogeechee river, or IJullock and Emanuel s\v ; Burke N\V ; and Savannah river NE. Length 34 ; mean width 22 ; and area 750 square miles. Chief town, Jacksonsboro'. 9':6 Total whites . . . . Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males do. females _ - - Total population in 1820 - ,941 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 4 Engaged in Agriculture - - 376 do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce - • - Population to the square mile, 7. Scroon, river of New York, NE branch of Hudson river, rises in Essex, flo.vs S, and entering Warren county, by Scroon lake, joins the Hudson, 25 miles N from the mouth of Sacondago river. Scutari, strong town of Turkey in Eu- rope, capital of Upper Albania, on the lake Zeta, at the mouth of the river Boc;- nia, 20 miles NE of Antivari, and 47 NW of Albanopolis. Lon. 19 25 E, iat. 42 23 N. Scutari, ancient Chrysopolis, town of Turkey, in Asia, in Natolia, with a good hnrbour, seated on the E side of Constan- tinople, of which it is considered as a su- burb, being directly opposite. It contams a handsome mosque, and is built on the side of a hill. Lon. 29 4 E, kt 41 N. Sci/lla, rock near the Faro of Messina; on tiie coast of Calabria, opposite the cele- brated Cliarybdis. It is about a mile from the entrance of the Faro, aad forms a small jnomontory, whicii t'.-i\v$ a little out to sea, and meets the whole force of the waters as they come out of the narrowest part of the straits. T'le head of this pro- montory is the famous Scylia of the anci-nt poets. The r ck is nearly 200 feet high ; and there is a kuid of castte or fort on its summit. Scylia, or Sciglio, town of Sicily, situa- ted on tlie side of the rock Scyila, 10 miles NE of Messina. Sea ford, borough ar.d seaport in Sussex, S E i: S E G ciglit miles S3E of Lewes, and 59 S by E of London. Lon. 10 E, iat. 50 50 N. Scaf, tosvnship of Pike county, Ohio. Papulation 1820, 775. Searcy's, post ofiice, i^Iontgomcry coun- ty, Tennessee. Seanburg, town of Bennirsi^toii county, Vermont, 12 miles E from Bennington. Searsmojit, township of Hancock county, Maiise. Population 1820, 675. Seaton, or Port Seaton, seaport in Had- dingtonshire, it has a considerable trade in salt and coal, and is situated on the Trith of Forth, nine miles E of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 54 W, Iat. 56 N. Sebago, or Ssbasticook, lake of Cumber- land county, Maine, out of the E part of which flows Presumscot river. Sehasticook, township in the southwest- ern part of Somerset county, Maine. iSebaslia, or Sebaste, town of Turkey, in Palestine, said to be the remains of Sa- maria. It is 34 miles NNE of Jerusalsm. .Lon. o5 40 E, iat 32 15 N. Sebaatian, St. popuiuis seaport of Spain, in Guipuscoa. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, the harbour is secured by two moles, and a narrow entrance for the shins. The town is surrounded by a double wall, and s fortified toward the sea. It carries on a great trade, particularly in iron, steel, and vv.e conflu- ence of the TeifPand Mastroche, 50 miles SE of Colocza. Lon. 20 25 E, Iat. 46 28, N. Segestem, province of Persia, surrounded on all sides by Korasan and Balck, Canda- har, and Sablestan, Mackeran, Kerman, Colestan, and F:.rslstan. Seges-ivar, town of Transylvania, capital of a county of the same name. It is built ill the form of an amphitheatre, on the side of a hill, near the river Kokel, 47 miles N of Hermanstadt. Lon. 24 55 E, Iat, 47 4 N. Segna, strong se.aport, capital of Hunga- rian Dalmatia, on the gulf of Venice, 100 miles NW of Spoletto. Lon. 15 11 E, Iat, 45 22 N. Q27 S E I S E L fiegni, town of Italy, in Campagna di Koma, It is said that organs were f^rst invented here. It is seated on a moun- tain, 12 miles SE of Palestrino, and 32 E of Rome. Lon. 11 15 E, lat. 41 50 N. Segorbe, episcopal town of Spain, in Va- lencia, with the title of a duchy. It is seated on the side of a hill, between two mountains, in a soil fertile in corn and wine, and where tliere are quarries of fine marble. It is seated rear the river IMovedro, 27 miles NW of Valencia, and 150 E of Madrid. Lon. 3 W, lat. 39 48 N. Segovia, city of Spain, in Old Castile. The most remarkable structure is the Mint, seated in a valley, surrounded by a river, on which are milts, employed in coining. Segovia is seated on a moun tain, near the river Arayadda, 45 miles NVV of Madrid. Lon. 3 44 W, lat. 40 57 N. Segovia, town of South America, in the province of Venezuela, seated on a river, near a high mountain, where there are mines of gold. Lon. 65 30 AV, lat. 8 20 N. Segovia, JVew, town of North America, in Guatimala, seated on the river Y^are, on the confines of the province of Honduras. Lon. 84 20 W, lat. 13 25 N. Segovia, JYueva, town of the East Indies, in the isle of Luconia, and one of the largest in the Philippines, with a bishop's see. It is seated at the N end of the isl- and, near the mouth of the Cagayan, 240 miles N of Manilla. Lon. 120 59 E, lal. 18 39 N Segra, river of Spain, which rises in the Pyrenees, and run« SW through Catalonia, passing by Puy-Cerda, Urgel, Belaguer, Lerida, and Mequinenza, where it falls into the Ebro. Segiira, town of Portugal, in Beira, with a castle o;i a mountain, It is near the rivers Eli.'t and Tajo, eight miles SE of Costel-Branco, and 30 NW of Alcantara. Segiera, town of Spain, in New Castile, and territory ot La Mancha, seated among the mountains ot Segura, 35 miles NE of Bacza Lon. 2 39 W, lat. 37 56 N. Segiira, river of Spain, which rises in the mountains of Segura, in New Castile, and crossing Murcia, and the south part of Valencia, falls into the Mediterranean at Guadamar. Seharanjjour, town of Hindoostan Proper, capital of a district of the same name, be- tween tile Jumna and the Ganges, in the country of Delhi. It is 86 miles N of Delhi. Lon. 77 15 K, lat. 30 4 N. Seiks, or rjicquea., tlie most vvesternj and a very powerful n .-.lion of Hindoost ;n ; they do not form one entii-e state ; bu; u number of smaller -lies, inrlepenH.f jtt of earh other, 5n their internal go' emmenijand only cop- 928 nected by a federal union : they possess the whole pr-ivince of Lahore, the principal of Moultan, and the W part of Delhi : the di- mensi'ins of which tract are about 400 miles from NW to SE ; and from 150 to 200 broad, in general : although the part be- tween Attock and Behker cannot be less than 300 miles in extent. The Seiks were originally a religions sect, the founder of which sect was named Nanock, and was born in the reign of Sultan Beloul, at Tulwundy near Lahore, A.D. 1469 ; since the battle of Paniput, 1761, the Seiks have become one of the most powerful states in Hindoostan. Their capital is Lahore. Seine, river of France, which rises in the department o^ Cote d'Or, and late province of Burgundy, and flowing by Troyes, Melun, Paris, and Rouen, falls into the En- glish Channel at Havre de Grace. Seine, Lower, department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of Nor- mandy. Rouen is the capital. Seine and Marne, department of France, including part of the late province of the Isle of France. Meaux is the capital. Seine and Oise, department of France, inludmg part ot the late province of the Isle ot France. Versailles is the capital. Seinshei/n, town of Germany in Franco- nia, with a castle, 33 miles NW of Nurem- burgh. Lon. 10 28 E, lat. 49 40 N. Seir or Hor, mountain in Arabia Petraea, which formerly bounded Judea on the S, and separated it from Idumea. It is now called Sardeny, and is 140 miles E of Cairo, in Egypt. Selam, town of South America, in Mexi- co, situated near the sea-coast. Lon. 90 28 W, lat 39 12 N. Selbi', town in the West riding of York- shire, with a market on Monday, seated on the Ouse, 12 miles south of York, and 182 N by W ofLor.don. Lon. 1 2 W,lat. 53 47 N. Seleshia, anciently Seleucia, town of Tur- key in Asia, in Caramania, 10 miles from the sea, and 38 W of Tevasso. Seleucia, Iber, ancient episcopal town of Syria, seated on the sea-coast, eight miles N of Antioch. ■Seligemtadt, town of Germany,^ in the electorate of Mentz, seated at the junction of the Gerns pentz and Maine, 27 miles E of Mentz. Lon. 8 32 E, lat. 41 4 N. Selinsgrove, post village of Northumber- land county, Pennsylvania, on the right bank of Susquehannah, below the mouth of Penn's creek, 50 miles above Harris- burg. , Selivrea, ancient SeJybria, town in Tur- key in Europe, in Romania. It is seated on the sea of Marmora, 35 miles W of Con- stantinople. Lon. 28 12 E. lat. 49 54 N. Selkirk^ town of Scotland, and the coun- 5 E AI b jL N ty town of Selkirkshire. Tt has been Ion? famous Sk a mann'actnrc of hnots anfl shoes, :qp is seated on the Etrick, 30 miles S of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 46 W, lat. 55 26 >c. Selkirkshire, county of Scoland. whicli is also called the ShcriJIdom of" Ettvich Forest, irom the river vvhicii runs throuKh it, whicli witli the Yarrow, tl-.e Tweed, artd Gulh'-water, are the chief rivers, and from its formerly hemg' C()vcre and Skauetelas likes. Sut'iin; to'vvn of France, in the depart- mpiit c.f Cote d'Or, and late pjovince of Piurffundy. It h.ts a raannf.cture of cloth, and is seated on the Arm;>ncrjn, over which are two bridges, 37 mih.s from Atttun, at.d 135 SE of Paris, Lon. 4 19 E, lat. 47 28 N. Semvr, ancient town "f France, In the d'-'partmet)* of Saone and Loire, and late province of P'tirgtmdv, 40 miles NW of Lvon.s, and 175 S of Paris. Lon. 4 22 E, lat. 46 14 N. Seneca, town.ship of Ontavic county, New York, ccntqini'iaf 3,431 inhabitan's i" 1810, and m 1820, 4802, situated on the W side of Seneca lake. Senfca, river, stream of New York, formed by the discharge of Cayuga, Se- neca and other smaller lakes, and Mud creek. It joins Oneida river, to form Onondago river. Tiie Erie canal is form- ed !i early parallel to, and S of Seneca rivf p. Seneca, lake of New York, 38 miles long, and Irom two to four miles wide, extesiding from the northern border of Tioga county to Geneva, receiving from the wfst ihe d scharge of Crocked lake, and together with the discharge of Cayu- ga Ijkc, failing hito Seneca river neur Mon- tezi:ma. 6e7jecrt, county of New York; bounded by Lake Ontario N ; Cnyuga coiui'.y and Cayttga lake E ; Tompkins S ; and Seneca Iske and Se;ieca 'cotmty W. Length 50^; mean width 10 ; and area 5(J0 sqitare n-iiles. Sotither'i part between Cayuga and Seneca lakes iiiity, middle sec* in tolerably level,_ ai'.d northern purtj towards lake Ontario again hiiiy— llie whole with a very highly ferule soil. The Erie canal traverses it hy the va'.lev of Mud creek. Population in 1810. Free white n ales - - 8,631 do. do. females - - 7,833 Total wliites . , . 16,464 All other jjcrsnns except Indians not taxed .... 44 Slaves 101 Total population in 1810, 929 16,609 S E N 'S E Ji 11,9/6 11,379 23,619 37 5,182 1,087 71 Population in 1820. Free white males - . - do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - Total whites - - - - Free persons of colour, nraales - do. do. females Slaves, males ... do. females . . - Total population in 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturali-zed Engaged in Agnctdture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 47. Seneca, county of Ohio ; bounded N by Sandusky; Huron E; Crawford S; and W by Ilancock and Wood. Length 30 ; breaclth 18 ; and area 540 square miles. Sandusky river flows across this county from N to S. It was formed out of the recent Indian purchase and is yet unset- tled. Seneca, township of Morgan county, Obin. Population in 1820, uncertain. Seneca, township of Monroe county, Oliio. Population in 1820, 636. Seneca Falls, post office, Seneca county, New York. Seiieca Mills, post office, Montgomery county, Maryland. Senecaville, village of Morgan county, Ohio. Seneffs, town of Brabant, four miles south of Niville ; famous for a biAttle gained by the French, over the prince of Orange, in 1674. Senegal, one of the three principal rivers of Africa, formerly supposed to be one of the branches of the Niger, but determined by Mr. Park to have its source 80 geo- graphical miles W of that river, and to flow in an opposite direction. The Niger E, and Senegal W. The latter enters the Atlantic Ocean lat. 16 N. Senegal, county of Africa, between the Gambia and Senegal rivers. Towards the Atlantic Ocean it is liable to annual inun- dation. Senez, town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Alps, and late province of Provence, seated in a rough barren coun- try, 46 miles NE of Aix, and 49 NW of Nice. Lon. 60 40 E, lat. 43 59 N. Senlis, ancient town of France, in the department of Oise, and late province of the Isle of France. The cathedral has one of the highest steeples in France. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the river Nonette, almost surrounded bv a large 9.M) forest, 20 miles NW of Meaux, and 27 NE of Paris. Lon. 2 40 E, lat. 49 IJttil. Sennar, capital of a kingdom offlme same name in Africa. See J^ubia. It is seated on an eminence, near the river Nile. Lon. 30 E, la?. 15 4 N. Sens, ancieni town of France, in the de- partment of Yonne and late province of Burgundy, 25 mdes N of Auxerre, and 60 SE of Paris. Lon. 3 22 E, lat. 48 12 N. Sera, town of the peni;sula of Hindoos- tan, in ihe Mysore country, 55 miles N of Seringapatam. Lon. 75 54 E, lat 13 28 N. Seraio, town of Turkey in Europe, 110 miles S W of Belgrade. Lon. 18 5 E, lat. 44 24 N. Seramp07ir, commercial town of Hindoos- tan Proper, in Bengal, seated on Hoogly river. It is a Danish settlement, not far from Calcutta. Scrava'le, town of Italy, in the duchy of Mila ., 24 miles N of Genoa. Lon. 8 36 B, lat. 44 44 N. Sercelli, seaport of the kingdom of Al- giers, a little to the W of Algiers. Lon. 2 20 E, lat. 36 50 N. Serchio, river of Italy, which has its source in the Appennines, in Modena. It crosses the valley of Carsagnana, in the territoiy of Lucca, and falls into the Tus- can Sea, five miles from the mouth of the Arno. Serfo, or Serfante, island of the Archi- pelago, 50 miles NW of Naxia. It is eight miles long, and five broad, and full of mountains and rocks, in which are mines of iron and loadstone. The inhabitants are all Greeks, and have but one town called St. Nicholo, which is a poor place. Lon. 25 10 E, lat. 37 19 N. Sergag, town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Niznei Novogorod, 48 miles SE of Niznei Novogorod. Lon. 45 20 E, lat. 56 50 N. Sergipe, seaport of South America, in Brasil, capital of a government of the same name. It is se.itecl at the mouth of the Rev, 120 miles NE of St. Salvador. Lon. 39 46 W, lat 13 30 S. Seringapatam, city of Hindoostan, capital of Mysore, situated in an island of the river Canvery, 290 miles WSW of Madras, and 350 south by eiist of Visiapour. Lon. 76 46 E, hat. 12 31 N. Seronge. See Sirong, Serpa, strong town of Portugal, in Alen- tejo, seated on a rugged eminence, with a castle, three miles from the Guadiana, and 83 SE of Lisbon, Lon. 7 45 W, lat. 73 47 N. Serres, town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Alps, 15 miles SW of Gap. Servia, province of Turkey in Europe ; bounded on the N by the Danube and Save, which separate it from Hungary; on the E by Bulgaria ; on the W by Bosnia, t> E \' S E Y •and on tlie south by Albania and Macedo- nia. It is 190 miles long, and 95 broad, and is divided into four sangiciates ; two of which were ceded in iri8, to the Aus- trians, who restored them to the Turks in 1739, by the treaty of Brigade. The names of them are Belgrade Seniendriah, Scupia, and Cratowo. Belgrade is the capital. Servulo, castle of Austrian Istria, seated on a high mountain, four miles from Triest. Near it is a famous cavern in which the sparry exudations have formed various figiires of blue and white colours. Sessa, ancient episcopal town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora. It was formerly very considerable, and is 30 miles N of Naples. Lon. 14 19 E, lat. 41 20 N. Sesti-di I^enenie, town of Italy, in the ter- ritory of Genoa, five miles VV ^ Genpa. Lon. 8 26 E, lat. 44 24 N. / ^ Sesio, town of Italy, in the Milanese, seated on the Tesin, where it proceeds from the lake Maggiore, 25 miles WNW of Milan. Sesios, strong castle of Turkey in Eu- rope, in Romania, seated on the strait ^. Galipr:.li. See DwduneHes. Sesti^i di-Levante, ancient town of lea in the territory of Genoa, 30 miles W ot Genoa. Lon. 9 28 E. lat. ^A' 23 N. " . Se tchuen, province of China, bounded on the N by Chen-si, on the E by Houquang, on the south by Koei-tcheou, and on the W i)y Thibet, and other neighbouring countries. Seteef, town of Tunis, in the kingdom of Algiers, 50 miles S W of Constantina. Lon. 5 35 E, lat. 35 58 N. Setimo, town of Piedmont, seated on the Po, eight miles N'of Turin. Lon. 7 47 E, lat. 45 14 N. Setines. See Athev.s, Setlege, river of Hindoostan Proper, the most easterly of the five eastern branches of the Indus. About midway between its source and the Indus, it receives the Beyah, and the collective stream takes the name of Kera ; it then joins the Indus, a great way to the south of Moultan. Seiteidl, town of Spain, in Granada. Lon. 5 10 VV, lat. o6 48 N. Settia, town of the island of Candia, 48 miles ESE of Candia. Lon. 26 2 E, lat. 35 3 N. Settle, town in the West riding of York- shire. Settovitone, town of Italy, in Piedmont, four miles N of Ivica. Setuval, or Setubal. See Ubes, St. Sevastopol, seaport and town of Russia, on the S W point of tlie Crimea. It has an excellent harbour, and has been a depot for a part of the Russian navy. Lon. 33 24 E, lat. 44 45 N. Seven Islands, island to that number in the Frozen Ocean, lying in Son. 18 48 E, lat. 80 21 N. Among these islands c sptain Phipps with the Race-horse and Carcass, were surrounded by the ice, from the 15th of July, to the 10th of August, 1773, but being aided by a brisk gale, at NNE, ef- fected their deliverance. Sevenoaks, town in Kent, with a m irket on Saturday, six milesNXWof TunbriJge, and 23 SSE of London. Lon. 18 E, lat. 51 19 N. Sever, St. town of France, in the depart- ment of Landes, seated on the Adour, 20 miles E of Dax, and 65 S by E of Boui- deaux. Lon. 35 VV, lat. 43 45 N. Sevei-ino, St. fortified town of Naples, In Calabria Citeriore, on a craggy rock, on the river Neelo, eight miles from the sea, and 45 SE of Uossano. Lon. 17 14 E, lat. 39 15 N. Severino, St. town of Italy, in the mar- quisate of Ancona. It has fine vineyards, and is seated between two hills, on the river Petenza, six miles NVV of Tolentino. Lon. 13 6 E, lat 43 16 N. ^Severino, St. town of Italy, in the king- dom of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, seated on the river Sarno. . Severn, river of England, which rises in ^ mountain of Plynlimmon, in Mont- goniieryshire, and flowing first across that TOunty, it then enters Shropshire, at its confluence with the Vyrnevv, or VVirnew. It is navigable in its whole course ihrougli this county. In its course it waters Lla- n^fdlos, Newton, VV^elshpool, Shrewsbury, Bridgenorlh, Bewdly, Worcester, Upton, Tewkesbury, and Gloucester ; and entering the sea its mouth is called the Bristol Channel. It is the second river in England, and has a communication with the Tliumes by a canal, See Thames. Severn, Vale, extensive and fertile vale in Gloucestershire, abounding in fertile pas- tures, which furnish that cheese for which that county is so famous. See Evesham, Vale of. Severn, river of North America, in Ma- ryland, which waters Annapolis, and en- ters into Chesapeak bay, about two miles below the city. Sevenidroog, island of Hindoostan Proper, 60 miles south of Bombay. Severo, town of Naples, in Capltanata, with a bishop's see, seated in a plain, 75 miles NE of Naples. Lon. 15 34 E, lat. 41 40 N. Severus' (Fa//, commonly called Graham's Dike, in the W of Scotland. It is a woik of the Romans, supposed to be done by tlie emperor whose name it bears, to prevent the incursions of the Picts and Scots. It began at Abercorn, on the frith of Forth, four miles NE of Linlithgow, and runs VV to the frith of Clyde, ending .tt Kirkpat- rick, near Dumbarton. 931 b li SeviiT, county of Tennessee; hounded Such vast cinplnjinent did the Amsyi- hv Duskv mountair. or North Cai-o]::ia SS: ; am trade give at oite period, that in S.:- MonroeS ; Biouni W ; Knox XW ; Jeffer- ville .done there was uo fewer than sun NE ; ana Cocke E. L-ngih 33 ; mean 16,000 Icwms iii ai'k or wooUtn work; wi-.ith 120; and area 660 square mdea. Sur- bat, before the end of the reign ut Phi- face generally hiUv an'; soil sterile. It is lip III. they were reduced to 4U0. The traversed by the Nolichuv;ky, ana drained country around is extremely fertile in by one of its branches. Chief town, Se- corn, wine, &c. and tiiere is abundance viervilLs Population in 1810. Free white males - - - do. do. females Total whiles - - - All other persons except Indians not taxed _ - - - Slaves, . - - - - Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females . - - All othei" persons except Indians not taxed . . . - To*al whites .... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females - Slaves, males . . . - do. females - - - - 2.174 2,122 4,296 5 294 1,293 ICO 11 Total population in 1826 Of iliese ; Foreigner.* not naturalized Engaged in Agricultiu'e do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 7. Sevia"V!.lle, post town and seat of jus", ice, Sevier county, Illinois, 25 miles SE from ivnoxvilie. Seville, province of Spain. See Spnin. Seville, city of Spain, capita! of An- dalusia, and an archbishop's Sv-e, seated on the Guada'quiver. It was the ca- Eital of thii kingdom till Philip II. esta- lished his r.ouit at Madrid, as a more oi oi', tor the VV ot tl^e river is a grove of wlive-tr-es 30 miles in length. Se- ville i,-. 45 miles from the Atlantic, and 212 ^SW of Madrid. Lon. 5 59 W, lat. 37 14 N. Sevres, Ttvo, department of France, including part of the late province of Poitou. It is so named from two rivers that rise here ; one, called Srvre Kior- - — 7 t.iis, flows W by St. Maixer.t, Niort and 4,595 Marans, into the bay of Biscay, opposite the isle of Re ; and the other, named Sevre NantfiS, takes a NW direction. 2)~4-5 passes by Ciisson, and enters the river 2,224 Li;,j[-e, iipposite Nantes. Niort is the capital. ScivaUck, chain of mountains in Asia, bordering on the country of Sirinagur and the province of Delhi At Hurd- war, the Ganges forces it way tiirough this ridge into the plains of Hindoostan. Sewickly, large creek of Westmore- land county, l\nnsylvaiiia, rises in the vicinity and to t;ie E from Greenburg, flows VV and falls into Youghiogany, river, two miles below Robs town. • Seivicklij. A''eiv, township of Beaver couHty, Pennsylvania, extending from Beaver river, up the right aide of Ohio river, to the limits of Allegany county. Population 1820 1367 Sewickly, JVonh, township of Beaver county, Pennsylvania, lying N from the preceding. I^opulation 1820, 1774. Scyssol, town of France, in the de- partment of Ain, and late jjrovince of Bresse, divid d by the Rhone, into two paits, where it is first navigable. It is 14 niiles NE of Bclev. Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 46 6 N Sezanne, town of France, in the de- 4,772 centrical position Seville is of a round form, fortified by strong walls ti uiked partment of Marne, and late province of with high towers, and takes up more Champagne, seated on a little river, 27 ground than Madrid, althiiigh it now miles NW -f Troyes, and 65.SE of Paris. has not above 70,000 inhabitants. Thf Phoenicians called it Hispatis, and it is the Julia of the Romans, who imbel lished it witii many magnificent bviild- ings- The Moors built an aqueduct, still to be seen, six miles in length. The situation of Seville renders it one- of Lon. 4 10 E, lat. 48 41 N. Sezza, town ot Italy, in Naples, 29 mi!, s NNW of Naples. Lon. 13 45 E, 41 19 N. Shabuv, town of Egypt, on the Nile. Lon. 30 38 li. Sat. 30 47 N. Shacklefor:i\ post town in King Wil- She most commercial towns of t^pain, liam, county, Virginia, 15 miles NW of All the trade of that kiugd.in with the Gloucester, 75 E of Richmond, and 143 New World centured originally in its S by E of Washington, port; but that of Cadiz having been .S'/jo/l'sAz/r!/, borough in Dorsetshire, on ■found more commodious, the galleons a hill, in form of a bow, where water is Sfeave sailed from that pUice since 1720. so scarce, that the poor get a living by 932 SUA. s H E an academy. Population 1810, 2606 ; and ia 1820, 2573. Sharon, posl Village Astabula county, Ohio. SUuron, township, Richland county, Ohio Papulation i820, loo. Siiaron, northern townshii; of Frank- lin county, Ohio. Population 1820, 9d3. Sharon, smail village ot HaUiilton Shahjchanpour, town of Hindoostan, county, Onio, 15 miles N from Chicm- in the E.isc Indies. Lon. 76 la E, lat. nacti. 23 26 N. t> S/iarpsbtirs; village of Hamilton coun- ShakertoTvn, village of Knox county, ty, Oh:o telching it from a great distance. It is 25 miles NNE ot D .rcht-bter, and 102 W bv S of London. Lon. 2 20 W, iat. 51 O'N. Stiuf'.sbury, town in Bennington coun- ty, Vermont, about half way btrtween Bennington and Arlington, or nearly 10 miles from each. It contains 1973 inha- bitants. Indiana 18 miles above Vincennes. Shalersville, toivnship Portagf county, Ohio, N from Ravenna. Population 1820, 298. Sham. See Damascus. S/iamokin, creek of N(jrthumberiand county, Pennsylvania, riscs in the £ part of the county, and flows VV into the Sasquehannah, immediately below Sun- bui V. Sharpsburg-, post town in Washing- ton county, Maiyiand ; lying un the E side of Potomac n\er, lU uuL-s above Harper's ftrry, and about 21 W of Fre- dericktown. It has about 1500 inhabi- tants, Sharpio-:m, post village, Salem county. New Jersey, on Saiein creek ; contains 250 houses', and 1000 inhabitants, seven miles M'^ from Salem, and 35 bE irom Shamokin, township in the E angle of Philadelphia. Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, 5'Aar «^ .ifrai, Arabic name of die Eu- on Shatr.okin creek. Population 1820^ ph; ates beiow the moutii ot che i'igus. 1820. Shawangnnh, post town m Ulster coun- Shandakin, township of Ulster countv, ty, New York ; lying on tiie E bide of N-w York, 18 miles W from Kingston. VVidkiil river, 26 miles Sot Kings, on, and Population 1810, 1002; ana in 1820,' 1043. Sh'inesville, vilage of i'uscarawas coun ty, on Sugar creek. Shanandoah. See Shenandoah. Shannon, largest river of Ireland, 29 N of Goshen,containin^^ 3u02 inhubi- tants in 1810, and in 1820, '3372. Shaivtieelo-!un, post town, Gallatin coun- ty, Illinois, on tiie right bank ot Siam, kingdom of Asia, bounded on the N by China, on the E by Laos and Cambodia, on the S by the gulf of Siam, and on the W by the bay of Bengal and Pegu. It is 550 miles in length, and 250 in breadth, though in seme places not above 50. It is divid d into the Higher and Lower, and the si il produces plenty of rice, cotton and triiits. They have abundance of wild animals in the woods, as elephants, rhinoceroses, leopards, and tigers Their tame cattle are beeves, buffaloes, and hogs, of which they have plenty ab' ut their farms. Besides which, there are large and dangerous crocodiles, and serpents 20 feet long. S'Mm, or Jnthia, capita! of a kingdom of the same name, seated on the Menan, near its m"uth in the gulf of Siam, 400 miles SE oi Pegu Lon. 101 20 E, lat. 14 20 N. Siara. cai^tain generalship of Brazil ; bounded by Pnrnaiba river or Maranham NW ; Atlantic Ocean NE; Pernambuco, andBahia Sli ; and Goias SW. Length 700 ; breadth 200 ; and area 140,Q00 square miles. Siara, town of South Amercia, in Bra5!;il, capital of a captam generalsM^ SIC S I E (>f the same name. Lon. VV C 37 10 E, lat. 3 15 S. See Seara in the Addenda. Siaskoi, town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Petersburg: h, It is seated not far from tht lake Ladoga> 24 miles NE ot New Ladoga. Lon. o'j 47 E, lat. 60 16 N. Siberia, large Country, comprehend- ing the moat northern part of the Rus- sian empire in Asia. It is bounded on the E by the Pacific Ocean, S by Great Tartary, W by European Russia, and N by the Frozen Ocean, ft extends 3500 miles in length from E to W, and 1200 in breadth from N to S. The S part pro- duces all the necessaries of life, but the N is extremely cold, almost uncultivated and thin of people. The principal riches of this C'Huitry consist of fine skins and furs ; but they also have rich mines of iron and copper, and several kinds of precious stones, particularly topazes of a beautiful lustre, magnets of an extra- ordinary size, and even whole mountains of loadstone The inhabitants are of three sorts, P igans, or the natives of the country, Mahometans, and Russians. The former dwell in the forests in the winter, and in the summer on the banks of the rivers. Their garments are the skins of wild beasts. They have bows, arrows, a knite, and a kettle, in which all their riches consist. Ti^.ey make use of reindeer aid dogs, instead of hoi-ses, to draw their sledges. Tht Russians settled here are much the same as in their native Ciiintry. It is through this vast tract of land that the Russians cara- vans travel evi ry year, when they carry their merchandise to China. The prin- cipal rivers are the Oby, Leiia, Irtish, Yenisei, ar;d Okota. The western part of Siberia is comprised in the Russian government of Tobolsk and Kulyvan ; all the eastern part is contained in the government of Irkutsk. Siberia is the place tf> which crimir.als, as well as per- sons under the displeasure of the court, are commonly banished from Russia Tobolsk is the capital, where the vice- roy resides. Sichem, town of Brabant to the S of which is a celebrated monastery. It is seated on the Denner, 18 miles SE of Mechim. Lon. 5 E, lat. 51 6 N. Sicify, island of the Mediterranean Sea, almost in the form of a triangle, termi iiating in three points or capes ; that which is nearest Italy is called Cape del Faro; that which regards the Morea, Capo Passora; and the third which points to Africa, Capo di Boco. Sicily is naturally divided into three valleys, to which the political names of provinces have been given ; they are Val di Maza- 038 ra, Valdi Demona and Val di Noto. See those ai'ticles in their places. It is se- parated from Italy by the straits of Mes- sina 15 miles broad where narrowest. The climate is delicious, and soil exube- rately fruitful. In ancient times it had the aspect of a garden, but in modern times, badly cultivated. Present popu- lation about l,60v/,000. Religion, Ro- man Catholic. It forms a part of the kingdom of Naples or of two Sicilies. Length 165 ; and breadth where widest 112. Sicques. See Seiks. Sidaye, strong town on the coast of the island of Java in the East Indies with a harbour. Lon. 113 15 E, lat. 6 40 S. Siddingtoii, village in Gloucestershire, seated on the river Churn, one mile SE of Cirencester. Sideling Hill, range of mountains in Bedford county, Pennsylvania, and be- tween Allegasy and Washington counties Maryland. It lies between the Warrior and North mountain, and extends through this county and a part of Huntingdon, from SW to NE. Siderocapsa, town of Turkey, in Europe. in Macedonia, famous for a gold mine in its neighbourhood. It is five miles trom the gulf of Contessa. Lon. 13 44 E, lat 40 30 N. Sidmouth, fishing town in Devonshire, much fnquented in the bathing season. It is 12 miles SE of Exiter and 158 W, by S of London. Lon. 3 15 W, lat. 50 38 N. Sidney, post town and township Ken- nebec county Maine, eight miles above Augusta. Sidney, post village and township Dela- ware county. New York. Population 1810, 1607; and in 1810, 1107. Sidney, new post town and seat of jus- tice for Shelby county, Ohio. It is situa- ted on the west bank of Great Miama river, about 10 miles NE from Piqua and 72 northwesterly from Columbus. Sidon, or Said, seaport of Palestine anciently a place of great strength, and extensive trade It is still of some note, has a good castle and a well frequented harbour, and is also the residence of a Turkish bashaw. It is 45 miles WSW of Damascus Lon. 36 5 E, lat 33 33 N. Sidra, island of the Archipelago, be' tween the gulf of Napoli, and that of Engia. Lon. 24 E. lat. 27 4 N. Sidra, spacious guif on the coast of Barbary, between Tripoli and Barca, which takes its name from a small island at the bottom of the gulf. Siedenbei'g, town of Germany in West' iji I E S I I- phaiia, and county of Hoye, nine miles SSW of Hoye. Siegbur^, town of Germany, in West- phalia, and duchy of Berg, subject to the elector palatine. It is seated ob the Seig, 15 miles SE of Cologne. Lon. 7 22 E, lat. 50 43 N. Siegen, town of Germany, in Wetera- via, on the river of the same name, 17 miles NW of Dillemburgh, and 37 E of Cologne. Lon. 8 5 E, lat. 50 5j N, Siegmaringen, town of Germany, in Suabia, and capital of a county of the same name. It is 26 miles N of Con- stance, and 44 S of Stutgard Lon. 9 10 E, lat. 48 2 N Siegstadt, town of Norway, in the pro- vince of Aggerhuys. Sienno, celebrated city of Tuscany, ca- pital of the Siennese, with a university. It is about four miles in circumference, and surrounded by a wall. The archi- tecture of the Gothic metropolitan church is admirable, and much esteem- ed by all travellers ; it is built with black and white marble, and the pavement is of Mosaic works. The Italian language is taught here with such puiity, that many foreigners frequent it on that ac- count. It is seated on three eminences, 36 miles S of Florence, and 105 N by W of Rome. Lon. HUE, lat. 4^ 23 N. Siennese, duchy of Italy, bounded .in the N by the Florentino, on the S by the Mediterranean and tiie duchy of Castro, and the E by the Perugino anci Oi'vietano, and on the W by the Florentino and the Tuscan Sea. It is about 33 miles in length, and as much in breadth. The soil is pretty fertile, especially in mul- berry trees ; which feed a great number of silk-worms, and there are several mi- neral springs. Sienna is the capital Sieimoi, town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Mohilef, 60 miles NNW of Mo- hilef. Lon. 29 45 E, lat 54 30 N. Sierra Leone, country on the W coast of Africa, so named, according to some authors, by the Portuguese, on account of its mountains on this coast abounding with lions. Some extend its limits from the Grain Coast on the SE, to Cape Ver- ga or Voga on the NW ; that is, between 7 and 10 N lat Others, however, confine the country between Cape Verga and Cape Tagrin. Free, and Regent's towns, in this country are British colonies. See Freetown- and Regent's town. Sierra Leone, river of Africa, in a coun- try of the same name. Its source is un- certain, but its mouth, in lon. 13 30 W, lat. 8 15 N, is nine miles wide. Sierra Leone, or Lion Mountaim, moun- tains of Africa, which divide Nigritia from Guinea, and extend as far as Abys- sinia. They were styled by the ancients the Mountains of God, on account of their being subject to thunder and light- ning. Sierra Morena, mountains in Spain, which divide the kingdoms of Estrema- dura and New Castile from that of Anda- lusia. Si-Fians, the name of a people subject to China. The country is only a conti- nued ridge of mountains, bounded by the rivers Hnang-ho on the N, Yalong on the W, and Yang-tse-kiang on the E, between 30 and 35 N lat. Sigmaringeri, city of German}', on the Danube 45 miles S from Stutgard. It is the capital of the principality of Hohen- zollern-Sigmaringen. Lat. 48 02 N. Sigelmessa. .See Siigeilmcssa Sigeth, or Zigat, town of Lo.wer Hun- gary, capital of a county of the same name. It is seated in a morass, has a triple wall, with ditches full of water, and is defended by a citadel, being one of the strongest places in Hungary. It is 50 miles NW of Esseck, and 38 W by S of Colocza. Lon. 18 58 E, lat. 46 17 N. Signan, town of Swisserland, in the canton of Bern. Lon. 7 18 E, lat. 43 44 N • Sigtitna, ancient town of Sweden, in Upland, S'^ated vn of Den- mark, in»N Jutland. 18 miles W of Arim- sen. Lnn. 9 30 E.'lat 56 3 N. Sillebary seaport on the W coast of Su- matra, in the East Indies, a little sou'h of Bencoolen. Lon. 101 E, lat 4 S. Silver Creek, townsliip of Green county, Ohio, containing the vilLig-e of Jamcs»owii. Silver Lake, townsliip and p'>st village, Susquehannah county, Penn-yl- aiiia, six miles NW from Montrose. Population in 1820, 456. Simancas, town of Spain, the province of Leon with a s'rong castle, situated on the Douero, eight miles SW of Valladohd. Lon. 4 30 VV, ht. 41. 45 N. Simbirsk, government of Russia, formerly a province of the kingdom c KL.isan, which contains 13 districts. Simbh^sk, capital town of hissia, in the government of Simbirsk. It is seated on the Volga, 100 miles S by W of Kusan. Lon. 48 34 E, lat. 54 22 N. Simeoe, lake of Upper Canada, which dis- charges its waters into Lake Huron by Severn river. Simeoe, county of Upper Canada, be- tween Lakes Simcne and Huron Silota, Bocca, the strait between the islands of Negiopont and Andros. This strait has recently in the summer of 1822, been rendered remarkable by a plendid naval victory obtained by the Greeks over the Turks. Simi, island in the Mediterranpan, six miles N of Rhodes. Lon. 27 33 E, lat. 36 35 N. Simmeren, town of Germany, in Lower Rhine, capital of a duchy of the same name, on the Smtmeren, 26 miles W of Mentz, and 35 E of Triers. Lon. 2 41 E, lat. 49 51 N. Simogu, town of Hindoostan, in the East Indies, 93 miles NW of Sei-ingapatam. Lon. 75 30 E, lat. 13 21 N. Simons, St. island of North America, on the coast of George, opposite the mouth of '940 SIN the Alatamaha, about 15 miles long, and four broad. Chief town, Frederica. Simonthorna., strong tov.n of Lower Hun- gary, ui the county of Tolna, eight miles from Tolna. Lon.' 18 16 E, Int. 46 40 N. Simpson, cou.ity of Kentucky ; bounded l)y Tennessee S ; Logan county in Ken- tucky W and NW ; Warren N ; and Allen B. Length 25 ; mean width 16 ; and area 400 square miles. Red river branch of Cumberland, and Big Barren branch of Greene river rise in this county. Chief town, Franklin. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 2,01o do. do. females - - 2,019 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites . - - - Free persons of colour, males • do. do. females Slaves, males . - - do. females - - - Total population in 1820 4,032 11 6 393 410 4,852 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - - 2 EngHged in Agriculture - - 608 do. in Manufactures - 78 do. in Commerce - - 6 Popidation to the square mile, 12. Simpsonville, post village, Montgomery county, Maryland, eight miles NW trom Washington. Simsbury, small post village and town- ship, in Harlford county, Connecticut, 14 mihs NW of Hartford, and eight SE of New Hartford. It contained 1966 inhabi- tants in 1810; and ii: 1820, 1954. Sinai, mountain of Arabia Petrsea, in the peninsula formed bv the two arms of the Red Sea. Lon. 34'l5 E, lat. 29 2 N. Sincapour, islMud and town at the most southern extremity of the peninsula of Malacca, opposite the is'aiid of Sumatra, which with the Malacca coast form the strait of Sincapour. It is 100 miles SE of the city of Malacca Lon. 104 10 E, lat. 1 ION. Sinde See Indus and Tatta. Sindeljingen, town ot Germany, in Suabia, six miles SW of Stutgard. Lon. 9 5 E, lat. 48 45 N. Sindy, or Scind, province of Hindoostan Proper ; bounded on the W by Persia ; on the N by the territories of the king of Can- dahar; on the NE by those of the Seiks ; on the E by a sandy desert, and on the SE by Cutch. It extends along the course of the Indus, from the mouth, to the frontiers of Moultan, 300 miles ; and its breadth, in the widest part, is 160. In many 'particu- lars of soil anel climate, and the genera! SIN SIR appearance of its surface, it resembles penlp.sula of the Black sea, 280 miles E Eg'ypt ; the lower p^rt being composed of from Constantinople. Lon. 33 55 E, lat. 41 rich vegetable mould, and extended into u 05 N. wide delta; while t!ie upper p;irt is a nar- Sinkmg spring; post village in Highland row slip of country, confint-d <>n the Per- county, Ohio, 33 miles SW from Chi iicothe, sian side by a ridge of mountains, and on on the great road leading from thence to the other by a sandy desert, tlie Indus, Maysville. equal at least to the Nile, winding through Sion, mountain of Palestine, on the south the midst of this level valley, and annually side of Jerusalem, of great celebrity in sa- ovei flowing it. Daring great part of the cred history. SW monsoon, or at least in July, August, ,Sw72, of ^/««j, town of Switzerlmd, capi* and part of September (which is the rair.y tal of Valais, and an episcopal see. It is season in most other parts ot India) the at- situated on the riverSiiten, near the Rhone, mosphere is he;e g; neraliy clouded ; but at tte toot of three insulated rocks, which no rain falls except near the s^;a. Indeed rise immediately from the plain Sion was very few showers fall during the whole formerly the capitrd of the Seduni, and year, Owmg t,> thi>, and the neighbour- some RoiTinn inscriptions sill reir.ain. ft hnod of the andy de.serts on the E and on i,. Si) mdes E of Geneva. Lon. 7 22 E, Jat. the NW. the heu;s are so violent, and the 46 9 N. winds from those quarters so pernicious, 6'joji^ or Os/o^ town of Egypt, which has that tne houses are contrived so as to be several mosques, and is the see of a Coph- occasionaliy ventilated by aperturfs on the tic bishop. Here are the ruins of an am- top, resembling the funnels of small chim- phitheatre, and some sepulchres of the pies The inland parts of Smdy, produce Romans. It stands "n an artificial m>unt, salt-pctre, sal-ammoniac, borax, hezo;:r, t\> o miles from the Nde, and 185 soutii of iapis-lazuli, and raw silk. They have also Cairo. Lon. 31 24 E, lat 27 25 N. manufactures of cotton and sik of varinus Siphanto, ancient Siphnos, one of the kinr's; and they in:ike fine cabinets, inlaid best cultivated islands of "he Archip'eiago, with ivory, and finely lacquered. to the W of Paros. !t is 36 miles in cir- Sinepuxen, long, narrow bay of the Uni- cumference, and though covered with mar- ted States, w'.iich lies between Worcester ble ard granite, produces corn suliicient county, Maryland, and a ^mall island called for its inhabitants; t-.lso excellent silk, but A.ssatigue. U communicates v;ith the not in any considerable quantity. The ocean by Sinepuxen inlet. chief articles of commerce are cahcoe'^. Sines, town of Portugal, in the province straw hats, fig-, onions, honey, wax, oil, and capers. Lon. 25 15 E, lat 37 9 N. Sirailia, town of Poland, capitid of a pala- tinate fif the same name, with a strong cas^ le. Lon. 8 55 "W, lat. 37 of Estremadura. 40 N. Sing, strong town of Dalmatia, taken by the Venetians from the Turks in 16H6. It It is surrounded by a wall, and seated in a is 16 miles N of Spaktro. Lon- 17 30 E, pliiiu, on tlie river Watta, 62 miles KE of lat. 47 10 N. Breslau, and 105 NW of Cracow. Lon. 18 Si ngan-fou, large city and capital of the 55 E, lat. 51 32 N. province of Chen-si in Cliina. Next to Pe- Siraf, tov/n of Persia, in the province of king it is one of the most beautiful and Lsris'an, situate on the Persian gulf, largest cities in China It is 480 miles SW Sitgian, town of Persia noted for its of Peking. Lon. 108 43 E, lat. 34 16 N, beautiful pottery. Singiliis, tov/n of Russia, in the govern- Sirhiud. very ancient city of Hindoostan ment of Simbrisk. Lon. 48 34 B, lat. 54 Proper, in the province of Delhi. The art 1 N. of weav'.np; silk v.'as brought back to C' n- Singo, town of Turkey in Europe, in stantinople, in the 16th century, by the Macedonia, on the gulf of Monte Santo, m.jnks who returned from Siriiind. It is Lor.. 24 E, lat. 40 13 N. 195 miles NW of Delhi. Lat. 30 1 N, lon. Singor, town of Asia, in the peninsula of 75 35 E. Malaccj, seated at the mouth of a small Sir Charles Hardy's Island, island in the river, in the bay of Patan. Lon. 101 25 E, Pacific Ocean, discovered by Captain Car- lat. 6 4 .. N. terot. Lon. 154 20 E, lat. 4 41 S. Singleton's, post office, Southampton Sir Charles Sminder's Island, in t!)*^ Pa- county, Virginia. Singsiitg, post village, Westchester coun- ty. New York, on the Hudson below the mouth of Croton river. Siiiigaglia, seap'irt of Italy, in the duchy cific Ocean, discovered by captain Walli:;. Lon 151 4 W, lat. 17 28 S. Sirik, town of France, in the department of Moselle. It is seated on the Mos^-lle, 25 miles N of Metz. Lon. 6 38 E, lut. 49 of Urbmo, at the mouth of \he Nigola in 36 X, the gidf of Venice, 17 miles SE of I'esaro, Sirinagw, large rugged coun'ry of Asia; Sinob, or Sinope, seaport of Tuik'y ni bounded on the N and NE by the Thihetian Asin, in Natolia, on the isthmtis of a stn.i11 mountains, on the SE by NapuJ, on the S 941 S I V S t A by llohilla, on the SW by Delhi, and on the NW by Lahore. The capital, of the same name, is 160 miles south of Delhi. Lon. 77 38 E, lai. 30 59 N. Sirius Island, island of the Pacific Ocean. Lon, 162 30 E, lat. 10 52 S, Sirmich, or Sirmiwn. town of Sclavonia, capital of a county of the same name, on the Bosweth, near the Save, 42 miles SE of Esseck. Lon. 20 19 E, lat. 45 13 N. Sirong, or Seronge, large town of Hin- doostan Proper, in the province of Malwa. It is 120 miles NE of Ougein. Lon. 78 4 E, lat. 24 4 N. Sisizan, seaport on the E coast of Luco- nia, one of the Philippine islands. It is situated almost immediately opposite to Manilla, and in the vicinity of Tcry high mountains, which render the air extremely moist. Lon. 123 45 E, lat. 14 20 N. Sissac, town of Swisserland, in the canton of BjsiI, capitnl of the province of Sisgow. It is 17 miles SE of Ba-il. Sisseg, town of Austrian Croatia, with a monastery, sea'cd on the Save, 28 miles SE of Zagrad, and 42 E of Carlstadt. Lon. 16 17 E, lat. 46 6 N. Sissek, strong town of Croatia, situated at the confluence of the Save and Kulpa, 40 miles E of Carlstadt. Lon. 22 10 E, lat. 45 48 N. Sissopoli, town of Turkey, in Europe, in Romania, on a peninsula of the Black Sea, 25 miles S of Mesembria, and 97 NW of Constantinople. Lon. 28 9 E, lat. 42 30 N. Sister Islands, three small islands to- wards the western extremity of lake Erie, called the Eastern, Western, and Middle Sisters. They are all small, the largest not exceeding 10 acres. Sisteron, town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Alps, and late province of Provence, on the Durance, 45 miles NE of ALx. Lon. 6 1 E, lat. 44 11 N. Sistersville, post village, Tyler county, Virginia, on the Ohio river, oS miles above Marietta. Siston, village in Gloucestershire, with a manufacture of brass, and another of saltpetre ; and tin ore has likewise been found here. Sitia, town on the N coast of the isle of Candla, near a bay of the same name, 58 miles from Candit. Lon. 26 29 E, lat. 55 N. Sittard, town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Juliers, seated near the Maese, "10 miles S of Ruremonde. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 50 58 N. Sitiingburn, town in Kent, 40 miles ESE of London. Sivrai, town of France in the depart- mint of Vienne, on the Ch. rente, 100 miles SSW of Paris. Lon. 23 E, lat. 46 16 N. 942 Sivas, or Seivas, ancient Sebaste, town of Asiatic Turkey, 373 miles E from Con- stantinople. Lon. 37 E, lat. 39 N. See Sevas in the Addenda. Sizun, small island of France, on the coast of Bretagne, eight miles from the mainland. It is almost on a level with the water, and produces only barley Skara, town of Sweden, in West Goth- land, with the ruins of an ancient palace, the residence of the Gothic kings. It is seated on the Lida, in a morass, 17 miles NE of Falkoging. Lon. 14 E, lat. 58 16 N. Skeen, town of Norway, in the govern- ment of Aggerhuys, remarkable for its mines of iron and copper. It is seated near the Categate, 40 miles W of Fre- dericstadt. Skeneateles, lake of New York, in Onon- dago, Cayuga, and Cortland counties. It is about 15 miles long, and from one and a half to half a mile wide. It is discharged into Seneca river. Skeneateles, village of Onondago county, New York, at the lower extremity of Ske- neateles lake. Skenectady. See Schenectady. Skeensborough. See Whitehall. Skiddato, mountain in Cumberland, one of the most remarkable in England, being above 1000 yards perpendicular height. Skinnersville, post village, Washington county, North Carolina, about 20 miles S from Edenton. Skippack, township of Montgomery county, Pennsjlvania See Perkiomen. Skipton, town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 41 miles S by E of Richmond. Skone. See Schonen. Skuttock hills, Hancock county, Maine, are five in number, and serves as land- marks, in entering Goldsborough harbour. Skye, island of Scotland, one of the largest of the Hebrides. It is separated on the E from Scotland by a very narrow channel, but its western part is at a con- siderable distance from Lewis. It is not less than 40 miles in length, from 20 to 30 in breadth, and almost a hundred in cir- cumference. Sluguen, town of Germany, in Pomera- nia, seated on the Wipper, 10 miles E by S of Rugenwald. Slaney, decayed town of Bohemia, with a castle, 18 miles NW of Prague. Lon. 18 27 E. lat. 50 16 N. Slate, district of the island of Skye, on the SE side of the island It is a penin- sula, and terminates in a rugged promon- tory, called the Point o*" Slate. Slave Lake, large lake of Briti.'-h Nr.rth America, between lat. 60 30 :in;i 62 30 N. It extends nearly E and W^ oSO miies, with a mean width of about 40, between lon. "3 and 42 W from W C. It receives S L O S M I the Unjigah river at its SE, and discharges it from the NW extremity. Slave river, of Britisfi America, the out- let of Athapescow lake. See Athapescoiu lake in the Addenda. Slatvka-w, or Austerlitz,Xoyfm of Moravia, capital of a circle of the same name. It is 10 miles E of Biinn. Lon. 16 57 E, lat. 49 5 N Sleaford, populous town in Lincolnshire, 18 miles S of Lincoln. Lon. 21 W, lat. 53 1 N. Sieswick, or South Jutland, ducby of Denmark, separated fmm Holstein, by the river Eyder. It is 100 miles long and 60 broad, and a fertile and populous country. Sles-aiick, ancient and considerable town of Denmark, capital of a duchy of the same name. It is an irregularly built town of great length, and contains about 5630 inhabitants. The houses are of brick, and like all the other towns in this country, re- semble those of Holland. The inh.ib tants dress also Hke the Dutch -, anci many of them speak their tongue, thougli the usual languages are the German and Dnish. Close to Sleswick, is the old palace of Got- torp, formerly the ducal residence ; see Gottorp, Sleswick is situated near the bot- tom of an arm of the Baltic, called the Sley, 60 miles NW of Lubec, and 125 SW of Copenhagen. Lon. 10 E, lat. 54 39 Slig^o, county of Ireland, in the province of Connaught, 25 miles long and nearly as broad ; bounded on the E by Leitrim, on the SE by Roscommon, on the SW and W by Mayo, and on 'he N by the Atlantic. It contains 41 parishes, and sends four members to parliament, Sligo, borougb of Ireland, in a county of the same name, and the only market town in it. It is seated on the bay of Sli- go, 26 miles E of Kiliala, and 100 NW of Dublin. Lon. 8 26 W, lat. 54 13 X. Slippery Rock, river of Pennsylvania, the SE branch of Beaver, rises in Butler, Ve- nango, and Mercer counties by a number of creeks, which unite in the NE angle of Beaver and receiving the Conequenessing from the SE falls into Big Beaver river, 12 miles N from the borough of Beaver. Slippery Rock, township of Butler coun- ty, Pennsylvania, on Slippery Rock river, contiguous to Mercer and Beaver counties. Population 1820, 865. Slippery Rock, townshp of Mercer coun- ty, Pennsylvania, adjoining the preceding. Population 1820, 1027. Slimbndge, village in Gloucestershire, 11 miles SW of Gloucester. In this parish, which is 20 miles in compass, 1000 acres of land have been gained from the Se- vern. Slonim, town of Lithuania, in the palati- nate of Novogrodeck, on the Sezra, 40 miles SW of Novogrodeck, and 60 SE of Grodno. Lon. 23 57 E, lat 53 N. Slooten, or Slotev, populous town of Fri. sland, seated on a lake called Slooten- mere, three miles from the Zuider-Zee, and 18 NW of Steenwick. Lon. 5 26 E, lat. 52 55 N. Schiizk, populous town of Lithuania, ca- pital of a duchy of the same name, on the river Sluczk, 70 miles SE of Novogrodeck. Lon 27 44 E, lat. 53 2 N. Shittellnirg, town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Petersburg, on the S side of the lake Ladoga, 30 miles E of Peters- burgh Lrm. 31 20 E, lat. 60 N. Sluys, town in Flanders, opposite the island of Cadsand, with a good harbour. It has its name from its fine sluices, by which the whole country can be inundated. It is 10 miles N of Bruges. Lon- 3 5 E, lat. 51 19 N. Smaland, or Smoland, province of Swe- den, the most southern of the kingdom, except Schonen, and Bleking. It lies op- posite the island of Ocland Prinoipal town Calmar. Smalkald, town of Franconia, in the county of Henneberg, subject to Hesse Cassel. It is famous for a confederacy entered into by the German protestants, against the emperor, in 1539, to defend their religion and liberties, commonly cal- led the Smalkaldic league It is seated on the Werra, 25 mile^ s'w of Erfurt, and 50 NW of Bamberg. Lon, 10 53 E, lat. 50 49 N. Smarden, town of Kent, with a market on Friday, 10 miles SSE of Maidstone, and 56 of London. Lon. 43 E, lat. 51 11 N. Smith, township of Washington county, Pennsylvania, on Racoon creek, about 20 miles NNW from Washington. Population in 1810, 1645 ; 1220, 1848. Smith, county of Tennessee ; bounded by Kentucky N ; Jackson county E ; White and Warren SE ; Wilson SW ; and Sumner W. Length 36; mean width 15; and area o40 square miles. Caney Fork river joins the Cumberland at Carthage, near the centre of this county. Surface rather rol- ling than hilly. Soil generally productive. Chief town Carthage. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females - Total whites - - - - All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - Slaves . . - . Total population in 1810 - 943 4,864 4.560 9,424 11,649 S M I Population in 1820. Free -.vliite maiea . - ^ do. do. females All other persons except Indians ' not taxed .... 7,096 6,842 Total whites 13,538 Free persons of colour, males - 52 do. do. females - 36 Slaves, males _ . . 1,741 do. females - - - 1,813 Total popidation in 1820 17,580 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture 3,745 do. in Manufactures 201 do. in Commerce 25 Population to the sqviare mile, 32, Smith, townslsip of Belmont county, Oiiio. Population in 1820, 1030. Smith's river, ■r Staunton, river of Virgi- nia. See Stanntori river. Smith's Island, island in the Pacific Ocean, discovered in 1790, by lieutenant Ball. Lon. 161 54 E, lat. 9 44 S. Smithfield, post town, and the capital of Johnston county. North Carolina ; lying on the N. side ofNeuse river, 30 miles NW of Waynesboro', and 100 VV by N of Newbern, and 322 from Wa.>>hington SmithJield,X.o\w\\s\\\Y> of Providence coun- ty, Rhode Island, containing 2,828 inliabi- tanth in 1810 ; aad in 1820, 4676; situated on the SW side of Pautucket river. It cm- tains four churches, three .icademies, and nine cottrn factories ; as also a gun and severa other factories. Smithjield, post village, and township, Madison' county, New York, 30 miles WSW from Utica, containing also ti:e village of Peterborough. Population in 1810, 2651 ; and in 1820, 3338. Smithjield, township of Bradf-^rd county, Pennsylvania, eig'it mdes NW from To- wantia. Population in 1820, 695. Smithfitld, post village, Somerset county, Pennsylvania, on the right bu'ik of Youghio- gany river, at the crossing of the United States road, 19 miles SE by E from Union. Smithfidd, Lorjcr, N'E township of Nor'.h- ampton county, Pei'msylvania, on the Dela- ware below the water Gap. Population in 1820,961.. Smithfieid Middle. SE township of Pike coimty, P nn-vlvai ia. Population in 1820, 812. Smithfieid, Upper, extreme eastern town- sh;p of Pike county, f'eimsylv.ania, inclu- ding the town of Milford. Population in 1820, 877. Smithfieid, post town of Jefferson county, Oliio, 4:> miles SW from Stubenville. cnn- 944. S 51 taining about 100 houses, and upwards of 600 inhabitants: wih sx merchant floui- mills, and 13 saw mills in the vicinity. Smithjield, township of Jefferson coumy, Ohio, containing Soiiil/field village, and in 1820, 2143 iniiabiiants. Smithjield, pofet town in Isle of Wight county, Virginia, on Pagan creek, a branch of James river, 38 miles W of Norfolk, about 55 SE of Petersburg, and 218 S by E of Washington. Smithfieid, post town and seat of justice, Johnson county, North Carolina, on the left bank of Neuse nver, 25 miles SE from Euleijih. Smithhmd, post town Livingston county, Kentucky, on the left bank of the Ohio, immediately below the mouth of Cumber- land river Population about 100. Smithboro', post village, Tioga county, Nivv York, on the right bank of Susquehan- nah river, 10 miles above Tioga point. Smith's Ferry, post office, Ohio county, Kentucky. Smith's Island, island at the mouth of Cape F: ar river. Cape Fear is the south- ern salient ]>oirit of this island. Smith's Poi?it, south cape at the mouth of Potomac river. Smith' sstore, post office, Spartanburg district, South Carolina. SmithtoTJ7i, post town in New York, situ- ated near Crane's Point, in Suff'olk county, Long Is and, 50 miles E by N of the city of New York, and 14 NW of Brook-haven. In 1800 the township contained 1592 inha- bitants; and in 1820, 18~4. Smithio-iun, township of Howard count}', Mis.^ouri. Smithvillc, tovvnsliip of Chenango, coun- ty. New York, 20 tniles SW for Norwich. Smithville, post town, Brunswick county, North Carolina, on the right bank of Cape Fear river, near the mouth, and opposite Smith's Island. It is the seat of an acade- my and has a good harbour. Smocltville, post village, Jefferson county, Indi^iua. Smoland. See Smaland. Smolensk, government of Rr.ss'a, on th.e iroi (tiers of Lithuania. After having been an object of contention, and reciprocally possessed by Poland snd Russia, it was con- quered by Alexay Micliaelovitch in 1654, and ceded to Uussia by th.e peace of Mos- cow, in 1G64. It now for.mspne of the Rus- sian governments. Smolensk, city of Russia, capital of a go- vernment of 'he same name. It is situate on the D iiepcr, and extends over two mountaii.s, and the valley between them. Notwithstanding its ex.en't, it contains only about 10,000 inhahiian's, and has no manu- r..ctures, hut carries on with Dantzic, Riga, and the Urkraine, a petty traffic m linen, itcTnp, hone"C, mix; leather, fnrs^ he- ^^ '" S i\ 1 19?' niiies NE of Novogorodeck. and 230 N of Kiof, Lon. 32 34 E, lat 24 50 N. Smynhnsen, town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, 16 miles W of liendsburg. Smyi-na, seaport of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, and one of the largest und richest cities of the Levant. The goodnes> of tlie harbour has caused it to be rebuilt several times, after having been destroyed by earthquakes. It is the rendezvous of mer- chants from almost all parts o^ the world, and* the magazine o* their merchandise. The Turks have 19 mosques, the Greeks two churches, the Jews eigh' ■synagogues, the Armenians one chui'ch, and the Latins three convents. There are three bishops, one Greek, t!ie other Latin, and the third Armenian. Its population is computed at 120,000 persons. The stree's are mor? open, better paved, and the iuju es better budt, tlian in other towns on the conti lent. The street of the Franks is the finest in "Snyrna, and lies all ;.long the harbour It is eight days journey from Constantinople by iand, 25 days fro:Ti Al ppo. by car 'van , six from Cogni, seven fom Catayu, and six from Satalia. The. imports I'rom England consist of woollen clths, camlets, lead, tin, and hardware ; these are exchang^ed for cot- ton, coffee, mohair, drugs, galls, raisins, figs &c. The Englsh and Dutch tac'ors have protest^.nt chapeis, and taverns iire as open here is in Rtu'ope. The fortifications ctin- sist of a fort, a csstle, a mountain, and an Old citadel. It is seated at the head of a large bay, 190 miles SSW of Constantino- ple; Lon. 27 7 E, lat, 38 28 N. Smiihebo rough, Somerset county, Penn- sylvania. See Smilhfietd. Snackenbzirg, town of Lower Saxony, in Bnmswick-Lunenburg, 20 mdes E by S of Danneberg Snuit.'i, town in West Yorkshire, with a muket 'in Friday, 22 miles S of York, and 175 N by \V of London. Sneafrs-tavei'ii, post office, Fluviana conn'y, Virginia. Sneck, or 6'/»<:, fortified town of Holland, in Friesl.tnd, seated t)n a lake of tlie same name, in marshy land, 12 miles SSW of Le warden. Sneedahorougk, post town, Anson county. North Carolina, on the right bank of the Yadkin river, immediately above t!ie north- ern boundary of South Carolina, 100 mdes SW from Raleigh. Sneirnc, town of Persia, in the province of Irac, 57 miles WNW of Amadan Snickers, post oince, and ferry over She- nandoali river, near the north angle of Frederick cumty, Virginia, 40 miles N\V by W from Wasjiington Snickcr^s-gap, through the Bine Ridge, '^■'■'Mit throe miios SE from Snicker's ferrv. ;? o c ,S>io7V, noted cavern, on the north coast of Southerlandshire. Snowdon, mountain in Carnarvonshire, its name signifies literally, tlie Hill of Snow, from snow and down. This is the most noted eminence in tbe whole region of the WeLsli Hiils, arid may with propriety, be styled the British Alps. Modern calcula- tions make it 3568 fee;, reckoning from the quay of Carnarvon to the highest peak. Sno-uhill, po-t town, port of entry, and seat of justice, Worcester county, Mary- land. It is situated on the SE side of Po- komoke river, 60 miles SE from Easton, and 20 miles a little south of east from Princess Ann. It is a place of considera- ble commerce, amount of shipping about 7300 tons Sno-Mhill, post village, Green county. North Carolma. Soana, or Suane, episcopal town of Italy* in Tu-^cany, near the river Flora, 30 miles SE of Sienna. Lon. 11 46 E, lat. 42 40 N. Soane, river ot Hmdoostan Proper, which rises on the south confines of Allababiid, issuini;; from 'die same lake which is the source of the Neibudda; and fl^vrng in an opposite direction to that river 1500 miles, it falls ir.to the Ganges above Patna, This river in conjunction with the Nerbudda and die Ganges makes :>s it were an island of the southern part of Hindoostan. Society Isles, islands in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Captain Cook in 1769, si ua- ted b';ween'l50 57 and 152 W lon. and 16 10 and 16 55 S lat They are seven in number, Huaheme, Ulitea, Otaha, Bala- bola, Mo'.irooa, Toobaee, and Tabooyama- noo, or Saiinder's idand, which is here in- cluded, as being subject to Huaheine. The soil, the productinns, the people, their lan- guage, religion, customs, and mannerS; are so nearly the same as of Otaheite, that littie need be added here on that subject. Na- ture has been tqually bountiful in uncul* • tivated pienty, and the inhabitants are as luxurious, and as indolent. Society Land, lownshipi Willsborougii coimty, New Hampshire, 25 miles SW irom Cone rd. Society hill, p >st office, Darlington dis- trict, Soiitli Carolina. Soco-ney, post village, Pendleton district, SouUi Caiolina. Sucunusco, province of Guatimala, NW from the city of Guat:mala, 88 miles long, and nearly "as much brond; bounded on the N by the Chiapi, on the E by Guati- mala, on the S by the Pacific Ocean, and on the W by Guaxaca. Soconusco, or Guevetlan, town of Nev? Kpam, capital of a province of the same narete, 440 miles SE of Mexico. Lon. W <» .15 .50 W, lat ^!y 12 N. S O F St) L Socotora, island of Asia, between Arabia Felix, and Africa, about 50 miles long and 22 broad. It abounds in fruit and cattle, and is particularly noted for its fine aloes. kno%vn by the name of So- cotrine aloes. Tiie natives are Maho- metans, with a mixture of Paganism, and they have a king who depends on Arabia. Soczowa, town of Turkey in Europe, in Moldavia, seated on the Seret, 32 miles SW of Jassy. Lon. 26 20 E, lat. 47 16 N. Sodbury, or Chip/iing Sodbury, town in Gloucestershire, noted for its fine cheese. It is seated in a bottom, near the clowns, 15 miles ENE of Bristol, and 112 W of London. Lon. 2 15 W, lat. 51 36 N. Sodor, village in Icolmkill, one of the Westf-rn Isl s of Scotland. The bishop of Man is still called bishop of Sodor and Man, on account of its once having been a bishop's see, which comprehend- ed all the islands, together with the isle of Man. Sodus, bay of New York, on the S shore of lake Ontario, between Seneca and Ontario counties. It is formed by a small indenting of the coast, and two, long, narrow sand bars admitting be- tween their pointS; vessels drawing Sf - ven feet water. It is completeiy se- cure, 12 milts N from Lyons, on the Erie canal. Sodus, Little, small bay 12 miles E froin the preceding;. Sodus, post office, Ontario county, New York, on Sodus bay, 30 miles NE from Caiiandaigua Population 1810 1957; and in 1820, 2013. Soeburg, town of Denmark, in the isl- and of Zealand. Soest, large town of West])halia, in the county of Marck, formerly free and imperial, but now belonging to the king of Prussia. The streets are watered with streams that proceed from a lake. It is 12 miles SW of Leipstadt, and 30 SE of Munster. Lon. 1 11 E, lat. 51 41 N Sofala, kingdom on the E coast of Africa, extending S of Zanguebar, from the river Cuama to the river Del-Espiri- to Santo ; that is, from 17 to 25 deg. S lat. It contai: s mines of gold, and is tri- butary to the Portuguese. Sofa!a, capital of a kingdom of the same name, near t'ne mouth of a river. Lon :^S 40 E. lat 20 20 S. Soffa or Sojihia. town of Turkey in Europe, .capita! of Bulgatia, at the foot of the mountains of Argentaro, on the river B0gana, 135 miles VVNW of Adrianople, 945 and 152 E of Scutari. Lon. 23 58 E, lat 42 36 N. Sofroy, town of the kingdom of FeZj at the foot of a mountain of the same name, part of Mount Atlas, and between two rivers, 12 miles E of F-ez. Lon. 4i 43 W, lat. 33 40 N. Sogno, town of the kingdom of Con- go, in a province of the same name. It is a dry sandy country, but yields a great deal of salt. The inhabitants are said to be Christians, converted by the Portu- guese, and the Capuchins have a church here It is seated on the Xaire, near its mouth, 185 miles WSW of St. Salvador. Lon. 13 15 E, lat. 5 50 S. Sahagepour town of Hindoostan Pro- per, in the province of Allahabad. Lon. 82 20 E lat. 23 50 N. ^ Soham, town of Cambridgeshire, on a fen of the same name, near Sohammere, which takes up 1000 acres of land. It is five miles SE of Eiy. and 70 N by E of London. Lon 14 E, lat. 52 21 N. Soho, village in Staftbrdsiiire, two miles NW of Birmingham. This village was founded by Mr Bolton, who esta- blished a manufacture for every article common to the Birmingham trade, the plated were usually made at Sheffield, and of elegant pieces of silver both light and massive. Here also are made the improved steam engines, now adopted in numerous manufactures and other con- cerns throughout the kingdom. The copper ciiinage (if penny and two pence pieces issued by government in 1797, were stamped here ; and in 1799, a coina.^e of half penny and farthing pie- ces were manufactured here by a new and very ingenious apparatus. Soignies. town of Hainault, near a fo- rest of the same name, on the river Senne, eight miles NE of Mons, and 17 W of Brussels. Lon 4 14 E, lat. 53 29 N. Soissonnois, late province of France, bounded on the N by Lyonnois, on the E by Champagne, on the S by La Brie, and on the W by Valois. It abounds in corn, wood, and pastures : and with the late province of Vermandeis, now forms the depirtment of Aisnr. Soissons, city of France, in the de- partment of Aisne, and late province of Soissonnois, anciently the capital of a kingdom of the same name, under the first race of the French monarchs. It contains 12,000 inhabitants. Soissons is seated in a fertile valley, on the river Aisne, 30 miles H by N of Rheims, and 60 NE of Paris. Lon. 3 18 E, lat. 40 23 N. Soldania Bay, bay on the SW coast of Africa ; a little to the N of the Cape of Gc«d Hope. Lon. 18 4 E, lat. o3 10 S SOL S M Solesbiiry, township of Bucks county, miles NE of Worcester, and 107 NW of Pennsylvania ; situated on the SW side London. of the river Drlaware, between Upper SoUngen. town of Germany, m the Makefifld, and Plum stead, and contain- circle of Westphalia, and duchy of Berg, ing 1669 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, seated near the river Wipper 15 miles 2092. This town hip contains Ntw Hope. SE of Dusseldorf. Lon 7 10 E, iat. 51 Solenhqfen, town of G^rmany, in Fran conia, and principaHty of Anapach. Lon. 10 43 E, Iat. 44 46 N. Solenre, or Solothurji. canton of Swis- serla;.d, which holds the eleventh rank in the Helvetic confederacy, into which it was admitted in 1481. It stretches partly through the plain, and partly along the chains of the Jura, 36 miles in length, and 35 m breadth, and contains 50,000 inhabitants Tht soil, for the most part is fertile in corn ; and the districts with- in the Jura abound in excellent pastures. ION. Solkamsk, town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Perm. In its vicinity are some salt wtrks. It is seated on the Us- solka, 430 miles NE of Kasan. Lon. 57 26 E, Iat. 5 15 N. Sobnona. See Sulmona. S'Ams, town of Germany, capital of a county of the same name, in the circle of Lower Rhine, on a hill lu miles SE of H. rboni. Lon, 8 31 E, !at. 50 o5 N. Solomon's Islands. See Danger, Isles of Solon, post town and townsliip, So- Soleure, or Solothurn, ancient town ^^^^.^^^ county, xMaine, on the left bank of Swisserland, capital of a canton of the ^f Kennebec river, 18 miles above Nor- samename. It contains 4000 inhabitants, j-ij^^^yf^ck. Population 1820, 468. and is seated on the Aar, which here y^^^^^ p„g^ village-, and township, expands into a noble river. Soleure is surrounded by regular stone fortifica- tions, and is 20 miles N by E of Bern, and 27 SSW of Basle. Lon 7 20 E, Iat. 47 15 N. Solfaiara, lake of Italy, in the Cam- pagna of i-iome near Trivoli, which emp- ties itself by a whitish muddy stream. Cortlandt county. New York, U miles E from Homer. Papulation 1820, 1262. Solor, island in the Indian Oci an, to the S of Celebes, governed by its own king Lon 123 55 E, Iat. 9 0S. Soltau, t: wn of Germany, in Lower Saxony. Lon 10 2 E, Iat 53 10 N. Soltweld, town ot Germany, in tiie old into the l-evernne, the ancient Aniti ; a marche of Brandenburg, seated on the vapour of a sulphureous smt 11 arising j^tze, 40 miks NW of Stendal. Lon. 11 from it as it flows. Th^ waters of this 35 E Iat. 53 6 N. lake had anciently a high medical re- 5o/wot/ i'V'V//, arm of the sea, between putation, but are no longer in esteem In Cumberland in England, and Kircud- the middle are several floating islands, brightshire in Scotland, formed of matted serge and herbage, Solivay Moss, black morass, in Cura- springing from a soil of dust and sand berland ; near it is the river Esk, on the blown from the adjacent ground, and borders of Scotland, which, in 1771. be- glued together by the bitumen which ing swoln by rains, burst tlirough the swims on the- surface of the lake, and shell of turf, which covered it, and spread the sulphur with which its waters are a deluge over 4J0 acres of cultivated impre.^nated. Some of these islands are i-and, and entirely filled up the valley in 15 yards long, and will bear five or six its vicinity. people, who by a pole, may move to dif- Sornbrere, island in the Indian Ocean, ferent parts of the lake. From this lake 30 miles N of Nict;bar. The inhabitants issues a whitish muddy stream, which are inild, timorous, and very obliging to emits vapour of a sulphureous smell, till strangers. it reaches the Teverone. Sombrero, cluster of uninhabited isl- Solfaterra, mountain of Italy, in the ands in the West Indies, belonging to kingdom of Naples, and Terra di Lavo- the English. 'Ihe most remarkable ot ra. This mountain appears evidently to them is a league long, and consist ot an have been a volcano in ancient times, and eminence, to which the Spanish disco- the soil is yet so hot, that the workmen verers, finding some resemblance to a employed there in making alum need no- hat, gave the name of Sombrero It is 80 thing else besides the heat of the ground miles NW of St. Christopher. Lon, 6j for evaporating their liquids. Near it is 37 W, Iat 18 38 N. - - • • ■ Somers, township of Tolland county. a small lake full of black thick water, which seems to be always br)iling. Solfivitzborg, town of Sweden, in the province of Blekengen. Lon. 14 31 E, Iat. 56 2 N. Solihul, town in Warwickshire, 20 C'^nnecticut, containing 1210 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1306. It is situated about 25 miles from the city of Hartford. Somers, post village and township, West Chester county, New York. Pc- 947 s G ir pulation 1310, 1782; and in 1S20, 1841. In the village ia weekly newspaper is published. Somers, township of Prebble county, Ohio. Population 1820, 1171. Somerset, township, Buckinghaai coun- ty. Lower Canada. Somerset, county of Maine ; bounded by Kennebec S ; Oxford \V ; Lower Ca- nada NW ; and Penobscot E. This coun- ty includes a spact of 180 miles long, by upwards of 50 wide, cr between 7000 and 8000 square miles Only the south- ern part, however, on Kennebec river yet inhabited. This cultivated space amounts to about 2000 square miles. Chief town, Norridgewock. Population in 1810. Free white males - . 6,599 do. do. females - - 6,311 Total whites - - . 12,910 All other persons except Indians not taxed - . . . q Slaves --.-•, S O M Total population in 1310 12,910 Population in 1820. Free white males - - 11,027 do. do. females - - 10,748 All other persons erccept Indians not taxed - - - - o Total whites - - - 21,775 Free persons of colour, males 8 do. do. females 4 Slaves, males - . _ o do. females - _ . o Total population in 1820 - 2l,7S7 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 55 Engaged in Agriculture - 5,907 do. in Manufactures - 478 do. in Commerce - 16 Population to the square mile 10, inclu- ding only the southern and inhabited section. Somerset, township of Windham county. Vermont, 42 miles SW from Windsor. Po- pulation 200. Somerset, post village, and township, Bristol county, Massachusetts, on Taunton river, 13 miles S from Taunton. Popula- tion 1810 1200; and m 1820, 1116. Somerset, county of New Jersty ; bound- ed by Essex E; 'Middlesex SE ; Hunter- don SW, and W ; and Morris, N. Length 30; mean width 12 ; and area 360 square miles. It is entirely drained by (he diffe- rent branches of Rarlttm river. Surface pleasantly diversified by hill and dale. Soil generally productive in grain, pasturage, 948 art of New Bruns- V; Other prlnrjpal V lervilie, and Mid- \ and fi'uit. The upper part wick is in this county towns, Boundbrook, Som dlebnrg. Popidation in 1810. Free white males ... 6,330 do. do. females - - - 6,111 Total whites .... 12,441 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 316 Slaves 1,968 Total population in 1810, - 14,725 Population in 1820. Free while males ... 6,988 do, do. females - ... 6,909 All other prrsons except Indians . not taxed .... Total whites . - - 13,t'97 Free persons of colour, males 759 do. do. females 728 Slaves, males .... 604 do. females ... 518 Total population in 1820 - - 16,506 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 61 Engaged in Agriculture . . 2,536 do. in Manufactures - 841 do. in Commerce . . 44 Population to the square mile, 45|. Somerset, county of Pennsylvania ; bc-und. ed by Aliegany county in Maryland S ; Fayette county in Pennsylvania VV ; West- moreland NW ; Cambria N ; and Bedford E. Length 38 ; mean width 28 ; and area 1066 square miles. Though enclosed on two sides by mountains, this county is not even very hillj', and contains much good soil, particularly for the production of grain and meadow grasses, it is drained by the Youghiogany and Conemaugh ri- vers. Chief town, Samerset. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 5,792 do. do. females - - 5,478 Total whites .... 11,270 All other persons except Indians not taxtd - . - - 14 Slaves - . . - . Total population in 1810 11,284 Population in 1820. Free white males - . - 7,153 do. do. females . - - 6,735 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites 13,4 S O M s o u Free persons of colour, males do, do. females Slaves, males do. females Total population in 1820 Of tiiese ; Foreig'tiers not naturalized - 88 Eiigagtd m Agriculture - 2,692 do. in Manufaciures - 545 do. in Commerce - . 36 Population to the square mile, 13. Somerset, post town, borough, and seat of justice, Somerset county, Pennsylvania, on a branch of Youghiogany rivtr, 37 miles W from Bedford, Population of the town- ship, 1810, 1548, and of the borough 1820, 442. Somerset, township of Somerset county> Pennsylvania, around the borough of So- merset. Population 1820, 1954, , Somerset,\.owns\\\^ of V/ashintgon county, Pennsylvania, between the eastern branch of Chartiers creek, and Pigeon creek, 10 miles Fi from Washington. Population 1810, 1500 ; and m 1820, 1540. Somerset, county of Maryland ; bounded by Sussex county in Delaware NE ; Wor- cester county in Maryland E ; Pocomoke bay S ; Chesapeak bay SW ; and Nanti- coke river, or Dorcester county NW. Length 35 ; mean width 15 ; and exclu- sive of water, area about 500 square miles. It is bounded by Pocomoke SE ; and by Nanticoke river NW; and drained by Mano- kin, and Wiromico rivers. Surface general- ly level, and though sandy, tiie soil tolera- bly productive. Chief town, Princess Ann, Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 4,316 do. do. females ... 4,646 Total whites . - . . 8,962 All other persons except lndi;ins not taxed .... 1,058 Slaves ..... 6,975 Total population in 1810 - 16,^95 Population in 1820. Free white males - - 5,105 do, do, females - - 5,379 AH other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites . . . 10,384 Free persons of colour, males 3,876 do. do. females 3,365 Slaves, males - - - 9l2 do. females - - . 1,042 Total population in 1820 45 Of these ; 41 Foreigners not naturalized - 12 Engaged in Agriculture - 4,231 do. in Manufactures - 499 do. in Commerce - 415 13,974 Population to the square mile, 39, Somerset, post town and seat of justice, Pulaski county, Kentucky, on Pitman's 88 cteek abou: 100 miles S from Frankfort, and 80 miles E from Glasgow. Somerset, post town, and seat of justice. Perry county,Ohio, on the road from Zanes. vilie to Lancasttr 18 miles from each, Lon, W C 5 20 W, lat. 39 52 N. Popula. tion 1820, 344. Somerset, township of Belmont county, Ohio. Population, 1820, 863, Somersetsldre, county of England, 65 miles long, and 45 broad ; bounded on the NW by the Bristol Channel, on the N by Gioucestersliire, on the E by Wiltshire, on the SE by Dorsetshire, on the SW by Devonshire. It lies in the diocesses of Bristol, and of Bath and Weils, The air in the lower grounds is uaiversally mild, and generally wholesome. The soil in the NE quarter is in general stony, and possesses a lofty mineral tract called the Mentrip Hills, Towards the centre, where its prin- cipal rivers unite, are fens and marshy moors of great extent. On the W side r.re the Quantock Hills, with many downs and open heaths ; and m the NW corner i.3 the black sterile region ot Exmoor. Po- pulation 1301, 273,750; in 1811, 303,180; and in 182i, 355,314. Somersxvortli, township. Stafford cosmty. New Hampshire, on Piscatt-qua river, 12 miles above Portsmouth, Population 1820, 841. Somertmi, town in Somersetshire, from which the county took its name, 13 mdes S of Welis Lon. 2 40 W, lat 51 22 N. SomerxlUe, post village of Somerset coun- ty. New Jer=.ey, on Rariton river, 26 miles SW from Nev/ark. Somerville, post village, Fauquier coun- ty, Virginia. Somma, town of Italy, in Naples, in its vicinity, between 7000 and SOOO pounds weight of silk of the best quality, are an- nually made. It is. 10 miles E of Naples, Somme, department of France, including the late province of Picardy, It takes its name from a river which rises in the de- partment of Alsac, and watering St. Quen- tid, Peronne, Amiens, and Abbeville, en- ters the English channel. Amiens is the capital. Sommerfeld, town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, 72 niiles distant from Berlin. Sommieres, town of France, in the de- partment of Gard, and late province of 19,579 Languedec, which carries on a manufac- — — tore of serges. It is seated on the Vi- ^49 S O S Q S. dourse, 10 miles W of Nismes. Lon. 4 11 E, !i,t. 43 48 N. Soncino, strong town of Italy, in the CreiDonese, seaied on the Oglio, 20 miles NW of Cremonia. Lon. 9 44 E, lat. 45 24 N. So7iderborg, town of Denmark, in the island of A sen. Its harboui' is salt' to be the best in Denraaik. It is 16 miles ENE of Flendshbui-g Lou. 9 49 E, iat. 54 57 N. Sondershansen, tuwn of (iermanj', in the circle of Upper Saxony, on ihe small river Wipper. It is the capital of the princi- pality of Schwartz Sonderhauson. Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 48 25 N- Sondrio, town in the country of the Ori- sons, and capital of the Valveline, built on both sides of the Maienco, a furious tor- rent. It is 34 miles NE of Como. L')n. 9 40 E, lat. 46 11 N. Sonergon, or Sunnergaim, village of Hin- doostan Proper, once a large city, the pro- vincial capi'al of the e;.siem division of Bengal before Dacca was built, and *ia- mous for a manufacture of fine cotton cloths. It IS seated on a branch of the Biirrampooter, 13 mles SE of Dacca. Song kiang, city of Cluna, in the pro- vince of Kiung-nan. It is built close to the water, the prodigious quantity of cot- ton cloth with whicli it applies not only the empire, but also foreig-n countries, renders it very celebrated, and causes it to be much frequented. Sonneberg. See Limenherg. Sonora, intendancy of Mexico, bounded by the Pacific Ocean, and Gulf of Call- fornia SW ; the unknown regions towards Rio Gila NW, and N ; Intendancy of Du- rango E ; and Guadalaxara SE. Leng'.h from SE to NW, 800 miles ; Hie^n width about 180 miles ; ad area 147,000 square miles. Lying between lat. 22 30 and 33 N. It is sometimes called Sinoloa, from the name of an ancient province now comprised within its limits. It is general- ly a broken, and very imferfcctly known country. Beside Sinaloa it also contains the former provinces of Ostimary, and Sonora proper. Ltnaloa to the SE ; Osti- mary in the middle, and Sonora or New Nararre to the N and NW It contains many small, and one considerable river the Hiaqui. Numerous remains of anti- quity have been found near the Rio Gila. See American Pyramids. The most noted places are, the city of Arispe, and the towns of Sonora, Hosti- muri, Culiacan, Cinaloa, El llosario, Fuerte, or Montesclaros, and Alamos. Sooloo, island of the Kastern Ocean, si- tuated SW of Mindanao, almost midway between that island and Borneo. It is 30 miles long, and 12 broad, and contains about 60,000 inhabitants ; the natives are Malays, and Mahometans. The populous- 950 ness of this little spot Is caused by its ad- vantageous Situation, which renders it a great mart. The English East India com- pany have a r; sidcit here. Lon. 121 25 E, lat, 5 58 N Sophia. See SoJ^a. Sop/iiania, town of Persia, in Aderbeit- zan, seated in a valley, 25 miles NW of Tauris. Lon. 47 25 E, lat 38 35 N. Sapienbnrg, town of the 'Sland of Zealand in De.imark. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 55 54 N. j Sopra Selva, valley of Swisseriand in the j country of the Grisons. Snpron, st ong town of Lower Hungar)', capital of a county of the same name, seated on a small river, 27 miles SW of Presburg, and 30 SE of Vienna. Lon, 17 E, lat. 47 46 N. Sora, town of Naples, in Terr:; di La\o. ra, on the Garigliano, 65 miles NW of Na- ples. Lon. 14 4 E, lat. 41 54 N. Sora, strong town of Denmark, in Zea- land, with a college for the nobility, nine miles W of Ringsied. Lon. 11 53 E, lat. 55 26 N. I Soru-ii>, town of Germany, in Lusatia, 1 seated neal^ the Bober, 25 miles S of Cros- sen. and 32 NE of Corlltz. Lon. 15 48 E, lat. 51 40 N. Soi'el, or William Henry, town of Lower Canaiia, on St. Lawrc-ce river, immediate- ly below the mouth of Sorel river. It is a regidarly built town, containing 150 houses and about 1.500 inhabitants. Sorel, river of Lower Canada, the out- let of lake Champlain. It admits ship na- vigation to St. John's. From thence to the basin of Chambly the current is strong and impeded by shoals and rapids; but from Chambly to the mouth, gentle. The distance from lake Champlain to St. John's about 20 ; and from thence to the mouth 55 miles by comparative courses. Il is the channel of an extensive down stream trade in flour, lumber, pot and pearl ashes. . Sorento, town of Italy, in Naples, with a harbour at the foot of the mountain Sorento, in the bay of Naples, 17 miles SE of Naples. Lon. 14 24 E, lat. 40 36 N. Soria, town of Spain, in Old Castile, built on the ruins of the ancient Numan- i tia, near the source of the Douero, 74 miles SE of Burdos. Lon. 2 2 W, lat 41 48 N. Sorianto, town of Italy, in Naples. Sorock, town of Poland, on the Dnies- ter. Soroe, town of Denmark, in the island of Zealand. It is encompassed by three fresh water lakes, and is 25 miles SW of Copenhagen. Lon. 12 15 E, lat. 55 5 N. Sosfiello, town of Piedmont, in the SOL- SOU county of Nice. It has a trade ia dried fruits, particularly figs ; and is seated at the foot of three very high naountains, on the river Bevera, 15 miles NE of Nice. Lon. 7 34 E, lat. 43 52 N. SovLina, town of Italy iu Tuscany, in the Siennese, 25 miles W of Orvietto. Lon. 11 48 E, lat, 42 42 N. Soubise, town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Charente, and late ter- ritory of Saintonge, on an eminence, on the river Charente, 22 miles S of Rochelle. Lon. 1 2 W, lat. 45 37 E. Souillac, town of France, in the de- partment of Lot, and late territory of Querci, on the Borese, 32 miles N of Cahors. Lon. 1 21 E, lat. 44 55 N. Sound, passage or strait, lying be- tween the island of Zealand, in Denmark and tht contiiient of schonen, in Sweden, througli which vessels pass from the ocean into the Baltic. On the Denmark side stands the town of Elsineur, and tlie strong fortress of Cronenburg, near which is a tolerable good road ; and on the side of Sweden stands the town of Helsingburg, with only one old tower re- maining of a demolished castle. The Danes lake toll of all ships that pass through the strait, which is about four miles over. See Ekinore. Sour, or Sur, seaport of Turkey in Asia, or Syria. Here stond the famous city of Tyre, of which there is now no- thing remaining but ruins. Lon. 55 50 E, lat 33 18 N. See Tyre. Sour, or Su7; river of the Netherlands, which runs from W to E through Lux- emburg and falls into Moselle, a little above Treve. Souri, town of Persia in the province of Laristan. Lon. 5030 E, lat. 26 18 N. Sonsa, or Susu, strong town of the kingdom of Tunis, in Africa, capital of a province of the same name, with a castle and a good harbour. It is a place of snme trade, and seated on a high rock, near the sea, 65 miles SE of Tunis. Lon, 11 15 E, lat. 38 52 N Son-tcheou, city in China, the second in the province of Kiang-nan, and one of the most agreeable in China ; Europeans who have seen it, compare it to Venice, with this difiF rence, that the latter is built in the sea, and Sou tcheou-fou is intersected by canals of fresh water. The brocades and embroideries made here are in gi'eat request throughout the whole empire. Lon. 112 20 E, lat. 38 40 N. Souterraine, town of France, in the de- partment of Creuse, and late province of Marche, 24 miles N of Limoges. South Sea. See Pacific Ocean. Southam^ tpyn in Warwckshirc, noted for its cider. It is 13 miles S of Coven- try, and 83 NW of London. Lon. 1 23 W, lat. 52 35 N. South Amb'jy, township of Middlesex county, New Jersey, containing 3071 in- habitants in 1810, and in 1820, 3406. Southampton, seaport and borough in Hampshire. It is commodiously situa- ted between the Itchen and Test, which here flow into an inlet of the sea, called Southampton Water which is so deep that ships of 1500 tons have been launch- ed here, and it is navigable almost to the head fur vessels of considerable bur- den. Two miles from this town is VVood- mills, where is a very curious manufac- ture of ship-blocks, from which all the king's yards are supplied. Southamp- ton is 12 miles S by W of Winchester, and 75 WSW of London. Lon. 1 26 W, lat. 50 55 N. Southampton, township of Rockingham county. New Hampshire, 18 miles SW from Portsmouth. Population 1820, 416, Southampton, township of Hampshire county, Massachusetts, 10 miles SW from Northampton. Population 1810, 1171 ; and in 1820, 1160. In this town- ship there is a lead mine. Southampton, post town, SuflTolk coun- tv, Long Island, 98 miles E from New York Southampton, township of New York on Long Island, containing the preceding village and Westhampton, and Sag har- bour, each containing its separate post office. Population 1810, 4899; and in 1820, 4318, Southampton, township of Bucks coun- ty, Pennsylvania, opposite the NW angle of Philadelphia county, and the NE angle of Montgomery, Population 1814, 739 ; and in 1820, 907. Southampton, SW township of Cumber- land .ountv, Pennsylvania,. Population 1810, 700'; and in 1820 1088. This township includes Shippensburg. Southampton, township of Franklin county, Pennsylvania, adjacent to the preceding Population 1810, 1060; and in 1820, i348. Southamfnon, one of the southern town- ships of Bedford county Pennsylvania, eight miles S from the borough of Bed- ford. Population 1810, 952 ; and in 1820, 1158. Southampton, County of Virginia, bound- ed by North Carolina S ; Greensville SW ; Sussex N W ; Surry N ; and Black.- mond river of Isle of V\/ight, and Nase- water E. Length 38; breadth 30; and area 570 square miles. It is washed S W by the Meherie, and E by Blackwater river, and traversed by the Nottaway Chief town, Jerusalem. 951 sou U U Population in 1810, Free white males - - - 2,934 do. do. females . - - 3,048 Total whites - - . - •^'^^^ All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - 1,109 Slaves ..-•■- 6.406 Total population in 1810 - 13,497 Population in 1820. Free white males . , . 2,959 do. do. tV males - - - 3,168 All other persons except Indians not laxed .... Total whit-^s - - - - &,'\p7 Free persons of colour, males - 599 do. do. females 7Q7 Slaves, males .... 3,601 do. females ... 3,136 Total population in 1820 - - 14,170 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 1 Engaged in Agi'ic I'.ure - - 4,427 do.. in Manufactares - - 183 do. in Commerce - - 24 Population to the square mile, 24|. South Beaver, township of Beaver county, Pennsylvania, containing 1351 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, SOO. It is situated on the N side of thf river Ohio, and joins the state of Ohio, in the west Southborough, township of Worcester county. Mass ichusetts, 10 nii'es E from Worcester Population 1810, 926; and in 1820, 1030. Soinhbridge, township of "Worcester county, Massachusetts. Population 1820, 1066. South Brimfiehl, post village and town- ship Hampden county, Massachusetts. Popularion 1810, 845 fand in 1820 683. Southbuvy, post village and township New Haven county, Connecticut, on the left side of Housatonick river 40 miles SW from Hartford, Population 1820, 1662. Southeast, post village, and township Putnam county, New York, 18 miles E from West Point. Population 1820, 1387 ; and in 1820, 1909. South Farms, post village Litchfield county, Connecticut. Sotithfield, township of Berkshire coun- ty, Massachusetts, 28 miles SE from Lenox, Population 1810, 147. Sonthfiehl, township Richmond county. New York, on Staten Island, containing the post village of Richmond, the seat 952 .of justice for the county. Population I&IO, 1007 ; and in 1820, 1012. South Hadley, post t')Wn, and township Hampshire county, Massachusetts, on the left bank of Connecticut river, five miles below Northampton. Population 1810, 902; and in 1820. 1247. A fall of 50 feet in the Connecticut river at this plac( has been overcome by a dam and canal of 712 perches in length with five locks. The whole canal iir cut through the solid rock. t South Hero, post town Grand Isle coun- ty, Vermont, on Grand Isle in Lake Champiain, 12 miles SW from Burling- ton. Population lOOO. South hill, post village Muhlenburg county, Virginia. Souihington, post village and township Hartford county, Connecticut, 18 miles SW from Hartford, and on the Quinipi- ack. Population 1820, 1875. Souihington, one of the western town- ships of Trumbull county, Ohio. Popu- lation. 1820, 182. South Kingston, post town and seat of justice, Washington county, Rhode Is land, at the mouth of Narragansett bay, 20 miles SW from Providence. Popu- lation 1810, 3560 ; and in 1820, 3723. Southold, post town and township Suf- folk county, Long Island, 100 miles from New York. It embraces the western peninsula of the east end of Long Island extending NE from Poconie bay ; and also includes the islands, Great and Little Gull, Plum, Rum, Robbin's and Fish.: rs. Population 1810, 2613 ; and in 1820, 2268. South Quay, post office, and port of entry. Nansemond county, Virginia. Soutfi River, small bay exttnding NW from the Chesapeak bay in Ann Arundel county, Maryland, six miles S from An- napolis. South Salem, post village and township West Chester county, New York, abf.ut 50 rniies N by E from New York, Po- pulation 1810, 156G ; and in 1820, 1429. Southiuark, borough in Surry, which may be considered as part of the metro- polis, being seated on the opposite side of the Th:\mes, and under the jurisdic- tion of the corporation of London. Po- pulation 70,000.* Southwlck, post village and township, Hampden county, Massachusetts, nine miles SW from Springfield. Population 1810, 1229; and in 1820, 1255. Sout/itvold, seaport of England, in Suf- folk, at the mouth of the river Blythe, 104 miles XE from London. So7ito Major, town of Portugal, in the province of Beira. Lcn. 6 48 W, lat. 41 5N, S P A JE' A Soviqmj, town of France, in the de- tice in this place, ecclesiastical and civil partm-'nt of Rhone and Loire, seated on tyranny has been frustrated on that line the Qnesne. 50 miles SE of Bourges, peninsula, and both Spain and Portusal and 167 S of Paris. Lon. 3 31 E, lat. 46 have re-established .representative go- oO ^, ' vernment. And both kingdoms may be Soutea HiU, the most elevated h.ill in considered as virtually separated from the mountainous ridge of Lammennair, their Anierican colonies. By a recent in the N part of Berwickshire in Scotlaru^ Souyotes, or Soyotes. name of a peo- ple in Siberia, subject to Russia and Chi- na. They dwel' in the hiijhtr part of the Sayane mountains, townrd the SW bor- ders of the lake Baikal, on the frontiers of Mongolia. Spa, town of Netherlands in Liege, famous for its mineral waters. It is si- tuated on one end of a de^p valley on the banks of a small rivulet, and is sur- rounded on all sit'es by high mountains. The sides of these mountains next lo Spa are rude and uncultivated, presenting a rugged appearance as if shattered by ; b^ convulsions of earthquakes ; but • are strewed with tall oaks a> dance of shrubs, the country d forms a wild, romantic, and beau i\ landscape. Its only source of wealttv .s its mineral waters. The nam^s - tl.e five principal wells are Pouh.m, O^ n- fierd, Savinere, Watpotz, andTu^^.ec The inhabitants are employed in tftwti r: decree of the Cortes, Spain is now sub- divided into the following provinces. tovs for strangers. Spa was !l|k(M French in 1794. It is seated in a va'^ev surrounded by mountains, 17 miles hE of Liege. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 50 30 E. Sfiain, kingdom of Europe, 700 miles long and 50: broad ; bamded on the N by the bav of Biscay, NE by the Py- renees, which s- parate it fvorn Frai'ce, E and S by the MtditerraHtan, SW by the Atlantic, and W by l''.,rtugal and the Atlantic. According t'l the ancient di- visions it contained the provinces of Old and New Castile, Andalusia, Arragon, Estremadura. Gallacia, L'.-un, Cataionia, Grenada, Valencia, Biscay, Asturias, Murcia, and Upper Navarre, some of which have been separate kingdoms. The principal rivers are thi- Douero, Tagus, Guadiana, Guadalquivcr, and Ebro. The soil is fertile ; but there are large tracts of uncultivated ground ; and the superior attention paid to the large flocks of sheep, greatly impedes the pro- gress of agriculture. The produce of the country is wheat, barley, saffron, ho- ney, silk, salt, saltpetre, hemp, barilla, and even sugar-canes, with the richest and most delirious fruits that are to be found in France and Italy ; and its wines are in high esteem. Few countries have undergone more interestin.; revolutions than Spain, and the history of no nation is perhaps so instruc- tive. After vicissitudes too numerous dingthose in the Provincias Intemas and complex to receive even a brief no- Mexican Empire. 6 E 953 Provinces. A 1 leant Almeria Avila Baddjoz Barcelona Bilboa Burgos Cadiz Caceras Calatayud Casttllan • - Chinchilla CfudacUieal Cordo f^ Cornnna Cuenca Gerona (iranada xGuadalaxara H'lelva Huesca Jaen Jativa L'jon Lerida L'lgrono Lugo Madrid - Mdaga Murcia Ore use Ovitdo ■ Palencia Pal ma Pamploi»a S'alamanca Santander San Seijastian Segovia Sevillt Soria I'arragona Ternol Toledo Valencia Vallodolid Villa Franca Vigo Vittoria Zamora Zaragoasa Pvpulatfon. 249,692 198,762 113,135 301,225 353,205 104,186 206,095 281,293 199,205 105,947 188,079 186,260 296,525 337,265 357,970 296,650 191,243 346,984 222,655 139,817 182,845 274,930 161,257 180,567 136,560 184,217 263.703 290,495 290,324 252,058 300,870 367,501 128,697 207,765 195,416 226,882 175,1-^2 104,789 145.985 358,811 105,108 194,782 105,191 302,470 346,166 175,100 86,385 327,848 77,465 142,385 315,111 11,248,026 Sjmin, Xetv This term is used to designate the Mfxican provinces, incUi- ■ - ■ ■ - geg S I' A S P E S/iaiHa, town of Tunis, in Africa. In its neighbourhood there are somt" mag- nificcnt ruins. It is 90 miles SVV of Tu- nis. Lon 9 15 E, lat. 35 50 N. S/io!atro, or S/iaUatio, town of Dnlma- tia, with a good harbour. It is built upon the ruins of" the palace of Diocle- sian, the walls of which make two-t'nirds of those of the city, and of which, in 1764, Mr. Robert Adam published a splendid account On a peninsula, in the gulf of Venice, 35 miles SE of Se- benico, and 102 NW of Ragusa. Lon. 17 31 E. lat 44 4 N Sjialding^ t-nvn of Lincolnshire. It is a very neat town, near the inouth of the VVf^r'and, with a good coasting trade. It is 14 miits S by W of Boston, and 100 N of London. Lon. 2 E, lat. 52 45 N. S/ia7idon, tov/n of Germany, in Upper Saxi.ny, and loiddle marche of Branden- burg, surrounded on all sides by morasses, and close to it is a tine fortress. The arsenal is in subterraneous vaults, and there is a prison for slate criminals. It is seated on the Havel, eight miles NW of Berlin, and 17 NE of Brandenburg. Lon. 13 23 E, lat. 52 36 N. Sfiardsh-groxies, post office, Mecklen- burg county, Virginia. S/ianiahTown. See St.JagodelaCuba. Sfiarta, post village and township, Livingston county, New York, 28 miles SVV from Canandaigua. Population 1810, 1397. Sparta, post town in Sussex county. New JvTsey ; 12 miles NW of Rockaway, 48 of Newark, and 43 NE of Easton, in Pennsylvania. Sjiarta, post town and seat of justice, Hancock county, Georgia, containing the county buildings, and two academies, 25 miles NE from Milledgville. Sfiaria, post town and seat of justice, White county, Tennessee, on a branch of Caney river, 30 miles E from Mur- fref sborough. Spartanburg, district of South Caro- lina ; bounded by North Carolina N ; York and Union districts. E; Ennoree river, or Laurens S ; and Greenville W. Length 40 ; mean width 22 ; and area 880 square miles. It is drained by Broad river and its numerous branches. Surface hilly, and soil productive. Chief town, Spartanburg. Population in 1810. Free white males - . - 6,047 do. do. females - - 5,788 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do, females - 6,955 6,700 Total v.hite,s - . " . - 11,835 All o'.her persons except Indians not taxed ... - 33 Slaves 2,391 Total wiiites .... 13,655 Fi'ee persons of colour, males - 15 do. do. females 11 Slaves, males - - - - 1,574 do. feaiales .... 1.734 Total populaiion in 1820 - - 16,989 Of these ; Foieig'ners not naturalized - 44 Engaged in At; riculture - 3,983 do. in Man-ufactures - 351 do. in Commerce - - ^9 Population to the square mile, 20 nearly. Spartanburg, post village, Spartanburg district, South Carolina, on a branch of Pacolet river, about 120 miles N from AU' gusta. Spartnvento, ancient Hercules, southern cape of Italy, opposite Sicily. Lon. 16 48 E, lat. 38 N. Spartel, Cape, promontory on the coast of Rarbary, at the entrance of the straits of Gibraltar.' Lon. 5 56 W, lat. 35 50 N. Spetin. See Ztochy, Loch, Sp^edsville, p st village, on Six Mile creek of Cayuga lake, in the NE part of Tioga county. New York, seven miles SE from Itliica. Speed-well Mills, post office, Barnwell district. South Carolina. Speightstoion, seaport of Barbadoes, on the W side of the island. Lon. 58 31 W, lat. 13 15 N. Speigletoxvn, village in the NW corner of Renssalaer county. New York. Spello, town of Italy, in Umbr'a, on a hill, three miles NW of Foligni, and 13 N of Spoietto. Lon. 12 24 E, lat. 42 50 N. Spencer, township of Worcester county, Massachusetts, containing 1453 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1548. It lies about 12 miles SW of Worcester. Spencer, township, post town and seat of justice, Tioga county, New York, about midway between Smithboro' on Su^que- hannahand Ithica, near the head of Cayuga lake, about 15 miles from each. Popula- tion in 1810, 3128 ; and in 1820, 1252. .Spencer, county of Indiana; bounded by Oliio river S ; Warrick county W ; Dubois N ; and Perry E. Eength 30 ; breadth 12 ; and area 324 square miles. It is generally hilly and broken, and drained by small creeks, the principal of which are Ander- son and Little Pigeon creek. Soil mostly excellent. Chief town, Rockport. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 980 do. do. females - - - 897 Total poptiUtion in 1810 9BA 14,259 Total whites L87- s I-' I -D 1- t town in Essex county; New Jersey, about 10 miles NW, of Eli- zabethtown, and about the same distance SW of New.ark, on the west side of Rah- way river, Springfield, township of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, containing 1287 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820. 1580; situated be- tween Durham and Richland, and joining Upper Saucon in Lehigh county. S F ti S T A Spring-field, township of Pennsylvania, between D.aby and Crum creeks, 10 miles S\V by W from Plukdelphia. Population in 1810, 541. Sprijigfield, township of Huntingdon county, Pennsylvaniw, on Great Augwick creek. 25 miles south from IIimtinKdon, and an equal distance NE by E from Bed- f;-rd. Population in 1810, 751; and in 1820, 900. Springfield, township of Mercer county, Pensylvania. on Neshanoc creek, and in- cluding Mercer, the county seat. Popula- tion in 1810, 813 ; and in 1820, 598. Springfield, post town in Ham])shii'e county, Virginia ; situated on tiie W side of the souih branch of Potomac, 58 miles AV by N of Winchester, and about 14 SW of Oli-towii, Maryland. Springfield, post vdlage, Loudon county, Virtrinia. Springfield, post town and seat of justice, Effingham county, Georgia, 22 miles NNW "from Savannali. Springfield, post town and seat of justice, parish of St. Helena, Louisiana, on Notal- bany river, and on the road between New Orleana and Natchez; 58 miles from the former, and 98 miles from the latter place. Springfield, township, in the southern borders of Portage county, Ohio ; contain- ing tlie pond or head spring of Tuscarawas river. Population in 1820, 587. Sprinr-field, township of Columbiana coun- ty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1304. Springfield, township of Richland county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 466. Springfield, township in the northwestern part ot Jert'erson county, Ohio. Popula- tion in 1820, 1135. Springfield, small village in Salem town- ship, Jefferson county, Ohio, 15 miles NW from Siubenville. Springfield, townsliip of Gallia county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 588. Sfiringfiteld, township of Ross county, Oliio, on the eastern side of Scioto river, opposite Chillicothe. Population in 1820, 1593. Springfield, township, Clark county, Ohio, containing 1,874 inhabitants, in 1820. Springfield, flourishing post town, and seat of justice for Clark county, Oliio, con- taining a woollen cloth and cotton factory. It stands on an eastern fork of Mad river, 13 miles from Urbanna, and 43 W from Columbus. Lat. 39 48 N, ion. 6 43 W. Springfield, township of Montgomery county, Ohio. Springfield, township of Muskingum county, Ohio, in which is situated tlie vil- lage of Putnam, opposite Zanesville. Po- pulation in 1820, 779. Springfield, post town of Hamilton coun- ty, Ohio, 15 iv.i'es N of Cinclniati, on tlie road to Hamilton, contaming 220 in- habitants. Springfield, township in the northern liorders oiHamilioo county, Ohio, conla.n- ing 2,197 inhab.tants in lci20. In this township is situated the town or village of Spriiigheid. Springfield, post town and seat of justice, Washington county, Kentucky, on a brancli ot Beech fork ol Salt river, about 50 miles SE irora Louisville. A catholic c^dicge ha been erected two miles from this town. Springfield, post town and si at of ju;-tice, Robinson county. Tennessee, on the south branch ot Red river, 30 miles NN W i'rom Nashville. Sl)rii!g-/uli, post village, Fauquier county, Virginia. Spring-hill, post village, Loui.^a county, Virginia. Spring.pjlace, Moravian establishment, in the NW part of Georgia, amongst the Che- rokees, 130 miles NW from Athens, in Georgia. Springto-te?), post village, Bucks count}', Penns} Ivania, seven miles SE from Bethle- hem, Springville, post village, and one of the southern tosvnships of Susquehannah county, Pennsylvania, six miles south from Montrose. Springville, township, Clarke county, Indiana. Spring -water, one of the soutiiern town- .ships of Livii.gston county, New Vork. Population in 1820, 1154. Sprottaii, town of Silesia, in the duchy of Glogaw, with walls flanked by towers, and a strong castle. It is seated at the conflu- ence of the Bobar and Sprotta, 20 miles S W of Glogaw. Lon. 15 38 E, lat 51 40 N. Spurn Head, longsickle-sh.irped promon- tory in Yorkbhire, at the NE entrance of the mouth of the Humber, on which is a light-house. Lon. 15 E, lat. 53 38 N. Squam hai'boxir, Essex county, Massa- chusetts, on the NE side of Cape Ann, and opposite Gloucester. Squilace, episcopal town of Naples, in Calabria Uiteriore. It was formerly fa- mous, but is now a small place, seated on the Favelone, near a gulf of the same name, 30 milts SW of St. Severino, Lon. 16 40 E, lat, 39 3 N. Stantsburg, post village, Uuchess coun- ty, New York, on the Hudson, 10 miles above Poughkeep-,ie. Stablo, or Slavelo, town of the Nether- lands, in Liege ; here is a manufacture of leather, which is sent to foreign parts. It is seated on the Recht, nine miles S of Limburg. Lon. 6 5 E, lat 50 29. Stade, town of Germany, in the duchy of Bremen, on the Swingel, near its conflii- 957 S T A S T A ence with the Elbe, 22 miles W of Ham- burg, and 45 NE of Bremen. Lon. 9 17 E, Jat. 53 36 N. Siadtliagen, lown oF Germany, in the circle uf Westphalia, and county (,f Schau- enberg ; here is a p,.]ace, m the garden ot communicate. Thus the great ports of Bristol, Liverpool, and Hull, are all acces- siblf- to the various products and manufac- tiTesofStaffordshire The principal rivers are the 1 r-nt, Dive, Sow, Churner, Stour, Pfak, ^nd Manyfolcl. Population in 1801, which is a minerals; ring, li is e^ght n.iles 239.153; in 1811, 295,153; and in 1821 E o! IMinden Lon. 9 14 E, lat 52 24 N. 341, 8j4. Suifurda, town of Pied'ncnt, in the mar qinsat>' uT SjIuzzo, sealed on the Po. with a rich aiSbcy. It is fumcus f- r a victi, Connecticut, near the head of Willamantic river, 26 n iles >/E from Hartford. The village is elevated, and the adjace:it country in a peculiar degree p!ea- nt and romantic The mineral springs T he whoie -on h-^v est end is supported by at this place have become a place of grea. ranges of natural p ilars mostly above 50 resort in summer, and the waters are found feet i;igh standmg in cotonades, r.cc.-rding efficacious in as the bays i.r points ot land f .rm tiiem sel^es ui>on a firm basis of solid unibrned rock. This is every vvhere supported by ba-;a!tic rock.s and piilarc, snperi.ir in beauty and grandeur to those v/hich form the OJi ant's Causeway in Ireland. Slaffelsteiiiy town of Germany, in F^ancn- nia, and bishopric of B;, and NW of London. Lon. 24 W, lat. 52 48 .two placcj of public worship. Population N. in 1810, 1,239 ; and in 1820, 1,428. Stafford, county of Enghind, 55 miles Stafford, county of Virginia, between long, and 42 broad. This is a long and *l^e Potomac, and Eappahannoc rivers ; nanov/ tract of cmmtry, ending in a' point bounded by King George SB ; Rappahan- ai the N and S extrerai'ies, having to the ----- W the counties of Chester and Salop ; to the E those of Deriiy and Warv^^ick ; and to the S Worcestershire. The rive."s Dove and Trent form a natural boundary on the Derbyshire side ; on the other sides it has no remarkable limits. The S extremity of the county is enlivened by various branches of the hardware manufacture, in vvhich it participates with the neigh- bouring Birmingham. The trade of this coun'.y is in a pecidiar niai ner assisted by the grand system of canal navigation, of which it is, as it were, the centre, and w-hich is carried through its whole length. The grand trunk, as it has been ingeniously Total population in 1810 - terined, enters the N of the county from Cheshii-e, and after piercing Harecastle- Population in 1820. hdl, by a subterraneous pa-sage of a mile Free white males - - . and a half in length, passes, through the do. do. females - potteries, and thence southwards across the All other persons except Indians 'I'rent almost to Litchfield, from whence it not taxed - . . - turns sf;ort over the Trent again, and over tiie Dove, in its way to mix with the Trent Total whites .... at Wdden-ferry. From the neighbourhood Free persons of colour, males of Stafford it sends off a branch which runs do. do. females - directly southwards by Pinkridge, and near Slaves, males . . . - AVolverhampton, to join the Severn near do. females - ... Kidderminster. With this a canal from Birmmgham, and anotherfrom Stourbridge Total population in 1820. 95d, Tot;d whites . - . . All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves - - . . . 5,319 316 4,195 9,830 2,264 2,524 9,5ir S T \ S T A t)F these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 15 Engaged in Agriculiure - - 4,070 do. in MaiiuJactures - - 193 do. in Commerce - - 47 Populaiion totlie sqiia'C mile, 39i. St(iffi(rth, town of Ge- many, in Upper Saxon}', and priticipuliiy of Anhalt B rn- biirg-, 21 miles SSW of Magdeburg. Lon. 11 40 E, lat. 51 55 N. Sta^irn, town of Turkey, in Earope, in Macedonia, seated on the gulf of Contessa. It is remarkable for being the blvlh-place of Aristotle, wheace he is called the S>agir- ite. It is now called Lyba Nova, and is 16 mdes fr« m Conlessa. Lon. 22 48 E, lat. 41 15 N Stagno, seaport of Ragnsi:n DaJmatia, on a neniiisul., in the gulf of Venice, 30 miles NW of Ragusa. Lon. If 50 E, lat. 43 12 N. Sfn^fvi/le, post office, Xew York, in Orange county. Stain, town of Austria, op. the Da.^ube, over which is a toll-brid^-e, 65 miles \Y of Vienna. Lon. '^5 E, lat. 48 11 N. Stains, town in Middlesex, on the Thames, over which is a stone bridge. At some distance f.bove the bridge, at Coin Ditch, is the London R^ai'k Stone, which is the ancient boundary of the jurisdiction to the city of London on the Vhames, and bears the date of 1280. Stains is 17 miles W by S of London. Lon. 25 W, lat. 51 27 N. S'albridge, town of Dorsetshire, with a manufacture of stockings. Here is an a.i- cient cross of one stone, 21 fet high, on a base of eight feet. It is 20 mil s N by E of Dorchester, and 111 W by S of London. Lon. 2 18 W, lat. 50 57 N. StaUmene See Lemnos Stamford, borough in Lincolnshire, on the most southern part of the county, is 26 miles N of Huntnigdon, and 89 N by W of London. Lon. 31 W, iat. 52 42 N. Stamford, township, Bennington county, Vermont, 10 miles SB from Bennington. Population in 1820, 400. Stamford, post town in Fairfield count}', Connecticut, on a small siream that runs into Long Island Sound, 20 miles SW of Fairfield, and 44 NE of New York. Tiie township had 4352 inhabitants, in 1810; and in 1820, 3284. Stamford, is a fine vil- lage of between 60, and 70 well built houses, with a harb lur admitting vessels of seven feet draught. Stamford, post town of Delaware county, New York, cont-dng 1658 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1495 ; it is 60 miles S W of Albany. Stampalio, island of the Archipelago, 60 miles W of Rhodes, and o7 from the oast of Natolia. It is 15 miles long, and five bro.ad, almost without inhabitants, and wants fresh water. Suiin/jing- :;rGunds, post village, Ken- tucky, m Scot county. Siuiniankvil/f post village in the western part of Orange county, Virginia, at tiie f )ot of" t'-.e Blue R dge, 70 indes W from Fredericksburg. Stunchio. fertile Island of the Archipela- go, ne^r the coa.st of Natolia, 12 miles NE of Stampulio, and 40 iSTW of Rliodes. It is the ancient Cos, the birth place of Hippo- crates and Vpeiies; a:!d is 23 miles long, and 10 broad. The capital, of the s»me n.jme, is well built, and seated at the foot of a mountsin, at the bottom of a bay, and near a go.od iiarbour. Lon. 26 54 E, lat. 36 45 N. Standi'sii, small post town in Cumberland county, Maine, on the E ^ide of Saco river, 25 miles NW of Portland. Staiulon, lov.n in Hertfordshire, eiglit n.iles N of Her: ford, and 27 of London. Lon. 5E, lat 51 56 N. Stanford, post village and town-hip. Duchess county, New York, 18 miles NE from Pougliksepsie Popul .tion m 1810, 2335 ; and in 1820, 2518. Siarford, post town and seat of j islice, Lincoln county, Kentucky, near Dick's river, 10 miles SE from Danville. Popula- tion 500. S.anmore, dreary district in the E angle of Westmoreland, of the most savage aspect, and which has been described in poetry and romance. Here is a fragment of Rerecross, set up as a boundary bettveen England and Scotland, when Cumberland belonged to the latter. Stanhope, town in the county of Durham, 20 miles W of Durliam, and 264 N' of Lon- don. Lon. 2 W, Lt. 54 48 N Stanley, town in Glouces.ershirC; 12 miles S of Gloucester, and 104 W of London. Lon. 2 16 W, lut. 51 40 N. Stanmore, Great., village in Middlesex ; here is a hill, which is so very elevated, that the trees upon it are a sea-mark from the German Ocean. Stanmore, Little^ See IVhitchurclu Stanton, town in Lincolnshire, 16 miles E of Lincoln, and 129 N of London- Lon. 2 W, lat. 5:^ 18 N. Stantz, town of Swisserland, capital of the canton of Underwalden, on a plain at the foov of the Stanzberg, near the lake of Lucern, 29 miles S of Zuric. Lon. 8 22 I-:, 1 .t. 46 51 N. Suiraia Russa, town of Russia, in the government of Novogorod, seated on the river Polish, near the lake llmen 40 miles S by E of Novogorod, Lon. 33 2 E, lat. 57 40 N. Stargard town of Germany in Pomerenia. It h.is manufactures of sergesj shalloons, tammies, druggets, &c. and is seated on 959 s r A S T A the Ihna, 18 miles SE of Stettin, and 37 NW of Landsperg. Lon. ;'5 8 F,, lat. 53 32 N. ■ Stargard, town of Germany, in Lower Saxon}', 30 miles distant from New Bran- denburg. Stark, county of Ohio ; bounded N by Portage ; E by Columbiana ; S by Tusca- rawas ; and VV by Wayne. Lenc^th 33 ; width 30 ; and area ROO square miles. It is drained by the various sources of Tuca- rawas river. Chief town Canton. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 1,462 do. do. fetyiales - - 1,265 Total whites - , . 2,727 All other persons except Indians not taxed - _ _ 7 Slaves - - _ _ - Total population in 1810 Popidatlon in 1820. Free white males - . . do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed . . . . Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males - fio. do. females Slaves, males - . . . do. females Total popvdation in 1820 - 2,734 7,600 5,88U 13,480 15 11 14,506 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 49 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,053 do. in Manufactures •• 402 do. in Commerce - - 20 Population to the square mile, 35^. Starks, post village, and township So- merset county, iMaine, on Kennebec seven miles W from Norridgewock, Popula- tion 1820, 1053. Starksbormigh, post village Addisou county, Vermont, 28 miles W from Montpelier. Starr, township of Hocking county, Ohio. Popu ation 1820, 367. Start Point, promontory of l^evonshire, in the English Channel, 14 miles S by W of Dartmouth. Lon 3 51 W, lat. 50 9 N. Slaten Island, island of North America, ■which forms the county of Richmond ii; the state of New York. On the S side IS a coniderable tract of level land; but in general, this island is rough, and the hills high. See Richmond county jK'ew York. Slaten Land, barren craggy island, in the Pacific Ocean in 55 S lat. Between 960 this island and Terra del Fuego is the strait of Le Maire, Siatesboron^h, post town and seat of justice, Bullock county, Georgia, 45 miles NW from Savannah. Statesburg, post town, Sumpter dis- trict, South Carolina, near the Wateree, 30 miles S from Camden, and 10 miles NW from Sumpterviile. StaiesviUe, post town, and seat of jus- tice Iredell county. North Carolina, on a branch of South Yadkin river, about 130 miles W from Raleigh. Sates of the Church, See Italt/. Stavanger, episcopal town in Norv/ay, in t! e provirice of Bergen, ca])ital of a territory of the same name, with a har- bour. It is seated on a peninsula, near the fortress of Doswicit. 75 miles S of Bergen. Lon. 5 45 E, lat. 59 6 N. Stavaren, ancient seaport of the United Provinces in Friesland, formerly a con- siderable town, but now much decayed, ihe harbour being choked up with sand. It is seated on the 21uider-Zee, eight miles W of Slooten, and 15 NE of Enchuysen. Lon. 5 13 E, lat. 52 54 N. Staubbach, celebrated cataract of Swis- serland, near the village of Lauterbrunn, in the canton of Bern, which falls down a rock, 930 feet high with such impe- tuosity, as to resolve itself into a fine spray, which, viewed in somv particular situations, resembles a cloud of dust. Hence it drives its name; the word Staubbach, in German, signifying a spring of dust. The brook which forms this torrent is named the Kupfer-Bachelin, or Rivulet of Copper. Staeufen, town of Germany in the cir- cle of Suabia, and subject to Austria. Lon. 7 44 E, lat. 48 55 N. Stauffenbuvg, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 10 miles from Wetzlar. Stminton, post towii and seat of justice for the county of Augusta, Virginia, is a corporate town, situated on the S b. "inch, of Shenandoah, in a beautiful and fertile valley between the N and S Mountains, a little N of Madison's Cave. Contains about 200 houses, three handsome brick churches, Presbyterian, Episcopalians, and Methodist, two court-houses, one of brick for the Chancery court, and the other of stone for the county circuit and corporation courts, three taverns, and 12 stores, containing 1355 inhabitants ; distant 120 miles NW from Richmond, 95 SW from Winchester, 174 miles W from the city of Washington. Staunton, village on Miami river, in Miami county, Ohio. S T E S T E Staunton, township of Miami county, Ohio, \V from Miami river. Topulation 1320, 774. Stavropol, town cf Russia, i.i the gover.i- inent of Siinbirsii. Lm. C8 58 E lat. 53 44 N Stavropol, town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Caucasus. Lon. 41 60 E, lat. 44 .56 N. Steils/iianmilfe, post village Orange townshi]) Meii^s county, Ohio. Sireg-e, town of DrtMiark, in tl'.e island of Meon, with a harbour 38 miles SSVV of Copenhagen. L .n 12 20 E, lat. 55 5 N. SceenbL'r^en, strong town of Bra- bant, in the marqnisate of Bergen-op- Zoom. It has a communication with the Maese, and is s(.'ven miles N of Berjifen- op-Zoom, and 17 W of Breda. L;)n. 4 28 E, lat 51 32 N. Siet^iifceet; town of Vorway, in the pro- vince of Drontheim. Lon 11 34 E, lat. 63 50 N Stetiikirk, village of Hainault, famous for th- victory obtained over William If I. in 1692, by the duke of Luxemburg. It is 15 miles N of Moiis, and 16 VV of Brussels SteenKH.'ck, strong town of Overyssel, .seated on the river Aa, 20 itiiles SE of Slo'iten, and 32 N of Deventer. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 52 50 N. Stecfcbiirg-, seaport of Sweden, in E Gothland, seated on the B^lti ;.. 2) miles S of Nikoping, .nul 82 SW of Stockholm. Lon. 16 40 E, lat. 58 15 N Sielii, town cf Swisserland, in the can- tori of Zaric. It is seat;-d o!i the Rhi-.ie, where it issues fr.m tht- 1 ike (f Con stance, commandiir^ a deiit^hthii pros- pect and is 15 miles W of Ci.n-itance, and 15 NE of Zuric. L^m. 8 48 E, iat. 47 4:! X. Stdnan, town of Bohemia, in Silesia, and capital (if a circle. Lon 16 50 E, lat. 52 23 N. Sleiiifiii't, town of Gt^vmany. in the citcie of 'vVfSti)halia. It has an acade- my, anrl is seated (.n the V-cht, 16 milfs N'vV of Munster. Lan. 7 41 E, lat. 12 15 N. StL-iiiheim, town of Germany, in the electorate of Mentz, seated on a hili, near the river Maine, with a castle, nine miles from Francfort. Lon. 3 54 E, kit. 49 52 N. Steke, town cif Denm.irk, on the N coast of the isle of Mona, with a castle. It is almost surrounded by a lake. Lon. 12 15 1--, lat. 55 4 N. Stellenboch, one of the provinces or dis- tricts of the colony at the Cape of Good Hope SE from Cape town. S>mo.v, fortified town -.f France, in 6F tiie department of Meuse, and late duchy of Bar, seated on the river Meuse, 24 miles N by W of Vcrdum. Lon. 5 19 E, lat. 50 28 N. StPivhil, town of Gemanv, in the mar- q-iisate of Brandenburg, and subject to Prussia. Lon. 12 6 E, lat 52 45 N. Siennis, village i 1 the island of Orkney. St-^p/icntfnun, SE townsliip of Rvnsselaer county, New York, containing 2667' in- l.abitants in ISlO; and in 1320, 2592; about 20 miles .SK. f''om Alb.viy. Stepney, village E of London, and al- most contiguous to it. Sterlin/i; township of U'orcester coun- ty, Massachusetts, contaiiiing M72 inha- bitants in 1810 ; and in 1:<20, 1710. Stei-liii^; post village, Windham county, Connecticut, 44 md. s K from Hartford. It is the seat of an acaJeiny, and a very extensive cotton factory, containing 1600 spindles. P pulation 1810, 1101 ; and in 1820, 1200. ♦ Sterling': post village and township C'avu^^a county New York. Sterlin^ville, post village, Granville county, North Carolina. Sternberg, town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, in the marquisute of Branden- burg. It carries on a great commerce in cattle and is 20 miles NE of Franc- fort on the Oder. Lan. 15 11 E, lat. 52 SON. Sternberg, town of Germany, in Lower Saxony, 16 miks SE of VVismar. Lon. 11 50 E, lat. 53 45 N. Stertzingcn, town of Germany, in the Tyrol, .seated .at the foot of a mountain, on the river Evsoch, 12 miles NvV of Brixen. Steiin, or Stettin, seaport of German}', in Pnmerania. It is a nourishing place, and carries on a consiclerabk- trade. It is seated on the 0:?er, 70 miles N by E ie is drained by Croaked lake, into S iv ca lake ; from the NVV angle the v.'aters are discharged into the Cau< serago brarxh of Genesee river ; find t!ic residue drained by Cainsteo, and Tioga rivers, and thfir branches. Surface generally very hilly and broken. Chief town, Bath. p.-.pulalifin in 1810. Free white males ... 2,755 961. s r E s r K Free white females « Total whites - . - . All olher persons except Indians not taxed . - - . Slaves ..... Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males - * - do. do. females ,373 Ste-ivarCy NW county of Tennessee, E c. Tennessee river ; bounded by Kentucky 7,130 NE ; Montgomery county in Tennessee E ; Dickson county SE ; Humphreys S j and Tennessee river or Henry county W. Length 22 ; mean width 20 ; and area 560 square miles. It is washed on one side by 7,246 Ten-essee, and traversed from SE to NW — — by Cumberland river. Cliief town, Dover. 29 87 11,457 10.356 Population in 1810. Total whites ... - 21,813 Free persons of colour, males 69 do. do. females, 61 Slaves, males . - . , 24 do. females - - - . 22 Total population in 1820 21,989 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalize^ - - 155 E:igaged in Agriculture - • 4,147 do. in Manufactures - - 832 do. in Commerce • - 25 Population to the square mile, 13J. Steuben, post village and township Washington county, Maine, 55 miles W from iVIachius. Population 1810, 552 ; and in 1820, 780. Steuben, township of Oneida county. New York, 20 miles N from Utica. This tract was granted, for his revolutionary services to Baron Steuben, and here ri-st his re- mains. Steubmiville, post town, and seat of jus- tice, Jefferson county, Ohio. I: was ! lid out in thick woods in 1798, and in 1810, contained 800 inhabitants ; and by the cen- sus of 1820, 2539. This town 1 ke most others on the Ohio, rises from the r ver by different stages of elevation. The adja- cent country is in a pecul:tr manner ro mantie and pleasing to the eye The dwelling hovises amouat to about 460 ; Avith three churches, two banks, a market house, an exten-ive woollen cl'-.th factory, put in miition by ste:ni, also a s'eam cot- ton factory, a p^per mil!, a weekly news- paper printing office, an academy, an air foundry, &c It is 39 m les by land and 70 by water, from Pittsburg. Lon. W C 3 40 W, ljt.40 25 N. Stevenage, town in Hertfordshire, with a market on Friday, 12 miles NNW of Hertford, and 31 N by W ot London. Lon. 10 "WMat 51 59 N. Stevensbwg, post town in Frederick county, Virginia, 10 mile^ NE of Stras- burg, and eigl.t SW of Winchester. Stevensburg, post village, Culpepper county, Virginia, 30 miles NW by W, from Fredericksburg Stevemville, post village, King and Queen coiwtv, Virginia. 962 Free white males do, do. females - - - 1,829 1,636 Total whites .... All other per-ons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves Total population in 1810 - 3,465 18 779 4,262 Population in 1820. Free whiles, males do. do. fem;des All other persons except Indians not taxed 3,475 3,522 Total whites .... 6,997 Free persons of colour, males 27 do. do. females 21 Slaves, males _ - - 670 do. females - - - 673 Total population in 1820 8,388 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 1 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,238 do. in Manufactures - 135 do. in Commerce - - 15 Population to the square mile, 15. Steiuart's Islands, five islands in the S Pacific 0;ean, discovered by captain Hun- ter in 1791, and named by him in honour of admiral Keith Stewart. Lon. 163 18 E, lat. 8 26 S. Ste-cuartsiovm, small town of Scotland in the connty of Ayrj 14 nv.les NNE of Ayr. SteTvartsto7vn, inconsider;ible town of Ire- land in the county of Tyrone, five miles NNE of Dunganiion. Stewart stow n, post village, and township, Coos county, New Hampshire ; on Con- necticut river. Population in 1820, 363. Steyning, borough in Sussex, 51 S by W of Lon.'lon. Steyre, town of Upper Austria, and quar- ter of Traun. It caiTies on a great trade in iron, and is seated at the confluence of the Steyre and Ens, 20 miles SE of Lintz, Lon. 1 23 E, lat. 48 6 N. Steyregg. town of Austria, 36 miles ESE of Puussr.u, and 84 W of Vienna. Lon. 15 20 E, lat. 40 15 N. St. George's, post town in New Castle county, Delaware, on the N side of St. S T I are iaaorge's creek, ten miles 9 of New Cas- tle, and nine N of Cant well's. Stick/ta7iseii, town and citadel of Ger- many in Westphalia, and county of East Friesland, 18 miles ESE of Embd'en. Lon. 7 13 E, lat, 53 14 N. Stiligiano, town of Naples, in Basllicata, famous for its baths, and seated near the river Salandrella. Stilhvaier, post town in Saratoga county, New York ; situated on the W side of Hudson river, 16 miles N of Troy, IS E of Ballstown, and 24 N of Albany. It was at this,place on October 7th 1777", that the decisive battle was fought bctvv'cen the American and British armies, which pro- duced the surrender of the latter, with their general, Burgoyne. Population 1810, 2492, and in 1820, Sld/on, town in Huntingdonshire, cele- brated for a ricli kind of cheese, some- times called Eng-lish Panuesan. It is 14 miles S by E of Stamford, and 75 N by E -of London. Sti?icliar, river of Scotland, in the N part of Ayreshire, which has a rapid course of 26 miles, and enters the ocean below Bailantrae, Stiria, formerly a duchy of German}^ now Inner Auf-tria, 125 miles long and 17 broad ; bounded on the N by Austria, E by Hungary, S by Carniola, and W by Ca- rinthia and Salzburg. It is divided into Upper and Lower Stiria ; the foi-mer con- tains the circles of Judenburg and Bruck, and the latter those of Gratz, Marchburg, and Cilley. Though a mountainous coun- try, there is much land fit for tillage, and the soil is fertile. Gratz and Judenburg are the chief, towns. Stirling, borough of Scotland, capital of Stirlingshire, on the river Forth. Here are two churches and a famous grammar school. In the town and its neighbour- hood are manufactures of carpets, sha- loons, and other woollen stufis ; and the cotton trade is very flourishing, Stirling from its commodious situation, commands the pass between the N and S part of Scotland. It is 30 miles NW of Edinbnrg. Lon. 3 45 W, lat 56 6 N. Stirling, county of Scotland, 35 miles long, and 10 broad ; bounded on the N by Perthshire, NB by Clackmananshire and the frith of Forth, SK by Linlithgowshire, S by Lanerkshire and Dumbartonshire, and \V by Dumbartonshire, It is divided into 22 parishes, and contains 60,000 in- habitants. The principal rivers are the Forth, Carron, and Avon ; and the great c:mal crosses it from the moutli of the Carron. The S part of the Cviunty is n-.oun- tainous, but the part near the Forth is i'er- tile. It abounds in coal, ironstone, and limestone. Population 1801, 50,825 ; in 3811, 58,174 ; and in 1821, 65,331. Stiriun, town of German}', in the duciiy of Berg, sealed on the Roer, 12 miles N of Dusseldorp. Lon 6 52 E, lat. 41 24 N. Stochem, town of Germany, in Liege, seated on the Maesc, 12 miles N of Maes- tricht. Lnn. 5 42 E, lat, 51 4 N. Stock, township of Harrison countv, Ohio. Population 1820, 483. Stockach, town of Germany, in the land- gravate of Neilenburg. It is seated on ft river of the same name, 12 miles N of Constance. Lo-i. 9 10 E, lat. 47 .50 N. Stochbriilge, borough in Hampshire, nine miles NW of Winchester, and 67 W by S of London. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 51 9 N. ' Stockbridge, post town in Berkshire county, Massachusetts, 14 miles N of Shef- field, and 67 NW of Hartford in Connec- ticut. It had 1261 inhabitants, in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1377. Stockbridge, post village, Windsor coun- ty, Vermont, 26 miles NW from Windsor, Stockdoii's valleif, post village, Cutnber- land county, Kentucky. Stockrau, town of Germany, in the arch- duc'iy of Austria. It is situated on the Danube, and is six miles NW of Neuberg. Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, in a si- tuation remarkable for its romantic scenery. This capital whicii is very long and irre- gular, occupies, besides two peniiisulas, seven small rocky islands, seated in the Maeler, in the streams which issue from that lake, and in a bay of the Baltic. A variety of contrasted views are formed by numerous rocks of granite, rising boldly from the surface of the water, partly bare and craggy, and p^irtly dotted with houses, or feathered with wood. The harbour is an inlet of the Baltic ; the wa- ter is as clear as crysta/, and of such depth, that ships of the largest burden can ap- proach the quav, which is very large, and lined with .s'jacious buildings. Towards the sea a!oyi\xi two or three miles from the town, *J«e harbour is contracted into a nar- row .strait, and winding among high rocks d"oappears from the sight ; and the pros- pect is terminated by distant hills over- spread with forest. It i^ far beyond the power of words, or of the pencil, to de- lineate tliese singid.ir views. The central island, from which the city derives its name, and the Ilitterholm, are the hand- somest parts of the tov/n. At the extremi- ty of tlie harbour, several streets rise one above another, in the form of an amphi- theatre ; and the royal palace, a magnifi- cent building, crowns the summit. Ex- cept in the suburbs, where several houses are of wood, painted red, the generality of the buildings are of brick. There are here an academy of sciences, and an ar- senal. Stockholm is 200 miles NE of Co- pe nha-^en, and 900 NE of London. Lon, IS 9 li, Int. ;'i9 20 N. 9m S T (J b T O Stoekholm, post villag'e, and town, and Ali other persons except Indians not township, St. Lawrence county, New York, taxed 1'22 30 miles E from Og-densbiirg. Population Slu\ es . - . . - 1,746 1810, 307; and in 18-0 82'J. ;; Stockholm, post viliaiTP and township, Total popu;ation in 1810 - - 11,645 Morris county, N'j w Jersey. i'Abckjwrt, town in Cheshire. It has Population in 1820. a considerable manufacture of cotton and Free white rnale^. - - - 5,689 printed goods, and is> seated on the Mer- do. do. lemales - - - 5,945 sey. six miles S ot Manchester, and 175 All o her persons except Indians Lon. 2 IS W, lat. 55 not taxed - . . . Total whites - . . - Free pt rsons ( f coleur, males - do. do. females, Slaves, nudes . . . . do. females . . - . Total population in 1820 Of these; 11,634 . 106 89 1,065 1,139 14,033 6 5,511 418 28 ISNVV of London 33 N. Stockton, town in the county of Dur- ham. It has a large maiiufacture of sailcoth, a trade in lead, C( rn, and but- ter, Knd is r.cted for its good ale. It is seated on the river Tei s, iiot f^r from its mouth, 18 miieG SSE of Durham, and 244 N by W of London. Lon. 1 6 W, lat. 54 38 N. StockzQiv, town of Bohemia, in Sile- sia, in tt\e principality of Teschtn, heated Fore gners n.t naturi^lized on the Vistula, 12 mdes SPL of Teschen. t>'g:barre. 54 29 N. Sioke, village in Dorsetshire, near Stolberg, town of Germany, in Thu- "which in 1750, some antiquities were ringia, capital of a county of the same dug up. ^ name. It lias a castle, where the count Stoke, village in Norfolk. SE of Down- resides, and is seated in a val'.ey between ham, and a fVny ra the Stoke, which two niountain.s, 10 mies N of Nordhau- 3S navigable to it from the Ouse. sen, and 58 NW of Leipsic. Lon. 11 8 Stake, vi.\avc in Suffolk. Its church E, lat. 31 42 N. which is situated on a hill, has a tower Siolhofftv, town of Germany, in Sua- 120 feet high, ana is a land mark to bia, seated in a mi rass, near the Rhine, ships that pass the mouth of the harbour eight nules SVV of Baden, and 12 NE of Harwich, at 13 mi!< stf.stance. of'strasburg. Lon. S 10 E, lat 48 41 N. Stoke, or Stoke Fvges. \\lh^^, ;„ Buck- Siolpen, town of Pc.merania, in a val- inghar.ishire, tour mdes NNW a wind- ley, on a river of the same name, 50 miles sor Its churchyard was the sctne of NE of C Iberc:, and 66 NVV of Dantzic. Gray s celebrated Elegy. L^n 16 35 E.'^lat. 54 32 N. Stokecomer, town in Somersetshire, stone, town of Staffordshire, on the 26 miles W of Wells, and 152 W by S of Trent, seven miles N by VV of Stafford, London. and 140 NW of London. Lon. 2 6 W, Stoke Vabernon, village in Surry, lat. 54 54 N with sulphureous springs. Stoyieham, A'orth, village in Hants, ,S/oAri, county ot North Carolina ; seated on the Itchen. three miles NE of bounded by \ irginia N ; Rockingham Southampton. In its church is an ele- and Guilford counties >n N< rth Carolina gant mcnumc-nt erected in 1783 to the E; Rowan S; and Surry W. Length memory of Admiral Hawke. 40; width 24; and area 960 square AVcTZf/ifn^-f.iemarkablt heap of stones mileiv It IS drained by the sources of on Salisbury Plain, six miles NE of Sa- the Dan and Yadkin rivirs. Chief towns lisbury. It has puzzled many diligent Germantown and Salem. inquirers to account for the laying .of those enormous stones one upon another, 4,961 for they are so heavy, that it is thought 4,816 no method now known is sufficient to have raised those that lie across, to that 9,777 heiglit. Population in 1810. Free while males do. do. females Total whites ■^64 S T t) S T Stone Arabia, post village in Palatine, Montgomery county. Stone Jort, post village in Franklin ecu .ty. 1 enne-see. Slone/iam. township in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, nine mil- s N from BiiSton. Pupuiation 1820, 61.5 Stone/ia-ven, county town ot Kincar- tlineshire, Scotland, with a good tiarbour secured b\ a stone pi-r. It lias some trade in canvass, dritd h-h, and oil It is 14 miles S by W of Aberdeen. Stoningion, |)Ost town and borough in New London county, Connecticut ; lying on Long Island Sound, 15 miles east- ward of New London, and near the W line of Rhode Island ; in lat. 41 30 N, and Ion. 72° VV. Stoninglon was incorporated as a bo- rough in 1801, and now contains exclu- sive of the residue of the tiAvnship, 800 inhabitants ; two woollen and one cotton factory ; an acade motiiins of the constellations, th' revoln- tion of the sun and moon, the days of the weeks, the hours, &c. Another remarka- ble circumstance in this cathedral is its pyramidical tower, which is 549 feet high. Here is a school of artillery, and, in one of the Lutheran churches the mausoleum of Marshal Saxe. Str tsburg is 55 miles N of Brasil, and 255 E of Paris. Lon. 7 51 E, lat. 48 35 N _ Stvasburg, strong town of Westera Prus- sia, in C dm, with a castle, on the Drig'^ntz, 30 miles from Th rn. Lon. 18 23 E, la». 53 5 N. Strasbiirg, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Uncker marche of Brmdenburg, 12 miles N of Prenzio, and 56 N of Berlin. Lon. 13 43 E, lat. 53 38 N. Strasbur:^, post town in Lancaster coun- ty, Pennsylvania; eight miles SE ot the bo- rough of Lancaster, and 55 W of Philadel- phia. Strasburg, post town in Franklin county, Pennsylvania, 10 miles NW of Chambers- burg, 13 W of Shippensburg, and 5o E of Bedford. Strasburg, post town in Shenandoah county, Virginia ; situated on a branch of Shenandoah river, 18 miles S by W of Wm- chester, and 32 NB of Newmarket, contain- ing about 500 inhabitants. Stratford, considerable village in Essex, four milt-s ENE of London. It is separa- ted from Bow, in Middlesex, by the river Lea, over which is a bridge, said to be the most ancient stone bridge in England. Stratford on Avon, corporate town inWar- wickshire, chiefly memorable for the birth of Shakspeare, who was interred here in 1616 ; over which is a stone bridge, eight niiies SW of Warwick,- and 94 NW of Lon- don. Lon. 1 44 W. lat. 52 15 N. Stratford, Fenny, town in Bockingham- shire, seated on the Roman Watl ng street, 12 miles E of Bii. kingiiam, 11 from Dun- stable, and 45 NW of London. Lon 42 W, lat 51 58 N. Stratford. St. Mary^s, considerable village in Suffolk, which h 1 oO N. Strelitz, Old. town of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Mfcklenburg Sirelitz. Strditz^ JVetv, town in the duchy of Mecklenburg; Strelitz, was founded by Adulphus Frederick III. Strcng, or Strengues, town of Sweden, in Sudermania, with a coll. ge. It is seated on the lake Maeler, 50 miles W of St..ckholm. Lon. 17 40 E, lat. 59 20 N. IStrcigau, town of Bohenaia, in Sile- sia, nine miles NVV ot bchweidnitz, Sirinon, now Eiiiboid river, of Euro- pean Turkey, in Uomania. It falls into the gulf uf Contessa. Siroems/iohn, town of Sweden, in West- manland, on the lake Maeler, 45 miles SW of Upsal. Lon. 16 24 E, lat 59 SON. Stroma, small island on the coast of Caithness-shire, once used as a place of interment, by the inhabitants ui several of t'le neighbiiuring islands. In the c.i- verns of this island, uncovrupted human bodies that had been dead sixtv years or more, were formerly to be found. This island is fertile in corn, and is inhabited by about 40 families, who do not plough, but dig their corn land. Strombevff, town of Germany, in West- phalia, capital of a small district, in the bishnpr'C of Munster. It is 20 miles SE ot Munster, and 20 NVV of Pader- born Lon. 7 43 E, lat. 51 45 N. Stroinberg, town of Germany, in the circle of the LoAver Rhine, 26 miles W of Mentz, and 48 E of Treves, Lon. 7 21 E, lat. 49 57 N. Stromboli, the most northern of the Li- pari islands. It is a volcano, vvhich rises in a conical form above the surface of the sea. Of all the volcanoes recorded in his- tory, Stromboli seems tn be the only one that burns without ceasing /Etna and Vesuvius often lie quiet for many months, and even years, without the least ap- pearance cf Hre ; but Stromboli is con- tinually flaming, and for agt s past, has bet-n lookfd upon .as the great lighthouse of that part of the Mediterranean Sea. Lon. 15 45 E, lat, 38 40 N. Stromness, town on the W side of the 968 island of Orkney, with an excellent hai hour, nine miles W of Kirkwall. ■] Stronisoe, town of Norway, 18 miles \ SVV of Christiania. Lon. 10 20 E, latf 59 ■ 43 N. j Stromstadt, town of S-veden, celebra- , ted for its shell fish. Lon. 11 5 R, lat. >f 59 43 N. ' Strongville, one of the southern town- ships of Cuyahoga county, Ohio. Popu- lation 1820, 297 Sirongoti, town of Italy, in Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, with a bishop's see. It is seated on a high rock, surrounded by others, three miles from the sea,. and seven N of St. Severino. Lon. 17 26 E, lat. .39 20 N Slronsa, island of Scotland, one of the Orkneys, situated NF, of that called M.uiiland. Stroud, town in Gloucestershire, seat- ed on a brook, whose waters being pecu- liarly adapted to the dying of scarlet, its banks are crov^ded with the houses of clothiers ; and a navigable canal accom- panies its progress to the Severn. This town has like w ise a manufactory of broad cloth, and the canal has been lately ex- tended to join the Thames at Lechlade- See Thames. Stroud is 11 miles SE of Gloucester, and 102 W by N of London. Lon. 2 VV, lat. 51 42 N. Stroudaburg, village and post town, on the north bratit h of Smith fie'd creek, Northampton county, Pennsylvania. It is built upon one street, and is the fourth in size in Northampton. An academy has recently been established there. It is three miles NVV from the Delaware Water Gap. Stiiartsbiirg, post village, on the road from Pittsburg to Greensburg, 18 miles from the former. Stuart's lake, lake of North America, W of the Chippewan mountains. It is but imperfectly known but represented as 300 miles in circumferencre The NW company have a fort on its banks at lat. 54 30 N, and Ion. AV C 48 W. I Stuhliveissenburg, strong town of Low- ' er Hungary, capital of Ekekersedgewai*. It had the title of regalis, or royal, be- cause formerly the kings were crowned and buried here. It has been several times taken by the Turks, but has been in the hands of the house of Austria ever since 1688. It is seated on the Rau- siza, 20 miles SW of Buda. and 162 N by W of Belgrade. Lon. 18 40 E, lat. 47 19 N. StuUngen, town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, with a castle, 35 miles W of Constance. Lon. 8 54 E, lat. 47 45 N. s u c S U D Stia'brJdffe, townsliip of Worcester county, Massachusetts, Ci!ntainii!g 1927 inhabitants in 1810. Situated 2u niiles SW of \Vorct:'hter . n.ar the Conr.ectictil line. Population 1810, 19i7 ; and in 1820, 1633. Siurgeon, bay of Green bay, Sftting up SE lowanls lake Michigan, opposite the mouth of Menonnonic river, and 45 milts NNE from the moutli of Fox river. Stufgard, city of Buabia, capital of the kingdom of Wirtemberg. It i.s sur- rounded by walls and ditcht-s, aiid has an ancient castle, with a rich cabinet of curiosities, a mug lificent palace, an cr- phan house, a college, a ducal academy and observatory, a military academy, and one of the larg> st iibrarii s in Germany. It has manufactures of silks, stockings, ribands, £cc and possesses an academy ' of painting, scalpture and architecture, and around it are innumerable vineyards and garden-, 'i^hc streets are narrow in the city, and the houses generally > f wood; but there are fine houses, and straight streets, in one of the suburbs, Stutgard was tak^n by the French in June 1796, and in Novtmbi r 1799. It is seated in a plain among mountains, near the river Neckar, 36 miles E of B^den, and 52 NE of Strasburg. Lon. 9 21 E, lat. 48 44 N. Suabia country of Germany, bounded on the N by Franconia and the circle of . Lower Rhine, W by thai circle and Al- sace, S by Switzerland, and E by Bava- ria. It contains the greater part of the kingdom of Wirterniierg, the rnargra- vate of Baden, and some other territo ries . Siiakan or Suaquam, seaport and the capital (!f the cimntry of Abex, seated on a smal! iblHiid of tiie same nnme, in the fled Sea. It is iht- rtsider.ee of a Turkish governor under the bashaw of Cairo, and waa once a very fiourishing place, but is now gone to decay. Lon. 37 55 E, lat. 19 56 Is. Subiaco, town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, si-at-.d on the Tever.)ne, 33 miies E by N of Rome. Sucanada. town in tho SW coast of Borneo cipital of a kingclom ot the saice name. Th<' chief products of the country are camphor and diauionds. It is seated at the m uth cf a river. Lcr.. no 15 E, lat. 1 10 S. Success l^ay, bay oi) the SE coast of Terra del Fucgo. The south promnn- tory at its entrance, is called Cape Suc- cess Lon. 65 27 W, lat .55 1 S. Success, township of Cons county. New Hamphire. Piipul.ition 1820, uncertain. SucfiiC('/immunlca- tion between the Atlamic Oce.n and Ohio valley; and the curious fact, that all its great tributaries flow from the right and completely pierce the .Appalachian chain, renders this observation sill more striking. If we turn our attention to the general physiognomy of the Susquehannah, we iind i'vS extreme northern source in Madison county, New York, witlim 16 miles of Oneida lake, and 15 from the hne of the Great Canal, and in the angle between the sources of the Mohawk and Seneca rivers. This is the Chenango river, afterwards augmented by the Bnst branch. Thi- lat- ter originates in the northern spine of the Caisbergs, in the angle oetween the heads of the Coquago brancli of Delaware, the Chenango, and opposite to the Mohawk river, reaciiing wiihin less than ten miles from the line of the Great Canal of New- York. The East branch is correctly so called, as its sources are in fact the most eastern tribu'.ary waters of the Susquehan- nah. The East branch and Chenango unite in Broome county in New York ; the former having by an abrupt curve entered and retreaied from Peimsylvania. Below their junction the united waters flow a little south of west, enter Tioga county in New York, and turning nearly south into Bradford county in Pennsylvania, receive the Tioga branch from the north-west, at Tioga Point. The Tioga river rises in the angle be- tween the sources of the Genesee and Se- neca rivers, in Steuben, Allegheny, and Ontario counties, in New York, and within 30 miles from the line of the Great Can;u. The general course of the Tioga i-iver is from north-west to south-east, by com- parative courses about 80 inites. The 976 general course of the Susquehannah propei, already noticed, is from north-east to SDUth west, by comparative courses 120 miles. What in a partictilar manner render remarkable the two great northern consli- tuents of the .Susquehannah, is their enclo sing the two long aim navigable lakes Se- neca and Cayuga ; the latter stretching, in an almost direct line, from the Great Canal u> within 20 miles of the Tioga river, at the mouth of the Newtown creek, about ;;0 miles, by cotripurative courses, above Tioga Point ; and the latter, or Cayuga, stretch- ing also from the line of the Grc-at Canal, to vrithin 30 miies from the Susquehannah, at the mouth of the Oswego,- about 2G miles a'^ove Tioga Poin^. Nature, in this section (jf country, seems to have advanced liaif way to aid the efforts of m;-.n in form- ing channels of communication betv/eeii the basins of the Susqueiiannah and ' > Lawrence. The two fine lakes of Senec and Cayuga are each respectively upwar> of 35 miles in length, and occiipying tli: angle between the two main northern con- stituents of the Susquehannah, would ap- pear to have been placed in their actual position, as if to give, in their utmost ex- tent, the greatest navigable facility. From the Tioga Point, the Susqurhan- nah flows by comparative courses 60 miles>, to the month of the i^awahannoc creek, in the centre of Luzerne county. In this range, the river flows nearly due soutii. 10 miles to the western, or, more correctly, north-western, verge of the Appalachian mountains. Hi'herto, the entire tributary waters of this stream have originated and flown north-west of the Appalachian chain, and on the secondary formation. At the miuths of the Towanda and Wysaukin ceeks, tlie river curves to SE and enters the moup.tains, nearly at right angles to their genei'al range. Continuing about 10 miles still farther upon the secoiulary, the river enters on the great central transition formation, near the mouth of the Tunkhan- n'>c, where it passes the main ridge of the Appalachian chain, and issues into the fine valley of Wyoming, across which it main- tains a south-east course to the mouth of the Lawahannoc. Here the now noble stream of ti^e Susquehannah again turns at nearly right angles, and flows down the remarkubie Wyoming valley, by compara- tive courses, 70 miles, to its junction v.'ith the west branch at Northumberland ami Sunbury. The west branch rises entirely in Penn- sylvania, and within the Appalachian val- leys, though upon the secondary formation. Its general course is nearly from west to east, by comjjarative courses, 150 miles, to wlicre it p.:sscs the main ridge of the Ap- palacliian ciiain, and enters on the transi- tion formation 20 miles below Wiliiamspcrt. U' s s u s Here tlie river pierces the moaiitaiu, tiows bin pariaiccs, ift common with its three con- into the grrat valley, and turning to nearly tigiioi:s Atlantic basins, those of Roanoke, due south 25 miles, to its junction with the Dekv/arc, and Hudson. Susqiiehannah. These very important facts prove how Below the moutli of the West Branch, little we are advanced in a correct view of the Susquehannali pursues a general du'c-c- any of these basins, in a navigable point of lion, a little wcst of south, 40 miles to the view, by the most minute knowledge of mouth of the Juiiiata The latter is lite- the relaiive position of the mountains, the rally a monntuin stream, and has its whole extent and relative position of the ditlerent valley on the central transition formation, formations, or, more, that of the courses of lis general course is nearly from west to the rivers ihemst-lves. Falls, iii the proper east, parallel to the Wt^st Brand). Similar sense of the term, are rare in any of the to the oilier secondary rivers of ttie babin Atlantic rivers. What are usually denomi- of the Susquehannah, the Juniata traverses nated falls are in reality rapids ; but those, the Appalachian ridges in several places, in respect to either their position or mag- and flows in either a parallel direction, of nitude, have but an incidental connexion at right angles to those ridges. with the mountain ridges. In mostinstan- Below the mouth of Juniata, the Stisque- ces, where the rivers do pass the moun- haiuah asiumes a south-east direction of tains, rapids occur ; bvit this coincidence is 80 miles, by comparative courses, and be- by no means universal. The rivers, in a ing precipitated from the primitive on the number of the mountain gaps, present an sea-sand formation, loses its name and rank intervening smooth sheet of water. This as a river in Chesapcak B.-^y. is remarkably the case with the Juniata, . Between the head of the latter bay, and below Bedford, and with the Lehigh, at its the mouth of the Juniata, t!ie Susqueh^n- passage througli the Kittatinny range, iiah passes three mountain ridges : the Kit- The real fall of the water in its descent tatmny above, and the IMiie Ridge below from the inountain valleys to tiie level of Ilarrishuigh, and what may correctly be the tides, can in no instance be even tolera- called the south-east mountain, below the bly correctly estimated by a comparison mouthof the Conestogo and Pequea creeks, with its course through the mountains. The valley of the Susquehannah proper Every stream, to be well understood, must presents an area of inland navigation of be stirveyed separately, and considered a about 20,000 square miles. whole in itself. If we turn our eye to the whole basin of Before quitting tl^s general review of the S'lsqnehantiah, and consider it geo- the basin oi the Su-quehannah, we may re- graphically, we have before us a mighty mark, that the main volume of that river, link, which cormects the three great river from its source to the Atlantic, receives all sy.stems of North Americii — '.hose of the its large tributary streams from the right, Gulf of Mexico, St. Lawitence, and Atlantic and serves as a common recipient, lying Ocean proper. The natural facilities it along the base of an inclined plain, ex- presents to channels of inland navigation tending from the 37th to tiie 42d degree of will be shown in tiie sequel, with the rela- north latitude. It will be seen by inspec- tive elevation of its motmiain valleys, and lion, that this feature is also prominent m the obstructions opposed to artificial water the physiognomy of the Potomac, Dela- routes. ware, and the Hudson. See James^ river. If we examine this basin geologically, ^'"'''^^ "'^^''' Happahanuoc, Potomac, Patux- we find its general physiognomy, in a very ^'*'' -^ alnj'^co, ike. remarkable manner, commanding our at- The subjoined extracts are taken from tention. We have in this basin all the for- t^'ie resolves of a tTieeting at Wilkesbav- mations wliich the world aftbrds, from the re, Nov. 4lh, 1822. highest class ofprlmitive rocks to the most " VVhereas the complete and unob- recent alluvion. And we have all those structed navigation of the river Susque- formations on an immense scale. But the hannah is wished for by every friend to circumstance arising out of this geological the prosperity of the commonwealth, structure, most worthy of our" attentive and is calculated to advance the imme- observation, is th:^t the courses of tlie diate and lasting interests of all who in- waters, or their fitness, or tinfitness for habit its borders and the borders of its nayigation, appears to be totally indepen- tributary streams, and whei'eas a con- dent of the rock formations. It appears, venient, cheap, and safe market at all also, that although the mere windings of seasons throughout its channel, would, the streams are influenced by the mountain in our opinion, put an end to pecuniary ridges, that their general courses towards suffering in the midst of abundance, and the recipient, into which the waters are to the great depression of property sur- discharged, have no dependence upon rounded with unavailing sources of either the mountains or rock formation, wealth. — We feel it incumbent upon us The latter qharacter the Susquehannah ba- tn endeavour to impress the public mind 6 H orr s L y s u s the importance of the object, and through the public voice to call upon the i-epir- sentativcs of the people to take mea- sures for effecting the proper and neces- sary improvements in tlie channel of this noble rivtr. " A single e:lance at tlie map of Penn- sylvania is sufficient to convince the most unbelievini^, and a more thcrougli exa- mination of the vast tract of country wa- tered by this river and its biMnches will strike the reilecting mind with astonish- ment, that our state has not yet called into actinn tiiose great agricultural, ma- nuSacturing, and cnmrnt-rcial advanta- ges which its improvement would inevi- tably prodi'.re. That these advantages cannot Wfli be overrated is evident, if ■we will but take the tmuble to trace on the maps the sources of the Susqui-han- nah :.nd its numerous brai.chrs, ;-.nd ex- amine into the nature and resources of the country v?hich thi^y water in all tlieir various windings. " This territory (that drained by the Susquehannah proper) may bs eni'pha- tically called the heart of Pennsylvania. It furnishes a greater surplus of graiii than all the rest of the state together ; it fur- nishes beside, four fifths of all ilic lumber Vt'hich finds its way to thv BiUimore market, and much of that sent to Phila- delphia. Its ores are abundant, and al- ready manufactures more iron than any other district in the state, and the quan- tity can be increased to any amount. Its mountains abounds in stciie-coal of the best quality ; this article is found on the Juniata, on the west branch, and the county of Luzerne alone, could, v/ere the Susquehannah made easy of naviga- tion, furnish a sr.fficic'nt supply for all the" cities and towns in the Atlantic sea board. Bradford county has extensive n)incs of bituminous coal, and Susquehannah has her salt springs. Ih short the more we examint into the nature and extent of our resources, the more we are astonished at our supineness and neglect. " The counties of Sttuben, Tioga, Ot- sego, Broome, and part qf Delaware, in the slate of New York, are also depend- ant upon this river for an nutlet for the produce of their labour, and are anxious for itsim^jrovement. " The country embraced by the Sus- quehannah and :ts waters contains about 22,000 square mi'es, or about f urtctn milions of acres, producing, or capabU; of pr(>duciiii^, all the matt rials for the manufacture '/f iron, steel, cutlery, glass, stone ware, pottfry, queens ware, cnbi- net ware, cloths of wool, hemp and flax iG all their \ ariety, cordage, spirits^^malt liqnor.s ; in r.horc, everv artif'le which 9r« is necessary for the comfort and coi.> nience of m?.n, .The who'e of thiscoun try is well calculated for the growing o; grain and p'.dse of all kinds, comtnon to temperatt latitude ; raising of cattle, sheep, s%vine, poultry, and conseqiscniiy of beef, perk, buttei", chetse, feathers ;. and is well stockfd, more particularly al(;ng the northern side of the state for about 60 or 70 uiiles in width, with tim- ber of the best quality for boards, sc-.nt- iing, masts and spaia f>.r our shipping, and iunjber for every description of Imild- " To the m-jrchant then we say, open to us tlie safe navigation ;)f the Susque- liaiiaah, and we will throw into your hands the products of our mines, our fo- rests and our suil, property t'.i the amount of from three to five m.llions of dcliars, anruaily. This |)roj)erty you can turn to your own profit as well as ours, and. in return, we will receive such commo- dities as Will suit your condition and i,ur wants.^ The beneht will be recipro- cal — the interest mutual — the objtct pa- triotic — the times favourable for its com- pletion — let us no loHf^er hesitate. "To the manufacturer we say, open the navigation of the river, and you ob- tain at a cheap rate the raw materials for canying on your various occupations to the gnatist advantage. Shall vie re- main tributary to Russia and Sweden for iron and steel, when our mountains are filled widi the riclust of ore } Shall we be cependcnt ujjou Eunpe and Asia for the clothes we wear, when we can fur- nish you v/ith the wool, the flax, the hemp, the water power, and all the ma- terials f>)r carrying ou your business with profit to y urse'.vts, to us, and with ad- vantage tw your c untry. " To the farmer we s?.y, shall our agricultural industry retpain unrewarded and circuniicrib'r'd ? Shall millions of acres cf the finest land, covered with timber of the b-st quality, and contain- ing v/ithin its bosom, mines of iron, cop- per, lead, coal, marble in abundance, continue a mere solitary wilderness, and an exhausting encumbrance to the pro- prieters ?" Susquelicnnah, ccunfy of Pennsylva- nia; hund.^d by BrcKime county in Kew York N ; Wa> ne auDty in Pennsylvania E ; Luzsriie S ; and B'-adford W Lene,th 34 ; width 23 ; and area 800 square milts. Surface- hilly, and S'il generally of itiiddiing quality. Th'^ Is^cal tf atures of tiiis county are very peculiar. The Susquehannah river enters and again retires from its north- ern border; and thence, after uu im- mense sweep through Broome and Tioga s u s ^ ' ^ ccunties in New York, and Bradford l^^Ol 159,311 ; in 1811, 190,083 ; and in ccur-tv in Pennsylvania, it again r aches 1821, 232,927. in the NW angle of Luzenu-, within Susficx NVV county of ^ew Jersey ; less tiian fi^-e miles from the SW ans^le bounded bv Delaware river or Luzerne of susnue^iannah From this si.t.ccu ar cr;unly ot Ptiinsylvania W ; Delaware river or Pik. coonty m Pr-nnsylvanio. NVV ; Orange county in New Y.^rk NE ; and B riren. iMorris, and Huntingdon 9 -IT -r 1-7' T i\. irO . position, the crerks of the hitter county How from its centre Uke radii (>f a cir cie, and yet u^ariy aU enter Susqufhan- nah river. Chief town of this county Moirtrose. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 5,149 do. do. females - • 4,761 AU other persons except Indians not tax 'd - - - - Total whites .... 9,910 Free persons if colour, mahs 22 do. do. females 28 Slaves, males - - - do. f<;ma]es ... Total populatio:i hi 1S20 - 9.960 Counties in New Jersey SE. L'-ngtli 58 ; mean width 18 ; and area about 1000 square miles. It is a hilly or mcuntam- ous tract. B sides the Delaware, it is watered by Ptntterkiil, Paulingskill, Pe- quest cree's, Mnskonetoung creek, and tl-.e WallkiU. The alluvial valleys and ^ much ofthe highland soil excellent. Chief town Newton. See Sussex jVerj Jersey in the Addenda. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 12,7o8 do. do. females - - 12,034 3'.9 1,86:J 271 23 Total wliitcs - ■• ; All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - - Slaves ..... 24,80^ T.tal population :n 1819, Populatioa In 1820. Fr*^e wltua males do. d;>. ftmales Of these ; Foreigners not naturaiiztd Engaged in A;-ricu'.ture (lo. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Populalioti to the square mile- 13^. Stitsex, cou'.ty of England, 70 mill's in lengr.h, and 23 where brcadtst |^ b'>ui.d- ;^]i'o\|,er persons except Indians ed on the N by Surry on Uie NE and E jj ,. taxed - by Kent, on the S by the English charm,-', and on the W by Hanr.pshir.-. The N i',,tal whites - part of Suss-x, a tract continued from Fre; persons of colour, males the Weald of Kent, and of the same na- jo. jo. females ture with it, was form.erly entirely co- s'.aves, males vered with forests ; and though many of j,,. fcmlanuf:icture3 do. in Commerce 26,149 16,354 15,547 51,901 259 214 172 206 32,752 122 5,539 1,611 97 This county was formerly famous fv r Population to the square mile, 33^-. iron-works, in which great quantities of Sussex, southern county of Delaware ; charcoal were used for smelling the ore, bour.ded by Dt-lawaie b.ay NE ; Atlantic and thus the woods came to bf gradually Ocean E ; Worcester county in Maryland wasted. The works are now almost or g. Somerset county in Maryland SW; I)or- entireiy abandoned ; this business from chestev and Caroline counties in Maryland the late improvements made in smelt- \^'. ;,n,i Kent county in Delaware N. ing iron with pit-coal, having migrated Lengtli 32 ; nienn witlvh 30 ; fand area 960 to the counties which abound in that squarj ni le.s. Surfnce geneia'dy level and cheaper article, as well as in Imn ore. 'm pari marshy. Soil iandy in part and of The prndi'.ctis for which Sub=^ x : '- 't pre- middhng (luality. Us waters flov/ from its sent distinguished, are chiei^y corn, hops, centre in opposite directions; Nantikoke wool, cattle, and timber It is not dis- drains iu western side. Pocomokc river tinguisht d for any manufacture, but tliat has its source near iXs southern limits ; In-, of gunpowder at Battel, and of needles dian nve-.', interlocking sources with both at Chinchester The principal rivers the preceding flows into ihe Atlantic are the Arun, Adur, Ouse, and Rother. Ocean; and Cold spring, Bioadkill, Prune- Chinchester Is the cacital. Population hook, Slaughter, Cedar, and Mispillan 979 S TJ S y w A creeks enter Ihe bay «f Delaware. Chief towns, Georgetown, and Lettistown. Popula'iion in 1810. Free white males - - - 16,958 do. do. females - - - 10,789 Total whites . - - . 21,747 All other persons except Indians not taxed • - - . 3,601 Slaves - . . . - 2,402 Total population in 1810 - 27,750 Population in 1820. Free white males 9,455 do. do. females - - ' - 9,277 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites .... 18,732 Free persons of colour, males - 1,524 do. do. females 1,557 Slaves, males .... 1,274 do. females ... 970 Total population in 1820 24.057 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 2 Engaged in Agriculture - 4,758 do. in Manufactures - 439 do in Commerce - - 149 Population to the square mile, 25. Siissea; county of Virginia ; bounded by Southampton SE ; Greenville SW ; Din- widdle, and Prince George NW; and Sur- ry NE, and E. Length 38; mean width 20 ; and area 760 square miles. More than four fifths of its entire surface is drained by the Nottaway river and its confluents. Black water river, however, also contri- butes to water the NE section. Chief town Hunting. Population in 1810. Free white males - . - 2,221 do. do. females - - 2,215 Total whites - . . - 4,436 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - _ _ 532 Slaves, - - - - - 6,344 Total population in 1810 - 11,362 Population in 1820. ■Pree white males - - - 1,975 do. do. females - - - 2,180 Total whites .... 4,155 Free persons of colour, males - 324 do. do. females - 360 Slaves, males .... 3,707 do. females .... 3,338 Tdtal population in 1820 - - 11.8a4 Of thesie ; Foreigner^ not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,880 do. in Manufactures - 47 do. in Commerce - - 7 Population to the square mile, 15|. SutherlttJul, includes the divisions of Sutherland and Strathnavershire, it is bounded on the N and part of the W by the Northern ocean; on the SW by Ross- siiire, on the S and SE by the Frith of Dornock, and on the E by Caithness-shire. It is about 50 miles long from N to S, and 46 in its broadest part from E to W, ter- minating at t!ie S to not more than 12 miles bro.id. It is mountainous, but the valleys are fertile : abounding with black cattle and v/ild fowl. Population in 1801, d 23,117; in 1811, 23,629; and in 1821, f 23,840. Dornock is the county town. Sutri, town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, seated on the Piizzulo, 22 miles NW of Rome. Sutton, post village, and township, Hills- borough county, New Hampshire, 20 miles. NW from Concord. Population in 1820, 1573. Sutton, post town and township, Wor- cester county, iMassachusetts ; 10 miles S from Worcester. Population in 1810, 2660; and in 1820, 2056. Sutton Colefield, corporate town in War- wickshire, 24 miles NNW of Warwick, and 110 NW of London. Suza, city of Italy. See Susa. Suzanne, St. town of France, in the de- partment of Mayenne, with a considerable paper manufacture, 24 miles W of Mans. Swabia. See Suabia. S-waffham, town in No;-folk, on a bill, 28 i miles W of Norwich, ;ind 93 NE of Lon- . \ don Swale, river in Yorkshire, which rises on the confines of Westmoreland, flows E by Kichmond and then SE to its junction with the Ure, a little below Aldborough, where their united stream forms the Ouse. Swally, town of Hindoostan, in Guzerat, with a harbour, where ships receive and deliver their cargoes for the merchants of Surat. It is seated near the gulf of Cam- bay, 15 miles W of Surat. Lon. 72 33 E, lat. 21 10 N. Sivahvell, village in the county of Dur- ham, seated on the Derwent, near its junction with the Tyne, 13 miles WNW of Sunderland. Here are famous iron works, originally established by a blacksmith, about the year 1691. Sivan, island of Maine, at the mouth of Kennebec river. Stuan, township of Hancock county, maine, 15 miles NW from Castine. Swansborough, post town and seat of jus- tice, Onslow county. North Carolina, on 3 W E S W 1 Wliite Oak river, near its mouth into the Atlantic Ocean, about 4C' miles SSW troin Newbern. Swansea, town of Wales, in Glamorpfan- shire, on the Bristol Channel, 205 miles W from London S-Mans€t/, pos' vill.ge, and township, Cheshire- c»unty, Ntw Hanipsh re, 44 miles SW from Concord. Population in 1810, 1400 ; at.d in 1820 1716 SwanSet;, post village and tovviisliip of Bristd loiinty, Mas^achusi tts; 16 mili*s S from Taunton. Papulation in 1810, 1839; and in 1820, 1833. Sivatitoii, township 'of Franklin county, Vermont, on lake Champiain, 30 mdes N from Burlington. Swanton,\i\ tige of .Maryland, three miles SEfiom Georgetown. S'iua7isville, township of Hancock county, Maine, on the right bank of Penobscot river. Population in 1820, 503. Sivatnra, river of Pennsylvania, rises in Schuylkill con ty, about 15 miles SW rrom Orwiesburg. It flows thence SS, .nt^r. the NE allele of Lebanon, througli wiiich and U.'-.iphin, it meanders into th.- Susque- hamiah at .Middletuwii, with aa entire com- parative course of about 50 miles. The valley of this stream as far as the mouth of Quitapahilla branch, about two miles above the limit between Dauphin and Lebanon counties, part of the intended channel ol communication between Susquehannah, and Schuylkill rivers. Smatara, tovvnshi[) of Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, al>ng the Susquelia'inah river, between Mdd:etown and Harris- burg. Population in 1810, 2291 ; and in 1820, 1788. Sxoeasy's-vUle, post village, Adams coun- ty, Missis>ippi. Sweden, kingdom of Europe, extend- ing «00 miles from N to S, and 450 from K to \V ; bounded on the X by Danish Lapland, E by Russia, S by the gult of Finland and the Baltic, and W by the Sound, the Categat and Norway. It is divided into five gt neral parts ; Sweden Proper, Gothland, Nordland, Lapland, and Fiiland; and each of these is sub- divided into provinces. Sweden Pr .per contaiiiS Upland, Sudermania, Nericia, Westmania, and Dalecarha. Gothland contains East G uniand, Smoland, West Gothland, VVermeland, Bahus, Daiia^ Schunen, Halland, Blekingen, and the isles of GothUiid and Oeland. Nord- iaad includes Gestricia, Helsingia, Me- delpadia, lemptia, \iigermania, and West Bothnia, Swedish Lapland comprises Uma, Pithia, Lula, rornea, and Kemi : these have no towns, and take their names from rivers that rise near the borders of Norway and flow into the gulf of Bothnia. The greater part oi' Fioland, was ceded to Russia in 1808. In 1814, Xorway was ceded to Sweden, with near a million of inhabitants. The whole monarchy now contains 35u,OUO square nnle>, with a pojndation of about 3,500 000 inhabitants It extends from lat 55 to 70 N. The whole country is well watered by rivers (though not a single navigable one worth mentioning) numerous iakes, and inland pieces of water, on the banks of which the p daces and villas are usually built. At Stock- holm, spring and autumn are scarcely to be perceivid j for winter continues nine months, and summer during the re- maining three. In winter the cold is ex- cessive, and in summer the heat is consi- derable, the air being serene all that time. Sweden produces crystals, amethyst, to- pazes, porphyry, lapis lazuli, agate cor- m Han, marble, and otiier fossils. The rliief wealth of the country, howtver, arises i'rom her mints of silver, copper, lead, and iron. The last mentioned me- tal employs no fewer than 4,i0 forges, hammering-mills, and smelting-hnuses. The iirst gallery of one silver mine is 100 fathoms below the surface of the earth ; the roof is supported by prodi- gious oaken beams, and from thence the miiurs descend about 40 fathoms to the lowest vein The articles of export are boards, gunpowder, leather, iron, copper, tallow, skins, pitch, rosin, and masts ; and it imports salt, brandy, wire, linen cloih, stuffs, tobacco, sugar. s])ice, and pap r. Stveden, post village Oxford county, Maine, C'O miles SW from Paris, Popu- lation 1820, 249 Sweden, township of Genesee county, N-w York Population 1830, J761. Swedesboro' , post town in Gloucester county. New Jersrv, situated on the S side ot KaccrK)n cre«.k, -ight miles S of Woodbury, aitd 16 SW from Philadel- phia Sweet Sfirings, post village, Monroe county, Virginia. 43 miles SW of Bath court-house, and 93 ir. the same course from Stau'iton These waters havrrlong been famous for their medicinal virtues, and attract a numerous cor«pany of va- letudinarians yearly SvjUzerland, country of Europe, bounded on th- N by Suabia, E by Tyrol, S by Savoy and Italy, and W by France. It is 220 miles long and 130 broad, se- parated from the adjacent countries by high mountains, called the Alps. Swit- zerland was divided into 13 cantons, ex- clusive of their allies and bailiwics ; namely, Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, Under- walden, Zug, Friburg. Soleure, Zurich, S W I Bern, Basfl, SchaflFiiausen, Glarus, and Appenzel. The first seven are crith-iics, the next four art- Calvinists, and the other two cor.taiu both rf!igio;d leads to the valley of Aousia in Piedmont ; the third begins in the country of the Grisr'ns, crosses Mount ^impleberg, and leads to the duchy '• Milan; the fourth cr-.sses Mount St. Gothard. and the Baiiisvics ol Jta'V, and terminates in the ^^^l.^ne!le. The principal lakes are thfise of Con- stance, Geneva, Locern, Zurich, and Neuchatel. The most considerable ri- vers are the Rhine, Rhone, Aar, Arve, Reuss, and Ltmmal. Switz' rland ex- ceeds every courttry in the "Worh! in di versity ot appearance : the vast chain *,f Alps '.vith enorme,us precipices, exten- sive regi: ns of perpetual snow, and gla- ciers th:it re.senihle seas of ic?, are con- trasted by th.e vineyards and cultivated field, the richly wooded brow, and the verdant valley with its crystal stream. Agriculture cannot of course be carried to great extent, but the grain pvo.luced is sufficient for domestic consumption. The chief riches consist of excellent pastures, in which many catt'e are bred arid fattened, and the gOits, and cha- mois, fied on tile mountains, and in the woitds. The men are generally strong and robust, for which reason they are prefer- red bv severa' natims f(,r the military service. Tiio women are to!ej;iblv hand- some, I ave many good qualities, and are in general very industrious. Tin pea- sants retain their old manner of dress, and are content to live upon milk, but- ter, and cheese ; and there are some of the mountaineers, who nevfr have any bread I \79~, the partisans of France having excited disturbances in Switzer- land, the Fre?icr. entered the country ; and, after def aling the troops and pea- sants, who eppr-bed them, in several b.->t- tles. they aJjolished the constitutions of the priiicipal cantons, erected what was termed the Helvetic republic, and vest- ed the government in two councils and a directory. This constitution was abo- lished in 1802, by tiie Mrst consul of France, and another was pr^^serited for their acceptance, but rejected ; and he offered them a new one, in 1803, which they consented to accept By the new constitution, exclusive of the territories of Valais and Neuchatel, the country is divided into 19 cantons : the six new ones are Pays de Vaud, Tesin, Ar^au, 982 S Y D Grisons, St. Gall, and Thurgau ; of i which the first two are catholics, and the other four contain both catholics and protestants Each canton has its dis- tmct interna! government. The general government of the country is by a diet, composed of a mr-mbev from each can- ton, whicli assembles annually in June j at Friburg, Bern, Soleure, Basil, Zurich, ' or Lucern, in rcstation ; and the presi- dent is styled Landamman of Switzer- land. The diet declares war, concludes peace, makes alliances with foreign states, and also decides on all treaties on commerce. The armed force is fix- ed at 30,000 men. In December, 1813, - the allied armies traveised this country, for the purpose of invading France, when some partial changes again took place « in the administration of Switzerland, which was the cause of violent commo- tions amongst several of the cantons; but in 1814, en the meeting of the diet, these disturbances were appeased, and a federal com[)act was signed on the 8th of September, by the deputies of ail the 19 cantons at Zurich. S%viizerla7id, county of Indiana, bound- ed by Ohio river E, SE, and S, Jeffer- son W ; Ripley NVV ; and Dearborn N. Lengtli 24 ; mean width 13 ; and area 312 square miles. Surface liillj', and i soil productive. Chief town Vevay. i Population in 1820- \ Free white males - - - 2,070 ' do. do. iemales - - - 1,855 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites . . - Free persons (vf coL/ur, male:} do. do. females - Slaves, males - do. females Total pnpidation in 1820 - ,925 5 4 ;.934 91 690 58 1 Of these; Foreigners not nrituralized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population t > t!ie square mile, \2l. Syn, town of Sweden, in West Goddand, ^3 Kiilcs SW of Lindkoping. Siicamore, township in tlieV-NK quarter of Hamilton ct^unty, Ohio. Tlie soil of th(; land is generally fertile, and well irri- gated by mill creek and several of its branches. Montgomery, Reading, and Sliaron villages are laid out in this town- ship. Popuktuni 1820, 3385. Sycamore j^rove, post village, Mecklen- biu"g county, Virginia. Siidenham, village in Kent, in the de- i' A K 1' A JJ clivity of a hi.'l, ei^rht miles S by E or Lf.ii- don. ft is noted for medicinal w.Hls. Su'ljiev, township of Kcnnebeck crxmty, Ma'ne containing 1558 i:.!iibitants in 1810, and in 1820, 1S9^^ ; situated on '.he VV >ide of Kei.nebeck river. Sydwy buy. hay on the S side of Nor- folk islani, in the Pacific Ocean, for.~ed by Point Hunter and Point Koss, which are near two miles asunder. On liiis bay a settlement ol convicts is formed from Ensfland. Lon. 168 12 E, lat. 29 4 S. Sydney cove., town or settlement of con- victs founded at Port J.ickson, in New S Wales, in February, 1783. Syr.imeSy township of Lawrence county, Ohio, on Symmes creek. Population 1820, 247. Syracuse, strong- city of Sicily, in Valdi- Noto, with a bishop's see, and a fine liar- bour, defended by a castle. It is seated near the sea, 72 nnles S by \V of Messina, and 110 SE of Palermo. Lon. 15 30 E, 1 at. 37 5 N. Syria or Siiri.itnn, province of Turkey in .'Vsia, bounded on the N bv Diarbeck md Natoiia, on the E by Diarbeirk n.n 1 the deserts of Arabia, on the S by the same fleserts .nd .lud-^a, and on the V. by the Mediterranean. Under the general name '^i Syria, were included the ancient Phoe- nic 3, lv!n,e^ S of Syria Proper, This pro- virce abounds in oil, corn, aid several sorts ot fVpus. lis v>,eli as pe-s, beans, aiif". ail kinds ot piils< and g-ardea-s ufT ; hsit it woidd produce much more than it does, if il were well cuitivatefl ; for there are f.ne plains and pastures, 'I'he inhabitants have a trade in silk, camlets, and salt. Damascus 's the capital. Syrian, town of Pegu, seated near the bay of Bengal, on a river of the same name, which is one of ihe extrem-^- branches of the Ava. Lon. 96 40 E, lat. 16 50 N. Szeben, town of Hungary, situated on the river Tareza, 30 miles N of Oassovia: Lon. 21 25 E, lat. 44 20 N. Szelely, town of Hungary, 18 miles ESE of Debreczen. Lon. 22 15 E, lat. 47 26 N. Szuccn, town of Wes'ern Pru^s a, in the pjilatinate of Lulm, seated on the Vistula. Lon. 18 24 E, lat. 53 14 N. Tiiafe, or Tave, rapid river in Glamor- garsshire, which enters the Bristol Channel at Cardiff". On this river, near Caerphilly, is a stone bridge called Pont y Pryddal : of a sinijie arcli, supposed one of tlie widest in the world, 140 (e(.t in the spun, and 34- iiigh, planned and executed by the self-iauj;tit genius of a common mason in this county. Taaif, town of Arabia, in the province of Hedjas. It has a considerable trade in dried fruits, and is situated on u l.ifty mountain, 90 miles SE of Mecca. Lon. 41 35 E, lat. 21 5 X. Taas, city or Arabia, in the pro'.ince of Yeman, where is the tomb of a saint, who Eccording to ti-adi\ion, was king of the country. When NL Ni^buhr was here it had a g i:Tison of 600 men. It is 48 milr-s ENE of M"cha. Lon. 44 10 E, lat. 13 45 S. Taata, town of Upper Eg\ pt, one mile from the Nile. It is the residence of a go- vernor, has many furious remains of an- tiquity, and iS 200 miles S of Cairo. Lon. 31 25 E. lat. 26 56 M. Taba^a. an island of America, in l!ic;? Sea, aid bay ot Pa:'.ama, four miles long; and three bro>d. It is a raouilalnius place, abounding with fruit trees, and be- longs to the Spanuirds. Lon. 80 16 W, lat. 7 50 S. Tabarca, island on the coast of Barbary, .50 miles VV of Tairs. Lon. 9 16 E, la*. 36 50 N. Tabaria, the ancient Tiberias, a town of Palestine, Situated on the W s de of a lake, formerly called the sea of Tiberias, 50 miles NNE of Jerusalem, and 70 SSW of Damascus. Lon. 35 45 E, lat 32 40 N. TViiasco, province of Mexico; bounded on the N by the bay of Campeachy, on the E by Yncata, on tiie S by Ciiiapa, and on the W by G'laxaoa It is about 100 miles 111 lengt!), and nearly as much in breadth, and its chief riches consist in cocoa nuts. The air is extremely moist, and there are showers every day for nine monllis in the year. Tabasco, island of New Spain, in the province -it Tabasco, about 30 miles long, and ten broad, formed by the river Tabas- co, an! the rivers Si. Peter and St. Paul. Tabasco, capital of the province of Ta- basco. Cortcz obtained a victory here on his first arrival. It is situaicci in the island of the same name. Lon. 58 15 E, lat. 17 40 N. Table Island, one of the New Hebrides, in the South Sea. Lon. 16 77 E, lat. 15 38 S. Table Mountain, promontory of Africa, near the Cape of Good Hope, being 'he most southern promontory in the Old World. The bay at the fojt of it is called Table Hay. Table Mountain, mountain of Pendleton distr ct. South Carolina, rising 4300 feet above the level of the Atlantic ocean. On Q83 T A G T A I one side it is said, there is a precipice of rocks 900 feet high. Tabor, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Beciiin, on a mountain, which the Husites, under their celefirated general Zisca, for- tified and made tl'eir principal retreat. It is 25 miles N by E of Budweis, and 45 S by E of Prague, Lon. 14 56 E, lat. 49 23 N. Tabvistan, province of Persia, on the S shore of the Caspian sea, bounded by As- trabad on the E, and Chilan en the W. Tacazze, the great south-eastern branch of the Nile, called pai-ticularlj', the Nile of Tigre, contradistinguished from the Arn- haro, or middle district. Tecames, bay, seajiort, and district of New Granada, on the Pacific ocean. The port is situated at lon. W C 2 40 W, lat. 52 N. Tachim or Tachaiu, town of Roliemia, in the circle of Pilsen, 21 miles W of Pilsen. Lon. 13 27 E, lat. 49 45 N. Tadcaster, town in the West riding of Yorksliire. Great plenty of limestone is dug up near it ; and there is a large stone bridge over the river Wharf. It is nine miles SW of York, and 188 N by W of London. Lon 1 12 W, lat. 5o 52 N. Tadivan, or Taduaii, town of Persia, in the province of Farsistan, 60 miles S of Schu-;is. Lon. 54 15 E, lat. 28 45 N. Tadmor. See Palmyra. Tadoitsac, town of Lower Canada, in N America, which is a place of great resort for trading with the Indians, who bring thither furs t(r exchange for cloth and other European good*. It is situated at the mouth of the Saguenay, 98 miles NE of Quebec. Lon. 69 35 W, lat. 48 5 N. Tafala, or Tafalla, town of Spain, in Na- varre, with a castle, seated on the Cidazzo, in a country producing good wine, 18 miles S of Pampeluna. Lon. 1 36 W, lat. 41 29 N. Tqfilet, kingdom of Barbary, in the em- pire of ilorocco ; bounded on the N by Fez and Tremesen, on the E by the Beribernes, on the S by the deserts of Barbary, ;ind on the W by Sus, Morocco, and Pez. Tafilet, the capital, is a trading place,r,uth of ihe M'iC'ez 'enia river. Lon. VV C 11 36 W, !ar. 22 45 N 7\iin-u>oi'ih, oor^'Ui^h in Staffur is^iirp, on the Tume, eight miles SK -f f/'s'chfvid, antl 114 NVV of London. Lon. 1 38 W, lat. 52 49 N. Tanrworth, post town in Strafford county, New H mp hire ; siuiate 1 on t e N si;!e of Ossippee river, anl joi ling Graft n cotmty on the N\V. The inhabitants were sta eJ at 1134 in the census of 1810; and in 1820, 1442. Tandro, river of Piedmont, wliich rises in the Appennine.-., and flows by Cherasco, Alba, aid Asti, t > Alessandri.i, in the Mila- nese, and fall, irto the Po. Tanasserim, t ivfn of the kingdom of Slam, in Asia, capital of a pr evince of the came name, 220 miles SW of Siam. Lon. 98 E, lat. n 50 N. • Tanbof, government of Russia, formerly a part >f the ^'overnment of Voronetz, con- taining 13 districts Tancos, town of Fotugal, in Estrema- dura, seated on the Zez.ra, near its fall into the Tajo 60 mdes XE of Lisbon. Lon 8 30 W, lat. ,9 20 N. Tar.crowall, town of Africa, in Nigritia, seated on the Gambia, where the E'g isli have a fort, 39 mi!f-s E of James' river. Tanda, o? Tanrab, tiwn in Mindoostan Proper, in Bengal, on the Ganges, 120 miles NW of Dacce. Lon. 8" 56 E, lat. 23 25 X. • Tandaifo. See Samar. Tan:'i/(o-wn, post town in Frederick county, Maryland; situated on a branch of Monacasy creek, 20 miles N by E of Fredericktown. 12 N by W of Westmin. ster, and 40 of Baltimore. Tangataboo, one of the Friendly Islands in the South Pacific Oce^im, the residence of the sovereign and t!ie ciiief-*. Tangermutide, toww of Germany, in the eld marche of Brandenburg, en the Tan- ger, where it falls into the- Elbe, 24 miles NW of Brar.denb' ,rg, and 28 NE of Magde- burg. Lon 13 30 E, 1 :t. 52 46 V. Tangier, seaport 'fthe kingdom of Fez in Africa It is 130 mdes N ■ f F. z. Lm. 5 50 W, lat. 35 49 X, Tang-ipao, river of Louisi..'na ;ind .Missis- sippi, rising in the latter in Amite cotmty, enterlocking with the sources tsf Amite and Bogue Ciiitto ; its general course SSE, 25 miles in Mississippi and 45 in Louisiana, separating in t e latter, the parishes of St, Tammany and St. Helena, and after an entire course of 70 mdes is lost in Lake Pontchartrain, abo.it 10 miles east of the .Wri?3 of Manchac. Like that of all the . 9.st on the S, and by the -ea o:t \\v E, bei'tg separated from tlie ishn 1 of Ceylon by a narrow strait. Tahjore, city of Hindoostan, in the C^r- natx, capital of a province '>f the same name. 1 i.s seate ! on the Cauverav, 156 milt-s S bv W of Madr.is, and 166 SE of Seriiij-a .atam Lon 79 12 E, lat 10 46 N. Tanhia, or Tmk-ialing, town and fortress of Thibet, at the font of Motint Langur, 275 miles W b> S of L.!ssa. Tanna, tortile and cf^:isider:.ble island in the So'itli Sea, and one of the New He- brides. There is a volcano in the islands, and the soil is verv fertile in the tropical fruits and forest trees. The coast also abounds in fish. Lon. 169 46 E, lat. 19 30 S Tauore, seaport of Hindoostan, on the coast of Malabar. Lon. To 50 E, lat. 10 55 N. Tantcdlan, ruinous costle in Haddington- shire, two miles Fi of N Berwick., Taoo, most southern of the Friendly Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, about 10 leagues in circuit. Taormina, seaport of Sicily, in Val di Demona, seated on a rock, 88 miles S of Messina, famous for its costly marble and excellent wine. Lon. 15 34 E, lat. 38 21 N. Taos, town of New Mexico, on the east side of liio Grande del Norte above Santa Fe. Lon. \V C 29 45 \V, lat. 37 20 N. Taoukaa, island in the South Pacific Ocean. Lon. 145 9 W, lat 14 30 S. Tappahannock, post town in Essex coun- ty, Virginia ; situated on the S side of Rappah nnock river, 57 m'l -s NE of Rich- moiul, 53 SE of Fredericksburg, and 117 from Washingt'm It is a low unhealthy situation, but a place if considerable trade, and has ab.nit 600 inhabitants Taploe, village in Buckinghamshire, one mile from Maidenhead. It is seated on a hill, on the banks of the Thames, and dis- tinguished by its m jestic wood-lands, handsome vilas, and picuresque f.ppear- aice. Tapoor, town of the peninsula of Hin- doosta's 15 miles SS W of Darampoovy, and 83 ESE ot Seringapatiim. Tapty, rvcr of the Deccan of Hindoos- tan v.htch rises at Maltoy, 84 miles to the NW of Nugp:)ur, and falls into the gulf of Cambay, abou' 20 miles below Surat. Tar, or PamUeo, river of North Carolina, which flowing by 'i'arborough and Wash- ington, enters Pamlico Sound, 40 miles SE '^t the latter town. It is navigable 40 mile^ r A a I A R to Wtxshingtoii, for vessels drawing nine feet water, and for boats to Tarboroiigli 50 niil.^:-^ still lugluT. Taransa, one of the Htbritles, or VV Islands of Scotland. Lcn. 8 55 VV, lat. 58 2 N. Taranto, seaport of Naples, in Terra (I'Otrantn. This town gave name to the venomous spidtrs called tarantulas. It is 55 miles NVV of Otranto. and 160 E by S of Naples. L .n. 17 29 E, kt. 40 Z5 N, Turragalla, town of the kingdom of Taiilet, in Africa, with a castle seated on the Dras, 275 miles SW of ratilet. Lon. 6 3 W, iat 27 '.0 N Tarare, town of France, in the de- partment of Rhone and Loire, and late province of Lyonnois seated on the I'or- dive, at the foot of a mountain of the same name, 25 miles NVV of Lyor.s. Lon. 4-43 E, lat. 45 52 N. Tarascon, town i(ms ; namely. Eastern and 'Western Tartary The greatest part of the former either belongs to the emperor of China, is tributary to him, -r is under - hi^ ;protection ; and is di- of5r r A T r A V vided into three provinces, Tcitcicar, Kirin, and Leao-tong. A considerable part of Western Tartary has been con- quered by the Russians; and t';,it pai't ef it E from the mountains of unaus, or Belur, to the Caspian Sea, is called lu- dependent Tartary, which has tor many ages been attached to Persia. These va«t countries include all the central part of Asia, and are inhabited by Tar- tars of different denominations and dif- ferent manners. For various particulars concerning them, see the articles Ab- khas, Circassia, Crimea, Cossacks, Geor- gia, Imeritia, Kaltnucs, Kisti, Lesguis, Mandshurs, Mingrelia, Monguls, Ossi, Somovedes, Turcomans, and Usbecs. Tartas, towm of France, in the de- partment of Landes, and late province of Gascony. The Midouseruns through it ; and on one side of this river it rises in the form of an amphitheatre ; the other is seated on a plain. It is 12 miles NE of Dax. Lon. 48 E, lat. 43 50 N. TarviSt or Tarivis, town of Germany, in Carinthia, 46 miles NNVV of Trieste. Lon. 13 40 E, lat. 46 34 N. Tassacorta, maritime town of the isle of Palma, one of the Canaries. It lies SW of St. Cruz, and being exposed to westerly winds is little frequented, but by boats. Lon. 17 58 W, lat, 28 38 N. Tassasudon, capit J o; B{)Otan, 260 miles S by W ot Lasa, Luii. 89 E, lat. 27 43 N. Tassing, is'aii.-' f Denmark be- tween Funen, Liii ^•;t iaiid, and Arroe. It is separated frf.n the fo mer by a strait, and contains a few towns and vil- lages. Tasso, ancient Tha&os, island of the Archipelago, near Romania, at the en- trance of the gulf of Contesa. It is 35 miles in circumference and was formerly famous for mines of gold, and quarries of beautiful marble. The capital, of the same name, has a good harbour, and se- veral castles. Tasso, mountain of Italy, between Ber- gamo and Como, from -which the illus- trious family of the poet Tasso took their name. Tale, township of Clermont county, Ohio. Population 1820, 1775. Tatnall, county of Georj»ia ; bounded by Appling S; Telfair anc! Montgomery W ; Emanuel N W ; Camchee river, or Bullock County NE; and Liberty and Wayrie SE. Length 60 ; mean width 30 ; ana area ISOO squ'sro miles. Oconee and Oakmuigee river,'' unite, and form the Alat'.imaha, on the wt.'^tern boundary of Khis covmfv. Th.- latter .stream \v]nr'^. SE through the county, and receives from the north about its centre, Great Ohoopee. * Population in 1810. Free white males . - - 835 do. do. females - - 765 Total whites - - - 1,600 All other jjersons except Indians not taxed - - - 64 Slaves 542 Total population in 1810, - 2,206 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 1,062 do. do. females - - - 1,001 All other pei^ons except Indians not taxed ..... Q Total whites - - . 2,06," Free persons of colour, males 8 do. do. females 5 Slaves, males - - - . 291 do. females ... . 277 Total populaticn in 1820 - . 2,644 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 6 Engaged in Agricultiirt; - - 794 do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce - - 3 Population to the square mile, I3. Talta, or Sinde, city of Hindoostan Proper, capital of the province of Sindy. It is seated on a branch of the river Sinde or Indus, which admits of an un- interrupted navigation to Moultan and Lahore, for vessels of 200 tons, and a very extensive trade was carried on be- tween these places in the time of Aurung- zebe but at present very little remains, owing to a bad governm<-nt in Sindy, and to a hostile disposition of the Seiks the present possessors of Moultan and La- hore, VV of Taita, are found mines of iron and salt. Tatta is 741 miles NW of Bombay. L.on. 67 37 E, lat. 24 50 N. Tattah, small town on the common frontiers of Morocco, Drah, and Zang- haga, and in the route from Morocco and Sus to Tombuctou. It is 170 miles SSE of Morocco. Tattershall, town in Lincolnshire, on the Bane, near its f nnfluence with the Witbam. 20 miles SE of Lincoln, and 127 N of London. Lon. 8 VV, lat. 53 6 N. •Tauaatus, town of Sweden in Finland, capital of the province of Tavasteland. seated on a river which falls into the lakr Wana, 62 miles NE of Abo. 1 A L T A Z island of New Zealand ; about i 00 miles lonp:, and with a mean width of 100. TaucheU town of Poland in Pomerel- lio, seated on the V= rd. 30 miles NW of Culm. Lon. 18 5 E, iat. 53 38 N. Taverna, town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore. seated on the Coroco, 20 miles Eof Nicastro, and 70 KE ofReggio. Lon. 16 44 E, Iat. S9 11 N, 2ax'2m, or Tavila, considerab'f town of Portugal, capital of Algai va, with a castle, and one of the best ; arbours in the kinp,dom defended by a fort. It is seated in a fertile country, at the mouth of the Galaon, between Capt- Vincent and the straits of Gibraltar, 100 miies W by N of Cadiz. Lon. 7 46 W. Iat. o7 IS N Tavistock, borough in Devonshire, on the i-iver Tavy, ?.2 miles W by S of Exe- ter, and 206 of London. Lon. 4 12 W, Iat. oO 3 J N. Taumago^ island of the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by Quiros in 1806. Lon. 176 45 W, Iat 13 S. Taunton, borough in Somersetshire, on the Thorse, which is navigable hence to tht- Parrel . It has a large manufac- ture of silk, and a considerabl<^ one of woollen ^oods, such as serges, duroys, druggets. &c It is 31 miles NE of Exeter, and 14u W by S of London. Lon. 3 17 W, Iat, 50 59 N. Taunton, river of Massachusetts in North America. It I'ises in the Blue Mountains, and running SE falls into Narragaiisett Bay, on the E side of Rhode Island! Taunlon, post town, the capital of Bristol coui.ty, Massachusetts ; ly:ng on the W side of Taunton river, 25 miles N of New Bedford, and 35 S of Boston. The township contained 3900 inhabi- tants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 4520. It con- tains an academy, a bank, the county buildings, two cotton factories, a paper mill, a furnace, a nail factory, three rol- ling and slitting mills, &c. Taunton-Dean, or Vale of Taunton, an extensive tract of land in Somerset- shire, famous for its fertility Taureau. isle of France, in the de- partment of Fiiisterre, and Idte province of Bretagne, iying at the mouth of the river Morlaix On this island is a castle, which defends the port of Morlaix. Lon. 3 51 W. Iat. 48 40 N. Taurida, government of Russia, bound- ed S by the Black sea ; W by Chrrson ; N by Ekaterinoalaf ; and E by Caucau- sus. It takes its name from, and in- cludes the Crirnvja, the ancient Taurica Chersonesus. See Crimea. T^,„.,v ^;»,. ^^ pcx-sia, capita! of Ader- beitzan, and formerly the capital of Persia It is about fiv." miles in c Ircum- ference arid carries on a prodigious trade in cotton, cloth, silks, cold and silver brocades, hue lurbans, and sliagreen leather. There, are 500 caravansaries, and 250 mosques. It is seated in a de- lightful plain surrounded by mnuntainf?, 95 mil>'S SE of Xaksivan, and 320 NW of Ispahan. Lon. 47 50 E, Iat. 38 !8 N. Tauris, great chain of mountains in Asia, which begin in the E part of Little Carmania, and extend far into India. In different places tliey have difTf-rent names. Taus, town of Bthemia, in the cir- cle of Pilsen. 26 miles «W of Piisen, and 50 S of Saatz. L.';n. 13 45 E. ht 49 25 N. Tavy, river in Drvonshire, which ris- ing in DartmtKir Forest, waters Tavy- stock and then enters the harbour of Ha- mouze, ab.^'ve Plymouth. Taiv, river in Devonshire, which ris- es in the centre of the county, flows to Barnstable, and dien turns VV to join the Trowbridge, at its mDuth in the Bristol Channel. Tawy river in Glamorganshire in S Wales, which flows parallel to the Neath, and enters the Bristol Channel, at Swan- sey Bay Tay, one of the largest riveisin Scot- land, dividinc; it into S and N. It rises out of th'.' mountains of Breadalbane, and after spreading into a lake of the j-ame name, 15 miles long and about rvv^o broad, runs E through Athol, then turning to the'SE in a course of near 40 miles, ex- clusive of winding.s, falls into the frith of Tay. Tay, Frith of, arm of the sea. which divides Fifeshire from the counties of the N and S sands may be near a mile, without about three fathoms wate-, but within the Frith it grows deejjer, and in the road to Dundee is full six fa- thoms. Tay, Loch, lake in Perthshire, through which flows the river Tay. It is 15 n;iles long, and in many parts above one broad. Taylorsville, post village of Shelby count) . Kentucky, on the N fork of Salt river, 50 milts SVV from Louisville. TazenvelL county of Virginia ; bound- ed by Russel SW ; Kentucky and Cea- bell county in Virt^inia N W ; Giles NE ; Wythe SE ; and Washington S. Length 60 : mean width 40 ; and area 2-100 square miles Surface generally hilly, and in part moimtainous. The sources of Chinch and Great Sandy rivers art in this rountv, and from its NE section flow T e li T C I several branches of Great Kenhawa. Chief town, Jeffersonviile. Populaiioi. ill IclO. Free white muks - - - 1.39?" do. do. females - - - 1,282 Total whi.es - - - All other persons except liuiiaiis not -.axed . . . - Slaves - . . - . Totiil population in 1810 Poimlatoii in 1820. Free v. hr.e males . . - do. do. females ... All rttser persons except Indians !iOt taxed .... Tctidwiu.- . . . . Free persons of cJ'nir, nia'es - ' do do. females Slavf^s, males . . . - do. iem:les Tota^ popvHition in 1820 - 2,661 18 3,007 1,730 1,705 3,916 O th.esf:; Fovfigiv rs not naturabzed - 1 EngUj^ed in Agiic' luire - - 757 do. in M=(niifaf.ti;res - - 2 do. in CoiTiinerce - - 4 P'ip:ilaton tc the >quare mile, 1^. Tazewell post Uwv. and st-at of jus- tice in ( aibome c< unty, Ttnnessee, aboijt midway beiw.ren Clinch and Pew- ell's river; about 50 miles NE from Knr>xviUe. Tclmng tcha, city of China, capital of the S part of Hou-quang. It is seat- ed on the river Heng, which has a com- municiUion xvith an extensive !-dke, call- ed 1 ong-ting-bou, 7^0 miles S by W of Peking. L^n 112 25 E l.,t 28 11 N. Tdiang-tcheou, city of China, of the first rank in Fo-kien. It has a criisi- derable trade with Eninny, Poiig-hriu, and Formos'. ; and is 950 miles S of Pe- king Lrn. U7 55 E. lat. 24 32 N. Tchang-te, city of China, of the first rank, is H -nan. It is 255 miles SSW of P. king Lon. HI 5 E, lat. 29 2 N. Tc/moking city of China, of the first rank in Quang-tong, sealed on the river Si, 70 miles VV of Canton. Tchao-tcheou, cit) of China, of the first rank, in Quan-tong, seated on the Pei-kiang, 85 miles E of Canton TdiL kiarig, province of China - one of thf most considerable in extent, riches, ai.d piipulation. It is bound' d on the N and VV by Kiang-nan, SW by Kiang- si, S by Fo-kien, and E by the Ocean. In this province, whole plains are co- vered with dwarf mulbe rrv trees, pur- 990 posely checked in their growth ; ana prudigous quantities of siik-worms are; bred Ih pniicijia! brand: of trade consists in siiii stuffs ; and those in which gold and silver art mtermixed are the most beautilul in China. Hang-tcheou is the capital. Tcheniigqf, government of Russia, Jorrni. ri> a. part ot flie Ukraine. Its ca- pital, if th'r same name, is seated on the Df'sne. 345 niiic;3 SSW of Muscow. Lon. 66 4 /. E, lat 51 24 N. Tche&me, town of Asiatic Turkey, on the W oast of Natalia, with a citadel. It stands alm^ st opposite Scio, at the head of a spacious road, which is famous for the desit ur.tinn of two Turkish fleets fiist by the Russians, in 1770, secondly iiy the Greeks in 18v'2. See Clmme, It IS four niil^s E of Smyrna. Lon. 26 26 E, 'hit. 58 2ti N. Tcldng fciang, strong city of China, in the p-ovii.cf of Kiang-na.i, -25 milts N by N 'f Nan-kiiig. Lon. 118 55 E, lat. 32 14 N. Tching tckcou city of China, in the province ot Hou quang, seated near the canal through which ail barks must piss in gi ing from Sou tcheou, to Ki- ang. Under it are five cities of the third class, in which a kind of plain earthen ware is prepaw d, inghly valued by the Chinese, who prefer it to th^ most ele- gant porcelain. It is 640 miles SSW of Pekiny Lon 109 4u E, lat. 28 23 N, Tching ling, laig- city of China, in the pr( v.i.ce of P. -tcheli. Its district coiUains five cities of the second and 27 of the third class ; ai\d it is 110 miles S by VV N trade> especially in furs, which are con- Tease'i; 'vallev, post office in Kenhawa veyed hence to Constautir.ople by the way luntv Vircr'nia- of Erzerum The silks of this country, Tebesta, or Tinsa, town of Algiers, in are bought up on the spot by tlie Arme- cas- nians, and conveyed to Smyrna and other the Constantia. Lon. 8 5 E lat. 34 51 N. Teceut, town of the kingdom of Sus, seated in a country abi.unriirig in grain, dates, and sugar canes, four miles E of Messa. Techs, river of LouiRiana. See Atch- afalaya and Misshsifi/ii basin, page 612. Tecklenburg. town of Wtstphalia, ca- pital of a fertile county of the same name. It has manufactur s of linen cloth, and is 22 miles N by E of Munstei rum. Lon 65 3 E, lat 41 59 N. Tef=a, town of Morocco, in Africa, 70 miles NE of Morocco. Tegaza, town of Zehara, capital of a territory of that name, to tlie NE of Sene- gal. It is r.^mark'.»ble for m .untains of sidt. Lon. 5 30 W, lat. 21 40 N", " Tegerhy, town of Fezzan, m Africa, 80 miles S\V ot xMourzook. Te?Uo, town of the country of the Gri- T g„ r sons,"" capital of the government of the same name, in the Valteline. It is situated nine miles from ^'^^-ni'lit Lport of Mexico, in !'::^ ''^^ ■^''^i.^"'!;;"sc-;!clrio / 7' A 'nipfifr ii'ano, and 12 trom boncliio. ^vx lenuamcpec. _ Tehmintepec,'resnantepec,ovTecoantepec, Oaxaca Tecrit, town of Awatic Turkty, in the government of Mosul, near the W side of soutii of Mosul. .wl -n « rnrk po'-^ "^ the Parif.c Ocean, in the Mexican , se^t^-d on a rock f^^^^^ ^^. ^ .j^Mated at the bot- the ligre. 1>.U m.hs ^^^^ ^^ ,j^^ ^^^^ ^^ Tehuaotepec. and near -" - , -, „-M, .,r, .u the month 'of the Chimalapa river. It is Teculet, town of Morocco, with an old ^^^^^j^.^.^^^, , ^,^^ ^iH es of San Francisco, castle, seated at the mouth of a nver ot g_^^ oionisjo, and Santa Maria de la Mar. Lon. W C 18 W, lat. 16 5 N. ,,- r ^/f• J 11 „^ ecof Tehuantepec, The gulf of, is a semi-eUip- T.drfms-^on. Village of M>ddl.sex. seat- ^.^^, i^jenfin^ of tha^ part of the Pacific ed on the Ihamcs, 12 mdes vvbW ot ^ „^ ,,■„„ v,^(.„^„r, rin-itimQio ^.nH the same name, 150 miles W of Moroc CO. Lon. 9 45 W, lat 31 5 N London. Tedla, or Tadila, province of Moroc- co, which extends along the east side of Mount Atlas, to the borders of Fez and Algiers. Tednest, large town of Morocco, m Africa, capital oi the province of Hea. It is almost surrounded by a river. Lon. 8 35 W, lat. 30 30 N Ocean, stretch. ng between Guatimala, and the intendancy of Oaxaca. Tei^n, river of Devonshire, composed of two branches, which rise in the centre of the county, and uniting, enter the En- glish channel, at Teignmouth. Teigmnovth, seaport in Devonshire, has a considerable coasting trade, especially to Liverpool. It is seated at the mouth of the Teign, 12 miles S of Exeter, and 280 Tedsi, commercial town of Morocco, ^y ^,y s of' London. Lon. 3 29 W, 1st. 50 in the province of Sus, seated in a plain, ^^ N. abounding in corn, 25 miles SE ot Taro- Teisendorf, town of Germany in the cir- dant. cle of Bavaria, 12 miles WN W of S;dtzbnrg. Tees, river which rises in the conhnes Teisse, river of Hnngary, which rises in of Cumberland, divides the county of the Carpathian mountains, passes by Tock- Durham from Yorkshire, and falls into ^y ^^^^ Segedin, and falls in the Danube, the German Ocean, below Stockton. Tefezura, strong town of Algiers, in the province of Tremesen, 12 miles from the city of that name. There are a great niany mines of iron in its territory. Teffis, city of Russia, residence of the Ilussian governor, and capital of Georgia, one of the seven Caucassian nations be- tween the Black Sea and the Caspian. It near Titul. Tekin. See Bender. Teleinana, town of Italy, in Tuscany, with a small harbour, and a strong fort. It is seated at the mouth of the Ossa, at the extremity of a point of a craggy rock, ten miles' from Orbilello. Lon. 11 11 E, lat. 42 28 N. Telesa. See Cervilo. Telles, seaport of Fez, in Africa, 120 called by tiie inhabitants Thilis Cnbar, (warm town,) from the warm baths in its ^ , ,. ,„ neio-hbnurhood. Though its circumference miles ESE ot 1 angier. ^ does not exceed two l-:^igllsh miles, it con- Telegein, or Telga, trad.ngitown of 'ains 20,000 inhabitants, of which more den, in Suderraaiua.^seated on .he S bank Swe- T E iSl r E N of the lake Maeler, 12 miles SW of Stock- holm. Lon. 17 24 E, lat. 59 18 N. Telfair, county of Georgia ; bounded by Appling S ; Doo-.en SW ; Pulaski N VV ; Lilile Oakmulgee river or M-ntgom ry county NE -, and Tatuall E. I-etigth 50 ; mean width 25; and area 1250 square miles. The Oakmulgee river enter, the NW side of this county, and after an im- raense curve to the SE, E, and NE, joins the Oconee at its NB angle. Ciiiei" to vii, Jaclc^ouville. Population in 1810. Frtre while males . - - 289 do. do. females . - - 236 Total whites .... 525 All other persons except Indians not taxed - . . . 1 Slaves ..... 218 Total population in 1810 - 744 Population in 1S20. Free wliite males 746 do. do. females 677 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites 1,423 Free persons of colour, males 14 do. do. females 21 Slaves, males - _ - S32 do. females _ _ _ 314 Total population in 1820 2,104 1 646 15 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged it) Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Comnnerce - -5 Popula:ion to the sqtuue mile, 1|. Tell, extie-.iie western lownbhip of Ilun- tifip,do!i county, Pennsylvania, 23 miles .SE from Huntingdon. Population 1820, 686. TelHclicrry, seaport of Hindoostan, on the coast of Maiabar, where there ^s an English factory. It .s 30 nniles NXW of Cahcut. Lon. 75 50 E, lat. 11 4S N. TelUco, river of Tennessee, rises in the SE angle of the state, flows NW into Ten- nessee river at the northern corner of Monroe county. Tellico, post village, Blount county, Ten- nessee, on the right bank of Tennessee river, opposite the mouth o: Tellico river ; 40 miles SW from Kuoxville. Tefis/t, town of GeriTiany, in Moravia, seated on the frontiers of Bohemia, at tl;e source of the river Teya, 36 miles WNW of Ziia-.m. I.on. 16 E jat. 49 N. Temfiiidefusi, town of the kingdom of Algiers, seated on the Mediterranean, 10 n"»ile^ E of Algiers. Temesi'jur, t.livn of Ilungarv, capital of qqo a terrltoiy called the bannat of Temeswar. It is seated in a morass, 60 miles NE of Belgrade, .in ! 150 SE .^f Buda Lon. 22 20 E, lat. 45 57 N. , Temissa, large t'.wn of the kingdom of Fezz.xn, Here the caravan of ])d;any, in Upper Saxony, and the lacker Marche of Bran- denburg, v,-hich has a great irade in tim- ber. It is 15 miles SW of Prenzlo, and 34 X of Berlin. Lon. 13 25 E, lat. 53 5 ±\mrock seaport of Cuban, seated on the sea of As oph, 20 miles E of the straits of Caffa L^ n. 37 20 E, lat. 45 27 N Tenaserim, town of Siam, capiial of a province. It is situated on a river of the same name, which falls into the bay of Bengal. Lon. 98 8 W, lat. 12 12 N. Tenf)uri/,tunded by inaccessible jniStintains, » the north boundary of Georgia, to and one in particular, the Pike of Tene- * the north-east angle of Alabama, 100 riff, is 12,176 ;eet ibove the level of the Along no^th boundary of Alabama to sea; and the dist.nce of /the peak from the Te:n:e^ee river, and the north- the pirt of Oraava is about 11 miles,.. The east a^Ie of Mississippi, . 140 principal dep;ndenc of the inhabitants is Theice to tiie north-west angle of on thrir wine, (their sta;)!: comraid'ty.) Mississippi, and the south-west an- oil, c >rn, and every kmd o^jtpc',^ for ship- ping. With these the island Jjounds; and in their season, produces not only the tropi- cal fruits, hut the vegetable productions of the European gardens, in tii^ greatest plenty. TeneriflT enjoys an agre^eable aft' healthful mediocrity (if climate/*' St tophe de Laguna is the capital governor resides at Santa Cr iz. Teneriff, 'own' of Terra F'rma, in the g!e of Tennessee on Mississippi river, Thenjie up the Mississippi river to place of beginning, ... able aft^^ it.Ch|jp* but me Area* 40,900 square miles, 26,176,000 acres. I'he longest line that can be drawn in g 'vern'-nent of St. Martlia, seated on the' Tennessea.i-; f-om its south-west to north- Rio-de-la Madelena, 100 miles S by W of east angles, 465 i:ii'es, and is the longest line that can be extended in any state of the United States. The mean width about St. Martha. I.on. 74 15 W. lat. 9 47 N Teiiez, town of Algiers, in Africa, in the pr.>vince of Tvemesr-n, capital of a district of the same name, with a stnmg fort. It is seated on the side of a mountain, foiir miles from the sea. Lor. 1 E, lat. 39 20 NT. Te-npran, rich, populous and commercial city of China, in the province of Hou- quang, with six cities dependent on it. It is 20o miles W bv S of Nan-king. Lon. 112 21 E, lat. 31 ON. Ten^fog Men, city of China, under the 100 mdes. Extr."me south. North lat. 35**. Ex- treme north. North lat. o& 40. Tennessee is naturally divided into two distinct portions by Cumberland moun- tains. These sections have given the de- signating terms of East and West Tennes- see. In relation to the rivers. Higher and Lower Tennessee would be equally appro- priate. This state has features which in a remarkable manner distinguish it from any other section of the United Staves. Its jurisdiction of H-ian, in the province of difference of latitude is but little, being Ho-nan It is f mous on account of the only one degree and f)rty minutes, and yet tower, erected for an ooservatory by the fg^r states in our union presents, on an celebrat d aslron .mer Tcheoukoug, who equal surface, more marked change of cli- according to tlie Chinese invented the mate, and vegetable production, than does manner s compass. Tennessee. Nor does any two contiguous Tennessee, state of the United States; sections of equal extent, and similar lati- bounded by Mississippi, Alabama, and tude in the United States, differ more in Georgia S ; North Carolina SE ; Virginia general physiognomy, than does East and 6K 993 'J.' E i\ T B K West, or Lower and Higher Tennessee. Tlie latter is a co'npara'ive alpine region, the former depressfs to within little more than 300 feet .ibuvc- the level of the Gvslf of Mexico. Tims, in addition to the m^re declivity necessary for the de^cellt of the streams, Tennessee l>as a slope from the summit of the Allegheny mi^un'ains to tjie surface of the Mississippi river. The length of the state being near 500 mi:es from e,'!St to west, embraces all the various soils, and geological formations, from tran- sition to recent alluvion The extreme north-east angle almost touches the primi- tive mass which prevals and forms the sub- strata of the western part of North Caro- lina. I have befWe remarked, the singular coincidence between tb.e courses of Ken- tucky, Greene, Cumberland, and Tennes- see rivers. It would appear that a plain, having an inclination to the south v.-est, commenced in the south-west p;ivt or Vir- ginia, and in the south east part of Ken- tucky and north-east of Te ^lessee. Down this slope the rivers have their courses. Let a curved line be drawn from the great bend of K' ntucky river, between Jessa- mine and Garrard counties, to t'le bend in Salt river, between Washington :;nd Har- din counties, thence to the ju'icticn of Greene and Big Barren rivers in Butler county, thence to the great bend in Cum- berland nver near Nuhville, and thence in a direct line to the Mircle shoals in Ten- nessee This curve wnn d describe a very remarkable inflectii)n of the pLin we have noticed. Thus far from their sources the rivers we have noticed pursue nearly a parallel course souHiwest, inflecting to the west in ascending the curve fro;n Tennes- see to Kentucky rivers. Between the de- signated curve and the Ohio river the plain inclines towards the latter, and the courses of the rivers conform to the change of sur- face, all turning to a little west of north, continues that direction to Ohio river. From the peculiar inilections of the sur- face of this part of Ohio valley, Tennessee has taken its singular natural structure. The range of Allegheny m runtains we have seen pursues, from the Hudson river to the south-west part of Virginia, very nearly a south-west and north-east direc- tion. At the latter point the lateral ridgea of the chain commence a gradual curve more to the west. The two ridges v. hich contribute most, however, to character ze Tennessee are, the Allegheny, pr'>pi'i'ly so called, and CumberLnd mountain. The former bounds the state, and in a great de- gree the sources of Tennessee river ; the latter enters Tenness-ee between Cumber, land and Tennessee rivers, and by a very distinctive ridge crosses the whole state obliquely, and is th- mountain which di- 994 vides East from West Tenne.ssee. Afte? leaving the latter ^tate, Cumberland moun- ta n passes into Alabama, extends south- west, and crosses Tennessee river near F'irt Deposit, and is imperceptibly merged into the hilL of Alabama. The Allegheny • ridge, also, after entering Georgia, con- tinues over the north-west angle of that slate into Alabama, and gradually subsides into hills in the peninsula between Alaba- ma and Ti.mbigbee rivers. Between those two ridges in the south- west angle of Virginia, at North lat. 37°, Tennessee river takes its source. Under the various names of Hoiston, Clinch, French Broad, and Tenntssee, the differ- ent confluents of this river are united above, or at Kingston in Roan county. Continu- ing a s.uth-west course out of Tennessee into Alabama, the Tennessee reaches as low as North lat. 34 25, the extreme south- ern extension of the Ohio valley. Here the Teniiessf^e is turned to the west by op- posing high land. The inclined plane, however, down which Tennessee had thus far flowed, extends still further south-west, as is demonstrated by the courses of Tal- lapoosa. Coosa, and Black Warrior rivers. Even the higher branches of the Chatahoo- che, and Oakmulgt-e rivers, indicate an ex- tension of the sl'ipe of Tennessee as far as their sources. After its turn to the westward Tennes- see river inflects a li'tle to the north, and a' the point ofre-entrance into Tennessee abruptly turns a little east of north, in which dirf-ction it continues through the state. Where it enters Kentucky this river again tnrns south-'. es! by nr.rth, and finally enters Ohio after an enire compara- tive course of 680 miles. This stream is by far the largest confluent of Ohio. Cumberland river rises north-west of Cumberland mountain, North lat. 37 0, and flows nearly west through Kentucky a little- north of Tennessee hue, 200 miles,, enters Tennessee ia Jackson county, and continuing nearly parallel to Tennessee ', river, .^s far as the tow ■ ofNashville ; there : again, corresponding with its counter ' stream, assumes a north-west course, and flowing nearly parallel lo Tenne?see, en- ters Ohio river eleven miles above the lat- ter, after an entire comparative course of 440 miles. These two rivrs, arid particularly t'le latter, are ;imongst the most remarkable objects in the hyd'ography and topography of the United Sta'es. Rising on the pri- mitive, the French Broad branch of Ten- ne.ssec crosses the transition to the secon- dary or flat formaiion. When enierlng on the latter, we have already seen the entire stream turned south-west between the lateral ridges of the Appalachian system, and carried in that direction upwards of T E 5l TEN three Iiumlird miles. Following all the laws of analogy, this river ought to have continued d^wii the slope on which it ori- ginated, and have entered the Gulf of Mexico by the channel ot Mobile. On the contrary, the river turns, and actually passes a ridge of the same system ot moun- lains which would have seemed to deter- mine Its course. Tennessee is divided into three portions, whose soil, productions, and chmate, have marked distinction. East 'l'e:ine8.->ee, as it is common, y called, t.iough takr;n e.ther geographically or relatively, is the soutli- eastern part uf the state ;' this section is composed of a part oftljc? valley of Tennes- see river, and lies in a direction south-west and north-east, containing about one-third of the Siate. The higlier valley of Tennessee, is in form of an oval or ellipsis, whose longest diameter, from the north-west angle of Georgia, to the south-west of Virginia, is abouv 200 niiles, its greatest breadth from tiie sources of Tennessee and French Bniad to those oi Cumberland river 150 miles, or embracing an area of more than 10,000 squar:- mik-s, (he much gr..ai.er part in Tennessee. This fine vale has a secon- dary calcareous base, is v.ell watered and wooded. The soil along the streams is excellent, though in the intervals poor tind covered with pine and other timber indi- cative of sterility. This region is, however, pre-eminently distinguished by the softness of the chmate and salubrity of the air. It is no doubt, as far as hea th is concerned, the most desirable section of tiie United States. The face of the country is varie- gated by hill and dale, and except on its extremities not mountainous. The real elevation abr)ve the ocean has never been well ascertained. Adopting a similar rule pursued with Ohio and other streams, and giving due allowance for the much greater comparative fall in Tennessee, woull give for the sources of the latter, at least 1500 feet above the-level ;>f the Gulf of Mexico. From its elevation, and also from the mass of ihe Appahch an mountaitis in er- posing between its surface, and the warm air of the Atlantic Ocean, the climate of Upper Tennessee, is too severe to admit the profitable culture of the cotton plant. The cereal graniina, particularly tnaize, is produced in abundance, as is fruit of various kinds. Upon the v.hoie it is the country of the United States where a due mean is best preserved, between heat and cold, and between an Alpine height, and alluvial depression. 'I'ennessee river, on issuing from the higher basin we have surveyed, passes through some of the lateral spurs of the Appalachian mountains ; its valley is here contracted to 30 or 40 miles wide. The scenery is wild and picturesque, the banks rocky and precipitous, ami the stream confined and extremely rapid. It is through this mountain breach thai the stream issues from Tennessee into Alabama, and com- mences its second b.-.sin or dilatation of its valley. This second basin is more extensive than the first, or higher, though not more than one half die former is in Teunessec. Opposi'e to the second basin of Tennes- set;, l er' the elliptical valley ot Cumber- land. These regions, together with the ^pace between Tennessee and Mississippi river, forms W^st, or Lo^er Tennessee, embracing about two-thirds of the whole area of the -tate. The less comparative elevation and ex- posure to mount-iin influ> nee, superinduces in West Ten essee a miire t- niperaie cli- mate tii..n in the eastern sect on. Tne common features, such as nills, vaijeys, or mountains of ihe fornier are less bold and prominent tiian m those of ihe latter. Ap- proaching the Mississippi t iC varieu sce- nery so common along Ohio is no more seen Tne country, liiough broken into small iiiiis, is co.nnparatively level. The soil of West Tennessee is superior to ihat of East Tennessee, liaving more river alluvion in the former. The substrata are calcareous, and com- posed of seconan 550 miles. The whole may be considered an immense triangle, whose base is the gerseral course of Rio Grande, and whose perpendicular would be a line drawn from the mouih of that river, to the NW angle of Louisiana, area 240,000 square miles ; extending from lat. 26 to 40 N. Texas exhibits a very great variety of climate; it is however com- paratively a cold and dry country. Though intersected by a n«mber of rivers, and checkered by some mountains, the general surface is level, and except near the streams sterile. Immense prairies extend aloDg the rivers, on wlrch tiie bison, deer, wild goat, and wijd horse, range in herds to the amount of countie s thousands. Like many other regions to the SW, Texas, is to to an astonishing degree void of spruig water. The earth and heaven are alike arid. This circumstance will for ever pre- vent a dense populati'Ui from being spread over this Ci-untry. It will be a picture on which many richly glowing parts m.ay be seen but taken as a whole vvill appear the representadon of nakedness and desolation. Towards the gulf of Mexico, a low border of sea marsh skirts the whole province. Thfi banks of the rivers in the interior, are picturesque, and often to a small extent ex- tremely productive. Except near the sea coast, I'exas, shares with all the internal provinces, an air of the highest degree of elasticity .and salubrity. Sugar, cotton, to- bacco, rice,m ize.all the European cerealia, and friiils may be c.d'ivaled, together willr many useful vegetables, (perhaps coffee,) which canviot be produced in Europe. Texas cannot be considered as peopled by the civilized descendants of Europeans. St. A-.itonio de Behar; St. Altar, La Bahia, and Nacogdoches, i^re the only Spanish settlements, or presdios existing in the country, the whole failing short of 10,000 whites. Even the native Indians are com- paratively few in number. The most nu- merous tribes are those of the Heitans, or Cumaiicbes, who are nomadic, having no fixed residence, rove over the pUiins on horscbiick, and though occup3'ing the ex- tent of an empire are very limited in num- ber. Otlier more settled tribes exist to- wards the gulf of Mexico It may, how- ever, be doubted, whether there are 40,000 human beings in all Texas. At'.er the Spaniards had formed presi- dios, or missions in New Mexico, more than a century elap-ed before they extended their colonies into Texis. As late as 1714, the most northeastern establishment of Spain towards the mouth of'Rio Grande del Norte was in New Leon. In 1699 the F.-ench came to the mouth of tUe Missis- sippi and commenced the settlement of Louisiana, which tha' nation claimed in virtue r.f La Suiles discoveries made 16 years before. La Sallf, discovered the Mi>^sissippi and explored it to its mouth in 1633 ; and in 1585, February I6th, in an attempt to rc- tura by sea i'roin France to the Mississippi, by mistake landed in Texas, at the mouth of tlie Guadaloiipe or Colorado river. M rch 19th, 1687", he was murdered by one of his own men, and his colony bro- ken up by a Spanish detachment sent from New Leon. When the French began to extend their forts and settlements along the Mississippi and its confluents, the circumstance arous- ed the vigilance of the Spanish authorities in Mexico. The jealousy of the Spaniards was indeed superinduced by ihe active cu- riosity of the French. In 1714, Bienville 'governor of Louisiana, sent St. Denis to explore the regions claimed bj France W of the Mississippi ; St. Denis penetrated to the Spanish settlements west of the Rio Grande del Norte, and returned to Louisia- na. J.anuary 1717, a French detachment, formed a fort at Natchitoches ; and in the same month a Spanish force settled at the Adayes, nine miles we.st of Natciiitoches. France gav.i the name of Louidana to all the country E of Rio Grande, and the Spaniards designated all the regions be- tween Red and Rio Grande rivers, the pro- vince of Las Texas So has rested this T H A clasliing of claims and confusion of names, until March, 1821, when tlie treaty of ISi^i* w.s finally ratified by the govern- ment of the United S ates, and the boun- daries of Louisiana and Texas definitely fixd. As defined by that treaty, paat of Arkan- saw and Rrd rivers are included in Texas. The riwrs fiowing into the gulf of Mexico whose sources are in tlie interior of Texas, are Sabine, Trinity, Bassos a Dios, Colorado, the united ;.treams of St. Marc and Gua- d:iIoupe, Nueces, and Rio Grande del Norte. The shore is very much indented by bays and inlets. A cliain ^f islands ■;x- teiids from Sabine to Rio Grande, within which are several good harboui's. But like Louisiana the shores are naked, and low, and have a desolate appearance. Naviga- tion is dangerous from the Siiallowness of the sea, and the entire want of land- marks. St. Antonia de Behar, is the capital and residence o' the Commandant General. La Bahia is a mere mud fort, and Nacog- doches, on tlie head waters of Natchez river, is a small village or presidio, con- taining only s f w houses and farms. Texel island of the kingdom of the Netherlands, in North Holland, sepa- rates from the continent by a narrow channel It lies at the mouth of the Zuy<1er Zee, and is 11 miles long by two wide. Teya, river of Germany which has its sourcf nearTeltsh, in Moravia, flows E bv Znaim, on the borders of Austria, and enters the Moraw on the confines of Hungary. Teyn, tov/n of Bohemia, belonging to the archbishop of Prague, 52 miles SW of that city. Lon. 13 40 E, lat, 49 38 N. Tezar, town of the kingdom of Fez, capital of the province of Cuzi, seated on a small river, 45 miles E of Fez. Lon. 4 15 W, lat- 33 40 N. Tezcuco, city of Mexico, in the inten- dancy of Mvxico, formerly remarkable for its extensive cotton factories, whic'.i from the rivalry of Queretara have greatly declined. It stands on the E* side of Lake Tezcuco 20 miles NE from Mexico. Lon VV C 21 51 W, lat. 19 30 N, Population 5000. Tezcuco, lake. See Mexico the city Tezela, town of the kingdom of Al gitrrs, in Tremesen, with a castle, 15 miles frt m Oran. Loti. 25 E, lat. 35 25 N. Tezote, town of the kingdom of Fez, seated on tlie point of a rock, eight miles from Melilla. Lon. 1 55 W, lat. 44 40 N. Thainee, town of Africa, in tlie king- 1000 T H A dcm of Tunis, near the mouth of a river of the same name, 120 miles S of Tunis. Lon 10 13 E, lat 34 50 N Thames, the finest river in Great Bri- tain, w! ich takes its rise from a copious spring, called Tiiames H<'?.d, two miles SVV of Cirencester, in Gloucestershire. At Oxford (in v/hose academic groves its poetical name of Isis has been so often in- voked) it is joined by thf Charwtll, and proceeding by Abingdon to Dnrchester, it receives the Thames. Passing by Wallingford to Reading, and forming a boundary to Berkshire, Buckingham- shire, Surry, and Middlesex, it waters H'.nley iVIarlow, Maidenhead, Wind- sor, Staines, Chertsey, Kingston, and Brentwood, :ii its course to London; during which it receives the Kennet, Loddon. Coin, Wey, Mole, Brent, and Wandle. From London the river pro- ceeds to Greenwich, Woolwich. Grays- Thurrock, Gravesend, and Leigh, into the German Ocean, in which c^.urse it parts Essex from Kent, and receives the Lea, Roding, Darent, and Medway. The tide flows up the Thames as high as Kinj;ston, which, following the wind- ing of the river, is 70 miles from the ocean ; a greater distance than the tide is carried by any other river in Europe. Though the Thames is said to be navi- gable' 1^8 miles above London Bridge, there are so many flats, that, in summer, the navigation v/estward would be stop- ped, were it not for a number of locks ; but the first lock is 52 mihs above that bridge. The plan of new cuts has been adopted, in some places, to shorten the navigation ; there is one near Lech- lade, and another a mile from Abing- don A still more important undertak- ing was effected in 1789 ; the junction of this river with the Severn. A canal has been made, from the Severn to Stroad; which canal is now continued to Lechlade, where it joins the Thames ; a distance of above 30 mi'es, A com- munication between this river and the Trent and Mersey has likewise been ef- fected, iiy a canal from Oxlord to Co- ventry ; and another canal extends from this, at Braunston, to the Thames at Brer.tFord, called the Grand Junction Canal. Thames, river of Connecticut, form- ed oi two principal branches, the She- tucket and the Norwich, or Little River, which have their junction at N' rwich. From this place the Thames is naviga- ble 15 tniles to Lopw Island sound, which it enters below N-rw London. Thames, river of Upper Cianada, for- merly Galled la Tranche, rises in the Chippewa country, and running SW, r II E 1' II i waslies the equities of York, Norfolk, Siiffoik and Kent, and disemljojjues it- self uto Lake St. Clair, above D 'trnit ; it is d river >f considerable txtf.-nt, with- out fails. From its upp-n- brancheii, it communicates by small portages with Lake Huron, and the Grand riv^r; the scite of Oxford is on its upper fork ; and that inten.lKd for Dorchester on its mid- dle fork ; Lmdon on l!ie main, and Chat- ham on its lowfM- f Tk It is a fine inland canal, and capable of bein.^ liiglily im- proved The lands on its bunks are ex- tremely fertile. About the mouth of this river are lar^e extensive marshes, or natural meadows, which, with the ex- ception of small tracts of w lodland on the banks of the river, and a fc w woody is'ands, extend about 12 mi'es up the country, and about four or five miles in depth, affording hay sufficient for a nu- merous Sfttlem-nt. Thamsbruck town of Upper Saxony, Jn Thuringia, on the river Unstrut, three miles N of Langensalza. Thanet, island comprising the E an- gle of Kent, being separated from the mainland by the two branches of the Stour. It produces much corn, and the S part is a rich tract of marsh land. It contains the towns of Margate and Rams- gate, and several villages. Thanhausen, town of Suabia, on the piver Mindel, 14 miles N of Mindel- heim. Thasos, island of the Archipelago, on the coast of Macedonia, at the entrance of the gulf of C.ntessa, It is 12 miles long and eight broad, and abounds in all the necessaries of life. The fruits and wine a'^e very delicate ; and there are mines of :<;old and silver, beside quarries of fine marble. The chief town, of the same name, has a harbour frequented by merchants. Lon. 24 32 E, lat. 40 59 N. Thaxted, town of Essex, near the source of the Chelmur, 20 miles N by W of Chelmsford, and 44 NNE of London. Theaki, island in the Mediterranean Sea, 24 miles long and seven broad, separated from the NE part of that of Cefalonia by a narrow channel. It is the ancient Ithaca, celebrated as the birth place and kingdom of Ulysses. The chief town is Valthi, which has a spa- cious harbour. Lon. 20 40 E, lat. 38 25 N. Theakiki. See Kankahee. Tfiebaid, country of Upper Egypt, now called Said It is the least feitile, and the thinnest of people of any province in Egypt, being full of deserts ; now inha- bited by Arabs, v/ho are robbers by pro- fession. S J. 'JViedes, ancient name of a city of Up- p. r Egy[)t. It was celebrated for having 100 gates ; and there are many tombs and magnificent remains of antiquity. Three villages, named Carnack, Luxor, and Gournou, are sealed among its ruins, which are hence called the antiquities tif Carnack and Luxor. 'I'hebes, in Turkey. See Thiva. Themar, town of Franconia, in the county of Henneberg, near the river Werra, 10 miles SE of Meinungen. Then'^aiy town of Suabia, capital of a princely county of the same name, in the landgravate of Nellenburg. It is situate on the Ht-gau, eight miles N of Schaff- hausen. Thcodosia. See Cuffa. Thermia, island of the Archipelago, S of the island of Zia, and near the gulf of Engia, 12 miles long and five broad. The soil is good and well cultivated, and it has a great deal of silk. The principal town of the same naime, is the residence of a Greek bishop. Lon. 24 50 E, lat. Sr 31 N. Thcssalon river. Upper Canada, runs into lake Huron a little to the eastward of Muddy lake, on the north shore. Thessaly See Janna. Thetford, borough in Norfolk. It has a considerable manufacture of woollen cloth and paper. The spring assizes for the county are held here. It is 80 miles NE (jf London. Lon. 50 E, lat, 52 28 N. Thetford, township of Vermont, situ- ated in Orange county, on the W side of Connecticut river, 12 miles N of Dart- mouth college in the state of New Hamp- shire The population v/as stated at 1735 by the census of 1810. Thciix. village three miles NW of Spa, in the bishopric of Liege, noted for a battle fought here in 1794, in which the Austrians were defeated. Thibet, or Great Thibet, country of Asia, lying betv/een 81 and 102 pj lon. and 25 and 40 N lat. bounded on the NE and N by the desert of Kobi, though we have but a faint idea of its extent to that quarter; on the E by China, on the S by Assam and Burmah, and on the W and SW by Hindoostan Prcjjer and Boo- tan. This country is one of the highest in Asia ; it being a part of that elevated tract which gives rise not only to the rivers of India and China, but to those also of Siberia and Tartary. Its length from E to W, cannot be less than 1600 British miles ; its breadth is very une- Jual. It is divided into three parts, Ipper, Middle, and Lower Thibet. The Upper division seems to respect the ctfuntries towards the sources of the 1001 I U 1' H W (il^nges and Burrampooter ; the Middle that in which Lassa, the capital is seat- ed, and of which it firms the centre i and the Lower, that which borders on China. T/iiei, or Tiel, strong town of Guel- derland on the Waal, 20 miles W of Nimeguen, Lon. 5 16 E, lat 51 56 ?-!. Taielt, town of Flanders, in the chateJ- lany of Courtray. Thiers, town of France, in the depart- ment of I'uy de Dome, and late province of Auvergne, famous for its statuary, hardware, and cutlerv. It is seated on the side of a hill. 23 miles E of Cler- mont, and 220 S bv E of Paris. Lon, 3 33 E. lat. 45 51 N. Thion-uille, town of France, in the de- partment of Mnselie, over which is a bridge, 14 miles N of Metz, and 195 NE of Paris. Lon. 6 15 E, lat. 49 21 N. Thirslc, or Thursk, \viyq\\%\\ m the N riding of Yorkshire, 20 miles N\V of York, and 230 N by W cf Londr^n. Lon. 1 16 W, lat. 54 15 N. Thive, or Thebes, celebrated city of Livadir, seated bf'tween iwo rivers, 20 miles NW of Athens, and 280 S'-V of Constantinople. Lon. 23 40 E. lat. 38 17 N. Thoissel, town of France, in the de- partment of A in. with a handsome col- lege. It is seated in a fertile country, near the Saone and Chalerone, 10 miles N of Trevoux, and 200 SE of Paris. Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 46 13 N Thomas', S( island of Africa, lying under the equator in 8° E lon. It was discovered in 1429, and is almost round, about 30 miles in diameter. T!\e snil is fertile, and produces plenty of sugar eanes. Thomas, Si. one of the Virgin islands in the West Indies, with a harbour, a town atid a fort, 15 miles in circumfer- ence, and belongs to the Danes. Lon. 64 51 W. lat. 18 21 NT. Thomas, St. archiepiscopal town of HindjQostan, on the coast of Coromandel, subject to the Portuguese, and three miles from Madras. Lon. 80 25 E, lat. 13 2 N. ThoTnas, St. town of Columbia in Gui- ana> seated on the Orinoko. Lon. 63 30 W. lat. 7 6 N, Thomastown, post town in Lincoln eounty, Maine ; situated on the W side of Penobscot b'^y ; seven miles S of Cam- den, the same distance E of Warren, and 43 NE of Wiscassett. Population 1820, 25'fl. Thomdamm, town of Germany, in the circle 'f Lower Saxruy, and duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg, situated on the Elbp, 1QP2 ^ 25 miles SE of Lauenbnrg, and 58 SE of Hamburg L m 11 5 E, lat. 53 10 N. Thomond, c mnty of Ireland, also cal- led Clare ; which see. Thomfison, township of Windham county, Connecticut ; containing 2467 in- habitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2928. It is situated in the NE corner of the state ; joining Rhode I;iland in the E and Mas- sachusetts in the N. Thomfison, post village and seat of jus- tice in Sullivan county. New York, on Nevesink creek, 34 miles NW by W from Newburg Population of the town- ship in 1810, 1300 ; and in 1820, 1897. Thompson, tov,;nship nf Sandusky coun- ty, Ohio Population 1820, 162. Thompson, township of Delaware coun- ty, Ohio, W from Sciota river. Popula- tion 1820, 173. Thompson, one of the eastern town- ships of Geaui^^a county, Ohio. Popula- tion 1820, 324. Thomhion^s creek, creek of Louisiana, in New Feliciana, rises in the SE corner of Wilkinson county, fiuws south and falls into the M ssissippi nvf^r opposite Point Coupee, after a course of 25 miles. Thompson's salt works, post cflSce in Jefferson county, Ohio. Thompsontown, post village in Mifflin couiity, Pennsylvania, on the left bank of the west branch of Susquehannah river, 10 miles by land Lv'ow Mifflin. Thonon, town of Savoy, capital of Chablais, with a palace, and several convents. It is seated on the lake of Geneva, at the mouth of the river Dra- ma, 13 miles SW of Lausanne, and 16 NE of Geneva. Lon. 6 44 E, lat. 46 19 N. Thorn, city of Western Prussia, for- merly a hanseatic town ; on the Vistula, over which is a remarkable bridge, 67 miles S of Dantzic, and 105 NW of Warsaw. Lon. 18 42 E, lat. 55 6 N. Thorn, or Thoren, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, and bishop- ric (if Liege, seveH miles SW of Rure- mnnde. Thorn, town in the W riding of York- shire, in a marshy soil near the river Don, 10 miles NE of Dohcaster, and 167 N by W of London. Lon. 1 2 W, lat. 53 39 N Thorn, township in the NW corner of Perry county, Ohio, in which is situated the town of Thornville. Population 1820, 1031. Thornsburg, small post town in Spot- sylvania county, Virginia ; lying on the NE side of Mattapony river, IS miles S of Fredericksburg, on the Rappahannock, and 74 from Washington. H t T I A Thornbury, town of Gloucestershire, 24 m les S\V of Gloucester. Tliornbiiry, small township of Delaware county, Pennsylvania, situated o^) Chester creek, between Egnioni and Birmingham, 18 miles WSW ct Philadeiphia. In 1810 the inhabitants were 564, and in 18J0, 537. Thorney, village in Cambridgeshire, six miles NE of Peterborongh. Tkorney, small island, in a bay of the English Chan .el, ne;ir the coast of SussfX, with a village of the same name, at the moutli of the Levant, seven miles SW of Chichester. T/iom/dli, town in Dumfriesshire, where fairs are held, chiefly for woollen yarn, and coarse woollen stuff:^. It is situated on an elev.ited plain, on the E side of the river Nitli, 15 m;les N by W of Dumfries. T/ioriiton, towns'nip, Gvatton county New Hampshire, 48 miles N from Concord. Po- pu.ation 1810, 794 ; aiid in 1820, 857. Thornton^R Gap, in the Blue Ridge, post office, Culpeppercointy, Virginia, 50 miles NW by W from Fredericksburg. Thornton's Biver, SW branch of the Rap- pahannoc, rising in the Blue Ridge near Thornton's Gap, and flows nearly E through Culpepper county, Virgini:, into the Rap. pahannoc. Thouats, considerable town of France, in the department of two Sevres and late province of Poilou. It is seated on a hill, by the river Thoue, 32 miles SE of Angers, and 162 SW of Paris. Lon. 15 W, lat. 46 59 N. Thrapston, town in Northamptonshire, on the Nen, over wliich is a bridge, seven miles N of Higham-Ferrers, and 75 NNW of London. Lon, 36 W, lat. 52 26 N. Three hills Island one of th;r New He- brides, in the South Pacific Oce.m, lying to the S of Mailicolio. 'Three Sisters. See Knriles Thuin, town of Ha nauit, on the Sambre, eigl>t miles SW of Charleroy, and 15 SE of Mons. Lon. 4 22 E, lat. 50 21 N. Thiile. See Fula. Thule, Suiilheni. See Sanchoich Land. Thun, lake o* Swi-serland, in ihr- canton of Bern, five Uagues long, and one broad. Its borders are nchly variegated, and co- vered wiih !,umerous villiigeH, and the ri- ver .^ar passes through it. Timn, town of Swisserland, in th. canton of Bern. It is seated on the NW extremi- ty of this lake, where the river Aar issues from it, partly in a small island, and partly on a hiil, 15 miles SSE of Bern. Lon. 7 20 E, lat. 46 45 N. Thunder Bay, bay, nine miles broad, at tlie NW corner of lake Huron, in North America. It receives this name from the contuiual thunder that is he-^rd there. Thur, river of Svi^isserland, which has its source in the S part of the county of Toggenburg, and entei-s the Rhine, seven miles SSW of Sciiafr'hauscn. Thiirgmi, formerly a baliwic, now a can- ton of Swisserland, whicii lies along tke river Thur, bounded on the K and N by the lake, town, and bishopric of Constance'; on the S by the territory of the abbot of St. Gallen ; and on the \V by the canton of Zurich. Frauenfield is the capital. Thuringia, formerly a langravate of Ger- many in Upper Saxony ; bounded on the E by Misnia, on the S by Franconia, on the W by Hesse, and on the N by the duchy of Brunswick and the principality of An- halt. Thurinan, uow Aihol, post town of War- ren county, New York, containing 1330 inhubitruts in 1810; and in 1820,570; and situated 75 miies N of Albany. Thurso, burough in Cai'hness-shire,at the mouth of tlie river Tiiurso, on the W side of Dunn;tt Bay. It has a considerable trade, and a manufacture of woollen and linen cloth ; and salmon fisheries employ a number of hands. Lon. 3 16 W, lat. 58 36 N. Tiagar, town of Hindoostari, in the Car- natic, fifty miles WSW of Pondicherry, and 75 S of Arcot. Lon. 79 E, lat. 11 25 N. Tiano, town ol' Naples, in Terri di La- voro. It is 15 miles NW of Capua. Lon. 14 8 E, lat. 41 14 N. Tiber, river in Italy, which rises in the Appenines, in the Fiorentino. It passes into the Eccl; siastical State, washes Borgo, St. Sepuicro, Citta-di-Castella, Orto, and Rome, 10 miles from which it falls into the Mediterranean Sea, between Ostia and Porto. Tivere is its modern Udme, Tiburoon, cape, at the most westerly ex- tremity of the island of St. Domingo. T\carte. See Tecort. Teckell, town in the W riding of York- shire, five miles S of Doncaster. Lon. 1 11 W, lai 52 27 N. Tickely, town of the peninsula of Hin- doostdn, in the circle of Cicacole, 30 miles NE of Cicacole, and 70 SW of Ganjam, Lon. 84 30 E, lat. 43 50 N. Ticonderoga, fort of the United States, in New York, built by the French in 1756, on the narrow passage or communication between the lakes George and Champlain. It had ail the advantages that art or nature could give it. It was taken in 1752 by general Amherst, and in 1779 by general Bourgoyne, but was evacuated soon after the convention at Sas atoga, when he was obliged to stirrender to the American army. It is 110 miles S of Montreal, and 185 N of New York. Lon. 73 25 W, lat. 43 45 N. Tiddcnham, village in Gloucestershire, Engla d, seven miles S of Colford. Tidenuell, town in Derbyshire, on the S T I U T I X coafines of the Peak, 22 miles N\V of Derby, and 158 NNW of Loiidon. Lon/' 1 46 W, lat 53 15 N. Tidor, one of the Molucco islunds, in the East Indi-s, lying to the E of Gilolo, and to the S of Ternate. It is 17 miles in cii'curnference, and produces cloves and flax. The Dutch are masters of tlie is- land, though it has a king of its own. The woods and the rocks that surround i', ren- der it a place of defence. Lon. 12G K, lat. 50 N. Tiel. See Thiel Tiengen, town of Cerniany, in 'die circle of Suabia, situated on the Wutach, 29 miles Vi of Basle, and 36 W o; Constance Lon, S 5 B, lat. 47 40 N. Tierra del Espiritu Santo, See Teira del Espiritu Sa?ito. Tierra del Fuego. See Terra del Fitego. Tijffiii's river, rises in Michigan territory, heading with the Si. Joseph of lake Michi- gan and the river Raisin of lake Erie ; flows S, enters Ohio crossing Henr}', and falling into Maumee one mile and a quar- ter above Fort Defiance in the SE cornirr of WUliam's county. It is navigabl lor boats, into Michigan, 70 nr 80 miles above its mouth. Channel very circuitous. 'J'he land watered by this stream is of the first rate quality ; timbered wi h liiiodendron tuiipifera, various species o! oak, hon, cien, black and white walnut, sugar m;ij;l. , &c. Tiffin, to\vnshi[) of Adams county, Ohio. Population 1820, 1028. Tigris, river of Turkey in Asia, which has its source near th it of tlie Enphrati^s, in the mountain of Fcliilder, in Turcoma- nia, afterwar^is it separates Diarbeck from Erzerum, and Khusistan from Irac Arabia, and uniting with the Euphraies, falls into the gulf of Persia, under tlie name of Schat-el-Ardb. This river passes b\- Diar- bekar, Gezira, Mausul, Bagdad, and liiis- sarah. Tilbury, East, village in Essex, near the mouth of the Th.-me's, E of Tilbury Foit, Tilbury, West, v llage in Es ex, situated on the Thames, N of Tilbury Fart. Tilbury Fort, in Essex on the Thames, opposite to Gravesend, a regular fortifica- tion, which may be termed the key of Lon- don, iris 28 miles E by S of London. Tillieres, town of France, in the depart- ment of Evre, and late province of Nor- mandy, sis miles NE of Verneuil, and 12 W of Dieux. Lon, 1 3 E, lat. 48 46 N. Tilsit, town of Prussia, in Lithuania, ■with a considerable trade in linse-ed, butter, and other articles. It is situated en the Memel, 50 miles NE of Konings berg, and 95 SSW of Mittau. Lon. 22 8 E. lat. 55 8 N. Timdna. town of Terra Firma, in Po- payan, eapital of a territory of the same 100-1. name, whicii abounds in fruits and pas- tures. It is seated on a river, 130 miles KSK of Pupayan. Lon. 73 55 W, lat. 1 3N. TiJiiballicr, bay at the mouth of La- fourche, in Louisiana. This bay is about 30 miles in length and from three to eight wide. The adjacent islands and shc;re, are low grassy or sandy flats. Timcrijcotta. town and fortress of Hin- doostan, in the pr>>vince ot G' Iconda, fii uiiies SE of Hydrabad, and 9.7 W of Masulipatara. Lon. 79 26 E, lat. 15 20 N. Timor, islard in tlie Indian Ocean, bctive. n Celebes and Xvvv Hr.iiand. It is 150 miifs long and 37 broad, and abounds in sandal wood, wax, and licney. 'I he Dutch lutve a fort here. Lon. of the SW point 123 59 E, lat 10 23 S. Tina, ' town of Turkey, in Europe, in B'Snia, on tiie river Tis, o7 miles KVV of Snalatro. Lon. 17 9 E, lat. 44 ■:.S N; Tma, or Tinos the ancient Tenos, an island of the Archipelago, one of the Cyciades, to the \V ot ISicaiia. It is 17 miles h;ng and eigtit br.^ad. Tlie for- tress stands on a rock ; Nicli is the prii cipai town. Lon. 25 24 E, lat. 37 30 N. Tmdelsx'iUe, ps st town Montgomery county. North Carohna, on the right hank of Ya.dkin river, 90 miles SW by W from Kaleigh. Tmevi.ilij See Palamcotta. Timcai island in th.e Pacific Ocean, one of the Ladrones, 12 miles in length and SIX in breadth Tinicum, township of Bucks county, Pvnnsylvania, containing 1017inhabitarits m 1810; and in 1820, 1249. It i-s situa- ted rn the .SW side of the river Dela- ware, between Phimstead, and Noxa- nuxon, 25 miles N W of Trenton in New Jersey. Tinicum, tov/nship f.f Lelaware coun- ty, Pennsylvania. It lies on the Dela- ware, below the mcuth ot Darby creek, about six miles from Philadelphia, and consists principally of grazing farms. Po- pulation ISIO. 249; and in 1820, 182. Tinmouth, seaport in Northumberland, at the mouth of the Tyne. nine mdes E of Newcastle. ' Here ships take in their loading of coal, and of goods brought from Newcastle. Lon. 1 6 W, lat. 55 6 N. Tinmouth, town of Vermont, in Rut- land county, 15 miles S of Rutland, and 25 Nof Benninirtcn, with lOGl inhabitants in 1810. Tinos. See Tina. Tincagd, A'illage in Cnrnv/all. Het'e 1 1 o •1' I u are the remains of a remarkable fortifi- cation called King Arthur's Castle. Tinto, river of Spain, which has its source in the province of Seville, and its name from its waters which are tinge i of a yellow colour. Near its spring it has a petrifying quality, no trees or plants growing on its tanks. It tails into the Atlantic about 18 mii«rs below Niebla. Tinztda, town ot Barliary, in Biledul- gerid. It is seated on a river of the same name, in a country fertile in dates and barley, and abounding in indigo. Lon 6 13 'VV, Lit, 27 oO N. Tinzulie, strong town of Barbary, in Biledalgerid, seated on the river J3ras. Lon. 5 43 W, lat 28 15 N. Tioga, river of the United States, wiiich "ises in Steuben county, New York and runs m a SE course into Pennsylva- nia ; whc re it falls into the Susquehannah at Tioga Point. It is navigable by bat- tesux about 5') milea. ^ Tioga, county vi Nt w Ycrk ; bouiided by Bradford count) in Pcnusyivania S; hteubrn county m New York VV ; Tomp- kins N ; and Broonie E. Length 36 ; mean width 28 ; and area about 1000 square miles. Surface hilly, but in a pe- culiar degree well watered. The main branch of Susquehannan crosses its SJ". angle. Its SW is in a similar manner traversed by Tioga river. Cayuta and a number of other large creeks drain the central parts, and flows S into the Sus- quehannah, and I'loga rivers. The northern side of the county is drained by creeks tailing into Seneca, and Cayuga lakes. By the channel of Newtown creek, along the western side of Tioga, a canal has been projected to connect the Susquehannah and St. Lawrence basins. Chief towns, Spencer, and Smithboro'. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. feiT!;i!CS - Totid whites .... All odier persons except Indians not taxed . . . - Skve,s Total population in 1810 - 4,085 3,714 7,799 39 61 7,899 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 8,712 do. do. females ... 8,123 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - . . Slaves, males do. females - Total pi pulation in 1820 66 10,971 Total whites Free persons of colour, males n 1810, WiT ; and in 1820, 246. T I S T O B Tioughnioga, western branch of Che- nango river, rises in Onoi:idaii,o, and Courtland counties, New York, and iiow Ing SE joins Ciienango river at the vil- lage of Chenango, on the W border of Broome county, after a comparative course of 50 miles. Tiperah, or Tiprah, kingdom of Asia, lying to the E of Hindoostan Proper. Tipfiecanoe, one of the northern branches of Wabash, brought to pubhc notice by a severe engagement between the United States troops, and the Indians November 1811. Tififierary, county of Ireland, in the province of Munster, 60 miles long and 40 broad ; bounded on the N by King's County, on the E by Queen's County and Kilkenny, on the S b}- Waterford, and on the W by Galway, Ciarf , Lime- rick, and Coi-k. Cashel is the capital. Tipperary ,to-^r\ of Ireland, in thi- coun- ty of the same name, nine niiies SSW of Cashel. TirmiOf town of thi' ountry of the Grisons, capita! of the Upper ferzero. It is ir miles SW of Bormio Lon. 9 46 E, lat. 46 12 N. Tirce, one cf the Hebrides, or West- ern Islands of Scotland, lying to the SW of Col. It is a small, rich island, and nott d for its marble quarry, and a hand- some breed of little h'.rt,es. Tireh, town ti' Turkey, in the Asiatic province of Natolia, situated on the Mean- der, 32 railt-s SSE of Smyrna. Lon. 27 30 E, lat. 28 10 N. Ttrlemont, village of Austrian Brabant, form^^rly one of the most considerable places in that duchy, i)ut ruined by the Avars. Lon 4 41 E.'lat. 50 48 N. Tirnaii, strong and considerable town of Upp- r Hungary in the county of Nei- tra. It is Sc-ated on the Tirna, five miles W of Leopoldstadt. and 22 NE of Prts- burg. Lon 17 9 E. lat. 48 24 N. l"rrol, or Tyrol, county of Germany, in Austria, and part of the hereditary dominions of that house. It is 150 miles long, and 120 broad ; bounded on the N by Bavaria, on the E by Carinthia and Saltzburg, on the S by the territory of Venice, and on the W by Sv/isserl aid. Thou,iT;h a mountaino'us country, it pro- duces as much corn and wine as the in- habitants havf occason for, and has rich mi es of g' Id, silver, and copper. It is divided into four parts ; lyrol, properly so called, the bishopric of Trent, the bi- shopric of Brixen, and four provinces of Suabia, which are united to Tyrol. In- spruc is the capital. Tisbury, township of Duke's county, Massachusetts, on the N side of the is- iO06 land of Marthas Vineyard. Population 1810,, 1202 ; and in 1820, 1223. 'ncan, or Cabaros, island of France, the most eastern of the Hieres, in the Medi- terranean. Ticicaca, or Chucuito, lake of Peru, in the audience of Los Charcos, It is one of the largest in bouth America. Titc/ifield, village in Hampshire, seat- ed on a small river, six miles E of South- ampton. Titlisberg, one of the highest moun- tains in Swisserlaud, at the toot of which is the greatest part of the valley of En- gelberg. Titimaning, tow^n of Germany, in Saltz- burg, on the Saltza, 24 miles NW of Saltzburg. Lon. 12 46 E, lat. 47 54 N. Titul, town of Upper Hupgirj, in the county of Bodrog. Lon. 20 30 E, iat. 45 SON. Tive-r. See Tiber. \ Tiverton borough in Devonshire, on the 1 Ex, over which is a stem, bridge. This town has been noted kr its great wool- len manufacture, and is 14 miles NNE of Extter, and 161 VV by S of London. Lr.'n. 3 38 W lat. 50 44 N. Tiverton, town&hip of Newport coun- ty, Hiictle Island, containing 2857 in- habitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2875. and lying about 14 miles from the city of Newport.. Tiume?i, town of Siberia, in the province of Tobolsk, on the Tura, 125 miles W of TobcAsk. Tivoli, celebrated town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma. Ntar Tivoli is the remarkable lake of Solfatara. Ti- voli is seated on the Teverone, 12 miles ENE ot R.mie, and 15 NNE of Frescati. Lon. 12 43 E iat. 41 59 N. See Solfa- tara and Teverone. Tlascala, fcruierly a republic, and at present a town of Mfxico, about 70 miles E from the city of Mexico, Popu ation 4000. Tlemesen. See Tremesen. Tobago, the most southward of the is- lands in the West Indians, and the most eastward except Barbadoes. It is 32 miles long aqd nine broad, 120 miles S of Batbadoes. Lon. 59 W, lat. 11 10 N. Tijbiigo, ii7//e, island near the NE ex- tremely of Tobago, (in the West Indies) two miles long, and cne broad. Tobolsk, govfri.ment of Russia, which comprehends the W part of Siberia. It is divided into the two proviBces of To- bolsk and Tiunsk Tobolsk, capital of Siberia, and of the government of lobolsk, seated on a hill, at the continence of the 1'obol and Irtvsh, '4 « G , ■juu miles E by N of Moscow, and 1000 E by S of Petersbiirgb. Lun. 68 12 E, lat. 58 12 N. Toby, NW township of Armstrong county Pennsylvania, on the E side of Allegany river. Population 1810, 611 ; and in 1820, 1156. Toby's creek, river of Pennss Ivania, rising in M'Ke^n, Ho\vi:ig SW eivers an ■ ira- verses Jeftl-rso;! county, ami from thence betweeii Armstrong mul Venango con ties falls into Allegany river at the vil.ag- • of Foxbiirg. Tocantiv, large riv&r of South America, Brazil. It is compos d of large branciies, the Tocaniins pr >per 'o the SE, and tne Araguay to the SW. The latter is the main stream, rising in Goias, and Viatfa grosso, lat. 20 S an.! d iwiui,' a li tlo E i;f N about 1000 miles by comparative courses joins the T cantin. The latter Ij-s its source in Goias, lit. 16 S and by com- parative courses a little W of N 8j0 miles meets the Ara^ru^y, at lat. 6 OS, Beiow their junction the United waters flow N 300 miles, and are fiiiaily lost in the cjian^ nel of Joanne, or Para. Tocat, town of Turkey in Asia, in Na- tolia, capital of a pr vince of the same name. Tiie houses are handsomely buiit, and the streets pretty well paved, which is an unconimon thing in these parts ; but tile town makes a very odd appe^rante, and is in the form of an ^mphithratre. There are two rugged perpcn liculat rocks of marble, with an oM castle up'):i each ; and so many streams, that each house !i!is a fountain. H re ar- 20,000 T-u-kish, 4000 Armenians, and 400 Greek families. The e ai-e 12 mosques, and a vast number of c'la- pels ; the Armenians have seven cluirnhi s, and the Greeks o ily one. Besides the silk of this country, th^y manufiicure much of that of Persia, and make it into seeing silk, their chi^f ', and candlesticks. They al-o '^repare a great deal of yellow Tu key leather To- cat may he coisidt-retl as the centre of trade in Natolia ; for rarava' s c me hither from several parts. Its teriiory abounds in fruits and ex ellent wine. It is 210 miles W by S of Erzerum, and 283 N of Aleppo. Lon. 37 15 E, lat. 39 50 N. Tocayma, town of New Grena'la, seated on the Pati, in a country abonn ting in fruits and .sugar. Here sre hot baths ne- tween two cold springs : and near the 'own is a volcano. I.-n 73 50 W lat 4 3 N. Tockay, strong town of Upp- r Hungary, in the county of ZiiTiplin, with a c stle. It is celebrated for its e.^cellent wine ; but being produced only by one vineyard, it is scarce even at Vienna. At some dis- tance from it are large saltworks. It is seated at the confluence of the Bodrog T (3 L and Tc'iss", 75 miles NW of Gr. at Wari- din, and 90 NE of Buda. Lon 21 25 E, lat. 48 10 N. T'jckoa Falls, Franklin county, Georgia. It is in a branch of Tugaloo river. The fall near 200 feet. Tncort, v Tvggurt, town of tt.e king- dom ot Algiers, in .Africa, 240 miles SSE of A giers Lon 4 40 E, lat. 32 40 N. Todd; county of Kentucky ; bounded by Kobertson county, Te'messee S ; Chris- tian ^W ; Muhienburg N; and Log^iu E. Leogtii 30 ; mean width 15 ; and area 450 squar^ miles. It is drained by Red river, i)raiich of Cumberland, and Muddv fork a branch of Green river. Cliief town, Klkton. Population in 1820. Free wiiite males ... 1,715 do. do. females - - - 1,641 Total whites - 3,356 Free peisoni of colour, males - 4 do. do. females - Slaves, male- . _ . . 869 do. females 860 Total population in 1820 5,089 Of these; Firelgner? not naturalized - 8 Engaged in \griculture - - 1,303 do. in Manufactures - 35 do in.Conimerce - - 9 Pop 1 tion io the sq"are m le. It. Todi, town of Italy, in the duchy of Sp 'letto, on a hill, near the river Tiber, 22 m les S of Pelagia, and 50 N of Rome. Lo . 12 32 E, la*. 42 44 N. Toqgenbiirg, county of Swisser'and, de- pending on the abbey of St. Galien, be- 'v/een high mounfains. It is fertile in corn a^d fruit, nd is divided into the Upper lud Lo'A er Is contains upwards of 46,000 inhabi ant-, the majovi y of whom are jfsro- test;oits. Toiasey. town of Fr nee. in the def^art- ment of .\in, 25 miles N of Lvons Lon. 4 52 K, lat. 45 20 N. Tolaga Bay, bay of the island of New Ze land, in the Fac.fic Ocenn. I.on. 178 -3 K, lat. 38 21 S. To'edo. commercial ci?y of Sp«in, 'in New Castile, of hich it ^' as iormcrly the capital. It is advan'ageoosly seated on a mo ntain, -el from Dutch Bra» 10.07 T O L T O M bant. It Is five miles NW of l5ei-gen-op- Zoom. Lon. 4 20 E, lat. 51 30 N. Tolentino, town of I'aly, in the tnsrqai- nate of Ancona, on the river Chiento, eitjht miles SE of St. Severino, and 88 NE of Rome. Lon. 13 H E, lat. 43 14 N. Tolesburg, town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Riga, witia a harbour seated on the gulf of Finland, 60 nni'.es W of Nar- va. Lon. 26 4 E, lat. 59 38 N. Tolfa, town of It;»ly in the d )niinions of the Pope In the neighbourhood avc mines of alum, and iron, warm baths, and qiiar- ries of alabaster and lapis lazuli. It is 25 miles NW of Rome. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 42 10 N. Talhuys, town of Gnilderland, on the Rhine. It is eight miles E of Nimeguen. Lon. 6 E, lat.' 51 56 N. Tolland, township of Hampden county, Massach-isetts, on the right banii of Co i- necticut river, 20 miles b-="Iow Springfield. Population 1810, 8 ;0 ; and in 1820, 692. Tolland, county of Connecticut ; bound- ed by New London S ; Havtford W ; Hamp- den 'in Massachusetts N ; and Wir.dh.am in Connecticut E. Length 30 ; mean width 15 ; and area 450 square miles. It lies on the dividing ground between the sources of the Thames, and » arious creeks flowing SW into Connecticut river. Surface gen- erally hilly. Soil of middling quality. Population in 1810. Free whi e males - - - 6,681 do. do. females - - - 6,878 Total whites . - - - 13,559 All otiier persons except Indians not taxed 220 Sl.'ives .--.-- Total popu'ation in 1810 - - 13 779 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 6,910 do. do. females - - - 7,170 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - Total whites - - . - 14,0.S0 Free persons of colour, males - 139 do. do. females, 109 Slaves, males - - - •» 1 do. females . - - - 1 Total population in 1820 14,330 Of these; Foreigners ii'^t naturalized - 13 Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,967 do. in Manufactures - • 533 do. in Commerce - - 60 Populaiion to the square mile, 32. Tolland, post town and the capital of Tol- land county, Connecticut, 17 miles NE of Hartford, and 19 W of Pomfret, contain- 100« ing 1638 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820, 1607. Tolmezzo, town of Italv, in Friuli, 30 miles NE of Bellumo. Lon. 12 50 E, lat. 46 30 N. Tolmino, town of flermmy, in Carniola, 12 miles N of Goritz. Tolna, town of Lower Hungary, capital of a county of the s;tm.e name. It is seat- ed on the Danube, in a country producing excellent wine, eight miles SW of Coloc- za, and 45 S of Buda. Lon. 19 28 E, lat. 46 33 N. Tolnani, town of Hindoostan, 70 miles \V of Burhampour, and 124 E of Surat. Lon. 75 3 E, lat. 21 15 N. Tnlosa, town of Spain, th*^ capital of Gui;)uscoa, in a valley, between the Araxis and Oria, over which are two bridges, and npar them -everal natural cascades It is inhabited by a great number of artists, who muke sword blades in high esteem. It was taken bv the French in 1794. It is ^7 miles SW' of Bayonne, and 47 SE of Bjlboa. Lon. 2 5 W, lat. 43 10 N. Tohi, town of South America in Car- tliagena ; famous for tlie balsam of Tolu, brought hence to Europe, and produced from a tree like a pine. It is seated on a bay of the gulf of Mexico, 60 miles S of Carthagena. Lon. 75 22 W, lat. 9 30 N. Tomar, town of Portugal, in E-trama- dura, on the river Naboam, 40 roiles SE of Coimbra, and 65 NE of Lisbon. Lon. 7 55 W, lat, 39 30 N. . Tombec, town of Brabant, eigiit miles S of Louvain, Mid 10 E of Brussels. Lon. 4 49 E, lat. 50 45 N. , Tumbelaine, small island of France, witli a town of the same n-^me, on the coast of Normandy, in a small gulf between .'Vvan- ches and St. Malo. This island, as well as that of St. Michael, in which there is a monastery, are every day joined, at low water, to the main land. Tombighee, western or rather NW branch of Ahdiama, rises on the NK angle of Mis- sissippi, runs SE receiving numerous tri- butaries from the spurs of the Allegany mountains, which are here scattered in groups over the country. At Cotton-Gin- Pnrt," .about 70 miles SW of the Muscle shoals the ^-arious branches unite and form a fine navigable stream. Thence assuming a course E of S, it crosses into .Alabama, receiving several creeks from the Choctaw couiitryOn the W, and the Sipsey river on the E. It unites with the Tuckaloosa, or Black Warrior, at N lat 32 30 after a course of 150 miles, an^l thence turning S 130 miles unites with Alabama, forms the Mo- bile. The Tombi/bee is navigable by schooners to St. Stephen, where rapids first occur ; but barges and keel boats ascend to Cottoa-Gin-Port, 220 miles higher, frl T O M 1' O N ^owi!lg■ the bends of the river. See Mo' bile, page 642. Taitibttctoo, kingdom of Nigritia, which lies \o -he Si-: of the great desert of Zj- hara, and ^V ot" ihe empire of Cushua. It produces gitaf plenty of cosn, cuttle, milk, and butter The king has 300 horsemen, besides a great number ot f<;ot, who fre- quently tak captives, and sell them to the merchants f .-r slaves. Tmnbitctoo, capital of a kingdom of tiie same name, iii Nigritia. Here is a great number of weavers of cotton clotli ; and hither the doth and other merchandise are brought by caravans from Barbary. In- stead of money, they make use of shells and small bits of gold. It stands near the Niger Lon. 1 3iJ R, lat 16 30 X. Tomebamba, town of P( ru, in the au- dience of Quito, where was a temple of the suo, whose fealls, as the Spaniards assert," were covered with gold. It is 120 miles S of Quito. Lon 77 50 W, lat, 2 16 S. Tomina, government of South Ameri- ca, in Beunos Ayres TominL town of the island of Celebes, in the East Indies, in a bay to which it gives name. Lon 119 U E, lat. 45 S. Tomfikins, county nf N w York, bound- ed by Seneca lake W ; Seneca and Cay- uga counties N; and Courtland E. Length 35 J mean width 15; and area about 500 square miles. Surface generally very hilly ; and soil productive. It is in great part watered by the confiutnt creelis of Cayuga lake. Chief town, Ithaca, Population in 182G. Free wUitt males - - 10,536 do do. females - - 10,073 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - o Total whites . . - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males do. females . - - Total population in 1820 20,6S1 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 20 Engaged in Agriculture - 9.704 do. in Manufactures - 925 do, in Commerce - 73 Population to the square mile 41. To7nfiki?is, post village and township in Delaware county, New York ; 27 miles SW from Delhi. Population 1820, 1206. Tom/ikmsville, post village and seat of justice in Monroe county, Ki-ntucky ; about 40 miles a little S of K from Rus- selville. Tomsk^ town of Siberia, in the pro- « M vince of Tomsk. The inhabitants carry on a great trade, as the town lies on the great road through all the li and N parts of Siberia. It contains above 2000 houses, ar.d is seated on the river Tom, 105 miles miles ESE of Tobolsk. Lou. 84 59 E, lat. 55 45 N. Tonderen, town of Denmark, in the duchy of Sleswick, with a fort, seated in a fertile country, on the German Ocean, 25 miles SE of Ripen, and 30 NW of Sleswick. Lon. 9 40 E, Uit. 54 58 N, Tongataboo , one of the Friendly Isl- ands in the South Pacific Ocean, about twenty leagues in circuit, somewhat ob- long, broadest at the E end, and its great- est length from E to W. Lon. 176 46 E, lat. 21 9 S. Tongres, town of Germany, in the bishopric of Liege, on the Neckar, 12 miles SW of Maestricht, and 15 W of Liege. Tong-tchan^, city of China, in the pro- vince of Changtong- It is 150 miles S of Peking. Lnn. 1 15 25 E. lat. 36 .30 N. To7ig-chiien, f'.rtified city ol'' China, la the provino" of St-.tchun The inhabi- tants are all soldiers who hav( followed the profession of arms, from father to son. It is 867 miles SW of Peking. I.ou. 101 30 E, lat 25 55 N Tonqjisians, people who inhabit the E part of Sibtria, and are subject to the Russians. They are all pagans, and chiefly subsist by grazing, and hunting o: sabhs. Toimexaanto^ small river orcreck of New York, rises in the S W angle of the Gene- see-, flaws N aboiit 20 miles, to Batavia. Here it abruptly turns W and continues that course 40 miles, into Niagara river, opposite Grand Isle. The chann I (jf this stream for a distance of about 11 miles is intendi-d to foi-ni a part (jf the Erie canal. Trom the western border of Ge- nesee, it forms the limit between Niag- ara and Erie counties. Tonna, town. of Gi-rmany, in Upper Saxony, six miles N of Gotiia. Tonnay Bautoime, town of France, ill the department ot Lower Chr.rente, and late territory c^f Saintonge, seated on the river Boutonge, 17 tniles N of Saintes. Lon.G34 W, lat. 44 56 N. Tommy Charenfc, town of France, in the departmen.t <:f Lower Charente, and late territory of Saintonge, with a castle and a small port. It is seated on the Charente, thne miles from Rochefcrt, and 253 SW of Paris. Lon 46 W, lat. 45 56 N. Tonniciis, town of France, in the de- partment of Lot and Garonne, and late province of (Juienne, seated on the Ga- 1(1.0 r o F T O li voniie, two miles from its Junction with the Lot, and seven E of Marmande. Tonnierre, to.vii of France, in the de- partment of Yonr.e, and late- province of Burgundy, famous for its good wines. It is seated on the Armancon, 27 miles of Troves, and 102 Vj of Paris. Lon. 4 4 E, la't. 47 51 N. Tonning-n, town of Denmark, in the duchy of Slc-svvick, capital of a territ ry of the same name. It is seated on a pe- ninsula firmed by the river Eydtr, where there is a commcdi-jus h?.rb;;ur. 2.5 miles SW of Sleswick, and 53 NVV of Ham- burg Lon. 9 10 E. lat 54 3^ N. To7iqnin, kinsjdom of Asia, bounded on the N by C'ninaj on the E by China, and the gulf of Tonquin, on the S by Cochin China, and on the VV by Laos. It is about 1200 miles in length and 5('0 in breadth, and is one of ti)e finest. and most consider ible kingdoms of the East, as well on account of the number of in- habitants, as the riches it contains, and the trade it carries on. The natives in general are of a middl-ny; stature, and clean-limbed, with a tawny cnmpiexion. Their faces are oval and flattish, and their noses and lips well proportioned. Their hair is black, long, lank, and coarse. This kingdom is an absolute mo- narchy. Cachao is the capital. Tonaberg, seaport of Norway, in the province of Aggerhuys, 30 miles VV of Fred: rickstadt. Lon. 10 20 E, lat. 58 50 N. Toobonad, small island in the South Sea, discovered by Captain Conk, being in any direction, net .ibove five or six miles. Lon. 149 23 W, iat- 23 25 S. Topdif. town in the N riding cf York- shire, seated on a c<.nsider-tble ascent, on the Swale, 24 miles N .':f York. Topely or Topi, town of the kingdom of Bohemia, 24 miles NW of Pilsen, and 56 W of Prague. Lon. 14 10 E, lat. 50 10 N. TopUtz, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leutmeritz, 14 miles WNW of Leut- meritz. Lon. 14 10 R, lat. 50 36 N. Topolitza, town of Turkey in Europe, in Moldavia, 12 miles SW if Niemecz. Lon. 26 9 E, lat 46 51 N. Topolizau, town of Hungary, 68 miles E of Vienna. Lon. 17 30 E, lat, 48 35 N. Topsfiehl, post village and township in Essex county, Massachusetts ; nine miles N from Salem. Population 1810, 815; and in 1820 866. Topsham, town in Devonshire, on the Ex, five miles SE of Exeter (of which it is the port) and 170 SW of London. Lon. 3 26 W. lat 50 39 N. Topsham, township of Lincoln county. 1010 Maine ; situated at the mcuth of the Andriscoggin river, containing 1271 in- habitants in 1810; and in 1820, 1429. The township contains a number of ma- nufactures, mills, &c. Tor, or Eltor, t'lwn of Arabia Petrea, with a good harbour. In the garden of which are fountains of bitter water, on the Red Sea. Lon. 33 45 E, lat. 28 27 N. To-.'bay, bay of the English Channel, on the coast of Devonshire, to the E of Dartmouth, formed by two capes, called Bury Point, and Rob's Nose. In gales of wind it is often the station of the Chan- nel fleet. Torbia, town cf Piedmont, in the coun- ty of Nice. It is seven miles E of Nice. Torbole, town of Italy, in the Trentino, 14 miles SE of Trent. Lon. 11 39 E, lat 45 56 N. TorceUo, town of Italy, on a small isl- and, seven miles N of Venice. Lon. 12 9 E. lat 45 32 N. Tarda, or Toreiihurgh, town of Tran- sylvania, in the neighbourhood of which are extensive salt works. The Hunga- rian language is said to be spoken with the greatest purity in this town. It is 15 miles VV^NW of Ciausrnburg, and 48 N W of Hermanstadt. Lon. 23 12 E, lat. 46 50 Nv Tordesillas, town of Spain in Leon, in a country fertile in corn and wine, on the river Douero, 24 miles W of Valladolid, and 75 SE of Leon. Lon. 4 56 VV. lat. 41 48 N. Torgau, town of Upper Saxony, in Saxony Proper, 27 miles NE of Liepsic, and 35 NW of Dresden. Loo. 13 3 E, lat. 51 34 N. Torignij, town of France, in the de- partment of the channel, and late pro- vince of Normandy, seated on a rivulet, seven miles SE of St Lo. Lon. 42 VV. lat. 49 N. Turmes, river of Spain, which rises in the mountains of A Vila, in Castile, passes by Alva, Tormcs, and Salamanca, and falls into the Douero, belov/ Mirande-de- Dnuero. Torna, or Toniayv, town of Upper Hun- gary, capita' of a county of the same name It is a fortified place, and is seated on an eminence, on the river Sayo, 22 milt-s VV of Cassovia. Lon. 20 43 E, lat. 48 50 N. Tome, river of Sweden, which has its source in the mountains of Norway, forms a lake of the same name, and ta- king a SE course enters the gulf of Both- nia, at Torneo Toriieo, town of Sweden, in West Both- nia, capital of a territory of the same name, with a good harbcim It is situated T O^ 1 U at the mouth of the river of the same ^lame, on a small island formed by it, at the N extremity of Bothnia. It is a place of some trade, because all the Laplanders in those parts come and exchange their skins and other articles, for what they want. The houses are low, and the cold so severe, that sometimes the people lose their fingers and toes. It is 180 miles XE of Unia, and 420 NNE of Stockholm Lon 24 17 E, lat. 65 51 N. Toriiova, episcopal town of Turkey in Europe, in Janna. It is seated at the foot of Mount Dragoniza, on the river Salempria, 10 miles NWofLarissa. Lon. 22 36 E, lat. 39 52 N. Toro, town of Spain, in Leon, seated on a hill, on the river Doutro, in a coun- try fertile in corn and fruits, and whose vineyards yield excellent red wine. It is 37 miles N by E of Salamanca, and 100 NW of Madrid, Lon 5 2 W, lat. 41 39 N. Torella-de JMongris, seaport nf Sjiain, in Catalonia, near the mouth of the Ter, in the Mediterranean, at the foot of the Pyrenees 19 miles E by S of Giroinia, and 62 NE of Barcelona, Lon. 3 18 E, lat. 41 55 N. Torperley, town in Cheshire, nine miles E of Chester. Torquay, village in Devonshire, on the N side of Torbay, seven miles SE of Newton Bushel. Torre del-Greco, town of Naples, in Terra-di-Lavora, at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, on t e bay of Naples, five miles SE of that city. It was destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius in 1631 ; and again in 1794, was overwhelmed by a torrent of lava. The inhabitants, how- ever, escaped with their lives, about 15 excepted. Torre de Moncorvo. town of Portugal, in the province of Tra los Montes, 27 miles SE of Mirandela, and 42 SSW of Braganza. Lon. 5 55 W, lat. 41 N. Torre de las Suliiuis, town of Spain, in Valencia, near the coast of the Medi- terranean, which carries on a great trade in salt, procured from a small lake form- ed by saline springs This is the most considerable salt-work in all Spain. It is 20 miles SE of Origuela, and 37 NN E of Carthagena. liOii, 50 W, lat. 37 58 N. Torrejo, town of Spain, in New Cas- tile, 15' miles S of Madrid. Lon. 3 21 W, lat. 40 10 N. Torres, maritime town of Spain, in Granada, seated on the Mediterranean, 45 miles SW of Granada, Lon 3 56 W, lat. 36 39 N. Torres J\'ovas, strong town of Portu- gal, in Estrcmadura, ^n a fertile plain, on the river Almonda, 55 miles NE of Lisbon. Lon. 8 8 W, lat. 39 10 N. Torres Vedcas, town of Portugal, in Es- tremadura, near the Atlantic, in a coun- try abounding in corn, fruits, and good wine, 17 miles S of Lisbon. Turriglia town of Italy, 10 miles N of Genoa. Lon, 8 44 E. lat. 44 34 N. ^ Torringford, post village in Litchfield county, Connecticut; in the SE angle of Torrington, 23 miles a little W of N from Hartford. Torrivgton, corporate town in Devon- shire, on the Towrldge, over which is a bridge, 11 miles S by W of Barnstable, and 194 W by S of London. Lon. 4 VV, lat. 51 4N. Torrington, township of Litchfield coun- ty, Connecticut, 25 miles N of VV from Hartford. It has one of the largest wool- len cloth factories in the state. Popula- tion 1810, 1586 ; and in 1820, 1449. Torsil, town of Swederi, in Sudermania, on the S bunk of the lake M; eler, 43 miles ot Stockholm. Lon. 17 20 E, lat 59 20 N. Tm'tola, pnncipa! of the Virgin Islands, in ^he West Indies, 18 miles long and seven broad. In this islanc.1 almo.st all the trade is cai'ried on ; it is r.esr five miles lonj^ and two broad, but badly watered, and reckon- ed unhealthy. They cultivate cotton here, which is much esteemed by the manufac- turers, likewise rum and sugar ; it has of late years undergone great improvements. The entrance into the harbour is at the E end of the island. Lon. 63 W, lat. 18 33 N. Tortona, town of Ital) , in t!ie duchy of Milan, capital of the Tortones, on the Scri- via, 28 miles SE of Casal, and 27 SW of Milan. Lon. 8 58 E, lat 45 8 N. Tortorella, town o? Naples, in I'rincipelo Citeriore, five miles NE of Policastro. Tortosa, city of Spain, in Catalonia, with a university. It is situated in a countrj', fertile in corn and fruits, and abounding with quarries andniineti of silver, iron, ala- baster, jasper of divers colours, and stones with veins of geld. Here is a great deal of silk and oil, and very fine potters ware, which resembles porcelain. It is seated on a plain, and partly on a hill, Z5 niiies SW of Turragona, and 180 E of Madrid. Lon. 35 E, lat. 40 53 N\ Turtuga, uninhabited island, tiear the coast of Terra Firma, 40 miles W of the island of Margaretta, end about 30 miles in circumference. Lon. 62 20 W, lat. 11 30 N. Tortuga, island of the West Indies, near the N coa.st of the island of Hi>.paniola. It is about 80 miles in circumference, and has a safe harbour, but difhcuU of access. Lon. 75 10 W, lat. 20 10 N. ion T O I.. T O IT Tb^a, seaport of Spain, in (i.italoiiia, seat- eel at the bottom of a bay, which forms a gocjfl harbour, where vessels are sheltered iru.Ti all winclsj except the SW. It is 37 mi [.-9 NE of Barcelona. Lon. 2 54 E, lat. 41 42 N Tosa?iiu, ancient Lyciis, ri\-er of Natolia, Asiatic Turkey. It passes Tocat, and fulls mto the Jelnl Erm:ik. Toscanella, town of Italy, in tlie pstrimo- ry of St. Pe er, 35 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 J5E, 1.11.42 2? N. Tbsena, smait town of Sweden, in West G<:>thL'UKl, 20 miles WNW ot Uddervella. Lon. 12 2 K, !at. 58 33 N. Tossf>, town of .Sweilen, in West Goth- land, 42 miles N\E of Uddervella. Lon. 12 15 E, lat. 58 51 N. Tosiar^ ov Shitsfar; the sh.ushan of tlsc scriptures, town o: Persia in Khosistan, on tne banJc.s of the Aiiwas, ancient Eulaeus. ofthe Greelc.s, and lilai of the scriptures. It is a phtce ofsome manufactures ao-d com- merce, abont 2iJ0 mile.s SE from Bagdad. 'I'odicss, borc-.igh in Devnnsliire, on the river L'urt, on the side of a hill, has a man- nf*cii!Te cf hertzes It is 27 miles SW of Ex ter, and 196 W bv S of London. Lon. 3 44 W, hu. 5(J 24 N.' Totti'7i!iam High Cross, villaj^e in Middle- sex, live miles N ^rf London. It is so called from J. cra-.s, whicii his existed here from time immci^ioriaJ. Toiiertdffe, villag-e near Middlesex, near Chipping ^Barnet,' 10 miles NNW of Lon- don. Tonl, town ofFrance, in the department ofM tnthe. and late- pn. vince of Lorrain, on the M selic, in a plain, aim st stirroiind- ed by moun ains, 10 mi.es W of Nanci, and 167 SE of Paris. Lon. 6 2 E, iat. 48 40 N. Toula, river of West Chinese T.artary, which takes its course from E to W, and is a broad, deep, and rapid rivei', and its banks tire surroimdel with woods an the ar- moury for muskets, pistols, halberts, &c. In the parkof artilierj, are cannons placed in piles, bombs, granadc, mortar.-^, and balls of various kinds, ranged in wonderful ordei . The long sail room, the foundry for cannon, the dock ) a; ds, the basins, &c. are all worthy of observation. In a word, the basins, docks, and arsenal at Toulon, warranted the remark of a foreigner who visited them, that the king of France was greater there than at Versailles. Toulon is the only mart in the Mediterranean for the reexptn-tation of the products of the East Indies. Tculon is seated on a bay of the Mediterranean, 37 miles SE of Mar- seilles, and 317 SSE of Paris. Lon. 5 36 E, lat 43 7 N. Toulouse, city of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Garonne, and late province of Limguedoc. It contains 56,000 inhabi- tants, although its piipulation bears no pro- portion to lis extent. Here are many mon- uments -if antiquity, and it was one o" the most flourishing cities of the old Gauls, and A Roman colony ; m process of time it be- came tlie metroprdis of the Visigoths, after'.vards of Aquitain, and at length, one of die most considerable governments of France, and the seat of a parliament. Communicatng with the Atlantic, on one side, by th • river Garonne, and with the Mediterranean, on the other by the canal of Languedoc Toulouse might have been a very c^irnmercial ci'.y : but the taste of the inliabitants has been principally for the sciences and belles-lettres. Of course there are two colleges, two public libraries, and three academies. The litt'e commerce they have, consists in leather, drapery, blanket."!, mignionets, oil, iron, mercery, hardware and books. The bridge over the Garonne is at least equal to those of Tours and Orleans : it forms tlie communi- cation between the city and suburb of St. Cvprian. Toulouse is 3" miles E of Auch, 125 SE of Bouraeanx, an^J 350 S by W of Paris. Lon. 1 21 E, lat. 43 35 N. Tour, town of France, in the department of Puv de D.ime, 22 miles S of Clermont. Lon. 3 10 E, lat 43 25 N. Tour de Ilousillov, town of France, in the department of Eastern Pyrenees and late province of Rousillon, seated on a hill near the river Tet, two miles below Perpignan. Tovr du Pin, town of France, in the de- partment of Isere, and late province of Danphiny, seated on a river of the sjme name, 54 miles S of Vienna. To-ur In Tilnnrhp, town of France, in the r o r r R A department of Dovil'igne, IJ miles NW of Perigneiix. Lon. 40 E, lat. 45 18 N. Tom- la Villc, town of France, in the cle- panment of Cliarente, and late province of Normandy, separated irom Cherburg by a river. Totirrain, late province of France, 58 miles iong and 55 broad, now forininjj^ the department o^ Indre and Loire, b(iuiKled on the N by Maine, on the E (>y Orlean- nois, f>n the S by IJerrj, and on the W by Anjou and Poiiosi. The river Loire runs through the middle ; and it is, in general, so pleasant and ferule a country, that it was called the fiarden ofFraxc. Tt now forms the d:-p;,rtment of Tndre and Loire. Tourancourchy, town of Hindoost-.n, 35 miles SSW of Tritchinopoli. Lon. fS 36 E, lat. 4r 5Q N. 'Vourinc, town of Germany, in Liege. Lon. 5 E, lat. 50 ,36 N. Tollman, town of France, in the depart- ment of Seine and Marne, ana l.>.te province oftiie isie of France, 22 niiics E bv S of Pans. Lon. 2 45 E, lat. 43 43 X. ' Toutnay, con-i.'ieral>k- city of Flanders, capita! of the Touniaysis, is a large trading place with several fine mantifactnres, and is particularly famous for good stockings. It is seated on the Scheldt, which divides it into two parts, that are united by a bridge 14 mdes SE of Lisle, 30 SW of Ghent, and 135 N by E of Paris. Lon. 3 28 E, lat. 50 33 N. Townehem, town of France, in the de- partment of the Straits o: Calais, nine miles jNW of St. Omer. Tmirtton, town of France, in the depart- ment of •■V.rdeche,, and late province of Languedoc, witli a fine college. It is seat- ed on the declivity of a mountain, near ilie river Rhone, 40 miles W of Gre.iohle, and 280 S by E of Paris. Lon. 4 50 K, lat. 45 6 N. Toiirnus, town of FrancQ, in the depart- ment of Saone and Loire, and late province of Burgundy seated on the Saone, in a country fertile in corn and wine, 15 miles S of Chalons, and 202 S by W of Paris. Lon. 5 E, lit. 46 34 N Tours, considerable city of France, capi- tal of the department of Indre and Loire, advantageously seated on the Loire, near the Cher. Over the former is one of the finest bridges in Europe, consisting of 15 elliptic arches, each 75 leet diameter. It is a large and well built city, and the streets very clean by reason of several fountr/msin it, with a fine mall ab,>ve 1000 paces long. Under the ministry of cardinal Richelieu, 27,000 pers' ns were here employed in the silk manufacture ; but now the whole num- ber of inhabitants is only 22,000. T!ie red wines of Tours are much esteemed. In one of the suburbs, is the late abbey of Mar- moutier, reputed the most ancient in the West. Near the city is Plessls les-Toiirs, a late royal .palace, built by tl.c pr.'ifiiught in 1461. To-vy, river of South W.t'c-s, which rises in Cardiganshire, enters CarT.arthcnsldre at i's NE extremity, and passing by Car- marthen, enters the Brist(d Channel. Trachiiulmrg-, or Drachenbnrg, town of Germany, in Silesia, and capital oftheprin- cipaiity of Trachenburg. It is seated on the R.irtch, 12 miles NE of Wolaw. :,nd 26 N of Breslaw. Lon. 17 15 E, h>t, 51 30 N. Trafalgar, promontory of Spam, in An- dalus.a, at the entrance of the str.aits of Gib- raltar, 30 miles SE of Cadiz. Lon. 6 1 W, lat. 36 11 N. Trajaiiapoli, town of Turkey in Europe, in Romania, on the ^larizza, 57 miles SW of Adrianople, and 112 NW of Constanti- nople. Lon. 26 IS E, lut. 41 15 N. Tvajeito, town of Naples, in Terra di La- voro, built on the ruins of the ancient Min- turna, near the mouth of the Garigliano, in the .Mediterranean, 25 milesNW of Capua. Lon. 14 4 E, lat. 41 20 N. 1013 r K A T K A Train, town of Germany, in Upper IJa- varia, on the Ambs, five tnilesS of Abens- berg, and 20 K of Ingolstadt. Lon. 11 52 E, lat. 4S 40 N. Truina., town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, on a hi.o;b mountain, at the source of the river Traina, 22 miles W of Mouiiv Etna, and 70 SW of Messiud. L ville distrirt. South Carolina.' miles S by E of Aberystwith, and 204 W Travemunde, strong town of Lower by N of L.^ ndon. Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, seated Tregont/, borough in Cornwall, go- on the Baltic, at the mouth of the Trave. verned by a mayor, with a market on It is the port of Lubec, to which it be- Saturday ; seated on the Fale, six miles longs, and is 12 miles NE of that city. E of Truro, and 255 W bv S of London. Travers, town of Switzerland, in the Treguier, seaport cf France, in the territory of Neufchatel, 11 miles W of department of Cotes du Notd. It is Neufchatel. * seated on a peninsula, near the English Traunatein, town and castle of Ba- channel, 2i miles NW of St. Brieux. \aria Great quantiues of salt are made Lon. .5 13 W, hit 48 47 N here, from water brought above 14 miles over mountains, by means of engines and pipes, from Rfichenhall, It is seat- ed on the liver Traun, 16 miles WNW cf Sdltzburg, Trelleborg^ town of Swvrden, in Scho- nen, seated on the Baltic, 26 miles S of Lund. Tremesan, or Tlcmsan, city of Al- giers, in the province of Mascara. It is Trantenau, town of Bohemia, in the surrounded by strong walls, and inha circle of Kcnigingratz, 21 miles N cf l)ited by poor Arabs, Moors, and Jews, Konigingratz. Trayguera, town of Spain, in Valen- tia, 30 miles SW of Tortosa. Trebbin, town of Brandenburg, in the Middle mark, 22 miles SW of Ber- lin. In the tinne of the Arabs, it was the re- sidence of powerful princes ; but is now dwindled to scarce a fifti) part of the ancient city. Its once ttourishing ma- nufactures of carpts and woollen co- verlets are in a state of decay ; and the Trebia. river of Italy, which rises in former masterpitces of architecture have the territory of Genoa, flows by Bobio disappeared, for there is not a single in the Milanese, and jn the river Adige 67 miles NW of Venice, and ii60 NW of Rome. Lon. 1 1 27 K, lat. 46 8 N. Trent, or T'reniino, formerly a bishopric Treffurt, town of Germany, in Lower of Germany, in the county of Tyrol, seated Hesse, with a castle, 36 miles ENE of among the Alps which divide Italy from (tassel. Germany. It is bounded on the N by Tyrol Tregairon, town of Wales, in Cardi- Proper, on the B by Teltrino and BelKi^ i- U K T It t. ress, on the S by Vicentino u'kI llie Vero- nese, and on the W by tlie BresciHno. Ti-ent, larg-e river of Kiii^laiK], which, issuing tVoni three sprinj^'s be'vveen Con- glelon an.l Leek, in Staftordbh re, flows soutluvards tlir.mg'h Uu- midst of the coun- try, C'jntii.ually aiigtuented by nils from the s me region ; and at lengtli, having re- ceiver! t'le Tame from tlie S, acq>iires a new direct on, and witli a NE coiirie. pe- netrates into Dei-bysliir •, just after its junction with the Dove. After fbrniing'to- wards the N ]>art, the boundary between Noltiiighainsliire and L'mcolnsf ire, a cor- ner of wiiich it crosses, it fal^s jnio the Humber below Gainsborough. Parallel with the course of this river runs a canal, forming a communication betwec-n it and tiie Mersey, and joining it at Wilden. It is navigable thr- ugh the v#hole of Notting- liamsiiire. Trent, river of Xorth Ctii'blina, which fulls iuto the Neus, a*. Xewbern, w here it is three quarters of a mile broad. It is navi- gable for vessels 12 miles above iis mouth Treiituu, township of Hancocii county, Maine, 30 miles NE from Casline. Popu- lation in 1820, 639. Tientou, post town of Oneida county, New York, containing 1548 inliabilants ni 1810; and in 1820, 3617. It is situated 165 miles N\V of Albany. Trenton, \^asX town, the capita! of New Jersey ; situated in liunterdon county, on the NE bank of Delaware rsver, 30 mdes NE of P-iiladelphia, 12 SW of Princeton, and 30 N of New Brunswick, in iat. 40 15 N, and Ion. 74 48 W. The Delaware is navigable thus far for sloops. Trenton contains a state house, two banks, an aca- demy, two very extensive coUon, and seve- ral other munufectories. A very elegant and siibstiintiul bridge crosses the Dela- ware at the foot of the falls, opposite this town. Slaves, males • do. females Total population in 1820 4.6 3,942 Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females 1,282 1,265 Total whites - - - 2,547 All otlier persons except Intlians not taxed - - - - 272 Slaves . . - . - 181 Total population in 1810 - 3,000 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 1,598 do. do. females - - - 1,744 All otlier persons except Indians not taxed - - - Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males - do, do. females 1016 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 40 Engaged in Agriculture - 227 do. in Manufactures - 433 do. in Commerce * - 43 Trenton, p"st town in North Carolina, the capita! of Jones county, seated on the N side of Trent river, 16 miles SW of Newbern, 50 NW of Beaufort, and 81 N by E of Wilmington. Trenton, post village, Clinstian county, Kentucky. Treptoxu, town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, in Prussian Pomerania. It has a manufacture of stockings and woollen stuffs, and is seated on the Rega, near its mouth in the Baltic, 42 miles NE ofStetin. Lon. 15 19 E, Iat. 54 10 N. Trcpto-v, town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, in Anterior Pomerani:i, 50 mil^s S of Stranslund, and 50 WNW of Stelin. Lon. 13 12 E, Iat. 5:, 39 N. Tresen, or Trosa, seapnrt of Sweden, in Sudermania, seated on the Baltic, 35 miles SW of Stockholm. Lon. 17 29 E, Iat. 59 ON. Tieahanish Isles, four of the W islands on ihe W coast ot Scotland, between the island of Col and that of Mull. They are ver> ferdle in corn, &c. Trelhimroxu, town of Poland, in Volhinia, sea-ed on the Dniester, 45 mdes below Kiof. Trcudienbrietzen, town of Germany, lu Upper S,xony, 20 miles S of Bradenburgh, and 34 SW of Berlin. Lon. 12 43 E, Iat. 52 5 N Treves, late archbishopric ^d electo- ; rate of Germany, in the circle of Lower Rhine ; bounded on the N by the electorate of Cologne, E by Wetteravia, S by the pa- latinate of the Rhine and Lorrain, and W by Luxemburg. It is 100 miles in lengtli, but the bre;>cUh is very different. There are many mountains and forests; but near the Rhine and Moselle the soil is fruitful, aboimding in corn and wine. A small part of this territory lies on the E side of the Jihine, and in 1800 was given as an indem- nity to the prince of Nassau-Weilburg, and now belongs to Prussia. Iheves, cit}' ef Germany, formerly the capital of an archbishopric of the same name. It has a university, numerous remains of antiquities, and many fine churches and palaces ; but has greatly suf- fered by war, and is now neither larg^e nor po))ulous. It is seated on the M' selle (over which is a handsome bridge) between two mountains, covered with vineyardsj 2D T R l T R I miles XE of Luxemburg-, and 55 S by E of Col()j,'ne. Lon. 6 43 EJai. 49 47 N. 'i'revi, town of Ilaly, if? Umbria, 25 miles SE of [--erugia. Lon. U 51 E, lat. 42 54 N. TrevigUo, town of Italy, in tiie diicliv of Milan, 17 miles ENE of Milan. Lon. 9 28 E, ht. 45 35 N. Trevigo, town of Naples, in Principato Uheriore, with a bishop's see, 23 miles E of Benevento. Lon. 15 20 E, lat. 42 6 N . Trevino, town of Spain, in Biscay, on a hil!, near the river Aguda, 10 mile* SW of Vittora. Lon. 3 4 W, bt. 42 48 N. Treviiano, marquihate of 1 aly ; bounded on tiie E by Friuli and the gulf of Venice, on the S by that gulf, tiie Dogadn, and the Paduano, on tiie N by the Fel' rino and the Bellunese, and on the W by the Vicentmo. The soil is fertile, and produces corn, wine, and wood ; and they export cattle, silk, and woollen cioth. Tieviso is the capital. Treviso, or Trevigio, l,ief place r>f the protestant part of the canton of Apptnzel. It carries on an extensive manufactory of cloth, for by the Mediterranean; on the E by Egypt; which it has been long celebrated. It is on the S by Sara, or the great desert; seven mil; s N of Appenzcl, and seven and on the W partly by Tunis, and part'.y SE of St. Gall, by Biledulgerid ; extending 1000 miles Troja, town of Naples, in Capitanata, along the Mediterranean from NW to S at the foot of the Aiipenines, on the ri- E, but hardly 200 bioad in any plac- ; it ver Chilaro, 32 miles NE of Beneven- has several cities, some of which are to, and 6o NVV^ of Naples, Lon. 15 15 large and populous, particuarly on the E, lat. 41 21 N coasts, where they carry on the piratical Trois 7iivi:-res. town of Upper Canada, business to great advantage. Near its on the river St. Lawrei.ce, 35 miles SW capital the soil is tolerably fruitful ; but of Quebec. Lon. 71 20 W, lat. 46 35 to the eastward as far as Egypt, is the N. sandy desert of Barea. It had ihe title Troki, town of Lithuania, capital of of a kingdom, but is now a republic, a palatinate of the same name. It is gDverned by a dey, elected by the sol- seated among morasses, 15 miles W of diers Wilna, and 85 NNE of Grodno. Lon. 25 Tripoli, considerable town in Barbary, 13 E, lat 54 38 N. capital of a country of ihe same name. Tro,i. St town in Germany, in Liege, 21 with a castle and a fort. It is pretty miles WNW of Liege. Lon. 5 22 E, lat. large, and tlu- inhal>itants are noted pi> 50 48 N. Tropea, populous town of Naples, In Calabria Ulttriore, on the top of a rock, on the E coast, 10 miles NW of Nicote- I'a, and 45 N by E of 'Reggio. Lon. 16 24 E, lat. 38 42 N. Tropes, St. seaport of France, in the rates. It was forme'ly very flourishing, and has now some trade in stuffs, safiFron, corn, oil, dates, ostrich feathers, and skins. Tripoli is seated on the Mediter- ranean, surrounded by a wall, 275 miles SE of Tunis, and 570 ESE of Algiers Lon. 33 12 E, lat. 32 34N Tripoli, ancient and considerable town department of Var, and late province of Provence, with a citadel. It is seated on the bay of Grimauld, in the Mediterra- nean, 12 miles SW of Frejus, and 58 E of Marseilles. Lon. 6 44 E, lat. 43 16 N. Troppau, town of Austrian Silesia, ca- pital of a duchy of the same name. It is is 90 miles NW of Damascus, and 120 seated on a pleasant plain, on the rivers S of Scahderoon. Lon. 36 20 E, lat. 34 Oppa and M.hra, 40 miles N by E of Ol- 50 N. mutz and 72 S hy E of Breslaw. Lon. Trist, small uninhabited island of Mex- ^^ 40 E, lat. 50 1 N. ico. It is situated on the coast of Ta- Troupsville, post village of Ontario 1018 . of Syria, on the Mediterranean, defend- ed by a citadel The inhabitants are near 60,000, consisting of Turks, Chris- tians, and Jews. About it, there is a great number of mulberry trees, and other fruits, which enable them to carry on a silk manufacture in the town. It T R O T R B county, New York ; oti the W side of ISiidus bay and on the lake Ontario. Troivbrid^-c, town in \^'iltshire. The inhabitants consist chiefly of clot.ifrs, wiio make superfine broad cloth, and kerseymere, in a gnat degree by machi- nery. It is seated on a hill, 23 miles S\V of Marlborough, and 98 W of Lon- don. Lon. 2 6 W, lat 51 19 N. Troijy township ui Orleans county, Ver- mont ; 50 miles N from Montpeher. Po- pulation 250. Troy, post village and township of Bristol county, Massachusetts ; 50 miles S from Boston. Population 1810, 1296 ; and in 1820, 1300. Troy, city of New York, and seat of justice for Rtushalaer county. It stands on the Esi)St town and seat of justice in Perry county, Indiana ; on Ohio river, above the mouth of Andersons creek, 50 miles above the mouth of Green river. Troy, township of, Delaw.nre countv, Ohio. Population 1820, 253. Troyes, considerable city of France, in the department of Aube, and late pro- vince of Champagne. Its commd'ce, -once very flourishing, now consists onlv in some linens, dimities, fustians, wax-chaii- dlery, caiidles, and wine. It is seated on the Seine, 3o milts ENE of Sens, and 90 ESE of Paris. Lon. 4 10 E, lat. 48 13 N. TrucLsville, village of Delaware coun- ty, Ohio. Trugillo, town of Venezuela, 120 miles S of the lake Maracaybo. Lon. 7 40 \N, lat 9 46 N Trumbull, township of Connecticut* si- tuated in Fairfieid county, and contain- ing 1241 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1232. TnimbuU, county of Ohio ; bounded by Mercer county in Pennsylvania E ; Ce- biana S ; Pvunage arid Geauga \V ; and N by Ashtabula. Length 35 ; mean width 25 ; and area ^73 square miles. Sur- face hilly, and soil fertile. Staples* grain, flour, live stock, butter, salted provi- sions, and whiskey. Chief towns War- ren. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 4,590 do. do. females - - 4,026 Total whites .... 8,616 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... ss Slaves Total population in 1810 8,671 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 8,140 do. do. females ... 7,352 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 4. Total whites .... 15,496 Free persons of colour, males 38 do. do. females 12 Slaves, males .... do. females ... Total population in 1820 - - 15,546 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - ^ 68 Engaged in A riculture - - 4,045 do. in Manufactures - 727 do. in Comm rce - - 47 Population to the square mile, 17^. Trumambnrg, post village, Tompkins county. New York. Trims, town ot the coiuitry of the Gri- sons, where the independence of the Gray League was first ratified, and an alliance concluded between the chiefs and comniu- nities. It is seated on the Rhine, seven miles W of Hantz. Truro, borough in Cornwall. It has the benefit of the coinage of tin. Its chief business is In shipping tin and copper ore, 1019 T S C T U C found in abundance in its neighbourhood. Truro is seated in a vale, between the ri- vers Kenwyn and St. Allen, and at the head of F Imouth haven, 10 miles N of Fal- mouih, and 257 \V by S of London. Lon. 4 55 W, lat. 50 16 N. Truro, p ist own in Barnsfible county, Massachaselts ; lyii^ near Cape Cud, 38 miles K of Ciiatham, and 126 SE of Bos- ton, along the post nad. The inhabitants who are about 1200 are principally the fa- lailif'S of fishermen. Truro, township of" Pra'iklJn county, Ohio. Populavion 1820 693. Truro, friwn of Nova Scotia, 40 miles N by W of Halifax Truxillo, consi lerable town of Spain, in Estramalura, noted for being the birth place of Pizarro. It is seated among moun- tains, on the side of a hill, at the top of whicii is a strong citadel. Itissiuated near the river Almont, 65 miles S\V of Toledo, and 117 SE of Madrid. Lor.. 5 23 W, lat. 39 6 N. Truxillo, rich commercial seaport of Peru, in the audience of Lima, and in the valley of Chimo, built by Francis Pizarro, in 1535. It is sealed in a fertile country, on a small river, near the Pacific Ocean, 380 mdes NW of Lima. Lon 78 35 W, lat. 8 1 S. Truxillo, sti'ong seapoft in Honduras, seated on a gulf of the same niitne, be- tween two rivers, and surrounded by thick groves. Lon. 85 50 W, lat 16 20 N. Truseillo, or J^Tusstra Senoru de la Paz, town of Venezuela, 220 miles S ot Mara- caybo. Lon. 69 15 W, lat. 9 21 N. Trydriffen, township of Chester county, Pennsylvania ; situated between Charles- town and Radnor townships ; and joining Montgomery county on the NE. In 1810 the inhabitants amounted to 1253, and in 1820, 1449. Tsehopa, town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, in the circle of Erzgeburg. It is celebrated for its blue manufactures. Tschoulyms, nation of Tartars, who oc- cupy the country lying between the upper part of the rivers Ob and Yenisei. The country which they inhabit is for the most part, fertile with large forests, and moun- tainous only about the banks of the two Yiousses, which take their sources among the mountains of the proviice of Yeniseisk, near the river of that name. In imitation of the Ostyaks fishing and hunting are their principal occupations The latter furnishes them with the means of paying their tribute, which is in Marten skins. Tschutski, country oS the E extremity of Asia, opposite the NW coast of America, bounded by the Anadir on the S. The climate is cold, the soil marshy, abounding- m rocks, barren, bare of woods, and ex- tremelv wild and savage. 1020 Tshetshea, See Kisti. Tsi-nnn, celebrated city of China, the capital of Chang-t'ing. It is seated S of the river Tsi, or Tsing-ho, 160 miles S by E of Pekiiig. Lon. 117 25 E, lat 36 30 N. Tsi-nir'^-tcheuu, city of Cr.ina, in the pro- vince of Chang-tung, and district of Yen- tchefiu. Tshin tcheou, commercial city of China, in Chang-t';ng. Tsong-ming, island of China, 15 miles long and 10 broad, lying at the mouth of the Kian-ku, and si-parated from tlie pro- vince of Kiangnan, by two channels, 13 miles broad. Its principal revenue arises from sail, which i;. made in such abundance, on the N side of the island, that it can sup- ply most of the neighbouring countries. It contains only one city, of the third class, but villages are very numerous. The coun- try is delightful, and intersected by many, canals. Tlie city, of the same name, is si- tuate' at its SEend. Lon. 121 55 E, lat. 30 15 N. Tsongrad, town of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name ; seated on the Tiesse, opposite the influx of the Koros, 26 miles N of Segedin. Tuam, city of Ireland in the county of Galway. The cathedral serves as a parish- church. It is 20 miles NNE of Galway, and 25 WSW of Roscommon. Tiiban, one of the strorigest towns of Java, with a harbour, and a king of its own. It is seated on the N coast of the island. Lon. Ill 51 E, lat. 6 N. Tubingen, town of Suabia, in the king- dom of Wirtemberg, with a ceitbrated uni- versity. Here are good snuff manufac- tures. It is seated on the Neckar, in a country abounding in corn and wine, 20 miles S of Stutgard, and 50 E by S of Strasburg. Lon. 9 10 E, lat. 48 32 N. Tucker'' s Island, or Flat Beach, four miles long, and from half a mile to a mile wide, six miles and a half S of the village of Tucker^Gii, separated therefrom by the bay of Little Egg Harbour, which in the best channels is navigable for shallops, is said to be the finest bathing upon the coast on account of ;he gradual descent into the surf; it is much frequented by tlie citizens of Philadelphia, and the adjacent parts of New Jersey. Tuckerion, post village and port of entry, in the townsliip of Little Egg Harbxir, Burlington county, New Jersey, on t!ie Atlantic Ocean, at the head of Tu, kerton .Mill Creek, which empties mto the Bay of Little Egg Harbour. This creek is navi- gable for small craft. The village con- tains about 60 dwelling Houses and Me- thodist and Frier.ds meeting houses. The dv/elUng houses, with the exception of one of brick, are all frame, and generally paint- cd, it is hafldsymely laid out. Streets •P V E T U 1. crossing at right angles and shaded with poplar and willow tree 5. There is one hotel and two other public taverns in the village, two castor oil rniils in operation which manufactures c msideruble q'lan'.ities of oil from the bean cultivated in the vi- cinlty, or from those imp rted ; one salt manufactory, wh c; produces ^alt by eva- poration suificient to supply the neighbour- ing country ; and in the Winter jjl luber salts are manuf:ictured I'her is also near the village a saw and gri«t mill I'lii: n-i- tural curiosities near the village are a spring of fresh water in the s.di marsh near the Bay. The villaj'e is a p -it of en- try for the district of I uil. E<;g llfi.b >ur, which extends from Barnegat to Briga;itii.e inlet. Distance from Philadelphia, 52 miles. Tncuman, extensive province of Souh America, lying between Chili and Para- guay, to the E of the And.-s, and VV of Rio de la P.ata. Tiiis province, with itie country S of the river Pl-ta, forms an ex- te;isive plain, almost widiout a tree The 5oil is a deep ferale mould, watered by many streams from the Andes, and clothed in perpetual vcrdupe. In this ricli pas- turage, the horses and cattle imported from Europe have mtiltiplied to an almost in- credible degree. This has enabled the in- habitants, not only to open a lucrative trade with Peru, by supplying it with cattle, horses, and mules, but to carry on a com- merce equally beneficial, by the exporia- tion of hides to Europe ; notwitlistand.ng which, the towns in this couniry are no 1 better than paltry villages, to which the Spaniards have endeavoured to add some dignity, by erecting them bishopricks. Tudela, town of Spain, in Navarre, with- a castle. It is seated in a country that pro duces good wine, on th - r vei- Ebro, 44 miles S of Pamplona, and 100 E ot Burgos. Lon. 1 38 W, lal. 41 12 N Tver, government of Russia, ffjrmerly a province in the govern-nent of Xovogorod It Was the first province modelled accord- ing to the code of laws of Catharine II. The country produces abundantly ah kinds of corn and vegetables. Its forests yield the most vaiunble timber. Tlie quadru- peds, and the feathered race, are the same as in all the N of Europe. Besides the fish common to most lakes and rivers, there is one peculiar to the waters of thp»- nortii- ern regions, called the sterlet, the adpen- ser i~utlienus of Lmnaeus, and is a species of sturgeon, highly esteemed for the flavour of its flesh, and for its roe, of which the finest caviar is made. Tver, city of Russia, capital of a govern- ment of the same name. It is a place of considerable commerce, being seated at the conflux of the Tverzaand Volga, .ilong which is conveyed all the merchandise sent by water from Siberia, and the S provinces, towards Petersburg. It is divided into the olu and new town: the former, situate on tue opp'siie side of the Volga, consiits almost entirely of wooden cottages Ca- therine H. ut h r own expense, raised '.he governor's house, the episcop :1 palaci^, the courts of jus;ic'.-, the exch^iiigt, the |.'ris./!!, and some other public edifices ; and to every person u ho eni^ageii to buiid a house of brick, she oflfi^red a loan of iJOl. for 12 years, without mterest The s'ree.s are broad and long; exiending in str.iiglit lines, from an octatcon in the centre : tiie houses of this cctag')n, and of t!ie princi- p.il sreets, are tf brick, stuccoed white, and m.ike a magnficeiit appearance. Here is an ecclesiastical seminary, vi'dich admits 600 stuo'eiUs, In 1776, iht; c np-essf 'Uad- ed a school for the msiruction &■. 200 burght-ps' children ; and in 1779, ar aca- demy for the education of 120 of the yi)ung nobility of the pioii.ice. Tver is 99 miies NXVV of Moscow. Lon. 36 i E, lai. 56 7 N Tuftonhurough, township of Strafford ceu'itv. New Hampshire, on riie VVinnepis- seogee. Population 1810, 709; and in 1820, 1232 Tugeloo River, one of the constituents of Savannah river, and which for some dis- tance separates South Caroiina from Geor- gia. Tiiggsville, post office, Clarke county, Alabama. Tuggurt, country of Barbary, in Af- rica Tuggurt, town of Barbary, in Africa, capital of a country of the same name, 310 miles SSE ot Algiers. Lon. 5 10 E, lat S3 N. Tula, government of Russia, former- ly a province of thf government of Mos- cow, Containing 12 districts. Its capital Resan, is seat*-d qn the Tubesh, 118 miles SE ot Moscow. Lon. 40 45 E, lat. 55 25 N. Tulebras, town of Spain, m Navarre, situated on the nver Queois, seven miles W of Tudela TuUamore, town of Ireland in King's County, situated on a river of the same name. Tulles, episcopal and commercial town of France, ni the department of Correze and late province of Guienne It is seat- ed at the coiiHuence of the Correze and Solaiif", partly on a mountain, and pAitly below it, in a country surrounded by mountains and precipices. 37 milt"- SE of Limoges, an i 62S\V ot Clermont Lou. 1 42 VV, lat. 45 23 N. Tullow, town of Ireland, in the county of Carlov*^, 38 miles SSW of Dublin. Tully, township in Onondago county. New York ; situated between Sempronius 1021 T \] N TUB ®,nd Fabius, equidistant from both, where is a post iffict-. Population 13^0, 119-i. Tuln, town of G riHany, in Austria, near tlie Wienarwild, or wood <'t Vii una, and near the river Tuin, in a country abounding in cc.rn and wine. 15 n\iltrs W of Viei.na, Lnn 16 6 E. lat 4S 14 N. Tulfiehotk-'n, creek in Pennsylvania, which rises in Dauphin county, and its gtntral course is SE till it fails into die Schuylkill about half a nnile ab !ve tht- biirough of Reading. A company has been incorpurated for cutting a canal between this creek and the Swatara, in order to -pen a water comnnu lication be twetn the rivers Delaware and Susque- hannah. Tu'fiehockfn, township of B^-rk's coun- ty, Peiinsylvania, lying on the wat-rsof the above mentioned creek, and contain- ing sviih Btrn and B. th'-l townships 5800 inhabitants in ISlj ; and in 1320, 3:238. Tumbez, town of South America, in P( ru, in the audio ce of Quito It v/as formerly a place of some wote. with a magnificent temple, and an incas' palace. The Spainardi titst landed here, on dis- coveri'ig tlie country. It is seated on ;he Pacific Ocfan, 270 miles S bv W of Quito. Lo!!. 79 51 VV Ut. 3 40 S ' Tumet, rapid river in Perthshire, which, after exhibiting inany beautiful cataracts, f rms itself into a lake, called Loch Tumei, and then falls into the Garry. Tunieti, town of Siberia, in the pro- vince of To!)olsk, 125 milts W of To- bolsk. Tii?}ifiach, town of G rmany, in Bava ria, 17 miles NNW of Amberg, and 32 ENEof Nuremberg. Lon. 11 55 E, lat. 49 40 N. Tunbridge, town in Kent, on the 'l\in, one of the five branches of the Medway, over each of which is a stone brid^^e. It is 12 miles WSW of Maidstone, and 30 SSE of London. Lon. 20 E, lat. 51 14 N. Tunbridge, Wells, town in Kent, five miles S of' Tunbridge. It is much re- setted to in June, JulVt and August, on account of its chalybeate waters, dis covered in 1606, by Dudly lord Nnrth. The Wells are o5 miles SSE of Lnn don. Tunbndge, township of Orange county, Vermont, situated between StraflTord and Rar'doipli and joining Windham county in the S. The populati n was stated at 1640, in the census of 1810 ; and in 1820, perhaps 1700. Tunkiiiskoi, town of Russia, situated on the Irkut, 80 miles SW of Irkutsk. Lon. 103 15 E, lat. 51 18 N. 1022 Timkhannock, township of Luzerne co.inty, Peniisvlvania, containing 884 in- hainttnts in 1810; and in 1820, 1132. Sitmtid on the east branch of Susque- ha.inah, and watered by Tunkhannock creek. Tunkhaimock, small river of Pennsylva- nia, rising in Susquehannah, and^ flowing SW into Luzerne county, falls into Sus- quehannah river, 55 aiiles above Wilkes- barre Ttinja, town of New Granada, in South America, capital of a district of the same name. It is seated on a nigh mnuntain, in a cou' try v^here there are gold and emeralds, 30 aiiles SW of Truxillo. Lon. 73 5 E, lat. 5 N 'I'lunn, kingdom of Africa, bounded on the N by tlie Mediterranean, on the E by that sea and Tripoli, on the S and S W by Bileduigt rid, £;>d on the W by Al- giers*. It extends 300 miles from E to W, and 25!j from N to S The most re- markable rivers are tb.e Guadilcarbar, Magri:;a, Magereda, and Caps. The f()rm of government is aristocratic, that is. by a c 'Uncil whose president is the dey. The metnbers of the divan, or council, are chosen by the dey, and he, in his turn, is electvd by the divan, which is compcised of soldiers, who have mire than once taken off the dey's head. The inhabitants carry on a great trade in linen and w(K>llen cloth. In the city of Tunis aloat-, are above 300J clothiers and wea- ' ver«. 'I'hey have alsn a trade in horses, olives, oil. soap, and (-.striches' eggs and feathers The established religion is M.thometanibm ; and the inhabitants con- sist of Moors, Turks, Arabs, Jews, and Christian slaves. Tunis, large and celebrated city of Barbaiy, capital of a kingdom of the same name. It is seated on the point of the gulf of Goletta, about 10 miles from the sitr of the famous city of Carthage. The city has no water, but what is kept in cisterns, except one well, kept for the bashaw's use. The harbour has a very narrow entrance, through a small chan- nel, which is well fortified The Ma- hom^ tans have nine colleges for students, besides a great number of smaller schools, Tunis is a place of great trade, 10 miles from the sea, 275 NW of Tripoli, and 380 E of Algiers. Lon. 10 16 E, lat, 36 42 N. 'runkevstoxon. See Ephrata. Tirra. town of Germany, in the county of Tyrol, 24 miles SW of Trent. Titrbot, northern township of North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehannah river, containing 2917 in- habitants in 1810, and in 1820. 2752. 1 U K T U R Turdihehii, town of France, in the de- partmerit of Upper Rhine, and iale pro- vince of Alsace, remarkable for a vic- tory gained here by Tureiinf, ovrr the Austrians, in 1675 It is seated near the river Colmar, one mile NW of Col- mar. Turconi, town of France, in the de- partment of Nord, where the allies, un- der tht? duk'f of York, were defeated by the French in 1794. It is six miles NNE of Lille. Turcommania, province of Turkey, in Asia, part of Armenia. TurcomaiiSt Terekemens, or Trukhmeni- ans, people of Asia, who speak the Tiiikish dialect of the Tartar language, and inhabit the Eastern slope of Mount Caucasus, the coast of the Caspian about Boinak, Derbent, and Utemish, and thr southern promontory between the sea and the river Alazan. Most of these tribes are now nominally subject to Rus- sia. They are the Cardrichians of Xe- nophon. Turen/ie, town of France, in the de- partment of Correze, 16 miles SSW of Tulle. Turin, fortified city of Piedmont, ca- pital of the d •minions of ttv king of Sardinia. It stands in a fertile plain, at the confluence of the D;iria with the Po. Here is a citadtl, d one but a Turk must pres'ime to wear a white tur- ban. T eir elm lies are long and full. They sit, eat, and sleep on the floor, on cushions, mairasses, and carpets. In general, they are very moderate in e.ting, and their meals are despatched with great hasie Their princ'pai fvod is rice ; and the f ugal repas; is oHowed by fruit and cold w.ater, which art. succeeded by hot coffee, and pipes with tobacco. With 1023 ^ T U R T tJ S opium they procure what they call a kief, or placid intoxication. Chess a;ui dratigiits are favourite games ; and the coffee-houses and batlis furnish other sources of amuse- ment. Polys^amy is allowed among tliem . bu> The.r wivee, pr^^perly so called, are no more than four in number. The fair sex here are kept tinder a rig^orous confine- meni : th Arabc word Harani, which sig- nifies.a -acred or proiubited thing is, in its fidUsi sen.-e, used bo'h of the habitation of ihe wonnen, aivd of the women them selves. The Turks believe m one God, and that his gr at pr> phet is Maliomet : they ai^propriate to ihemselves the name of Moslemin, which has been corrupted into Musselman,signi ving persons pro es- sing the doctrine (.f Mahomet, which he calls Ishim. Drinking wii.e is prohibited by this prophet n the Koran, yet the Turks make use of t occusi>)nally, without any scruple ; tliough instead of it they ger.erally use snerbet a liquor made of honey, spices, and the juice of fruits. They expend great sums on fountains, not only in the towns, but in the country, and other ."•olitary places, fnf the refreshmen: of travellers and labourers. They are chari- table towards strangers, let their religion be what it will ; and no nation sulfers ad- versity with greater patience than they. The gr^nd signior is absolute master of the goods and lives of his subjects, insomuch that they are little better than slaves. The grand vizier is the chief next the emperor ; but it is a dangerous place, for he often deposes them, and takes ofPthtir heads at his pleasure Though the grand signior has such prodigious power, he seldom ex- tends it to persons in private life, for these may remain as quiet as in any other part of the world. The nobility among the Turks aie the chief military officer.*, judges, and ecc!esia.-tics. The beglei begs or viceroys, the bashaws or governors, ihe sangiacs or depuU-governors, and the officers oi state, are, m gene:al, the children of Christian parents, who aie commonly taken in war, or purchased. The Turks have always very numerous armies on foot, the chief of which are the janisaries, who have been bred in the seraglio, and have used military discipline from ti eir infancy. Of these they have always 25 000, and there may be about 100 000, who have that n.ime. The tributary princes are obliged also to send auxiliaiies. The whole Turk sh army is nominally about 400,000 men, but effec- tively no. i-b -ve 150,000. Their na%y, which is laid up at Constantinople, consists of about -10 larg- sh ps; but in time of war auxiliarv ships are received from Algit rs, Tunis, and Tripoli ; they also buy up or hire merchant ships, and' thus raise a fleet nf 150 sail, exclusive of galleys. Constanti- nople is the capital of all Turkev. This 10?4 empire is now in a disturbed state. The Greek of the .M.irca, and the adjacent places have revolted, and have hitherto s:icce sfully sustained their revolt. In all human probabdity, if left to themselves, I hat part of Europe is lost to the Ottoman Turks Turkey, townsh p of Essex county, New Jei-Si-y, 14 mdes NW from Elizabeih town. rii^kei! Foot, post vdiage, Somerset coiinty, Pennsylvania. Tiirkeii Point, Cecil county, Maryland, betwce.' Ni-rdi East river and Eik river. Tnikheim See Durk/wini. TurA'in, town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Caucasia, situate on the Caspian sea, l40 mi es S pf Astracan. Lon. 47 15 E, .at. 44 15 N. Tu'-nagain Cape, cape on the E side of the nort.-eru island of New Zealand. Lon. 176 56 E, lai 40 28 S. Twnan, town of Bohemia, in the circle of Bunizlau, on the river Iser, 12 miles N NE of J'mg Buntzlau. Turner, post town In Oxford county, Maine, on the west side of Androscoggin river, 18 miles E from Paris. Population in 1810. 11,9 ; and in 1820, 1726. Turnhout, town of Brabant. Here Prince Maurice in 1600. at the head of 800 cavalrv, routed a Spanish army consisting of 6000 horse It is 24 miles NE of Ant- werp. Lon. 5 E, lat 51 22 N. Tnrsi, town of Italy in Naples, seated on the river Sino, 50 miles S W of Bari. Lon. 16 50 E, lat. 40 36 N. Turtle Creek, creek of Allegany county, Pennsylvania, falls into the Monongahela, 12 miles above Pittsburg. Turtle Creek, township of Shelby countv, Ohio, containing the vdiage of Sydnev. Population in 1820, uncertain. Turtle Creek, township of Warren coun- ty, Ohio, containing the village of Lebanon. Population in 1820, 4773. Turtle Island, island in the Pacific Ocean. Lon. 177 5 W, lat. 19 48 S. Tuscaloosa, county of Alabama ; bounded S by Perry and Greene ; W by Pickins ; N by Jefferson, and E by Shelby and Bibb. Length 40; men width 30; and area 1200 square miles. Tuscaloosa river winds across this county from N to S. Chief town, Tuscaloosa. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 3,101 do. dp. females - • 2,793 I - Total whites ... - 5,894 Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males - - - 1,176 do. females - - - 1,159 Total population in 1820 8,229 i* U S •r w E Of these ; Foreigners not naturali«e3 - -3 Engaged in Asjriculture - 2,600 do. in Manufactures - 78 do. in Commerce - 46 Population to the square mile, 7 nearly. Tuscaloosa, village and seal of justice, Tuscaloi:sa county, Alabama, on the bank of Tuscaloosa river, about o5 miles above the mouth of that stream. Tuscanij, sovereign state of Italy, with the title of a grand duchy ; bounded on the N by Romagna, the Bolognese, the Modenese, and the Parmesan ; on the S by the Mediterranean ; on the E by the duchy of Urbino, the Peru^ino, the Orvietano, the patrimony of St. Peter, and the dr.chy of Castro ; and on the W by the Mediterra- nean, the territory of Lvicca, and that of Genoa It is 130 miles long, and 100 broad, and watered by several rivers, of whicli the A.rno is the chief. There are several mountamsi, in wliicii are mines of iron, alum, and vitriol ; also quavries of murble, alabaster, and porphyry, besides hot batlis and mineral waters Many parts of it are fruitful in corn and wine, and pro- duce plenty of citrons, oranges, pnmegra- nates, and other fruits. The .nhubitants are distinguished by their attachment to commerce, and have established various manufactures, particulaily of silks, stufls, eanhen ware, and gili leather. They are much visited by foreigners, on account of their politenes.s, and becavise the Italian language is here spoken \n its greatest purity. This duchy is divided into three parts ; namely, the Floi'entino, the Pisano, and ihe Sienese. It is now an indepe.ide .t duchy ijoverned by an Austrian prince. Population 1,180,000. Chief cities, Flo- rence, Leghorn, and Pisa. Tuscaratoas river. See St. Latvrence basin. Tuscarawas couniii, bounded N by Stark, Vi by Harrison, S by Harrison and Guern- sey, and W by Coshocton counties Ft is 30 by 29 miles in exie-it, containing 680 square miles. The principal waters are the Tuscarawas, San.iy, Conoten, Stillwater and Sugar creeks. Chief town, New Phila- delphia. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 1,582 do. do. females - - - 1,457 Total whites - - - - 3,039 A.11 other persons except Indians not taxed . . , . 6 Slaves . . - . . Total population in 1810 - . - 3,045 Population in 1820. Free whites, males - - 4,299 do. do. females - - 4,025 6 G All other persons except In(iiaii$ not taxed - .... G Total whites ... - 8,324 Free persons of colour, males 2 do, do. females 3 Slaves, males _ _ . do. females _ - - Total population in 1820 - - 8,328 Ofihe>e; Foreigners not naturalized - 296 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,364 do. in Manufactures "■ - 388 do. in Commerce - - 12 Population to the square mile, 12. TuscaraiuaSf township in the we.stcrri borders of Stark county, Oiiio. Population in 1820, 735. Tiiscara-uias, small village on the west bank of the Tuscarawas river, and in tho county of the same name, Ohio, nine miles southerly fi'om New Philadelphia. Tnscaroras. See Oneidas Tuds, town of the country of the Gri- sdRs, 18 miles S by VV of Coire. Tiiskaloosa, or Bhick Warrior, the prin- cipal branch of Tombigbee ; rises in the spurs' of Alleghany mountains, 20 or 25 miles south of the great bend of Tennes- see, about 34° N lat. It is formed by the union of the Big and I^ittle Warrior river, having a general course to the SW 230 miles falls into the Tombigbee. The Tuskaloosa is navig^blt for boats of requisite tonnage, 160 miles below its mouth. Tntbury, town in Staffordshire, 15 miles E of Stafford, and 34 NE of London. Lon. 1 40 VV, lat. 53 N. Tvlacorin. town of Hindonstan, with a Dutch factoiy. It is 60 miles NE of Cape (::omnrin. Lon. 76 40 E, lat. s 15 N. Tvtwa town < f Russia, situat< d on the Lena. Lcn !05 4t' E Int 54 40 N, TuTford. tiiwn in Nottinghamshire, 13 milts NNW of Newark, and 137 N by W of London. Loa. 50 E, lat. 5J 16 N. Tiiy, town of Spain, in Gallicia, 62 miles S of Compestella, and 254 west of Madrid. Lon. 8 12 W, lat. 42 4 N. Tnzla, town of Turkey in Asia, situa- ted on a lake of the same name, 28 miles N of Cogni. Lon. 35 55 E, lat. 38 20 N. T-iveed, river of Scotland, which rises from innumerable springs in the moun- tainous tract of Peeblesshire, called Tweedsmuir. It divides England from Scotland, arid falls into the German Ocean at Berwick. T-ae^ildnle, See Peeblesshire > •19S.^' Tiveedsmuir, rugged and heathy moun- tain, in th'r S part of Petblessliii e. TTvickerhavi^ Village in Middlesex, seat- ed on the Thames, three rniies SSW of Brentford. A branch of the Cohi here falls into the Thames on which are erect- ed some powder and oil mills. T-,i'iggs, county of Georgia ; bounded W by the Oakmulgee river, or Monroe eounly ; Jones county X\V ; Wilkinson NE ; and Pulaski SE. Length 27; mean "widili 15 ; and area about 400 square miles. Chief town, Marion. Population in 1810. Ej'ee white males - . - 1,434 do. do. females - - - 1,322 r Y R Ohio river xNW ; Ohio county N; Har- rison SE ; and Wood SW. Length 3j j mean width 20 ; and area 600 square miles. Surface very broken, but soil ge- nerally fertile. Population in 1820. Free white males - - . 1,116 do. do. females . - - 1,087 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites All other persons except India not taxed Slaves . - - . ,ns tns s 2,756 7 642 Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Eree white mules do. do. females - All other persons except Indij not taxed Total whites . . - Free persons of colour, males do. do. female Slaves, males ... do. females 3,405 3,599 3,369 • 6,968 8 9 1,773 1,689 Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures 10.447 3,319 do in Commerce - - 22 Population to the square mile, 26. Tioin^ township in Dark county, Ohio Population 1820, 228. Txoin, township in Ross county, Ohio ; eight miles west from Chilicothe. Popu- lation 1820, 1512, T-ivin, township of Prebble county, Ohio. Population 1820, 865. Tybee, island of Georgia, at the mouth of Savannah river. Tyboine, SW township of Perry coun- ty, Pennsylvania, joining the SE side of the Tuscoroa mountain. In 1810 the in- habitants were stated at 1799 ; and in 1820, 1965. Tycokziii, town of Poland, in Polachia, with a castle and a mint. It is seated on the Narew, 22 tniles NW of Bielsk. Lcn. 23 40 E, lat. 53 N. Tydore, one of the Molucca Islands, three leagues S of Ternate. T^yler, county of Virginia ; bounded bv 1026 Total whites . - - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females • Slaves, males - - . do. females Total population in 1820 - Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do._ in Manufactures do. in Commerce 2,314 1:: 50O 43 5 Population to the square mile, 4 nearly. Tyue, river in Northumberland, form- ed by a branch from the county of Dur- ham, and another from the hills on the borders of Scotland. These uniting a little above Hexam, form a large river, wliich flows by Newcastle, and enters the German Ocean, at Tinmouth. Tyne, river of Scotland, which rises in the mountains in the S of Haddington- shire, w;itfi's Haddington, and enters the German Ocean to the west of Dunbar. Tynemoiith. See Tinmouth. Tyngsboroitgh, postvil'age and township in Middlesex county, Massachasetts ; 28 NW from Boston. Population 1810, 704; and in 1820, 808. Tyre, S( aport of Syria, in that part formerly called Phoenicia, now a heap of venerable ruins. It has two har- bours, that on the N side exceedingly good ; the other dioked by the ruins of the city. It is 60 miles SW of Damas- cus, and now called Sour or Sur. Lon. 35 50 E, lat. 33 18 N. Tyrinq-ham, township of Berkshire coun- ty, Massachusetts ; 15 miles SSE from Lenox. Population 1810, 1682 ; and in 1820, 1443. Tyrna-w, town of Upper Hungary, in the palatinate of Trentschan, 30 miles NE of Presburg. Lon, 17 33 E, lat. 48 23 N. Tyrone, county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Ulster, 46 miles long, and 37 broad ; bounded on the N b> Londondtr- ry ; on the E by Armagh and Lough Neagh, on the SW by Fermanagh, and on the W by Donegal. It is a rough country, but tolerably fruitful; contains V A G V A B 30 parishes, and sends 10 member-s to parliament. The capital is Dungannon. Tyrone, township of Perry county, Pennsylvania ; between Big Buffaloe and Sherman's creek, with Rye township in the east, and Tyboine in the west. Ac- cording to the census of 1810, it contain- ed 2604 inhabitants ; and in 1820. 22.36. Tijrone, one of the northtrn townships of Fayette county Pennsylvania; betv/een Yiuighiogany river, and Jacob's creek. Population 1810, 989 ; and in 1820, 1058- Tyrone, township of Hu' tingd' n coun- ty, Pennsylvania ; on Sinking creek, 14 miles NW from Huntingdon. Population 1810, 753 ; and in 1820. S13. Tyrrel, county of North Carolins; bound- ed by Albemarle Sound N ; Roanoke Sound E ; Pamlico Sound SE; Hyde coun- ty S ; and Washington W. Length 40 ; mean width 18 ; and area 720 square miles. Surface level, and soil g neral- ly poor, sandy, or marshy. Alligator river, or bay, puts up from Albemarle -Sound, and divides the county into two nearly equal parts. Chief town, Ehza beth. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 1,191 do. do. females - - 1,229 Total v.hites ... - Free persons of colour, maleis - do. do. females - Slaves, males . . - - do. females - - - - Total population in 1830 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Comrnf-rce Total whites - - - - All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - Slaves, . - - - - Total population in 1810 2,420 34 910 3,364 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 1,498 do. do. females - - - 1,509 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - 4,319 1,340 40 83 I'opula ion to ihe square mile, 6. Tysu.d, town of Dcrnmark, in the pro- vince i)f North Jutland, with a citadel, on the gulf of Limford, 44 rtiiles NW of Wiburg, and 46 W of Alburg. Lon. rf 25 E, lat. 56 54 N. Tyvy, or Teivy, river in Wales, which issuing from a lake on the E side of the country, enters the bay of Cardigan, be- low the town of Cardigan. Ty-wappity, extensive Hat along the Mis- sissippi river, in Miss uri ; partly in New Madrid, and partly in Cape Girardeau counties. Tzadurilla, town of Natolia Proper, near the river Sangar, or Aclu, 63 miles SE of Isnic. Lon. 31 8 E, lat. 39 N. Tznritzyn, town and fortress of Russia, in the government of Sarat^f. It is seat- ed on the Volga, 122 miles NW of Astra- can. Lon 45 25 E, lat. 48 N. Tzernitz, town of Turkey in Europe, in Romania, near a river of the same name, 32 miles NNE of Adrianople. Lon. 26 40 E, lat. 42 5 N. Tzivilsk, town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Kasan, 57 miles west of Kasan. Lon. 47 25 E, lat. 55 40 N. V, u. Vaasi, St. town of France, in the de- partment of the Channel and late pro- vince of Normandy, five miles froth Har- fleur, and eight from Vulogne. Vabres, town of France, in the de- partment of Aveiron, and late province of Rcergue, 30 miles SE of Rodez, and 33 E of'Alby. Lon. 2 55 E, lat. 43 57 N. Vacha, town of Germany, in the land- gravate of Hesse-Cassel, 40 miles SE of Cassel. Lon. 10 12 E, lat. 50 55 N. Vache, one of the West India Islands, lying to south of St. Domingo, opposite St. Louis. The buccaneers began a set- tlement here in 1673, and they made it one of their rendezvous. Vachelme, one of the Lipari Islands, in the Mediterranean, near the coast of Naples. Vada, town of Italy, in Tuscany, seat- ed on the Tuscan sea, 20 miles south of Leghorn. Lon. 10 20 E, lat. 43 15 N. Vadagary, town of the peninsula of Hin- doostan, in the province of Madura, 64 miles SSW of Madura. Vadin, town of Turkey, in the Euro- pean province of Bessarabia, situated on the Danube, 32 miles west of Nicopoli. Lon. 25 E, lat. 44 25 N. Vado, seaport cf Italy, in the territory of Genoa, with a fort ; taken by the French in 1795 . It is three miles jvest ot \ At \ A h Savena, aad 24 SW ef Genoa. Lon. § 8 E, lat. 44 15 N. Vadstein, town of Sweden, in East Gothland, on the side of the lake Wet- ter, near the river Motala, 32 miles west of Nordkloping. Lon. 15 55 E, lat. 58 12 N. Vaduiz, town and castle of Germany, in Suabia, 26 miles south of Lindau, and '34 SSE of Constance. Lon. 9 22 E. lat. 47 7 N. Vaena, town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated at the source of the Castro, 23 miles SE of Cordova. Lon. 3 50 W, lat- Sr 40 N. Vaihingen, town of Germany in Suabia, on the Neckar, 24 miles SW of Habliron. Lon. 9 3 E, lat. 48 58 N. Vaiseaux, small island of North Ame- rica, on the north coast of Louisiana, be- tween the mouths (if the Mississippi and the Mobile, with a small harbour. See iSMp Island. Valais, county of Svvisserlaiid, extending 100 miles from E to W, and divided inl'o Upper and Lower Valais. The former reaches from Mount Furca to the river Murge, below Sion; and ^he latter from that river to St. Gingou, on the i.ike of Geneva. Population 120,000. Val, village of the Netherlands, three miles W of Maestricht, where, in 1744, marshal Saxe obtained a victory over the duke of Cumberland. Val di Demona, province of Sicily. It means the valley of Demo' s, and is so cal- led, because Mount ^tnais situati d in this province, which occasioned ignorant and superstitious p"ople, at he time of its fiery eruptions, to believe it was a chimney of hell. This province is said to contain up- wards of 300,000 inhabitants. The capital is Messina. Val di JMazara, province in the W angle of Sicify, so called from the town of Aiaza- ra. It contains Palermo; the capital of the whole island. Valdl JK'otOf province of Sicily ; so called from the Noto, which is its capital town. Val Ombrosa, celebrated monas\ery of Tuscany, in the Appennines, 15 miles E of Florence. Valckoiuar, town of Scl^vonia, seated on the Walpo, near its confluence with the Danube, between Esseck and Peterwara- din, 70 miles NW of Belgi'ade. Lon. 19 51 E, lat. 45 55 N. Valdai, town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Novogorod, on the side of a lake of the same name Its environs abound with beautiful lakes, sprinkled with woody islands, and skirted by forests, cornfields, and pastures. Valdai, lake of, in the government of No- vo|»ocod, in Russia. It is about 20 miles in cireumfereBee. In the middle of it is an island on wiiich there is a convent. Valdai Hdls, hills of Russia, in the go- vernments of Nov> gorod, Tver, and Volog- da. Thty separate the sources of the Vol- ga, from those of the Masta, Volkof, and other streams flowing into the lialtic, and lake Ladoga. Valdasnes, town of Portugal, in the pro- vince of Tra los Monios, nme miles ESE of Mirandola. Valdeburon, town of Spain. Lon. 4 55 W, lat. 43 5 N. Valdecona, town of Spain, 15 miles S of Tortoso. Lon. 35 E, lat, 11 15 N. Valdig-etJi, VA\n of Portugal, in Beira. Valdivia. See Baldivia. Valence, episcopal city of France, in the department of Drome, ami late province of Dauphim, on ih- Rhone, 30 miles N by E or Vivers, and 335 S by E of Paris. Lon. 4 52E, lai.44 56 N. Valence, town of France, in the depart- ment of Lot and Garonne, and late pro- vince of Gaienne, situated on the Garonne. Valenca d' Alcantara, considerable town of Spain, in Estramadura, 15 miLs SW of Alacanti a, and 37 N of Badajoz. Lon. 6 30 W, lat. 39 26 N. Vulencey, town of France, in the depart- ment of Indre, and late province of Berrj'. Valencia, province of Spain, formerly a kingdom ; bounded on the E and S by the Mediterranean, on the NE by Catalonia, on the NW by Arragon, and on the W by New Castile and Murcia. It is 162 miles long and 62 broad, and is the most pleasant and populous country in Spain, for here they enjoy a perpetual spring. It is w;lants of the torrid zone. Cotton and Indigo are its most val- uable vegetable staples. ' Valladolid contains two cties of consi- derable magnitude, V^diadohd the capital and Pasacaro Tzintzontzan, bears the name of a city but is in reality a poor Indi- an village. It contains a part of the volca- nic region of Mexico. Sre loruilo. Within its limits are tii-. mines of Zitiquaro, A.n- gangueo, Tkpusahua, the Re-al del Oro, and Inguaron. Valladolid, de Mechoacan, capital of the iHtendancy of the same name, is elevated 6396 feet above the level of the Occan, at latitside 19 42 N. Snow has been known to fall in its streets. The aqut duct which supplies this city with potable water, cost upwards of 900,000 dollars See Mecho- acan. Valiclonga. town of Naples, in Cala- bria Uit.'riore. Lon. 16 4J E, lat. 38 44 N. Vallemont, tcwn of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine, and late pro- vince of Normandy, vvith a castle, 16 miles N by W of Caudebec. Lon. 1 25 W. lat. 49 46 N Vallencay., town of France, in the de- partment of Indre. Lon. 1 26 E, lat. 47 10 N. Vallengin, town of Swisserland, capi- tal of a county of the same name, in the principality of Neuchatel. It is seated near the lake of Neuchatel, 25 miles NW of Bern. Lon. 6 40 E, lat. 47 N. See JVeuchatd. Vallers. town of France, in the de- partment of Indre and Loire, with some mineral waters. Lon. 41 E, lat. 47 24 N. Vallerij, St. commercial town of France, in the department of Somme, and late province of Pic.irdy, at the m luth of the river Sdmme, whose en- trance is very dangerous. It is 10 miles NW of Abbeville, and 100 N by W of Paris Lon. 1 37 E, lat. 30 11 N. Vallery en Caux,St. si-aport of Fl'ance, in the dt'partmt nt of Lower Seine, and late province of Normandy, 15 miles W by S of Dieppe, and 105 NW of Paris. Lon 41 K, lat. 49 52 N. Faliier. St. town of France, in the de- partment of Ardeche, and late province of Normandy, seven mik s NE of Tournon. Lon. 2 5 E, lat. 49 10 N. Valogne, town of France, in the de- partment <'f the Channel, and late pro- vince of Normandy, noted for cloth and leather. It is seated on a brook, eight miles from the sea, and 158 W by N of Paris. Lon. 1 26 W, lat. 49 50 N. Valona, town of Turkey, in Europe, in Upper Albania, with a harbour. It is seated on the g.ulf of Venice , ne.^p Tn?9 VAN t A R the mountains of Chimera, 50 miles S of Durazza- Lou. 19 23 E, lat. 41 4 N. Vai/iarayno, town of ChirK with a well frequented iiarbou; d. tended by a strong fort. It is seated on the Pacihc Ocean, at the foot of a high mountain. Lon. 72 14 W, iat. o3 3 S. Since the revolution in Spanish America has opened this port 1817, it has become a place of very extensive trade, but the enormous im- portation of British goods, affords no safe criieriun to estimate the solid prosperity of Its inhabitants Acc' rding to Mr. Morse, from February 1817, to July 1818, 3,S0a,U0O dollars worth of British manufactured goods entered Valparayso. Population 7U00. Falrees, town of France, in the Ve- naissin, 12 miles E of St. Paul Trois Chateaux. Fals, town of France, in the depart- ment of Ardtche, and late province of Dauphiny, remarkable for a min' ral spring. It is stated on the Ardech, three miles N of Aubcoas. Lon 4 26 E, Iat. 44 48 N. Valteline, caHed by the inhabitants Val- le-te lino, fertile valley of SAvisserland, subject to the Grisons. It is about 50 miles in length, extending from the con- fines of Bormio to the lake of Chiarenna, and is enclosed between two chains of mountains. It is separated by the N chain from the Grisons, by the S chain from the Venetian territories : on the E it borders on the county of Bormio; and is bounded on the W by the duchy of Milan The Valtelines export wine, silk, planks, cheese, butter, and cattle. The inhabitants are computed to be 62,000, and are all Roman Catholics. It now forms apart of the Lembardo-Vene- tian kintidom. Valverde. town of Portugal, in Beira, on the confines of Spain, 30 miles N by W of Alcantara, and 38 SSE of GuardiJi. Lon. 6 19 W, lat. 39 44 N. Valverde, town of Spain, in Estrama- dura, and eight miles from Badajoz. Van, town of Turkey, in Asia, in Ar- menia near the frontiei's of Persia. It is a populous place defended by a castle, seated on a mountain. It is likewise a beglerbegic, under which there are nine sajigiacates, or particular governments. The Turks always keep a numerous gar rison in the castle. Lon. 44 30 E, lat. 38 30 N. Vanceburg', post village, Lewis coun ty, Kentucliy, near the Ohio river, 35 miles NEby E from Washington. There are salt Avorks near this place, Vandalia, seat of government Bond county, Ulinol'?, on the right bank of Kaskaskiasj viver about 55 miles from 1 o.'^^o St. Louis. It was chosen whilst occupied by a wilderness as the seat of govern- ment for Illinois, and is now rapidly as- suming the aspect of a flourishing village wth the ordiriary state, and county buildings found in those places in the United States in which the state legis". ature, and c-iunty courcs are held. Lon. W C 12 1 W, lit 39 5 N. . Vanderburgh, county of Indiana ; bounded by Oiuu river S ; Posey W ; and N; and Warrick E. Lvngth 20; mean width 12 ; and area 240 square miles It is drained by Big Pigeon creek. Chief town, Evansviile. Population in 1820. Free white males - - 948 do. do. females - - 83 9 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 1,787 1,798 200 388 56 1 Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males - - - do. females Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized E:igaged in .Agricultui'e do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 7^-. Van Diemen''s Land, the S extremity of New Holland, discovered by Taxman, in 1642, afterwards visited by captain Cork. Van Diejuen^s Road, road of the is- land of Tongataboo, one of the Friendly Islands. Lon 174 56 W. lat 21 4 S. Vannes, seaport of France, in the de- partment of Marbihan, formerly a bish- op's see, seated on the gulf of Morbihan. Its principal trade is in wheat and rye for Spain ; and it has a trade als^in pil- chards and sea eels. It is three miles from the Atlantic, 56 W of Rennes, and 255 W by S of Paris. Lon. 2 46 W, lat. 47 39 N. Vansville, post town Prince George county, Maryland, 15 miles NE from Washington. Vanwert^ county in the NW part of Ohio ; bounded by Paulding N ; Putnam E and Allen E ; Mercer S; and state of Indiana W Length 24 ; width 18 ; and area 4S2 square miles. Var, department of France, including part of the late province of Provence. Var, river which has its source in the countv of Nice, and falls into the Mcdi- V A ■! H }■:: terratiean, four miles W of Nice . It gives name to the above department. - VaroUo, strong town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, 47 rniles WNW of Milan. Lon. 8 25 E, lat. 45 42 N. Varambon, town of France, in the de- partment of Aiu, 14 miles NNW of Bourge. Lon. 3 15 E, lat. 46 23 N. Varella, cape on the E coast of the kingdom of Ciampa. Behind it is a mountain, remarkable for havinj? a high rock on it& summit. Lon 109 17 E, lat. 12 50 N, Varendore, fortified town of Germany, in the bishopric of Munster, seated on the river Embs. Varennes, town of France, in the de- ■ partment of Allier, seated on an emi- nence near the river Allier, 14 miles SSE of Moulins. Lon. 3 31 E, lat. 46 22 N. Varennes, town of France, in the de- partment of Meuse. It is 13 miles N of Clermont. Varhdij, town of Transylvania, 60 miles E ot Temeswar. Lon. 17 10 E, lat. 45 40 N. Variety, post village, Nelson county, Virginia. Farinas, province of Colombia, SVV from Caraccas, on the head waters of Apure river. Varna, considerable seaport of Tur- key in Europe, in Bulgaria, capital of the territory of Drobugia, i-.ear the mouth of the Varna, in the Black Sea, 22 miles N of Mesembria, and 145 NW of Constantinople. Lon. 28 28 E, lat. 42 44 N. Varzey. town of France, in the depart- ment of Yonne, with a castle, 32 miles from Auxerre. Vasil, town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Novogorod, situated on the Vol- ga, 60 miles E of Novogorod, Lon. 45 44 E, lat. 56 16 N. Fassalboro\ post town in Kennebec county, Maine ; situated on the E side of Kennebec river, seven miles S of Fort Halifax, 40 N of Wiscasset, and about 83 NE of Portland, containing 1188 in- habitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2484. Vasscrburg, town of Bavaria. It is surrounded by high mountains and seat- ed on the river Inn, 28 miles E of Mu- nich. Lon. 12 15 E, lat. 48 10 N. Vassi, town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Marne, seated on the Blaise, 10 miles NW of Joinville, and , 115 E of Paris. Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 48 I; 27 N. Vatan, town of France, in the depart- ment of Indre, seated in a fine plain, eight miles NW of Issoudun. Lon. 1 56 E, lat. 47 2 N. Vatica, seaport of Turkey, in Europe, in the iVIorea, situated in a bay of the same i-.ame, 44 a.iles SE of Misitra. Lon. 23 2 E, lat. 36 38 N. Vaucoleures, town of France, in the department of Meuse, seated on the side of a hill, near the river Meuse, 10 mi^es \V of Toul, 22 SVV of Nanci, and 150 E of Paris Lon. 5 40 E, lat 48 36 N. See Domrcmy-tu Pucelle. Vauclusc, department of Fiance, which includes the county of Venaissin, and territory cf Avignon. VRucluse, village and fountain of France, in the department to which it gives name, 12 miles E of Avignon, ce- lebrated by Petrarch. Valid, Pays de, country of Swisser- land, in the canton of Bern. It extends along the lake of Geneva, rising gradual- ly from the edge of that lake, and is richly laid out in vineyards, corn-fields, and meadows, and checquered with continued villages and towns, Lausanne is the capital. Vaudables, town of France, in the de- partment of Puy de Donne, five miles from Isloire, and 240 S by E of Paris. VaudemoTii, town of France, in the de- partment of Meurthe, with a castle It is seated in the most fertile country for corn in all Lorrain, 15 miles SE of Toul, and 18 SW of Nanci. Lon. 5 67 E, lat. 48 26 N, Vaudois, Valleys of, in Piedmont. They lie N of t!3e marquisate of Saluzzo, and the chief town is Lucerna. The inhabi- tants are called Vaudois ; also Walden- ses from Peter Waldo, a merchant at Lyons who exposed the superstitions of thcj church oi Rome, in 1160, and being banished from France, came here with his discipus. The Vaudois underwent the most dreadful persecutions iti the 17th century, particularly in 1653, 1656, ,antl 1696 Vaudrcvaiige, decayed town of Fr.-^nce in the department of Meurthe, seated on the Sare, near the strong fortress of Sar Louis, 50 miles NE of Nanci. Lon. 6 36 E, lat. 49 28 N. Vauxhall,, village in Surrj', seated on the Thames, two miles SW of London, Ubeda, town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated in a fertile country, abounding in corn, wine, oil, and fruits, especially figs. It is five miles NE of Baeza, and 158 SE of Madrid Lon. 3 13 W, lat. 37 48 N Uberlingin, city of Stiabia, in the county of Furstenburg. 'I'iie mhabitants, who are partly Roman catholics and partly pro- testints, carry on a great trade in corn, which they send to Swisserland ; and not far hence xre very famous baths. It is 1031 V E C V b L seated on a higli rock, near the lake of Constauce, 12 miles N of Constance. Lon. 9 10 E. lai. 47 5U N. Ubes, St. or Setubal, fortified town of Portugal, m Estremadiir.;, with a good harbour, defended by tlie f .rt of Si. Ja^jo. It is built on the ruins of the ancient Se- tobriga, at the head of a bay, near ihe mouth of the Zadaen. Ii is 22 miles SE of Lisbon. Lon. 8 54 W lat 38 32 N. Ubigau, t-)vvn of Upper Saxony, m Ger- many, 2a miles SB of VViitemburg. L.m. 13 12 E, lai. 51 34 N. Uby, or Pnlo Uby, island in the Indian Ocean, at the entranc of ihe bay of Siam, 20 miles m circumference. It yields good waier and plenty oi wood. Lon. 105 56 E, lat. 8 25 N. Uchland See Uwchkmd. Ucayale, one of the main sources of the Amaz)n, formed by several streams, riving about lat. 16 S, and lon W C 4 u E. It flovv.s generally N, and falls into the Paro. lon. W C 4 E, a.!d at lat, 11 S. Ucker. river of Germany, which has its source in a lake of the same name, near Pi-enzlo, in the Ucker marche of Branden- burg, runs N turough Pomerania, and be- ing joined by the Rando, enters tne Frisch- HA, a bay of the Baltic. Uckei'7nu7ide, town of Germany in Upper Saxony, on the Frisch Haf, a bay of the Baltic, 25 miles NW of Sleiin. Lon. 14 12 E, lai. 53 53 N. Uddevalla, tort'n of Sweden, in West Gothland, situated in a bay of the Categate, at the bottom of some steep rocks, at the extrem ty of a smah but fertile v.dley. It coDl.uns 3000 inhabitants, exports, iron plaaiis, and herrings, and is 50 miles N of . Gotheborg. Udcnskoi, town of Siberia, in the g 'vern- ment of Irkutzk, seated on tht- SE side of the lake Balkul, on tlie road from Tobol!,k to China, 1000 miles NW of Peking, and 1200 E of Tobolsk. Lon. 96 30 E, lat. ^3 ON. Udina, or Udine,- city of Italy, capital of IVmli. It contains 16,000 inhabitants, and is seated in a large plain, near the rivers Taglemento and Lisenzo, 10 miles N of Aquileia, and 55 N by E of Venice. Lon 13 3 R,>t. 46 12 N. Udskoi, town of Russia, in the govern- ment of irkutzk, near the Udcla, 1100 miles ENE of Irkutzk. Lon. 135 30 E, lat. 55 16 N. Vecht, river that has its source in West phalia, near Munstt r, crosses the counties of Slenford and Bentheim, and entering Overyssel, passes by Ommen, Haffelt, and Swartsluys, below which it falls into the Zuider-Zee, under the name of Swartwa- tei', that is Blackwiter. Vecht, river of the Netherlands, which toatKh^s off fi'om ti^e old channel of the tow- Rhine, at Utrecht, and enters the Zuilef- Zee, at Miiyden, Vechta, fortified town of Germanj', in the circle of Westphalia, and bishopric of Munster, 30 miles N of Osnaburg. Lon. 8 24 K, lat. .52 54 N- I edenskoi, town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Archangel, on the Vokscha, 200 miles ESE of Archangel. Lon. 46 44 E, lat. 58 45 N. Veere. See Tervere. Veglia, island in the guif of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia, with a good harbour, It is 'he most populous island on this coast, abounds in wine and siik. The only town, of the same .-lami-, is seated on the sea, on a hill commanded by two mountains, 17 miles NW of Arbe, and llOSE of Venice. Lon. 14 64 E, lat. 45 22 N. Vagliana, town of Italy in Piedmont, in the marquisate of Susa, seated on the emi- nence, near -the river Doria, 12 miles NW of Turin. Lon. 7 34 E, lat. 45 7 N. ^ Veiros, town of Portugal, in Alentejo, with ;i ca-tle, seated on the Anhaloora, 10 miles SSW of Portalegre, Lon. 7 34 W, lat. 38 57 N. Veit, St. strong town of Germany, in .\ustria, sealed at tlie confluence of the Glan and Wanich, 8 miles N of Clagenfort, and 173 SW of Vienna. Lon. 14 2*0 E, lat. 47 1 N. Vdt, St. strong seaport of Istria. See Fimne. Vela, cape of South America, on the N coast of Terra Firma, 160 miles ENE of St. Man ha. Lon. 71 25 W, lat. 12 50 N. J clay, late province of France, bounded on thr N by Forez, on the VV by Auvergne, on the S by Gevaudan, and oil the E by Vivarez. it is full of high mountains, co- vered with snow the greater part of the year, but abounds in cattle. It now forms the department of Upper Loire. Veldeii, town of Germany, in the circle of Bavaria, 22 miles NW of Ratisbon. JLoii. 11 50 E, lat. 40 10 N. Veldentz, town of Germany, in the pala- tinate of the Rhine, seated on the Moselle, 13 miles NE of Treves. Lon. 7 3 E, lat. 49 52 N. Veleki Ustiug, province of the Russian government of Vologda. Ustiug is the capital. Veletri^ or Vdletri, town of Italy in Cam- pagnadi Roma It is a very pleasant place, and therf are large squares adorned with fine four. tains. It is seated on an -^mi- nence, surrounded by hills, eight miles ESE of Albano, and 20 SE of Rome. Lon. 12 55 E, lat. 41 46 N. Velez, town of Spain, in New Castile, with a castle, and 45 mdes NE of Toledo, and 50 SE of Madrid. Lon. 2 22 W, lat. 40 N. Velfz-de'GoffHCraj, town of Afri<^ in tho £N \ E N kingdom of Fez, with a harbour scaled Free persons of Cfflour, males between two higli mountains, on the Mc-' do. do. females diterranean, 120 miles NNE of Fez. Loa Slaves, males 4 W, lit. 35 10 ^^ do. females I'elez Malaga, town of Spain, in Grana- di, seated in a hrjje plain, near tlie Me- Total population in 1820 - diterran an sea, 12 miles NK of Mala.sj'a, and 52 S\V of Granada. Lon, 3 21 W, Of these; lat. 36 42 N. Forei,^na, town of Sclavonia, seated on tlie Engaged in Af^ric Itnre river Bakawa, 10 miles E of Crueiz, and do. in M;*n'.ifactnres • 60 NW of Posega. Lon. 16 50, iat. 46 18 N. Velino, small river of Italy, flows past Terni, and near that town falls over a pre- cipice 300 feet. See Terni. This is the cataract so poeiically described by iiyron. Velore, town of Hindoostin, in the Car- n^'.tic. It is a post of great importance, commandinsr the great road from Mysore 13 15 . 4,915 15 930 135 into the Gariiatic. It onsists of tl.ree do. in Goinmerce - - o Population to tlie square mile, 4. Venango, NE townsliip, Butler county Pennsylvania.. Popnlauon in 1320, 353. VenniK-'o, one oftlie northern tov;nships of Crawford county, Pennsylva'iia, NVV from French creek six miles N fr(mi Mgad- ville. Popnlition in 1820, 630. Tenant, St. town of France, ih tlie de- ,. . -. .,, 1' ,„ parlment ot the straits of Calais, and late stronc: m Seringapatam. Veltzen. See Ultzen. Vena, or .Monii-deUu-Vena, monnl.ains of Carniola, on the confines of Istria, or^ the S of the lake Czernic. Venafro, town of Italy in Naples, in Ter It can be laid under water at any ti;ne, v.jiicli is its chief de- fence, and is 2/ miles SB of Dunkirk, anaibastro. Lon 25 K, ht. 41 58 N. and 43 N of Naples. Lon. I-i 19 E, Iat. Venetighern . town of the penmsula of 43 32 N. Hindoos an, 51 miles E of Bangalore, and Veiiai'ssiii, smad but fertile territory of 54 W of Arcot. Lon. 78 38 E, Iat. 13 France, lately depending on t!ie pope, but now decreed a p^r; of Fra'ic-, .uid inclu- ded in tiie d 'nariment of Vau;lnse. \- is of small extent, h'lt pleasant. and fertile. Venansro, c-un^vot Pennsylvania; bo.md- ed by Armstrong" SE ; Bntier SW ; Mer. c-rW; Cra-vfor'dNW; Wan-en NK; a-v! Fe«ce,tott'n of France, in the department o- Var, and late provmce of Povencs, eight milc^ from the Mediterranean, and 10 W. of Nice. Lon. 7 13 E, Iat. 43 43 N. Vendu, depa;-im;nt of France, including part o' the la'e piovince of Pol'.ou. It is Jeiferson E. Length 38: width 2J ; a'ld so called frivn a small river of the same area 1114 square :ndes. Surface general- na-ne, Fon'enay-le-Comite is lliecapUal. ly broken, though much good soil lifs Tendmi. to-vn of Riis ia, in the govern- along tiie water c .urses. Alle-any river me-.l of Il.g;-, 36-mitts NE of lliga. Lon. winds tln-ough and receives French creek 25 15 E, Ist. 57 13 ?«. in tliis county, ("hief >own Franklin. Vendome, lown of Fi-ance, in the depart - Population in 1810. Free white males - - - do. do. females - Total whiles All other persons e'lcept Indians not taxed . - . - Slaves . . - - - Total population in 1810 Population in 1320. Free white males ... do. do. females All other !)ersons except Indiju'.s not taxed .... Total whites r,v ment o* Loira -dCIi, r, ;uidiMtc province of 1,610 P.iaisoi.^, seated on the river Loir, 30 miles 1,444 NE of Tours, .uul 95 SW of Paris Lon. ■ 1 8 E, lal. 47 50 N. 3,054 Vendr/'U, iovn ..f Spain in (Jatalonia, 25 mils WSW of Barcelona. L-n. 1 50 E, r. Iat. 4112 N. Vcnezneln, province of Colombia, bound- ed on the N by the Caribbean Sea, on the 3,060 E by Caraccas, on the Shy New Grenatla, and" on the W by St. Manha. When the Spaniards landed here in 1499, tliey obser- 2,593 vcd some huts built upon pil-Js, in an Indi- 2,294 an Village, in order to rai<^e them above the "itagna'c-d water that covered the plain: and this induced them to give it the name of Venozueh, on Lii lie Venice. Near the se3coaart vi' Turkev in Eurone, Tt rs tjie an- 10."4 cieut Adriat'cum Mare, and is still some- times called the Adriatic. It extends fronr^ SE to N\V between Italy, to the SW, and Albania, Herzigowina, Dulmatia, and Ulyrifi NE ; reaching from latitude 40 to 46 N. Venlo, strong town of Guelderland, for- merly in alliance witli the Hanseatic towns ; 19 miles N of Ruremonde, and S5 NVV ct Juliers. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 51 20 N. Venom, town of Italy in Naples, on Basili- cata, a fertile plain at the foot of the Appen- nines, lo miles NW of Acerenza, and 72 NE of Naples. Lon. 15 52 E, lat. 40 54 N. Venla-de-Crnz, town of Colombia, in Da- rlen, on the river Chagre. Here the Span- iards used to embark the merchandize of Peru, on that river for Porto Rello. Lon. 79 W, lat. 9 20 N. Venznne, town of Italy, in FruUi, 32 miles ENE of Belkino. Lon. 13 40 E, lat. 46 22 N. Vera, town of Spain, in Granada, with a harbour. It is 43 miles NE of Almerla, and 32 SW of Carthagena. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 37 15 N. , Vera Cruz, city of Mexico, in Tlascala, on the gulf of Mexico. The harbour is defended by a for*, situate on a rock of the island of St. .Tuan dc Ulhua, nearly adjoin- ing. This port is tli? natural centre of the treasure and merclvmdise of Mexico, and it receives much East India produce by way of Acapulco from the Philippine islands. Here the ships from Spain receive the produce of the gold and silver mines of M xico. An annual fair is held here for the rich merchiindise oi' ihe Otd world ; and such crowds of Spaniards at end, that tents are erected for their accommodatiovi. Tiie Old Town, 16 miles to the NW. is fa- mous on account of the landing of Co;tez, with 500 Sp.aniards, when he undertook the CO quest nf Mexico. Vera Cruz is 200 miles ESE of M. xico. Lon. 96 50 W, lat. 19 5 N. Vera Cruz, intendency of Mexico; bounded by the gulf of Mexico NE; by Mexico, Puebla, and Oax^ca SW ; Guati- mala S; and Merid » E Length 450; mean width about 70 milrs. There are few, if any region of the world where tran- sition of soil, elevat.on, und vegetable 'ife are more rapid and striking The western p'dvi rises on the declivity of .\nahuac. In one day t!»e traveller ascends from the parched plains near the Mexican gidf, to the region of perpeuial snow. Ascending from tiie city of Vera Cruz to the t:'.ble land of Perote, we see the physiognomy of the country, the aspect of the sky, the fo' m of plants, the figure of animals, the manners of the inhabitants, and their modes of culti\ation assume a d-.fferent aspect at every step. Staples, vanil'a, cocoa, tobac- co, cotton, sugar, anf of Middlebury. Verina, town of Colombia, in the pro- vince of Cumana, celebrated for its tobacco. It is situated on a gtdf of llie Atlantic, 45 miles E of Cumana. Lon. 63 44 W, lat. 10 8 N. Vermandois, territory of France, in Pi- cardy ; which, with the late territory of SoJESonnois, is now included in the depart- ment of Aisne. it abcunds in corn and ex- cellent flax. Vermejo, river which rises in Tucuman, on the borders of Peru, flows SE to the Paraguay, and enters that river a little above its junction with the Panara. Vermillion, small river of Ohio, rises near tiie northern boundary of Kichlund, and flowing N, falls into lake Erie, aUer a comparative course of 30 miles. Vermiliio7i, post office and township, Hu- ron county, Ohio, on Vermillion vivtr. Populalion in 182u, 266. Vermillion, towiisiiip of Richland county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 639 Vermillion, name ot a branch of Wabash, in Indiana, above Onitanon ; branch of Illi- nois river falling into that sireani from the SE 160 miles ab jve its mmth, ai.d a -mail branch of Mississippi riittriiig that stream above the F;dis cf Fegagama. VeriiiilUfjn, I'iver of Louisiana, rises lliree miles NW from the town of St. Landr^, in Opelousas, bv Bavou Bourbee'> After coa- 103-5 \* 1-: li \ K R tiiiuiiig to ftow to the S :t lltiie E 12miic'-!, an interlocking' stream tlie Fussiilier iinites the Vermillion and I'ecJie, for!D;n_<^ the limit between Opeloasus ami Atta.^apas, ut that place. Tiie Vermillion, continu'-s through St. Miirtiii's the Upper p;irish of Attacapas, in neaiiy a S direction 60 miies having- an eniir? course of a little more than TO miles. The arable lands ahmg the Vermillioiij a:e extnmely fertile, and as the stream fiows soutii of int. 30 0, sn.t^ar c;in l)e cultivated on its baniis; considera- ble forests clothe tho banks of the Vermil- lion near the limits of Opelousas and Atla- capas ; but in proceeding- towards the sea, trees gr^idually diminish, and near the bay except a few coppices of cypress, live oak, &c. the praire or sea marsh extends on sdl sides. The tide rises in tiic Vermillion 15 or 20 milts, but the bar at the motith only admits vessels drawing four or five feet water. Vermilliun and Cute Blanche Bays, Loui- siana, are formed by the same sheet of wa- ter, indented by point Cypriere Mort, and limited on the south by a chain of low marshy islands- The depth of water over the two Bays is 10 or 12 feet, tliouj^h no vessel drawing more than five feel csn en- ter. The coast along- the siiores I's iow and marahy, except the two smaH elevated spots of Co'.e Hianche and Grand Cote. Small coppxes of trees are scattered along the laginies, but the general surface is a grassy marsh. The grand or western pass into Vermil- lion Bay, is about one mile wide and three miles long. Morrissons cut, or eastern pass is merely a strait between two small islands; each pass having about five feet water. Vermillion Sea. Hce Gii'f of Ciitiforiiiu, Vermont, state ot the United States; bounded by Lower GKnada N ; Conr.ecti- cut river, or New Hampshire K; M.iSoachu- setts 9 ; and New York, and lake Ciiam- plain W. Having an outline along Connec- ticut river in common with New Hampshire - - 170 Along the N boundary of Mi.ssa- chusetts - - - 43 In common with New York, and along lake Champlain - 160 Along I-ower Canada, on lat. 45 ON. ... . 90 463 Length from N to S 160 miles ; mean width 52 ;"and area 8000. Lying between lat. 42 44 and 45 N. A chain of high mountains, running N and S, divides the state nearly m the centre, be- tween the river ConneOicut and lake Champlain. The natural growth upon this 1036 chain is hemlock, pine, spnice> and other evergreens ; hence they arc called the Green Mouni'Mus, and give name to the state. Tiie counry is generally hilly, but not rocky, anvl the soil is fertile. It has numerous slresms and rivers, wh ch all v'ls^ in the Green Moimtains , the largest are ou the W side, and the chief are Otter creek, Oniojj river. La Moeile, and Mischiscou ; the most numerous are on the E side, and the largest are Vvest river. White river, and Pa.ssumpsic. Vermont is subdivided into the counties of: Sq. mile*. Population, To sq. 111. Addison 500 20,469 41 Bennington 630 16,125 24 Caledonia 500 16,669 33 Chittenden 630 16055 25 Essex 728 3,284 4 Franklin 810 17,192 21 Grand Isle 90 3,527 39 Orange 600 24,681 41 Orleans 800 6,976 8^ Uutlarid 720 29,983 41 Washington 4S0 14,113 30 VV mdham 640 28,457 44 Winu-or 732 38,233 38 8000 235,764 29 » — — . Population in 1810. Frte white males ... 109,951 do. do. females - - . 107,194 Total whites .... 217,145 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 750 Slaves Total population in 1810 - - 217,895 Population in 1820. Free white males - 117,310 tlo. do. females - - 117,536 Ai! other persons except Indians not taxed . _ _ 15 Total whites .- - - - 234,861 Free persons of colour, males 438 do. do. females 465 Slaves, males .... do. females ... Tot^popuhitioninl820 - 235,764 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 935 Engaged in Agriculture - - 50,950 do. in Manufiictnres - 8,484 do. in Commerce • - 776 Population to the square miie, 28. The principal products of Vermont, are s'iiall grain, pot, and pearl ashes, beef, pork, &.C. The opening of the Champlain V E it V E K canal musL be of incalculable advaiUage U) abomidingr in cuni, v. me, Irui'.s, und catUe. the western section of Vermont, in opening Area 1330 square miles; and population to the inhabitants the markets of the Hud- 2y5,000. , ,, ,.,... son Venwis, considerable town or Kussia, in There are two coUefjes in Vermont, lo- t!ie Kovernmcnt of R. zan, seMed o:'. a cated at Burlinaon, arid Middlebury. ^ m')iinlain, near a river ot the same name, Vemei. Heclssoire. * * v^liich a iiitie loue^r falls into liie Don. Verne7u!, town of France, in the depart- Lon 42 29 E, lat. 52 15 N. ment of Eure, and late province of Nor- Verrez, Town of Ualy, in Piedmont, with inandy, seated on the Anre, 22 miles SW ^^ impie^na'de fortress, of Ev'reux, and 65 W by S of Paris. Lon. Vcrriers, town of Swisierland, six miles ENE of Fontarlier, and 20 WSW of ^eu- chatcl. Versailles, town of Fri.r.cc, in the de- partment of Seine an>l O se. It contains 6U,0U0 inhabitants, and since tiie revolu- lion has been creaied a bishop's see. In France, in the depart- the reign of Louis XIII. it was only a small 1 late province of Nor- villai'-c, till LoUiS XIV. built a magnificent ,• -.^ ... _-..! AC, -K-ltr . ° '. , . 1 xl. I !.! 59 E, lat. 48 42 N. Vernenil, town of France, in the depart- ment of Allier, and late province ol Bour- bonnois, 3 miles from the river Allier, and 15 S of Moulins. Lon. 3 25 E, lat. 45 20 N. Virnon, town in ment of Eure, and mandy, 27 miles SE of Rouen, and 42 NW palace here, wiiich was tlit issiul residence of Paris. Lon. 1 42 E, lat. 49 6 N. of the kings, of France, till 1789. The- Vernon, township of Windham county, gardens wi\h tlit- jark, are five c.iies in Vermont, on Connecticut river. Popuation circumterar.ee, and surror.ndcd by walls. 600. . Versadles is ten n.iles WSW of Paris. Lon. Vernon, post town, Tolland county. Con- o jo w, lat. 48 43 N. necticut, 12 miles NE from Hartford. Pc- Versailles, capital of Woodford county, pulation in 1810, 827; and in 1820,966. Kentwcky ; situated on the E side of the Vernon, post town, and township, Oneida j^ygj. Kentucky, 12 miles W of Lexington, county, New York, 18 miles W from Utica. Population, about 600. Itis the seat of a glass factory. Population Verstdrc, post village, and township of in 1810, 1319 ; and m 1820, 270". Orange county, Vermont, containing 1400 Vernon, post village, and township, Sus- inhabitanis. It is situated on ihe W side sex county, New Jersey, 21 miles NE from qI the Connecticut river, 20 miles E of New'own. Population in 1810, 1708 ; and Randolph. in 1820, 2096. Versio, vilbije of France, in the depart- Vcrnon, post town, and seat ot justice, ^^^. ^j. ^;,j^ ■^^.^^, ^,jg j.-,^.gp versio. ■Monigomery covmty, Georgia, on the left bank of Oconee river, about 100 miles N W by W from Savannah. Vernon, post town, Hickman county, Tennessee, on tiie leti bank of D»ick river, 45 miles SW from Nashville. Vernon, SE township of Clinton county, Ohio. Population 1820, 1383. Vernon, pos'. village and township, Trum- bull " ^' ■■ 2\ Vertus, town of France, in the depart- men- of Marne, and late province of Cham- pagne, on a pl.ain at the foot of a moisn- tain, on which are vineyards, producing very good wines, 17 mites, SW wf Cl-alons and 78 NE of Paris. Lon. 4 2 E, lat. 48 5Z N. Verne, m Vermel, town of Italy, in Pied- ,ull county Ohio. The vdlage is 20 miles mont, m the county of Ast. i-- '^ s^^^ed in the top, some- times attended with the most violent ex- plosion of stones, the emission of great streatns of lava, and all the other atten- dants of a most formidable volcano. The top of the m()itnt>iin fell m 1634, and the mouth IS now little short of Two miles in circumference. Vevuy, town of Swisserland, capital of a bailisvic of the sar..e name, in the cantoii of Bern. It stands on a small p;ain, 7 miles S\V of Bern. Lon. 7 4 E, lat. 46.28 N _ VcvaVi post lown, and seat of justice, Switzeiland county, Indiana, situated on an elevated bank of the Ohio river, 65 miles by water, and 45 by land below Cin- cin; ati. The original settlers were emi- grants from the cariton of Berne in Swit- zerland It was commenced in 1814, and now contains about 100 houses, with the county biiildings, market, pnblic library, and printing office. The culture of the vitie has been attempted with >ome suc- cess. The vineyard is tn tiie Ohio river below the vdlage. Lat 38 47 N. Vende, town of France, in the depart- ment of AUier, and late province of Boiir- bonnois, seated on the river AUier, 17 miles IS'AV of Moulins. Vezelay, town of France, in the depart- ment of Nievro, and late province of Ni- vernois. Theodore Beza was born in this in,38 town. It is seated on the top of a niouii tain, near the river Cure, 20 miles S of Auxerre, and 117 S by E of Paris. Lon, 3 42 E, lat. 47 26 N. Vezelize, town of France, in the depart- ment of Meurthe Lon. 6 10 E, lat. 48 Ufa, government of Russia, formerjy in- eluded in the government of Orenburg, It is divided into the two provinces of Ufa, and Orenburg. Ufa, Q-wn of Russia, capital of a go- vernment of the same name. It is 760 miles E of Moscow. Lon 57 E, lat. 54 40 N. Uffenheim, town of Ger.many, in Franco- nia, 22 nnles NNK of Aiispach. Ugento, town of Italy, in Naples, ia Ter- ra d'Otranto, with a bishop's see, ejght milcs W of Alessano, and 20 SW of Oiran- to. Ugliani, town of Italy in Piedmont, 16 miles SE of Austa- Lon. 17 47 E, lat. 45 30 N. Ucocz, town of Upper Hungary, capital of a county of the same name, with a cas- tle, seated on a small river that falls into the Xi-isse, 15 miles N of Zatmar. Lon. 22 34 E, lat. 48 5 N. Ugognc, town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, seated on the Tosa, 16 miles N of Varallo, and 45 NW of Mdan. Lon. 8 24 E. l..t, 45 52 N. Viaduna, town of Ital}', in the duchy of Mantua, seated on the Po, eight miles N of Parma, and 17 S of Mantua, Lon. 10 35 E, lat 44 38 N. Viana, town of Spain, in Navarre, seat- ed near the Ebro, 3 miles N of Logrono, and ^S SW af Pampeiuna. Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 42 32 N. Viana, town of Portugal, in Entre-Don- eio-e-Minho, seated at the mouth of the river Lima, with a good harbour, defended by a fort, 15 miles W of Araga, and 36 N of Oporto. Lon. 8 29 W, lat. 41 39 N. Vianden, town of the Netherlands, in the duchy of Luxemburg, capital of a county of the saTTie name. It is divided into two towns by the river Uren. In the one is a casile, built on an inaccessible mountain. 1 1 is 22 miles N of Luxemburg, and 22 NW of Treves. Lon. 6 13 E, lat, 49 55 N. Vianaj, town of the Netherlands, in XIol- land, on the Leek, seven miles S of l^trecht. Lon, 5 8 E, lat. 52 N. Viatka, government of Russia, which was ormerly a piovince of Kasan. It takes is name from 'he river Viatka, which runs through it, Viatka, town of Russia, capital of a go- vernment of the same name, with a bish- op's see, a'ld a castle. It was formerly called Khlynof, and rs .seated on the rivev V 1 c \ 1 E \ utka, 100 miles N of Kasan. Lon. 54 15 E, lit. 57 25 N. J'lc, town of Frmce, in the department of iMeurihe, and l^te province of L'trrai'i, seated on the Seille, 12 milfis ENB of Nan- ci, and 197 E of Paris. Lon. 6 38 E, lat. 48 47 N. Vie, town of France, in the department of the Upper Pyrenees Lon. 9 E, ld na. Vigo, -seaport of .Spain, in GaUicia, situate on a bay of the Atlantic defend- ed by a fort on an eminence, and an old castle It has a good harbour, and stands in a fruitful country, 14 miles WNW of Tuv, and 47 S of Compostella. Lon. 8 40 W, lat. 42 14 N. Vrgo, county of Indiana ; bounded by the state of Illinois W ; Parke N ; Put- num E ; and SuUivan S. Length 20 ; width 18 ; and area 360 square miles. It is traversed by Wabash river from N to S. The chief town, Terre Haute, is situated on the left bank of Wabash, 60 miles by land above Vinccnnes. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 1,907 do. do. females ... 1,457 All other persons except Indi.ins not taxed .... Total whites ..... 3,364 Free persons of colour, males - 12 do, do. females, 14 Slaves, males .... do. females ... Totfd population in 1820 - - 3,390 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 14 Engaged in .Agriculture - - 1,0?9 do. , in Manufactures - 169 do, in Commerce - - 22 Popul.tion to the square m le, 9i nearly. Vihiers, town of France, in the depart- ment of Mayenne and Loire, 20 niiles S of Angers, and 20 W by S of Saumur. VUaine, river of France, v/hich rises in \ 1 i-' \ i L iheilei)artinentofMayenne,])assjes by Vitre 15 miles Nti ofLamego, und 45 SE of Bra^ jAid Kennes, divides the department of g'a. Loii. 7 20 W. lat. 41 9 N. Morbihan from that of Lower Loire, and r/Z'ai2ea^ town of Spain, in the province enters tixe Bay of Biscay, below Roche of Valencia, ~6 miles \ of Valencia. Lon. Bernard. 20 E, lat. 39 46 N. Villa tie Conde, town of Portugal, in Entre Filla-Keat, town of Spain, in Guipuscoa. Douero e Minho, attbe mouth of the Ava, Villa-Rica, seaport of New Spain, in 20 miles K of Oporto. North America, in Mexico, seated on the Villa Flor, town of Portugal, in Tra los gulf of Mexico, 200 miles E of the c.ty of Montes, 28 miies S by W of Hraganza. Mexico. Lon. 97 15 W, Lt. 20 26 N. Villa Franca, seaport of the county of Fito-TJ/ca, town of Chili, seated on the Nice, with a castie and fort. Tl>e harbour is capacious, and the mountains which en- close it extend into the sea like promonto- ries. It is three miles E of Nice. Villa Franca, town of Italy, ia the Vero- nese, with a s.lk manufacture, 10 miles S of Verona. Villa Franca, town of Portugal, in Estre- lake Mulabaugen, 62 miles from the Pacific Ocean. Lon 72 41 \Y, lat. 39 15 S. Villa-Vicioua, town of Portugal, m Alen- teio, 16 miles SW of Elvas, and 83 SE of Lisbon. Lon. 7 16 \V, lat. 38 36 N. Villa-Viciusa, seaport of Spain, in Astu- ria d'Oviedo, sealed on the bay of Biscay, 22 miles NE of Oviedo. Lon. 5 24 \V, madur.i, on the estuary of the Tagus, 20 lat. 43 22 N. miles NE of Lisbon, ViUa-Viciosa, town of Spain, in New Cas. Villa Franca, town on the S coast of St. tile, six miles NE of Brihuega, and 49 NE Michael, one of the Azores, defended by a of Madrid. fort and other works. Opposite this place, Villac, town of Germany, in the duchy of half a mile from the shore, is a small island, Carinthia, belonging to the bishop of which has a basin with u narrow entrance, Bamberg, wit!i a castle. Its inhabitants wiiere fifty vessels mlgiit anchor in secu- carry on a great trade with the Venetians, vity. It is 16 miles E by N of Punta del and near it are the baths of Toplirz. It is Guda. Lon. 25 30 W, lat. 37 50 N. seated at. the confluence of the Drave and Villa Franca de Panades, town of Spain, Geil, surrounded bv mountains, 12 miles S in Catalonia, 18 miles W by S of Barce- W of Clagenfurl, 'and 88 NE of Brixen, Lon. 14 3 E, lat. 46 50 N Ville Dieu, town of France, in the depart - nient of the Cha'.Hel and late pro%inci^ of Ncrmanclv, 12 miies NNE of Avranches. Lon. 1 8 VV, lato lona. Village Hill, post ofKce, Nottaway county, \ irginia. Villa Hermosa, town of Spain, in Valen- cia, near the river Millas, 58 miles N of and 11 SE of Coutances. Valeiicia. 48 52 N. Vtlla Harmosa, town of Mexico, in the Villefort, town of France, in the depart- province of Tabasco, on the river Tabasco, ment .f Lozere, 18 miies E of .Mende, and 60 miles SVv' of Tabasco, and 70 NE of 19 Nof Alais. Chiapa. Villefranclie, town of France, in the de- Villa-Joiosa, or Joijsa, town of Spain, in partment of Rhone surrounded by walls, Valencia. Lon. 15 E, lat. 38 42 N. and seated on the Saone, 18 miles N by V»'' Villa-Ji'ova-da Cervei-a, town of Portugal, of Lyons, in the province of Entre-Douero e-Minho. Villefranclie, town of France, in the de- Lon, 8 40 \V, lat 41 55 N. paitmcnt of Eastern Pyrenees, with a fort ; ViUa'A'ova-da-Poria, town of Portugal, sea'ed on the river Tet, 25 miles WSW of in the province of Entre Douero e-Minho, Perpignan. seated on the river Douero, opposite Opov- Villefrancke, town of Yvav.cs, in the de- to (on which it depends) and defended psrtment of Aveiron, witii a greattrade in by several forts. It contams about 30GO Inhabitants. Villa- jVQva,'di-Portimao, seaport of Portu- gal, in ihe nrovince of Algarva. Lon. 8 41 W, lat. 37 5 N. Villa-JVuova d'Asii, town of Piedmont, in the county of Asti, 10 miles E of Turin. Lon. 7 59 E. lat. 45 50 N. Villa-Panda, town of Spain, in Leon, fmen cloth ; seated on the Aveiron, 20 miles \V of Rodcz. Villefranche, town of France, in the de- partment i.f Upper Garonne, on the canal royal, 22 miles SE of Toidwuse. Villejuive, town of France, in the depart- ment of Paris, four miles S of Paris. Villemur, town of France, in the depart- with an ai-senal, and a palace belonging to i"^"^ «'' Upper Garonne, seated on the the constable of Castile. It is 26 mdes N Tarn, 12 miles NNE of Toulouse. ofToro. Lon. 5 W, lat. 42 5 N. Villena, town of Spain in Murcia. In Villa-Real, unvn of Portugal, in the pro- the neighbourhood is a morass, from which vince of Tra-los-Mon»es, and capitd of salt is made. It is 18 miles SSE of Aimaa- Comarca, in a very pleasant situation, at za, and 50 N by E of Murcia. the confl'iencc of the Coi^o and Fibeta, T'i/i?'Te?es ; it is 24 miles long and 18 broad ; extremely fertile for the raising of fiugap and indigo; and here the bread-fruit 104^ trees, brought from Otaheite, thrive le- markably well. Kingston is the capital, Vincent, St. uninhabited island on the coast of Africa, and one of the Cape de Verd Islands. There is a bay on the NW side of it, and near it are caught vast quan- tities of Turtle. Vincent, St. maritime province of Brasil, in South America. The capital of the same name, has a good harbour. Lon. 46 30 W, lat. 24 15 S. Vincent, St. strong town of Spain,- in Old Castile, Vi^ith a castle, seated on a hill, near the river Ebro, 138 miles NE of Madrid. Lon. 2 40 W, lat. 42 30 N. Vineifcivd, township of Grand Isle county, Vermont ; situated on the small island Motte. Population in 1810, 333 ; and in 1820, 400. Vine yard, post office, Mecklenburg, county, Vi'ginia. Ving-orla, Dutch settlement in the penin- sula of Hindonstan, on the coast of Concan, a little N of Goa. Lon. 73 22 E, lat. 15 57 N. Vingorla Rocks, rocks lying in the Indian Ocean, possessed by the Malwans, a tribe of Pirates. Lon. 73 16 W. lat. 15 52 N. Vintimigliu, town of Italy, with a small harbour, on the Mediterran'ran, at the mouth of the Kotta, 20 miles ENE of Nice and 70 SW of Genoa. Lon. 7 37 E, lat. 43 So N. Vire, town of France, In the department of Calvados, and late province of Normandy, with sever.al m.ui'.ifactures of coarse woollen cloths. It IS seated on the Vire, 30 miles SE of Couiances, ami 150 W of Paris. Lon. 45 W, lat. 48 48 N. Virgil, township of Courtlandt county. New York, on the W side of Chenango, 10 miles S from Homer. Population in 1810, 913; and in 1820, 2411. Virgin Cape, cape of Patagonia. Lon. 67 54 W, lat. 52 23 S. Virgin Gorda. See Virgin Islands. Virgin Islands, about 30 islands and keys in the West Indies, between St. Juaf de Puerto Rico and the Leeward Caribbee Islands. They are possessed by the English and Danes. In the first division belonging t.- the Englisli is Tortola, the principal, to which belongs Just Van Dyke's and Little Vandyke's, Guana Isle, with Eeef and Thatch Islands. In the se- cond division is Virgin Gorda, to which be- long Atiegada, or Drowned Isle, Nicker, Prickiy Pear, and Mnskito Islandp, the Commanoes, Scrub and Dog Islands, the F.iller City (two rocky islets, close to- gether, at a distance resembling ruins) the Round Rock, Ginger, Cooper's Salt Island, Peter's Lsland, .and the Dead Chest. Of the Danish division, the principal islands are St. Thomas and St. .Tohn. Lon. from \ 1 u V I It 6ii 45 to 64 55 W, lat. from 17 10 lo 13 30 N, Firffinfa, state of the United States ; bounded by the Atlaniic Ocean E ; North Carolina, and Tennessee S ; Kentucky W; Ohio river or the state of Ohio NW ; Pennsvlvania N ; and Maryland NE, Having an outline on the Atlantic Ocean of . _ . . In common with Maryland from the Atlantic Ocean across the eastern shfir^ peninsula, and Chesapeak bay, to the mouth of Potomac river Up Potomac river to its source - 'i'hence due N to the S boundary of Pennsylvania Thence due W to the SW angle of Pennsylvania Thence due N along W boundary of Pennsylvania to Ohio river Down the Ohio river following its course to the mouth of Big Sandy river .--.'- From the mouth of Big Sandy river in common with Kentucky, to the north boundary of Ten- nessee - - - - Thence east along Tennessee, and North Carolina to the Atlantic Ocean _ . . - . Intire outline Miles. 110 55 200 36 61. 355 170 440 1.483 Breadth from North Carolina to Penn- sylvania 223 miles. Between lat. 36 30, and 40 37 N. From Its great extent, and from being so much inter-ected by mountains, Vir- ginia presents a very marked divervity of soil and climate. It possesses the main southern nuclues of the Appala- chian system, spreading also into the widest base, upon which that system rests. See article United States section, mountains. In point of soil, Virginia like Mary- land, presents three distiict tracts. The first, that of the alluvial sea sand inland to the falls of the rivers, and generally to the head of tide water. This region is flat and in part marshy along the sea coast, but rising imperceptibly inland, into the second or hilly tract. The lat- ter again merges gradually into the third or mountain section. The subjoined ta- bles will exhibit the relative density of population, on the respective sections. Tlic middle section of Virginia is re- markable for its rich scenery, and gene- neraily for good soil, and the production of excellent grain. The narrow zone between the Blue Ridge and Allegany mountain is ger,ei*aHy considered as the most productive region of Virginia. In order to give the reader means of estimating correctly the present locality of population in Virginia, the counties in the respective zones as far as their out- lines would atlmit are given separate. No. I. — Eastern or Alluvial Virginia i contains the counties of Counties. Sq. Miles. Accomac Caroline Charles City Elizabeth City Essex Gloucester Greensville Isle of Wright James' City inclu- dingWilliamsburg' King and Qneea King George King William Lancaster Mathtws Middlesex Nans^mond New Kent 240 600 200 64 280 320 300 450 ^184 400 16'J 480 230 • 8'J 210 660 230 Norfolk including V qqq Norfolk borough $ Nc'.thampton 240 Northumberland 240 Princess Anne 300 Prince Georges 312 Prince Wiiham 300 Richmond 1 60 Soutiiampton 500 Surry 360 Sussex 560 Warwick 105 Westmoreland 150 York 120 Pop. 1820. 15,969 I8,u08 5,255 3,789 y,9u9 9,678 6,858 10,139 4,563 11.798 6,116 9,697 5,517 6,920 4,057 10.494 6,630 23,943 7,705 8.016 8,767 8,030 9,419 5,706 14,170 6,594 11,884 1,608 6,901 4,384 to sq. m. 66 30 25 .59 30 23 22 17 29.^ 38' 20 27^T 86A 19 16 29 40 33 29 29 31 36 28 18 21 16 40 36, 'r No. II—Mi counties of: Coimties. Albemarle Amelia Amherst Augusta Bath Bedford Berkeley Bottetourt Brunswick Buck-.ngham Campbell Charlotte Chesterfield Culpepper Cumberland Dinwiddle Fairfax Fauquier 8,875 262,524 30 ddle Virginia contains the Sq. Miles. 700 300 418 900 900 660 500 1,120 570 680 550 600 480 540 320 600 450 720 104: pop. 1320. 19,750 ll.lUu 10,426 16,72'i 5,237 19,305, 11,211 13,589 16,687 17,570 16,569 13,290 18,003 20,942 11.023 20,482 11,404 23,103 to sq. oi, 28 37 25 19 6 30 22 12 30 . 26 30 o4 36 24 %■ 1 Jl 1 n Cduntk.r. Fluvanna Frank! n Frederick G 'O Siand Halifax Hairij.shire H ijover Hardy Heiinco, inclii- 1 ding the city >- of Richmond J Henry Jt S rson Loudon Louisa Lunenburg Madison Mecklenburg Morj;an Nottaway Nelson Orange Patrick Pendleton Pittsylvania Prince Edward Powhatan Rockbridge Rockingham Shenandoah Spottsylvania Stafford Sq. Miks. 414 670 736 230 9 1,250 640 700 6,704 12,017 24,706 10 0-7 19,060 10889 15,267 5.730 16 18 33^ 30 20 S 23| 300 23,657 78| 400 300 400 560 220 784 600 450 26i 345 600 600 1,000 1,000 250 320 700 770 900 450 240 5,6 4 13.087 22,702 i:),"45 10 662 8,490 19,786 2,500 9.658 10.137 12,913 5 089 4.836 21,313 12,577 8,292 11,945 14,784 18.926 14,2-4 9,517 14 43 56 941 48J, 10^ 33 5h 36:!r 30 21.^ 8^ 4,. 2U 40 • 25 17 19 21 •31^ 45 Ctiu/Uies. , "; Mason Monongahe- 1;^, E, and W. Mo'-roe Montgomery Ohio Nicholas Preston Randolph Riissel Sc.v.t Tazewell Tyler Washington Wood Wyilie Sg. miles 830 Pofiutation. Te m. in* 4,868 6 nearly. 660 11,060 16 24,277 655,266 27 Xso. Ill— The surface of West Virginia is still more broken than thv-t of West Penn- sylvania. In one respect the two sections are equal ; the air and water of both arc pure and healthful- Strenuous exertions are making by the legislature and people of Virgm'ia to open an unin empied waier communication from James river to the Great Kenhaw.), and down that stream to the Ohio. Should sucIj an imdertJiking be carried into effect, and nature appears to have opposed no obstacle insuperable to genius, wealth, and industry to remove, then will a new and most import anl com- mercial line be added, lo connect and ce- ment the two opposing slopes of the Ohio river and Atlantic ocean. Politically, West Virginia is subdivided into the counties of: Counties, Broke eabeil Giles f; ray son Greenbriar Harrison Kenhawa Lee Lewis 150 1750 1900 900 1200 1125 2400 780 1400 Population, To sq. m. f044 6,611 4,7o9 4,521 5,598 7,041 10,932 6,399 4,256 4,247 ,44 2^ 2" . 6 6 nearly. 9 2:^ 5 450 950 440 900 640 2800 1575 1100 2400 600 850 1300 1030 6,620 8,733 9,182 2,853 3,422 3,357 5,536 4,263 3,916 2,314 12,444 5,860 9,692 13 9 20 2 5 1 3^ n 4 16nearlv. 4A 9" 28,130 147,514 The entire population of West Virginia were classed by the census, 1820. Foreigners not naturalized - 235 Engaged in Agriculture - - 34,314 do. in Manufac.ures - - 3.878 do. in Commerce - - 343 39,314 W'e perceive by the foregoing table that a vety scattered population of a litde more than five to the square mile, spreads over a surface, in West Vitginis, of 28,130 square miles. This includr s also the two extre;..es, and comparatively thickly popu- lated counties o1 Brooke, and Ohio, west from Peiinsylvania; the two Monongaiias, on Moiiohgaiiela river, south from Pennsyl- vania ; and Washington on the water* of Tennessee. The superficies and popula- tion of these counties are, it taken together, 2100 square miles, and 39,297 inhabitants, leaving lor the residue 26,030 square miles, and Iu7,8l7 inliabitants. This presents a surface, in AVes; Virginia, exceeding 26,000 square miles, upon which there exists a population of within a trifling traction of four persons to the square mile. In the counties of West Virginia, there were by the census of 1820, 6728 male, and 6568 female slaves, amounting to 13,296. There were tree persons of colour, 551 males, 487 females, amounting to 1028. The slaves and free persons of colour united, making an aggregate of 13,296, and knvingfree whites 132,790. Suummry. Sq. miles. Population, Tosq.m. Ea.t Virginia tih75 262,524 30 Middle Virginia 24297 655,266 26 WestVirginia 28130 147,514 5 61302 1,065,304 We here behold the interesting result, that although the large towns of Richmond, Petersburg, and Lynchburg, are ail inclu- flpd in tjre middle section, and thou.gh com- \~ I K j.-:>rativeiy inferior in sol!, that tlie iiHtiviiil portion of Virginia, contains tlie most dense population of any of the greiit sections of that slate. ♦ The followlofj table exhibits the entire population at the respective census of 1810, and 1820. Population in 1810. Free white males . - - 280,033 do. do. females - - . 271,496 TotSil whites .... 551,534 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - 30,570 Slaves 392,518 Total population in 1810 974,622 Population in 1820. Free white mates - - . 304,731 do. do. females - - - 298,343 All other persons except Indians not taxed . , . _ 250 Teal whites .... 603,324 Free persons of colour, males - 17,849 do. do. females . 19,U40 Slaves, males .... 218,274 c^o. fbmalos .... 206,879 Total slaves and. free coloured persons .... - 462,042 Total population in 1820. 1,065,366 2,142 276,422 747,601 886,149 Of these ; Foreigners not na'.ur:dizcd Engaged in AgricuHure do. in Manufactures - - 52,336 do. in Commerce - - 4,509 Population to the squa'-e mile, 17 1-3. Progressive population : In 1790 1800 In 1810, and in 1820, as in the preceding table. In the alluvial and middle cotmties enu" merated in sections No. I. and II. there were by the census of 1820, free whites, 452,930, and slaves, and free coloured per- sons 424,370. The interests of education have received ample consideration from tiie legislature of Virginia. The university of Virginia has been located at Charlottsville, but has not yet went inio operation. The most ancient college of that state, William and Mary is at Williamsburg. See V/iiliamslmrg. Wash- ington college at Lexington. See Lexing- ton. Hampden Sydney college stands m Prince Edward county. Sec Trhtce Ed- "•vard. The funds appropriated by the legis- lature of Virginia, for literary purposes, are about 1,200,000 dollars, received fronn the United States for military services, and other sums arising froi-n escheats, lines, 8cc. The whole estimated to yield annually 90,000 dollars. Of which, about one half is appropriated to primaty schools; and 15,000 dollars to the state university. Tl)e residue remains unap- propriated. The actual commercial relations of Virginia may be seen by reference to the articlf s Alexandria, Norfolk, Peters- burg, and Richmond, its four principal ports. The most valuable staples of this state are wheat, and t bacco, but a con- siderable quantity of cotton is cultivated in the SK counties. Small grain, fruit, and pasturage abounds, where due at- tention has been paid to agriculture. Iron, lead, gypsum, salt, and mineral coal, are its most valuable and abundant metallic productions. Vmienber^, tc.wn of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia. It is 20 miles \V of Coblentz, Lon. 7 5 E, lat. 60 27 N. Virto7i, town of Austrian Luxemburg, 22 miles VV of Luxemburg, Lon. 5 41 E, lat. 49 .i6 N. Visagapatam, town of the peninsula of Hindoostan. Lon. 82 40 E, lat. 17 45 N. Vischwa, town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Tobolsk. Lon 61 n E, lat. 62 36 N. Visei, town of the Netherlands, in thn bishopric of Liege, seated on the Maese, seven miles N of Liege. Lon. 5 00 E, lat. 50 44 N. Vishnei- Volotchok, town of Russia, in the government of JV».t. Lon. 35 E, lat. 57 23 N. This place- is situated on the canal which unites the Masta to the Tver, and takes its name fr^m the Rus- sian noun, Volok, signifying the space between two navigable nvt rs. Fisiafiour, or Bejapour, considerable city of the Deccan of Hindoostan. former- ly the capital of a large kingdom of the same name, now subject to the Ponnah IMahrattas. It is 136 milts E of Poonah, and 234 SE of Bombay. Lon. 75 19 E, lat. 17 26 N. Visogorod, town of Poland, in Maso- via, with a castle, seated on the Vistula, 50 miles NW «)f Warsaw. Uist, J\''orih and South, two islands of the Hebrides, on the W coast of Scot- land, viz. Uist, North which lies to the south- ward of Harris, separated by a channel of about nine miks over, is somewhat more considerable, being about 3u miles in circumference North Uist is 15 miles S of the Isle of Skye And, Uist, Souths is about 21 miles in length, and three or four in breadth, 20 miles W of the Isle of Skye. Vistula, large river which rises in 1045 \ I V tJ I- .\i Mouni Crapach, en the contines ot Sile- sia and Hungary, crosses Poland and Prussia, and falls by three mouths into th' Baltic, br-low Dantzic. It is forn-.ed by the Vistula prpper, the Bug, and Na- rew, and passes, Crncow, Sandorair, 'War- saw. Culm, Maritnberg, and Dantzic. Vicerbo, episcopal town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, containing 10,000 inhabitants ; seated at the foot of a moun- tain, from the top of which, the city of Rome and the M.-diterrrfncan Sea may he seen ; the latter at a d stance of near 50 miles It is 20 miles SE of Orvieto, and 35 N by W of Rome. Vitre, town of France, in the depart- ment of Isle and Vilaine, and late pro- vince of Brittany, with a trade in linen cloth, and knit sti ckings and gloves. It is seated on the Vilaine, SO miles NE of Rennes. Vitri le- Urule, village of France, in the departnitnt of Maine, and late pro- vince of Champagne. Vicri-Le-Francois , town of France, in the department of Marne, and late pro- vince of Champagne It has a great trade, particularly in grain, and is seat- ed on the Marne, 15 miles SE of Caa- lons, and liiO E of Paris. Lon. 4 33 E, lat. 48 44 N ^ Vitring, towti of Germany, in Austria, on a lake, calltd the VVordstee, four miles S\V from Giagenfurt. Vitteaiix, town o! France, in the de- partment of Cote d'Or, and late province of Burgundy, on the river Braine, where there are quarries of marble, 12 miles SE of Semur, and 27 W of Dijon Vitioria, or Victoria, town of Spain, in Biscay, capital of the province of Alaba. It has a great trade in hardware, paiti- cularlyin sword-blades, wliich are made here in great quantities. , It is seated on an eminence, at the end of a plain, fer- tile in corn and grapes, 32 miles SE of Eilboa, and 155 N of Madrid. Lon. 2 56 W, lat. 42 55 N. Viravats, late small province of France, and now included in the department of Ardeche. Vivero, town of Spain, in GaUicia, seated at the foot vi a steep mountain, near the rii'tr Landrova, whose mouth forms a large harbour in the Atlantic, 30 miles NVV of Mondonnedo. Lon. 7 34 W,,lat. 43 50 N. Vivicrs, town of France, in the depart- ment of Ardeche, and late province of Laoguedoc, with a bishop's see. It is seated among rocks (on one of which the cathedral is built) on the river Rhone, 20 miles N of Orange, and 70 >iEof Montpellier. Lon. 4 46 E, lat. 44 20 N. in4^ i''iza, town of Turkey in Europe, la Romania, at the foot of a mountain, at the source of the river Glicenero. Ukensoi, town or Russia, in the go- vernment of Tobolsk, at the junction of the Irtysh and Oby. Lon. 69 15 E, lat. 61 10 N. Ukraine, large country of Europe, ly- ing on the borders of Turkey in Europe, Poland, Russia, and Little fartary. Its name properly signifi s a frontier, and lies along the Dnieper, and belonged many ages to Russia Kiel was one of the original cr4pitals of that empire. Af- ter a series of revolutions, it has again entirely fell under the Russian sceptre. The pririCipal town is Kief. See Cos- sacs. V'adimir. See Volodlmir, Ulala, town ot Hindoostan, in Canara, three mdes SW of Mangalore. Uhiprjrjl, town of Scotland, in Ross- shire, on the E side of the entrance of Loch Broom, at the mouth of a river of its name, with a good harbour and com- modious road. It is a great fishing sta- tion, and situate in the midst of a wool country, 48 miles W by N of Tain. Lon, 5 5 W, lat 57 50 N. Ulea, or Ulahorg, seaport of Russian Finland, and the largest town in east B thnia, with a commodious harbour, at the m Ivania, in Trough creek valley, 15 miles nearly S from Huntingdon- Population 1820, 1078. Union, township of Luzerne county, Pennsyivania, extending from the Sus- quehannah river, to the E limit of Ly- coming county. 13 miles below Wilkes, barre.' Population 1820, 686, Union, p^ist town, borough, and seat of justice, Fayette county, Pennsylvania, on both sides of Redstone ci eek, 12 miles SE from Brownsville. Population 1820, 1058. Union, township Fayette county, Penn- sylvania, around the borough of the same name. Population 1S20. 1947.. 1. N i h N 4 Vmon, towiisliip of Mifflin county, Pena- sylvania, adjoining Centre and Huntingdon counties, containing 1114 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1391. Union, district of South Carolina ; bound- ed by Broad river or Yrrk, Chester, and Fairfield districts E ; Ennoree river or Newberry and Laurens districts SW ; and Spartanburg W and NW. Length 45 ; mean width 15 ; and area 675 square miles. Beside the two bounding rivers, it is drain- ed by Pactilet and Tyger river. Chief town, Union Population in 1810. Free white males - ~ - 3,940 do. do. females - - . 4,148 Total whites .... 8,088 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - . 68 Slaves 2,846 Total population in 1810 . - 11,002 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 5,246 do. do. females . - 4,540 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - Total whites . - - - 9,786 Free persons of colour, males 31 do. do. females, 31 Slaves, males .... 2,438 do. females - - - - 1,840 ©f these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 22 Engaged in Agriculture - - 57§ do. in Manufactures . 90 do. in Commerce - - 9 Population to the square mile, 6. Union, county of Ohio ; bounded by Delaware E ; Madison and Champaign S ; Logan W; and Hardin and Marion N. Length 27 ; breadth 17 ; and area 500 square miles. It is drained by the sources of Darby and Mill creeks. Soil generally fertile. Chief town, Marysville. Population in 1820. Free whitt- males - - 1,010 do do. females - - 978 All other persons except Indians not taxed _ - - - Total population in 1820 14.126 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - - 63 Engaged in Agriculture - - 4,694 do. in Manufactures - - 334 do. in Commerce - - 46 Population to the square mile, 21 nearly. Union, post village and seat of justice, Union district, South Carolina, 60 miles N NW from Columbia. Union, county of Kentucky ; bounded by Ohio river W and NW ; Henderson county NE ; Hopkins SE ; and Tradewater river or Livingston county SW. Length 30 ; mean width 16 ; and area 540 square miles. This county lies opposite to the mouth of Wab;:sh river. Chief town, Morganfield. Population in 1820. ■Bree white males - - 1,270 do. do. females - - 1,159 Total whites Free persons of colour, males do do. females Slayes, males do. females Total popul.itlon in 1820 - 'i V 2,429 5 1 535 500 3,470 Total whites - _ - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males _ - - do. females _ _ - Total population in 1820 1,996 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - 342 do. in Manufactures - 15 do. in Commerce - 2 Population to the square mile 4 nearly. Union, township of Union county, Ohio. Populaiion in 1820, Union, township of Knox countv, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1356. Union, township of Belmont county, Ohio, containing the village of Morristown. Populaiion in 1820, 1651. Union, township of Washington county, Ohio Population in 1820, 242. Unio7i, township of Lawrence county, Ohio Population in 1820, 519. U7iion. tovrti8hi|> of Knox county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 955. Union, one of the northern townships of Ross coimty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 2778. Union, NW township of Highland coun- ty, OIiio. Population in 1820, 730. Union, t'Hvnship of Champaign county, Ohio, which comaining 708 inhabitants in 1820 Uninu, 'ownship of Logan county, Ohio. Populainin 1820,616. Urdon, township of Madison county, Ohio, in which is si uated 'he town of London. Populati hi in 1820, 720. Union, 'ownship of Fayette county, Ohio, containing 'he town of Washington. Popu- lation in 182u, 1069. Union, town-hip of Clinton county, Ohio, conwiining *he town of Wilmington, Popti- ration hi i820, 2656. ( 10"49 L N I U K I (jiiioiii NW township of Sciolo county, Ohio. Fopulation ill 1820, 322. Union, township of Warren county, Ohio, which contained 13S2 inhabitants in 1820. Union, township of Butler county, Ohio. Population in 1820, uncertain. Ifnion, eastern town-liip in Muskingum county, Ohio, tiirough which tlie road passes from Zanesvil.e to Wheeling'. Popu- lation in 1820, 990. Union, western township of Clermont CcinUy, Ohio. Population in 1820, 1165. Union, SW township of Miami county, Ohio, containing 1064 inhabit.tnts in 1820. Union, West. See West Union. Union, or Shakersto-nn, ssltlement of Shakers, in Warren couaiy, Ohio, four miles west of Lebanon. Union, post town, .Montgomery county, Ohio, 12 miles NW from Dayton. Union, county of Illinois ; bounded by the Mississippi river W ; Jackson and .Franklin counties N; and Johnson E. Length 24 ; breadth 18 ; and area 430 square miles. Chief towns, Hamburg and Jonesburg. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 1,254 do. do. females - - - 1,084 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - . o Total whites .... 2,3S3 Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females - Slaves, males . - . - 14 do. females ... 10 Total population in 1820 - 2,362 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 5 Engaged in Ygriculture • - 599 do. in Manufactures . 41 do. in Commerce - - 8 Population to the square nf^, 5 1-3. Uniontoiu7i, post town, near Jonathan's creek, Muskingum county, Ohio, nine miles SW from Zanesville. United Provinces nf the J^'etherlands for- merly a republic of Europe, consisting ot seven provinces, which extended 150 miles from N to S, and 100 from E to W. They were bounded on the W and N by the German Ocean, on the S by Brabant and the bishopric of Liege, and on the E by Germany. They ranked in the following order ; Guelderland, Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friesland. Overyssel, and Qronin- gen. They now form parts of the king- dom ot the Netherlands. United States, country of North Ameri- ca ; bounded by the Atlantic Ocean E and SE ; Gulf of Mexico S ; the Spanish or Mexican province SW : Pacific Ocean W ; and N by the Russian and British territo- 1050 ries in North America. This extensive region has the following limits : jlliks. Commencing on Passamaquodily bay at the moith of St. Croix river ; and thence along the At- lantic Ocean to Florida point 1800 Thence along the Gulf of Mexico to the mouth of the Sabine - 1100 From the mouth of the Sabine, in common with the Spanish op Mexican provinces to the Pacific Ocean - . - - - - 2300 Along tlie Pacific Ocean from lat. 42 to 49 N, or about - - 500 Due east from the Pacific Ocean, on lat. 49° N, on the Russian territo- ries to the Rocky or Chippewah mountains - . . . 600 Thence in common with Cabotia, or British North America, to the mouth of St. Croix Having an intire outline 3000 9300 It is subdivided following states and alphabetically, are : Alabama Arkansaw Connecticut Columbia district Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Kenuicky Louisiana Maine Maryland M ssachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri New Hampsliire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Souih Carolina Tennessee Vermont Virginia Western Territory at this period into the terri lories. which taken Square Miles, Population" 51,770 143,000 100,000 14,273 4,750 275,248 100 33,039 2,120 72,749 .54,000 10,000 58,000 340,989 58,900 55,211 34,000 147,178 37,680 564,317 48,220 153 407 35,000 297,839 11,000 407,350 7,250 521,725 174,000* 10,000 45,760 75,448 62,870 66,586 8,030 244,155 6.851 277,573 46.000 1,372,812 48,000 638,829 38,260 581,434 43,^50 1,049,458 1,580 83,059 24,000 t502,758 40,000 423,813 8,278 235,764 63,000 1,065,304 950,000 2,063,369 9,663,313 * See Michigan. t Including Kershaw district, which was not returned in the census of 1820. U" N I t^ N i So much has been given on the sep.a- to each other. The system is every where rate sections, as to precUide the necessity remarkable for tlie regular heic^ht t)f its of a lengthe!!ed article under the head of ridges, and the non-existence of elevatefl the United States. It may be sufficient to peaks The bearing of tiie wliole system, observe, that th*^ territory of the ynited is generally from NE to SW, but, with States is naturally subdivided into four sec- some remarkable inflections. In the south- tions. em side of Pennsylvania, in Maryland, and First the AlHn-ic slone - second a nart '" ^^^^ ^ ^'^^ °^ Virginia, the ridges lie P . K • Allan'ic slope , second, a par j^^^j.,,^ j^ ^^^ g ^^^^ j,^ ^;,^ j^^^^^. or the basm or S;. Lawrence; third, tiie ~„„,i.' n „„ „' „ oix- a- ,.• I ereatest nart of the bisin of Mississinni • .?'^^."^"y re-assiime a S^\ direction, and greatest pan ot tne bism of MiSMSsipp. continue in that course to neur the north Columbia ^ boundary of Tennessee. Here the whole system inflects considerably to the west of The Atlantic slope, is that part of the south-west, and crossing Tennessee, imper- United States, from wh'ch the streams flow ceptibly merges into the general level of into tlie Atlantic ocean. This !'egion ex- the adjacent country, in Alabama, Georgia, tends from Florida point, lat. 25 0, to the and Mississippi. sources of St. John's river, lat. 48 N, and From the sources of the Mohawk, to reaches inland considerably beyond the those of Tennessee, Kenhawa, and James' main ridge of the Appalachian mountains, river, the table land gradually rises, advn:,. It is a very interesting fitct in tlie geogra- cingfrom NE to SW. Tlie sources of the phy of tlie United States, that the real de- Mohawk flow from a surface about 609 feet viding Une between the rivers of the Atlan- above the Atlantic Ocean; those of the- tic slope and those flowing into the basins Tennessee, Kenhawa, and James' river, of St. Lawrence, and Mississippi, and the from a table land from 1500 to 2000 feet rangeof intermediate mountains, cross each above the ocean level. The intermediate other obliquely. The Tepnessee and Ken- sireams rise upon elevations, nearly com- hav/a rivers, rise E of all the mountain mensurate to their particular distance from ridges but one ; and the Susquehannah and the extremes. Mohawk, have their sources west of the The entire Appalachian, or Allegany Appalachian system. In both cases the system, is about 1200 miles in length, and rivers pierce the mountain ridges in their including all its lateral ridges 100 miles progress towards their respective recipi- wide ; embracing an area of 120,000 square ents. This peculiar structure gives great miles. Cut a small part however, compara- facility of water communication across an tiyely of this superficies is actually covered extensive mountain mass. with mountains. Some of thp most pro- Take into one general view, the Atlantic '^"Ctive^, picturesque, and salubrious sec- slope declines by gradulally, but unequally *'""^ °^ ^}?^ United States are found in the from the sources of its nvsrs towards the ^^^Ueys of this mountain system. They are Atlantic coast. North East from the Hud- ^'"'P'y noticed in this treatise, under the son, this slope terminates by hills on the ocean; but SW, from that river, in an al- luvial plain. See the various States, and Rivers, of the Atlantic slope. Though, not the actual dividing ridge between the sources of its rivers, the Al- legany, or Appalachian mountain system, is a very prominent, and influential feature in respective states, and counties within their range, to v,-hich the reader is referred. 'i'lie reader is also referred for the other great natural sections of the United States, to tiie ai'ticles Cidppewan, Columbia, Mas- seme, MissiaVtppU^Missouri, St. Laiorence, The classified and progressive popula- the physiognomy of the United States. \¥ ^}^'' f,}^^. '^"=*f^ ^^^^^^' "^'^ exhibited in is composed of two very distinct masses, the following tables, separated by the deep tide vale of the Hud- Population in 1810 son. North East from that singular bay, Free xvhite males '- - 2.988.141 two ridges extend nearly N and S. Fu^t. ^o. do. females - - 2 873 952 the main ridge between the basins of the ' •j,^>ii, Hudson, and lake Champlain, and tl.at of Total whites - - - 5,862,093 Connecticut river : and the second, ,n more All other persons except Indians broken fragments E of the latter basm. not taxed - - One part of the latter ridge, the White slaves . - J ' mountains of New Hampshire is the highest lalltfsMrt '^''^^'"' ^^ ^'"" countijlj^Tew Total population in 1810 186,446 1.191,364 7',239,903 South west from the Hudson, the Appa- Population in 1820. lachian system, with some apparent confu- Free white males - . 3 992 166 sion, extends in ridges lying nearly parallel do. do. females - - 3,'863,*916 1051 AN-NUAL TREASURY fiEPOllT OP THE UNITEB STATES'. All ether persons except Indians not taxed 4.631 Total whites - - - 7.840,713 Free persons of colour, males 112,703 do. do. females, 120,695 Sla\'es, males - - - 784,671 do. females - - - 746,765 Total population in 1820 - 9,625,547 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce 53,655 2,065,499 349.24''- 72,o97 To complete the enumeration, the inhabitants of tlie United States in 1820, to the above aggregate Must be adde.1, the popula- ef Kershaw district, South Carolina - - - 9^25,547 12,442 Additional counties of Ala- bama - _ _ 15,324 Elorida 10,000 Corrected Amount * 9,663,313 Progressive population since tha vear 1790 : In 1790 - - - 3,929,328 ISOO - - - 5,306,035 1810 - - - 7,239,903 1820 - - - 9.663,313* Tn Estimating the comparative population to the square mile, it will be four and a third, if the whole territory of the Uiiited States is included ; but amoun'.s to 16 to t!ie square mile, v/hen we include only the f.vea actually embraced by the census of 1820, or about 600,000:squajemilet. * Several very serious discrepancies ex- ist in the general ag-gregate published at Washington, from the Marshal's return of the census of 1S20. In the general sum- vnary v/hich precedes the separate tables, the entire population of the United S ates is given at 9,625,734 ; but when the classes in the various columns are numbered fr m the top to the bottom of the page, or fiom left to right, a differenc? in ihe respective tesults is found, amounting to 20,187. In seai'ching lor the source of this large error, it was discovered, that the column lieadi-d " Free -white males of 16 ajid tinder 26, i7iclu- ding heads of families" was 755,520, instead of 775,520, the real number. The small fraction of 187, was made up of minor er- rors, of too little moment to rendep specifi- cation necessarv. 1,21S,966 40 336,290 11 ANNUAL TREASURY REPORT. In obedience to the directions of the " Act supplementary to the Act to establish the Treasury Department," the Secretary of the Treasury respectfully submits the following Report : 1. Of ihe Public Revenue arid Expenditure, of the Years 1821 and 1822. The neat revenue which accrued from duties on imports and tonnage, da. ring the year 1S2X, amounted to §15,898,4:4 42 The actual re- ceipts in the Trea- sury, during the year 1821, inclu- ding the loan of 5,000,000, amount- ed to 19,573,703 7Q Viz.— Customs 13,004,447 15 Public lands, ex- clusive of Missts- appi stack Arrears of in- ternal duties and direct tax Dividend on stock in Bank of the United States and other inci- dental receipts Loan authorised by act of the 3d March, 1821, inclu- ding a premium of g264,703 70 gain- ed on the same 5,000,000 00 Making, with the "" balance in the Treasury, on the 1st of January, 1821, of 1,198,461 21 An aggregate of 20,773,164 93 The expendi- tures during 1821, Amounted to 19,090,572 69 Civil, diplomatic, and miscellaneous 3,241,871 54 Militai'y service, including fortifica- tions, ordnance, In- dian Department, Revolutionary and Military pensions, arming the mili- tia, and arrearages prioE to the 1st Januaij, 18W 5,162,364 47 Naval services, including the gra- dual increase of the Navy 3,319,243 06 Public debt 8,367,093 62 AltNUAL TfiEASUnV REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES. Leading a ba- lance in the Treas- Mry, on the 1st of January, 1822, of The actual re- ceipts in the Treas- uiy, (luring the three first quarters of the year 1822, are estimated to have amounted to 14,745,408 75 Viz — Customs 12,648,933 15 Public lands ex- clusive of Missis- sippi Stock 1,298,584 56 Arrears of inter- nal duties and di- rect tax, dividend on stock in the Bank, and other in- cidental receipts 391,871 7© Balances of ap- propriations for the War and Navy De partments, return- ed to the Treasury, and carried to the surplus fund 406,119 28 The actual re- ceipts into the Treasury, during the 4th quarter, are estimated at 5,000,000 00 Making the total estimated receipts into the Treasury during the year 1822 And with the ba- lance in the Treas- ury, on the 1st of January,1822,form- ing an aggregate of The expenditures during the three first quarters of the year 1822, are esti- mated to have amounted to 12,278,653 o5 Viz.— Civil, diplomatic, and miscellaneous 1,536,434 2-i Military service, including fortifica- tions, ordnance, In- dian Department, revolutionary and military pensions, arming the militia, and arrearages prior to 1st Janu- ary, 1817, 4,930,210 68 Naval service, in- cluding the gradual increase of the 1,681,592 24 Navy, 1,558,952 88 Public debt 4,-276,055 52 The expendi- tures during the fourth quarter, in- cluding the re- demption of the §2,000,000 of six per cent, stock of 1820, are estimated at 6,000,000 00 Making the total estimated expendi- ture of the year 1822 1 8,278,653 33 And ' leaving in the Treasury on the 1st of January 112.5, an estimate of 3,148,347 67 After deducting from this sum, certma balances of appropriations amounting to 551,232,212 11, which are necessary to effect the objects for -which they were severally made, or hare been deducted from the esti- mates, for the service of the ensuing year a balance of ^1,916, l.;5 56, remains; which, with the receipts into the Treasury during the year 182), continues the means for defraying ' the current service of that year. 2. Of the Public Debt. The funded debt which was contract- ed before the year 1812, and which was unredeemed on the 1st day of Octo- ber, 1821, amount- ed to 17,885,746 S4 And that which was contracted sub- sequently to the 1st of January, 1812, and was nnredeeic- ed on the 1st of Oct. 1221, amount- to 73,552,458 18 !?fcaking the total amount of funded debt unredeemed on the 1st of Octo- ber, 1821 93,686,205 €!2- In the fourth quarter of that year there was issued Treasury Note six per cent, stock, to the amount of 5liip, Columly the duchy of Al- tti.buig, ai u ( 1 the W by Thuringia and f'ranconia. I*^] ^wen is the capital. Voigtsberg, town of Germany, in tlie cir- cle «n Uppei- Saxony, with a citadel. ^dkelm'k, or TfoUckmayJi, town of Ger- many, •» the circle of Austria. Lon. 14 56 B, lat 46 45 N. Volano, seapi.-rt of Italy in the Fcrrarese, seated on the gidf of Venice, at one of the niouths*of tUe Po, 40, 40 milefj: of Fer- rara. Lon4^^6 E, lat. 44 52 if iJie Li pari Islands, in the nillsrs in circumljrencc. the forn of a broken smoke onh'. dcanic island Lveen that of in the Liparl Volcan •■■diterranej Fis a t«olc:il •.^ne, bu' %Vol(ciiei AlSSlerranean, cano. ^^ ^ ^ large^tW^eij^' Europe, which sonr^^ii) twor'small lakes, in the iricrnt fflil^lesko?, n Russia, about 3 W of Tver. It begins to be na- vigable a few miles above that town, and is considerably augmented here by the junc- tion of tiie Tverza, whicli is a broader, deep<:t', and more rapid river. By means of ti'e Tverza, a communication is made hetvvf en the Volga and the Neva, or, in other words, between the Caspian ar.d the B dtic. Tills river waters some of the finest provinces in the Russian empire, passes by Yar slat, Kostroma, Nishne-Novogorod, Easan, Simbirsk, and Saratof, "entering the Caspian Sea, by several mouths, below As- tracan. . Volhynia, palatinate of Russian Poland^ t0^5 V e JR, h V P SOO miles long' and 1S0 broad ; bounded on the N by Polesia, on the E by Kiof, on the S by Podolia, and on the W by Austri- an Poland. It consists chiefly of plains watered by a great number of rivers. Luc- ko is the capital. Vollenhoven, town of Overyssel, capital of a territory of the ^ame name, on the Zuy- der-Zee, 8 miles SW of Steenvvich, and 12 NW of Zwol Lon. 5 42 E, lat. 52 44 N. Volney, township of Oswego county, New York. Population in 1820, 1691. Valot town of Turkey, in Europe, in Jan- na, on a gulf of the same name, where there is a good harbour, 30 miles SE of Larissa. Lon. 22 55 E, lat. 39 21 N. Volodimir, or Vladimir, government of Russia, formerly a province of Moscow, containing 14 districts. Volodimir, or Vladimir, town of Russia, capital of the government of that name, and once the metropolis of the Kussian empire. It is seated on the Kliasma, 110 miles E by N of Moscow. Vologda, government of Russia, fonnedy the large t province of Russia, divided inio the iwo provinces of V Ustlug, and containin;, Vologda, town of R- vince of the same name, sea; on the river Vologda. Li 59 40 N. Volta, river of Africfi, N to S, and falls into the Atlan Volterra, town of lxi\y, in T miles SW of Florerice. Lon. 10 43 26 N. ties of Feldkirch, Bregentz^^Pludente, and Sonnaberg Vorden, town of Gerntiany, in the cir- cle of Westphalia. Lon. 8 24 E, lat. 52 29 N. Vorijigen, town of Germany, in Suabia. Lon. 9 12 E, lat. 48 15 N. Veroneiz, government of Russia, con- taining 15 districts. Voronetz, town of Russia, the capi- tal of a government of the -sam^name. It is seated on the Voronetz, below its' junction with the Don, 217 miles S by E of Moscow. Lon. 39 40 E, lat. 51 36 N. Vosges, department of France, including that part of Lorrain, which .-was lately a province of the same name. It is so * called from a chain of mountains, cover- ed with wood, that separates this de- partment from the department of Upper Saone, and Upper Rhine. Voiiaks, name of a people who inhabit the land between the rivers Kama and the Viatki ; they are commonly of a mid- dling stature, and thin. The colour of their hair is various, but for the most piait reddish ; and they resemble the iViarsh^*^*"''^ in their make more than any na- E 1"'' '^ '■^^^ derives its origin from them. ' " ' Vou-liou-hien, city of China, in the pro- vince, of Kiang-nan, and jurisdiction of Tay-ping-fou ; the most considerable, in point of riches, in that jurisdiction* It is 52 miles SW of Tay-ping-fou. Vouille,, v«tUage of France, where was nd Velibi- Voltei, town of Italy, in the territory of fought the memorable battle between Genoa, six miles W of Genoa. Clovis and Alaric, king of the Visigoths^ ro;/wmo^iver of Italy, in Naplej, which ^\ ?• ^0^ ^Y which the power of the in l(»e Appenines, p rise and Capua, and ialls into th Volturara, town of Napl seated, at the foot of miles W of Lucera, an Lon. 15 14 E, lat. 41 Volvic, town of Fri ment of Puy de Do mense quantities. «^i7H, township of Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, containing 1050 in- habitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1259 ; Voralbcrg, or Vorarlberg, district of Up- situated between Horsham and White* iiev AtRtria ; coroDrjsing the four coau- marsh, live miles NW qf Jsnl^int^vfi' L U A G U G Upper, SVV township of Lawrence county, 0\\\o. Population 18:^0, 414. Upper Freehold., township ot Monmouth county, New Jfcrsey, situatt-d oii the S side of the river Shrcwsburv, 12 miles S of Ainboy. It contained .U83 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820, 4541. Upper M:irIbo7-oH^h, village with a post office, in P. ince Georg county, Mary- land, 18 miles E by S of Washington, and 20 SW of Annupolis Uppingham, town of Rutlandshire, on an eminence, six miles S of Oakham and 90 N by VV of London. Lon 45 , changed m 1771, on the suppn bsion of the rebellion of Pugatch f. Tlie river Y lik was from thence called the Urai ; tlr- Yaik Cos- sacs were dennminated Uralian Cossccs 5 and the town of Y'aitsk was named Uralsk Uralsk, town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Caucasus and province of Oren-* burg. It was formerly called Y'^aitsk, and is seated oi> the rivet Ural, ''^TS miles NNE of Astracan Lon. 50 10 E, lat. 52 ON. Uranibuvg, once a magnificent castle of Denmark, in the island -.i Huen It was built by Tvcho Brahe, a celebrated astronomer, who called it Uraniburir, or* Castle of tl^.e Heavens, and here made his observations, It is now in ruins* Lon. 12 43 E, lat. 55 55 N. Urbania, town of Italv, in the duchy' of Urbiiio, built by Urban VIIJ., on the Metro, seven miles SSW of Urbino. Urhaniui, sfeport and post town in Middlesex county, Virginia, situated on the SE side of Rappahannock river, 12 miles SW of Liucaster, and 47 N of Yorkv and 60 N by W of Williams- burg. It lies in lat. 37 36 N, and lon. 7& 30 W Urbano, post town and seat of justice. Champaign county, Ohio, containing a printing office a court-house and jail, a bank, a methodist meetinghouse, a mar- ket house, and 644 inhabitants. Distance, 43 miles W bv N from Columbus. Lat. 4 3N lop. 6 4"W Urbano, ^V^o the name of a township in which is situated the above described town, contauiing 1752 inhabitants in 1810. m^ Urbiiw, Jilcny of Italy, in the Eccle-^ siastical 'State 55 miles iong, and 43 brond ; boinnled on ihe N by the gulf of \'t- uce, on the S by Perugino and Spo- ledo, on the E by Ancona, and on the W by Tusci^Ti}' and Romagna. The air is not very imholesome, nor is the soil fertile. Urbino, town of Italy, capital of the duchy of Urbino, b. tween the rivers Mftro and Foglia, 18 miles S of Rimini, 58 E of Fh.rence, and 20 NE of Rome. Lon. 12 40 E, lat 46 46 N. Vreden, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Westphalia. Lon 7 8 E, lat 52 8N. ' Urgantz, or Jurgantz, town of the country of the Turcomans, formerly a considerable place, four miles in circum- ference, but now in ruins, and no pub- lic buildings remains but a mosque. It is 240 miles E of the Caspian Sea, and 70 B 105-^ us K of the lake Aral. Lnn. 60 25 E, lat. 40 55 N. Ur^e!, ancient town of Spain, in Ca- talonia, capital of a county of the same name, on the river Sagra, in a fertile plain, surrounded by mountains, planted with vineyards, 60 miles W of Perpig- nan, and 75 N by W of Barcelona. Lon. I 44 E, lat. 42 32 N. Uri, the most southern canton of Swis- serland and the fourth in rank. It is bounded on the N by the canton of Schwitz and the Lake of the Four Can- tons, on the E by the country of the Ori- sons and the Canton of Glarus, on the S by the bailiwics of Italy, and on the W. by the cantons of Underwalden and Bern. It is 30 miles long, and 12 broad. See Sck~veitz, Uri, Lake of See IValdlsxtte-i- Sec. Urmiind, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Westphalia. Urscl, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 18 miles NE of Mentz. Lon. 8 28 E, lat. 50 9 N. Ursereiif town of Swisserland. Lon. II 20 E, lat. 49 8 N ' UrsUs, St. town of Swisserland, in the bishopric of Basle, seated on the Doubs, over which is a stone bridge, seven rhiles S of Porentru. Usbec Tartari/, vast country of Western Tartary ; bounded on the N by the coun- try of the Kalmucks, on the E by Thibet, on the S by Hindoostan, and on tlie W by Persia and the Caspian Sea. Uscnpia. See Scopia. Uscdom, island of Prussian Pomerania, .it the mouth of the river Oder, in the Baltic Sea, between vv-hich and the island of Wol- lin, is a passage called the sttin. It had formerly a considerable town of the same name, which whs almost reduced to ashes in 1473. Lon. 14 11 E, Ijt 54 6 N. Userche, town of France, itt'Jhe depart- ment of Correze and 6>|e province of Lor- rain, seated on a craggy' rock, at the foot of which flows the Vezere, 57 mile's SE of Limoges, and 217 S of Pa ria. L on. f 37 B, lat. 5 27 N. X^ Ushant, island of France^n the coast of the department ofFinisterre, and late pro- vince of Brittany, opposite to Conquet. It is eight miles in circumference, and con tains several hamlets and a castle. Lon. 5 4 W, lat. 48 28 N. Usingen, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Itl.Inc and j.rincipality of Nassau Weiburg, 22 miles NE of Mentz. Lon. 8 25 E, lat. 50 10 N, Usk, tow!i in Mormouthshirc, o:i the river Usk, 12 miles SW of Monmouth, and 140 W by N of London. Lon. 2 36 W, lat. 51 41 N. r-.j, r-her of South Wales, which rises ?058 i Z on tiie W side of Brecknockshire, divides Monmouthshire into unequal portions, and falls into the Bristol Channel. Ussel, town of France, in the depart- ment of Correze, and late province of Li- mosin, 32 miles NE of Tulles. Lon. 2 15 E, lat. 45 32 N. Usiauio, town of Italy, in the Cremonese, seated on the Oglio, 12 miles NE of Cre- mona. Lon. 10 8 E, lat. 45 17 N. Usthig, town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Vologda. Lon. 16 30 E, lat. 61 15 N. f/lrzca, /incorporated post town, Oneida county, Nesv York, on the kft bank of the Mohawk river, on tlie site of Fort Schuy- ler. The banks of the river rises by a gentle acclivity from the water ; the streets are laid out at right angles to each otherj the houses are well built, and gives the aspect of a neat and flourishing village. It is the mart of a highly fertile and well cul- tivated cotmtrv, and the most commercial place between Schenectady and Buffaloe. The Erie canal passes through the lower part of this town. A fine wooden bridge, tmites it to the opposite side of the river. It is 96 miles by land from Albany, 93 from Sackett's Harbour, and 220 from Buffaloe. Lat. 4o 6 N. Population in 1820, 2972. Utica, village of Clarke county, Indiana, on Ohio river opposite Transylvania, iu JefPorson county, Kentucky. TJioxetei\ town in Staffordshire, ot\ a rising ground near the river Dove, 13 miles NE of 'Stafford, and 136 NNW of London. Lon. 1 50 W, lat. So ION. Utrechty province of the kingdom of the Netherlands, 30 miles long and 20 broad ; bounded on the N by Holland and the Zui- der Zee, E and S by Gueklerland, and W by Holland. Tlie soil is fertile, and there are no inundations to fear as in the other pro- vinces. Utrecht, fortified city of Holland, capital of a province of the same name, with a fa- mous university Here the union of the Seven United Provinces was begun in 1579 ; and here was concluded, in 1713, the peace which terminated the wars of queen Ann. It is seated on the Rhine, IS miles SE of Amsterdam, and So NNW of Nimegnen. Lon. 5 8 E, lat. .52 6 N, Utrera, town of Spain in Andalusia, near which is a salt spring. It is 21 miles S of Seville. Uuoxeter, town in Staffordshire, with manufacturss of hardware. It is seated on a rising ground, near the river Dove, 13 miles NE of Stafford, and 135 NNW of London. Utznachy town of Switzerland, capital of a bailiwic belonging to the cantons of Schweitz and Claris. It is three miles E from the lake of Zurich, and 15 N by W of Glaris. A K U^nchlau, township of Chester couiuy, Pennsylvania, v)ii the N fork ofBrandywine creek, commenci'ig two miles above Dow- iiingsown Population in 1810, 1178 ; and in 1820, 1198. Uxbridge, town in Middlesex, with a great -raJe in- corn and fioui". The Coin flows dirough it in two streams, and the Grand Junction Canal passes close by. 'Uxbridge is 15 miles \V by N of London., Uxbridge, town of Massaciiusetts, in Worcester county, 16 miles S by E of Worcester, and 4U SW of Boston. Uxbridge, corporated town in Middlesex, 15 miles W by N of London. Lon. 23 W, lat. 51 31 N. Uxbridge, post town in Worcester county, Massachusetts, five miles W of Mendoi!, and about 40 SW of Boatuii^ unu 56 NE of Hartford, Connecticut. It con- tained 1404 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1551. Uzeda, town of Spain, in New Castile, capaai of a duchy of the same name, with a castle. It s sealed on the Cogolkida, 2!.) mile? NNB of Madrid. Lon. s'lo W, lat. 40 46 N. Ifzcl, town of France, in the department oi die North Coast aiid lute province of Bretagne 17 miles SW of St. Brieux. Lon. 2 52 W, lat 48 16 N. Uzi's, town of France, in the department ot Gard, and late province of Languedoc, seated in a countfy abounding in corn, oil, silk, and good wine, 12 miles N of Nismis^ and 20 SW of Orange. Lon, 4 27 E, lat. 44 2 N. W JVaagy river of Hungary, which rises in - the Carpathian mountauis, flows by Leo- poldsiadt, and joms the Danube below Coniorn. Waal, river of Holland, being the left branch from the llliine below Schenk. It flows W through Guelderland, passes by Nimeguen, Tiel, Bommel, and Gorcum, and joins the Meuse, at Briel. Wabash, river of the United States, in Indiana. It rises near some small lakes to the SW of Lake Erie, and taking a SSW course of 400 miles enters the Ohio 128 miles above the confluence of that river with tfae Mississippi. The Wabash is navigable 340 miles, and it approaches within nine miles of the navigable waters of Lake Erie. Wabash, county of Indiana. By the cen- sus of 1820, this county is named with a population of 147 ; it lay N from Vigo. Parke and Putnam counties, have been subsequently formed out of the country it embraced. See Parke and Putnam in the Addenda. Wachenheim, town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 17 miles SSW of Worms. jrachitaii. See Washitau. Wachovia, tract of land in North Caroli- na, between the rivers Dan and Yadiiin, in the county of Surry ; consisting of 100,000 acres, purchased by the Moravians, in 1751, and named by them from an estate of count Zinzendorf's in Austria. In 1755, by on act of assembly, it wiis made a sepa- rate parish, called Dobb's Parish. It con- tains several settlements, of which Salem is the principal. Wacldendoiich, town oi' Prussian Guel- derland, seated in a morass, on tlie river Niers, five miles south of Gueldres. Lon, 6: 7 E, lat. 51 33 N. fJ adesboro', post town, the capital of Anson county, North Carolina; seated o:i the south side of Brown creek, a branch cf the Great Pedee river, 22 miles west of Rockingham, and 70 west of Fa) elteville. Wadstena, town of Sweden, in the pro- vince of E Gothland. It is seated on the lake Wetter, 160 miles SW of Stockholm. Lon. 15 37 E, lat. 58 18 N. Wadsworth, one of the southern town, ships f'f Medina county, Ohio. Population '•in 1820,318. Wageiiiiigen, town of Dutch Guelderland, seated on the Leek, 10 miles NW of Nime- guen. Lon. 5 31 E, lat. 52 N, Wugeria, or Wagerlaiid, fertile territory in the duchy of Holstein, 20 miles in length and 15 in breadth ; bounded on the NE by the Baltic Sea; on tlie S by the river I'rave ; and A||tlM^ W by Proper Holstein, and Stormari^flftt is very fertile in corn^ and Lube(|j^ the |Brincipal town. Waiguts', straits^elween Nova Zembla and Russia, tiuough which tii.e Dutch at- tempted to find a NE passage to Cliina, and sailed a^"^ as 75 degrees E lon. in lat. 72 25 N. Waihlijigen, towH of Germany, in the circle of Suabia. Wainfeci, town in Lincolnshire near the sea, in a fenny part of the country, and on the river Witham, 14 miles NE of Boston, and 130 N by E of London. Lon. 2© ¥., lat. 53 10 N. • Waitzen, or Waitz, town of Hungary, on the Danube, 72 miies ESE of Presburg. Lon, 18 38 E, lat. 47 29 N. Wake, county of North Carolina ; bound- ed SW by Cumberland and Chatham ; W by Chatham and Orange ; N by Granville ; NE by Frariklin ; and SE by JohnsoD Length 37 ; mean width 28 ; and area about 1000 square m>!es. Neirse riveT wiy»?<5 \V A. L W A «. ihrongh it fromN to S, and the great body of the county is drained by the vari!>us branches of that stream. Chief town, Ra- leigh. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 5,287 do. do. females - - 5,4C2 Total whites .... 10,689 All other persons except Indians not taxc-cl - - - - 519 Slaves - - . . . 5,878 Total population in 1810 17,086 Population in 1820. Free white males - - . 5,835 do. (!o females ... 6,116 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites - . . . H,951 Free persons of colour, ma.es o56 do. do. females - 378 Slaves, males - - - 3,742 do. females - - - 3,675 Total population in 1820 20,102 Of these ; Foi-eigners not naturalized 13 Engaged in Agriculture 5 521 do in Manufactures 440 do. in Comr.'urce - 69 Population to the square mile, 20. Wakefield, township of S raflTord county, New H^m;. shire, containing' 1166 inhabi- tants m 1810; and in 1820J 1518. Situa- ted about 50 miles NW of Portsmouth. Wakefeld, town in the \\ riding' of Yorkshire. It has a tra'le in white cloths and tammies, and is 28 mile&SW oi York, and 184 NNW of LondQj^lft.on. 28 VV, lat. 53 41 N. ■■™ . Walachia, ancient Xiacia, province of Turkey in Europe ; 225 miic s long and 125 broad ; bounded on the N' by iMoldavia and Transylvania, on the E andS by the river Banube, and on the W by Transylvania. The inhabitants are chiefly of the' Greek church. Tergovists, or Tervis is the capi- tal. Walcheren, principal island of Zealand. It is separated from the islands of N and S Beveland, by a narrow cliannel ; and from Flanders by the mouth of the Scheldt ; being bounded on the other sides by the German Ocean.. It is nine miles long and eight broad, and being low is subject to inundations, but has good arable and pas- ture lands. The capital of this island, and of the whole province is Middleburg. TFalcour, town of the Netheriands,'in the county of Namur, on the confines of Hai- nanlt, between the Meuse and Sambre. It i.s seated on the Ileura, 12 miles S of Char- leroy, and 27 SW of Namur. Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 50 lij N. Waldborough, post village, port of en- try, an t township, in Linc.ln county, Maine ; 22 miles NE from VViscassett. P puiation 181U, 2160; and in 1820, 2449. Waldeck. principality of Germany, in the circle of U| per Rhine, 30 rniles long and 20 broad ; bounded on the E and S by Hess^'-Cassel, and on the VV and N by AVestphalia It is a mountain- ous country, covered with woods ; and has mines of iron, copper, quicksilver, and alum. Waldeck, town of Germany, capital of a principality of the same name, with a strong castle, seated on the Steinbach, 25 miles WSW of Cassel. Lon. 9 4 E, lat. 51 10 N. Walden, oy Saffron Maiden, town in Essex, on an ascent among pleasant fields of Saffron, which is here cultiva- ted, 27 miles NNW of Chelmsford, and 42 N by E of London. Lon. 20 E, lat. 52 4 N. Waldenburg. town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, situated on the Muldau. Lon. 12 30 E, lat. 50 49 N. Waldenburg Old, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, famous for its brown and earthen ware. Waldenburg, or M'allenburg, town of Swisserland in the canton -.f Basle. Waldenburg, town of Franconia, in the principality of Hohenlohe, with an ancient castle on a mountain, six miles E !)v N of Ohringen. Waldhebn, town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia. Here was formeriy a monaste- ry, now converted into an orphan house and house of correction, in which vari- ous manufactures are carried on It is situate on the Zschopa, 30 miles SE of Liepsic. Wald7nanchen, town of Bavaria, on the river Schwarza, 32 miles SSE of Amberi; Waldoborough, town of the state of Maine, in Lincoln county, 16 miles E of Wjscassett. Waldaussen, town of Bavaria, near which is a rich Cistertian abbey, whose abbot was formerly a prince of the em- pire.^ It is 44 miles NNE of Amberg. Waldshut, strong town of Suabia, one of the four Forest Towns ; seated on the Rhine, at the entrance of the Black Forest, 19 miles VVSVV of Schaff- hausen. Waldstadt, name given to the Swiss cantons of Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, and UrrderwaldeT!. It signifies Forest Tontms; W A L W A I. these cantons containing a great number of forests. For the Walstadt of Suabia ; see Forest Towns. Walstadter See, or Lake of (he Four Cantons, one of the finest lakes in Switz- erland. It consists of three principal branches, called the Lakes of Lucern. Schweitz, and Uri. The river Rtuss flows through this lake. Wales, principality in the W of Eng- land, 120 miles long and 80 broad ; bound United States have a navy yard on a point of land extending from Brooklyn, to the N, having East river to the N, and the Walabcut to the S. Wallenstadt, t.)Wn of Swisserland, in the canton ot Appcnzal ; nine miles VV of Sargans, and 13 iSW of Coire. Lon. 9 14 E, lat. 'i7 1 N. Wallenstadt, lai^ecf Swisserland, about 16 miles m lenfc;ih, and two in breadth ; it is bounded by exci-tding high mi un- ed on the N by the Irish sea, W by that tarns, exct-pt to the E and V\ 1 hrouj^h sea and St. George's channel S by the this Irikt flows the Mat, wluco soon at- Bristol channel, and E by the counties ter joming the Linth, forms the river of Chester, Salop. Hertford, and Mon- Limmat. mouth. It contains 5,200,0Up acres, and the number of inhabitants was in 1801, 541,546 ; in 1811, 611,788 ; and in 1821, 717,141. The country is mountainous, but not barren, producing ail the neces- saries of life ; the cattle and slieep are numerous, but small, and it is particu- larly famed for goats. It is watered by Wallcrstein, town of Suabia, with a castle belonging to the cour.ts of Oettin- gen, six miles bW of Oettingen. Wallingjord, b()rcugh in lit rk,shire, on the Thames, over which is a stone bridge, 14 miles NW of Reading, and 46 VV of London. Lon- 1 1 W, lat. 51 36 N. many rivers, the principal of which, and ^^ IVaiUngford, town of Connecticut, in other particulars, are noted in the dif- New Haven county, where tht:re is a ferent counties. postomce, IJ miles N ot ^icw tlavt n, '^^7 " Wales, Mew A'orth and South, large S by W of Hartford, and 21 Nt, of Darby, country of New Britain, lying west and }^ contained 2325 inhabitants m laiO; SW of Hudson Bay, and little known, and m 182u, 2237. ^ „ , , See Britain, JVVw IfaUingford, township ot Rutland coun- fTa/es. ^Vew 5oa?A. country of North ty, Vermont; containing 1386 inhabi; Am.erica, in New Britain, lying SVx^ of tants in 1810. It is situated on the lu Hudson's Bay, and sulyect to Great Bri- side ot Otter river, about 15 miles S ot tain. See Britain, JVeiv, Hudson's Bay, and Labrador. Wales, JVeiv South, the E coast of New Holland, extending from 43 49 to 10 37 S lat being the N and S extre- mities of that vast island. This coast was first explored by captain Cook, in 1770. A vast chain of lofty mountains run near- Rutland. Wallkill, post town of Orange county, New York ; containing 4213 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 4887. It is situa- ted on the W side of the river Hudson. 65 miles NNW of New York, and 110 S of Albany. Wallkill,' r'lvtY of North America. See ly in a north and south direction farther Hr'^'^'ned Lands than the eye can trate, about 60 miles inland. Wales, township of Lincoln county, Maine ; 28 miles NW from Wiscassett. Population 1810, 471 ; and in 1820 515. Wales, township of Niagara county, New \''ork. Population 1820. 903. Walhof, town of P(;land, in the duchy of Courtiand. Lon. 24 25 E, lat. 56 35 N. Walkenreid, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, seated on the Sorge, 20 miles SW of Halberstadt. Lon. 21 5 E, lat 51 53 N. fra//oo7!*i) pame formerly given to the inhabitants ftf a considerable part of the Netherlands, and a part of Flanders and Brabant. IValney, island of England, on the coast of Lancashire. Walmit, NE township of Fairfield county, Ohio. Population 1820, 1198. Walnut, township of Picaway county, Ohio. Population 1820. 1183. Wahmt one of the southtrn townships of Gallia county, Ohio. Population 1820, 281 Walmit Hills, high bluff, or bank of the Walker, township of Centre county, Mississippi river, Warren county, iVIis- Pennsylvania ; in Nittany valley, com- sissippi ; 13 miles below the mouth of the mencing about five miles NE from Belle- Yazoo. font. Population 1820, 694. Walpach, township of Sussex county, Walkertown, post village in King New Jersey ; on the Delaware river, at and Queen county. Virginia ; 40 miles the mouth of Flatkill, 38 miles above NE from Richmond. Easton in Pennsylvania. Population 1820, Wallabout, bay of East river, N from 822. Brooklvn, and opposite New York. The Walpo, town of Sclavonia. capital ot 1061 VV A L W A M a ccunly of the same name, with a cas- tle. It is seated on the river Walpo, 20 milt's VV of Esseck, and 110 S of Buda. Lon. 19 22 E, lat. 45 o5 N. Ifalpule, post town in Cheshire coun- ty, New liair.pshire ; lying on E side of Connecticut nver, .opfjosite to West- mJnsv.T h Vermont ; 14 miles NW of Keen, y NE of Poukney, and 28 S by E of Windsor, (the two last being in Ver- mont.) IValpole, township of Norfolk county, Massichusetis, containing 1998 inhabi- tants ;n 1810; and in 1820, 1366. It is situated Li; tween StonghtonandiMcdway, 23 allies SW of Boston. Walsall, corporate town of Staffordshire. It has several ra.iriut;c'ures in iron, sucli as naiK, bridle bits, stinups, spurs, buckles, &c. and is governed by a mayor. It is seated on the side oi a hill, 15 miles S of Staiiord, and 116 NW of London. Lon. 1 36 W, lat. 52 46 N Walshuin jYorth, town in Norfolk, 10 miles E of Norwich, and 123 VNE of Lon- don. Lon. 1 31 E, lat 52 40 N. Walsinghum, town in N rfolk, 25 miles 'NW of Norwich, and 116 NNE of Lon- don. Lon. 53 E, lat 52 56 N. Waltlium, township of Middlesex coun- ty, Massachusetts, with 1014 inhabitants in 18I,>; and in 1830, 1677. It con ains se- veral valuable manufactories particularly' f )r cotton, and woollen cio'.hs. Waltham, <^>v Bishop Waltham, town in Hampshire, eight m:les S of Winchester, and 65 W by S of London. Lon. 1 20 W, lat. 50 57 N. Waltham Abbey, or Waltham Holy Cvoas, town ;n Essex, on the nver i>ea, which here forms several islan.ls, 12 miles N by E of London. Lon. 3 E, lat. 51 42 N. Waltham Cross, or irent W<^^n, village in Hertf /rdshir. , which taidiJRts first ap- pellation from a cross erected here by Ed- ward 1. It is seated nei|' the nver Lea, 12 miles N by E of London, Wallhum on the Wo-idd, 'own4n L.6ices- terst.ire, 19 miles NE of Leidffij|er, and 113 N by W of London. Lon. 46 W, Jat. 52 51 N. Waltinbruch, town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, on the river Aich. Walton, considerable village in Surry, seated on the 'i'hames, over which -at this place is a handsome bridge, six miles W by S of Kingston. Walton, township of Delaware county. New York, containing 1211 inhabitants in 1810 ; and m 1820, 143ii. It is situated on the NW side of Mohawk river 9b miles SW of Albany. Walton, county of Georgia ; bounded SW by Nev/ton ;' W by Gwinnct ; NW by Hall ; NE by Oconee river, or by Jackson and Clark ; and SE by Morgan, and .las- 106? per. Length 25 ; mean width 22 ; and arci 550 sqia'-e mdes. It is principally drain- ed by the sources of Oconee, and Oak- mulgee rivers. Chief town, Monroe. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 480 do. do. females - ■ 484 Total whites ... All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - Slaves Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males . . - do. do. females ... All other persons except Indians not tsxed . . - Total whites .... Free persons of colour, m'des ■ do. do. females Slaves, males - - . - do. females 964 60 1,026 1,832 1,724 Total p .pulation in 1820 3,556 3 2 281 350 4,192 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Xgriculture - ,1,091 do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce - - Population to the square mile, 7|. JFandenleben, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony. Wandiivash, town of Asia in Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, 27 miles SSE of Arcot, and 38 NNW of Pondicherry. Wandeworth, large village in Surry, seat- ed on t)ie Wandle, near its confluence with the Thames, five miles WSW oi London. Wangen, town of Germany in Suabia. The inhabitants c.iriy on a great trade in j)aper and hardware. It is seated on the Orerarg, 17 miles NE of Lindau, and 30 E of Constance. Lon. 9 56 E, lat. 47 58 N. Wangen, town of Swisserland, in Upper Argau, seated on the river Aar. Lon. 7 30 "e, lat. 47 16 N. Wangen, tov.-n of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Rhine, and late province oi Alsace, seated on the side of a moun- tain, and surrounded by a wall. It is eight miles NW of Strasburg. Lon. 7 42 E, lat. 48 38 N. Wangfried, town in the circle of Upper Rhine, in Germany, Lon. 9 58 E, lat. 51 5 N. Wanhckhead, village of Scotland, near the lead mines of Dumfriesshire, on that account it has a considerable number of Smelting houses. W A li >V A R Wanstead, village in Essex, famous fov one of the most magnificent seats in Eng- land, called Wanstead House. Wantage, toivn in Berkshire, famous for being the birth place of king Alfred, is seated on a branch of the Ock, 12 miles S by W of Oxford, and 50 W of London. Lon. 1 16 E, lat. 51 35 N. Wantage, township of Sussex county, Neve Jersey ; situated in a mountainous country on the East side of the river De- laware, and containing 2969 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 3307. Wantzenau, town of France, i!\ the de- partment of Lower Rhine, and late pro- vince of Alsace. The Austrians look this place in 1793. Wanzleben, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Maglttburg, 10 miles WSW of Magdeburg. Wiippatoo, island in Columbia river, op- posite the mouth of C.'>iumbia river. Wappinger's creek, creek of Duchess county. New York, rises in tJie northern part of the county, and flows SSW into Hudson's river, about seven miles above Newbury. Waradin Great, town of Upper Hun- gary, capital of a county of the same name, on the river Sebes Keres, 117 miles NE of Peterwaradin, and 150 ESE of Buda. Lcn. 21 50 E, lat. 47 5 N. Waradin, Little, strong town of Sclavo- nia, capital of a county of the sa ne name, on tiie Drave, 28 miles WSW of Kamisca, and 34 N bv E of Zagrad. Lon. 16 15 E, lat. 46 48 N. Warangole, the Arinkill of Ferishta, once the capital of Golconda, in the Dec- can of Hindoo. tan. It is 62 miles NXE of Hydrabad. Lon. 79 30 E, lat. 18 6 N. Warburg, seaport of Sweden, in West Gothland, and province of Holland, witlj a castle, 30 miles S of Gottenburgh. Lon. 11 46 E, lat. 57 12 N. 'Warburg, town of Germany, in West- phalia, in the bishopric of Paderborn, for- merly imperial and hansoatic. It is seated on the Dymel, 20 miles BE of Paderborn, Lon. 19 E, lat. 51 33 N. Warcop, village in Westmoreland. IVarde, town of Denmark, in N Jutland, near the mouth of a river of the same name, 15 miles N of Ripen. Wardhnys, seaport of Danish Lapland, seated on a small island of the same name, near the continent, is 120 miles SE of the North Cape. Lon. 31 6 E, lat. 70 22 N. fVardsborojigh, post town, Windham county, Vermont, 40 miles S from Wind- sor. Population 2100. Wardcbridge, post town in Orange coun- ty, New York ; situated on the E side of Walkill river, ten miles N of Goshen, 27 miles W by N of Newburg, and 70 N by W of the city of New York, )i are, town of Herefordshire, on the ri- ver Lea, by which a great trade is carried on to Londrm in corn ; 5U00 quarters be- ing frequently sent in a week. Here are sluices and wears in the river, to preserve it from floods. It is 21 miles N cf Lon- don. Lon. 3 E, lat 51 50 N. Ware, township of Hampsliire countj", Massachusetts, cont.iining 996 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820, 1154. Situated on the E side of Ware river, 16 miles NE of SpringKeld. Warbridge, or IVardbridge, town in Cornwall with a market on Saturday. It has a bridge over the river Camel, which is the handsomest in the county, and sup- ported by 20 arches. It is 13 miles SW of Camelford, and 241 W by S of London. Lon. 5 9. W, lat. 50 36 N. JFareham, post town in Plymouth county, Massachusetts; lying st the head cf Buz- zard's bay, 13 miles NW of Barnstable, 16 NE of Ne'w Bedford, and 61 S by E of Bos- ton, in lat. 41 48 N, and lon. 70 40 W. Po- pulatitMi in 1820, 952. Warehouse Point, 12 miles abo%'e Hart- ford, Connecticut. See Sout^i Ji'indsor. , Wareham, borough and seaport in Dor- setshire, 20 miles E of Dorchester, and 114 W by S of London. Lon. 2 16 W, lat 50 43 N. ^ Warka, town of Poland, in tlie palatinate of Masovia, seated on the river Pilfa, Lon 21 15 E, lat. 51 35 N. Warkworth, village in Northumberland, five miles SE of Alnwick, on the river Cocket. '^ ■ Warminster, town in Wiltshire, at the source of the Willybourn, 22 miles NW of Salisbury, and 97 W by S of London. Lon 2 15 W, lat. 51 UN. Warminster, township of Pennsylvania situated in Bucks county, between'South- ampton and Warrington, 10 miles SW of Newton, andcontaining 564 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820,695. Warminster, town of Virgini?., in Amherst county, lying on the N side of James river, 10 miles Sx)f Warren, and 23 E of Amherst Court-rfaiife. Here is a post office. Warm Springs, post village, Nev/ York county, Pennsylvania. Warm Sprijigs,C\?^vke county, Arkansaw, on a small creek near Washitaw river. They are situated in an elevated healthy, but barren county, which have been found highly medical. Lat. 34 30 N. TFarnejiiunde, seaport of Germany, in Mecklenburg, on the Baltic, at the mouth of the Warne, 26 miles NE of Wismar. Lon. 12 26 E, lat. 55 4N. Warner, township of Hillsbro' county, New Hampshire, containing 1838 inhabi. tants in 1810; and in 1820, 2246. U^ame?ftony\Q\vn of Flanders, on the river 1063 W A K ^v A li Lis, eight miles NW of Lisle. Lon. 3 4- E, lat. 50 45 N. IVarren, post village and township, Lin- coln county, Maine, 30 miles E from Wis- casset. Population in 1810, 2443 ; and in 1820, 1825. Wamn, township, Grafton country, Xew Hampahire, 50 miles N from Concord. Po- pulation in 1810, 506 ; and in 1820, 544. Warren, post town i.T Bristol county, Rhode Island ; on Warren river, four miles N of Bristol, and 12 S bv E of Providence, in lat. 41 42 N, and Ion' 71 18 W. Popu- lation in 1810, ir75; and in 1820, 1806. Warren, post town and township, Litch- held county, Connecticut. Population in 1819, 1026 ; and in 1820, 875. Warren, county of New York ; bounded by Saratoga S ; Hamilton W ; Essex N ; and lake George, and Washington county E. Length 38 ; mean width 28 ; and area about 1000 square miles. It is drained ge- ner.ally by the Hudson, and partly by Sa- condago river. Surface mountainous ; and soil rocky and mosOy barren. Chief town Caldwell. Population in 1820. Tree white males -■ - - . 4,808 do. do. females - - 4,538 Ail other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females - Slaves, males _ . . do. females - - . Total population in 1820 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Nlanufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 9| nearly. Warren, post village and township, Her- kimer county. New York, 10 ii|^s S from Herkimer. Population in 1810/o9r4; and in 1820, 2013. Warren, township, Somerset county, New Jersey. Population in 1820, 1452. Warren,co\in\y of Pennsylvania; bounded by Ciietague, and Catteraugus county, N^ew N ; Mc Kean county Pennsylvania E ; Jef- ferson and Venango S ; and Crawford and Erie W. Length 32 ; breadth 26 ; and area 332 square miles. It is a remarkably well watered county ; Alleghany river winds obliquely through it ; and within it receives the d scharge of Chatague lake, c- Cone- wago creek, Pirokenstraw creek, and se- veral other large creeks. Surface hilly, but much of the soil good, and some highly fertile. Chief town, Warren. 1064 468 359 9,453 19 ,360 198 59 827 827 Population in 1810; Free white males ... do do. females . . . Total whites .... All other persons except Indians not taxed - . . . Slaves, - . . Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males ... 1,099 do. do. females - - 876 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - Total whites - - ' . 1,975 Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females - 1 Slaves, males .... do. females - - - Total population in 1820 - 1,976 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 7 Engaged in Agriculture - 378 do. in Manufactures - 121 do. in Commerce - - 15 Poptdation to the square mile, 1 1-3. Warren, post town and seat of justice, Warren county Pennsylvania, on the right bank of Alleghany, on the point below the mouth of Conewago creek. Population in 1820, 182. IVarren, SW township, Franklin county, Pennsjlvania, Population in 1810, 436; and in 1820, S'iT, Warren, post town, Albemarle county, Virginia, on the left bank of James' river, 30 miles a little W of S from Charlotls- ville. fVarren, county of North Carolina; bounded by Mecklenburg, and Brunswick counties V^irginia N ; by Northampton, and Halifax counties in North Carolina E ; Franklin S ; and Gi-anville W. Lengtli 23; mean width 15 ; and area 345 sqtiare miles. Roanoke river traverses its NE angle, and it is drained by several creeks flowing into that stream, and by Fishmg creek, branch of Tar river. Chief town, Warrenton. Population in 1810. Free white males • - 2,214 do. do. females - - 2,277 Total whites - - - 4,491 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 321 Slaves 6,282 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males 11,094 2.060 WAR W A R Free white females - - . All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites .... 4,214 Free persons of colour, males - 101 do. do. females - 89 Slaves, males .... 3,510 do. females .... 3,244 Total population in 1820 2,154 Total whites All other persons except Indians not taxed Slaves . , - . - Total population in 1810, Population in 1820. Free white males . - - do. do. females . . - 11,158 All other persons except Indians — — not taxed - . - - 622 ■1% 473 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 18 Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,255 do. in Manufactures - - 271 do. in Commerce - - 11 Population to the square mile 32 1-3. Warren, county o£ Georgia; bounded by JtiFerson SE ; Great Ogeechee river, or Washington and Hancock SW; Wilkes N ; and Columbia NE and E. Length 38; breadth 18; and area about 700 square miles Chief town, Warrenton. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 3,039 do. do. females ... 2,620 Total whites .... 5,659 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 18 Slaves 3,048 Total population in 1810 - 8,725 Population in 1820. Free white males - - 3,300 do. do. females • - 3,230 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites 6,530 Free persons of colour, males 27 do. do. females 32 Slaves, males . - - 2,078 do. females _ _ _ 1,963 Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 6 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,880 do. in Manufactures - 86 do. in Commerce - 48 Population to the square mile, 15. Warreri, county of Mississippi ; bound- ed by Mississippi river W ; Yazoo river N ; Newpuvchase E ; and Big Black ri- ver, or Claiborne county S Length 30 ; mean width 11 ; and area 330 square miles. Staple cotton, and soil highly fertile. Chief town, Warrenton. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 357 do. do. females - a - 265 6T 1,114 785 616 1,401 2,693 1,064 37 11 10,630 Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. da. females Slaves, males .... do. females Total population in 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 8. Warren, county of Tennessee; bounded by Franklin S ; Rutherford W ; Wilson and Smith NW ; Caney fork river, or White NE ; and Bledsoe SE. Length 40 ; mean width 20 ; and area 800 square miles. It is principally drained by the creeks of Caney fork river. Chief town, M Mlnville. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 2,608 do. do. females - - 2,633 Total whites ... - 5,241 All -other persons except Indians not taxed ... 8 Slaves 476 Total population in 1810 - 5,725 Population in 1820. Free whitetnales ... 4,866 do. do. females . - - 4,519 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - . Q Total whites ... - 9,385 Free persons of colour, males 7 do. do. females 6 Slaves, males ... - 452 do. females - - - 498 Total population in 1820 - - 10,348 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 4 Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,964 do. in Manufactures - 163 1065 W A M WAR Engaged in Commerce - - 30 All other persons except Indians Population to the square mile, 13. not taxed - - . - ■ Warren, county of Kentucky ; bound- ed by Allen SE ; Simpson S ; Logan Total whites .... SW ; Butler NW : Green river, or Free persons of colour, males • Grayson and Hart N ; and Barren E. do. do. iemales - Length 35 ; mean width 20 ; and area Slaves, males .... about 700 square miles Big Barren ri- do. females - - - ver passes through this country, dividing it into two nearly equal sections. Chief Total population m 1820 - 17,837 town. Bowling; Green. Population in 1810. Free white males do do. females Total whites All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - - Slaves - - Total population in 1810 Popu'-at'.on in 1820. Free white males - - - do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites - - - - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males .... do. females - - - - Total population in 1820 26 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 17 nearly. Warren, county «f Ohio ; bounded S by Clermont and Hamilton ; W by But- ler; N by Montgomery and Greene; and E by Clinton. Length 20 ; breadth 192 ; ai^d ^^^^ 400 square miles. Little Miami travt rses it obliquely, from NE Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 56 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,738 do. in Manufactures - 725 do. in Commerce - - 40 Population to the square mile, 44. Warrai, post town and seat of justice 1,498 for Trumbull county, Ohio. It contains the usual county buildings, a printmg of- fice, a bank, five mercantile stores, and 50 dwelling housts. It is situated on the eastern bank of Mahoning river, 45 miles SE from Fairfort, at the mouth of Grand river, 70 N from Steubenville, and 180 NE from Columbus. Lon. 3 56 W lat. 41 17 N. Warre7i, township in the SE quarter of Jefferson county, Ohio; containing 2,432 inhabitants in 1810. Warren, township of Belmont county, Oliio ; in which is situated the village of Barnesville. Population 1820, 1491. Warren, township of Tuscarawas 11,776 county, Ohio. Population 1820, 1032. — Warreji . township of \\ a^hington coun- ty, Ohio. Population 1820, 460. 9 li'arrenburg, post village and town- 5,372 5,050 10,422 17 11,937 4,804 4,365 9,169 29 24 1,353 1,201 2,8.52 ship in Warren county, New York; on 219 the Hudson, seven miles W from Cald- well. Population 1810, 887 ; and in 1820, 9.^6. Warrenburg, post town in Jackson county, Tennessee. WarrensviHe, township of Cayhoga county, Ohio ; containing 133 inhabitants in 1820. Warrenton, post town and scat of to SW. Surface hilly, 'bur^^th a soil justice in Fauquier county, Virginia; 49 highly fertile. Staples, grain and flour, miles WSW from Washington City. Chief town, Lf banon. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females Total whites All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males, do. do. females - Warrenton, post town and seat of justice in Warren county, North Caro- lina ; 56 miles NNE from Raleigh ; and 85 nearly S from Petersburg, in Virgi- nia. It is the seat of two academies. Warrent07i, post town and seat of justice in Warren county, Georgia ; about 40 miles W from Augusta. It is the seat of an academy. __ — Warrenton, post town and seat of 9,925 justice in Warren county, Mississippi ; on Mississippi river, 10 miles below Walnut- hills. It is a place of consider- 9,195 able trade, containing 50 houses, and 500 8,455 inhabitants. 5,152 4,684 9,836 89 WAR Havreniown, post village, Jefferson county, Ohio, on the Ohio river, above the mouth of Indian Sliort creek, 14 miles below Steubenville. Warrick, county of Indiana ; bounded by Oliio river S ; Vanderburgh, and Posey VV ; Pike and Dubois N ; and Spen- cer E, and SE. Leuj^th 30 ; widtli 13 ; and area 410 square miles. It is drained by Big and Little Pigeon, and some other creeks. Chief town, Evansville. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 922 do. do, females - - - 820 Total whites ... - 1,742 Free persons of colour, males - 6 do, do. females Slaves, males .... do. females - - - . 1 Total population in 1S20 - - 1,749 Population to the square mile, 4 Warrington, town in Lancashire. It has large and considerable manufactures of sail cloth, Cf'tton, pins, glass, and other articles. It is seated on the Mrr- sey, over which is a bridge, 18 miles E of Liverpool Warrington^ township of Bucks county, on the NE limit of Montgomery county, between New Britian, and Warminster. Population 1810, 429 ; and in 1820, 515. Warrington, township of York county, Pennsylvania ; situated on the NVV side of Conewago creek, and containing llOS inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1274, Warsaw, city of Poland, lately the me- tropolis of that country, and in the pa- latinate of Masovia. It is built partly in a plain, and partly on a gentle rise from the Vistula ; extending with the su- burbs or Kraka and Praga, over a vast extent of ground, and containing above 90,000 inliabitants. Warsaw is 1 60 miles SE of Dantzic, 130 NNE of Cracow, and 300 NE of Vienne. Lon. 21 E, lat. 52 14 N, Warsaw, township and post village, Genesee county. New York, on Allen's creek, 20 miles S from Batavia. Popu- lation 1810, 1317 ; and in 1820, 1658. Warta, town of Great Poland, in the palatinate of Siradia, seated on the river Warta, 12 miles NE of Siradia, and 57 SE of Posnamia. Lon 18 E, lat 51 19 N. Warta, SE branch of the Oder, rises near the Cracow, and joins the Oder at Custrin. Wartenbnrg, town of Germany, in Si- lesia, capital of a lordship of the same name. It is 22 miles NE of Breslaw. Warwick, the county town of Warwick- W A II shire, on the river Avon, and all the passages to it are cut through the rock, oher which is a stone bridge, 15 miles SSW of Coventry, and 93 NW of London. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 52 18 N Wai~wich, county of England, 47 miles long and 30 broad ; bound, d on the N by Dt.rbv shire, NE by Lieceste shire, E by Northamptonshire, SE by Oxford- shire, SW by Gloucestershire, W by Worcestershire, and NW by Stafford- shire. It contains 639,760 acres ; is di- vided into four hundreds and one liber- ty, and 193 parishes ; has one city and 12 market towns. Population 1810, 208,190; in 1811, 228,735; and in 1820, 274,392. Warwick, town in Rhode Island, the capital of Kent county, situated about 10 miles S of Providetice, at the head of Narragansett bay. Population 1810, 3757 ; and in 1820, 3643. This is one of the most manufacturing villages in Rhode Island. It possesses 15 cotton factories, two banks, and an academy. Warwick, township and post town in Orange county, Nevv Yjork ; situated dh the E side of Walkill river, 10 miles S of Goshen, 11 N of Hamburg, New Jer- sey, and 70 NW of the city of New York. Warwick, township of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, on the SE side of Nesha- miny creek, below Doylestowu. Popula- tion 1810, 1287 ; and in 1820, 1115. Warwick, township of Lancaster coun- ty, Pennsylvania, situated between Eli- zabeth and Raphe townships, and joining Dauphin county. The inhabitants were 3439 according to the census of 1810 ; and in 1820, 3777. Warwick, post town in Cecil county, Maryland, lying between .Sassafras and Bohemia rivers, 18 miles Sof Elkton, 27 SW of Newcastle, (Delaware) and 61 SW of Philadelphia. 'Wanvick, county of Virginia ; bounded by James' river SW ; James' city county NW ; York NE ; and Elizabeth county SE. Length 15 ; width 1^ ; and area 120 square miles. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 343 do. do. females - - 354 Total whites .... All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - . Slaves Total population in 1810 - a Population m 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females feier 69r 18 1,120 1,835 290 330 511 12 2 See \\ A h All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - Total whiles - - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females - Slaves, males . - - - do. females - - - Total population in 1820 - • 1,608 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. Manufactures do. Commerce Population to the square mile, 1 1-3 JFarwick, county of Indiana. WarncTc county. Wanvick, central township of Tusca- rawas county, Ohio, Population 1820. 485. Washington, SE county of Maine; bounded by the Atlantic Ocean S ; Pas samaquoddy bay, St. Croix river, and New Brunswick E ; and Hancock,_and Penobscot counties Maine VV This county includes a strip along the whole E side of Maine ; and is about 250 miles in length from N to S, but the really in- habited part is confined to about 1000 square miles along the sea coast. Its front is very much indented by fine bays Chief towns, Machias, and Eastport. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 4,230 do, do. females, - - - 3,604 Total whites . - • - ^,834 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - 36 Slaves _ . . - - Total population in 1810 - - 7,870 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 6,765 do. do. females - - - 5,923 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - Total whites .... 12,688 Free persons of colour, males - 29 do. do. females 27 Slaves, males * * ' ^ do. females - - - W A S Washington, township Hancock county, Maine, 2o rnik s above Castine. Popula- tion 1820, uncertain Washington, post village and towiiship, Cheshire county, Ntw Hampshire Po- pulation 1820, 992. Washington, couniy of Vermont; bound- ed SE by Caladoma and Orange ; SW by Addison ; NW by Chittenden ; and NE by Orleans and Caledonia. Length 24 ; width 20 ; and area 480 square miles. It occu- pies the fine valleys drained by the sources of Onion river. Surface, though mounUin- ous affording much excellent soil. Chief town Montpelier. Population in 1820. Free white males ... 7,GS4 do. do. females - - 7,007 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 7 Total population in 1820 12,744 Total whites . . - - 14,098 Free persons of colour, males - 7 do. do. females 8 Slaves, males .... do. females - . - - Total population in 1820 - 14,113 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - - 6 Engag-ed in Agriculture - - 1,883 do. in Manufactures - 306 do. in Commerce - - 39 Population to the square mile, 30. Washington, township, Orange county, Vermont, 43 miles N from Windsor. Po- pulation in 1820, 1100. Wasldngton, the highest summit of the White Mountains, New Hampshire 7300 feet above the level of the Ocean. Washington, township, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, eight miles E from Lenox. Population 1810,942; and in 1820, 750. Washington, SE county of Rhode Island ; bounded by the Atlantic Ocean S ; New London county in Connecticut W ; Kent county in Uliode Island N ; and Narragan- sett bay E. It is about 20 miles square, with an area of 400 square miles. It is chiefly drained by the Pawtuck river. Surface moderately hilly. Chief town South Kingston. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 934 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,994 do. In Manufactures - - 577 do. in Commerce - y - 452 Population to the square mile, 12|, in- Total population in 1810 eluding- only the sea eoast. 1063 Total whites . . , . All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves . . . - . 6,831 7,254 14,085 867 10 14,962 WAS W A S Population in 1820. Free white males ... 7,353 do. do. females . - - 7,622 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - Total whites . . - - Free persons of colour, males • do. do. females Slaves, males . . - . do. females - - - Total population in 1820 - - 15,687 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 3 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,745 do. in Manufactures - 694 do. in Commerce - - 137 Population to the square mile, 30. Washington, post village, and township, Litchfield county, Connecticut, 40 miles SW by W from Hartford, and 10 SW from Litchfield. Population in 1810, 1575 ; and in 1820, 1487. There are in this township, two forges, one slitting mill, two marble saw mills, and several grain mills, and other machinery. Washington, ' county of New York ; bounded by Vermont E ; Pawlet river and lake Champlain NE; lake George NW; Warren county and Hudson I'iver W ; and Renssalaer county S. Length 60; mean width 15: and area 900 sq:iare miles. The face of this county is very d versified and picturesque. Much of the soil is excellent. It is peculiarly well watered ; havini* Hud- son river at one extremity, lake Champiaiu at the other, and drained by their conflu- ents. Tiie canal uniting Hudson river, and lake Champlain traverses Washington county. Chief towns Sandy Hill, White- hall, Union, &c. 233 6,174 1.368 177 Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females 20,769 20,390 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do, in Commerce Population to the square mile 43. Washi7i^toii, post village and township. Duchess county New York, on Washington reek, 12 miles NE from Pouglikeepsie. Pop'ilation 'n 181u, i854; and in 1820, 2882. It is the seat of a very respectable boarding school belonging to the society of Friends. Washington, village of .\lbany county, New York, on the Hudson, opposite Troy. It is the seat of an arsenal belonging to the United States. Washington, tov/nship and post village, Morris county, New Jersey. Population in 1820. 1876. Washington, township, Burlington coun- ty. New Jersey, adjoining Little Egg-har- bour township. The soil is generally sandy and covered-with pines. There are in it, at present,* wo blasting furnaces, Batsto and Martha, in operation, and two forges, there were formerly five blast fur- naces, several forges and one slitting mill. The low lands abound in bog ore ; that mixed with mountain ore is manufactured into all kinds of iron and castings. Washington, county of Pennsylvania; bounded by Virginia W ; Beaver county, Pennsylvania N ; Allegany NE ; Mononga- hela river, or ^Vestmoreland and Fayette E ; and Greene S. Length 32 ; mean width 28 ; and are 888 square miles. Sur- face generally hilly, but soil as generally productive. This county occupies the height of land between Ohio, and Monon- gahela rivers, and the creeks flow from its central parts ike radii from a common centre. Chief town Washington. Population in 1810. Free white males - - . 18,071 do. do. females - - 17,612 Total whites - - - 41,159 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - 2,81 Slaves 315 Total population in 1810 - 44,289 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 19,526 do. do. females - - - 18,901 Total whites Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males - . - . do. females Total population in 1820 - 38,831 Total whites . . . - All other- persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females, Slaves, males do. females - - .. Total population in 1820 f0f^9 35,683 570 36 36,289 20,075 19,216 40,038 W A S Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 527 Engagt-fl in Agricaiture - - 7,432 do. in Manufactures - 1,902 do. in ConQmei'ce - 277 Population to the square mile, 45. WashingWi, post town and seat of jus- tice, Washington county, Pennsylvania, on Chartiers creek, 26 miles SW from Pitts- burg. Population in 1810, about 1200; in 1820, 1687 This is a very fl'^unshing country town, with two banks, a steam flouring mill, and several other manufac- turing establishments. Washington col- lege in this town is under the direction of a president, two professors, and contains a library and philosophical apparatus. The college edifice stanls to the E, of the town, is constructed ol stone three stories high, and sufficiently spacious to accommodate 150 students. WasMngton, NW township, Fayette county, PennsylvaHia, between Mononga- hela, and Youghiogan^iver. Population in 1810, 2160; and in 1820, 2749. IVashington, SE township of Franklin county. Population 1810, 2709; and in 1820 4797. It c Mitains the borough of Way esburg, and lies on the heads of An- tietam creek. TFdsIdngton, township of Union county, Pennsylvania, south from Middle creek. Population in 1810, 438; and in 1820, 1427. IVashington, township of Lycoming coun- ty, Pennsyivimia, in the great bend of the west biHi.ch of Susquehannah, opposite Willia.i sport. Popidation in 1810, 675, and in 1820, 1743 IVashington, township, York county, Pennsylvana, on the west boundary of the county, and in Conevvago and Bermidian creeks. Population in 1810, 441 ; and in 1820, 1061. Washington, township of Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, on Kiskaminitys river, 12 miles N from Greensburg. Population in 1810, 1695 ; and m 1820, 1478. Washingto7i,to\vn^Wi\> of Iirdiania county, Pennsylvania, lying NW from th- borough of Indiana. Population in 1810, 755 ; and in 1820, 1057. Tfashivgton, county of Maryltind ; bound- ed by Potomac river, or Virgin!* S; Allega- ny county, in Maryland W ; Pennsylvania N ; and Frederick county in Maryland E. Length 40 ; mean width 12; and area 480 It is a very well watered country, it is tra- versed by Connolaways Licking, Conne- cocheaque, Antietam, and other large creeks flowing from Pennsylvania into Po- tomac river. Surface very much bnken by mountains and hills, though much of the river creek alluvial s"il is excellent. Chief towns, Hagersiown, Hancockstown, and WilliamspoFt. 1070 W A S Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females 8,021 7,570 Total whites - . . 15,591 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 483 Slaves 2,656 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females 18,730 10,049 9,198 Total whites .... 19,247 Free persons of colour, rntiles 289 do. do. females 338 Slaves, males - - . 1,699 do. females - - - 1,502 Total population in 1820 23,075 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 544 Engaged m Agriculture - 3,361 do. in Manufactures - 1,637 do. in CoiTunerce - - 136 Population to the square mile, 48. Washington City, capital of the Uni- ted States, and of the District of Colum- bia. The following description is from the pen of Mr. John Seaford, and ex- tracted from the National Intelligen- cer. Washington City, in the District of Co- lumbia, the metropolis of the United States, is situated on the left bank of the Potomac, and the right bank of the Ana- costia, in latitude 38 degrees and 54 mi- nutes, longitude 00, being intended for a first meridian, The Tyber runs through the middle of the city, and may be con- veyed to the high ground on which the Capitol stands ; and the water of the Tyber and the Reedy Branch, may be conveyed to the Capitol and the presi- dent's house, the avenues, and such streets as lead immediately to public places, are from 130 to 160 feet wide, divided into footways, and walks of trees, and carriage ways ; the others are of various widths, from 70 to 110 feet ; the avenues and streets of 100 feet and up- wards, have footways of 20 feet wide ; those under 100 and over 80, have foot- ways 17 feet wide ; and under 80 feet, 12 feet footways. The ground on which the city stands, was ceded by the state of Maryland to the United States in full sovereignty, and the proprietors of the soil, surrendered tht-ir lands to be laid out as a city, gave up one half to the United States, and subjected other parts to be sold to raise monev as a donation W A S W A S to be employed, and constitute a fund for the public Duildings. The buildings belonging to the United States, are, 1. The Capitol, a large and massy building of the Corinthian order, of free- stone, composed of a central edifice, and two wings ; the whole front of the build- ing is about 360 feet ; the wings were nearly completed, when the British ai'- my, under general Ross, (who was af- terwards slain in battle near Baltimore,) in August 18i4, made a sudden incursion, gained possession of the city, setting fire to the Capitol, presidents house, public offices, &:c not connected with the operations of war, reducing the whole to ashes, together with a valuable and extensive library belonging to Con- gress ; the wings are rebuilt, and the centre nearly completed. The founda- tion of tlie north wing was laid in the presence of president Washington, on the 16th of September, 1793, and that of the centre on the 24th of August, 1818, being the anniversary of its de- struction by the British. 2. The president's house, built of free- stone, two stories high, of the Ionic or- der, and covered with copper, and dis tant from the Capitol, about one mile and a half. 3. Four buildings, erected in a line east and west of the President's house, for the accommodation of the principal departments of government, and subor- dinate offices ; the whole are of brick, two stories high, with freestone base- ments, and covered with slate ; the two new ones are handsome edifices, ^yith freestone porticos on the north front, in the Ionic order. 4. The general post office, where the the patent office is also .kept, is a large and handsome building, three stories high, and 120 feet in length, is situated on higii ground, about equi-distant from the Capitol and the president's house. 5. A very extensive navy yard, com- pletely enclosed with a lofty brick wall, with a handsome j^ate-way, with guard- rooms ; a neat dwelli.'g for the command- ant, and others for different officers of the yard ; extensive warehouses, shop for blacksmiths, coopers, turners, plum- bers, painters, &c sail lofts, model rooms, timber sheds, a steam engine which works two saws, drives a tilt hammer, and the turners' lathes. The Columbus 74.; and the Potomac 44, were built at this yard ; and there is a large frigate now on the stocks. The Poto- mac has been hauled up on Commodore Eodgers' inclined plane, erected as a substitute for a dry dock. Within the enclosure is a neat marble monu- ment, erected by the American offici rs, to thv" memory of their brethreii who fell before Tripoli, in the year 1804 ; this monument was mutilated by the British on the 25th of August, 1814. In this yard are deposited vast quantities of naval stores, and cannon of every size, and is superior to any thing of the kind in the Ujiited States. 6. A co.mfortable marine barrack, suf- ficient for 1500 men, well enclosed, hav- ing a hands'.ime parade, and a neat and commodious residence, for the command- ant of the corps, and good houses for the subaltern officers, an armoury, and shops for the repair of arms, &c.' 7. A substantial navy magazine, with a house for the keeper. 8. A fort at the extreme southern point of land in the city, commands the channel of the Potomac, and the eastern branch ; the improvements at this place are extensive and substantial; with store houses, an armoury, shops in which are made gun carriages, fixed ammunition, 8cc. with an extensive open space, be- longing to the garden. The capitol square is enclosed by a strong and handsome iron railing, and in part planted with strees and shrubbery, and win, \m a short time, aftord a delight- ful promonade Similar improvements are making at the president's house and public offices There is a pile bridge about one mile long, over the Potomac, built in 1809, leading to Alexandria, and two over the eastern braiich Of turnpikes, there is one to Alexandria, one to intersect the Little river turnpike to Virginia, another to Baltimore, completed, and one now opening to Montgomery court-house. A canal passes through the city, connect- ing the waters of the eastern branch with the Potomac. The eastern branch has a sufficient depth of water for fri- gates to ascend to the navy yard without lightening, and vessels drawing 14 feet water come up to the Potomac bridge, near to which are three g od wharves, and from thence tothe mouth of the Ti- ber, there is 10 feet at high tide. There are four market houses, in each of which markets are held tri-weekly. The city contains a large infirmary, a female or- phan asylum, a jail, a neat and commo- dious new theatre, a circus, and two ma- sonic halls, a city hall, commenced in August, 1820, the south half of which is built and enclosed ; it presents a front of 251 feet, erected from the proceeds of a lottery, authorized by Congress, thi'ee buildings for public schools, two of which are on the Lancasterian plan, supported 1071 Yv' A S ^V A S by the corporation, and open for al! poor children ; thirteen places of public wor- ship, viz. two tor Ej)iscopa lans, three Presbyterian, tw.' Catholic, two Metho- dist, two Baptist, one Unitarian, and a Friends' Meeting, which are generally we)! attfcn:;ec!. There are also a city library, Medical, Botanical, Clerk's. Be nevolent, Masonic, Orplian, Bible, Dor- cas, Missionary, and Tract Societies, Coluuibian Inst tute, and other institu- tions Education is not overlooked, as is evinced by the numerous academies and schools which are established Besides the Colunnbian college, adjoining the city, there is a large Catholic theological se- minary in the city, connected with which is a schuol for the general education of youth An extensive window glass manufac- tory, which supplies the market, and exports to a considerable amount ; five very extensive taverns, with accommo- dations equal to any of a similar nature ; three banks, and a branch of the United States bank, a fire ensurance company, nine printing f^ffices, two daily pupers, two tri-wr^ekly, and two weekly. A steam -boat runs regularly to Aquia creek, one to Alexan('ria, and another from Norfolk, to th'; city. Five stages de- part daily to Baltimore, and several others to other places. The seat of governnient was removed here in the year 1800, during the presi- dency of John Adams The city was incorporated by an act of Congress, passed on the third of May, 1B02, by which act, the appointment of the mayor, was vested in the president, yearly ; and the two branches of the Council, elected by the people, in a ge- neral ticket. In a supplementary act, passed May 4, 1812, the corporation was made to consist of mayor, a board of al- dermen, and a board of common coun- cil ; the board of aldermen to consist of eight members, elected for two years, two to be residents of, and chosen from each ward ; the board of common coun- cil to consist of twelve, three from each ward ; the mayor, by the joint ballot of the two boards, to serve for one year. By a new charter, granted by congress on the 15th May, 1820, it is provided that the mayor shall be elected by the people, to serve two years, from the se- cond Monday in June ; the board of al- dermen to consist of two members from each ward, elected for two years, and are ex-officio justices of the peace for the whole county ; the board of common council to consist of three members from each ward, to serve one year ; and eve- ry free white male citizen of the United 1072 States, of lawful age, having resided in the city one year previous to the elec tion, being a resident of the ward in which he oflFers to vote, and shall have been assessed on the books of the cor- poration for the year ending on the 31st day of December preceding the election, and shall have paid all taxes legally as- sessed and due on personal property, when legally required to pay the same, shall be entitled to vote at any election for a mayor, or members of the two boards. The city is by an act of the council, divided into six wards The number of the inhabitants were at different periods as follows, ascertained by the official enumerations viz. In 1800, 1803, 1807, 1810, 1817, 1820, 3,210 4,352 5,652 8,208 11,299 13.24-7 The number of dwellings, exclusive of public buildings and shops, was, on the first of January 1822, 2229, of which, 10o5 were brick, and 1184 wood; and the assessed valuation and real and per- sonal property, on the first of January, 1821, was S6,568,726, affbrding a reve- nue of S.32,842 63 ; in addition to which there is a revenue of SlO.OOO, arising from the licences of taverns, hackney coaches, &c. which is appropriated to the support of the poor, of public schools, and markets, and to pay the officers of the cf.-rporation. The classified population of Washing- ton is exhibited in the following table. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 2,895 do. do. females • - - 3,009 Total whites - . ~ . 5,904 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - 867 Slaves .... 1,437 Total population in 1810 - 8,208 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 4,786 do. do. females - - - 4,820 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - Total whites - - - - 9,606 Free persons of coloui', males - 750 do. do. females, 946 Slave.s, males . - . . 880 do. females - . - 1,065 Total population in 1820 13,247 Vv A S \V A S Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Minufactures do. in Commerce 293 16 S65 125 The following matter was published in one of the public prints of Philadel- phia, December 20th, 1822, as a com- munication from the editor of this ga- zetteer, to the editor of that print. It is here subjoined to the article Wash- ington city, as it may give some aid to tlte future disquisition on the question by which it was produced ; that is, the oc- cupation of the mouth of the Columbia ri- ver, by a colony from the United States. Washington is situated at lat. 38 deg. 54 N. and 77 deg, W from London. The mouth of Columbia is situated at lat 46 deg. 15 N and within a trifling fraction of 48 deg. W from Washington, 125 deg. from London. The difference of lat. therefore, 7 deg. 21 min and difference of longitude 48 degrees. By a calculation on Mercator's plan, the two places bear from each other N 78 deg. 15 min. W, and S 78 deg. 15 E distant in geographical miles 2162, and in English miles 2486. From Washington city to St Louis, by Pittsburg and the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, 1396 miles. From St. Louis to the mouth -of Co- lumbia, by the Missouri and Columbia rivers, 3548 miles. Entire distance from Washington to the mouth of the Columbia, 4944 miles. The distance from St Louis to Wash- ington, by Shawanoctown and Knoxville, 1029 miles. By Lexington in Kentucky, 1005 miles. By Vincennes, Cincinatti, and Pitts- burg, 1011 miles. St. Louis is 38 deg. 36 min. N lat. 12 deg. 58 min. VV Ion. Mouth of Colum- bia, 46 deg. 15 min. N lat. 47 deg. 57 min. W Ion. These two places bear from each other at an angle from the meridian 73 deg. 28 min., are conse- quently 7o deg. 28 min. NW, and 73 deg. 28 min. SE respectively distant ; 1714 geographical, and 1861 English miles The several distances, as given by Messrs. Lewis and Clark, are no doubt over calculated ; their aggregate distance exceeds the direct line almost two to one, an excess hardly credible. In most instances, where the lengths of rivers have been estimated by persons ascend- ing their currents, the space passed through has been overrated, and the er- ror has in most instances borne some proportion to the violence of the stresmri. F, TJ Washingtoii, NW county of the District of Columbia ; bounded SE by the city of Washington, and Georj^etown -, SW by Potomac river ; W and N by Maryland ; and E by East Branch, or Anacostia ri- ver. I', approaches to the form of a right angle triangle, seven miles base, by six pei'pendicu'ar, and with an area of 24 square miles. Surface hilly, and soil of middling quality. Population in IBIO. Free white males - - - 618 do. do. females . - - 588 Total whites - - - 1,206 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - - 154 Slaves ... - - 955 TotalpopulationinlSlO - 2,315 Population in 1820. Free white males . » - 767 do. do. females - - - 745 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - - Total whites . - . . Free persons of colour, males ■ do. do. females Slaves, males - - . . do. females . . . Total population in 1820 - - 2,729 or these ; Foreigners not naturalized » 48 Engaged in Agric Iture - - 490 do. in Manufactures - - 45 do, in Commerce o - 1 Population to the square mile, 11 1-3. Washington, post village of Culpepper county, Virginia ; 65 miles WSW from Washington. Wasliington, county of Virginia ; bounded S by Nortli Carolina ; W by Scott county in Virginia; NW by Kussell ; N l.y Taze- well ; NE by Wythe; and SE by Grayson. Length 50 ; mean width 17 ; and area 850 square miles. Tiiis county lies in the va- rious valleys of tiie i.vvo grfat branches of Holston river, and is drained by those streams and their numei-ous confluents. Though generally hilly, the soil is fertile. Chief town, Abingdon. Population in 1810. Free white males •* = • 5,412 do. do. fcmsles . . - .5,169 Total whites - - - « 10,581 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 12!? Slaves - - - - - 1,448 Total population i ii 1 5 ' ' 1 ^,155 1073 W A S W A 3 Fopuiatldh in 1820. Free whites, males do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males - - . do. females - _ - Total population in 1820 - 12,444 Hancock N\V ; Ogeecbee river or Warren NE ; Jefferson E ; and Emamiel and Lau- rens SE. Length 30 ; width 23 ; and area 690 square miles. Chief town, Sanders- ville. Population in 1810. Free wliite males ... do. do. females ... Total whites .... All other persons except Indians not taxed . - . - Slaves ..... Of these ; Foreig-ners not naturalized - 21 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,491 do. in Manufactures - 381 do. in Commerce - . 22 Population to the square mile, 16. Washington, county of North Carolina ; bounded by Hyde and Beauford S ; Martin W ; Roanoke river and Albemarle Sound N; and Tyrrell county E. Length 20; width 18 ; and area 360 square miles. Sur- face level and in part marshy. Soil gene- rally thin and sterile. Chief town, Ply- mouth. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 1,017 do. do. females . . - 1,097 Total whites . - . - 2,114 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 63 Slaves - - - . - 1,287 Total population in 1810 • Population in 1820. Fl-ee white males ... do. do. females - - . All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whiftes . . - . Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males . . ... do. females ... Total population in 1820 Of these; • Foreigners not naturalized l^gaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do in Commerce - • 5,464 1,083 1,159 3,986 1 - 1,103 56 10 population to the square mile, 11. Washington, post village, Beauford coun- ty. North Carolina, on the left bank of Pamlico or Tar river, about 50 miles be- low Tarborough. This town is a place of considerable commercial importance. fVaahington, county of Georgia ; bounded 'a* Ocone\e river or Wilkinson county S W • Total population in 1810 Papulation in 1820. 9,940 Free white males 3,366 do. do. females 3,331 All other persons except Indians not taxed - . - Total whites - - - . 6,697 Free persons of colour, males 21 do. do. females 11 Slaves, males .... 2,037 do. females 1,861 Total population in 1820 10,627 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 3 Engaged in Agriculture - - 1,343 do in Manufactures - 62 do in Commerce - - 33 Population to the square mile, 15. Washington, post town and seat of justice, Wilkes county, Georgii, containing beside the ordinary county build-ngs, an academy, and about 700 inhabitants. About 50 miles WNW from .Augusta. Washington, county of Ohio ; bounded by Ohio river SE and S ; Athens county SW and W ; and Morgan and Monroe counties N. Length 43 ; mean width 14; and area 600 square miles. Except near the Ohio and Muskingum rivers the surface of this counly is hilly and the soil sterile. Mus- kinjum river enters the Ohio nearly at equal distance from its NB and SW angles. Chief town, Marietta. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - do. do. females Total whites - . - - All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - Slaves, . - - - - Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. female.? ' 3.112 2,831 5,943 48 1,991 5.359 4,967 Ail other persons except Indians hot taxed , . . _ Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males - do. do. fennHJes - Slaves, mates .... do, females .... Total population in 1820 - 10,326 52 47 10,425 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 132 Engaged in Agriculture - - 2,051 do. in Manul'actures - 387 do. in Commerce - - 43 Population to the square mile, 17. Washington^ county oi Indiana; bounded by Floyd SE ; Harrison S ; Orksigc and l.awience W ; Whitt; river or Jackson N ; 111 d SCO t E. Length 24 ; width 20 ; and area *180 square miles. Big Bice tiver rises in tiiis couniy and flows soHth into Ohio river. Chief town, Salem. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - ^fi2& do. do. females ... 4,354 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites - - . - 8,980 Free persons of colour, males - 33 do. do. females - - - 26 Sl.ives, males . , - . ' ' du females ... Total population in 1820 - - 9,039 Of these ; For.'igners nol naturalized . .. Engaged in .\!;riculture - - 2,650 do. in Mauufactures - 59 do. ill Commerce - • 15 Population to the stjaare mile, 19. Washington, township of Columbiana county, Ohio. Population in 182u, 700. Washington, post town and sea ' ius- tice for Fayeite couniy, Ohio, 4Q mi.es .r- from Columbus. Lai. 39 33 Ni, Popula- tion in 1820, 191, Washington, one of the N\V townsliip of Franklin county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 137. Washingto7i, one of the western town- ships. Dark county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 456. Washington, township of Clermont coun- ty, Ohio, on Ohio river. Population in 1820, 1942. Washington, post town of Guernsey county, Ohio, on the road between Wheel- ing and Zanesville. Washi?igton,township of Licking county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 668. Washington, township of Richland coun« ty, Ohio. Popiaatioa in 1820, 63», Washington, township of Miami county, Oliio, containing the village of Plqua, Population in 1820, 490. Washington, township of Montgomery Ci'Unty, Ohi;', contiining the villages of Centrev.lle and Woodbura. Population in 1820. 3174. JVashington, township of Pickaway coun- ty, Oiiio, containing the village of Circle- ville. Population in 1820, 2000. Washington, township of Preble county, Ohio, containing the village of Eatoih Population in 1820, 1562. JVashington, township of Sciota county, Ohio, containing the village of Alexandria on Ohio river. Population 1820, 506. TFashington, township, Warren county, Oiiio. Population 1820, 922. Washington, post town and seat of jus- tice, Davis county, Indiana, between the two main branches of White river. 20 miles &E by E from Vincennes. Washington, county of Illinois ; bound- ed by Randolph S ; St. Clair W ; Madison and Bond N ; and Jefierson E. It is 30 miles square, consequently area 900 square miles. Kaskaskias river passes obliquely through it. Chief town, Covington. Po- pulation 1820, 1517. Of these there were engaged in agriculture 77 ; in manufac- tures 39 ; and in commerce 18, Popula- tion to the square mile, 1|. Washington, county of Missouri, S from Fr '.nklin ; and SW from Jefferson and St. (icnevieve. It lies on the heads of Big Black, Gasconade, Merrimac, and St. Fran- cis rivers. It includes great part of the lead mines of Missouri, but is too vaguely defined to admit the insertion of its area or comparative population. The surface is mountainous, hilly, and broken, though much very fertile soil lies in detached places within its limits, particularly along tlie banks of the Merrimac, Big river and Foisrche a Cosurtois. Wasldngton, couiUy of Kentucky, bound- ed by Green S ; Velson W, and N W ; Salt river, or Franklin N ; Mercer E; and Ca- sey SE. Length 32 ; mean width 17 ; and arpa 550 square miles. It is drained by the various sources of Salt river. Chief town, Springfield. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 5,412 do. do. females - - 5,569 Total whites - - - 10,981 All other person-s except Indians not taxed - . - . 22 Slaves - - - '- - 2,245 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females 13,248 6,186 WAS \V A S All other persons except Indiaus not taxed .... Total whites ... Frte pei-Suns of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males . . - do. females ... Total population in 1820 12,159 32 22 1,832 1,902 15,947 Of these ; Foreisjners not naturalized 4 Eng-ag-ed in Agncultiite - - 4,129 do. in Manufactures - 203 do. in Conimerce - - 29 Population to the square mile, 29. Washington, post iown and seat of jus- tice. Mason county, Kentucky, foui^iniies SVV from Maysville, containmjij the ordi- nary county builJings, an academy, two churches, and a prining office. TVasMnglon, county of Tennessee ; boun^ ded by North Carolina S ; Greene couhty Tennessee W ; isullivan N ; and Carter ^'. Lencfth 22 ; mean width 17 ; and ari-a 5^0 square miles. Its southern part is drained- by Nolachucky river, and tiie Northern by Holston. Surface hilly and broken. Chief town, Jonesborough. ■ • Population in 1810. Free white males - 3,512 do. do. females . - . 3,342 Total whites . - - - 6,854 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 36 Slaves . - . . . 850 Total population In 1810 - 7,740 Population in 1820. Free white males . , , 4,255 do. do. females - - - 4,251 All oiher persons except Indians not taxed ... below Knoxviile, and 8U miies SF. by i^ from. Murireesborough. Washingtoiii county of Alabama, bound- ed by Mississippi W ; Ciioctaw county N ; Tombigbee river E ; atd Baldwin coun- ty in Alabama S. Length 50 ; mean width 20 ; and area 1000 square miles. Surface moderately hilly ; and soil except in a few placts near t'le streams sterile, and covered g-enerally with pine. Chief town, St. Stephens, Washington, parish of Lnislsiana ; bound- ed by Mississippi N ; Pearl river E ; pa- rish of St. Tamany S ; and Tangipao ri- ver, or St. Ilriena W. Length 45 ; mean width 22 ; and area about 1000 square miles Surface nuderaiely hilly, and soil generally sterile, and covered with pine timber. It is principally watered by the Boyue Chitto, and Cliisuiicte rivers. iWiilation in 1820. Fre^hite males - - 1,090 do. do. females - - d>67 All otlier persons except Indians not taxed _ . . . Total whites - . . - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females, Slaves, males . . - do. females - Total population in 1820 - Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 17|^. Washington^ post town, and seat of jus- tice, Rhea county, Tennessee, on the right bank of Tennessee river, ab.gut lOO mil«f& i(i7fi 9.557 1,712 329 21 Total whiles .... 1,957 Free persons of colour, males 1 do do. females Slaves, m.ales ^d, - . 304 • do. females -*^'^ - - 255 Total population in 1820 - - 2,517 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 1 Engaged in Agriculture . . 1,474 do. in Manufactures - 5 do. in Commerce - - 1 Population to the square mile, 2^. Washington, post town, and recently the seat of govern ir.ent of the state of Missis- sippi, stands on a higli, dr}', «md healthy site, on the kfi bank of St. Catharine creek, six miles E from Natclui;. Population, about 1000. Jcfterson college was incor- porated in 1802, and located in this town. A large frame building capable of accom- modatingj-about 70 students was erected, but it Bws not fi'iurished as a literary in- stitution, bcyoiid the ordinary effects of an academy. Washington -point, cape formed by the two branches of Elizabeth river, about one mile above Norfolk. Here the United States has a marine hospital. Washitaii at Ouaddtan, NE parish of Louisiana; libunded by the Mississippi river NE; the parish of Concordia and Ocatahoola SE; Rapides S; Nachitoches W ; and the territory of Arkansaw N. Length 85 ; mean width 50 ; and area 4000 square miles. That part W from "Washitau river, is billy, with a sterile soil covered with pine timber. A similar cha- s^£teri^tc is contiued E of that stream in W A S the northern sectioa of the parisli, to with, high as the Hot spiings, and except in very in 10 or 12 i: iles from Mississippi river, dry seasons, at all times Vj tlie upper set- E from Washit Ml river, and in ihe S Mid tiemenls in Louiaiai.a. Below the springs SK part of the jjarish, except a:ong- the it is augmented from ttie \V by the Cado margins of tlie streams, the surface "is ha- fork, LitUe Missouii, vSuluier and D rbane, blc to annual siibnersion The onJy ara- and from the E by the Saline, Barvhdony, ble land of coiis^der.ible extent is foup.d along the W:.sliitau, Bartheberry, Bayon Siard, and the rivers Ban Tdee, and Boeuf. There are, however, distant from the v.a- ter courses, two small, but very produc- tive prairies, Mer Ilouge, and JcfFsrson, Except those, and a few other small prai- ries ; the whole, not amounting to 2^ square miles, the wh'^>le parish of Washi- tau in a state of nature, was covered wiMi a very heavy forest ; pine \V and N\V, and a mixed mass, S, SE, and E. The arable river alluvion very productive. Staples, cotJnn and lumber. Population in 1810. «^r Free white males - . - ^p9 do. do. females - - . Total whites , . - - All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves . . . . - Total population iii ISI^ - Population in 1820. '' Free white males - do. do. females All other persons except Indiaos not taxed . . - - Total whites . - - - Free p.^rsons of colour, males do. do. females, Slaves, males do. females - . -- 3^ 73i 9 284 and Bocuf rivers. 1Fas.ia7ia, city of Africa, on the Niger, lyiijg according to the l,est information at 'at. ll*-" N, and ion. 17° E from London. This is prcbably the &an->e place men- tioned by Ptoh my u.dtr the name of .Gano, and m irkfd on the various maps (rf Africa as Gano, Gana, Waogara, 8cc. Wassciibur^, town of Germany, in Wtst- phalia. Wasievbnrg, tnwti of GeMTiany, in the circle lit Bavaria, with a cabtle. Lcn. 12 la E^ lat. 48, 4 N. JVatafga. SE 'oranch of Ilolston river, rises in Ashe county. North Carolina, flows into Tennessee, and jv-ins Holstou in Washit 'gt: in county TVatchct,, town in Somersetshire, on the Bristol Channel, at tlu- mouth of a good harbour, much frequented by coal ships which are freighted hence with lime-stout and various other articles. It is' 14 iTiiles NVV of Bridgewater, antl 153 W by S of Lend, n Lnn. J 25 VV, lat. 51 12 N. Wateeo'oy island in the South Sea dis- covered by Gaptain Cook. It is about six leagues in circuit, is a beautiful spot with a surface covered with verdure, and composed of hills and plains. From 2,016 every circumstance, it may be conside- 17 red as indubitable, that the inhabitants 27 of Wateeoo derive their descent from 419 the same stock, which has so remarka- 417 bly diflFused >ts:lf over the immense ex- tent of the Southern Ocean. Lon. 158 2,896 15 W, lat. 21 1 S. Waterbovo\ post town in York county, Maine ; situated on the NE side of the river Mousin, 15 miles NW of Kenne- bunk, 41 N by E of Portsmouth in New Hampshire, and 47 W of Portland. Po- pulation 1820, 1762. Waterliny, post town of Connecticut, in New Haven county, at the distance of 19 miles N by W from New Haven, 10 S from Betheleni, and about 25 SW from Hartford. Population 1820, 2882. Waceree, river of South Carolina, NE constituent of Santee. See Catawba river. The VVateree enters South Carolina in York district, fio^\s SSE by comparative courses 120 mules, and joins the Con- 1,077 7 911 63 9v> Total population in 182 > Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - Ei'.gaged in Agriculture do. in .Vlanufactures - do. in Commerce Population to the square mde, j. Washitait, river of Avkai\saw» and Louia- iana, Great NE branch of Red river. This stream rises by three large branches be- tween Arkansaw and Red river, about 15 degrees W from Washington, and at lat 34 30 N. It thence flows nearly E, the three branches uniting above the Hot Springs. Opposite the latter place the Ouachitau turns S enters Louisiana at lat. 33 N, and continuing in that direction to lat. 31 39 ^„ ., „,. ,- ,,- , , . N. where it receives the Tensaw from the garee 40 miles Sh trom Columbia. SE, and Ocatahoola from the NW, and Waterfonl, county of Ireland 46 miles takes the name of Black river. See Black long and 25 broad ; bounded on the S by ftver, Ocatahoola and Teiisaio. The Oua- St. George's Channel, on the W by Cork, chitan is navigable durins Sprint? floods as on the N and NE by the viver Sure, •^ » ^ 10^7 W A 1 W A T v^hich separates it from Tipperary and Kilkenny, and on the K by Waterfqrd Haven, which parts it from AVextord. iVattrforcl, city and seaport of Ireland, in a county of the oan;e narfie. It is the second place in the kingdom, and has an excellent harbour, where ships of the greatest burden may ride at the quay. It stands on the river Sure, eight miles N of St. George's Channel. 26 S of Kilkenny, and 75 S by W of Dublin. Lon. 6 54 W, lat. 52 18 N. JVuierford, t(.'vvn in Hertfordshire, on the river Coin, seven miles S by \V of' St. Alban's and 3 4 N W of London. Lon. 17 W, lat. 51 41 N. Watevford, post town and township Ox- ford county Maine, 12" miles SW from Paris. Populalic.i\ 1810, 860; and in 1820,1035. ' ^. Waterford, post village, and township Caledonia cour.ty, Vermont, on Connec- ticut river, 32 miks E from Montpelier. Population 1810, 1289; and m 1820, 1300. V Waterford, township, of New London county, Connecticut, between the Thames, and Nautick rivers, adjclning Kew London to the NW. Population 1810, 2185; and in 1820. 2^39. ■' V/aterfurd, post town in Safatoga coun- ty. New York, lying on the W side of Hudson, and N side of Mf hawk river, opposite to Lansini;burg, six miles above Troy, .NW from Utica, aja^^eight miles E from Sackett's HarbouJ'. It is a fine flourish- iijg village built on a swelling eminence, in SI. broken but fertile country. It is the SLa% o^jfl^iate ai^nal, printing office, &c. in i8lO, the township contained 1841 inhabitants, and in 1820, 2766. jraten'tile, ])ost town and township Kennebec county, Maine, on the right bank of Kennebec river, in Kcnrebec county, Maine, 20 miles above Hallo- well. The principal village is at Teco- nick falls, at the head of boat navigation, and is the seat of several mills and ma- nufacturing establishments, and also a 'i'lieological Baptist seminary. Popula- tion 1810, 1314 ; and in 1820 1719. IVaterpille, post village, Sangerfield Oneida , county, New York, 18 miles SW from l^tela. J-FafqjHfc. post village, Delaware coun- ty, Newark, about 50 miles W from Hudson. Water Vleit, township of Albany coun- ty, New York, containing 2365 inhabi- tants in 1810; and in 1820, 2806. It is about nine miles N of Albany, and con- tains the Shaker village of Ni-kayuna, in which is a bell foundry, and screw manufactory. Wutkinsonville. post tf^wn and seat of justice, Clark county, Georgia, 10 miles S from Athens. Watlington, town in Oxfordshire. It is wated under the Chiltern Hiilsj on a ^v A Y brook, which, with the continued ridge, divides the county from Buckingham- shire. It is 14 noiles SE of Oxford, and 46 W of London. Lon. 1 W, lat-51 S7N. Watten, town of France, in the depart- ment of the North, and late province of French Flanders, seated on the river Aa, five miles from St. Omer. Watton, town in iSTorfolk. 18 miles SW of Norwich, and 95 NNE of London. Lon. 53 E, lat. 52 36 N. Wattuborou^h, post village Lunenburg county, Virginia. TFaxholm, fortress on the coast of Swe- den in the Baltic, situated on a small island at the entrance of the Lake Ma- lar, where all homeward bound ships are searched. It is 16 m.les E of Stock- holm. Wayne, post village, and township of Kennebec county, Maine, 20 miles W from Augusta. Population 1820, 1051. Waym, post village, and township of Steuben county. New York, between Se- neca, and Crooked lakes, 30 miles SSW from Geneva Population 1810, ; 1025, and in 1820, 3607. fVayne, NE County of Pennsylvania ; bounded by New York N ; Delaware river or Delaware county in New York E ; Pike county SE ; and Luzerne and Susquehannah counties W. Length 45 ; mean width 16; and area 720 square miles. It is drained by the Lackawaxen, and other creeks of the Delawai'e. Sur- face hilly and broken. Soil generally thin and pooi-. Chief town, Bethany; Population in 1810. Free white males - - 2,164 do. do, females - 1,914 Total whites - » . 4,678 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - . . 44 Slaves . . . - , 3 En;yaged in Agriculture - 1,137 do. in Manufactures - 58 do. in Commerce - - 12 Population to tlie square mile, 6. Wayne, county of O'-iio ; bounded N by Medina ; Stark E ; Cochocton S ; and Richland W. Length 30 ; width 29 ; and area 720 square miles. It is gener- a'ly elevated, with extensive prairies. Soil of middling quality. It is princi- pally drained by Mohicon, Kilbuck, and Sugar creeks. Chief town, Wooster. ' Population in 1820. Free white males ... 6,164 do. do. females - - - 5,769 Al! other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - q Total whites . - - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males . - . do. females Total population in 1810, ■ 4,125 Population in 1820. Free whits males ... 2,149 do. do. females - - 1,962 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - . Total whites ... - 4,111 Free persons of colour, males - 13 do. do. females 3 Slaves, males .... do. females ... Q Total population in 1820 - • 4,127 Of these; Foreigners Bot naturalized 85 Total population in 1820 11,933 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized > 31 Engaged in Agriciilture - 3,281 do. in Manufactures - I78 do. in Commerce - - 20 Popvdation to the square mile, 16^. Wayne, township in Wayne county, Ohio, immediately N of Wooster. In the SW corner are salt springs. Population 1820, 676. See Woosfcr. Wayne,- SE township of Ashtabula county, Ohio. Population 1820, 624. Wayne, township of Columbiana coun- ty, Ohio. Population 1820, 724. Wayne, township of J'fferson county, Ohio. Population 1820, 1696. PVayne, tov/nsh'ip in the SW quarter of Belmont county, Ohio. Population 1820, 654. Wayne, townshijj of Tuscarawas C(kin- ty, Ohio. Population 1820, 715, Wayne, township of Muskingum coun- ty, Ohio. Population 1820, uncertain. Wayne, township of Knox County, Ohio, Population 1820, 1101. Wayne, township of Pickaway county, Ohio. Population 1820, 950. Wayne, township of Scioto county, Ohio in which is situated the village of Ports- mouth. Population 1820, 541. Wayne, township of Adams county, Ohio. Population 1820, 771. Wayne, township of Champaign county, Ohio, containing 905 inhabitants inJ 820. Wayne, northern township of Dark county, Ohio. Population 1820, 268. Wayne, township of Fayette county, Ohio. Population 1820, 925. Wavne, township in NE comer of 1079 vV -;l V "VV A k- Montgomery county, Ohio. Population 1820, 729. JfayTie, township in Butler county, Ohio. Population 1320, 1552. Wayve, township of Warren county, Ohio, with 2d42 inhabitants in 1320. Wayne, county of Indiana ; bounded by Ohio river E, Union county Indiana, S; Fayette SVV; Henry W ; and Ran- dolph N. It is 20 miles square ; area 400 quare miles ; and is drained by the sources of White water river. Chief town, Centreville Population m 1820. Free white males - - 6,250 do do. females - - 5,803 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - o Total whites _ . - Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males _ - - do. females _ - - Total population in 1820 - 12,119 Free white females . - . All other persons except Indians not taxed - - Total whites . - . - Free persons of colour, male.s do. do. females Slaves, males - - . - do. females - - - - 4S9 1,239 lor 97 Of these ; Foreigners not iiaturalized 29 Engaged in Agriculture •• 2,132 do. in Manufactures - 281 do. in Commerce - 22 Population to the square mile 30. Wayne, county of Illinois ; bounded by Johnson, and Union S ; Jackson, and Randolph W ; Jefferson N ; and White and Gallatin E. Length 36 ; width 24 ; and area 864 square miles. It is drain- ed by the west branch of Little Wabash. Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 574 do. do. females - - 537 All other persons except Indians not taxed Total population ia 1820 - - 1,443 Wayne, county of Michigan, bounded by Detroit river and St. Clair lake SE ; Mc Comb county NE ; Oakland NW : and Monroe S\V and S. As it is now defified, it is about 30 miles long, and 20 miles wide; with an area of 600 square -miles. Surface generally level, rising by a very gentle acclivity from lake St. Clair and Detroit river, and gradually becoming flat receding from these waters. Soil highly productive. It is principally drained by the Riviere Rouge. Chief town Detroit. Population in 1820. Free white males - - 1,151 do. do. females - - 9o5 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - . Q Total whites - . - . Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males - • - do. females Total population in 1820 - Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 10 Engaged in Agriculture - - 217 do, in Manufactures ■• do. in Commerce - - 3 Population to the square mile, 1^. Wayne, county of Missouri, west from Washington and Franklin, and on the sources of Gasconade river. Its limits are too vague to admit specification. Population in 1820. Free white males "0 Total whites - - - 2,086 Free persons of colour, males 37 do. do. females ' 29 Slaves, males - . - - do. females . , - o Population in 1820, exclusive of the city of Detroit - - 2,152 Detroit . . , - 1.422 Total - . - - . 3,574 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized • 39 Engaged in Agriculture - 451 do. in Manufactures - 46 do. in Commerce - 5 Population to the square mile, 6 nearly. WaynCy county of Kentucky; bounded 2 by Tennessee S; Cumberland county in 1 Kentucky W ; Cumberland river, or Adair and Pulaski counties N ; and Whitely E. 1,114 Length 44; mean width 22, and area 970 — __ square miles. It is principally drained by Big Sinking creek branch of the Cumber- land. Chieftown Monticello. Population in 1810. Free white males . - , 2,787 do. do. females ... 2,413 Total whites - - - 5,200 AU other persons except Indians not taxed . - . . Slaves 230 Total population in 1810 * - 5.4W W A V W A Y Population in 1820. Free white males . - - do. do. females . - - AH other persons except Indians not taxed . . . - Total whites - - . . Free persons of colour, malrs do. do. females, Slaves, males - - do. females - - . All other persons except Indians 3,750 not taxed .... 3,64J Slaves - . . . . 'I otal population in 1810 7,39 Population in 1820. 4 Free white males - - . 1 do. do. females . - . 266 All otiser persons except Indians 287 not taxc-J - . . _ 111 2,756 8,687 2,854 2,867 .297 60 6 Total population in 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures do- in Commerce Population to the square mile, 8. JVayne, county of Tennesse?, bounded by Lauderdale county, in Alabama S ; liar- din county, Tennessee W ; Perry N ; and Lawrence E. Lengtli 24, width 21, and area 500 square miles. It lies encircled by the great bend of Tennessee river, where that stream turns N on entering the state of Tennessee ; and though in no place actually reaching Tennessee river, the creeks of this county are discharged from it like radii from a centre. Chiet lovvn, Waynesboro'. Population in 1820. Free white males . - - 1,248 do. do. females . - - 1,139 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total wliites .... Free persons of colour males do. do, females - . Slaves, males - . - . do. females . - - - Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures - ., do. in Commerce . 4- Population to the square mile, 5. Wayne, county. North Carolina ; bound, ed by Duplin S : Sampson SW; .Toiinson NW ; Nash and Edgecomb N ; and Greene and Lenoir E. Lengtii 30, mean width 20, and area 600 square miles. It is traversed by Neuse river. Chief town Waynesbo- rough. Population in 1810. Free white males . ~ - 2,937 do. do. females - - - 2,883 7,951 Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. lemales Slaves, males CO. females - 2,459 692 8 Total population in 1820. 9,040 Of these ; Foreit^ners not nalur dized - Engaged in Agriculture - . 2,978 do. in .VJanufactures - - 4 do. in Cf-mmercc - - 23 Population to the squa-e mile, 15. fl'ai/ne, county of Georgia ; bounded by Glynn SE ; Campden, and Appling S ; Ap- pling a;Kl Tatnall W ; ami Altamahah, or Eli)ertand Mc I:!tosh counties NE. Length 40, mean width 25, and area 1000 square miles. Tin tie ilver rises in this county, and it is traversed by Gre.at and Little St. Ilia. Chief town Tuckerville. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females Total whiles - - All othf T persons except Indians not taxed - Slaves . - - _ - 227 194 421 I 254 'otal whites .^20 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females - - - All other persons except Indi.ans not taxed ... Totul whites - . . . Fiee per.sons of colour, maics do. do. females - Slaves, males . - - do. females - . - Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foi-eigners tiot naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commeixe - Popxilation to the squares mile, 1. lOSl 676 327 344 671 2 4 186 147 1,010 1 iir W A V W E I ?r£Ji/ne, county, Mississippi ; bounded by Columbus. It is a settlement principally Alabama E ; Greene couiiiy in Mississippi matle by a society of Friends. Population S ; Covingion W ; and the Choctaw county in 1820, 307, N. Length 32, width 30, and afe.< 960 ^^ --- square miles. It is dr&ii.ed liy Chickisaw bay, and other branches of Pascagoula river. Ciii' f town, Winchester. Population in 1810. Free white males do do. femaies Total whites ... - All other persons except Indians not taxed - - . . Slaves, .... Total population In 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males ... do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed - - . - Total whites . - . . Free persons of colour, males do. do. femaies - Slaves, males . . - - do. females - . „ Total population in 1820 Of these; Foreig'ners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Popiilation to the square mile, 3 Waynesboroiigh, post town, Wear, river which rises in the W part of tiie county of Durham, and divides it into two parts , flowing SE by Stanhope to Bi- shop Auckland, and thence NE by Dur- ham, receives numerous tributary rills from , the mountains and falls into the German Ocean, at Sunderland. JVeare, township of Hillsborough county. New Hampshire, containing 2634 inhabi- tants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2781. It is about 55 miles W of Portsmouth. Wearmouth, village in Durham, opposite Sunderland. This place is famous for a bridge which has the largest arch in Eng- land, is built of iron, and the span of the arch is 236 feet. Weathersfield, township of Windsor coun- ty, Vermont. Weather^Jield, town of Trumbull county, Ohio, five miles SR from Warren, It con- tains a viUage, and a forge and furnace Wedenschiveil, town of Swisserland, in the canton of Zuric. 10 miles SE of Zuric. Wesrt, town of Brabant, 12 miles W of Ruremonde. Lon. 5 o8 E, lut. 51 7 N. Jf'eever, river which rises in the N part ^^° of Shropshire, runs acro-s the middle of ^^ Cheshire, and receiving the Dane from the 2"^ E discharges itself into the estuary of the Mersey. It is navigable to WincJfoid, some miles above Norwich in Cheshire. Weibstadt, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 20 miles SE of " ■ ■" Lon. 9 23 E, lat. 49 19 N. 547 425 972 •19 262 1,253 1.170 1,080 ,250 8 517 365 j2 Heidelburg TVeichterbach, town of Germany, in VVeteravia, and in the county of Isenberg, Franklin seated on the river Kintz, with a castle. county, Pennsylvania, 20 miles SSE from where the count resides. Chambersburg. TVeiden, town of Germany, in Bavaria, Waynesbor'oiish, post toWn in Greene seated on the Nab, 10 miles NW of county, Pennsylvania, 25 miles S from Leuchstenberg. Lon. 12 10 E, lat. 49 Washington. 24 N. JVayneshorough, post town In Atignsta ff^^f^ q,. jy^^j^ town of Germany, in county, Virginia, 12 miles E by Sot Siaun- Wirtemberg, "on the Worm, 12 miles ton, and 30 NW of Monticello, the seat ot ^^^^^ ^^ stutgard, and 20 N of Tubingen, the late president Jefferson. Lq„_ 8 50 E, lat. 48 46 N. frat/»es6oro?/^7;, post town and the capital jf-gUbitr?, town of Germany, in the of ^Vayne county North Carolina situated county of Nassau, on the Lahn. 22 miles on the S side of Ncuse river 50 mdes SE of ^j. J^ Nassau, 22 NW of Francfort, and Raleigh, and 69 W of Newbern. , ^ 29 east of Mentz. Lon. 8 26 E, lat. 50 TVamiesboj-ongh, -post town and seat ot iq-^ ,.,' justice, Burke county, Georgia, on Briar creek, 30 miles S from Augusta. It is the seat of an academy. Wayneshttrg, post village, Honeybrook township, Chester county, Pefmsjlvania, 11 miles NW by W from Downingstown Weilhdm, town of Germany, in Wir- temburgi seated on the river Lauter. Weimm\ town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, with a magnificent castle, the residence of the duke of Saxe-Wiemar. Wavnesville, post village and seat of jus- It is seated on the Ilm, 20 nniles NE of tice, Haywood county. North Carolina, on Erfurt, and 20 WSW of Naumburg. the head of Big Pigeon river, 60 miles Lon. 11 52 E, lat, 51 6 N. WNW from Rutherfordton. Wevmir, grand duchy of Saxe, consist- Waxjnesville, post town. Warren countv, ing of Wiemar Proper, and Eisenbach, Ohio, on Little Miami, 68 mil»s SW from detached from each other, but contain- 308^ •\V E I W E L iniT together, an area of 1460 square miles ; and 20Li,030 inhabitants. Wie- mar is the capital. IVeing-artm, tciwn of Germany, in tlie palatinate of the Rnine, seated on the Piintza, four miles NE of D..urlach, and nine S of Philip^burg. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 49 5 N. We'mheim, town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 1® miles N nf Hfidelburg. Lon. 8 45 E, lat. 49 35 N. TVeisbadcn, town of Germany, in Mentz, where there are hot baths in hi^h es- teem. It is eight miles NE of Mentz, and IS west of Francfort. Lon. 8 20 E. lat 49 56 N. Weisbrain. See Vesperifi, JFeiselmimde, fortress of Western Prus- sia, seated at tlse mouth of the Vistula, below Dantzic, whose harbour it defends. Lon. 18 40 E, lat 54 24 M. Weissembnvg, town of France, in the departm.ent of Lower Rhine, on the Lau- ter, 10 miles SW of Landau, and 22 NE of Strasburg. Lon. 8 11 E, lat. 48 53 N. Weisnemhirg, town of Franconia, in the bishopric of Aichstadt. The inhabitants are protestants It is seated on the Red- nilh, live miles N of Pappenheim, an ' 30 SW of Nuremburg. Lon. 11 2 E, lat. 49 4 N. Weissemburg, town of Germany, in Sax- ony, 20 miles north bv west of Wittem- burg, and 20 NE of Deslaw. Lon. 12 31 E, lat. 52 8 X. Weissemburg, or .Slba JaUa, city of Trani-ylvar.ia, capital of a county of the same name, and a university. It is seat- ed on the side of a hill, near the river Ompias, o5 miles west of liermanstadt. Lon. 24 E, lat. 46 26 N, ffeissemburg, or Shihhoeissemburg, town of Lower Hungary, seated at the E end ckings It is 16 miles S of Bristol, and 120 w«st of London. Lon. 2 :i7 W, lat. 51 12 N. Wells, town of Germany, in Upper Austria, seated on the Trawn, 18 miles S of Lintz- Lon. 13 53 E, lat. 4S 4 N. Wells, post town and township in York county, Maine ; situated on the sea shore, six miles S of Kennebunk, 16 N of York, and 26 N by E by Portsmf)uth, New Hampshire. Population 1820, 2660. WeUaborongh, post town and seat of justice in Tioga county, New York ; on Crooked crtck, Delmar township, A5 miles NNW from Williamsport, Wellsburg, formerly Charlestown, post town and seat of justice in Brooke coun- ty, Virginia ; on the bank of Ohio river, above the mouth of Buffaloe creek. It 1083 contains about 1000 inbiibil.ai.ls, and some manufactpries- Wdshfield, southern township of Geau- ga county, Ohio. Pupulation 1820, 100. Jf'dshpooJ, town in M ntgoiueryshire. It is the principal trading town in the county, btitig the gn-at mart f i r Welch cottons, flannels, &c. It is seated in a rich vale, one the rivei* Severn, nine miles N of Muntgomery, and 169 NW of London. Lon. 3 5 VV, lat. 52 33 N. WeUenburg. See Abach. IFehi'i/n, village in Hertfordshire, of which Dr. Young was rector ; and here were written his celebrated Night Thoughts. Wem, town in Shropshire, on the Ro- den, nine miles N of Shrewsbury, and 364 NVV of London. Lon. 2 40 W, lat. 52 50 N. Wendii7}gen, town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia. Lon. 9 18 E, lat. 48 IVendd, township, Cheshire county, New Hampshire, 30 miles NW from Concord. Population lolO, 447 ; and in 1820, 603. Wendd, tcv/nshjp Franklin county, Massachusetts 15 miles E from Green- fit id. Population 1820, 983 : and in 1820, 958. We7idover, borough in Buckingham- shire, seven miles SE of Ailesbury, and 35 W by N of London, Lon. 3 35 W, lat. 51 45 N. Weulock, borough in Shropshire, 12 miles SE c-f Slirewsbury, and 147 NW of London. Lon. 2 30 VV, lat. 52 ?•& N. TVenner, the largest lake of Sweden, in West Gothland, NW of the lake Wetter. It is 100 miles in length, and, in some places, 40 in breadth. ' The cu- iial of Trolhattan, opens the trade of this fine sheet of water, to Gothenburg, by Wennersburg. Weimersbitrg, town of Sweden in West Gothland, which is the staple for all the iron sent from the province of Werme- land to Gotheborg. It is seated at the SW extremity of the lake Wenner, 15 miles E of Uddevalle. TFeim/sscl, peninsula of Denmark, ■which makes the N part of N ith Jut- land : bounded on the S by the canal of Alburg, on the E by the Categate, and on the N and W by the German Ocean. Wmiyssel, town of Denmark, in North Jutland, capital of a prefecture of the same name. It is seated on the Kyna, 17 miles NW of Alburg, Lon. 9 40 E, lat. 57 4 N. Weni-ivorth, village in Yorkshire, three miles NW of Rotherham. Wenb!;iy borough in Herefordshire. TTf54 eight miles NW of Hereford, and 141 WNW of London. Lon. 2 41 W, lat. 52 9 N. Werben, town of Germany, in the old marche of Brandenburg, formerly a stroii;^ passage on the river Elbe, but now all the fovtihcations are ruined. It is seated at the place where the Habel falls into the Eibe, 60 miles NW of Ber- lin. Lon. 12 12 E, lat. 53 5 N. JTercfiteren, town of Brabant, seated at the confluence of the D.?mer and Dyle, nine miles E of Mechlin. Lon. 4 49 E, lat. 51 ON. Werden, town of Westphalia, in the county of Marck. The inhabitants are Prote.Htants under the protection of Prus- sia. It is seated on the Roer, 10 miles NE of Dasseldorf, and 10 E of Duisberg. Lon. 7 1 E, lat. 51 17 N, IFertleiiburgy town of Swisserland, sub- ject to the canton of Glarus, and capital of a country of the same name, with a strong castle, seated on an eminence, commanding a beautiful prospect. It is 16 miles XE of Glarus. Lon. 9 25 E, lat. 46 58 N. Werdevfelds, town of Germany, in Ba- varia. Werdohl, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Westphalia. Lon. 7 22 E, lat. 51 14 N. Wevle, town of Germany, in Westpha- lia, in the bishopric of Munster. seated on ttie river Seisk, 30 miles S of Munster. Lon- 7 20 E. lat. 51 35 N. Wermelund, or Wanneland, province of Sweden, in West Gothland, 100 miles long and 50 broad ; b-unded on the N by Dalecarlia, on the E by the Westma- nia and Nericia, on the S by the lakes Wenner, aiid Dalva, and on the W by the mountains of Norway. Carlstadt is the capital. Wem, town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Munster. v/ith a monaste- ry, seated necir the Lippe, 28 miles S by W of Munster. Lon. 7 30 E, lat. 51 35 N. Wernigerode, town of Germany, in Up- per Saxony, with a trade in brewing, and maufactares of cloth and stuflF. Lon. 11 10 E, lat., 52 2N. Wevra. See Weser. Wertheim, town of Franconia, capital of a county of the same name. It is seat- ed at the confluence of the Tauber and M;nne, 20 miles W of Wurtzburg. Lon. 9 53 E. lat. 49 46 N. IVesd, town of Germany, in Westpha- lia, in the duchy of Cleves, with a strong citadel, near the confluence of the Rhine and Lippe. It was formerly an imperial and hanseatic town, but now belongs to the king of Prus^sia. It is 25 .sK'of Cleves, W E S W ••. :- ir.d 45 N of Cologne. Lon. 6 37 E, iat. lat. 51 27 N. JVesel, town cf Germany, in the arch- bishopric of Treves, 20 miles S of Cob- lentz, and 46 ENE of Treves. Lon. 7 oO E, lat 5U 4 N H'iisenburj, fortified town of Russia, in the govern'nent of Esthonia, seated on the Wiss, 55 miles SE of Revel, and 55 NW of Narva. Lon. 25 48 E lat. 59 ION TVeser, considerable river of Germa- ny, which rises in the country of Hen- neburg, bting then called the Werra. It passes by Smalkald, crosses a comer of rhnringia, enters the duchy of Bruns- wick, and receives the Fulde, at Mun- den. It tht-n assumes the name of We- ser, runs along the confines of the cir- cles of Weslphalia and Lowtr Saxony, \vaters Hameli-i, Minden, and Hoye ; re- ceives the Aller, below Verden ; and passing by Brem. n, enters the German Ocean, JVcsley, western township, Washing- ton countv, Ohio. Population 1820, ^92, West, one of the eastern townships of Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, on the west branch of Susquehannah five miles above Huntingdon. Population 1820, 1244. West, township, Columbiana county, Ohio. Population 1820, 722. WestborouglL, post village and township, Worcester county, Massachusetts, 13 miles E from Worcester. Population 1810, 1048; and in 1820, 1325. Westbrook, township Cumberland coun- ty, Mahie, three miles W from Portland. Population 1820, 2502. ff'est Buffalo, township of Union coun- ty, Pennsylvania, betv/een White Deer mountain and Penn's creek. Population 1820, 1183. West Cambridge, post village, and township, Middlesex county, Massachu- setts. West Chester, county of New York ; bounded by Hudson river W ; Putnam county, New York N ; Fairfield county, in Connecticut E; and Long Island Sound, and Harlem river S. Length 40 ; mean width 12; and area 480 square miles, hiesides the Hudson, the Croton, and BroRx are its principal streams. Surface generally hilly and in part moun- tainous. Soil in most places productive in grain, pasturage and fruit- Chief towns, White Plains, Croton, Peekshill, and Bedford. Population in IBlQ. Free white males - - 14..368 Free white femaica 15,974 Total whites - - - 28,342 Ail other persons except Indians not taxed Slaves 948 982 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. 30,-^72 Free white males . . - 15.479 do. tlo. females . . - 15,3io All othei- persons except Indians not taxed Total whites .... 30,795 Free persons of colour, males - 821 do. do. females 817 Slaves, males - . . - 113 do. females 92 Total population in 1820 2,638 Of these ; Foreigners not naturrdized - 270 Engaged in \gricultiire - 4,993 do. in Manufactures - 1,614 do. in Commerce - - 251 Population to the square mile, 68. West Chester, p«st town. West Chester county, New York, 12 miles from New York. Population 1810, 1969; and in 1820, 2162. West Chester, post town, bcrough, and seat of justice, Chester county, Pennsyl- vania, 22 miles \V from Philadelphia. Population 1820,' 552. It contains, be- side the county buildings, a market house, and bank. Westchester, village. Perry township, Tuscarawas crunty, Ohio. Westerns, town of Ssveden, capital of Westmani."!, with a famous college, it carries on a considerable commerce with Stockholm, parlicularl}- in copper and iror* from the neighbouring- mines. Westeras is seated on the lake Mseler, 45 miles NW of Stockholm. Lon. 17 E, !at. 59 38 N. Westerham, town in Kent, with a mar- ket on Wednesday. This place had the honour of producing general Wolfe, who is interred in the church. It is seated on the river Darent. Lon. 6 E, lat. 51 18 N. Wesierloo, township, Albany county. New York. Population 1820, 3458. Westerlij\to\s'v&\\\'^, Washington county, Rhode Island, on the E side of Pawca- tuck river, opposite to Stonington, in Connecticut, 13 miles W of Charleston, 34 of New Port, and 20 E of New Lon- don. In Pacatuck village in this town- ship are, 50 or 60 dwelling houses, two 1085 \v E WES banks, two academies, and a wooUeu cloth factory. Western, post villag-e and tov/nslvp, Wor- cestKi- count}, Muc^s .chusetts, 22 miles SW from Worcester. Popu!ati;-n in 1810, 1014; and in 1820, 1112 Western^ township oF Ooeida county, New York, on Hie Mohawk, five m les above Home. Fr,pid.ition in 1810,2416; r.t-;d m 18:0, 223r. IVestevnpori, or Westport, post village, Aileg.iny county, Maryland, on the left bank uf Poto:T»ac river, between George's creek and S:vag-e river, 20 miles by laud iibove Cumberland.. Westirivich , seap.jrt of S^veden, in Smo- i?.nd, seated on the Haltic, 50 miles N of Galniar, and 120 S VV of S ock.hol-.n. Lon. 16 OE,la';. 57 40 N. JVest Fairlee, tov. nsliip of Orange county, Vermont, 36 rrnles SE iro.-n M li.tpelier. JVestfall, town-hip of Pickaway county, Ohio, on ijie ri.s^'hi bank of Scioto river, nearly opposite C rcleville. P.-pulation in 1820, uncer'ain. West farms, post vil age, Vv'estches'er county, New York, on IJri^nx river, 10 miles NE fr-m New Yoik. Westfield, township of Orleans county, Vermont, 45 mile.^ N from ]M ontpelier. Westfield. post lovv!'. in Hamdtn county, Massachu^e.ts, lying on the south side of a river of t!ie same name, 11 m.les west of Springfield, 34 E of Stockbridge, aiid 35 N by \V cf Hartford (Connecticut ) Popu- lation in 1810, 2130 ; and in 1820, 2668. WestJisUl, townsiiip of^ichra'ind county, Staten Island, and st-.te of New York, con- taining 1,444 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820,*1616 Wesifield, township of Essex couity. New Jersey, eight miles west froni Eliza- bethtown Population in 1820, 2358, Westjield, one of the southern lowuihlps of Medina coun'v, Ohio. Populatic!i in 1S20, 179. Westf'jrd, town.ship orMiddlesex county, 'Ma'-sachuselt--, situated r.n the E side of Stoney river, five miles N'.V of Concord, and contiining- 1330 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1409. Westford, township' of Otsego county. New Y^ork, 10 mi'es SE from Cooper's town. Population in 1820, 1526. West Greenxuich, SVV township of Kent count;,. Kr.oJe Island, 18 miles SW from Providence. Population in 1810, 1619 ; and in 1820, 1927. Westhimptov, township of Hampshire county, Massachusetts, 10 miles west from Nortiiampton. Population in 1810, 7'93 ; and in 1820, 896. West JJaven, post village and township, Rutland county, Vermont, 50 miles west from Windsor. Population in 1810, 679 ; and in 1820, about 750. West Hofcn, town of German^', in the circle of the Uhine. Westhofen, town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Rhine, and late province of Alsace. West Indies. See Indies West. Westkind, (owi ship of Guernsey county, Ohio. Population in 1820, 676. Westmania, or Westmanland, province of Sweden Proper, between Sudermania, Ge-.tricia, N?ricia, and Upland. It is 75 m les long and 45 broad, and abounds in copper End iron mines. The face of the country is diversified like Wermeland. Westeios is the capital. JVestminster^ city of Middlesex, the resi- dence of ihe mon...rchs of Great Britain, the scat of the parliament and of the high courts of ju.suce, and constituting with London and Soulhwiirk, the metropolis of the British e-npire. This city had its name from the situation of iis abbey, anciently Called a ininstei\ in respect of that of St. Paul. See London. Westminster, po^t town in Vermont, in V/indiiaai county, situated on the west side of ConnecHciit river, opposite to Wal- pole, 18 miles N of Brattleboro', 29 south of Windsor, and 15 NW of Keen (New Hampshire ) Westminster, township in Massachusetts, situated in Worcester county, and contain- ing 1419 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1534. Westminster, post town in Frederick county, Maryland, 30 ndles NW of Balti- more, and 75 N by E of Washington. Westmoreland, county of England, enclo- sed between those of Cumberland, York, and Lancaster; t!ie first b.-unding it on 'he N and NW ; the second on the E ; and the last on the S and SW. It has tlie natural boundaries of lakes, streams, and moun- tains, almost every where except to the soiith, where it sinks undistinguishably i:ito Lanc'tshiie. From tiie sea it is ex- eluded by the detached part of Lanca- shire ; and only just touches upon the bot- tom cf that wide sandy wash which sepa- rates the two parts of that county. Ihe principal rivers are the Eden, Lone, and Ken. It has also several fine lakes, the princip.al of which is Winnander-raere, or Windermere water. In the forest of Mar- tindale, to the south of Ulls-water, the breed of red deer still exists in a wild state. Appleby is the county-town. Popu- lation in 1801, 41,617; in 1811, 45,922; and in 1821, 51,359. Westmoreland, township of Cheshire county, New Hampshire, containing 1937 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2029. It is situated on the east side of Connecticut river, wh.ich separates it from the state of Vermont. Wpstmnreland,^05\. town in Oneida coun- \v E a' W E S ty. New York, 12 miles E of OneiJa, and about the same distance west of Utica, or old Fort Schuyler. Population in 1810, 1135; and in 1820, 2791. Westmoreland, county of Pennsylvania ; bounded by Somerset S ; Wiisr.ing'ton W ; Allegany NW ; Armstrong and ludiann N ; and Bedford E. Leng'.h 37; width i{9 ; and area 1064 square miles. It is a well watered county. The Mononj^ahela forms its extreme western border, near wh ch it is traversed by the Youghiogany. Its en- tire northern limit is formed by the Kis- kimnitas, and its north-western by the Al- legany ; whilst its surfitce is drained by the numerous confliients of these rivers. The face of the country hilly and m part moun- tainous. Soil generally productive in grain, pasturage and fruit. Chief town, Greensburg. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females 13,286 12,841 26,127 245 20 26,392 Total whites .... All other persons except Indians not taxed - - Slaves Total population in 1810 - Population iti 1820. Free white males - - - 15,691 do. do. females - • 14,597 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males do, females Total population in 1820 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture • do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 28, Westmoreland, county of Virginia, bound- ed by Potomac river NE ; King George county NW ; Rhappahannoc nver, and Richmond county S ; and Northumberland SE. Length 30 ; mean width 5 ; and area 150 square miles. Chief town, Leeds. Population in 1810. Free white nnales do. do. females 30,540 44 4,558 436 51 Total whites All other persons except Indians • not taxed .. - , . 1,702 1,699 3,401 621 Slaves 4,080 Total population in 1810 • 8,102 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. fcma'es - - - A.l other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites - . - - Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males .... do. females Total population in 1820 - - 6,901 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 5 Engaged in Agriculture - 2,157 do. in Manufactures - 77 do. in Commerce - 92 Population to the square mile, 46. Weston, township of Conntc.icut, Fair- field county, seven mi'es N of Fairfirld, and containing 2618 inhabitants in 1820; and in 1820, 2767. It is the seat of an academy. WestQtvn, township, Chester county, Pennsylvania, about four miles E from West Chester, containing a Friends' board- ing school. Population in 1820, 755. Westphalia, formerly one of the circles of Germany, bounded on the E by Lower Saxony; on the S by Heiise, Wcsterwald, and the Rhine ; on the W by the United Provinces ; and on the N by the Germsn Ocean. The principal rivers are the We- ser, Embs, L ppe, and Roer. It contained the sovereign bishoprics oi Osnaburg, Munster, and Paderborn ; the principality of Minden ; the counties of Ravensburg, Tecklengburg, Ritburgh, Lippe, Lemgow, Spigelbui-g, Shauenburg, Hoye, Diepholt, DelmerJicrst, Oldenburg, Embden or East Frieslanrl, Bentheim, and Lingen. Thess are to the N of the river Lippe. To the S of it are the abbies o! Essen and Verden, the town of Dortmund, the counties of Marck and Homburg, and the duchies of Westphalia, Berg, snd Cleves. Munster is tlie most considerable city. Westphalia, formerly duchy of Germany;, in the circle of ^Vestphalia, 40 miles long and 25 broad ; bounded on the N by the bishopricks of Munster and Osnaburg, and the county of Lippe; on the W by that of Marck ; on the S by the territories of Nas- sau , and on the E by the counties ot Wito genstein, Hartsfeld, Waldeck, and the land- gravate of Ilesse, being about 40 miles in length, and 25 in breadth. Arensberg is tlie capital. See the various sections of the circle, and rhichv, under their respective heads. 1087 -%V E T W E Y West PQint, post village and military school. Orange county, New York, on the south bank of Hudson river, at the lower verge of the Highland;-:, seven miles S from Newburg. Durin.e the revoluxionary war. it was a niihtary post of much consequence. In 1802, the general government of the United Stales m^ide it the seat of a military academy. It is no\r under ihe sujierintend- ance of a professor and assistant professor, en each of tlie three branches of mathema- tics, natural and experimentt.1 Phi'osophy, and of the art of engineering. A ch::plain, instructor on each of the following branches tactics, and artillery. A surgeon who is also professor of chemistry, and a teacher of the French language, a teacher of draw- ing, and a master of sword exerc se. The number of students, termed cadets, are limited to 250. IVestport, seaport of Ireland, In the coun- ty of Mayo. Lon. 9 22 W, lat. 53 48 N. JFestpot't, township of Bristol county, Massacl)usetts, containing 2585 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2633. It is a seaport, situated near the mouth of the river Akeaxet. Wcstport, township, Essex county. New York, on lake Champlain. Population in 1820, 1095. IVeslport, post town, Henry county, Ken- tucky, on the Ohio river, 22 miles above Louisville. IVestva, one of the Orkney Islands, eight miles long and from one to three broad, containing abo\it 1303 inhabitants. West Springjield, post town in Hampden county, Massachusetts, on the W side of Connecticut river, opposite Springfield, 13 miles S of Northampton, 30 miles W by S of Brookfield, and 29 N ot Hartford Con- necticut. Population in 1820, 3246. Weststockbridge, post village and town- ship, Berkshire county Massachusetts, 10 miles SSW irom Lenox. Population in 1820, 1034. JVestown, township of Chester county, Pennsylvania, four miles SE from the bo- rough of Westchester. Population in 1820, 755. West Union, post t^wn and seat of jus- tice, Adams county, Ohio, 53 miles SW from Chilicothc. Lat. 38 51 N. Popula- tion in 1820, 406. West Union, township, Columbiana coun- ty, Ohio. Population in 1820, 722. Westrogothia. See Gothland. Wetherby, town of Yorkshire, with a market on Thursday. Lon. 1 20 W, lat. 53 57 N. Wethcrsfield, post town and township in Hartford county, Conneciicut, on the W side of Connecticut river, three miles S of Hartford, 11 N of Middleton, and 43 N by E cf New Haven, containing 3961 inhabi- 1088 tants in 1810 . It is the seat of an acade" my. Weter, lake of Sweden, in Gothland, SE of the lake Wenner. It is 100 miles in leng'h, and in some places 20 in breadth. Above forty small streams enter this lake, and its only outlet is the river Motala, which flows E, by Nordkoping, into the Baltic. Wetteraz'ia, or Weteraiv, an extensive province of Germany, lying between the territories of Treeves and Mentz on the S, and the duchies of Berg and Westphalia, the langravate of Hesse, and bishopric of Fulda on the N: having tlie llhme to the AV, and Fulder to the E. It is divided into two parts bj- the river Lahn : the soul hern part^ or Weltcraviu Proper, belongs to the cir- cle of Upp.^r llliine ; and the northern, or the Westerwald, belongs to the circle of Westphalia. It contains several small counties. Wettin, town f>f Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, with a castle on a mountain; seated on 'he Saal, over which is a ferrj-, nine miles NNW of Halle. Wetti7igen, town of Switzerland, in the county of Baden, celebrated, for its wood- en bridge, 240 feet long, of a single arch over the river Limmat. It is one mile S of Baden. ff'etziar, town of Germany, in Weltera- via, capital of a county of the same name. It is surrounded by ditches and walls flanked with towers. It is seated at the confluence of the Lahn, Disle, and Dillen, 30 miles N of Frankfort. Lon. 8 37 E, lat, 50 33 N. Wetwkburg, town and city of Westpha- lia, in tlie principality of Paderborn, nine miles S of Paderborn. Wexford, county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Munsfer, 38 miles long and 24 broad ; bounded on the N by Wicklow, E by St. George's channel, S by the Atlantic ocean, W by Waterford and Kilkenny, and NW by Catherlough. It contains 100 pa- rishes, and is fertile in corn and grass. The principal rivers are the Barrow and Slaney. Wexfordf btu'ough of Ireland, capital of the county of tlie same name. It has a spacious harbour at the mouth of the Slaney, on a bay of St. George's channel, but the water is not deep enough for large vessels. Much woollen cloth is manufac- tured here and in the neighbourhood. The inhabitants are estimated ai 9000. It is 33 miles ENE or Waterford, and 75 S of Dub- lin. Lon. 6 30 W, lat. 52 22 N. Wexio, town of Sweden, in Smoland, seated on the lake Helga, which contains a group of woody islands. It is a bishop's see, though small, and is 50 miles W of Calmar. ^fe^, j^V;e|P, which rises i!i Hampshire* \Y A t Sows through Surry by Godalming and Guiliord, and enters the Thames, at Wey- bridge. Weifbrid^e, village in Surr}', seated on the Wty, at its entrance into the Thames, two miles E of Cliertsey. fVey/iill, village, in Hampshire, three W of Andover, famous for an annual fair on the 10th of October, for sheep, leather, hops, and cheese. Weymouth, town in Dorsetshire, incorpo- rated vvitli that of xMelcomb Regis. A few plain and striped cottons are made here. Weymouth is 130 miles WSW of London. See Melcomb Regis. Weymouth, township of Norfolk county, Massachusetts, containing 1,889 inhabi- tants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2407. Situated about ten miles SE of Boston. Weymouth, township of Gloucester coun- ty. New Jersey. At the village or Fur- nace, called Weymouth furnace, here is a post office. Population 1810, 1029 ; and in 1820, 787 Wharton, township of Fayette county, Pennsjdvania, adjoining Virginia, and be- t\veen Laurel Hill and Sugar Loaf Moun- tain, commencing five mdes SE from Uniontown. Population 1810, 922: and in 9820, 1276. Whateley post village, and township, Franklin county, Massachusetts, 10 miles above Northampton. Population 1810, 891; and in 1120, 1076. Wheatfield, SE township of Indiana coun- ty, Pennsylvania Population 1810, 1475, and in 1820, 2020. JfhenUng, large creek, rising in Greene and Washington counties. Pennsylvania, and flowing NW, into Ohio county, Vir- ginia, falls into Ohio river below the town of Wheeling. Wheeling, post town and seat of ju-tice, Oiiio county^ Virginia, stands on the bank of Ohio river, inramediately above the mouth of Wheeling creek. It stands on a first and second bottom, principally in one street parallel to the river. It contains the county buildings ; a nail factory, and about 1000 inhabitants. The United States turnpike road reaches the Ohio river at Wheeling, contributing greatly to 'Us in- crese and prosperity. Wheeling, township of Belmont county, Ohio. Population 1820, 1482. Whida, kingdom of Guinea, on the SJave Coast, extending about 10 miles aloi?g the Atlantic, under 6 29 N lat. Thciv trade consisted of slaves, elepha-its' ceeth, wax, and honey. The English factory is 200 miles B of Cape Coast C-sstle, within land. X3*ier, or Sabi, is the capital. Whitby, seaport m the North Riding of Yorkshire, near the mouth of the Esk. It is a considerable town with a great traffic ia the building of ships, and tbe carryiiig 6Y W II I business. Its harbour U the best on this coast, and is protected by a fine pier ; but it has no river communication with tliis in- land country. White, county of Tennessee; bounded by Bledsoe SE ; Warren W ; or Caney Fork river SW ; Smith NW ; Jackson N ; and Oveiton NR Length 40 ; mean width 19 ; and area 750 square miles. It is drained by the eastern branches of Caney Fork river. Ch.ef town, Sparta. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 1,974 do, do. females, - - - 1,771 Total whites . ., . - 3,745 All other persons except ladians not taxed . - , . - Slaves - . . . . 283 Total population In 1810 - - 4,028 Population in 1820. Free white males - - . 4,096 do. do. females - - - 3,885 Total whites ... - 7,981 Free persons of colour, males - 62 do. do. females 65 Slaves, males . - . 273 do. females - - - 320 Total population in 1820 8,701 2 1.P60 109 8 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture do ill i\lanufactures - do. in Commerce ft)pulation to the square p^^* H- Whiie, county of lllin^s 5 bounded by Wabash river E; Galla*^^' county S ; Frank- lin and Jeff er .on W' and Wayne, and Ed- wards N. Lea^*^ '^^ '■> width 20 ; and area 800 square iv-'-«^s- ^^ 'S chiefly drained by Little WaV-ish river. Chief town, Carmi. PopivUtion in 1820. Free white males - - - 2,546 40. flo. females - - 2,215 All pcher persons except Indians not taxed - - - . q Total jvhites . - . - Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males - - - - do. females - - - - Total population in 1820 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce Population to the square mile, 6. 4089 4,828 13 979 17 ao w n i W H I l^hiie Clay a-eek, rises in Ciiester coun- ty, Pennsylvania, flows St: into Newcastle county, Di-laware, and joins Red Clay creek near their joint influx into Chr.a- tiana. IVkite day Creek, hundred of Npw Cas tie county, D (aware, containing 1701 in- habitants In 1810; and in 1820, 1904. W/iiie Creek, post township, Washing- ton count)'. New York. Tt is the seat of an academv, '?.6 mdes NE from Albany. Popid3tion'l820, 2377. JVhite Deer, NE townsliip of Union coun- ty, Pennsylvania, on Susqueiiaimah river. Popul.tion 1810, 1132 ; and in 1820, 1677. Wliiiefield, post vdl.ige, and township, Lincoln county, Maine, 15 miles N from Wiscasset. Population 1810, 995 ; and in 1320, 1429. Whitejteld, township of Coos county. New Hampshire, Population 1820, 281. Whitehall, post town in Washington coun- ty. New York ; situated at the head of lake Champlain, 22 miles N of P'ort Ed- ward, and 41 W of Ruti nd This place was formerly called Skeer.sborough, from major Skeene, of the IJriti^h army. Whitehall, is a flourishing village at the head of Sloop navigation on Wood creek. A steam boat pi es Irom this place to St. Jolms in Lower Canada. It is a place of much business, it bus the exterior appear- ance of a crouded and active port. The importance of this town is now^ much en- hanced by being the place of outlet into lake Champlain of the Canal from the Hudson to Wood creek. Population 1810, 2110 j^nd in 1820. 2311. See Canal of JV'ew rorA,,page 720. Whilehall, Aj'orfh, township of Lehigh county, PennsyUnnia, on Leiiigh river, be- tween Heedelburg, a^d South Whitehall. Population 1820,1807. Whitehall, South, towii.i^jp ^f Lchigii county, Pennsylvania, on Let.-^ji river, be- low North Salisbury. Populs^.-.on 1320, 1623. Whitehaven, post town of Someiset coun- ty, Maryland on Wicomico river, la mAes NNE from Princess Anne. . ' Whitehaven, seaport in Cumberland, it is seated on a creek 'of the Irish sea, on the N end of a grei.t hi!!, washed ^y the tide on the W side, where there is a large whitish rock, and a strong stone wall th*t secures the harbour. Near it are some coal mines, some of which run a consider- able way under the sea, and are the great source of its weaith ; bt;t its trade is now extended to foreign parts. A packet-boat sails hence weekly to Douglass, in the isle of Man. Here are six yards for ship-build- ing, an extensive canvi.s manufacttire, three large roperies, and several copperas works. The town is defended by batteries, and has three neat churches. It is 37 miles 1090 SW of Carlisle, and 294 NNW of London, Lon. 3 :?,5 VV, lat. 54 25 N. Whitehorn, royal borough of Scotland^ in Wigtonshire, This place is said to have been the flrst bi'-hop's see in Scotland. TVhitelavtl, East, township of Chester county, Penn ylvania, on the head of Val- ley creek, 10 miles ENE irom Downings- town. Population 1810, 779 ; and in 1820, 818. Whitelnnd, West, township of Chester county, Pennsylvania, five miles E from Downington. Population in 1810, 635; and in 1820, 773. Whi'eley, county of Kentucky; bound ed by Tennessee S ; Wayne county in Ken- tucky W ; Rockcastle river, or Pulaski county NW ; Knox NE ; and Harlan E. Length 40; mean width 14; and area 560 square miles, Cumberland river traverses it from SE to NW. Chief town Williams- burg. Population in 1820. Free white males . - ~ 1,167 do. do. females ... 1,065 Total wliites . , . . Free persons of colour, males ■ do. do. females Slaves, males . . . . do. females - - . . Total population in 1820 2,340 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - 634 do. in Manufactures - 9 do. in Commerce - - 2 Population to the square mile, 4. Whiteleysbtirg, post village, Kent countj", Dclaw-are, 20 miles SE from Dover. Whitemarsh, village v/ith a post office in montgomery county Pennsylvania, about 12 miles N of Pliiladelphia, near this place are extensive quarries of elegant marble. White Mountains, the highest part of a. ■ ridge of mountains, in the state of New Hampshire, in North America. They es- tei.'l NE and SW to a length not yet as- certained. The height of these mountains £«bove an adjacent meadow, is reckoned from obsfcrvations made in 1784, to be 5500 fest ; and the meadow is 3500 feet above the level of the sea. The snow and ic?; cover them nine or ten months ;n the year, during which time they exhibit that bright appearance from which they are denommaie.i vhe White Mountains. Although they aie 70 miles within land, they are seen many leagues oft" at sea, and appear like an exceedingly bright cloud in the horizon. Their highest summit is in lat. 44 N. White Plains, post town in West Ches- W H I ter county, New York, 15 miles N of Kings- bridge, and 30 of the city of New York. This was the sc»ne of considerable mili- tary operations in the American war. Po- pulation 1820, 675. White River, river of Arkinsaw, and Missouri, rises in the s uthern part of the latter, and northern part of the former, by two large branches, White river proper, or NW branch, and Black river, or NE branch. Both these rivers are navigable in seasons of high water, far above their junction. They unite in Arkanstw, N lat. o5 30, and the united strc ams flows thence nearly S by comparative courses about 120 miles, falls into Mississippi river 30 miles above the mouth of Arkausaw. While ri- ver is at a!l seasons navigable below the mouth of Black r.ver. The entire length of this stream foll')wing either branch, is by comparative courses, about 350 miles. White Sea, bay or gulf of the Froz-; n Ocean, in the N of Russia, situated be tween Russia, Lapland, and Samojede, at the bottom of which, stands Archan- gel ; tkis was the only connmunication which the Russians had with the sea, before the conquest of Livonia from the Swedes in the beginning of the 18th cen- tui")', by the csar Peter the Great. Whitestown, post tovv'n and seat of justice in Oneida county. New York ; on the S side of Mohock river, four miles NW from Utica, 25 E of Oneida lake, 44 NVV of Conajohary, and 85 of Ske- nectady. r/^ -, Whicestoivn, township ot Oneida coun- ty. New York ; comprising Whitesbo- roueh, and New Hartford. Population 1810, 4912 ; and in 1820, 5219. Whitesville, post town and seat of justice in Columbus county, about 50 miles west from Wilmington. IVliiiewater, river of Indiana and Ohio, is the SW branch of Great Miami, into which it is discharged five miles above the junction of the latter with Ohio. Whitewater, also the name of a town- ship, across the middle of which, runs the above described nver, in the west- ern limits of Hamilton county. It con- tained 1661 inhabitants in 1820. White •woman's river, one of the main branches of Muskingum river. It is formed by the confluences of Mnhiccan and Owl creeks, in the western part of Coshoctan county, Ohio, runs E by S 16 miles, receiving in its progress, Kilbuck creek from the north, and forms its con- fluence with Tuscarawas river, opposite '■h'', :.o^n of Coshocton. Whitley, township of Green county, Pennsylvania; on the waters of V/hitely, and Dunkard creeks. Population 1810, 1264; and in 1820,1801. W 1 C Whitfiaine, township of Montgomery county, Pennsylvania ; on the west side of Wissahiccon creek, 15 miles NXW from Philadelphia. Population 1810, 955; and in 1820, 1126. Wiburg, or Viborg, government of Russia, formerly Russian Finland, and comprised in Kexholm and Carelia. It was ceded by tiie Swedes to the Rus- sians, partly by the peace of Nystadt in 1721. and partly by the treaty of Abo, in 1743. Besides pastures, the country produces rye, oats, and barky, but not sufficient for the inhabitants. Wiburg, seaport of Russia, capital ot a government of the same name. The houses ai-e almost entirely built of stone. The chief exports are planks, tallow, pitch, and tar The surrounding coun- try is pleasant ; and near it, at Innatra, is the famous cataract of the Woxa, which makes a noise mor stunning than that of the Rhinr at LaufiFen. Wiburg stands on the NE point of the gulf ot Finland, 110 miles NNW of Petersburg. Lon. 29 10 E, lat. 60 56 N. Wiburg, city of Denmark, in North Jutland, capital of a diocess of the same name, and the seat of the chief court of justice in the provmce It is '^eated on a lake, in a peninsula, 9S miles north of Sleswick. Lnn. 9 50 E. lat. 56 20 N. Wick, town in Caithness-shire, with a harbrjur, seated on an inlet of the Ger- man Ocean Lon. 3 2 W, lat. 58 30 N. Wick, town of Limburg, seated on the Maese. It has a communication with Maeslricht by a bridge. Lon. 5 41 E, lat. 50 52 N. 1 Wichby- Duerslede, town of Utrecht with a strong casde, seated at the place where the Leek branches off from the Rhine, nine miles west of Rhenen, and 15 SE of Utrecht. Lon. 5 22 E, lat. 52 ON. Wickford, post town in Washington county, Rhode Island ; lying on the west side of Narraganst tt bay, 24 miles south of Providence, and nine west of New- port. Wickloiv, county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, 33 miles long, and 20 broad ; bounded on the N by Dublin, on the E by the Irish Sea, on the S by Wexford, on the W by Caterlough and Kildare, and on the NW by Kddare. It is indifferently fruitful, contains 54 pa- rishes, and sends 10 members to parlia- ment. Wickloiv, capital of a county of the same name, in Ireland, seated on the Irish Sea, with a narrow iiarbour, at the mouth of the river Leitrim, over wiiich stands a rock, instead of a castie, sur- 1091 AV 1 ti w I r> rounded by a strong wall, 24 miles S of Dublin. Lon. 6 7 VV, lat. 52 55 N. IVickware, town in Gioucestershire, 17 miles NE of Bristol, and 111 west of London. Lon. 2 16 W, lat. 51 26^ N. Widdi7i, town of Turkey in Europe, on the Danube, 88 miles NE of Nissa, and 150 SE of Belgrade. Lon. 24 27 E, lat. 44 12 N. IVied, principality of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine. Wiedenbruck, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia. Lon. 7 50 E, lat. 51 48 N. Wieiun, town of Great Polaiid, In the palatinate of Siradia, on a river which falls into the Warta, 20 miles S of Sira- dia. Lon. IS 55 E, lat. 51 12 N. Wielitska, village of Poland, lately in- cluded in the palatinate of Cracow, but now comprised in the Austrian kingdom of Lodomeria. It is celebrated for its salt mines, which lie eight mil's Sli of Cracow. These mines have been work- ed above 600 years. B^f re the partiuon of Poland in 1772, they furnished a con- siderable part of tb.e revenue of the king, who drew from them an average profit of about 430,000 dollars. Wiese7itcig, town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia. Lon. 10 2 E, lat. 48 SON. Wigan, borough in Lancashire. That most elegant species of coal, called Cannel, is found in plenty and great jjerfection in the neighbourhood. The small stream the D uglas, is made na- vigable hence to the Ribble ; and it is joined by a canal from Liverpool. Wi- gan is 30 miles S of Lancaster, and 195 NNW of London. Lon. 2 50 VV, !at. 5o S4N. Wight, island on the coast of Hamp- shire, from which it is separated by a narrow channel. It is in length abnut 13 miles, in breadth 21. It is nearly di- vided into two equal parts by the river Cowes, which, rising in the S angle, discharges itself at the N into the chan- nel, opposite the mouth of Southampton bay. Its principal town is the b' rough of Newport : it likewise contains the two small boroughs of Newton and Yar- mouth. Wighton, town in the East riding of Yorkshire, at the source of the Skel- ster, 16 miles SE of York, and 192 N by west of London. Lon. 40 W, lat 53 52 N. Wlgion, town in Cumberland, among the moors, 12 miles south-west of Car- lisle, and 304 NNW of London. Lon. 3 4 W, lat. 54 30 N. Wigton, borough and seaport, the county-iowB of Wigtonshire, on a hill, »92 which overlooks the bay of Wigton. Lou. 4 43 W, lat 55 N. Wigtoiishirc, county in Scotland, com- prehending the west part ot Galloway, and the Rvgality of Glenluce, extends about 31 miles in length from east to west, and as much from north to south, is bounded on the north by Ayrshire, and on the west by the Irish Sea. This part of it stretches into the sea in form of a peninsula, mdtnted on both sides by two inlets, called Lochrain, and the bay of Glenluce. Population 1801, 22,918; in 1811, 26,891 ; and in 1821, .33,240. Wiliitsch, frontier town of Turkey in Europe, in Bosnia, seated on a lake formed by the river Unna, 40 miles S E (i Carlstadt. Lon. 16 10 E, lat. 45 34 N. Wilbad, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Suabia, with warm baths. Lon. 8 35 E, lat. 48 43 N. Wilbraham, township of Hampshire county, Massachusetts; cont.uning 1776 inhabitants in 1810. Situated .n the west side of Ware river, six miles IN'E of East Sprini^field. Wi'cox, county of Alabama ; bounded by Butler SE ; M-nroe S ; Clarke aisil Mariengjo AV ; Dall.is N ; and Msintgc- mf ry NE. Length 55 ; nsian widrh 20 ; and area 1100 square miles. Alabama river winds through it from N to S nearly. Chief town, Canton. Popuktion in 1820. Free white males - - - 900 do. d(.. females - - - 656 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites ... Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves;, males .... do. females ... Total population in 1820 2,917 ©f these; For< igner.s not naturalized - 1 Engaged in Agriculture - . 1,077 do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce - . 3 Population to the square mile, 2f . IVildberg, town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, situated on the Nagold. Lon. 8 38 E, lat. 48 38 N. TVildehausen, town of Westphalia, ca- pital of a small bailiwic, united to the duchy of Bremen. It is seated on the Hunde, 18 miles south-west of Bremen. Lon, 8 27 E, lat. 52 55 N. Wilkes, county of North Carolina; bounded by Iredell SE; Burke S\V ; Ashe N W and N ; and Stioy E. Length yy 1 L ^^■ r j - 48; width 20; and area 800 square miles. It occupies a valley between mountains, and is drained by the sour- ces of the Yadkin river. Chief town, a small village at the court-house. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 3,868 do. do. {bmales - - 3,904 7,772 Total whites All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 88 Slaves 1,194 Total population in 1810 - 9,054 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 4,296 do. do. females - - 4,337 Total whites .... 8,633 Free persons of colour, male;s 70 do. do. females 73 Slaves, males - - - 583 do. females - - - 608 Total population in 1820 « 9.967 or these; Foreigners not natiiT-ali zed - Engaged in Agriculture - 3,066 do. in Manufactures - 49 do. in Co'>"'raerce - - 10 Population to the square mile, 12. Wilkes, county of Georgia ; bounded by Columbia and Warren SE ; Greene SVV ; Oglethorpe NW ; Broad river, or Jefferson count) ; and Lincoln E. It is about 22 miles square ; area 484 square miles. Chief town, Washington. Population m 1810. Free white males do. do. females - Total whites . - . - All other persons except Indi.ins not taxed .... Slaves Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males - - _ do. females - - - Total population in 1820 3,854 3,748 7,602 1 7,284 14.887 3.837 3,662 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Agriculture - 5,383 do. in Manufactures - 124 do. in Commerce - 16 Population to the square mile, 33. IVilkesbarre, formerly Wijoming, post town and capital of Luzerne county, Penn- sylvania; situated on the E bank of Susque- hannah river, 57 mileb NW of Easton on the Delaware, 57 NE of Catawessey, and 58 of Northumberland. IVilkesbarre, borough, and seat of jus- tice, Luzerne county, Pennsylvania; stands upon a level plain on the eastern bank of the Susquehannah river. It was laid out about the year 1775, by Colonel John Durkee, from whom it received its name, in compliment to Wilkes and Barre, two celebrated members of the British Parliament, favourable to the American cause during the revolution. The streets are laid out at right angles, having a square of about four acres in the centre of the. plot, the sides of which form an angle of 45** with the s'reets ; so that the four principal streets enie; the public square at its corner —\i\ this are the public buildings, lat, 41 16 N. This plain, on whicii tlie town stands is alluvial, appears to have been wholly formed bj' the river, and is eleva- ted about 28 feet above its cnmmon sur- face. This town contains 92 dwelling liouses, besides the shops, &c. WilkesviUe, township of Gallia county, Ohio, containing 391 inhabitants in ISlO ; and in 1820,391. Wilkinson, county of Georgia ; bounded by Oconee river or Washington NE ; Lau- rens SE; Twiggs SW ; and Jones NW. Length 24 ; widtli 20 ; and area 480 square miles. Chief town, Irwinton. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 1,023 do. do. females - - 813 16,912 Total whites .... 1^836 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... o Slaves 318 Total population in 1810 - 2,154 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 2,862 do. do. females - - - 2,654 All other persons except Indians iiot taxed .... o Total whites . . - . Free persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males - - - . do. females Total population in 1820 - - 6,992 im3- \V I L Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - Engaged in Apriculture - - 1,941 do. in Manufactures - 62 do. io Cummerce - - 23 Population to the square mile 14J. mikinson, SW county of Mississippi ; bounded by New Feliciana in I.ouisiiina S ; Mississippi river W ; Homochitto rivev or Adams ctnuily in Mississippi NW; Homo- chitto river or Franklin county NE; and Amite E. Length 30 ; mean width 20 ; and area 600 square miles. Cliief town, Woodville. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females 1,341 1,091 Total whites . - - 2,432 All other persons except Indians not taxed - _ - 6 Slaves 2,630 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males - - . do. do. fea ales • . - All other persons except Indians not taxed Total whites Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males . . - - do. females Total population in 1820 5,068 2,150 1,787 9,718 Of these; Foreigners not naturalized - 28 Engag'ed in Agriculture - 3,481 do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce - - Population to the square mile 16. TVilkinsonville, village of Johnson county, Illinois, on Ohio river, about 20 miles above its mcnith. Wilkomicr, lown of Poland in Lithuania, in the palati.iate of WUna, seated on the Sweita, 45 mih s NW of Wihia. Lon. 24 54E, lat. 55 19 N. William Fort. See Calcutta. William Fort, fort in Inverness-shii-e, Scotland. Williams, NW county of Ohio ; bounded north by Micliigan territory, east by Henry county, south by Paulding, and west by the state of Indiana. It is above 25 miles long from north to south, by 24 broad from east to west, and contains above 600 square miles. It is not settled — the prin- cipal waters are the St. Joseph's and Mau- mee rivers. It was constituted m Feb- ruary, 1820, out of the New Purchase. 1994 W I L Williamshoroiiifh, post town, the capital of Greenville county. North Carolina, on the west side of Nutbush creek, a branch of the Roanoke, 17 miles west of Warren- ton, about 37 west by north of Halifax, and 49 NE of Hillsborough. Williamsburg, tov.nship of Hampshire connly, Massachusetts, containing 1122 inhribitants in 1810; and in 1820, 1087. Williamsburg, post town, the capital of James' City county, and formerly the me- tropohs of Virginia. It is situated on the east side of a small creek tliat runs into James' river, in lat. 37 16 N, and lon. 7& 48 west, and at the dis\ance of 12 miles west from York, 32 E by S from Richmond, and 175 S by E from Washington. This ancient city was made the seat of colonial government in 1698, having been removed from James' town, on account of a fire that consumed the public records with great part of the town, and continued to enjoy this privilege till the revolution. The streets are laid out with great regu- larity, and the public edifices exhibit the ruins of comparative grandeur, particularly the capitol and college. In the former was erected a marble statue in honour of the virtuous lord Boutetourt, the patron of science and the colony, which is now mise- rably defaced by the gothic hands of ne- groes and others. The college called the college of William and Mary, was endowed by the royal government, with a clear and certain revenue of oOOOZ. per annum — though built to accommodate 100 pupils, it has seldom more than forty. Attempts have recently been made to revive the former prosperous state of this institution. Population in 1820, 1402. Williamsburg, post town and seat of jus- tice for Cli rmont county, Ohio. It is situa- ted on the East branch of Little Miami I'iver, 28 miles east from Cincinnati, lat. 39 2 N, lon 6 52 W. Williamsburg, district of South Carolina; bounded by Santee river SW ; Sumpter district NW ; Lynches creek, or Marion district NE, and Georgetown SE. Length 40; breadth 30; and area 1200 square miles. It is drained by Black river branch of Great Pedee. Chief towns, Kingstree, and Williamsburg. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 1,193 do. do. females - - - 1,113 Total whites . - - - 2,306 All other persons except Indians not taxed 4/ Slaves ..... 4,518 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820. Free white males 6,871 1,415 \V 1 L Free while females ... 1,382 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - . Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females. Slaves, males . - . . do. females ... Total population in 1820 8,716 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 6 Engaged in AgriCHlture - - 2,923 do. in iVianufadures - 92 do. in Ciimmerce - 9 Population to the square mi'e, 7. Williamsburg, post tovvn and seat of jus- tice, Jackson county, Tennessee, on the right bank oi Cumberland river, about 70 miles ENE from Nashville. Williamson, county ofTennessee; bound- ed by Bedford SE ; Duck river or Murray S ; Dickson W ; Davidson N ; and Ruther- ford NE. Length 35 ; mean width 20 ; and area 700 square miles. Hirpeth river branch of Cumberland rises in this county, and drains its northern side, the southern is watered by Duck river and its branches. Chief tovvn, Franklm. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 4,859 do. do. females - - 4,297 Total whites . 9,156 All other persons except Indians not taxed . 12 Slaves .... - 3,985 Total population in 1810 . - 13,153 Population in 1820. Free white males . 6,967 do. do. females , 6,626 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - Total whites .... 13,593 Free persons of colour, males - 37 do. do. females - 38 Slaves, males . - - - 3,460 do. females ... 3,512 Total population in 1820 20,640 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 18 Engaged in Agriculture - 4,810 do. Manufactures - 310 do. Commerce - 23 Population to the square mile, 25. Williamsport, post town and seat of jus- tice, in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, standing on the north side of the west W 1 L branch of Susquehannah, 65 miles south of Tyoga, 36 north by west of Northumber- land, and 160 NW of Philadelphia. Ii is a borough, with a population in 1820, of 624. WilUamsportf formerly Parlcinsoti's ferry, po.st village of VVashuigton county, Penn. sylvania, on Monongahela river at the mouth OT Pigeon creek, 18 miles east from Wash- ington. Williamsport, post village, Washington county, Maryland, on the left bank of Po- tomac river, on the point below the mouth of Gonecocheague. Williamsport, post town in Washington county, Maryland; situated on the E side of Potomac river, six miles S\V of Hai^ers- town, 32 NW of Fredericktown, and 78 from Baltimore. Williamstailt, strong seaport of Holland, buiit by William I. prince of Orange, in 1585. WilUamston, post town in Orange coun. ty, Vermont ; situated between Washing- ton and Northfield, 14 mdes N of Randolph, about 46 N of Windsor, and about the same distance SE of Burlington, on lake Champlaine. WilUamston, post town in Berkshircj Massachusetts, 20 miles N of Ptttsfieid, and 13 S of Bennington, in Vermont, situa- ted in the NW corner of the stale, contain- ing 2086 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820, 2010. WilUamston, post town, the capital of Martin coimty. North Carolina; lying on the soutli side of Roanoke river, 25 miles west of Plymouth, 53 NW of Washington on Pamplico river, and about 45 SE of Halifax, with about 300 inhabitants. Williamstown, township of Vermont, situated in Orange count}', between Wash- ington and Northfield townships, and con- taining 1355 inhabitants in 1810. WilliamtlowJi, township of Massachusetts, situated in Berkshire count;,', in the NW corner of the state, joining Vermont in the N, and New York in the W. It contained 1843 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820, 2810. Williamstoxvii, post town and towriship, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, in the N W angle of the state, about 30 miles north from Lenox. Wdiiams College, located in this county was incorporated in 1793, and received its name in honour of Colonel Ephraim Williams This institution is in a prosperous state, under the direction of a president, two professors and three tu- tors. The library, philosophical appara- tus, and buildings are ample. Students, about 90. Willis' Island, rocky island at the N end of the island of Southern Georgia. It was discovered in 1775, and is covered 1095 W I L \V 1 L •with the nests of many thousand shags Lon. 38 29 W, lat. 54 S. U'iilisaxv, town of Swisserland, in the canton of Lucern, seated among high mountains on the river Wiger, 25 miles NW of Lucern. JVillisto-ivn, township of Chester county, Pennsylvania, between Goshen and Eas- ton townships, and containing 1175 in- habitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1306. Willistoion, township of Vermont, in Chittenden county, on the SW side of Onion river, about 10 miles SK of Bur- lington on lake Champlaine. It contain- ed 1195 inhabitants in 1810. Willsborouglu post town in Essex county. New Yoi-k ; situated on the W side of Lake Champlain, and command- ing an extensive view of that water, and nine miles NE of Elizabeth town. It supports a regular communication, across the laiie, with Burlington and Vergennes in Vermont ; being 15 miles NW of the latter, and about 25 SW of the former, and 214- N of the city of New York. JVilmanstranJ, town of Russia, in the government of Wiburg. Lon. 27 54 E, lat. 61 29 N. Wilmington, post town in Windham county, Vermont ; 15 miles W of Urat- tleborough, and 21 E of Bennington, at the foot of the Green Mountain, having about 100 inhabitants. Wilmington, capital of New Hanover county, North Carolina, being a post town, and port of entry, situated on the E bank of Cape Fear river, about 30 miles from the sea, 97 miles S by W of Newbern, and about the same distance S by E of Fayettville, in the lat. of 54 deg. 10 N, and lon. of 78 deg. 10 W. This is one of the principal sea-ports in North Carolina. Wilmington, post town and port of entry, in Newcastle county, Delaware, being the largest town in that state. It is seated on the N bank of Christiana creek, near its entrance into the Dela- ware, 28 miles SW of Philadelphia, 74 NE of Baltimore, and 117 from Wash- ington, The town is incorporated, and governed by two burgesses, and six as- sistants, who are elected annually. It is regularly built, the houses are mostly of brick. The principal foreign trade of the state passes through this port, the exports in 1802 amounting to 440,500 dollars, and those chiefly in domestic produce. The vicinity of this town is remarkable for the number, magnitude, and value of its manufactories ; consist- ing of cotton and woollen cloth factories ; flour mills, saw mills, powder and paper mills, Sec. The principal public edifice, is a poor-house, and hospital, 120 feet wide by 40 feet deep, and three stories high, built on a considerable eminence and a very healthy situation. It lies in lat. 39 deg. 43 N. and lon. 75 deg. o2 W. Population 1820 about 6000. Wihia, commercial city of Lithuania, in a palatinate of the same name, with a bishop's see, a university, an ancient castle, and a palace. The houses are all built of wood. It was taken by the Rus- sians in 1794 ; and is seated at the con- fluence of the Viiia and W^ilna, 15 miles E of Troki, and 215 NE of Warsaw. Lon. 25 39 E, lat. 54 38 N. Wilsdruf, or Wihdorf, town of Germa- ny, in the circle of Upper Saxony, Lon. 13 28 E, lat. 51 5 N. Wikhoven, town of Germany, in Bava- ria, seated at the confluence of the Wils and Danube, 30 miles NW of Pas- sau. Wilsnach, town of Germany, in the margravate of Brandenburg, seated on a rivulet that falls not far from it into the Elbe. Wilson, county of Tennessee ; bounded NW by Sumner, or Cumberland river ; E by Smith ; SE by Warren ; SW by Rutheford ; and W by Davidson. Length 30 ; mean width 15 ; and area 450 square miles. Chief town, Lebanon. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 4,752 do. do. females - - 4,519 Total whites - ■ - 9,271 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - 384 Slaves 2,297 Total population in 1810 - 11,952 Population in 1820. Free white males, ... 7,460 do. do. females - - - 7,264 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - o Total whites .... 14,724 Free persons of colour, males - 83 do. do. females - 79 Slaves, males .... 1,850 do. females - - - 1,994 Total population in 1820 - - 18,730 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized . 1 Engaged in Agriculture - - 3,676 do. in Manufactures - 341 do. in Commerce - - 20 Population to the square mile, 32f . Wilton, borough in Wiltshire. It was fornaerly the capital of the cpunty, aDd W 1 .\ has a nianufactui-c of carpets and thin woollen stuffs. It is seated at the cnn- flaence of the Willy and Nudder, seven iniies NVV of Salisbury, and 85 W by S of London. Lon. I 52 W. iat. 51 5 N. Uilton, townsliip, and post village, S;i- ratoga county, New York, 15 miles \W from Ballston Spa. 'i'his township was formerlv part of Norihumberland. Po- pulation 1820, 1293. IVilts, county of England, so called from the town of Wilton, once its capital. It is S3 miles lonsT, and o8 bioad. bound- ed on the NE by Berksi-.ire ; on theE by Berkshire, and Hampshire, o-a the W by Somersetshire, on the S by Dorset- shire and Hampbhire, and on the N and NW by Gloucester. The land in this county is of various quality, but is ge- ner.ally dry and elevated. The pri?ici- pal rivers are the Upper and Lower Avon, the Xadder, Willy, Bourne, and Ktnnet. This country lies m the din. cess of Salisbury ; contains 29 hundreds, one city, 24 market towns, and oQi parishes ; and sends 34 members to par- liament. Salisbury is the capital. Popu- lation 1801, 185,10?; in 18il, 193,823; and in 1821, 222,157. Wimhleton, village in Surry, on an ele- vated heath, whence may be seen 19 parish churches, exclusive of those of London and Westminster. Wimms, town of Swisserland, in the canton of Bern, seated on the Sibnen, 18 miles S of Bern. Lon. 7 8 E, Iat. 46 34 N. TVimpfen, town of Germany, in Suabia, seated on the Neckar, eight miles N of Haiibron, and 22 E of Heidelburg. Lon. 9 25 E, Iat. 49 20 N, Ulnborn, or Winborn JVIinster, town in Dorsetshire. It is a pretty large well- inhabited place, between the Stour and Allen, six miles N of Poole, and 102 SW of London. Lon. 2 1 W, Iat. 50 47 N. Wincmmton, town in Somersetshire, on the side of a hill; 34 miles S of Bath, and 108 W by S of London. Lon. 2 1 8 W, Iat. 51 1 N. Winchcoinb, town in Gloucestes'shire, in a deep bottom, 16 miles NE of Glouces- ter, and 93 WNW of London. Lon. 2 W, Iat. 51 55 N. Wmchelsea, town in Sussex, one of the cinque ports 71 miles SW of London. Lon. 44 E, Iat. 50 58 N. IVichendom, post town in Worcester county, Mas.sachusetts ; o5 miles NW of Worcester, and 65 W by N of Boston, containing 1172 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820, 1263. JVinchcs!ei\ city of Hampshire, .seated s!) a vallev on the river Itchtn, 21 milc^ 6 Z \\ I A NVV of Chichester, and 63 W by N of London. Lon. 1 21 W, Iat. 51 5 N. Winchester, post town and the capital of Frederick county, Virs;inia, 17 miles W by N rf Ashby's {■'erry on Shenanrlnah river, IB N of Strasburg, :v.'id 8.2 NW of Washingt.m. This is oml; of the oldest towns in western Virginia, being a place of considerable rendezvous at the time of Braddock's defeat. It is now in a thri- ving state and carries on a large inland trade. It is incori)orated and contains about 2500 inhabitants. lVinchesi.a\ toY.'nship of New Ilamp" shire, situated in C.ieshire county, on the E side of the Asheulot rivfu*, and con- taining 1478 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1S20 1849. IVindarj, town of the duchy of Cour- land, with a castle, and a harbour at the mouth of the Wetaw, in the Baltic, 70 miles NW of Mittaw. and loO N of Me- me). Lon. 22 5 E. Iat. 57 20 N. Windermere-ioatei\ov Winandev-mere, the most extensive lake in England, lyin? between Westmoreland and Lancashire. It extends 10 miles from N to S, but iri no part broader than a mile ; and exhibits a greater variety of fine landscapes than any lake in England. Not one buUrush or swampy reed, defiles the margin of this lake. Windham, See Wymondham , JFindltam, NE county of Connecticut ; bounded by Massachusetts N ; Rhode Is- land E ; New London county in Connec- ticut S ; and Tolland W. Length 30 ; mean breadth 20; and area 600 square miles. It is almost entirely drained by the various branchps of the Thames. Surface finely diversified by hill and dale„ Chief town, Brooklyn. Population in 1810, Free white males do. do. females 13,73?' 14,251 Total whites - - - 27,988 All other pei-sons except Indians not taxed - - - - 602 Slaves - - - 21 Total population in 1810 Population in 1820, Free wiiite m;ilcs do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - . 28,611 15,155 15,72!> Totia%vhItra - -' - - 30,881 Ftvf pel sons ofcijlour, fnale^ 379 '. doi. femule^s 413 1 n07 W i i\ Slaves, males do. females . Total population in 1820 1 11 51,684 Of these; roreignevs not naturalized - 42 Engaged in Agriculture - - 6,317 do. in Manufactures - 1,8.51 do. in Commerce - . 156 Population to the square mile, 52-^. IVindham, post town in Rockingham county, New Hampshire, eight miles S by E ot Londonderry, 43 SW of Ports- mouth, and 29 W of Newburyport. TFind/ican, post town, Windham county, Connecticut, 10 miles W of Canterbury, 12 N by W of Norwich, and 32 E of Hartford. T'Findham, county of Vermont ; bounded E by Connecticut river ; S by Massacliu- .setts ; Bennington W ; and Windsor N. Length 35 ; mean width 20 ; and area 640 square mUes. Chief town, Newfane. Population in ISIQ. Free white males - - - 13,413 do. do. females - . 13,296 Windsheiniy imperial town of Germanv in Franconia. Lon. 10 35 E, lat. 49 25 N, Windsor, considerable borough in Berk- sliire. It is pleasantly seated on the banks of the Thames, on a beautiful eminence. Windsor is 17 miles E bv N of Reading, and 22 W of London. Lon. 36" W, lat. 51 30 N. Windsor, post town in Hartford county, Connecticut, lying on the W side of Con- necticut i-iver, 7 miles N of Hartford, and 22 S by W of Springfield, Massachusetts. It had 2868 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 3008. Windsor, county of A'ermont ; bounded by Connecticut river E ; Windham county S ; Rutland W : and Orange N. Length 40 ; mean width 18 ; and area 732 square miles. Chief town, Woodstock. Total whites .... 26,709 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - , 51 Slaves ..... Total population in 1810 - - 26,760 Population in 1820. Free white males - . 14,024 do. do. females - . 14,378 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - . . ' Q Total whites - - - 28,402 Free persons of colour, males 26 do. do. females, 29 Slaves, males ... do. females - . . o Total population in 1820 - 28,457 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized . S Engaged in Agriculture - - 11,731 do. in Manufactures - - 1,143 do. in Commerce - - 124 Population to the square mile, 40. Windham, township of Greene county, New York, containing the highest sum- mits of the Kaatsbergs, or Catskill moun- tains. Windismerk, territory of Germany, form- ing the E part of Carniola. Metling is the capital. Windlingen, town of Germany in Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtembi.rg, seated on the Neckar, 12 miles from Stutgard. :tOP3 Population in 1810, Free white males do. do. females - 17,367 17,365 Total whites . - - 34,732 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... 145 Slaves Total population in 1810, 34,877 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 18,829 do. do, females - . - 19,236 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites .... Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females Slaves, males , . . . do. females - . - . Total population in 1820 38,233 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 29 Engaged in Agriculture - . 7,688 do. in Manufactures - - 1,481 do. in Coinnierce - - ' 156 Population to the square mile, 60. Windsor, capital of Windsor county, Vermont, situated on the W side of Con- necticut river, 40 miles E by S of Rutland, and 22 S by E of Dartmouth college, New Hampshire. The seat of government al- ternates between this town and Rutland. Windsor, township, situated .in York county, Pennsylvania, on the SW side of Susquehannah, about ten miles E of the borough of York, and containing 1739 in- habitants in 1810 i and in 1820, 2096. Windrjard Islands, such of the Caribbe- an, in the West Indies, as commence at Martinico. and extend to Tobaero. W j t- Wuuhvaril Passage, strait between I'omt Maizi, at the E end of tlie Island of Cuba, and Cape St. Nicliolas, at the NW extremi- ty of St. Domingf*. JVinnendeiu town of Germany, in Suabia, 12 miles ENE of Stutgard. Lon. 9 16 E, lat. 48 49 N. JVinniczii, strong town of Poland, in Po- dolia, ca])it:il of a territory of the same name witl» a castle. It is seated on the river Bog, 35 miles N of Bracklow, Lon. 28 12 E, lat. 49 23 N, Wiiinsboro\ town South Carolina, in Fair- iieid county, and 30 miles N by W of Co- lumbia, about the same distance W of Camden, and 143 N by W of Cliarleston. Here is a post oifice, and tlie inhabitants are about 200. JVinschoten, town of Gt-onningen. It is ! six miles NW of Doll.arl bay, and 16 SE of Groningen. Ltjn. 6 58 B, lat. 53 3 N. IVinsen, town of Germaiy, in Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Lunenburg, seated at the confliience of the Elbe and limenau, 13 miles NW of Lunenburg. Lon. 10 11 B, lat. 53 24 N. Winsheim, town of Germsny in Franco- nia, in tlie margravate of Anspach. It is seated on the Aisch, 30 niiles NW of Nu- remburg. Lon. 10 31 E, lat 49 32 N. _ Winvloiv, town in Buckinghamshire, seven miles NW of Aiisbury, and 50 WNW of London. Windo-u), post town in Kennebec county, Maine ; situated a', the confluence of Ken- nebec and Sibastic:>ok rivers, 27 miies W of Pitt^tou, and 45 N of Wiscasset, with 1250 inhabitants in 1810, and in 1820, 935. Winslcr, town m Derbyshire, five miles NW of Derby, and 152 NNW of Londf.n. Winterberg, town of Germany, in tlie circle of Westphalia. Lon. 8 15 E, lat. 51 5N. IVbiterburg, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Rhine. Winlevingliam, town m Lincolnshire. Wmlertlair, town of Swisserand, in the canton ol Zurlc, where tliere is a rich li- brary and a mineral spring. It is seated in a fertile plam, on the river Ulach, 15 miles NE of Zuric. Lon. 8 45 E, lat. 57 31 N. ^^ 1 ^ rFi>A'S7yor/,'populoustovvn m Derbyslnrc. It is seated in a valley, near the source of the Ecclcsbovn, and remarkable for having the gn>alcr,t lead market in England. It Is 13 mdes .\ by W of Derby, and 139 N NW of London. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 5^ 6N. JVintertonnes, NE cape of Norfolk, five miles N of Yarmouth. Winthvop, post town in Kennebec county, Maine, 10 miles W of Augusta, five NE ot Monmouth, and 60 N by E of Portland, containing 1444 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820, 1619. Wipperfurt, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Westphalia, seated near the source of the Wipper. inpm, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony. Lon. 11 20 E, lat. 51 30 N. Wirtemberg, or WjLrlembnrg, new kuig- dom of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, The old duchy was 65 miles in length, and nearly as much in breadh, and Is one of the most populous and fertile countries in Germany, though there are many moun- tains and woods. It produces plenty of pasture, corn, fruit, and a great deal of Neckur wine, so called from the nver Neckar, which runs through the kingdom. There are also mines and salt springs, and much game. This country was erected into a kingdom, by Napoleon, in 1805 ; and he made considerable addition to it by the territories taken from Austria. Stut- gard is the capital. Wisbackn, town of Germany, in the prin- cipality of Nassau, capital of a lordship of the same name, subject to the prince oi' Nassau Saarbruck. It is famous for its warm baths, and mineral waters ; and is five miles N of Mentz. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 49 55 N. Wisbeach, town in Cambridgeshire, in a fenny coiintry, in the lakes of Bly, be- tween two rivers, and possesses a consi- derable trade in the export of corn, and of oil pressed from seeds at mills in its neighbourhood. Barges only can come up its river, large vessels stopping six miles below. It is 89 miles N by E of London. Lon. 6 E, lat. 52 38 N. Wisby, seaport of Sweden, in tiie isle o^ Gothland. It is seated on the side of a rock on the Baltic, 88 miles SE of Stockholm. Lon. 18 41 E, lat. 57 35 N. Wiscasset, port of entry, and post town in Lincoln county, M;une; lying on the E side of Sheepscut river, 13 miles NE of Bath, 18 S of Pittston, and 55 NE of Portland, in lat. 43 58 N, and Ion. 69 22 W. The inhabitants were estimated at 2083 in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2138 ; they have a bank, and their annual exports amount to §23,000. Wiset, small fortified town of the Ne- therlands, in the duchy of Limburg, seated on the Maese, seven miles N of Liege, and 20 NW of Limburg. Lon. 5 40 E, lat. 50 41 N. Wischgrod, town of Poland, in the pala- tinate of Plocksko, seated on the Vistula, 58 miles NW of Warsaw. Lon. 19 50 E, lat. 52 44 N. Wtsloche, town of Germany, in the pala- tinate of the Rhine, seated on the Elsatz, eight miles S of Heidleberg, Lon. 8 48 E, lat. 49 18 N. lOPQ \V O L Wistnar; slrorrg seaport oi Germany, in the ducliy of Mecklenburg, seated at the bottom of a bay of the Baltic, 36 miles E of Lubec, and 66 W by S of Slalsund. Lon. 11 44 E, lat 53 54 N. JFiston, corporate town in Pembroke- shire, 10 miles N of Pembroke, and 225 WNW of London. Lou 4 52 W, lat. 51 53 K. JFitepski, town of Lithuania, c^spital of a palatinate of the same name, with a cas- tle. Ii is seated in a morass, at the con- jluence of the Dwina and Widsha, G5 miles E of Polotsk, and 8U WNVV of Smolensko. JLon.29 40 K, lut. 55 43 N. Witham, town m Kssex. eight miles XE of Chelmsford, a'-.d 37 ENE of London. Lon. 41 E, lat. 51 51 N. Witham, river in the district of Kesteven in Lincohishire, which rising in the SW corner, flows by Lincoln, and entei:s the German Ocean, below Boston. It is but a shallow st-eam, and abounds in vast quan- tities of Pike. From Lincoln it has a com- munication with the Trent, by a navigable canal called the Fosdike, cut bv king Hen- ry L Jf'itlisth, town of Germany, in the arch- bishopric of Treves, with a castle, seated on tlie river Leser. Witney, town in Oxfordshire. Here are manufictures of the finest blankets, and other tiiick woollens, called bearskins and kersevs. It is eight miita NW of Oxford, and 64 \V NW of London. Lon. 1 18 W, lat. 51 52 N. Witahauscn, town of Cirrmany, capital of a territory r.f the same n^me, in the land- gravut'; of Heyse Csssel. Lon. 9 46 E, iat. 5i 24 N. J'{'ittembci:r, ^itronj; lov. n of Germany, in the circle of iJppei Saxony, and capital of tiie duchy of baxony, with a famous uni- versity. It is the place wliere the general assemblies of tlie circle of Upper Saxony were held. Jt is famous for being the place where Marlin Lntlier was profVss/jr in the university, and is buried in a chapel belonging to tlie castle. It is seated on the Elbe, 55 miles KVV of Dresden. Lon. 12 47 E, lat, 51 49 N. Wittenbevgen, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Sa.xony. Lon. 11 48 E, lat. 53 2 N. Wittenslein, town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Livonia, 40 miles south of Ke- vei. Lon. 24 39 E, lat. 58 47 N. WitiimunJ, town of Gennany, in the cir- cle of Wf-Vipiinha, seated near the German Ocean. Lon. 7- 4 E, lat. 55 41 N. WittieseU'Mer^, lake in the NFi part of Huntingdonsh rT; six mdes long and three broad. It is four rui'es o of Pcterboioogh. IVittUch, tows of Germany, in tiic circle t)f Lowtr Khirre, and etertoTa'te of Treves, 1700 38 miles SW of Coblentz. Lon. 6 27 L, lat. 50 7 N. Wittstock, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Upper Saxo'.iv. Lon. 12 30 E, lat< s:i 10 N. IVivlescomb, town in Somersetshire. 20 miles NNE of Exeter, and 155 west by south of London. Lon. 3 28 W, lat. 51 4 N. Wlosimeitz, town of Little Poland, capi- tal of a duchy of the same name, in Volhi- nia, with a castle. It is seated on the Luy, which falls into the Bug, 36 miles west of Lucho, and 56 north of Lemburg. Lon. 24 30 E, lat. 51 3 N. fVoahoo, one of the Sandwich Islands, seven leagues NW of Morotoi. From the appearance of the NE and NW parts, it is the finest island of the group. Lon. 157 51 W, lat. 21 43 N. Woburn, town in Bedfordshire, on a ri- sing ground, has a free-school, and a cha- rity-school, founded by the duke of Bed- ford. Near it is found great plenty of ful- ler'* earth. It is 12 miles, south of Bed- ford, and 42 NNW of London. Lon. 32 \\, lat. 52 2 N. IVobtini, small post town in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, eight miles south of Andovei', oo SW of NeVburypoit, and 11 NW of Boston. JVodnaij, town of Bohemia, in the circle ol' Prach, seated on the Bianitz, 12 miles NW of Budweis, and 56 south of Prague. Lon. 14 50 E, lat. 42 9 N. Woeriltn, town of Holland, seated on the Rhine, 18 miles south of Amsterdam. This town was taken bv the French, in 1794. Lon. 4 51 E, lat. 52 6 N. JFohhai, strong town of Bohemia, in Si- lesia, capital of a du; hy of the same name. The greatest part of the inhabitants are em- ployed in a woollen manufacture. It is seated near the Oder, 20 miles NW of Breslaw, and 32 SE of Glowgaw. Lon. 16 54 E, lat. 51 18 N. IVukingham. See Okmgham. Wolheek, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia. Wokitt, township of Connecticut, situa- ted in New Haven county, and containing 952 iniiabitants in 1810; 'and in 1820, 943. fVoler. town in Northumberland. Lon. 1 46 W, lat. 55 34 N. Wolfeiihuttle, town of German}', in the circle of Lower Saxon}' and duch}' of Bruns- wick, with a castJc, where the duke of Brunswick Wolfenbuttle resides. It is one of the strongest places in Germany. Here is an excellent library, with a cabinet of curiosities relating to natural history. It is seated on the Ocker, seven miles south of Brun.swick, and 30 west of Ilalberstadt, Lon. 10 42 E, lat. 52 18 N. IFoIfei-siSkef island of tlie United Proviri- vv u u \V i) cesj in Zealand, between north Beveland and south Beveland. JFc/fiperg, town of Germany, in Lower Caiintiiia, 36 miles K of Ciagenfurt. Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 46 56 N. JVolgast, considerable town of Germany, in Pomerania, capital of a territory ot tlie same name, with one of the best and largest harbours on ths Biltic. It is seated on the Psin, 12 miles SE of Gripswald, 25 SE of Stralsunil, and 45 NW of Stetin. Lon. 14 4 E, lat. 54 1 N. Jf'ol/coshoi, town of Unssia, in the go- vernment of Novogorod, 100 miles SE of Novogorod. Lon, 34 20 E, lat. 57 30 N, Wolhcnvaka, town of Lithuania, in the palatin'ite of Novoj^odeck, seated on the Res 23 miles SE o'f Grodno. Lon. 24 46 E, lat. 53 4 N. TVollin, seaport of Germany, in the cir- cle of Upper Saxony in Prussian Pomera- nia, capital of an island of the same name, in the mouth of the Oder. It is 10 miles west of Cammin. Lon. 14 39 E, lat. 54 4 N. Wolmar, town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Livonia ; seated on tlie Aa, 3-8 miles N of Riga. Lon. 24 25 E,.lat. 57 32 N. Wolverhamptaii, town in Staffordshire. It is chiefly noted for a great iron manu- facture, consisting of locks, hinges, buckles, cork screws and japanned ware. It is seat- ed on a hill, 13 miles S of Stafford, and 124 NW of London. Lon. 2 W, lat. 52 47 N. IVolveij, village in Warwickshire, five .miles fsK of Nuneaton, Here Edward IV. was surprised and taken prisoner by R:ch- ard Xevil earl of Warwick. IVomehhrff, flourishing town of Berks county, Pennsylvania, situated on the E side of Tuipehocken creek, about 18 miles NW of the borough of Heading. Woody county of Virginia ; bounded by Ohio river NW ; Tyler county in Virginia NE ; Lewis county SE; and Mason SW. Length 38 ; mean width 30 ; and area 1 140 square miles. It is chiefly drained by the Liitle Kenhawa river. Chief town, Bellviile. Population in 1810. Free white males do. do. females - Total whites .... ,i\ll other persons except Indians not taxed .... Slaves . - - . . Total population in 1810 - ropulation in 1820. Free white males do. da females All other persons except Indians not taxed - - . q Total whites .... 4,998 Free persons of colour, males 7 do. do. females 3 Slaves, males .... 445 do. females "- - - 407 Tbtal population in 1820 - 5,860 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 24 Engaged in Agriculture - • 1,575 do. in Manufactures - 84 do. in Commerce - - 19 Population to the square, mile, 5. Wood, northern county of the new pur- chase, Ohio, bounded N by Michigan ter- ritoi-y ; E by Sandusky and Seneca ; S by Hancock ; and VV by Henry counties. It is 31 miles long from north to south, by 24 broad from east to west, contain- ing about 750 square miles. It is watered by iVlauniee river, Carrying river, Swan and several other creeks. Wood county was constituted and organized in Febru- ary, 1820 ; but in August following, when then the national census was taken, con- tained but 7o2 mhabitants. Chief town, Manmee. Woodbr'tdge, town in Suffolk, seated on the E side of a sandy hill, on the ri- ver Deben, eight miles from the sea. It has docks for building ships, carries on a great corn trade, is famous for refining salt, and tnuch lime is burned here fiom fossil sea shells. It is seven miles ENE of IpiiWich, and 76 NE of Londoii. Lon. 1 25 E, lat. 52 11 N. Jf-'oodbridge, village with a post of- fice, in Middlesex county. New Jersey ; three miles N of Ambcy, fr.ur S of Rah- way, and 10 NE of New Brunswick. iVcodbridge, townsldp of Connecticut, situated in New Haven county, about se- ven miles north-west of the city of New Haven, and containing 2U30 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820, 1988. Woodburij, town in Litchfield county, Connecticut, 10 miles south of Bethle- hem, and 19 north by west of New Ha- ven. Here is a post-office Woodbury, post town in Gloucester county; New Jersey ; near red bank, and 10 m'iles S of Philadelphia. It is the principal seat of justice in the county, and contained 500 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820, about 700. Woodchester, village in ' Gloucester- shire, where some antiquities have lately been discovered. Woodford, county of Kentucky; bound= 2,614 ed by Kentucky river W j Franklin NW; 2,384 Scott NE; Fayette E; and Jessamine noi 1,327 1.258 *,585 1 450 3,036 w o u W O R SE. Length 20; mean width 8; and area 160 square miles. Chief town, Ver- sailles Population in 1810. Free white males - • • 3,114 do. do. females . - - 3,039 Total whites .... 6,153 All other ])eiv ons except Indians not taxtd .... 92 Slaves 3,414 Totalpopulationin 1810 - - 9,659 Population in 1820. Free whiles, males - - 3,750 do. do. females - - 3,672 All other persons except Indiana not taxed . . . - - Total whites . - , . 7,422 Free persons of colour, males 57 do. do. females ^50 Slaves, maks - - - 2,382 do. females - - - 2,295 Total population in 1820 - '- 12,2o7 11 2,470 484 Of ♦hese ; Foreigners not nat\iralized Kngaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures do. in Commerce - - 23 Population to ihe square mile, 76. Woods, Lake oj the, lake of North America, 90 miles long, and 30 where hroa,dest, but very irregular in its shape. It lies between the Winnipeg and L ike Superior, chieily in Upper Canada, but the S part is in the territory of the Uni- ted States Thv- lands (.n its banks are covered with oaks, pines, firs, Sec. Woods'ock, bonmgh in Oxfordshire, It is chit-fly noted for giving birth to Chaucer the poet, who was born, lived, and died here. It is eight miles NW of Oxford, and 62 V/NW of London. Lon. 1 15 W. lat. 51 52 N. Woodstock, post town, and the capi- tal of Shenandoah county, Virginia ; 12 miles south by west of Strasburg, 30 south of Winch tster, 20 north of New Mar- ket, and 1 12 from Washington. It stands crti the east side of North river, a branch of Shenandoah. Woodstock, town of Connecticut, si- tuated in Windham county, about 20 miles north of Windliara, and containing 2654 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820, 3017. Woodstoion, post town in Salem coun- ty. New Jersey ; 1 1 miles north by east of Salem, and 26 south of Philadelphia, it had 300 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820. 400. UQ2 Woodville, post town and seat of jus- \ tiee in Wilkinson county, Mississippi ; 40 miles SSE from Natchez. It contains 600 inhabitants, and a branch of the bank of the state of Mississippi. It is the cen- tre of extensive cotton trade. Wool/lit, town in Suffolk, famous for the manufacture of white bricks. Woolwich, town in Kent. Here are several fine docks, rope-yards, and spa- cious magazines, this place being wholly taken up and raised by the works erect- ed for the naval service. The largest ships ride here safely, even at low wa- ter. Some huiks are moored oflT this town, for the reception of convicts, who are employed in raising gravel from the river. It is 10 miles E of London. Lon. j 10 E, lat. 51 30 N. . ^ Worcester, city in Worcestershire, capital of that county. VVoi'cestcr is seated on a gentle ascent, on the Severn, 36 miles NNE of Bristol, and 118 WNW of London. Lon- 2 W. lat. 52 9 N. Worcester, county of England, 30 milts long, and 20 broad ; bounded on the N by Shropshire and StaflFordshire, on the'E by Warwickshire, on the W by Herefordshire, on the SE and S by Gloucestershire, being in circuit 124 miles, and contains 600,000 square acres. Its chief manutactures are carpeting, china and earthen ware, woollens, and stockings. The principal rivers are the Severn, Teme or Tend, and Avon. Po- pulation 1801, 139,333; in 1811, 160,545; and in 1821. 184.424. Worcester, county of Massachusetts ; bounded en the E by Middlesex and Norfolk counties ; on the N by the states New Hampshire and Vermont ; on the W by Franklin, Hampshire, and Hamp- den counties ; and on the S by the states of Rhode Island and Connecticut. The principal town is Worcester. It crosses tlie state from N to S ; area 1500 square miles. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 32,206 do. do. females - - - 32,236 Total whites - - - 64,442 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - 468 Slaves Total population in 1810 - 64,910 Population in 1820. Free white males - - - 36,245 do. do. females ... 36,912 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... 21 Totsl whites rs.l78 Vv O ii A Free persons of colour, males . do. do. females Slaves, males . . - do. females 'i'otal population in 1S20 - Slaves, males do. females - 237 220 Total population in 1820 2,614. 2,037 17,521 73,635 Of the^e ; Foreigners not naturalii^ed • Engaged in Agriculture do. in Manufactures - do. in Commerce 4 3,756 387 151 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 159 Engaged in Agriculture - - 8,859 do. in Manufactures - - 3,202 Population to the square mile, 25 nearly. do. in Commerce - - 95 jyorcum, town of Brabant, seated on the Population to the square mile, -^9. Maese. Lon. 4 52 E, lat. 51 52 X. fVorcester, capital of Worcester county, jroram, seaport of Fnesland, on the Massachusetts, 46 miles W of Boston; 34 z,i-,der-Zee, 18 miles SW of Lewarden. N by "VV of Providence (Rhode Inland,) and ^^^^ 5 15 e lat. 53 X. 50 NE of Springfield (Massachusetts.) iVorden, town of Germany, in the circle This is esteemed one of the largest inlaiid ^p Lower Saxony. towns in the State, and carries on some manufactures, particularly printing, with great spirit. Isaiah Tliomas of this town, has pubiislied as many books as any book- seller in the United States. It contains the greatest population of any inland town in New England. The principal streets ex- ceeds a mile in length. Beside the county buildings are, a bank, two printing offices, from each of which is issued a weekly news-paper. A commodious building was erected in 1819 -for the cabinet and library of the American Antiquarian society. The building society, and cabinet may be con- sidered as productions of Isaiah Thomas, esq. President of the society. Worcester, township, Montgomery coun- ty, Pennsyl in 1810 township, situated between Guined, and ,„ -. ^^ ..u • . r> Noriton; on the E side of Skippack creek. ,, J^orms cMy of Germany, ,n the circle of Worcester, SE county of Maryland ; Upper Rhine. It is famous for a diet held by the state ofDelawareN; Atlantic ocean »" ^^^l' at which Luther assisted in per- E; Eastern .hore of Virginia S ; and So- ^0". The protestants have a church here, merset county in Maryknd W. Length ^^"^ ^^ ^^'l/? '"^P^'f f '^'^.."^ ^P^'"! 25; meanwiclth20; and area 700 square ^^ ^he diet. It is seated on the W bank of miles. It is chiefly drained by Poco'moke '^^^^ni^l^i^' f::^V\Tl'^rl "& river. Chiet town. Snow Hill. Wordingbevff, sea port of Denmark, in theisknd of Zeal-^nd. Lon. 11 58 E, lat. 55 3 N. Woringen, town of Germany, in the elec- torate of Coirtgne, seated on the Rhine, eight miles from Cologne. Workington, sea port in Cumberland, seated on the Derwent, over which is a stone bridge. In its neighbourhood, is a large iron foundry. Workington is seven miles W of Cockermouth, and 307 N of London. Lon. 3 35 W, lat. 53 42 N. Worksop, town in Nottinghatiishire. Quantities of licorice are grown in its vici- nity, and there are a great many noolemen's seats near it. The canal from the Trent sylvania, containing 868 inhabitants *« Chesterheld passes by this place It is ; and in 1820, 977. It is a small 24 miles N of Nottingh.Pfi. and If J* by , c-.fH.t^^ h«Jw««^ nn'.n^rl nnri AV ot Lcndon. Lon.lO nV, lat. 5o20N. Lon. 8 29 E, lat. 49 Population in 1810. Free white males . . - do. do. females - - - Total whites . . - . All other persons except Indians not taxed . . . . Slaves • . ' ' Total population in 1810 - Population in 1820. Free white males - do. do. females All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - - Total whites - - - - Free persons of colour, males do. (lo. females. SW of Francfort. 32 N. 5,^65 Worsted, town in Norfolk, noted for be- 5,725 ing "the place, where worsteds were first -_— __ made. It is 12 miles N of Norwich, and 120 11,490 NE of London. Lon. 1 26 E, lat. 52 52 N. Worihington, pi^st town and township in 1,054 Hampshire county, Massachusetts, 10 miles 4,427 W of Northampton, 19 E of Pittsfield, and 44 NE of Brookfiekl, containing 1223 inha- bitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 1276. Wolton Hosset, borough in Wilishire. It is seated near the Forest of Brandon, and is 30 miles N of Salisbury, and 89 W of London. Lon. 1 54 W, lat. 51 21 N. Wotton-wuler-Edge, town in Gloucester- shire, 20 miles NE of Bristol, and 108 W NW of London. Lon. 2 11 W, lat. 51 40 N, Wragby, town in Lincolnshire, 11 miles ENE of Lincoln, and 144 N of London, Lon. 10 W, lat. 53 18 N- 110? 16,971 5,653 5,629 \V i A W V 1' li'raih Cape, vast promontory in bunder- land, which forms ihe N W point of Great Uritain. It is the dread of mariners, for against its rugged and lof'.y cU(fs the rapid tide bursts with incredible fury. IVre7it!iam, post town in Norfolk county, Massachusetts, 26 miles S by W of Boston, and 19 NR of Providence, (Rhode Island.) It has 2061 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820, 2801. Wexliam, town in Denbighshire. It is the most populous town in all N Wales, add is a place of considerable traffic in Welsh fl: nnels. In the vicinity of Wexham is a large foundry for cannon and other articles. It is seated on a river, in a country afibrd- ing plenty of lead. Lon. 3 10 W, lat. 53 2 a. IVrinton, town in Somersetshire. It is the birth place of Mr. Locke, is noted for calamine, and seated among the Mendip- Jiills, 11 miles WNW of Wells, and 125 W of London. Lon. 28 W, lat. 51 21 N. See leaver. Wroihavi, town in kent, 11 miles WNV/ of Maidstone, and 24 SE of London. Lon. 24 E, lat. 51 18 N. Wunnengburg, town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, It is 14 miles S of Paderborn. Lon. 8 15 E, lat. 51 26 N. JVunsi dely ^own of Germany, in the cir- cle of Franconia, with mines of copper, and quarries of marble, in its vicinity. Lon. 12 24 K,litt. 50 ION. JVunstorf, (.own of Germany, in the cir- cle of Lower Saxony. Wurtemburg. See Wirlemhiirg. IT'urtzburg, late bisliopric of Germany, HOW a duchy of Bavaria, comprehenihng the principal part of Franconia ; bounded by the county of Henneburg, the duchy of Coburg, the abbey of Fulde, the archbis- hopric of Mentz, tlie inarquisate Anspach, bishopric of Bamberg-, and the county of Wertheim, being about G5 miles in length and 50 in breadth. The soil is very fer- tile, and produces more corn and wine than the inhabi'ants consume. Wiirtzburg, city of Germany, in Franco- nia, on the Maine, 40 miles SW of Hum- berg, and 200 NW of Vienna. Lon. 10 13 E, lat. 49 46 N. TVurzacc, town of GermanVj in Suabia. Lon. 10 5 E, lat. 48 6 N. IVurzeji, town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Upper Saxony, and territory of Leip- sic, with a citadel. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. ol 19 N. Wusterhmisen, town of Germany in the circle of Upper Saxony. Lon. i2 30 E, lat. 52 So N. TVmlerliciiseiij town of Upper Saxony, in the middle marclie of Brandenburg, 11 miles SSE of Berlin. fVtjalusmg, Tpost town, in Bradford coun- ty, Pennsvlvania -, situ:»tcd on the N bank 1104 of Susquehanna! i, near the moath of W'ya- lusing creek, 28 miles NW of Harleii, ami 62 NW of Wilkesbarre. Populatio:-. 1820, 546. rr^c?, town in Kent, with a market on Thursday, seated on the Stour, 10 miles & of Canterbury, and 56 SK of London. Lon. 1 4 E, lat. 51 IG N. TVt/e, river of Wales, wh'oh rises on the conSnes of Cardiganshire, and running SE divides the counties of Radnor and Breck- nock ; thence crosses Herefordshire, passes by Hereford, and turning directly S, runs by Monmouth, and falls into the mouth of the Severn at Chepstow. Tf'(,'e, river in Derbyshire, which rises in the NW part, above Buxton, and flowing SE falls into the Derwent, below Bakewell. TFye, town of Swisserland, in a territory of the abbey of St. Gallen, with a palace. It is built on an eminence, 16 miles SSW of Constance. Lon. 9 4 E, lat. 47 34 N. ny. See Weil. Wynendale, town of Flanders; eight miles ENE of Dixmude. Wyre, river of Lancashire, which rises near Wyresdale, six miles SE of Lancas- ter, and passing by Carstang, enters the Irish Sea, below Poulton. IVijthe, county of Virginia ; bounded by Grayson SE, and S; Washington SW; Tazewell NW ; and Giles and Montgomery NE. Length 46 ; mean width 25 ; and area 1150 square miles. It occupies the dividing country between the head waters of Tennessee, and Great Kenhawa. Chief town, Evansham. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 3,712 do. do. females - , - 3,468 Total whites .... 7,180 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - - . 19 Slaves 1,157 Total population in 1810 - - 8,356 Population in 1820. Free white males • - - 4,150 do. do. females - - - 3,931 All other persons except Indians not taxed . - . Total whites - . - . 8,111 Free persons of colour, males - 19 do. do. females 29 Slaves, males - - - . 734 .rw from RichmoHd. Yang-lc/ieou, populous city of China, in the province of Kiang-nan. It is 45 miles NE of Nan-king. Yang tse- /dang, great river of China, ■which rises in the province of Yannian, and having crossed Hou quang and Ki- ang nan, enters the Eastern Ocean, op- posite t!".e isle of Tt.ong ming, which is fornDed by the sand accumulated at its mouth. Ya7-e, river in Noifolk. YarkaJi. See Ire ken. Yarmouth, borough in Norfolk, at the mouth of the Yare, and has long been known as one < f the principal sea-ports in England. Ofl" the mouth of the har- bour is a bar, which prevents the entrv of ships of largf^- burden ; and the many sand banks (fF the coast, at a distance, from the Yarmouth Roads, so nofrd fir frequent shipwrecks. Yarmnuthis27miies E of Norwich, and 112 NE of London. Lnn. 1 53 E, lat. 52 45 N. Yarmouth borougli in Hampshire, on the west coast of the Isle of Wight, seated on a creek, eight miles west of Newport, and 123 SW of London. Lon. 1 28 W, lat. 50 40 N Yarmouth post town in Barastable county, Massachusetts ; situated five miles E by N of B irnstable, and 76 SE of Boston, with 1727 inhabitants in 1810; and in 1820. 2232. Yaroslafy government of Russia, for- merly a province of the government of Moscow. Yaroslaf, town of Russia, capital of a government of the same name, seated on the right bank of the Volga. Lon. 38 59 E, lat. 57 35 N. Yariim, town in the North riding of Yorkshire. It is seated on the Teves, over which, is a stone bridge, 40 miits NNW of York, and 231 N by W of Lon- don. Lon. 1 2 W, lat. 54 31 N. Ya7'uki, village in South America, in Peru. Here Ulloa and the French ma- thematicians measured an arch of the meridian. Yazoo, river of Louisiana, in the north- ern parts of Mississippi, and flows SW 200 miles, and falls into the Mississippi at N lat 32 24. The country watered by the Yazoo is generally hilly, and pine and oak wtjods, and soil thin. Some good lands are found on the water courses, but in very small quantity. Yell, one of the Shetland Islands, to the N of that called Mainland. It is 12 miles long and 8 broad, and has several good harbours. Yellow river, or Hoang-Ho, large ri- ver of Asia, which, after a coursp of nearly 600 leagues across Tartary and China, enters the Eastern Sea, to the N of the mouth of Yan-tse-kiang. It is very broad and rapid, but so shallow that it is scarcely navigable. It is called tlie Yel- low River, because the clay and sand which it washes down, especially in time of rain, makes its water appear of a yel- low colour. Yellow Sea, gulf of China, between the provinces of Pe-tcheli and Chang- tong on the W, and the peninsula of Co- rea on the E. Yellow stone river, river of the west- ern territory of the United States, the great SE branch of Missouri. See Mis- souri river, page 622. Yellow water, river which rises in Alabama, runs nearly south into Florida, falls into Pansacola bay, after a course of about 70 milf's. It is a fine, clear, and beautiful stream, rising in pine woods. Yenisei, or Jenisa, river of Siberia, whicii running from S to N, -nters the Frozen Ocean, to the east of tlie bay of Obv. Yeniseisk, or Jefiiskoi, large and po- pul'ius town of Siberia, in the province of Tomsk, seated on the river Yenisei. Lon. 92 35 E lat. 57 46 N. Yen fling, city of China, in the pro- vince of Fo-kien, 275 miles S of Nan- king. Yen tcheou, city of China, in the pro- vince of Chang-tong, 275 miles SE of Peking. Yen-tching. city cf China, in the pro- vince of Chang-tong, and jurisdiction of Tsi-nan-fou, where a kind of glass is made, so delicate and brittle, that it cracks when exposed to the smallest in- juries of the air. Yeovil, or Ivel, town in Somerset- shire. Hf>re is a manufacture of cloth, but the principal one is of gloves. It is seated on the Ivel, 20 miles S of Wells, and 123 W by S of London. Lon. 2 o7 W, lat, 50 55 N. Yesd, town of Persia, in Irac Agemi, on the road from Kerman to Ispahan. It has a silk manufacture ; and here are made the finest carpets in the world. It is 200 miles ESE of Ispahan. Lon. 56 50 E, lat. 32 N. Yonkers, post town in West Chester county, New York, 11 miles N of the city of New York, and 253 from Washington. It had 1365 inhabitants in 1810 ; and in 1820. 1586. Yonne, department of France, con- taining part of the late province of Bur- gundy. It is so called from a river that rises in the department of Nievre, and passing by Chateau, Chinon, Claraenci, Y O R Y O R Auxerre, Joigny, and Sens, falls into the Seine. Auxerre is the capital. Yoriman, province of Guiana, about 150 miles in length, on the river Ama- zon. York, city, the capital of Yr.rkshire, It is the Eboracum of the llomans, and many of their coffins, urns, coins, 8cc. have been found here. Ii lias always been consider- ed as he capital of the North, and in point of rank, as tbe second city in the kingdom. York is 70 miles S by E of Durham, and 198 N by W of London. Lon. 1 1 W, lat. 5o 59 N. York, county of England, double in size to any of the other ; bounded on the N by Durham and We-,tmoreland : on tlie E by the German Ocean ; on tlie W by West- moreland and Lancashire ; and on the S by the counties of Chester, Derby, Not- tingham and Lincoln Its most remarkable natural inland boundaries are, the river Tees to the N, the ridge of hills called the English Appennines to t'iie W, an i the arm of the sea named the Humber to the SW. The length of this coun-y is above eighty miles, and its breadth a hundred. From its great extent it has been distributed into three main divisions, called Ridings. The sea-coast except the southern par", of it, is in general naked and d eiry, consist- ing of wide extended moors and ba r^n hills. This county is extremebly well wa- tered, and its rivers are disposed in a sin- gularly beautiful manner. Tney rise, in general, in the mountainous skirts of the county, from the NE round to the SW ; and, uniting as they proceed towaids its centre, like the veins of a spreading leaf, at length terminate in one main trunk, which issues in the Humber- The princi- pal branches are the Ouse, Don, Derwent, Calder, Aire, Warf, Nidd, Ure, and Hull, all which terminate in the Humber, wliich falls into the German Ocean between York- shire and Lincolnshire. Population in 1801, 858,892; in 1811, 973,113; and in 1821, 1,175,241. York, city of Upper Canada, is in about 43 35 N lat. and is the present seat of the government of Upper Canada. It is most beautiftxlly situated within an excellent harbour of the same name, made by a long peninsula, which confines a basin of water sufficiently large to contain a considerable fleet. Population about 3000. York, SW county of Maine , bounded by the Atlantic ocean SE ; Piscatagua river, or New Hampshire SW ; New Hampshire ■\V ; Oxford county Maine N ; and Cumber- land NE. Length 50, mean width 20, and area 1000 square miles. Its principal river Saco. Chief town, York, Population in 1810. Fr ee white males Free while females Total whites All othtT person-s except Indians not taxed . . - - Slaves . - . - . Total population in 1810 - 41,877 Population in 1820. Free white males - - 22,550 do. do. females - - 23,631 All other persons except Indians not taxed .... Total whites - - - 46,181 Free persons of colour, males 51 do. do. females 51 Slaves, males ... do. females ... Total population in 1820 - 46,283 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized 23 Engaged in Agriculture - - 8,674 do. in Manufactures - 746 do. in Commerce - - 533 Population to the square mile, 46. York, capital of York county, Maine, si- tuated on York river, near the ocean, 10 miles NE of Portsmouth, 16 S ot Wells, and 22 of Kennebunk, in lat. 43 12 N, and lon. 70 49 W. The inhabitant^ who v. ere esti- mated at 2776 in 1810; are principally engaged in the fisheries. Population in 1820', 3224. York, county of Pennsylvania ; bounded by Maryland S ; Adams county in Pennsyl- vania W ; Cumberland county NW ; and Susquehannah river NE Length 31, mean width 29, and area 900 square miles. It is principally dramed by Cinnewago, and Codorus creeks. Surface generally hilly. Soil varied. Staples grain, fiour whiskey, fruit, live-stock, &c. Chief town, York. Population in 1810. Free white males - - - 15,919 do. do. females - - 15,410 Total whites ... - 31,329 All other persons except Indians not taxed - - - - 607 Slaves, 22 Total population in 1810 31,958 Population in 1820. Free white males ... 19,256 do. do. females - - - 18,704 All other persons except Indians not taxed ... - 12 20,528 Total whiter l'TR7 37^972 Y G B \ U tree persons of colour, males do. do. females Slaves, males . . - do, females - - - Total population in 1820 - 399 9 Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized - 509 Engajjed in Agriculture - - 5,710 do, in Manufactures - 2,796 do. in Commerce - - 106 Population to the square mile, 43. Toi-k, post town, borough, and seat of justice, York county, Pennsylvania, on both sides of Codorus creek, 21 miles SW by W from Lancaster, and 11 miles nf^arly W from Columbia on the Susquehannah. It is laid out on a plain, with strt^eis at right angles to each other, and contains the county buildings, jail, academy, al.nishouse, and in 1820, 3545 inhabitants. Tork, township of York county, Penn- sylvania, SE from the borough of York. Population in 1820, 2107. York River, river of the United States of Korlh America, in Virginia, formed by the confluence of the Pamunky and Mattaponj', 30 miles above York-Town, below which place it enters Chesapeak bay. York, couniy of Virginia ; bounded by York river N, and NE ; Elizabeth city, and Warwick counties S; and James city, coun- ty SW, and NW. Length 40; mean width 5; and area 200 square miles. Chief town, York. Population in 1810. Free white males ... 911 do. do. females ... 887 Engaged in Commerce - - 9 Population to the square mile, 22 nearly. York, district ot South Carolina ; bound- 4 ed by Lincoln an(i Rutheriord coundes in ■ North Carolina N ; Catawba river, or Lan- 38,759 caster district E; Chester S , and Broad — '■ river, or Union, and Spartanburg districts SW. Length 55, breadth 22, and area 770 square miles. Chief town, Yorkville. Population in 1810. Free white males - - 3,479 do. do. females - - 3,349 Total whites - - - All odier persons except Indians not taxed . - - - Slaves Total population in 1810 - Pop\ilation in 1820. Free white males do. do. females . - - All other persons except Indians not taxed ... Total whites . - - - Free persons of colour, males - do. do. females - - - Slaves, males . . . - do. females Total population In 1820 - Of these ; Foreigners not naturalized Engaged in Agriculture - do. in Manufactures 1108 1,798 458 2,931 5,187 800 788 4,38-4 1 1,328 128 Total whites 6,828 All other persons except Indians not taxed - . - - 40 Slaves ..... 3,164 Total population in 1810, 10,032 Population in 1820. Free white males 5,171 do. do. females 6,680 All other persons except Indians not taxed . . - • Total whites - - - 10,2)1 Free persons of colour, males - 43 do. de. femt-les 52 Slaves, males .... 2.270 do. females 2,320 Total population in 1820 14,936 Of these ; Foreigners Eot naturalized - 55 Engaged in Agriculture - 4,748 do. in Manuftictures - 321 do. in Commerce - - 38 Population to the square mili-, 19. York-town, capital of York county, Vir- ginia ; a post town and port of entry. It lies on tlie S side of York ri\er, 12 miles E of Williamsburg, 65 E bv S of Richmond, and 29 NW of Norfolk, in'lat. 37 22 N, and Ion. 76 52 W. The inhabitants are abrui 700. This town is rendered faniou? by 'he surrender of the British army under Lord Cornwallis, Oct. 191 h 1781. Yorkville, post town and seat of justice, York district, South Carolina, about 80 miles N from Columbia. Yo-tcheou, commercial city of China, in the province of Hou quang, wh ch may be reckoned one of the wealthiest cities in China Its district contains one city of the second, and seven of the third class, it is seated on the Yang-tse-kiang, 275 miles SW of Nan-king. YoxighaU, town of Ireland, in the county of Coi'k, and province of Munster. It has a manufacture of earthenware, and is seat- ed on the side of a hill, at the moitth of the river Blarkwater, 28 miles E by N of Cork. Lon. 47 5, W lat. 51 59 N. Yovghiogeny, rivep of Pennsylvania. It Z A B / A r rises in Mai'jiand, flows N and enters ilie former stale, ar.d runs through the coun- try nearly in a NVV course till it joins the Monongahela, about 15 miles SE of Pitts- burgh. Its course in Maryland is ui Alle- ghany county, and in Pennsylvania through Fayette, Westmoreland and Alleghany counties. YoungstoTun, post town in Trumbull county, Ohio ; situated on a branch of Big Beaver river, eight miles NE of Can- field, and about 90 N by W of Pittsburg. Population 1820, 1025. Ypres, large city of the Netherlands, in Flanders. It has a considerable raa- imfacture of cloth and serges ; and eve- ry year in lent there is a well frequent- ed fair. It is seated on the Yperlee, 12 miles W of Courtray, 15 NW of Lisle, and 130 N of Paris. Lon. 2 48 E, lat. 50 51 N. Ysendyck, soiall but strong town of Flanders, in the isle of Cadsand, seat- ed on a branch of the river Scheldt, called Blie, eight miles E of Sluys, and 18 NW of Ghent. Lon. 3 38 E, lat. 51 SON. Yssel. See Isscl. Ysselburg, town of Guelderland, 12 miles E of Cleves, and 22 NE of Guel- dres. Lon. 6 15 E, lat, 51 42 N. Ysselmonde, island of Holland, situated between the Merwe and a branch of the Maese. Yssdstein, town of Holland, with a castle seated on the river Yssel, live miles SW of Utrecht, Lon. 5 5 E, lat. 52 7N. Yssengeanx, town of France, in the department of Upper Loire, and late province of Languedoc, 10 miles NE of Puy. Ysstadtf or Yssdadt, seaport of Swe- den, in the province of Schonen, 26 miles SE of Lund. Lon. 13 44 E, lat. 55 22 N. Ythan. See Eitkan, Yucatan. See Jncatnii. Yuen-yano, city of China, in the pro- vince of Hou-quang. Its district contains one city of the second, and six of the third class. It is 300 miles W of Nan- kmg. Yverdun, town of Swisserland, in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a baiiiwic of the same name. It is seattd in a flat situation at the S end of the lake of Yverdun, cu thv rivers Orbe andl'hicle, 30 milts SV»' of Bern. Lon. 6 50 E, lat. 45 50 N. Yverdun, Lake. See J\'euchatel. Yvetot, town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Seine, and late province of Normandy, five miles NE of Caude- bec. Y^ima, one of the Bahama islands, in the West Indies, lying to the N of Cuba; 55 miles in length, and 17 in breadth. Yunieto, one of the Bahama islands, in the West Indies, to the N of the isle of Yuma, lying under the tropic of Cancer. It is 37 miies in length Yun, largest canal in China, ca led also The Imperial Canal. This celebrated ca- nal whicij extends from Canton to Peking, forms a ccmmuiiication between the N and S provinces. Yung-ping, city of China, in the pro- vince of Pe tcheli, 87 miits E of Peking. Yu-hingfou, city of China, in the pro- vince of Hohan. Its district contains two cities of the second and 12 ot the third class. It is 176 miles NW of Nan- king. Ywi nan, one of the most ferti le and opulent provinces in China ; bdunded on the N by Se-tchnen and 'I'hibet, en the E by Quang-si and Koei-tcheou, on the S by the kmgdomsi t Laos una Tonquin, and on the W by those of Burmah, and Pegu. Ymi-nan, capital of the province of i ;;;.-nan, in China, once remarkable for its extent and the beauty of its public buildings, all which have been destroy- ed by the Tartars, in their different in- vasions. It is 430 miles NW of Can- ton. Yiircui), town of Turkey, in Asia,. in Caramantia, Lon. 34 30 E, iat. 39 40 N. Yvoy, town of France, seated on the Cher. Lon. 5 4 E, lat. 49 32 N, z Zabern, town of Germany, in the pa- latinate of the Rhine, 15 miles west of Philipsburg. Lon. 8 10 E, lat. 49 11 N. Zabola, town of Transylvania, on the confines of Moldavia, five miles south- west of Neumark. Zaiairn, towtvof Fpanee, in the depart. ment of Lower Rhine, and late province of Alsace, 15 miles N of Strasburg. Lon. 7 50 E, lat. 48 50 N. Zachnn, or Sochan, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony. Lon. 15 16 E, lat. 53 18 N. Znfra, town of Spain, in Estramadura, 1109 Z A M Z A B with a castle. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, near the river Guadaxiers, 20 miles south west of Medina. Lcn. 6 12 W, lat. 38 19 N. Zagutallu, tov/n of Mexico, 200 miles south-west of that city, at the mouth of a river of the same name. Lon. 104 35 W, lat. 17 50 N. Ztiffara, famous mountain of Turkey, in Europe, in Livadia, on the gulf of Corinth, near Mount Parnassus, and al- most always covered with snow. It is the ancient Hellicon, from which issued the fountain, Hippocrene. Zagrad, stro: g town of Sclavonia, ca- pital of a county of the same name, on the Save, 25 miles NEof Carlstadt, and 137 south-west of Buda. Lon. 51 41 E, lat. 46 20 N. Zahara, strong town of Spain, in An- dalusia, seated on a craggy rock, and defended by a citadel. It is 47 miles SE of Seville. Lon. 4 35 W, lat. 36 52 N. Zahara, or the Desert, vast country of Africa, bounded on the N by Barbary, on the E by Fezzan and Cashna, on the S by Tombuctoo, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. Zahioy town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 51 53 N. Zaire, large river of Africa, which, rises in the kingdom of Morocco, divides the kingdrms L;)ango and Congo, and falls into the Atlantic Ocean, below Sogno. There are strong evidences to support the opinion, that the Zaire, is really the outlet of the great western river of Africa, tlie Jolaba, or Niger. Zamora, strong town of Spain, in Leon. In its environs fine turcdis stones are found. It is seated on a hill, on the river Douero, over which is a bridge of 17 arches, 135 miles N of Salamanca, and 150 NW of Madrid. Lon. 5 18 W, lat. 41 41 N. Zamora, town of Peru, in the audience of Quito. In its neighbourhood are rich mines of gold, and it is se^ed near the Andes, 230 miles S of Quito. Lon 75 55 W, lat 5 6 S. Zamora, town of Mexico, in Guadal- axara, 30 miles SE of Guadalaxara. Lon. 104 30 W, lat. 20 30 N. Zamora, town of Algiers, in the pro- vince of Constantine, 250 miles west of Hamamet. Lon. 6 25 E. lat. 36 20 N. Zamoski, Strong town of Poland, in Red Russia, now the Austrian kingdom cf Lodomeria. It has a citadel, and is 37 miles northwest of Lemburg. Lon. 23 26 E, lat. 50 52 N. Zampango, town cf Mexico proper, 25 miles N of Acapulco. Jll'O Zaiie, township of Logan county, Ohio* containing 545 inhabitants in 1820, Zanesville, post town, and seat of jus- tice for Muskingum county, Ohio, con- taining a court house and public offices, 21 mercantile stores, two glass factories, two printing offices, and 320 houses, and 2052 inhabitants. If the population con- tained in the vdlages of Putnam and West Zanesville, on the opposite side of the Muskingum river, be reckoned as part of it, Zanesville may be said to contain about 3000 inhabitants. Zanes- ville, stands on the east bank of Mus- kingum river, immediately adjoining the falls, on which are erected, and erecting numerous mills, among which are seve- ral flouring and saw mills, an oil mill, a rolling mill, a nail machine, and woollen factory. Across the river, adjoining the town, are built two bridges within half a mile of each other, the lower con- necting this town with Putnam. Lat. 40 N, lon. 5 2 W, 80 miles W from Wheeling in Virginia. Zanfara, kingdom of Negroland, to the W of the kingdom of Zegzeg. The inhabitants are tall in stature, of a very black complexion, with broad faces, and savage dispositions. It is very little known to Europeans. Zangiiebar, country on the E coast of Africa, between 3 deg. N and 18 deg. S lat. It includes several petty kingdoms, in which the Portuguese have settle- ments. The principal territories are Mombaza Lamo, Melinda, Quioia, Mo- sambique, and Snfala. The productions are much the same as in other parts of Africa, between the tropics. Zante, island of the Mediterranean, near the coast of the Morea, 17 miles SE of the island of Cephalonia. It is 24 miles long and IS; broad, and very fertile. There are about 50 villages, but no other large town than Zante, which is seated on the E side of the island, and has a good harbour. It contains near 20,000 inhabitants ; all the houses are low, on account of the frequent earthquakes. The English and Dutch have each a fac- tory and consul here. Lon. 21 3 E, lat. 37 5o N. Zanzibar, island of A frica, on the coast of Zanguebar, between the islands of Pemba and Monsia, \vith the title of a kingdom tributary to Portugal. It abounds in sugar canes and citrons. The inhabi- tants are Mahometans. Lon. 38 25 E, lat. 6 0S. Zara, Strong city of Venetian Dalma- tia, capital cf a county of the same name, with an archbisiiop's see, a citadel, and a harbour, on a small peninsula, in the gulf of Venice, 80 miles SW of Jaicza, Z E X and 150 SE of Venice. Lon. 16 6 E, lat. 44 30 N Zarymte, town of Turkey, in Europe, in the Morea, agre-ably seated on an eminence, 20 miles W of Misitra. Zama-.u, town of Little Poland, in the palatinate of Sandr.mir, 63 miles N of Cracnw Lon. 19 5u E, lat. 65 13 N. Zaslaw, town of Poland, in Vblhinia, seated on the Horin. 15 miles SE of Os- tro?;- Lon. 27 11 E. lat. 50 20 N. Zatmar, town of Upper Hungary, ca- pital of a county of the same na^iie It is seated on a small lake forme! by the river Samos, 50 miles E by S of Tockay, and 130 E of Buda. Lon. 22 34 E, lat 47 50 N Zaior, town of Poland, capital of _a starosty of the same name, in the palati- nate of Cracow, It is seated on an emi- nence, near the river Vistula, 20 miles SW of Cractw. and 50 SE of Ratisbon. Lon. 19 42 E. lat. 49 5iN. Zaiueh, town of Persia, situated 20 miles from the Caspian Sea. Zaiuila. See Ziteela. Zbaraz, town of Poland, in Podolia, 70 miles N by W of Kaminieck. Zboroxu, town of Austrian Poland, in the palatinate of L inbur;?, 25 miles VV of Zbaraz. and 52 E bv S of Lemburg. Lon, 25 46 E, lat. 49 46 N. Zaaland, island of Denmark, almost of a round frrm, 700 mil s in circumfer- ence, and the large.st f the isles belong- ing to the king of Dt-Jimark. It lies at the entrance of the Baltic, having the Schaggerach Sea on the N, the Sound on the E, the Baltic on the S, and the Great Belt on the VV. It is exceedingly fer- tile ; producing grain of all sorts, and in great plenty, and abounding with excel- lent pasture. Copenhagen is not only the capital of this island, but of the whole kingdom. Zealand, one of the provinces of the Netherlands, bounded on the N by the isles of Holland, on the E by Dutch Brabant, on the S by Dutch Flanders, and on the W and NW by the German, Ocean. It is composed of several islands, the principal of v/hich are Walcheren, Schowen, North and South Beveland, Tolen, Duyveland, and Wolfersdyke. The inhabitants are at a great expense to defend themselves from the encroa h- ments of the sea, and in keeping up their dikes. The river Scheldt forms the most of these islands : and the soil of them is fruitful, but the air is unhealthy, especially for strangers. The inhabitants are excellent seamen. The principal towns are Middleburg and Flushing Zealand, JVew, island in the Pacific Z E li Ocean, discovered by Tasman, in 1642, Lon 181. to 194 W, lat. 34 to 58" S. Zebid, citv of Arabia Lon. 43 16 E» lat. 14 13 N. . Zebu, or Cubu, one of the Philippines, 140 miles long, and 30 broad. Zedic, town of the kingdom ot Bar- ^^ZegeJin, or Seged, town of Hungary, 63 miles N of Belgrade. Lon- 21 5 E, lat. 46 8 N. . Zeighenheim, town of Germany, in the landcravate of Hesse Cassel, 30 miles S of Cassel Lon. 9 19 E, lat. 50 52 N. Zeil. town of Gc-rmany, in the circle of Suabia, 70 mile.s S of Ulm. Zeitsii. town of Turkev, in Europe in Janna, with a castle and an archbishop's see It is a small place, and seated on a hill, by the gulf of the same name, near the river Ealayda, 50 miles SE of Larissa. . . Zeitz. town of Upper Saxony, m the duchy of Naumburg, with a castle, and a well frequented college. It is seated on the Ester, 25 miles SW of Leipsick, and 45 E of Erfurt. Lon. 12 8 E. lat. 50 ZelU town of Germany, in the circle oi Lower Saxony capital of a duchy of the same name, seated on the Aller, 31 miles NW of Brunswick, and 47 S by W of Lunenburg. Lon. 10 12 E, lat 52 49 N. Zdl, imperial town of Germany, m the circle of Suabia. Lon. 8 8 E, lat. 48 12 N. Zetlawi. See Jeso. Zallerfrld, town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, in the Hartz fo- rest ; six miles SSW of Gosiar. Zembla, Xoz-a, large island, in the Northern Ocean, to the N of Eussia, from which it is separated by the strait of Waigate. It is a desert, frozen, and un- inhabited country, visited in summer by fishermen, and hunters. Zemlin, or Zemplin, town of Upper Hun- gary, capital of a county of the same name. It is seated on the Bodrog, 25 miles SB of Cassovia, and 27 NK of Tockay. Lon. 21 35 E, lat. 48 36 N. ' Zen^uia, town nf Turkey in Asia. Lon, 37 50 E, lat. 36 25 N. Zenta. town of Hungary, where the Turks under Mustapha 11. were defeated by Prince Eugene. Lon. 21 30 E, lat. 46 o'N Zerbl. See Gerbes. Zerbst, town of Germany in the cu'cle of Upper Saxonv, capital of a district of that name, in the principality of Anhalt, with a castle, where the princes commonly reside. The inhabitants are partly Lutherans and nartlv Galvinists, and are famous for brew- ^ IIU Z U (i Z U R ing good beer. It is 27 miles N W of Wit- tembt-rg. Lon. 12 13 E, lat. 52 N. Zerlga, town of Persia, in Irac-Arabia, seated in a narrow plain, between moun- tains. It has produced several very fa- mous Arabian Authors. Zia^ island of the Archipelago, one of the CycLides, to the SW of Negropont. It is 15 miles long, and eight broad, and well cultivated. It is tlie ancient Ceos. Zlbit, territory in Arabia Felix, extend- ing from the principality of Mecca to that of Mocha, being bounded on the B by the principality of Tehama, and on the W by the Red Sea. The Turks were formerly masters of this country, but it now belongs to an Arabian prince. Zibit, trading town of Arabia Felix, capi- tal of a territory of the saitie name. It is seated on the Ziblt, 15Q miles NW of Aden. Ziget, town of Hungary. It has been often taken and retaken by the Turks and Imperialists. Lon. 17 42 E, lat. 46 21 X. Ziriczee^ town of Zealand, and the prin- cipal of the isle of Schowen, 12 miles NE of Middleburg, and 18 SW of Briel. Lon. 4 10 E, lat. 5i 36 N. Zittaia, town of Germany, in Lusatia, subject to the king of Saxony. It Is seated on the Neisle, 17 miles SW of Gorlitz, and 25 SE of Dresden. Lon. 15 5 E, lat. 50 59 N. Znaim, strong town of Germany, in Mo- ravia. I( is seated on the river Teya, 24 miles SW of Brinn, and 32 N of Vienna. Lon. 16 40 K, lat. 48 38 N, Zoara, fortified, town on the coast of Bar- ba;y. With a good liarbour, 60 nnles W ( f Tripoli. Lon. 11 55 E, Lt. 32 45 N. Zoblitz, town of Germany in the circle of Upper Suxony ; the chief subsistence of the inhabitants is working the serpent stone which is found in the neighbour- hood into tea and coffee cups, &.c. A red species of this stone is also found here, which is consiilered as the finest, and therefore claimed by the sovereign as hi.s property. It is 17 miles S of Frej bui-g. Znffingen town of Svvisserland, in the canton of Bern, with an elegant church, and a pubhc library, containing several cu- rious manuscripts. R is seated near a large forest, which contains the best pine-trees, in all Swisserland, three miles from Arburg. Lon. 7 6 E, lat. 47 5 N. Zubiock, town in Upper Hungary, capi- tal of a county of the same name. It is seated on the Teysse, where the S gelia falls into it, 62 miles NE of Colncza, and 62 E of Buda. Lon. 20 50 E, lat. 47 10 N. Zorjidorf, village of Germany, in the new marche of Bradenburg, famous for a baitle between the king of Prussia, and the Rus- sians in 1758. Zug, small canton of Swisserland, boiuitl- 1U2 ed on tlie B and N by that of Zuric, on the W by that of Lucern and the free Provin- ces, and on the S by that of Schweitz. It is ricli in pasturage, has plenty of various kinds of stone fruit. Ziig, town of Swisserland, capital of a canton of the same name, and the only walled town of all the popular ones, stands delightfully upon the edge of a beautiful lake, in a fertile vallf^y, abounding in corn, pasture-ground, and fruit-trese, Zug is 12 miles NE of Lucern, and 42 SE of Basil. Lon. 8 16 E, lat. 47 10 N. Zuider-Zee, great bay of the German Ocean, which extends from S to N in the United Provinces, between Friesland, Overvssel, Guelderland and Holland. Zullickhau, town of Prussia in Branden- burg, on a plain near the Oder, 37 miles SE from Frankfort on the Oder. Zulpha, tov.n of Persia, almost close to Ispahan, to which is a sort of suburb, and separated from it by the river Sanderou. It is peopled by a colony of Armenians, who wevQ brought into Persia by Shah Abbas. Zidpitch, or Zulch, town of Germany, in the duchy of Juliers, belonging to the archbishop of Cologne. It is seated on the Nassel 10 miles S of Juliers, and 10 W of Bonna. Lon. 6 40 E, lat. 50 46 N. Zuric, canton of Swisserland, 50 miles long and 30 broad; bou .ded on the N by the Rhine, which separates it from the canton of Schaffhausen on the S by that of Schweitz, on the E by Thurgaw and the county of Tockenburg, and on the W by the canton of Zug and the Free Pro\ inces. it was admitted a member of the Swiss Confederacy in 1351. Zuric, considerable city of Swisserland, capital of a canton of the same name. It stands at the N end of lake Zuric, and oc- cupies both sides of the rapid and transpa- rent Limmat, which issues from that lake, and divides the town into two unequal parts, which communicate by three bridges. Here are several manufactures ; particular- ly muslins, cottons, linens, and handker- chiefs. 5'uric is 35 miles SW of Constance, 40 SE of Basle, and 55 NE of Bern. Lon. 8 30 E, lat 47 20 N. Znric, lake of Swisserland, near 10 leagues in length, and one in breadth. In the vicinity of Zurio, the edges of the lake are skirted with a continued range of vallies, whicii being intermixed among vineyards ami pasture grounds, produce a most pleasing effect. The adjacent coun- try IS finely cultivated and well peopled ; and the southern part of the lake appears at some little distance boimded with the high stupendous mountains of Schweitz and Glarus: the scenery all together is picturesque, lively and diversified. The river Limmat runs through the whole length of this lake to the city of Zuric. Z W 1 Zuritiiy town of Spain, in Old Castile, with a castle, seated on the Tajo, very near Toledo. Lon. 3 17 W, lat. 39 50 N. Zurzach, town cf Swisserlaud, in the county ot'Baden, seated on the Rhine. Zutphen, stron;^ and considerHbie town of Dutch Guelderland, capital of a county of the same n^me. It was taken in 1672, by the French, who restored it in 1674. It is sealed at the confluence of the Berkel and Yssel, nine miles S by E of Deiventer, and 55 E by S of Amsterdam. Lon. 6 E, lat, 52 10 N. Zuyst, village five miles from (Ttrecht. The Moravian brethren are employed here in various kinds of manufacture, and tiieir workmanship far excels that of any otiier part of Holland. Zxuickaii, town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, formerly imperial, bpt now subject to the king of Saxony. The place where the inhabitants are buried is in Voigtland, and therefore, it is commonly said that they are Misnians while alive, but Voigtlanders after they are dead. Zwichau is seated on the Muldaw, 15 miles S of Al- tenberg, and 20 NE of Plawen. Lon. 1^ 26 E. lat. 50 45 N. Z-Mugenburg, town of Germany, in the langravate of Hesse Darmstadt, eight miles S of Darmstadt, and 12 N of Worms. Z-iuoU, town of Overyssel, and in the dis- trict of Zailant. It is defended by some for- tifications ; and the canal, which begins near this place, and extends to the river Yssel, is defended by several forts. Near it is the mountain of St. Agnes, where there was formerly an Augustine convent, in which Thomas Kempis lived 71 years, and died in 1471. It was formerly an im- perial and hanscatic town, and is seated on an eminence, on the rivers Aa and Yssel, five miles S of Hasselt, and eight SE of Campen. Lon. 6 10 K, lat. 52 S2 N. Zygcth, strong town of Lower Hungary, capital of a county of the sime name, with a Citadel. It is seated in a morass, made by the river Alma, 50 miles NW of Esseck. Lon. 18 58 E, lat. 46 17 N. Zyiumicrz, town of Polund, in Volhinia, seated on the Ciecirief, 70 miles W of Kiof, and 120 E of Lucko. Lon. 29 22 E, lat. 50 35 N. ^IDIDSMSiio jihvjas, ancient Gyndes, rivex' of Per- sia, in Khosistan. It rises in the moun- tains of Irac Ajemi, flows S, and falls into the Shat ui Arab, or low Euphra- tes. It is the Uiai of the Scriptures. ^ncrmn, or Gallatin, township of New York, in Goluaibia county, remarkable for its extensive iron Wv)rks ; about 20 miles SE from Hudson. Population 1820, 3147. Aquanshkola, creek of Northampton county, Pennsylvania ; rises in Ross town- ship, west from the Wind Gap of the Delaware, flows a little south of west about 25 miles, and falls into the Lehigh immetUately above the Lehigh Water Gap. Araguay, river of Brazil, the south- west branch of the Tocantinas. Arkiofiolis, post village and seat of justice, Arkansaw territory, on the right bank of Arkansaw river, about 100 miles above its mouth. Assiniboin, river of North America, in the United States and British territo- ries ; rising by two large branches, the Assiniboin proper, and Red river. The former has its source in the recesses of Cabotia, as high as lat. 52 30 N, flows SE 200, and E 100, joins Red river. The latter rises in the United States, as far south as lat. 45 30, and flowing thence nearly N about 300 miles, unites with the Assiniboin, which continuing a short dis- tance NE, is lost in the extreme south- ern angle of lake Winnipic The regions drained by the Assiniboin and its conflu- ents are flat, full of small lakes, and ex- tend NW from the sources of the Mis- sissippi. Athapescon^ lake of British America. Lat. 50" N, Ion. WC, 32^ W. It dis- charges into Slave lake, by Slave river. Atrato. river of Columbia, falling into the gulf of Darien. It rises in Choco, and flows N about 250 miles. B Banister, fine small river of Virgiaia, in Pittsylvania and Halifax counties, ri- ses in the former, and Hows E into the latter, and falis into Dan river, 10 miles below its mouth. Banister, post village and seat of jus- tice in Halifax county, Virginia, on Ban- ister river. Bayona, large bay of the Pacific ocean, in tiie intendancy of Guadalaxara, be- tween tlie mouth of the Santiago river, and the Marie islands. Big Huchy, river of Tennessee and Mis- sissippi, rises in the latter, an4 flowing NW, enters Henderson, and Madison coun- ties in the former ; gradually turns west, and fiiUs into the Mississippi river, lat. 35 30 N. Black liivMr, river of South Carolina, rises in Kenshaw, and flowing SE crosses Williamsburg, into Georgetown district, and falls into Wlnyaw bay at Georgetown. Burkesville,i)Ost town, Cumberland coun- tv, Kenluckv. Canavaral, bay of the United States, on the Pacific coast. Lon. W C 47 W, lat. 45 N. Cash, river of Illinois, rises in Union, flows SE into Johnson, and thence SW, W, S, and SE, into Ohio in Alexander county. Catahoola Lake, page 173. For "300 miles," in the 4'h line, read 30 miles. CastUmiins River, NE branch of Yough- iogany river, rises near Somerset, in So- merset county, Pennsylvania, and SW, falls into Youghiogany, 20 miles SW from that town. in.-: ( O i' ii A J, Ca&lio, ancient Mytileiic, capital of tlie Lesbos. It is situated about the tniddlc of the NE side of the island. Lat. S9 15 ,N. Tlie ancient city was celebrated for its com- merce, extent, wealth, and magnificence. The modern city reiains some scattered remains of foi*mer grandeur. See Jlli/ti- hne. *• Chambershurg, borough and seat of jus- tice, P'ranklin county, Pennsylvania. Po- pulation 1820, about 1000. Chaihnm, county of Georgia. The po- pulation of Chatiiam countj-, Georgia, iji 1813, including Savannari ought to read 13,550, inste.id'of 8320 ; and in 1820, the same county including Savannah, ought to read 14,737. CluUhain, bay of Florida ; or a common name for that part of the west coast of that peuinsula,extendingfrom Punta Larga, or Cape Roman to the mouth of Shark ri- ver, between lat. 25 and 26°. Chinalapa, river of Mexico, rising in Oaxaca, and flowing S into the gulf of Tehuantcpec. Chisme. See Chlsme in the text. Since the original article was written, and print- ed, tl'.e following very remarkable circum- stance has given additional historical in- terest to this truly remarkable place. In the summer of 1822, a Turkisli fleet com- manded by the captain Pacha in person was set on fire by the Greeks, by means of fire ships, and nearly destroyed, with great slaughter of tlie crews. The captain Pacha died of his wounds, soon after reach- ing the .shore. Clarksburg, town and scat of justice, Lewis county, Kentucky, on a creek of Ohio river, 25 miles by land NNW from Washington, Kentucky. Clinton, post town and seat oF justice, Jones county, Georgia, 25 miles SSW from Milledgeville. Population 1820, 841. Codesa, cape of Colombi;j, in Venezuela. Lon. W C 11 5 E, lai. 10 31 N. Columbia, district of, page 220. Tlie reader is desired to consider as cancelled the 10th line of the 2d column, in these ^vords, " Add to the above." And also the 15th line, in these words ami fisfures "Total population 1820, 37,152." These errors were made in making up the tables. The real population of the district of Co- lumbia, 1820, was 33,039 as stated in the 9th line. Coo(jnasro, NW, and m:iin branch of De- laware river, rises in Delaware county, New York, flows SW to near the I\ E cor- ner on Pennsylvania, where it turns abruot- ly to SE. Cotton Gin Port, post village and seat of justice, Motyoe county, Mississippi, on the left bank of Tombigbee river at lat. 33 50 N, about i^O miles SW from Huntsville, in Alabama. E Elba. Por the closing historical account in this article, page 288, the reader is de- sired to substitute, " on the 4th of iMay following he landed with his suite, at Porto Terajo the cspi'ial of the island, which he left on the 26th of February 1815, on his last expedi'.ion into France. ■ Espiritii Santo, bay of Florida, in the gulf of Mexico It receives Ilillsboro' river from the NE, and is the most spacious ha- ji ven in the gulf of .Mexico, admitting ves- -^ sels of 24 feet draft. Lat. o7 40 N, lon. W C 5 40 W. Evansville, post town and seat of justice, Vandeburgh ''ounty, Illinois, 54 miles south from \iiicennes, 187 miles below Louis- ville, and 55 miles above the mouth of Wabasli. Faivn Grove, post office, York county, Pennsylvania, 25 mile* south of York. Forked Deer, river of Tennessee, rises in the counties of Henderson, Carroll, and Madison, and flowing west between Big Ilatchy and Obians river, falls into the Mis- sissippi at N lat. 55 45. Fort Deposit, village of Cecil county, Maryland, on the left bank of the Susque- h.Tunab, at the head of steam boat naviga- tion, four miles above Havre de Grace. Francois Jiiver, Upper Canada, runs SW from lake Nipissing into lake Huron : it lias several portages ; tiiat nearest to lake Xipissing is called Portage de Trois Chau- diers, in length about half a mile. Green-wood, township of Columbia coun- ty, Peimsylvania, between Madison and Sugar Loaf, 12 miles XXE from Danville. Popuhnion in 1820. 1078. Gvoton, t'iwnsbip of Tompkin? county, New Yoik. Population in 1820, 2742. Guasacitnlco, river of iMexico. See arti- cle Jili'xico, page 592. Gz/ert;.'/H?», city of Guitimula. See Soco- nasco. GiiiaqniJ, river and bay of South Ameri- ca, on tlie Pacific coast. I'he river rises from the foot of Ciiimborazo, and flows nearly south into the bay. The latter is a wide opening of t!ie Pacific at the SW ex- tremity of the Republic of Colombia, on that Ocean. See Gniaqnilcitii, page 380. H TfiilfJlFoon, township of Saratoga county New York, on the Hudson above Water- ford. Population in 1820, 4024. I/amilfonvillf, village of Huntingdon f-f^unty, Pennsvlvana, on the left bank f L E H ]V[ O S juniata river, 15 miles by land below Hun- November, 1755, the brothers and sis- tin?don. ters were surprised and murdered by a Hampshire, county of Virginia. "When party of French Indians. Their grave making out the general description of, and is still marked by a large stone, with a population table for Hampshire county, most pathetic inscription ; the grave is Virginia, the superficial area of Morgan on the hill, to the south of the village, county was inadvertently included. This Nearly opposite Gnaden Hutton, on the reduced the comparative population of east side of the river, stood old fort Al- Hampshire to eight to the square mile, in len. There is a wooden bridge across place of 13^, which it actually possesses, the Lehigh, 214 feet long, and 25 feet See HampBhire and Morgan counties. wide. Haatinsrs, county of Upper Canada, oppo- lAttle Fort, post village near the cen- site he bay of Quinte, and west from l.e- trc of Shenandoah county, Virginia, nox ( ou ity ; extending the bay of Quinte M Mauchckunk, post village of North- ampton county, Pennsylvania ; on the right bank cf the Lehigh, 30 miles by land above Bethleh^ m. It is the land- ing for the coal procured on a moan- tain of the same name The mountain extends from the village SW, and rises about 1000 feet above the Lehigh. See j\''orthamfiton county^ Pennsylvania. Mateovjan, the Indian name of Fishkill creek, in Duchess county, New York. It is an excellent mill stream, and near its mouth the Messrs. Schenck's have erected, and for many years kept in operation, a fine cotton factory, lo which they have given the : ame of Mateowan. M'Kee's port, post town of Alleghany county, Pennsylvania ; in the township of Versailles It occupies the point ou the Kendall, post town in Perry township, Monongahela and Youghiogany rivers, be- Stark county, Ohio, seven miles west from low their junction, 10 miles SE from Pitts- Canton, and near the eastern side of TuS- burg. carawas river, it contiins 106 inhabitants, Mecklenburg, county of Virginia, and and an extensive factory for the fabrication Mecklenburg couiity in North Carolina. of woollen cloths. In this place, and its The tables for tliese two counties in page to OuaAa river. Helium, township Oi'York coiint)', Penn- sylvania, between Codoms and Grist creeks, and opposite t:< Marietta in Lancaster coun- ty. Popvdation in 1820, 2062. Hellersto-ivn, post town, Northampton county, Pennsylvania, about the size of StroudsbUrg, situated ia Lower Saucon, near the extreme southern angle of the county, and four miles south-east from Bethlehem. Henrico, county of Virginia. The popu- lation of this county as given in page 406, is exclusive of that part of the city of Rich- mond. See Henrico and Richmond. Holladaysbnrg, village of Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, three miles SW by W from Franitstown. K vicinity, are kept several very extt-nsive flocks of sheep, of from 100 to 1000 in each. 581, are respectively misplaced, an error the reader can easily remedy, by using the table attHcli«d to any one, with the descrip- tive part of the other. The comparative population of these co'.mties corrected, arc : Mecklenburg Virginia, to tlie square mile. 33. Mecklenburg North Carolina, to the square mile, 21. Milhrsto-.m, post village of Lehigh coun- ty, Peniisylv.iniK ; on Little Lehigh, seven Lehighton, village in Northampton county, Pennsylvania ; on the west bank of the Lehigh river, about half a mile above the mouih of Mahoning creek. It is 36 miles WNW from Easton. In the neighbourhood of this village are some very strong chalybeate springs. The ^ » ^,,,,o .......... w.. ^. vicinity is in the highest degree roman- niilesabove Allentown. tic, and from the elevation of the ground, Millerstoivn, post town of Perry county, might become a most salubrious and el- penasylvania ; on the left bank of the Ju- ligible watering place in summer. The „iata river, 29 miles above Hwrrisburg. stone coal landing, or Mauchchunk, is MUton, large village in Litchfield coun- three miles above, on the same side of tv, Connecticut ; five miles west of Litch- ttie Lehigh. Near this town stood the field. In this village there is an elegant old Moravian settlement of Gnaden Hut- Gothick church, belonging to the Episco- ten, on the north bank of the Mahoning, palians, built after the"" draught of Trinity about 100 perches from its mouth, where church, in New York, the old church is still standing. Here Jliosw/, city of Asiatic Turkey, in tiie pa- a treaty of amity was held in .luly, 1752, chalic of Hagdad, on the riglit b:ink ol the between the Moravian brethren, and the Tigris, opposite the village of Nunia, sup- Sbawnese Indians ; and on the 24th of posed to hr\ the sUc of the ancicPt Nincvi. POT POT Mosul is a mart of extenshe trade, inhabi- ted by about 35,000 persons, composed of Turks, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Curds, and Arabs. Lat. 36 21 N. N JVet/ierlands. This kingdom was omit- ted in the first column of page 203, in the enumeration of the states of Europe. See Keiherlands. JVew Glangoxv, post town in Amherst county, Virginia j situated 20 miles nor h of Lynchburg, and 115 miles west of Rich- mond, coiitaining about 20 dwelling hou- ses, principally of wood, and about 200 in- habitants. In tliis place there is an acade- my, consisting of two departments, male and female. Potomac, river of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, is a stream of incalculable importance in tlie ulterior or inland naviga- tion of The United States. If we turn our eye to a map of Virginia, we perceive the extreme north-western sources of James river flowing to the SW along the moun- tain valleys, and extending our view to the head waters of Potomac, we be- hold them flowing parallel to each other NE, also down the mountain valleys ; and in the latter case we are struck with the very remarkable fact, that the I'oto- mac rises west of all tlie ridges of the Appalachian system, except that denomi- nated Laurel Hill. The SW angle of Mary- land, or extreme western source of the Po- tomac, having the residue of the collate- ral ridges to pierce in its progress towards its recipient, the Cliesapeak ^ay. This peculiar structure of the river valleys of the United Stales yields an unequalled facility of forming inland water communication through a very bioad chain of mountains. Before proceeding to describe the I'oto- mac, it may be remarked, that the Appa- lachian, or Alleeaiiy system of mountains, does not form the dividing ridge which se- parate the!,water flowing into the Atlantic ocean from those whioh enter the Missis- sippi basin ; but that the separ.'iting river line cuts the mountains obliquely. The Potomac, draining the valleys of the Appalachian mountains from N iat. 38 25 to 40 0, unites its various branches be- fore piercing tiie Blue R^dge, which it fi- nally ali'ects at Harper's Ferry, 60 miles NW from Washing! on city. Below its passage through the Blue llidge to its egress into Chesapeak bay is about 200 miles, following the windings of the stream. The tide ascends to Georgetown, three miles above the capital in Washington, where it is arrested by the gneiss range of rocks. Ships of the largest class are navi- gated to the Navy yard, one mile below the capitol. Like all other tributaries of Chesapeak bay, the Potomac, below the head of tide water, opens gradually into a long narrow bay. By a singular caprice of custom, the Susquebannah is considered as terminating at the head of tide water, whilst in nature, what is known by the name of Chesapeak bay is merely the con- tinuation of that noble river ; and in strictness, James' river, York river, Rap- pahunrtoc river, and Potomac, are its tri- butaries. The sources of Cheat river branch of the Monongahela rise in Randolph county in Virginia, in the same valley with the Potomac, and those ol the Youghiogany, with a single in' ervening ridge, separating them from tiiose of Potomac, pai-tly in Ran- dolph and M;nongihela counties in Vir- ginia, and partly in Allegany county in Maryland. Tims, here again occurs the second instance of advancing from tiie S to N of the origin of waters, flow- Ing into the two opposite systems of the Mexx;--n Go if and Atlantic ocean, with- out an intervening mijuntain, and yet amidst the Appalachian ridges. The peculiar features we have noticed in this section of country has drawn the attention of persons inquiring into the subject of canal connex- ion between the two nver systems. The SE and main source of the Poto- mac rises in Pendleton county in Virginia, at lat. 31 25 N, and the nt-xt considerable siream of the valley, the Shenandoah, rises in Augusta county, as far 3 as N lat. 38 0. The latter overheads the sources of York and Rappahannoc rivers, and interlocks with the sources of James' river : the mid- dle ridge of the Appalachian, or the moun- tain properly called the Kittatinny, ranges between the Potomac Proper, and the She- nandoah. Both rivers and all their branches flow to the NE down the mountain val- leys. The Potomac continues in that di- rection as far as N lat. 39 41, within two miles of tiie S boundary of Pennsylvania, whence it turns at right angles, jiierces the Kittatinny mountain, and flows to the SE. Forty miles by comparative courses, be- low its passage through the Kittatinny, the Potomac receives the Shenandoah from the SW, and the united waters here pierce the Blue Ridge. This latter passage of the Po- tomac through another of the Appalachian ridges is known as the celebrated Harper's Ferry. At their junction, the Potomac has flowed by comparative courses 160, and the Shenandoah 120 miles. From Harper's Ferry to the head of tide water, or to where the Potomac quits the primitive and enters the alluvial sea border formation,' is 50 mile'', and then''© A L \V O O continuing by a general course SE, and by comparative courses 100 miles, that river is lost in the Chesapeak bay at N lat. 38 0, having regained exactly the latitude of tlie sources of Shenandoah. The entire length of the Potomac valley is 300 miles, pre- senting a very remaikable navigable chan- nel. Many of its inmor valleys are com- posed of -' ,;y f , -ill :.ive soil, and already an immense amount of pioduce is reared within it, and transported to the Atlantic ports. It may be remarked that tobacco, as a staple commodity in large quantities, may be considered as limited by this valley, whilst wheat, rye, and the apple, as staples, may be viewed as commencing. From the peculiar form of the valley, and from the very great difference of elevation of its parts, it presents a greater variety vf cli- mate than could be, at a first glance upon its extent and position on a map, believed probable. If climate and the features of nature are both taken into the account, the Potomac presents the most favourable fa- cilities of any river in the Susquehannah basin to effect a water communication be- tween the Atlantic ocean and the valley of Ohio. , . , The Potomac, in its natural state, is the most navigable branch of the Susquehan- nah. Ships of any burthen can be brought up to the Navy yard at Washington, five miles below the extreme head of tide wa- ter. Washington is upwards of 100 miles in a direct line ; and following the Chesa- peak bay and Potomac river, about 200 miles distant from the Atlantic ocean. Washington is therefore the point in the United States, to which the largest vessels can be navigated the farthest into the in- terior of the continent. R Jiio Grande, del Mrte. Page 394. S Sak7n, village of New Haven county, Connecticut, in Waterbury, 16 miles NN W from New Haven. It stands on the left or east bank or Nangatuck, or Waterbury ri- ver, on the main turnpike road from New Haven to Litchfield. A fine wooden bridge here crosses the Nangatuck. W Warrenstotun, township of Somerset coUH" ty, Maine. Population 1820, uncertain. H'aterford, township of Oxiord county, Maine ; 12 miles SW from Paris. Popu- lation 1810, 860; and in 1820, 1035. Watenvorks. Fairmount dam, locks, and reservoir, presents one of the most stupen- dous collections of machinery in the Uni- ted States. They are s/.j-Ated immediately above the Schuylkill upper bridge. The locks are on the right bank of the river, and the machinery on the left, nearly op- posite. The water is raised by the force of wheel work, and thrown into a reservoir placed on a hill 100 feet above the level of the water in the dam, and above most of the houses in the city. As the power of elevation is capable of any assignable in- crease, the supply of water can be made commensurate to any demand. The old reservoir is 310 feet long, 150 feet wide, and 111 feet deep ; and contains, when re- plenished, 581,625 solid cubic feet of water. The new reservoir is 330 feet long, 171 feet wide, and contains564,300 cubic feet of water. Except in times of flood the Schuyl- kill water is pure and limpid.* * It was my wish to have been more ample in the description of a work so use- ful and honourable to Philadelphia, but no information could be procured on the sub- ject from the superintendant. The above article was framed from a hasty survey made by myself. The results are, I trust, sufficiently accurate for general purposes ; and as the press was stopped during the operation, the necessary haste will render any trifling Inaccuracy the more excusa* ble. Weld, township of Oxford county, Maine; 27 miles N from Paris. Population 1820, 489. Whitejield, township of Lincoln county, Maine ; 15 miles N from Wiscasset. Po- pulation 1810, 995 ; and in 1820, 1429. fVinslo-zo, township of Kennebec county, Maine ; 16 miles N from Augusta, and op- posite Waterville. Population 1810, 658 ; and in 1820, 935. Wiltcn, township of Kennebec county," Maine ; 38 miles NW from Augusta. Po» pulation 1810, 770 ; and in 1820, 1115. Woodstock, township of Oxford county, Maine, Population 1820, 392. 1119 GRIGGS y DICKINSON, Printer?, Whitehall. ®®sr^^iiipis^a®si^ai i^^ws COMPRISING THE liEClbAUaTlOX 0¥ l.Xl>iaPI^^'Ti¥»XCE-, 'Hlcticte^ of Confebecatiou ; Constitution ot tlie "United states -^ THE SEVERAL STATES COMPOSING THE UNION, MASSACHUSETTS, NEW HAMPSHIRE, RHODE ISLAND, CONNECTICUT, NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE, MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, VERMONT, KENTUCKY, TENNESSEE, OHIO, INDIANA, LOUISIANA, MISSISSIPPI, ILLINOIS, AL VBAMA, MAINE, MISSOURI PHILADELPHIA PUBLISHED BY BENNETT & WAXTONj >'0. 37, MiRKET STREET. 1822, BECLARATTOISr OF mDEPENDENCE. In Congress, Jult 4, lt76. THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. WHEN, in the course of human events, it bepomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to as- sume, amon^ the powers of the eaith, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of na- ture's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident:— that all men are created eq.ial, that they are endowed by their Crea- tor with certain unalienable rights ; that among; these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, geveniments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that w henever any form of government be- comes destractive of these ends, it is the ngiit of the peo- ple to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new govern- ment, laying its foundation on such principles, and or- ganizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Pru- dence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long esta- blished should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are suf- ferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty to tlirow off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of govern- ment. The history of the present king of Great Bii- itain,is a history of repeated injuries and usuipatio.ns, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove tliis, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of imme- diate and pressing irapoitancc, unless suspended in their operation, till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He l-.as refused to pass other laws for the ac- commodation of large districts of people, unless those jieople would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature— a tight inestimable to them, and formi- dable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places un- usual, uncomfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them nito compliance with his measures. He lias dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness. Ids invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions^ to cause othei-s to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large, for their exercise, the state remaining, in the mean t^me, exposed to ail the dangers of invasion from w'thout, and convulsions within. He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these states ; lor that purpose obstructing the laws for iia- tuialization of foreigners; refusing to pa»s others to en- courage theii' migration hither, and raising the condi- tions of new appropriiti'.ons of lands. He has obstructed the ad'iiinistration of .justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependenton his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salarie:. - He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing ar- mies, without the consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the militaiy independent of. and superior to, the eivil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a juris- diction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : I''or protecting them, by a mock trial, from punish- ment for any miirdei's which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states: For cutting off our trade with ail parts of the vporld : For imposing taxes on us without our consent : For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pre- tended offences : For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighbouring province, establishing therein an arbitrai-y government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to ren- der it at once an example and fit instrument for intro- ducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : For taking away our charters, abolishing our most va- luable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments : For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases « liatsoe\'er. He has abdicated government here, by declaiing us out of his protection, and waring war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coiists, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time tiansporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of de.Tth, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cru- elty and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most barba- rous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their freinds and bretJiren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insunections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our fron- tiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In evei-y stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble teriiis : our repeated pe- titions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character u tliiis marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free peo i .t. Nor have wf been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them, from ti'iie to time, of attempts by their legislature toexteiid an iinwarravtable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded then', of the circumstances of our emii;iation a>id settlement hfre. We have appealed to their native justice and ir.aguani. mity, and we have co;iju\ed shenj by the lies of our common kindied to disavow these iisurpa.io'is, wliich wo'ild inevitably iiteiriipt our conntxioiis and coive- spfiMlviice. They too hare been deaf to ihe voice of justice and (if consangiiiiiitj. We must, there fjiv, ac- quiesce in the necessity which denounctsour separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of maukind-^eneraies in war, in peace friertds. Wf. therefore, th- representatives of the ITnitefi AHTlLLtS Oi- cOXFirLDEKATION. States of America, in general congress assembled, ap- tieaiing to the Supreme Judge of" tlie worlil, for the rec- tiiudi of our inteutioi.s, do, ii» the name and by the au- thority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these united colonies are, and of rightouffhttobe, free and independent states , that they ai-e absolved from all allegiance to the British ciown, and that all political connexion bi-tween them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, to- tally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent Slates, they have full power to le\-y war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce,aud to doall other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And for the support of thi? declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providt-nce. we mu- ttiaily pledge to each other oar lives, our fortunes, and oMr sacred honour. JOHN HANCOCK. XF.W HA^tP tllllE. •Tosiah Baitlett, Y/i!liam Whipple, >Iatthew Thomton. ^tASSACllUSETTS BAT. Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. HHODE ISLA>-r), &C. Siephen Hopkins, ■\Viliiam EUery. CONNECTICUT. Roger Sherman, Siimuel Huntingdon, ■\Vir.iam Williams, Oliver Wokotf. NEW YORK. \Vllliam Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lew is, Lewis Morris. NKW JKRSEY. Richard Stockton, John Withersjioon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark. Pl.>\SYLVAiriA. P^obert Morris, Benjamin Rnsh, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clyraer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. DELAWARE. Ctesar Rodney, George Read, 'i'hoinas M'Kean. MAllTLASI). Samuel Chase, William Paea, Thomas Stone, Chas. Carroll, of CarroUton. VIRGIJTIA. George Wythe, Richard Heniy Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, jr. Francis Lightlbot Lee, Carter Braxton. NORTH CAROLINA. William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. SOUTH CAROLINA. Edward Rutledge, Thomas He) ».ard,jr. Thomas Lynch, jr. Artiiur Middleton. GEORGIA. Euiton Gwinnett, Lyinan Hall, George Wa'trn. AIITICLES OF CONFEDERATIO]^'. In CosGiiEss, July 8, 177S. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND PERPETUAL UNION. Between the states of New Hanipshire, Massachusetts Bull, R.'iofte Island anil Hrovideuce P/onfntions, Con- jiectirtif. Ken- Turk, NnvJeraey, fennstjlvania, Dela- ware, Manj'fiiift, Vir^him, Nort/i Canlina, South Ca- rotitia, and Genixin, Ait;c!e I. llie style of this confederacy shall be, " The United Suites of America.'''' An. 2, Kach slate retains its sovei-eignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, juridieticm, and right, which is not by this confederation expressly dele- gated to the United States in congi-ess assembled. Art. 3. rill said slates hereby severally enter into a firm league of fiieiidship with each oilier, for tlif H" crm- nion dvtince, the security of their liberties, aiul c!ieir mutual and general welfare, bindingthemseUes to as!st each other against all force offered to, or attacks ir.ade upon them, or any of them, on account of relif ion, so- veieigi ty, trade, or any other pretence whatever. Art. 4. 5 1. The bitter to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse araon^ the people of the different states in ihis union, the free inhabitants of each of these states, paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice excepted, sliall be entitied to all privileges and iiiimiiiiitiis of free citizens in the several states ; and the people of each state shall have fire ingress and regiess to and from any other state, and shall enjoy therein all the piivih gt s of trade and commerce, subjett to the same duties, impositions, and i-estnctions, as the inha!)Uants ihtr, ff n sp' ctivtlx ; provided that such re- strictions shall not extend so far as to prevent the re- moval of property importi d inio any state, to any other state of which the owner is an inhabitant; provided also, that noi-np' sition, luties, or restriciion, shull he laid by any stvUe on the propert; of the Uriited States, or either of thi m. § 2. If anv person giii'ty of, or charged with treason, felony, or other high ir.isdi mtitnorin any state, hsii the from Justice, and be found in imy of thi Unitei! States, he shal:, upon ilie demand of the t;overiior or execuiive povceiof til Stat from >vhieh he fled, he delivered up and removed to the slate having jurisdiction of his of- fente. i3. Full faith and cre-dit shall, he given in each of these states, to the ri cords, acts, and judicial proceed- ing? of the coorls and magistrates of every other slate; Art. 5. J I. For the more convenient management of the general interests of the United States, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner as the legislature of each s'ate shall direct, to meet in congress on the first Monday in November in every year, with a power re- served to each state to recai its delegates, or any of them . at any time w ithin the year, and to send otliers in theii- stead, for the remainder of the year. J 2. No state shall be represented in congress by less than two, nor move than seven members; and no per- son shall be capable of beiu^ a delegate for more than three yeai-s, in any term of six years ; nor shall any per- son, beinga (lelt-g.tte, he capable of holding any office under the United States, for w hich he, or any (ither for his benefit, recei^esany salary, fees, or emolument, of any kind. j 3. Each state shall raaintainlts own delegates in a meeting of the states, .tnd while thej .^ct as members of the committee of the states. § 4. Ill determining questions in the United States in congress assembled, each state shall ha\e one vote. f S. Freedom of speech and debate in congress shall not be imptachid or questioned in any court or place out of congress, and the members of congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests and imprison- ments during the lime of ihtir going to and from, and attendance on congress, except for titason, felony, or breach of the peace. Art. 6. § 1. No state, without the consent of the United States in congress assembled, shall send any em- bassy to, or reciiA e any embassy from, or enter into any confereno , agreen)cnt,all!ance, or treaty, with any king, prince or state ; nor shall any jieison holding any office of profit or tnisT under the Uniied Statrs, or any of them, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, <;f any kind \\ [latevrr, from any king, prince, or foreign stuti.-; nor shall the United States in congress asst.mbied, or any of ttiem, graiii any tiiie of nobiiity. ^2'. No two or more states sliail iitier into any treaty, confederation, or ali'.ariee whatever, between them, williout the consent of the United Stiites in congress as- sembled, specifying accurately the purposes for which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall con- tinue. 6 3, No state shall lay any imposts or duties which ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. may interfere with any stipulations in treaties, entei-td day assigned for the appearance of the parties by their into by the United States in congress assembled, with lasvful agtuts, who slia I then be directed to appoint, by any kin?, prince, or stafe, in pi rsuance of any t eatifs jonit coiiseiit, commissmners or judges to constitute a ah-eady proposed by congress to tlie courts of Fi-ance court tor hiariiig and deiennining the matter in ques- and Spain. tioa ; but if they cannot ag^ree, congress shall name § 4. \o vessels of war shall bekept\ipin time of neace three persons out of each of the United States, and by any Stat., 1 xeept su h niiinbcroniv iis shall be aei'm- from the list of such oemnis each party shall alter- ed necessary by the United States iiicongr. ssasser.ibled, nately strike out one, the peiitioners berioning, until for the defence of sudi state, or its trade : nor shal 1 any the nuuibt r sliail be n duced to thirteen ; and from that body of forces he kL-pt up, by any slate, in time of number not less than sevtn nor more than nine names, peaci-, except such number oniy as, in the judgment of as congixss shall direct, shall, in the presence of con- the Uniti-d States in congress assembled, shall bediemed griss, he drawn out by lot; and the persons whose requisite to garrison th.- forts necessary for the dtfence naiui-s shall Ks-i draun, or any five of them, shall he of such state but every slate shall always keep up a commissioners or jiidgis, to hear and finally determine well regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently arm<'d the controveisj, so always as a lUMJor part of the juOges and accoutred, and shall provide and constant, y have who shall hear tin cause, shall agree in the determina- rt-ad) fir use, in public stores, a due number of l^ed- tion : and if either parij shall neglect to atti iid at the pieces and tents, :\nd a proper quantity of arms, annnu- day appointed, wiihout siiowing reasons which congress nition, and camp equipage. shail judge sufficii-nt, or b ing present, shall refuse to 5 5. No stiite shall engage in any war without the con- strike, the congri ss sha.l proceed to nominate three sent of ihe United States in eongivss asserabletl, unless pei-sons out of each state-, and the secretary of congress such state be actually invaded by enemies, or shall have shal stiike in behalf of such |)arty absent or refusing; received certain advice of a resolution beint; formed by and thejudgnient and sentence of the court, to beap- some nation of Indians to invade such stair, and the poiiJted in the manner before prescribed, shall be final danger is so imminent as not to admit of delay till the and conclusive ; anil if any of ihe parties shall refuse to United States in congri ss assembled can be consulted ; subuiit to the authority of such court, or to appear or nor shall any state grant commissions to any ships or di fend their claim or cause, tlie court shall nevertheless yo-sels of war, nor letters of muique or reprisal, except procei-d to pronounce sentence, or judgment, which it be after a declaration of war by the United States in shall in like manner he final and decisnv ; the judg- coiigress assembled, and then only against the kingdom inent or sentence anti other proceedings being in either or state, and the subjects thiieof, against which war case transmitted to congress, and lodged among the acts lias ))een so declared, and under such regulations as of congress, for the security of the parties concerned: shall be established by the United States in congress as- provided, that every commissioner, before he sits in sembled, unless such state be infested by pirates, in judgment, shall take an oath, to be administered by which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that oc- one of the judges of the supreme or superior court of casion, and kept so long as the danger shall continue, or the state wliere the cause shall be tried, " well and truly until the United States in congress assembled shall de- to hear and determine the matter in question, according lermine otherwise. to the best of bis judgment, without favour, affection. Art. 7. When land forces are raised by any state for or hope of iv w ard." Pro^^ded also that no state shall the common defence, all oiBoers of or under the rank of be depiived of territory for the benefit of the United colonel shall be appointed by the legislature of each States. state respectively by whom such forces shall be raiseti, § 3. All controversies concerning the private right of or in such manner as such state shail direct, and all va- soil claimid under different grants of tw o or more states, cancies shall be filled up by the state which first made whosejurisdiction, as they may respect such lands, and the appointment. the statts w hich passed such grants are adjusted, the said Art. 8. All charges of war, and all other expenses grants or either of them being at the same time claimed thatshall be incurred for the common defence or general to have originated antecedent to suoh settlement of ju- welfare, and allowed by the United States in congress risdiction, shall, on the petition of either party to the assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, congress of the United Slates, be finally determined, as which shall be supidied by the several slates, in propor- near as may be, in the same manner as is before pre- tion to the value of all land within each state, granted scribed for diciding disputes respecting territorial ju- to or surveyed for any person, as such land and the risdictlgu; between different states, buildings and improvements thereo.'i shall be estimated, § 4. The United States in congress assembled shall according to such mode as the Unitt d States in congress also have the sole and exclusive right and power of re- assembled shail, from time to time dnect and appoint, giilating the alloy and value of coih struck by their Thetasesfot paying that proportion sliail be laid and own authority, or by that of the respective states; iix- levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures ing the standard of weights and measures throughout of the several states within the time agreed upon by the the United States ; regulating the trade and managing United States in congress assembled. all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the Alt. 9. §1. The United States in congress assembled states; provided (hat the legislative right of any state, shall have the sole am! exclusive right and power of de- within its own limits, be not infringed or violated ; esta- termining on peace and war, except in the cases men- blishing and regulating post offices from one state to tioned in the sixth article: of sending and receiving another, throughout all the Unittd Stf.tes, and exacting ambassadors; entering into tre.aties ami alliances, pro- such postage on the papers passing through the same, as vided that no treaty of comraerceshall he made, whereby may be requisite to defray the expenses of the said of- the legislative power of the respective states shall be re- fice ; appointing all officers of the land forces in the strained from imposing such imposts and duties on fo- service of the United Stales, excepting regimental offi- reigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from cers ; appointing all the officers of^ihe naval forces, and proliibiting the exportation or importation of any species commissioning all officers w liatever in the service of the of goiids or commodities whatsoever; of estahhshing United States : making rules for the government and rules for deciding in all cases, what captui-es on land or regulation of the said land and naval forces, anil direct- water shall be ieo;al, and in what manner prizes taken 'ng their operations. by land or naval forces in the service of the United § S. The United States in Congress assembled, shall States shall be divided or appropriated ; of granting have authority to appoint a comnuttee, to sit in the re- letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace; ap- cess of Congress, to be denominated, " A Coimmttee of pointing courts tor the trial of piracies and felonies com- the States,''' and to consist of one delegate from each mitted on the high seas ; and establishing courts for re- state; and to appoint such other committees and civil ceiving and detrminiug finally appeals in all cases of officers as may be necessary for managing the general captures ; provided that no member of congi-ess shall affairs of the United States under their direction ; to be appoinied a judge of any of the said courts. appoint one of their number to preside; provided that § 2. I'he United States in congress assembled shall no person be allowed to serve in tlie otHce of president also be the last resort on appeal in all tlisputes and dif- more than one year in any term of three years ; to ascer- ferences now subsisting, or that hereafter nia\ arist be- tain the necessary sums of money to be raised for the Iween two or more states concerning boundary, juris- service of the United States, ana to appropriate and diction, or any other cause whatever; which authority apply the same for defraying the public expenses ; to shill always be exercised in the manner following: borrow money or emit bills on the credit of the United Whenever the legislative or executive authority or law- States, transmitiing every half year to the respective ful agent of any state in controversy with another, shall states an account of the sums of money so borrowed or present a petition to congress, staling the matter in emit led ; to build and equip a navy ; to agree uptm the question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall number of land forces, ami to make requisitions from be given bjr order of congress to the legislative or execu- each state for its t^uota, in proportion to tlie number of tive authority of the other state in controversy, and a white inhabitants in such state, which requisition shal! CONSriTUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. be binding ; and thei-eiipon the legislature of each state shall appoint the regimental officci-s, raise the men, clothe, arm, and equip tbera, in a soldierlike manner, at the expense of the United States ; and the officers .and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the tirae agreed on by the Uinted StatirS m conf^iiss as< mblid ; but if the ■United States in congress assembled shall, on eonsi- deration of circumstances, j' dge proper that any state should not raise men, or sho:ild raisL a smaller number tlian its quota, and that any other state should raise a greater number of men ihun the quota thereof, such extra number shall be vaise»l, officered, clothed, armed, and equipped in the same manner as the quota of such state, unless the legislature of such state sliall. judge that such extra number cannot be safely spared out of the same, in which case they shall raise, officer, clothe, arm, and equip, as many of such extra number as they judge can be safely spared, and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appoint- ed, and within the time agreed on by tlie Unitt «' States 1!) congress assembled. 5 6. The United States in congress assembled shall never engage in a war, nor grant letters of marque and repiisal in time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor aseertaui the sums and expenses nee- ssary ibr the defence and welfare of the United States, or any- cf them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the cre- dit of the United States, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war to be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander in chief of the army or navy^ unless nine states assent to the same: nor shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majonty of the United Siates in congress assembled. i^ 7. The congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within the United Stales, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six months, and shall publish the journal of their pro- ceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances, or militaiy operations, as in their judgment require secresy; and the yeas and nays of the dilegates of each state, on any question, shall be en- tered on the journal, when it is desired by any delegate; and tiie delegates of a state, or any of them, at his or their request, shall be furnished with a transcript of the said journul, except such parts as are above excepted, to lay before the legisl.atures of the several states. Art. 10, The committee of the states, or any nine of them, shall be authorized to execute, in the recess of congress, such of the powers of congress as the United States, in congress assembled, by the consent of nine states, shall, from time to tiirne, think expedient to vest them with ; provided that no power be delegated to the said committee, forthe exercise of which, by the articles of confederation, the voice of nine states, in the con- gress of the United States assembled, is requisite. Art. 11. Canada acceding to this confederation, and joining in the measures of the United States, shall be :idmitted into, and entitled to all tiie advantages of this union : But no other colony shall be admitted into the sanie, unless such admission be agreed to by nine states Art. 12. All bills of credit emitted, moneys borrowed, and debts contracted by or under the authority of con- gress, before the assembling of the United States, in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed ynd considered as a charge against the United States, for payment and satisfaction whereof the said United States and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged. Alt. 13. Every state shall abide by the determination of the United States in congress assembled, in all ques- tions which by this confederation are submitted to them. And the articles of this confederation shall be inviolably observed by every state, and the union shall be perpe- tual ; 'ior shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them ; unless such alteration be agreed to in a congress of the United States, and be al tenvards confirmed by the legislature of eveiy state. And whereas it hath pleased the great Governor of the world to incline the hearts of the legislatures we lespectively represent in congress; to approve of, and to authorise us to ratify the said articles of confederation and perpetual union. Know ye, that we, the under- signed tielegates, by virtue of the power and authority to' us given ibr that purpose, do, by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the said articles of confederation and perpetual union, and all and singular the matters and things therein contain- ed. (Ind we do further solemnly plight and engage«he faith of our respectiveconstituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the United States in congress assemb'.id, m all questions which by the said confedera- tion are submitted to them ; and that the anicles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the states we respectively represent, and that the union shail be perpetual. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands in congress. Do7ie fit PhUaMphia, in the state of Pennsylvania, the 9th day of July, in the year of our Lord 1778, and in the third year of the Irukfiendet^e of America^ NEW HATIIPSaiUE, Josiah Bartlett, John Wentworth, jun. MAS-ilVfUrSETTS BAT. John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Elbridge Gerry, Francis Dana, James Lovell, Samuel Holten. KUODE ISLAlfD, Sec. William Ellery, Henry Marchant, John Collins. CONMECTICX/T. Roger Sherman. Samuel Huntington, Oliver Wolcott. 'J'itus Hosmev, Andrew Adams. KEW TORK. Jas. Duane, Fva. Lewis, "Win. Duer, GouA'. Slorris, NEW JERSET. Jno. Witherepoon, Nath, Scudder. TENXSTLVANIA. Robt. Jlonis, Daniel Roberdeau, Jona. Bayard Smitli, William Clingan, Joseph Reed. DELAWARE. Thos. M'Kean, John Dickinson, Nicholas Van Dyke. MAHTtAND. John Hanson, Daniel Carroll. TIUGINIA. Richard Henry Lee, John Banister, Thomas Adams, Jno. Harvicj Francis Lightfoot Lee. NOHTH CAROIINA. John I'enn, Cons. Harnett, Jno. Williams. SOUTH CAnOLINA. Henry Laurens, William Heni'v Drayton. Jno. Mathews, Richard Hutson, Thos, Heyward, jun. GEOItGIA. Jno. Walton, » Edwd. Telfair, Edwd. Langworthy. CONSTITITION OF THE UNITED STATES. WE, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensuie domestic tranquillity, provide fur the common defence, promote the genernl welfare, and secure the bii ssings of iibi7rty tooursei' ■ and our posterity, do oidain and establish this constitution for the United States of America. AUriCLE I.— SECTION 1. 1. AH legislative powers herein granted, shall be vested in a congress of the United States, which shall ronsist of a senate and house of rejiresentatives. SECTION 2. 1. The house of representatives shall be composed of members ciosen every si cond yirar by the peop.e of the severe; sta'es ; and the eh crovs in each slat; shall have the qualitications requisite for eJectoi-s of tlie most nu- merous biam h of the state legislature. 2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained lo the age ol twenty-five jears, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in M hich he shall be chosen. CONSTITUTION OF THK UNITEi* o , Z. llepieseiitatives and direct taxes shall be appor- tioned among the several states which may be included within this union, according to their respective num- bers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to sci^ vice for a terra of years, and excludinf; Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enu- meration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representa- tives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative; and nntil such enumeration shall be made, the state of Jfey Hampshire shaU be entitled to choose three ; Massachu- setts eight ; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one; Connecticut fiye ; NeivTork six; NcwJersei/ four; Pennsylvania e'l^ht; Delaware one, Maryland sik; Vir- ginia ten ; North Carolina five ; South Carolina five ; and Georgia three. 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 5. The house of representatives shall choose their speaker and other oflicers, and shall have the sole power , of impeachment. SECTION 3. 1. Tlie senate of the United States sliall be composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the leg:isla- ture thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in conse- quence of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the - senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expir.i- tion of the second year, of the second class at the expira- tion of the fourth year, and of the third class at the ex- piration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen, by resigna- tion or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, ■\ynieh shall then fill snch vacancies. 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have at- tained to the age of thirty years, ana been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for :yhich he shall be chosen. 4. The vice president of the United States shall be president of the seuate, but shall have no vote, unless jhey be equally divided. 5. The senate shall chopse their other oflicers, and also a president pro temporetSn the absence of the vice S resident, or when he shall exercise the office of presi- ent of the United States. 6. The senate shall have the sole power to try all im- peachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the president of the United States is tried, the chief justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concur- rence of tw'j-thiids of the membei-s present. 7. Judgment in cas^s of impeachment shall not ex- tend further than to re'iio% al from office, and disqualifi- cation to hold and enjoy any oftice of honour, trust, or profit, under the United States; but the partj- con- victed shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indlK- ntent) trial, judgment, and punishment, aceordinPio SECTION 4. 1. Thetimss, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives, shal! he prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regula- tions, except as to the places of choosing senators. 2. The congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall beonthefirst Moiniay m December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. SECTION' 5. 1. EUtch house shall be the judge of the elections, re- turns, and qualifications of its own uiem1>ers ; and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do busi- ness ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorised to coinpti the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penal- ties as eaah house may provide. 2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceed- ings, punish its membei's for disorderly behaviour, and, with tne concurrence of t^vo-tlurds, expel a member. 3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their .judgm?ni require secrcsy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those pre- sent, be entered on the journal. 4. Neither house, during the session of congress, shall, without the consent ofthe other, adjourn for more than three da\ s, nor to any other place than that in Vrhich the two'houses shall be sitting. SECTION 6. 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation fortheir services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out ol the treasury ofthe United Stales. They shail,inallcases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from anest during their attend- ance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to or returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 2. No senator or representative shall, dv"ing the lime for which he was electetl, be appointed to any civil of- fice under the authority of the United States, which sliall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house duiing his continuance in office. SECTION 7. ■■ 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives ; but the senate may propose ot concur with amendments, as on other bills. 2. Every bill which shall have passed the house of re- presentatives and the senate, shall, before it become a law , be presented to the president ofthe United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall re- turn it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to re-consider it. If, after such re-consideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to thf other house, by which it shall likewise be re-cousidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cises, tlie votes of both houses shall be determined by- yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall nut be re- turned by the president within ten days (Sundays ex- cepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like raanner as if he had signed if, unless the congress by their adjournment prevent its re- turn, in which case it shaii not he a law. 3. Evei-y order, resolution, or vote, to which the con- currence of the senate and house of representatives may be necessaiy, (excejit on a question of adjournment,) shall be presented to the president ot the United States; and before the sa-ne shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, 'hall be repassed by tAvo-thirds ofthe sf nate and house of representatives, according to the rules and liuiitations pi'escribed m the case of a bill. SECTION S. The congress shal! have powtr— 1. To lay and collect taxts, duties, imposts, aud ex- cises ; to pay the debts and provide for the common de- fence and general welfare ot the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises, shall be uniform through- out the United States: 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States : 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes: 4. To establish a unifonn rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States. 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and mea- sures : J 6. To provide for the puiiishment of counterfeiting the secunties and current coin of the United States : 7. To establish post offici s and post roads : 8. To_promote the progress of ■>cience and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and invenloi-s, the exclusive right «(i their respective writings and dis- coveries ; 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court : To define and punish piracies and felonies com- mitted on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations : 10. To de«lare war, grant letters of marque and re- prisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water : 11. To raise nnd support annies; but no appropria. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITKD STAl'ES. tjon of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years: 12. To provide and maintain a nary : IS. To make rules for t'le government and regulation of the land and nava. forci s : 14. I'o provide foicaliiiif: forth the militia to execute tlie aws of the union, suppress insureeciions, and repel invasions : 15. To provide for organizing, arming, and disci- plining the militia, and for governing;.sucli part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to thi- states respectively, the a)ipointraent of the officers, and !he aiithnrity of training the iniiitia ac- cording to the discip.ia. prescribed by congress; 16. To exercise exe'usive legislation in all cases what- soever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by ce\sion of particular states, and the acceptance of congress, become the seat ol" government of the United States, and to exercisi' like atithoiit) over all places purchased, by the consent of the legisl.'tnre of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, ai'senals, dock-yiirds, and other need- ful bui dings: — and, 17. To make a 1 laws which shall be necessary and proper forcarrjing into execution the foreejoir.g powers, and all other powers vi sted by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in any dei)artraeuf pr officer thereof. SECTIOK 9. 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to ad- mit, shall not be prohibited by the congress pnor to the year one thousand eight huntlred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not ex- ceeding ten dollars for each person. 2. The privilege of the wiit of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unh'ss when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. 3. No bill 01 attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be passed. 4. No capitation or other diiect tax shall lie laid, un- less in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 5. No tax or duty shall he laid on articles expoited from any state. No preference shal 1 be given bj' any re- gulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over ihose of another : nor shall vessels bound to or fhjin one state, br obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in oonsequcnce of appropriations made by law ; and a re- gular statement and account of the receipts and exjien- ditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States, and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the con- gress, accept of any jiresent, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or fo- reign state. SECTION 10. 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; m.ake any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law. or law impairing the obligation of contracts ; or grant any title ot nobility. 2. No state shall, without the consent of the congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except ■what may he absolutely necessary for executing its in- spection laws ; and theneat produce of all duties and im- posts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be }br the use of the treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the congress. No state shall, without the consent of congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter inlo any agreement or compact with anothi'r state, or v/ith a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such im- minent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE Il.-SECTION 1. 1. The executive power shal i be ^rested in a president of the United States of Ameiica. He shall hold his of- fice during the term of four }-ears, and, together with the vice president, chosen for' the same term, be elected as follows: 2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legis'ature tliereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representa- tives to which the state may be entitled in the congress ; hut no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trustor profit under the Urited States, sfaali be appointed an elector. 3. The eleetore shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of tlie same state with them' selves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit Scaled to ihe seat of the government of the United States, directed to tlie president of the senate. The president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate, and house of representatives, open all tlie certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole nuinberof electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the house cf representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them for president; and if no person have a ma- jority, then, from the five highest on the list, tlie said house shall, in like manner, choose the president. But, in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorun; for tliis purpose shall consist of a mem- ber or members from two-thirds of the states, and a ma- jority of all tlie states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, alter the choice of the prt sideiit, the pt I'son ba%iiig the greatest number of votes of the electors, shall oe the vice president. But if there should re- main two or more who have eqiiai votes, the senate shall choose fro.n them, by ballot, the vice president. 4. The congress may determine the time of choosing- the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votts; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. . , 5. No person, except a natural bom citizen, or a citi- zen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of presi- dent : neither shall any person be eligible to that otfice, who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resitlent within the Unit' d States. 6. In CLise of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall de- volve on the vice president, and the congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resigna- tion, or inability, both of the president and vice presi- dent, declaiirg what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disabi- lity be removed, or a president shall be eleated. 7. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be in- creased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any otheremolument fiom the United States, or any of them. 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : 9. " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) tliat I will faitli- fully execute the office of president of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and deieud, the constitution of the United SUtes." SECTION 2. The president shall be commander in chief of th<; y and navy of the United States, and of the militia oT?he several states, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the execiilive^ depaitnients, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, exct pt in cases of impeachment. 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice ami consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two- thirdsVif the senators present concur: and ht shall no- minate, and. by and with the advice and consent fif the senate, shall api>oint ambassadors, other public n.inis- ' teis and consul-, judges of the supreme court, and all tj other officers of the United States, \viiose appointments ■ are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall ' be established by law. But the congiess may, hy Jaw. vest the appointment of sucii inferior officers as they think proper, in th^ president alone, in the courts Of law, or ill the heads of d' partmcnts. < 3. The president shall have pi)« er to fill up all vacan- 4 ciis that may happen during the rtcissof the senate, by gran:ing commissions which shall expire at the end of tht ir next session. SECTION 3. T. ilcsliallj from time to timc^ give to l^p congre ' COXSTiTUTiON UK lill-: UMiKD b i'ATES. ..liuniiation of the state of t!ie Union, a«(\ recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall .i'ldije necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary oc- casions, convene both houses, or eilher oftheni, and, in case of disafijreement I)etween them, with resp'^-ct to tlie time of adjournment, he may adjourn them l<> such time as he shafl ihi'ik projier; he sliall receive anibassa- dors and other pulilic ministei-s; he shall take care tliat the laws be faithfulU executed; and sliali commission all the officers of the Ujiitc J States. SKCTION 4. 1. The pi-csidfnt, vice president, and all civil ofilcers of the United States, sliall be removed from oHice on impeachment fur, and conviction of, ti-eason, bribery, or other higrh crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III.-SEC TIOM 1. 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vesied in one supreme court, and in such infeiiur courts as the coiif^ress may, from tune to time, ordain and establish. The judt^es, botli of the su;)rHme and infe- rior courts, sliall hold thtir ofti-jes during; eruod be- liaviour; and shall, at stated times, rec»ive for tJieir ser- vices a compensation \\hieh shall not be diuiiuislied duTiiig their continuance in office. SECT10>f 2. 1. 'Ihe judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity, arising under tliis constitution, the laws of the Unitecl States, and treaties made, or which sha:! be made, under their authoiity: to all cases afr--ctiiip; am- bassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to contro- versies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more statis; between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of difterent states; between citizens of the same stale claim- injj lands under grants of difftrent states ; and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects, 2. In all cases a.Tecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, a.;dthose in which a state shall be a party, thesupremecourt sha'l haveoii.^inal jurisdic- tion. In all the other cases before mentioned, the su- preme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such ^jxceptions, and under such re- gulations, as the congress shall make. 3. The trial of all crimes, except in eases of impeach- ment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in tlie slate where the said crimes shall have been com- mitted ; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such placoor p'aces as the congress may by law have directed. SECTION- 3. 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering fo their ene- mies, giving them aid and comfiu't. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two wit- nesses to the same overt art, or on confession in open court. 2. The congress shall have pov/ef to declare the pu- nishment of treason; but nu attainder of treason shall work corrii ption of blood, or forfeiture, except dining the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV.— SECTIOV ]. 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to tiie public' acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the congress may, by general laws, pivscribe the manner in which such acts, records, And proceedings, shall be proved, and the effect tliereof. SECTION 2. 1. The citizens of each slate shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. 2. A iierion charged in any state with treason, felon/, or other crim-, who shall flee from justice, and he found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive au- thority of the slate from which he tied, be delivered up,to be removed to the state having juvisdiction of the crime. 3. No person held to service or labour in one state un- der the laws thereof, escaping- into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation thereiti, be- dis- charged from such service or labour ; but shall be deli- xered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labour mav be due. SECTION 3. 1. New states maybe admitted by the congress into this union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, xvithout the consent of the legislatures of thf- stai'es concerned, as well as of the coiigre's. 2. The congress shall have power to dispMe 6f^!)n,l make all needful rules and regu'ations respectliig the U;rritory or ether property belonging to the Unitid States ; and nothing in this constitulion shall be so con- strued as to prejudice any claims of thi- United Stales, or of any particular state. SECTION 4. 1. The Uuiifd States shall guaranty to e\-ej-j- stale iu this union, a republican form of government, arul sliall protect each of thim against invasion; and, on appli- cat'oii of the legislature, or of the executive, (when the legislature cannot be convent^d.) against domestic vio- lence, ARTICLE v. 1. The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution ; or. on the application of tlie legisla- tures of two-tliirds of the several states, shall call a cou- vcntidii for proposing amendments, which, iti eitlier case, shall he valid to all intr-nts and pui-poses, as pait of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of thre.'-fonit'is of the several states, or by conventions in three-fouiths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ra- tiliciiiion may he jiroposed by the congi^ess; provided, that no amendment whicll' may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hiu^dred and eight, shall in any manner affict the tirsi atid fjuilh clauses in the ninth section of the first article : Riid that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal sufTrage in the senate. ARTICLE VI. 1," All debts contracted and eji.gageraents entered info, before tlie adoption of this constitution, shall be .as valid against the United States under this constitution, as un- der the confederation. 2. This constitution, and lh?laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all trea- ties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby; any thing in tiie constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. 3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial ofiicei-s, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this constitution : but no reli- gious test shall ever he required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE Vir, 1. The ratification of ilie conventions of nine states shall he suflicient f.ir the establishment of this constitu- tion between the states so ratifying the same. Done in convention, by Ihe unanimous consent of the states present, the' seveiueenth day of September, ill the year of our Lord one thosisaud seven hundred and eighty-seven, and cf the Independence of the United Slates of Auierica, the twelfth. In witness w hereof, We have hereunto subscribed our names. GEORGE WASHINGION, President mid deputy from Virginia. DF.LAWAHE. George Read, Gunning Hedford,jun. John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, .lacob Broom. .Tames M' Henry, Danii'l of St. Iho. Jenifer, Daniel Carroll. riURIMA. ■Tuhn Riair. J.imes Madison, jun, NOHTII CAIlOHNii. William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaiglit, Hugh Williamson, SOUTH CAROLINA. .lohn Rutledge, Chas. Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, I'ierce Butler. GKOBGIA. William Few, Abraham Baldwin. .1.1 AM JACKSON, Secretunj. NEW KAMPSiURK, .Tohn Langdon, Nichidas tjilman. ■MASS\CHtJSK.TTS, Nathaniel Ciorham, K.ufus King. COVXF.CTICUT. William Samuel Johnson, K.oger Shcripan. ^'HW yoiiK. Alexander Hamilton. PTKW .IKllSEV. William Livingston, David Brearly, William Pattei-son, Jonathan Dayton. rfi.VXSVT.VANfA. Benjamin Franklin, Thomas MilBin, Robert Morris, George Clymcr, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Governeur Monis. Jrd:::'. ■\VII ooxsrni. ,v. , ^/r MASSAOii-u^swrrs. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. Ar>. 1. Congress stiall make no !a-.v respecting an establishment of religfion, or proliibitinp; the free exer- cise thereof; or abriilo-ing the freedom of speech, or of liie press ; or the ri^ht of the people peaceably to as- semble, and to petition the g;overnnKiit for a redress of grievances. Art. 3. A well rcRii'atcd miiitia beitia: necessary to tlie seeiirity o( a free state, the ri-^ht of the people to keep and bear arms sha! I not be infrinced. Art. 3. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be qnar- tered in any house without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, bist in a manner to be prescribed by ]a>v. Art. 4. The right of the peop'e to be sccr.re in their persons, linages, papers, and effect,-, aj^-ainst unreason, able searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable caiise. sup])orted by oath or affirmation, and particularly desefibi'ij^ the place to be searched, aixd the persons or tilings to be seized. Art. 5. Xo person shall be held to answer for a capital «v otherwise infamnis crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Errand jc.rj-. vernme)'.t of the Unitec". S'ates, directed to the president of the senate; the pre- sid'-nt f)f the senate shall, in the presence of the senate aiid h;iuse of representatives, open all tlie certificates, and the votes shnl! then be countiti; the person having the grratest number of votes for president, shall be the P'.esidenr, if such number be a majority of the Mhole jinnihi-r of electors appointed: ami if no person have sucli majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted ibr as president, the house of representatives sliall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But, in choosing the pvesi;!enr. the votes shall be taken by states, the rc- ])resenialiou from eacli state having one vote; a quo- rum for this purpose shall consist of a member or mem- bers from f.vo-thi!v!3 of the states, and a majority of all tlie states siiall he necessary to a choice. And \l the house of representatiies shall not choose a presi'dent whenever tiie rii-ht of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the ^•iee president shall act as prcsiijent, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the president. 2. The iierson having the greatest number of voles as vice president, shall be the vice president, if such num- ber l>e a majority of the whole n+iraber of elec they shail lilt. LOmmomoeaUll OJ ^uassacnusuis. t«,Wiili by the ft-amc of Rovemment, to cause tlitu" All mci> are born free and equal , and have P'- h ic officers to return to private life : a''^ to Wi ui> tura;, essential, and unalienahle ri-h.s : vaca-.it places by certam m.d regular elteUons ai:d ai- Article 1. ferlain, iiatur , , , -itaiong which maybe reckoned the rislit of eiijoyiiiij pointnienls. ,..!.<• . „„ i .11 ,i„. :. i«v.- ^ ■ .'';o„ >: , ' ,• . , ,•■ ^.: . .'^v.. .£• A.:..:.? 9. AM elections ought to be f.-ce; and all the iiiliah;- taiits of this coninion\\caUh, having such erson siiall liave a right to produce a.. prooJs tnat uy.y join upon all the subjects an attenilnnce upon the in- i!*-- favourable to him; to meet the- witnesses agauiit structions of the puhllc teachers, as aforesaid, at stated him, face to face, ar.d be iuliy heard ni his di teiice, by times and seasons, if there be anv one w hose instructions himself, oi- his counsel, at ins election. And no person Light of electing their public teachers, and of eoiitrnct- or the law of the land. . , „ ing with them for their supuoit and n:aintenance. And the legislature shall not make any law that sliaj All moneys paid hv the subject to the support of pub- subject any person to a capita! or lutamous punishment lie worship,' and of the pubic teachei-s aforesaid, shall, (e^ceptiIlg i-r the government ot the army and nav^} if he require it, be uniformly applied to the support of wi'hctit trial by jury. -c • ihe public teacher or traehers of his own religious s(-ct 13. In ciiniiiial jirosecutions the venficition of facts, or denomination, providid there be anv, on whose in- in Die viciiiily v hei-e tliej hajipen, is one of the greatest structions he attends, otlierw ise it may be paid towards SLCurilies ef the life, liberty, and property ot the citizea. the si-pport of the teaclier or teachers ot tlie parish or 1 1. Every person lias a right to be secure from all un- pieciiict in wh'cli the said moneys are raised. i-e.tsoni'ble searches and seizures of his pei-son, his houses. And every denomination of "Christians, dtmeairing his papers, and all his possessions. All warrants, there- themselves peaceably, and as good subjects of the com- fore, are contrary to this right, if the cause or (bundaiion monwealth, shall be equally under the protection of the of them be not previously supjiorted by oath or afTii-iua- law ; andnosuboi-dina'ionofany sect or denomination tion; and if the order, in a warrant to a civil officer, to to another shall ewr be established by law. make search in all suspectttl places, or to arrest one or 4. The people of this commonwealth have the sole more suspected persons, or to seize their property, be and e\c!usive right of governing themselv-es, as a free, not accompanied with a special designation of the per- sovereign, and independent state: and do, and for ever sons or objects of search, arrest, or seizure. And no hereafter shall, exercise and enjoy every power, juris- warrant ought to be issued but in such cases, and with diction, and right, which is not.or niavTiot hei-enfier be, the formalities prescribed by the laws. bv them expressly delegated to the United States of IS. In all controversies concerning property, and in America in congtess assembletk all suits betweiii two or more jiei-sons, (except in cases in 5. All pow er residing originally in the people, and which it has heretofore been otherwise used and prac- being derived from tliem, the several inagiilrates and tised)the parties have a right to a trial by a jury; and officers of government vested with authority, whether this method of procedure shall be held sacred;— unless, legislative, executive, or judicial, are their substitutes in cases arising on the high seas, and such as relate to and agents, and are at all times accountable to them. mariners' wages, the legislatureshall hereafter fiud-it ne- 6. No man,or cprpoi-ation,orassoeiat':onof inen,have cessan- to alter it. any other UJle to obtain advantages, or jtarticular and 16. The liberty of the press is essential to security of exclusive privileges, distinct from tliose of t!ie commu- ft-cedom in a slate ; it ought not therefore, to be le- nity, than what arises I'roiii the consideration of services strained in this conimonweaUh. i-emlered to the public. And ihis title, being, in nature, 1 7. The people have a right to keep and to bear arms neither herc-ditary nor transmissible to children, or de- for the common defence. And as, in time ef peace, ai-- sccndants, or relations of blood, the idea of a man boi-n mies.iredangerous to liberty, they ought not to be inaiii- H magisu-ate, lawgiver, or judge, is absurd and unn?.- t;iin!ter, or totsllv change the sin:.-, vernnient. Tin- peoj):e ought, conseq'jeutly, (o bi^c- * COXSTITUTiOxN OF .MASSACHUSETTS. pai'liculav attention to all those principles, in the choice of their officers and representatives ; and ilieyhave a rji^ht to require of their lawgivers and magistrates, an exact and constant observance of (hem, in the formation and execution of ail laws necessarj for the good admi- nistration of the coinmonwealtli. V). riie people have a right, in an orderly and peace- able manner, to assemble to consult upon tlie common good; ^ve instructions to their representatives; and to request of the legislative body, by the way of addresses, liPlitions, or remonstrances, redress of the wrongs done them, and of the grievances they suSlr. 20. The power of suspending the laws, or the exe- cution of tiie laws, ongtit never to be exercised but by the legislature; or by authority derived from it, to be exercised in such paiticiilar cases only as the legislature shall expressly provide for. 21. The freedom of deliberation^ speech, and debate, in either house of the legislature, is so essential to the rights of the people, that it cannot be the foiimiation of any accusation or prosecution, action or complaint, in any other court or place whatsoever. 22. The legislature otight frequently to assemble, fur the redress of grievances, for correcting, strengthening-, and confirming the laws, and for making new laws, as the common good may require. 23. No subsidy, charge, tax, impost, or duties, ought to be established, fixed, laid, or levied, under any pre- text whatever, without the consent of the people, or their representatives in the legislature. 24. Laws made to punish for actions done before the existence of such laws, and which have not been de- clared crimes by preceding laws, are unjust, oppressi\ e, and inconsistent with the fundamental principles of a fi-ee government. 25. No person ought, in any case, or in any time, to be declared guilty of treason or felony by the legislature. 25. No magistrate, or court of law, shall demand ex- cessive bail or sureties, impose excessive fines, or inilict cruel or unusual punishments. 27. In time of peace, no soldier ought to be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner; and in time of war, such quarters ought not to be made, but by the civil magistrate, in manner ordaLued by the legisla- ture. 23. No pei-son can, in any case, be subjected to law martial, or to any penalties or pains by virtue of that law (except those employed in the army or navy, and except the militia in actual service,) but by the authority of the legislature. 29. It is essential to the preservation of the rights of every individual, his life, liberty, property, and charac- ter, that there be an impartial interin-etation of the laws, and administration of justice. It is the right of every citizen to be tried by judges as free, impartial, and inde- pendent, as the lot of humanity will admit. It is, there- fore, not only the best policy, but for the security of the rightsof the people, and of ever)- citizen, that the judges di' the supreme judicial courts should hold their offices as long as they behave themselves well; and that they should have honourable salaries, ascertained and esta- blislicd by standing laws. 30. In the government of this commonwealth, the le- gislative department shall never exercise the CKecutive and judicial powei-s, or either of them : the executive shall never exercise the legislative and judicial powers, or either of them : the judicial shall never exercise the legislative and executive powers, or either of them : to the end that it may be a government of laws, and not of men. PART 2. FRAME OF GOTERNMEXT. The people inhabiting the territory formerly called the province of Massachusetts Bay, do hereby solemnly and mutually agree with each other to form themselves into a free, sovereign, and independent body politic, or state, by the name o{—The Comntonneallh of' Massachu- setts. CHAP. 1. — SECTIOX 1, THE LEGISLATIVE POWER. The Genernl Courl. Article 3. The department of legislation shall be formed by two branches, a senate and house of re))re- sentatives : each of which shall have a negative on the other. The legislative body shall assemble every yea)', on the last Wednesday of May, and at such other times as they shall judge necessaiy ; and shall dissolve and be dis- solved on the day next preceding the said last Wednes- day in May; and shall be styled. The Ceiieral Court of Massachiiselts. 2. No bill or resolve of the senate or house of repie- sentaiives shall become a law, and have fo.'ce as such, until it shall have been laid before the governor for his revisal ; and if he, upon such revision, approve thereof, he sliall signify his approbation by signing the same. But, if he liave any objection to the passing of such bill or resolve, he sl^^ll retuVn the same, together with liis ob- jections tliereto, in writing, to the senate or house of representatives, in whichsot\ er the same shall have ori- ginated ; who shall enter the objections sent dow n by the governor, at large on their records, and pi-oePtfd,to reconsider the said bill or resolve : but i^ after such re- consideration, two-thirds of the said senate or house of reprcseiitatives, shall, notwithstanding the said objec- tions, agree to pass the same, it shall, together with the objections, be sent lo theother branch of the legislature, where it shall also be reconsidered, and if approved by two-third of the members present, it shall hai e the force of a law : but in all such cast s the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays ; and the names of the persons voting for or against the said bill or re- solve, shall be entered upon the publick records of the commonwealth. And, in order to prevent unnecessarj^ delays, if any bill or resolve shall not be returned by the governor within fire days after it shall have been presented, the same shall have the force of a law. 3. The general court shall for ever have full power and authority to erect and constitute judicatories, and courts of record, or other courts, to be held in the name of the commonwealth, for the hearing, trjing, and de- termining of all manner of crimes, offences, pleas, pi-o- cesses, plaints, actions, matters, causes, and things, whatsoever, arising or happening within the coninioiL- wealth, or between or concerning persons inhabiting or residing, or brought within the same : whether the same be criminal or ci^il ; or whether the said crimes be ca- pital or not capital, and whether the said pleas be real, personal, or mixed; and for the aw aiding and making out of execution thereupon: to v.hich courts and ju- dicatories, are hereby given and granted full power and authority, from time to time, to administer oaths or af- finnations, for the better discovery of truth in any mat- ter in controvei-sy or depending before them. 4. And further, full power and authority are hereby given and granted to the said general court, from time to time, to make, ordain, and establish, all manner of wholesome and reasonable orders, laws, statutes, and or- dinances, directions, and instructions, either with penal- ties or without, (so as the same be not repugnant or con- trary to this constitution,) as they shall judge to be for the good and welfare of this commonwealth, and for the government and ordering thereof, and of the citizens of the same, and for the necessary support and defence of tlie government thereof : and to name and settle annu- al!}-, or provide by fixed laws for the naming andsettling all civil officers, within the said commonwealth, the elee*- tion and constitution of wliom are not hereafter, in this form of government, otherwise provided ibr : and to set forth the several duties, powers, and limits of the several civil and militai-j- officers of this commonwealth, and the forms of such oaths or affirmations shall be respec- tively administered unto them for the execution of their several offices and places, so as the same be not repug- nant or contrary to this constitution ; and to impose and levy proportional and ivasonable assessments, rates, and taxes, upon all the inhabitants of, and pei-sons resident, and estates lying within the said commonwealth ; and also to impose and levy reasonable duties and excises upon any produce, goods, wares, merchandises, and commodities whatsoever, broiightinto, produced, manu- factui-ed, or being within the same ; to be issued and disposed of by warrant under the hand of the governor of this commonwealth for the time being, with the ad- vice and consent of the council, for the public service, in the necessarj' defence and support of the government of the said commonwealth, and the protection and preser- vation of the citizens thereof, according to such acts as are, or shall be in force within the sarfte. And v.hile the public charges of government, or any part thereof, shall be assessed on polls and estates in the manner that has liitherto been practised ; in order that such assessments maybe made with equality, there shall be a valuation of estates within the commonwealth ta- ken anew once in every ten years, at the least, and n« r.iuch oftener as the general court ihallovdi-r. CONSTITUTION OF AIASSACILUSET IS. where tlioy shall he assessed, ami bo iiolified of ihe place of mfetini?, by the selcctmtu of iho town, where they shall be asse 'ssul, for that puipi>se, acccniinijly. 3, And that tht re may bea due conxeutK.n of stnators ... - ,, ,. ■ „.„,;,_„ summons to SUCH pi .» , , , Dito which the commoiiwealth niaj liom lime to timt ^^^^ majoruy of votes to attend on that day aud be divided by the general court for that purpose. And ^y^^^ ^^J ^^ aecoidinely : providttl, nevertheless, that, ibi the general court, in assigning tlie ntimbei-s to be e.eet- ^j^^, Jj..^^ ^^^, ^'^^g^.^]^ n turned cupies shall be exaininfl ed by the representative districts, shall govern tliem- . ^^'^^ ,„v>iident and five of tht- eouucil of the former selvfs by the proportion of the public taxes paid by the g,';„s,„ ' ;„„ ,iigo>crnment: and the said pres"'dentsha!i, saiddistricts;andtinielyiri!»keknov.'ntothemhalntaiils jjj ijjjg „ia„uer isr, of the commonwealth, the lijiiits of each district.and the ^.[^.pj^.j dj^f ,|j(.'y ^.^y ^ number of counsellors and senators to be chosen there- Thi' stot been an inhabitant of this commonwealth incomeofthreepounds,or any estate of tbe value of si\- for the space of five years immediately preceding his ty pounds, shall have a right to give in his vote for the election ; and at the time of his election he shall be an senators for the district of which he is an inhabitant, inhabitant in the district for which he shall be chosen. And to remove all doubts concerning the word "inhabi- 6, The senate shall have power to adjourn themselves, tant" in this constitution, every person shall be consider- provided such adjournments do not exceed two days at ed as an inhabitant (for the purpose of electing and be- a time. ing elected into any office or place within this state) in 7. The senate shall choose its own president, appoint that town, district,'or plantation, where lie dweiicth or its own officers, and determine its ov> n rules of proceed- hath his home. , ings. The selectmen of the several towns shall preside at g. The senate shall he a court wiili full authority to such meetings impailially; and shall receive the votes hearand deterniineallimpeaclunentsinade by thehouse of all theinhabitantsofsuchtownsjprrscntandqualified of representatives, .igainst any ofiicer or officers of the to vote for senators; and shall sort and count them in commonwealth, for misconduct and inaleadministratiou open town meeting, and, in presence of the town cicrk, ^^ tlieir offices. But, previous to the trial of every im- who shall make a fair record, in presence of the select- pcachmeut, the rnembersof thesenate shall i-especiivcly men, and in open town meeting, of the name of evei^ be sworn, truly and inipaniaily to try and determine person voted fur, and of the numbir of votes against his the cliarge in qinslion, according to evidence. Their name • and a fair copy of this record shall be attested by judgment, however,shali not extend further, than to re- the selectmen and the town clerk, and shall be sealed moval from office, and disqualificaiion to hold or enjoy up, directed to the secretary of the commonwealth for anyplace of honour, trnst,or profit, under this common' the time being, with a superscription, e: shall be qiiaiihed to vote for se- fvom ijme to time, to impuse fines upon such towns as nators and reprcsematives, within the several towns of " use and return members to the same, this commonwealth, shall, at a meeting to be callcil tor shall neglect to choo r;gi-eeably to this constitution- that purpose, on the fust Monday of April, annually. he can, in the judguient of the house, and docs not d^- and formalist of the perSDiis voted h;!-, wilh the »i>'nj''Yi part without leave. ef votes for each person, against li:s name, and shall 3. Every member of the hoi;sc of repnsentntives shall make a fair record of the same in the town books, and ii town he shall be chosen to represent, or any ra'.eable at least before the last Wednesday in May: and the she- estate, to the value of two hniidred pounds; arid he shall vitf shall transmit the same to the secretnyy s ofhce se- cease to represent the said town immL-diatel-r on his veuteen days at least before the said last \Adnesilay in eeasing to be qualified as aforesaid. ' May ; or the selectmen may cause returns of thesame to 4. Every male person (being twenty-one years of ape, be made to the office of the secreiaiy o. the eommoii- and resident of any particular town in this common- wealth, seventeen days .at least betore the said day ; ami wea!lh,f<;r the space of one year next precedingl having llie secretary shall lay the same before the senate and P. freehold est;ite within the same town, of lUc aifeual in- bouse of representatives on the last Wwinesday m Mav, come ef three pounds, or any estate of the vaUie of sixty to he by thtn, examined : and in case of an election bv a iiounds, shall have a right to vole in the choice of a re- majorily of all the votes returned, the choice shall be hy inestntative, or representatives, for the said'town. them declared and pubiished. But if no i>erson shall - The members ofthe house of representatives shall have a majority of votes, the house of i-epresentatives l:y tiietr., shar. De her.rrt and tnen i>j 7. Ail money bills shall ori,q;inaie in the house of re jiresentatives : but the senate may propose or concur wilh amendments, as on other bills. 8. 'l"he lioiise of representatives shall have power to w ho shall be (ieclared (rovirnor. 4, 'I'he governor shall have authority fiora time to time, at his discretion, to assemble and call together tiir connseilors of this cominonwealth for the time lioing: s. 1 he house oi representatives s>iaii liave power to v>iiui=< ■iv'.> «. ....> v.„.. ......... ^. ..- ■---- - ---o adiotirn themselves; provided such adjounimeut shall and the governor, with the sa.d eouRsellors, oil; »;«<>. not exceed two days at a time. them at leastjShall, ami may from time to t me, ho.d a d 9. Not less than sixty members of the house of rcpre- kecpa council, fortheordering and d:recting the affa s ntatives shall constitute a quorum fordoing business, of the commonvvealth, agreeably to the consutution and repres!n(ati^>■s shall he the judge of the laws of the land. IS, and nualilicalion (.fits own mem- *• T'if goveruor, with the ad>.cc of coi :t in the constilotion ; shall choose have lull power and authority, during the se council, shall ssion of the ssntativt 30. The house of r the returns, elections, bers, as pointed out thci tie house. t*i!!iUy of iUsrtTpi'cV7o\h7lio"iscrb^":'">>y «^is"n^^^^^^^^ ^"^"' '"'"^ ^P time, not exceeding ninety days in any one contemptuous behaviour in its presence; or who, in" the recess ; and to call u together s-joner than the time to or who shall assault or arrest any w itness, or other per. son, ordered to attend the house, in his way in going or ivturniiig; or who shall leicue any person arrested by the order of the hnuse. And no member of the house of representatives shall any cause happening, whereby danger may arise to the health or lives of the members,' from their at tendance, he may direct the session to be held at some other of the iijost convenient places w ithin the state. And the governor shall dissolve the said general toint And noniemuer 01 tnenouse oi represeniauves snaii -■;"' v'^ "-^ — ," — ,. ■ \ -.i- T ■ \t h- anvsted or held to bail on mesne prociss, during his on tlie day r.extprecedmg the ast ^^ td.usda} m Maj . I'ointr into, returniug from,Oi'i:is attending to the gent- .6; I" ta^es ol disagreement between the two houses, ral assembly «> ' t. » ^..^^,1 1-..^,.,,.,] to the necessity, f xpcdienc)-, cr time of ai.- 1 \. The senate shall have the same powers in the like journmcnt.or proregation, the governor, with advice of CH\1* '^ SFCTIO.V 1 txi>el,andpursue, byforceof arms, as wellby seaas by ,.,,", TT'i'w.rx, T.,^,.7T^r. hnid, wiar.norwithouttheliniitscfthiscommnnwialih; };\i-jLV ll\ kj I'OW'tjK. ;,,„1 aUo to kill slay, and destruy, if necessary, and con • f '■■ffrnnr qucr, by all fitting ways, enterprises, and means, wha!- ijO^einO) , soever, all and every such pei-son or persons, as shall at Article I. There shall be a supreme executive mag'is- any time hereafter, "in ahnsliie nianner, attempt oren- Irate, who shall be styled, the Gowrvor of the Common- terprise the destruction, invasion, detriment, or annoy- ivcalthot' Massuchusctts ; and v.hose title shall be. His ance of this commonwealth ; and to use and exercise, ZxcelUnci/, <;vcr the army and navy, ai.d over the imlnia in actual 2 The" governor shall be chosen annually ; and no service, the law martial, in time of w ar or invasion, nerson shad be eligible to this office, niiless, at the time and also in time of rebellion, (declared by the legislatun: of his election, he shall have been .tii inhabitant of this to exist,) as occasion shall necessarily retiune ; and to commonwealth for seven 5 eai-s next preceding ; and iiii- lake and surjirise, by all w ays and means w haisoever, less l;e shall, at the same time, he seized, in his ow n all and every such person dr persons (with tlieii- ships, j-i-'ht, of a freehold within the commonwealth of the va- r'rms, ainirmnitiopj.aiid goods; as •djalljiu a h.csule m:u. CONSriTUTiOX OF ilASSACIiUS.'L i i o. Tier, invaile, or auempt tiie in va>Iii>!r< conquering, or an- j)ropcrty whatever, under thciv rare rcsi)cetiveiy ; (li;- iio) ing this commomveaUJi : and tlmt the governor bt tinoiiisiiiiiK the quanuty, uiimlx r, quality, and land of •-ntius!. (t with all 4hese and other jmwers incident to lath, a> particularly as may be ; toi,'ethir with the eon- tlieofncesol' vaptKin general, and coiriinandtr in cbicf, dilion of" such iiirts an J Rarfisoiis. And I'ae said com- aird admiral, to be exerciseil agreeabh- to the riiles and mtindin? officer shall exhibit to the governor, when re- r/gij'atioiis of the eonstitution, and tlie" laws of the land, qn'.red by bini, tree and exact plans otsiichforts, and uf and not other« ise. the land or sea , harbour or harbours, ad. jacent. Provided, that the said governor shall not, at any And the said boards and all public officers shall con> time hereafter, by virtue of any power bj tliit consii'u- municate to tlie&overnor, as soon as may be, after recei- tion granted, or hertafter to be granted'to him by the ving tlie same, all despatches, and intelligence of a pub- legisfatui-e, transport any of the inhabitants of this com- lie nature, which shall be directed to them respective'.y. monwealth, or oblige them to march out of the liniiis of 13. As the pubiia good requires that the governor the same, without their free and voluntary consejit, or should not be undi r the undue influence of any of ilie the consent of tlie general court; except so far as maybe ii;em!)ers of the general court, by a dependence on tiieni necessary to march or transport them by land or w ater, for his support : liiat he-should in all cases act with free- for the defence of such part of the state, to which they do:u for the btiief.t of the public : that he shouhi not cannot other-.visj conveniently iuive access. have his attention necessarily diverteil from that object, 8. 'I'he power of pardoning ofiences, except such as to his private concerns: and that he should maintain .nda!arm CIxAP. 2. — SECTION C. list of their respective co;npanies,of tv.cr.ty-one yearsof " age and upwards. The field ofiicers of regiments sjiall jLijUienant Governor. be elected bv the written votes of the captains and su- .,.„.. , „, ,, . , ,- balternsof their respective regiments. The brigadiers Artic.e 1. -Iheresbadbeanmiallyelectedaiieutenant shall be elected in like manner, by the field officers of g:Gyen:or m the commonwealth of Massachusetts, whose their respective brigades. And such ofiicers, so elected, ^'''.^ "''all *>;> '/'^ honour; and who shall bequalified, ni shall be commissioned by the governor, who shall deter- PO"" "^ religion, property, and residence m the corn- mine their r.ani:. . monwealth, m the sanie manner with the governor; and " The legislature shall, by standing laws, direct the time '!'« <''a5; ar^ mantier of his election, and the qualifica- and manner of convening the electors, and of collecting tions of the electors, shail be the same as are required in votes, and of certifying to the govenior the officers the election of a governor. Ihe return of the voIm for electetl. thi5 0ihcer,andthedee!ar.ition of his election, snail be The major generals shall be appointed by the senate inthe same manner: and if noone person shall befound and house of representatives, each having a negative up- tobayeamajcntyofall the votes returned, the vacancy on the other ; and be commissioned bv the g.n ernor. ^'l»'l be hlled bythe senate and houseot representatives. And if the electors of brigadiers, field oCicers, can- m the same manner as the governor is to be elected, in tains, or sub:.Itcnis, shall neglect or refuse to make such <^a't no one pei-son shall have a majority of the votes oi elections,after being dulv notified according to the laws the people, to be governor. of the time being, then the governor, with the advice of ^- "^'"^ govcir.or, and, in Ins absence, the lietenant council, shall appoint suitable persons to Jill such of- pvenior, shall be the president oithecouncil; butshall f[(^Pg, have no vote in council ; and the lieutenant governor And no oaicer,duly commissioned to command in the ^ha" always be a member of the council, except when militia, shall be removed from his office, but hv the ad- t""" chair of the governi.r shal. be vacant. di-ess of lioth hotises to the governor, or by fair trial in , 3. AV henevsr the eliair of the governor shall be vacant court martial,pursuanttotUe)awsofthecomir.onwealth ^r '"easo" "^ "^ death, or absence from the common- for the time being. wealth, or otherwise, the lieutenant goveraor for the The commanding officers of regiments shall appoint »'""? ''""S *''?"» duri-ig such vacancy, perform all the their adjutants and qiiartermaste«: the brigadiers their 'loiies incumbent upon the governor, and shall have brigade' majoif ; and the major generals the.r aids ; and ^'>A exercise all the power and authonties winch, by this the governor shall appoint the adje.tant general. constituuon, the governor is vested with, when perso:> Tlie jjovernov, with advice of council, shall appoint ally present. all officers ofthe continental army, whom (by the confe- r'M\P o q--rTrnv T deration of ihe United States) it is provided lliat this V^llAl . -• i>i,OiJ.o>. J. cummonwea'tti shall appoint, as also all oflictrs of forts ^, ■? i jl r i,j\, ? <• l and garrisons. Co:i!icu, and the manner of settlnig elections oj The divisions of the niUilia into brigades, regiments, ifie legislutlire. and companies, made in pursMance of the militia laws '^ now in fiirc'% shall be considered as the proper di%isions Article 1. There shall be a council for advising the ofthe militia of this commonwealth, until the same shall governor in the executive part of government, to consist be altered in pursuance of some future law. of nine persons, besides the lieutenant governor, whom 11. No moneys shall be issued out of the treasury of the govenior, for the time being, shall have fiill power this commonwealth, and disposed of (except such sums and authority, from time to time, at his discretion, to as- as may be appropriated for the redemption of bills of semble and call together : and the governor, with the creditor treasurer's not.^^, orfor the paymem of interest said counsellors, or five of them at least, shall and may, arising thereon) but by warrant, under the liand of liie from time to time, hold &nd keep a council, for the o'r- goverhor fiir the time being, with the adviceand consent dering and directing the afliiirs of the commonw eallh, ofthe council, for the necessai'y defence and support of aecoixling to the laws of the land. the coramonweallh, and forthe protection and preserva- 2. Nine counsellors shall be annually chosen from tion ofthe inhabitants thereof, agreeably to the act and among the jiersons returntd for the counsellors and se- resolves of the general court. nators, on the last Wednesday in May, by the joint bal- 12. All public boards, the commissary general, all su- lot ofthe senators and representatives, assembled in one pevintending officers of public raagaiines, and stcies, room: and in case there shall not be found, upon the belonging to this commonwealth, alid all commanding first choice, the whole number ofnine persons, w ho will officers of foris and gamsons within the same,shall, once aceeptaseat in the coiincil.the deficiency shall be made in everr three months, officially, and without reqnisi- up by tlie electors aforesaid, from among the people at tion, aiid at other times, when required bythe governor, lai-ge ; and the number of senators left shall constitute deliver to him an account of all goods, stores, provisions, the senate for the year. The scats of the persons thus ammunition, cannon, with their appendages, and small elected from the senate, and accepting the trust, shall bu ami!, with thnr :!ecoMtr<'ments. and of all -ither public vacated in the senate. coNsmuiiON or massachusktts. 3. 1 he counsellors, in the civil arratiKements of the rommonwealth, shall liave rank next after tlie lieutenant governor. 4. N'Jt more than t« o counsellors shall be chosen out of any one distiict of this eommon« ealth. 5. The resolutions and advice of the council sliall be secorded in a register, and signed by the members i)re- seiit ; and this record may be called for at any time by either house of the legislr.tiire ; and any lueinbi r of the council may insert his opinioiij cotitraiy to the resolu- tion of the niajoritv-. 6. Whenever the office of the pfovernor and lieutenant governor shall be vacant, by reason of death, ai)se!ice,or otherwise, then the coiiiieii, or the major part of tiiem, shall, during such vacancy, have full power an voknce, public and private charity, i'ldustryand fnigalit), ho- nesty and punci'.iaiity in their dealings : sincerity, good liumou ■, and all social affections aiid generous senti- ments among the people. CHAP. 6. Oaths nnd subscripuonn ; iucoiiipatibilily of, andextlusions from, offices; pecuniary quaOJiculions ; eoinmissiom ; torils ;coiijii-)i>alwnoj'laxi's ; /la'/eris corpus ; t/teetincling style; continuance of officers ; provision for a future re- xnsal of Die comtitution, ;uncil,or the senate, or the house of representatives, or by election of the peopleof the state at large, orof the people of any coun- ty, (militaiT officer anil the office ofjustice ol the (leace excepted,) shall be held by one prrsoii. No person holding the i.fflce of judge of the supreme jtidieial court, seeretar} , attoriicy general, solicitor ge- neral, tre.asurer or receiver general, judge of jnobate, commissary general, president, professor, or instructor of Harvard college, sheriff', clerk of the house of repre- sentatives, register of probate, register of deeds, clerk of the supreme judicial court, clerk of the inferior court of common pleas, or officer oi' the customs, (including in this description naval officers,) shall ai the same time have a seat in the senate or house of representatives ; but, their being chosen or appointed to, ar.d accepting tl;e same, shall operate as a resignation of their seat in the senate or house of representatives ; and tlie place so va.ated shall be iiiled op. And the same rule shtill take place in case any judge of the said supreme judicial court, or judge of probate, shall accept a seat in council ; or cnycouusellor shalfac- cept of either of those offices or (ilaces. And no person shall ever be adiuitted to hold a seat in the legislature, or any office of trust or importance under the government of this eommomvealtli, who shall, in the due course of law, have been convicted of bribe- ry or corruption, in obtaining an election or appoint- ment. 3. In all cases where sums of money are mentioned in tills conslitulioii, the value thereof shall be compuled in silver, at i\\ shillings and eijiht pence per ounce; and it nnd it shall be in the power of the legislature, from time to lime, to increase such qualifications, as to property, of the persons to he elftted into offices, as the circum- sLinees of the coirmionwealth shall require. 4. All commissions shad be in the name of the com- monweaUh of Massachusetts, signed by the governor, and attested by the secretary or his deputy,and have the gnat seal of the cDmiuonwealth affixe.i thereto. .'. All writs issuing out of the clerk's office, in any of the courts of law, shall be in the na.ne of the coinmon- wealtli of Massachusetts; they shall be under llie seal of the court from whence tliey issue ; they shall bear test of the first justice of the court to which they shall be re- turnable, (who is not a party,) and be signed by the clerk of such court. 6. All the laws which have heretofore been adopted, used, and approved of in the province, colony, or state of Massachusetts Bay, and usually oractised on in the courts of law, shall still remain and be in full force, un- til altered or repealed by the legislature : such part* on- ly excepted as aie repugnant to the rights and liberties contained in this constitution. 7. Tiie privilege and benefit of the writ of habeas corpus shall be enjoyed in this commonwealth in the most free, easy, cheap, expeditious, and ample manner ; and shall not be suspend d by the legislature, except on the most urgent ami [uessing occasions, and for a li- mited time, not exceeding twelve months. 8. I'hex'nacting style, ill makingand passing all acts, statutes, and laws, shall be. Be it enacrcl by I'le senate ami h'Mise of re/jiesentatives, in vencral court assembled,' anti by the uut/icri/ij of the same. y. To tiie end there may be no failure ofjustice, or danger .arise to the commonwealth, from a change of the form of government, all officers, civil and military, holdinp curaniissions under thf fOTcnnnent and people IS GONSTITUTIOX OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. •f Massathtisetts Bay, in New England, and all other officers of said government and peopli-, at the time this constitution shall take tSlct, shall have, hold, use, exer- cise, and enjoy, all the powers an^ authority to thtrn granted or committed, until other persons shall be a:)- pointed in their stead : and all coiiits of law shall pro- ceed in the execution of the business of their respective departments: and ail the executive and legislative offi- cers, bodies, and powers, shall coutintie in full lorce in the enjoyment and exercise of all t^eir trusts, employ- went, and authority, until the f^eneral court, and the supreme and executive officei-s, under this ccmstitution, are designated and invested with their respective trusts, powers, and authority. 10. In order the more effectually to adhere to the principles of the constitution, and correct those viola- tions which by any means may be made therein, as well as to form such alterations as from experience shall be found necessary, the general court which shall be in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and nine- ty-five, sh.'iU issue precepts to the selectmen of tht seve- l"al towns, and to the assessors of the unincorjjorated plantations, directing thPm to convene the qualified vo- ters of their respective towns and plantations, for the piitpose of collecting their sentiments on the necessity or expediency of revising the constitution, in order to amendments. And if it shall appear, by the rctuiT.s made, that two- thirds of the qualified voters throughout the state, who shall assemble and vote in consequence of the said pre- cepts, are iii favour of such revision or amendment, the general court shall issue precepts, or direct them to be issued from the secrecary's office, to the several towns, to eii ct delegates to meet in convention, for the purpose aforesaid. The said delegates to be chosen in the same manner and proportion, as their representatives in the second branch of the legislature are by this constitution to be chosen. 11. This form of government shall be enrolled on parchment, and deposited in the secreiai-y's office, and be a part of the laws of the land : and printed copies thereof shall be prefixed to the book containing the laws of this commonwealth, in all future editions of the said laws. JAMES BOWUOIN, PresuIenU Attest, SAMUEL BARRET, Secretary. CONSTITUTIOIN^ OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. The Cmistilution ofS\'nu ffampshire, as altered and amended by a convention of delegates^ held (it Concord, in said state by adjo^irn- ment, on the second JVednesday of February, PxVRT 1. BILL OF RltJHTS. Article 1. All men are born equally free and indepen- dent; Tbcrelore, all govennnent, of right, originates from the people, is founded in consent, and instituted for the general good. 2. All men have certain natural, essential, and inher- ent rights— .".mong which ,".re the enjoying and ilefend- ing life and liberty ; acquiring, possessin;;-, and protect- ing property : and, in a word, of seeking and obtaining happiness. 3. When men enter into a state of society, they sur- render up some of their natural rights to that society, in order to ensure the protection ^f others; and without such an equivalent the surrenaer is ^id. 4. Among the natunil rights, some are in their very rattire unalienable, bec;'use no equivalent cm be given or received for them. Of tliis kind are the rigiUs oj con- itience. ^ _ 5. Every individual has a iiatural and unalienaTiIe right to worship God according tothedictatesof hisof.n conscience, and reason; and no person shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, or estate, for worshipping Crod in the manner most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience, or for his religious profession, sentiment', or pei-suasion ; provided lie doth Tiot disturb the public peace, or disturb others in their religious worship. _ 6. As morality and piety, rightly grounded onevange- lical principles, will be the best and greatest security to government, and wili lay, in the hearts of men, the strongest obligations to due subjection ; and as the knowledge of these is most likely to be propagated through a society, by the insiitutioii of the public wor- ship of the Deity, and of public instnietion in morality and religion; therefore, to promote these important pur- poses, the people of this state Iiave a ri.jht to empower, and do hereby fully empon er, the legislature, to author- ire, from time to time, the several townSj parishes, bo- dies corporate, or religious societies, within this state, to make adequate provision, at their own expense, for the support and maintenance of public protestant teachei-s «i" piety, religion, and morality : Provided, not-wilhatanding. That the several towns, parishes, bodies corporate, or religious societies, shall at all times have the exclusive right of electing their own public teachers, and of contracting with them for their BUj^ort and maintenance. And no pei^on, of any one particular religious sect or denomination, shall ever be compelled to pay towards the support of the teacher or teachers of auotliei persuasion, sect, or denomination. But this shall not be construed to free pei-sons from the obligations ot his own contract, on his pretence of changiiit,- his religious persuasion after making the con- tract. . . And whenever a minister is settled by any incorpora- ted town ir parish, any person dissenting shall have liberty, either at the meeting, or previous to the ordina- tion of the minister, or within one month after the vote obtained for his settlement, to enter his dissent with the town or parish clerk against paying, or contiibuting to- wards the*upport of the said minister; and all minoi-s who, after such settUmeut, shall comeof age,and all in- haliitanis of such town or parish w ho are absent from the same at the time of such meeting or settlement, and all persons who, after such settlement move into such town or parish to reside, shall have three months Sfom the tim.'of theircomingof full age, returning into town, ormov ing into, reside as aforesaid, respectively, to enter their dissent, with the town or parish clerk, asaforesaid. And all persons who do not enter their dissent, as aforesaid, sliali be bound by the major vote of such town or parish; audit shall be considered as their voluiitary contract : but all persons who enter their dissent, as aforesaid^ shall not be bound by the vote of such tow n or parish, nr considered a party to such contract, or in any way be compelled to contribute towards the support of tlie min.ster ; nor shall any pe!-s!>n be compelled to con- tribute towards the support of the minister, who shall change from the sect or denomination of which he pro- fessed to be when he settled, to any other persuasion, sect, or denomination. And every denomination of Christians, demeaning themselves quietly, and as good citizens of the state, shall he equally under the protection of the law ; and ni^ subordination ofanj one sect ordenomination to ano- ther, shall ever be established by law. And nothing herein shall be undei'stood to affect any former contracts made for the support of the ministry ; but all sueh contracts shall remain, and be in the same state, as if this constitution had not been made. 7. The people of this state have the sole and exclusive right of governing themselves as a free, sovere^ign, and independent state ; and do, and for ever hereafter shall, exercise and enjoy every jiower, jisrisdiction, and right, pertaining thereto, which is not, or may not hereafter be, by them expressly delegated to the United States of America in congress assembled. 8. All power residing originally in, and being derived from, the people, all the magistrates and officei-s of go- vennnent, are thtir substitutes and agents, and at all times accountable to them. 9. No office or place whatsoever, in government, shall be hereditary— the abilities and integrityrequisitein all, not being ininsmissibie to posterity or relations. 10. Government being instituted for the common br- COXSTITUTION OF NEW HAMPSHHiE. 19 aefit, ]>iotection, and secmitj- of the whole commmiity, and practised, the parties liave a light to a trial by jury; and not for the private interest or emolumesit of any and this rielit shall be deemed sacred ami inviolable j one man, family, or class of men ; therefore, wlienever but the legislature may, by theconstitntion, be enipow- the ends of govenniient are perverted, or pnl>lic libirty end to make such regulations as will prevent parties manifestly endangered, and all other means of redress from having as many trials by jurj', in the same suit or are ineffectual, the people may, and of right oughl lo, nction, as hath been heretofore allowed and practised, refonn the old, or establish a new goveriniient. 'I'he and to extend the civil jurisdiction of justices of the doctrine of non-iesistance against arbitrary power and peace to the trials of suits where the sum demanded in oppression, is absurd, slavish, and destructive of the damages doth not exceed four pounds, saving the right good and happiness of mankind. • of appeal to either party. Rut no sntli regulations shall n. All elections ought to be free, and every inliabi- takeauay the right of trial by jury, in any case not in taut of the stale, having the proper qualifications, has this article before excepted, \inless in cases respecting an equal right to elect, and be elected, into office. mariners' wages. 12. Every member of the community has a right to be 21. In order to reap the fullest advantage of the ines- protected by it,in the enjoyment of his life, liberty, and tiraable privilege of the trial by jury, great care ought property; he is therefore bound to contribute his share to be taken, that none but qualified persons should be to the expense of such protection, and to yield his per- appointed to serve; and such ought to be fully compen- sonal service, whqn necessary, or an equivalent. But no sated for their travel, time, and attendance. jiart of a man's propertyshall be taken from him, or np- 22. The lihtrty of the press is essential to the sectirity plied to public usts, without his own consent, or that of of freedom in a state: it ought, therefore, to be inriola- the representative body of the people. Nor are the in- biy preserved. h.abitants of this state controllable by any other laws 23. Retrospective laws are highly icjurious, oypres- than those to which they, or their representative body, sive, and unjust. No such laws, therefore, should be havegivtn their consent. made, either for the decision of civil causes, or thepun- 13. No person whoisconacienciouslyscruptilonsabout ishment ofoffcnces. the lawfntnessof bearing arms, shall be compelled there- 24. A well regulated militia is the proper, n&turalf to, provided he will pay an equivalent. and sure defince, of a state. 14. Every citizen of this state is entitled to a certain 25. Standing armies are dangerous to liberty, and remedy, by having recourse to the laws for all injuries ought not to be raised, or kept up, withoyt the consent he may receive in his person, property, or character; to of the legislature. obtain right and justice freely, without teiiig obligerinciples in the choice of their officers and representatives: And they have a rij,'ht to require of their lawgivers and magistrates an exact aiid constant observance of them in the formation and execution of the laws necessary for the good administration of the go- ▼ernraent. PART 2. rORM OF fiOTEIlXMEJfT. The people inhabiting the territory formerly called the province of New Hampshire, do hereby solemnly and mutually agree with each other to form 'themselves into a free, sovereign, and independent bod) politic, or state, by the name of the Slate of New Hamp.ilure. rexehal coniT. The supreme legislative power, within this state, shall be vested in the senate and house of representatives, each of which shall have a negative on the other. Th* senate and horse shall assemble every year on the last Wednesday of October,and a. such other times as th-y may judge necessary; and shall dissolve, and be dissolved, sevtn days next preceding the said last Wednesi'ay of October ; and shall be styled The Gene- ral CouTi of Neiu /fampj Aicf. The general conr' shall for ever have full power end authority to erect and constitute jndicatcrits and courts of record, or other courts, tobe'hoklen in ih^' name of the state, for the hearing, trj-ing, and determitig ali nianntr of crimes, offences, pleas, processes. ])laints, ac- tions, catises. matters, and things whatsoi ver, arising or hapjieuing within this state, or between or conceroing perscns inhabiting or residing, or brought within the same, whether the same be criminal or civil, o ■ whether the crimes be c.ipital or noi capital, and whether the said pleas be real, persona!, or mixed -. and for awarding and issuing extciition thereon. To which einiits ai 3 judicatorit?, are hereby given and granttd, fuli pouer and authority, from time to time, to adininiter oaths or affirmations, for the bttter discovery of truth in any matter in controversy, r.rdt pending l>if re them. And farther, fn I' pcwi rand authority ar> henby given and granted to th» said gtm ni court, from time to^time, to make, oidnin, and establish all ninnner of w holesonie and veasonable orders, laws, statutes, ordinances, direc- tions, and instructions, may judge tor the Ixnefit and welfare of tl.is state,«nd for the govei-ningand ordering then of, and of the ciliaens of the same, for the necessary sup- port and defence i;f the government 'hereof; and to ii.".me and settle annually, or provide by fixed laws for the naming and settling all ci\il officers within this slate: such officers excepted, the election and aispoint- n.ent of whom are hereafter in this form of government otherwise provided for : and to set forth the si veral du- ties, powei', Hiid liiiiit''. of the seveia' civi; and military officers of this state,;) ml the forms of such oaths or affiiin- alions as shall he respectively administered unto them, for the execution of their several offices and places, so as the sami' be not repuLiiant or contraiyto this consti- tution ; and also to impose fines, mn'cts, imprisonments, and other punishments ; and to ii^ipose and levy pro- portional and reasoi^able assessments, rates, and taxes upon all the inhabitants of, and residents within, the said state; and upon all esttites within the same; to be issued and dispoied of by warraiu, under the hand of the goven-.orof this s ate for the time being, with the ad- vice and consent of the council, for the public service, in 'he ni cessary defence and support of the government of this state, anil the protection and preservation of the citizens thereof, according to such acts as are or shall be, ii'.itbrce within the same. And while the public charges of government, or any ; nrt thereof, slmll be assessed on jioin mid estates, in the II anner that lia» been heretofore practistd, in order that f iiih assessments may be made with equality, tbereshall l.e a valuation of the estates within the state, taken anew < nee in every five years at least, and as much oftener as the general court shall order. No member of tfii general courts shal^ake fees, be of c( tinsel or act as advocate, in any causp before either b-aach of the lef;islntiiie ; and upon due proof thereof, sneli member shall forfeit his se.tt in the legislature. 'i he doors of tlie galleries of each house of the legisla- ture shall be kept open to all persons who behave de' cently,exceptwhen the welfare of the state, in the opin- ion of either branch, shall require secrecy. The senate shall consistof thirteen members, who shall hold their offices for one year, from the last Wednesday of October next ensuing their election. And that the state may be equally represented in the senate, the legislature shall, from time to time, divide the state into thirteen districts, as nearly equal as may be without dividing to ivns and unincorporated places; and in making this division, they shall govern themselves by the proportion of public taxes paid by the said districts, j and timely make known to the inhabitants of the state m the limits of each district. " The freeholders and oiher inhabitants of each district, qualified as in this constitution is (irovided, shall annu- ally give in their votes for a senator, at some meeting holden in the month of March. The senate shall be the first branch ofthe ICgialaturc: and the senators shall be chosen in the following man- ner, viz. Every male inhabitant of each town, and pa- rish with town privilejjes, and places unincorporated, in this stRte,oftwenty-one years of age and upwards,except- ing paupers and persons excused from paying taxes at their own reqiiestjShall have a right,at the annual or other meetings of the inhabitants of said towns and pnrishes, to be duly warned and holden annually for ever in the month of March, to vote in the town or parish wherein he dwells, for tlw' senators in the county or district whereof he is a member. Provided, nevertheless, that no person shall be capable of being elected a senator, who is not seized of a freehold estnte, in his own right, ofthe Taiue of two hundred poiiiids, lying within this state, who is not of the age of thirty year'i. and who shall not have been an inhabitant of this state for seven years immediatelj preceding his election, and at the time thereof he shall bean inhabi- tant of the district for which he shall be chos n. And every person, qualified as the constitution pro- Tides, shall be considered an inhabitant for the piirpose of electing or beinpelected into any office or place with- in this state, in the town, parish, and plantation, where he dwei'eth. and hath his home. And the inhabitants of plantations and places uuin- corpnraitd. qua fied as this constitution provides, who are or shall be required to assess taxes upon themselves, towards the support of government, or shsll be taxed therefor, shall have the same privilege ol voting for se- nators. in the plantations and placeswhei-ein they reside, as the inhabitants of the respective towns and parishes aforesaid hHve. And the meetings of such plantations and places for that purpose shall be hi Iden annually in the month of March, at such places respectively therein as the assessors thtreof shall direct • which assessors shall have like authority for notifying the electors, collecting and returning the votes, as the seSectsien and town clerks have ill their si vi-rat towns by this constitution. The meetings for the choice of governor, council, and senators, sliail he warned, by warrant, from the select- men, and governed by a moilerator, who shall, in the prist nee of the selectmen, (whose duty it shall be to at- tend.; in 0]>en meeting, receive the votes of ail the inha- bitants of such towns and p.irishes present,and qualified to vote for senators; and shall, in said meetings, in pre- sence ofthe said selectmen and of the town clerk, in said meeting, sort and count the said votes, and make a pub- lie declaration thereof, with the name of every jierson voted for, and the number of votes for each jierson : and the 'own clerk shnl! make a fair record of the same at large, in the tow n book, and shall make out a fairattest- ed copy thereof, to be by him sealed ii]), and directed to the secretary ofthe state, with a superscription, exjiress- iiig the purport thereof : and the said tnwn clerk shall cause such attested copy to be delivered to the sheriff of the county in which such town or parish shall lie. forty days at least before the last Wednesday of October ; or to the secretary of the state at least thirtydays before the said last Wednesday of October • and the sheriff of each county, or his deputy, shall deliver all such certificates by hini received, into tlie secretary's office, at least thirty days before th" last Wednesday of October. And that there may be a due meeting of senators on the last Wi dnesday of October annually, the governor, and H majority of the council for the time being, shall, as soon as ma\ be. examine the returned copies of such records, and, fourteen days before tht said ast Wednes- day of October, he shall issue his summons to such per- sons as appear to be chosen senators by a majority of votes, to attend and lake their seats on that day. Provided, nevertheless. That for the first year the said returned copies shall be examined by the presid(*nt a;id CONSTITUTION OF NKW HAMPSHIRE. 2i ft majovify nf tbe'coimcil then in office: Aml^the said prtsident shalt, in lilersons elect- ed, to attend and tak ■ I'dir s' ais ntt-ording-lj. And ill cas- iheit "hall not ai>|>rav to bi- a senator elected by a iiiajf.n!> of votes fur ait\ d -ti-ii'l, the dt fi- ciency sliail be supplied in the fa!l eleet by joint ballot the stnal(,r wanted for such lU'Oiis behaviour, or bj threatening or ill treating any of its membei-s; or by obstructing its deliberations- every person guilty of a breach of its piiviUge^, in makinp: arrests (or debt, or by assau ting any nieniber durine: his auendance at any session; in assaultingordisturbing anyone of its officers in the execution of any order or procedmeof the house; in assaultinf; any witness or other person ordered to at- tend by, and during his attendance on, the house ; or in rescuing any person arrested by order of the house, knowing them to be such. The senate, governor, and council, shall have the same powers in like cases: pro- vided that no imprisonment by either for any offence exceed ten days, Tlie journals of the proceedings, and all the public actsof bi> ernqr or council who made the same. The captains and subalterns in the respective regi- ments shall be nominated by the field officers, and if ap- proved by the'governor. shall he appointed by liini. Whenever thcchair of ihe governor shall become va- cant, by reason of his death, absence from the state, or otherwise, the president of the senate shall, during such vac incy, have and exeicis" all ihe powers and authori- ties which, by this constitution, the governor is vested with, when personally present ; but wiien the presid.ii.' of the senateshall exercise the office of governor, he sluill not hold his office in the senate. The governor, with the advice of council, shall have full po'vei and authority in the recess of the general court, to proi' gue the same, from time to time, not ex- ceeding seven months, in any one recess of said court ; and during the session of said coart, to adjourn or pro- rogue it to any time the two houses may desire, and to call it together sooner than the tiine to which it may be adjouruedorproroguedjif the welfiire of the state should require the same. The governor of this state, for the time being, shall be comiiiaiiderin chief of the army and navy, and all the militaiy forces of the state, by sea and land; and shall have full power, by himself, or by any chief commander, or other officer or officers, from time to time, to train, instruct, exercise, and govern the militia and nav)' ; and for the special defence and safety of this state, to assem- ble in martial array, and put in warlike posture the in- habitants thereof, and to lead and conduct them, and with them to encounter, repulse, repel, resist, and pur- sue, by force of arms, as well by sea as by land, within and without the limits of this state; and also to kill, slay, and destroy, if necessary, and conquer, by all fitting ways, enterprises, ai d means, all and every such person and persons", as shall at any time hereafter, in a hostile manner, attempt or enterprisi- the destruction, invasion, detriment, or annoyance of this state; and to use aiid exercise, over the army and navy,and over the militia in actual service, the law martial, in time of war or inva- sion, and also in rebellion, (declared by the legislature to exist,) as occasion shall necessarily require : and sur- prise, by all ways and means whatsoever, all and every such person or persons, u itli their ships, arms, aramuni- tion,:iiid othergooarlicular exinessions contained therein, descriptive of the offence or offences intended to be jiardoned. • * No officer, duly commissioned to command in the militia, shall be removed froni his office, but by the ad- dress of both houses to the governor, or by fair trial in court martial, pursuant to the laws of the state for the time being. The commanding olieers of regiments shall appoint their adjutants and quarlcrmasteris: the brigadiers, their brigEfde majors ; the mnior generals tlieir aids ; the cap- tains and subalterns, their non-commissioned officers. The governor,and council, shall appoint all officers of the continental army, w hom (by the confederation of the United Stales) it is provided that this state shall appoint; as also all officers of Ibrts ami garrisons. The division of the .militia into brigades, regiments, and companies, made in pursuance of the militia laws now in force, shall be considered as the proper divisions of the militia of this state, until the same shall be altered bj some future la«'. No moneys shall be issued out of the treasury of this state, and disposed of except such sums as maybe ap- ptopriated for the ledeniption of bills of credit or trea- .siirer's notes-, or for Ihe i>aynienl of interest arising there- on, by warrant, under Ihe hand of the governor for the time being, by and with the advice and consent of the council, for thi^ necessai-y support and defe^nceof this state, and for the necessary protection and preservation of the inhabitants thereof, agreeably to the acts and resolves of the genera! court. All public ho.irds, the commissary general, all super- intending offieei-s of public magazines and stores, be- longing to this slate, and all commanding officers of forts and garrisons \\ ithin the same, shall, once in every three months, o){lcia!ly, and h itliout requisition, and at other times when required by the governor, deliver to him an accoilnt of all goods, stores, pi-ovisions,ammnni- tion, cannon, with ilicir appendages, and small arms, with their accoutrements, and ofall Other ixiblic proper- ty under their care respectively ; distinguishing the quaniityand kind of each, as particularly as may be; together with the condition of sudi forts and garrisons.: and the commanding officer shall exhibit to the govern- or, when required by hiui, true and exact plans of such forts, and oi the laud and sea, or hi'.rbour or harbours adjacent. The governor and council shall be compensated for tin ir services from time to time, by such grants as the general court shall think reasoiiabh . Permanent and honouiable salaries shall be ostabHsIi- cd by law for the justices of tlie supreme court. CONSTITUTION OP NEW HAMPSHIRE. 23 COTJKCII. ^'" ^''^ "^^ °^ *^^ *'^^*-'' '"'^ ^^^ punctual performance of his trust. There shall lie aninially electedj by ballot, five coun- COUNTY TllEAStinKR 8cc. scllors, for advising tlif governor in the txecutivi- j)art ' ' of the governmeni. t he freeholders and other inliabi- The county treasurers, and registers of deeds, shall tants in each county, qualified to vole for senators, shall, be elected by the inhabitants of ilie several towns in the sometime in ilie nionih of March, give in their votes for several counties in the state, aocorduig to the method one counsellor; which voles shall be received, sorted, now practised, and the laws of ilie slate, counted, certified, and returned to the sccretao's office, Provit/eil, nevcrt/iekss. The iegislatiire shall have an- in the same manneras the votesfor senators, to he by the thorily to alter the manner of certifying the vott-s, and secretary laid before tlie senate and house of represeuta- tlie mode of electing these officers ; but not so as to de- livts, on the last Wednesday in October. pri\e the people ot the right the) now have of electing And the person ha\ ino: a inajcnity of votes in any coun- them, tv shall be considered as duly elected a counsellor ; but And the legislature, on the application of the major if no person shall have a majoriuof votesin mi v county, part of the inhabitants of any county, shall have autho- the senate and house of representativts siiall "tal;e tlk- rity to divide the same into two districts for registering names of tlie two pi-rsons who have the highest number deeds, if to them it shall appear necessary ; each district of votes in each county and not elected, and outof those to elect a register of deeds : and before they enter upon two shall elect, bv.joiiit ballot, the counsellor wanted for the business of their office, shall be respectively sworn such county. ' liiithfully to discharge the duties thereot, and shall seve- Pruvldeil,nevcrlhekss, Thatno person shall be capable rally give bonds, with sufficient sureties, in a reasonable of being elected a counsellor who has not an estat.; of the sujii, for the useof the county, for the punctual perform- value of five hundred pounds w iihin this state, three aiice of their respective trusts, hundred pounds of which (or r.iore) shall be a f. eehold IL'DICIAUY POWER in his own right, and who is not thirtv years of age; and who shall not have hn-n an inhabitant of this state for It shall be the duty of the general court to make a re- seven yeai-s immediately preceding his election ; and at form in the judiciary sysltm, that justice may be admi- the time of his election an inhabitant of the county in nistered in a more cheap and expeditious manner than which he is elected. " is now practised, and that no pailj- shall have a review The secretary shall annually, seventeen days before afterthe cause has been determinedagainsthimlwice by the last Wednesday in October, give notice of the choice jury, of persons elected.' The general court is hereby empowered to make al- If any pei-son shall be elected g-.- emcr, or memberof teratious in the power of jurisdieiion of die courts of either branch of the legislature, and shall not accept the common pleas, and general sessions of the peace, respec- trust;or if any person ekcttda counsellor shall refiiseto lively; or, if they shall judge it necessarj for the public accept the office ; orin Ciise of the death, resignation, or good, to abolish those courts, or either ot them, and in- removal of any counsellor out of the state, the governor vest such other courts, as tliej may establish, with the may issue a precept for the election of a new counsellor jurisdiction and powers now vested in the court of com- in that county where such vacancy shall hajipen : and mon pleas, and courts of general sessions otthe peace,as the choice shall be in the same manner as bei ne direct- the general court may, from time to time, judge expedi- ed: and the governor shall have full powerand authori- ent for the due administration of law and justice, ty to convene the council, from lime to lime, at his dis- And it shall be the duly of the general court to vest in cretion; and, with them, or the majority of them, may, such court or couits of law, as to them may appear ex- and shall, from time to timejho>d a council, fiir ordering pedient, the power of granting new trials, or a inal after and directing the affairs of the slate according to the judgment, eiiher upon verdict of a jury, default, non- laws of the land. suit, orcomp.aint, for affirmation of judgment, n» all The members of the council maybe impeached by the cases where substantial justice has not been do.'ie, except house, and tried by the senate, for bribery, corruption, as belore excepted, in such manner, and mule r such re- malepraclice, or malcadministratiou. strictions ami regulations, as to the general court may The Its jiutions and advice of the council sliall be re- appear for the public good; provided, application be corded by the secretarj', in a register, and signed by all made for sucli review oimrial within one ) ear from the the members present agreeing tliereio ; and this record rendition of Judgmeijs. may be called for at any time i)y either house of the le- For ihc more eilectual preserving llie proper separa- gislature ; and any member of ihe council may enter his tion of the thiee great powers of go\ ernment, agreeably opinion contrary to the resolutions of the majority, with to the ihirtj -seventh article in tiie bill of rights, the jiow- the reasons for such opinion. er of hearing and deciding in cases of equit) , shall be The legislature maj',if the public good shall hereafter vested either in some judicial court or courts, or in some require it, divide the suite into five districts, as nearly court to be established specially for that jiuriiose : pro- equal a< may b.> governing themselves by the numberof vided no power shall be granted to any sucii courts, in- rateable polls, anil proportion of public taxes : each dis- compatible with the bill of rights and constitution. And trict to elect a counsellor ; and in case of such division, the pow ers of sr.id court shad be limited and defined by the manner of the choice shall be conformabie to the express laws; and no suit in equity shall be sustained jiresent mode of election in counties. where clear and adequate remedy may be had at law. And whereas the elections appointed to be made by 'Ihe genera: court are empoui red to give to jitsiices this constitulion, on the last Wednesday of October an- of the peace jurisdiction in civil causes, when thv dania- iiuall}', by the two houses of the legislature, may not be ges demanded shall not t\ctiri.l four floundi; and title of completed on that day, the said elections may be ad- real esuue is not concerned ; but with right of ajjpeal to journed from day lo day, until the same may be com- either party to some other court, so that a trial by jury pleted ; and the order of ihe elections shall be as follows: in the last lesori may be had. the vacancies in the senate, if any, shall be fim filled up; No person shall hold the office of a judge in any courf, the governor shall then he elected, providird there shall or judge of probate, or sheriff of aiiy counn , after he be no choice of him by the ^leojile ; and afterwards the has attained the age of seventy years, two houses shall proceed to fill up the vacancy, if any. No judge of any court, or justice of the peace, shall in the council. ' act as attorney, or be of counsel, to any party, or origi- nate any civil suit, in matters which shall come or be SECnETAUY, TREASUBER, COMMISSARY GEKE- brought before him as judge, or justice of the peace. UAL SiC ■'^" 'uatters relating to the proliate of wills, andgrant- ing letters of adminisliation, siiall be exercised By Ihe The secretary, treasurer, and commissary general, judges of probate, in such niamier as the legislature have shall be chosen by joint ballot of the senators and repre- directed, or may hereafter direct ; and the judges of seniatives, afisembled in one room. probate shall hold their courts at such place or places, The records of the state shall be kept in ihe office of on such fixed days as theconvenieucy of the people may thesecretary,and he shall attend the governor and coun- require, and the legislature from time lo time appoint, cil, the senate and representatives, in person, orbyde- No judge or register of prohate shall be of counsel, puty, as they may r< quire. act as advocate, or receive any fees as advocate or coun- The secretary of ihe state shall, at ail times, have a sel, in any [)roliate business which is jiendiiig, or may be deputy, to be b^nrn appointed ; for whose conduct in bruughi into any eourt of probate in thecountj of which office he shall be re-poiisible. And in case of the death, heis judge or register. leraoyal, or inability of the secretary, his deputy shall r i r n .r e wl<'df?caiid learniiitr, g^'nel•aUy diifiistd through a comiiiuiiity, being es»cnii.i! to thi jiii-strvatioii of a fvef govt rnii'unt ; and spVLadiiig thi. i>ppariuj".itii-s asid adiaiitagis of edcuatioii through thv various parts ol ihe countj'j , btirig iii^hiy coudiifive to promute this end : it ehail bt th. doty oi the legisiato:sand magistvatrs, iu ail futun periods of this govermutnt, to elu-nsli the inteii st of litemiure and the sciences, ami aa senuiiarKs aii, industry and economy, honesty and punctuality, sinci lit), sobri- ety, and all social affectious ajid generous sentiments among the p* opie. Oath and snbsiiijdions ; exclusion from offices ; commii- sioiis ; ivrifs ; conjinnwiuii ■J'laivs ; habeas corpus ; tlie enactiuij styie ; cuntlnuance of uffueis ; piuvtsioii for a future 7-eviscon of the institution, drc. Any pi rson chosen govtrnor, counsellor, senator, or representative, ni or civii officer, (town ufficeis excepted,) accepting the trust, shad, before he proceeds to execute the duties of his office, make and subseriOe «he following declaration, viz. I, A B, do solemnly Svvear, that 1 will bear faith and true alii glance to the state ot New Hampshire, and Will support the constitution thereol. So litlp me God. I, A B, do solemnly and sincerely swear and affirm, that 1 will faithfully and impartially dischargf and perform al. the duties incumbent on me as according to the best of n.y abilitirs. agreeably to the rules and regulations of this eon.titution, and the laws of the state of New Hampshire. So l.tlp me God. Any person having taken and subscribed the oath of allegiance, and the same being filed in the secretary's offlc' , he shall not be obliged to take said oatli again. Pruviikd always, Whenany person chosen or appoint- ed as atbie»aid, shall be of the denomiiiaiioii called (Qua- kers, or shall be scrupulous of swearing, and shall de- dine taking the said oaths, sueli^ghal! take and subscribe them, omitting tlie word swciir. and likew is,.- llie words BO help me G(i(/,sui>joiiiiiig iiibt>ad fliereof,tAii IdounUer the pains and ptnaltics if perjury. And the oaths or affiruialioiis shall be taken and sulv scribed by the governor, before the president of the se- nate, in "presence of both housi s of the legislature, and by the senators and represeiitJitives first elected under this constitution, as altered and amended, before the president of the state, and a m;ijority of the council t ,en in office, and for ever afcerwards before the governor and council for the fnm being ; and by all ofherofficers, before such persons, and in such manner as the legisla- ture shall from time to time appoint. All commissions shall be in the name of the state of New Hampshire, signed by the governor, and attested by the secretary or his deputy, and shall have the great seal of the state affixed thereto. All writs issuinn out of the clerk's office in any of the courts of law, shall be in the name of the state of New Hampshire ; shall be under the seal of the court whence they issue, and bear test of the chief, first, or senior jus- tice of the court; but when such justice shall bei;iterest- ed, then the writ shall bear test of some oiher justice of the court, to which the same shall be returnable; and be sigiitd by the clerk of such court. All indictments, presentments, and informations, shall conclude, against the peace and dignity of the state. The estiUe of such persons as may destroy their own lives,shkll not, for that otfence,be forfeited, but descend or ascend in the same manner as if such pei-sons had died in a natural way. Nor shall any article which shaU accidentally occasion the death of any person, be hence- forth deemed a tleodand, or in anywise forfeited on ac- count of such misfortune. All the laws w hich have herelolbre been adopted, used, and approved, in the province, colony, or state of New Hampshire, and usually practised on in the courts of law, shall remani and be in full force until altered and ^^calf.d by the legislature: such parts thereof only ex- ^pted, as are repugnant to the rights and liberties con- tained in this constitution. : Provided that nothing lierc- jn contained, when coinpand with the twenty-third ar- ticle in the bill of rights, shall be construed to afiect tLe laws already made respecting the persons or estates of absentees. The privilege and benefit of the habeas corpus shall be enjoy, d in this state, in the most free, easy, eheap,ex- peditious, and amp e manner, and shall not In suspend- ed by ;h( legislate re, except upon the most urgetil and pressing occasions, and for a time not exceeding three months. , I'he enacting style, in liiaUing and passine; acts, sta- tutes, and laws, shall hi —Be it enacted by the senati and house oj represeii'alives, ingenerai court lojivened. No governor, oi judge oi the Mipi"' mejudicial court, shall hod any office or plaCf uiuh r the anti.urily oi this stale, e.Ncejn sucli as by this constiiution they are admit- ted to ho.u ; saving tha: the judges of the said court may hold I he offices of justice of the peace throughout the state ; nor sha.l they hoii any place or office, or leceive any pension or salary , from any other state, governnieiit, or power whati ver. No person shall be capable of exercising, at the same time, more than one of the following offices within this state, viz. judge of probate, sheriff, register of deeds; and never more than two offices of profit, which may be held by appointment of the governor, or govei'norand council, or senate and house of representatives, or supe- rior or inferior cour.s, railitarj offices, and offices of jus- tices of the peace, excepted. No person holding the ffice of judge of any court, (except special j udges,) secretary, treasurer of the state, attorney general, commissary general, military officers receiving pay from the coi.tiiieiit or this state, (t ac pt- ingoffic is ot' the mil i til ecasionaily called lorth on an e.'uernency,)register of deeds, sheriff, ov officers oi the custoius, including iiava, officers, collectors ot excise, and state and coulmental taxes, hereafter appointed, and not having settled their :a our othi r dominions and territoiies have; and to create o make them a body politic or corporate, witli the powers and piivileges hereinafter mentiiined. And, accordingiy, oov will and pleasure is, and ofotirespecial grace, certain knowledge, and mere nmtien, we have ordain«l. constituted, and declared, and, by these pre- sents, for us, our hei s, and successors, do ordain, consti- tute, and declare, that they, the said William Brenton, Wihiam Codington, Nicholas Easton, Benedict Arnold, William Roulston. John Porter, Samuel Gonon, John Smith, John Weekes, Roger Williams, Thomas Olney, Grec;ory Dexter, .lohn Cog'shail. .Joseph Clarke, Ran- liall Hiiiildin, John ■ one, John Ronme, William Dyre, Samurl Wiklbore, Richard Tew, AVillinm Field, Tho- mas Karris. James Barker, Rainsborrow, — — . Williams, and John Nickso;i, and all such others as are now, or hereafter shall be, admitted free of the company and society of oin- colony of Providence Plantations, in the NariT.gan^et Bay, in New England, s'lnll be, from time to time, and for evei- hereafter, a body eoi-[ioraie and p^ilitic, in fact and name, by the n:inie ui'Tliet^over- 1101- anil cdinprmy nf the Eui;li It colon;/ of Rhode Island and Providence Plant at ion.i, in N, re Enf;(n!id. hi Ameri- ca; anil th:it liy the same name they and their successors shall and may have perpetual succesdon, and shall and may he persons able and capable in the law to sue aiu! he sued, to plead and be impleaded, to answer and to be answered unto, to defend and to be defindcd, in all and sineuSar -ults. cause?, quarrels, nutters, actions, and -CHARTER OP RHODE ISLAND. thin]3:s,of«iiat kind and iiatiiie soever ; andaUoloIiavc, take, possess, acquire, and purchase lands, ten<;inents,or hertditams-iits. or any goods or chattels, and the same to lease, grant, d( niiso. alien, bargain, sell, and dispose of, at their own «ill and pleasure, is other our liege pcop'e of this our realm of England, or any corporation or body politic within the same, may lawfully do. And further, that they, the said go\ emor and compa- ny, and their successors, shall and may, for ever hereaf- te'r, have a common seal, to serve and u^e for all matters, causes, things, and affairs whatsoever, of them and their succcssots : and the same seal to alter, ehantce. break, and make nt w, from time to liit-e, at tlieir will and plea- sure, as thtv shall think fit. And further, we will and ordain, and, by these pre- sents, for t!s, our heirs, and successors, declare and ap- point, that, for the better ordering; and manacitipr of the affairs and business of the said company and their suc- cessors, there sljall be one ftO\'ernor, one deputy govern- or, and ten asssistants, to be from time to time constitu- ted, elected, and chosen, out of the freemen cf the said company, foi the lime being, in such manner and forni as is hereafter in these presents expressed; which Siiid officers shall apply themselves to take care for the best disposing and orderine: of the general b:isiness and af- fairs of, and concerning the lands and hereditaments liereiiiafter mentioned to be granted, and the plantation thereof, and the government of the people there. And, for the better execution of our royal pleasure herein, we do, for us, our heirs, and successors, assigii, 7)ame, constitute, and appoint the aforesaid Beneilict Arnold to be the first and present governor of the said coin-pany ; and the said William Brenton to be the depu- ty governor ; and thesaiil AViiliam IJoulston, John Por- ter, Roger Willi,ams, Thomas OIney, John Smitli,_John Greene, John Cogeshall, James Barker, William i-'ield, and Joseph Clarke, to bo the ten present assistants of the said company, to continue in the said several ofiices re- spectively, until the first Wednesday which shall be in the moath of May now next coming. And further, we will, and by these presents, for us, our t.eirs, and successors, do ordain and grant, that the governor of the said company, for the time b' ing, or. in his absence, by occasion of sicI:Ts, times, and places of meet- ing and general assembly, as they shall think fit ; and to choose, nominate, and appoint such and so many per- sons as they 'ihall think fit,a)id shall be willing to accejit the same, to be free of the s;iid eoTnnany and body poli- tic, antl them into the same to admit; and to elect and constitute such offices and officers, and to grant sueh needful commissions as theyshall think fit and requisite, for ordering, managing, and despatching of the affairs < f the said governor and company, and their succtssors: and fram time to time to make, ordain, constitute, and repesjj, such laws, ^talutts, orders, and ordinances, forms, and ceremonies of government and magistracy, as to thtJin shall seem mcctj fuv i.he good and w elfare of the said company, and for t'le government and ordering of the lands and hereditaments herein after mentioned to be gianted, and-of the people that do, or at any time hereafter shall, inhabit or be within the same ; so as such laws, ordinances, and eonstitutiens, so made, be not con- trary and repugn<;nt unto, but (as near as may be) agree- able to the laws of this our .-ealm of England, consider- ing the nature and constitution of tlie place and people there ; and also to appoint, order, and direct, erect and settle such places and courts of jurisdiction, for hearing and deterniiningofall actions, cases, matters, and things, happening within the said colony and plantation, which shall be in dispute, and depending there, as theyshall think fit ; and also to distinguish and set forth the seve> ral names and titles, duties, powers, and limits, of each court, office, and officer, superior and inferior; and also to contrive and appoint such forms of oaths and attest- ations, not repugnant, but (as nearas maybe) agreeable, as aforesaid, to the laws and statutes of this our realm, as are convenient and requisite, with respect to the due ad- ministration of justice, and due execution and discharge of all offices and places of trust, by the persons that shall be therein coticeiT.ed ; and also to regulate and order the way and manner of al! elections to offices and places of trust, ami to prescribe, limit, and distinguish the numberand bounds of all places, towns, and cities, with- in the limits and bounds herein aftermentioned,andnot herein partictilarly named, that have or shall have the pow er of electing and sendhtg of freemen to the said general assembly; and also to order,direct,and authoinze the imposing of lawful and reasonable fines, mulcts,ini- prisonment, and, executing other punishments, pecuni- ary and co!-poral, upon offenders and delinquents, ac- cording to the course of other corporations, within this our kingdom of England ; and again, to alter, revoke, annul, or pardon, under their common seal, or nther- wise,such fines, mulcts, imprisonments,sentences, judg- ments, and condemnations, as shall be thought fit ; and to direct, ritle, order, and dispose of all other niatteis and things, and particularly that which relates to the making of pin-chases of the native Indians, as to ihein shall seem meet ; whereby our said people and ii'habi- tants in the said plantations, may be so religiously, peace- ably, and civilly governed, as that, by their good life, ami orderly conversation, they may win and incite the native Indians of the country to the knowledge and obe- dience of the only true God and Saviour of mankind; w iliing, commanding, and by these presents, for us, our heirs,ar.d successors, ordaining,and appointing, that all sttch laws, st.itutes, orders, and ordinances, instructions, impositions, and directions,asshallbeso madebythe go- vernor, deptity, assistant, and freemen, or such number of them as aforesaid, and published in writing under their common seal, shall he carefully and duly observed, kept, performed, and put in execution, according to the true intent and meaning of the same. And these our 1( tters jjatcnt, or the duplicate of exemplification there- of, shall be, to all and ev^y such officers, superior or in- ferior, fVom time to time, for the putting of the same or- ders, laws, statutes, i.idim^nees, instructions, and direc- tions indue execution, against us, our heirs, and succes- sors, a sufficient warrant and discharge. And fiirilur, our will ard pleasure is, and we do hereby, for Us, our heirs, and successors, establish and ovdain, that yearly, once in the year for ever hereafter, nauiely, tlie aforesaid Wednesday in May, and at the town of Nenjiort, or elsewhere, if urgent occasion do require, the governor, deputy governor, and assistants, of thcsKid company, and other officers of the said com- pany, or such of them as the general assembly shall think fit, shall be in the said general court or assembly, tote held from that day or time, newly chosen for the year ensuing, by the greater part of the said company for the time being, as shall be then there present. Andif itshall iiappen tliat the jiresent governor, deputy governor, and assistants, by th( se presents appointed, or any such as shall hereafter he newly chosen into their respective roimis, or any of them, or any other of the officers of the said coni]CTny, shall die, or be removed from his or their several offices or places, before the said general day of election, (whom we do hereby declare for a misdemean- or or default tube removable bythe governor, assistants, and company, or such greater partof them, in any of the said public courts to be assembled as aforesaid) that then ai'd in every such case, it shall and may be la'^vful to and for the said governor, deputy governor, assistants, and company aforesaid, or such greater part of them, so to 1)C assembled, as is aforesaid, in any of their assemblies, to proceed to a new election of one or more of their company in the room or place, rooms or places, of such ofllcer or officers, so dying, or removed, according to their directions. And immediately upon or after such election or elections made of such g'oreriicr, deputy go- CHARTER OF RHODE ISLAND. vcmov, assistant or assistants, ov any otlier ofBcer of tlie said company, in niauner and loini aforesaid, the auilio- rity, office, and power, before given to tlielbrmer gover- nor, deputy governor, and otlier oflieer or officers so re- moved, in wliose stead and place nv.v s)iall be chosen, shall, as to hiai and them, and every of them respec- tively, cease and determine : Provided always, and our will and pleasure is, that as wel sueli asare by tliesi; pre-sents appointed to be the present (governor, deputy ^vernor, and assistants of the said company, as those V'faicli shall succeed (hem,and al hither ofiicei-s to be ap- pointed and chosen as aibresaid, shall, before the under- taking the execution of the said offices and places re- spectively, {fire their solenni encja^ement, by oath or otherwise, for the due ami faithful performance of their duties, in their several offices and piacis, belbre such person or persons as are by these present!) hereafter ap- pointed to lake ami receive the same : that is to say, the said Benedict Arnold, who is herein before nominated and appointed the present gu\ernor of the said eomjia- ny, shall (five the aforesaid engagement before William }5reuton, or any two of the said assistants, of the said company, unto whom we do by these presents give full power and authority to require and receive the same : and the said William Breiiton, who is hereby before Hominated and appointed the present deputy governor of the saidcompany,shall (five tlr aroivsaid engagement belbre the said Benedict Arnold, or any two of the assist- ants of the said company, unto w horn we do,by these pie- sents, give full power and authority to require and re- ceive the same: and the said William Boulston, John I'orter, Roger Williams, Thomas Olney, .loUn Smith, .'ohn Greene, John Cogeshall, James Barker. \Villi:im Field, and Josepli Clarke, w lio are herein befon- uomi- nated and appointed the present assistants, of the com- pany, shall give the said engagement to tlieiroftic.es and jilaces respectively beloiitfing, before the said Benedict Arnold and William Ureatoii, or one of ilieiu, to w lioiii respectively we do hereby give full powei- and uutliority to require, administer, or receive the same : anil further, our w ill ami pleasure is, that all and every other I'ulure governor, or deputy governor, to be elected and cliosen by virtue of these presents, shall givethesaid engage- ]nent before t\\ o or more of the said assistants of the said company,(br the time being, unto w hom we df>,^y these presents, give full iiower and authority to requite, ad- minister, or receive the'same: and the said assistants, and every of them, and ail and evei7 other officer or of- ficers, to be hereafter elected and chosen by virtue of lliese presents, from time to time, shall give the like en- gagements to their offices and places respectively be- longing, before the governor, or deputy governor, for the time being, unto which the said governor, or deputy governor, we do by these presents give full power and authority to require, administer, or receive the same ac- cordingly. And we do likewise, for ns, our heirs and successors, j^ive and grant unto the said governor and company and their successoi-s, by these presents, that for the more peaceably and orderly government of the said i>lanta- tions, it shall and may be lawful fur the governor, depu- ty governor, assistants, and all other ollicers and minis- ters of the said company, in the ad miuislra lion of justice, and exercise of government, and the said (ilanlations, to use, exercise, and put in execution, such methods, or- ders, rules, and directions, (not being contrary and re- Iiugiianttothelawsand statutes of this our realm,) as lave been heretofore given, used, and accustomed in such cases respectively, to be put in practice, until at the next, or some other r^neral assembly, especial provision shall be made in the cases aforesaid. And we do further, for us, our heii-5 and successors, give and grant unto the said governor and company, and their successors, by these priseiits, that it shall and may be lawful to and tor the said governor, or, in his ab- sence, the deput> governor, and luajor part of the said assistants for the time being, at any iime, when the saiel general assembly is not sitting, to nominate, appoint, and constitute such and so many commanders, govern- ors,and military offieeisjas to them shall seem leouisite, for the leading, conducting, and training m> the nihabi- lants of the said jilantations in martial affairs, and for the defence and safeguard of the said jilaulations; that it shall and may be lawful to and for all and every such commander, governor, and militar)' officer, that shall be so as aforesaid, or by ihe governor, or, in his absence, the deputy governor, and six of tlie aisisiams, and major part of the freemen of said coin;jany, present at any ge- neral assemblies, nominated. uppuinud,;i:id coiistiiiited, according to th>: tPiior of !:•> and ih'.ir respective com- missions and directions, to a-.seiiilne, eseicise in aims, marshal, array, and put in warlike posture, the inhabi- tants of said colony, for their especial defence and safe- ty ; and to lead and conduct the said inhabitants, antl to encounter, repulse, and resist, by force of arms, as well by sea as by land, to kill, slay, and destroy, by all fitting ways, enterprises, and means whatsoever, all and every such person or pirsons as shall at any time hereafter at- tempt or enterprise the deslruclion, invasion, detriment, or annoyance of the said itihabltaiifs, or pluntations ; and to use and exercise the law marn.d, in such cases only as occasion may necessiuily recjuire ; and to take and surprise, by all ways and means w batsoever, all and every such person or persons, with their ship, or ships, armour, ainiuunition, or other goods of such persoin, as shall in hostile manner invah; and to build and set upon the waste land, belonging to thesaid colony and plantations, such w harves, stages, and work- houses, as shall be necessary for the salting, drying, and keejiing of their iisli, to be taken or gotten upon that coast. And further, for the encouragement of the inhabitants of our said colony of Providence Plantations to set upon the businessof taking whales,it sli.ill be lawful for them, or any of them, having struck a whale, dubertus, or other great (ish, it or them to pui-suc unto that coast, or into any ba)', river, co\e, creek, or shore, l)el9iigiDg thert'to, and itor them upon the said coast, or in the said bay, river, cove, creek, or shore, belonging thereto, to kill and order liir the best advantage, without molesta- tion, they making no wilful waste or spoil ; any tlii .jj in these presents contained, or aiij other matter or thing, I J ;!i'j contrary notwitlistanding. And furilio:r, also, we are graciously pleased, and do hereby declare, that (fsliiy of the inluiiitants of uursnid Colony lio set upon the planting of vineyards, (the soil and ei!:.iate both sce.ni.ig nuturaliy to coi>cur to tiie production of vines,) or be industrious in the discovery of fishing banks, in or about the said colony, we will. i-S f.HARTER OL' RHOlJK ISLAM). IVomtlme to time, j;lveaiKl allow all due and fitting- tn- couragemtiit theriin, as to otliers in cases of a like na'ure. And fuithevjofoiiv more ample grace, certain kiiow- lcdjje,and mere motion, we have given and grantetl.and by these presents, for us, our heirs, and suecessors, do give and grant to the said governor and company of tiie English colony of Khode Island and Providtuce Planta- tions, in the Narraganset Bay, in New P^ngland, in America, and to every inhabitant there, and to every person and persons trading thiilier, and to every such person or persons as are or sliall be free of the said colony , lull power and authority, from time to lime, and at all times hereafter, to take, sluj), trans jiort, and carry away out of any of our realms and dominioni, for and towards the plantation and dctence of the said colony, such and so many of our loving subjects and sir:inge;s,as sliail or ■win, willingly, atoompany- them in and to tlitir said co- lony and plantations, except sueli person or persons as arc or shall be therein restrained by U'., our heirs, and successors, or any law or statute of this realm : and also to ship and transport all and all manner uf gooiis, chat- tels, merchandise, and other ilmigs whaisoever, that are or shall be useful ornecessary for the said plantations, and defence thereof, and usually transport, d, and not prohibited by any law or slatuuol'lins our rcaan ; yield- ing and pa} ing unto us, our heirs, and successors, such duties, customs, and subsidies, as are or ought to be paid or payable for the same. And tiirtlier, our will and pleasure is, and we do, for us, our heirs,"and successors, ordain, uaiumacock, alias Pswcat lick, and the rest upon the mam iaud,in the tract aforesaid, together with Khode Island, Block Island, and all the rest of the islands and banks in Narraganset ba) , and bordering upon the coast of the tract atoresaul, (Fisher's Island only excepted,) tog.ther with all tirm lands, soils, grounds, havens, ports, rivers, waters, fish- ings, mints royal, and all other mines, niiuerals, precious stones, quarries, woods, wood-grounds, rocks, slates, and all and singular other commodities, jurisdictions, royal- ties, privileges, franchises, pre-eminencts, and hertdita- nients whatsoever, within the same tract, bounds, lauds, and islands aforesaid, to theoi or any of them belonging;. or in any wise appertaiiung : to have and to hold ihr same, unto the said gover;ior and company, and theit' successors for ever, upon trust, for the use and benefit of themselves and their associates, freemen of the said co- lony, their heirs and assigns ; to be holden of us, our heirs, and successoi"s,as of the manor of East Greenwicli, in our county of Kent, in five and common soccage, and notin capite, norby knight's service ;— yielding and pay- ing thereforto us, our heirs, and successors,only the fifth part of all the ore of gold and silver which, from time to time, ami at all times hereafter, shall be there gotten, had, or obtained, in lieu and satisfaction of all services, duties, fines, forfeitures, made or to be made, claims, or demands whatsoever, to be to us, our heirs, or succes- sors, therefore or thereabout rendered, made, or paid ; any grant or clause in a late grant to the governor antl company of Connecticut colony, in America, to the con- trary iheieof in any wise notwithstanding; the aforesaid Pawcatuck river having been yielded, after much de- bate, for the fixed and certain bounds betw een these our said colonies, by the agents thereof, whohave also agreed, that the said Pawcatuck river sh.ill also be called alias Narogancelt or Narraganset river, and to prevent future disputes that otherwise might arise thereby, for ever hereafter sliall be construed, deemed, and taken to be the Navragancelt river, in our late grant to Connecti- cut colon} , mentioned as the easterlv bounds of tliat co- lony. And further, oiir w ill and pleasure is, that, in all mat- ters of public controversies, vv liich may fi»ll out between our colony of Providence Plantations, to make their ap- peal therein to us, our heirs, and successors, lor redress in such Ciiscs, within this our realm of England ; a!ul that it shall be law ful to and for the inhabitants of the said (xilony of Providence Plantations, without let or molesiaiiun, }u pass and repass with freedom into and through the rest of the English colonies, upon their law- ful and civil occasions, and to converse and hold com- merce and trade with such of the inhubstants of our other English colonies, as shall Ixf willing to admit them thereunto, they behaving themselves peaceably among theni ; any act, clause, or sentence in any of the said co- lonies provided, or that shall be providetl, to the contra- ry in any w ise noiwitlisianding. And lastly, we do, for us, our heirs, and successors, or- dain and grant, unto the said governor and company, and tiR'ir successors, by these presents, that these our letters patent shall be firm, good, ert'ectual, and availa- ble, in all things in the law, to all intents, constructions, and purposes whatsoever, according to our true intent and meaning ht rein before declared, and shall be con- strued, reputed, and adjudged, in all cases most favour- able ui. the behalt, ami for the best benefit and behoof ol the said governor and company, aud their successors, although express mention, &.c. in witness, &c. Wiuiess, &c. Per IpiUiii Hcguni. [Tlie state of Khode Island and Providence Planta- tions has notassuiiied a form of government difTerent from that contained in the foregoing charter. For in that, the king ceded to the governor and company all powers, legislative, executive, and judicial, reserving to himself, as an acknortlednieut of Ids sovereignty, a ren- der of liie fifth part of the gold and silverore tliatshould be found w itliin the territory. The governor, chief ma- gistrates, and legislators, are chosen by the lieemen, as usual, and all judicial and executive otticers are annual- ly elected by the governor and company, or upper and lower house of assembly. All processes, original and judicial, formerly issued in the kuig's name, but they now issue in the name of the governor and compaii}. Ihe oaths of allegiance and of oific* are made contorm- able to tlie principles of the revolution. Ihe go\ ernor. in his legislative capacity, cannot givea negative to any act of the two houses ; but, in common with the other magistrates, has one voice only. 1 he state is divided into five counties,ineachof which there is a court of common pleas and genera! sessions of the peace, held twice every jear, for the trial of all causes not capital, that arise will, in their limits; from w hieh an appeal lies to the superior court ol judicature, court of assize and general jail delivery, whose juris- diction extends over the whole state, and who also sit twice a year in each county. The constitution admits not of religious establishments, any further than de- pends upon the voluntary choice of individuals. All men inofessiii" a belief in one Supreme Being, are equally protected°by the laws ; and no particular sect can claim pre-eminence.] CONSTITUTION OF CONNECTICUT. PREAMBLE. i l^- '^'o person shall be attainted of treason or fllony by the legialaturc. The people of Connecticut, acknowledging with gra- (. 16. The citizens have a right, in a peaceable man- tituile, the good providence uf God, in having permitted neV, to assemble for then- common good, and to apply to them toenjovaiiee government, do, in order more ef- those invested with ihe iiowers ol government lor rc- fectually to define, secure, and perpetuate the liberties, dress of grievances, or other proper purposes, by peti- rights, and privileges wliich they have derived from their tioii, address, or remonstrance. ancestoi-s, hereby, after a careful consideration and re- } 17. Every citi/.en has a right to bear arms in defence vision, ordain and establish the following constitution of himself and the state. and form of civil government. § 18. The military shall, in all cases, and at all times, bein strict subordination to the civil power. ARTICLE 1. 5 19' Nosoldiershall,iu time of peace, be quartered in an v house, without the consent of the owner ; nor in HECLAUATMN of BIGUTS. time of war, but in a mamier to be prescribed by law . ^ 20. No hereditary emoluments, privileges, or ho- Tbat the great and essential principles of liberty and nours, shall ever be granted or conferred in this state, free government may be recognized and established, we ^ 21. The right ot tiial by jury shall remain inviolate, declare : §1. Tliat all men, when they form a social compact, ARilCLE 2. are equal in rights ; and that no man. or set of men, are entitled to exclusive imblic emoluments or privileges OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS, from the cumuiunitT. J 2. That a'l political power is inherent in the peoiile, The powers of govcraraeut shall be divided into three and all free governments are founded on their authority, distinct departments, and each of them confided U) a se- and instituted for their benefit ; and llifit they liave at all pai'ate magistracy, to wit ;— those which are legislative, times an undeniable and indefeasible right to alter their 10 one ; those w hicli are executive, to another ; and those form of government in such nianner as they may think w hieh are judicial, to another. ? 3. 'Ihe exercise and enjoyment of religious profes- ARllULlli o, sion and worship, without discrimination, shall forever be free to all persons in this state, provided that the right OF THE LEGISLATIVE DEPAUTMENT. hercbydeclaredand established shall not be so construed ., . ,. , . , „, . as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or to justify practices i I- The legis.ative power oi this state shall be vested inconsistent w ith the peace and s;ifet\ of the st.-ite. m two disunct houses or branches ; the one to he styled §•4. No preference shall be given by law to any Chris- the senate, the other the house ot representatives, and rian sect or mode of worship. both together the general assembly. The style ot the § 5. Every citizen may freely speak, write, and pub- la« s shall be : Be it enacted by the senate and house of re- lisb his sentiments on all subjects, being resi/onsible for preventatives inf^eneral assembly convened. the abuse of that liberty. i 2. There shall be one slated session of the general as- i 6. No law shall ever be passed to curtail or restrain sembly, to be holden c-ach year, alternately at Hartford the liberty of speech or of the i)icss. and New Haven, on the first Wednesday ot May, and § 7. In all prosecutions or imlictn-.ents for libels, the at such other limes as the general assembly shall judge truth raav be given in evidence, and the jury shall have necessary : the first session to beholdenat Harttord ; but the right'to determine the law and the facts, under the the person administering the office of governor, may, on direction of the court. special emergencies, convene the general assembly at §8. Thepeop;eshallbesecureinthfcirperso:is,houses, eitherof said places, c.t any other time. And in case of papei-s, and possessions, from unreasonable searches or danger from the prevalence of contagious diseases in ei- seizures ; and no warrant to search anyplace or to seize tlier of said places, or other circumstances, the person any pei-son or things, shall issue, wiilsout describing administering the olKcc of governor, may, by proclama- them as nearly as may be, nor without probable cause, tion, Convene said assembly at any other place ni tins supported by oath or affirmation. state. . . „ , § 9. In all criiain.al prosecutions, the accused shall § 3. Tlieliouseof representativesshall consist of elect- liave a right to be heard, bv himself and by counsel ; to ors residing in towns from which they are tiected. Ihe demand the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be number oi' rep;eseniati\es from each town shall be the confronted by tlic witnesses against him ; to have com- same as at present practiseil and allowed. In case a new pulsoi7 process to obtain witnesses in his favour; and in town shall hereafter i)e incorporated, such iievv town all prosecutions by indictment or information, a speedy shall be entitled to one lepitsentative only ; and if such public trial by an impartial jury. He shall not be com- new town shall be made trom one or more towns, the pelled to give evidence ag:i;iist himself, nor be deprived town or towns from which the same shall be made, shall uf life, liberty, or propenv, but bvdue course of law. be entitled to the same number of representatives as at And no person shall be ho'klen to answer for any crime, present allowed, unless the number shall be reduced by the punishment of which may be dtath or imprisonment tiie consent of such town or towns, fur life, unless on a presentment or an hidictmentof a J 4- Thesenateshall consist of twelve memberj, to be grand jury ; except in tlie land or naval forces, or in the chosen annually by the electors. inilitiii, when in actual service, in time of war or public § 5. At the meetings of the electors, lieUl in the seve- danger. mi towns in this state, in April annually, alterthe elec- ij 10, No person shall be arrested, detaiie,!, or pu- tion of representatives.the electors present shall be call- nislied, except in cases clearlv warranted by i:iv.-. ed upon to bring in their writien ballots lor senators, §11. The property of no 'person shall be taken for Thepresidiiigofticer shall receive the votes of the elect- pu'blie nse, without jiist compensation therefor. ors. and count and declare theiii in open meeting. The § 12. All courts shall be ojieu, and every person, for presidhig ofiicer shall also make duplicate lists of the an injury done him, in his jierson, properly, or reputa- persons voted for, and of the number of votes (breach, tion. shall have remedy by tine course of law, and right which shall lie certified by the piesiding officer; one of and justice administered without sale, denial, or delay, wliich lists sM! be delivered to the town clerk, and the § 13. Excessi\c hail shall not be required, nor exces- other, withiffeji days after said meeting, shall be deli- sive fines imposed. vered, under sial, eidier to tliesecretancr to the sherifi' § 1-1. Ail prisoners shall, licf.ire conviction, be bailable of the countv i;i which sjid t,)wn is situated : which list by sufficient sureties, except for capi'al otleiices, where shad be directed to the secretary, with a superscription the proof is evident, or the piesuinplion great ; and the expressing the purport of t!ie contents thereof. And privileges of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- each sheriff who shad receive such votes shall, within fif- jiended, unless when in case of rebellion or invasion the teen days after said meeting, deliver, or cause them to ■public safetymayrequireitj-nor inany case, but bv the be delivered, to the secretary, legislature. " ' S*^- The treasurer, seeretarv. and comptroller, for the COXSTITUflON OF COXNEeTICUT. tiraebeiiig,shaU canvass the Totes puhlicly. The twelve persons having the greatest iiiiinber of voles for senators sliall be declared to be elected. But, in cases where no ehoice is made by the electors, in consequence of an equality of votes, the liouse of representative shall desig- nate, by ballot, which of the candidates having such tqual number of votes shall be decland to be elected. The return of votes, and tlie result of the cam ass, shall be submitted to the liouse of representatives, and also to the senate, on the first day of the session of the gene- ral assembly, and each house shall be the final judjje of the election returns and qualifications of its own mem- bers. § 7. The house of representatives, when assembled, shall choose a speaker, clerk, and other officers. The senate shall thoose its clerk, and other officers, except the president. A majoiiry of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may ad- journ from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent members in such manner, and under such penal- ties, as each house may prescribe. §8. Each house shall determine the rules of its own proceedings, punish membei-s for disoi-derly tonduct, and, with the consent of two-thiids, expel a member, but jtot a second time for the same cause; and shall have all ulher powers necessary for a branch of the legislature of a free and independent state. f 9. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed- ings, and publish the same wiien required by one-fifili of Its members, except such parts as, m the judgment of a majority, require secrecy. The yeas and nays of the members of either house shali, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journals. § 10. I'he senators and representatives shall, in all cases of civil process, be i)ri\iltgcd from arrest during the session of the general assembly, and for four days b»fore tlie e )mraencement and after the termination of of any session the reofi And for any speech or ilebate in either house they shali not be questioned in any other place. f 11. The debates of each house shali be public, except on such occasions as in the opinion of the house may require secrecy. ARTICLE 4. OF THE JiXECUTITE DEPAHTMEXT. 5 1. The supreme executive power of the state shall be vested in a go vernor, who shall be chosen by the eleet- oreof the state,and shall hold hisoffice forone year from the first Wednesday of May next succeeding his election, and until his successors be duly qualified. No person who is not an elector of this state, and vvho has uot arri- ved at the age of thirlj years, «hall be eligible. § 2. At the meetings of the electors in the respective towns, in the month of April in each year, immediately after the election of senators, the presiding officers sliall call upon the electors to bniiij in their ballots for him whom they would elect to be governor, with his name fairly written. When such ballots shall have been re- ceived and counted, in tlie presence of the electors, du- plicate lists of the persons voted for, and of the number of votes given for each, shall be made and certified by the presiding officer, one of which lists shall be deposit- ed in the office of the town clerk, within three days, and the other, within ten days after said election, shall be transmitted to theseeretary, or to the sheriff of the coun- ty in whicli such election shall have been held. The sheriff receiving said votes shall deliver, or cause them to be delivered, to the secietary,wiihiii fifteen days next after said election. The voiessb returned shall be count- ed by the treasurer, secretary, and comptroller, within the month of April. A fiiir list of the persons and num- ber of votes given for each, together with the returns of ihe presiding officers, shall bt, by the treasurer, secreta- ry, and coiuptroller, madt; and laid before the general assembly then next to be holdtn, on the first day of the session thereof; and said assembly shall, after examina- tion of the same, declare the person whom they shall find to be legally chosen, and give him notice accordingly. If no person shall have a majority of the whole number of said votes, or if two or more shall ha\e an equal and the greatest number of said votes, thensaii^seiiibly, on the second day of their session, by johit l|||pot of both houses, shall proceed, wiiJiout debate, to choose a gover- nor from a list of the names of the two persons having the greatest number of votes, or of tlie names of the per- sons having an equal and highest number of votes so rr- turned as aforesaid. The gem-ral assembly shall by law prescribe the manner in which ail questions conctining the election of a governor or lieutenant governor shall bedeiermined. i 3. -■> I till- iinuual meetings of the electors, immedi- ately after the election of governor, there shall also be chosen, in the same manner as is herein before provided for the election of governor, a lieutenant governor, who shall continue in office for the same time, and possess the same qualifications. § 4. I'he compensations of the governor, lieutenant governor, senators, and representatives, shall be esta- blislied by law, and shall not be varied so as to take ef- fect until after an election which shall next succeed the passage of the Jaw establishing said compensations. § 5. The governor shall be captain general of the mi- litia of the state, except \\ hen called into the service of the Unitetl States. 5 6. He may require information, in writing, from the officers in the executive department, on any subject re* lating to the duties of their respective offices. § 7. I'he governor, in case of a disagreement between the two houses of the general assembly, respecting the time of adjournment, may adjourn them to such time as he shall think projier, not beyond the day of the next stated session. § S. He shall, from time to time, give to the general as- seuibly information of the state of the government, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall deem expedient. §9. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully ex- ecuted. j 10. The governor shall have power to grant re- " pneves, after conviction, in all cases except those of im- peachment, until the end of the next session of the gene- ral assembly, and no longer. {11. All commissions shall he in the name and by au- thority of the state of Connecticut ; shall be sealed with the state seal, signed by the governor, and attested by the secretary. i 12. Every bill w hich shall have passed both houses of the general assembly, shall be presented to the gover- nor. If lie approves, he shall sign and transmit it to the secretary; but if not, he shall reiurn it to the house in which it originated, with his objections, which shall be enternl on tlie journals of the house ; who shall proceed to reconsider the bill. If, aftersuch reconsideration, that house shall again pass it, it shall be sent, with the objec- tions, to the other house, which shall also reeonside»it. If approved, it shall become a law. But, in such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays ; and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journals of each house respectively. If the bill shall not be returned by the governor within three days (Sundays exceptedjafter it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had sigued it ; unless the ge- neral assembly, by their adjournment, prevents its rc- tiirn ; in which case it shall not be a law. § 13. The lieutenant governor shall, by virtue of his office, be pri sident of tlie senate, and have, w hen in com- mittee of the whole, a right to debate, and, when the se- nate is equally divided, to give the casting vote. § 14. In case of the death, resignation, refusal to serve, or removal from office of thegovernor,orof his fmpeach- nient, or absence from the state, the lieutenantgovernor shall exercise the power) and authority appertaining to the office of governor, until another be chosen at the next periodical election for governor, and be duly qua- lified ; or until the governor impeached or absent, shall be acquitted or reium. J 15. Wlien the government shall he administered by the lieutenant gove'nior, or he shall be unable to attend as president of the senate, the senate shall elect one of their members as jiresident pro tempore. And if, during liie vacancy of the office of governor, the lieutenant go- vernor shali die, resign, refuse to serve, or be removed from office, or if he shall be imjieacjied, or absent from the state, the president of the senate pi-o temporeshall, in like manner, administer the government until he be su- perceded by a governor or lieutenant governor. 5 16. II i-e lieutenantgovernor shall be required to administer the government, and shall while in such ad- ministration, die or resign during the recess oi the gene- ral as>embly, it shall be the duty of the secretary, forthe time being, to convene the senate for the purpose of choosing a president pro tempiire. § 17. A treasurer shall annual ly be chosen by the elect- on at their meeting in April ; and the votes shall be re- turned, counted, canvassed, and declared, in tiie same manner as is pi-ovided for the election of governor and lieutenant governor: but the votes for treasurer shall be canvassed by the secretary and comptroller only. He shall receive all UiOneys belonging lo the s ate, and dis- burse the same only as he may be directed by law. He shall pjiy no warrant Of order for the disbursement of public money, until the same has been registered in the office of the comptroller. CONSTIl'Ui lOX OF COXNEG flCU I' 31 i 13. A spurelary shall be chosen next after the trea- sure)-, and in the same manner ; and the votes for secvc- taiy shall be returned to, and counted, ciinva';>td,aiid tleelared by, the tr asnrer and complmller. lie shall have the safe keeping and custody of tlie public records and documents, and particularly of the acts, resolutions, and orders of the general assembly, and record the same ; and perform all such duties as shall be prescribed by law. He shall be the keeper of the seal of the state, which shall not be altered. § 19. A comptroller of the public accounts shall be annually ajiponited by the g-eneral assembly. He shall adjust and settle nil public sccounts and demands, ex- cept granff :nid orders of the general assembly. He shall prescribe the mode of keeping and rendi-ringal! public accounts. He shall, f.r officio, be one of the auditors of tlie accounts of the trtasurer. The general assembly may .assign to him other duties in relation to his office, and to that of the treasurer,and shall prescribe the man- ner in uhich his duties shall be performed. 5 20. A sheriff shall be appointed in each county, by the general assembly, who shall hold liis office for three yiars, removable by said assembly, and shall become bound, with sufficient sureties, to tbi- treasurer of llie state, for the faithful discharge of the do ties of his office, ni such manner as shall be j)rescrihed by law : in case the sheriffof any county shall die or resign, the govern- or may fill the vacancy occasion'^ th< n by, until the same shall be filled by tbe gtneral ass* mbly.' 9 21. A statement of all receipts, payments, funds,and debts of the state, sbal' be publishc d.'from time to time, in such manner, and at such peiiods, as shall be pre- scribed by law. ARTICLE 5. CF THE JUDICIAL nKPAHTMEXT. § U The judicial power of the state shall be vested in a supreme court of errors, a superior court, and such in- ferior courts as the general assembly shall, from time to time, ordain and establish ; the powers and jurisdiction of which fourts shall be defined by law. 5 2. There shall be appointed in each county a suffi- cient number of justices of the peace, with such juris- diction in civil and criminal cases as the general assem- bly may prescribe. § 3. Thejudtres of t!\e supreme court of errors, of the supeiior and inferior courts, and all justices of the peace, shall be appointed by the general .assembly, in such manner as shall by law be prescribed. The .judges of the supreme court, and of the supeiior court, shall hold their offices during good behaviour ; but may be re- moved by impeachment : and the governor shall also re- move them on the address of two-thirds of the members of each house of the general assembly ; all other judges .and justices of the peace shall be appointed annually. N'o judge or jusliceof the peace shallbe capable of liold- ing his office after he shall arrive at the age of seventy years. ARTICLE 6. OF rnr. aUALIFICATIONS OF ELECTORS. § 1. All pei-sons who have been, or shall hereafter, pi-evious to the ratification of this constitution, be, ad- mitted freemen, according to the existing laws of this state, shall be electors. 52. Every white male citizen of the United States, who shall have gained a settlement in this state, attained the age of twenty-one years, and resideIE>'DME>!TS of the COS STITUTIOX. Wlienever a majority of the house of representatives shall deem it neccssarj- to alter or amend this constitu- tion, they may propose such alterations and amend- ments ; which proposed amendments shail be continued to the next general assembly, and be published with the laws which may have been passed at the same session ; and if two-thirds of each house, at the next session of said assembly, shall approve the amendments proposed, by yeas and m\ s. said amendments shall, by the secreta- ry, be transmitted to (he town ckrk in each town in this state ; whose duty it shall be to present the same to the inhabitants tiiereof, for their consideration, at a town- meeting, legally warned and held for that purpose ; and if it shall appear,in a manner to be provided by law, that a majority of the electors present at such meetings shall have approved such amendments, the same shall be va- lid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of this constitu- tion. Done in convention, on theffteenlh rlay of September, in the year of our Loril nnc thuusand ei^ht /iiinilred and eighteen, nnd of the independence of the United States the furt'j-third. By order of tiie convention. OLIVER AVOLCO XT, Presiden'. James Lanman, 7 _, , Robert Fairchild, 5''"^*^' COINSTITUTION OF NEW YORK. In Convention of the Rppresentatives of the state of JWa York. KiNGSTox, 20th April, 1T7T. WHEREAS the many tyrannical and oppvessiye but the whole force of that kingdom, aided by foreign usurpations of the king and parliamtntof Great Britain mercenaries, is to be exerted for the destruction of the on the rights and liberties of the people of the American good people of these colonies : And whereas it appears colonies, had reduced them to the necessity of introdti- absolutely ineconcileable to reason and good conscience eing a government by crngi-ess and committees, astern- for the people of these colonies now 10 take the oaths porary expedients, .ind to e\ist no longer than the grie- and affirmations necessai-y (or the support of any gfo- vanct's of the people should remain without reilress : vemnient luider the crown of Great Britain ; and it is And w hereas the congress of the colony of New York necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority did,on the ihirty-Qvst dayof May,now last past, resolve under the said crown should be totally suppressed, and as follows, viz. all the (inw crs of government exerted under the authn- " Whereas the present government of this colony, by riiy of the ]>eople of the colonies, for the preservation of congress and committees, was instituted while the i'lrmer internal peace, virtue, and good order, as well as for the government, under the crown of Gi-eat Britain, existed defence of our lives, liberties, and properties, against in full force; and was established for the sole imrposc of the hostile invasions and cruel depredations of our ene- opposing the usurpation of (he British parliament, and mies : Therefore, was intended to expire on a reconciliation with Great ' Resolved, That it be recommended to the respective Britain, which il was then apprehended would soon take assemblies nnd conventions of the united colonies, where place, but is now considered as remote and uncertain: no government sufficient to the exigf the said resolution, and reposing; special tru'st and coulidence in the members of this convention, Jiave appointed, authorised, and empowered them for the purposes, and in the manner, and with the powers m and by the said resolve specified, declaretl, and nicu- tJoned. And whereas the delegates of the United America;! States, in general congress convened, did. on the fourth day of July now last past, solemnly publish and declare, in the words following, to wit : [Here follows the declaration of American indepen- dence.] And whereas this convention, having taken this de- claration into their most serious consideration, did, on the ninth day of July last past, tinanimously resolve that the reasons assigned by the continental congress, for de- claring the united colonies free and independent states, are cogent and conclusive ; and that, while we lament the cruel necessity which has rendered ihat measure un- avoidable, we approve the same, and will, at the risk of our lives and fortinies, join with the other colonies in supporting it. By virtue of which several acts, declarations, and pro- ceedings, mentioned and contained in the afore-recited resolves or resolutions of the general congress of the United American States, and of the congress or conven- tions of this state, all power whatever therein liath re- verted to the people thereof, and this convention hath, l»y their suffrages and fl-ee choice, been ajipointed, and, among other things, authorised to institute and establish such a government p.s theyshall deem be=t calculated to secure the rights and liberties of thfe good people of this state, most conducive of the hap|)iness and safety of their constituents in particular, and of America in general. 1. This convention, in the nume and by the atithority of tlie good people of this state, doth ordain, determine, and declare, that no authority shall, on any pretence whatever, be exercised over the people or members of this state, but such as shall be derived from, and grant- ed by, them. 2. 'Ibis convention doth further, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this sti'.te,ordain, de- termine, and declare, that the supreme legislative power within litis state shall be vested m two separate and dis- tinct bodies of men— the one to be called tlie assembly of the state of New York—the other to be called the senate of the state of New York— who, together, shall form the legislature, and meet once at least in everj- year, lor the despatch of business. 3. And w hereas laws, inconsistent witii the spirit of this constitution, or with the public guod,nmy bo hastily and unadvisutlly jiassed ; be it ordained, tliat the gover- nor, for the time being, tVie chancellor, and tlie judges of the supreme court, or any two ol' ttieiu, together with the governor, shall be, and hereby are constituted, a council, to revise all bills about to be passed itito laws by the legislature; and for that purpose skill assemble themselves, from timeto time, when the legislatui-eshall be coiiv ened ; for \\ hich, nevertheless, they shall not re- ceive any salary or consideration, under any pretence ■whatl'\^r. And that all bills which hav'- passed tlie se- nate and assembly shall, before they become laws, be pi-esented to the said council fi^r their rcvisat .and consi- deration : and if, upon such revision and consideration, it should appear improper to the said council, or a majo- rity of tliem, that the said bil' should become a law of this state, that they return the same, together with their objections thereto iii writing, to the senate or house of assembly, (in whichsoever the same shall have origina- ted,) who shall enter the objections set down by the council, at large in their minutes, and pioceed to recon- sider the said bill. But if, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the said senate or house of assembly shall, notwitlistanding the said objections, agree to pass the sauie, it siiali, together with the objections, be sent to the other branch of the legislature, « here it shall also be reconsidered, and, if approved by two-thirds of the mem- bers present, shall be a law. And in order to prevent any unnecessar) delays, be it further ordained, that if any bill shall not be returned by the council v\ithiii ten days after it sliail have been presented, the same shall be a law, unless the legislature shall, by their adjournment, render a return of the said bill, within ten days, impracticable ; in which case the bill sliall be retuined on the first day of the meeting of the legislature, after the expiration of the said ten days. 4. That the assembly shall consist of at least seventy members, to be annual ly chosen in the several counties, in the proportion foUov, ing, viz. For the city and county of New York, nine. 'l"he city and county of Albany, ten. The county of Duchess, ieveii. 'I'lie county of Westchester, six. The county of Ulster, sir. The county of Suftblk,_/;tr. 1'he county of Queens, ,/(»!/;•. The count)' of Orange, /oi/r. The county of Kings, ttuo. '['he county of Richmond, two. The county of Tryon, six. The county of Charlotte, /o»r. 'Ihe county of Cumberland, 1/iree. The county of Gloucester, Uvo. 5. That as soon after the expiration of seven years (subsequent to the terminatioji of the present war) as may be, a census of the electors and inhabitants of this state shall be taken, under the direction of the legisla- ture. And if, on such census, it shall appear that the number of representatives in assembly, from the said counties, is not justly proportioned to the number of electors in the said counties respectively, that the legis- lature do adjust and apiiortion the same by that rule. And further, that, once in every seven years, after the taking of the said first census,a just accountof theelect- ors resident in each county shall be taken; and if it shall thereupon appear that the number of electors in any county shall have inciwsed or diminished, one or more seventieth parts of the whole nuinberof electors, which, on the said first census, shall be found in this state, the number of represfiilatives for such county shall be in- creased or diminished accordingly — that is to say, one rcprest iitative for every seventieth part af(«res,aid. tj. And whereas an opinion hath long prevaikd among divers of the good jieople of this state, that voting at elections by ballot would tend more to nresei-ve the li- berty and equal freedom of the people, than voting cJra rare .—to the end, therefore, that a fair experiment be made, which of those two methods of voting is to be pre- ferred : Be it ordained, that, as soon as may be after the ter- mination of the present war between the United States of America and Great Britain, an act or acts be passed by the legislature of this state, lor causing all elections thereafter to be held in this state, for senators and repre- sentatives in nsseuibly,to be by ballot, and directing the manner in which Rie same shall be conducted. And whereas it is possible that, after all the care of the legis- lature, in framing ^le said act or acts, certain inconve- niences and miscliTcfs, unforeseen at this day, maybe tbiiiKBAO atlt nd the said mode of electing by ballot : It is further ordained, that if, after a full and fair ex- periment shall be made of voting by ballot aforesaid, the same shall be found less conducive to the safety or inter- est of the state, than the method of voting vivn voce, it shall be lawful and constitutional for the legisiature to alwlish the same ; imn ided, t\\ o thirds of the members ))resen! in each house respective!)'^ shall concur therein; and further, that, dii; ing the cor.tinuance of the present war, and until the legisiature of this state shall provide for the election of senators and representatives inassem- bly b) bujlot, the said elettiuui sU-j,!] be isade z'iX'U voci. COXSTHU IION OF AEW YORK. 7. That evciy male inhabitant, of full a^e, who shall havepersonalljiesiiled within oneuf the counties of this state for six months immediately preceding the day of election, shall, at such election", be entitled to vote for representatives of the said county in assembly: if, duriojj the time aforesaid, he shall have been a freeholder, pos- sessing a freehold of the vaU;-- of twenty pounds, within the said county, or havermttd a tenement therein, of the yearly value of forty shillings, and been rated and actually paid ta:;is to this state : Provided ah\ ays, that evei-y person w ho now is a freeinaii of the citj' of Alba- ny, or who was made a freeman of the cityof Xew York on or before the fourteenth day of October, in ihe year of our Lord one thousand seven hundrid and seventy- five, and shall be actually and usually resident in the said cities respectiveh, shall he entitled to vote for re- presentatives in asseiiibly w ithiu his said place of resi- dence. 8. That every elector, before he is admitted to vote, shall,if required by the returning officer, or either of the inspectors, take an oath, or, if of llie people called Qua- kers, an affirmation, of alh glance to the state. 9. That the assembly, thus constituted, shall choose their own speaker, be judges of their own members, and enjoy the same prii ileges, and proceed in doing bnsiness in like manner, as the assemblies of the colony of New York of right formi rly did ; and that a majority of the said members shall, from time to time, constitute a house to proceed upon business. 10. And this convention doth further, in the name and by the authoiity of the good people of this state, ordain, determine, and declare, that the senate of the state of New York shall consist of twenty-four freeholders, to be chosen out of the body ofthe freeholders, and that they be chosen by the freholders of this state, possessed of freeholds of the value of one hundred pounds, over and above all debts charged thereon. 11. That the members of the senate be elected for four years, and, immediately after the first election, they be divided Ly lot into four classes, six in each class, and numbered one, two, three, four; that the seats of the members of the first class shall be vacated at the ex- piration of till- first year, the second class the second year, and so on continually : to the end, that the fourth part of the senate, as nearly as possible, siay be annually chosen. 12. '1 hat the election of senators s' all be after this manner; that so much of this state as is now parcelled into counties, be divided into four great districts; the southern district to comiivehend the city and county of New York, Suffolk, West Chester, King's, Queen's, and Richmond counties ; the middle district to comjjrehend tlie counties of Dueliess, Ulster, and Orange; the west- ern district, the city and county of Alban> , and Tryon county; and the eastern distnct the couiitics of Char- lotte, Ciunber'aiid, and Gloucester. That the senators shall be elected by the freeholders of the said disiiicts, eople of this state, both in the senate and assembly, shall for ever remain proportionate and adequate. 17. And this convention doth further, in the name and by the authority of the good people of this state, ordain, determine, and declare, that the supreme ex- ecutive power and authority of this state shall be vest- ed in a governor ; and that, STaledly,once in every three years, and as often as the seat of govei'nment shall lie- come vacant, a w-ise and discreet freeholder of this slate shall be, by ballot, elected governor, by the freeholders of this state, qualified as before described to elect se- nators, which elrctions shall be always held at the times and places of choosing representatives in assembly for each respective county ; and that the person wholialh the greatestnumberof votes within the said state, shall be governor thereof. 18. That the governor shall continue in ofBce three years, and shall, by virtue of his office, be general and eommandei'-in-chief of all the militia, and admiral of the navy, of this state; that he shall have power to convene the assembly and senate on extraordinary occisions; to prorogue them from time |to time, pro- vided such prorogations shall not exceed sixty days, in the space of any one year; and, at his discretion, to grant reprieves and pardons to persons convicted of criiiies other than treason or murder, in which he may suspend the execution of the sentence, until it shall be reported to the legislature, at their subsequent meet- ing : and they shall either pnrdon, or direct the e.xecu- lioii of ihe criminal, or grant a further reprieve. I'l. That it shall be the duty of the governor to in- form the legislature, at every session, ofthe condition ofthe state, so far as may respect his department ; to recommend such matters to their consideration as shall appear to him to concern its good government, welfare, and prosperity ; to correspond with the continental congress, and other states ; to transact all necessary business wiih the officers of government, civil and mi- litary ; to take care that the laws are faithfully execu- ted, til the best of his ability ; and to expedite all such measures as may be resolved upon by the legislature. 2n. Thata lieutenant governor shall, at every elec- tion of a governor, and as otten as the lieutenant go- vernor shall die, resign, or b;' removed from office, be elected in the same manner with the governor, to con- tinue in office until the next ehetioii of a governor; and such lieutenant governor shall, by virtue of his of- fice, be president ofthe senate, and, upon an equal di- vision, have a easting voice in their decisions, but not vote on any other occasion. And in case of the iiripeachment of the governor, or his removal Ironi office, death, resignation, or absence from ihestEle, Ihe lieutenant governor shall exercise all the powi r and authority appertaining to the office of govtrnor, until anotbt r be chosen, or tUe governor absent, or impeach; d, shall return or be acquitted. Provided, that where the governor shall, with the con- sent of the leirislatiire, be out of tlie slate, in time of war, at the head of the i«ilitai7 force thereof, he shall still continue in his command of all the military force of the state, both by sea and land. ^, 21. That whenever the government shall flc admi- cistercd by the lieutenant governor, or he shall be itii- CONSTITUTION OF XEW YORK. 35 able to atteud as pvesiJentof Uie senate, the senatoi's tUall Ijave power to elect one ottlieir own members to tbe office of president of the senate, which he shsU ex- ercise pro hac riro. And if, during sucli vacancy of the office of gove/nor, the lieutenant governor shall be im- peached, displaced, resign, die, or be absent from tlie state, the president of the- senate shall, in like mnnner as the litutenani g^overnor. xdminisler the government, until others shall be elected by the suftiage of the peo- ple, at the succetding election. 22. And this convention doth further, in the name and by the authority of the good p-ople of this state, ordain, di-termiiie, and declare, that the treasurer of '.his state shall be appointed by act of the legislature, to originate with tht- assembly : provided, that he shall be not elect! d out of either branch of the legislature. 23. That all oHicers, other than those who, by this constitution, are directed ta be olhi rwise appointed, shall be appointed in the manner following, to wit: The assembly shall, once in every year, openly nomi- rate and appoint one ol the senators frcm each great e and continue the law of this state, subject to such alteratiois and provisions as thi legislature of this state shall, from time- to t me, mcke coucerniiig the saiTie. 'J'hat such -if the .-.aid acts 'S are temporary sliall expire at the ti.nes United for their duration re- spectively. That all such parts of the said common law, and .ill such of the said statutes -.nd acts ai'oresaid, or parts thereof, us may be construed to establish or maintain any particular denomination of Christians or their ministers or concern the allegiance heretofore yielded to, and the supremacy, sovereignty, govern- ment, or jirerogativcJ, ciaimed or exercised by the king of Great Bi-itain and Iiis predecessors, over the colony of New York or its inhabitants, or are repugnant to this constitution, be, and they hcreliy are, abrogated and re- jected. And this convention doth further ordain, that tlie resolves or resolutions of the congress of the colony of New York, and of the convention of the state of New Y'ork, now in force, and not repugnant to the govern- ment established by this constitution, shall be consider- ed as making part oi' the laws of this state ; .subject, nevevtlirless, to such alterations and provisions as the legislature of the state may, fi'o.u time to' time, make concerning the same. 3'), All I be it fuvjh.'T ordained, that all ^wiiU of .-tfj COXSniLTION Ui- iNbvV i'ORK. lands M irhin this state, nsacli- ^>5' the Uin? of Great Bri- sent war •j_and that such acts shall uot work a eonup« lain, or iiersons acting uiulev his auihority, after the tion of blood. And further, that the iegi-lp'iire ot this tbiirtocntii (lay orOotoher,oi>.e thoinand seven hundivd siateshall, at no Un^n hureafttr, insiituu- an> ik-\\ court and sevL'nty-fiv>:-, siiall be niiU anri void ; but that no- or courts, but iueh 4S shall i>rcceed according to the thing- in this constitution coniainied, shall be conslrmd course ot the eoinmop law. til aff.ct any grants of land, within this state, made by -IZ. And this convei.tion doth further, in the nameand the authority of the said kin^' or his pitdccessors, or by itir authority of the good peopleof this sta;e, ordain, to annul any charters to bodies politic, by him or them, determine, atid dt clare, that it shall be in the discretitjn or any of them, made prior lo that day. And that none of the legislature to naturalize all such persons, and in of the said charters shall be adjuogcd to be void, by ri .v such manner, as they shall think proper ; provided all son of any nonuser or misuser of.any of their -.ospective such of the persons, so to be by them naturalized, as, rights or privileges, betwten the nineteenth day of b:ing bi;rn ii parts lieyond sea, and out of the United April, in the year of our I.oid one thousand seven hun- States of America, shall come lo settle in, and become dredaud seventy-five, and the publication of this con- subjects of ihjs slate, shall take an oath of allegiance to stitution. And further, that all such of the officers, this state, and abjure and rtnounce all allegiance and dfJCTibed in the said charters resj>ectiyelv, as, by the subjection to all and every foreign king, prince, potcn- lerms of the said charters, were to be appointed by ilie t.ite, and state, in all matters, tcclesiasiieal as well as severnor of the culonv of New York, with ur wiiliout civil. tlie advice and consent of the council of the said king, in the said colony, shall hi.nceforth be appointed by the cotincil est:obli%hy as shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentious- may be, according to the number of electors which shall ness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peaceor be tound to be in each county, by the census directed to safety of this state. be taken in the present year. 3'^ And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by 3. That, from the lirst'Moi day in July next, the num- their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the her of the senators shall be peruianently thirty-two, and care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the that the present number of senators shall he reduced great duties ot their function therefore, no minister of to thirty-two, in the following manner, that is to say : the gospel, .or priest of atiy denomination whatsoever. The seals of tlie eleven senators composing the first shall, at any time hereafter, under any pretence or de- das?, whose time of service will expire on the first Mon- scription whatever,beeligil)le to. or capable of holding, dayiti .Inly next, shall not be tilled up; and out of the any civil or military office or place within this state. gi cntid class the seats of ont senator from the middle 40. And whereas it is of the utinosl importance to the district, and of one senator from the southern district, safety of every state, that it should always be in a con- shall he vacated by the senators of those districts, be- dition of defence ; and it is th- duty of every man who longing to that class, casting lots among themselves ; enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and out of the third class, the seats of two senators from the willing to defend it ; this convention, llierefure, in the n.iddle district, and of one senator from the easterii dis- tiame and by the authority o'" the good people of this trict, shall be vacated in the same manner; out of the state, doth ordain, determine, and declare, that the mi- ftnirth class, the seals of one senator from the middle^ litia of this state, at all times hereafter, as well in peace district, of one senator from the eastern district, and of as in war, shall be arm'acattd diness for service. Thai all such of the inhabitants of in the same manner; and if any of the said classes shall this state (btiigof the people c.-i'led Quakers) as. from neglect to cast tots, the senate shall in such case proceed scruples of conscience, may be avt rse to the beaiing of to cast lots for such class or classes so neglecting. And arms, be therefrom excused by the legislature, and do that tight senators shall he chosen at the next ekction, pay to the state such sums of money, iit lieu of their in such districts as the leeislattire shall direct, for the personal service, as the sanie may, in the jtldgment of pnrpose of apportioning the whole number of senators the legislafure, be worth : And that a proper magazine amongst the four gieat districts of the state, as nearly of warlike stores, proj-ortionatt to the number oj inha- as maybe according to theinimber of electors qualified bitants, be, for ever htieafter, at the expense of this to vote foi senators, which shall be found to he in each state, and by acts of the legislature, established, main- of the said districts, by the census above-mentioned; tained, and continued, in every county in this state. which eight senators so to be chosen shall form the first 41. And this Crnvention doth foriliei ordain, defer- class, mine, and declare, in the i>ame and by the authority, of 4. That, from the first Monday in July next, and on the good people of this state, that tricl by jury, in all the return of every census thereafter, the ntimber of cases, in which it hath heretofore been used in the co- the assembly shall be increased at the rate of two nieni- iony of New York, shall he established, and remain in- hers for every year, nntil the whole number shall violate for ever. Ami that no acts of attainder shall be amount to one hundred and fifty ; and that, upon the passed by the legislattire of this state, lor tfimes other return of every such census, the legislature shall appor- than these comitiitted before the termination of the pre- tion the senators and members of the assembly amotigst C'JXSTrTUTION OF .\tW .TERSE\. 3f tJe !;Teat districts and counties ot tlie state, as nearly by the constitution are directed to be otherwise ap- as may be, accordingto the number of their respective pointed, is vested concurrently in the person adn.mis- elcctors ; Provided, that the leRislatiire shall not be pro- tering the government of '.his state for tht time !■»: iig, hibited by any thing herein contained, from allowing and in each of the members of the council of appoim- one member of assembly to each county heretofore nient. erected within this state.' ' By order : ^. And this convention do further, in the name and A. BURR, Prest. of the Convention, by the authority of the people of this state, ordain, de- and delegate from Orange county. termine, and declare, that, by the Rue construction of Attest, the twenty-third article of the constitution of this state, .Tames Van Ingen, ~f Seeretnr'e^ the right to nominate all officers other than those who Joseph Constant, 5 CONSTITUTION OF NEW JERSEY. "WHEREAS all the constitutional authority ever pos- tion, the council and assembly shall separately meet, sessed by the kings of Great Britain over these'eolonies,* and that the consent of both houses shall be necessary to or their other dominions, was, by compact, derived from every law ; provided, that seven shall be a quorum of the the people, and held of them, for the common interest council for doing business, and that no law shall pass, of tlie w hole society ; allegiance and protection are, in unless there be a majority of all^the representatives of the nature of things, reciprocal ties, each equally de- each body personally present, and aRreeiug thereto: pending upon the otlier, and liable to be dissolved by Provided, always, that if a majority of the iepresenta- assenting to suiidi-j-acts of the British parliament, at- orprojjortion of the membersofassemblyforany county tempted to subject them to the absolute dominion of or counties in this colony, then, and in such case, the that body ; and has also made war upon them, in the same may, on the principles of more equal representa- niost cruel and unnatural manner, for no other cause, tion, be lawfully done, any thing in this charter to the than asserting their just rights— all civil authority under contrary notwithstanding; so that the whole number ef him is necessarily at an end,and a dissolution of govern- representatives in assemblyshall not, at anytime, be less nient in each colony has consequently taken place. than thirty-nine. And whereas, in the present deplorable situation of 4. That all inhabitants of this colony, of ftiU age, who these colonies, exposed to the furj- of a cruel and relent- are worth fifty pounds, proclamation money, clear estate less enemy, some form of government is absolutely ne- in the same,and have resided within the county in which cessar5-, not only for the p.-eservation rff good order, but they claim a vote for twelve months immediately pre- also the more etfectually to unite the people,and eftable ceding the election, shall be entitled to vote for repre- them to exert their whole force in their own necessary sentatives in council and assembly ; and also for all other defence: and as the honourable the continental con- public officers that shall be elected by the people of the gress,the supreme council of the American colonics, has county at large. advised sucli of the colonies as have not yet gone into 5. That the assembly, when met, shall have power to measures, to adopt for themselves respectively, such go- choose a speaker, and other iheir officers ; to be judges vernraent as shall best conduce to their own happiness of the qualifications and elections of their own mem- and safety, and the well being of America in general :— bers ; sit u])on their o«n adjournments ; prepare bills to We, the representatives of the colony of New Jersey, be passed into laws ; and to empower their speaker to having been elected by all the counties, in the freest c( nvene them whenever any extraurdinai-y occurrence manner, and in congress assembled, have, after mature shall render it necessary-. deliberation, ajrreed upon a set of charter rights,and the. 6. That the council shall also have power to prepare form of a constitution, in the manner following, viz. bills to pass into laws, and have other like powere as the 1. TUat thegovennnentof this province shall be vest- assembly, and in all respects be a free and indepen- cd in a governor, legislative council, and general assem- dent branch of the legislature of this colony ; save only b'y- . _ that they shall not prejmre or alter anv money bill — 2. That the said legislative council and general as- which shall be the privilege of the assenibly ; that tlie seinbly shall be chosen, for the first time, on the second council shall, from time to time, be convened by the go- Tuesday of August next; the membei-s whereof shall be vernoror vice president, but must be convened at all the same in number and qualifications as is hereinafter times when the assembly sits ; foi which purpose the mentioned \ and shall be and remain vested with all the speaker of the house of assembly shall always, immedi- powers and authority to be held by any ftitnie legisla- ately after an adjournment, give notice to the governor, live council and assembly of this colony until the second or vice president, of the time and place to which the Tuesday in October, which shall lie ii'i the year of our house is adjourned. Lordonethous -.nil seven hundred and seventy-seven. 7. Tbat'the council and assemblv, jointly, at tlieir 3. That, on the second Tuesday in October yearly, firstmeetingafter each annual election', shall, bv a ma- andeve;-j' year for ever, (with the privilege of adjourn- jority of votes, elect some fit pei-son within tfi'e colo- jng from day to day, as occasion may require,) tlie coun- n v to be governor for one year, w ho shall he constant ties shall severally choose one person, to be a member of pp'sident of the council, and have a casting vote in their the legislative council of this colony, who shall be, and proceedings; and that the council themselves shall have been for one whole year next before the election, choose a vice president, who shall act as such in the ah- an inhabitant and freeholder in the county in which he sence of the governor. is chosen, and worth at least one thousand' pounds, pro- 8. That the governor, or. in his absence, the vice pre- clamation money^f real and personal estate, within the sident of the council, shall have the ^uprciue executive same county ; th^at the same time, each county shall power, be chancellor of the colony, and act as captain also choose three fTieiTiI)er3 of assembly ; provided, that general and commander-in-chief of all the militia, and no person shall beentitled toa seat in the said assembly, other military force, in this colony ; and that any three unless he be, and have been, for one whole year next lit- or more of the council shall at all times be a pri vv eoun- fore the election, an inhabitant of the county he is tn re- oil to .advise the governor in all rases where he m'av find present, and worth five hundred pounds proclamation it necessary co consult them; and that the governor be money, m real and personal estate, in tiie same county ; ordinary or surrogate general. that, on the second Tuesday next after the day of cle'c- 9. That the govri-ndr and council (seven whereof shall be a quorum) be the court of appeals, in the last resort, • On the 20th of September, 1777, an act of the legis- in all causes of law. as heretofitre ; and that they possess Jature was passed substituting the word stale for the the power of granting pardons to criminals, after con- wonlfo^ony, in commissions, writs, ?tc.— No other alter- demnation, in all cases of ireason, felony, or a< her of- Et:on lp;ii tafieu place in the constitution. fences. CONSTITUTION OP NEW JERSEY. 10. Tliat captains, and all other inferior officers of the militia, shall be chosen by the companies in the respec tive counties ; bnt field and general ofiicers, by the council and assembl) . 11. That the council and .issembly shall have power to make the great seal of this colony, which shall be kept by the governor, or, in his absence, by the vice president of the council, to be used by them as occasion may re- <)uire ; and it shall be called the great seal cj the colvtnj of Xerv Jersey. 13. That the judges of the supreme court shall conti- nue in office for seven years ; the j';dges uf the inferior court of common picas in the several counties, justices of the peace, clerks of the supreme court, clerks of the inferior courts of common pleas and quarter sessions, the attorney genera!, ar.d provincial secretary, shall conti- nue in office for five years, and the provincial treasurer shall continue in office for one year ; and that they shall be severally appointed by the council and assembly, in manner aforesaid, and commissioned by the governor, or, in his absence, by the vice prtsident of the council. Provided, always, that the said officers, severally, shall he capable of being re-appointed, at theendof the terms severallv before limited ; and that any of the said officers shall be liable to be dismissed, when adjudged guilty of misbehaviour by the council, on an impeachment of the assembly. 13. That the inhabitants of each county qualified to vote as aforesaid, shall, &t the time and place of electing their representatives, annually elect one sheriff, and one or more coroners ; and that they may re-elect the same person to such offices until he shall have served three years, but no longer; after which, three years must elapse before the same person is capable of bemg elected again. When the election is certified to the governor, or vice president, under the hands of six fi-eeholders of the county fur which they were elected, they shall he immediately commissioned to serve in their respective offices. 14. That the townships, at their annual town meet- ings for electing other officers, shall choose constables for the districts respectively ; and also three or more ju- dicious freeholders, of good character, to hear and final- ly determine all appeals, relative to unjust assessments, incases of public taxation; which commissions of appeal shall, for that purpose,sit at some suitable time ortimes, to be by them appointed, and made known to the peo- ple by advertisements. IS.That the laws of this colony shall begin in the fol- lowini? style, viz.—" Be it enacted by the council and genei^l assembly of this colony, and it Is hereby enacted by the authority of the same:" that all commissions granted by the "governor or vice president, shall run thus : " The colony of New .leisey to A B, &c. greet- ing :" and that all writs shall likewise run in the name of the colony; and that all indictments shall conclude in the following manner, viz. "Against the peace of this colonv, the government and dignity of the same." 10. That all criminals shall be admitted to the same privileges of witnesses and counsel, as their prosecutoi-s are or shall be entitleil to. 17. That tlie estates of such persons as shall destroy their own lives, shall not, for that offence, be forfeited ; but shall descend in the same manner as they would have done had such persons died in a natural way: nor shall any article which may occasion accidentally tlie death of any one, be henceforth deemed a deodand, or in anywise forfeited, on account of such misfortune. la. That no person shall ever, within this colony, be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping Almighty God. in a manner agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience : nor, under .tny pretence whatever, be compelled to attend any place of worship, conti-ary to his own fiilth and judgment ; nor shall any per^on within this colonv ever be obliged to pay tythes, taxes, or any other r.ites,for the purpose of buiiditig or re; aii ing any other church or churches, place or places wt worship, or for the maintenance of aui minister or mi- nistry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or has deliberately and voluntarily engaged himself to perform. 19. That there shall be no establishment of any one religious sect in this province, in preference to another ; and that no protestaiit inhabitant of this colony shall be denied the enjoyment of any civil right, merely on ac- count of his religious principles ; but that all persons, professing a belief in the faith of any proti slant sect, who shall demean themselves peaceably under the go- vernment, as hereby established, shall be capable of be- ing elected into any office of profit or trust, or being a jnember of either branch of the legislature, and shall fully and freely enjoy every privilege and immunity enjoyed by others their fellow -subjects. 20. I'liat the legislative department of this colony may, as much as possible, he presened from all suspi- cion of corruption, none of the judges of the supreme or other court, sheritFs, or nnj' other person or persons, pos- sessed of any pest of profit under the government, other than justices of the peace, shall be entitled to a seat in assembly; but that, on his being elected, and taking his seat, his office or post shall be considered as vacant. 21. That all the laws of this province, eonuiined in the edition lately published by Mr. Allison, shall be and re- main in full foice, until altered by the legislature of this colony, such only excepted, as are incompatible with this charter, and shall be, accoi'ding as heretofore, re- garded in all respects, by all civil officers and others, the good people of this province. 22. That the common law of England, as well as so much of the statute law as has been heretofore practised in this colony, shall still remain in force, until they shall be altered by a future law of the legislature ; such p.arts onlj- excepted as are repugnant to the rights and privi- leges contained in this charter ; and that the inestimable right of trial by jui-y shall remain confirmed, as a part of the law of this colony, without repeal, for ever. 23. That every person who shall be elected, as afore- said, to be a member of the legislative council or house of assembly, shall, previous to his taking his seat in council or assembly, take the following oath or affirma- tion, viz. " I, A B, do soVninly declare, that, as a member of the legislative council (or assembly, as the case may be) of the colony of New Jersey, I will not assent to any law, vote, or proceeding, which shall appear to me injurious to the public welfare of said colony, nor that shall annul or repeal that part of the third section, in the charter of this colony, which establishes that the elections of mem- bers of the legislative council and assembly shall be an- nual ; nor that part of the twenty-second section in said charter, respecting the trial by jury, nor that shall an- nul, repeal, or alter, any part or parts of the eighteenth or nineteenth sections of the same. And any person or persons who shall he elected as aforesaid, is hereby empowered to administer to the said members the said oath or affirmation. Provided, always, and it is the true intent and mean- ing of this congress, that, if a reconciliation between Great Britain and these colonies should take place, and the latter be again taken under the protection and go- vernment of the crown of Great Britain, this charter shall be null and void, otherivise to remain firm and in- violable. In Provincial Congress, "^ Burlington, July 2, 1776.3 Btj order of C»ngres-s : SAMUEL TUCKER, President. Extract from the minutes. ■William Pattersouj Secretrinj. CONSTITUTION OF PENNSYLVANIA, Js ratified in convention, the 2d day of September, 1790. WK, the people of the commonwealth of PennsyWr.- pore, when (he speaker shall exercise the office of go- nia,ordaiu and establish this constitution for its govern- vernor. , „. . „ ,, it .•„„„<■;»= ment. 12. Each house shall judge of the qualifications of its membei-s. CoiHcsted elections shall be determined by » AUTICLE 1. committee, to be selected, tbrmed, and regulated iiisuch 5 1. The legislative powerof this eonimonweallh shall manner as shall be directed by law. A raajoiity of each be'vested in a general assembly, which shall consist of a house shall constituie a qnonim to do business ; but a senate and house of representatives. smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may 2. The I'epresentatives shall be chosen annually, by be authorised, by law, to compel the atter.dancr ot ab- the citizens of the city of Philadelphia, and of each stnt members, in such manner, and under such penal- county respeetivelv, on the second Tuesday of October, ties, as may be provided, , ^• 3. No person shall be a representative who shall not 13. Each house may detei-raine the rules ol its prn- hnve attained the Si^e of twentv-one yc-aw, and have eeedings; punish Us members for disorderly behaviour; been a citizen and inhabitant of the state three vcars and, with the coneuireiice of two-thirds, expel a raein- next preceding? his election, and the last year thereof an her; but not a second time ior the same cause, and shall inhabitant of the city or county in which he shall be have all other jiowers necessary for a branch of the le- chosen ; unless he shall have been absent on the public gislature of a free state. . , e- j- business of the United States, or of this state. No per- 14. Each house shall ketpajournal of its proceedings, son residing within any city, town, or borough, which and publish them weekly, except sucli parts as may re- shall be entitled to a separate representation, shall be quire secrecy. And the- yeas and nays of the members, elected a member for any county ; nor shall any person on any q>Lstion, shall, at the desire of any two of them, residing without the limits ofany such city, town, or bo- be entered on the journals. rough, be elected a member therefor. 15. 'I'he dooi-s of each house, and of committees ot the 4. Within three yc ,rs after the first meetinp- of the whole, shall be open, unless wh .-u the business shall be general assembly, and within evervsubsequent'terra of such as ought to be kept secret. seven years, an enumeration of the taxable inhabitants 16. Neither house shall, without the consent ot the shall be mule, in such manneras shall be directed by othei-,adjourn for more than threedays,nor to anyothev law, Tlie number of representatives shall, at the several l>lace than that m winch the two liouses shall be sitting, periods of making such enumeration, be fixed bv the le- 17. The senators and representatives shall receive a gislature, and apportioned among the city of P'hiladel- compensation for their services, to be ascertained by phia and the several counties, according to the number law, and paid out of the treasury of the commonwealth, of taxable inhabitants in each ; and shall never be less They shall, in all cases except treason, felony, and than sixty, nor greater than one hundred. Each county breach or surety of the peace, be free from airest,during shall have at least one representative ; but no county their attendance at the session of the respective pnvi- hereafter erected, shall be entitled to a separate repre- Itged houses, and n> going to and returning from the sentation, until a sufficient number of taxable inhabi- same. And for any speech or debate m cither house^ tants shall be contained within it to entitle them to one they shall not be questioned m any other place, representative, agreeable to the ratio which shall then 18. No senator or representative shall,during thetime be established. for wliich he shall have been elected, be apiiouited to 5. The senators shall be ehosen for four rears, by the any civil 'jffice, under this commonwealth, which shall cisizens of Philadelphia and of the several counties, at have been created, or the emoluments of which shall the same time, in the same manner, and at the same have been incn ased, during such time ; and no member places where they shall vote for representatives. of congress, or other person holding any office, except 6. Thenumberofsenatorsslia!l,attheseveral periods of attorney at law, and m the iiiMtia, under the United of making the enumeration b?fore-mentioned, be fixed States or this commonwealth, shall be a member ot by the legislature, and apportioned among the districts either house, durivig his continuance in congress, or m formed as herein after directed, according to the num- office. ... ber of taxable inhabitants in each ; and shall never be 19. When vacancies happen m either house, the less than one-fourth, nor greater than one-third, of the speaker shall issue writs of election to fill such vacan- uumber of representatives. cies. 7. The senators shall be chosen in districts, to be 20. All bills for raising revenue shall originate m the formed by the legislature ; each district containing such house of representatives ; but the senate may propose a number of ta\able inhabitants as shall be entitled to amendments, as in otiier bills, elect not more than four senators. When a district shall 21. No money shall be drawn from the tirnsary, but be composed of two or more counties, they shall be ad- in consequence of appropriations made by law. joining. Neither the cilvof Philadil])hi3, iicranycoun- 22. Every bill, which shall have passed both houses, "ty, shall be divided, in forming a district. shall be pr. seiited to the governor. If he approve, he 8. No pei-son shall be a senator who shall not have al- shall sign it; but if he shall not approve, he shall return tained the age of twenty-five years, and have been a it, with his objections, to the house in which it shall have citizen and inhabitant o'f the slate Cniv years next be- oriijinated, who shall enter the objections at large iii>oii fore his election, and the last year thereof an inhabitant their je.uriials, and proceed to n consider it. If, alter of the district for which he shall have been ehosen ; un- such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree less he shall have been absent on the public biiiiness of to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the United States, or of this state. the other house, by w hlcli, likewise, it shall be reconsi- 0. Immediately after tfie senators shall be assembled, etial reasons, dispense therc^ with, for any term not exceeding five years, afttr the county shall have been erected. • -1. .'Vll commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the comiuonweaith of Pennsylvania, and be sealed with the state seal, and signed by the go- vernor. 5. The state tri-asiirer shall be appointed annnallj,hy the joint vote of the members of both houses. All olheV , officers in the treasin^ dejinrtment. attorneys at law , election officers, officers relating to taxes, to the pour, and liighvvajs, constables, and other Unvnship officers, shall be appointed in such manner as is or shall bedirect- «1 by law. articlt; 7. ^ 1. The legislature shall , as soon as conveniently may be, provide by law for the est;ibli»liiiieiit of schools throughout the slate, in such manner that the poor may be taught gratis. 2. The arts and sciences sliall be promoted, in one or more seminaries of learning. 3. The rights, privileges, immunities, and estates, of religious societies and corporate bodies, shall remain as if the constitution of this slate had not been altered or amendetl. AUTicti; 8. - Xeiabei-s of tlte general assijmbly . r.nd al! cfliccis, cse- cutive and judicial, shall be bound, by oath or afiirma- tion, to support the constitution of this commonwealth, and to perform the duties of their respective offices with fidelity. ARTICLE 9. Tltat thegeneraU great, and tsiential principles of liberty and frie gotiernment may be recognized and unalterably established, we declare : 1. That all men are born equally free and indepen- dent, and have cert.nin inherent and indefeasible rights, among w hich are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, of acquiring, possessing, and protecting property and reputation, and of pursuing their own hapjiiness. 2. That all power is inherent in the people; and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted fur their peace, safety, and happiness. For the advanceiueiit of those ends, they have, at all times, an unalienable and indefessible right to alter, reform, or abolish their government, in such manner as they may think proper. 3. That all men have a natural and indefeasiVle right to worship Almighty God according to ilie dictates of their own consciences : and no man can, of right, be compelled to attend, erect, or support any p!ace of wor- ship, or to maintain any ministry, against nis consent ; that no human authority can, in any case whatever, con- trol or interfere w ith the rights of conscience ; and that no preference shall ever be given, by law, to any reli- gious establishments or modes of worship. 4. That no person, who acknowledges the being of a God, and a future state of rewards and punishments, shall, on account of bis religious sentimtiits, be disqua- lified to hold .any office or place of trust or profit under this commonwealth. 5. That elections shall be free and equal. 6. The trial by jury shall be as heretofore, and the right thereof remain inviolate. 7. That the printing presses shall be free to everyper- son who undertakes to examine the proceedings of the legislature, or any branch of gov evnment ; and no law shall ever be made to restrain the right thereof. The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the invaluable rights of man ; and every citizen may freely sneak, write, and print on any subject, being re- sponsible for the abuse of that liberty. In ]>rosecutions for the publication of papers invtstigatiiig the official conduct of officers, or men in public capacity, or where the mailer published is proper for public infumation, the truth thereof may be given in evidence. And, in all indictments for libels, the jui-y shall have a right to de- termine the law and the facts, under the direction of the court, as in other cases, 8. That the pe(,ple shall be secure in their persons, houses, pajiers, a>id possessions, from uni-easonable searches and seizures: and that no warrant to search any place, it to se'Ze any person or things, shall issue, without describing ;'iem as nearly ;\s mav be, nor with- out probab;e causi-, supported tiy oath or affirmation. 9. That.in all ciin-.iiial pros; cutions, theacciisedhath a right to be heard hv himseif and his counsel : to de- mand the nature and cause of the accusatien against him : to meet the witnesses face to face : to have com- jmlsory process for oiitaining witnesses in his favour ; and, in prosecuiions by indictment or information, a speedy, public tiial, by an impartial jury of the vicin- age : that he cannot be compelled to give evidence against himself, nor can he be cteprived of his life, liber- ty, or property, unless by the judgment of his peers, o the law of the land, 10. That no persons shall, for any indictable offence be proceeded :igainst criminally by information, excep in cases arising mi the land or naval forces, or in the mi litia when in actual service, in time of war or publi danger, or, by leave of the conrt,for oiipiession andrnis demeanor in office. No perscm shall, for the same of fence, f)e twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor sha any man's ;iiop> ify be taken or applied to pnblick use. without the consent of his representatives, and withoii' just compensation being made. 11. That all comts shall be open; and every man, fiii an injury done him in his lands, goods, person, or repu- tation, sli;»i ! have re le eily by the due course of law, an ' right and justice adniinistered without sale, denial, o; delay. Suits may be brought ag.ainst the commonwealtii in such manner, in such courts, and i>i such cases, as tht legislature may by law direct. 12. That no power of suspending laws shall be exer- cised unless by the legislature or its authority. 13. That excessive bail shall not be required, nor ex- cessive fines imposed} nor cruel punishments iaflisted. 4-2 (JOXS'ilTUllON OF I'KXXSYLA'AMA. 14. That all prisoners sliall be|bai!able by sufficient 7. Tliat the first senate shall consist of eiffiiiem mem» sureties, unless for eajjital offences, where the pronf is bers, to be chosen in districts, fonned as follows, to wit : evident, or presumption ppreat ; and the pviv;ieB;e of the The city of Philadelphia and the counties of Philadel- writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unl-^ss phia and Delaware shall he a district, and elect three when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety senators : the county of Chester shall be a district, and may require it. shall elect one senator : the county of Bucks shall be a 15. That no commission of oyer and terminer or jail district, and shall elect one senator : the county of Mont- delivery shall be issued. Efomei^ shall be a district, and shall elect otie senator : 16. That the person of a debtor, where there is not the county of Northampton shall be a district, and shall strong: presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in elect one senator : the counties of Lancaster and York prison after deliverinjj up his estates for the benefit of shall be a district, and shall elect three senators ; the ins creditors in such manner as shall be prescribed by counties of Berks and Dauphin shall be a district, and law. shall elect two senators: the counties of Cumberland 17. That no ex post facto law, nor any law impairing and Mifflin shall be a district, and shall elect one sena- contracts, shall be made. tor : the counties of Northumberland, Luzerne, and 18. That no person shall be attainted of treason or fe- HiiiitinE:don, shall be a district, and shall elect one sena- lony by the legislature. tor: tlie counties of Bedford and Franklin shall be a dis- 19. That nn attainder shall work errmption of blood, trict, and shall elect one senator : the counties of West- nor, except jlurina; the life of the offender. Forfeiture of moreland and AHegliany shall be a district, and shall estate to tlie commonwealth ■ that the instates of such fleet one senator: and the counties of Washington and persons as shall destroy their own !i>es, shall descend or Fayette shall be a district, and shall elect two senators : vest as in case of natural death ; and if any person shall which senatoi-s shall serve until the first enumeration be killed by casualty, there shall he no forfeiture by rea- befi>re-mentioned shall be made, and the representation sun thereof. in both houses of the legislattire shall be established by 20. Tliat the citizens have a right, in a peaceable man- law, and chosen as in the constitution is directed. Any ner, to assemble together for their common good, and vacancies which shall happen in the senate within the to apply to those invested with the powers of govern- said time, shall he supplied as prescribed in the nine- ir.ent for redress of grievatices. or other proper purposes, teenth section of the first article. b)' petition, address, or remonstrance. 8. That the elections of senators shall he conducted, 21. That the right of the citizens to bear arms, inde- and the returns thereof made to the senate, in the same fence of themselves and the state, shall not be ques- manner as is presciibcd by the election laws of the state tioncd. for conducting and making returns of the election of re- 22. That no standing armv shall, in time of peace, be presentatives. In those districts which consist of niore kept up, without the consent of the legislature; and the than one county, the judges of the district elections military shall, in all cases, and at all limes, he in strict within each county, after having formed a return of the subordination to thi' civil powe'-. whole election within that county, in such manner as is 23. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quarter- directed by law, shall send the same, by one or more of ed in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor, their number, to the places herein after mentioned with- in time (if war, but in a manner to be jireseribed by law. in the district, of which such count}- is a i)art. Avherethe 24. That the legislature shall not grantanytitleof no- judges, so met, shall compare and cast up the several bility or hereditaiT distinction, nor create aiiv office the county returns, and execute, under their hands and appointment to v hich shall be for a longer term than seals, one general and true return for the whole district; during good behaviour. that is to say, the judges of the district composed of the 25. That emigration from the state shall not be pro- city of Philadelphia, and the counties of Philadelphia liibited. and Delaware, shall meet in the state house in the city 26. To guard against transgressions of the high now- of Philadelphia ; the judges of the district composed o'f ers which w" hsve delegated, we declare, that every the counties of Lancaster and York, shall meet at the thing in this article. Is exoenled out of tlie general pow- coint house in the county of Lancaster; the judges of ers of govemmeiil, and shall for ever remain inviolate, the district composed of the counties of Berks and Dau- phin, shall meet at Middletown in the county of Berks ; SCHEDULE. the judges of the district composed of the counties of . Cuniberlandand Mifflin, shall meetin Greenwood town- Thnt no inconvenience mnt, arise Jrom the alterat/ons and ship, county of Cumberland, at the house now occupied atnemlmenti in the cons!>tution oj tins commomiealth, i,y David Miller ; the judges of the district composed of flj/f/, in onlcrlocarnj the same into coTjiptete operation, ihe counties of Northumberland, Luzerne, and Hunt- it is herf.hu L'er'arerland m/iaincit: ingdon, shall meet in the town of Sunburj-; the judges 1. That all laws of this coniinonwcalth, in force at the of the district composed of the counties of Bedford and time of making the said alterations and amendments in Franklin, shall meet at the house now occupied hj' John the said constitution, and not inconsistent therewith, Dickey, in Air township, Bedford county; the judges and all rights, actions, prosecutions, claims, and con- of the district composed of the counties of Westmore- tracts, as well of individuals as of bodies corporate, shall land and Alleghany, shall meet in Westmorehand coun- pontinue as if the said alterations and amendments had ty, at the court house in the town of Greensborough ; not been made. 'he iudges of the district coinposed of the counties of 2. That the president and supreme executive council ^Vas'llington and Fayette, shall meet at the courthouse shall continue to exercise the executive authority of this in the town of Washington, in Washington county, on commonwealth, as heretofore, until the third Tuesday the thir 1 Tuesday of October respectively, for the pur- of December next ; but no intermediate ^•acancies in the poses aforesaid. council shall be supplied by new elec ions. 9. That the e'ection of the govenior shall be conduct- 3. Tliat all officers in the appointment of the execu- ed in the several ccuntics. in the maimer prescribed by tire department, shall continue in the exercise of the the laws of the state for the election ttf representatives : duties of their respective offlces until the first day of and the returns in each county shall be sealed by the September, one thoiis:tnd seven hundred and ninety- judges of the elections, and transmitted to the president one, unless their commissions shall sooner exjiire by of the supreme executive council, directed to the speak- iheir own limitations, or the said offices become vacant er of the senate, as soon after the election as may be. by death or resignation, and no lon-rer, unless re-ap- Done in convi-itioii. the srcv.nd dat of September, in pomteil and f immi-.sion' d by the governor; >xcept that ^v,g ypgr of our Lord one tliousand seven hundred the judges of the supreme court shall hold their offices ^„^ ninety, and of the Independence of the United for the terms in their commissions respectively <'x- statesof America Ihefifteenth. In testimony where- pressed, of v\e liave hereunto subscribed our names. 4. That justice shall be administered m the several -i umv/rAc tutttut txt d „ -.u^i counties of this state until the period aforesaid, by the ^ HOMAS MIFl- LIN, President. same jtist'ces. in the same courts, and in the same man- .Tames Wilson, William Gibbons, ner, as heretofore. Hilary Baker, Thomas Bull, 5. That no person now in commission as sheriff, shall William Lev. is, James Boyd, be eligible at the next election fiir a longer term than Thomas M'Kean, F.dward Hand, will, with the time which he shall have served in the George Gray, Bobert Coleman, said office, coiuplete the term of three yeai's. William Robinson.jr. Sebastian Graff, 6. That, until the first enumeration shall be made, as Robert Hare, .lohn Hubley, directed in the fourth section of the first article of the Enoch Edwards, .lohn Breckbill, constitution established by this convention, the city of Samuel Ogilen, Henry Miller, Philadelphia and the several counties shall be respee- Thomas .lenks, jr. Heniy Slagle. lively efiiiitled to elect the same number of representa- -lohn Barclay, David Reddick. lives as is r.ow tirescribed by lav.'. -Abraham Stcti', ,7ames Ross. Juhn Srnilie. Albert Gallatin, Jamts M'Lene, George Matthews, James Morris, Liiidsey Coats, .lonathanSboemaker, William Reed, Benjamin Tyson, Eeiijamin Pedaii, Matthew Dill, CONSTITUTION OF DELAWARE. 43 AVilliam Irvine, John Piper, ^Vi^ianl Brown, James Power, Charles Smith, • Alexander Gra\ don, Joseph Heister,' Simon Snyder, Timothy Pickering, Christian Lower, William Findley, Andrew Henderson, Abraham Lincoln, William Todd, John Gibson, Paul tJroscop, Alexander Anderson, Thomas Beale, BakzerGehr, John Hogc, John Sellers, Samiul Sitgieaves, John Gloninger, Nathaniel NewHn. John Amdt, Attest, Joseph Redman, Secretary, Peler Rhoads, Jacob Shallus, Assistant SKKtar'j, Joseph Powell, CONSTITUTIOIS" OF DELAWARE. lie, the People, hereliy ordiitn ami establish and no person shall be ior the same oflence twice put m A; /-. ,-. ,• r ry ^r ji ,„t jeopardy oflife or limb : nor shall any man's property this C07ls/Mltlon of Government Jor the state -^e fakeii or applied to public use, without the consent of Delatvare. of his representatives, and without compensation being made. THROUGH divine goodness, all men have by nature § 9, All courts shall be open ; and every man, for au the rights of worshipping and serving their Creator ac- iiijur\- done him in his reputation, person, moveable or cording to the dictates of their consciences, of enjoying immoveable possessions, shall have remedy by due and deft?ndiug life and liberty, of acquiring and protect- course of law, and justice administered accoi'ding to the ing reputation and property, and, in general, of attain- very right'of the cause, and the law of the land, without ing objects suitable to their condition, without injury sale, denial, or unreasonable delay or espense ; and eve- bj one to another ; and as these rights are essentia! to ry action shall be tried in the county in which it shall their welfare, for the due exercise thereof, power is in- be commenced, unless when the judges of the court in herent in them ; and, therefore, all just authority in the which the cause is to be tried, shall determine that an institutions of political society is derived from the peo- impartial trial thereof cannot be had*n that county, pie, and established with their consent, to advance their Suits may be brought against the state, according to happiness : and they may, for this end, as circumstances require, from time to time, alter their constitution of go- vernment. ' such regulations as shall be made by law. § 10. No power of suspending laws shall be exercised, but b}- authority of the legislature. „,,. J §11. Excessive bail shall not be required, norexces- . Kiit-L, . 1. sive fines imposed, norcrue! punishments inflicted; and § 1. Although it is the dut>- of sU men frequently to in the construction of jails, a proper regard shall be had assemble together for the public wiu-ship of the Author to the health of prisoners. of the Universe, and piety and morality, im which the } 12. All prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sure- prosperity of communities depentls, are thereby promo- ties, unless for caj)ital offences, w hen .'he proof is posi- ted : yet, no man shall or ought to be compelled to at- five or the presumption great; and when persons are tend any religious worship, to contribute to the erection confined on accusation for such ofleiices, their friends or support ot any place of worship, or to the mainle- and counsel may at proper seasons have access to them, nance of any ministry, against his own free will and §13. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall consent : and no power shall or ought to be vested in or not l>e suspeiidi d, unless when in cases of rebellion or assumed by any magistrate, that shall in any case inter- invasion the public safi^t>' shall require it. fere with, or in any m,anncr control, the rights of con- § 14. No comir.ission of o}T;r and terminer or jail deli- science, in the free exercise of religious worship, nor a very shall be issued. preference given by law to any religious societies, deno- § 15. No attainder sTir.!! work corruption orblood,nor, minations, or modes of worship. exceptduringthelileof the offender, forfeiture of estate. § 2. No religious test shall be required as a qualifica- ^Ike estates of those who destroy their own lives, shall tion to any office, or public trust, under this state. ^^Scend or v^st as in case of natural death, and if any S3. AU elections shall be free and equal. person be killed by accident, no forfeiture shall be I 4. Trial by jiu'y shall be as heretofore. thereby ii>eurifd. §5. The press shall be free to every citizen who nn- 5 Ifi. Although disobedience to the laws by a part of dertakes to examine the official conduct of nu^n acting the people, upon suggestions of impolicy or injustice in in a public capacity ; and any citizen may print on any tbeiii, tends, by immediate efi'ect and ihe iuHiience of subject, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty. exain;:.le, not only to endanger the public welfare and In prosecutions for publications investigating the pro- safety, but also, in governments of a republican form, ceMings ot officers, or where the matter published is contravenes the social pvinciples of such governments, proper for public information, the truth thereof may be founded on common consent for common good ; yet the given in evidence ; and in all indictments for libels, the citizens have a right, in an orderly manner, to meet jury may determine the facts and the law, as in other together, and to apply to persons intrusted with the ea'ies. powers of government, fm' redress of grievances, or § 6. The people shall be secure in their persons, other proper purposes, by petition, remonstrance, or ad- hou!es, papers, and possessions, from unreasonable dress. searches and seizures; and no warrant to search any §17. No standing army shall be kept up without the place, or to seize any person or thnigs, shall issue, with- consent of the legislature ; and the iiiilitar)' shall in all cut describing them as particularly as maybe; northen, cases and at all ti;ues; be in strict subordination to the nnhss there be probable cause, supported bv oath or af- civil power, tirmation. ' §18. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quarteied § 7. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused hath a in any house without the consent of the owner; uor in right to be heard by himself and his counsel, to be plain- time of war, but by a civil uiagisti ate, in a manner to be ly and fully informed of the nature and cause of the ac- presciibed by law. cusation against him, to meet the witnesses in their ex- § 19- No hereditary distinction shall be granted ; nor amination face to face, to have compulsory process in any office created or exercised, the appointment to, due time on application by himself, his friends, or coun- which shall bi; for a longer term than dunng good beha- sel, for obtaining witnesses in his favour, and a speedy viour; and no person holding any office tinder this st^ite, and public trial by an impartial jury : he shall not be shall acceiit of any office, or title of any kind whatever, compelled to give evidence against himself; nor shall be Irom any king, prince, or foreign state. ^'■PT'Jfi',''-'^ ''''"' '''"''^>' ?'■ pi'')P<;it3;, unless by the judg- ive declare that every f./iiri/; in this article is reserved out of t.!te general poiccrs of •government herein after men- tioned. AllTICLF. 2. i I. Tlie legislative power of this state shall be ve>ted meat of his peers or the law of the land. § 8. No person shall, for any indictable offence, be proceeded aiyainst criminally by information, except in, cases ai'ising 111 the land or naval forces, or in the militia vhen in actiialservite, intimecf waror public dauge.-; CUNSTULllOX OF Df.L.WV.VUF.. in a genera! assembly, which shall consist oi" & senate time for which he shall have been citcleti, be appointed and house of representatives. to any eivil office under this stiie, which shall have } 2. The I'^presentativesihali be chosen annually by been created, or the emoluments of which shall have the ciiiz'-.:s residing in the- several counties respectively, been increased, during such time. No person concern- on the firs. I'iiesday of October. ed in any army or navy contract, no member of eon- No person shall be a representative who shall not giess, nor any person holding any oftice under this state, have attained to the age of tuenty-four years, and ha\e or (he United Slates, except the" attorney general, offi- a freehold iu the county in '.vliich he shall be chosen, cers usually appointed by the courts ot justice respee- have been a citizen and inhaiitant of the state three tively, attorneys at law, and officers in the militia, hold- years next piecedii.g thv fir-ii liiet ting of the legislature ing no disqualifjing office,shall, during his continuance after his election, and the la-.i year of that term an ii;ha- in congrtss or in i.ffice, hv a senator or repieseutativc. bitant of the county in which ht aliall be chosen, unless § l3. When vacancies happen in either house, writs of he shah have been absent on the public business of the (lection shall he issued by tht- speakers respectively, or. United States, or ol' tiiis slate. in cases of necessity, in such other manner as shall be There shall be seven representatives chosen in each provided for by la»'; and the persons thereupon chosen county, until a greater number of representativt-s -hail shall hod their seats as long as those in whose stead they by the general assembly be judged necessary; and then, aiefiejted might have done, if such vacancies had net two-thirds of each branch of the leLri3:ature eo; . lius ^'-ly- of the legislature after his election, and the last year of that term an inhabitant of the county in which he shall be chosen, unless he shall have been absent on the pub- lic business of the United States, or of this state. There shall Bfe three senators chosen in each county, ARTICIE 3. § 1. The supreme executive power of the state aliall be vested in a governor. §2. The governor shall be chose/1 on the first Tuesday ■When a greater nu.nber of senators shall bv the general ol October, by the citizens of the state having a right to assembly bejudgid necessary, two-thirds o^e'ach branch *'"te lor representatives, in the counties where they re- concurring.'they iii:iy by lav/ make provision for increa- speciiveiy reside, at the places where they shall vote for sing their num'jer; but the number of senators shall ne- representatives. • ver be greater than one half, nor less than one third, of i'he returns of evei^ election for governor shall be the nnmljer of representatives. staled up anil imraedialeiy delivere-d by the returning Immediately after the senators shall be ajsemb! eel in orticei-s of tii- several connties to the speaker of these- eonsequence of the fii-st election, (he senators ■csuang nate, or, in case of his deaih. to the speaker of the house in each count), sliall be divided by lotinto ihi'ecliisses. of representatives, who shall keep the same until a The seats of the srjiators of the first class shul be vacated speaker cf ihe senate shuH be appointed, to whom they at the e^pi;■ation of the first year; of tin second ela^s at sliiili be .;..!ii. viia.elj d; livereii after his appointment, the expiration of the second > ear ; and of the third ciass who shaa open and publish the same in the presence of at the expiration ol ihethiid year; so that one third may tlie memlx-i-s of botli houses of the legislature. Dupli- be chosen every y ar. cates of the said returns shall also be immediately lodged § 4. I'he general assembly shall meei on the first rtilh the prothonoiary of ea>.h county. The person hav- Tuesdayof January in every year, unless sooner con- ing lie highest number of voles shall be governor: but, ▼ened by the governor. ' if two or iiiore shall be equal in the highest number of § 5. Each Iiouse shall choose its speaker and other of- voies, the numbers of the two houses shall, by joint bal- ficers; and also eaeii house h host spt uKer shall ixereise lot, choose one of them to be governor ; and if, upon such theofficeof governor, may choose a speaker pro tempore, ballot, two or more of them shall still be equal and high- § fi. Each house sha.l judge ut the eleoion ;, r< turj^est in votes, the speaker of the senate shall have an adtli- and > ballot of the iioiises respectively : every person of the be deemed expedient. committee shall take an oath or affirmation, that, in de- 57, Each house may determine the rule's of its pro- termining the said election, he v ill faithfully discharge ceedings, punish any of its meinhers for disorderly beha- the trust reposed in him ; and the committee shall always ing three years from the third Tuesday of January next ensuing his election; and shall not be capable of holding it loug- viour, and, with the eoncurience of iwo-tliirds, e^pel a sil w ith open doors. member ; and shall have all other powers nece'-sarv for ' f 3. The governor shall hold his office duri a branch of the legislature of a free «iid independent state. § 8. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed- ev than three in any term of six yea ings, and publish them immediately after every session, § 4. He shall be at least thirty-siX years of age, and except such parts as may require secrecy : and the yeas have been a citizen and inhabitant of the United States and nays of the members on any question shall, at the twelve years next before the first meeting of the legisla- desire of a-.y member, he entered on the journal. ture after his election, and the last six of that term an § 9. The doors of each house,and of committees of tlie inhabitant of this state, unless he shall have been absent whole, shall be open, unless when the liusiuess is such as on the public business of the United States, or of this ought to be kept secret. stale. § 10. Neither house shall, without the consent of the § *• No member of congress, nor penon holding any other, adjourn more than three days, nor to any other office under the United States orthis state, shall exercise place than that in which the iwo houses shall be sitting, the office of governor. §11. The senators and ri'pivsentalive's shall receive a §6. The governor shalt,atstated times, receive for his compensation for then services, to be ascertained by law, services an adequate salary, to be fixed by law, which and paid out of the treasui-y of the state ; but no law, va- shall be neither increased nor diminished during the pe- rying the compensation, shall take effect till an election of representatives shall have intervened. They shall in all cases, except, treason, felon) , or breach of the peace, be privilegt d from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to, and riid for which he shall have been elected. § 7. He shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of this state, anil of the militia ; except when they shall be called into the service of the United States. f 8. He shall appoint all officers whose offices are es- leturniug from the same ; and for any speech or debate tablished by this constitution, or shall be established by m either house, ihey shall not be questioned in any other law, and whose appointments are not herein otherwise place. provided for ; but no person shall be appointed to an of- * 12. Ne senator or representative shall, during- the nee within a county w ho shall not have a right to vote constitution; Ul-' DVA .\\VAll\i. 4br repicsen(;irivc-s, and liavc been an inhabitant tlicreiu one veap next before his appointment, nor hold the of- fice 'longer than he continues to reside in the county. No mt-iiiber of eoiigivss, nor any person, holdinjj or ex- ei-eisiii!;- anv office undirtlie United Stales, shall, at the same lime, hold or exercise Iheoffiee of judge, trcasiu'er, attorney general, seci-etary, clerk of the supreme court, prothonotary,rcpister for the probate of wills and g^nt- inc letters of atfministratioTi, recorder, sheriff", or any office under this state, with a salary by law annexed to it, or any other office which the lepslaiure shall declare incompatible with offices or appointments under the United States. No person shall hold more than one of the following offices at the same time, to wit : treasurer, attorney s;enc ral, clerk of the supreme court, prothono- tary, register, siieriff. All commissions shall be in the name of the state, shall be sealed with the great seal, and be signed and tested by the governor. §9. He shal 1 h.ave power to remit fines and forfeitures; and to gi-ant reprieves and pardons, except in cases of iinpeacliment. 5 10. He may reqtiire informatioii, in writing, f:»jra the officers in the executive department, npon any sub- ject relating to the duties of their lespective offices. 5 11. He shall, from time to lime, give to the general assembly information of affairs concerning the state ; and recommend to their consideration sucli measures as he shall judge expedient. § 1 2. Tie may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the jyeneral assembly ; and, in case of disagreement between the two houses, with respect to the timeof adjournment, adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper, not exceeding three ffionths. } 13. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully ex- ecuted. # § 14. On the death or resignation of the governor, or his removal from office on impeachment, or lor inability, the speaker of the senate, at that time, shall exercise the office of governor nnril a new governor shall be duly qualified; and on the death or resignation of the speaker of the senate, the speaker of the house of representatives at that time, shall exercise the office, until it be regular- ly vested in a new governor. If the trial of a contested election shall continue longer than the third Tuesday of -January next ensuing the election of a governor, the go- vernor of the last year, or the speaker of the senate or of the house of representatives, who may then be in the exercise of the executive atilhority,shaU continue there- in until a determination of such contested election. Thegovernor sliall not be reVnoved from his office for inability, but with the concurrence of tv.o-tliirds of ail the members of each branch of the hgisiature. § IS. A secretary shall be anpointed and commission- ed during the govenioi's cominiiance in office, if he shall so long behave himself well. He shall keep a fair register of all the official acts aud proceedings of the go- vernor ; and sliall, when required by either branch of the legislature, lay the same, and aliptipers, minutes, and vouchers relative thereto, before them; and shall Jierform such other duties as shall be enjoined him by aw. He shall have a compensation fur his services, to be fixed by law. ARTICLE 4. 5 1. All elections of governor, senators, and repre- sentatives, shall be by ballot; and, in such elections, every white freeman, of the age of twenty-one years, haviii™ resided in the state two years next before the election, and within that time paid astate or county tax, v.hieh shall have been assessed at least six months before the electicm, shall enjoy th" right ol an elector ; and the sons of persons so f[!ialified shall, between the ages of twt.nty-one and twenty-two years, be entitled to vote, althoiigli they shall not have paiil taxes. $2, Electors shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach ol the [leace, he privileged from arrest during their attendance at elections, and in going to and re- f ll^nin^J from them. ARTICLE 5. •', ;. The house of representative.^ shall have the sole powerof impeachin|»; but two-thirds ol all the members must concur in an impeachment. All impeac.'imems shall he tried by tiie senate; and, when sitting lor that purpose, the senate shall be upon oath or afiirination to do justice according to the evidence. No person shall be convicted without the eoneurrence of two-thirds of all the senators. j 2. The governor, and all other civil officers under this state, slia'.l be liable to impeachment for treason, bribery, or any high crime or misdemeanor iu office, ■./tidgnient in siich cases shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold any of- fice of honour, trust, or profit under this state ; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be subject to indict- ment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. J 3, Treason against this state, shall coi^sist only iti le- vying war against it, or in adhering to the enemies of tie,- government, giving thera aid and comfort. No per- son shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimo- ny ot two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confes- sion in open court. AHTICLE 6. § 1. The judicial powerof this state shall be vested in a ci/ort of chancer)', a supreme court, and courts of oyer and terminer and general jail deliver;-, in a court of common pleas, and in an orphans' court, register's couit, and a court of quarter sessions of tlie peace for each county,injusticesof the peace, and in such other courts as the legislature, two-thirds of all the members of each branch concurring, may, from time to time, establish. § 2. The chancellor and the judges of the supreme court, and of the court of common pleas, shall hold their offices during good behaviour: but, for any reasonable cause which shall not be a sufficient ground for an im- peachment, the governor may, in his discretion, remove any of them, on tlic adilress o'ftwo-thirds of all the mem- bers of each brand; of the legislature. They shall, ai staled times, receive for their services adequate salaries, to be fixed by law, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office, and shall be pay.able quar- terly to their respective orders upon the treasurer, out of any moneys in the treasury ; but they shall hold no other office of profit, nor i eceii e any fees or perquisites, except such fees as shall be fixed by law for business to be done out of court. § 3. Thejudges of the supreme court shall be not few- er than three, nor more than four, one of whom shall be the chief iustice. There shall be a judge residing in each county, 'i he jurisdiction of this court shall extend over the sta"te. Tlie judges shall, by virtue of their of- fices, be justices of oyer and terminer, and general jail delivery, in the several counties. Any two of the judges may act as if ail were present, J 4. The judges of the court of common pleas sh.all lie not fewer tiian three, nor more than four, one of whom shall be chief justice. There shall be a judge residing in each county. The jurisdiction of this court shall ex- tend over the state. Any two of the judges may act as if all were present. § 5. The chancellor, or any judge of the supreme court, or of the court of common pleas, shall issue the M'lit of habeas corpus, in vacation tii.je, and outof term, when duly ajiplied f.ir, which shall be immediately obeyed. 5 6. Any jitdge of the supreme court, or of the court of common pleas, may, unless the legislature shall other- wise provide by law, out of court, take the acknowledg- ment of deeds ; and the same being theregn certified, under his hand, such deed shall be recorded, and have the same effect as if acknowledged in open court. § 7. In civil causes, when pending, the supreme court and court of common pleas shall have the power, before judgment, of directing, upon such terms as they shall deem reasonablt-, amendments in pleadings and Ugal proceedings, so that by error in any of them, the deter- fiiination of causes, according to their real merits, shall not be hindered ; and also of directing the examination of witnesses that are aged, very infirm, or going out of the stati', upiii interrogatories ile bene esse, to be read irr evidence in c;:se of the death or departure of the wit- nesses before the trial, or inability by reason of age, sick- ness, bodily infirmity, or imprisonment, then to attend ; and also life power of obtaining evidence from places not within the 'jtate. § 8. Suits may originate in the supreme court or court of common pleas. ( 9. Ofie judge of the supreme court or of the court of common pleas may, if the other judgt-s come not, open and adjonni the court, and may also make the necessa- ry rules preparatory respectively to the trial orargument of causes. ^10, At any lime pending an action for debt or da- mages, the deiendant may bring into court a sum of mo- ney for dischargingthesame and the costs thnn accrued, and the plaintiff not accepting therei'f, it sliall he deli- vered for his use to the clerk or prothonotai-j- of the court ; and if, upon the final decision of the cause, the plaintiff' shall not recover a greater sum than that paid uito court for him, he shall not recover any costs accrn- ing after such payment, e>;cept where ijje idaititiff is an executor or ud:ninistralor. 4G CONSTITUTION OF DELAWARE. 5 11. By llie dealli of any party, no suit in chancery or at law, wliere the cause of action surv-ives,sliall abate ; but, until the legislature shall otlicrvvise provide, sug- gestion of such death being entered of record, the exe- cutor or administrator of a deceased petitioner, or plain- tiff, may prosecute the said suit ; and li a respondent or defendant dies, the executor or administrator, being du- ly served with a scire facias, thirty days before the return thereof, shall be considered as a party to the suit, in the same manner as if he had voluntarily made himself a party; and in any of those eas -s the court shall pass a decree, or render juds;meut for o;- against executors or administrators as to right appertains. Bii t «here an ex- ecutor or administrator of a deceased respondent or de- fendant becomes a party, the court, upon motion, shall j^rant such a continuance of the cause as to the judges shall appear proper. § 12. Whenever a person, not being an executor or administrator, appeals from a decree of the cliancellor, or applies for a writ of error, such appeal or writ shall be no stay of proceeding in the chancery, or the court to which the writ issues, unless the appellant orplaintiff in error shall give sufficient security, to be approved re- spectively by the chancellor, or by a judge of the court from which the writ issues, that the appellant or plain- tiff in error shnl! prosecute respectively his appeal or writ to effect, and pay the eondemnatitin inoney and all costs, or otherwise abide tlie decree in appeal or the judgment in error, if he fail to make his plea good. i 13. No writ of error shall be brought uponuny judg- ment heretofore confessed, entered, or rendered, but within five years from this ti.ne; nor upon any judg- ment hereafter to be confessed, entered,orrendered,but within five years after the confessing, entering, or ren- dering thereof, unless tlie person entitled to such writ bean infant, femrae convert, iion compos mentis, or a prisoner, and then within five years exclusive of the time of such disability. 5 14. She equity jurisdiction heretofore exercised by the jiidg« of the court of common |)leas, shall be sepa- rated from the common law jurisdiction, and vested in a chancellor, ulio shall hold courts of chancery in the several counties of this state. In cases of equity juris- diction, where the chancellor is interested, the cogni- znnco thereof shall belong to theeourtof common pleas, with an appeal to the high court of errors and appeals. § 15. The judges of the court of common pleas, or any two of them, shall compose the orphans' court of each county, and may exercise the equity jurisdiction hereto- fbre exercised by the orphans' courts', except as to ad- justing and settling executors, administrators, and guar- dians' accounts; in which cases they shall have an ap- pellate jurisdiciionfrom the sentence or decree of the register. This court may issue process throughout the state, to compel the attendance of witnesses. Appeals may be made from the orphans" court, in cases where that court has original jurisdiction, to the supreme court, ^^hose decision shall be final. ^ 16. An executor, administrator, or guardian, shall file every account witft the register for the county, who shall, as soon as conveniently may be, carefully examine the particulars, with the proofs tliereof, in the j)resence of sucheNecntor, admiinstrator, or guardian, and shall adjust and settle the siime, accordhig to the very right of the matter, and tlx law of the land : which account, so settled, shall remain in his office for inspection; and the executor, administrator, or guardian shall, within three months after such settlement, give due notice, in writing, to all jiei-sons entitled to shares of the estate, or to their gaurdians respectively, if residing within tlie state, that the account is lodged in the said office for in- spection; and the judges of the orphans' court shall hear theexceptivitnesses. Appeals may be made from the re- ;;ister's court to the supreme court, whose decision shall be final. In cases where a register is intertsted in ques- tions concerning the probate of wills, the granting let- ters of administration, or executors, administrators, or guardians' accounts, the cognizance thereof shall be- long to the oriihans" court, with an appeal to tlie supreme court, whose decision shall be final. § IS. The prothonotariesof theeourtof common pleas may issue processes as heretofore, take recognizances of bail, and sign confessions of judgment ; and the cleiUi of the supreme court shall have the like powers. Ko judgment in the supreme court or court of common pleas, held for one county, shall bind lands or tene- ments in another, until a testatum fieri facias being is- sued, shall be entered of record in the office of the pro- thonotai-}' of the county wherein the lands or tenements are situated. § 19. The judges of the court of common pleas shall, by virtue of tlieir offices, compose the courts of general quarter sessions of the peace, and jail delivery, within the several counties. Any two of the said judges shall be a quorum, ^ 20. The governor shall appointa competent number of persons to the office of justice of the peace, not ex- ceeding twelve in each county, until two-thinls of both houses of the legislature shall, by law, direct an addition to the number, who shall be commissioned for seven years, if so long they shall behave themselves well : but may be removed by the governor within that time, on conviction of misbehaviour in office, or on the address of both houses of the legislature. § 21. The style in all process and public acts shall be, the \t'ite of Delmtrarc. Prosecutions shall be carried on in the name of the state, and shall conclude, against the peace ami dignify of the state. ARTICLE 7. § 1 . There shall be a court, st yled the high court of er- rors and appeals, which shall consist of the chancellor and of the judges of the supreme court, and court of common pitas. Any four of the judges of this court may proceed on business; but any smaller number may open and adjourn the court. If'^ any of them has rendered judgment or passed a decree iiwany cause before remo- val, he shall not sit judicially upon the hearing of tlie same in this court, but may assign the reasons upon which such judgment v.as rendered, or such decree passed. 'Ihe- chancellor shall preside, except when he cannot sit judicially; and in such cases,or in his absence, the chief justice of the supreme court ; but ii' he is so disqualified or absent, then the chief justice of the court of conunon pleas shall preside ; and it he is so dis- qualified or absent, then the next eldest judge, ac- cording to priority in date of commissions, if present, and not disqualified as aforesaid, shall preside. This court shall have power to issue writs of error to the su- preme court, and to the court of common pleas, and to receive and determine appeals from interlocutory or final orders or decrees of the chancellor. Krrors shall be assigned, and causes of appeal exhibited in writing, speedily, and citations duly served on adverse parties. § 2. Upon the reversal of a judgment of the supreiBe court, or of the court of common pleas, or a decree of the chancellor, this court shall respectively render such judgment, or pass such decree, as the supreme court, or the court of common jileas, or the chancellor, ought to have rendered or passed, except where the reversal is iu favour of the plaintifl' or petitioner in the original suit, and the damages to be assessed, or the matters to be de- creed, are uncertain. In any of which cases, the causes shall be remanded, in order to a final decision. § 3. The judges of this court may issue all process pro- per for bringing records fully before them, and for car- rying their determinations into execution. AHTICLE 8. 5 1. The members of the senate and house of repre- sentatives, the chancellor, the judges of the supreme court, and the court of common pleas, and the attorney general, shall, by virtue of their offices, be conservators of the peace thi-cughout the state ; and the treasurer, se- cretary, clerks of the supreme court, jirothonotaries, re- gisters, recorders, sheriffs, and coroneis, shall, by virtue of their offiees,be conservators thereof, within the coun- ties respectively in which they reside. § 2. The iepresentative,and when there shall be more than one, the representativt s, of the people of this state in congress, shall be voted for at the same places where representatives in the state legislature are votedfor,and in thesarae rcanner. . §3. The state treasurer shall be appointed annually by the house of representatives, with the concurrence of the senate. No person who hath served in the office of state treasurer, shall be efigihle to a seat in either house of the legislaiure, until he shall have made a final settle- ment of his accounts as treasurer, and discharged the ba- l.tnce, if any, thereon due. § 4. Two pci-sons for the office of sheriff, and two for the office ol^ coroner, shall be chosen by the citizens re- siding in each county, and having right to vote for re- pix-sentalives, at the time .and places of election of re- CONSTITL riON OF DF.LAWAIJL'.. prciontativcs, one of \\ Iiom, for each oftice respectively, shall he appointed hy the ffovenior. They shall hold their oflices for three years, if so loiif: they shall behave themselves well, and until successors be duly (jiialifiid ; but no person shall be twice appointed shentf, upon election by the citizens, in any temi of six years. The governor shall fill vacancies in these offices by new n\>- pointraents, to continue unto the next tjeneral election, and until successors shall be chosen and duly qualified. The legislature, two-tliirds of each branch concurring, may, when it shall be judged expedient, vest the ap- pointment of sheriffs and corouei-s in the ejovemor; but no person shall be twice appointed sheritt, in any term of six years. $ 5. TheattorneygeneraI,clerksof tliesupremecourt, prothonotaries, registers, clerks of the ori)Uans' courts and of the peace, sliall respectively be commissioned for five years, if so lonRthey shall behave themselves well ; but may be removed by th<' governor within that time, on conviction of misbiliaviouv in office, or on the ad- dress of botli houses of the le.^islature. Prothonotaries, clerks of the supreme court, of the orphans' courts, re- psters, recorders, and sheriffs, shall keep their offices in the town or place in each county in which the supreme court and the court of common jileas are usually held. } 6. Attorneys at law, all inferior offices in the treasu- ry department,elee(ionofficers,offieers relating to tdlks, to the poor, and to the liighways, constables and hun- dred officers, shall be appointed in such manner as is or may be directed by law. J 7. All salai-ies and fees annexed to offices shall be moderate; and no officer shall receive any fees whatever, without fjiving; to the person who pays, a receipt for them, if required, therein specifvin unless a raajoritj' of the judges present at the trial, certify that there was probaljle cause for the prosecu- tion. §9. The rights, privileges, immunities, and estates of religious societies and corporate bodies, shall remain as if the constitution of this state had not been altered. No clergj-man or preacher of the gospel, of any denomina- tion, shall he capable of holding any ciWl office in this state, or of being a member of either branch of the legis- lature, while he continues in the exercise of the iiastoral or clerical functions. 5 10. All the laws of this state, existing at tlie time of making this constitution, and not inconsistent with it, shall remain in force, unless they shall be altered by fu- ture laws ; and all actions ar.d prosecutions now pend- ing, shall proceed as if this constitution had not been made. } 11. This constitution shall be prefixed to every edi- tion of the laws made by direction of the legislature. J 12. The legislature sliall, as soon as conveniently may be, provide by law for ascertaining what statutes anil parts of statutes shall continue to be in iorce within this state ; for reducing them and all acts of the general as- sembly, into such order, and publishing them in such manner, that thereby flie knowledge of them may be generally diffused; for choosing inspectors and judges of elections, and regulating the same, in such rnamier as shall most effectually guard the rights of the citizens entitled to vote; for bitter seen ring pei-sona! liberty , and easily and speedily redressing all wrongful restraints thereof; for more certainly obtaining returns of impar- tial juries; for dividinjj lands and tenements in sales by shenffs, where they will he^r a division, into as many parcels as maybe, without spoiling the whole, and for advertising and making the sales, in such manner and at such times and nl.ices, as may render them most benefi- cial to all persons concerned; and for establishing schools, and promoting arts and sciences. ARTICLK 9. Members of the general assembly, and all officers, ex- ecutive and judicial, shall be hound, by oath or affirma- tion, to support the constitution ofthis state, and to per- fonn the duties of their respective offices with fideliry. AHTICLB 10. The general assembly, whenever two-thirds of each house shall deem it necessary, mny, with the approbation of the governor, propose amenilVneuts to this constitu- tion, and at least three, and not more than six months, before the next general election of npresenlalivi s, diilv publish them in print, for the co?isideration of the p o- ple; and, if three-fouilhs of each branch of the IcjislatuiB shall, after such an election, and before another, ratify the same amendments, they shall he valid to all intents and piiiposes,as parts oi'this constitution. No convention shall be called but by the authority of thi people ; and an unexceptionable modeof making their sense known, will be forthera,at a general election of representatives, to vote also, by ballot, _/i/)' or against a convention, as theyshall severally choose to do; and if,thereupon,it shall appear, that a majority of all the citizens in the state, having right to vote for representatives, have voted for a convention, the general assembly shall, accordingly.at their next sessions, call a convention, to consist at least of as many members as there are in both houses of the legislature, to he chosen in the same manner, at the same places, and at the same time, tliat representatives are. by the citizens entitled to vote for ivpresentatives, on due notice given for one month, and to meet within three months after they shall be elected. SCHEDULE. That no inconveniences may arise fro mdie aUeraiiont of the constitution of this state, and in ortkr to carry the same into complete operation, it is heredy declared antt ordained: § 1. That the president, or, in case of his death, inabi- lity, or absence from the state, the speaker of the legis- lative council, at that time, and in case of his death, in- ability, or absence from the state, I he speaker of the house of assembly, at that time, shall respectively, with the privy council, exercise the executive authority of this state, until the third Tuesday in January next. If the death, inability, or absence of the president, shall happen after the first Tuesday of next October, and be- fore the fii-st Tuesday in next January, then the execu- tive authority shall devolve upon the person who was speaker of the council at the next ])receding session of the general assembly ; and in case of his deatii, inability, or absence, upon th e person who was speaker of the house of assembly at the said next preceding session. J 2. TlL-it all persons holding offices to which, under this constitution, appointments are to be made by the governor, shall continue in the exercise of the duties of their respective officts, until the first Tuesday of Octo- ber, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three, un- less their commissions shall sooner expire by their own limitations, or the said offices shall become' vacant by death or resignation, and no longer, unless rc-appointea and comiiiissihned by the governor. § 3, That justice shall be administered in tlie several counties of this state, until the period last mentioned, hy the same justices, in the same courts, and in the same manner, as heretofore. 6 4. That the sheriffs elected at October next shall hold their respective commissions two yeai-s, and no long- er, from that time, or until new sheriffs are elected and appointed ; and such persons shall not he again eligible until the expiration ofthree years after their commissions ctase. J 5. That the elections of governor, senaloi-s, and re- presentatives, shall be conducted by the same persons, and in thi- same manner as is prescribed by the election laws of this state, concerning the election of members of the couneil, and of the house of assembly ; and the re- turns then of shall be made respectively to the person exercising the executive authority, to the senate, and t» the house of representatives. } 6, The first meeting of the legislature, under this constitution, shall be at the town of Dover. Done in convention, the tw-lfih day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousai:d seven liundred and ninety-two, and of the Independence of the United States of Air.erica the sixtef nth. In testimony where- of, we have hereunto subsci ibed our names. THOMAS MONTGOMERY, President. .Tohn Dickinson, Robert Coram, Robert Armstrong, Kensiy Johns, Edward Roche, Nicholas Ridgely, William Johnson, John Clayton, Robert Uaughey, Thomas White, George Monroe, Maiilove Emerson, James Morris, George Mitchell, Richard Basset, John W. Batson, Benjamin Dill, Rhoads Shankland, Henry MoUiston, Isaac Beaucliamp, Andrew Han-att, Daniel Polk. Isaac Cooper,' Attest. James Booth, Secretari', 4S COxVSTITUTION OF ^MARYLAND. AMENDMENT. adjusting and settling; executors, adiniiiislralors, am . . J , t «,j CT guardians' accounts, in which case he shall have an ap The follou-tfig section 7va.; adoflterl on the 22rf ■;/ January „^.^]^^^. jurisilietion from the sentence and decree of thi and 51 h of February, 1802, in lieu of the 15th section of the 6th article of the constitution : register: This coui't may issue process tbronghout the state to compel the attendance of witnesses. Appeals 5 15. The chancellor shall compose the orphans' court may be made from the orphans' court, in cases where of each county.and exercise tlieequltyjtirisdictionhere- that court 1ms original jurisdiction, to tiicsupreniecourt, tofore exercised by the orphans' court, except as to the whose decision sliail be final. CONSTl i UTIO]S" OF MARYLAND. The Declaration of Eights and the Constitution and Form of Government of the state of Mar ij land. THE DECLARATION OF IlIGHTS. THE parliament of Great Britain, by a declaratory act, having assumed a right to make laws to bind the co- lonies in all cases whatsoever, and in pursuance of such claim, endeavoured, by force of arms, to subjugate the united colonies to an unconditional submission to their will and power, and having at length cemstrained them to declare themselves independent states, and to assume government under the authority of the people :— Thcre- fove. We, tjie delsgates of Maryland, in free and full con- vention assembled, taking into our most serious consi- deration the best means of establishing a good constitu- tion in this state, for the sure foundation and more per- manent security theieof. declare : 1. That all government of right originates from the people, is founded in compact only, and instituted solely for the good of the whole. 2. That the people of this state ought to have the sole and exclusive right of regulating the internal govern- ment and police thereof, 3. That the i-habitants of Maryland are entitled to the common law of England, and the trial by jury, accord- ing to the course of that law^,and to the benefit of such of the English statutes, as existed at the time of their first emigration, and which, by experience, have been found applicable to their local and other circumstances, and of such others as have been since made in England, or Great Britain, and have been introduced, used, and practised by the courts of law or equity ; and also t;> all acts of assembly, in force on the first of June, seventeen lunidred and seventy-fom-, excsjit such a» may have since expired, or have been, or may be, altered by acts of convention, or this declaration of rights— subject, ne- vertheless, to the revision of, and amendment or repeal bv, the legislature of this state: and the inhabitants of Hi.^ryland are also entitled to all property derived to Ihem from or under the charter granted by his majesty Charles I. to Caicilius Calvert, baron of Baltimore. 4. That all persons invested with the legislative or executive powers of government, are the trusfet s of the publie, and, as such, nccountable for their eondflct ; wherefore, wiienever the ends of government are per- verted, and the public liberty manifestly endangered, .tiid all other means of redress are ineffectual, the people may, and of right ought to, reform the old, or estiihlish a new government. 1 he doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppressionisabsurd, slavish, and destructive' of the good and hapjiiness of mankind. 5. That the right, in the people, to participate in the Iegisiaturc,is the best security of li!)erty, and the found- ation of all free government ; for this purpose, elections ought to be free and frequent, and every man having property in, a common inf-rcst with, and an attachment to, the community, ought to have a right of suft'rage. 6. That the legislalivc,exeei;tive,and judicial powers of government, ought tobeforever separate anddistinct frsim each other. 7. That no powerof suspending laws or the execution of laws, unless by, or derived tTom, the legislature,ouglit to be exercised or allowed. •Such parts of the original constitution, or the amend- ments thereto, as have been altered or abolished, areen- -iosi nreH of his life, liberty, or jiroperty, but by tiic; judg- co-jrt of t.ijs present ycp.r. to he hi '-- fbrUie support, nse, or !>enefit o!'. or in trust for. any •rants, to search siisi)ecle(l niaees, or to apprehend. s;is- minister, public teacher, or pi-eaehcrof thep;ar.pel, as pecti-d pei-sniis, without na'inins: or dcseribiii" the place such, or any reli^jious sei-t, orilet, or denomination ; End or the person in special, are illegfal and ought not to be every fjift or sale of priiiHls or chattels, to j;;o in succo?" S^rantcd. sion, cr to take place after the death of the seller or do- 24. That there ou(?ht to he no f jrfeiture ofany part of nor, taor fjr such support, use, orl-enffit,anil also fcv€- the estat-,- of any pei-son, for anv crime e>:pei>t inur^n-, n' devisr- of ijomls or cliattels to or for the suppoit. lise, or treason a;^iinst the state, and then onlv in conviction or be.;! Sit ■■fapy ministlr, public teacher,or pre atl.er ol and attainder. tl:e •;■''^;!'. '. as such, or any religious sect, order, or deno- 25. That a well regulated militia is the proner and na- ni". '■•''■•'.. ^ ithoi:t ilie leave of the legislature, shall be tural defence of a free government. " . void, i \ei :>! ai«a)S any sale, ccifl, iease, or demise of any 2r,. Thatstan(iiuf:aru)iesaredantferoustoiiberly,and quantity of latul iiot cxct-edin;; t«o.acres,fora cliirth, ought not to be raised or kept up without the consent of rheelinf:. or other house of wcvship, and for a burjins the legislature. ' gr&tinil, which shall be improved, enjoyed, or used only 27. That, in all casc^, and at all times, tlie military for such purpose.orsuch sale,gift, lease, ordevise.shall ought to be under strict subordination to, and control of be voi'^. the ciu I power. 35. That no other test or qualificaiion oitg^ht to be rc« 29. Tliatnosoldicroughtto be quartered in atiy house quired, on adini-sion to any office of tmst orprofit.ihan in time of peace, without ihe consent of the owner : and such oath of support nud fidelity to tiiis state, and such in time of war in such manner only as the legislature oath of office, as shall be directed by this convention or shall direct. th^' hipslarure of this ftate, and a decia.ation of a belief 29. 'J hat no person, evocpt regular soldiers, marinci?', in the Christian rSIig.on. and marinei-s in the service of this state, or militia « hen 35. That '.he niainier of administering an oath to any in actual service, ought in any case to be subject to. or person ought to bc-such as those of the religious persr.a- punishable by, raartiai law. sion, prolV ssion, or denomination, of w hieb such pirvon 30. Thatthe inde|)er>de'.iCYand uprightness of fudges is one, generally estet to the most efTictual contirmalion are essential to the impartia! aduiinistration of justice, by tiK- attestation of ihe Divine Keing; and that tliepeo- ^anda great seeuritv to" the r^giits and lilK-rties ' of the piecalltd ri;aker3,ihose cahed iui:ker;,andihosecalled jM-ople; \vhe;-efor(,theeiiancvllorand judges ought to nienooisJs, holding it unlawrul to take an oath on any hold commissions during '• "^ hereditary honours, persons prons^ing the fhvistian ivligion are enuaJly cr- o"R''t 'o be grantctl im this state. -■■'-•- . ■ . ■. - 41. Tl!.!t the snhsi'iiiiig resolves of this and the Severn! conventi'ms held for this colony, oitght to be in firce as laws, iiiiless altevetl by ijiis convention, cr the legisla- ture of this state. 4.',. That this declarr; (ion of rights, or the form of ge» vrmnen, to be established by this con' entiim, or any lity, or injure others in thiir natural, eivji. or i-eligious' )>art of eiihf v ■.rthem.ouglit not tn lie altered, changrrti rights: nor ought r.ny person to be compelled to (re- or abolish- d by the legislature of this si^ite, but in such titled to protection in tlif ir religious liberty ; w herefbre, no person oii;.;ht by any 'aw tt. A. V>. 1776. By order of the convention : .MAT. TILGH.MAN, PreiK • poor of hisowii denoaitnatiim, or the jir.or in geni'i-ai of any paiticular county : | but the ehiu'cliLs chapi'h, g.'i bi-s, and all other properly, now belonging to the t'liurch of Kngiand, ought to remarti to the Church of England for •.-vc-r. And all acts of assembly lately pas;rd, for collecting Tnone5-s for building or repairing p!»i-tieular churches or chapeln of ease, shall eontiniieiu force.and In- executed, unless the iegislaiiiresliall. by not. sup; isede or repeal the same: ' .... of tolmccL, -.,...,_ „ ..,.,......- tion of any vestry-men or church-ward'-ns ; and every county in which they offer to vote, and residing therein, inrumb-.-nt of the Church of England, 'vho hath remain- »"<' '•'" freemt-n having property in this state above the ed in his parish, and perlin-iued his duty,shall be entitled value of thirty luiunds cun-eiit ironcy, and having rpi to receive the provision and support established by tlie sided in the county in w liich they oiler to vote one whole act entitled "an act for the supjiort of the clergy of the year next preceding the election, shall have a right of" C]iur«Uof jT.ijs'lijnd in this pn", .ice," till the Xo'vember sulTra^c in the e'cttioti of delegates for such eo'int' ; t:i:: cnNr.TiTUTiON^ axd Foii?r of GOVE^:^f-. 3IF.NT. 1. That the legislalure consist of t^vo distinct branch» PS, a senate and house of delegates, w hich shall be styled^ lh^• gencial Hssei.ibly of Marj laud. 2. I'hat th;- house of delegates shall be chosen in th& he iegiilaii.re shall, by not. sup; isede or repeal , ^ 1 hat th;- hnus,r tit delegates shall be chosen m tli& e: but no eountv court slniil .assess any qua:'tity f<>l'<'«ingm»nner: all freemen t«hove t\yenty-oneyear^ ceo, or Slim c-f inoiiev, hen after, on iheapplici-- f**' "!?'■> ''nv'ng a freehold ot fifty acres of land in the CONS TfTUlIOX OF .MARYLAND. and all freemen so] (iiiaUfKil shall, on thc'fiist Monday of October, seventeen Iniadred and seventy-seven, and^ on the sameduy in every year thereafter, assemble in the eouniiis in wliicli they are respectively qualified to voff, [at rhe court house in the saiA counties, or at such other pbec- as the legislaiu'.v shall direct;] and, when asien;bl;d, they shall proceed to elvCt, [viva voce,] four delet^ates for their respective countie , of the most wise, seniibJr , atid diseret-t o',' tht- ji'Ojdc, resident in the county wh re they are to■oeclill^tll one whole year next prec-dins; the elt'ction, above twenty one years of age, [and having in thu state real or jx rsoh;il prop- riy above the value of five hundred pounds curri'nt money ;] and upon the final castiitg of the polls, the tour persons who shall appear to have the greatest number of legal votes, shall be declared and returned duly elected for their re- spective county. 3. [That th- sheriff of each county, or, in case of sick- ness, his deputy, (summoning two justices of the coun- ty, who are reiiuirul to atteiul lor the preservation of the peace) shall be judge of the election, and may ad- journ from day to day. if necessavy.tiU the same be finish- ed, so that the' whole election shall be concluded in four days : and slial! make his return thereof, undet' his hand, to the chauet Ilor of this state for tlie time being.] 4. That l11 persons, qualified by the charter of the city of Ai;ii"polis to vote tor burgesses, shall, on the same first Mo. .day of October, seventeen hundred and seventy.Etve;i, and on the same day in every vear for ever tin reafter, elect, Ivivn von;] by a majority of vo;es, two delegates, qualified agreeable to the said charter; [that the mayor, recorder, ay.d ;i'(ii. riiien of the sM city, orany ihrei; of th; m,l>e judges id" iht election, appo',i;t the place in the said citv tor holdinc the same, and may adjourn from day to day, as aforesaid ; and sl.all make return thereof as ufai' said ; but the inhabitants of the said city shall not br enti;lid to vote for uelegates for Anne-Arutidal county, tiuless they h.^ve a freehold of fifty acres of land in the county, distinct from the city.] 5'. rhat all persons, iidial-.itants of Baltimore town, and having the same qualifications as electors in the county, shall, on the same first Monday ot Octohtr, se- venteen hundred and sf-venty-seven. and on the saire day in every year (or ever thereafter, [at such place in the saicl town as the judges shall appoint,] elect, [viva rwce.] by a majority ofvotes, two delegates, [qualified as aforesaid ;] but, if the. said inhabitants of the town shall so decrease, as that the numi-:er of per-ons having a right of suffrage therein shall have been, for the si)ace of seven years successively, less than one half the num- ber of voters in some one county in this state, such town shall thenceforward cease to send two delegates or re- j)resentntives to the house of delegates, until the said town shall have one half of the number of voters in some one county in this stat'". 6. That [the commissioners of the said town, or any lhiccormoreofthtm,fc)rlhe time being, shall be judges of tJie said election, and may adjourn as aforesaid, and shall make return thereof as aforesaid ; but] (he inha- bitants of the said town shall not be entitled to vote for, or be elected, delegates for Baltimore county : neither shall the inhabitants of Baltimore county, out of the limits of Baltimore town, be entitled to vote fur, or be elected, delegates for the said town. 7. That, on refusal, death, disqualification, resigna- tion, or removal otit of this state, of any delegate, or on his becoming governor or member of the council. a war- rant of election shall issue by the speaU. r, for the elec- tion of another in his place; ot which ten days' notice at the least (excluding the day of notice and the day of election) shall be given. 3. That not less than a majority of the delegates, with their siieaker, (to be chosen by them by ballot.) consti- tute a house for the transaction of any business, other than that of adjourning o. That the house of delegates shall judge of the elections and qualifications ofdelegaies. 10. That the house of delegates may originate all mo- ney bills, propose bilh to the senatt, or receive those offered by that bod , and assent, dissent, or propose amendments ; that they may inquire, on the oath of wit- nesses, into all complaints, grievances, and offences, as tlie grand inque.st of this state, and may commit any person, for any crime, to the public jail, there to re- inaiii till he be discharged by due course of law. They may exp 1 any member for a gre:it misdemeanor, but ii'it a second time for the same cause. They may exa- 11, -ne and pass all accounts of the state, relating either ti) the collection or expenditure of the revenue, or ap- point auditors to state and adjust the same. Tliey may call for all public or official papers and records, anil send for persons whom they may judge necessai-y >n the course of their inquiries, concerning affairs relating to the public interest ; and may direct all office bonds which shall be made payable to the state, to be sued for any breach of duty. il. That the senate may be at full and perfect liberty to exercise their judgment in passing laws ; and that they may not be compelled by the house of delegates, eitlier to reject a money bill, which the emergency of aflairs may require, or to assent to some other acts of legislation, in their conscience and judgment injurious to the public-welfare, the house of delegates shall not, on any occasion, or under any pretence, annex to, or blend witii.a money bill, any matter, clausje, or thing, not immediately relating to, and necessary for the im- pesing, assessing, levying, or applying the taxes or sup- plies to be raised for the support of government, or tbt- current expenses of tl-.e state; and to prevent alterca- tion about such bills, it is declared, that no bill imposing duties or customs for the mere regulation of commerce, or iniiicting fines for the reformation of morals, or to enforce the execution of the laws, by which an inciden- tal revenue may arise, shall be accounted a money bill ; but every bill assessing, levying, or applying taxes or supplies for the support of government or the cut^ Kent expenses of the state, or appropriating money in the treasury, shall be deemed a m^ney bill. 12. That the house of delegate* may punish, by im- prisonment, any person, who shall be guilty of a con- tempt, in thsir view, by any disorderly or riotous beha- viour, or by threats to, or abuse of, thiir members, or by any olistruction to their proceedings. They may also punish, by imprisonment, any person who shall be guil- ty of a breach of privilege, by arresting on civil process, or by asiaulling any of their members, during tlieir sit- ting, or on their way to, or return from, the heuse of delegates, or by any assault of, or obstruction to their officers, in the execution of any order or process, or by assaulting or obstructing any witness, or any other per- son, attending on. or on their way to or from the house, or by rescuing any person committed by the house: and the senate may exercise the same power, in similar cases. 13. That the treasurers (one for the western, and another for the eastern shore) and the commissioners of ' the loan office, may be appointed by the house of dele- gates, during their pleasure; and, in case of a refusal, death, resignation, disqualification, or removal out of the state, of any of the said commissioners or treasurers, in the recess ol the general assembly, the governor, w Ith the advice of the council, may appoint and commission a fit and projier person to such vacant office, to hold the same until the meeting of the next general assem- bly. 1-1. That {he sen.ite he chosen in the following man- ner: all persons quaiilied [as aforesaid.] to vote for county delegates, sluH, on the first Monday of Septem- b-r, 1781, and on the s-.me day in every fifth year for everthereafter,eleet, [riua wficf.] by a majority of votes, iwo nersous lor their respective counties (qualified [as aforiftaid,] to be elected county delegates) to be electors of the senate: [and the sheriff of each county, or, in case of sickness, his deputy (summoning two justices of the 80unty,who are r quired to attend, fiir the preser- vution of peace) shall ho!d and b. juilge of the said elec- tiim, and m.Tke letnrn thereol, iis aforesaid.] And all persons qualified [as aforesaid] to vote for delegates for the city of Annapolis and Baltimore town, shall, on the same first Mond ly of September, 17S1, and on the ?anie day, in every fifth yew tor ever thereafter, elect, Iviva vore,] by a majoriiy ofvotes, one person for the said city and town respectively, qualified [as aforesaid] to be elected a delegite for the said city and town respec- tively ; the said election to be held in the 9-.>me manner, as the election of d< legates for the said city and town ; the right to elect the said elector, with respect to Bal- timore town, to continue as long as the right to elect delegiites for the said town. 15. That the said electors of the senate meet at the city of Annapolis, or such, other place as shall be ap- pointed for convening the legislature, on the third Mon- day in Septembir, 1781, and on the same day in every fifth year lijr ever th.ereafter, and they, orany twenty- four of them, so met, shall proceed to elect, by ballot, either out of their own body, or the people at large, fifteen senators, (nine of whom to be residents on the western, and six to be residents on the eastern shore.' coNsrn uTiox or Maryland. 51 men ol' tiie most wUilom, experience, and virtue, above twenty-live years of age, residcnis of the state above three whole years nfxt jirecedintj the election, [and having therein ri al anil pergonal property, above the value of one ihoiiiand pound^ curnrit money.] 16. That tht- senators shall be balloted for at one and the same tinu-.anii out of the g. ntlemen residents of tlie western shore, wlio shall be propo^'d a? senators, thf nine who sh>ll, on strikiiij^ the ballots, appear to have the greatest nu.nbirsin ilieiv fiivoui', sliall be actord- inglj declared and returntd duly elected ; and out of the gentk'inen, residents of the eastern shore, who shall be pr(.po%ed :is senators, the six who shall, on striking" the balliits, appear to have the gie .test numbers in their favour, shull be accordingly di ciarrd and returned duly ol'Cted ; and if two or mort , on the same shore, shall ha\e an equal number of ballots in tluir favour, by uhich the choice sh ill not be determined on the first ballot, then the electors shall Hg«in haHot hefor- they separate,iii which they shall be confiue the election of senators, take such oath of support and fidelity to this state.as this con- vention or the legislature shall direct, and also an oath " to elect without favour, aiVection, parliility, or pvejit- cice, such persons fur senit<)rs,as they in their judgment and conscience believe best qu.^.litied for the office." 19. That, ill case of refusal, death, resignatiim, dis- qualification, or removal out of this state of any senator, or on his becoming governor, or a member of the coun- cil, the senate shall, iiumi diatciy thereupon, or at their next meeting thereafter, elect by ballot (in the same manner as the electors are above directed to choose senators) another in his pi nee, for (he residue of the said terra of five years. 20. That not less than a majority of the senate, with their president, (io be chosen by them by ballot) shall constitute a house for the transacting any business other than that of adjourning. 21. That the senate shall judge of the elections and qualification »'.' senators. 22. That the senate may originate any other, except money bills, to which their assent or dissent only shall be given: and nioy receive any other bills from the house of delegates, and assent, dissent, or propose amendments. 23. that the general assembly meet annually, [on the first Monday of November,] si.d, if necessary, oftener. ' 24. That eaclihoiise shall appoint its own officers, and settle its own rules of proceeding. 25. That a person of wisdom, experience, and virtue, shall be chosen governor, [on the second Monday of No- vember, seventeen hundred and seventy-seven, and on the second Monday in every year for ever thereafter.] by the joint hallot of both houses, (to be taken in each house respectively) deposited in a conference room ; the boxes to be examined by a joint committee of both houses, and the niimbf rs severally reported, that the appointment may be entered; which mode of taking the joint ballot ol both houses shall be adopted in all cases. But if two or more shall have an equal number of bal- lots in their favour, by which the choice shall not be determined on the first bnllot, then a second ballot shall be taken, which shall be confined to the persons who on the first hallot shall have had an equal number; and if the ballots should again be equal between two or more persons, then the election of the governor shall be determined liy lot between those who have equal numbers; and if the person i liosen goVvinor shall die, resign, remove out of the state, or refuse to act, (sitting the general assembly.) the senate and house of delegates sliall immediately thereupon proceed to a new clioicc , in n.anner aforesaid. 26. lltat the senators and delegates, [on the second Tuesdav of November, seventeen hundred and soventj - seven, and annually on the second Tuc-day of Noven- ber. for ever thereafter,] elect by joint ballot (in the same manner as senators are directed to be chosen) five of the most sensible, discreet, and experienced men, above twenty-five years of age, nsidents in the stoti- above three years next preceding the election, [ami having therc-in a freehold oflandsand tenements, :- hove the value of cihe thousand pounds current money,] to be the council to the governor, w hose proceeilings shall be always entered on record, to any part whereof any member may enter his dissent ; and the ir advice, if so required by the governor, or any n)ember of the cour.- cil, shall be given in writing, and sigiii d by the mem- bers giving till same rcsiieciivi ly ; which proceedings of the council shall h laid b lore the senate oi-*h(use of delegates, when cale d for by them or < iih rof them. The eotiucil ma\ appoint their own clerk, who shall lake such oath oi' siippoit and fidelity to this state, as_ this convention, or the legislature, shall dire'ci imiii c,f secrecy, in such matters as he shall be directed by the board to keep secrt t. 27. [That the delegates to cof.jress from this state, thall be chosen annuilly, or sup rsidcd in the mean time, by the.joint ballot of both houses of assembly ja)id that there be a rotation, in such maiinei, that at least two of the number be annually changed ;and no person shall be capable of being a delegate to congress for more than three in any term of six years ; and no per- son vv'ho holds any oflice of profit in the gift of congies shall be eligible to sit in congress ; but if appointed to any such ofiice, his seat shall be thereby vacated. That no person, unless above twenty.five jtars of age, and a resident in the state mure than five 5 ears next prece- ding the election, and having real and personal estate in this slate above the value of one thousand pounds current moftey, shall be eligible to sit in congress ] 28. That the senators and delegates, immediately on their annual meeting, and before they proceed to any business, and every person hereafter elected a senatir or delegate, before he acts as such, sliall take an oath of support and fidelity to this state, as aforesaid ; and before the election of a governor, or memljers of the council, shall take an oath, " to elect without favour, af- fection, partiality, or prejudice, such person as govern- or, or nirmber of the council, as they, in their judgment and conscience, believe best qualified lor theofiice." 29. That the senate and delegates may adjourn them- selves resi)eeli\ely ; but if the two houses shall nut agree on the same time, but adjourn to ditierent days, then shall the governor appoint and notify one of those days, or some daybetwi en ; and the assembly shall then meet and be held accoixlingly : and he shiill, if neces- sary, by advice of the council, call them before the tiinej to which they siiall in any manner be adjourned, on givinj; not less than ten days' notice thereof: but the gove rnor shall not adjourn iheasseiiibly, otherwise than as aforesaid, nor prorogue nor dissolve it at any lime. 30. That no person, unless above lwent)-five years of age. a resident in this slate above five years next pre- cetliKg the election, [and having in the state real and jiersonal property above the value of five thousand pounds ciiireiil money (one thousand pounds whereof; at least, to be of ireehold estate] sliall be eligible as go- vernor. 31. That the governor shall not continue in that of- fice longer than three years successively, nor he eligi- ble as governor until tlie expiration of four years after he shall hnve been out of that office. 32. That, upon the death, r'esignalion, or removal out of this state, of the governor, the first named of the council, for the time being, shall act as governor, and qualify in the same manner, [and shall imimdiate- ly call a me-eling of] the general assembly [giving not less than fourteen dajs" notice of the meeting, at which] n.eetiiig,a governor shall lie appointed, in manner afore- said, lor the residue of the year. 33. That the governor, hy and with the advice and consent of the'countil. may embody the militia ; ar.d when embodied, shall atone have the direction thereel ; and shall also have the direction of all-the regular land and sea forces, under the laws of this state, (but lie shall not command in persim, unless advised thereto hy the council, and then only so long as they ihalL approve thereof;) and may alone exercise all other the execu- tive powers of govtrnment, where the concurrence of ihe council is not required, according to the laws of ihij .stale, and grant reprieves or pardoib, for any crime, ex- CONS 11 rU 11 ox OF .MARYLAND. cv yi. ..1 iucli cases w here the law sUall otherw ise direct ; [and may, during the recess of ilic gtheral sssenihjy, Jay f mbar^oes to piivciit ihe depariuie oi any ship- ping, oi' iJii^ c.Npoitatiyii of ally to..iuuHljiis, tor any timt not e\c.e:Uuar thirty d.tys in ;iny ojn' y- ar, sum- moning the gsiiei-alas.er.jiily to laeiLwiiMiiiheiiine of the CoutiauaaCe ot'sucit r..:I)Hrgo ;] ami may also crilei" and compel any vtrssi I to liile qi.al-rcuiiiu'. itSu.h ve<.- Sel, 01' the port ficm whicii s!u shali h.ivr Coi-.-.e, sh.ill, «n strong grounds, be siispecud ;o be ii^'ted >v!th the plague; but thef;ovfniorsl!:i!l:iol. tUidfrauy prirteutf, exercise any power or prero^aliv c, by viri ul- oi any l;:\v, Statute, orciibto.i of r.iiglasid or Grtai Britain. 34. That the members oi'tlie council, or any three or more oftheiis, when convent d, sliali cosislitutea board for the transiciing oi busiiiesi ; iLiii the guvnuor, fur the tiijie being, shall preside in the ej'.intil. aaJ be en- titled to a vote on ail (luestious in which they sliali Lt- ■divided ill opinion ; and iu the ahseiiee oi the governor, the first named of the cou:icil siiall jsreside; and, as such, shall also vote in all cases where the other uuai- hbVi disagree in their opinion. 35. That, ill case oi' refusal, death, resignation, dis- qualification, or removal out ol" the state, by any person ciiosen a ineniber tA the council, the members thereof, iinniediatciy ittereupon, or at their next meeting there- after, shall elect, by ballot, another person, qiial'tied £as aloresaid,] in his place, for the reiidue of the year. 36. That the council shall have power to niahe the great seat of t.'iis state, which shall Le ktpt by the chan- cellor tor the tin.e being, ;iiul affi.Ked to ail laws, com- missions, grants, and other piiblic testiint;nials, Si has been heretofore practised in this state. 37. Ihat no senator, delegate of the assembly, or member of the council if lie shall quiilit'y us such, shall hold or execute any office ot profit, or receive the pro- fits of any office exercised by any other person, during the time tor which he shall "b- thctd; nqr shall any governor be ciipabl." of holding any other ofKee of pro- fit in this state, v. liilc he acts as such ; and no person, holding a place of proiit.or receiving any part of the profits thereof, or receiving the j.-roliis arising on any Ugency for the supply of clothing or provision.?, for the iarmy or navy, or holding any office under the United States, or any of them— or a nii-;ister, or preacher of the gospel, of ail) denomination— or any person eniph.ytd in the regular land service, or marine, of this, or the United States, shall have a stat in the general assem- bly, or in the council of this stale. 33. Th»t evrfy governor, senator, deli gate to [con- gress or] assembly, aiation, dis- qualification, or removal out of the county, b.fore ihi; e.spiratiou of the said thre years, the governor, with the advice of council, may noiiinate and comniissioii a fit and proper person to execute the said office for tho residue of the said three years, the said person giving bond and security as aforesaid. The election shall be held at the same time and place apppiuted for "the elec- tion of delegates ; [and the justices there summoned to attend lor the preservation of the peace, shall be j udgt s thereof, and of the qualification of Candida tes.w ho shaU appoint a clerk to take the ballots. All freemen, above the age of twenty-one years, having a freehold of fifty acres of land in the county in which they ofier to bal- lot, and residing therein— and all freemen, above the age of twentyoni; years, and having property in the state above the value of thirty pounds current mo;iey, aiid having residid in the county in which they offer to ballotone whole year next preeedingthe election— shall have a right of ! ■ ill r:our.i> clerks, ill the vacation of the county e;.iir: '.t whicji he is cleik— the governor, with the ad- viei ot '..he cotiiitil, may appoint and commissiim a tit ai.d proper jieison to such' vKcaiit offiie respectively, to hold the same until the meeting of the next [general court, or] County cuurt, as the case niay lie. ■!8. That the governor, for the time being, with the advice and consent of the council, niay appoint the c'lancelior, and all judges and ju-tices. the attorney gmeral, [naval officers,] officers in the regular land and sta service, officers of the militia, registers of the land ofiic( , surveyors, and all other civil officers of govem- iiient, (assessors, constables, and overseers of the roads> only f'xeepted,) and may also suspend or remove any civil officer, who has not a comuiissinn during good be- haviour; and may suspend any militia officer for one nimth ; :ind n. ay also s' spei^d or renn.ve any regular (f^'eer in the land or -.ea service j and the governor may remove ur susj.eiid any militia officer, il) pursuance of the judgment ofacouit martial. COxXSTITUriON OF MAHVLIXD. 6:' 4i. That all civil oiKcers, of U.e appointment of llie attested by the cliancellor, uhli ilie seal ot' the state an- ^' •»•■•«>«">-• ' K\,. : _: ..a.o.I oiisonf nivifai-v nnH mi itia rninliussioiis. Which peiso.. who shall be aiiiiointt-il and commissiomd in his .--^^ -j^^. ,;r^^ ^^. ,„.oprieiarv, shall go to the state- stead shall be qualif.td. j_^^^. y„| . j^,^.}, a, ,(,(. .vonerai ussemblv luay abolish or 50. Ihat the guvenioi-.evirya.embr of the council, (,;i„,^vi,'. piovidefoi-. and every jud^e and justice, brtoie thoy act as sucJi, jq_ ■j'ha(t!,isfui.„i ot'governmi'iit,and IhedLclaration shiill respective !y take uii 0:1th "that lie wilj not, through ^f , ;o.]„s^ j,|,d ,,0 part thereof, shall be altered, changed, favour, affection, or partiaiiiy, vole lor any person to oraholishsd, uniess a bill so to alter, change, or aboiish office, and that he will vote lor such person as m bis jj,^ same, shall pass the general assembly, and be pub- judgment and conscience he believes most fit and best iisi,^.j ^j (east three n)onths before a new election, and qualified for the ofiiee : ai.d tliat l;e has not made, nor ^jjaU be coiitirnied by the general assembly, after a new will make, any piomise or engagement to give his vote election of delegate's, in the first session after such ue^.• or inlenst in favour oi any person." election : Provided, that nothing in this form of govern- 51. ThattherebetwurtgiiUrs of the land office, one inent, v/hieh relates to the eastern shore partieularly, upon the western and one npon the eastern shore ; that shall at any time hereafter be altered, unless for the al- short extracts of the grants and certificates of the land teration and confirmation thereof, at least tuo-thnds of outhe western and eastern shores respectively, be made ail the members of each branch of the ge:ie,a! assembly in separate books, at the public expense, and deposited shall concur. ,, , , ., in the offices of the said registers, in such manner as CO. 'I hat every bill passed by the general assembly, shall hereafter be provided bv the general assembly. when engro5sed,sliall be presented by the speaker oi the 52. That every chancellor; judge, register of wills , bouse of delegates, m the senate, to the governor for the commissioner of-the loan offici, attorney general, slie- ti.,.e being, who shall s.gn the same, and the.elo affix he vvill not, directl) m- indiree-Jy, tvceive any fee or re- ^ ^.^^.^ „,^:^ i„ „^s state, ward for doing his office of , but what is, or shall be, allowed by law ; nor will, dirtCtly or indirect- ly, receive the profits, or any part ot the profits of any office held by any other jiersun : ar.d that he does not hold the same office iu trust, or for the benefit of any other person." 53. That, if any governor, chancellor, judge, register of wills, attorney general, register of the land office, commissioners of the laud office, register of tlie chance- ry court, or any clerk of the common law courts, trea- surer, [naval officer,] sheriff, surveyor, or auditor of public accounts, shall receive, directly or indirectly, at any time, the profits, or any part of the profits of any This form of govemraeut was assented to, and paised in convention of the delegates of -the IVeemen of Maryland, begun and held at the city of Annupo'ii, the 14th day of August, A. D. 177f). B>j order of the Co n vention : M. TILGHSIAX, Presidait. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF MAIITIANJ). Article 1. Be it enacted by the generai assembly of office, held by any other person, during liis acting in the Maryland, [That all those parts of the constitution and office to which be is appointed, his election, ai>po:nt- ibrni of government, that prevent a citizen consciei;- ment, and commission, (on conviction in a court of law, tiously scritpnieus of t-.iking an oath i;i any case, end by the oath of two credible witnesses,) shall be void, and v, lio are peniiitled by the constitution to iiffirm in cer- lie shall suifer the pUnisiimeut fur wilful and corrupt tain cases, from taking a seat in the legislature, or from perjuryjor be banished thisst;itefurever,ordisqr.allfied being an elector of the senate, witbout taking an oath for ever from hcUling any oiFice or place of trust or of support to this government, shall be, and hereby an- profit as the court may adjuge. i* pealed, .ibrogated , and made null and von! ; and here- 54. That, if any person shall give tiny bri!)r, present, after a solemn r.ffirrjaiion or declaration of support ■■■ ov rewarti, ment or d: obtain or '''■.'- " u ' "■ • . i'.' <• .1 ;j,H-n...' constKUtioliloaiiirin 111 eeiiuiii eases.! — i-i;55eii -■. uieui- or.iudge, or to be appointed to any ol the said offices, ^.^_ 42-confirmcd, 1789, ch. 1. * or to any office of profit or trust, now created, or here- ^; That no member of congress, or person luilding an after to he created, ,n ilns state-the person givir.g, and ^g.^^, „f n-ust or profit under the United Slates, shall be the person receiving the same,(on conviction 111 1. court ^^ ^^,^1^. ^f having a seat iu the general asser.ibly, or bt- ol law,) shall be for ever disquablied to boid any office ; ' ^j, elector of the scnate,or boldingany office of trust of trust or inofit in tins state, or profit under this suite: and if any member of the ge- 55. Tliat every person aiipointcd to any office of pro- „e,al assenil.ly, elector of the senate, or person holding fit or trust, shall, before he enters on the executit;u an ofi-te or irest of profit under this state, shall take his ibereuf, take the fiillowii.g oath, to wit : " I, A B, do setiArii; congress, or accept of an office of trust or profit svi/ear, that I do not hold myself bound in alleginnci; to under the United States. or being elected to eon;;ress,or the king of Great Britain, and that I will be taithiul, appointed to an office of trust orprofit uiidertheUnited and beur true aiiegiance, to the state of Maryland,'' states, not n.ake his nsignation of liis seat in congress, and shall also stibscribe a declaration of his belief in the or of his office, as the case may be, within thirty days Christian religion. after n;);ice of his eiection or appointment to office, as 5t). That there be a court of appeals, composeij of per- r.foreaiid, his sej.tinihe legislature of this stale, or as sons of integrity and sound ludgmeiit in the law, whose elector of the senate, or of his office held under this state judgment shall ho final and conclusive in all cases of as aforesaid, shall be void : Provided, that no person who appeal [from the general eou rt, court of chancery, and is now or may be at any time when this act beecines part court of admiralty:] that one person of integrity and of the constitution, a member both of congress and of sound judgment iii the law be appointed chancellor: the legislature ef this state, or who now holds, nr may [that three per.ons of intcgritv and saund judgiient in hold, at the time w hen this act becomes part of the eoii- the l:i\v beappointedjiidgesuf the court now called the stitution, an office as aforesaid, biuh under this state jimvincial court : and that the same court beliereafier and the United Slates, shall be affected by this act, if. called and known by the name of the general court : williin fifteen days aft'.-r, the same sl-.:ill beec.me part of wliich court shall sit on the western and eusteni shoiX'S, the eoiistityiion, he shall resign his stut iti congress, or for transacting and determining the business of tlie re- his office held underthe United States.— I'assed 1791, ch. speetive sliores, a: sueU times and places as the future 8U— confirmed 1792, ch. 22. legislature of this state shall direct and appoint.] 3. 'I'hat every person, being a mend)er of either of the 57. Tliat thi'stvleof all laws rim t!ms:**Hc it enact- religious sects or societies called qiiakers, inenonists, od bv the generaliissembly of Maryland ;" that all pub- tuukers, or nicolites. or new n.iiakers, and who shall be lie comiuissjoiis and grants run thus : " The state of .Ma- eonscientiously seriiimlous of taking an oath on any oc- i:vi?nd," ;!ic. :i;!d s'.ji: 1 be sigued liv the governor, and ctisiuii, ijtinj otherwise quttlifid, and duly elected a se- !:.4 CONSTITUTiON OF MARYLAND. aator, delegate, or elector of the senate, or being other- tlie election of such county or city, or either of theui. %vise qualified and duly appointed or elected to any lur delegates to the general assembly, electors of the se- ofRce of profit or trust, on making affirmation instead of iiate and sheriffs.]— Passed ISOl, eh. 90— confirmed 1802, taking the several oaths appointed by the constitution cli. 20. and form of government, and the several acts of assem- S. That Frederick countysliall be divided and laid off biy of this state now in force, or thai hereafter may be into nine separate districts.— Passed 1802, ch. 82— con- niaclc, such person may hold and exercise any oftice of firmed 1S03, ch. IP. profit or trust to which'he may be appointed or elected, o. Tliat this slate shall bedivided into six judicial dis- and may, by such affirmation, qualify himself to take a iriets, in maimer and form following, to wil : St. Mary's seat in the legislature, and to act thei-ein as a member of Charles, and Prince George's counties shall be the first the same in all cases \» Imtever, or to be an elector of the district ; Cecil, lient, Quceu Anne's, and Talbot coun- senate, in as full and ample a manner, to all intents and ties, sha;' be the second district ; Calvert, Anne Arun- purposes w hatever, as persons .ve now competent- and del, and .Montgomei-ycounties,shall b- thethird district; qualified to act, who are not conscientiously scrujnilous Caroline, Dorchester, Somerset, and \yovcester counties, of taking such oaths.— Passed, 1794, ch. 49— confirmed shall bethe fourth district ; Frederick, Washington,and 1795, ch. 11. Alleghany counties, shallbe the fifth district; Baltimore 4. [That the mayor and second branch of the city' and Harford counties s.iall be the sixth district; and council ofthecity of Baltimore, or any three or more of there sluill be appointed for tach of the said judicial dis- them, for the time being, shall be judges of the elections tricts, tliree persons of integrity and sound legal know- for delegates of iliecityof Baltimore, and for elector of ledge, residentsof the state of Maryland, who shall, pre- the senate, and shall have and exercise all the lights and vious to. and during their acting as judges, reside in the .".uthorities respecting such elections, which were vested district for which they shall respectively be appointed, in the commissioners of Baltimore town, in virtue of the one of whom shall be styled in the commission cliief constitution and form of government.]— Passed 1797, judge, and the other two associate judges of the district ch. 57— confirmed. 1798. ch. 2. for which they shall be appointed ; and the chief judge, 5. That the people clied quakers, those called nico- together with the two associate judges, shall compose lites, or new quakers, those called tunkers, and those the county courts in each respective district ; and each called raenonisis, holding it unlaw ful to taiie an oath on j udge sliall hold his commission during ^ood behaviour ; any occasion, shall be allowed to make their solemn af- removable fur misbehaviour, on conviction in a court of firmation as witnesses, in the manner that quakers have law, or shall be removed by the governor, ui)on the ad- been heretofore allowed to affirm, which affirmation dress of the general assembly, provided that two thirds shallbe of the same avail as an oath, to all intents and of all the membersol each hoiiseconcur in suchaddress; purposes whatever, and the county courts, so as aforesaid established, shall §2. Before any of the persons aforesaid shall be admit- have, hold, and exercise, in t!ie several counties of this ted as a witness in .iny court of justice in this state, the slate, all and every the powers, authorities, and jurisdic- court shall be satisfied, by sucli testimony as thev may lions, which the county courts of this state now have, require, that such person IS one of those who profess to use, and exercise, and which shall be hereafter pre- be conscientiously scrupulous of taking an oath.— Passed scribed bylaw; and the said county courts established 1797, ch. lis- confirmed 1798, ch. 8:. by this act, shall respectively hold their sessions in the Art. 6. That the several counties of this state, for the several counties, at such times and places as the legisla- purpose of holding ail future elections for delegates, ture sliall direct and appoint; and thesalariesof the said electors of the senate, and sheritts of the several coun- judges shall not be diminiihed during the period of their ties, shall be divided into separate districts, in the man- continuance in office. ner hereni after directed, viz. St. Marj's county shall be J 2. In any suit or action at law hereafter to be com- divided and laid offinto [three] separate districts, Kent nienced or instituted in any county court of this state, county shall be divided and laid oiT into three separate the judges thereof,upon suggestion in writing, by either districts ; Calvert county shall be divided and laid offin- of the parties thereto, supjjorted by affidavit, or other to three Si parate districts; Charles county shall be di- proper evidence, thatafairand impartial trial cannot be vidcd ard laid oft'into four separati' districts ; Talbot liad in the county court of the county v;heresuch suitor county shall be divided and laid off nito four separate action is depending, shall and may order and direct the districts ; Somei-set county sliall be divided and laid off record of iheir ])roceedings in such suit or action, to he into three separate districts: Dorchester county shall be transmitted to the judges of any county court within the divided and laid oft" into three separate districts ; Cecil district, for trial, a.'id the judges of such county court, countysliall be divided and laid off into four stparate to whom the said record shall oe transmitted, shall hear districts ; Prince George's coiuiiy shall be divided aisd and determine the same in like manner as if such suitor laid ofi'into five sepra-ate districts ;" Queen Anne's county action liad been uriginally instituted therein ; provided, shall bedivided and JaidofTintii thri:e separate districts; nevertheless, thatsuch suggestion shall be madeasalbrc- Worcester county shall be divided and laid ofl" into five said, before or during the term in which the issue or is- sejiarate districts; Frederick county shall be divided and sues may be joined in said si;it or action; and provided Jaid off into [seven] separate districts ; Harford county also, that such further remedy may be provided by law shallbe divided and laid ofi'into five separate districts ; in the premises, as the legislature shall, from time to <;;aroline county shall be divided ar.d laid off into three time, direct and enact. separate districts ; Washington county shall be divided § 3. If any party presented or indicted, in any of the and laid otf into five separate districts; Montgomery county courts of this state, shall suggest, in writing, to county shall be ilivided anil Laid off into five separate the court.in which such prosecution is depending, that districts; Aikghany county shall be divided and laid off a fair and ini]iartial trial cannot be had in such court, it into SIX separate districts ; Anne Arundel county in- shall and may be lawful for the said court to order and eluding the city of Annapolis, shall be divided and laid direct the record of their proceedings in the said prose- off into five separate districts ; Baltimore county, out of cution, to be transmitted to the judges of any adjoining the limits of the city of Baltimore, shall be divided and county court, lor trial, and the Judges of such adjoining laid otf into seven districts ; and that the city of Balti- county court shall hear and determine the same-j in the more shall be laid off into eight districts. same manner as if such prosecution had been originally 12, Ail and every part of the constitution and form instituted therein : Provided, that such further and other of government, relating to the judges, time, place, and remedy may be ))rovided by law in the premises, as the manner of holding elections in the city of Baltimore, legislature may direct and enact. and all and e^ery part of the second, third, fifth, four- § 4. If the attorney general, or the prosecutor for the teentli,and fiirty-second sections of the constitution and state, shall suggest, in writing, to any county court be- forni of government of this state, which relate to the fore whom an indictment is or may be depending, that judges, place, time, and manner of holding the several the stale cannot have a fair and impartial trial in such elections for delegates, electors of the senate, and the court, it shall and may be lawful for the said court, in sheriffs of the several counties, be, and the same are their discretion, to order and direct the record of their hereby abrogated, re])ealed, and annulled, and the same proceedings in the said |>ix)secution to be transmitted to shall hereafter be regujated by law .—Passed 1798, ch. the judges of any adjoining county court for trial, and lis— confirmc d 1799, cli. 48. the,)udgesofsuchcot;ntycourtsliali hiai'and determine Art. 7. ['Ihat every free white male citizen of this the same, as if such iirusecution had been originally in- state, and no oilier, above twenty-one years tf age, hav- stituted therein. iiig resided twelve monihs in the' county next preceding § 5. There shall be a court of appeals, and the same the election at which he offers to vete, and every free sliall lie composed of the cliiefjudges of theseveraljudl- ivhite male citizen of this state, above twenty-one years eiai districts of the state, whicli said court of appeal shall of age. and having obtained a i-tsidenci-of twelvemonths hold, use, and exercise, all and singular the powers, au- next preceding the election, in the city of Baliin-.ore, or tliorilies, and jurisdictions, heretofore held, used, and the tity of Annapolis, and at whicli he offers to vote, exercised by the court of a|)|iealsof this state, am! also ihall have a right of suiTi iire, and shall vote l.y ballot. in the appellate jiirisdietinn I.eietofore us'.d Mid exercised CONSlirLTIOX Ol- VIHGIXIA. t>y t>R' G;cuera! cotiit; and the said court of appeals here- by established, shall sit on the western and eastern shores, for trans-ielinir and determining tlie business of the re- spective shores, at such tinits and places as the fiitiire legislature of this state shall direct and appoint ; and any three of the said judges of the court of appeals sliall form a quoriira, to hear and decide in all c.ises pending in said court ; and the judge who has given a decision in any case in the county court, shall withdraw from the bench '.ipon the deciding of the sair.e caie before the court of appeals; and the judges of the court of appeals may appoint the clerks of said court for the western and tastem shores respectively,\vho shall hold their appoint- ments during good behaviour, removable only for mis- behaviour, on conviction in a court of law ; and, in case of death, resignation, disqualification, or removal out of the state, or from their respective shores, of either of the said clerks,in the vacation of the said comf, the govern- or, with the advice of the cotmcil, may appoint and com- mission a lit and proi)er person to such ^ acant office, to hold the same until the next meeting of the said court; and all laws passed after this act shall take effect, shall be recorded in the office of the court of appeals of the western shore. Passed 1S04, ch. 55— confirmed 180S, ch. 19. Art. 10. That St. Mary's county shall be divided into four separate districts, and that the additional district shall be laid off adjoining and between the first and third districts, as they are now numbered. — Passed 1806, ch. 29— confirmed 1807, ch. 8. 11. That, upon the death, resignation, or removal out of this state, of the governor, it shall not be necessary to call a meeting of the legislature, to fill the vacancy oc- casioned thereby, but the first named of the council for the time being shall qualify and act as governor, until the next meeting of the general assembly, at which meet- ing a governor shall be chosen in the manner heretofore appointed and directed. $2. No governor shall be capable of holding any other office of profit during the time for which he shall be elected.— Passed June, 1809, ch. 16— confirmed Novem- ber, 1809, ch. 11. Art. 12. That all such parts of the constitution and form of government, as require a property qualification in persons to be appointed or holdmg offices of profit or trust in this state, and in persons elected members of the legislature or electors of thesenate,sliaU be and the same are hereby repealed and abolished.— Passed November, 1809, ch. 198— confirmed 1810, ch. IS. 1"!, That it shall not be lawful for tlie general assem- bly of this state to lay an equal and general tax, or any other tax, on the people of this state, for the support of any reli-jion.- Passed Noveiaber, 180'.', ch. 167— confirm- ed 18l0,'c!i. 24. 14. That evei7 free white male citizen of this state, above iweniy-one years of age, and no otiier. having re- sided twelve months within this state, and six months in the county, or in the city of Annapolis or Baltimore, next preCL-dins; the election at which heoftVrs to vote, shall have a right of saftVage, and shall vote, by ballot, ill the eleclioiiof such county or city, or either of them, for electors of the president and vice president of the United States, for representatives of this statein the con- gress of the United States, for delegates to the general assembly of this state, electors of the senate, and sherift's. —Passed November, ISOQ, ch. 83— confirmed 1810, ch, 33. 15. That no person residing in the city of Annapolis shall have a vote in the county of Anne Aruntlel, for de- legates for the said county: and all and every part of the constitution which enables persons holding fifty acres of land to vote in said county, be and is hereby abolished.— Passed November, 1809, ch. 33— confirmed 18 10, ch. 49. 16. That the forty-fifth article of the constitution and form of govcinmeiit be and the same is hereby repealed and utterlyabolished.— Passed November, 1809, ch. OS- confirmed 1810, ch. 78. 17. That tlie time of the meeting of the general as- sembly shall be on the first Monday in December, in each year, instead of the first Monday in November, as fis now] prescribed by the constitution and form of go- vernment. 5 2. The governor of this state shall be chosen on the second Monday of December, in e.ach and every year, in the same maimer as is now prescribed by the consti- tution and form of government ; and the council to the governor shall be elected on the first Tuesday after thfe second Monday of December, in each and evei-y year, in the same manner as is now prescribed by the constitu- tion and form of government. § 3. All annual appointments of civil officers in this stale shall be made in the third week to December, in every year, in the same manner as the constitution and form of government now directs.— Passed 1311, ch.211— confirmed November, 1312. CONSTITUTIOTsT OF VIRGINIA. The Constitution or Form of Government, agreed to and resolved upon by the delegates and representatives of the several cotmties and corporations of Virginia, in a general convention, held at WiUiamsbnrgh,onthe&th of J^tay, and continued by adpurnments to the 5th of July, 1776. WE, the delegates and representatires of the good people of Vir^nia, ilo declare the futureform of govern- ment of Virginia, to be as followeth: The legislative, executive, and judiciary departments shall be separate and distinct, so that neither exercise the powers properly belonging to the other; nor shall any person exercise the powers of more than one of them at the same time, except that the justices of the county courts shall be eligible to either house of tlie as- sembly. The legislative shall be formed of twodistinct branch- es, who, together, shall beacoraplete legislature. They shall meet once oroftener, every year, and shall be call- ed (fie general assembly of Virginia. One of these shall be called the house of delegates, and consist of two repre- sentatives, to be chosen for each co^iiity, and for the dis- trict of West Atigusta,annually, of such men as actually reside in. and are freeholders of tli? sui.i'-, or duK- niiali- fied according to law, and also of one delegate ov repre- sentative, to be chosen annually, for the city of Wil- liamsburgb, and one for the borough of Norfolk, and a represeiitativefor each of such otiier cities and boroughs as may hereafter be allowed particular representation by the legislature ; but n hen any city or borough shall so decrease, as that the number of persons having right of suffrage thereiii shall have been, for the space of seven years successively, less than half the number of voters m some one county in Virginia, such city or borough thenceforward shall cease "to send a delegate or repre- sentative to the assembly. The other shall be called the senate, and consist of twenty-four members, of whom thirteen shall constitute a house to proceed on business ; for whose election, the different counties shall be divided into twx-nty-fbur dis- tricts: and each county of the respective district, at the time of the election of its delegates, shall vote for one senator, -.vh'i is actually a resident and freeholder within the district, or duly (lualificd according to law, and is iipw aids of twenty-five year- of age ; and the sheriffs of each county, within five days at farthest, alter the last county election in the dtstiict.sball meet at some conve- nient place, and, from ihe poll so taken in their respec- tive counties, return as a senator the man who shall have the greatest number of votes in the whole district. To keep up this assembly, by rotation, the districts shall be equally divided into four classes, and numbered by lot. At the '-nd of one year after t!ie general election, the six uc, ^ CQXsnruriox of vinc-iixiA. memliers eicctcd by the f5i"st division shall he displaced, have the direction of the iiiiiitla, untler the laws of t;i^ and the vacancies thereby occasioned supplied from ?iich country. classesor divi inii, by iiiu' e'cctiun, in the luanner afore- The two houses of assembly shall, by .joint ballot, ap- said. This, rotation shall be applied to ejch division, point judj^es of tlie supreme coirt of appeals, anil gene- aecnrdingto its number, and continued in due ordera:i- ral court judges in chaiiccry,jud,q;cs of admiralty, secre- nnaily. tary, and the attorney i>v::ie al, to be commissioned by The right of suffrage in the election of members for the governor, ami cotitiuiie in clTiee diiriiit; good beha- both houses shall remain as exercised at present ; and viour. In Ciise of dcai'i, incapacity, or resignation, the each houseshal! ehoose its own speaker, appoint its own governoi', with the ailrice of the privy council, shall a'i- offlcers, settle its own rules of proceeding, and direct point persons to succeed in office, to be approved or dis- '.vrits of election, ibr the suppljing intermediate vaean- approved by both liouses. Theseofficers snail have fixed cies. and adequate salaries, and, together with all otliirs All laws sh?>ll originate in the house of delesfatea, to holding lucrative ofiices, and all ministers of the gospel, beapprovedof or rejected by the senate, or to be amend- of every denomination, be incapable of being: elected ed, with consent of the hotise of delesrates ; except mo- members of either house of assembly or the privy coun- ney bills, wluch in no instance shall he aitored by the cii. senate, but wholly approved or rejectfd. Tlie governor, with th'^ advice of the privy council^ A governor, or chief magistrate, shall be chosen annu- shall appoint justices of the peace for the counties: and ally, bj- joint ballot of both hoTises, (to be taken in each in case of vacancies, or a necessity of increasing the house respectively,) deposited in the confei-ence room ; number hereafter, such appointments to be made upon thcboxesexamincdjoiutlybyacommittecofeaLhhotise, recommendation of the respective county courts. The and the numbers severall j' reported to them, that the ap- present acting secretary in Virginia, and clerks of all the pointments may be entered, (which shall be the mode of county courts, shall continue in office. Incaseof va- taking the joint ballot of both houses, in all eases.) who cancies, either by death, incapacity, nr resignation, a shall not ctmtinue in that office longer than three years secretary shall be appointed, as before directed : and the successively, nor be eligible until the expiration of four clerks by the respective courts. The present and future years after he shall have been out of that office. An ade- clerks shall hold their ofRstJs riiirhig good behaviour, to (juate, but moderate salary, shall be settled on him dur- be judged of and determined in the general court. Tho ing his continuance in office ; and he shall, with tiie ad- sherills and coronei-s shall be nominated by the respec- rice of a council of state, exercise the executive jiowers 'ive courts, approved by the governor, with the advice of government, according to the laws of this common- of the privy council, and commissioned by the governor, ■wealth ; and shall not, under any pretence, exercise any 'I'he justices shall appoint constables ; anil ail fees of »he power or prerogative, by virtue' of any law. statute, or aforesaid officers be regulated bv law. custom of England. But he shall, with the advice of the The governor, when he is out of office, and others, of- counci! of state, have the power of granting repri'evcs or fending against the state, eitlier by maieadministratior, pardons, except where the jjrosecution shall have been corruption, or other mearis, by which the safety of the carrried on by the hou«e of delegates, or the law shall state may be endangered, sliall be imneachable by the otherwise particularly direct ; in which cases, no ivprieve house of delegates. Such impeachments to be prosecu- or pardon shall be granted, but by resolve of the house ted by the attorney general, or such other person or per- of delegates. sons as the house may appoint, in the general court, ac- Either house of tlie general assembly may adjoum cording to the laws of the land. If found guilty, he or themselves respectively. The gnvtrnor shall not pro- they shall be either for ever disabled to hold afiy office rogue or adjourn the assembly during their sitting, nor under government, or be removed from such office pro dissolve them at any time ; but lie shall, if necessarv, tempore, or subjected to such pains or penalties as the either by adviceof the council of state,or ental congress and Pokomoke, with the property of the Virginia shores shall be chosen .annually, or superseded in the liiean and strands borderingon either.cf the said riveis,and all time, by joint ballot of both houses of assembly. improvements which have been, or shall be, madethere- Tlie present militir; officers shall be continued, and on. The western and northern extent of Virginia shall, vacancies supplied by appointment of the governor, Iti all other respects, stand as fixed by the charter of with the advice of the pnvy council, on reeommenda- king .tames I. in the year one thousand' six hundred antl tions from the respective county courts; but the govern- nine, :uid by the public treaty of peace between the or and council shall have a power of stispcnding any courts of Britain and France, in the year one thousand officer, and orderinj^ a court martial on complaint of seven hundred and sixty three; unless, by act of this lu- misbehaviour or inability, or to supply vacancies of offi- gislature, oae or pore governments be established w est- eers. happening when in actual ser\ice. ward of the Alleghany mountains. And no purchase of The governor mavembody the militia, with theadvjce land shall be made of the Indian natives, hut on behalf ' 'f the privj- Qcuncil ; and, when embodied, shall alone of the public, by auihortt v of the general nssemhiyv ^ CONSTiTUTiOK OF NOMITI CAROLINA. rhe Cunstiiution Farm of C.-n-ernmsnt 21. Tli:it a fiequent recurrence to fundameiital piiii- , -^ , '^';,^'^",f' ;"'' cipks, is •ib.olult'ly necessary to prtserve the blessings agreed to and resolved iiUon by the Jicpre- of liberty. icnlatives of the freemen of the state ofJ\'urth 22. That no liercditaryemoluments, privileges, or ho- i-i I- I.I 11 r ^1 i i, . ,• noiirs. oiierht to be craiited or conferred m this state. Carolina, elected and chosen Jor that parti- ""2" '•?!«" perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to _„, .,.,.. (lerpetuit , Culur purpone, in compress assembled, at Ha- the genius of a dee state, and ought not to be allowed. It far December IS. 1 776 24. That retrospective laws, punishing facts, comniit- iijax, uecemuu 10, n 1 ^. ted before the eMSteuce of such laws, and by them only i iiPfT judTiox OF uiRHTS &LC declared Criminal, ale op;,ressive, uii.j list, and iiicompa- A DFXLAHA nOJ. OF llIGHTb, 6.C. ^.^^^^ ^^.^^^ |.^^^.|^. . ^.,,^^.^f^,,e, no CX t'OStfact,, law ought 1. Tliat all jiolitical power is vested in, and derived to be made. from, the peo|)le only. 25. Tlie property of tlie soil, in a free government, 2. That the jieople of t}iis slate ought to have the sole being one of the essential rights of the collective body ot and exclusive right of regulating llie internal govern- the people, it is necessary, in order to avoid tuturedis- ment and police thereof. putes, that the limits of the state should be ascertained 3. Thatnoman,orsetofmen,are entitled to exclusive with i>recisioii : and as the former temporary line be- er separate emoluments or ^)rivileges from the commu- tweeii North and South Carolina was ccu «i DCrtv, the ancient mode of trial bvjoiy,is one of ihebest the other is withdrawn: ,. ,,. -„ secu'riiies • f the ri'-hts of the people, and ought to le- And whereas George the 1 bird, kmgol G:-cat Bnl m-in sacied and inviolable. . and iatesoveivignof the British Ainericaii coloines,h "is. That the freedom of tlie press is one of the great not only withdrawn from them his protection, but, by bulwarks of libertv, and therefore ought never to be re- an act of the Mntish legislatme,(leclaied the inhabitants strained ' of these states out of the prolectionof the British crown. am haih 17. That the people have a right to bear arms, for the delencc of the slate ; and as standing armies, in time of peace, are dangerous to liberiy, lliey ought not lobe kept up ; and that the ivulitary should be kept under strict.subordination to, and governed by the civil power. 18. Tliat the people havea right I0 assemble together, to consult for tlie common good, to instruct their repiv for the purpose of rediieiug the inhabitants of the said colonies to a state of abject slavery ; in con3^quence whereof, all government, under the said king, within the said colonies, hath ceased, and a total dissolution of government, in many of them, hath taken place: And whereas the continental congress, having consi- dered till' premises, and other previous violations of the seutatives, and to api)lv to the legislature for redress of rights of the good people of America, have iherefoie de- •Tievanees. ' clarcd that the thirteen united colonies arc, of right, " 10. That all men havea natural and tinalien.lble rigJit wholly absolved from all allegiance to the IJritish crown, to worship Almighty God, according to the dicta'es of or any other foreign jiirisdiciion whatsoever ; and that iheir own consciences. the said colonies now are, and for ever shall be, Iree and 20. 'Ihat. for redress of grievances, .^nd for amending independent states : and streiig'hening the Laws, elections ouaht to lio often Wlier^-fore, in our present state, m order to prevent 1,^)<^. o - anarebv and coiiTusion, it becomes necessaiy that go- 11 .5 CONSTITUTION OF NORTH CAROLINA. venunent should be e^tablishetl in this state ; therefore, tenements, above the value of one thousand pounds^ we, the iiepresentatives of the freemen of North Caroli- shall be eligible as a governor. na, chosen and assembled in congress, for the express 16. That the senate and house of commons, jointly, at jiurpose of framing a constitution, under the authority tlieir first meeting, after each annual election, shall, by of the people, most conducive to their happiness and ballot, elect seven persons, to be a council of state for prosperity, do declare, that a government for this state one year ; whoshall advise the governor in the execution sliali be established, in manner and form following, to of Ins office : and that four members shall be a quorum ; int: their advice and proceedings shall be entered in a jour- 1. That the legislative authority shall be vested in two rial, to be kept for that purpose only, and signed by the distinct branches, both dependent on the people, to 7vit, members present ; to any part of which any member pre- 9t senate 2l\\<\ house of com7no7is. sent may enter his dissent. And such journal shall be 2. That the senate shall be coiiiposed of representa- laid before the general assembly when called for by lives, aiinnally chosen by ballot, one for each county in them. the state. 17. That there shall be a seal of this state, which shall 3. That the house of commons sliall be composed of be kept by the governor, and used by him, as occasion representatives annually chosen by ballot, two for each may riquife ; and shall be <:a,\\>iA,the great seal of the state county, and one for each of the towns ofEdenton, New- of North Carolina, and be affixed to all grants and com- bem, Wilmington, Salisbury, Hillsborough, and Hali- missions. lax. 18. The governor, for the time being, shall be captain 4. That the senate and house of commons, assembled general and commander in chief of the militia; and, in for the purpose of legislation, shall be denominated the the recess of the general assembly, shall have power, by general assembly. and with tlie advice of the council of state, to embody 5. That each member of the senate shall have usually the militia, for the public safety. resided in the county for which he is chosen for one year 19. The governor, for the time being, shall have pow- inimediately piecediisg his election, and for the same er to draw for and supply such suras of money as shall time shall have possessed, and continue to possess, in the be voted by the general assembly, for the contingencies county which he represents, not less than three hundred of govemrnent,and be accountable to them for the same, acres of land in fee. He also may, bv and with the advice of the council of 6. That each member of the house of commons shall state, lay embargoes, or jirohibit the exportation of any have usually resided in the county in which he is chosen commodity, for any term not exceeding thirty days, at for one year immediately preceding his election, and for any one time in the recess of the general assembly ; and six months shall have possessed, and ccntijiue to possess, shall have the power of granting pardons and reprieves, in the county which he represents, not (ess than one except where the prosecution shall be carried on by the hiinured acres cf land in fee, or for the term of his own general assembly, or the law shall otherwise direct, in Ijfe. which case, he may, in the recess, grant a reprieve until 7. That all freemen, of the age of twenty-one years, the next sitting of the general assembly ; and may exer- whohave been inhabitants of any one county witliin tlie ciseall the other executive powers of government, limit- state twelve months immediately preceding the day of ed and restrained , as by this constitution is mentioned, any election, and possessed of a freehold, within the and according to the laws of the state. And, on his death, same county, of fifty acres cf laud, for six months next inability, or absence from the state, the speaker of the before, and at tiie day of election, shall be entitled to senate, for the time being ; and, in case of his death, in» Vote for a member of the fcnate. ability, or absence from the state, the sneaker of the 3. That all freemen cf the age of twenty-one years, house of commons, shall exeicise the powers of goveiii- ■who have been inhabitants of any one county within ment, after such death, or during such absence or inabi- tlie state twelve months immediately jireceding the day lity of the governor, or speaker of the senate, or until a of any election, and shall have paid public taxes.shall be new nomination is made by the general assembly, entitled to vote for members of the house of commons, 20. That, in every case, where any office, the right of for the county in which he resides.. whose appointment is, by this constitution, vested in the 0. Thatall persons possessed ofa freehold, in any town general assembly, shall, during their recess, die, sr his in this state, having a right of representation, and also office by other means become vacant, the governor shall ail free)nen,w ho have been inhabitants of any such town have jiower, with the advice of the council of state, to fill twelve months next before, and at the day of election, up such vacancy, by granting a temporary commission, and shall have paid public taxes,shali be entitled to vote which shall expne at the end of the next session of the for a member to represent such town in the house of general assembly. conm«ms: provided, always, that tiiis section shall not 21. Tliat the governor, judgesof the supreme court of entitle any inhabitant of such town to vote for members law and equity, judges of admiralty, and attorney gene- of the houseof commons for thecountyinwhich he may ral, shall have adequate salai-ies, during their con tinu- reside; nor any freeholder in such county, who resides ancc in office. without or beyond the liuiits of such town, to vote for a 22. That the genera! assembly shall, by joint ballot of member for said town. both houses, annually appoint a treasurer or treasurers 10. That thes'z-nateand houseof eommons,when met, f^r this state. shall each have power to choose a speaker, and other 23. That the governor, and other officers, offending tiicir officers: he judges of the qualifications and elec- against the state, by violating any part of this constitu- tions of their membei-s ; sit upon tlieirown adjournments tion, nialeidministration, or corruption, may be prose- froin day to day; and prepare l-.ills to be passed into laws, culcd, on the impeatnmcnt of the general assembly, or The two liouses shall direct writs of election, for sup- presentment of the irrand jurv of any court of supreme p!ving intermediate vacancies; and shall also jointly, by jurisdiction in this state, bailot, adjourn themselves to any future day or place. ' 24. That the genera! assembly shall, by joint ballot of 11. That all bills shall be read three times m each both houses, triennially appoint a secretary for this house, before they pass into lav.s, and be signed by the state. Sj)eak-rs of both ho'.ises. 25. That no persons, who heretofore have been, or 12. That every person, who shall be chosen a member hereafti r may be, receiviTs of ijublic moneys, shall have of the senate or house of commons, or appointed to any a seat in either house of genera! assembly, or be eligible office or place of trust, bifore taking his seat, or enter- to any office in this state, until such person shall have ing upon the execution of his office, shall take an oath fully accounted for, and paid into the treasury, all suras to the state ; and all officers shall also take an oath of for which they may be accountable and liable. office. 26. Tliat no treasurer shall have a seat, either in the 13. That the genf ral assembly shall, by joint ballot of senate, house of commons, or co^mcil of state,during his both houses, appoint juds-.-s of the supr'en'.e courts of continuance in thatofiice,or before he shall have finally law and equity, judges of :idmiralty,aiul attorney gene- settled his accounts with the public, for all the moneys val, w ho shall be commissioneil by the governor, and which may be in his hands, at the expiration of his of- lio!d th' ir offices dining goud behaviour. lice, belonging to the state, and hath paid the same into 14. That the s'liate and house of commons shall have the hands of the succeeding treasurer. power to appoint the generals and field officers of the 27. That no officer in the regular army or navy, in the militia, and all ofliveis of fhe re,:uiar army of this state, service and pay of the United States, of this state or any 15. That the ,s<-iiate audliouseof commons, jointly, at other state, nor any contractor or agent for supplying their first meeili.g after each annual election, shall, by such army or navy with clothing or provisions, shall ballot, elect a governor for one year, who sliall not be have a seat either ni the sL-nate, house of commons, or eligible to that office h.-nger than three years, in six sue- council of state, or be eligible then to; and any member cessive years; thai no p; reon under thirty years of age, of the senate, house of commons, or council of state, be- and who has not been a resident in this state above five ing appointed to, and accepting of such office, shall yeai's, and having, in the state, a freehold in lands and thereby \ acate his seat. COXSTITUTIOX OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 59 28. That no member of the council of state shall have a seat, either in the senate or house of commons. 29. lliat no judge of tlie supicme court of law or equity, or jutlge of admiralty, sliall have a seat in the senate, house of commons, or council ofstate. 30. That no secretary of this state, attorney general, or clerk of any court of record, shall have a seat in the senate, house of commons, or council of slate. 31. That no clergyman, or preacher of ilie gospel, of any denomination, shall be capable of being a member of either the senate, house of commons, or council of state, while he continues in the exercise of the pastoral function. 32. That no pei"Son who shall denj- the b(;ing of God, or the truth of the protestant religion, or the divine au- thority of either the Old or New Testaments, or who shall hold religious principles incompatible with the freedom and safety of the stat", shall be capable of hold- ing any office, or place of trust or profit, in the civil de- partment, within this state. 33. That the justicesof the peace, within their respec- tive counties in this state, shall in future be recommend- ed^ to the governor for the time being, by the represent- atives in general assembly ; and tlie governor shall com- mission them accordingly: and the justices, when so commissioned, shall hold their offices during good be- haviour, and shall not be removed from office by the general assembly, unless for misbehaviour, absence, or inability. 34. That thereshall be no establishment of any one re- ligious church or denomination in this state, in prefer- ence to any other ; neither shall any person, on any pre- tence whatsoever, be compelled to attend any place of worship contraiyto his own faith or judgment, nor be obliged to paj', for the purchase of any glebe, or the building of any house of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrai'yto wliat he believes right, or has voluntarily and personally engaged to per- form; but all persons shall be at liberty to exercise their own mode of worship : Provided, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to exempt preachei-s of treasonable or seditious discourses, from legal trial and punishment. 35. That no person in the state shall hold more than one lucrative office at any one time: Provided, that w> appointment in the miiitia, or the office of lustice of the peace, shall be considered as a lucrative office. 36. That all commissions and grants shall run in the name of tlie state of N'orth Carolina, and bear test, and be signed by the governor. All writs shall run in the same manner, and bs ar test, and be signed by the clerks of the respective courts. Indictments shall conclude, agaimt tlic peace antidignity of the state. 37. That the delegates for this state to the continental congress, wliile necessary, shall be chosen annually by the general assembly, by ballot ; but may be sui)trstded, in the mean time, in the same manner; and no person shall be elected to serve in that capacity f* more than three years successively. 38. That there shall'be a sheriff, coroner, or coroners, and constables, in each county witliin this state. 39. That the person of a debtor, where there is not a strong presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison after delivering up, bona fide, all his estate, real and personal, for the use of his creditoi-s, in such man- ner as shall be hereafter regulated by law. All iirisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, unless for capital otfences, w hen the proof is evident, or the presumption great. » 40. That every foreigner who comes to settle in this state, having fii-st taken an oath of allegiance to the same, may purchase, or, by other just means, acquire, hold, and transfer land, orotb^ real estiite; and after one year's residence shali be deemed a free citizen. 11. Thataschool orschoolsshall beestablished bythe legislature, for the convenient instruction of youth, with such salaries to the masters, paid by the public, as may enable them to inptriict at luw prices; and, all useful learning shall be duly encouraged and prom.oted, in one or more universities. 42. That no purchase of lands shall be made of the Indian natives, but on behalf of the public, by authority of the genera! assembly. 43. That the future legislature of this state shall regu- late entails, in such a manner as to piwi-ut perpetuities. 44. That the declaration of rights is !;i-reb> declared to be part of the constitution of this suite, and ought never to be violated on any pretence whatsoever, 45. That any member, of either isouse of general as- sembly, shall have liberty to dissi lit from, and protest against any act or resolve, which he may think injurious to the public, or any individual, and have the reasons of hb dissent entered on the journals. 40. That neither house ot the general assembly shall pioeeed upon public business, unless a majority of all the members of s'lch house are actually present ; and that, upon a motion made and seconded, the yeas and nays, upon any question, shall be taken and entered on the journals ; and that the journals of the proceedings of both houses of the general assembly shall be primed, and made public, immediately after their adjournment. This constitution is not intended to preclude the pre- sent congress from making a temporary provision, for t!»e '.veil ordering of this state, until the general assem- bly shall establish government,^ agreeable to the mode herein before described. RICHARD CASWELL, President. December the eighteenth, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-six, read the third time, and ratified in open congress. By order : James Green, jun. Secret-anj. COISSTITUTIOA^ OF SOUTH CAROLINA. %VE, the delegates of the people of the state of South Carolina, in general convention met, do ordain and esta- blish this constitution for its government. ARTICLE 1. § 1. The legislative authority of this state shall be vest- edin a general assembly, which shall consist of a senate and house of representatives. 2. The house of representatives shall 1)€ composed of members, chosen by ballot, every second year, by the citizens of this state, qualified as in this constitution is provided. 3, The several election districts in this state shall elect the following number of representatives, viz ; Charleston, iiicluding St. Philip \ f,f,^^„ members and St. Michael, 3 Christ Church three do St. John, Berkely, three do St. Andrew, three do St. George, Dorchester, three do St. James, Goose Creek, three do St. Thomas and St. Dennis three do St, Paul, three do St. Bartholomew, St. James, Santee, St. Suhn, Colleton, St, Stephen, St. Helena, St. Luke, Piince William' St. Peter, All Saints, (includingits ancient ^ boundaries) $ Winyaw, (not including any pan > of All Saints $ Kiiigston,(not includir-.g any par-. 1 of All Saints > Wiiliamsburgh, Liberty, Marlborough, Chesterfield, Darlington, York, Chester, Fairfield, Richland, three members three do three do three do three do three do three do IJirce do one do three do two do two do two do two do two do two do three do tvvo do two do two do fi9 C.0JCS7ITU nox QF SOUTH CAROLIXA. two members two ;ewbii!y,(includins the fork be-") tween Broad and Salsida livers) 5 Laurens, Union, Spartan, Oreenville, Pendleton. ^ St. Matthew, Orange, ■Winton.Cinoludin^thedistriet be- T tween Savannah river, and the > north fork of Kdisto) J Saxe Gotha, 4. Every free white man. of the ape of twen!y-one Tearsj being; a citizen of this state, and having; resided therein two years previous to the day of e'eciion, and ■who hath a freeliolr twenty-on«: yenrs, and hath been a citiz.en and resi- dent in tliis state three years previous to his election. If a resident in the election district, he shall not be eligible to a seat in the house of represeiitaiives, unless he be le- gally seiietl ami possessed, in his own rights, of a settled freehold estate of five hundred acres of land, and ten negroes; or of a real estate, of the value ofone hundred and fifty pounds sterlin,g, clear of debt. If a non-resi- dent, he shall be legally seized and possessed of a settled freehold estate therein, of the value of five hundred pounds sterling, clear of debt. 7. The senate shall be composed of membeis to be chosen for four years, in the following proportions, by the citizens of this state, qualified to elect members to the house of representatives, at the same time, in t!ie same manner, and at the same places, where they shall %ote for representatives, viz : Charleston, (including St. Philip'? and St. Michael) 5 fhrist Church, St. John, Berkely, St. Andrew, St. George, St. James, Goose Creek, St. Thomas and St. Dennis, St. Paul. St. Bartholomew, St. James, Santee, St. John, Colleton, St. Stephen, St. Helena, St. Luke, Prince William, St. Peter, All Saints, Winyaw and VVilliamsburgli, Liberty and Kingston, Marlborough, Cliesterfield, '^ and Darluigton, S York, Fairfield, Richland, and Chester, Lancaster and Kershaw, Claremont and Clarendon, Abbeville, Edgefield, Newbury, (including the fork be- 7 tween Broad and Saluda rivers) 3 Laurens, Union, Spartan, Greenvillp, two membei-s one do one do one do one do one do one do one do one do one do one do one do one do one no one do one do one do one do one do two do one do one do one do one do one do one do one do one do one do one do one do Pendleton, one meraViei' St. Matthew and Orange, one do Winton, (including the district be- "> tween Savamiah river and the > one do Nortli fork of Edisto J Saxe Gotha one do 8. No person shall be eligible to a seat in the senate, - time being, may, by proclamation, appoint a more secure and convenient jjiace of meeting. 11. Each iu)use shail Judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members ; and a majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjoe.rn from day to day, ami may be authorised to compel the attendance of absent members in such maimer and under such penalties as may he provided by laiv. 12. Each house shall choose by ballot its own oflicei's, determine its rules of proceeding', punish its members for disorderly behaviour, and. with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same canst. 15. Each house may punish, by imprisonment, during sitting, any pei-son not a meiuDt-r, who shall be guilty of disrespect to the house, by any disorderly or contemptu- ous behaviour in its presence— or who, during the time of its sitting, shall threaten harm to the bodj or estate of any member, for anything said or done in either house;' or who shall assault any of them therefor ; or who shall assault or arrest any witness or other person ordered to aitend the house, iii his going to or returning therefrom; or w ho shall rescue any person arrested by order of the house. l be submitted to them. 4. The governorshall always reside, during the sitting of the legislature, at the place where their sessions may be held, and at all other times, wherever, in his opinion, the public good may reqtiire. 5. The legislature shall, assoon asmaybeconvenient, pass laws for the abolition of the rights of primogeniture, and for giving an equitable distribution of the real estates of intestates. ARTICLE 11. No convention of the people shad be called, unless by the concurrence of two-thiids of both branches of the whole representation. No part of this constitution shall be altered, unless a bill to alter the same shall have been read three times in the house of representatives, and three times in the se- nate, and agreed to by two-thirds of both branches of the whole representation ; neither shall any alteration take place until the bill so agreed to, be published three months previous to a new election for members to the house of representatives ; and if the alteration proposed by the legislature shall be agreed to in their first session, by two-thirds of the whole representation in both branch- es of the legislature, after the same shall have been read three times, on three several days in each house, then, and not otherwise, the same shall become a part of the constitution. Done in com-ention, at Columbia, in the state of South Carolina, the third day of June, in the year of our Lord 1790, and in the fourteenth year of the Inde- pendence of the United States of America. By tlie unanimous order of the convention. CHARLES PINCKNEY, President. A BILL To alter the fourth section of the. first article of llie consli- t'lttian of the state of South Carolina. Be it enacted by the honourable the senate and house of representatives, now met and sitting in general as- sembly, and by the authority of the same, That the fourth section of the first article of the constitution of this state be altered and amended, to read as follows : Every free white man, of the age of twenty-one yeai's, ]>aupers, and non-commissioned officers, and private sol- diers oi the army of the United States excepted, being a citizen of this state,and having resided therein two years previous to the day of election, and who hath a freehold of fifty acres of land, or a town lot, of which he hath been legally seized and possessed at least six months be- fore such election, or not having such treehold or town lot, hatli been a resident in the election district in which be offers to give his vote six months before the said elec- tion,shall have a right to vote for a member or members to serve in either branch of the legislature, for the elec- tion district in which he holds such property, or is so re- sident. CONSTITUTION OF GEORGIA. The CoTistihition of the state of Georgia, as revised, amended, and compiled, by the con- ventio7i of the state, at Louisville, on the 30th day of May, 1798. ARTICLE 1 . § 1. The legislative, executive, and judiciary depart- ments of government shall be distinct, and each depart- ment shall be confided to a separate body of magistracy; and no person or collection of persons, being of one of those departments, shall exercise any power properlyat- tached to either of the others, except in the instances herein expressly permitted. § 2. The legislative power shall be vested in two sepa- rate and distinct branches, to wit : a senate and house of -representatives, t« be styled, " The penrrnl nsstivhty."' § 3. The senate shall be elected annually, on the first Monday in November, until such day of election be al- tered by law; and shall be composed of one memberfrom each county, to be chosen by the electors thereof. 5 4. No person shall be a senator, who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five yt-ars i and have lieeii nine 5ears a citizen of the United States, and three years an inhabitant of this state, and shall have usually resided within the county for which he shall be retunned, at least one year immediately preceding his election, (except persons who way have been absent on public business of this state or ot the United States,) and is and shall have been possessed, in his own right, of a settled freehold estate of the value of five hundred dollars, or of taxable property to the amount of one thousand dollars, within the county, for one year preceding his election ; and whose estate shall.on a reasonable estimation, be ful- ly competent to the discharge of his just debts, over and above that sum. CONSTITUTION OF C^EORGIA. C ^ S. The senate shall elect, by ballot, a president, out any thing said or d.-ine in either house, or who shall as- of their own body. saiilt any of them therefor; or who shall atsault or arrest 5 6. The si-nate shall have thesole power to try all im- any witness in goinp: to or returning; from, or who shall neaehments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall rescue any person arrested by order of either house, be on oath or afiinnai ion : and no person shall be eon- j U. No senator or representative shall be liable to be victed without the concurrence of two-thirds of the arrested during his attendance on the general assembly, members present :— judgment in eases of inipeachuR'nt or for ten days previous to its sitting, or for ten days af- shall not extend further than removal from office and ter the rising thereof, except for treason, felony, or disiiualification to hold and enjoy any office ot honour, breach of the peace ; nor shall any member be liable to trust, or profit, within this state : but the party convict- answer for any thing- snoken in debate in either house, ed shall, nevertheless, be subject to indictment, trial, in any court or place elsewhere ; hut shall, nevertheless, judgment, and punishment, according to law. be bound to answer for perjury, briberj-, or corruption. 5 7. The house of representatives shall be composed of 5 15. Each house shall keep a journal of its procecd- members from all the counties which now are or liere- ings, and publish them immediately after tlieir adjourn- after may be included within this slate, according to mem.; and the yeas and navs of the members on any their respective numbers of free white persons, and in- question shall, at the desire of any two members, be en- cluding three-fifths of all the people of colour. Theac- tered on the journals. tual enumeration shall be made within two years, and §I6. All bills for raising revenue or appropiiaiing mo- within every subsequent term of seven years thereafter, neys shall originate in the house of representatives ; but and at such time and in such manner as this convention the senate shall propose or concur with amendments, as may direct. Each county containing three thousand in other bills. persons, agreeably to the foregoing plan of enumeva- Mr f 17- Every bill shall be read three times and on three tion, shall be entitled to two members ; seven thousand, ^jiarate days, in each branch of the genera! assembly, to three members ; and twelve thousand, to four mem- btfove it shall pass, unless in cases of actual invasion or bars ; but each county shall have at least one, and not insurrection ; nor shall any law or ordinance pass, con- more than four members ; the representatives shall be taining any matter different from what is expressed in chosen annually, on the first Monday in November, un- the title thereof; and all acts shall be signed \>y the pre- til such day of election be altered by law. Until the sident in the senate, and speaker in the house of repre- aforesaid enumeration shall be made, the several coun- sentatives : No bill or ordinance which shall have been ties shall be entitled to the following niunber of repre- rejected by either house, shall be brought in again dur- sentatives, resi)ectively : Camden two ; Glynn two ; Li- ing the sessioit, under the same or any oiher title, with- berty three ; M'Intosh two ; Bryan one ; Chatham four; oiit the consent of two-ttiirds of each branch. Effingham two ; Scriven two ; Montgomery two ; Burke § 18. Each senator and representative, before he be -three ; Bullock one ; Jefferson three ; Lincoln two ; El- permitted to take his seat, shall take an oath, or make bert three; Jackson two; Richmond three; Wilkes four; afnnaation, that he hath not practised any unlawful Columbia three; Warren tliree ; Washington three ; means, either directly or indirectly, to procure his elec- Hancockfour; Greene three; Oglethorpe three; and tion; an^l every person shall bedisqualifiedfromserving Franklin two. as a senator or representative, for the term for which he § 8. No person shall be a representative who shall not shall have been elected, who shall be convicted of having- have attained to the age of twenty-one years, and have given or offered any bribe or treat, or canvassed forsuch been seven years a citizen of tlie United States, three election; and every candidate employing like means, yeare an inhabitant of this state, and have usually re- and not elected, shall, on conviction, be ineligible to sided in the county in which he shall be cliosen one hold a seat in either house, or to hold any office of ho- year immediately preceding his election, (unless he nour or profit Jbr the term of one year, and to such shall have been absent on public business of this state or other disabilities or penalties, as may be prescribed by of the United States,) and shall be possessed in his own law. right of a settled freehold estate of the value of two ^ 19. Every member of the senate or house of reprc- hundred and fifty dollars, or of taxable property to the sentatives shall, before he takes his seat, take tlic follow- ainountof five hundred dollars within the county, for ing oath or affirmation, to wit : " I, A B. do solemnly oi\e year preceding his election ; anil whose estate shall, swear (or afflrm, as the case may be) that I have not ob- on a reasonable estimation, he competent to the dis- tained my election by bribery, treats, canvassing, or chargeof his just debts, over and above that sum. other undue or unlawful means,' used by myself, or $ 9. The house of repi-esentatives shall choose tlieir others by my desire or approbation, for that purpose ; speaker and other officers. that I consider myself constitutionally nualified as a se- § 10. They shall have solely the power to impeach all nator, or representative ; and that, on all questions and persons who have been or may be in office. measures which may come before me, I will give my § ll. No person holding any military commission or vote, and so conduct myself, as may, in myjtidgment, other appointment, having any emolument or compen- appear most conducive to the interest and prosperity of sation annexed thereto, under this state or the United this state ; and that I will bear true faith and allegiance States, or either of them, except justices of the inferior to the same ; and to the utmost of my power and ability court, justices of the peace, and officers of the militia, observe, conform to, support, and defend the constitu- nor any pei-son who has had charge of public moneys tion thereof." belonging to the state, unaccounted for, and unpaid, or § 20. No person who hatli been or may be convicted of who has not paid all legal taxes or contributions to the felony before any court of this state, or any of the Uni- government, required of him, shall have a seat in either ted States, shall be eligible to any office or appointment branch of the general assembly ; nor shall any senator or of honour, profit, or trust, within this state, representative be elected to any office or appointment ^21. Neither house, during the session of the general by the legislature, having any emolument or compensa- assembly,shall,without the consent of the other, adjourn tion annexed thereto,during the time for \v1iich he shall for more than three days, nor to any other place than have been elected, with the above exceptions, unless he that at which the two brandies shall be sitting ; and in shall decline accepting his seat, by notice to the execu- case of disagreement between ihe senate and house of tive within twenty days after he shall have been elect- representatives, with respect to their adjournment, the ed ; nor shall any member, after having taken his seat, governor may adjourn them. be eligible to any of the aforesaid offices or appoint- f. 22. The genera! assembly shall have power to make ments during the time for which he shall have been all laws and ordinances which they shall deem necessai-y elected. and proper for the g;ood of the state, which shall not be §12. The meeting of the general assembly shall be repugnant to 'his e institution, annually, on the second Tuesday in Januaryj until such § 23. They siall have power to alter the boundaries of day of meeting be altered bylaw: a ma jonty of each the present counties, and to lay off new ones, as well out branch shall be authorised to pi-uceed to business ; but a of the counties alroady laid off, as out of the other terri- smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and com- torj belonging to tlie state : but the property of the soil, pel the attendance of their members m such manner as in a free government, being one of the essential rights each house may prescribe. of a free people, it is necessary, in order to avoid dis- J 13. Each house shall be the judges of the elections, putC'S, that the limits of this state should be ascertained returns, and qualifications of its own members; with with precision and exactness; and thisconvention,coni- powei-s to expel or punish, by censuring, fining, and im- posed of the immediate reiiresentatives of the people, prisoning, or eillier, for disorderly behiiviouv ; and may chosen by them to assert their rights, to revise the pow- espel any person convicted of any felonious or iufamoas ers givenby them to ihe governriient, and from whoso offence ; each house may punish by iuipi-is-.ir.iiu nt. dur- w ill all ruling authority of right flows, doth assert ami ing session, any person not a member, wiio shall be declare, the boundaries of tjiis stale shall be as follows, guiltyof disj-espect by any disorderly or tontemptuous that is to say ; the limits, boundaries, jurisdictions, and behaviour in its presence, ok who, during session, shall authority of the state of Georgia, do, and did, and of tlueatcn hanii tu the body w estate of any member, for right on iht to, extend from th'scaov mouth of the rivei- lii t^UXalli LllOA OF (jfc-UJt<..lA. bavannali, along tlie i>orlhei-ii branch /ir stream thereof, the same to the clerks of the superior courts of tlie sev;- to the fork or eoiilluenee of the rivers HOW called Tuga- ral counties, certified under their hands, on or before !o aitd Keowee, and from thence alonfc the most north- the first day of December next; the ]>ersons so ajipoinl- erii branch or stream of the said riNer Tuj^alo, till it in- ed, being first severally sworn before the said justices, lersect the northern boundaiy line of South Carolina, if or either of them, duly and faithfully to perform the the said branch or stream of Tugalo extends so far north, trust reposed in them; and it shall be the d\ity of the said reserving; all the islands in the said river Savaiuiah and clerks to transmit all such returns, under seal, directetl Tugfalo to Georgia ; but, if the head sprin;^ or source of to the speaker of the house of representatives, at the first any bi'ancli orslream of the said river Tngalo does not session of the legislature thereafter. And it shall bathe extend to the north boundaiy line of South Carolina, duty of the general assembly, at their said fiist session, then a west line to the Mississippi, to be drawn from the to apportion the members of the house of repi-esenta- head spring or source of the said b'.anch or stream of tives among the several counties, aojreeably to tlie plan Tugalo river, which extends to the highest northern la- prescribed by this constitution, and to provide an ade- titudc ; thence down the middle of the said river Missis- quate eom])ensaticn for the taking of the said census, sippi, until it shall intersect the northernmost i>artof Eve;-ypei-son whose usual place of abode shall be in any the thiity-first degree of north laiitnde; south, by a line family on the first Monday in July next, shall be return- drawn due east, from the termination of the litie last ed as of such family, and every person occasionally ab- mentioned, in the latitude of thirty-one degretsnorth of sent at the time of taking tlieeimmeration, as belonging the equator, to the middle of the river Apalachicols, or to that place in which he usually resides. The general Chatahoochee ; thence, along the middle thereof, to its assemblyshall, bylaw, direct t'le nwnneroftakingsnch junction with Flint river ; thence, straight to the head census or ennmeration, within every subsequent term of "of St. Mary's rivei ; and thence, along the middle of SMfceven years, in conformity to this constitution. And it Mary's river, to the Atlantic Ocean, and from thence t^ns declared to be the duty of all officers, civil and milita- the mouth or inlet of Savannah river, the place of be- ry, throughout this state, to be aiding and assisting in ginning: including and comprehending all the lands the true and faithful execution thereof. In case the jus- and waters within tlie said limits, boundaries, and juris- tices of the inferior courts should fail to make such ap- dictional rights ; and also all the islands wiihin twenty i)oiiitments, or if there should not be a sufBcient num- leagues of the sea coast. And this convention doth fur- ber of such justices in any cotiuty, then the justices of ther declare and assert, that all the territory witliout the tlie peace, or any three of ihem, shall have and exercise present temporary line, and within the limits aforesaid, like powers and authority respecting the said census ; is now, of right, the property of the free citizens of this and if the census or ennmeration of any county shall not state, and held by them in soveK-ignty, inalienable but be so taken and returned, then, and in that case, the gc- by their consent. Provided, nevertheless. That nothing neral assembly shall .tpportion the representation of herein contained shall be construed so as to prevent a such county according to the best evidence in their sale to, or contract « ith, the United States, by the legis- power, relative to its population, lature of this statn, ofand for all oraiiy partof the west- Ai Tirrr " eru territwy of this state, lying westward of the river ii . -. ChatahoocIiec,onsuc!i terms as may be beneficial to both § 1. The executive power shall be vested in a goveni- partits ; and may procure an extension of settlement, or, who shall hold his office during the term of two and extinguishment of Indian claims, in and to the va- years, and until such time as a successor shall be chosen cant territory of this state to the east and north of the and qualified. He shall have a competent salary, esla- said river Chatahoochee, to which the territory, such blished by law, which shall not be increased or dimi- powerof contract or sale, by the legislature, shall not nished during the period for which he shall have been extend : And provided also. The legislature may give its elected ; neither shall he receive, within that period,any consent to the establishment of one or more govern- other emolument from the United States, or either of ments westward thereof; but monopolies of land by in- them, or from any foreign power. Uividuals being contiary to the spirit of our free govern- § 2. The governor shall be elected by the general as- ment, no sale of territory of this state, or any part there- sembly, at their second annual session after the rising of of, shall take p'ace to individuals or private companies, this convention, and at every second annual session unless a count}' or counties shal 1 have been first laid off, thereafter, on the second day aftt r the two houses shall including such territory, and the Indian rights shall be organized .and competent to proceed to business, have been extinguished thereto. § 3. No person sliall be eligible to the office of go- 521. The foregoing section of this article having de- venior, who shall i;ot have been a citizen of the United clared the cominonrights of ihe free citizens of thisstate States twelve years, and an inhabitant of this state six, in and to all the teriitoiy without the present tempora- years, and who hath not attained to the age of thirty 17 boundary line, and within the limits of this state years, and who does not possess five hundred acres of thereby defined, by which the contemplated purchases land, in his own right, within this state, and other pro- of certain comjianies of a considerable portion thereof ptrty to the amount of four thousand dollars,aiHl whose are become constitutionally void; and justice and good estate shall no!, on a reasonable estimation, be compe- f hith re<(nire, that the state should not detain a cunside- tent to the discharge of his debts, over and above that ration for a contract which has failed ; the legis!ature,at sum. their next session, shall make provision by law for re- (1 4. In case of the death, resignation, or disability of turning to any person or persons who has or have bona the governor, the jnesident of the senate shall exercise fiile dejjosited nionc) s for such purposes in the treasuiy the executive powers of government until such disabili- of this state: Provided, That the same shall :i0t have ty be removed, or until the next meeting of the general been drawn therefrom in terms of the act passed the assembly. thirteenth dayof February, one thousand seven hu:i- §5. 1 he governor shall, before he enters on the duties dred antl ninety-six, commonly called the rescinding of his office, take the following oath or affirmation: "I act, or the appropriation law sof the years one thousand do solemnly swear (or alTirm. as the case may be) that I seven hundred and ninety-six, and one thousand seven w ill faitlifully execute the office of governor of the state hundred and niiielj -seven: nor shall the moneys jiaid of Georgia; and will, to thebestof my abilities, preserve, for such purchases ever be deemed a part of the funds of protect, and defend the said state, and cause justice to this state, or be liable to appropriation as such ; but until be executed in mercy therein, according to the coustitu- sueh moneys be drawn from the treasury, they shall be tion and la\vs tliireot"." consitlered altog'ther at the risk of the pei-sons who have f 6. He shall be commander in chief of the array and deposited the s:tme. No money shall be drawn out of the navy of this state, and of the militia thereof, trtasuryor from the jiublic fuiidsof this state, except by ^7. He shall l:ave power to grant reprieves for of- appiopriation made bylaw: and a reg^ilar statement fencesag;iinst the slate, except iiicasesof impeachment, and account of the receipts and expenditures of all pub- and to grant pardons or to remit any part of a sentence, lie moneys shall be published from time to time. No in all c:ises :if>er conviction, except liu- treason or mur- vote, resolution, law, or ordir, shall pass the general as- der, in which cases he may respite tlie execution, and sembly, granting a donatioit or gratuity in favourof any make report tliereof to the next geneial assembly, by pei-son whatever, but by the concurrence of two-thirds whom a pardon may be granted, of the general asseiubly. } 8. He shall issue writs of election to fill up all va- 5 25. It shall be the lUity of the justices of the inferior caneiis that hapi>en in the senate or house of represent- courtjOrany three of them, in each county respectively, atives ; and shall have power to convene the general as- within sixty days after the adjournment of" this conveii- sembly on exti-acrtlinary occasions ; and shall give them, lion, to appoint one or more lit persons in each county, from time to time, inlbrmatiou of the state of the rejiub- liot exceeding one tor each battalion district, whose duty lie. and recommend to their consideration such measures it shall be to take a full and ac.urate census or enume- as he m:iy deem iKcessary and expedient, ratiunof all free white persons and peopleof colourre- J 9. When any office shall become vacant by death, siding I herein, distinguishing, in separate columns, the resignation, or otherwise^^e governor shall have tlf free -.vliiteptrspns frojn pprsyns of colour, and return power to fill stich vacanc^p-aiul pprsons so appninttl L OXSTiTUfiON OF <.,KOiiC.(A. tij sliall continue ill office until a successor is appointed, county for h bich llfy sliall be a])i>uintcd, unless remo- Bgreeably to the mode pointed out by tliis constitution ^ed by souteuce on impeachment, oi- by the governor, or by the legislature. ' on the aJilress of two-tiiirds of each braiicb of the geiie- ^ io. He shall have the revision (if all bills passed by ral assembly. They may be compensated for their ser- both housiss, before the same shall become laws; but vicesinsiich maiiiierasthelegislatnremay by law direct, two-thirds of Iwth houses may pass a law notwitJistand- ^i 5. The Justices of the peace shall be nominated by ing his dissent ; and if any bill should not be v<;turned the inferior courts of the several counties, a)id connnis- by the governor « itliin tive days after it hath been pre- siomd by the governor, and there shall be two justices sented to him, the same ^hall be a la«', unless the gene- of the |)eace in each captain's diatiict, either or both ot i«l assembly, by their adjournment, shall prevent its re- whom sliall have power to try all cases of a civil nature turn. ' " within their district, where the debt or litigated demand J U. Every vote, resolution, or order, to which the does not exceed thirty dollars, in such manner as the le- ooncurrence of both Iiouses may be necessaiy, except gislature may by law direct. They shall hold their ap- on a question of adjournment, shall lie presented to the pointments during good behaviour, or until they shall .ETOvenior ; and, before it shall take e.Tect, be approved be removed by conviction, oii indietmcutiu the superior by him : oi-, being disapproved, maybe repassed by two- court, for maiepractice in oftUe, orfor any feloniou-i cr thirds of both Iiouses, according]to" the rules and limit- infamoiis crime, or by the governor, on the address of ations prescribed in case of a bill. tw o-ihirils of each branch ot the legislature. § 12. There shall be a secretai-y of the state, a treasu- ^ 6. '1 he powers of a court of ordinal"}' or register «C rer, and a surveyor general, ai)pe body of our laws, civil and criminal, shall be a superior court, and in such infciior jurisdictions as i!ie revised, digested, and arranged under jiroper heads, and legislature shall, from time to time, oi-dain and establish, promulgated in such manner as the legislature may di- The judges of the superior courts shall be elected for red; and no jierson shall be debarred from advocating the term of three years, reniovable by the governor, on or defending his cause, before any court or tribunal^ the address of two-thirds of both houses forthat purpose, either by biMi«elf or counsel, or both. or by impeachment and conviction thereon. The su- §9. Divorces shall not be granted by the legislature, jierior court shall have exclusive and final jurisdiction until the parties shall have had a fair tnal before the su- m all criminal cases whieli shall be tried in the toiinty perior court, and a verdict shall have been obtained, au- wherein the ci'ime was committed, and in all cases re- ihorising a divorce upon legal principles. And in sucU ■specting titles to land, which shall be tried in the county cases, two-thiids of each branch of the legislature may where the land lies; and shall have power to correct er- pa«s acts of divorce accordingly. vors in inferiorjudicatories by \vritsof<-er/i(()(7)7',as well § 10. The clerks of the superior and inferior totirts as errors in the superior courts, and to order new trials shall be appointed in such manner as the legislature on proper and legal grounds : Provided, That such new may by law direct, shall be comniisioned by the govera- trials shall be di tennined, and such erriu's corrected, in or, and shall continue in office during good beiiaviour. the superior court of the county in which such action § 11. Sheriffs shall be appointed in sucii manner as originated. And the said court shall also lune appella- the general assembly may by law direct, and shall hold tive jurisdiction in such other cas's as the legislature their ajjpointmeiits for the term of two years, unless may by lav/ direct, which shall in no case tend lo remove sooner rem.oved by sentence on impeachment, or by the the cause from the county in w '-.ich the action origina- governor, on the addi'ess of two-thirds of thejtistices of ted ; and ih.e judges then-of, in all cases of ap]>lication the inferior court and of the peace in the county ; but for new trials, or correction of errors, shall enter their no pei-son shall be twice elected sheriff within any terra opinions on the minutes of the court. The inferior of four years ; and no county officer after the next elec- eourts shall have cognizance of all other civil cases, tion shall he chosen at the time of electing a senator oc -which shall be tried in the county wherein the defend- ant resides, except in cases of joint obligors, residing in diifcrent counties, which maybe commenced in eilher county: and aco])yof the petition and jn'ocess, served on Ihe party or parties residing out of the cov.nty in which epresertauve. ARTICIE 4. V 1. The c!ecto!"s of memljers of ihe general assembly shall be citizen:) and inhabitants of this state, and shall the suit maybe commenced, shall be deemed sufficient have attained the age of twenty-one years, and have service, iiiiiler si;ch rules and regulations :is tiie legisla- paid all tiixes which may have been required of thein, tiire may direct; but the legislature may, by law, to and which tli^y ">'*>' ''^^'e had an opportiiiiity of paying, which iv.'o-iliirds of e:tch branch shall concur, give con- agreeably to law, > r the year preceding the election, current jtirisdietiim to the superior courts. Thesupe- and shallhave resided six months within the county: rior and inPerior courts siiail sit in each county twice in 'Piovided, that, in ease of invasion, and the inhabitants every year, at sucii staled times as the legislature shall shall be (h-iven from any cotiuty, so as to prevent au appoiilt. ' election tiiertin, such refuge-.Mnhabitants, beingamai- V 2. The judges sliall have.salaries adetjiiate to their jority of llie vbtei-s of such county, may meet under tlife services, established hv law, which shall not be increased direction of any three justices cf the peace thereof, in or diminished during their continuance in office ; but theueanst county, not in a state of alarm, and proceed shall not receive any other pertjiiisites or emoluments loan election, withoot having paid such tax sorequired whatever, frimi paities or others, on account of ai;y duly of electors, and the persons elected thereat shall be eu- re((uired of Iherti, titled to rhcir seats. t 3. There shall be a state's attorney and,solicitors ap- J 2. AU elections by the general assembly shall be by pointed by the legislature, and commissioned bv the go- joint ballot of both branches of the legislature ; and when venior, who shall hold their offices for the term' of three the senate and house of rem-esentatives unite for the rears, unless removed by sen'ence nn impeachment, or pui-jiose ol'electiiig, they shall meet in the representative by the governor, on the addiess of tw(!-tlurd3 of each chambei-, and the jiresident of the senate shalUn such 1). anch of the general assembly. They shall have saia- case preside, receive the ballots, and declare tlie person ries adequate to their services established by law, which or persons elected. In all elections by the people, the shall not be increased or diminished during their conti- electois shall vote viva voce, until the legiilature shall nuance in office. otherwise direct. ' § 4. Justices of the inferior courts shall be appointed § '• 'i'he general officers of the militia shall he elected by the general assembly, and be cominissioncd by the by the general assembly, and shall be commissioned by governor, and shall liold their commissions during good tlie governor. All other offic^-rs of the militia shall be ktiliaviour, or as long as they respectively reside in tlie elected in such mauner as the h;gistature njiy dijtett 66' CONSTITUTIOX OP GEOliGl.v. and shall lie commissioned by the governor ; and all mi- Htia officers now in commission, and those which may be hereafter commissioned, shall hold their commissions during their usual residence within the division, hii- gade, regiment, battalion, or comiiany, to which they belong, unless removed by sentence ofa court martial, or by the governor, on the address of two-thirds of each branch of the general a^sembl)'. J 4. All persons appointed by the legislature to till ■vacancies shall continue in office only so long as to com- plete the time for which their predecessors were ap- pointed. { 5. Freedom of the press, and trial by jury, as here- tofore used in this state, shall remain inviolate, and no ex post facto law shall be passed. f 6. No person who heretofore hath been, or hereafter may be, a collector, or holder of public moneys, shall be eligible to any office in this state, until such person shall have accounted for and paid into the treasury all stuns for which he may be accountable or liable. § 7. The person ofa debtor, where there is not a strong presumption of fraud, shall not be detained in prison after delivering up, bona Jlik, all his estate, real and personal, for the use of liis creditors, in such man- ner as shall hereafter be regiilateu by law, § 8. Convictions on impeachments which have hereto- fore taken place, are hereby released, and persons Ijing ■under such convictions restored to citizenship. \ 9. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in case of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. § 10. No person within this state shall, upon any pre- tencej be deprived of the inestimable privilege of >vor- shippmg God in a raamier agreeable to his own con- science, norbe compelled to atleiidany place of worship contrary to his own faith anrt Judgment; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tythes, taxes, or any other rate,for the building or repairing any place of woi-ship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to ■what he believes to be right, or hath voluntarily engaged to do. No one religious society shall ever be established in this state, in preference to any other ; nor shall any person be denied theenjoyment of any civil right, mere- ly on account of his religious principles. § 11. I'here shall be no future importations of slaves into this state, from Africa or any foreign place, after the first day of October next. The legislature shall have no power to pass laws for the emancipation of slaves, without the consent of each of their respective owners, previous to sueli emancipation. They shall have no power to prevent emigrants from either of the United States to this state, from bringing with tliem such per- sons as may be deemed slaves by the laws of any one of the United States. § 12. Any person wlio shall maliciously dismember or deprive a slave of his life, shall suffer such punishment as would be inflicted in case the like offence had been committed on a free white pei-son, and on the like proof, except in case of insurrection by such slave, and unless such death should happen by accident, in gi.ing such slave moderate correction, § 13. 'I'he arts and sciences shall be promoted, in one or more seminaries of learning ; and the legislature shall, as soon as conveniently may be, give such further tlona- tions and privileges to those already established, as may be necessary to secure the objects of their institution ; and it shall be the duty of the general assemblv, at their next session, to provide effectual measures for the im- provement and permanent security of the funds and en- dowments of such institutions. § 14. All civil officers shall conti.iue in the exercise of the duties of their several offices, during the periods for which they were appointed, or until they shall be super- seded by appointments made in conformity to this con- stitution : And all laws now in force shall continue tn o_perate, so far as they are compatible with this constitu- tion, until repealed ; and it shall be the duty of the gene- ral assembly to pass all necessary laws and regulation* for carrying this constitution into full effect. 5 IS. No part of this constitution shall be altered, un- less a bill for that purposv, specifying the alterations in- tended to be ii>ade, shall have been read three times in the house of representatives, and three times in the senate, on three se^■eral days in each house, and agreed to by two-thirds of each house respectively; and when any such bill shall be passed in manner aforesaid, the same shall be pubiislied at least six months previous to the next ensuing annual election for membei-s of the ge- neral assembly ; and if such alterations, or any of iliem, so proposed, shall be agreed to, i.i their first session thereafter, by two-tliird» of each branch of the general assembly,after the same shall have been read three times, on three separate days, in each respective house, then, and not otherwise, the same shall become a part of this constitution. ■yVe, the underwritten delegates of the people of the state of Georgia, chosen and authorised by them to revise, alter, or amend the powers or principles of their goveinraent, do declare, ordain, and ratify the several srticlcs and sections contained in the six pages hereunto prefixed, as the constitution of this state ; and the same shall be in operation from the dale hereof. In testimony whereof, -vve, and each of us, respective- ly, have hereunto set our hands, at Louisville, the seat of government, this thirteenth day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety-eight, and in the twenty-second year of the Independence of the United •'Stales of America ; and have caused the great seal of the state to be af- fixed thereto. Article 4th, section 11th, a.id first line, the following^ words being interlined, to wit—" after the first day of October next." JARED IRWIN, President. Joseph Clay, jun. Thomas Gi bert, J. B. Maxwell", John Burnett, John Pray, John Coiiper, Beiijamiin Davis, Thomas Spalding, John Morrison, James H. Rutherford, Johti Milton, James Oliver, Ja:rie9 Bird, John Watts, Andrew E. Wells, George Franklin; Chillies M'Call,juD. ,Tohn Lawson, G W. Foster, ' George Wilson, Jonas Fauche, James Pitmann, James Nisbet, .Toseph Humpheris, Chas. .\bircrombee, James Cochran, Thomas Lamar, James Powell, Malt. Rabun, Jaracs Dunwodv, Peter J. Cariies, Henry Ware, Wilbam Fleming, Gibson 'VVoodridge, R. D. Gray, .Tared Gore, James Seagrove, John H. M'liitosh, Thomas Stafford, ,Tames Gignilliat, James Jackson, Beiij.tmiii Harrison, James Jones, John Watts, George Jones, .lohn Jones, James Simms, John Lumpkin, W;«, Drane. I'homas Duke, James M'Ntil, Burwell Pope, John King, Robert Watkins, John London, Abraham Jones, Thomas Polhil!, Lewis Lanier, AVilliam Barnctt, Arthur Fort, R- Hunt, W. Sith, jun. Benjamin Mosely, Matthew Talbot, A. Franklin, Jesse Mercer, Robert Walters, Benjamin Taliaferror Attest, James M. Simmons, Secretanj. CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. ADOPTED BY IHE CONVENTION HOLDEN AT WINDSOR, July 4th, 179o CHAP. 1. . 1 Declaration of Rights of the Inhabitants of the state of Vermont. ARTICLE 1. THAT ail men are borti equally free and indepen- dent, and have cei-tain natural, inherent, and unalit-na- ble rights, aniongst « hich are the enjoying and defend- ing life and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protect- ing proptrty, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety: therefore, no male person, born in this country, Of brought from over sea, ought to be holden by law to serve any person as a servant, slave, or ap- prentice, after he arrives to the age ot twenty-one years, nov female, in like manner, after she arrives to the age of eighteen years, unless they are hound by their own consent after they arrive to such age, or bound by law for the payment of debts, damages, fines, costs, or the like. That private properly ought to be subservient to public uses, when necessity requires it ; neveitheless. When any person's propt rty is taken for the use of the public, the owner ought to receive an equivalent in money. AIITILLE 3. That all men have a natural and unalienable right to worship Almighty God accordintr to the dictates oflheir own consciences and understandings, as in their opinion shall be regulateil by the word of God : and that no man ought to, or of right can. be compelled to attend any religious worship, or erect or support any jtlace of worship, cr maintain any minister, contrary to the dic- tates of his conscience ; nor can any man be justly de- prived or abridged nf any eivil right ns a citizen, on ac- count of his religious sentiments or peculiar n.ode of re- ligious worship; and that no authority can or ought lobe vested in, or assumed by, any power whatever, that hall in any- case interfere with, or in any manner control, the rights of conscience in the free exercise of religious worship. Nevertheless, every sect or -es, thf ir houses, papers, and possessions, tree from seaivh or seizure ; and, therefore, warrar^ts. without oath or affirmation first made, aflbidii'g suffieieiit foundation for them, and whereby any officer ov messenger may be commanded or required to search susp" etej places, . ■ to seize any person or peisons. his, iier, oi their propei ■ ty, not particularly described,are contrary 'to that rigiir, and ought not to be .granted. ARTICLE 12. That v. hen any issue in fact, proper for the cogii;. zance of jury, is joined in a court of law, the parties have a right to trial by Jury, which ought to be held sacred. ARTICLE 13. That the people have a right to freedom of speech, and of writing and publibhing their sentiments, con- cerning the transactions of government, and thcreibie the freedom of the press ought not to be restrained. ARTICLE 14. The fieo>cd in the army, and the militia in actual service. ARTICLE 18. The frequent recurrence to fundanicntal princip'.es, and firm adherence to juslicf, modt-ration, tempciaiicf, industi-y, and frugnlit}', arc absolutely necessary to pre- serve the blessings of liberty, and keep government free ; the people ought, thtrelove, to pay particular at- tention to these points, in the choice of officers and re- presentatives, and have a right, in a legal way, to exact a due and constant regard to them, from thtir legislators and magistrates, in niakingand executing such luw^as are necessary for the good government of the stnte. AUTlCir. 19. That all people hare a natural sad inherert ri^lit to emigrate from one state to another that will receive them. AXTlrLH 20. I'hat the people have a right to assemble together to consult lov their common gtod : to inttiiict tlieir repre- sentatives : auJ apply to the legislature for redress of grievances, by addrcs':, petition, or remonstituice. Afit-ICLE 21. That no person shall be liable to be transported out ef this state, for trial for anyoftence comn;itt.';d within the same. CHAP. 2. Plan or Form of Governmsnt. § T. The commonwealth or state of Vermont shall be governed hereafter by a governor or lieutenant govern- or, council, and an assembly of the representatives of the freemen of the same, in manner and form following: J 2. The supreme legislative power shall be vesttd in a house of representatives, of the freemen of the commonwealth or state of Vermoiit. 5 3. The supreme executive power shall be vested in a governor, or, in his absence, a lieutenant governor, and council. I 4. Courts of justice shall be maintained in every county in this state, and also in new counties, when formed ; which courts shall be open lor the trial ot all causes proper ("or their cognizance ; and justice shall be therein impartially administered, without eoiTuption or unnecessary delay. The .judges of the supreme court shall be justices of the peace throughout the state; and the several judges of the county courts, in their respec- tive counties, by virtue of their offices, except in the trial of such causes as may be appealed to the county court. J 5. A future legislature may, when they shall con- ceive the same to be expedient and necessary, erect a court of chancerj-, with such powers as are usually exer- cised by that court, or as shall appear for the interest of the commonxveallh : Provided, they do not constitute themselves the judges of the said court. $ 6. The legislative, executive, and judiciary depart- ments, shall be separate and distinct, so that neither exercise the powers properly belonging to the other. 5 7. In order that the freemen of this state might en- joy the benefit of election, as equally as may be, each town within this state, that consists or may consist of eighty taxable inhabitants, within one septenary, or se- ven years next after the establishing this constitution, may hold elections therein, and choose each Os'o repre- sentatives; and each other inhabited town m tuis slai'. may, in like manner, choose each one reipresentative tn represent them in general assembly, during the saitl septenary, or seven jtars ; and after tliat, each inhabited town may, in like manner, hoid sucih election, and choose ea'cli one representative, for ever thereafter. § 8. The house of representatives of the freemen of this state shall consist ot persons most noted for wisdom and virtue, to be chosen by ballot, by the freemen of every town in this state, respectively, on the first Tues- d;iy in S ptemher, annually, for ever. \ 9. 1 he represmtatives so chosen, a majority of whom shall constitute a quorum for transacting any other business than raising a state tax, for which iwo- thiids of the members elected r.hall be present, siial! meet on the second Thursday of the succeeding Octo- Xkw and shall be styled, TItc General Assembly of the state ofrermant .- they shall have pov.er to choose their speak- er, secretary of state, th^iir'cleik, atid other necessary officers of the house— sit on tlieir own adjournments— prepare bills, and enact them into lav,'s, judge of the elections and qualilications of their own memberi.: iliey may e.\pel members, but not for causes known to their own constituents antecedent to their own elections : they msy administer oaths and aflirmalions in matters depending before them, redress grievances, impeach state criminals, grant charters of incorporation, consti- tute towns, boroughs, cities, and counties : thej- may, annually, on their first .session afttr their election, in coiijunciion with the council, or oftener if need be, elect judges ot the supreme nnd several county and probate courts, sheriffs, and justices of the peace ; and also with till- council may elect major generals, and brigadier generals, from time lo time, as often as there shall be occasion ; and they shall hove all other powers necessa- ry for the legislature of a free and sovereign state ; but they shall have no power to add lo, alter, abolish, or in- fringe any part of this constitution. f 10. The supiirine executive council of this state shall consist of a governor, lieutenant governor, and twelve persons, chosen in the following manner, viz. The free- men of each town shall, oil the day of the election, for choosing representatiies to attend the general assem- bly, bring in their votes for governor, with his name fairly written, to the constable, who shall seal them up, and Y^rite on them, voles for the governor, and deliver them to the l■ep^■esentati^■es chosen toattend the general assembly; and at the opening of the general assembly there shall be a committee appointed out of the council and assembly, who. after being duly sworn to the faith- ful discharge of thtir (rust, shall proceed to receive, sort, and count the votes for the governor, and declare the person who has the major part of the votes to be go- vernor for the year ensuing. And if there be no choice made, then the council and general assembly, by their joint ballot, shall make choice of a governor. The lien- tenant governor and treasurer shall be chosen in the manner above directed. And each freeman shall give in twelve votes, fiir twelve counsellors, in the same man- ner, and the twelve highest in nomination shall serve for tlie ensuinp year as counsellors. §11. 'I'he governor, and,in his absence, the lieutenant governor, witii the council, a major part of whom, in- cluding the gov.;rnor, or lit utenant governor, shall be a quorum to transact businiss, shall have power to com- mission all ot^icf IS, and also to appoint officers, except where provision is, or, shall be otherwise made by law, or this frame of government ; and shall supply every vacancy in any otace, occasioned by death or other- wise, until the office can be filled in the manner direct- ed bylaw or this constitution. They are to correspond with other states, transact business with officers of government, civil and military, and to prepare such business as may appear to them necessary to lay tiefore the generalassembly. They shall sit as judges to hear and determine on impeachments, taking to their assistance, for advice only, »he judges of the supreme court. And shall have power to grant pardons, and remit lines, in all cases whatsover, except in treason and murder : in which they shall have power to grant reprieves, but not lo pardon, until after the end of the next session ot assembly ; and except in cases of impeachment, in which there shall bv uo remission or mitigation of punishment, but by act of legislation. They are also to take care that the laws he faithfully executetK They are to expedite the execution of such measures as may be resolved upon by the general as- sembly. And they may draw uixui^he treasury for such sums as may be appropnatcil by thehausc of represent- (;ONSTITUTION Or VEliMONl atives. They may aho lay embargoes, ov proliiliit the exportation of any commodity, fov any time not exceed- ing thirty days, in the recess of tht- hon«' onlj-. They may triaiit such licenses as shall 'ou directed bylaw! «nvith his reasons to support it ; aiid the governor may appoint a secretary for liimself and his council. 5 12. The representatives, h:;ving met and chosen iheir speaker and clerk, shall, each of them, before they proceed to business, take and subscribe, as well the oath or affirmation of allegiance herein after directed, except where they shall produce certificates of their having heretofore taken and subscribed the same, as thefoUow- " lowing oath or affirmation, viz. " You , do solemnly swear (or affirm,) th.it, as a member of this assembly, you will not propose or assent to any bill, vole, or resolution, which shall appear to you injurious to the people, nor do or consent to any act or thing whatsoever that shall have a tendency to lessen or abridge iheir rights and privileges, as declared by the constitution of this state; but will, in all things, conduct yourself as a faithful, honest representative, and guarilian of the people, according to the best of yonr judgment and abilities ; (in case of an oat!i) so help you God. {And in case of mi affirmation) under the pains and penalties of perjury.'" J 13. The doors of the house in which the general as- sembly of this commonwealth shall sit, shall be open lor the admission of ail persons who behave decently, except only when the welfare of the state may require them to be' shut. § 14. The votes and proceedings of the general as- sembly shall be printed, when one third of the mem- bers think it necessary, as soon as convenient after the end of each session, with theycasand nays on any ((ues- tion, when required by any nieml>er, except where the Votes shall be taken by ballot, in which case every mem- ber shall have a right to insert the reasons of his vote upon the minutes. § IS. The style of the laws of this state, in future to be passed, shall be ; It is hereby enacted by t/ie^cneral as- nemfily of t/ie state of Vermont. 5 16. To the end that laws, before they are enacted, may be more maturely considered, and the inconve- nience of hasty detcrminalions, as much as possible, prevented, all bills v. hicli ovigiiiate in the assembly shall be laid before the governor and council, for their revi- sion and concurrence or proposals of amendment ; who shall return the same to the assembly, with, their pro- posals of amendment, if any, in writing; and if the same are not agreed to by the assembly, it shall be in the power of the governor and council to suspend the passing of such bills until the next session of the legis- lature : Provided, that if the goA ernor and council shrill neglect or refuse to return any such bill to the ?,ssera- bly, with written proposals of amendment, within five days, or before the rising of the legislature, the same shall become a law. ^ § 17. No money shall be drawn out of the treasury, unless first appropriated by act of legislation. 5 18. No person shall be elected a representative until he has resided t« o years in this state ; the last of which shall be in the town for which he is elected. } 19. No member of the council or house of represent- atives shall, directly or indirectly, receive any fee or re- ward to bring forward or advocate any bill, petition, or other business to be transacted in the legislature ; or nilvocate any cause, as counsel, in either house of legis- ):iiion, except when employed in behalf of the state. •• 20. No person Ought. \n any casre or in anv time, to m be declared guilty of treason or felony by the legisla- ture. 5 21, Every man, of the full age of twenty-one years, having resided in this state for the space ol one whole \ ear next before tlie election of repr. sentatives, and is of a quiet and peaceable behaviour, aad will take the ibllowiiigoalb or affirojation, shall be entitled to all the privileges of a freeman of thisstate: <■• You solemnly swear (or affirm.) that whenever you give your vote or suffrage touching any matter that coiicerus the state of Virmont, yuu will do it so as in your eonseience you shall judge will most conduce to the best good of the same, as established by the constitution, without fear or favour of any man." § 22. The inhabitants of this state shall be trained and armed for its defence, under such regulations, re- strictions, and exceptions, as congress, agreeably to the constitution of the United States, and the legislature of this state, shall direct. The several companies of militia shall, as often as vacancies happen, elec! their captain and other officers, and the captains and subal terns shall nominate and recommend the field officers of their respective regiments, who shall ajipoint their staff officers. ^ 23. All commissions shall be in the name of the freemen of the state of Vermont, sealed with the state Sh-al, signed by the governor, ami, in his absence, the lieutenant governor, and attested by the secretary; wliich seal shall be kej)t by the goveruor. § 2 !. Every officer of state, v.'In.tlier judicial or ex- ecutive, shall be liable to be imiieachid by the general assembly, either wheii in office or after his resigtiation or removal, for raaleadministiation. All impeachments slitill be before the governor, or lieutenant governor, and council, who shall hear and determine the same, and may award costs ; and no trial or impeachment shall be a bar to a prosecution at law. § 25. As every fneman, to preserve his indei)endence, if without a sufficient estate, ought to hare some pro- fession, calling, trade, or farm, whereby he may honestly subsist, thtre can be no necessity lor, iior use in estab- lishing offices of profit, the usual etiircts of which are dependence and servility, unbeeoiuing freemen, in the possessors or expectants, and faction, contention, and discord among the people. But, if any man is called into public service, to the prejudice of his private af- fairs, he has a right to a rea onable compensation : and whenever an office, through increase of fees or other- wise, become so profitable as to occasion many to apply for it, the profits ouglit to be lesseived by the legislature. And if any officer shall wittingly and wilfully take greater ft es than the law allows him, it shall ever after disqualify him from holding any oface in this state, un- til he shall be restored by act of legislation. § 26. No person in this state shall he capable of hoW' iiig or ex(;rcising more than one of the following offices at the same time, viz. governor, lieutenant governor, judge of the supreme court, treasurer of the stale, mem- ber of the council, member of the general assembly, surveyor general, or sheriiT. Nor shall any person, holding any office of profit or trust under the authority of congress, be eligible to any appointment in the le- gislature, or of holihng any executive or judiciary office under this state. § 27. 'I'he treasurer of the state shall, before the go- vernor and council, give sufficient security to the se- cretary of the state, in behalf of the general assembly ; and each high sheriff, before the first judge of the coun- ty court, to the treasurer of their respective counties, previous to their respectively entering upon the execu- tion of their offices, in such manner, and in such sums, as shall be directed by the legislature. 528 The treasurer's itccounts shall be annually au- dited, and a fair state thereof laid before the general as- sembly, at their session in October. § 29. Every officer, whetlier judicial, executive, or military, in authority under this state, before he enters upon the execution of his office, shall take and sub- scribe to the following oath or affirmation of allegiance to this state, unless he shall produce evidence that he has before taken the same ; and also the following oath or affirmation of office, except military officers, ami such as shall bo exempted by the legislature. The Oath or Affirmation of allegiance. " Vou do solemnly swear (or affirm,) that you will he true and faithful to the state of Venr.ont, and that you will not. directly or indirectly, do any act or thing inju- rious to the constitution or government thereofj as es- t.tblishrd by conveatioTi : 'ffmi aal'i'^ so help vou God- ro (Ifan affirmation) under the pains and iH-naUics of pei:- jnry." The Oath or Affirmation of office. " Yoii, —, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that you will faiihfully execute ilie office of" tor tlie of ; and will ihtreiu do <;q>.al right and justice to all men, to the best of your judgment and abilities, accord- ing to law : {If an oath) so help you God. Ifanajffrm- fl(i07i) under the pains and penalties of perjury." § 30. No person sliall ha eligible to the office of go- vernor or lieutenant governor, until he shall have re- sided in this state four years next preceding the day of his election. § 31. Trials of issues, proper for the cognizance of a ^ury, in the supreme and county courts, shall be by jury, excci)t where parties otherwise agree ; and great care ought to be taken to prevent corruption or partiality in the choice and return or appointment of juries. { 32. All prosecutions shall commence, by the authori- ty qftlte state of Vermont ; all indictments shall conclude with these words: against Ih; peace ami tligmty of the state. And all fines shall be proportioned to the of- fences. § 33. The person of a debtor, where there is not strong presumptirn of fraud, shall not be continued in prison after delivering up and assigning over, bonafde, all his estate, real and personal, in pussefsion, reversion, or remainder, for the use ol his eieditors, in such man- ner as shall be hereafter regulated by law. And all prisoners, unless in execution, or committed lor capital oftences, when tlie proof is evident, or presumption £reat, shall be bailable by sufficient sureties ; nor shall excessive bail be exacted for bailable oJiVnces. $ 34. All elections, whether by the people or the le- .£;islature, shall be free and voluntary ; and any elector, *vho shall receive any gift or reward for his vole, in meat, drink, moneys, or othi-rwise, shall forfeit his right to elect at that time, and softer such other penalty as the law shall direct ; and any person who shftll, diri-ctly or indirectly, give, promise, or bestow, any such re- Avards, to be elected, shall thereby be rendered incapa- ^)le to sp.rve for the ensuing year, and be subject to such lurlher punishment as a luture legislature shall direct. i) 35. All deeds and conveyances ot land sliall be re- torded in the to\ui clerk's office, in their respective towns ; and for want thereof, in the county clerk's of- fice of the same county. § 36. The legislature shall regulate entails in such manner as to prevent perpetuities. 5 37. To deter more efti^ctually from the commission of crimes, by continued visible punishments of long du- jation, and to make sanguinary punishments less ne- cessary, means ought to be provided tor punishing by l.ard labour those who shall be convicted of crimes not capital, whereby the criminal sliall be employed for the benefit of the public, or for the reparation of injuries ilone 10 private persons : and all persons, at proper times, ought to be perniitttd to see them at their labour. }38. The estates of such persons as may destroy (heir own lives shall not for that oflTence be forfeited, but descend or ascend in the same manner as if such per- sons had died in a natural way. Nor shall any article, which shall accident.-illy occasion the death of any per- son, be henceforth deemed a deodand, or iu anywise forleited on account of such misfortune. § 39. Every person of good character, wlio comes to settle in this state, having first taken an oaih or affirm- ation of allegiance to the same, may purchase, or by other just means acquire, hold, and transfer land, or «ther real estate; and, after one year's residence, shall be deemed a free denizen thereof, and entitled to all rights of a natural born subject of this state, except \hat he shall not be capable of being elected go>ernor, iieutenant governor, treasurer, counsellor, or represent- ative iu assembly, until after two years' residt;ace. CONSTITUTION OP YERMOKT. § 40. The inhabitants of this state sliall have libertjj in seasonable times, to hunt and fowl on the lands they hold, and on other lands not enclosed ; and in like raan- ner, to fish in all beatable and other waters, not private projierty, under jiroper regulations, to be hereafter niade and provided by the general assembly. § 41. Laws for the encouragement of virtue and pre- vention of vice and imnioiality, ought to be constantly kept iu force, and duly executed •- and a competent num- ber of schools ought to be maintained in each town, for the convenient instruction of youth : and one or more grammar schools be incorporated, and properly sup- ported, in each county in this state. And all religious societieh or bodies of men, that may be hereafter united or incorporated for the advancement of religion and learning, or for other pious ami charitable purposes,^ shall be encouraged and protected in the enjoyment of the privileges, immunities, and estates, which they iu justice ought to enjoy, under such regulations as the general assembly of this state shall direct. 5 42. The declaration of the political rights and pri- vileges of the inhabitants of this state, is hereby declared to be a part of the constitution of this commonwealth, and ought not to be violated on any pretence whatso- ever. } 43. In order that the freedom of this commonwealth niay be preserved inviolate for ever, there shall be cho- sen, by li.illnt, by the tVeemen of this state, on the last Wednesday in March, in the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine, and on the last Wednesday in March, in every seven yeais thereafter, thirteen per- sons, who shall be chosen in the same manner thecouii- cil is chostn, excejit they shall not be out of the council or general assembly, to be called the council of censors ; who shall meet together on the first Wednesday iu June next ensuing tlitir election, the majority of whom shall be a quorum in every case, except as to calling a convention, in which, two-thirds of the whole number elected shall agree, and w bote duty it shall be to inquire, whether the consiitutien has been preserved inviolate in every part duiing the last septenary, including the year of their service, and whether the legislative and executive branches of govenimei.t have performed their duty, as guardians of the people, or assumed to them- selves, or exercised, other or greater powers than they are entitled to by the cnnstituiiou : 'I hey are also to in- quire, whether the public taxes have been justly laid and collected in all parts of this commonwealth ; in what manner the public moneys have been disposed of; and whether the laws have been duly executed. For these purposes, they shall have power to semi for per- sons, papers, and records: they shall have authority to pass public censures, to order impeachments, and to rtcomniend to the legislature the repealing such laws as shall appear to them to hav been passed contrary to the piincipl' s of the constitution : These powers they shall coniinue to have tor aud during the space of one year from the day of ilieir eleciion, and no longer. The said council of censors shall also have power to call a convention, to meet withiii two years after their sitting, it there appears to them an absolute necessity of amend- ing any article of this constitution, which may be de- fective : explaining such as may be thought not clearly expressed : and of adding such as are necessary for the preservation of the rights and hajipiness of the people : but the articles to be amended, and the amendments proposed, and such articles as arc projiosed to be added or abolished shall be promulgated at least sis months before the day appointed for the election of such con- vention, for the previous consideration of the people, that they may have an opportunity of instructing their delegates on the subject. By oriler of the Convention, July 9th. 1793. THOMAS CHIT7 KNDEN, President, Attest, Lewis R. Morris, Secretary. CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY The ComHtniion or Form of Gorernment, Z^^J^^^^:^^^^^^^^^^^ J or the state of Aeittucky, residuuins when added togt-therwiil amount to such ra- ,,,„ ., . .• V .u 1 r.i .«.^„p tio, in that casL- one representative shall be added to WE, the vepi-escutatiyes of the people of the state of ' "' , i ' „ , ,i,„ u-n-. ct .•,.c;.iii,,m Kentucky, in Ljvention assemble^, tS secut-e to all the tha -->,;-■- jJ^J^lJ.'-^taiUhoose it. speak- titizens thei-eiif the enioyment of tlie right ot life, liber- ! ti fficers ty, and P|operry, and of pursuing happiness, do ordain ''''gTln aUelectionsVor representatives, everyfree male and establish this constitution for its government: citizen (rieKr<,.s, mulattoel, and Indians escepted) who, ARTifip 1 nt ""O time bein?,hath attained to the affe of twenty-one *' • ye;irs, and rcsiatd in the state two years, or the county ri ■ ji T ■ t .■ 71. J .J or town in which he oifers to vole one year next prece- Concernms^ the Legislative Departmen!. LTthee'ection, shall enjoy the right of an elector: but § 1. The powers of the government of the state of no person shall be entitled to vote, except in the county Kentucky shall he divided into three distinct depart- or town in which hemay actually reside at the tirne ot ments,andeachofthembeconfidedtoaseparatebtintheinstances term of fouryears; and when assembled shall have the hereinafter expresslv directed or permitted. jiower to choose its officers annually. 10. At til!? first session of the general assembly after ARTICLE 2. this constitution takes effect, the senators shall be divi- ded by lot, as equally as may be, into four classes : the Concer?linP the distribution of the Po-wers of seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at thp rm-prr)n,^f the expiration of the first year; of the second class, at me (joreinweni. ^^^^ expiration of the second year ; of the third class, § 1. The legislati\e power of this commonwealth shall at the expiration of the third year ; and of the fourth be vested in two distinct branches ; the one to be styled class, at the expiration of the fourth year ; ?o that one the house of representatives, the other the senate, and fourth shall be chosen every year, and a rotation thereby both together, the general assembbj of the commomvealth kept up perpetually. of Kenlucky. II. I'he senate shall consist of twenty-four memhers 2. The members of the house of representatives shall at least, and for every three members above fifty -eight, continue in sei-vice for the term of one year from the day which shall be added to the houseof representatives, one of the commencement of the general election, and no member shall be added to tiie senate. longer. 12. The same number of senatorial districts shall, 3. Representatives shall be chosen on the first Mnn- from time to time, be established by the legislature, as day in the month of August in every year ; but the pre- there may then !>■■ senators allotted to the state ; which siding ofiieers of the several elections shall continue the shall be so formed as to contain, as near as may be, art same for three days, at the request of any one of the equal number of free male inliabitants in each, above candidates. the age of twenty-one yeai-s. and so that no county shall 4. No jiei-son shall be a representatlv:>, who at the be divided, or form more than one district ; and where time of his election is not a citi/.en of the United States, two or more counties compose a district, they shall be and hath not attained to the age of twenty-four years, adjoining. and resided in this state two years next precediiig his i3. When an additional sjnator may be added to the election, and the last year thereof in the county or town senate, he shall be annexed by lot to one of the four for wliich he may be chosen. classes, so as to keep them as nearly equal in number as 5. Elections for representali^■es P;r the several coun- possible. ties entitled to representation shall be held at the places 14. One senator for each district shall be elected by of holding their respective courts, or in the several elee- those qualified to vote for representatives therein, who tion precincts into which the legislature may think shall give their votes at the several places in the eoun- proper, from time to time, to divide any or all of those ties or to^v^s where elections are by law directed to bo counties: Provided, that when it shall appear to the le- held. gislature that any town hath a number of qualified vo- 15. No person shall be a senator, who, at the time of ters equal to the ratio then fi^ he shall deem expedient. 14. He may, on exiraordina-,-)- occasions, convene ili' • general assembly at t^e seat of goverinnent, or at a di!- ferent place, if that should have become, since their last adjouniineut, dangerous from an enemy, or from coiila- gibus disorders ; and, in c:ise of disagreement between the two houses, with respect to the tinie of adjournment, adjourn them to such time as he shall think in-oper, not exceeding four mouths. 15. He shall take care that the law s be faillifutly cxc - cuted. 16. A lieutenant governor shall be chosen at evciy election for a governor, in the same manner, continue in office for the same time, and possess the same qualifica- tions, lu \ oting for governor, or lieutenant governor, tlie electors shall distinguish whom they vcte for as gi- vernor, and v. horn as lietiteiiajit governor. 17. He shall, by virtue of his office, be speaker of tir senate, have a right, when in committee of the who'. , to debate and vote on all subjects ; and, wlien the seiir;v.- are equally divided, to give tlu' casting vote. 18. lu c'ase of the impeachment of the governor, his removal from oflice, death, refusal to qualify, resigna- tion, or absence from the state, the lieutenant governor sliall exercise all the power and autliority appertaining to the office of goveriior,until another be duly qualified, or the governor absent or irjptached shall return or be acquitted. 19. Whene\ec the government siiall be administered by the Iieutei;:;nt governor, or he shall be unable to at^ tendiis sj^jaUer of the senate, the senators sliall elect one of th< ir :>u'ii members as sjieaker, for that oecasiuiu And if, duri:ig the vacancy the ufnce of governor, the the lieutenant governor shall be impeached, removed from office, refuse to qualify, resign, die, or bt; absent from tlie state, the speaker of the senate shall, in like manner, jidmliiister the goveniraent. 20. 'I'he lieutenant governor, while he acts as sjjeaker to the senate, shall receive for his services the same com- jiensiition which shall for the same period be allowed lo the speakerof thehouseof reprtsentatives,ai!d no more; and during the time he administers the government, as i;ovenior, shall receive the same coivipensalion which the governor would have x-eceived and been entitled to, liad he lieen employed in the duties of his office. 21. T!ie >.peaVer fjru Cejnporc of the S'-nate. during the CONSlTfUTIOxS' OF KE^sTUClvi. time be administers the governinent, sliall receive, iii like manner, tlie same compensation w hicli the governor Would have received, had he been enijiloyed in the du- ties of liis oilice. 22. If the lieutenant g^overnor shall be called upon to administer tlie ijovex-nment, and shall, while in ?uch ad- ministration, resign, die, or be absent from the state during: the recess of the preneral assembly, it shall be the duty of tlie secretary, for the time being, to convene the senate for the purpose of choosing a speaker. 23. An attorney general, and such other attorneys for the commonwealth as may be necissary, shall be ap- pointed, whose duty shall be regulated by law. Attor- neys for the commonwealth, fur the several counties, shall be appointed by the respective courts having juris- diction therein. 24. A secretary shall be appointed and commissioned during the terra for which the governor shall have been elected, if he shall so long behave himself well. He shall keep a fair register, and attest all the official acts and proceedings of the governor, and shall, when required, lay the same, and all papers, n'inutfs, and vouchers, re- lative thereto, before either house of the gencial assem- bly, and shall perform such other duties .is may be en- joined him by law. 25. Every bill which shall have passed both houses shall he presented to the governor; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it with his objec- tions to the house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large upon the jour;'.al, and proceed to reconsider it ; if, after such reconsideration, a majority of all the members elected to that house shall sigreetopa^sthebill, it shall be sent, with the objec- tions, to the other house, by which it shall be likewise considered, and if approved by a mniority of all the members elected to that house, it thallbe a law ; but in sucli cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the jotmial of each house respectively; if any bill shall not be re- turned by the governor, within ten d.avs (Sundays ex- cepted) after it shall have been presented to hini,itshall be a law, in like manner as if he had -igned it, unless the general assembly by their adjournment pn-vent its i-etiim ; in which case it shall be a law, unless sent back within three days after their next meeting. 28. Everyoriler, resolution, or vote, to which the con- ciirience of both houses may be necessai-v, except on a tiutstion of adjournment, shall be presented to the go- vernor, and before it shall take effect, he api)roved by liim ; or, being disapproved, shall he repassed, by a ma- jority of all the inembi rs electtd to both housi s, accord- ing to the rules and iiniiiations presciibed in case of a bil I. 27. Contesttd elections for a governor and lieutenant governor, shall be determined by a committee to be se- lected from both houses of the general assembly, and formed and regulated in such manner as shall be direct- ed by law. ' 28. The freemen of this commonwealth, (negroes, muiattoes, and Indians excepted,) shall be armed and disciplined for its defence. Those who conscientiously scruple to bear arms, shall not be compelled to do so, but shall pay an equivalent for personal service. 29. The connnaudiiig officers of the respective regi- ments shall appoint the regimental staff; brigadier gen- erals, their brigade majors ; major generals, their aids ; and captains, the non-commissioned officers of compa- nies. 30. A majority of the field officers and captains in eaeli i-egiimnt shall nominate the connnissioned officers in each company, who shall be commissioned by the governor: Provided, that no nomination shall be made, iMilcss two at least of the field efficers are present; and *hen two or more persons hare an equal and the high- est number of votes, the field officer present, who may be highest in commission, shall decide the nomination. 31. Sheriffs shall be hereafter appointed in the follow- ing manner : When tlie time of a sheriff for any county may be about to expire, the county court for the same, a majority of a'.l its .justices being presL'nt, shall, in the months of September, October, or November, next preceding thereto, recommend to the governor two pro- per persons to till the office, who are then justices of the county court ; and who shall in such recommenda- tion pay a just regard to seniority in office, and a regu- lar rotiition. One of the persons so n commended shall be commissioned by the governor, and shall hold his of- fice for two years, if he to long liehave well, and until a successor be duly qualified. If the couiiiy courts shall omit in the months aforesaid, to make such recommend- ation, the governor shall then nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, appoint a fit P£H£in to fill suoh office. ABTICT.E 1. Concerning the Judicial Hepavlment. 5 1. Thejudieiary power of this commonwealth, both as to matters of law and equity, shall be vested in one supreme court, which shall bestykd the court of ap- peals, and in such inferior courts as the general assem- bly may, from time to time, erect and establish. 2. The court of appeals, except in cases otherwise di- rected by this constitution, shall have appellate juris- diction only ; which shall be co-extensive with the state, under such i-eslrictions and regulations, not repugnant to this constitution, as may, from time to time, be pre- scribed by law. 3. The judges, both of thesupreme and inferior courts, shall hold tbtirofficts during good behaviour : but for any reasonable cause, which shall not be sufficient gionud of impeachment, the governor shall remove any of them on the address of two thirds of each house of the general assembly : Provided, how ever, that the cause or causes for which snch rt^moval maybe required, shall be stated at length in such address, and on the journal of each house. They shall at stated times receive for their setvices an adequate compensation to be fixed by law. 4. Tlie judges shall, by virtue of their office, be con- servators of the peace throughout the state. The style of all process shall be, " the commonwealth of Kentuc- ky." All pro';ecutions shall be carried on in the name, and by the authority, of the commonwealth of Kentuc- ky, and conclude, against the peace and dignity of the same. 5. There shall be established in each county, now, or which may hereafter be erected, within this common- wealth, a county court. (j. A competent number of justices of the peace shall be appointed in each county; they shall be commission- ed during good behaviour, but may be removed on con- viction of misbehaviour in office, orany infamous crime, or on the address of two thirds of each houseof the gene- ral assembly : Provided, however, that the cause or causes for uhich such removal may- be required, shall he- stated at length in such address, and on the journal of each bouse. 7. The number of the justices of tUe peace, to wliich the se\eral counties of this commonwealth now esta- blished, or w hicli may hereafter be established, ought to be entitled, shall, from time to time, be regulated by law. 8. When a surveyor, coroner, or justice of the peace, shall be needed in any county, the county court for the same, a majority of ail its justices concurring therein, shall recommend to the governor two proper persons to fill the office, one of whom he shall appoint thereto: Pro- vided, however, that if the county court shall for twelve months omit to make such recommendation, after bein^ requested by the governor to recommend proper per- sons, he shall then noiuinate, and, by and with the ad- vice and consent of the senaLe, appoint a fit person to fill such office. 0. When a new county shall he erected, a competent number of justices of the peace, a sheriff, and coroner therefore, shall be recommended to the governor by a majority of all tlie members of the house of representa- tives, from the senatorial district or districts m which the county is situated ; and if either of the persons thus recommended shall be rejected by the goremoror the senate.aiuither person shall immediately be recommend' ed as aforesaid. 10. Each ciuirt sbali appoint its own clerk, who shall hold his office during good behaviour; but no person shall be appointed clerk nn\y pro iemliore, who shall not produce to the couil appoiiiting him a certificate from a majority of the judges of the court of appeals, that he hati been examined by their clerk in their presence,and under their direction, and that they judge him to be well qualified to execute the office of clerk of any court of the same dignity with that for which he offers himself. I hey shall be removable for breach of good behaviour, by the court of appeals only, who shall be judges of the fact as well as of the law. Two thirds of the members present must concur in the st-ntence. n. All commissions shall lie in the name, and by the authority of the state of Kentucky, and sealed with the state seal, a!id signed by the [governor. 12. The state treasurer, and printer or printers for the commonweal til, shall be appointed annually by the joint vote of both houses of the general assembly: Pi'ov'ided, that, during the recess of the same, the governor shall have power to fill vacancies which may happen in eithcj" of the said offices. ARTICLE 5. Concernii^g Impeachments. 5 1. The bouse of representatives shall have the sd'T nowcr of impeacJun^. CONSTITUTION OF KENTUCKY. 2. All impeachments iliall be iricd by the senate: when sitting furthat purpose, the senators shall be upon oath or affiririation : No person shall be convitteil « ith- out the eoiicurieiice of two-thirds of the ii|embii-s pre- sent. 3. The ^vemor, and all civil officers, shaii be liable to impeachmi^Tit for any misdemeanor in otnte , but judgment in such cast s slmll not extend fiirlh' r than to remova! f.om uffic .and disqiialilieation lo ho'.d any of- fice of honour, trii'^t, or profit, nnder: his coiiioioii wealth; but the party, eon\icted shall, never! he!t ss.be liable and subject lo indictment, trial, and piinishnieut, according to faw. AKTrCLE 6. Genera' Provisions. {\ 1. Members of the general assembly and all officers, executive and judici?!, before they enter upon tin- exe- cution of their respective ofHces, shall take the fol los- ing oath or affirmation : " I do solenmiy swear(oraf5irm, as the ease may be) '.hat T will be faithful and true to the commonweal lb of Kentneky. so lona; as Icontinuea citizen thereof, and that I will faithfully execute, to the best of rayabilities, the office of , according to law." 2. Treason against the commonwealth shall consist only in levying war against it. or in adhering to its ene- nsies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treasmi, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the saiae overt act, or his own confession in open court. 3. Every person sbn.'l be disqualified from serving as a governor, fioutenanr governor, senator, or represents- tive, for the term for wir.ch he shall have been elected, who shall be convicted of having given or offered any bribe or treat to procure his election. 4. Laws sliall be maile to exclude fi-om office, and from suffiage, tliose who shall thereafter be com icted of bribery, peri ury, forgery, or other high crimes or misde- meanors. The jn-ivi 'ege of free su !fi aci' sh:i 1 1 be sii p))oited by laws ivgulating elections, and iiroliil'iting.nndtr adi - quate penalties, all -.indue iiillurnc- tht iioii, from pow- er bribery, tumult, or other improper practices. 5. No money shall In- dra^^ n from the treasury, but in pursuance of appropriations made by law, nor shall any appropriations of money, for the support of an army, be made for a longer time than one year; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public monev shall be jiublished annually. 6. Tiie general" assembl. >:hall direct by law in what manner, and in what courts, suits shall be brought agitinst the commonwi-alili. 7. The manner of -administering an oalli or afR rraa- lion, shall be such as is most consistent v. ith the con- science of the d'-ponent, and shall be esteemed by the general assembly the most solemn appeal to God, 8. All laws, which, on the first day of June, one thou- sand seven hundred and nint-ty-two, wei-e in force in the state of Virginia, and which are of a general naiine,-dnd not local to that state, and not repugnant to this consti- tution, nor to the laws v. Iiich have been enacted by th2 legislature of this coramonwt.alth, shall be in force with- in this state, until they shall be altered or repealed by the general aisembly. 9. The compact with tlie state of Virginia, subject to such alterations -.js maybe made therein, agreeably to the mr)de prescribed by the said compact, sliall be con- sidered as part of this constitution. 10. It shall be the duty of the general assembly to pass such lav.s as mfiv Ir- necessary and proper to decide dif- ferences by Ribitratoi-s, to be appointed by the jiarties who may choose ibat summary mode of adjestment. 11. A'i- ci'.il -iflicers fcr the coninier.wealih at large shall reside wititin the state, and all district, county, or town oftict-rs, \vitlii7i their i< sn cfivi districts, cc^uiui. s. or towns, (trusties of towns ixeeptrd,) and sliall keep their respective offices at such pl:ic-s therein as i:.ay be required bylaw; and all militia officei-s shall reside in the bounds of the division, brijrad'-, t-cgimeiit, battalion, or company, to which they may severally belong 12. The attorney general, and other attoiiievs for this commonwealth, who receive a fixed annual salary from the public treasury,,) udges, a iidclerk-i of courts, J usi ices of the peace, stirvryors of lands, a.ul all coinniissioned militia officers, shall hold th ir respective "ffic s ijuring ^or.d iK-haviour, and the con'iniMince of their respective courts, under tli'j exceptions contained in this constitu- tion. 13. Absence on the business of this state,or the United States, shall not forfeit a residence once obtained, so as to deprive any one of the riglit of stifTrage, or of being elected or appointetl to any ofHce under this common^ wealth, under the exceptions coiilained in tlus constitit- tion. 14i It shall be the duty of the general assembly to re- gulate bylaw in what cases and what deduction from tin; saiarii s of public officers sha:i be mad( forneglect of duly iii ti.eir official capacity. 15. Returns of all eleetioivs for governor, lieutenant governor, and me.iibers of tht general assembly,shaU be wade to the secrt tai y, for the time being. 16. In all elections by the people, and also by the se- nate and house of representatives, jointly or separately, the votes shall be personally and publicly given, viva voce. 17. No member of congress, nor person holding or exercising any ofiice of trust or profit under the United Stales, or either of them, or under any foreign power, shall be eligible as a mcmlier of the general assembly of this commonwealth, or hold or exercise any office of trust or profit, under the same. 1 8. The general assembly shall direct by law how per- sons who now are, or may hereafter become, securities for public officers, may be relieved or discharged on ac- count of such securityship. AHTfCLE 7. Concerning Slaves. § 1. The general assembly sliall have no power to pass laws for the emancipation of slavt s, without the consent of their owners, or without paying their owners, jircvi- ous to such emancipation, a full equivalent in money for the s'aves'so emancipated. Thi y shall have no pow- er to prevent emigrants to this state fiom bringing witli them such jjersons as are deemed slaves by the laws of any one of the United States, so long as any person of the same age oi description shall be coiitlimed in slavery by the laws of this state. They shall pass laws to permit the owners of slaves to emancipate tht m, saving tin rights of creditors, and preventing them from becomiii- a charge to any county in this commonwealth. Tin - shall have full power to prevent slaves being brcught into this state as merchandise, ''hey shall have liiU ))Ower to prevent any slaves being hronght in this state, w ho have been, since the first day of January, one thou- sand seven hundred and eightj -nine, or may hereafter be, imported into any of the United States, from a fo- reign country. And they sb?ll have full power to pass such laws as maybe necessary to oblige the owners of slaves to treat them with humanity, to provide for them necessary clothing and provision, to abstain iioui all in- juries to them extending to life, or limb, and in case of their in gleet or refusal to comply with the directions of such laws, to have such slave or slaves sold for the bene- fit of their owner or owners. 2. In the prosecution of slaves for felony, no inquest by a grand jury shall be necessary, but the proceedings in such prosecutions shall be regulated by law: except that the general assembly shallhave no powertodeprive them of the privilege of an impartial trial by a petit jury. AtiTICLH 8. §1. The seat of government shall continue in the to«n of Frankfort, until it shall be removed by law : Provided, however, that two thirds of all the members elected lo each house of the genera! assembly shall con- cur in the passing of such law. AllTICLE 9. .Mode of Rexdsinrr the Constitution, §'1. When experience shall p-jiiit out the necessiu- of amending this constilution, and when a majority of all the members elected to each house of the;,";;neral assem- bly shall, within the first twenty days of their stated an- nual session, concur in p-,issing"a law, specifying the al- terations intended to be made, for taking the sense of the good people of iliis state, as to the necessity and ex- pediency of calling a coiivtntioti, it shall be the duty of the several shf litis, and other returning oHicei-s, at the next general election wliich shall be held for lepitsent- atives after the passing cf such !itw, to open a poll for, ami make ivturn to the si crttary, for the lime beingf, of, the names of ail those entitled tovotelbrrejiresentatives, who have voted for calling a convention; and if theiv- upon it shall appear tliat a :najurii\ of all the citizens of this state enlitltd to vot. for represintativi s have voted fora convention, tliegeniral.as3emblyshall direct fuai a similar poll shall ber>i>. mi' and laku) for the itxty--'!!' and if tin veupon it shall appearthata nLijority of a; the citizens of ihi* s;rite- tl-h d to v ti for rep escntaiii s have voted for a convention, the genera! assembly shaiLat then- next session, call a convention, to consis' of as maiiy meinbersa"; there shall be in the house of representatives CONSriTUTION OF KEN I'UCKY. i'a and no liinre; to he chosen in the same manner and pro- IS. That excessive bail shall not be reijuised. nor r\- pui-tioi), at the same places, ami at the same time, that cessive fines imposed, nor tiiiel punishments luflitted. representatives are, by eili/.tns entitled to vote for re- 16. That all prisoners shail be bailable hy suflicient all tbe citizens entitled to vote for representatives, did niav require it. not vote for a convention, a convention shall not be 17. That the person of a debtor, where there is not called. strong presumption of fraud, shall not be continued m prison after deli\erinK up his ■nau- for the henfit of his AtiTfrT F 1 creditors, in such manner as slia'l be pveseriluM by law. 18. 1 hat no ex post fa'to law, nor any law impairing That the general, R-reat, and essential principles of contracli, shall bi iiiadt. . , r v liberty and free government may be recognized and cs- 19. 1 luu no i)Lrsr,n shall be attainted of treason or te- taWished, we declare: iony by [he legisli.iui.-. , „ , • ru. . - « I. That all freemen, when they form a social com- 20. That no attainder sh:-,il «o.k eurniptiOH ot blooil. pact, are equal ; and that no man. or set of men, are en- nor, except dMing the life of the oaeiuler, lorleiture ot titled to exclusive, separate, pubiie emoluments or pri- estate to the commonwealtli. vileges, from the community, but in consideration of 21. 1 hat the .states oC si:ch persons as shall destroy public services. ' tluir own lives, shall disceml or vest as in cabcol natu- 2. That all power is inherent in the i>eOj)le, and all ral death ; and d' any jursoa slml! be killed by casualty, free governments are founded . n thtir autliorily, and there shall be no Ibrkitiiiv by le.-isni fhereo!. instituted for their peace,safetv . and happiness : Fortlu; 22. Vhat the citizens have a nsht, in a peaceable man- advancement of these vmls, tliej ha>'e at all times an ner, to assinible together, for theiv common wod, and unalienable and indefeasible right to alter, reform, or to apply to thos; mv.sted with the powers ot goverii- abolish their government, in such manner as thev may ment for redress of grievances or other proper purposes, think proper. ^)' oetition, add. iss, or ri-monsiranee. 3. That all men have a nattna! and indef. asible right 23. That the right of the citizens to bear arms, in de- to worship Almighty God, according to the dictates o. fence of themse ves and the state shall not be questioij- their own consciences ; that no man shall be compelled ed. , ,, • • r i, to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to 24. That no standing army shnll, m time of peace, be maintain any ministry against hii consent ; that no hu- kept uj), without the consent oi the legis atiire; and the . man authority ought, in any case whatever, to control military shall. ui all cases and at all tunes be in strict sii- or interfere with the lights of conscience; and that no bordinalion to the civil power. preference shall ever be given by law to any religious 25. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quar- societies or modes of worship. toed in any house witoout the consent ot the owner, 4. That the civil rights, pri vilege9,or capacities of any nor in ti.iie of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by eiti/.en shall in no wise be diminished or enlarged on law. , ,. . ■., ». account of his religion. 26^ That the legislature shall not grant any title ot 5. That all elections shall be free and equal. nobility, or hereditaiy distmcliori, not- create any othce, 6. That the ancient mode of trial by jury shall be held the a)>i.ointment to mIiicIi shall be for a longer term sacred, and the right thereof remain inviolate^ than during good liehanonr. 7. That printing presses shall be free to every person .27. That emigration from tins state shall not be pro- who undertakes to examine the proceedings of the le- hibi'i d. .. ,\ , • , gislature, or any branch of governmtnt ; and no law 28. To guard against trniisgri ssions ot tW high pow- shall ever be made to restrain the ri.ht ihtreof. The efs which we have delegated, we declare, that every free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of thing in this article is txeepled out of the general pow- the invaluable rights of" man, and every citizen may ers of govv-rnment, and sh.iil fur ever remain inviolate ; freely speak, write, and print, on ariv subject, being re- and that all laws coutravy thereto, or contrary to this sponsible for the abuse of that liberty. constitution, shall be vo:i!. 8. In prosecutions for the publication of papers inves- ttgatiiig tlie official conduct of ofiict rfl,or men in a jiuh- B~ua«» lie capacity, or where the matter published is proper SPHFliTTI F for public information, the truth thereof may be given ^ -'"'^ jortion the represeiiiativtsand senatov3,and lay 11. That no person shall, for any indictable oifence, off the state into senaloriat districts conformable to the he proceeded against criminally hy information, except legulatioiis pn scribed by this coiistitution. lij fixing in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or the militia, those apportionments, and in estabiisUing those districts, when in actual service, in the time of war or public tliey shnll take for their guide the enumeration directed danger, by leave of the court, for oppression or misde- by law to be made in the present ytar, by the commis- meai.or in office. sinners of the tax, and iheapporiionments thus made 12. No i>erson shall, for the same offence, be twice put shall remain unaltered until the end ofthe statetl annu- in jeopardy of his life or limb, nor shall any man's pro- al sessions of the general assembly in the year eighteen pertyoc taken or applied to public use, without the con- hundred and three. sent of his representatives, and without Just cornpensa- s. In order that no inconvenience mav arise from the tion being previously made to him. change made by this coiistimtion in the time of holding 13. Thatall courts shall be open, and every person for the general election,, it is hereby ordained that the first anyinjurydone him In his !ands,goods,p •rson,or repn- electiov. for governor, lieutin;'iit guviinor, and laetn- tation, shall have remedy by the due course of law ; and hers ofthe general assembly, sbal! ci/mmcnce on the first right aiul justice adininiste'ix-d without sale, denial, or Mmiday in Jlay, in the year eighteen hundred. The . delay. persons tlien elected shall continue in oflice during the 14. Tliat no power of suspending laws shall be rvf :•- several terms of service prescribed hy this coiistiiiuion, '■'ed, unless by the legishiture or its authoritv. uul nntil the next general election which shall be held 76 t;OXSTlTUTiO:j> of TEXXESSEE; after thcii- said terms shall liav8 vesppctivcly expired. The returns for the said first election of govcinor and lieutenantfjovernorshall be made to the secretary, with- in fifteen days from tlie day of election, who shall, as soon as may be, examine and coy law; the number of representatives shall, at the several periods of making such enunieratio:), be fixed by the legislature, apportioned among the several coinuies, ac- cording to the number of ta\abie inhabitants in each ; and shall never be less than twen'y-two nor greater than twenty-six, until the number of t:isable inhabitants shall be forty thousand ; and after that event, at such ratio that the whole number of lepreseutativei shall ne- ver exceed fortj-. 3. The number of senators shall, at th'' several perir.d^. ef making the enumeration ijefore-mentioned, be fixed by the legislature, and apportioned among the districts formed as hereinafter directed, according to the number of taxable inhabitants in each, and shall never be less than one third, nor more than one half of the number of representatives. 4. The senators shall be chosen by districts, to be formed by the legislature, each district containing such a number of taxable inhabitants as slioll be entitled to elect not more than threesenators. When a district shall be composed of two or more counties, they shall be ad- joining, and no county shall be divided in forming a district. 5. The first election for senators anil representatives shall commence on the second Thursday of March next, }>r)d shall continue for that and the succeetlingday ; and the next election shall commence on the first Thursday of August, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-se- ven, and shall continue on that and the succeeding daj-; and for ever thereafter, elections shall be held once in two veal's, commencing on the first Tliursday in Au- gust, and terminating the succeeding day. 6. The fii-st session of the general assembly shall com- mence on the last Monday of March next. The second on the third Monday of September, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-seven. And for ever thereafter the general assembly shall meet on the third Monday of Sep- tember next ensuing the then election, and at no other period, unless as provided for by this constitution. 7. I'hat no person shall be eligible to a seat in the general assembly, unless he shall have resided three yeai-s in the Ftate, and one year in the county immedi- ately preceding the election, and shall possess, in his own right, in the county w hich he represents, not less than two hundred acres of land, and shall have attained to the age of twenty-one years. S. The senate and house of representatives, when as- sembled, shall each choose a speaker and its other offi- cers, be judges of the qualifications and elections, of its members ; and sit upon its own adjoiimments from day to day. Two thirds of each house shall constitutea quo- rum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authoiizt d bj' law to com- pel the attendance of absent members. 9. Each house may determine the rules of its pro- ceedings, i)iinish its members for disorderly behaviour, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a mem- ber, but not a second time for the same on'ence, and shall have all other powers necessary for the legislature of a free state. 10. Se:iators and representatives shall in all cases, exci |ii treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privi- leged from arrest during the session of the general as- sembly, and in going to, and returning from, the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 11. Each bouse may punish by imprisonment, during their session, any pei-son, not a member, w ho shall be guilty of disrespect to the house, by any disorderly or contemptuous behaviour in their ])resence. 12. When vacancies happen in either house, the go- vernor, for the time being, shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 13. Neither^iouse shall, during their session, adjourn V ithout consent o( the other, for more than three days, nor to an) other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 1"!. Bills may originate in either house, but may be amendi-d, altered, or refertei!. by tlip nt'her. CONSTITtrnON OP TENNESSEE. 15. Evei-y bill shall be read three times, on three dif- ferent days, in each house, and be signed by the respec- tive speakers, before it becomes a law. 16. .\fter a bill has been rejected, no bill containini^ the same substance shall be passed into a law during the same session. 17. The style of the laws of this stateshall be, Beit en- acted by the general assemhlij of the state of Tennessee. 18. Each house shall keep ajournalof its proceedings, and publish them, except such parts as the welfare of the state may require to be kept secret ; and the yeas and nays of the members on any question shall, at the re- quest of any two of them, be entered on the journals. 19. The doors of each house; and committees of the whole, shall be kept open, unless when the business shall be such as ought to be kept secret. 20. The legislature of this stateshall not allow the fol- lowing officers of government greater annual salaries than as follows, until the year one thousand eight hun- dred and four, to wit : The governor not more than seven hundred and fifty dollars. The judges of the supreme courts not more than six hundred dollars each. The secretai-y not more than four hundred dollars. The treasurer or treasurers, not more than four pep cent, for receiving and paying out all moneys. The attorney or attorneys for the state shall receive a compensation for their sennces not exceeding fifty dollars for each superior court which he sliall attend. No member of the legislature shall receive more than one dollar and seventy-live cents per day, nor more for every twenty-five miles he shall travel in going to, and leturniug from, the genera! assembly, 21. No money shall be drawn from the treasui-y, but in consequence of appropriations made by law. 22. No pei-son, who heretofore hath been, or hereaf- ter may be, a collectorovholder of the public moneys, shall have a seat in either house of the general assembly, nntil such person shall have accounted for, and paid in- to the treasury, all sums for which he may be accounta- ble or liable. 23. No judge of any court of law or equity, secretary of state, attorney general, register, clerk of any court of record, or person holding any office under the authority of the United States, shall have a seat in the general as- sembly, nor shall any person, in this state, hold more than one lucrative office at one and the same time : Pro- vided, that no appointment in the militia, or the otfice of justice of the peace, shall be considered as a lucrative office. 24. No member of the general assembly shall be eligi- ble to any office or place of trust, except to the office of a justice of the peace, or trustee of any literary institu- tion, where the jjower of appointment to such office or place of trust is vested in their own body. 25. Any memberof either house of the general assem- bly shall have liberty todissent from, and protest against, any act or resolve which he may think injurious to the public or any individual, and have the reasons of hisdis- sent entered on the journals, 26. All lands liable to taxation in this state, held by deed, grant, or entry, shall be taxed equal and uniform, in such manner that no one hundred acres shall be taxed higher than another, except town lots, which shall not be taxed higher than two hundred acres of land each ; no freeman shall be taxed higher than one bund red acres, and no slave higher than two hundred acres, on each poll. 97. No article manufactured of the produce of this state, shall be taxed otherwise than to pay inspection fees. AllTICLK 2. Si. The supreme executive power of this stateshall be' vested in a governor. 2. The governor shall be chosen by the electors of the members of the general assembly, at the times and places where they sbalt respectively vote for the membei-s thereof. The returns of everj'electicm for governor sliall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of goveniment, by the returning officers, directed to the speaker of the senate, who shall open and publish them in tin- presence of a majority of the members of each house of the gene- ral assembly. The person having the highest number of votes shall be governor ; but if two or more shall be equal and highest in votes, one of them shall be chosen ■ governor by joint ballot of both houses of the general assembly. Contested elections for governor shall be de- termined by both houses of the general assembly, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. 3, He shall be at least thirty-five vesn-s of age, and possess a freehold estate of five hundred acres of land^ and have been a citizen or inhabitant of this state four years next before his election, imless he shall have been absent on the public business of the United States or of this state. e legislature sliall, from timo to time, direct and csta- lilish. 2. Tlie general assembly shall, by ioint ballot of both houses, appoint juda;es of the several courts of law and equity ; also an attorney or attomejs fur the state, who shall hold their r;-speetive offices during good beha- viour. 3. The judges of the supeiior court shall, at stated times, receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law j but siiall nut be allowed any fees or perquisites of office, nor shall they bold any other office of trust or profit under this state, or the United States. 4. The judges of the superior courts shall be justices of oyer and terminer and general jail delivery through- out the state. 5. Thejudgesofthe superior and inferior courts shall not charge juries «ith respect to matters of fact, Ijut may state the testimony ami declare the law. 6. The judges of the superior couits shall have power in all civil cases to issue writs of certiorari, to remove any cause, or a transcript thereof, from any inferior court of record into the superior, on sufficient cause, supported by oath or affirmation, 7. The judges or justices of the iivferior courts of law shall have power, in all cases, to issue writs ttt'cerliorari, ■ to remove any cause, or a transcript thereof, from any inferior jurisdiction, into theircourt, on sufficient cause, supported by oath or affirmation. 8. No judge shall sit on the trial of any cause where the parties shall be connected with him, by affinity or consanguinity, except by consent of parties. In case all the judges of the superior court shall be interested in the event of any cause, or related to al! or either of the parties, the governor of the state shall, in such c.ise, specially commission three men, of law knowledge, for the determination thereof. 9. All writs and other process shal I run, in the naine of the state of Tennessee ; and bear test and be signed by the respective clerks. Indictments shall conclude, against the peace and rt/gnity of the stale. 10. Each coiut shall appoint its own clerk, who may liold his office during good behaviour. H. No fine siiall be laid on any citizen of this state that shall exceed fifty dollars, unless it shall be assessed bya jury ef his peers, who sliall assess tlie fine at the time they find the fact, if they think the fine ought to be more than fifty dollars. 12. There shall be justices of the peace appointed for each county, not e\ceeding two for each capiain's com- pany, except for the company which includes the coun- ty town, which shall not exceed three, w ho shall hold their offices during good behaviour. ARTICLE 6. § 1. There shall be appointed in each county, by the county court, one sheriff, one coroner, one trustee, and a sufficient number of consl.ibles, who shall hold their offices for two years. They shall also liave power to ap- point one register, and ranger for the county, who shall hold their offices during good behaviour. The sheriff, and coroner, shall be commissioned by the governor. 2. There shall be a treasurer or treasurers appointed for the state, who shall hold his or their offices for two years. 3. The appointment of all officers, not otherwise di- rected by this constitution, shall be vested in the legis- lature. 1. Captains, subalterns, and non-commissioned offi- cers, shall be elected by those citizens, in their respec- tive districts, who are subject to militaiy duty. 2. All field officers of the militia shall be elected by those citizens in their respective counties who are sub- ject to military duty. 3. Brig.idiers gener.al shall be elected by the field offi- cers of their respective brigades. 4. Majors general shall be elected bv the brigadiers and field officers of tlie respective divisions. 5. The governor shall appoint the adjutant general ; the majors general shall appoint their aids ; the brig.i- diers general shall appoint their brigade majors ; and the commanding officers of regiments, their adjutants and quarter masters. 6. Thecaptains and the subalterns of the caT.ilry shall be appointed by the troops enrolled in their respective companies, and the field officers of the districts shall be appointed by the said captain: and subalterns ; provided . that whenever any new county is laid off, that the field officers of said eavairy shall appoint the captain and other officei's therein, pro tempore, until the company is filled up and complected, at which time the election of the captains and subalterns shall take place as aforesaid. 7. The legislature shall pass laws exempting citizens belonging to any sect or denomination of religion, the tenets of which are known to be opposed to the bearing of arms, from attending private and general musters. auticl^; 8 § 1. Whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by their profession, dedicated to God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the ^reat duties of their functions ; therefore, no minister ot the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatever, shall be eligible to a seat in either house of the legislature. 2. No person who denies the being of God, or a future state of rexvarfh and punishments, shall hold any office in the civil department of this state. Alt TICLE 9. 5> 1, That every person » ho shall be chosen or appoint- ed to any office of^ trust or profit, shall, before entering on the execution thereof, take an oath to support the constitution of this suite, and also an oath of office. 2. That each member of the senate and house of re- presentatives, shall, before they proceed to business, take an oath or affirmation to support the constitution of this state, and also the following oath : 1. A E. do solemnly su ear, (or affirm) that, as a mem- ber of this general assembly, I will in all appointments vote without favour, aff etion, partiality, or prejudice, and that I will not propose or assent to any bill, vote, or resolution, which shall appear to me injurious to the people, or consent to any act or thmg whatever, that shall have a tendency to lessen or abridge tlieir rights and privileg-es, as declared by the constitution of this state. 3. Any elector who shall receive any gift or reward for his vote, in meat, drink, money, or otherwise, shall suffer such punishment as the laws shall direct. And any person who shall, directly or indirectly, give, pro- mise, or bestow, any such reward to be elected, shall thereby be rendered incapable, for two years, to serve in the office for which he was elected, and be subject to such further punishment as the lesjisiature shall direct. 4. No new county shall be established by (he general assembly, which sli.ill reduce the county or counties, or either of them, from which it shall be taken, to a less content than six hundred and twenty-five square miles. Nor shall any new county be laid off, of le-ss contents. All new counties, as to the right of suffrage and repre- sentation, shall be considered as a part of the county or counties from which it was taken, until entitled by numbers to the right of representation. No bill shall be passed into a law, for the establishment of a new coun- ty, except ujion a petition to the genera' assembly for that purpose, signed by two hundred of the free male inhabitants within the limits or bounds of such new county prayed to be laid off. ARTICLE 10. 5 1. Knoxville shall be the seat of government until the year one thousand eight hundred and tn o. 2. All laws and ordinances now in force and use in this teritory, not inconsistent with this constitution, shall continue to be in force and use in this state, until they shall expire, be altered, or I'epealed by the legisla- ture. 3. That whenever two thirds of the general assembly shall think it necessary to amend or change this consti- tution, they shall recommend to ihe electors, at the next election for members to the general assciiibiy, to vote for or agiiinst the convention ; and if it shall appear that a majority of all the citizens of the staie, voting for re- presentati\es, have voted (or a coiivenlioii, the general assembly shall, at their next session, call a conve^ntion, to consist of as many members as there may be in the general assembly, to be chosen in the same manner, at thesame place, and by the same electors that choose the general assembly, who shall a-ieet within three months after the said election, for the pu rpose of revising.amend- iiig, or changing the constitution. 4. The decLaialioii of rights heo'to annexed, is de- clared to be a part of the cimsiitulion of this state, and shall never be violated on any pretence whatever. And to guard against transgressions of thehigh powers which we h,ave delegated, we declare, that every thing in the bill of rights contained, and every other right not here- CONSTITUTION OF TENNESSEE. 79 by delejjated, is excepted cut of the general powei's of cwditor or creditors, in such manner as sliall be pre- governtnent, and shall for ever remain inviolate. scribed by law. 19. That the printing presses shall be free to every AUTICLE 11. person \vlio niidtitaUes to e-.aiiiine the proceedings of 71 .„7,.« !.• ^c m^^i,!.. tbe legislatMrL, or of any blanch 01- officer of eovem- nfcJarnlton of Jil^atS. „„,„j .^„_„j „„'.„^^, ^,,3,, ;.,.,,,. ^^ ,„ade to restrain the 51. That all power is inherent in the people; and all nsht thereof. The fre<- comuiiinicaiion of thoughts free governments are founded on their authority, anil and opinions is one of the invaluable rights of man, and instituted for their peace, safety. ar.iX happiness ; for the every citizen may freely speak, write, and print, on any advancement of tliust- ends, tin y have at all times an subject, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty, unalienable and indefeasible right to alter, reform, or But, in prosecutions for \\i\ |>ublicatiun »f papei-s in- abolish the government, in such manner as thej may vestigaiiiig the official conduct of officers or men in think pi'oper. public capacity, the truth thereof niay be given in evi- 2. That governrtient being instituted for the common dence ; and in all indictments for libels, the jury shall benefit, the doctriue of non-resistance against arbitrary have a right to determiiie tbe law and the facts, under power and oppression is absurd, slavish, and destructive the direction of the murt, as in other cases. to the good and happiness of mankind. 20. That no reti-ospeeiive law, or law impairing the 3. That all men have a uatui-al and indefeasible right obligation of contracts, shall be made. to xyorship Almighty God according to the dictates of 21. That no man's particular services shall be de- their own conscience; (hat no man can of right be com- raaiuled, or property taken, or applied to public use, pelled to attend, erect, or support any place of woi-ship, without thf consent of his representatives, or without or to maintain any ministry against his consent; that no just compensation being made therefore, human authority can, in any case wbateve.-. control or 22. That the citizens have a right, in a peaceable interfere with the rights of conscience ; and that no p,-e- manner, to assiinble together, for their common good, ference shall ever be given by law to any religious esta- to instruct their representatives, and to ap|»iy to those blishments or modes of worship. invested with the powers ot government for redress of 4. That no religious test shall ever be required as a grievances, or other proper purposes, by address or re- qualification to any ofRce, or public trust, under this monstrance. state. 23. That perpetuities and mof.opolies are contrai-y to 5. That elections shall be free and equal. the g.-nius cf a free state, and shall liot be allowed. 6. That the right of trial by jury shall remain iimo- 24. That the sure and certain defence of a free people late. ■ is a well i-egulated niililia: and, as standing armies in 7. That the people shall be secure in their persons, time of peace are dangerous to freedom, they ought to houses, pajiers, and possessions, from unreasonable be avoided, as far as the circumstances and safetj' of the searches and seizures, and that general warrants, where- community will auutit ; ai.d that in all cases tliemilitary by an officer may be commanded to search suspected s!)a!l bt- kept in strict subordination to the civil autho- places, without evidence of the fact com.mitted. or to rity. seize any pei^on or pei-sons, not nained, w hose otTences 25. That no citizen in this state, except such as are are not particularly described and supported by evi- employed in the army of the United States, or militia in dence, are dangerous to iiborty, and ought not'to be actual service, shall be stibjected to corporeal punish- granted. ment under the mania! law. 8. That no freeman shall be taken, or imprisoned, or 26. That the freemen of this state have a right to keep disseized of his freehold, liberties, or privileges, or out- and to bear arms for their common defence. lawed, or exiled, orinnuymannerdeslroyed,ordeprivtd 27. That no soldier shall, in timeof peace, beq;iarter- of his life, liberty, or property, bntby the judgment of ed in any house without the consent of the owner, nor his peei-s, or the law of the land. in time of war. but in a manner prescribed by law- 9. That, in all criminal prosecutions,the accused hath 28. That no citizen of this state shall be compelled to a right to be heard by himself and his counsel ; to de- bear arm«, provided he will pay an equivalent, to be as- mand the nature and cause of the accusation against certained by law. him, and to have a copy thereof ; to meet the witnesses 29. iliat an equal participation of the free naviga- face to face : to have compulsory process for obtaining tion of the Mississippi, is one of the inherent rights of witnesses in his favour ; arid, in prosecutions by indict- the citizens of this state ; it cannot, therefore, be con- mentor presentment, a speedy public trial, by an impar- ceded to any prince, potentate, power, person, or per- tial jury of thecountyordisiriet in which the crime shall sons whatever. have been committed ; and shall not be compelled to give 30. i hat no hereditary emoluments, privilejjes, or ho- evidence against hiniself. nours, shall ever be granted or coniernd in this state. 10. That no person shall, for the same offence, be 31. That the people residing south of French Br-oad twice put in jeopardy of his life or limb. and Holston, between the rivers Tennessee and the Big H. The laws made for the punishnient of facts com- Pigeon, are entitled to the right of pre-emption and oc- mitted previous to the existence of such laws, and by cupancy in that tract. them only declared criminal, are contrary to the princi- 32. That the limits and boundaries of this state be pies of a free government ; whttciove, no ex post facto ascertained, it is declared they are as hereafter men- law shall be made. tioned, that is to say :— Beginning on the extreme 12. That no conviction shall work corruption of blood height of the Stone mountain, s: the place where the or forfeiture of estate. The estate of such persons as bne of Virginia intersects it, in 'atitudt thirty-six de- shall destroy their own lives, shall descend or vest as in gi-ees aiid thirtv minutes north— running thenee, along case of natural death. If any person be killed by casu- the extreme height of the said mountain, to the place ally, there shall be no forfeiture in consequence thereof, where Watauga river breaks through it ; thence a di- 13. That DO person arrested or confined in jail, shall rect course, to the tO)) of the Yellow mountain, where be treated w ith unnecessary rigour. Brigbt's road crosses the same ; thence, along the ridge 14. That no fi-eeman shall be put to answer any cr:mi- of said mountains, between the waters of Doe river and nal charge, but by presentment nidictuient, or impeach the waters of Rock creek, to the place where the road ment. crosses the Iron mountain ; from thence, along the ex- 15. That all prisoneri shall be bailable bv sufficient treme height of said mountain, to the place where Noli- sureties, unless for capital offences, when the proof is chuky river runs through the same ; thence, to the top evident or the presumption great. And the privilege of of the B;'ld mountain; thence.along the extreme height the writ of habeas corpus shall not be susnendt d. unless of said mountain, to the Painted Rock, on French Broad when in case of rebellion, or inv asion, the public safety river . thence, along the highest ridge of said mountain, may require it. to the place where it is call' d the Great Irqn or Smoky 16. That excessive bail shall not be reqt:ircd, nor ex- mountain; thence, along the extreme height of said cessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish- mountain, to the p:ac(vvhere it is called Unicoi or Una- ments inflicted. ka mountain, between th^ ludian tov\ns of Cowee and 17. That all courts shall be open: and every man, for Old Chota; hence, a'on;; the main ridge of the said an injury done him in his lands, goods, person, or i-epti- mouiitain, to the southern bo>indai-y "f this state, as de- tation,shall have remedvbyduecoiirseoflaw,and right scribed in the act of cession of North Carolina to the and justice adminlstei-ed without sale, denial, or delay. United States of Aii.niea ; and that all the territory, Suits may be brought against the state in such manner, lands, and waters, lying west of the said hue, as befcre- and in such courts, as the legislature roa\ bv law direct, mentioned, and contained within the chartei-cd Innits of provi'lfd, 'hf right of bringing suit be limited to the ci- the state of North Carolina, are within the boundaries tizens of this state. and limits of this suite, over which the people have the 18. That the ' ' ■ -• • - '• strong presumii prisun nU«r dcliveving up 8.0 CONSliTUTiON OF OHIO. of rights, and constitution of North Carolina, the cession act of the said state, and ordinance of the late congress, for the government of the territory north-west of the Ohio : Provided, nothing herein contained shall extend to aifect the claim or claims of individuals, to any part of the soil which is recognized to them by the aforesaid cession act. SCHEDULE. S 1. That no inconvenience may arise from a change of the temporary to a permanent state government, it is de- clared, that all rights, actions, prosecutions, claims, and contracts, as well of individuals as of bodies corporate, shall continue as if no change had talien place in the administration of government. 2. All fines, penalties, and forfeitures, due and owing to the territorv or the United States of America, south of the river Ohio, shall inure to the use of the state. All bonds for performance, executed to the governor of the said territory, shall be and pass over to the governor of this state, and his successors in office, for the use of the state, or by him or them respectively to be assigned over to the use of those concerned, as the case maj be. 3. The governor, secretary, judges, and brigadiers general, have a right by virtue of their appointments, under the authority of the United States, to continue in the exercise of the duties of their respective offices, in their several departments, until the said officers are su- persetled under the authority of this constitution. 4. All officers, ciwl and military, who have been ap- pointed by the governor, shall continue to exercise then- respective offices until the second Monday in June, and until successors in office shall be appointed under the authority of this constitution, and duly qualified. 5. The governor shall make use of his private seal until a state seal shall be provided. 6 until the first enumeration shall be made, as di- rected in the second section of the first article of this constitution, the several counties shall be respectively entitled to elect one senator and two rppresentatives : Provided, that no new county shall be entitled to sepa- rate representation, previous to taking the enumera- tion. . 7. That the next election for representauves and other officers, to be held for Uie county of Tennessee, shall 1/? held at the house of William Miles. 8, Until a land office shall be opened, so as to enable the citizens south of French Broad and Holston, be- rween the rivers Tennessee and Big Pigeon, to obtain titles upon their claims of occupancy and pre-emption, those who hold lands by \irtue of siich claims shall be eligible to serve in all capacities where a freehold is by this constitution made a rec^iiisite qualification. Done in convention, at Knoxville, by unanimous con- sent, on the sixth day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninty- six, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twentieth. In testimony whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names : WILLIAM BLOUNT, PresUknt. David Craig, William Rankin, •Tames Greenaway, Elisha Baker, Joseph Black, John Galbreath, James Houston, Alexander Outlaw, Samuel Glass, .Tosejih Anderson, John M'Nairy, George Doherty, Andrew Jackson, James Uoddye, James Robertson, Archibald Roane, 'I'homas Hardiman, Peter Bryan, Joel Lewis, Samuel Wier, Spencer Clack, W.Douglass, John Clack, Edward Douglass, Thomas Buckenham, Daniel Smith, James Berry, Thomas Johnson, Joseph M'Min, James Ford, Thomas Henderson, ^^'illiam Fort, William Cocke, AVilliam Prince, Richard Mitchell, Robert Prince, David Shelby, John Tipton, Isaac Walton, Samuel Handy, Georgi' Rutlege, Lecroy Taylor, William C.C. Claiborne, Landon Carter, Richard Gammon, James Stuart, John Shelby, jun. JaiMCs White, John Rhea, Charles M'Clung, Samuel Frazier, John Crawford, Stephen Brooks, John Adair. Attest. William Mechlin, Stcretanj. coisrsTiTUTioisr of ohio. Done in convention, begun and held at Chili- cothe, on Monday, the 1st of jYovember, A. D- 1802, and of the independence of the United States the 27th. AVE, the people of the eastern di\'ision of the territory of United States nortli-west of the river Ohio, having the right of admission into the genei'al goverrmient, as a member of the Union, consistent with the constitution of the United States, the ordinance of congress of one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and the law of Congress, entitled, " An act to enable the people of the eastern division of the territory of the United States north-west of the river Ohio to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union, on an equal footing with the original states, and for other purposes ;" in order to establish .justice, promote the welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity,do ordain and esta- blish the following constitution or form of government, and do mutually agree with each other to form ourselves into a free and independent state, by the name of T/ie State of Ohio. AnXICLU 1. 5 1. The legislative authority of this state shall be vested in a general assembly, which shall shall consist of a senate and house of representatives, both to be elected Ijy the people. J- Within one year after the first meeting of the ge- neral assembly, and within every subsequent term of four years, an enumeration of all the while male inha- bitants above twenty-one years of age shall be made, in such manner as shall be directed by law. The number of representatives shall, at the several periods of making such enumeration, be fixed by the legislature, and ap- portioned among the several counties according to the number ot white male inhabitants above tv.enty-one years of age in each ; and shall never be less than twen- ty-four, nor greater than thirty-six, until the number of white male inhabitants of above twenty-one years of age shall be twenty-two thousand— and after that event, at such ratio that the whole number of representatives shall never be less than thirty-six, nor exceed seventy- two. 3. The representatives shall be chosen annually, by the citizens of . ach county respectively, on the second Tuesday of Octob;r. 4. No persun shall be a representative who shall not have attaitied the age of twenty-five years, and be a citizen of the United States and an inhabitant of this state; shall also have resided within the limits of the county in which he shall be chosen one year next pre- ceding his election, unless he shall have been absent on the public business of the United States or of this state, and shall have paid a state or count;,- tax. 5. The senators shall be chosen biennially, by quali- fied voters for representatives; and, on their being con- vened in consequence oi the first election, they shall be divided by lot from their respective counties or districts, as near as can be, into two classes : the seats ot the sena- tors of the first class shall be vacated at iheexpii-aiion o'' 00>iSllX UTJON OP OHIO. SI Uie Rrtt year, anu of the second class, at the expiration 22. An accurate slatcment of the receipts and expen- of the second year; so that one half thereof, as near as dltures of the puhlic money, sliali be attached to and possible, maj' he annually chosen for ever thereafter. publisheil with the laws, annually. 6. The number of senators shall, at the several peri- 23. The house of representatives shall have the sole ods of making the enumenitioii btfore-menlioned, be powcrofimpeachinp;, but a majority of all the members fixed bv the legislatin-e, and apportioned amons the se- must concur in an impeachment. All impeachments veral counties or districts to be established bylaw, ac- shall be triid by the senate, and when sitting lor that cording to the number ofwhite male inli:ibitants of the purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation to do jus- ape of twenty-one years in each, and shall never be less tice aceordinpr to law and evidence : no person shall be than one third nor more than one half of the number of convicted without the concun-ence of two-thirds of all representatives. the senators. 7. No person shall be a senator who has not arrived at 24. The povermr, and all other civil officers under the age of thirty -sears, and is a citizen of the United this state, shall be liable to impeachment for any misde- States; shall have resided two years in the county or raeanorin office; hut judgment in such cases shall not district immediatelv piecedinsj the election, unless he extend further than removal from office and disqualifi- shall have been absent on the ]niblie business of the cation to hold any offic,eofhonoiu-,prolit,or trust, nndei" United States or of this state, and shall, moreover, have this state. The party, whether convicted or acquitted, paid a state or counly ta.\. shall, nevertheless, be liable to indictment, trial, judg- 8. The senate and house of representatives, when as- ment,and punishment, according to law. sembled. shall each choose a speaker and its other offi- 25. The first session of the general assemWy, shall eers, be judges of the qualifications and elections of its commence on the first Tuesday of March next ; and for members,aml sit uponilsown adjournments; two thirds ever thereafter the general assembly shall meet on the of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business, first Monday of December in evei-y year, and at no but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and other period, unless directed by law, or provided lor by compel the attendance of absent i.iembeis.' this constitution. 9. Each hoiiseshall keep a jonnial of its proceedings, 26. >7o judge of any court of law or equity, secretary and publish them. The yeas" and nays of the members, of state, attorney general, register, clerk of any court on any question, shall, at the desire of any two of them, of record, sherifi'or collector, member of either house of be entered on the journals. congress, or person holding any lucrative office under 10. Anv two members of cither house shall Iiave liber- the United States or this state, provided that the ap- ty to dissent from, and protest against, anv net or reso- pointments in the militia or justices of the peace shall liition, which they mav think in| iirious to the public or not be considered lucrative offices, shall be eligible as a any individual, and haVe the reasons of their dissent en- "candidate for, or have a seat in, the general assembly, tered on the journals. 27. No person shall be appointed to any office within 11. Eacli house may determine the rules of its pro- any county, who shall not have been a citizen and in- ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behaviour, habitant therein one year next before his appointment, and, \vitli the concurrence of two thirds, expp| a mem- if the county shall have been so long erected ; but if the ber, but not a second time for the same cause ; and sliall county shall not have been so long erected, then within have all other powers necessary for a branch of the legis- the limits of the county or counties out of which it shall iatiire of a free and independent state. have been taken. 12. When vacancies happen in either house, the go- 28. Xo person who heretofore hath been, or hereaftei' vernor, or he person exercising the power of the go- may be, a collector or holder of public moneys, shall vernor, shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies, have a seat in either house of the geneia! assembly, un- 13. Senators and representatives shall, in all cases, til such person shall have accounted for and paid into e?;cept treason, felony, or breach of the i)eace, be privi- the treasury all sums for which he may be accountable legeti from arrest during the session of the general as- or liable. semhly, and in going to, and returning fioin, the same; ARTICLE 2. and for any speech or debate, in either house, thev shall ■" ' ~" not be questioned in any other iilace. " J 1. The supreme executive power of this state shall 14. Each house may punish, bj- imp; isotimi/nt, during be vested in a governor. their session, any person, not a'member. who shall be 2. The governor shall be chosen by the electors of the guilty of disrespect to the house, by anv disorderly or membirs of the general assembly, on the second Tues- contemptiious behaviour in their presence ; provided, day of October, at the same places and in the same man- such imprisonment shall not, at any one lime, exceed ner that they shall vespectivelyvote for members there^ twemy-four hours. of. The returns of every election for governor shall be 15. I'he doors of each house, and of commictees of sealed up and transmitted to tlie seat of govemment, the whole, shall be kept oin n, except in such cases as, by the returning officers, directed to the 'iiraker of the intheopinion of the house, require secrecy. Neither senate, wboshallopen and publish them lu the presence houseshail, without the consent of theolher, adjourn of a majority of themembersofeachhonseofthegeneral forinoretliantwodnvs, nor to anv othw place than that assembly. The person having the highest number of in which the two houses shall be sitting. votis shall be governor; butif twoormoreshallbeequal 16. Bills may originate in either house, but m.iy be and highest in votes, then one of them shall be chosen altered, amended, or rejr-cted, bv the other. governor by joint ballot of both housess of the general 17. Every bill shall \r~: read on" three difflient days, in assembly. Contested elections for governor shall he de- each house, unless, in can' of urgency, rhtx-e fourths of termined by botli houses of l;he general assembly, in the house where such hill is so depend'ing shall deem it such m.anner as shall be prescribed by iaw._ expedient to disjieuse with this rule: and every bill, 3. The fast governor shall hold his office until the haviiig passed both ho:;ses, shall be signed by the speak- first Monday of December, one tlioiis;ind eight hundred ITS of their respective houses. and five, and until another governor shall be elected 18. I he siyle of the laws of this state shall be, " Be it and qualified lo office ; and for ever after the governor enacted bi; lUe general assembly cf the stale nfOhio.'" shall hold his ofiice for the term of two years, and until 19. Tlie hirislattire of this staU" shall not allow the another governor shall be elected and qualified; but he followingofficersofgnvernment greater annual salaries shall not be eligible more than six years m anyterra of than as follows, until the vear one thmisaml eight bun- eight years. He shall be at least thirty years ot age, and dred and eight, to wit : the' governor not mote than one haie been a ciiizm of the United States twelve years, thousand dollars ; the judges of the supr( me court not and an iiihabitant of this state four years next preceding more than onethousand do. lars each; tlie presidents of his election. . . , the courts of common pleas not more than eight bun- 4. He sliall,Ti-om time to time, ^ive to the general as- dred dollars each ; the s^ en inrv of state not more than sembly information of the state ot the government, and five hundrtd dollars ; the audittir of public accounts not lecoinmeiid to their consideration such measures as he more than seven hundred and fifty-lollars; thetreasurer shall deem expedient. not more than four hiindrtd and fifty dollars; no mem- 5. He shall have the power to grant reprieves and par- ber of the legisl.atiire shall receive more than two dollars dons, after conviction, except in eases o, impeachment, per day during his attendance on the legislature, nor 6. 1 he governor shall, at stated times, receive for his more for everv twenty-five miles he shall travel in. going serviccsa compensation, whichshall neither be increased to and returning from the general assembly. nor diminished during the term Icr which he shall have 20. No senator or representative shall, dining thetime been elected. . . ... for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to 7. He may require information, in writing, Irom the any civil office under this state, which shall have been officers in the executive d^■paltment, upon any subject created, or the emolnments of which shall have been in- relating to tlie duties of theiirespectiveofiices, andsball creased, during such time. take care that the laws be iailhfully executed. 21. No money shall be drawn from the trcasnrv, btit 8. When an officer, the nght oi whose appointment in e.onseqiience of .ippwpri.itior.'; made bv law. ' is. by tliis constitution, vested in the general asscmTiTy, * Sa CONSTITUTION OF OHIO. shall, during- the recess, die, or his office by any means theirofBces,becouscrvatoi-solthepeaee throughout tuc become vacant, the governor sliall have power to fill state. The presidents of the court of common picas, such vacancy, by granting a commission, which shall sha'l, by virtue of their offices, be conservators of the expire at the end of the n''xt session of the legislature, peace in their respective circuits, and the .judges of the 9. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the court of common pleas shall, by virtue of their offices, general assembly, by proclamation, and shall slate to be conservators of the peace iji their respective coun- them, when assembled, the purposes for which they shall ties. have been cojivened. 3. The judges of the supreme court, the presidents, 10. He shall be commander in chief of the army and and the associate judges of the courts of common pleas, navy of this state, and of the militia, except when they shall be appointed by a joint ballot of both houses of the shall be called into the service of the United States. general assembly, and shall hold their offices for the 11. In case of disagreement between the two houses, term of seven years, if so long they behave well. The « ith respect to the time of adjournment, the governor judges of the supreme coin't, and the presidents of the shall have the power to adjourn the general assembly courts of common pleas, shall at stated times receive for to such time as he thinks proper, provided it be not a their services an adequate compensation, to be fixed by period beyond the annual meeting of the legisialure. law, which shall not be diminished during their conti- 12. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation, or nuance in office; but they shall receive no fees or per- the removal of the governor from office, the spe:iker of quisites of office, nor liold any other office of profit or the senate shall exercise the office of governor, uiitii he trust under the authority of this state or the United States, be acquitted, or another governor shall be duly qualifi- 9. Each court shall appoint its own clerk, for the term ed. In case ofimpeachmentof the s])eaker oftlie senate, of seven years ; but no person shall be appointed clerk, or his death, removal from office, resignation, or absence except pro tempore, who shall not produce to the court from the state, the speaker of the house of reprcsenta- appointing him a certificate from a majority of the tives shiill succeed to the office, and exercise the duties judges of the supreme court, that they judge him to be thereof, until a governor sliall be elected and qualified, "well qualified to execute the duties oi' the office of clerk 13. No member of congress, or person holding any to any court of the same dignity with that for which he office under the United States, or this state shall execute offers' himself. Thcv shall be removable for breach of the office of governor. good behaviour, at any time, by the judges of the re- 14. There shall be a seal of this state, which shall be spective courts. kept by the governor, and used by him officially, and 10. The supreme court shall be held once a year, in shall be called The great seal of the state of Ohio. each county ; and the courts of common pleas shall be 15. All grants and commissions shall be in the name holden in each county at such times and places as shall and by the authority of Ihe state of Ohio, sealed with be prescribed by law. the seal, signed by the governor, and countersigned by 11. A competent number of justices of the peace shall the secretary. be elected by the qualified electors in each township in 16. A secretary of state shall be appointed by joint the several counties, and shall continue in office three ballot of the senate and house of representatives, who years, whose powers and duties shall, from time to time, shall continue in office three years, if he shall so long be regulated and defined by law. behave himself well. He shall keep a fair register of all 12. The style of all process shall be. The State of the official acts and proceedings of the governor; and Ohio ; and all prosecutions shall be carried on in the shall, when required, lay the same, and all papers, name and by the authority of the state of Ohio ; and all minutes, and vouchers, relative thereto, before either indictments shall conclude, against the iieace and dig-* branch of the legislature, and shall perform such other nity of the same, duties as shall be assigned him by law. AltTlCtE 4 AUTICLE o. j j_ jj, ,j^i elections, all white male inhabitants, above § 1. Thejudicia! power of this state, both as to matters the age of twenty-one years, having resided in the state of lawand equity, shall he vested in a supreme court, in one year next preceding the election, and who have courts of common pleas for each county, in justices of paid, or are charged with, a state or county tax, shall tiie pe.ace, and in such other courts as tlie legislature enjoy the right of an elector; but no person shall be en- may, from time to time, establish. titled w vote, except in the county or district in which 3. The supreme court shall consist of three judges, he shall actually reside at the time of the election, any two of whom shall ccnslitute a quorum. They shall 2. All elections shall be by ballot, liave original and appellate jurisdiction, both in com- 3. Electors shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, nion law and chancerv, in siich cases as shall be direct- or breach of the peace, he privileged from arrest during cd by law : provided,that nothing herein contained shall their attendance at elections, and ingoing to and re- prevent the general assembly from adding another judge turning from the same. to the supreme court after the term of five years, in 4. The legislature shall have full power to exclude which case the judges may divide the state into two cir- from the jirivilege of electing, or of being elected, any cuits, within which any two of the judges may hold a |ierson convicted of bribery, perjurj-, or any other in- court. famous crime. 3. The several courts of common pleas shall consistof 5. Nothing contained in this article shall be so con- a president and associate judges. The state shall be di- strucd as to prevent white male persons, above the age vidtd by law into three circuits : there shall be appoint- of twenty-one years, who are compelled to labour on the vdin each circuit a president of the courts, who, during roads of their respective townships or counties, and who his continuance in office, shall reside therein. There have reside d one year in the state, from having the right shall bo appointed in each county, not more than three of an elector. nor less than two associate judges, who, during their ARTICLF 5 continuance in office, shall reside therein. 'Ihe presi- dent and associate judges, in their I'cspective counties, § 1. Captains and subalterns in the militia shall be anytbreeof whom shall be a quorum, shall compose the elected by those persons in their respective company court of common pleas, which court shall have comii.on districts subject to military duty, law and chancery jurisdieti.>ii, in ii!l such cases as shall 2. Majors shall be elected by the captains and subal- be directed by law'; pro\ided. that nothinij herein con- terns of the battalion. tained shall be construid to prevent the legislature from 3. Colonels shall be elected by the majors, captains, increasing the number of circuits and presidents after and subaltems of the regiment, the term of five years. 4. Brigadiers genera! shall be elected by the 'commis- 4. The judges of the supreme court, and court of sioned officers of their respective brigades. common pleas, shall have complete criminal jurisdic- 5. Majors general and quarter mastei-s genera! shall tion in such cases, and in such manner as may be point- be appointed by joint ballot of both houses of the legis- ed out by law. lature. 5. Th^ court of common pleas in each county shall 6. The governor shall appoint the adjutants general, have jurisdiction of all pro'iUe and testamentary mat- The majors general shall appoint tlieir aids, and other ters, granting udministiation, and the appointment of division officers. The brigadiers their majors; the bri- guardians, .ind such oilier cases as shall be prescribed ga-.i' majors their staff officers; commanders of regi- by law. nitnts shall appoint their adjutants, quarter niastei-s, 6. The judges of the court of common pleas shall, and other regimental staff officei-s ; ninl th( ruptainsand within their respective counties, have the same powers subalterns shall appoint thtir non-comniissio;.eil officers with the judges of the supreme court, to issue writs of and musicians. cer^soiwi', to the justices oftlie |)"ace, and to cause their 7. Ihe captains and subalterns of the artillery and proceedings to lie brought before them, and the like cavalry shall be elected by the persons enrolled in tlieir right and ^justice to be' done. respective corps, and the majors and colonels shall be 7. The Judges of thesupreraec.oui'tshall.byvijtne of appointed in such mamver as shall be directed bvJaw. CONSTITUllOiSr QP OHIO. 8$ Tlie colonels shall appoint their regimental staff, and the captains and subaftefns their non-commissioned of- ficers and musicians. ARTICLE 6. J 1. There shall be elects d in each county one sheriff and one coroner, by the citizens thereof who are quali- fied to vote for members of the assembly : they shall be elected at the time and place of holding elections for members of assembly; they shall continue in office two years, if they shall s'o long behave well, and until suc- cessoi-s be chosen and duly qualified : provided, that no person shall be eligible as sheriff for a longer term than four years in any term of six yeai-s. 2. The state treasurer and auditor shall be triennially appointed, by a jofnt ballot of both houses of the legisla- ture. 3. All town and township officers shall be chosen an- nually, by the inhabitants thereof duly qualified to vote for members of the assembly, i:t such'time and place as may be directed by law. 4. The appointment of all civil officers, not otherwise directed by this constitution, shall be made in such man- ner as may be directed by law. ARTICLE 7 . J 1. Every person who shall be chosen op appointed to any office of trust or profit under the authority of the state, shall, before the enterini^on the execution therct.f, take an oath or affirmation lo suppoii ilic constitution of the United States and thi> state, and also an oath of office. 2. Any elector who shall receive any gift or reward for hisTote, in meat, drink, money, or otherwise, shall suffer such punishment as tlie laws shall direct; and any person who shall directly or indirectly give, promise, or bestow, any such reward to be elected, shall th< I'tby be rendered incapable for two years to serve in tlie office for which he was elected, and be subject to such other ■punishment as shall be directed by law. 3. No new county shall he established by the general assembly, which shall reduce the county or counties, or either of them, from which it shall be taken, to less con- tents than four hundred square miles, nor shall any county be laid off of less contents. Every new county, as to the right of suffrage and representation, shall be considered as a part of the county or counties from which it was taken, until entitled by numbers to the right of representation. 4. Chilicothe shall he the seat of government until the year one thousand eight hundred and eight. No money shall be raised until the yea.- one thousand eight hun- dred and nine, by the legislature of tliis state, for the pinT)Ose of erecting public buildings for the aeuommo- dalion of the legislature. 5. Thai, after the year one thousand eight hundred and six, whenever two thirds of the general assembly shall think it necessary to amend or change this consti- tution, they shall recommend to tlie electors, at the next election for members to the general assembly, to vote for or against a convention ; and if it shall appear that a majority of the citizens of the state, voting for repre- sentatives, have voted for a convention, the general as- sembly shall, at their next session, call a convention, to consist of as many members as there may be in the gene- I'a! assembly, to be chosen in the same manner, at the same places, and by the same electors that choose ths general assembly, who shall meet w ithin three months after the said election, for tlie purpose of revising, amending, or changing the cotistitution. But no alter- ation of this constitution shall ever take place, so as to introduce slavery or involuntary servitude into this state. 6. That the limits and boundaries of this state be as- ceitained, it is declared, that they are as hereafter men- tioned — that is to say, bounded on the east by the Penn- sylvania line ; on the south by the Ohio river to the mouth of the Great Miami river; on the wescbythe line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami aforesaid ; and on the north by an eaingand defend- ing life and liberty, .icquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safely ; 'and eveiy free republican goxernment, being founded on their sole authority, and organized for the purpose of protecting their liberties, and securing their independence : to effect these ends they have at all times Q complete j)0\x er to alter, reform, or abolish their go- vernment, whenever ihey may deem it necessai-y. 2. There shall be neitlier siavei-y nor involuntary ser- vitude, in this state, otherwise than for the punishment of crimes, whereof the i>arty shall have been duly con- victed ; nor shall any male person, arrived »t the age of tw enty-one years, nor fenuile person, arrived at the age of eighteen yeari, he held to serve any person as a ser- vant, under pretence of indenture, or otherwise, unless such person shall enter into such indenture w hile in a stale of perfect freedom, and on condition of a buna fuh consideration, received, or lo be received, f.ir their ser- lice, except as before excepted. Nor shall ativ intlentui'e of any negro or mulatto hereafter made and executed, out of this state, or, if made in the state, where the term of service exceeds one year, be of the least i-alidity, ex- cept those given in the case of apprenticeships. 3. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship AIi»ighty God according to the dictates of tlieir conscience ; that no human authority can. in any case whatever, coutrnl or interfere w illi the rights of conscience; that no man shall be compelled to attend, erect, or supj^ort, any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry, against his consent ; and that no jirefer- ence shall ever be given by law to any religious society or mode of worship ; and no religious test shall be re- qui'.-ed, as a qualification to any office of tnist or profit. Hut religion, molality, and knowledge, being essentially necessary to the good government, and the happiness of mankind, schools, and the means of instruction, shall for ever be encouraged by legislative provision, not incon- sistent with the rights of conscience. 4. Private projierty ought, and shall ever be held in- violate, but always subservient to the public welfare, provided a compensation in money be made to the own- er. 5. That the people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and possessions, from all unwarrantable searches and seizeres ; and thai general w ar.ants, where- by an officer rnay be commanded to search suspected places, wiihout probable evidence of the fact commit- ted, or to seize any person or persons not named, whose offences are not jiarticularly described, and without oath or affirmation,are dangerous lo liberty, and shall not be granted. 6. That the printing presses shall be open and free to every citizen, who w ivhes to examine the proceedings of any branch of government, or the conduct of any public officer; and no law shall ever restrain the right thereof. Evei-y citizen has an indisputable right to sptak, write, or print, upon any subject, as he thinks proper, being liable for the abuse of that liberty. In prosecutions for any publication respectinEC ihe official conduct of men ill a public cnp.aclty. or where the m.itter published is proper for public information, the truth thereof may al- ways be given in evidence; and in all indictments for libels, the jury shall have a right to determine tlie law and the facts, under the direction of the court, as in other cases. 7. That all courts shall be open, and every person, for an injury done him in his iands, groods, person, or repu- tation, shall have remedy by the due course of law, and right and justice administered without denial oi delay. 8. riiat the right of trial by jury shall be inviolatcl 9. That no priwer smpending the laws shall be exer- cised, unless by the legislature. 10. That no person arrested or confined in Jai! shall be treated witli unnecessary rigour, or be put to answer anv criminal charge, but by presentment, indictment, or impeachment. 11. That, in all criminal prosecutions, the accused hath a right »o be heard by hiuiself and his Mitnse!. to S4 CONS'J ITUTION of 0HIQ. demand the nature ami cause of the accusation against liirn, and to have a copy thereof; to incut the witnesses face to face ; to have coinpulsoiy process for obtaining witnesses in his favour; and, in prosecutions by indict- ment or presentment, a speedy public trial, by an im- partial jury ofthe county or district in which the offence shall have been committed, and shall not be compelled to give evidence against hniistlf— nor shall he be twice put in jeopardy for the same offence. 12. I'hat all persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, unless for capital oiunces, where the proof is evident or the presumption great ; and the privilege of the writ of AaieoicorpMJ shall not be suspended, unless Yihen in case of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 13. Excessive bail shail not he required, excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel and unusual pu- jiishments inflicted. 14. All penalties shall be jiroportioned to the nature of the offence. No wise le^slature will afEx the same punishment to the crimes of theft, forgery, and the like, which they do to those of mui-der and treason. When the same undistinguished severity is exerted afjainst all offences, the people are led to forget the real distinction in the crimes themselves, and to commit tlie most fla- grant >\'ith as little compunction as they do tlie lightest offences. For the same reasons, a multitude of sangui- uary laws are both impolitic and unjust ; the true design of all punishments being to reform, not to extirminate mankind. 15. The person of a debtor, where there is not strong presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison s\fter delivering up his estate for the ben. fit of his cre- ditor or creditors, ia such man:ier as shall be prescribed by law. 16. No ex post facto law, nor any law impairing the validity of contracis,shai! ever be made ; anu no convic- tion shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture of estate. 17. That no pereon shall be liable to be transjjorted out of this state, for any offence committed within the state. 18. That a frequent recurrence to the fundamental principles of civil government is absolutely necessary to ipreserve the blessings of liberty. 19. That the people have a right to assemble together, iu a peaceable manner, to consult for their common good, to instruct their representatives, and to apply to the legislature for redress of grievances. 20. That the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of tliemselves and the state ; and as standing armies, in time of peace, are davigerous to liberty, they shall not be kept up, and that the niilitar) shall lie kept under strict subordination to the civil power. 21. That no person in this state, except such as are employed in the army or navy of the United States, or militia in actual service, shall be subject to corporeal l)unishment under the railitai-y law. 22. That no soldier, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in the manner prescribed by law. 23. That tl>e levying taxes by the poll is grie\-ous and oppressive ; therefore, the legislature shall never levy a poll tax for county or state purposes. 24. That no hereditary emolumenis, privilegfes, or liouours, shall ever be granted or conferred by this slate. 25. That no law shall be passed to prevent the poor in the several counties and townships within this staicj from an equal participation in the schools, academies, colleges, and universities, within this state, which are endowed, in whole or in part, from the revenue arising from the donations made by the United Stales for the support of schools and colleges ; and the doors of tlie said schools, academies, and universiiies, shall be open for the reception of scholars, students, and tcacliers, of every grade, without any distinction oi preference what- ever, contrary to the intent lor which the said donations were made. 26. That laws shall be passed by the legislatnre which sltall secure to each and every denomination of reli- gious societies, in each surveyed township, which nuw is, or may hereafter be, termed in the state, an equ.il participation, according to their number of adherents, of the profits arising from the land granted by congrtss for the support of religion, agreeably to the ordinance or act of congi-ess making the appropriation. 27. That every association of p- rsons, when regularly formed within tliis state, and having given tliemselves a name, may, on application to the legislature, be enti- tled to receive letters of incorporation, to enable tliem to hold estat'.s, real and persona), for the support of their schools, academies, colleges, universiiies, and other purposes. 2S. To guard against the transgressions of the high powers which we have delegated, we declare, that aU powers not hereby delegated remain with the people. SCHEDULE. § 1. That no evils or inconveniences may arise from the change of a territorial government to a permanent slate government, it is declared by this convention, that all rights, suits, actions, prosecutions, claims, and contracts, both as it respects individuals and bodies cor- porate, shall continue as if no change had taken place in this government. 2. All lines, penalties, and forfeitures, due and owing to the teriiiory of the tFnilcd States north-west of the river Ohio, shall inure to the use of the state. All bonds executed to the governor, or any other officer in liis official capaciiy in the territory, shall pass over to the governor, or the other officers of the state, and their successors in off.ce, for the use of the state, or by him or them to be respectively assigned over to the use of those concerned, as the case may be. 3. The governor, secretary, and judges, and all other officers under the territorialgovernmeut, shall continue in the exercise of the duties uf their respective depart- ments until the s.iid officers are superseded under the authority i.f this c.instiiiition. 4. Ail laws and ports of laws now iu force in this territory, not inconsistent with this constitution, shall continue and remain in full effect until repealed by the legislature, except so much of the act entitled " An act ri gulating the admission and practice of attorneys and counsellors at law ;" and of the act made amenda- lorj thereto, as relates to the terra of time which the applicant shall have studied law, his residence wiihiu the tetritory, and the term of time which he shall have practised as an attorney at law, before he can be ad- mitted to the degree of a counsellor at law. 5. The governor of the state shall make use of his private seal, until a state seal be procured. 6. The president of the couveution shall issue writs of I lection to ihe sheriffs of the several counties, re- quiring them to proceed to the election of a governor, members of the general assembly, sherifts, and coro- ners, at the respective election districts in each county, on the second Tuesday of January next, wliich elections shall be conducted in the manner prescribed by the ex- isting election laws of this territory ; and the members of the general assembly, sheriffs,' and coroners, then elected, shall continue to exercise the duties of their re- specrixe offices until the ne.xt annua! or biennial elec- tion thereafter, as prescribed iu this constitution, and no longer. 7. Until the first enumeration shall he made, as di- rected in the second section of the first article of this constitution, the county of Hamilton shall be entitled to four senators and eight representatives ; the county of Clermont, one senator and two representatives ; the county of Adams,one senator and three representatives ; the county of Hoss, two senators and four re|)resenta- tives i the county of Fairlield, one senator and two re- presentatives; the count) of Washington, two senators and three representatives ; the county of Belmont, one senator and two representatives.; the county of Jeifer- son, two senators and four representatives ) and the county of Trumbull, one senator and two representa- tives. Done in convention, at Chilicothe, on the 29lh day of November, in the year of our Lord 1802, and of the independence of the United Stales of America the 2Tth. In testimony whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. EDWARD TIFFIN, President. Jos. Darlington, John W. Browne, Israel Donaldson, Charles W. Byrd, 'I'ho Kirker, Fva. Dunlavy, James Caldwell, \Vm. Goforth, John Reily, John Kilchell, John Smith, Jer. Morrow, John Wilson, Jolui Paul, Uudulph Bear, John M'Int'.re, Klijah Woods, Geo. Humphry, Philip Gatch, John Milligan,' James Sargent, Naih. Updegraff, Henry Abiams, Bavs. Wells, Em. Carpenter, :Micli. Baldwin, James Giubb, Nath. Massie, T, Wortliington, CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. 85 David Abbot, Sam. Huntington, Eph. Cutler, Ben. Ives Gilmauj Attest, Thomas Scott, Sec rttarir Rufas Putnam. CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. WE, the representatives of the people of the territo- The free communication of thoughts and opinions is ry of Indiana, in convention met, at Corydon, on Mon- one of the invaluable rights of man ; and every citizen day the 10th day of June, in the year of our Lord eigh- may freely speak, write, and print, on any subject, be- teen hundred and sixteen, and of the independence of ing responsible for the abuse of that liberty, the United States the fortieth, having the right of ad- 10. In prosecutions for the publication of papers in- mission into the general government, as a member of vestigatiag the official conduct of officers or men in a the Union, consistent with the constitution of the Uni- public capacity, or where the matter published is pro- ted States, the ordinance of congress of one thousand per for the public information, the truth thereof may seven hundred and eighty-seven, and the law of con- be giv n in evidence; and, in all indictments for libels, gress, entitled, " An act to enable the people of the In- the jury shall have a right to deterra'me the law and the diana ten-itory to form a constitution and state govern, facts, under the direction of the court, as in other cases, ment, and for the admission of such state into the Union, 11. That all courts shall be open, and evei-y person, on an equal tooting with the original states;" in order for an injury done him in his lands, goods, person, or to establish justice, promote the welfare and secure the reputation, shall have remedy by the due course of law, blessingsof liberty to ourselves and our posterity , do or- and right and justice administered without denial or dain and establish the following constitution or form of delay. ..... government, and do mutually agree with each other to 12, That no person arrested or confined in jail shall form ourselves into a free and independent state, by die be treated with unnecessary rigour, or be put to answer name of T/ie stale of Indiana. any criminal charge, but by presentment, indictment, or impeacl'.ment. ARTICLE 1. 13. That, in all criminal prosecutions, the accuseil hath aright to be heard by himself and counsel ; to de- §1. That the general, great, and essential principles mand the nature and cause of the accusation against of liberty and !iee government may be recognized and him, and to have a copy thereof; to meet the witnesses unalterably established, we declare; That all men are (iacetoface; to have compulsory xirocess for obtaining born equal ly free and independent, and have certain na- witnesses in his favour, and in prosecutions by indict- tural, inherent, and unalienable rights, among which ment or presentment, a speedy public trial, by an im- are the enjoying and defending life and liberty, and of partialjuiyof the county or district in which the offence acquiring, possessing, and protecting property,' and pur- shall have been committed, and shall not be compelled suing and obtaining happiness and safety. to give evidence ag-ainst himself; nor shall be twice 2. That all power is inherent in the people ; and all put in jeopardy foe the same offence. free governments are founded on their aiuhority, and 14. That all persons shall be bailable by sufficient instituted for thtir peace, safety, and happiness For sureties, unless for capital offences, when the proof is the advancement of these ends, they have, at all times, evident or tlie presumption great; and the privilege of an unalienable and indefeasible right to alter or reibrni the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless, their government, in such manner as they may deem in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may proper. require it. 3. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right is. Excessive bail shall not be required ; excessive to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of fines shall not be imposed ; nor cruel and unusual pti- their own consciences: that no man shall be compelled nishments inflicted. to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to 16. All penalties shall be proportioned to the nature maintain any ministry, against his consent : that no hu- of the offence. man authority can, in any case whatever, control or in- 17. The person of a debtor, where there is not terfere with the rights of conscience : and that no pre- strong presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in ference shall ever be given by law to any religious soci- prison after delivering up his estate, for the benefit of eties or modes of worship; and no religious test shall his creditor or creditors, in such manner as shall be be required as a qualification to any office of trust or prescribed by law. profit. 18. No ex post facto law, nor any law impairing the 4. That elections shall be free and equal. validity of contracts, shall ever be made ; and no con- 5. That, in all civil cases, v.here the value in contro- viction shall work corruption of blood nor forteiture uf versy shall exceed the sum of twenty dollars, and in alt estate. criminal cases, except in petit misdemeanors, which 19, That the people have a right to assemble together, shall be punishable by fine only, not exceeding three in a peaceable manner, to consult for their common dollars, in such manner as the legislature may prescribe good ; to instruct their representatives ; and to apply to by law, the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate, the legislature for a redress of grievances. 6. That no power of suspending the operation of the 20. That the people have a right to bear arms for tlie laws shall be exercised, except by the legislature or its defence of themselves and the slate ; and that the mjli- authority. tary shall be kept m strict subordination to the civil 7. That no man's particular servicesshall be demand- power. ed, or property taken or applied to public use, without 21. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quar- the consent of his representatives, or without a just tered in any house, without the consent of the owner, compensation being made therefor. nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by 8. The rights of the people to be secure in their per- law. sons, houses, papers, and effects, against inireasonable 22. That the legislature shall not grant any title of searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no war- nobility, or hereditary distinctions ; nor create any of^ rant shall issue hut upon probable cause, supported by fice, the appointment to which shall be for a longer oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the term than good behaviour. place to be searched, and the person cr things to be 23. That emigration from the state shall not be pro- seiz. d. hibited. 9. That the printing presses shall be free to every 24. To guard against any encroachments on the person who imdertakes to examine the proceedings of rights herein retained, we declare, that every thing in the legislature, or any branch of government ; and no this article is excepted out of the general powers of go- lav,' shall ever be made to restrain the right thereof, vernment, and shill for ever remain inviolable. ^0 CO>fSTlTUTl0S? 01? l&DIANA, ARTICLE 2. ^'*' ^"y °"^ member of either bouse shall have iibei:- ty to dissent from and protest againsit any act or reso- Thepowcrsof the gfovernment of Indiana shall be di- lution which he may think injurious to the public, or vided into three distinct dcpurtniects, and each of them any individual or individuals, and have the reason of be confiiifd to a separate body of magistracy, to wit : his dissent entered on the journals. Those which are legislative, to one ; tliose which are 11. Each house -Tiay determine the rules of its pro- executive, to another ; and those which are judiciary, ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behaviour, to another: And nu jKrson, or collection of persons, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a mem- being of one of those departments, shall exercise any ber, but not a second time for the same cause ; and shall power properly attached to either ol the others, except have all other |)Owers necessary for a branch of the lo- in the instances herein expressly pevmitted. gislature of a free and independent state. AIITICLE 3 ^^' ^^•'^n vacancies happen in either branch of the general assembly, the governor, or the person exercising § 1. The legislative authority of this state shall be the power of governor, shall issue writs of election to vested in a general assembly, which shall consist of a fill such vacancies. senate and house of representatives, both to be elected 13. Senators and representatives shall, in all cases, by the people. except tre:json, felony, or breach of the peace, be privi- 2. The general assembly may, within two years after leged from arrest during the session of the general as- their first meeting, and shall, in the year eighteen hiin- scmbly, and in going to or returning from the same ; dred and twenty, and every subsequent term of five and for any speech or debaie, in either house, they shall years, cause an enumeration to be made of all the white not be questioned in any other place. male inhabitants above the age of twenty-one years- 14 Each house may punish, by imprisonment, during The number of representatives shall, at the several pe- their session, any person, not a member, who shall be riods of making such enumerations, be fixed by the guilty of disrespect to the house, by any disorderly or general assembly, and apportioned among the several contemptuous behaviour in their presence: Provided, counties according to the number of white male inha- such imprisonment shall not, at any one time, exceed bitants above twenty-one years of age in c ach ; and shall twenty-four hours. never be less than twenty-five, nor greater than thirty- is. The doors of each house, and of committees of six, until the number of white male inhabitants, above the whole, shalt be kept open, except in such cases as, twenty-one years of age, shal 1 be twenty-two thousand ; in the opinion of the house, may require secrecy. Nei- and after that event, at such ratio that the whole num- ther house shall, without the consent of the other, ad- ber of representatives shall never be less than thirty-six, journ for more than two days, nor to any other place nor exceed one hundred. than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 3. The representatives shall be chosen annually, by ig. Bills may originate in either house, but may be the qualified electors of each county respectively, on altered, amended, or rejected, by the other. the first Monday of August. .' 17, Every bill shall be read on three different days in 4. No person shall bearepresentative, unless he shall each house, unless, in case of urgency, two thirds of the have attained the f.ge of twenty-one years and shall house where such bill may be depending shall deem it be a citizen of the United states, and an inhabitant of expedient to dispense with this rule ; and every bill, this state ; shall also have resided within the limits of having passed both houses, shall be signed by the presi- the county in which he shall be chosen one year next of the United States : Provided, vernor would have reci ived, had he been employed in that this shall not disqualify any person from the office the duties of his office, and no more, ofgovernor, who shall be a citizen of theUnitetl States, 20. If the lieutenant governor shall be called upon and shall have resided in the Indiana territory two to administer the government, and shall, while in such years next preceding the adoption o* this constitution, administration, resign, die, or be absent from the state, 5. No member of congress, or person holding any of- during the recess of the general assembly, it shall be fice under the United States, or this state, shall exercise the duty of the secretary of state, for the time being, the office ofgovernor or lieutenant governor. to convene the senate for the purpose of choosing a 6. The governor shall, at stated times, receive for his president pro tempore. services a compensation, which shall neither be in- 21. A secretary of state shall be chosen by the joint creased nor diminished during the term (or which be ballot of both houses of the general assembly, and be shall have been eUcted. commissioned by the governor, for four years, or until 7. He shall be commander in chief of the army and a new secretary be chosen and qualified. He shall keep navy of this state, and of the militia thereof, except a fair register, and attest all the official acts and pro- when they shall be called into the service of the United ceedings of the governor; and shall, when required, lay States; but he shall not command personally in the the same, and all papers, minutes, and vouchers, rela- Seld. unless he shall be .-idvised so to do by a resolution tive thereto, before either house of the general assem- of thie general assembly. bly ; and shall perform such other duties as may be en- 8. lie shall nominate, and, by and with the advice joined him by law. and consent of the senate, appoint and commission all 22. Every bill which shall have passed both houses of officers, the appointment of which is not otherwise di- the general assembly, shall be presented to the govern- rected by this constitution ; and all offices which may or; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall be created by the general «ssembly shall be filled in return it, with his objections, to the house in which it such manner as may he directed bylaw. shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at 9. Vacancies that may happen in offices, the ap- large upon their journals, and proceed to reconsider pointraent of which is vested in the governor and se- it ; if after such reconsideration, a majority of all the nate, or in the general assembly, shall be filled by the members elected to that house shall agree to pass the governor, during the recess of the general assembly, by bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the othev granting commissions that shall expire at the end of house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and the next session. if approved by a majority of all the members elected to 10. He shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, that house, it shall be a law ; but in such cases the votes grant reprieves and pardons, except in cases of im- of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, peachment. and the names of the persons voting for and against 11. He may require information, in writing, from the the bill, shall be entered on the journals of each house officers in the executive department, upon any subject respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the relating to the duties of their respective offices. governor, within five days cSundays excepted) after it 12. He shall, from time to time, give to the general shall have been presented to him, it shall be a law, in assembly information of the affairs of the slate, and re- like manner as if he had signed it ; unless the general commend to their consideration such measures as he assembly, by its adjournment, prevents its retuni, in shall deem expedient. which case it shall be a law, unless sent back within 13. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the three days after their next meeting. general assembly at the seat of government, or at a dif- 23. Every resolution, to which the concurrence of ferent place, if that shall have become, since their last both houses may be necessary, shall be presented to the adjournment, dangerous from an enemy, or from con- governor, and betbre it shall take effect, be approved tagious disorders ; and, in caseof disagreement between by him; or, being disapproved, shall be repassed by a the two houses, with respect to the time of adjoui'n- majority of all the members elected to both houses, ac- ment, adjourn them to such time as he shall think pro- cording to the rules and limitations prescribed in case per, not beyond tlie time of the next ai nual session. of a bill. lA. He shall take care that the laws be railhlully ex- 24. There shall be elected, by joint ballot of both eeuted. houses of the general assembly, a tre.as'irer and audi- 15. A lieutenant governor shall be chosen at every tor, whose powers and duties shall be [jrtscribed by law, election lor a governor, in the same manner, continue and who sliall hold their offices three year*, and until in office for the same time, and possess the same quali- their successors be appointed and qualified, fications. InyoliitgfQr goTi:nigs ami lifutenaut go- 2J. There sia).! be elected in each county, bytUe 88 GONStiTUtlON OF INDIANA. qualified electors thereof, one shcriflF and one coroner, be appointed in the same manner as Ixercin before pre- at the times and places of holding elections for mem- scri&d, wlio shall hold his office for the period which hers of the general assembly. Ihey shall continue in his predecessor had to serve, and no longer, unless re- office two years, and until successors shall be chosen appointed. and duly qualified : Provided, that no person shall be U- The style of all process shall be, The State of In- eligible to the office of sheriff more than four years in diana. All prosecutions shall be carried on in the name any term of six years. and by the authority of the state of Indiana; and all in- 26. There shall be a seal of this state, which shall be dictraents shall conclude, against the peace and dignity kept by the governor, and used by him officially, and *'•'" ^^"if. shall becalled, t/ie sea! of the state of Indiana. ^ ^^,- ^ competent number of justices of thepeace shall be elected by the qualified electors in each township in ARTICLE 5. ^^^ several counties, and sliall continue in office five r- r..!. • J- • «.. , t years, if they shall so long behave well ; whose powers 5 1. The judiciary power of this state, both as to mat- and duties shall, from time to time, be regulated and de- ters of law and equity, shall be vested in one lupreme fined by law. court, in circuit courts, and in such other inferior courts as the general assembly may, from time to time, direct ARTICLE 6. and establish. r t ,i , ■ 2. The supreme court shall consist of three judges, ? \ ^".^'' elections not otherwise provided for by this any two of whom shall form a quorum, and shall have constitution, every wlute male citizen of the United appellate jurisdiction only, which shall be co.extensive ^V^"' ^ ^^f j'^ °, ^^^^nty-one years and upwards, ^Wth the limits olthe state, under such restrictions and ^!.V ''"t ^'^^'''^'^ '" *''<^ *'^^f o"^ y'^^l• immediately pre- regulations, not repugnant to this constitution, as may, if''^? 'T** l'^'^'""?^ ^'"'" ^^ T*",^^'' *^ IT '",*^^ frLtimetotime,Ji|^ thing in th s article shall be so construed as to prevent g. All elections shall be by ballot : Provided, that the the general assembly from givmg the supreine court general assembly may, (if they deem it more expedient,) original jurisdiction in capital eases and «ases in chan- ^t their session in eighteen hundred and twenty-one, eery, where the president of the circuit court may be change the mode, so as to vote viva voce ; after which interested or prejudiced. time it shall remain unalterable. 3. The circuit courts shall each consist of a president 3. Electors shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and two associate judges. The state shall be divided or breach of tlie peace, be free from arrest in going to, by law into three circuits, for each of which a president during their attendanceat, and in returning home from, shall be appointed, who, during his continuance in of- elections. fice, shall reside therein. The president and associate 4. The general assembly shall have full power to ex- judges, in their respective counties, shall have common elude from electing, or being elected, any person eon- law and chancery jurisdiction, as also complete crimi- victed of any infamous crime. nal jurisdiction, in all such cases, and in such manner, 5. Nothing in this article shall be so construed as to as may be prescribed by law. The president alone, in prevent citizens of the United States, who were actual the absence of the associate judges, or the president and residents at the time of adopting this constitution, and one of the associate judges, in the absence of the other, ^^o, by the existing laws of this territory, are entitled shall be competent to hold a court, as also the two as- *° y?*^' O'" persons who have been absent from home on sociate judges, in the absence of the president, shall be ayisitor necessary business, from the privileges of elect- competent to hold a court, except in capital cases, and *'"'. cases in chancei-y : Provided, that nothing herein con- AUTICIE 7. tained shal 1 prevent the general assembly from increa- sing the number of the circuits and presidents, as the J 1. The militia of the state of Indiana shall consist of exigencies of the state may, from time to time, require, all free, able-bodied male pt isoiis, (negroes, mulattoes, 4. The judges of the supreme court, the circuit, and and Indians exeejited,) residents in ^e said state, be- other inferior courts, shall hold their ~ terra of seven years, if they shall so 1 and shall, at stated times, receive fo ^. „ . ,, , .... compensation, which shall not be diminished durinp- shall be armed, equipped, and tiained, as the general their continuance in office. assembly may provide by law. respective counties. . law; and shall be equal, as near as may be, to the lowest fi. The supreme court shall hold Its sessions at the seat fines assessed on those privates in militia, who may ne- ot govfi-nmeut. at such times as shall be prescribed by „]ect or refuse to perform military duty, law ; and the circuit courts shall be held m the respec- 3. Captains and subalteras shall be elected bv those tive counties as may be directed by law. persons in their respective company districts who are 7. The judges of the supreme court shall be appoint- subject to perforin militia duty : and the captain of each ed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent company shall appoint the non-commissioned officei-s to of the senate. The presidents of the circuit courts shall said company. be appointed by joint ballot of both branches of the 4. Majors shall be elected by those persons within the general assembly ; and the associate judges of the cir- boniids of their respective battalion districts, subject to cuit courts shall be elected by tlie qualified electors in perform militia duty; and colonels shall be elected by the respective counties. those persons within the bounds of their respective regi- 8. The supreme court shall appoint its own clerk ; mental districts, subject to perform militia duty. and the clerks of the circuit court, in the several coun- 5. Brigadiers general shall be elected by the commis- ties, shall be elected by the qualified electors in the se- sioned officers within the bounds of their resi,>ecti>e bri- veral counties; but no person shall be eligible to the gades; and majors general shall be elected by the corn- office of clerk of the circuit court,in any county, unless missioned nffit-.trs v.ithin the bounds of their respective heshallhavefirstobtainedfromoneormoreofthejudges divisions. , , - , , . .. of the supreme court, or from one or more of the presi- 6. Troop, anil squadrons of cavalry and companies o{ dents of the circuit courts, a certificate that he is quali- artillery, nflemen, gTenadiers, or liglit infantry, may he pointing a clerk pro tern, until a qualihe.l clerk may be g,, ^.j^j,';,, j,,^.^;^ s,ate, shall elect their own officers, duly ' lected : And provided also that the said clerks re- 7^ .,-[,p Governor shall appoint the adjutant general spectwely, when qualified and elected, sh;ill hold their a^,] q„a,-ter masters general, as also his aids-de-camp, offices seven years, and no longer, unless re-appointed. 3. Majors general shall appoint their aids-de-camp, 9. All clerks shall be removable by impeachment, as and all other division staff officers ; brigadiers general in lither cases. shaM appoint their I)iigademajors,and allother brigade 10. When any vacancies happen in any of the courts, stafTufficers ; and colonels shall appoint their regiment- occasioned by the death, resignation, or removal from al staff officers. ofHce, of any judge of the supreme or circuit courts, or 9. AH militia officers shall be commissioned by the any of the clerks of »he said courts, a successor shall govenior. and shall hold iheir coir.iiiissir.ns during ^r><^ GONS'l'ITU I'lON OF INDIANA. Sd iw'iiaviour, or until tlicy shall arrive at the age of sixty years. 10. The general asiemblyshall,byiaw,fixtlie!netlioortu- nities and advantag'.'s of education thio'igh tin- various parts ofthc country being highly conducive to this end. It shall be the duty of the general assembly to provide by law for the itnprovement of such lands as are, or liereafter may be, granted by the United Slates to tliis state, for the use of schools, and to apply any funds whicli may be raised from such lands, or from any othi r quarter, to the accomplishment of the grand object for which they are or maybe intendt-d. But no Irmds grant- ed for the use oi' schools or stminarits of learning shall he sold, by authority of this state, prior to the yi-ar eigh- teen hundred and twenty; and the mone5-s which may be raised out of the sale of any s;ich lands, or o'h' rwisc obtained for the purposes aibresaiil. shall be and remain a fund lor the exclusive purposi of promoting the inte- rests of literature and the sciences, and for the supJ)ort of seminaries and the public sehnois. The general as- sembly sha'!, from time to time, pass such laws as shall be calculated to encourage intellectual, scientiflcil.and Rgricultural iinprbvcim nt, by allowing rewards and im- munities for the pramolion and improvement of arts, sciences, commerce, manutiK'tures, and natural Iiistoiy; and to countenance and encour.ige the piincipltsofhu- inanity, industr}, and movalitj-. 2. It shall be theduty of the general assembly, as soon as circumsiarices will permit, to provide by law for a Ejeneral system of education, ascending in a regular gradation from township schtKjIs to a s:,-,tc luiiversity, wherein tuition shali be gratis, and equally open to all. 3. And for th" promotion of such saliiiai-v end, the money, which shall be paid as an equivalejit, fjy persons .xi'mpt from militia duty, except in times of war, shall he e.iLclusively, and in equal pBBjjwtioiis, applitd to the support of county seminaries; also, all fin;s assess^'d for any breach of the penal laws, shall b<" applied to said se- minaries, in the counties whei'ein they slia i ht as«ssed. 4. It shall be theduty cf the general assemlily, as soon as eircumstanees will permit, to fonn a penal eode, founded on the principles of refornration, ami not of vindictive justice: And also, to provide one or more iiirms, to Sean asylum for those persons. « ho, by i-eason of age, iufinnity.or other misfortuni";, may have a claim tipon the aid antl b< nefiCi iice ofsociriy, on such princi- ples that such perso:is may therein find employment anil every i-easonabie comfort, and lose, by their useful- ness, the dcgiadiii" sense of depeiulence. 5. The general Kssembly, at the tiuie they lay ofV a new county, shall cause at least ten per cei^t. lo be re- served out of the proceeds of the sale of town lots, in the seat of justice of such county, for the use of a f. vublic library for such county ; and at the same session 1 bey shall incorporate a library company, under such Tales and ix'p^ulations .as will btstsecure its periuaBien.cCj and ci tend its benefits. ^ ' ' ' « I. TUereshall not be established nor incoi^orated in ^i> State atrj-baulc orbwikinj tomprmy. or moneyed institution, for the purpose of issuing bills of credit, or bills payable to order or bearer: Provided, that nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to prevent the general assembly from establishing a state bank, and branches, not exceeding one branch for any three counties, to be established at Such place within such counties as the directors of the state bank may select ; provided, there be subscribed and paid in speeie,on the pan of individuals, a sum equal to thirty thousand dol- lars: Provided, also, that the uaukat V)n'cennes,a!id the Farmers and Mechanics'' bank of Indiana, at Madison, shall he considered as incorporattd banks, according to the true tenor of the charters granted to said banks by the Vgisiature of the Indiana territory: Provided, that nothing lierein cantainen sball be so construed as to prevt nt the g< lieral assembly troni adopting either of the aforesaid banks, a"s the state bank; and in case ei- ther of them shall he adopted as the state bank, the otin-r may become a branch, under the rules and reglii laiiuns herein before prescribed. ARTICLE II. J 1. Every person who shall be chosen or appointed to any ofilce of trust er profit under the authority of this state, shall, before entering on the duties of said office, take an oath or afHrmation, belore any pei-sou lawfully authorized to administer oaihs, to support the constitu- tinn of the United States and the constitution of this Slate, and also an oath of office. 2. Ticasoti .against this st.ite shall consistonly in levy- in? war against it. in adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. 3. So person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or his own confession in open court. 4. The uiiumer of adn)iiiistering an oath oraflirma-- ti.in shall be such as is most consistent with the con- science of the deponent, and shall be esteemed the most; solemn appeal to Ciod. 5. Every person shall be disqualified from serving as governor, lieutenant governor, senator, or representa- tive, for the term for which h-:- shall have been elected, who shall have been convicted of having given or offer- ed any bribe, treat, or reward, to procure bis election. 6. All officers shall reside within the st."ite ; and all district, couiity,or town officers, within their resjiective districts, counties, or towns, (the triis'tees of the town of Clarksvillc excpted.) and shall keep their respective offices at such place? therein as in.Tv be directed bylaw; and all militia officers shall reside within the bounds of the division, brigade, regiment, battalion, or company, to which they may severally belong. 7. There shall be neither slavery nor involuutarj' ser- vitude in this state, otherwise than for the punishment of eriir.es. w hereof the party shall have been duly con- victed. Nor shall any indenture of any negro or mulat- to, hereafter made and executed, out of the hounds ef this state, be of any validity wiihin the state. 3. No act of the general asstmbly sliall be in force un- til it shall have been published in print, uuiess in cases of emergency. 9. All coiniuis?;ons shall he in the name and by the authoiityof the state of Indiana, and sealed with the state seal, and signed by the governor, and attested by the secretary of state. 10. There shall be elected in each county a recorderj whoshaM hold his office during the term of'seven years, if he sliall so long hi have well : Prn^^ded, that nothing herein contained shall prevent the clerks of the circuit courts from holding the office of recorder. 11. Coryilon, in Harrison comity, shall be the seat of government of the state of Indiana, until the year eigh- teen hu:idred and twenty-five, antl until removed by law. 12- The general assembly, when tiiey lay of}" any new county, shall not reduce the old county or eo'intiesfrom which the same shall be taken, to a less content than four hutidred square miles. 13. Xo person shall hold more than one lucrative oj^ fice at the same time, except as in this constitution es," pressly permitted. 14. No person shall he appointed as a county officer, within any county, who shall not have been a citizen aiid an inhabitant tlierein one year next preceding his appointment, if the county shall have ueen so long ervcted ; but if the county si'ia'l not have been so long erected, then within the limits of the county or counties out of which it shall have Ijeen 'aken. 15. All town and township officers shall he apiioiatetl in such manner as shall be directed by law. 15. The following officers of g^venimeut shall not bp allowed greater annual salaries, until the year eighteen, himclvcd and rinej^en, ihau ii? follows : the g'l-erndi-- coNsrn uTioN of Indiana. uiie tliousaiul dollars; the secivlaiy of stale, Iburhun- i led Jollars ; the auditor of public accounts, four hun- dred dollars; the treasurer, four hundred dollars; the j udges of the supreme court, ei?lit hundred dollars each ; ihe presidents of the circuit crjiats, eight hundred doi- ;;us each ; and the members oi' the g'eiieral assembly, not ?;ceedinp two dollars per day,eac!r,durlng their attend- hiice on the same: a)iil two dollars for every twentj'-fire liiiles they shallseverally travel, on the nmst usual route, ;i going to and returriirig from the general assembly; af- loi- which time their pay shall he refrulattd by law. But ::c> law, passed to jncrense the pay of the members of the general assemhly, shall take effect until after the close o{ the session at which such law shall !r ve hten passed. 17. In order that the boundaries of the state of In- diana may more clearly he known and estaiilished, it is Icreby ordained and declared, that the following shall 1 e and for ever remain the boundaries of tlie said state, to wit: Rounded on theeast, by the meridian linewhich lorms the western boundary of the slate of Ohio ; on the south, hy the Ohio river, fomthe mouth of the Great Miami river to the niOuth of the river Wabash ; on the west, hy a line drawn aloin^ the middle of the Wabash river, from its mouth to a point where a due north line, drawn from the town of Vincennes, wouM last touch the north-western shore of the s.aid Wabash river ; and from ther.ce, by a due north line, until the same shall intersect an east and west line drawn through a point ten miles north of the southern extreme ofLiJke Jliehi- cmi ; on the north, by the said tast and west line, jint jl 'ie same shall intersect the first mentioned meridian Vne, which forms t5ie western boundary of the state of AKTICLB 12. • cvilsorinconvenience roayarisefioratlie clian;; ■ -n?. lurritorial government to a pern.anent state jjGverumcnt, it is declared, by iliis coiistitution, that all vii^hts, suits, act'Ons. prosecutions, recognizances, con- tracts and claims, botli as it respects individuals and h-jdies corporate, shall continue as if no chai;ge had taken place in this government. 2. All fines, penalties, and forfeitures, due and owinfj to the tenitorv of Indiana, or any coiinly therein, sliall i.uin- to the use of the state or county. All bonds ex- ecut 'd ta the goTenior, or anj other orRcer, in hisjoffi- cial capacitv, 'in the territoi ) , shall pass over to the go- vernor, or oiher ofHcei's of the state, or county, and rheir siiccessors in ofKce,for the useof the sta_ie,of coun- ty, or hyhim or them to he respectively assigned over to the use of those concerned, as the case may be. 3. The governor, secretary, and judges, and all other ofllccrs, bosh civil and military, ijndt r the territorial government, sliall continue in the exercise of the duties of their i-espective departments, nntil the said officers are superseded under the authority of this constitution. 4., All laws and parts of la« s now in force in tiii* ter- ritory, not inconsistent with this constitutioii. shall continue and remain in full force and efitcf, until they expire, or be repealed. 5. The governor shall use l:is private seal until astate seal be procured. 6. Tlie governor, secretary of state, auditor of public accounts, and treasurer, sliall severally reside and keep the public records, books, and papers,.in any manner relating to their respective offices, at the seat of goveni- laent: Provided, notwithstanding, that nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to affect the residence of the governor for the space of six months, and until buildings suitable for his accommodation shail be pro- cured, at ihe expense of the state. 7. All si.its, pU as, plaints, and other proceedings,no\v depending in any court of record, or justices' courts, sl'.ailbc prosecuted to final judgment and execution i and (l! appeals, writs of error, certiorari, injunction, or other proceedings v.hatever, shall progress, and be car- ried on, in the respective court or courts, in the same manner as is now provided hy .aw, anil a proceedings had therein, in as full and complete a manner as if this constitution weiv not adopted. And appeals and writs of eri-or may be taken from the circuit court and gent- vaX court, now established in the Indiana territory, to the supreme court, in such manner as shall be provided for by law. 8. The president of this convention shall issue writs of election, directed is the several sheriffs of the several counties, rc'4uinng ihem to cause an election to be hi id for governor, lieutenant governor, representative to the coi.gress of thv Liiited States, m: inliers of the general ' ^e nb'T.dii lifTs- and coronei-s, at the respective election liis;..--.!:"! -.a tavii county, on tlie fii-st Monday in August next : which elections shau be conducted in the manner ■nrcscvibeil byihe existiufj eiection i..ws of the Imljavia territory ; and the said governor, lieutenant governoi ■ members of the general assembly, sheriffs, and coronets, then duly elected, shall continue to exercise the duties of their respective offices for the time prescribed by this constitution, and until their successor or successors are qualitied, and no longer. 9. LTntit the first enumeration shall be made, as di- rected by this constitution, the county of Wayne shall be entitled to one senator and three rejiresentatives ; the county of Franklin, one senator and three repre- sentatives ; the comity of Dearborn, one senator and two representatives ; the county of Switzerland, one re- presentative ; and the county of Jefferson and Switzer- land, one senator; and the county of Jefferson, two re- presentatives ; the county of Clark, one senator and three representatives ; the county of Harrison, one sena- tor and three representatives ; the counties of Washing- ton, Orange, and Jackson, one senator, and the county of Washirigton, two representatives ; the counties of Orr.nge and Jackson, one representative each ; the coun- ty of Knox, one senaiX5r and three representatives ; the county of Gibson, one senator and two representatives ; the counties of Posey, Warrick, and Perry, one senator, and each of the aforesaid counties of Posey, AVarrick, and Perr)'. one representative. 10. All books, records, documents, warrants, and pa- pei-s, appertaiiiirg and belonging to the office of terri- torial treasurer of the Indiana temtory, and all moneys therein, and all jiapers and documents in the office of tlie secretary of said territory, shall be disposed of as the general assembly of this state may direct. 11. All suits, actions, pleas, plaints, prosecutions, and caiises w hatsoeVer, and all records, books, papers, and documents, now in the general court, may be trunsfer- retl to the supreme court established by this constitution: And all causes, suits, actions, pleas, plaints, and prose- cutions whatsoever, now existing or pending in the cir- cuit courts of this territoi^, or, w hich may be therein at the change of government, and all records, bonks, pa- pers, anu documents, relating to the said suits, or filed m the said courts, may he transferred over to the circuit courts established by this constitution, under such rules and regulations as the general assembly may direct. Done in convention,at Corydon, on the twenty-ninth day of June, in the year of our Lord eighteen hun- dreil and sixteen, and of the Independence of the United States the fortieth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names: .TONATHAN JENNINGS, President of the Canveniion^ Thomas Carr, Nathaniel Hunt, John K. Graham, David H. Maxwell, James Lemon, Samuel Smock, James Scott, John Badollet, James Dill, John Eenefiel, K/.ra Ferris, Jno. Johnson, Solomon Manwaring, Wm. Polke, James Brownlee, B. Parke, V/illiam H. Eads, Charies Polke, Robert Hanna, Dann L>Tin, F.ncch M'Carty, William Cotton, James Noble, John De Pauw, Alexander Devin, AVilliam Graham, Fred. Rapp, William Lowe, David Robb, Samuel Milroy, James Smith, Robert M'lntire, John Roone, Patrick Baird, Da\is Floyd, Jeremiah Cox, Daiiiet C.Lane, Hugh Cull, Dennis Pennington, Joseph Holhian. Patrick Shields, Attest. ■\Viliiain Hendricks, Secretary. ORDINANCE. Be it ordained, bythe rejiresentatives of the people of the terri/urij of Indiana, in convention met, at Cort/doh, on Monilaij, the tenth daij of June, in the year of our Lord eighteen hvndrcd and sixteen. That we do, for ourselves and our posterity,agree, determine, declare, and ordain, that we will, and do hereby, accept the propositions of the congress of the United States, as made and contain- ed in their act of the Jiineteenth day of April, eighteen hundred and sixteen, entitled, " An act to enalile the people of t'.ie Indiana territory to form a state govern- ment and constitution, and for the admission of such statie into the Uaiwi-,on ail ei:>.y tliiul; pro- per from time to time to divide any or all of those coun- ties. 6. Representation shall be equal and uniform in this state ; and shall be for ever regul.tted and ascertained by the number of qualified electors therein. In the year one thousand eight hundred and thirti en, and every four years thereafter, an enumeration of alt the electors shall be made in such manner as shall be directed by law. Thenumber of representatives shall, in the several years of making the enumerations, be so fixed as not to be less than twenty-five nor more than fifty. 7. The houseof representatives shall choose its speak- er and other officers. 8. In all elections for representatives, evei-y free white male citizen of the United Stat»s, « ho, at the time be- ing, bath attained to the age of twenty-one years, and resided in the county in which he offers to vote one year next preceding the election, and who m the last six month prior to the said elect.on, sliall have paid a state tax, shall enjoy the rights of_an elector: Provided, how- ever, that everv free white male citizen of the United States, who shad have purchased lands from the United States, shall have the right of voting whenever he shall have the other qualifications of age and residence above prescrihi'd. Electors shall, in all cases, except treason, feiony, breach or surely of the peace, be privileged from arrest during tin ir attendance at, going to, or return- ing from elections. • 9. 'I'lie members of the senate shall be chosen for the term of four 5 ears; and when assembled shall have the power to ehocse its ofKcers annual ly. 10. The Slate shall he divided into fourteen senatorial districts, which shall forever remain indivisible, as fol- lows: the parish of St. Bernard and Plaqiiemine, in- cluding the country above as f:,r as the canal (des pe- cheursjon the ea-.t of the Mississippi, and on the west as far as Bevuody's canal, sliail form one district. The city of New Orleans, beginning at the Nuns' Plantation above, and extending below as far as the above-men- tioned canal, (des pechours)includingthe inhabitants of the Bayou St. John, shall form the second district. The remainder of the county of Orleans shail form the third district. The counties of German Coast, Acadia, La- fourche, Iberville, Point Coupee, Concordia, Attacka- pas, Oppelousas, Rapides, Nachitoches, and Ouachitta, shail each form one district, and each district shall elect a senator. 11. At the first session of the general assembly after this constitution takes eflf'Ct, the senators shall be divi- d' d by lot, as equally as may be, inio two classes : the seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, and of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year: so that a rrtfar-oi; '.I-J CdXSTITLTTIOX OP LOUISIANA. shall be chosen every year, and one half thereby be kept up perpetually. 12. No i)erson sJiall he a senator, who, at Hie time of his election, is not a citizen of the UuiteJ States, and who hath not attained to the av;e of tw einy-seveu years ; resided in this state four years next jireceding liis elec- tion, and one year in ihe district in which he may bech.o- sen ; and unless he liolds with ibe samealandcd nroper- tyof one thousand dollars, agre«;:!h'.y to the tax list. 13. Tlie first election for senators shall be i^eneral throughout the state, and at the same time thatthe gen- eral election for r.|ireseiitatives is held ; and thereafter there sliall be a biennial election of senators, to fill the places of those whose timr of service may have exjjircd. 14. Not less than a majority of the members ot each house of the g:eneral assembly shall form a qiiorum to do business; but a smaller number may ailjouiu from clay to day, and shall be authorized by law to compel the attenjance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as may be prescribed thereby. 15. Each house of the general assembly shall, fudj^e of the quaiificaticns, elections, and relurnsuf its members ; but a contested election shall be determined in such manner as shall be directed by law. 16. £ach house of the general assembly may deter- mine the rules of its proceedings • punish a member for disorderly bthaviour; and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expf 1 a member, but not a second time for the same offence. 17. Each house of thegeneralasserably shall ketp and l)»blisii, weekly, a journal of its proceedings, and the yeas and nays of the memljers on any qui-stion shall, at the desire of any two ot them, be enieivd on thvir jour- nal. IS. Neither house, during tht session of the general assembly, shall, without tli- consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which thsy maj besiitin!>-. 10. I'he membei's ot' the general assembly shall seve- rally receive from the public treasury a compensation for their services, which shall be four dollars ptv day, during their attenrUince at, going to,and returning'; from thesessious of their respective houses: Frovided, that the same may be increased or diminished by law ; but no ^ alteration shall take effect during the period of service of the members of the house of representatives by whom such aiteratioii shall have beeninade. 20. I'he members of the geiierai assembly shall, in all cases, excejjt treason, felony, breach or surety of the pe.ice, be privileged from arrest, during their attend- ance at the sessions of their respective houses, and in going to, or returning from the same -, and for any speech or debate, in either house, they shall not be ques- tioned in any other pi.ice. 21. Nosenator or representative shall, duringthetevjii lor which be was elected, uor for one year thereafter, l«i appointed orelectid to any civil office of jmitit un- der this state, which shall have been created, or the emo- luments of « hith shal. have been increased. tUliing the time such senator or ri pnsentative was in office, except to sucli offices or appolutraents as may be tilled by the elections ol the people. 22. No person, while he continues to exercise the functions of a ciergyinaii, priest, or teacher of any reli- gious jiersuasiun, societ) , or sect, sliall be eligible to the general assembly, or to any otKce of profit or trust un- der this state. 23. No person who at any time ir:a)' have been a col- lector of taxes for the state, or t!ie assistant or diputy of such collector, shall be eligible t*) the general assembly until he shall have obtaini u a quietus tiir the amount of such collection, and for all public moneys for which he may be responsible. 24. No bill shall have the; force of a law until on three several days it be read over in eacli h'mse of the geiierai assembly, and free discussion allowed tin. reon; unless, in case of urgency, four tilths of the house where tlie bill shall be depeniiiiig, may deem it expedient to dis- pense with this ruie. 25. AH bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of represenuitives ; but the senate may propose amendmenis, as in other bills : Provided, that they shall not introduce any new matter, under the colour of an amendment, which does not relate to raising a revenue. 26. 'I'he general assembly shall regulate by law, by whom, and in what manner, writs of election shall be issued, to hll the vaciincies which niay happen in either branch thereof. AUTICLi; 3. Concerning tite Executive Department, ^ X, The supreme executive poTs^er of tTiissate sliallf be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled flio governor of the state of Louisiana. 2. 'I'he governor shall be elected for the term of four years, ill the following maniit r : the citizens entitled to vote for representatives sliai! vote fbt a governor, at the time and place of voting for representatives and sena- tors. Their votes shall be returned by the jiersoi-.s pre- siding over the elections to the seal of government, ad- dressed to the president of the senate ; and on the second day of the g'eneral assembly the members of the two houses shall meet in the house of representatives, and, immediately after, the two candidates who shall have obtained the greatest number of vot< s shall be balloted for, and the one having a majority of votes shall be go- vernor: Prnvidcdj however, that if more than two can- didates have obtained the highest number of votes, it shall be the dutj of the general assembly to ballot for them in ihe manner ahove prescribed : and in case seve- ral candidates should obtain an equal number of votes next to the candidate who has obtained the highest num- ber, it shall be the duty of the general aisemhl) to select in the same manner the candidate w ho is to be balloted for, with him who has obtained the highest number of votes. 3. I'he governor shall be ineligible fbr the succeeding four jeais after the expiration of the time for which he shall have been elected. 4. He shall be at least thirty-five years of age, and a citizen of the United States, and have been an inhabi- tant of this state at least six years preceding his election, and shall hold in his own right a landed estate of five thousand dollars value, agreeably to tht tax list. 5. He shall commence the execution of his office on the fourtli Monday succeeding (he day ol his election, aiirieves and pardons, with the approbation of the seriate. In cases of treason, he shall have power to grant'repriSTes until the end of the next session of the general assembly; in u hieli the power of pardoning shall he vested. 12. He may require information in w riting Irom the officers in the executive department, upon any subject relating to duties of their respective offices. 13. He sli&ll,froin time to time, give to the general as- sembly inlormation respecting the situation of the state, and recommend to their consideration sucli measures as he iiiaj deem expedient. 14. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the general assenibly at the seat of government, or at n dif- ferent place, if tiiatshould have become dangerous from an enemy, or from contagions disorders ; and, in case of disagreenient betwee"n the two houses, with respect to the time of ad_)onrnraent, he may adjourn them to such time as he may think proper, not exceeding four months. 15. He shall take care tliat the lavi s be faithfully exe- cuted. 16. It shall be his duty to visit the ditferent counties at least once in every two years, to iniiinu himself of tho state of the niililia,'_and of tlie general condition of the eoiintry. 17. Incase of the impeachment of the goveiiior, his vemo valtVomoffice,dtath, refusal to qiialily, resignation, or absence from the state, the president of the senate -shall eteR-ise all tTie power niid auUiority apperdtirtiiri? CONSTITUTION OF LOUISIANA. 93 to Uio ofiicc of governor, until another bediily qualified, or tlie puveroor absent or impeached shall return or be ae((uitiir(l. IS. The president of the sen-ite, during the time he ndiniiiisti-rs the government, sliall receive the same com- pensation which iheg-overnor would have received, had he been employtd in the dutiis of his office. 19. A secrctarj- of state shall he appointed and com- missioned duriufj the term for which the ^ovc rnor shall have been elicted, if he shall so long behave himself well. He shall keep a fair res^ister, and attest all the official acts and proceedings of the go^ ernor, and sliall, ■when required, lay the same, and all pap&s, minutes, and vouchers, relative thereto, before either house of the geneial assembly, and shall perform such other duties as may be enjoined him by law. 20. Every bill which shall have passed both houses shall he presented to the governor ; if he approve, he shall sign it : if not, he shall return it with his objec- tions to the house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at Urge upon the journal, and proceed to reconsider it ; if, after such reconsideration, two thirds of ail the members elected to that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objec- tipns, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be re-considered, and if approved by two thirds of all the members elected to that house, it'thail be a law ; but in such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively; if any bill shall not be re- turned by the governor, within ten days (Sundays es- ceptetl) after it shall have been presented to him,itshall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless thegenei-al assembly by their adjournment prevent its return ; in which case it shall be a law, unless sent back within three days after their neM meeting. 21. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the con- currence of both bouses may be necessary, except on a question of adjournment, shall be presented to the go- vernor, and before it shall take effect, be approved by him; or, being disapproved, shall be repassed, by two thirds of both houses. 22. The flee while men of this state shall be armed and disciplined for its defence; but those who belong to religious societies, whose tenets forbid them to cany arms, shall not be compelled to do so, but shall pay au equivalent for personal service. 23. The militia of this state shall be organized in such manner as may hereafter be deemed most expedient by the legislature. ARTICLE 4. Concerning the Judiciary Department. § -1. The j udieiary power shall be rested in a supreme court and inferior courts. 2. The supreme court shall have appellate jurisdic- tion only; which jurisdiction shall extend to all civil cases, when the matter in dispute shall exceed the sura of (hvee hundred dollai's. 3. The supreme court shall consist of not less than three j udges, nor more than five ; the majority of w hom shall form a quorum; each of said judges shall receive a salar\K)f five thousand dollars annually. The supreme court shall hold iis sessions at the places herein after mentioned ; and for that purpose the state is hereby di- vided into two districts of appellate jurisdiction, in each of which the supreme court shall administer jus- tice, in the manner hereafter prescribed. The eastern district to consist of the counties of New Orleans, Ger- man Coast. Acadia, l.afbiirche, Iberville, and Point Coupee. The western district to consist of the counties of Attakapas.Oppelousas, Rapides', Concordia, Natchi- toches, and Ouacbitta. The supreme court shall hold its sessions in each year, for the eastern district, in De- cember, January, February, March, April, May, .Inne, and July ; and for the western district, at the Oppelon- sas, during the months of August, September, and Oc- tober, for five years: Provided, however, that every five years the legislature may change the place of holding said court in the western district. The said court shall appoint its own c!ei-ks. 4. The legislature is authorized to establish such in- ferior courts .as may be convenient to the administration of justice. 5. 'I'hejudfjes.hothofihesupreiv.eanduiferiorcourts, shall hold their offices iluring good behaviour: but for any reason.able cause, which shall not be sufficient g-round forim\)eachmeiit, the governor shall remove any of them on the address of three fourths of eacfi liouse of *ej,'enerHl assembly: Provided, however, that the eaiisc or causes for whicli such removal may be veouired, shall be stated at length in the address, aiid inserted on the journal of each house. 6. I'he judges, by virtue of their office, shall be con- servators of the peace throughout the state. The style o!" all proct-ss shall be, " the state of Louisiana." All prosecutions shall be carried on in the name, and by the authorit), of the stale of Louisiana, and conclude, against the peace and dignity of the same. 7. Tlieie shall be an attorney general for the state, and as many other prosecuting attorneys for the state as maybe hereafter found necessary. The said attor- neys sliall be appointed by the governor, with the ad- vice and approbation of the senate. Their duties shall be determined by law. 8. All commissions shall be in the name, and by the authority of the sta:e of Louisiana, and sealed with the state seal, and signed by the governor. 9. The state treasurer, and printer or printers of tlie state, shall be appointed annually by the joint vote of both houses of the general assembly : Pr<)vided, that, during the recess of the same, the governor shall have power to fill vacancies which may happen fti either of the said offices. 10. The clerks of the several courts shall be remova- blefor breach of good behaviour by the court of appeals only, .who shall be judge of the fact as well as of the law. 11. The existing laws in this territory, when this con- stitution goes into effect, shall -continue to be in force until altered or abolished by the legislature: Provided, however, that the legislature shall never adopt any sys- tem or code of laws, by a general reference to the said system or code; but,in all cases,sha!l specify the several provisions of the laws it may enact. li. The judges of all courts within this state shall, as often .as it may be possible so to do, in every definite judgment, refer to the particular law,invirttlecf whiclv such judgment is founded. ARTICIE 5. Concerning Impeachments. 5 1. The power of impeachment shall be vested in the house of representatives afone. 2. All impeaciiments shall be tried by the senate; when sitting tiirthat purpose, the senators shall be upon oath or affirmation : No person shaii he convicted with- out the concurreaice of two-thirds of the members pre- sent. 3. The governor, and allthecivilofficers, sliall be lia- ble to impeachment for any niisdeineanor in office ; but judgment in such cases shall not extend iiirlher than to removal fVom office, and disqualification to hold any office of honour, trust, or profit, under this state ; hut the parties, comicied shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, and punishuient, according to law. AllTiCLE (3. Gejif'ral I'rovisions. § 1. Members of the general assembly,and all officers, executive and ju- to the rules and regulations of the constitu- tion, and the laws of this state ; so help me God." _ '2. Treason against the state shall consist only in levy- ing war against it, or in adhering to its enemies, giving- them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or his confession in open court. 3. Every person shall be disqualified from serving as governor, senator, or representative, fiir the term for which he shall have been elected, whosliall beconvicted of having given or offt;redany bribe to procure his elec- tion. 4. Laws shall be made to exclude from office, and from sufTrage. those who shall thereafter be convicted of bribery, perjury, forgery, or other high crimes or misde- meanors. The privilege office suifi-.tge shall he supported by laws regulating elections,and prohibiting, under ade- quate penalties, all undue iiiHuence thereon, from pow- er, bribery, tuoiult, or other imjuoper practices. 5. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, hiitin pursuance of appropriations made by law. nor sliall any approimation of money, for the support of an army, he inadpfnra longer time than nw year: and a rpgulari CONSTITUTION OF LOUISIANA. Hi statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall he published annually. 6. It shall be the duty of the gencia! assenably to pass such laws as may be necessary and proper to decide < ferences by arbitrators, to be appointed by the par who may <^t}°9^^ ^^f '''^':'"Z\ZtVfi^^etX^^^^^^ Tni^inbers elected Vo each house of the general assemblv ■!^ M "",1. ^. H »1 riistr^ct^- countv officer^ wTt^^ shall, « ithin the first twenty days of their stated annual wthin the state, and a'j^d^^'fl'^to. county <^ft,cer^^^ ^^^.^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ ,^^ specifying the alte.-a- dif- ties AHTICZE 7. Mode of Revising the Constitution, $ 1. When experience shall point out the necessity of amending this constitution, and a majority of all the members elected to each house of the general assembly shall, within the first twenty days of their stated annual and ^r*^ '°7^":'^V Xrs of both houses"^ except those ent led to voteToJ representatives, who havt. voted for two thuds °f;'?e members ""^^^^l^^^^'^l;^^^ calling a convention ; and if thereupon it shall appear the removal of whom has been otherwise proMdea lo. ^,^^4 jje^^^-^.;, ^,43^1,^ citizens of this state entitled to *'''«*'"aV'^°"^"*"^'??; l>„.:np« nf this state or the United vote forrepres'entatives "have voted for a convention, the ,« I.. 1 „ii K^ti,» -i,.T^ cf thp p-PTi».i shall be eligible as a member of the general assembly ot this state, or hold or exercise any office of trust or profit, under the same. SCHEDULE. 5 1. Thatnoinconveniences may arise from the change of a territorial to a permanent state governmejit, it is declared by the convention, that all rights, suits, ac- ten nroeeedings of the same, shall be proniuigateu, pre- -'» ■« ..u^..-..^- •-" ....^-.. k—- s*e?vld! and' conducted, in 'the language in which the ^'""« "♦.•^'^'^^^^^.^es^andfo constitution of the United States, is written. 2. All hnes, pen.ilties, and to ''■ '^^l^"^:^:^^]^^^^^^^^ r\'t;trAl?b°o*nd°e=ed\o the governor, or anv f^r^piblicXe ; ma"h1 .'"t^/^ or'SaJged on a?- other officer in h.s official -P-j{yi»th-^terntory, shall jur |)uui.>- VI ',•',. ° nass over to the governor or to the oincers Gt tnestate, „ _, J, , forfeitures, due and owing to the ten-itory of Orleans, shall Inure to the use of count of such securityship. pass over '^f ^o now-erof susneAdine the laws of this state and their successors in office, for Uie use of the state, by sJ{;-hfe^Kd,''f..S?l^llSsll^;reoritsautho ^^^y^Z:^^^:^^^:^'^. "^'^^ " '""^ *'*5* _ „ . . , ,;._. ., „„,i ,i.„n 3. The govenior, secretary, and judges, and all other ..^^\l''?V,ZT^t.lT^TZlMtoTlL^f- oilicelsundertheterntorial government, shall continue ^^rtmL^l?.^^ ?L na ur^-rj'cause of t L acc^s^^^^^^^^^^^ in the exercise of the duties of their respective depart- fg=^n" Wm "Lnne^ ng tWitn'sef ^^^^^ to face'V of ments, until the said officers are supei-seded under the Pn^r^'^^h^^"^^::^^^ ^•t^lflall'i^rre'^ th. territory, notincon- fonSn 'a speedy P^ hi c u aTby a^ .^^^^^^^^^ sistent with this constitution, shall continue ^.d remain f;:;'rr,'^f Lr7h.^l. hebecoaJelled to'^ive evideLe ^f^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ of his the vicinage: nor shall he be compelled to give against himself. ties dent iT Au'prisoners shall he bailable by sufficient securi- pvi>ate seal, until a state seal bej.rocm«l t unless for capital offences, where the proof is evi- 6. The oaths of office herein directed tobe afcen, ;^orpresump^ongreat;andthepnvilegeonbe^vnt -/jdministered hj^iiy jusnc^^^ the peac., unt. may I the of Aa6ec?f»r/.».9 shall not be suspended, unless when in legislature shall otherwise direct. cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may re- 7. At the expiration of the "'"'^.''ff ' ^V. f-lv aiW o^-- Ill-pit stitutionistogomtooperation, or immediately alter ot- ^20: No ex post facto law, nor any law impairing the iicial information shall have been received that cong^ss r^wlc^a-inn of contracts shall be nassed. l.ave approved of the same, the president ot the conveii- 2,"Xithirpre s^^^^^ person who tion shliil issue writs of election to the proper officers ... un]crrak3Jxamine the proceedings oKhe legisla- ^l.e d.tterent counties, enjoimngthe-n to cause a^^^^^^^^ K..„„„i. „p oo..pr,.mpnf • and nn law dial tion to beheld tor governor and members ot the gent. ai have the right of appointing the several public officers tion to cause the saia elettioti to ^^' ^^i''?^ '"^"^5^1^*' ecessary for the administration and the police of the the secretary of the convention shall discharge the du- saW city , pursuant to the niode of election which shall ties hereby imposed on the president ; and in that caseof be prescribed bv the legislature : Provide.l, that the the absence of the secretary, a com.mttee of Messrs. mayor and recorder shall be ineligible to a seat in Uie Blanque, Rrown, and Urquhart, or * ''"• °"'y,"J«''™' "eneial assembly shall discharge the duties herein imposed on the secre- " 24. The seat of government shall continue at New tary of the convention ; and the ULenibas of the P-:-|«;ra' Orleans until removed bv law. assembly thus elecud, snail assemble on th*^ «'"'''' 2S. All laws contrary to this constitution shall be nu'l Slonday thereafter, at the seat of goyeiiime .t. |he go- andvoid. ' vernor 2nd members of the geneial asswfibly. tor this CONSirrUTiON UF MlSSISSii 'l^I. 95' time only, shall enter upi)n the duties of their respec- tive offices immediately after their election, and shall continue in office in the same manner, and during the same period .they would have done had they been elect- ed on the rirs! Monday of .July, 1812. 8. Until thcfirslenumeration shall be made, as direct- ed in the sixth section of the second article of this con- stitution, the county of New Orleans shall be entitled to six representatives, to be elected as follows : one by the first senatorial district within the said county, four by the second district, and one by the third district ; the county of German Coast to two representatives ; the county of Acadia to two representatives; the county of Ibberville to two representatives ; the county of La- fourche to two ix'presentatives, to be elected as follows: one bv the parish of Assumption, and the other by the parish of the Interior; the county of Kapides to two re- presentatives ; the county of Natchitoches to one repre- sentative ; the county of Concordia to one representa- tive; the county of Ouachitta to one representative; the county of Oppelousas to two representatives; the coun- ty of Attakapas to three representatives, to beelec'ed as follows : two by the parish of St. Martin, and the third by the parish of St. Mary ; and the resi>ective se- natorial districts, created by this constitution, to one se- nator each. Done in convention, at New Orleans, the 22d day of the month of January, in the year of our Lord 18 12, and of the independence of the United States of America the 36th. J. POYDRAS, President ef the Convention. .I.D. Degoutin Belksschase, G. Roussin, ^ J. Bianqiie, Amant Hebert, F. J. Le Bi-eton D'Orggnoj-, Wm. Wikofi', jr. Mgre. Guiciianl, Wm. Goforth, S. Henderson, Bela Hubbard, jr. P. Denis De La Ronde, St. Martin, F. Livandais, H. S. Thibodaux, Bernard Marigny, S. Hiriart, Thomsrs Urnuhait, Robert Hall, J. ViUere, T. F. Oliver, John Waikiin, Levi Wells, Samuel Winter, P. Bossier Prud'liomme, James Brown, James Dunlap, .T. N. Destrehan, D. B. Morgan, Andre La Branche, Henry Bry, Michel Cantrelle, Allen B. Magruder, D. J. Sutton, W. C. MaqUille, John Thompson, Charles Oliver, Louis Dp Bfaiie, Alexandei Porter, jr. Henry Johnson, M. L. Reynaud, Attest, Elijius Fromentin, Secretary to the Convention,. AN ORDINANCE relating to the public lands of the United States, and the lands of the non-resident fjvnprie- tors,citizensiiJ said statexuit/un the territory of Orleans' BE it ordained, by the representatives of the people of the territoi7 of Orleans, in convention assembled, agreeably to an act of congress, entitled, " An act to enable the people of the territory of Orleans to fomi a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union, on an equal footing with the original states, and for other purposes," that the people inhabiting the said territory do agree and declare, that they do for ever disclaim all right or title to the waste or unappropriated lands lying within the said territory ; and that the same shall be and re- main at the sole entire disposition of the United States. And be it further ordained, by the atithority aforesaid, that each and every tract of land sold by congress shall be and remain exempt from any tax, laid by the order, or under the autliority of the state of Louisiana, whether for state, connty, township, parish, or any other purpose whate%er, for the term of five years, from and after the respective days of the sales thereof; and that the lands belonging to the citizens of the United States, residing without the said state, shall never be taxed higher than the lands belonging to persons residing therein ; and tiiat no taxes shall be imposed on lands the inoperty of the United States. And be it further ordained, by the authority aforesaid, that this ordinance shall never be revoked, without the consent of the United States, in congress assembled, be- ing first obtained for that purpose. By the unanimous order of the convention : J. POYDRAS, President of tlie Convention^ Eiijius Fromentin, Sea-etary to the Convention. Done in convention, at New Orleans, this 28th day of Januarj', in the year of our Lord 1812, and of the independence of the United States the 36th. CONSTITUTION OF MISSISSIPPI. WE, the representatives of the people inhabiting the western partof the TMississippi territory, contained with- in the following limits, to wit: Beginning on the river Mississippi, at the point where the southern boundary line of the state of Tennessee strikes the same; thence, east, along tlie said boundai^ line, to the Tennessee ri- ver; thence, up the same, to the mouth o! Bear creek ; thence, by a direct line, to the noith-wtst corner of the county of Washington ; thence, due south, to the Gulf of Mexico ; thence, westwaitlly, including all islands within six leagues of the shore, to the most eastern junction of Pearl river with lake Borgiie ; tiicnee, up said river, to. the thirty-first degree of north latitude ; thenccj west, along the said degree of latitude, to the Mississippi river ; thence, up the sanie, to the beginning —assembled in convention, at the town nf Washington, on Monday, the seventh day of July, one thousand eight hundred and seventeen, in pursuance of an act of con- gress, entitled, "An act to enable thepeojile of the west- em part of the Mississippi territorv to form a constitu- tion and state government, and for the admission of such state into tiic Union, on an equal footing with the original states ;" in order to secure to the citizens there- of the tights of life, liberty, and property, do oitluin and establisli the following constitution, and form of go- vernment ; and do mutually agree with each other to form ourselves into a free and independent state, bv the naitie of The state of Mis5issit>p!. ARTICLE 1 . Declaration of Rights. That the general, great, and essential principles of liberty and free government jnay be recognized and es- tablished, we declare : § 1. That all freemen, when they form a social com- pact, are eq(ual in rights ; and that no man, or set of men, are entitletl to exclusive, separate, public emolu- ments or privileges, from the community, but in con- sideration of public services. 2. That all political power is inherent in the people, and all free ;^uvernments are founded on their authori- ty, and instituted for their benefit : and therefore, they have at all times an unalienable and indefeasible right to alter or abolish their form of government, in such manner as they may think expedient. 3. 'Ihe exercise and enjoyraent of religious profession and worship, without discrimination, shall for ever be free to all persons in this state : Provided, that the right hereby declared and established shall not be so construed :i3 to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace and safety of this'state. 4. No preference shall ever be git en by law to any re- ligious sect or mode of w orship. 5. That no person shall be molested for his opinion' on any subject whgtj^cr, nor suffer any civil or political so CONSTITUriON OF MISSISSIPPI. iacapacitr, or act^'iive any civil or politics' advantage, before any trilunial in this state, by bim or hevselfj o=J in consec(i!eni:e ot such opinions, except in cases pro- counsel, or boili. videdfiir in this constitution. 6. Every citizen may freely speak, write, and publish COXCtrsiOJf. liis sen:iment3 on aii subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that ii!)eit}'. To guard a;^ainst transgressions of the higlj powers 7. No law shall ever be passed to curtail or restrain herein delegated, we declare, tliat every thing in this the liberty of speech or of the )>ress. article is excepted out of the genei-al pow ers of goveni- 8. In all prosecutions or indictments for libels, the mem, and^hall for ever remain inviolate ; and that all truth may be givin in evidence; and the Jury shall la»'s toiMrary thereto, or to the following prc-.iSious, have the right to dntermine the law and the facts', under shall be void. the direction of the ccurt. • ARTim-' '^' 9. That the peopU shall be secure in their persons, akih.i. ^ ~, hovist!,, yr> ■'••, a:iii possessions, from nr.ieasonable sci- , JOistribniion of Poivers. zures or searches; and that no wanant to search any _ ,. , „ place, or to seize any person or things, shall issue w ith- § '• The powers of the government ot the state ot out describing them as nearly as maybe, nor without Mississippi shall be divided into three distinct depart- piobable cause, supported bv oath or affii mation. ments, and each of them confided to a separate body ot 10. That, in all ciiminarprostcutions. the accused magistracy, to wit : those which are legislauve, to one : hatharighttobeheaid by hiinseif and counsel : to de- those which are executive, to another; and those which mand the nature and caiise ol the accusation : to be ^^^ .pidicial, to another. confronted by the » itnesses against him : to have com- 2. No person, or colieclion of persons, being of one ot pulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour ; ''^'"'^ departments, shall exercise any pow er properly and, in al! prosecutions bv indictment or information, a >)e!onging to either of the others, except in the instances speedy public trial, by an impartial.jury of the county ; hereinafter expressly dut cted or peiinitted. that he cannot be compelled to give evidence agaiiist , _f a himself, nor can he be deprived of his life, libertv, or AIlTICLE o. property, but by due coui-se of law. ' Lrfrzi'nti7!P Ttpbartmetit 11. No person shall be accus.d, arrested, or detained, J^ngis.au.e uepcirimem. except in cases ascertained by law, and according to the § 1. Every fi'ee white male pei-soiijof the age of twen- forms which the same has presciibed ; and no person ty-one years or upwards, who shall be a citizen of the shall be punished but in \-irtiie of a law establisheil and United States, and shall hare resided' in this state one promulgated prior to the offence, and legally applied. year next preceding an election, and the last six months 12. That no pei-son shall, for any indictable offence, within the county, city, m- town in which he offers to be proceeded against criminally b) information, except vote, and shall be enrolled in the militia thereof, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces.cr the militia, exempted by law frcm military service ; or, having the ■when in actual service,or by leave of the court, for ims- aforesaid qualifications of citizenship and residence, Uemeanor in office. shall have paid a state or county tax, shall be deemed a 13. No pei-son shall, for the same offence, be twice put qualified elector. No elector shall be entitled to vote, in jeopardy'of life or limb, nor shall any person's proper- except in the county, city, or town, (entitled to sepai'ate ty be taken or applied to public use, without the con- representation) in which he may reside at the time of sent of his representatives, and without just compens.a- the election, tion being made therefor. ' 2. Electors shall, in all cases except in those of trea- 14. I'hat all courts shall be open, and every person for son, ft lony, or breach of tlie peace, he privileged from any injury done him in his lands, goods, piisoii, orre- arrest during their attendance al elections, and ingoing putat'.on, shall have remedy by due course of law ; and to, and retui-ning from the same. right and justice administered without sale, denial, or 3. The fire* election shall be by ballot, and all future tlelay. elections shall be regulated by law. 15. That no power of suspending laws shall be exer- 4. The lepislafive power .of this state sh.lll be vested eised, except by the legislature or its authority. in two distinct bmnclns: theone to be styled the senate, 16. That excessive bail shall not be required, nor ex- the othei the house of ivpresentatives, and both toge- cessive fines imposed, nor cruel punishments inflicted. ther, " the general assembly of the state of Mississippi." 17. That al! prisoners shall, before conviction.be bail- And the style of their laws shall he, ^^ Be it enacted by able by safRcient securities, except for capital offences, flie sfiiaU and house of i-ftiresentati-ces 'S the state of Mis' when the proof is evident, or the presumption great; sissipfji. in general assembly convened." and the privilege of the w lit of habeas coipns shall not 5. The members of the house of representatives shall be suspended, unless v. hen in case of rebellion or inva- be chosen V.y the qualified clectoi-s, and shall serve for sion the public safi'ty may require it. the term of one year, from the day of the commence-' 13. That the person of a debtor, where there is not ment of tlie general election, and no longer, strong presumption of fraud, shall not be detained in 6. The representatives shall be chosen every year, on prison .ifter delivering up his tstate for the benfit of his the first Monday and the day following in Atigust. creditors, in such manner as sliall be prescribed by law. ] 7. No person shall be a representaiive unless he be a 19. That no ex post facto law, lior law impairing the citizen of the United States and shall have been an inha- obligation of a contract, shall be made. bitantof this stale two yeai-s next preceding his election, 20. That no person shall ht; attainted of treason or fe- and the last year thereof a resident of the county, city, lony by the legislature. or town, for w hich lie shall be chosen, and shall haveat- 21. That the estates of suicides shall descend or vest tained to tlieageof twenty-two years; andalso,uiilesshe as in cases of natural death; and if any person shall be siiall hold, in his own right, within this state, one hun- IviUed by casualty, there shall be no forfeiture by rt^son dred and fifty acres of '.:ind, or an interest in real estate thereof.' of the value of five hundred dollai'St at the time of his 22. That the citizens have a right, in a peaceable man- election, and for six mouihs previr.us thereto. ■ ner, to assemble together, for tlieir common good, and S. Elections fo'- representatives for the srveral coun- to apply to those invested with the powers of govern- "ties shall be held at tlie places of holding their res])ec- mentfor redress of grievances or other proper jiurposes, tive courts, or in the several election districts into « huh by petition, address, or remonstrance. the legislature may divide any county: Provided, that 23. Every citizen has a right to bear anns, in defence when it shall appesr to the 1. gislature tli;U any city of himself and the state. , or town hath a number of free white inlsahitaiits equal 24. No siandinp army shall be kept up, without the to the ratio then fixed, such city or lowir shall liave a consent of the legislature; and the military shall, in all separate representation, accordin-r to the number of cases and at all times be in strict subordination to the ei- fr>re w i-ite inhabitants therein, which sh.",1 1 be retained vil power. so long as such city or town shall contain a iiimiber of 25. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quar- free « bite injiabitants, equal to t!ie existing ratio ; and tered in any house without the const nt of the owner, thereafter and during the existence of the rifjht of sepa- nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by rate representation in such city or town, elections forthe law. county in which such city or town entitled to a separate 26. lliat no hereditary emohiments, privileges, or lio- repicentation i$ situated, shai! not be held in such city. aoiirs, shall ever be granted or eonfeiTcd in tliis state. or town: And pioVided.that, if the residuum or fi'action 27. No citizen of this state shall be exiled, or prevent- cf any citj or town entitled t<) separate lepresentalion ed from emigrating, on any pretence whatever. shall, when added to the residuum in the county iu 23. The right of trial by jiav sliall remain inviolate. which it may lie, be equal to the ratio fixed by law for 29. No person shall he debarred from prosecuting or ""e icj)resen!ative, then the aferesaid county, city, or flefendins any civil cause, for or a^inst him'or herself, towii_. having Uie larjest residiuimj shall be entitled te UOXSTirUTIOK OF MISSISSIPPI. 91- Sucli representation: And provided, also, that when or disordprly beiiaviour in its'presonce, or for obstruct- there are two or nioie counties adjoining-, which have iiij^anyof Us proceedings: Provided, such iniprison- residuuras over and above the ratio then fixed bylaw, meut shall not, at any one time, exceed forty-eight if said residiiums, « hen added together, will amount lo hours, such ratio,in that ease one representative shall be added 21. The doors of each house shall be open, except on to tliai county having the largest residuum. such occasions as, in the opinion of the house, niny re' 9. The general assembly shall, at their first meeting, quire secrecy. and in the rear one t!)Ousand eight htindred and twenty, 22. Neither house shall, without the consent of the aud in not less than every, three nor more tiian every other,adjourn for more thanthreedays,nortoanyother five years thereafter, caust an ennmeratior. to be made place ihan that in which they may be sitting. of all.thefi-ee white inhabitants of the state ; and the 23. Bills may originate in either house,aiid be amend- who!e number of representatives shall, at the several ed, altered, or rejected, by the other ; but no bit! shall periods of making such enumeration, be fixed by the have the force of a law until, on three several days, it general assembly-, and apportioned among the several he read in each house, and free discussion be allowed counties, cities, or towns, entitled to separate repre- thereon, unless, in cases of urgency, four fifths of tin; sentation, according to the number of free white inha- house in which the bill shall be depending may deem it bitants in each ; and stiall not be less than tnenty-four, expedient to dispense with this rule ; and every bill, nor greater than thirty-six, until the number of free having passrd both houses, shall be signed by the speak- -white inhabitants shall lie eighty thousand ; and after er and president of their respective houses, that event, at such ratio that the whole number of re- 24. All bills for raising revenue shall oi-iginate in the presentatives shall never be less than thirty-six, nor house of representatives, but the senate may amend Or more than one hundred : Provided, however, that each reject them as other biils. county shall always be entitled to at least one repre- 25. Each member of the general assembly shall re- sentative, ceive from the public treasury a compensation for his 10. The wholenumberof senators shall, at the several services, which may bs increased or diminished by law; periods of making the enumeration before-mentioned, but no increaseof compensation shall take effect during befixedbythe generala!sembly,Hndapportionedamoiig 'he session at which such increase shall have been the several districts to be established by law, according niade. SB to the number of free white taxable inhabitants in each, 26. .MBsenator or representative shall, during the and shall never be less than one foiiith, nor more th'an term roPSH'hich he shall have been elected, nor for one one third of the whole ntimbei- of representatives. year thereafter, be appointed to any civil office of profit 11. The senators shall be chosen by the qualified under this state, which shall have been created, or the -electors, for three yejirs; and, on their being convened cmolumenis of which shall hare been increased during in consequence ofthe first election, they shall be divided such term; except such offices as may be filled by elec- by lot from their respective districts, into three classes, tions by the people ; and no member of either house of as nearly equal as can be. The seats of the senators of the general assembly shall, after the commencement of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the the first session of the legislature alter his election, and first year : and of the second class, at the expiration of during the remainder of the term for which he is eleet- the second year; and ofthe third class, at theexpii-ation ed be eligible to any office or place, the appointment to ofthe third year : so that one third thereof may be an- which may be made in whole or in part by either branch Dually chosen thereafter. of the general assembly. 12. Such mode of classifying new additional senators 27. No judge of any court of law or equity, secretary shall be observed, as will, as nearly as possible, preserve of state, attorney general, clerk of any court of record, an equality of numbers in each class. sheriff, or collecto;-, or any person holding a lucrative 13. When a senatorial district shall be composed of ofl^ce under the United States, (the office of post master two or more counties, it shall not be entirely separated excepted,) or this state shall be eligible to the general by any county belonging to another district: and no assembly: Provided, that offices in tlie militia, to which county shall be divided in forming a district. there is attached no annual salary, or the office of justice 14. No pr'.-son stia'.l be a senator unless he be a citizen of the peace, or ofthe quorum, shall be not be deemed ofthe United States ; and shall hare been an inhabitant .uciative. of this state four years next preceding his election, and 28. No person, who hath heretofore been, or horeaf™ the last yeai- Jlsereofa resident of the district for which ter may be, a collector or holder of public moneys, shall he shall be chosen, and shall have attained to the .age of have a seat in either house of the general assembly, until twenty-six years; and also, unless he shall hold, in his such person shall have accounted for, and paid into thtJ own right, within thisstae, three hundred acres ofland, tieasiiry, all s-.tms fiir which he may be accountable, or au interest in real estate of the value of one thousand 29. The first electicm for senators'and representatives dollars, at the time of his election, and for six months shall be general throughout the slate, and shall be held previous thereto. on the first Monday and Tuesday in September next ; 15. The house of representatives, when assembled, and thereafter, thei-e shall be an annual election for shall choose a sneaker and its other ofiieers; and these- senators, to fill the places of those whose term of service nnte shall choose its officers, -xcept the president ; asid may have expired. each house shall judge of the qualifications and eke- 30. The first session of the general assembly shall tions of its own members ; but a contested election shall commence on the first Monday in October next, and be be determined in such manner as shall be directed by held at the city of Natchez, and tiure.after atsuchplace law. A majority of each house shall constitute a quo- as may he diiected by law; and thereafter (he general rum to do business ; but a smaller niiinber may adjourn assembly shall meet on the first Monday in November from day to day, and mny compel the attendance of ab- in every year, and at no other period, unless directed sent members, in such manner and under st;eh penal- by law, or provided for by this co:istituliun. ties as each house may provide. ^ ^ 18. Each house ii.ay^ determine the ruJes of its own AKTICL.. v. proceedings, pi.nish members for disorderly behaviour, ExeCUiive Department. and, with the consent or two thirus, expel a member, ' but not a second time for the same cause, and shall § 1. The supreme executive power of this state shJU.i iave all other powers necessary for a branch of the le- he vestid in a governor, who shall be elected by the gislature of a iree and indep'-ndeiit state. qualified electors, and slr'.ll hold his ofiiee lijr two years 17. Eaehhonseshall keepa journal of its iiroceedings, from the time of his installation, and until his successor andpublish the sarae.esceptingsueh partsasinitsjiidg- be duly qualified. tnent may require secrecy; and the ye.is and nays ice and con- he acts as president of the senate, receive for his services sent of the senate, but may respite the sentence until the same compensation which shall, for thesarae period, the end of the next session of the general assembly. be allowed to the speaker of the house of representatives, 11. All commissions shall be in the name and by the and no more ; and during th<- time he administers the authority of the state of Mississippi, be sealed w ith tlie government, as governor, ^hall receive the same com- stateseal, and signed by the governor, and attested by pensation which the governor would have received had the secretary of slate. he been employed iu the duties of his ofiice, and no 12. rhert shall he a seal of this state, which shall be more. kept by the governor, and used. by him officially, and 22. The president pro tempore of the senate, shall shall tie cal.'eil tl»' g'vat siai of t'u state of .Mississippi, during the lime he administers the government, receivej 13. vVh •.» .tT.icaacj Sua'! happen in any office during in like manner, th." same compensation which the go- the recess of rh>- ge leia' asie:n5ir, the gcn'eriior shall vernor would have received, h»d he been employed in have po.ver co fill the sami-, by granting a commission, the duties of his ofiice, and no more, whiehshallexpn-eatthe^ndof the next session of the 23. If the lieutenant governor shall be required toad- gene, ai assei;ibiy, except in eases otherwise directed by minister the government, and shall, whilst in such ad- xhis coiisntiitioii. ministration, die, resign, or be absent from the state, 14. A secretaiy of state shall be appointed, who shall during the recess of the general as.serably, it shall be the continue m uflice duiing the term ol two years. He duty of the secretary of stal. , for the time being, to con- shall keep a fan- register ot ail the official acts and pro- vene the senate for (he pmpose of choosing a president ceedings of the governor; and shail,nlien required, lay pro temliore. ihe same, and all papers, nnimUs, and vouchers, rela- 24. .A sheriff", and one or more coroners, shall be elect- tivfc thereto, b' fore the general assembi) , and shall per- ed in each coiintv by the qualified electors (hereof, who form such other duties as may be required of him by shall hold their offices for two years, unless sooner re- law-, moved. 15. Every bill which shall have passed both houses of 25, A state treasurer, and an auditor of public ac- tbe geneiv.! assembly, shall be presented to the govern- counts, shall be annually appointed. or; if he appro-.-e, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall TlJTt' return it. with his objections, to the house in which it JrllU^Ul. shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at {ll. The genera! assembly shall provide by law for or- large upon the journals, and proceed to reconsider ganizing and disciplining the militia of this state, in it; if after such reconsideiatioii, two thirds o! (bat such manner as they shall deem expedient, not incom- house shall agree to pass the bill, it sh'all be sent, with patible with the constitution and laws of the United the objections to the other house, by which it shall States, in relation thereto. likewise be reionsidered ; if approved by two thirds of 2. Officers of the mi;itia shall be elected or appointed that house, it shall become a law ; but in such cases the '" '"'^'^ manner as the legislature shall from time to votes ot both houses shall be determined by yeas and "■"'' direct, and shall be commissioned by the governor. nays, and the names of the inemb. rs voting for aed ^- Those persons who conscientioulsy scruple to bear law, in like manner as if he had signed it ; unless the S"r'^'^'='-^°n'' a""-! ''^P'^l ' general assembU, by their adjounim. nt, prevent its re- ARTICLE 5. turn, in which ease it shall not be a law. 16. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the .Tiulicial Deparimeili. concurrence of both houses niay be necessary, e^cept ,^ j. The judicial power of this state shall be vested in on questions of adiourn.nent. shall be presented to the onesupreraecourt,andsuch superior and inferiorcourts governor, and before it shall take ttfect. be approved of law and equity, as the legislature may, from time to by him; or, being disapproved, shall be repassed by time, direct and estabUsh. both houses, according to the rules and limitations 3. There shall be ajipointed in this state not less than prescribed in case of a bill. four nor more than eight j udges of the supreme and su- 17. I lie apiiointmeni of all officers, not othern ise di- perior courts, who shall receive for their services a com- rected by this consiltutim, shall be by the joint vote of pensation, which shall be fixed by law, and shall not be both houses of the general assembly; the votes shall be diminished during their continuance in office : Provi- Siven -viva voce, and recorded in the public journal of ded, that the judge w hose decision is under considera- e&ch house: Provided, that the general assembly be lion in the supreme court, shall notconstitule one of the' authorized t.'> provide by law for the flppointmf nt of aji osuci »o detenauiry the question on such desisiojii b'U It CONSTITUTION OP MISSISSIPPI. 99 ■shallbethediityofsueh judge to rejiort to the supreme executive and judieial, before tliey enter on tlie esecu- court the reasons upon which his opinion was founded, tion of their respective ofBci s, shall take the following 3. The state shall V-diviJed into convenient d'~tricts, oath or ufflnnation.to wit : "' I solenmly s\vear(oraffirra, and each distiict shall contain not hss than three nor as the caso may be) ihat I will support the eonslitutiou more than six counties. For each district there shall be of the United States, and the coiistiuuiun of the state' appointed a jud^e, who shall, after his appointment, otMississipni, so loiigjas I continuea citizen thereof,and reside in the district for which lu- is appoirtted. that I will fiuthfull> discharge, to the best of my abili- 4. The superior court shall have ori^nal jurisdiction ties, the duties of the office of , according'to la%y. in all matters, civil and criminal, within this state ; but. So help me God." in civil cases, only where the matter or sum in contro- 2. The general assembly shall have power to pass versy exceeds fifty dollars. such penal laws to suppress the evil practice of duel- 5. A superior court shall be held in each county in liiig, extending to disqualification from office or tlie tC'r tlie state at least tw ice in evei-y year, Ihe judges of the nure tlieivof, as they may deem expedient. several superior courts may hold courts for each other 3. Treason against the state sliail consist only in le- ivhen the}- may deem it expedient, or as thjy may be vying war against it, or in adhering to its enemies, directed by law. giving iheni aid and comfort. No person shall be con- 6. TlK-legislaturcshallhavepowertoestablishacouvt victtd of treason unless on the testimony of two wit- or courts of chancery, with ixclusivt original equity nesses to the same overt act, or his ov.ji confession in jurisdiction ; and^unti: the establishment of such court open court. or courts, the said jurisdiction shall be vested in the su- 4. Evei->- person shall be disoualitied from holding an perior courts respectively. offic ,or place of honour or profit, under the authority 7. The legislature shall have power to establish in of this state, whoshall be coiivictid of having given or each county within this state a court of probate, for the offered any bribe to procure bis election. granting of letters testamentary, a^id of adniinisti-ation, 5. Laws shall be made to exclude from office, and fororphans'business, for county poiiee,and for the trial from suffrage, those who shall thereafter be convicted of slaves. of bribery, forgery, peijurj-, or other high crimes .ir mis- 8. A competent number of justices of the peace shall demeanors. The privilege of free suffiage shall be sup- be appointt d in and for each county, in such mod.-, ported bylaws regulating elections, arid prohibiting, and for such term of office, as th;, legislature shall di- under ailequate pe-naltii s, all ui^due influence thereon, feet. Theirjurisdiction, in civil cases, shall be limited f:-ompo\ver,bvibery,tur.iiiit,orotberimproperconduct. to causts in which the amount in contniversy shall not 6. No person who denies the being ol'God or a future exceed fifty dollars. And in all cases tried by a justice state of rt wards iind punishments, shall hold any ofiice of the peace, right of appeal shall be secured, under in the civil department of this state. such rules and regulations as shall be prescribi-dby law. 7. ISIiuisters of the gospel, being by their professiou 9. The judges of the several courts of this state shall dedicated to God and the care of souts, ought not to be hold their offices during good bt haviour. And for «il- diverted from th;- great duties eftheii- functions ; there- ful neglect of duty, or other reasonable cause, which fore, no mini-ter of the gosp. .orpiiistof any denonii- shall not be sufficient ground for an impeacliment, the nation whatever.shail be efiinbie tiv ilie nfficrof govent- governor shall remove any of tbem on the addr-..'ss of or. lieutenant governor, or to a seat in either branch ul" two thirds of each house of the general assembly Pin- the general assembly. vided, however, that the cause or causes for which such 8. No money shall be draw-n from the treasury, butisj vemoval shall be required, shall be stated at length in consequence of an appropriation made by law, nor such address, and on the journals of each honse; and shall any apjnopriation of iDoney. for tlie support of an provided further, that the jiidge so intended to be re- army, be m.ade for a longer term than Oiie year; and a moved, shall be notified, and adr.iitted to a bearing in regular statement and account of the receipts and ex- his own defence, before any vote for such address shall penditures of al! public money shall be publislied annu- pass. ally. 10. No person who shall have arrived at the age of 9. No bank shall be incorporated by the legislature sixty-five years shall be appointed to, or continue in, without the reservation of a right to siibscribe for, in the office of judge in this state. behalf of the state, at least one fiieirlh part of the capital il. Each court shall appoint its own clerk, who shall stock thereof, and the appointment of a proportion of hold his offite during good behaviour, but shall be rt- the directors, equal to the stock se.bscrihed for. movable therefrom for neglect of duty, or misdemeanor ^ If. I'he general assembly shall pass no law impairing in office, by the supreme court, which court shall deter- Oie obligation of contracts, prior to the year one thou- • mine both the law and the fact : Providetl, that the sand eight hundred and iwentj-one, on account of the clerk so appointed shall have been a resident of the rate of niterest, fairly agreed on in writing between tlie county in wliieh he is clerk, at least six mouths previous contracting parties, far a bona Jide loan of money ; but to his appointment. they shall have power to regulate the rate of interest 12. '1 he judges of the supreme and superior court where np special cor.tmct exists in -.elation thereto, shall, by virtue of their offices, be conservators of the 11. The g-ener.ii assembly shall direct by \&\\ m w hat peace throughout the state. mnnner.andinwhatcourts, suits maybe broughtagainst 13. The style ofall process shall be, "the state of Mis- the state. sissippi," and all prosecutions shall be carried on in the 12. All officers of the state, the term of whose appuint- name and by the authoi-ity of " the state of Mississippi," meiit is not otherwise directed by this constitution, shall and shall conclude, " against the peace and dignity of hold their offices during good behaviour, the same." 13. Absence on business of this state, or of the UniteJ 14. There shall be an attorney general for the state. Slate';; or on a visit, or necessary private business, shall and as many district attorneys as the general assembly not cause a forfeiture of a residence once obtained, may deem necessary, who shall hold their offices for the 1-1 It shall be the duty of the general .assembly to re- term of four years, and shall receive for their services a gulate by law the cases in which deductions shall be compensation, which shall not be diminished during made from the salaries of public officers for neglect of their continuance in office, duty in their official capacity, and tlie amount of such T.J deduction. Imppacnments. 15. jjo member of congress, nor any person holding } 1. The house of representatives shall have the sole any office of profit, or trust, under the United States, or power of impeaching.- either of them, the office of post master excepted, or un- 2. All impeachments shall be tried by the senate: der any foreign power, shall hold or exercise any office ■when sitting for that purpose, the senators shall be on of trust, or p;-ofit, under this state, oath or affirmation. No person shall be convicted with- 16. Religion, morality, and knowledge, being neces- outtheconcurrenceof two thirds of the members pre- sary to good government, the preservation of iibertv. sent. and the happiness of mankind— schools, and the means 3_. The governor, and a\\ civil officers shall be liable of education, shall for ever be encouraged in this state. to impeachment for any misdemeanor in office; but 17. Divorces from the bonds of matrimony shall not judgment in such cases shall not extend further than be granted, but in cases provided for by law-, hj' suit in to removal from office, and disc^ualitication to holdany chancery: Provided, that no decree for such divorce office of honour, trust, or proht under this slate ; but shall have effect, until the same shall be sanctioned by the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and t"o thirds of both branches of ihc general assembly, subject to indictment, trial, and punishment, according 13. Returns of all election* by the people shall be to law, as in other cases. made to the secretarj- of state. an rr ■ fi 19. No new county shall be established by the general ARTICLE O. • , assembly, which shall reduce the county or counties, or General Provisions. '''"^'^'' °*' ,^'"^"i' *^''';'" '*,''''i^' \ '"'''> ^^ t.iken, to a less content than five hundred and sevent3-six square mileSo 1 Al?m>!(T9 of the g^nei'al a'sseroblv and 9II dfTiCCTt, nor shall anv ne,w coiintv he laid off of less conft^un. ItiO tOXSTl'FDriON CJiF MlSSISialPPL 20. That tiie general assembly shall take measures to preserve from unnecessary waste or damage suc-li lands as are or maj- hereafter be granted by the United States for tlic use of schools, within each towiishij) in this state, and apply the funds which may be raised from sneh lands, by rent or lease, in strict conformity to the object of sncli grant ; but no lands g;ranted for the use of such towiiship schools shall erer be sold by any authority in Ihis stale. Slaves. J 1. The general assemblyshall have no pow er to i)£Ss Jaws for tb/emancipation of slaves, without ihe conseiit of their owners, unless wliere a slave shall have rmder- ed to the state some distinguished service, in which case the owner shall be paid a full equivalent for the slavt s so emancipated. They shall have no power to prevent emigrants to tliis state from bringing with them such persons as are deemed slaves by the law s <.f any one of the United States, so long as any person of the same age OF description shiil ba continued in slavery by the laws of this state: Provided, that such person or slave Ijf the ionajide property of such emigrants; and provided, also, laws may be passed to prohibit the introduction jnts the state of slaves who have comraiUed high crimes in other states. They shall have power to pass laws to permit ttie owners of slaves to emanc'|>ate them, sitving the rights of creditors, and prei-eming them fre-Ti be coming a public charge. They shall have full power to prevent slaves frout being brought into this state as merchandise ; and also, to oblige the owners of slaves 10 treat them with humanity, to provide for them nect s- sary ctathing and provision, to abstain from all injuries to them extending to life or limb, and in case of th.eir neglect or refusal to comply with the directions of such laws, to have such slave or slaves sold fur the benefit of the owner or owners. 2. In the prosecution of slaves for crimes, no inquest by a grand jury shall be necessary, but the proceedings jn such casts shall be regulated by law : except that, ni capital cases, the general assembly shall have no power to deprive them ol' an impartial trial by a petit jury. jllode of Reviiiing the Constitittion That, TcheneTer two thirds of the general assembly shall deem it necessary to amend or change this consti- tution, they shall recommend to the electors, at the nest election for members of the general assembly, to Tote for or against a conveniion ; and it it shall appear that a majority of the citizens of the state, voting for representatives, have voted tor a convention, t he general assembly shall, at their next session, call a convention, to consist or as many n.embers as there may be in the* general assembly, to be eliosen by the qualitied eltciors, jn the manner, and at the times and places, of choosing members of the general assembly, which convention shall meet within three months aUer the said election, lor the purpose of revising, amending, or changing the constitution. SCHEDULE. 5 1. That no inconvenience may arise from a change of territorial to a permanent state government, it is de- clared, that all rights, actions, prosecutions, claims, anjl contracts, as well of individuals as of bodies corporate, shall continue -.ts it no such change bad taken place. 2. All lines, penalties, forfeitures, and escheats, accru- ing to the Mississippi territory, within the limits of this State, shall inure to the use of tht state. S. 'iho validity of all bonds and rt cognizances, exe- cuted to the governor oi the Mississippi territory, shall not be impaired by the change of goveniment, but may be sued for and recovered in the name of the governor of the state of Mississippi, and his successors in ofi hen-tolore received for their services, in proportion .to the time they shall be so employed. The governor shall have jiower to fill vacnncies by coinndssious, to expire so soo'i as elections or appoint- ments can be made to such office, by the authority of this constitution. A, All laws and parts of laws, now in force in the Mississippi territory, and not repugnant to the piovi- sions of this constitution, shall continue and remain in force as the laws ot' this state, Uutil they expire by their own limitation, or shaii be altered or repealed by the legislature lh( reof. 0. Ever)- tree white male person, above the age of twenty-one years, who shall be a citizen of the United Sl:!tes, and resident in this state at the time of the adoprion of this constitution, shall be deemed a quali- fifd elector, a' the first election to be held in this stale; any thing in the constituti.n to the contrary notwith- standini;. 7. Tlie president of this convention shall issue writs of election, diiv cted to the sheriffs of the several coun- tiin, requiring them to cause an election to be held for a governor, lieutenant governor, representative to the congress of the United States, members of the general asseoibly, and sherifls of the respective counties, at the resp ctive places of elections, in said counties, except in the county of Warren, in which county th; election shall be held at the court house, instead of the place provided by la>v, on the first Mimday and the day fol- lowing in September next; which elections shall be conductid i:i the manner prt scribed hy the existing election laws of the Mississippi territory; and the s:iid governor, lieut^iant governor, and members of the gi-nei-al assembly, ihen duly elected, shall continue to disch.irge the duties of their respective offices for the time prescribed by this constitution, and until their suc- cessors be duly qualified. C. Until the first enumeration shall be made, as direct- ed by this constitution, the comity ol' Warren shall be entitled to one reprrsentative, the county of Claiborne to two representatives, the county of Jefferson to two representativ-s, thi- county of Adams to four represent- atives, the county of FranUlin to one representative, the county of Wilkinson to three r^ presentatives, the county of Amite to three representatives, the county of Pike to two representatives, the county of Lawrence to one repres- ntafive, ihe county of Marion to one repre- sentitive, the county of Hancock to one representative, the countj'of Gredi to one representative, the county of Wayne to one reprf sentative, the county of lackson to one n piesentaiive. The counties of Warren and Claiborne shall be entitl <1 to one senator, the county of Ailams to one senator, the county of Jifferson to one senator, the county of Wilkir.son to one senator, the county of Amite to one senator, the counties of Frank- lin and Pike to one senator, the counties of Lawrence, Marion, and Hancock, to one senator, the counties of Greene, Wayne, and .tackson, to one senator. 9. Thegiivcnior may appoint and commission an ad- ditional judge, or one of the former judges of the snpe- rior court, whose commission shall expire so soon as appointments can be made under Ihe constitution. It shall be the duty of the judge so appointed, or one of the former territorial judges, to hold superior courts in the counties of Jackson, Green, Wayne, and Hancock, at the time herttotbre prescribed bylaw: Provided, that, if either of the 'ormer territorial judges, in addi- tion to his duty in the western counties, perform such dutj, and no additional judge b;- appointed, he shall re- ceive an extra com pensatioii, proportioned to iheamount of his salaiy,aiid tt rni of suvice rendered. Ifanaddi- tioual jutige be appointed, he shall receive the same compensation for hisselTicesasthe otherjudgesof the superior court- JO. The sheriff of Warren count} shall, within ten days after the election, make return of the number of voti'S for senator in his county, to the sherifl' of Clai- borne county, who shall be the returning officer for the district. The sherifl' of Pike county shall, within ten days after tht election, make return of the number of votes for senator in bis county, to the sheritiof Franklin county, who shall be the returning officer for the dis- trict The sheriffs ot Hancock and Lawrence counties shall, within ten days after the election, make returu of the number of votes fbr srnafiqr in fBelr respecfive CONSTITUTION 0F ILLINOIS: iOl aunties, to the sheriff of Marion county, who shall be the retiiining officer for tlie district. The shei-iffs ol Jacksouaiiu Wayne counties shall, within ten Hays af- ter the election, make rttimi oi' the uuinber of votes for senator, in their respitctive counties, to the sherift' of Green county, who shall be the returning officer for the district. ORDINANCE. Whereas it is i-equired by the act of congress, under vhich this convention is assembled, that certain jiron- sions should be made by an ordinance of this conven- tion: Therefore, this convention, for and in behalf of the people ir.habitine; this state, do oi-dain, ag;ree, and de- clare, that they for ever disclaim all right or title to the waste or unappropriated lands lying nithin the state of Mississippi, and that the same shall he and remain at the sole and entire disposition of the United States, and, moreover, tliat each and every tract of land sold by con- gress shall be and remain exempt from any tax laid by the order, or under the authority, of this state, whether for state, county, township, parish, or other purposes whatevei-, for the term of hve years, from and after the respective days of sale thereof, and that the lands be- longing to citizens of the United States, residing with- out this state,sha!l never be taxed hif;her than the lands belonging to pei-sons residing within the same; that no taxes shall be imposed on lands the property of the United States, and that the ri%er Mississippi, and the navigable rivers and waters leading into the same, or into the gulf of Mexico, shall be common highways,and for ever free, as well to the inhabitants of this state, as to other citizens of the United Statts, without any duty, tax, impost, or toll therefor, iaiposed by this state: And this ordinance is hereby declared irrevocable, without the consent of the United States. Done in convention, at the town of Washington, the 15ih day of August, in the year of our Lord 1817, and in the forty-second year of the Independence of the United States of America. DAVID HOLMES, PresUlent. Josiah Simpson, David Dickson, James C. Wilklns, Cowles Mead, John Taylor, Hezekiah J. Balch, Christopher Rankin, Joseph E. Davis, Edward Turner, Walter Leake, Joseph Sessions, Thomas Barnes, John Steel, Daniel Burnet, Henry D. Downs, Joshua G. Clark, Andrew Glass, William J. Minfon, Jauies Knos, James Y. M'Nabb, George Poindexter, Haronn Riinn*?ls, Daniel Williams, George W. King, Abram M. Scott, John Ford, John Joor, Doiigal M'Laughlui, Cierard C. Brandon, Noel Jourdan, Joseph Johnson, Amos Burnet, Henry Hanna, Jismes Patton, Thomas Batchelor, Cinch Gray, John Burton, Lnughlin M'Kar, Thomas Ton-ence, John M'Rea, Angus Wilkinson, John M'Leod, William Lattimore, Thomas Bilbo. Louis Winston, Secreiartj, .J^ CONSTiXm^lON OF ILLINOIS. riiC Co7istitntio7i ofihs state of Illinois adopted in convention, at Kaakaskia, on the twenty- sixth day of August, in the year ofow Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighteen, and of the independence of the United States the forty third. THEpeopleof the Illinois territory, having the right of admission into the general government, as a member of the Union, consistent with the constitution of the United States, the ordinance of congress of 1787, and the law of congress, " approved April 18lh. 1818," ehti- tled, " An act to enable the people of the Illinois terri- tory to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union, on an equal footing w ith the oritcinal states, and for other pur- poses ;" in order to establish justice, promote the wel- fare and secure the blessings" of liberty to themselves and their posterity, do, by tlieir rt presentatives in con- vention, ordain and estabjisli the follow ing constitution orform of goveriiment.anddomutiiallyagreewith each other to form themselves into a ft e and independent state, by the name of The state of I linois. And they do hereby ratify the bonndanes assigned to such state by theatt of congress aforesaid, which are as follows, to wit : beginning at the mouth of the Wabash river, thence, up the same, and with the line of Indiana, to the north-west corner of said state; thence, east, with the line of the same state, to the middle of Lake Michi- gan ; thence, north, along the middle of said lake, to north latitude forty-two degrees and thirty minutes ; thence, west, to the middle of^the Mississippi river; and thence, down, along the middle of that river, to its con- fluence with the Ohio river, and thence, up the latter river,along its north-w esteni shore, to the beginning, AUTItLE 1. Concerning the Distribution of the Po~vers of Government. Jl. The powers of the govemnientof the state of Illi- nois Sliall be dintled into three distrncf ^^partpients. and each of them be confided to a separate body of ma- gistracy, to wit : those whieli are legislaiive, to one ; those which are executive, to another; and those which are judiciary, to another. 2. No person or collection of persons, being one of those departments, shall exercise any power properly belonging to either of the others, except as hereinafter expressly directed or permitted. ATlTICLi; 2. }l. The legislative at: thority of this state sliall be vest- ed in a general assembly, which shall consist of asenate and hotise of representatives, both to be elected by the people. 2. The first election for senatoi's and representatives shall comnience on the third fliursday of September next, and continue for that andtlietwosucceediiigdays; and the next election shall be held on the first Jlonday in August, one thousand eight hundred and twenty; and for ever after, elections shall be held once in two years, on the first Monday of A ugust, in each and every county, at such places therein as may be provided by law. 3. No person shall be a representative who shall not haveattained the age of twenty-one years, who shall not be a citizen of the United States, and an inhabitant of this state ; who shall not have resided w ithin the limits of the county or district in which he shall be chosen twelve months nest preceding his election,if such coun- ty or district shall have been so long erected ; butj|toot. then within the limits of4he county or counties, diKict or districts. out of whichtbesameshallhave been taken, unless he shall have been absent on the public business of the United States, or of this state; and who, moreover, shall not have paid a state or county tax. 4. The senators, at their first session herein priviided for,shall be divided by lot from their respective counties or districts, as near as can be, into two classes : the seats of the senators of the first class shall be \acated at the expiraliim of the second year ; and those of the second class, at the expiration ef the fourth year ; so that one half thereof, as near as possible, may be biennially cht)- sen for ewr thereafter. 102 CONSTITUTION OP ILLINOIS. 5. The number of senators and representatives shall, 22. The house of representatives sliall have the sole at the first session of the general assiinbly, holden after power of impeaching, but a majority of al! the members the retunis herein provided for are made, be fixed by present must concur in an impeachment. All inipeach- the general assembly, and apportioned among the seve- ments shall be tried by the senate, and when sitlnig for ral counties or districts to be established by law, accord- the ])urpose, the senators shall be upon oalli oi affirina- ing to the number of white inhabitai.ts. The mimber tiou to do justice according to law and evidence. No of representatives shaV not be less than twenty-sevi-n, person shall be convicted without the concun-ence of nor more than thirty six, until the numberoT inhabitants two- thirds of all the senators present, withmthisstateshallaraount to one hundred thousand; 23. The governor, and all other civil officers under and the number of senators shall never be less than one this state, shall be liable to impeachment for any misde- third uor move than one half of the number of repre- meanoi- in office ; but judgment in such eases shall not sentatives. extend further than to removalfrom office and disqualifi- 6. No person shall be a senator who has not arrivtd at cation to hold any officeofhonour,profit,or trust, under the age of twenty-five years, who shall not be a citizen this state. The party, whether convicted or acquitted, of the United States, and who shall not have resided one shall, nevertheless, be liable to indictment, trial, judg- year in the county or district in which he shall be cho- ment,and punishment, according to !aw. sen immediately preceding his election, if such county 24 the first session of the general assembly, shall or district shall luive been so long erected ; but if not, commence on the first Mojiday of October next; and for then within the limits of the county or counties, district ever after the general assembly shall meet on the first ordistrictSjOUt of which thesame shall have been taken; Monday in Ueetmber next ensuing the election of the unless he shall have betn absent on the public business members thereof, and at no other period, unless as pro- of the United States, or of this state, and shall not, more- provided by this constitution, over, have paid a state or county tax. 25. No jiidge of any ci.urt of law or equity, secretary 7. Tl»e senate and house of representatives, when as- of state, attorney general, attorney for tlie state, regis- sembled, shall each choose a speaker and its othei' offi- ter, clerk of any court of record, sheriff, or collector, cers, (the speaker of the senate excepted ;) each house member of either house of congress, or person holding shall judge of the qualifications and elections of its any lucrative office under the United Slates or this state, members,and sit upon its ownadjomnments : two thirds (provided that appointments in the militia, postmasters, of each house shall constitute a quorum, but a smaller or justices of the peace shall not be considered lucrative number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the offices,) shall have a seat in the general assembly: nov attendanceof absent members! ' shall any person holding an office of honour or proht 8. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, under the govenment of the United States, hold any of- and publish them : the yeas and nays of the members, ficeof honour or profit under the authority of this state, on any question, shall, at the desire of any two of them, 26. EveiT person who shall be chosi n or appointed to 1^ entered on the journals. any office o'f trust ov profit, shall, before entering upon 9. Any two members of either house shall have liber- the duties thereof, take an oath to stipport the constitu- ty to dissent from, and protest against, any act or reso- tion of the United States, and of this state, and also an ■•rtf'in, which they may think in|uiiou> tu the public or oath of office. to any individual, and' have the reasons of their dissent 27. In all elections, all wliite male inhabitants, above entered on the journals. the age of twenty-one years, having resided in the state 10. Each house may determine the rules of its pro- six months next preceding the election, shall enjoy the ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behaviour, right of an elector; but no person shall be entitled to and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a mem- vote, except in the county or district in which h& shall ber, but not a second time for the same cause. actually reside at the time of the election. 11. When vacancies happen in either house, the go- 28. All votes shall be given viva core, until altered by vemor, or he person exercising the jiowers of governor, the general assembly. shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 29. Electors shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, 12. Senators and representatives shall, in all cases, or breach of the peace, be prinleged from arrest during except treasiin, felony, or breach of the peace, be privi- their attendance at elections, and ingoing to ond re- leged from arrest duruig the session of the general as- turning from the same. seinbly, and in going to, and returning fiom, the same ; 30. The general assenibl^' shall have full power to ex- and foranv speech or debate, in either house, they shall elude from the jirivilege of electing, or being elected, not be que'stioned in any other place. any person convicted of bribery, perjury, or any other IS. Each house may punish, by imprisonment, during infamous crime, its session, any person, not a inemlxr, who sliall be 31. In the year one thousand eight hundred and twen- guilty of disrespect to the house, by any disordei ly or ty, and every fifth year thereafter, an enumeration of contemptuous behaviour in their presence : provided, all the white inhabitants of the stale shall be made, in such imprisonment sliall not, at any one time, exceed such manner as shall be directed by law. twenty-four hours. 32. All bills forraisingarevenueshall originatein the 14. The doors of each house, and of committees of house of representatives, subject, however, to araend- the whole, shall be kept open, except in such cases as, ment or rejection, as in other cases. in the opinion of the house, require secrecy. Neither A-aTrrrv 'X houseshall, without the consent of theother, adjourn Attiii-j.^ o. for more than tw odays, nor to any other place than that § I. The executive power of this state shall be vested in which the two houses shall be sitting. in a governor. 15. Bills may originate in either house, but may he 2. The first election of governor shall commence on altered, amended, or rejected, by the other. the third Thursday of September next,and continuefor 16. Every bill sliall be read on three different days, in that and the two suceeedingdays; and the nextelection each Iiouse, unless, in case of urgency, three fourths of shall be held on the first Monda) of August, in the year the house where such bill is so depending shall deem it of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty- expedient to dispense with this rule : and evei-y bill, two. And for ever after, elections for governor shall having passed both houses, shall be signed by the speak- be held once in lour years, on the first Monday of Au- ers of their respective houses. gust. The governor shall bt chosen by the electors of 17. The style of the laws of this state shall be, " Be it the members of the general assembly, at the same places enacted by the people of the state of Illinois, representee/ in and in the same manner that they shai 1 respecti^ ely vote the general asiemlihj.'^ for members thereof. The returns for every election of 18. The generarassembly of this jtate shall not allow governor shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat the following officers of government greater or smaller of government, by the returning ofticei-s,directed to the an nual salaries than as follows, until the year one thou- speaker of the house of representatives, whoshallopen saiuBjeht hundred and twenty-four: the governor one and publish them in the presence of a majority of the thuuHnd dollars ; and the secretary of state, six hundred members of each house of the general assembly. The dollars. person having the highest number of vores shall be go- 19. No senator or representative shall, during the time vernor; but if two or more be equa! and highest in votes, for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to then one of them shall be chosen governor by joint bal- any civil office under this state, which shall have been lot of both houses of the general assembly. Contested created, or the emoluments of which shall have been in- elections shall he determined by both Iiouses of the de- creased, during such time. neral assembly, insucli manner as shall be prescribed by 20. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but law. in consequence of sippi'opriations made by law. 3. The fii-st governor shall hold his office tmtil the 21. An accurate statement of the receipts and expen- first Monday of December, in the year of our Lord one ditures of the public money, shall be attached to and ' thousand eight hundred and twenty-two, and until an- published with the laws, at the rising of each session of other governor shall be elected and qualified to office ; the ceneral ao'»inb!y. and for ever after the go'Crnor shall hohl his ofiiee toy CONSTITUTION OF ILLflNOlS. 103 liie term of four yeare, ami until another governor shall be elected ami qualified; but he shall not lie eligible for more than four years in any term of ei.c;ht vi ars. He shall be at least thirty vears of ag;e, and have been a ci- tizen of the United' States thirty yca:s, two years of which, next precediiisf his e'ection, he shall hare re- sided within the limits of thisstate. •1. He shall, from time to time, s;lre the ^neral as- sembly information of the state of the goveniment, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall deem expedient. 5. He shall have power to grant reprieves and par- dons, after conviction, except in eases of impeachment. (3. The g:overuorsliall,at stated times, receive a salary for his services, which shall neither be increased nor di- minished during the terra for which he shall have been elected. 7. He may require information, in writing, from the officeis in the executive department, upon any subject relating to the duties of theirrespectiveoffices, andsDali take care that the laws be faithfully executed. 8. When any officer, the ripht of w hose appointment is, by this constitution, vested in the neneral assembly, or in the governor and senate, shall, during the recess, die, or his office by any means become vacant, the go- vernor shall have power to fill such vacancy.by jrrantiiig a commission, which shall expire at the end of the next session of the general assembly. 9. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the general assembly, by proclamation, and shall state to them, when assembled, the purpose for w hich they shall have been convened. 10. He shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of this state, and of the militia, except when they shall be called into the service of the United States. 11. There shall be elected in each and every county in the said state, by those who are qualified to vote for members of the general assembly, and at the same times and places where the elections for such members shall be held, one sheriflf and one coroner, whose election shall be subject to such rules and regulations as shall te prescribed by law. The said sheriffs and coroners re- spectively, when elected, shall continue in office two yean, be subject to removal and disqualification, and such other rules and regulations as maybe,from time to time, prescribed by law. 12. In case of disagreement between the two houses, with respect to the time of adjournment, the governor shall have power to adjouni the general assembly to such time as he thinks proper, provided it be not to a period bejond the next constitutional meeting of the same. 13. A lieutenant governor shall be chosen at every election for a governor, in the same manner, continue in office for the same time, and possess the same quali- fication«. In voting for governor and ht-utenant go- vernor, the electors shall distinguish whom they vote for as governor, and whom ai lieut nant governor. 14. He shall, by virtue o! his office, be speaker of the senate ; have a right, when in committee of the whole, to debate, and vote on all subjects, and, when ever the senate are equally divided, to give the casting vote. 15. AVhcnevcr the government shall he administered by the lieutenant go>ernor, or he shall be unable to at- tend as speaker of the senate, the senate shall elect one ot their own members as speaker for that occasion. And if, duriitg the vacancy of the office of govenior, the lieutenant governor shall be impeached, removed from office, refuse to qualify, resign, die, or be absent from the state, the speaker of the senate, shall, in like manner, administer the government. 16. The lieutenant governor, while he.Tcts as s;ieak- er of the senate, shall receive for his services the same compen|ation which shall, for the same period, be allowed'to the speaker of the house ofieprc-i^ntatives, and no more : And during the lime he ad'iiiiiisters the government, as governor, he shall receive the same com- pensation which the govrmor would have received had he been employed in the duties of liis office. 17. If the lieutenant governor shall he called upon to administer the government, and shall, while in such administration, resign, die, or beahsint from the state, during the recess of the general assembly, it shall be the duty of the secretary, for the time being, to convene the senate for the purpose of choosing a speaker. 18. In caseofan impeachment of the !';overnor, his re- moval from office, death, refusal to qtialily, resignation, or absence from ilie state, the lieutenant governor shall exercise all the power and authority appertaining to the offit^e of governor, until tUe time voint?.d nut bv this constitution for the election of governor stall arrive, unless the general assembly shall provide by law (ov the election of a governor to fill such vacancy. 19. The governor, for the time being, and the Judges of the supreme court, or a major part of them, together with the governor, shall be and are hereby constituted a council to revise all bills about to be passed into laws by the general assembly ; and for that purpose shall as- semble themselves from time to time, when the general asseiiibly shall be convened ; for which, nevertheless, they shall not receive any salary or consideration, un- dir any pretence whatever ; and all bills which have passrd the senate and house of representatives; shall, before they become law?, bi presented to the said coun- cil for thtir revisal ^nd consideration ; and if, upon such revisal and consideration, it should appear improper to the said council, or a majority of them, that the bill should become a law ot this state, thi y shall return the same, together with tiieirohjectioiis thereto, in writing, to the senate or house oJ repiesentatives, (in whichso- ever the same shall have originaied) who shall enter the objections set down by the council, at large, in their minutes, and proc ed to nconsider the said bill. But if, alter such reconsideration, the said senate or house of representatives shall, notwithstanding the said objec- tions, agree to pass the same, by a majority of the whole number of members elected, it shalC together with the said objections, be sent to the other branch of the gene- ral ass -nibly, where it shall also be reconsid' red ; and, if approved by a majority of all the menibers elected, it shall becon.e a law It any bill shall not be returned within ten days after it shtll have been presented, the samt shall b. a law ; unless th^ gemral assembly shall, by th( ir adjournment, render a iviurn of the said bill, in ten days, impracticable; in which case the said bill shall be returned on the first day of the meeting of the general assembly after the expiration ot the said ten days, or be a law. 20. The governor shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent oi the senate, appoint a secre- tary of state, who shall keep a fair register of the offi- cial acts of the governor ; and , when required, shall lay the same, and all papers, minutes, and vouchers, relative thereto, before either branch of the general assembly, and shall perform such other duties as shall he assigned him by law. 21. Thr state trca5urer,and ptiblic printer or printers for the state, shall lie appointed biennially, by the joint vote of both brsnches of the general assembly: Provided, that during the r -cess of the same, the governor shall have power to fill such vacancies as may happen iu either of said offices. 22. The governor shall nominate, and, by and with the adnce and consent of the senate, appoint all officers whose offices are established by this constitution, or shall be established by law, and whose appointments ■ are not herein otherwise provided for : Provided, how- ever, that inspectors, Cdlitctors, and their deputies, sur- veyors of tlie highways, constables, jailors, and such in- ferior officers whose jurisdiction may be confined within the limits of the county, shall lie appointed in such manner as the general assembly shall presqribe. AHTICLE 4. « 1. The judicial power of this state shall be vested in one supreme court, and such inferior courts as ihe general assembly shall, from time to time, ordain and establish. 2. The supreme co'ivt shall beholdenattheseatof go- vernment,and shall have an appellate jurisdiction only; except in cases relating to the revenue, in cases of nion- Jainus, and in such cases of impeachment as maybe re- quired to he tried before it. S. rhe supreme court shall consist of a cliief justice, and three associates, any two of whom shall form a quo- rum. The number of justices may, however, be in- creased, by the gejieral assembly, after tlie year one thousand eight hundred and twenty-four. 4. The justices of the supreme court, and the judges of the inferior courts, shall be appointed by joint ballot of both branches of the general assembly, and commis- sioned by the governor, and s'nall hold their offices dur- ing good behaviour, until the end of the first session of the general assembly, which shall be begun and held after the first d.iy of January, in the year of our Lortl one thousand eight hundred and twenty-four, at which times their commissions shall expire : and until the ex- piratin'n of which time, the said justices respectively shall ho'd circuit coiuts in the several counties, in such njaiiriLi'- sntl ar such i.imts, art! shall haVe and o.\eiciji5 1W4 C0NSTITUTI03T OP ILLIKOIS, such juvisdielion, as the generalassembly shall bylaw prescribe. But ever after tlie afotesaid period , the jus- tices of the supreme court shall be commissioned during good behaviour, and the jtistices thereof shall not liold circtiit courts, unless required by law. 5, The judges of the Inferior courts shall hold their ofRcts durii^ good behaviour : but for any reasonable cause, which shall not be uufHcient ground for impeach- ment, both the j ndees of the su jireme and inferior con rts shall be removed from office, on the address of two thirds of each branch of the general assembly: Provided, always, that no member of either house of the general assemblv, nor any person connected with a member by consanguinity or affinity, shall be appointed to fill the vacancy occasioned by such reraoviil. The said.justices of the supreme court, during their temporary appoint- ments, shall receive an annual salary of one thousand dollars, payable quarter-yearly out of tlie public trea- sury. The judges of the iiiferior courts, and the justices of the supreme courts, who may be appointed after the end of the first session of the general assembly, which shall be begun and held after the first day o'' .Tinuary, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hunurcd ana twenty-four, shall have adeq uate and competent sr laries, which shall not be diminished di:vinp thcjr continu inte in office. 6, The supreme court, or a majority of the justices thereof, the circuit coe.rts, or the justices thereof, shall respectively appoint their own clerks. 7, All process, writs, and other proceeding, sluill run in the name of, "the people of the state of Illinois." All prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by the authority of " the people of thestate of IHir.ois;" and conclude, " against t)ie peace and dignity of the same." 8, A com])etent number of justices of the peace shall be appointed in each county,'in such manner as the ge- neral assembly may direct, whose time of service, pow- er, and duties, shall be i-egulated and defined by law. And justices of the peace, when so appointed, shall he commissioned by the governor. ARTICLE 5. § 1. The militia of the state of Illinois shall consist of all free, male able-bodied persons, (negx-oes, mulat- toes, and Indians excepted.) resident in the state, be- tween the ages of eighteen and forty-five years; except such persons as now are, or hereafter may be, exempted by the laws of the United States, or of this state : and shall be armed, equipped, and trained, as the general assembly may provide by law. 2. No person or pei-sons conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms shaH be compelled to do militia duty in time of peace, provided such person or persons shall pay an equivalent for such exemption. 3. Company, battalion, and regimental officers, staff officers excepted, shall be elected by the persons coni- posing their several companies, battalions, and regi- ments. 4. Brigadier and majors general shall be elected by the officers of tlieir brigades and divisions respectively. 5. All militia officers shall be commissioned by the governor, antl may hold their commissions during good beha-\-iour,or until they arrive at the age of sixty years. 6. The militia shall, in all cases, except treason, felo- ny, or breach of tiie peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at musters, and elections of ofTi- ccrs, and in going to and returning from the same. AKTICLE 6. 5 1. Neither slaveiy nor involuntary servitude shall hereafter be introduced into this state, otherwise than for the punishment of crimes, whereof the party sliall have been duly convicted : nor shall any male person, arrived at the age of twenty-one years, nor female per- son, arrived at the ageof eiglitetn 3ears,beheld to serve any person, as a servant, uniler an) indenture hi nafter made, unless such person shall enter into such indinture while in a state of perfect freedom, and on condition of a bona f.ile consideration, i eceived, or to be received, for their service. Nor shall any indenture of any negro or mulatto, hereafter made and executed out of this state, or, if made in this state, where (he term of service exceeds one year, be of the least validity, except those given in cases <ose \\ hatcver, for the term of five years from and after the day of sale. And tliat the bounty lands grant- ed, or hereafter to be granted, for military services, during the late war, shall, while they continue to be held by the patentees or their heirs, remain exempt, as aforesaid, from all taxes, for the term of three years from and after the date of the patents respectively ; and that all the lands belonging to the citizens of the United States, residing w ithout the said state, shall never be taxed higher than lands belonging to persons residing therein. And this convention do further ordpin and de- clare that the ibreguing ordinance shall not be revoked, without the consent of the United States. Done in convention, at Kaskaskia, the 25th day of August, in the year of our Lord 1318, and of the Bidependence of the United States of America the 43d. JESSE B. THOMAS, President of the Convention. Attest, Win. C. Greenup, Secretary to the Convention.^ CONSTITUTION OF ALABAMA. WE, the peeple of the Alabama territorj', having the right of admission into the general government, as a member of the Union, consistent with the constitution and laws of of the United States,by our representatives, assembled in convention, at the town of Huntsville, on Monday, the fifth day of July, one thousand eight hun- dred aiid nineteen, in pui-suance of an act of congress, entitled, " An act to enable the people of the Alabama territory to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union, on an equal footing with the original states ;" in order to estatnish justice, ensure tranquillity, provide for tlie common defence, promote the general welfare, and se- cure to ourselves and our posterity the rights of life, liberty,and property, do ordainand establish thefollow- ing constitution, or form of government ; and do mu- tually agree with each other to foiTn ourselves into a free and independent state, by the name of " the state of Alabama." And we do hereby recognize, confirm, and establish the boundaries assigned to said state by the act of congress aforesaid, "to wit: Beginning at the point where tlie thirly-fii-st degree of north latitude in- tei-sects the Perdido river ; thence, east, to the western botuidary line of the state of Georgia ; thence, along CONSTITUTION OF ALABAMA. 107 ■said line to the southern boundary line of the state of tation, shall have lemcdy by due course of law, and Tennessee ; thence, west, along said boundary line, to right and justice administered without sale, denial, or the Tennessee river; thence, up the same, to the mouth delay. o( Bear creek; thence, by a direct line.to the north-west is. No powerof suspending laws shall be exercisefl, comer of Washington county ; thence, due south, to except by the general assembly, or its authority, the Gulf of Mexico ■ thence, eastwaitlly, including all iq. Excessive b.iil shall not be required nor excessive islands within six leagues of the shore, to the Perdulo fines imposed, nor cruel punishments inflicted, river; and thence, up the same, lo the beginning"— ^^ ^11 persons shall, before conviction b.- bailable by subject to such alteration as is piovnlfd in the ili.rd sufficient securities, except tor capital oftences, when I^ri'Z.?,^ '! ^'^^ t "*"f?,'"^ "i"^ ^"''J^<=» t° *"'='' en; the proof is evident or the presumption great ; and the i„^^To • as niay be made by aw la consequence of „,;^\f^„^ „,- ^5,^ ^^it of Imhens corfms shall not be sus- of ^hem '^ ^ ^^ ^°"*"^ ^'"'''' °' ''"''^'' penriecrunless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. ARTICLE 1. 13. The person of a debtor, where there is rot T, , .. /• n- 7. strong presumption of fraud, shall not be detained in Uectaration oj Rights. j„.i,o^ .',ftp,. jeliveving up his estate, for the benefit ot That the general, great, and essentia! principles of his creditors, in such manner as shall be prescribed by liberty and free government may be recognized and law. established, we declare ; 19. No ex fiost facto law, nor law impairing the ohh- J I. That all freemen, when they foi-m a social com- gation of contracts, shall be made, pact, are equal in rights ; and that no man, or set of 20. No person shall be attainted of tre.ison or felony men, are entitled to exclusive, separate public emolu- by the general asseTi.bly. No attainder shall work cor- ments or privileges, but in consideration of public ser- ruption of blood, nor forfeiture of estate, vices. 21. The estates of suicides shall descend or vest as m 2. All political power is inherent in the people ; and cases of natural death ; if any person shall be killed by- all free governments are founded on their authority , and cssualty, there shall be no forfeiture by reason thereof, instituted for their benefit ; and therefore, they have, . 22. The citizens have a right, in a peaceable manner, at all times, an unaliLnable and indefeasible right to al- to assemble together, for their common good ; and to ter, reform.or .-ibolish their form of government, in such app'y '» '''"''' invested with the powers of governmeiit manner as they may think <\pedient. *'or redress of grievances, or other proper purposes, by 3. No person within this state shall, upon any pre- petition, address, or lemonstranee. tence, be deprivi-d of the inestimable privilege of wor- 23. Every citizen has a right to bear arms in defence shipping God in the manner most agreeable to his own of himsell and the state. conscience ; nor be compelled to attend any place of 24. No standing army shall be kept up, without the worship ; nor shall any one ever be obliged to pay any consent of the general assembly ; and, in that case, no tythes, taxes, or other rate, for the building or repair- appropriation of money for its support shall be for a ing any place of worship, or for the maintenance of longer term than one year ; and the military shall, in any minister or ministry. all cases, and at all times, be in strict subordination to 4. No human authority ought, in any case whatever, the civil power. to control or interfere w ith the rights of conscience. 25. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in 5. No person shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, any house, without the consent of the owner ; nor in in his religious profession, sentiments, or persuasions, t'nie of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. provided he does not disturb others in their religious 26. No title of nobility, or hereditary distinction, worship. privilege, honour, or emolument, shall ever be granted 6. The civil rights, privileges, or capacities of any or conferred in this state ; nor shall any office be created citizen, shall in no way be diminished, or enlarged, on »'«-' appointment of which shall be for a longer term account of his religious principles. than during good behaviour. 7. There shall be no establishment of religion by Law; 27. Emigration from this state shall not be prohibit- no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious '^•l- "or shall any citizen be exiled. sect, society, d' nomination, or mode of worship ; and no 28. The right of trial by iury shall remain inviolate, religious test shall ever b'^ required as a qualification to 29. No person shall be debarred from prosecuting or any office or public trust under this state. defending any civil cause, for or against him or herself, 8. Every citizen may tVeily speak, write, and publish tefore any tribunal in this state, by him or herself, or his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the counsel. abuse of that liberty. 30. This enumeration of certain rights shall not he 9. The peopleshallhesecurein their persons,house3, construed to deny or disparage others retained by the papers, and possessions, from unreasonable seizures people : and to guard against any encroachments on the or searches ; and no warrant to search any place, or to lights herein retained, or any transgi'ession of any of seizeany person or thing, shall issue without describing 'he high powers herein delegated, we declare, that eve- thera as nearly as may be, nor without probable cause, i"/ thing in this article is excepted out of the general supported by oath or affirmation. powers of government, and shall for ever remain invio- 10. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused has a '«te ; and that all laws contrary thereto, or to the fol- right to be heard by himself and counsel ; to demand lowing provisions, shall be void, thenatureandcauseof the accusation, and have a copy ARTICtF 2 thereof; to be confronted by the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in I}lstribution of Powers. his favour, and, in all prosecutions by indictment or in- t , rri,„ .> .„„_„ „r .t.« , ...„<,„> «p .i,„ ..*„. o formation, a speedy pibl.c trial, by an impartial ju .y of - L ^^^^ Powers of the government of the state of the county or district in which the offence shall have Alabama shall be dmded ""0 three dm.nct depart- been committed ; he shall not be compelled to give '"^"-'l' ^""^ ^'"=''-^' »?""' "l"^h ' . '.^^^'^'^ ^°'*y "^ , ; , „ ;„„. i.:m.,oic. ■,^-„i,„ii>,„K„i • J r, ■ magistracy,to wit: those which are legislative, to one; evidence against him elf . nor sha he bedepnved of h.s j„„^ i^ executive, to another ;\nd those which life, liberty, or property, out by due course of law. „. ■.i:„-_i .„ .,, 11. No person shall he accused, arrested, or detained, "''« .1"''":'»'. to ""other. except in cases ascertained by law, and according to , ^- ^? P""""' "'' '^^o "ection of persons, being of one of ;i. F ,„.. „,h:^u thccorno K<..^^,.l,/,•l „!i ._"'"""' '" tliose departments, shall exercise any power properly *^ hnMhJnnn IhPrt hMtin Ji,^ I f f .T t^J belonging to either of the otheis.except in theinstanc« son sha I be punished, out in virtue ot a law, established ■ • c. 1 j- .„j .,z>.~,-...,i and promulgated priir to the offence, and legally ap- '^"eniatter expressly directed or permitted. plieers ; but a con- tested election shall be deicrniintd in such manner as sh«il i)e directtd by law. 15. A majority of each house shall constitnle a quo- rum to do business, but a smaller number may adjuiim from day to day, and may c.onipel the atttiidai.ce of abstiit members, in such iwanner, and under such pe- nalties, as each house may jnovide. 16. Each house may determine the rules of its own proceedings, punish mendjers for disordt rly behaviour, and, with the consent of two thirds, ex:. el a mcii.ber, but not a second time for the same cause ; and shall have all otinr powers nec.ssavy for a branch of the legisla- ture of a free and independent state. 17. Each house, during the session, may punish, by imprisonment, any person, not a meniber, for disre- spectful or disorderly behaviour in its presence, or liir obstructing any of its proceedings: Provided, that such imprisonment shall not, at any one time, exceed forty- eight hours. 18. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed- ings, and cau.se the same to be published immediately after its adjournment, excepting such parts as, in its jiidgraent, niriy require secrecy ; and the yeas and u:iys of the members o! either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of any two members pn sini, he entered on the journals. And any member of. either house shall have liberty to dissent from or protest againttany act or resolution which he may think injurious to tho piildic, or an individual, and have the reasons of his dissent entered on th,- journ-ls. 19. Senators and repiesentatives shall, in all casis, except treason, felony, or breach ot the peace, he jirivi- leged from arrest during the session of the geiitial as- sembly, and in going to and returning fiom the same ; allowing pne day for every twenty miles such member may reside from the place nt wjhich the gei.eial asseii.- bly is convened ; nor shall any meniber be liable to answer for any thing spoken in debaio in either house, in any court or place elscviliere. 20. When vacancies happen in either house, the go- vernor, or the persons exercising the powers of tlie go- vernor shall issue writs of election to fill such vacan- cies. 21. The doors of "each house shall he open, except on such occasions as, in the opinion of the house, may require secrecy. 22 Ni-ither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other plijcc tftiin titat ')n whitrh .th«y may be eitfftl^> eONSTlTUTION OP ALABAMA. ia9 E3. Bills may originate in either house, and be ameiuled, altered, or rejected, by the other : but no bill shall have the force o a law until on three several days it be read in each house, and free discussion allowed thereon ; unless, in cases of urgency, tour fifths of the house in which the bill shall be depending may deem it expedient to dispense with this rule ; and every bill, bavinp: passed both houses, shall be signed by the speak- er and president of tliciv respective houses: Proviiitd, that all bills for raisini; revenue shall originate in the lionse of representatives, but the senate may amend or reject then), as othr-r bills. 24. Each member of the general assembly shall re- ceive from the public treasury such compensation for his services as may be fixed by law ; but no increase of compensation shall take effect during the session at which such increase shall have been made. 25. No senator or representative shall, during the term for which he shall have been elected, be appoinied to any civil office of profit under this state, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during such lerm ; except such offices as may be filled by elections by the people. 26. No person holding any lucrative ofiice under the United States, (the ofiice of postmaster excepted,} this state, or any other power, shall be elij^ibk- to the gene- ral assembly ; Providid, that offices in the miiitia to which there is attached no annual salary, or the office of justice of the peace, or that of the quoru:n or county court, while it has no salavy, shall not be deemetl lucra- tive. 27. No person who may hereafter be a collector or bolder of public money, shall have a seat in either house of the general assembly, or be eligible lo any ol- fice of trustor profit under this state, until he shall have accounted for and paid into the tieasury all sums for which he may be accountable. 28. The first election for senators and representatives shall be general throughout the state; and shall beheld on the third Monday and Tuesday in September next. 2'J. The first si ssion of the general assembly shall commence on the fourth Monday in October next ; and be held at the town of Huntsvil'le, and all subsequent sessions at the town of Cahawba. until the end of the first session of the general assembly to he held in the year one thousand eight hundreil and twenty-five; during that session the general assembly shall have power to designate by law (to which the executive con- currence shall not be required) the permanent seat of govennnent, wliich shall not thereafter be changed: Provided, however, that unless such designation be then made by law, the goverinnenl shall continue per- manently at the town of Cahawba ; and provided, also, that the gen-ral assembly shall make no appropriations previous to the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty-five, for the building of any other state house tiiau that now provided for by law. ARTICLE 4. Executive Department. § 1. The supreme executive power of this stato shall be vested in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled, the governor of the state of Alabama. 2. The governor shall be elected by the qualified electors, at the time and places, when they shall re- spectively vole for representatives. 3. The returns of every election for goveruor shell he sealed up and transmitted to the seat of govern- ment, directed to the sneaker of the house of repre- sentatives, who shall, during the first week of the ses- sion, open and publish them in presence of both houses of the general assembly. The person having the highest number of votes shall be governor : but if two or more shall be equal and highestin votes, one of themshall be chosen governor by the joint vote of both houses. Con- tested elections for governor shall be delernnn.'-d by both houses ofthe general assembly, in such manner as shall be pHkcribed by law. 4. The governor shall hold his office for the tei m of two years, from the time of his installation, and until his successor shall be duly qualified ; but shall not he eligible for more than four years in any terra of six years. He simll be at least thirty years of age, shall be a native cuizen of the United Slates and shall have I'esided in this state at least four years next preceding the day of his election. 5. He shall, at stated times, receive a compensation f9e m siei;Tices', vhtv-fe sfiall not he ijfireaseci or dimi- nished during tlie term for which he shall have been elected. 6. He shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of this state, and of the militia thereof, except when they shall be called into the service of the United Slates; and when acting in the service of the United States, the general assembly shall fix his rank. 7. He may require infonnation, in writing, from the officers in the executive department, on any subject relating to the duties of their respective ofiices. 3. He may, by proclamation, on extraordinary occa- sions, convene the gei.eral assembly at the seat of go- vernment, or at a difi'ereiit place, if that shall have be- come, since their last adjournment, dangerous from an enemy, or from contagious disorders ; in case of disa- greement I'etween the two houses, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may i.djourn them to such time as he shall think proper, not beyond the day of the next annual meeting of the general assemblj-. 9. He shall, froni time to tiii>e, give to the general assembly information of the state of the government, and ri cumiiieiid to their consideration such measures as he may deem expedient. 10. He shall take care that the laws he faithfully ex- ecuted. n. In all criminal and penal cases, except in those of treason and impeachment, he shidl have power to grant reprieves and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures, nndersuch rules and reguiatiuns as shal be prescribed bylaw. lu cases of treason, he shall have power, b> and with the advice and consent of the senate, tb grant re- prieves and pardons ; and he may, in the recess of the senate, respite the sentence, until the end of the next session of the general assembly. 12. There shall be a seal of this state, which shall be kept by the governor, and used by hira officially, and the i)resent seal of tlie- territory shall be the seal of the state, uutil otherwise directed by the general assembly. 13. .\.ll coi!iniissions shall be in the name and by the authority of the slate of Ahibama, be staled with the state sf al, signed by the governor, and attested by the secretary of state. 14. There ^hali be a secretaiy of slate, appointed by joint vote of both houses of the general assi iiibly, w]io shall continue in office duriii:; the term of two years. He shall keep a fair regfster of all the offlciiil acts and proceedings of the governor, and shall, w hen required, lay the same, and all papers, minutes, and vouchers, relative thereto, before the geneial assembly, and shall perform such otl-.er duties as may be required of him by law. IS Vacancies that may happen in offices, the ap- pointinent to which is vested in the general assembly, shall be filled by the governor, during th. recess of the general assembly, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of the next session. 10. Every bill which shall have passed both houses of the g< neral assembly, shall be presented lo the go- vernor: if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not. he shall return it with hie otjjections to the house in which it shall h:ive originated, who shuH enter the objections at large upon the jour>al, and proceed to reconsider it ; if, after such reconsideration, a majority of the whole number elected to that house shall agree to pass the biii, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered ; if approved byamajority of thewholenuniber elected to tiial house, it thall become a law; but in such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the menibeis voting for or against the bill shall be entered on the journals of each hoiise respec- lively : if any bill shall not be returned by the governor, within five days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the sanie shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the general assem- bly by their adjournment prevent its return ; in which case it shall not be a law. 17. E\ery order, resolution, or vote, to which the con- currence of both houses may be necessary, except on questions of adjournment, shall hi presented to the go- vernor, and, before it shall take effeet, be approved by him; or, being disapproved, shall be repassed, by both houses according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the eases of a bill. 18. In case of the impeachment of the governor, his remo val from ofiice,dtath, refusal to qualify, resignation, or absence from the state, the president of the senate shall exercise all the power and authority .ippertainiug to the office of govewidr, until the time pointed out by tills constitution for the election of governor shall ar- r^e, unless the general assetnbly shall provide by law l^t Ihe eftictjonof a goTejnor tt> fill such yacancv. ok 110 GQNSTITUTION OP ALABAMA. until the cpovevnor absent oi impeached sliall returu or be acquitted. 19. If, daring the vacancy of the office (if ffovernoi-, the president of the senate shall be impeached, removed from office, refuse to qualify, resig-n, die, or be absent from the state, the speaker of tlie house of represeiit.i- tives shall, in like manner administer the government. 20. The president of the ^natc and epeaktr of the house of representatives, during tlie time they respec- tively administer thegovernment,sha:l nceivethe same compensation which the governor would have received, had he been employed in the duties of his office. 21. The governor shall always reside, during the ses- sion of the general assembly, at the place where their session may be held, and at all other times, wherever, in their opinion, public good may require. 22. No person shall hold tlie office of g-yernor, and any other office or commission, civil or military, either in this state, or under any state, or the United btates, or any other power, at one and tlie same time. 23. A state treasurer and a comptroller of public ac- coinits, shall be annually elected, by joint vote cf both houses of the general assembly. 24. A sheriff shall be elected in c.ieh county by the qualified electors thereof, who shall hold Iiis office for the term of three years, unless sooner removci', and whoshallnotbeeligible to serve either as principal or deputy for the three succeeding years. Should a va- cancy occur subsequent to an election, it shall be filled by the governor, a>i in other cases, and the per<;on so ap- pointed shall continue in office until the next general election, when such vacancy shall be filled by the quali- fied electors, and the sheiift then elected shall continue in office for three years, § 1. The general assembly sha'.l provide by law for organizing and disciplining the militia of lliis state, in such manner as they shall deem expedient, not incom- patible with the constitution and laws of the United States in relation thereto. 2. Any person who conscientiously scruples to bear arms shall not be compelled to do so, but shall pay an equivalent for personal service. 3. The governor shall have power to call foith the militia to execute the laws of jiu; state, to suppress in- surrections, and repel invasions. 4. All officers of the militia shall be elected or ap- pointed in such manner as may be prescribed by law- : Provided, that the general assembly shiill not make any Buch elections or appointments, other than tliose of ad- jutants general, and qe.arter masters general. 5. The governor shall appoint his aids-de-camp; ma- jors general, their aids-de-camp, and all other division staff officers: brigadiers general shall appoint ibciraids, and all other brigade staff officers; and colonels shall appoint their regimental staff officers. 6. The general assembly shall fix by law the mttliod of dividing tl.r- iniUtla into divisions, brigades, regi- ments, battalions, and companies ; and shall fixthe rank of all staff officers. ARTICLE 5. Judicial Department. §1. The judicial power of this state shall be vested in one supreme court, circuit courts to be held in each county in the state, and such inferior courts of law and equity, to consist of not more than five members, as the general assembly may, from time totime, direct,onlain, and establish. 2. The supreme court, except in cases otherwise di- rected by tins constitution, shall have appellate juris- diction only, which shall be co-extensive with the state, under such restrictions and regulations, not ri pugnant to this constitution, as may, from time to time, be pi-e- scribcd by law : Provided, that the supreme court shall have power to issuewrits of injunction, mandamHs,qiio- ■warranto, habeas corpus, and such other remedial and original w rits, as may be necessary to give it a general superintendance and control of inferior jurisdictions. 3. Until the general assembly shall otherwise pre- scribe, the powers of the supreme court shall be vested in, and its duties shall be performed by, the judgis of the sevei-al circuit courts within this state ; and they, or a majority of them, shall hold such sessions of the su- preme court, and at such times, as may be directed by law : Provided, that no judge of the supreme court shall be appointed before the commencement of the first session of the general assembly which shall be begun and held after the first day of January, in the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty-five. -}. The supreme eniut shall be liolden at the seat of government, but may adjourn to a different place, if that shall have become dangerous from an enemy or from disease. 5. The yate shall be divided into convenient circuits, and each cireuit shall contain not less than three, nor more than six counties; and for each circuit there shall be appointed a judge, who shall, after his appointment, reside in the circuit for which he may be appointed. G. The circuit court shall have original jurisdiction in al' matters, civil and criminal, within this state, not othtrwi^e txcepted in this constitution ; bur in civil cases, only when the matter or sum in controversy ex- ceeds fifty dollars. 7. A circuit court shall be held in each county in the state, at least twice in every year, and the judges of the several circuit courts may hold courts for f aeh other, when they may deem it expedient, and shall do so when directed by law. 8. The general assembly shall have power to establish a court or courts of chancery, w ith original and appel- late equity jurisdiction ; and until the establishment of such court orcourts, the saidjurisdiction shall be vested in the judges of the circuit courts respectively: Pro- vided, that the judges of the several circuit courts shall have power to issue writs of injunction, returnable into the coiirtsof chancery. 9. The general assembly shall have powerto establish in each county within this" state, a court of probate, for the granting of letters testamentary and of^ administra- tion, and for orphans' business. 10. A competentnumberofjusticesofthepeace shall be appointed in and for each county, insuchmode,and fi.r such term of office, as the general assembly may di- rect. Their jurisdiction in civil cases shall be limited to causes in which the amount in controversy shall not exbeed fifty dollars. And in all cases tried by a justice of the peace, right of appeal shall be secured, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by law. 11. Judges of the supreme and circuit courts, and courts of chancei-y, shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall be fixed by law, and shall not be diiuinislied during their continu- ance in office ; but they shall receive no fees or perqui- sites of office, nor hold any other office of profit or trust under this state, the United States, or .any other power. 12. Chancellors, judges of the supreme court, judges of the circuit courts, and judges of the inferior courts, shall he elected by joint vote of both houses of the gene- ral assembly. 13. The .judges nf the several courts in this state shall hold their offices during good behaviour; and for wil- ful neglect of duly, or other reasonable cause, which shall not be sufficient ground for impeachment, the go- vernor shall remove any of them, on the adilress of tw o thirds of each house of the general assembly : Provided, Iiowever, that the cause or causes for which such remo- val shall be required, shall he stated at length in such addii ss, and entered on thejoiirnals of each house; and l[.rovided further, that the cause or causes shall be noti- fied to the judge so intended to be removed, and he shall be admitted to a hearing in his own defence, be- fore any vote for such address shall pass ; and in all such cases the vote shall be taken by yeas and nays, and en- tered on the journals of each house respectively ; and provided also, that the judges of the several circuit courts who shall be appointed before the commence- ment of the first session of the general assembly w liich shall be begun and held alter the first day of January, in the yearof our Lord onethousand eighthundrcd and twenty-five, shall only hold their offices during good behaviour, until the end of the said session, at which time their commissions shall expire. 31. No person who shall have arrived at the age of sevtiity years, shall be appointed to, or continue in, the office of judge in this stale. 15. Clerks of the circuit and inferior courts in this state shall he elected by the qualified electors in each county, for the term of four years, and may be removed from office for such causes and in such manner as may be prescribed bylaw ; and should a vacancy occur, sub- sequent to an election, it shall be filh d by the judge or judges of the courts in which such vacancy exists and the person so appointed shall hold his office nnV the next general election : Pro\ ided, how ever, that after the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty-six, the general assembly may prescribe a different mode of ap- pointment, but shall'not make such appointment, 15. The judges of the supreme court shall, by virtue of their offices, be consenators of the peace throughout the state; as also the judges of the circuit courts in their respective districts, and judges of the inferior courts in their respective counties. 17. The stvie of all TlrooPss sTiall be, "the state nf CONS JTl UTION OF ALABAMA. Ill Alabama ;" and all jjroseeuiioiis shall be cavritd on iu chancery ; and no decree for such divorce shall liave Ihe uame and by the authority of tiie state of Alabama ; cft'ect, iiiilii the same shall be sanctioned by two thiids and shall conclude, " aganist the jieace and dignity of of both houses of the general assembly, the same. 14. In prosecutions for the publishing of papers in- 18. There shall be an attorney general for the state, vtstigaiing the official conduct of officers or men in aadasmany solicitors as the general assembly may deem public capacjt);, or when the matter published is pro- necessary, t'j be 'lected by a joint vote thereof, who per for jiubiic information, the truth thereof may be shall hold their offices for the "teri.i of four years, and ^-ivtn in evidence : and, in all indictnieiits i'ur libels, the shall receive for their services a compensation, which jury shall have a right to determine the law and the shall not be diminished during their continuance iu facts, under the direction of the courts, office. IS. Returns of all elections for officers who are to be Tmi,^„rl„„ent^ Commissioned by the governor, and for members of the j.iiipcuLamciui>. general assembly, shall be made to the secretary of $ I. The house of representatives shall have the sole state, power of impeaching. 16. No new county shall be established by the general 2. All impeachments shall be tried by the senate: assembly, which shall reduce the county or counties, or when sitting fur that purpose, the senators shall be on either of them, fium which it maybe taken, to a less oath or affirmation; and no person shall be convicted content than nine hundred square miles ; nor shall any without the concurrence of two thirds of the members county be laid off cjf less contents. Every new county, present. as to the right of suffrage and representation, shall be 3. Thegovernor, anii all thecivi!officers,shallbelia- considered as a part of the county or counties from b!e to impeachment for any misdemeanor in office; but which it was taken, until entitled by numbers to the judgment in such cases shall not extend further than right of separate representation. removal from office, and to disqualification to hold any 17. The general assembly shall, at their first session, office of honour, trust, or profit, under this state ; but which may be liolden in the year eighteen hundred aud the party, convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and twcnty-eiglir, or at the next succeedingsession, arrange subject to iiidiclmcnt, trial, and i)unishmeutj according and designate boundarits for the several counties with- to law. in the limits of this state, to which the Indian title shall f l>avc been extinguished, iu such manner as they may Ai^iit.i-i. u. tlet-m expedient, which boundaries shall r.ot beafter- f, J -rs • ■ wards altered, unless by the agreement of two thirds of Lreiieral irovistons, both branches of the general assembly; and, in ali cases ^ I. The members of the general assemblv, and all of teded territory acquired by the state, the general as- offieers executive and judicia!, before they enter on the seinbiy may maUe such arrangements and designations execution of their respective offices, shall take the fol- "' ^"'-' bouii;!anes of counties within such ceded territo- lowingoath oraffirruation, to wit : "■ I solemnly swear(or ""5 ' ■^ j-'^^y may deem expedient, which shall only be al- affirm, as the ease may he) that I will support the con- t'^i'-'d in like manner : I'rovided, that no county iiereal- siitution of the United State-,, and coubtitution of the \^'' \'^ b"-' formed shall be of less extent than nine hun- siateof Alabama, so long as 1 contiuuea citizen thereof, "''"^" sqtiare miles. and that I will faithfully discharge, to the best of my Ip- It shall be the duty of the general assembly to pass abilities, tht duties of , according to law. So help *"<=" 'a"s as may be necessary and jn-oper to dt cide dif- me God." leiences bj arbitrators, to be appoiiittd by the parties 2. Treason against the state shall consist only in le- '"^" '"ay choose that summary mode of ad j estment. v-j'ing war against it, or in adhering to its enemies, ^^' It.shall be the duty of the general' assembly, as giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be con- ^''■on as circumstances will permit, to forni a penal code, victed of treason unless on the testimony of two wit- f?""d'^eav that a majority of all the citizens of this state, votiUf; for representatives, have voted in favour of such pro- posed amendments ; and two thirds of each house of the next general assembly shall, after such an election, and before another, ratitythe same amendments by yeas and nays, thev shall be vaii,d, to all intents and purposes, as part's of liiis constitution: Provided, that the said proposed amendments shall, at eachof the saiil sessions, have been read three times, on three sever.M days, iii each house. SCHEDULE. § 1. That no inconvenience may arise from a change of territorial to a peiraanent state government, it is de- clared, that all lights, actions, prosecutions, claims, and contracts, as well of individuals as of bodies corporate, shall continue as if no such change had taken place ; and all process which shall, before the third Mouday in September next, be issuetl in the name of the Ala- bama territory, shall be as valid as if issued in the name of the state. 2. All fines, penalties, forfeitures, and escheats, accru- ing to the Alabama territory, shall accrue to the use of the slate. 3. The validity of all bonds and recognizances, exe- cuted to the governor of the Alabama territory, sliall not be impaired by the change of government, but may be sued for and recovered in the name of the governor of the state of Alabama, and his successors in office ; and all criminal or penal actions, arising or now de- pending within the limits of this state, shall be prose- cuted to judgment and execution, in the name of the said state. All causes of action, arising to individual?, and ail suits at law, or in equity, now depi-nding in the several courts, within the limits of this state, and not already barred by law, may be commenced in, or trans- ferred to, such court as may have jurisdiction thereof. 4. AU officers, civil or military, now holding com- missions tinder the authority of the United States, or of the Alabama territory, within this state, shr.ll continue to hold and exercise their respective offices, under the authority of this state, until they shall be superseded under the authority of this constitution ; and shall re- ceive from the treasury of this state the same compen- sation which thi') heretofore received, in proportion to the time they shall be so employed. The governor shall have power to fill vacancies by commissions, to expire so soon as elections or appointments can be made to such offices, by authority of this constitution. 5. All laws and parts of laws, now in force in the Alabama territory, which are not repugnant to the pro- visions of this constitution, shall continue and remain in force as the laws of this state. Until they expire by their own limitation, or shall be altered or repealed by the legislature thireof. 6. Every white male person, above the age of twen- ty-one years, who shall be a citizen of the United States, and resident in this stafe at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be deemed a quali- fied elector, at the first election to he holden in this state. And every white male person, who shall reside within the limits of this state at the time of the adop- tion of this constitution, and shall be oth.erwise quali- fied, shall be entitled to hold any office or place of hn- nour, trust, or profit, under this state, anything in this constitution to the contrary notwithstanding. 7. The president of this convention shall issue writs of election, directed to the sheriffs of the several coun- ties, requiring them to cause an election to be held for governor, representative to the congress of the United States, members of the general assembly, clerks of the several courts, snid sheriffs of the respective counties, at the respc ctive places of election, in said counties,on the third Monday and the day following in September next; which elections shall he conducted in the man- ner prescribed hy the existing election laws of the Ala- bama territory; and the said governor, and members of the general assembly, then duly elected, shall cen- tinue todischirge the duties of their respeivive offices, for the time prescrilied by this constitution, and until their successors shall be duly qualified. 8. Until the first enumeration shall iji made.as direct- ed by this constitution, the county of Autauga shall be entitled to two representatives, the county of Baldwin to one representative, the county of Blount to three re- presentatives, (he county of Cahawba to one represent- ative, the county of Clark to two representatives, the cpjintj' of Chnfitah to twb i-H'.vessinjatVvtT, Utc-ccaaty CONSTITUTION OF MAINE, Ua of Cotaco to two representatives, the county of Dallas tliey ibv ever disclaim all right and title to the waste or to two fepnsentatives, the county of Franklin to two unappropinated lands lying with.n this state; ancl that repre«ntktives, the county of Lauderdale to two repre- the same shall be and .|mam at the ,^°'e "'"^ « "^^^^ " sentstives, the county of I^wrence to two reprcsenta- P°T''''-"V''^^ f" . M nld l^vThP^h^eH Stnt« l?t^^^^^ tives,thecou„tyofjnesto„etothveerej.resentatives, ^'h^sVL^^fVeUtl^^^^^^^^ presentatives, the county of Mobile to one rcpresenta- ^^^^^ thereof; and that the lands belonging to the citizens live, the countj of St. Clair to one representative, the ^f jj^^ united States, residing out of the limits of this county of Shelby to two representatives, the county of 5,.,je^ 51,^11 never be taxed higher than the lands belong- Tiiscaloosa to three representatives, and the county of j„'g j„ peisons residing therein : and that no tax shall Washington to two representatives. And each county be imposed on lands the property of the United States ; shall be entitled to one senator, who shall serve for one a„(i that all navigable watew within this state shall for terra. ever remain public highvi-ays, free to the citizens of this 9. The oaths of office, herein directed to be taken, state and of the United States, without any tax, dutj, maybe administered by any justice of the peace, until impost, or toll therefor, imposed by this slate: And this the general assembly shall otherwise direct. ordinance is hereby declared irrevocable, without the consent of the United States. "^^•■^ Done in convention, at Huntsville, this second day of nr? nrxr 1 fjnv August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight UltUlJN .\INt^t(. hundred and nineteen, and of American Indepen- This convention,for and in behalf of the people inha- '•'^"''^ «*'<^ forty-fourth, biting this state, do accept the proposition offered by J- W. WALKER, the act of congress, under which they are assembled ; President of the Convention, and this con^vention, for and in behalf of ihe people in- Attest, habiting this* state, do ordain, agree, and declare, that John Campbell, Secretanj. COIS^STITUTIOIS" OF MAINE, For7ne(l in convention, at Portland, 29th October, 1819, and of the Indepe7idencc of tlie United States the forty fourth, and recommended to the people for their adoption, in town meetings, on the 6th of December. WE, the people of Maine, in order to establish justice, under this state; and all religious societies in this state« ensure tranquillity, provide for our mutual defence, whetherincorporateorunineorporate, shall at all times promote our common welfare, and secure to ourselves have the exclusive right of electing their public teach- andourposteritytheblessingsofliberty,acknowledging ers, and contracting with them for their support and with grateful hearts, the goodness of the Sovereign Ru- maintenance. ler of the tiniverse, in affording us an opportunity so 4. Every citizen may freely speak, write, and pub- favonrable to the design ; and imploring his aid and di- Ijsh his sentiments on any subject, being responsible vection in its accomplishment, do agree to form our- for the abuse of this libertj'. No laws shall be passed re- selves into a free and independent state, by the style s;ulating or restraining the freedom of the press ; and, andtitleof The State of Maine, and do ordain and esta- in prosecutions for any publication respecting theofli- blish the following constitution for the government of cial conduct of men in public capacity, or the qualili- the same : cations of those who are candidates for the suffrages of the people, or where the matter published is proper for ARTICLE 1. public information, the truth thereof may be given in , . e o- 1 A evidence; and in all indictments for libels, the jury, Jjeclaration of HigntS. after having received the direction of the court, shall 5 1. All men are born equall} free and independent, have a rifht to determine, at their discretion, the law and have pertain natural, inherent, and unalienable and the fact. . , . rights among which are those of enjoying and defend- 5. The people shall be secure in theirpersons,houses, inglifeandliberty, acquiring, possessing, and protect- papers, and possessions, from unreasonable searches ing property,and of pursuing and obtaining safety and and seizures; and no warrant to search any place, or happiness. seize any person or thing, shall issue without a special 2 All power is inherent in the people ; all free go- designation of the place to be searched, and the person vernments are founded in their authority, and instituted or thing to be seized, nor without probable cause, sup- fortheir benefit: they have, therefore, an unalienable ported by oalh or afflimation. j ,_ „ and indefeasible right to institute government, and to 6. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall alter reform, or totally change the same, when their have a right to be heard by himself and his counsel, or safety and happiness require it- either, at his election : to demand the nattire and cause 3. All men have a natural and unalienable right to of the accusation, and have a copy thereof : worship Almighty God according to the dictatesof their To be confronted by the witnesses a^inst him : own consciences, and no one shall be hurt, molested, or To have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses restrained, inhisperson,libertv, or estate, for worship- in his favour: ., • , j ping God in the manner and season most agreeable to To have a speedy, public, and impartial trial ; and, the dictates of his ov. n conscience, nor for his religious except in trials by martial law or impeachment, by a professions or sentiments, provided he does not disturb jury of the vicinity. He shall not be compelled to lur- the nublic peace, nor obstruct others in their religious nishorgive evidence against himself, nor be deprived worship;-and all persons demeaning themselves peace- ofhis life, liberty, property, or privileges, but byjudg- ably, as good members of the state, shall be equal lyun- ment of Ins peers, or the law of the land. _ der the protection of the laws,and no subordination nor 7. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or preference, of any one sect or denomination to another, infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment shall ever be established by law, nor shall any religious of a grand jurj > except m cases of impeachment, or m test be required as a qualification for aiiy office 01- trast> such cases of offences as are usually cognizaMe by a 114 COXSI'ITUTION OF MAINE. justice of tlie peace, or in cases arising in the army or right of suffi-aKe in the town or plantation where sucii navy, or in the militia when in aetual'service, in time seminary is established. of war or public aaiiirer. The legislature shall provide 2. Electois shall, in all cases except treason, fclonv, bylaw a suitable and impartial moileof selecting juries, or breach of the peace, lie privileged from arrest on the and their usual unmber and unanimity, in indictments days of election, during their attendance at, going to, and convictions, shall be held i'ldispeusable. and returning thereiVom. 8. No person, for the same offence shall, be twice put 3. No elector shall be obliged to do duty in the railitia in jeopardy of life or limb. on any day of election, except in time of war or public 9. Sanguinary laws shall not be passed: all penalties danger. and punishments shall be proportiDiied to the offence : 4. The election of governor, senators, and rejirescnt- Gxcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines atives, shall be on the second Monday oi September, an- imposed, nov cruel nor unusual punishments inflicted, nually, for ever. 10. All persons, before conviction, shall be bailable, except for capital offences, where the proof is evident, or the presumption great ; and the privilege of the writ of habeas cor/nis shall not he suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may re- quire it. ARTICir. O. Bistnhntio7i of Poivers. J 1. The powers of this government shall he divided into three distinct departments, the legislative, execu- 11. The legislature shall pass no hill of attainder, ex tivc, and ;')Uers to be elected by the qualified electors for one tives, and to request of either department of the go- . ^j.^^J t,,p „j.xt day iireceding the animal meeting vemment by petition or remonstrance, redress of their ^f jj^p legislature-.— The legislature which shall first be wrongs and grievances. convened iimier this constitution shall, on or before the 16. Every citizen has a right to keen and bear arms fifteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord one for the common defence ; and this right shall never be thousand eigl-.t hundred and twenty one, and the legis- questioned. „ , , . . „ lature within every subsequent period of at most ten 17. No standing army shall be kept up m time of ypa^s, and at least five, cause the number of the inha- peace, without the consent of the legislature ; and the ^jtants of the state to be ascertained, exclusive of fo- military shall, in all eases, and at all times, be in strict rpj,,„f., s not natuializn- ^jjcsapd may elect five ; each town, having twenty vilege, honour, or emolument, shall ever be granted or thousand'two hundred and fifty, may elect six ; each confirmed ; nor shall any office be created, the appoint- tj^y,,^ liaving twenty-six thousand two hundred and fif- ment to which shall be i'or a longer time than during ^ inhabitants, may elect seven ; but no town shall good behaviour. gyer be entitled to more than seven representatives ; and towns and plantations, duly organized, not having 24. The enumeration of certain rights shall not im- pair nov deny others retained by the people. AllTICLE 2. Electors. fifteen hundred inhabitants, shall he classed, as conve- niently as niav be, into districts, containing that num- ber, and so as'not to divide towns ; and each such dis- trict may elect one representative ; and when, on this apportionment, the number of representatives shall he i 1. Every male citizen of the United States, of the tAvo Iiundred,adifferent apportionment shall take place ;e of twenty-one years and upwards, excepting i>au- upon the above principle ; and, in case the fitteen hiiu- in the town or plantation where his residence is so esta- ever any town or towns, plantation or plantations, not blished, and the elections shall be bv written ballot, entiled to elect a representative, shall determine against But pei-sons in the militai-y, naval, or marine service of a classification with any other town or plantation, the the United States, or this state, shall not be considered legislature may, at each apportionment ot representa- as having obtained such established residence by being tives,on the application of such town or plantation, au- stationed in any garf rison, barrack, or military place, thorize it to elect a representative for such portion ol in any town or plantation : nor shall the residence of a time, and such periods,as shall be equal to its portion ot student at any seminary of learning, entitle him to the representiitionj and the right of representation, so esta- CONSTiTUTIO?f OF MAINE. 115 uiiiiiod, shall not be altered until the next general ap- portionment. 4. No person shall be a member of the house of repre- sentatives, unless he shall, at the commencement of the period for whicli he is elected, have been five years a citizen of the United States; have arrived at the age of twenty-one years; have been a resident in this state one year, or from the adoption of this conslitiuion ; and, for the three months next preceding the time of his elec- tion, shall have been, and during" the period for which he is elected, shall continue to l)e,a resident in the town or district which he represents. 5. The meetings for the choice of representatives shall be warned, indue course of law, by the selectmen of the several towns, seven days, at least, before the election ; and the selectmen thereof shall preside impartially at such meetings, receive the votes of all the qualified electors present, sort, count, and declai'e them, in open town meeting, and, in the presence of the town clei'k, who shall form a list of ihe persons voted for, with the number of votes for each person aga'tust his name, shall make a fair record thereof in the presence of the select- men, and in open town meeting ; and a fair copy of this list shall be attested by the selectmen and town clerk, and delivered by said selectmen to each representative, within ten days next after such election. And the tou ns and plantations, organized by law, belonging to any class herein provided, shall hold their meetings at the same time in the respective towns and plantation-, ; and the town and plantation meetings in such towns and Jilantations, shall be notified, held, and regulated, the votes received, sorted, coimted, and declared, in the same manner. And the assessors and clerks of planta- - tions shall have all the powei-s, and be subject to all the duties, wliich selectmen and town clerks have, and are subject to, by this constitution. And the selectmen of such towns, and the .tssessors of such plantations, so classed, shall, within four days next after snch meeting, meet at some place, to he prescribed and notified by the selectmen or assessors of the eldest town or planta- tion in such class, ■'"^'^ ''''^ copies of said lists shall be then examined and cmpared ; and, in case any person shall be elected" by a majority of all the ^otes, the se- lectmen or assessors shall deliver the certified copies of such lists to the person so elected, within ten days nex» after such election ; and the clerks of towns and plant- ations, respectively, shall sea! up copies of alt such hits, and cause them to be delivered into the secretary's of- fice twenty days at least before the first Wednesday in .Tanuary, annually; but, in case no person shall have a Jnajority of votes, the selectmen and assessors shall, as soon as may be, notify another meeting, and the same proceeding: shall be had at every future meeting, until an election shall have been effected : pi"ovided, that the legislature may, by law, prescribe a difterent mode of returning, examining, and ascertaining, the election of the representatives in such classes. 6. Whenever the seat of a member shall be vacated, by death, resignation, or otherwise, the vacancy may be filled by a new election. 7. The house of representatives shall choose their speaker, clerk, and other officers. 8. The house of representatives shall have the sole power of impeaeluuent. AETICLE 4. — PAIIT SECOJTI). Senate. (f 1. The senate shall consist of not less than twenty, nor more than thirty-one members ; elected at the same time, and for the same term, as the representatives, by the qualified electors of the districts into which the state shall, from time to time, be divided. 2. The legislature which shall be first convened un- der this constitution shall, on or before the fifteenth day of August, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, and the legislature at every subsequent period often years, cause the state to be divided into districts for the choice of senators. The district shall conform, us nii.'r as maybe, to county lines, and be appoitioned according to the number of inhabi- tants. Tfie number of senators shall not exceed twenty at the fii"st apportionment, and shall, at each apporfion- raent, be increased, until they shall amount to thirty- one, according to the increase in the house of repre- sentatives. 3. The meetings for the election of senators shall be notified, held, and regulated, and the votes received, sorted, counted, declared, and recorded, in the same manner as those fur representatives. And fair copies of the lists of votes shall be attested by the selectmen and town clerks of towns, and the assessors and clerks of plantations, and sealed up in open town and plantation meetings ; and the town and plantation clerks, respec- tively, shall cause the same to he delivered into the se- cretary's office, thirty days at least befoiv the first Wed- nesday of January. All other qualified electors, living in places unincorporated, who'shall be assessed to the support of governiiient, by the assessors of an adjacent town, shall have the privilege of voting for senatoi-s, re- Iiresentatives, and governor, in siuh town ; and shall be notified by the selectmen thereof, for the pm-pose, ac- cordingly, 4. The governor and council shall, as soon as maybe, examine the returned copies of such lists, and, twenty days before the said first Wednesday of January, issue a summons to such persons as shall appear to be sleeted by a majority of the votes in each district, to attend that day and take their seats, 5. The senate shall, on the said fa ;t Wednesday of Januarv, annually, determine who are t-Jected by a ma- jority of votes to be senators in each district; and, in case the full number of senators to be elected from each district shall not have b.eii so elected, the members of the house of representatives, and such senatoi"s as shall have been elected, shall, from the highest numbers of the persons voted for, on said lists, equal to twice the number of senators deficient, in every district, if there be so many voted for, elect, by joint ballot, the numbev of senators required; and in this manner all vacancies in the senate shall he supplied, as soon as may be, after snch vaeancif s happen. 6. The senators shall be twenty-five years of age at the commencement of the term for which they are elect" ed, and in all other respects their qualifications shall be the same as those of the representatives. 7. The senate shall have the sole power to try all im- peachments ; anti, when sitting for that purpose, shall be on oath or affirmation ; and no person shall be con- ^icted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present, 1 heir judgment, however, shall not extend further than to removal from office, an liO CONSTITUTION OF MAINE, 5. Each bouse shall keep a journal, and, from time to services a compensation, which shall not be increased time, publish its procecding;s', except such parts as, in or diminished during his continuance m office. their judgment may require secrecy ; and the yeas and 7. He shail be commander in chief of the army and nays of the members of either hoitse, ou any qiu-stion, navy of the state, and of the militia, except m hen called shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be en- into the actual service of the United States ; but heshall tered on the journals. not march nor convey any of the citizens out of the 6. Each house, during its session, may punish, by ira- state wijhout their consent, or that of the legislature, prisonment, any person, not a member, for disresptctful unless it shall become neccssa^', in order to march or or disorderly behaviour in its presence ; for obstructing transport th.jm from one part of the state to another, anv of its proceedings ; threatening, assau King, or abu - for the defence thereof. sing any of its members for any thing said, done, or do- 8. Heshall nomii)ate,and,\vith tlie ad vice and consent jug, in either house: Provided, that no imprisonment of the council, appoint, all judicial.officers, the attor- bhall extend beyond the period of the same session. ney general, the slierifls. coroners, registers of probate, 7. The senato'rs and representatives shall receive such anil notaries ]mblic ; and lie shaii also nominate, and, compensation as shall be established by law ; but nolaw with the advice and consent ol'tlie council, appoint, all increasing their compensation shall take effect during other civil and military officers, whose appointment is the existence of the legislature which enacted it. The not, by this constitution, or shall not, by la%y, be other- expenses of the members of the house of vf prestntatives w ise provided for : and every such nomination shall be ill travelling to the legislature and returning thert from, made seven dajs at least prior to such appointnient. once in each session, and no more, shall be paid by the 9. He shall, from time to time, give the legislature in- state, oat of the public treasury, to every member"who formation of the condition of the state and recommend shall seasonably attend, in the judgment of the house, to their consideratiun such measures as he ma) judge and does not depart therefrom without leave. expedient. 8. Vh.senatorsandrepresentativesshali, in all cases, 10. He may require information from any military of- except treason, feloi;y, or breach of the |>eace, be privi- fieer, or anj officer in tht' executive department, upon legedtVum arrest during their attendance at, going to, any subject relating to the duties ot their respective and re: iirning from, each session of thi-" legislature, and offices. no m 'uijer shall be liable to answer for any thing spo- 11. He shall have power, with the advice and consent Icen ill debate in either house, in any court or place else- of the council, to remit after conviction, all tbrfeitures, where. and penalties, and to grant reprieves and pardons, ex- 9. Biis, orders, or resolutions, may originate in cither ci pt ni cases of impeachmtnt. house, a. id may be altered, amended, cr iv|ected, in the 12. He siiall take care that the laws be feithfully exe- other ; but all bills for raising a revenue shall originate cuted. in the house of ivpresentaiives, but tl.t senate may pio- H. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the pose araendinents as in other cases; provided, that they legislature; and, in case of disagreement between the shall nor, under colour of amenrtineni, introduce any two houses, with respect to the time of adjournment, new matter, v/hich does not relate to raising a revenue, adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper, not )0. No senator or representative shall, during the be>ond the day of the next annual meeting; and if, term for which he shal i have been elected, be appointed since their iast adjournment, the place w here the legis- to any civil office of profit under this state, which shall lature were next to convene shall have become danger- have beenereated, or theemolumentsof which increased ous from an enemy, or contagious sickness, may direct during such term; except such offices as may be filled the session to be held at some other convenient place by elections by the peo]ile: provided, that this prohibi- within the state. lion shall not extend to the members of the first legisla- 14. Whenever the office of governor shall become va- ttirc. cant, by death, resignation, removal from office, or 11. No member of congress, nor person holding any otherwise, the ])resideiit of the senate shall exercise the office under the United States, (post officers excepted) office of governor until another governor shall be duly nor officeof profit under this state,justices of the peace, qualified; and, in case of the death, resignation, remo- iiotaries public, coroners, and officers of the militia ex- valfrom office,or other disqualification of the president cepted, shall have a seat in either house during his be- of the senate, so exercising the office of governor, the ing such member of congress, or his continuing in such speaker of the house of representatives shall exercise office. the office, until a president of the senate shall have been 12. Neither house shall, during the session, without chosen; and whin the office of governor, [uesident of the consent ol the other, adjourn for more than two the senate, and speaker of the house, shail become va- days, nor to any other place than that in which tlie cant, in the recess of the senate, the person acting as se- houses shall be sitting. cretary of state, for the time being, shall, by proclama- ,„_.„._ /; Di-DT xTTioT tioH, convcnc thc seiKite, that ft presideiu uiHy lic cho" Ji.UiiK.i.1. J. PAKT iJKST. ^^^ to exercise the office of governor. And whenever Executive Poiuer. either the president of the senate, or speaker of the , _, . _ ,. house, shall so exercise said office, he shall receive onlv 5 1. The supreme executive power of this state shall the compensation of governor, but his duties as presi- be vested m a governor. , . . dent or speaker shall be suspended ; and the senate or 2. The governor shall be elected by the quahfied house shall fill the vacancy, until his duties as governor electors, and shall hol, of the state: so help me Gcd :''provided, that .nn affirm- when required by the governor, councii, senate, or ation in the aliove forms may be substituted, whin the house of representatives. pti-son shall be consciemiously scrupulous of taking 4. All judicial officers, except justices of the peace, and subscribing an oath. shall hold their offices during good behaviour, biit not 'iheoaths oraffirinationsshall betaken and siibsciibed beyond the age of seventy years. by the governor and counsellors before the iiresiding of- 5. Justices of tlie peace and notaries public shall hold ficer of tiie senate, in the presence of both hsuses of the their offices during seven jcars, if they so long behave legislature, and by the senatois and representatives be- themselves well, at the expiration of which term, the\' fore the governor and council, and by the reaidue of said may be re-appointeil, or otiiers appointed, as the public officers befoiestich persons r.s shall lie prescribed by the interest may require. legislature; and, whenever the governor or any coun- 6. The justices of the supreme judicial court shall seller shall not be able to attend, during the session of lioid no office under the United States, nor any state, the legislature, to take and subscribe said oaths or af- nor any other office under tliis state, except that of -jus- firniations, such oaths or afiirmations may be taken and tice of the peace. ' subscribed, in the recess of the legislature, before any .p-rTi"v7 justice of the suiMT'me judicial court: provided, that AP.TICi.., t . jjij^ senators and rcjiresentatives first elected under this Jllllita''t' constitution shall take and subscribe such oaths or af- " ' firmations, before I lie i)resideiit of ihe convention. § 1. The captains .ind subalterns of the militia shall 2. No person holding the office of justice of the su- be elected by the written votes of the members of their preme judicial court, or of any infinior court, attorney respective companies. The field officers of regiments general, coiuity attornev, treasurer of the state, adju- by the written votes of the captains and subalterns of taut general, judge of p'lobute, register of probate, 're- their respective regiments. The brigadier generals, in pister of deed's, sheriffs or their deputies, clerks of the, like manner, by the field officers of their respective hri- .judicial coi.rts, slinll be a niendur of the legislature ; gades. . and ain person holding either of the fm-egohig offices, 2. rhe legislature shall, by law, direct tV.e manner of elected to and actepliiTg a seat in the congress of the notifying the electors, conducting the ehctitnis, and United Slat.s, shall thereby vuente said office; a;id no making the returns to the governor of the officers (.-lect- person shail be capable of holding or exercising, at the cd ; and, if the electors shall neglect or refuse to make same time, within this state, more than oneof the offices such elections, after being duly notified according to before-mentiomd. law, tl^ governor shall appoint suitable persons to fill 3. All commissions shall be in tl;c name of the state, such omces. signed by liie governor, attested by the secretan- or his 3. The major generals shall be elected by the senate deputy, and have the s'.al of the state thereto affixed, and house of representatives, each having a neg.itive on 4. And in case the elections required bv this coiisti- the other. The adjutant general and riuarterinaster ge- fittion, on the first Wednesday of January, annually, by neral shall be appointed by the governor and council; fhetwohnusesof the legislaturc.shall iiot be completed our the adiufant general shall nn-fJirm Th«> flnties of -m ^hv.t d.iv: the ■J.ime m)vh,''af?TO''ni''df'-r.r, davfn 118 G0^'STITU^IO^' of maine. day until completed, in the following order: tlie vacan- cies in the senate shall first be filled fthe governor shall then be elected, if there be no choice by the people ; and, afterwards, the two houses shall elect the council. 5. Every person Ijoidinjf any civil office under this state may be removed, by iinpeachmeiit, formisdemcan- or in office ; and every person holding any office maybe removed by the governor, wilh the advice of the coun- cil, on the address of botli branches of the legislature. But, before stich address shall pass either house, the causes of removal shall be stated and entered on the journal of tlie house in which it originated, and a copy tliereof served on- the person in office, that he maybe admitted to a hearing in his defence. 6. The tenurccf all offices, which are npt or shall not be otherwise provided for, shall be during the pleasure of the governor and council. 7. While the public expenses shall be assessed on polls and estates, a general valuation shall be taken at least once in ten years. S. All taxes upon real estate, assessed by authority of this state, shall be apportioned and assessed equally, ac- cording to the just value thereof. ATITICLE 10. Schechde. 5 1. The first legislature shall meet on the last Wed- nesday in May next. The elections on the second Mon- day in September, annually, shall not covnraence until the year one thousand eight hundred and twentj-one, and, in the mean time, the election for governor.'sena- tors, and representatives, shall be on the first Monday in April, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty; and at this election the same pro- ceedings shall be had as are required at the elections provided for in this constitution, on the second Monday in September, annually,and the lists of the votes for the governor and senators shall be transmitted, by the town and plantation clerks, respectively, to the secretary of state, pro tempore, seventeen days at least befoi-e the last ■\V'ednesday in May next ; and the president of the con- vention shall, in presence of the secretary of state, pro tempore, open and examine the attested copies of said lists, so returrnl ibr senators, and shall have all the powers, and be subject to all the duties, in ascertaining, notifying, and summoning, the senators who appear to be elected, as the governor and council have, and are subject to, by this constitution: provided, he shall no- tify said senators fourteen days at least before the last Wednesday in M.iy, and vacancies shall be ascertained and filled in the manner herein provided : and thesena- tors to be elected on the said first Monday of April shall be apportioned as follows : The county of York shall elect three ; the county of Cumberland shall elect three; the county of Lincoln shall elect three; the county of Hancock shall elect two; thecounty of Washi;!gtoiisliall elect one; the county of Kennebec shall elect three ; the county of Oxford shall elect two ; the county of Somerset shall elect two ; the county of I'enobstot shall elect one. And the members of the liouseof representatives shall be elected, ascertained, and returned, in the same man- ner as herein provided at elections on the second Mon- dayof September; andthefirst hotise of representatives shall consist of the following number, to be elected as follows : County of 2'rparaiion of the district of Maine, commonwi-alth and the said district ot Maine, in the pro- from Massachusetts proper, and forming the same into portion of two thirds to the said commonwealth and one a separate and independent state," shall continue in third to the said district ; and i!', in the judi^ment of the office, as therein provided ; and the following provi- said commissioners, the whole of said property, so held, sions of said act shall be a part of this constitution ; as a fund and security, shall not be sufficient indemni- .subject, however, to be modified, or annulled, as there- fication for the purpose, the said district shall be liable in is prescribed, and not otherwise, to wit : for, and shall pay to said commonwealth, one third of " Sect. 1. AVhereas it has been represented to this tlie deficiency, legislature, that a majority of the people of thr district " Fifth, The new state shall, as soon as the necessary of Maine are desirous of eslaulishing a separate and in- arrangements can be made for that purpose, assume dependent government within said district : Therefore, and perform all the duties and obligations of this com- " Be it enacted hijthe Senate and House of Represeuia- raonwealth, towai'ds tiie Indians Avithin said district of tives, in general court nssembled, and by the aiithortty Maine, whether the same arise from treaties or other- ojthesame. That theconsent of this commonwealth be, wise; and. tor this purpose, shall obtain the assent of and the same is hereby given, that the district of Maine said Indians, and their release to this commonwealth of may be formed and erected into a separate and inde- claims and stipulations arising under the treaty at pre- pendent state, if the people of the said district sl:all, in sent existing between the said commonwealth and said the manner, and by the majority hereinafter mention- Indians; and, as indemnification to such new state ed, express their consent and agreement thereto, upon therefor, this commonwealth, when such arrangements the following terms and conditions : And, provided the shall be completed, and the said duties and obligations congress of the United States shall give its consent assumed, shall pay to said new statt tlie \plue of thirty thereto before the fourth day of March next; which thousand dollars, in manner following, viz: The said terms and conditions are as follows, viz. commissioners shall set off, by metes and bounds, so '• First. All the lands and buildings belonging to the much of any part of the land, within the said district, commonwealth, within Massachusetts proper, shall falling to ths commonwealth, in the division of the pub" continue to belong to said commo..\vealtii, and all the lie lands hereinalter picTid"' 'm. ai. in their estima- lands belonging to the commonwealth within the dis- ti on. shall be of the value of tiiiriy thousand dollars; trict of Maine shall belong, the one half thereof to the and this commonwealth shall, thereupon, assign the said commonwealth, and the other half thereof to the same to the said new slate, or, in lieu thereof, may pay state to be formed within the said district, to be divided the sum of thirty thousand dollars, at its election, which as is hereinafter mentioned ; and the lands within the election of the said commonwealth shall be made with- said district, which shall belong to the said common- in one year from the time that notice of the doings of wealth, shall be free from taxaiion, while the title to the commissioners, on this subject, shall be made known the said lands remains in the commonwealth : and the to the governor and council, and, if not made within rights of the commonwealth to their lands, within said that time, the election shall be with the new state, district, and the remedies for the recovery thereof, shall " Stjctli- Commissioners, with the powers, and for the continue the same, within the proposed state, and in purposes mentioned in this act, shall be appointed in the courts thereof, as they now are within the said com- manner following : The executive authority of each tnonwealth, and in the courts thereof; for which pur- state shall appoint two ; and the four srf appointed, or poses, and for tht^ maintenance of its rights, and reco- the major pan of them, shall appoint two more ; hut, if very of its lands, the said commonwealth shall be enti- they cannot agree in the appointment, the executive of tied to all other proper and legal remedies, and may each state shall appoint one in addition ; not, however, appear in the courts of the proposed state, and in the in that case, to be a citizen of its own state. And any courts of the United States holden therein ; and all vacancy happening, with respect to the commissioners, nghts of action for or entry into lands, and of actions shall be supplied in the manner provided for their ori- upon bonds, for the breach of the performance of the ginal appointment ; and, in addition to the powers here- condition of settling duties, so called, which have ac- in before given to said commissioners, they shall have crued, or may accrue, shall remain in (his common- full power and authority to divide all the public lands wealth, to be enforced, commuted, released, or other- within the district, between the respective slates, in wise disposed of, in such manner as this commonwealth equal shares, or moieties, in severalty, having regard may hereafter determine : provided, however, that to quantity, situation, and quality; they shall determine whatever this cotnmonwealth may hereafter receive or what lands shall be surveyed and divided, from time to obtain on account thereof, if any thing shall, after de- time, the expense of which surveys and of the commis- dncting all reasonable charges relating thereto, be tlj- sioners, shall be borne equ:il!y by the two states. They vided, one third part thereof to the new state, and two shall heep fair records of their doings, and of the sur- third parts thereof to this co'timonwealth. veys made by their direction, copies of which records, " Second. All the arms which '.-xve been received by authenticated by them, shall be deposited, from time to this Commonwealth from the United States, under the time, in thearcliivcs of therespectivestates;transcripts law of congress, entitled, " An act making provision for of which, properly certified, may be adinitttd in evi- arming aad equipping the whole body of militia of the dence, in all questions touching the subject to which United States, passed April the twenty-third, one thou- they relate. The exeeutiveauthority of each state may sand eight hundred and eight, shall, as soon as the said revoke the power of either or both its commissioners ; district shal! become a separate state, he divided he- having, however, first appointed a substitute, or substi- tween the two states, in proportion to the returns of the tntes. and may fill any vacancy happening w ith respect militia, according to which the said arms have been re- to its own commissioners ; four of said commissioners ceived from the United States as aforesaid. shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of busi- " Third. All money, stock, or other proceeds, hereaf- ness ; their decision shall be final upon all subjects with- ter derived from the United States, on account of the in their cognizance. In case said commission shall ex- Claim of this commonwealth, for disbursements made, pire, the same not having been completed, apd either and expenses incurred, for the defence of the state dur- stateshall request the renewal orfillingnp of thesame, ing the late war with Great Britain, shall be received it shall he renewed or filled up in the same manner as by this commonwealth; and. when received, shall be is herein provided for filling the same in the first in- divided between the two states, in the proportion of stance, and with the like powers ; and if either state two thirds to this commonwealth, and one third to the shall, after six months' notice, neglect or refuse to ap- new state. point its commissioners, the other (jiay fill up the whole "Fourth. All other property, of every description, be- commission, longing to the commonwealth, shall be holden and re- ^'Seventh. All grants of lands, franchises, immunities ceivalile by the same, as a fund and security for all debts, corporate or other rights, and all contracts for, or grants, annuities, and Indian subsidies, or claims due by said of lands not jet located, w hich have been, or may be, commonwealth; and, within two years after the said mailebylhe said commonwealth, before the separation district shall have become a separate state, the commis- of said district shall take place, and having or to have sioners to be appointed, as hereinafter provided, if the cflect within the said district, shall continue in fuU said states cannot othervise agree, shnll assign a just force, after the said district shall become a separate 120 CONSTITUTION OP MISSOURI. state. But the grant which has been made to the pre- sident and trustees of Bowdoin college, out of the tax laid upon the banks within this commonweahh, shall be charg^ed upon the tax upon the banks within the saitl district of M.iine, and paid according to the terms of said grant ; and the prtsident and trustees, and the overseers of said col|ee;e, shall have, hold, and enjoy, their powers and privileges in all respects; so that the same shall not be subject to be altered, limited, annull- ed, or restrained, exceft by judicial process, according to the principles of law ; and, in all grants hereafter to be made, by either state, of unlocated land within the said district, the same reservations shall be made for the benefit of schools, and of the ministry, as have hereto- fore been usu^>l in giants made by this comroonwealth. And all lands heretofore granted by this comixionweajth to any religious, literary, or eleemosynary corporation, or society, shall be free from taxation, while the same continues to be owned by such corporation, or society. " Eighth. No laws shall be passed in the proposed state, with rejjard to taxes, actions, or remedies at law, or bars, or limitations thereof, or otherwise making any distinction bet w> en the lands and rights of property of proprietors, not resident in, or not citizens of, snid pro- posed state, and the lands and rights of property of the citizens of the proposed state, resident tht rein ; and the rights and liabiti'ii s of all persons shall, after the said separation, continue the same as if the said district was still a part of this commonwealth, in all suits pending, or judgments remaining unsatisfied, on the fifteenth day of March next, where the suits have been cpm- menced in iVIassachiiselts Proper, and process has been served within the district of Maine ; or commenced in the district of Maine, and process has been served in Massachusetts Proper, either by taking bail, making at- tachments, arresting and detaining persons, or other- wise, where execution remains to be done ; and in such suits, the courts within Massachusetts Proper, and with- in the proposed state, shall continue to have the same jurisdiction as if the said district had still remained a part of the commonwealth. And this commonwealth shall have the same remedies within the proposed state as it now has, for the collection of all taxes, b^iids, or debts, which may be assessed, due, made, or contracted, by, to, or with, the commonwealth, on or before the* said fifteenth day of March, within the said district of Maine ; and all officers within Massachusetts Proper and the district of Maine shall conduct themselves ac- cordingly. "■Ninth These terms and conditions, as here set forth, when the said district shall become a separate and in- dependent state, shall, ifiso facto., be incorporated into, and become, and be a part of any constitution, provi- sional or other, under which the g ewan- any civil office under this state, which shall have been cipated shall not become a public charge. created, or the emoluments of which shall have been in- It shall be their duty, as soon as may be to pass sucn creased, during his continuance in office, except to laws as may he necessary, . such offices as shall be filled by electious of the people. 1. To prevent free negroes and mulf»*°"'™'° coming 17. Each house shall appoint its own officers, anU to, and settling in this state, under -"y Pretext whatso- shall judgeof the qualifications, elections, and returns ever; and, , of its own members. A majority of each house shall 2. To oblige the ow ners of si»^es to treat ttiem with constitute a quorum to do business ; hut a smaller nr.m- humanity, and to abst.^in iVo'' !*" injuries to tliein ex- Tjer may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the lending to life or limb. . . . ,v , attendance of absent members, in such manner, and 27. In prosecutions ibr'T'^t's, slaves suali not be de- under such penalties, as each house may inovide. prive rn ,i,r,o. publish a jonvnal of the5v pvt)- 29. Any pa-nn who shall raaliciptisly deprive of life. ouIsbirrUTlQN OF MiSSOUllI. qr dismemfaei: a slave, shall sufter such punisbmcnt as would he inflicted for tlw like offence iSit were comniit- led on a free white j)crsons 29. The govenior, lieiitoiar.t govenior, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, attormv general, and all j udges of the courts of law and eqiiitj-, shall be liable to im- peachment for any luisderaeanor in office; bat judg- ment in such cases shall not extend furtiier than remo- val from office and disqualification to hold any office of honour, trust, or orofit, under this slate. * I'lie party im- pieached, whether convicted or acquitted, shall, never- theless, be liable to be indicted, tritd, and punished, ac- cordiiijj to law. 3D. The house of representatives shall have the sole power of i.apeachmeat. All irapeachuients shall be tried by the senate; and, when sittin;; for that purpose, the senators shall be on oath or affirmation to do justice according to law anaeAidence. When tiie jjovernor shall be tried, the presiding judge of the supreiue court shall preside ; and no j)erson siiall be convicted with- out the concurrence of two thirds of all the senators present. 31. A state treasurci- shall be biennially appointed by joint vote of tlie two houses of the general assembly, who shall keejp his office at the seat of government. Xo money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in con- sequence of appropriations made by law ; and an accu- rate account of the receipts and expenditures of the public money shall be annually published. 32. The appointment of all officers, not otherwise di- rected by tliis constitution, shall be inade in such man- ner as may be prescribed by law ; and all officers, both civil and military, under the authority of this slate, shall, before entering on the duiies of their respective offices, take an oath or affirmation lo support the con- stitution of the United States, and of this state, and to demean themselves faithfully in office. 33. 'Ihe general assembly shall nie^t on the third Mondayiu September next: on the first Mondayin No- vember eighteen hundred and twenty-one ; on the first Monday in November eighteen hundred and twenty- two, and thereafter the gtneral asseml;ly ihall meet once in every two years, and such meeting shall be on tlie first Monday in November, unless a difterent day shall be appointed by law. 34. No county now established by law shall ever be reduced, by the establishmi'ut of new counties, to Itss tlian twenty miles square ; tior shall any county hereaf- ter be established, which shall contain less than four hundred squai-e miles. 35. Withinfiveyearsaftertheadoption of tills consti- tution, all the statute laws of a general nature, both cirW and criminal, shall be revised, digested, and pro- mulgated, in such manner as the general assembly shall direct, and a like revision, digest, and jiromulgation shall be made at the expiration of every subsequent pe- liod of ten years. 36. Thestyleofthe laws ofthis state shall be, '•^Bcit oracted by the general asaembbj of the state of Missouri." ARTICLE 4. Of the Executive Porter. 5 1. Tlie supreme executive power shall be vested in a chief magisa-ate, who shall be styled, '• the Governor of the state of Missouri." 2. The governor shall be at least thirty -five years of age, and a natural born citizen of the United States, or a citizen at the adoption of the constitution of the United states, or an inhabitant of that (lart of Louisiana now JRcluded in the state of Missouri at the time of the cession thereof from France to the United States, and shall have been a resident of the same at least four years n«xt before his election. 3- The governor shall hold his office for four j'ears, and uuji a successor be duly appointed and qualified. He shall <]e elected in the manner following: At the time and p'nce of voting for members of the house of representatlv^s, the qualified electors sha!l vote for a governor ; and vjjen two or more persons have an equal nuraberof votes, ajj a higher number than any person, the election shall bttiecided between them by a joint vote of both houses (f the general assembly, at their next session. 4. The governor sliall h» ineligible for the next four years after the expiration oU^a term of service. 5. The governor shall be co^miaiider in chief of the militia and navy of this state, \vccpt when they shall be called into the service of the t\iied States; but he need not command in person, uiii^ss advised so to do l>y a resolution of the general assembly. 6. The governor shall have power tftaemit fines and forfeitures; and, except in cases of im^seacluneut. to grant i-epnf>vos anjl jiaidon?. 7. The governor shall, from time to time, give to the general assembly infcvmation relative to the state of the government, and sliall recommend to their considera- tion such measures as he shall deem necessary and ex- l)edient. On extraordinary occasions, he may convene the general assembly, by proclamation, aud shall state to them the purposes for which they are convened. 8. The governor shall take care that the laws be dis- tributed and faithfully executed : and he shall be a con- servator of the peace throughout the state. 9. When any office sbail become vacant, the govern- or shall appoint a person to fill such vacancy, who shall continue in office until a successor be duly appointed and qualified according to law. 10. Every bill which shall have been passed by both houses of the general assembly, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to tlie go\ ernor for his approbation. If he approve, he shall sign it ; if not, he shall return i'. with his objections to the house in which it shall have originated, and the house sliail cause the objections to be entered at large on its journals, and shall proceed to reconsider the bill. If, after such reconsideration, a niajerity of all the members elected to that house shall agree to pass thesame, it shall be sen t, together wiih the objections, to the other house, by which it shall be in lik'.- manner reconsidered, and if approved by a majo- rity of all the members elected to that house, it shall become a Irw. In all such cases the votes of both houses shall be taken by yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and again'sithe bill siiall be entered on the journal of each house rc5i)eciivel}'. If any bill shall not be relumed by the governor wiiliiii ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him,'the same shah become a law, in like manner as if the govenior had sigiietl it ; unless the general assent- b!y, by its adjournment, shall prevent its return, in w hich case it shall not become a law. n. Every resolution tojtliich the concurrence of the senate and house of reaJPent-itives may be necessary, except on cases of adjotirhmem, shall be presented to the govenior, and before the same shall take eflect shalt be proceeded upon in the same maimer as in the case of a bill. 12. There shall be an auditor of piibiic accounts, whom the goveriior,by and w ith ihead^ice and consent of the stnatf, shall appoint. He shall continue in office four ) ears, and shall perform such duties as may be pre- scribed by law. His office shall be kept at the seat of government. 13. The governor shall, at stated times.receive for hi3 services an adetitiate salary, to be fixed by law, whicli shall neither he increased nor diminished during his continuance in office, .iiid which shall never be less than two thousand dollars annually. 14. There shall be a lieutenant "governor, who shall be elected at the same time, in the samemanner, for the same term, and shall possess the same qualifications as the governor. The electors shall distinguish for whom they vote as governor, and for Mhoin as lieutenant go- vernor. 15. The lieutenant governor shall, by virtue of his office be i>resident of the senate. — In committee of the whole he may debate on all questions ; and when there is an equal division, he shall give the casting vote in s. nate, and also in joint votes of both houses. 16. When the office of governor sha! I become vacant, by death, resignation, absence from the state, remoAal from office, refusal to (jualify, impeachment, or other- wise, the lieutenant governor; <)r,in case of like disabi- lity oil Ills part, the president of the senate /iro tanpore ; ov, if tiiere be no president of the senate pfo tempore, the speaker of the house of representatives, shall possess all the powers, and discharge all the duties, of govern- or, and shall receive for his services the like compensa- tion, until such vacancy be filled, or the governor, so absent or impeached, shall return or be ac(iuitted. 17. Whenever the office of governor shall become va- cant, by death, resignation, removal from office, or otherwise, the lieutenant governor,or other person exer- cising the powers of governor for the time being, shall, as soon as may be, cause aii election to be held to fill such vacancy, giving three mouths previous notice thereof; and the person elected shall not thereby be remlered ineligible to the office of governor for the next succeeding term. Nevertheless, if such vacancy shall happen within eighteen months of the end of the term for which the late governor shall have been elected, the same shall not be filled. 18. The lieutenant governor, ov president of the se- nate pro tempore, while presiding in the senate, shall receive the same compensation as shall be allowed tij the speaker of the house of representatives. 1? TIr: r°'.''.ni5 of a!! elections of governor and li"';- CONSllTUTiON OF MlSSOUUl. .1-23 iiiiu governoi", shall be made to the secietary ol'state, in such manner as may be prescribeil by law. 20. Contested elections of governor and lieutenant governor, shall be decided by joint vote of both houses of the gjtnerai assembly, in sucli manner as may be pre- scribed by law. 21. I'here shall be a secretary of state, whom the go- vernor, by and with ilu- advice and consent of the se- nate, shall appoint. He shall hold his ofRce four years, unless sooner removed on impeachment. He shall keep a register of all the oflicial acts and proceedmgs of the jjovenior, and when necessary shall attest them ; and lie shall lay the same, together with all papers relative thereto, before either liouse of the general assembly, whenever required so to do, and shall peiform such other duties as may be enjidned on him by law. 22. The secretary of state shall, as soon as may be, procure a seal of state, with such emblems and devices as shall be directed by law, which shall not be subject to change. It shall be called "the great seal of the state of Missouri;" shall be kept by the sceret;iry of state, and and all official acts of the governor, his approbation of the laws excepteil, shall be thereby authenticated. 23. There sliall be appointed in each county a sheritf and coroner, who, until the general assembly shall otherwise provide, shall be elected by the qualified electors, at the time and place of electing representa- tives. They shall serve for two years, and until a suc- cessor be duly appointed and qualified, unless sooner removed for misdemeanor in office, and shall be ineligi- ble four years in any term of eight years. The sheriff and Cormier shall each give security for the faithful jlischarge of the duties of his office in such manner as shall be prescribed bylaw. Whenever a county shall be hei-eauer established, the governor shall appoint a sheriiT and coixiner therein. \vLo shall each contiime in office until the next iueceeding general election be, and until a successor shall be duly quahfied. 24. When vacancies happen in the office of sheriff or coroner, they shall be filled by appointment of the go- vernor; and the persons so appointed shall continue in office until successors shall be duly qualified, and shall not be thereby rendered ineligible for the next succeed- ing term. 25. In all elections of sheriff and coroner, when two or more persons have an equal number of votes, and a higher number than any other person, the circuit courts of the counties respectively, shall give the existing vote ; and all contested elections for the said offices shall be decided by the circuit courts respectively, in such man- ner as the general assembly may by law prescribe. AllTiCLE 3. Of the Judicial JPoxuer. j 1. The judicial powers, as to matters of law and equity, shail be vested in a " supreme eourt," in a " chancellor," in " circuit courts," and in such inferior tribunals as tfce general assembly may, from tune to time, ordaiu and establish. 2. The supreme court, except in cases otherwise di- rected by this constitution, shall have appellate juris- diction only, w Well shall be co-extensive with the state, under the .-estrictions and liniiutions in this constitu- tion provided. 3. The supreme court shall have a general superin- tending control over all inferior courts of law. It shall have power to issue writs of hnl/eas corpus, yt.amlnmus, quo varrante, certiorari, and other original remedial writs ; and to hear and determine the same. 4. The supreme couit shail consist of three judges, any two of whom shall beaquorum; and the said judges shall be conservators of the peace throughout the state. 5. The state shall be divined into convenient districts, not to exceed lour ; in each of which the supreme court shall hold two sessions annually, at such place as the general assembly shall appoint; and when sitting in ei- ther district, it shall exercise jurisdiction over causes originating in that district only: provided, however, that the general assembly may, at any time hereafter, direct by law, that the said cou^t shall be held at one place only. 6. The circuit court shall have jurisdiction over all criminal eases which shall not be otherwise provided for bylaw; and exclusive original jurisdiction in all civil cases which shall not be cognizable before justices of the peace, until otherwise diiected by the, general as- sembly. It shall hold its terms in such place in each county as may be by law directed. 7. The state shall be divided into convenient circuits, for each of which a judge shall be appointed, whoafter his appointment, shall reside, and be a conservator of the peace within the circuit for which he shall be ap- pointed. 8. The circuit courts shall rxortisp a superintending control over .tU such inferior tribunals as the general assembly may establish, and over justices of the peace in each county in their rtspectivL' circuits. 9. The jurisdiction of the couit of chancery shall be co-extensive with the state, and the times and places of holding its sessions shall he regulated in the same man- ner as those of the supreme court. 10. The court of chancery shall have original and appellate jurisdiction in all mattei-s of equity, and ft general control over execu tor, administrator5,guardians, and minors, subject to appeal, in all cases, to the su- preme court, under such limitations as the genei-al as- sembly may by law provide. U. Until the general assembly shall deem it expedi- ent to establish inferior courts of^ chancery, the circuit courts shall have jurisdiction in matters of equity, sub- ject to appeal to the court of chancery, in such manner, and under such restrictions, as shall be prescribed by law. 12. Inferior tribunals shall be established in each county, for the transaction of all county business ; for appointing guavtiians ; for granting letters testamenta- ry, and of administration ; and for settling the accounts of executors, administrators, and guardian;. 13. The governor shall nominate, and, by and with theadviceand consent of thesenate, appoint the judges of the superior ecu rt, the judges of t!if circuit courts, and the chancellor, each of whom shall hold his ofiice during good behaviour, and shall receive fov his services a compensation, whicfj shall not be diminished during his continuance in office, and which shall not be les* than two thousand dollars annually. 14. No person shail be appointed a judge of the su- preme court, nor of a circuit court, nor chancellor, be- fore he shall have attained to the age of thirty years; nor shall any pei-son continue to exercise the duties of any of said offices after he shall have attained to the age of sixty-five yeai-s. 15. The courts respectively shall appoint their clerks, who shall hold their offices during good behaviour. Fov aiiy misdemeanor in office, they shall be liable to he tried and removed by the supreme court, in such man- ner as the general assembly shall by law provide. 16. Any judge of the supreme court or of the circuit court, or the chancellor, may be removed fi'om office on theaddressof two thirds of each house of the general assembly to the governor for that jnirpose ; but each house shall state on its respective journal the cause for which it shail wish the removal of such judge or chan- cellor, and give him notice thereof, and he shall have the right to be heard in bis defence in such maimer as the general assembly shall by law direct ; br.t no judge nor chancellor shall he removed in this manner for any cause for which he might have been impeached. 17. In each county there sliall be appointed as many justices of the peace as the public good may be thought to require. Their powers and duties, and their duration in office, shall be regulated by law. 18. An attorney general shali be appointed by the go- vernor, by and with theadviceand couseut of the se- nate. He shail remain in office f'lur years, and shall perform such duties as shall be requiitd of him by law. 19. All writs and process shali run, and all prosecu- tions shall be conducted in the name of the " state of Missouri;" all writs shall be tested l>y the clerk of the court Ironi which they shall he issued, and all indict- ments shall conclude, "against the peace and dignity of the state." xuricLT. 6. Of Education. § 1. Schools, and the means of education, shall for ever be encouraged in this state; and the general as- sembly shall take measures to pi-esei-ve from waste or damage such lands as have beeii^ or hereafter may he granted by the United States for the use of schools w itbin each township in this state, and shall apply the funds which may arise from such lands in strict confor- mity to the object of the grant ; and one school, or more, shall be established in each township as seon as practi- cable and necessary, where the poor shall be taught gratis. 2. The general assembly shall take measures for the improvement of such lands as have been, or hereafter may be granted by the United Slates to this state, for the support of a semiiiaryof learning; and the funds acci-uing from such lands, bj rent or lease, or in any other man- ner, or which may be obtained from any other source, for the purposes aforesaid, shali be and remain a pci- uianent fund to support a university, iiir the promotioa of literature, and of the arts and sciences; and it shall be the duty of the general assembly, as soon as may be, to CONSTlTUriON next general election ; and if, at the first session of the general as- seorbly afiersuch general election, two tliirds of each Iiouse shall, bv yeas and nays, ratify such proptised amendments, they shall be valid, to all intents and pur- r.;eople. 2. That the people of this state have the inherent, sole, and exclusive right of regulating the internal go- vernment and poliee thereof; and of altering and abo- lishing their constitution and form of governuient, whenever it may be necessary to their safety and hap- pini ss. 3. That the people have the right peace:,bly to as- semble for their common good, and to apply to those vested with the powers of government for redress of grievances, by petition or remonstrance ; and that their right to hear arms in defence of themselves and of the state cannot he questioned. 4. That all men have a natural and iwlofeasible right to worship Almighty God according to tVe dictates of their own consciences ; that no nii-n can be compelled to erect, support, or attend any place of worship, or to maintain any minister of the gospel or teacher of tcU- gion ; that no human authority can control or interfere with the rights of conscience; that no person can ever be hurt, molested, or rest .ained, in his religious profes- sion, or sentiments, if he do not disturb others in their religious worship. 5. That no person, on account of his religious opin- ions, can be rendered ineligible to any office cf trust or profit under this state; that no preference can ever be given by law to any sect or mode of worship; and that no religioDs corporation can ever be established in this state. o. That all elections s.hall be free and equal. 7. That courts of justice ought to be open to every person, and certain remedy afforded for every injury to person, property, or character ; and that right and jus- tice ought to be administered without sale, denial, or delay ; and that no pri» ate property ought to be taken or applied to public use without just compensation. 8. 'I'hat the right of trial by jurv shall remain invio- late. 9. That, in all criminal prosecutions, the accused has the iighr to be heard by himseli and his counsel ; to demand the nature and cause of accusation, to have conipulsfny process tor witnesses in his favour; to meet the Witnesses against him face to face ; and, in prose- cutions on presentment or indictment, to a speedy trial, by an imp.artial jury of the vicinage ; that the accused cannot be compelled to give evidence against himself ; nor be deprived oi life, liberty, or property, but by the Judgment of his peers, or thel.iw of the land. CONSTITUl'ION OF MiSSOURL 125 10. That no person, after having been once acr|uitted by a jury, can, for the same offence, be again put in jeopardy of lite or limb; but if in any criminal prosecu- tion the jury be divided in opinion at the end of tlie term, the court before which the trial shall be had, may, in its discretion, discharge the jury, and commit or bail the accused tor trial at the aext term of suth court. 11. That all pirsons shall be liailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital olVcnces, when the proof is evident or the presumption great; and tlie privilege of the writ of haheas corjjin- cannot be suspemied, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safe- ty may require it. 12. That excessive bail shall not be required, nor ex- cessive fines imposed, tJor cruel and unusual punish- ments inflicted. 13. That the people ought to be secure in their per- sons, papers, houses, and effects, from unreasonable searches ami seizures; and no warrant to search any place, or to seize any person or thing, can issue without describing the place to be searched, or the person or thing to be seized, as nearly as may be, nor without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation. 11. That no person can, lor an indictable oltenccj be proceeded against ctiaiinally, by information ; ex- cept in cases arising in ihe land or naval forces, or in the militia v.'hen in actual service, in time of w.ir or public danger, or by leave of the court, for oppression or misdemeanor in office. 15. That treason against the state can consist only in levying war against it, or in adiiering to its enemies, giving thera aid and comfort ; that no person can bt' fonvict-d of in-ason unless on the testimony of two wit- nesses to the samp ovurt act, or on his own confession in open court ; thai no person can be attainted of treason or felony by the general assembly ; that no conviction can work corruption of blood, or forftiture of estate ; that the estates of stich persons as may de- stroy their own lives shall duscend or vest as in cases of natural death ; and when any person sliall be killed by casualty, there ought to be no forfeiture by reason thereof. 16. That tV.e free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the invaluable rights o! man, and that every person may fre -ly speak, write, and print oti any subject, being responsible for the abuse of inal li- berty ; that, in all prosecutions (or libels, the truth thereof may be given in evidence, and the jury may determine the law and the tiicts, under the direttloti of the court. 17. That uo expott fad o]aw. nor law impairing tlse obligation of contracts, or retrospective in ilsoperaiion, can be passed ; nor can the person of a debtor be im- prisoned for debt after he shall have surrendered his property for the benefit ot his creditors, in such manner as may be prescribed by law. 18. That no person who is religiously scrupulous of bearing arins, can be compelled to do so, but may be cornpelled to pay an equivalent for military service, in such manner as shall be ;>rescvibed by law, and that no priest, preacher of the gospel, or teacher ot any reli- gious persuasion or sect, regularly ordaim-rt as such, be subject to militia duty, or compelled to bear arms. 19. That all property, subject to taxation in tliis state, shall be taxed in proportion to its value. 20. That no title of nobility, hereditary emolument, privilege, or distinction, shall be granted ; nor any of- fice created the duration of which shall be longer than the good behaviour of ttie officer appointed to fill the same. 21. That emigration from this state cannot be prohi- hihited. 22. That the military is, and in all cass, and at all times, shall be in strict subordination to the civil pow- er; that no soldier can, in time of peace, he quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in such inanner as may he prescribed bylaw ; nor can any ai)propriatinn for the support of an army be made for a longer period than two years. SCHEDULE. § 1. That no inconvenience may arise from theehange of government, we declare, thatall writs, actions, prose- CHtions,judgme!Us, cLiims, and contracts, of individuals and of bodies corporate, shall eontiuue as if no change had taken place; and all process which inaj", hei'oie the third Monday in September next, be issued under the authority of the territory of Mis'jomi, shall be »s va- lid as if issticd in the iinr" ■ ef t^" •':.<<■ 2. All laws now in force in the tcrritorj- of Missouri^ which av not repugnant to this constitution, shall re* main in force until they expire by their own limitations, or be altered or repealed by the general assembly. 3. Ail fines, penalties, forfeitures, and escheats, accru- ing to the territory of Missouri, shall accrue to the use of the state. 4. All recognizances heretofore taken, or which may be taken before the third Monday in September next, shall iviiiain valid, and shall pass over to and may be prosecuted in the name of the state : and all bonds ex- ecuted to the governor of the territory ^jor to any other officer or court in his official cai)acity, sh.all pass over to the governor, or other proper state authority, and to their successors in office, tor the uses therein respec- tively expressed, and may be sued for and recovered accordingly All criminal prosecutioiis and |ieual ac- tions, w hich have arisen, or which may arise before the third Jiloi'.d.iy in September next, and which shall then be depending, shall be prosecuted to judgment and ex- ecution in the name of the state. AH actions at iaw which now arc, or which, on the third Monday in Sep- tember ne.\t, may be depending in any of the courts of record iu the territory of Missouri, may be coinmenced in, or transferred to any court of recoitl of the state which shall have jurisdiction of the subject matter thereof; and all suits in equity may, in like manner, be commenced in, or transferred to the court of chancery. 5. AH officers, civil and militr.sy, !iOW holding com- missions under the authority of the United States, or of the territory of Missouri, shall continue to hold and ex- ercise their' respective offices, until they shall be sii- persedt d under the authority of the state ; and all such officers holding commissions under the authority of the territory of Missouri, shall receive the sanie compensa- tion which they hitherto received, in proportion to the time they shall be so employed. 6. The first meeting of the general assembly shall be at St. Louis, with j;o\ver to adjourn to any other place; and the general assembly, at the first session thereof, sliall fix the seat of government until the first day of October, eighteen hundred and twenty-six ; and the first session of the general assembly shall li.'ive pow- er to fix the compensation of the members thereof, any thing iu the constitution to the contrary notviithstand- iiig. 7. Until the first enumeratioti shall be made,as direct- ed in this constitution, the county of Howard shall be entitled to eight representatives, the county of Cooper to four representatives, the county of Montgomery to t« o representatives, the county of Lnicoln to one repre- sentative, the county of Pike to two represent fives, the county of St. Charles to three representatives, the coun- ty of ,St, Louis to six representatives, the county of Franklin to two representatives, the county of Jefferson to one representative the county of Washington to two representatives, the county of St. Genevieve to four iepr.fsentatives, the count)- of Cape Girardieau to four representatives, the county of New Madrid to two re- presentatives, the county of Madison to one iv presenta- tive, the county of Wayne to one representative, and that part of the county of St. Lawrence situated within this state, shall attach to, and form ])art ot the county of Wayne until otherwise provided by law ; and the sheriff of the county of Wayne shall appoint the judges of the first election, and the place of holding the same, in the part thus attached ; and any person who shall have resided within the jiniiis of this state five months previous to the adoption of this constitution, and who shall be othtrwise qualified as prescribed in the third section of the third article theriof, shall be eligible to the house of representatives, any thing in this eonstitw- lion to the contrary notwithstanding. 8. For the first election of senators, the state shall be divided into districts, and the apportionment shall be as follows, that is to say : ihe tonuties of Howard and Cooper shall compose one district, and elect (bur se- nators, the counties of Montgomery and Franklin shall compose one district and elect one senator. Ihe county of St. Charles shall compose one district and elect one scnatoi', the counties of Lincoln and Pii' 3d. That five per cent, of the neat proceeds of the sale of lands lying within the said territory or state, and which shall be sold by congress, from and after the fii-st day of January next, after deducting all expenses inci- dent to the same, shall be reserved for mating public roads and cinals, of which three fifths shall be applied to those objects within the state, under the direction of the legislature thereof, and the other two fifths in de- fraying, under the direction of congress, the expenses to he incurred in making of a road or roads, canal or canals, leading to the said state. •'4lh. That four entire sections of land he, and the same are hereby granted to the said state, for the pur- pose of fixing their seat of government thereon ; which said sections shall, under the direction of the legis- lature of said state, be located, as near as may be, in one body, at any time, in such townships and ranges as the legislature aforesaid may select, on any of the pub- lic lands of the United States : provided, that such lo- cation shall he made prior to the public sale of the lands of the United States surrounding such location. " 5th. Tiiat thirty-six seelions,'jrone entire township, which shall be designated by the president of the United Sti^tes, together with the other lands heretofore reserved for that purpose, sliail be reserved for the use of a semi- nary of learning, and vested in the legislature of said state, to be appropriated solely for the use of such semi- nary, by the legislature." Now, this convention, for and in behalf of the people inhabiting this state, and by the authority of the said people, do accept the five before recited propositions, offered by the act of congress under which they are as- sembled ; and, in pursuance of the conditions, requisi* tions, and other provisions in the before recited act ot congress contained, this convention, for and in behalf of the people inhabiting this state, do ordain, agree, ai»d declare, that every and each tract of land sold by the United States, from and after the first day of January next, shall remain exempt from any tax laid by order or wider the authority of the state, whether for state, county, or township, or any other pmijose whatever, for the term of five years from and after the respective days of sale thereof. And that the bounty lands grant- ed, or hereafter to be granted, for military services, during the late war, shall, while they contuiue to be held by the patentees or their heirs, remain exempt, as aforesaid, from taxation, for the term of three years from and after th.e date of the patents respectively : pro- \ided, nevertheless, that if the congress of the United States shall consent to repeal and revoke the following clause in the fifth proposiiiou of the sixth section of the act of congress before recited, and in these words, viz : That every and each tract of land sold by the United States, from and after the first day; of January next, shall remain exempt from any tax, iaid by order, or un- der the authority of the state, v.hcther for'state, county, or township, or any other purpose whatever, for the term of five years, from and after the day of sale, and further"— that this convention, for and beJialf of the people of the state of Missouri, do hereby oi'dain, con- sent, and agree, that the same be so revoked and re- pealed, without which consent of the congress as afore- said, the said clause to remain in full force and opera- tion as first above provided for in this ordinance : and this convention doth hereby request the congress of the United States so to modify their third proposition, that the whole amount of five per cent, on the sale of public lands therein offered, may be aj)piied to the construc- tion of roads and canals, and the promotion of educa- tion within this state, under the direction of the legisla- ture thereof. And this convention, for and in behalf ot the people inhabiting this state, and by the authority of the saul ptoi>!e, do further ordain, agree, and declare, that this ordinance shall be irrevocable, without the consent of the United States. Done in convention, at St. Louis, in the state of Misr souri, this nineteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty, and of the independence of the United States of America the forty-fifth. By order of the convention: DAVID BARTON, PresUtent. Attest, Wm. G. P^t^is-, Sicretruin ^jp]i>ii®riDas iBy inadvevlauce the firmer Consiituimi of A'cw York was printdd in this edition. The ■mistake being discovered, ike Editor -wrote to Governor Clinton, luho poUtelij forwarded an authentic coprj of the JWw Constitution of that state, -Kith the foiloioing note : ' JJear Sir — " I have sent by this daifs Mail, a correct copy of our J^'exu Coiistitvtion. It has been revie-Jied and compared luith the original, by the depiciy secretary of slate - Signed "DEHTF CLJ.YTOJV *' Albany, October oOih, 1^22."} CONSTITUTION" OF NEW YORK. AS AMENDED. WE, tlie people of the state of Xew York, acknow- Steuben, Livingston, Monroe, Genesee, Niagara, EriCj ipdginjir with s;ratitude the grace and beneficence of Allegany, Cattaraugus, and Chautauq thr. last pnumeration. taken under the autiionty ot Wnr^^d Tioga ^""*""So, ^^o^-e, v.uiu.i.u, ..... ,^-;;.--„-J-^,,bii„ -3,,^ by ore house, may be ameid- The scventS district shall consist of the counties of ^d by the ofi.en ,egy.ature shall receive for Onondago, Cayuga, Seneca, and Ontario, . „ , "• ^ " ■ !• „ ,„ k» ^tpprtaiin-rl hi- Imv The ciKbt}5 district shaU consist of the wuntles of thtii' services a compensation; '0 be asceitaintct b> U^^ , i'28 APPEND! V. and paid out of t'liJ pubHc treasury ; but no increase of and paid a tax thereon, shall be entitled to %ote at any the compensation shall take effect during- the year in such election. And no person of colour shall be sub- which it shall have been made. And no law shall be ject to direct taxation, unless lie shall be seized and pos- passed, increasing the compensation of the members of sessed of such real estate as aforesaid, the legislature, beyond the sum of three dollars a day. 2. Laws may be passed, excluding from the right of 10. No member of the legislature shall receive any suffrage, persons who have been, or may be, con\ietcd civil appointment from the governor and senate, or of infamous crimes. from the legislature, (iari:!~ the term for which he shall 3. Laws shall be made for ascertaining by proper have been elected. proofs, the citizens v. ho shall be entitled to the right of n. No person, btin;,' a member of congress, or hoW- suffrage, hereby established, ing any judicial or military office under the United 4. All elections by the citizens shall be by ballot, s-x- States,'shal! hold a seat in tlie legislature. And if any cept for such town officers, as may by law be directed person shall, while a member of the legislature, be elect- to be otherwise chosen. ed to congress, or appointed to any office, civil or mill- AnTTri.F 1 tary, under the United States ; his accepUmce thereof, ah i n i.r. ^j. shall vacate his seat. f. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a govcrn- 12. Every bill wiiich shall have passed the senate and or. • He shall hold his office for two years ; aiid a lieu- assembly, shall, before it become a laWj be presented to tenant governor shall be chosen at the same time, and the governor: if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, for the same term. he shall retinn it with his objections to that house in 2. No peisoji, except a native citizen of the United which it shall have originated, who shall enter tlie ob- States, shall be eligible to the office of governor ; nor jections at large on their joursal, and proceed to recon- sliali any person be eligible to that office, who shall not sider it : if, after such reconsideration, two thirds of the be a freeholder, and shall not have attained the age of members present shall agi-ee to pass the bill, it shall be thirty years, and have been five yeai-s a resident within sent, together with the objections, to the other house, this state ; unless he shall have been absent during that by which it shall likewise be reconsidered ; and if ap- time, on ijublic business of the United States, or of this proved by two thirds of the members present, it shall stale. become a law; but in all such cases, the votes of both 3, The governor and lieutenant governor shall be houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and llie elected at tlie times and places of choosing members of names of the persons voting for and against tlie bill the legislature. The persons respectively having the shall be entered on the journals of each house respec- highest numberof votesfor governor and lieutenant go- tively : if any bill shall not be returned by the governor, vernor, shall be elected ; but in case two or more siiall within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have have an equal and the highest number of votes for go- been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like venior, or for lieutenant governor, the two houses of manner as if he had signed it, unless the legislature the legislature shall, by joint ballot, choose one of the shall,bvtlicivadiouniment prevent its return ; in which said pei-sons, so having an equal and the highest num- case it shall not'be a law. ber of votes, for governor or lieutenant governor. 13. All officers, holding their offices during good be- 4, The govenior shall be general and commant'er in haviour, may be removed by joint resolution of the two chief of all the militia, and admiral of the navy of the houses of the legislature, if two thirds of all the mem- state. He shall have power to convene the legislature, bers elected to the assembly, and a majority of all the (or the senate only,) on extraordinary occasions. He members elected tc the senate, concur therem. shall communicate, by message to the legislature at 14. The political year shall begin on the tirst day of every session, the condition 01 the state; and recom- January ; and the legislature shall every year- assemble mend such matters to them as he shall judge expedient. on the nr nant governor shall be impeached, displaced, resign, shk'.'i be exempted from performing militia duty in eon- die.or be absent from the state, the president of tlie se- seq>ience of being a fireman in aiiy city, towii, or vil- nate shall act as governor, until the vacancy shall be lagein this state : And also, every male citizen of tiic filled, or the disability shall cease, ageottweiity-oneyears, who shall have been, for three » AIITICLE 4. years l\ext preceding such election, an inhabitant nf ■ ' ' this statV; and for the last year, a resident in the town S' '• M'litia officers shall be chosen, or appointed, as or count^\ where he mav ofi'ir his vote; and shall have follows: Captains, subalterns, and non-commisioned been, \mhi<) the last yiar, sifcsessed to labour upon the ojflcers, shah be chosen by the written votes of the mem- public high\'>ays, and sb;in have perfrvmcd the labour, bers of tlieir respective companies. Field officers of re- or paid an equivalent ihirefor, Recording to law ; shall giments, and separate battalions, by the written votes be entitled to vtte in the town or ward where he aetu- of the commissioned officers of the respective regiments, ally resides, and act elsewhere, for all officers that luiw and separate baltaiiims. Brigaditr genei-als, by the are, or hereafter saay be, elective by the people: but field officers of their respective brigades. Major gene- no man of colour, unless lie shall have been for three rals, brigadier generals, and commanding officers of re- years a citizen of thiastati , and for one year next pre- giments or separate battalions, shall appoint the staff ceding aii.y election, sliall he seized .Tiid possessed of a offieersof theirrt'speetivedivisions,brigades,re^ment'<, freehfSd estate of the value of two hundred and fifty or separate battalions. dollars, over and above all debu and incumbrances 2. The governor shall nominate, and, with the con o'laveed theror.n t ard shall h^-.-r. Iir m ae'inllv vated. ^ent nf tlieseiiatp. appoint all major generals, brigad' APPEKDIS,. VJ^ iiVspcciors, and cliicls iiuhc staft'UeiJai'tinents, except appointed anmially by the eoflMiion councils of their the adjutant general and coiiniiissary general. The ad- respective cities. jutant general shall he appointed by the governor. 11. So many coroners as the legislature may direct, 3. The legislature shall, by law, direct the time and not exceeding four in each county, shall be elected in manner of electing militia ofiicers, and ot certifying the same manner as ■sheriffs, and sball hold their offices their elections to the governor. for the same terra, and be removable in like manner. •1. The commissioned officei's of the militia shall he 12. The governor shall nominate, and, with the con- Commissioned by the governor; and no commissioned sent of the senate, appoint masters and examiners in officer shall be removed from office, unless by the se- chancery; who shall hold their offices for three years, nate, on the recommendation of the governor, stating unless sooner removed by the senate, on the recom- the grounds on which such removal is recommended, or mendation of the governor. The registei-s, and assistant by the decision of a court martial, pursuant to law. registers, shall be appointed by the chancellor, and hold The present officei-s of the militia shall hold their com- their offices during his pleasure, missions, subject to removal, as hefon? pi'ovided, 13. The clerk of the court of oyer and terminer, and 5. In case the mode of election and appointment of general sessions of the peace, in and for the city and militia officers hereby directed, sliall not be found con- county of New York, shall be appointed by the court ot" duciveto the improvement of the militia, the legisla- general sessions of the peace in said city, and hold his ture may abolish the same, and provide by law for their office during the pleasure of said court : and such clerks appointment, and removal, if two thirds of the members and other officers of courts, whose appointment is not present in each house, shall concur therein. herein provided for, shall be appointed by the several 6. The secretary of state, comptroller, treasurer, at- courts, or by the governor, with the consent of the se-- tomey general, surveyor general, and commissary ge- nate, as may be directed by law. nerftl, shall be appointed as follows: The senate and 14. The special justices, and the assistant justices, assembly shall each openly nominate one person fiir the and their clerks, in the city of New York, shall be ap- said offices respectively: after which, tiiey shall meet to- pointed by the common council of the said city; and gethcr, and if they shall agree in their nominations, the shall hold their offices for the same term that the jus- person so nominated shall be appointed to the office for tices of the peace, in the other counties of this state, which he shall be nominated. If they shall disagree, hold their offices, and shall be removable in like man- the appointment shall be made bythe joint ballot of the ner. senators and members of assembly. The treasurer shall 15. All officers heretofore elective bythe people shall lie chosen annually. The secretary of state, comptrol- continue to be elected ; and all other officers, whose ap- ler, attorner general, surveyor general, and commissary pointment is not ])rovided for by this constitution, and general, shall hold their offices for three years, unless all officers, whose offices may be hereafter created by stjoner removed by concurrent resolution of the senate law, shall be elected bythe people, or appointed, as and assembly. may by law be directed. 7. The governor shall nominate, by message, in writ- 16. Where the duration of any office is not pi-escrihed ing, and, with the consent of the senate, shall appoint by this constitution, it may be declared by law; and if all judicial officei-s, except justices of the peace, who not so declared, such ofHce shall he held during the shall be appointed in manner following, that is to say : pleasure of the authority maliing the appointment. The board of supervisors in every county in this state, ATJTirTT 'i sTiall, at such tiroes as the legislature may direct, meet akiii,!.!. o. together ; and they, or a majority of them so assembled, J 1. The court for the trial of impeachments, and the shall nominate so many persons as shall be equal to the correction of errors, shall consist oithe president of the number ofjustices of the peace, to be appointed in the senate, the senators, the chancellor, and the justices ot" several towns in the respective counties. And the thesupreraecourl,or the major partof them": butwhen judges of the respective county courts, or a majority of an impeachment shall be prosecuted against the cban- "them, shall also meet and nominate a like number of cellor, or any justice of the supreme court, the persoa persons ; and it shall he the duty of the said board of su- so impeached shall be s\ispended from exercising his of- pervisors, and judges of countj' courts, to compare such fice, until his acquittal ; and when an appeal from a de- nominations, at such time and place, as the legislature cree in chancery shall be heard, the chancellor shall may direct : and if, on such comparison, the said hoards inform the court of the reasons lor his decree, but shall of supervisors and judges of county courts, shall agree have no voice in the final sentence; and when a writ of in their nominations, in all or in part, they shall file a error shall be brought, on a judgment of the supreme certificate of the nominations in which they shall agree, court, the justices of that court shall assign tlie reasons in the office of the clerk of the county; and the person for their judgment, but shall not have a voice for its af- or pereons named in such certificates, shall be justices firmance or reversal. of the peace ; and in case of disagreement in whole, or 2. The assembly shall have the power of impeaching in partj it shall be the farther duty of the said boards of all civil officers of this state for male and corrupt con- supervisors and judges, respectively, to transmit their duct in office, and for high crimes and tnisdemeanors : said nominations, so far as they disagree in the same, to but a majority of all the members elected sliall concui: the governor, who shall select from the said nomina- in an impeachment. Before the trial of an impeach- tions, and appointso many justices of the peace, as shall ment, the members of the court shall take an oath or be reijuisite to fill the vacancies. Evei-y person appoint- affirmation, truly and impartially to try and determine ed a justice of the peace, shall hold his office for four the charge in question, according to evidence : and no yeai-s, unless removed by the county court, for causes person shall be convicted, without the concurrence of particularly assigned bythe judges of the said court, two thirds of the members present. Judgment, in cases And no justice of the peace shall be removed, until he of impeachment, shall not extend further than the re- shall have notice of the charges made against him, and moval from office, and disqualification to hold and en- an opportunity of being heard in his defence. joy any office of honour, trust, or profit under this state; 6. Sheriflis, and clerks of counties, including there- but the party, cuiivicted sliall, be liable to indictment gister, and clerk of the city and county of New York, and punishment, according to law. shall be chosen by the electors of the respective coun- 3. The chancellor, and justices of the supreme court, ties, once in every three years, and as often as vacancies shall hold their offices during good behaviour, or until shall happen. Sherifi's shall hold no other office, and they shall attain the age of sixty years, be ineligible for tlie next three jears after the termina- 4. '1 he supreme court shall consist of a chief justice tion of their offices. They may be required by law to and two justices, any of whom may hold the court, renew their security, from time to time ; and in default 5. The state shall he divided, by law, into a conveni- of giving such new security, their offices shall be deemed ent number of circuits, not less than four nor exceeding vacant. But the county shall never be made responsi- eight, subject to alteration, by the legislature, ftoni ble for the acts of the sheriff. And the governor may re- time to time, as the public good may require ; for eacli move any such sheriff, clerk, or register, at any time of which a circuit judge shall be appointed, in the within the three years for which he shall be elected, same manner, and hold his office by the same tenure, giving to such sheriff, clerk, or register, a copy of the as the justices of the supreme court ; and who shall charge against him, and an op])ortunity of being heard possess the powers of a justice of the supreme court at in his defence, before any removal shall be made. chambers, and in the trial of issues joined in the su- 9. The clerks of courts, except those clerks whose ap- preme court ; and in courts of oyer and terminer and ■pointment is provided for in the preceding section, shall jail delivery. And such equity powers may be vested be appointed by the courts of which they respectively in the said circuit judges, or in the county courts, or in ai-e clerks ; and district attorneys, by the county courts, such other subordinate courts as the Iftf islature may by Clerks of courts, and district attorneys, shall hold their law direct, subject to the appellate jurisdiction of tlie offices for three yeai-s, unless so«nier removed by the chancellor. tourts appointing them. 6. Judges of thecounly courts, and recoiiIei'S of cities, 10. The mayors of all t"he cities in this state shall i>e sliai! bold their offices ttr five yeai-s. but mav be xe^ '^-eithertliechancellor.nor,iusticesoftliesupreme 10. The proceeds of all lands belonging to this state, court, nor any cu'cifit judge, shall bold any other office except such pans thereof as may be reserved or appro- or public trust. All votes (or any elective office, given priated to public use, or ceded to the United States, uy ttie legislature or the people, for the chancellor, or which shall hereafter be sold or disposed of, together ajustice ol the supreme court, or circuit judge, dnring with the fund denominated the common school fund, BIS continuance in his judicial office, shall be void. shall be and remain a perpetual fund, the interest oi f. w hich, shall be inviolably appropriated and applied to ARTICLE D, the support of common schools throughout this state. J 1. Membci's of the legislature, and all officers ex- '*''*^^ °^ *""' ""' '*"" **'^" ^^°^'^ agreed to by the canal ecntive and judicial, e:»cept such inferior officers as fo">missioners, and set forth in their report to the legis- may by law be exinipted, shall, before they enter' on '^'"•'^ °f <'>e twelfth of March, one thousand eight the duties of their respective offices, take and suisscribe Ji'iiKlfrd and twenty-cne, shall be imposed on, and coi- the following oath or affinnation • lected trom, all parts of the navigable communication I do solemnly swear, (or affimi as the case may be.) ^et^een the great western and northern lakes and the that I will support the constitution ofthe United States, Atlantic ocean, which now are, or hereafter shall be quired as a qtialitication for .any office or public trust, auction, excepting therefrom the sum of thirty-three thousand five hundred dollars, otherwise appropriated ATITICLE r. ^J. ^^^ ^^'"^ ^'^^ '■ Wt' tlic amount of the revenue, esta- blished by the act of the legislature of the thirtieth of j 1. No member of this state shall be disfranchised, or IMarch, one thousand eight hundred and twenty, in deprived of any of the rights or privileges secured to lieu of the tax upon steam-boat passengers; shall be and any citizen thereof, unless by the law of the land or the remain inviolably appropriated and applied to thecom- judgraent of his peers. pletion of such navigable communications, and to the 2. The trial by jury, in all cases in which it has been payment of the interest, and reimbursement of the ca- heretofore used, shall remain inviolate for ever ; and no pital, of the money already borrowed, or which hereaf- new court shall be instituted, but such as shall proceed ter shall be borrowed, to make and complete the same, according to the course of the common law ; except And neither the rates of toll on the said navigable corn- such courts of equity as the legislature is herein autho- muncations, nor the duties on the manufacture of salt ri/.cd to establish. aforesaid, nor the duties on goods sold at auction, as esta- 3. The free exercise and enjoyinent of religious pro- blished by the act of the fifteenth of April, one thousand fession and worship, without discrimination or prefer- eight hundred and seventeen; nor the amount of the ence, shall for ever be allowed in this state, to all man- vevenue.establishedby the act of March the thirtieth,one kind; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured, thousandeight hundred and twenty, in lieu of the tax shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentious- upon steam-boat passengers ; shall be reduced or divert- ness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or ed, at any time before the full and complete payment of satety of this state. the principle and interest of the money borrowed, or to 4. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, by bcborrowed,asaforesaid. Andthelegis!atureshallnever thei^ profession, dedicated tothe service of God, and sell, ordispose of the salt springs belonging to thisstate, the care of souls, aiul ought not to be diverted from the nor the lands contiguous thereto, which may be neces- great duties of their functions ; therefore, no minister of sary or convenient for their use, nor the said navigable the Hospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, communications, or any part or section thereof; but shall at any time hereafter, under any pretence or de- the same shall be and remain the property of this state, scription whatever, be eligible to, or capable of holding n. No lottery shall hereafter be authorized in this any civil or military office or place within thi? state. state ; and the legislature shall pass laws to prevent the 5. The militia of this state shall, at all times herealVr, saleofall lottery tickets within this state, exceiit in lot- be armed and disciplined, and in readiness lor service ; teries already provided for bj- law. but all such inhabitants of this state, of any religious 12. No purchase or contract for the sale of lands in denomination whatever, as from scruples of conscience this state, made since the fourteenth day of October, may be averse to bearing arms, shall he excused there- one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five, or which from, by paying to the state an equivalent in money ; may hereafter be made, of or with the Indians in this and the legislature shall provide by law for the collec- state, shall he valid, unless made under the authcritj', tion of such equivalent, to be estimated according to and with the consent of the legislature, the expense in time and money, of an ordinarj-able bo- 13. Such parts of the common law, and of the acts of died militia man. the legislature of the colony of New York, as together 6. The privilege of the writ ot habeas rorpui.%ha.\\ not did form the law of the saiil colony, on the nineteenth lie suspended, unless v. hen, in cases of rebellion or in- day of April, one thousand seven hnndred and seventy- vasion, the public safety may require its suspension. five, and the resolutions of the congress of the said colo- 7. No nerson shall he held to answer for a capital, or ny, and of the convention of the state of New York, in other infamous crime, (except in cases of impeachment, force on the twentieth day of April, one thousand seven and in cases of the militia w hen in actual senice ; and hundred and seventy-seven, which hare not since ex- the land and naval forces in time of war, or which this pired, or been repealed, or altered ; and such acts of tlie state may keep, with the consent of congress, in time legislature of this state as are now in force, shall be and of peace, and in cases of petit larceny, under the regii- continue the law of this state, subject to such altera- lationof the legislature;) unless on presentment, or in- tions, as the legislature shall make concerning the dictmentofagraudjury;andineverytrial nn impeach- same. But all such parts oftheeommon law,andsuch ment or indictment, the party accused shall be allowed f>f the said acts, or parts thereof, as are repugnant to counsel as in civil actions. No person shall be subject, this constitution, are hereby abrogated. for the same offence, to be twice put in jeopardy of life 14, All grants of lands within this state, made bj- the or limb ; nor shall he be compelled, in any criminal case, king of Great Britain, or persons acting under his au- to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, thority, after the fourteenth day of October, one thou- liberty, or pi-operty, without due process of law : nor sand seven hundred and seventy-five, shall be null and shall private property be taken for public use, without void : but nothing contained in this constitution shall 'ust compensation. affect any grants of land within this state, made by the 8. Every citizen may freely speak, write, and pub- authority of the said king or his predecessors, or shall lish his sentiments, on all subjects, being responsible for annul any charters to bodies politic and corporate, by the abuse of that right; and no law shall be passed to him or them made before that day : or shall affect any restrain or abridge the liberty ofspeechjorof the press, such giants or charters since made by this state, or by In all prosecutions, or indictments for libels, the truth persons acting under its authority ; or shall impair the may be given in evidence to the jury ; and if it shall obligation of any debts contracted by the state, or indi- appear to the j urv, that the matter charged as libellous viduals, or bodies corporate, or any other rights of pro- is true, and was published with good motives, and for perty, or any suits, actions, rights of action, or othci; .rjstifiable ends, the party shall he acquitted ; and the proceedings, in courts of justice. jury shall have the right to determine the law and the ARTICLE 8. 9. Tbcassent of two thirds of the members elected to § 1. Any amendment, or amendraents to this con- oach brancli of the Tegislatttre- shall he requisite to eve- stif ution? tnay be proposed in the senate or assembly ; APPENDIX. 131 aiid if the same shall be agreed to by a majority of the sball be in force and take efteet from tlie last day ot juembers elected to each of the two houses, such pro- Februan' next. 'I'he members of the present legisla- posed amendment, or amendments, shall be entered on tiire shall, on tlje first Monday of March ntxt, take and their journals, with the yeas and nays taken tliereon, subscribe an oath or affirmation to siijipoit the consti- and referred to the legislature then next to be chosen ; ttition, so far iis the same shall then be in force. She- and shall be published, forihree months previovis to the riffs, clerks ot coimtics. and coroiifrs, shall be elected time of making svich choice ; and, if in the legislature at the election hereby directed to commence on the first next chosen as aforesaid, such proposed amendment, or Monday of November, in the year one thousand eight amendments, shall be agreed to by two thirds of all the hundrtd and twenty-two ; but they shall not enter oii members elected to each house, then it shall be the duty the duties of their offices, before thef.rst day of .lanna- of the legislature to submit such proposed amendment, ry then next following. The commissions of all per- or amendments, to the people, in such manner, and at sons holding civil offices on the last day of December, such time, as the legislature shall prescribe : and if the one thousand eight hundred and tw enty-two, shall es- people shall approve and ratify such amendment, or pire on that day; but the officers then in commission amendments, by a majority of the electors qualified to may respectively continue to hold their said offices, voteformemhersofthelegislature, voting thereon,sucli until new appointments or elections sliail take place amendment, or amendments, shall become part of the under this constitution. constitution. 2. The existing laws, reLitive to the manner of noti- ATiTTr T- Q ^y*"?! holding, and conducting elections, making re- ARTICLE i/, turns, and canvassing votes, shall be in force and ob- §1. This constitution shall be in force ffcm the last day served, in respect of the elections hereby directed to of December, in the year one thousand eight hundred commence on the first Monday of November, in the and twenty-two. But all those parts of the same which year one thousand eight hundred and twenty-two ; so lelate to the right of suffrage, the division of the state tar as the same are applicable. And the present legis- into senate districts, the number of members of the as- lature shall pass such otlierandfurther laws, as maybe sembly to be elected in pursuance of this constitution, requisite for the execution of the provisions of this eoii- the apportionment of members of assembly, the elec- stitution, in respect to elections. tions hereby directed to commence on the first Monday jjQj^g ;„ convention, at the capifol, in the city of Al- of November, in the year one thousand eight hundred b^ny^ tj.p tenth dav of November, in the year one and twent3-two, the continuance of the members of thousand eight liundred and twenty-one,andof the. the present legislature m office until the first day ot independence of the United States of America the January, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fort^sixth i=^;S^bi;^,rSi^^SSSthSiJ^ m witnes^wke..of; we have hereunto subscribed our ^^S^lZS^^^^^lZ^:^^'!^^;^; " " ' ^^^^^ p. TOMPKINS. P;«:d.«^ politic or corporate, without the assent of two thirds of John F. B.acon, 7 Secretaries the mejnbers elected to each branch of the legislature, Samuel S, Gardiner, ", AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF MASSACHUSETTS. Proclamation of governor Brooks, ofMassa- vernments in any coroorate town or towns in this com- , _^ -' '^ . .1 . 11- J^ J monwealth, and to grant to the mhabitaiits thereof such ChusettS, annonncmg to the public the amend- powers, privileges, and immunities, not repugnant to ments lately made by the convention to the the constitution, as tlie general court shall deem neces- rnnifitji'im! nf that itate anil-whirh hehiP' sary or expedient, for the regulation and government COnmtUvlon OJ inai state, ana -w.ucn, oemg thereof, and to prescribe the manner of calling and ratifiad by the people, no-w form a pari of the holding public meetings of the inhabitants in wards, or constitution of the said state. otherwise, for the election of officers, under the consti- •' tntit)n, and the manner ot returning the votes given at Whereas sundi-y resolutions passed the legislature on such meetings : provided, that no such government the fifth day of June, in the year of our Lord one thou- shall be erected or constituted in any town not contain- sand eight hundred and twenty-one, in the words fol- iug twelve thousand inhabitants, nor unless it be with lowing, viz: the consent, and on the application of a majoi'ity of the " Whereas the convention of the delegates of the peo- inhabitants of such town, present and voting thereon, pie, assembled at Boston on the third Wednesday of pursuant to a vote at a meeting duly warned and hold- November, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight en for that purpose: and provided, also, that all by- hundred and twenty, for the purpose of revising and laws, made by such municipal or city government, amending the constitution of the commonwealth, pur- shall be subject, at all times, to be annuIledDy the gene- suant to an act of the general court, passed on the six- ral court. teenth day of June, in the year aforesaid, submitted Art. 3, Every male citizen of twenty one years of age certain articles of amendruent of the constitution to the -and upwards, (excepting paupers and persons under people, for their ratification and adoption ; and whereas guardianship,) who shall have resided within the com- It appears by a certificate of the committee of the said monwealth one year, and within the town or district, in convention, that the foilowing articles of amendment, which he may claim a right to vote, six callendav so submitted, as aforesaid, have been ratified and adopt- months, next preceding any election of governor, lieu- ed by tlie people, in the manner directed by the said tenant governor, senators, or representatives, and who convention, and have thereby become a part of the con- shall have paid, by himself or his parent, master or stitution of this common weakli, to wit. guardian, any state or county lax, which shall, within Article 1. If any bill or resolve shall be objected to, two years next preceding such election, have been as- and not approved by the governor; and if the general sessed upon him, in any town or district of this corn- court shall adjourn within five days after the same shall monwealth ; and also every citizen, who shall be by law have been laid before the governor for his approbation, exempted from taxation, and who shall be in all other and thereby prevent his returning it, with his objec- respects qualified as above-mentioned, shall have a tions, as provided by the constitution; such bill or re- right to vote in such election of governor and lieutenant solve shall not become a law, nor have force as such. governor, senators, and representatives; and no other Art. 2. The general court shall have full power and person shall be entitled to vote in such elections. nwhoritv to erect or rnnstitute municipal or city gn- Art. ,1. Notaries psiblir shall be appointed by the go- 1.32 APPEXDlX. Vemoi', in tlic sameinaimer as judicial officers are ap- pointed, and sliall hold tlieir ofilct s during seven years, unless sooner removed by the govcrnur, « ith the con- sent of the council, and upon the address of both houses of the legislature. In ease the office of secretary or treasurer of the com- mouwealth, shall become vacant from any cause, during the recess of the general court, the governor, with the consent of the council, shall nominate and appoint, un- der such regulations as may be prescribed by law , a competent and suitable person to such vacant oflice, who shall hold the same until a successor shall he ap- pointed by the general court. Whenever the exigen.eies of the commonwealth shall require the appointment of a commissary general, he shall be nominated, ajipointed, and commissioned, in suchmanner asthe legislatuie may, bylaw, prescribe. All officers commissioned to command in the militia, niay be removed from office in such manner as the le- gislature may, by law, prescribe. Art. 5. In the elections of captains and subalterns of themilitia, all the members of their respective compa- nies, as well those under, as those above the age of twen- ty one years, shall have a right to vote. Art. 6. Instead of the oath of allegiance, prescribed by the constitution, tlie following oath shall be taken and subscribed by every person chosen or appointed to any office, civil or military, under the government of this commonwealth, before he shall enter on the duties of his office, to wit : " I, A B, do solemnly swear, that I will bear ti'ue faith and allegiance to the commonwealth of Massachu- setts, and will support the constitution thereof. So heh> ine God." " Provided, that w hen aiU' person shall be of the deno- mination called quakers, and shall deiline taking said oath, he shall make liis affimiation in the foregoing form, omitting tlie word " swear," and inserting, instead thereof, the word " affirm," and omitting the words "so help me God," and subjoining, instead thereof, the words, " this I do under the pains and penalties of ptr- 3 "-!>•>•*' . . . Art. 7. No oath, declaration, or subscription, except- ing the oath prescribed in the jireceding article, and the oath of office, shall be required of the governor, lieutenant governor, counsellors, senators, or represent- atives, to qualify them to perform the duties of their re- spective offices. Art. 8. No judge of any court of this commonwealth, (except the court of sessions,) and no person holding any office under the authority of the United States, (post masters eNCepted,) shall, at the same time, hold tiie office of governor, lieutenant governor, or counsel- lor, or have a seat in the senaie or house of representa- tives of this commonwealth; and nojudgeof any ceurt in this commonwealth, (except the court of sessions,) nor the attorney general, solicitor general, county at- torney, clerk of any court,sherifF, treasurerand receiver general, register of probate, nor register of deetls, shall continue to hold his said office after being elected a member of the congress of the United States, and ac- cepting that trust; but the acceptance of such trust, by any of the officers aforesaid, shall be deemed and taken to be a resignation of his said office; and judges of the courts of common pleas shall hold no other office, under the government of this commonwealth, the office of justice of the peace and militia officers excepted. Art. 9. If, at any time hereafter, any specihc and par- ticular amendment or amendments to the constitution be proposed, in the general court, and agreed to by a majority of the senators, and two thirds of the members of the house of representatives present and voting there^ on, such proposed atnendment or amendments shall be entered on the journals of the two houses, with the yeas and nays taken thereon, and refeiTed to the general court then next to be chosen, and shall be published; and if in the general court then next chosen, as afore- said, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be agreed to bya majority of the senators and two thirds of the members of the house of representatives present and voting thereon ; then it shall be the duty of the ge- neral court to submit such proposed amendment or amendments to the people; and if they shall be ap- proved and ratified by a majority of the qualified voters voting thereon, at meetings legally warned and holden for that purpose, they shall become part of the constitu- tion of this commonwealth. Resolved, That the above recited articles of amend- ment, shall be enrolled on parchment, and deposited in the secretary's office, as a part of the constitution and fundamental laws of this commonwealth, and publish- ed in immediate connexion therew ith, in all future edi- tions of the laws of this commouw ealth, printed by pnb» lie authority. And in order that the said amendments may be promulgated and made known to the people of this commonwealth without delay, it is further Resolved, That his excellency ,'the governor, be, and he hereby is authorized and requested to issue his pro- clamation, reciting the articles aforesaid ; announcing that the same have been duly adopted and ratified by the people of this commonwealth, and become a paW of the constitution thereof; and requiring all magistrates, officers civil and militaiy, and all the citizens of this eommonwealth, to take notice tliereof, and govern themselves accordingly."' Now, therefore, I. John Brooks, governor of the com- monwealth of Massachusetts, by virtue of the authority to me given by the resolution last above written, do is- sue this my proclamation, and I do hereby announce, that the several articles aforesaid have been duly rati- fied and adopted by the people of this commonwealth, and have becoraeapart of the constitution thereof. And all magisti-ates,JofficersJcivil and military, and all the citizens of the commonwealth, are required to take nO' notice thereof, and govern themselves accordingly. Given at the eoinieil chamber in Boston, the day and year first above w ritten, and in the forty-fifth year cf the independence of the United States. By his excellency the governor, JOHN BROOKS. Alden Bradford, Secretary. God savejthe comraouwealth of iiXasSteliusettsJ AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA. .Amendments ratified December 17, 1808. The following sections, in amendrhent of the third, «venth, and ninth sections of the first article of the constitvition'of the state, sliall be, and they are hereby declared to be, valid parts nf the said constitution ; and the said third, seventh, and ninth sections, orsuch parts tliereof as are repugnant to such amendments, are here- by repealed and made void. The house of rejiresentatives shall consist of one hundred and twenty-four membei-s ; to be apportioned among the sever.il election districts of the state, accord- ing to the number of white inhabitants contained, and the amount of all taxes raised by the legislature, whe- ther direct or indirect, or of whatever species, paid in each, deducting therefrom all taxes paid on account of property held iti any other di^aict, and adding thereto all taxes elsewhere paid on account of property held in such district. An enumeration of the white inhabitants, for this purpose, shall be mad<' in the year one thousand eight hundred and nine, and in the course of every tenth'year thereafter, in such manner as shall be by law directed -■•''and representatives shall be assigned to the different districts in the above-mentioned ])roportion, by act of the legislature, at the session immediately suc- ceeding the above enumeration. If the enumeration- herein directed should not be made in the course of the year appointetl for the pur- pose by these amendments, it shall be the duty of the governor to have it effi-cted as'sooii thereafter' as shall be practicable. In assigning representatives to tbe'several districts of the state, the legislature shall allow one repvesciuative for everj' sixty-second part of the whole number of whit e ri'ia')"' Cants in (he state ; and one representative also foe APPKN'terX. 135- 01 trj- sixiy-seccn J part of ilie whole taxes raised by the chad, to which shall be allowed two senators, as hereto- lesislature of the state. The legislature shall further fore. allow one rei>i"esentative for such tractions of the sixty- The seats of those senators who under the constitu- socond part of the white inhabitants of the state, and of tion shall represent two or more election districts, on the sixty-second part of the taxes raised by the legisla- the day preceding the second Monday of October, which tureofthe state, as, when added together, form a unit, will be in the year one thousand eight hundred and ten, In every apportionment of representation under these shall be vacated on that day, and the new senators who amendments, which shall take j)lace after the first ap- shall represent such districts under these amendments, poilionmen:, the amount of taxes shall he estimated shall, immediately after they shall have been assembled Irom the average of the ten preceding yews; biit the under the first election, be divided by lots into two first apportionment shall befouiuled upon the tax of the classes; the seats of the senators of the first class shall be precedmg year, excluding from the amount thereof the vacated at the expiration of the second year, and of the •whole produce of the tax on sales at public auction. second class at the expiration of the fourth year: and If, in the apportionment of representatives under the number in these classes shall be so proportioned, these amendments, any election district shall appear that one half of the whole number of senators may, as not to be entitled, from its population and its taxes, to a nearly as possible, continue to be chosen thareafter eve- representative, such election district shall, nevertheless, ry second year. send one representative; and, if there should be still a Noneofthese amendments becoming parts of thecon- deficiency of the number of representatives required by stitution of this%tate shall be altered, unless a bill to al- these amendments, such deficiency shall be supplied by ter the same shall have been read on three several days assigning representatives to those election districts in thehouseof represeiitatives,andonthreeseveraldays havuig the largest surplus fractious ; whether those in the senate, and agreed to on the second and third fractions consist of a combination of population and of reading, by two thirds of the whole representation in taxes, or of population or of taxes separately, until the each branch of the legislature; neither shall any altera- number of one hundred and tv. enty-four members be tion take place, until the bill so agreed to be published provided. three months previous to a new election for members to No apportionment, under these amendments, shall be the house of representatives, and if the alteration pro- construed to take effect, in any manner, until the gene- posed by the legislature shall be agreed to in their first ral election whicli shall succeed such apportionment. session, by two thirds of the whole representation, in The election districts, for members of the house of re- each branch of the legislature, after the same shall have presentatives, shall he and remain as heretofore esfa- been read on three several daysin each house, then, and blished, except Saxegotha and Newberry, in which the not otherwise, the same shall become a part of the con- boundaries shall be altered, as follows, viz ; That part stitution. of Lexington in the fork of Broad and Saluda rivers shall no longer compose a part of the election district of umi.j. i ^ii Kewberry, but shallbe henceforth attached to and form " P"" 'if saxegotha. And, also, except Orange .-wd Amendme7its ratified December 19, 1816. Barnwell, or vViaton, m which the boundaries shall be '' altered, as follows, viz : 1 hat part of Orange in the forii of Edisto shall no longer compose a part of the That the third section of the tenth article of the election district of Barnwell, or Winton, but shall be constitution of this state be altered and amended, to henceforth attached to and form a part of Orange elec- read as follows: The judges shall, at such times and tiou district. places as shall be prescribed by act of the legislature of The senate shall be composed of one member from this state, meet and sit for the purpose of heating and each election district, as now established by the election determining all motions which maybe made for new of membersof thehouseof representatives, except the trials, and in arrest of judgment, and such points of law district formed by the parishes of St. Pliilip and St. Jli- as may be submitted to them. AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION OF GEORGIA. A recent amendment of the fourth and fifth sec- in each county, to preside in the inferior courts of tions of the third article of tiie constitution of GeorsJa, the county ; and justices of the peace shall be elected, providesj substantially, as follows: Five justices of annually, by the voters in everv' militia captain's d'ss- the inferior court shall be elected, annually, by voters trict. AMKNDilENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. Since this edition of the Constitutions was published, spective commissions— all judicial officers, duly ap- wehave been furnished with a corrected copy of the pointed, commissioned, and sworn, shall hold their of- «onstitution of New Hampshire. It difters from that hces during good behaviour, excepting those concern- here printed in many verbal partictilars, but it is deem- ing whom there is a different provision made in this ed unnecessary to point out to the reader any other constitution: P7-(roi(/hs following the first. "Each branch of the legislature,aswell as the govern- In page 20, where the time is prescribed for the as- or and council, shall have authority to require the opin- sembiing of the general court, instead of the "last ions of the justices of the superior court, upon import- Wednesday of October," read x\\n first ll^cdiiesih'jin ant questions of law, and upon solemn occasions. ^Mns, and make the alteration throughout, wherever it "In order that the people may not suffer from the occurs, to correspond. long continuance in place of any justice of the peace. In page 20, second column, read " the senate shall who shall fail in discharging the important duties of cuBsist of