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Connecticut Agricultural 
 
 NEW HAVEN, CONN. 
 Bulletin 222 August, 1920 
 
 NEW OH UNUSUAL 
 
 PLANT INJURIES AND DISEASES 
 Found in Connecticut, 1916-1919 
 
 By 
 George P. Clinton, Sc.D., Botanist 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 page 
 
 Introduction ... .. 397 
 
 Dry Rot Fungus destroying House Timbers 398 
 
 Fungi of Moldy Unsalted Butter 400 
 
 Injuries and Diseases of Plants 404 
 
 
 The Bulletins of this Station are mailed free to citizens of Connecti- 
 cut who apply for them, and to others as far as the editions permit- 
 
CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 OFFICERS AND STAFF 
 August, 1920. 
 
 BOARD OF CONTROL. 
 His Excellency, Marcus H. Holcomb, ex-officio, President. 
 
 James H. Webb, Vice President Hamden 
 
 George A. Hopson, Secretary New Haven 
 
 E. H. Jenkins, Director and Treasurer New Haven 
 
 Joseph W. Alsop Avon 
 
 Charles R. Treat Orange 
 
 Elij ah Rogers Southington 
 
 William H. Hall South Willington 
 
 Administration. 
 
 Chemistry. 
 
 Analytical Laboratory. 
 
 STAFF. 
 
 E. H. Jenkins, Ph.D., Director and Treasurer. 
 Miss V. E. Cole, Librarian and Stenographer. 
 Miss L. M. Brautlecht, Bookkeeper and Stenographer. 
 William Veitch, In charge of Buildings and Grounds. 
 
 Protein Research. 
 Botany. 
 
 Assistant Chemists. 
 
 E. Monroe Bailey, Ph.D., Chemist in Charge. 
 
 R. E. Andrew, M.A., C. E. Shepard, 
 
 H. D. Edmond, B.S., Owen Nolan. 
 
 Frank Sheldon, Laboratory Assistant. 
 
 V. L. Churchill, Sampling Agent. 
 
 Miss A. H. Moss, Clerk. 
 
 T. B. Osborne, Ph.D., D.Sc, Chemist in Charge. 
 
 G. P. Clinton, Sc.D., Botanist. 
 
 E. M. Stoddard, B.S., Assistant Botanist. 
 
 Miss Florence A. McCormick, Ph.D., Scientific Assistant. 
 
 G. E. Graham, General Assistant. 
 
 Mrs. W. W. Kelsey, Stenographer. 
 
 Entomology. 
 
 Plant Breeding. 
 Vegetable Growing. 
 
 W. E. Britton, Ph.D., Entomologist: State Entomologist. 
 B. H. Walden, B.Agr., I. W. Davis, B.Sc, i Assistant 
 M. P. Zappe, B.S., Philip Garman, Ph.D. j Entomologists. 
 Miss Gladys M. Finley, Stenographer. 
 
 Walter O. Filley, Forester, also State Forester 
 
 and State Forest Fire Warden. 
 A. E. Moss, M.F., Assistant State and Station Forester. 
 H. W. Hicock, M.F., Assistant. 
 Miss Pauline A. Merchant, Stenographer. 
 
 Donald F. Jones, S.D., Plant Breeder. 
 C D. Hubbell, Assistant. 
 
REPORT OF THE BOTANIST, 
 
 G. P. Clinton, 
 
 for 1919. 
 
 NEW OR UNUSUAL PLANT INJURIES AND DISEASES, 
 FOUND IN CONNECTICUT, 1916-1919. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 In our first Report, for 1903, we gave brief mention of all of 
 the Connecticut plant troubles, not including insect injuries, that 
 had been reported by others or observed by ourselves up to 
 that time. Since then in most of our Reports, additional troubles 
 have been recorded in the same manner. However since 191 5, 
 no account, in this general way, has been rendered of the troubles 
 that have come to hand during these four years. It is the aim 
 of the present Report to cover this period, reporting such of 
 these as have been definitely determined. 
 
 As in previous Reports we discuss both diseases and injuries, 
 including abnormal or monstrous growths, of all our economic 
 plants. Most of these troubles rare caused by fungi and they 
 are indicated here by the common name in small caps with the 
 scientific name, where definitely known, in italics. The other 
 troubles follow these and are indicated by a common name 
 printed in italics. As practically all of these latter are mechani- 
 cal, environmental or so-called physiological diseases or injuries, 
 they have no scientific name. As in the past these troubles are 
 most conveniently reported in alphabetical order under their 
 hosts, also arranged alphabetically according to their common 
 names with scientific names following. 
 
 We shall not attempt here to give in any detail, as previously, 
 the weather conditions of each^ year and their bearing on the 
 suppression or development of these troubles. It might be well 
 to note in passing that the winter of 1917-1918 was one of the 
 most severe winters since we began our disease survey of Con- 
 necticut, and that there resulted great injury to perennial plants, 
 especially to cultivated fruit trees. The injury to the wood and 
 flower buds of peach trees from this and the preceding and 
 
398 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 following winters has been such as to put this prominent fruit 
 industry largely out of business. The spring and early summer 
 of 19 1 8 were SO' wet and the midsummer so dry that very unusual 
 troubles of potatoes, largely physiological, developed. Further- 
 more the spring and summer of 1919 had so much rainy or 
 muggy weather that an unusually large number of fungous 
 diseases developed, including very serious injury by the late 
 potato blight. The lack of potash in most fertilizers, due to 
 the war during these years, also played some part in the develop- 
 ment of unusual troubles, especially of potato and tobacco. 
 
 Before proceeding to a specific account of these various 
 troubles, we wish to briefly discuss here two that do not come 
 strictly under the designation of "plant diseases," since while 
 of a fungous nature their injurious activities were directed to 
 the destruction of household timbers in one case, and household 
 butter in the other. 
 
 DRY ROT. 
 
 Dry Rot Fungus, Merulius lacrymans (Wulf.) Schum. We 
 first called attention to this fungus in our Report of 1906, 
 pp. 336-41, where we noted, with illustrations, its action on 
 the wainscoting of a church basement at Stony Creek. Again, 
 in 1916 (Rep. 1915:424-5.) we reported a vigorous devel- 
 opment of the fungus on flooring, boxes, tools and heads of 
 sewing machines at the Singer Mfg. Company's Plant in Bridge- 
 port. 
 
 An even more destructive and luxuriant growth of the fungus, 
 than at either of these places, was called to our attention in July, 
 1918, by Mrs. Robert H. Comstock, who wrote in part as fol- 
 lows : "Five years ago we built a small house on high farm 
 land along the sandy beach of the Sound at Westbrook, Conn. 
 We laid a cement foundation but did not dig a cellar and when 
 the land was graded the cement was almost entirely covered, as 
 we particularly wanted the cottage to set low. For several 
 years we have noticed a fungous growth on the partitions and 
 under some built-in drawers in the middle of the house. This 
 spring we found the floor was rotted out, even the top floor 
 was more than half gone." Plate XXXIII, a. 
 
DRY ROT FUNGUS. ' 399 
 
 At Mrs. Comstock's request we inspected this unoccupied 
 shore cottage, a view of which is given here, making a detailed 
 examination as to the cause and the amount of injury. It 
 was readily seen that the trouble was due to the dry-rot fungus, 
 Merulius lacrymans, as it was found in good fruiting condition. 
 In fact the spores from the fruiting bodies had developed so 
 abundantly that they had settled as a very evident reddish-brown 
 dust all over the floors and tables except where these were pro- 
 tected by covers so that when the latter were raised a distinct 
 boundary showed between the covered and uncovered surfaces. 
 The cement foundation had practically no openings allowing for 
 ventilation, thus there was a closed air space of about a foot be- 
 tween the wood beams supporting the double floor and the ground. 
 This prevented the drying-out of the air and gave ideal condi- 
 tions for the development of the fungus when once it got started 
 on the wood. There were no eave troughs to carry away the 
 water from the roof and likewise the water from the ice-box 
 went into the ground under the house, thus increasing the damp- 
 ness. 
 
 Some idea of the destruction of the woodwork can be gained 
 from the two pictures shown here, one with the flooring par- 
 tially removed. Some of the wood was so rotten as to crumble 
 easily as punk between the fingers. The entire floor of the 
 living room, Plate XXXIII, b, together with the floor joist, had to 
 be removed. Considerable injury in the kitchen, Plate XXXIII, c, 
 under a built-in set of drawers and in an adjacent closet also was 
 evident, and here the fungus had gone up between the walls of 
 the board partitions a short distance. There was no evidence 
 that the fungus had reached the second story. The fungous 
 growth was very luxuriant on the under surface of the floor 
 boards both in its thick, whitish, felt-like mycelium and, in places, 
 in the reddish-brown, laxly-poroid, fruiting surfaces. 
 
 The remedial measures suggested were as follows : — The re- 
 moval and burning of all infected wood and rubbish; the creosot- 
 ing, if possible, of the new wood used; the building of several 
 sunken areaways, protected only by wire netting, to allow free 
 access of air under the house ; the placing of eaves and leaders 
 and a drain to carry away the water from the roof and the ice 
 chest. A year later we examined the cottage and found that 
 
4-00 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 most of these suggestions had been carried out. There was a 
 very good air drainage under the house by five sunken openings, 
 two on one side and three on the other, and part of the earth 
 had been removed making a larger air space. We saw no indi- 
 cations of further development of the fungus. Somewhat 
 similar suggestions were made for the Stony Creek and Bridge- 
 port outbreaks. We have had no complaints of further trouble 
 at either of these places, and so judge that the fungus has been 
 kept largely if not entirely in check. We are convinced from 
 our experience that this fungus depends in great measure for its 
 development upon a fairly small and tightly closed air space next 
 the wood, and a sufficient amount of water to keep the air therein 
 constantly saturated or at least above the normal amount. 
 
 MOLDY UNSALTED BUTTER. 
 
 The second trouble, see Plate XXXIV, a, that of moldy unsalted 
 butter, was really first called to our attention in 1913. With Mr. 
 Stoddard we made a preliminary investigation of the trouble then 
 and during 1914 and 1915, intending to make a more complete 
 study of it later, but as no complaints have come in since we 
 have not done so. We make this short report here as a matter 
 of record as little has been published by botanists in this coun- 
 try about the trouble. 
 
 The first sample sent us was received in the late fall of 1913 
 from A. L. Kuran of the New Hartford Creamery. In Janu- 
 ary, 1914, Prof. H. F. Judkins of Storrs sent us a pound package 
 from the Suffield Creamery and another sample from a different 
 source in November. In these and most other samples' seen 
 of wrapped butter, there developed on the surface more or 
 less numerous small spots of a blackish and others of a decided 
 reddish color. These were easily determined as due to fungous 
 growths. In all the samples seen these molds did not penetrate 
 very deeply into the butter. One of the specimens which we 
 have kept ever since 1915 in a closed glass jar, now, however, 
 shows the whole surface overgrown with mixed olive-black and 
 reddish growths and the interior entirely changed into a some- 
 what dried red substance penetrated by mycelium. Concerning 
 the Suffield sample Prof. Judkins, under date of Jan. 7th, wrote 
 in part as follows : — 
 
MOLDS OF BUTTER. 40I 
 
 "I am sending in a separate package a pound of butter which I obtained 
 from the Suffield creamery. You will note that this butter is unsalted and 
 it is a rather long story to tell all the troubles Mr. Totman, the butter- 
 maker, has had with his butter since last spring, so I will not recite them 
 to you now. 
 
 "I am very much interested to find out what kind of growth or growths 
 there is on this butter, particularly the red growth. He has never noticed 
 any of this growth on salted butter. He has never noticed any of the 
 growth as long as it stayed in his refrigerator. 
 
 "The print which I am sending you was one of a lot, made on November 
 25th, sent to New Haven and returned to the creamery on December 6th, 
 in practically the same condition that it is in now, showing that the cold 
 evidently checked the growth of the mold. 
 
 "In making a careful examination of the prints and molds used by the 
 buttermaker, I ran across four or five cakes of cottage cheese on one of 
 the shelves in the refrigerator, one of which I am sending you along with 
 the butter. This was made over a year ago and has gone so bad that 
 the mold even penetrated the parchment paper in which it was wrapped. 
 I have, of course, ordered that cleaned up and the place thoroughly 
 disinfected. 
 
 "I am wondering whether there is any connection between this and the 
 growth in the butter. On the other hand, if we can trace back the growth 
 in the butter to perhaps one or two of the creamery patrons, I may be able 
 to find the cause of the butter going rancid so rapidly. I am anxious to 
 see the trouble straightened out, if possible, because the creamery will not 
 long exist if the trouble continues to break out at frequent intervals." 
 
 In February, 191 5, we sent a form letter to all of the cream- 
 eries of the state asking for information concerning this trouble. 
 The replies received showed that many were unacquainted with 
 it, partly because they did not make unsalted butter, but four 
 or five reported more or less trouble of this kind. Later in 
 the year Mr. Stoddard made an examination of two or three 
 creameries to determine, if possible, conditions favoring its 
 development. Separation cultures were made by Mr. Stoddard 
 from several of the samples received at different times, and the 
 following fungi were obtained : 
 
 (1) Mucor, sp. undet. (2) Altemaria, sp. undet. (3) 
 Penicillium roqueforti, according to Thom. (4) Oidium lactis. 
 a common fungus of milk and its products. (5) Epicoccum, 
 probably E. purpurascens. The Epicoccum at first was mixed 
 with the Oidium in our cultures and did not form spores. We 
 thought it might be an Oidium or Oospora, Later Mr. Stod- 
 dard got it in pure cultures producing the characteristic 
 spores of several cells united into a globular, semi-sessile ball. 
 This last fungus is the one that was responsible for the red 
 colonies in the butter. The Penicillium was responsible for 
 blue-green and the Altemaria and 'Mucor for blackish growths. 
 
4-02 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 Some inoculations on good unsalted butter were tried but were 
 not very successful, in most cases developing best when the 
 fungus worked down between the tubes and the butter where 
 there was little air space and more moisture. There seemed to 
 be some indication, too, that certain species followed in the wake 
 of the others. However our tests were not extensive enough 
 to be very trustworthy. If the inoculations had been made on 
 butter covered with paper better results might have been 
 obtained. 
 
 Concerning the development of the trouble in the creameries, 
 etc., the following information was obtained. The molds were 
 confined to unsalted butter, the salt evidently acting as a pre- 
 servative. Some claimed that where the butter was wrapped in 
 paper dipped in hot brine they were not so likely to develop. 
 Others claimed that when the milk was pasteurized there was 
 no trouble. Undoubtedly in some cases the trouble was due to 
 unsanitary conditions in the dairy itself, as in the case cited by 
 Prof. Judkins. Care in handling the butter after it was made, 
 especially as regards moisture, cold storage and length of time 
 the butter was kept, also entered into the problem. 
 
 Another quite important factor was the condition of the milk 
 when it arrived at the creamery. Most of the fungi' isolated 
 were common saprophytic species that easily develop in cattle 
 barns on moist hay, bedding, silage, etc. Petrie dish exposures 
 by Mr. Stoddard in two barns developed very similar species to 
 those recorded here. The Epicoccum was thus obtained both 
 in barns and in one of the creameries where this trouble developed. 
 The cleanliness of the barn, the care used in milking and keep- 
 ing the air free from dust at that time and the protection given 
 the milk before delivery, all are factors determining the num- 
 ber of spores that will fall into the milk and cause trouble 
 later. 
 
 While unsalted butter is still used to a considerable extent by 
 Jewish families and some of the larger hotels and restaurants, 
 the reason no complaints have been made in recent years is 
 probably because most of the creameries of the state have gone 
 out of business. Their decline was due to their inability to 
 compete with milk sold for direct family use and to the destruc- 
 tive competition of the large milk corporations that now dominate 
 the market. 
 
MOLDS OF BUTTER. 4°3 
 
 There are comparatively few references, so far as we have 
 found in botanical literature, concerning molds that cause trouble 
 in butter. We are indebted to F. C. Stewart for calling our 
 attention to several of the following: 
 
 European investigators have done the most work along this 
 line. Lafar and his co-editors (Handb. Techn. Myk. 1907 ed.) 
 give resumes of most of this work together with references to 
 the literature. In vol. 2, p. 214, Cladospori-um butyri, a fat- 
 splitting fungus, is mentioned, especially in connection with 
 Oidium lactis, as a cause of rancid butter; while, pp. 220-1, 
 bacteria are mentioned as causing red and blue specks in butter, 
 nothing is said about fungi causing similar color troubles. In 
 vol. 4, p. 525, Mucor Mucedo and M. racemosus are also men- 
 tioned as fat-splitting fungi found in butter. 
 
 Gripenberg ( Milch. Zeitung 28 : 626-8, 644-6, 662-3. 1899. ) pub- 
 lished quite an extensive article dealing with experiments under 
 which infection of butter takes place. He found infection comes 
 from the wood of the tubs, the paper wrappings and the air. 
 The chief fungi responsible are Mucor, Penicillium, and Tricho- 
 sporium. Hard wood tubs, thick paper, absolute cleanliness, 
 soaking tubs and paper in concentrated salt solutions (over 25%) 
 or steaming paper and tubs are preventive measures recom- 
 mended. 
 
 According to Stewart, Happich (Zeitschr. Fleisch- Milch- 
 hygiene 11: 297.) found Botrytis, Oidium lactis, Penicillium and 
 Mucor in moldy butter. Hanus and Stocky (Zeitschr. Unters. 
 Nahr. Genussm. 3:606. 1900.) report Mucor Mucedo to be a 
 fat-splitting agent in butter. 
 
 We found no definite references in European literature to red 
 spots in butter caused by a fungus, though according to Saccardo, 
 (Syll. Fung. 4:20. 1886.), Trabut reports Oospora ruberrima, 
 originally described by Saccardo on damp wax of wasps, as 
 occurring on butter in Algiers. The spore masses of this fungus 
 are red. 
 
 In America, while considerable work has been published on 
 the bacteria of milk and its products, but little along the same 
 line has made its appearance concerning fungi, except that on 
 cheese by Thorn and others. However we have found a few 
 references to moldy butter, chiefly relating to control methods. 
 
404 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 Apparently not so much trouble is experienced now as formerly 
 because of this advanced knowledge of control methods. 
 
 Duggar (N. Y. Prod. Rev. Amer. Creamery. Oct. 27, 1897.) 
 in a popular article was one of the first, at least among botanists, 
 to suggest preventive measures for controlling molds of tub and 
 paper-wrapped butter. He found tubs made of sap wood most 
 objectionable, spreading from this through the paper into the 
 butter. He advised steaming the tubs and keeping them dry ; 
 also treatment of paper and tubs with copper sulphate. 
 
 Rogers (Exp. Sta. Rec. 14 : 534. 1903.) is reported as isolat- 
 ing a fat-splitting torula yeast from several samples of canned 
 butter. Its action was weaker than that of fat-splitting molds. 
 The same author (U. S. Dep. Agr. Bur. Anim. Ind. Bull. 89: 7-13. 
 1906. Ibid. Circ. 130: 1908.) described methods of "Prevent- 
 ing Molds in Butter Tubs" and "Paraffining Butter Tubs" in 
 the publications here cited and especially recommended the paraf- 
 fining" of tubs giving directions and details. 
 
 About the only article dealing with the fungi causing these 
 troubles is that by Thorn and Shaw (Journ. Agr. Res. 3: 301-10. 
 1915.) on "Moldiness in Butter." They classify the fungi found 
 under the following headings: (1) Smudged or Alternaria 
 type, including here besides the Alternaria, Cladosporium butyri, 
 Stemphylium butyri Patt., Cladosporium sp., and our red fungus, 
 an undetermined specimen of which was sent them. (2) Green- 
 mold type, including Penicillium roqueforti, P. expansum, P. 
 chrysogenum, etc. (3) Oidium type, producing various shades 
 of orange-yellow by O. lactis. Besides these fungi they noted 
 under certain conditions the presence of Mucor sps. 
 
 . INJURIES AND DISEASES OF PLANTS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO HOSTS. 
 
 Apple, Pyrus Malus. 
 Bacterial Fruit Spot, Bacteria undet. Plate XXXIV, b. 
 Early in October, 1919, several diseased apples were received for 
 examination from Mr. E. M. Ives of Meriden. Two of these 
 presented an appearance, in certain areas, a little different from 
 anything that we had seen before; in fact, on superficial exam- 
 ination, these areas looked as if they might be due to spray or 
 sun scorch of an unusual type. An examination of the injured 
 tissue, however, revealed the presence of such numbers of 
 
DISEASES OF APPLE. 4°5 
 
 bacteria as to lead us to the conclusion that these were, if not 
 the primary, at least the secondary cause of the trouble. The 
 skin over these extended irregular areas was slightly sunken and 
 reddish-brown in color, in strong contrast with the normal red- 
 dish skin. The parenchyma cells immediately beneath the dis- 
 eased areas were also reddish-brown, as compared to the normal 
 white tissue, and were somewhat collapsed with contents dead. 
 The bacteria were especially abundant in the intercellular spaces. 
 While the apple showed injury by the railroad worms, these had 
 no apparent relation to the bacteria since their channels were 
 not connected with this injury. The photograph reproduced 
 here gives a somewhat unsatisfactory view of the trouble be- 
 cause of the high lights shown, but the principal diseased area 
 is in the center from which a strip of the skin has been removed. 
 
 Cultures were attempted by taking tissue from the interior 
 diseased parenchyma and placing it in test tubes of agar. Prac- 
 tically all of these produced bacteria but they were not pure, 
 showing in some cases yellowish and in others whitish growths 
 in the different tubes. The latter seemed the most likely to 
 contain the injurious species but cultures made directly from 
 these colonies, without attempts to isolate a single form, also 
 showed that they were impure. Further work at this time being 
 neglected, the cultures were left until too late to properly isolate 
 and identify the organism. While these bacteria might have 
 been an accidental invasion following some previous injury, it 
 is also possible they were the pear blight organism on an unusual 
 part of the host, since this organism occurred in these orchards 
 especially on pears, and the owner kept bees. However, we 
 have seen no references in literature where this blight occurred 
 on mature fruit after the manner described here. 
 
 Bark Canker, Myxosporium corticolum Edg. This fungus 
 while not reported before is evidently not a new or uncommon 
 one in this state. It does not seem to be a very vigorous para- 
 site as it is often associated with winter injury of the bark or 
 wood. When so associated it looks much like the black rot 
 canker, Sphaeropsis malorum, with which it is often confused, 
 especially as the two are sometimes found in the same collection 
 or even together on the same branch. The bark canker seems 
 to penetrate less deeply, being confined to the bark which may 
 
406 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 slough off and a new growth free of the fungus develop be- 
 neath. The fruiting pustules of the two are also similar, but, 
 if the spores are oozing out, the white tendrils of the bark canker 
 usually distinguish it from the black rot canker whose spores 
 are deeply colored. However, when young the black rot spores 
 are also hyaline and about the same size (perhaps average 
 wider) and shape, so they may be mistaken for each other. In 
 fact on the winter injured specimens mentioned in our Report 
 for 1906, p. 310, both these fungi are present according to our 
 recent examinations, although originally we reported only the 
 black rot. The bark canker was called especially to our atten- 
 tion in the spring of 1919 by specimens from Danbury, which 
 contained both this and to a less extent the black rot fungus ; 
 it was also found a short time later prominent on a small winter 
 injured tree at East Haven. 
 
 Paddock (N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 163:203. 1899. Ibid. 
 185 : 211. 1900.) and Stewart et al. (Ibid. 191 : 298. 1900.) were 
 the first to make early mention of this fungus which they called 
 Macrophoma malorum. More recently Edgerton (Ann. Mycol. 
 6:48. 1908.) has shown that this name is a synonym of the 
 black rot fungus and he has described the bark canker as a new 
 species and given it the scientific name used here. Paddock's 
 inoculation experiments with the fungus failed to show its 
 parasitic nature; so it is not likely to prove a serious pest at 
 best. 
 
 Downy Mildew Rot, Phytophthora cactorum (Cohn & Leb.) 
 Schroet. In late August, 1918, the writer received a dozen dried 
 apples from J. S. Adam of Canaan, Conn., which had been stored 
 in paper bags since the previous fall. These apparently had not 
 rotted but dried down into the preserved specimens much like 
 raisins. They were so full of sugar that Mr. Adam wanted to 
 know if this was an unusual occurrence. Upon examining the 
 reddish preserved tissues microscopically, we were much surprised 
 to find an abundance of a non-septate guttulate mycelium, of 
 variable diameter, much like that of Phytophthora. Cultures 
 attempted from this tissue failed, however, to produce any 
 growth so the mycelium was evidently dead at this time. The 
 next year stored pears sent from Bridgeport showed the same 
 type of non-fruiting mycelium present ; in this case we were able 
 
DISEASES OF APPLE. 4°7 
 
 to isolate the fungus, produce its fruiting stage in cultures, and 
 so accurately establish its identity as above named. A more 
 complete statement concerning the fungus is given in this paper 
 under Pear, q. v. 
 
 Heart Rots, Polyporus admirabilis Pk. and P. (Spongipellis) 
 galactinus Berk. Dodge (Myc. 8: 5-14. Ja. 1916.) in his article 
 entitled "Fungi Producing Heart-Rot of Apple Trees" describes 
 these two species as partly responsible for this trouble. The 
 former occurs singly, or more frequently in calla-lily-like clusters, 
 on the trunks showing as large milk-white, centrally depressed, 
 fragile, fleshy fungi that on drying become hard and leathery and 
 have a peculiar "glace kid glove" feel to the upper surface. 
 His observations on the species were made chiefly in Litchfield 
 Co., Conn. He collected specimens at the Columbia Camp and 
 vicinity near Litchfield, but he reports other specimens from 
 Redding. In May, 1918, the writer also collected an old speci- 
 men of this species on a dead apple tree at Union, Conn. 
 
 The second species, P. galactinus, is smaller but in its bracketed 
 group becomes even more conspicuous and is of about the same 
 color. Dodge reports this from the same two localities as the 
 other species. Recently Murrill (Myc. 11:310. 1919.) also 
 noticed it on apple trees in Eastern Connecticut, and the writer 
 collected it on a living apple tree at Norfolk in 1916. Others 
 have also reported it from Connecticut. Both of these fungi, 
 wmile causing a rot of the heart wood, do not seem to especially 
 attack the living tissue and so cause much less damage than if 
 that were the case. 
 
 White Heart Rot, Fomes igniarius (L.) Gill. We have 
 seen this fungus several times in this state upon living apple 
 trees. The oldest specimen we have in the herbarium is from 
 Norfolk, collected in September, 191 1, and it was found there 
 again in 19 16. It was also collected twice from an apple tree 
 at Milford, the latter year. It is treated more fully under 
 Oak, q. v. 
 
 Hail Injury. In one of our spray bulletins, which see 
 (Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep. 1911 : 382. 1912.), we briefly men- 
 tioned and showed a half tone of hail injury to the apples at 
 our Mt. Carmel farm. Hail storms coming on the young fruit 
 produce in time some misshapening of the mature fruit but 
 
408 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 especially show their effect as conspicuous russeted or corky 
 spots on the skin. In 1918 we heard of more or less injury at 
 Wallingf ord to the fruit but had particularly called to our atten- 
 tion hail injury to the twigs in the Bellinger orchard at Litchfield. 
 Mr. Stoddard, who examined the orchard to obtain data, found 
 that it appeared on the 1 to 3 year old twigs on a certain side 
 of the trees and the owner recalled a severe hail storm of the 
 previous year that came from that direction. The beating of the 
 hail had so bruised the bark that a callous growth was formed 
 beneath, causing the bark to split open and reveal the slight 
 swelling. 
 
 Malformed Twigs and Aerial Crown Gall, Pseudomonas 
 tumefaciens (Sm. & Town.) Stev. Plates XXXV, a-b. Besides 
 the hail injury mentioned above, we have received at various times 
 for identification peculiar malformations of apple twigs, as to the 
 cause of which we were not always sure. Two of these are 
 shown in the illustrations given here. The one that is shown in 
 Fig. a, we have usually called aerial crown gall. The ordinary 
 nursery type of galls at the base of stems and the hairy root, 
 we have mentioned in our Report for 1903, but the specimens 
 considered here have been studied without a chance to examine 
 the trees in the orchard and thereby determine the condition of 
 their roots. These aerial galls occur on both young and old 
 trees. Hedgecock (U. S. Bur. PI. Ind. Bull. 186:15. 1910.) 
 pictures (Plate V, Fig. 1) and describes this form and associates 
 it with the hairy root type of crown gall. Garman (Ky. Agr. 
 Exp. Sta. Bull. 93:106. 1901.) previously pictured and de- 
 scribed a similar trouble as a "Knot Disease," and while he 
 thought it contagious he did not associate it with the crown gall 
 which he described in the same bulletin. 
 
 This trouble is usually found by the apple growers in late 
 winter when pruning the trees and the specimens sent us show 
 as a distinct lateral growth on the branch or as a swelling at 
 the base of a side branch, Occasionally it takes the form of a 
 distinct spherical knob like the typical basal crown gall. More 
 frequently it forms flattened growths, at first perhaps smooth 
 or with smaller knobs on it but usually with an abundance of 
 small closely packed protuberances something like adventitious 
 buds. These affected tissues die prematurely so that we have 
 
DISEASES OF APPLE. 4°9 
 
 never seen these "buds" develop further. Some of these areas 
 on larger branches reach a lateral diameter of two inches, or where 
 abundant, individuals may partly coalesce into even larger areas, 
 but they rarely grow out half an inch beyond the surface of the 
 bark. While we have never heard of these growths killing 
 the whole tree, where extending completely around the branches 
 as they sometimes do, they killed these in time. 
 
 The specimens preserved in the Station's herbarium and let- 
 ters show data as follows : ( i ) W. T. Coe & Son, Durham, Apr., 
 1907, branches y 2 to iy 2 inches diameter, in center of tree, with 
 numerous irregular swellings with abundance of "buds" on 
 these. (2) J. O. Landon, Norwich, Mar., 191 1, rounded smooth 
 typical gall on ^4 i ncn branch showing winter injury of heart 
 wood. Reported several galls on a single 12-15 year old tree. 
 
 (3) E. S. Lovell, Newton, Apr., 1913, several irregular and 
 roughened swellings, largest about 1 inch diameter, around 
 twigs about half their size. Three Sour Bough trees infected. 
 
 (4) F. P. Tolles, Terryville, Apr., 191 5, branches 2 inches diame- 
 ter with large flattened areas with abundance of "buds." (5) 
 C. E. Shepard, Mt. Carmel, Apr., 19 17, branches on young tree, 
 shown in photograph. (6) H. J. Tillson, County Agent, found 
 in orchard near Norwich, Mar., 1917, same type as Lovell speci- 
 mens ; one tree badly infected. 
 
 The other type of abnormal growth has been sent less fre- 
 quently for identification, and we are even less certain of its 
 origin. The specimens, illustrated in Fig. f, were received in 
 March, 1913, from J. T. Cullen, Derby. These show young 
 twigs with an evident swelling below a terminal bud or branch 
 that has been killed and a new branch developed from a lateral 
 bud. The swelling is largely due to an abnormal development 
 of spongy parenchyma which at least in some cases dies pre- 
 maturely. One could easily imagine such a growth due to winter 
 injury of the terminal branch or bud, to insect stings or 
 mechanical injury in some way. Quite frequently one sees in 
 orchards, especially on certain varieties, as Ben Davis, very simi- 
 lar natural swellings apparently due to abundance of food mate- 
 rial stored in the tip of the year's growth that retains the swell- 
 ing somewhat the next year at the base of that year's growth. 
 No injury to the tissues follows in these cases. There are 
 
4IO CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 cases where such malformations as described here are claimed 
 to be the result of the crown gall bacteria. Hedgecock (loc. cit., 
 Plate IV, figs. 1-2) shows by his illustrations and his statement 
 that they are the "early stage of the aerial form of the 'Hairy 
 Root' " and finally develop into the type of trouble first men- 
 tioned in this article. 
 
 A very similar trouble to this on pear twigs we have described 
 elsewhere in this Report as due to winter injury. Because of 
 our uncertainty that the crown gall germ is always responsible 
 for these two injuries they are described here both as physiologi- 
 cal and bacterial troubles. 
 
 Mice Girdle. Each year, during the winter season, mice 
 cause more or less injury to trees by eating off the bark at their 
 base. Some years, however, the injury is much more serious than 
 in others, and when there is an abundance of snow on the ground 
 the injury seems to be worse. Apple trees suffer more than 
 any others though complaints have been made of injury to peach, 
 maple, Scotch and white pine. The winter of 1919-20, with its 
 abundant snowfall, apparently was the worst of any yet noticed. 
 Even poison ivy was girdled along fence rows. In a nursery we 
 saw considerable injury to Japanese maples and other ornamental 
 plants. Reports were received of serious injury in many apple 
 orchards, and to a less extent in peach orchards, to both young and 
 old trees so that many thousands of fruit trees in the state were 
 thus girdled. Most of this injury occurred below the snow line. 
 We will not discuss the trouble further here, but refer the reader 
 to the special article on this subject by Mr. Stoddard recently 
 issued by the Station (Bull, of Inf. 10: 1-7. Figs. 1-8. Mr. 
 1920.). 
 
 Smoke Injury. In July, 1919, a letter was received by the 
 Station from C. A. Burley of Stamford in which he wrote : "I 
 have an orchard which (I think) is being killed by smoke from 
 a factory alongside of it. In fact several of the trees are al- 
 ready dead and the others very weak. I would like very much 
 if you could send someone to look over the situation." Soon 
 afterward the writer and the state forester, Mr. Filley, went 
 to Stamford, and with Mr. F. A. Bartlett and one of the parties 
 interested examined the orchard and the vicinity for the cause 
 of the trouble. 
 
DISEASES OF APPLE. 4 11 
 
 A suspicious thing, in the mind of the writer at least, was 
 the presence, about in a direct line a quarter of a mile away 
 but lower down near a stream, of a chlorine factory that was 
 used during the war by the government for making chlorine gas 
 but now abandoned. An examination of the vegetation, espe- 
 cially the trees immediately around this factory, showed no in- 
 jury except to a few trees on the edge of the stream into which 
 had been emptied considerable chemical refuse from the factory. 
 In other words as there seemed to be no indication here of 
 injury to the trees or herbaceous vegetation from possible escap- 
 ing fumes, there was no likelihood of the trouble in the orchard 
 being due to such a cause. 
 
 The orchard, however, bordered directly on one side of the 
 buildings of a bronze factory, through the open windows of 
 which were blown the minute particles from the burnished 
 bronze. More or less of this dust settled upon the surrounding 
 vegetation and could be distinctly seen as minute golden particles 
 on the apple leaves even some distance away. The man who 
 showed us around thought that the bronze dust was responsible 
 for the injury to the trees. At first sight this also< seems plausi- 
 ble, as the apple leaves where the dust was most abundant 
 had numerous small reddish specks often immediately under the 
 bronze particles. An examination of the vegetation immediately 
 under the factory windows where the dust was thickest, showed 
 no evident injury on such tender leaves as pokeweed, burdock, 
 Bidens, etc. It seemed probable, therefore, that this dust caused 
 no harm, unless possibly on long standing some unknown chemi- 
 cal change took place that produced these specks and even then 
 this would not account for the death of the trees and the severe 
 scorching of the foliage elsewhere. The smoke from the factory 
 was carried off by a high stack, with the wind mostly taking it 
 away from the trees, thus eliminating this as a factor. In the 
 rear of the factory, was a temporary incinerator with a low stack 
 for burning rubbish including the waste that was used in burnish- 
 ing the bronze. The smoke from this was strong and could 
 be easily carried, with the wind in the right direction, over the 
 apple trees. In fact it was in an extension of the orchard near- 
 est this that most of the dead trees occurred. From what we 
 have seen of smoke injury elsewhere, this seemed to us to be 
 
412 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 the most logical source of the injury. Just what chemical mat- 
 ter was included in this waste that could cause the injury we 
 did not determine, but if sulphur was present it could have been 
 responsible. 
 
 Winter Injury Cankers. The severe winter of 1917-1918 did 
 great harm to various trees in this state, especially to cultivated 
 ones and particularly to peaches and apples. We have in previ- 
 ous Station Reports discussed various forms of winter injury to 
 the apple, and in the Rept. of the Conn. Pom. Soc, vol. 21, p. 102, 
 1919, have given a brief resume of these including the trouble 
 mentioned here. We wish in this note merely to mention this 
 unusual form of winter cankers not noted before in- our Station 
 Reports. One of the worst injured orchards that we saw was 
 that of W. B. Johnston, of South Meriden, who had us examine 
 it in June as he thought he had some unusual disease. 
 
 The orchard, chiefly Baldwins, was on an exposed hill that 
 got a full sweep of the winter winds and had shown no such 
 injury the previous season. Trees that bore heavily the previous 
 fall were those that suffered the most winter injury. Besides 
 the dead and badly injured trees, there were some that showed 
 irregular dead areas on the trunk or elongated dead areas on the 
 limbs that looked like disease cankers as they were sharply marked 
 off by cracks in the bark from the living tissues. Often these 
 showed fruiting pustules, thus increasing the impression of their 
 fungous origin to one not acquainted with the facts of the case. 
 A peculiarity of the cankers in many cases was their situation 
 on the lower side of branches with the upper side healthy or only 
 slightly injured! Just what caused this difference in suscepti- 
 bility to injury we do not know. Possibly the tissues of the 
 upper side were more matured or contained less water. Such 
 cankers on the under side of branches were not infrequent in 
 other orchards following this severe winter. 
 
 Ash, White, Fraxinus americana. 
 Anthracnose, Gloeosporium aridum Ell. & Holw. We have 
 reported anthracnoses before on maple, oak and some other 
 trees, but in the summer of 1919 we received for the first time 
 specimens on white ash. They were sent, early in June, both by 
 Miss Jessie H. Brown from Lyme and H. O. Taylor from 
 
DISEASES OF WHITE ASH. 413 
 
 Cobalt, who complained of the trouble as a serious one causing 
 more or less defoliation of their shade trees. In the first case 
 at least, the leaves were also attacked by the rust mentioned be- 
 low. The disease appeared on the leaves as they were reaching 
 maturity causing a scorch-like burn usually involving consider- 
 able area from the margin inward; occasionally there were 
 smaller isolated spots within. The diseased area was somewhat 
 translucent, of a light or yellowish-brown- color, sharply marked 
 off from the healthy tissues and easily broken when dry. The 
 very inconspicuous fruiting pustules were seen with a hand lens 
 more or less abundantly imbedded in the lower surface. The 
 wet spring weather was very favorable for this as well as 
 other true anthracnoses. 
 
 Four different species of anthracnose have been reported on 
 this host and at least one or two on other species of ash. So 
 far as we can determine from the printed description, our speci- 
 mens agree best with the species given above which was published 
 by Ellis and Everhart in the Journ. Myc, p. 21, 1887. The 
 specimens upon which this species was based were received from 
 J. J. Davis of Racine, Wis. Davis (Trans. Wise. Acad. Sci. 
 Arts 9:169.) in 1892 erroneously gave the authority for the 
 name as E. & E. He writes, "Abundant. When developing 
 vigorously on exposed trees it attacks one edge of the leaf, caus- 
 ing it to curl toward the affected side. When less vigorous on 
 leaves of shaded trees it occurs on roundish spots about 5 mm. 
 in diameter." 
 
 The spores as we find them are hyaline, oblong or broadly 
 oblong, slightly pointed at the ends, straight or very slightly 
 curved, 6-iO/x by 2.5 - 3.5^ but chiefly 7-9^ by 3/x. Gloeosporium 
 irregulare Peck, described shortly after this species, does not 
 seem to differ materially from it except in the greater width of 
 the spores (4-5/*) as given by Peck. Recently we have received 
 typical specimens of G. aridum from Davis, and of G. irregulare 
 from House, and both express the opinion that they are the same 
 species. Our examination of these specimens also confirmed our 
 suspicions that this was the case. Dr. House writes, "I think 
 there is no question as to the identity of irregulare with aridum, 
 apparent differences in the measurements given in the description 
 are not borne out in the specimens. I enclose a bit of the type." 
 
414 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 Rust, Aecidium Fraxini Schw. Plate XXXV, c. We have il- 
 lustrated and briefly described this rust in previous Reports 
 (Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep. 1903:304. Ibid. 1911-12 :' 343.) 
 as occurring not uncommonly on the blades and petioles of the 
 white ash in this state. During the early summer of 19 19 it 
 was more abundant than we have ever seen it before. It was 
 sent in several times as causing more or less injury to the lawn 
 trees and was said to cause severe defoliation in one case. In 
 our collection this year we found the rust not only on the blades 
 and petioles but also on the young stems of this year's growth, 
 the maturing winged seeds and the staminate blossoms which 
 had been curiously transformed through the action of the phytop- 
 tus mite occurring on this host. The mycelium causes more or 
 less distortion of the infected parts and this is especially so on 
 the branches, where it produces gall-like growths, covered with 
 the aecial stage, and often involving the young axial parts, as 
 shown in the illustration. When young the aecia are elongated 
 but wear away in time to short cups. Farlow (Proc. Soc. Prom. 
 Agr. Sci. 9:26. 1888.) reported a serious and extended out- 
 break of this fungus in 1885. Arthur (Bot. Gaz. 29:275.) re- 
 ports cultures made in 1899, and several times since, with the III 
 stage of a Puccinia from Spartina sps. ; he produced the I stage 
 on Fraxinus -lane eolata. He calls the fungus, therefore, Puccinia 
 fraxinata (Schw.) Arth. So far as we have found, no one has 
 infected other species of Fraxinus with the Spartina rust. 
 Arthur however failed in several attempts with other genera in 
 the same family as Fraxinus. While this rust is common along 
 the Sound where Spartina also occurs, we have often seen ash 
 trees badly affected quite removed from any specimens of it. 
 Our efforts, however, to obtain any further clues of relationship 
 met with failure. We tried several times to inoculate species of 
 Agropyron repens, Poa pratensis, Spartina (large and small) 
 sps., and even leaves of Fraxinus americana, with the I spores 
 from the last host without result. 
 
 Asparagus, Asparagus officinalis. 
 Anthracnose, Colletotrichum sp. On Burr's Mammoth 
 Asparagus at the Station farm, the latter part of September, 
 1919, we noticed a conspicuous disease on the green stems that 
 
DISEASES OF ASPARAGUS. 4 J 5 
 
 we had not seen before. This was causing more or less injury 
 to the infected plants. Irregular, often elongated, grey areas, 
 of greater or less extent, appeared in the normal green skin; in 
 these were numerous very small but conspicuous, black fruiting 
 pustules. The center of these often showed a white spot evi- 
 dently where the spores were discharged. The spores are 
 hyaline, narrowly to broadly oblong, often somewhat pointed at 
 one end and 12-17^ long by 4-6/x wide. The fungus is evi- 
 dently that briefly described and pictured by Halstead (N. J. 
 Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep. 1896: 410.) in 1897 but of which he gives 
 no description of the spores, etc. There are no setae on the 
 fruiting pustules of our specimens so that the fungus looks as 
 much like a Phoma as a Collet otitic hum. Several species of each 
 of these genera have been described on asparagus, but all appear 
 to be on the dead stems and none quite like ours. We have found 
 no further reference to Halstead's Colletotrichum sp., and Cook 
 writes that there are no specimens of it in the herbarium at 
 New Brunswick. On our specimens, often in the same spots, 
 there is also a Fusarium, previously mentioned by us (Rep. 
 1903:305.). This probably has no connection with the Colleto- 
 trichum and seems to form more definite elliptical or elongated 
 spots with a distinct purplish border, but it . is difficult to tell. 
 in some cases, which fungus caused the spots. It may be that 
 both are languishing parasites on the older stems or that one 
 follows the other as a lesser parasite. 
 
 Fasciation. Harshberger in his book (Mycol. Plant Path.: 
 329.) describes fasciation as follows: "Fasciation in its simplest 
 form consists of a flat, ribbon-like expansion of stem, branch, 
 flower clusters, flowers and fruits which may be cylindric below, 
 but flattened above." Sorauer (Handb. Pflanzenkr. 1:332.) 
 says concerning these f asciations : "We may likewise consider 
 as due to local over-nutrition, the condition arising when a cylin- 
 drical branch becomes broad and flattened. It then looks as 
 if a number of branches had grown together; nevertheless, 
 this is only rarely the case, for almost always only a single 
 branch is involved, which, by broadening its vegetative point, no 
 longer has a vegetation cone at its apex but a comb-like vegetative 
 surface." The last writer also states: "We have seen already 
 in roots held fast between split rocks that pressure from two 
 
416 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 opposite sides may give the axis a band-like form. Under cer- 
 tain circumstances such a changed direction or growth may 
 continue if the cause of arrestment itself has disappeared." 
 Cowles (Text Book Bot. 2:786.) writes: "The phenomenon is 
 not well understood, but often it is believed to be associated 
 with 'over nutrition' ; sometimes it is produced by mechanical 
 causes, or by insect or fungal activities (as in (Enothera) . Fas- 
 ciation sometimes appears to be inheritable, but this remains to 
 be established, at least as a general proposition." 
 
 Mr. Frank Hanchett of Falls Village, Conn., brought to the 
 Experiment Station during the winter of 1918 a specimen of 
 asparagus (partly shown in Plate XXXVI, a, here) taken from 
 his garden the summer previous, that showed evident fasciation. 
 The stem was flattened so that when green it was two and a 
 half inches wide across the base as against half an inch in thick- 
 ness. The stem as brought to us was about two feet long and 
 was flattened the entire length. The apex was narrowed and 
 twisted into an irregular spiral coil of two and a half turns. 
 About half way down, the specimen branched but the second 
 branch was broken off a short distance above its origin so the 
 nature of its apex was not disclosed. Sections made through the 
 stem showed abundance of the mycelium of some fungus scat- 
 tered somewhat irregularly through its length. These threads 
 were much more abundant in spots, evidently developing best in 
 the vicinity of the fibro-vascular bundles, especially in the pith 
 cells surrounding them and in the vascular ducts. Concerning 
 the identity of the fungus we could not be sure because no 
 definite spores were seen, but it appeared to be a Fusarium. 
 There may have been some connection between the presence of 
 the fungus and the fasciation, but we cannot be sure. 
 
 Keeping this malformation in mind we unearthed several ex- 
 amples of fasciation of asparagus during the spring of 1918. 
 These came from Milford, North Haven and Middlebury, so 
 this trouble cannot be considered very rare. We did not find 
 in these subsequent specimens the mycelium of any fungus though 
 all were not carefully examined. The largest of the two or 
 three specimens from the Whittemore estate at Middlebury was 
 about 3 feet long and showed short bifurcated and slightly coiled 
 tips. The specimen from the Clark Wilcox place at Milford 
 
DISEASES OF BEANS. 4 X 7 
 
 was by far the most striking, being at least five feet long and the 
 flattened side of the stem three inches wide, with numerous 
 branches scattered along its sides in the axils of the scale-like 
 leaves, as was the case with the other specimens. The stem was 
 coiled in one complete turn near the center but the nature of 
 the tip was obscured though probably slightly bifurcated. 
 
 In 19 19 market agent Stack brought us a specimen purchased 
 in the New Haven market, and in 1920 other specimens were 
 found in the Station's asparagus bed. Efforts in 1920 to pro- 
 duce this flattening by various artificial methods involving pres- 
 sure on the growing tips were apparently not successful; but 
 further work along this line will be done. 
 
 Besides these fasciations of asparagus, we briefly describe in 
 this Report somewhat similar troubles on Larkspur, Pea Shrub, 
 Rose and Sumac, and previously (Rep. 1913: 6. 1914.) we have 
 described and figured the same thing on a young apple twig. 
 Besides the flattening of the stem, common characters with most 
 of these fasciations are the bifurcation and coiling of the tips. 
 
 Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. 
 Bacterial Wilt, Bacteria sp. Plate XXXVI, c. Several 
 times in the early summer of 1918, we had complaints of young 
 beans in war gardens dying from a scorch-like wilt. We did not 
 have opportunity to thoroughly investigate all of these complaints, 
 but such plants as we did examine led us to conclude that the 
 trouble was not primarily a sun-scorch but resulted from in- 
 vasion of the vascular system by bacteria. These eventually 
 more or less completely cut off the water supply, with resulting 
 wilting and scorching of the leaves under exposure to bright 
 sunlight. The spring and early summer had been unusually 
 wet and so favored bacterial invasion of the stem through in- 
 juries of the roots. Some of the specimens examined showed 
 as yet little wilting of the foliage but evident invasion of the 
 vascular ducts both in the stems and the leaves. Often the 
 invaded tissues were apparently little injured; occasionally bac- 
 teria were found in the pith of the stem as well as in the ducts. 
 A peculiar case shown us by F. J. Reveley, supervisor of war 
 gardens at East Haven, was in a garden of eight rows of beans, 
 four of which had the trouble badly, while the other four were 
 
41 8 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 apparently free. Some bacteria, however, were found in the 
 plants of the unaffected rows. The only difference, so far as 
 we could determine, between the affected and unaffected was 
 that the latter had a little more shade! 
 
 While there is a bacterial disease causing a spotting of the 
 leaves of beans, the trouble mentioned seems to be another thing 
 altogether. It is more like the bacterial wilt of cucurbits, but 
 whether, as in that case, caused by a definite organism we do 
 not know. We have seen no references describing such a 
 
 trouble of beans. 
 
 Beech, Fagus sps. 
 
 Gas Injury. Through the kindness of Mr. G. F. Herthal, 
 tree expert, the writer, with the State Forester, was shown in 
 August, 1919, a couple of beech trees on the Nathaniel W r heeler 
 Estate at Bridgeport, that developed the unusual injuries men- 
 tioned here. The first tree was near a driveway under which 
 passed the gas supply to the house. The tree for at least the 
 past two years had developed a serious injury of the leaves soon 
 after they matured. This showed as a scorch, chiefly at the 
 margins, and caused more or less defoliation. Otherwise the 
 tree looked healthy and there was no apparent fungous or insect 
 cause for the trouble. As the scorch had a similar appearance 
 to gas injury that we have seen on maple trees on the streets, we 
 finally concluded that there was a slight leak from the gas pipe in 
 the road that caused injury to the roots and thereby affected the 
 leaves. 
 
 Lightning Injury. In this same yard there was a very old and 
 noble copper beech which a number of years before had been 
 struck by lightning. The most evident effect was the killing of 
 the bark at the base of the tree so that at this time it was entirely 
 girdled, except for a slight connection on one side with a large 
 root. While the tree had been trimmed of a large dead branch 
 in the past and had one nearly dead main branch on one side, it 
 still maintained evident vigor of the main very large branches 
 despite this almost complete girdling at the base. 
 
 Bitter Sweet, Celastrus scandens. 
 Chlorosis. This was merely a case of yellowish-white spotting 
 of the leaves, most frequently near the margin. Some leaves 
 had yellowish areas instead of the small definite spots. This 
 
WINTER INJURY OF BOX. 419 
 
 trouble may have resulted from some insect sucking the juices 
 from the leaves when they were quite young-, but it was more 
 likely due to the late frosts that came early in May, as we have 
 seen somewhat similar injury caused on other plants. See Frost 
 Injury under Tobacco. The specimens were found in June, 1919, 
 on a wild plant at East Haven, but may be looked for on culti- 
 vated ones, as some of the cultivated species have variegated 
 foliage. 
 
 Blackberry, Rubus sps. 
 
 Orange Rust, Caeoma nitens Schw. Germination tests so far 
 made show that this rust on cultivated Rubus villosus (Gray's 
 6th ed.) in this state belongs to the short cycled form. This rust 
 was found doing serious damage to a certain variety in a plan- 
 tation in Westville in 1919. On the wild blackberries, likewise, 
 all germination tests of the collections show the rust to be this 
 form, except one which was long cycled, and later collections dis- 
 closed the III stage of Gymnoconia interstitialis on this same 
 plant. See "Raspberry" for further details. 
 
 Box, Buxus sempervirens var. suffruticosa. 
 
 Winter Injury. From time to time during the past years, 
 there have been sent to the Station branches of box in which the 
 leaves were dead, having a yellowish-white color, and complaint 
 was made that the whole plant or part of it was in this condi- 
 tion. Search has sometimes revealed immature stages of some 
 fungus developing in these dead leaves or branches, but no definite 
 indication has ever been found that such a trouble was due to 
 the attack of a particular parasite. Sometimes we have seen 
 individual plants in the nursery showing this trouble, and we 
 have wondered if it might not be the result of sun scorch. 
 
 After the severe winter of 19 17- 18, we saw so much trouble 
 of this nature on box hedges that we could not but conclude that 
 most, if not all, of these troubles trace back to severe winter 
 injury of the leaves, stems or roots. We saw one hedge at the 
 Whittemore estate at Middlebury in the spring of 1918, where 
 the upper branches and leaves were all killed while those below 
 were uninjured. In this case the hedge had been protected dur- 
 ing the winter by an artificial covering but this did not reach the 
 tops of the plants, with the result that the parts exposed were 
 thus injured. Box is not entirely hardy so far north as this and 
 
420 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 in severe winters some mulch protection, either artificial or snow, 
 is usually needed to prevent winter injury. The winter of 
 1917-18 was so severe that many unprotected hedges were ruined. 
 Why in some hedges certain plants are badly injured and others 
 escape, we cannot surely say, but this may be due in part to the 
 immaturity or the weaker condition of those affected. 
 
 Butternut, Juglans cinerea. 
 Staghead, Melanconium oblongutn Berk. We have not made 
 personal observations on this fungus but have had it called to 
 our attention by Dr. A. H. Graves who has made a study of it 
 in this and adjacent states. He holds the view that it is largely 
 responsible for the dead limbs so frequently seen on butternuts, 
 and finally for the stag-headed appearance of the trees due to 
 the death of the tops. A discussion of it by Dr. Graves appeared 
 in Mycologia n : 111-13, in May, 1919. 
 
 Cabbage, Brassica oleracea. 
 
 Black Leg, Phoma lingam (Tode) Desm. (P. oleracea Sacc.) 
 Plate XXXVI, b. We have found this disease only twice in this 
 state and then under conditions that were very unfavorable to 
 the cabbage plants. It was first called to our attention about the 
 middle of November, 1918, at the D. L. Clarke & Sons' farm at 
 Milford. Cabbage plants had been set out very late in their field 
 during dry weather. The plants used had been kept too long 
 in the seed bed, and so were over-sized being long and spindling. 
 They were dropped in a furrow, watered and then set in by 
 tramping the earth around them with hoe and foot. The plants 
 as a whole did very poorly, many died and others failed to make 
 much of a growth, so that about 90% were failures. When seen 
 by us the stem underground and partly above was badly withered, 
 or decayed in many cases, as shown in the illustration. The 
 fruiting pustules of the Phoma could be seen on most of the 
 stems, but on others the fungus was not evident. The same fall 
 at the Experiment Station farm at Mt. Carmel, we found a few 
 freak plants in the club-root experiments that showed the same 
 trouble. 
 
 The disease was first called prominently to the attention of 
 cabbage growers in this country by Manns (Ohio Agr. Exp. 
 
DISEASES OF CABBAGE. 4 21 
 
 Sta. Bull. 228:276-90.) of Ohio in 1911. It seems to be a 
 trouble that starts in the seed bed but becomes most serious and 
 conspicuous after transplanting in the field. The disease starts 
 on the stem as a white sunken area, usually near the junction of 
 a leaf petiole, eventually forms serious cankers or girdled areas, 
 invaded by bacteria, etc., and becomes black in color, hence 
 the common name of "black leg." The fruiting pustules are 
 easily made out in the infected areas as small black dots. The 
 spores are hyaline, oval to oblong and chiefly 3.5-5/* by 1.5/A-2/X. 
 More recent investigations (Wise. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 38: 6. 
 1915.) show that Phoma oleracea Sacc, as it is called by Manns, 
 is a synonym of Phoma lingam (Tode) Desm. 
 
 Cabbage, Chinese, Brassica pekinensis. 
 
 Leaf Mold, Alternaria Brassicae var. macrospora Sacc. This 
 fungus forms small, rounded, blackish, zoned spots on the leaves. 
 We noted it, in 1916, from the Station's farm at Mt. Carmel, 
 as "quite bad on some varieties." Apparently no specimens were 
 saved so nothing further can be said of it. 
 
 Leaf Spot, Cercosporella albo-maculans (Ell. & Ev.) Sacc. 
 This forms conspicuous greyish spots, with a more or less dis- 
 tinct border, that are from a quarter to half an inch in diameter. 
 In dried specimens some of these spots retain a more greenish 
 color than the rest of the leaf. Our specimens were collected on 
 Aug. 30, 19 1 7, at the Station's Mt. Carmel farm. So far as we 
 have learned, the fungus has not been reported before on this 
 host, at least under this name. We have had considerable trouble 
 in identifying it because from the dried specimens it is quite diffi- 
 cult to determine how the spores are borne. 
 
 Alternately we have considered it under the genera Cercospora, 
 Cylindrosporium and Cercosporella, since species on Brassica are 
 described under each of these that fit our specimens fairly well, 
 especially as regards the spots and appearance of the spores. 
 Cercospora brassicicola P. Henn, described in 1905 from Japan 
 on Brassica sinensis, however, seems not to be the same since 
 the hyphae bearing the hyaline spores (40-80/x long) are said to 
 be dark colored and 20-25/x long. We could find no such definite 
 hyphae associated with the spores. If the author has mistaken 
 other hyphae of saprophytic species that rarely occur on old spots, 
 
42 2 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 we may have what he has described but we have no specimens 
 for comparison. 
 
 Cylindrosporium Brassicae Faut. & Roum. (Rev. Myc. 13:81. 
 1891.) seems to fit our specimens even better as the spores are 
 said to be 80-120^ long (forma Napi, however, in Roum. Fungi 
 sel. no. 6727, only 40-80,11) but they are enclosed in the paren- 
 chyma. Our study of these dried specimens (Roum. Fungi, sel. 
 nos. 5679, 6727, 7318) leads us to believe that the writers were 
 misled in their conclusions as to the origin of the spores and that 
 they are really borne on the outside on short hyphae as in Cer- 
 cosporella. Perhaps further study of fresh specimens from 
 France is needed to definitely prove this point. This name ante- 
 dates any of the others. 
 
 Cercosporella albo-maculans (E. & Ev.) Sacc., originally de- 
 scribed as a Cercospora (Cercosporella) on Brassica campestris 
 from California (Proc. Phil. Acad. : 378. 1894.) was placed 
 definitely under Cercosporella by Saccardo (Syll. Fung. 11 : 606.) 
 because the hyphae (8-12/x by 2fx) bearing the spores were de- 
 cribed as hyaline. The spores are given as 40-6^1 by 2-2. 5/a. 
 Except for this somewhat smaller size of the spores the descrip- 
 tion agrees very well with our specimens. These latter we find 
 to vary from 50-105^ (chiefly 65-90/1,) by 2.5-3/x. They are hya- 
 line, straight or somewhat curved and septate. The septa are 
 more or less evident, usually three being found, but with staining 
 even four to six can sometimes be made out. After much ex- 1 
 animation we definitely determined that the spores are borne 
 externally on very short, inconspicuous, hyaline hyphae no wider 
 than the spores. These may be somewhat grouped or isolated, 
 and come from the stoma or directly through the epidermis. As 
 the spores are easily broken the size given for them may vary 
 according as one measures them whole or broken. We have 
 seen a fragment of the type of C. albo-maculans, sent us from 
 the N. Y. Bot. Garden, and found the spores to vary from 45-85/*, 
 by 2.5-3,0, and as these measurements agree fairly well with those 
 from our specimens we have adopted this name though we have 
 small doubt as to their identity with the French specimens de- 
 scribed under Cylindrosporium. 
 
 Soft Rot, Bacillus carotovorus Jones. Plate XXXVII, a. In 
 the summer of 1918 a serious disease took off at least ten per cent 
 
DISEASES OF CARROTS, ETC. 4 2 3 
 
 of the Chinese cabbage grown at the Station's Mt. Carmel farm. 
 The outer leaves would wilt, drop over, turn yellowish and finally 
 the whole plant would go down. An examination showed that 
 the trouble was of bacterial origin and the dropping of the leaves 
 was due to the rotting of the tissue at the base of the petiole and 
 in the stem. When cut lengthwise through the stem, there was 
 revealed a rotting mass that in time became hollowed out as 
 shown in the photo. Sometimes the rot finally extended up the 
 mid rib and even into the leaf blade. The wet season may have 
 favored this trouble since the cabbage was grown on soil not in 
 this crop before and very little manure was used; however, the 
 rot was not very prevalent either the year before or after 1918, 
 although 1919 was even more moist than 1918. The variety 
 called Wong Bok seems to have been most subject to the rot. 
 
 While we made no special bacteriological study of the rot, 
 it was so similar to the ordinary soft rot of cabbage and other 
 vegetables previously recorded from this state, that we have little 
 doubt that the usual soft rot organism was responsible for the 
 trouble. Recently Brown and Harvey (Phytop. 10:81-90. Fe. 
 1920.) have described a similar bacterial rot of Chinese cabbage 
 and have noted besides the rot a spotting of the leaves due to the 
 same cause. They think, however, that, while the soft rot is 
 due to different bacteria, the trouble really starts through in- 
 vasion of the bundles by Psendomonas campestris, the black rot 
 organism of cabbage, etc. 
 
 Carrot, Daucus Carota. 
 Drop Rot, Sclerotinia Libertiana Fckl. Carrots bought from 
 a grocery store by the writer in the winter of 1919-20 developed, 
 on their outside, while stored in the paper bag, a rot with the 
 conspicuous white mycelium and large black sclerotia of the 
 above fungus. We have found the same fungus causing drop 
 of lettuce and parsley in the greenhouse and dampening-off of 
 seedling beets in hot beds (Rep. 1908 : 860, 863, 868.) A similar 
 fungus of doubtful identity has been reported by us as causing 
 a rot of stored cabbage (Rep. 191 5 : 428.). 
 
 Celery, Apium grceueolens. 
 Root Rot, Pythium deBaryanum Hesse. Mr. E. B. Hall of 
 Middletown in September, 19 15, sent us specimens of celery hav- 
 
424 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 ing stunted roots more or less rotted off. An examination of 
 these revealed the oospores of a Pythium-like fungus in the tis- 
 sues. We did not determine the fungus more definitely at the 
 time, but our recent study of a variety of similar troubles led us 
 to re-examine the celery specimens and decide that the fungus 
 was Pythium deBaryanum. In size and general appearance the 
 oogonia and oospores are the same as those found in the Spinach 
 trouble, q. v., discussed elsewhere. In these old dry ropts of 
 celery, however, the oogonia have become thicker and wrinkled 
 somewhat as shown in Plate LVI, 5. Very similar wrinkling 
 however, is developed in the older artificial cultures of this 
 Pythium when dried out, as shown in Plate LVI, 8. 
 
 Complaint was made of serious injury to the celery but whether 
 or not this fungus was the chief cause could not be determined 
 from the specimens received, as there was also a bacterial rot of 
 the stems present, in some plants. In Aug., 1918, we had called 
 to our attention a root rot of Golden Self-Blanching celery on the 
 farm of W. G. Griswold at Wethersheld. This was so far ad- 1 
 vanced that the primary cause was not determined though 
 Fusarium and bacteria were at least subsequent agents. A care- 
 ful search for Pythium, however, was not made. It seems quite 
 probable, however, that Pythium, deBaryanum may often be the 
 starting point of such root and stem rots. 
 
 Crinkle. Plate XXXVII, b. The illustration shows the con- 
 trast between a normal leaf and one with the crinkle. This trouble 
 was called to the writer's attention, the last of August, 19 18, by 
 Mr. H. D. Peters of Highwood. He said the trouble appeared 
 rather suddenly in his celery field and that the same seed had not 
 shown it the year before. At the time of our examination the 
 plants seemed to be outgrowing the trouble, as the newest leaves 
 did not show it to any extent. Crinkle develops on the leaves as 
 numerous small puckers or larger folds as if the lower surface 
 had grown faster than the upper. Sometimes the segments of the 
 crinkled leaves are much narrower than those of the normal leaves. 
 Occasionally the color of the leaf is a lighter green but the gen- 
 eral appearance is not like that of mosaic. 
 
 Evidently the trouble is developed in the young growing leaf 
 and not after it is matured. No signs of lice were present and 
 the folding was toward the upper surface rather than the lower, 
 
DISEASES OF CORN. 4 2 5 
 
 the way lice normally injure the leaves. When the plants were 
 set out early in July the weather was rather dry, they had not 
 been watered, and their first leaves showed no crinkling. It 
 seems probable since the central leaves showed the trouble most 
 conspicuously that it was caused by a rather sudden change from 
 the dry to the wet weather that followed with abnormally fast 
 growth compared with that previously made, resulting in faster 
 cell development on the lower side and the crinkling. In time 
 the plants become acclimated to the change with a gradual re- 
 turn to the normal type of growth. Sanford White (see Plate 
 XXXVII) was the variety that showed the trouble by far the most 
 conspicuously though it was seen somewhat on Salzer's Early 
 Bleaching. 
 
 Corn, Zea Mays. 
 
 Anthracnose, Collet otrichum graminicolum (Cesati) Wilson. 
 The disease shows on the leaves of this host, at first, as small 
 oval or elliptical spots containing more or less evident fruiting 
 pustules. If numerous spots occur, the intervening tissues are 
 soon killed so that elongated irregular, brownish areas run length- 
 wise of the leaf obscuring the smaller spots, and the tissue may 
 become more generally invaded. The setae are prominent on the 
 fruiting pustules and are blackish straight spines about 6 to 8/x 
 wide at the base and 60 to 120/x long. The spores are hyaline, 
 occasionally straight but chiefly decidedly curved and broadest 
 near the center tapering to a decided point at the free end. They 
 vary from 24-30^ by 5-6/x. We have found this fungus in this 
 state twice, collecting it once in July, 1919, on leaves of Golden 
 Bantam sweet corn at the Frank Beach farm in Woodmont. 
 Here the fungus occurred as a parasite but did not seem to be 
 causing any very conspicuous damage, being confined largely to 
 the lower smaller leaves that sooner or later die anyway. The 
 other collection, made on Aug. 24, 1918, was on the stalks of 
 sweet corn from the same general neighborhood. The stalks had 
 been collected for the Fusarium root rot mentioned later, and 
 were kept for some time in paper bags where the Collet otrichum 
 probably developed as a saprophyte. 
 
 This fungus was first presented in detail from this country by 
 Selby and Manns (Ohio Agr. Exp, Sta. Bull. 203:187-211. 
 1909.). Manns described it as a new species, C. cereale, and 
 
426 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 found it was causing more or less injury to various cereals and 
 grasses, being especially bad on wheat and rye, since it attacked 
 the heads and caused withering of the grain. He found it on 
 the leaves, heads, stems and roots of its different hosts, but he did 
 not include corn among these. Later Wilson (Phytop. 4: 106- 
 112. Ap. 1914.) made a special study of the nomenclature of the 
 fungus and decided it was an old species that had received about 
 a dozen specific names in the past and he adopted the one given 
 here as the authentic name. He gives Zea Mays as a host, in 
 fact the earliest collection in 1852 from Italy being in part on it. 
 He also lists it on this host from Connecticut, New Jersey, S. 
 Carolina and W. Virginia in the United States. The citation on 
 Zea Mays from Conn., collected by Rorer, apparently is intended 
 for Sorghum, vulgare, since we have it in the Station's herbarium 
 on this, and Wilson credits it to Sorghum only from this state 
 in the main part of his paper. 
 
 We have not seen any reference in literature where the fungus 
 was claimed to be an active parasite of corn, most of the collec- 
 tions apparently having been made on the dead stalks. While 
 the size of the spores as found by us on corn are larger than those 
 given by Manns, they are not larger than found by Wilson on 
 some of the hosts and are similar in appearance and size to those 
 found in the Rorer specimen on Sorghum (Conn. Rep. 1903: 
 358.). On this latter host, however, the spotting is much more 
 conspicuous being very decided reddish-brown on the green 
 leaves. It is commonly known as Colletotrichum line la Cda. 
 on this host. 
 
 Purple Fungus, Monascus purpureus Went. This fungus 
 was isolated in Dec, 19 16, from New Milford corn silage sent 
 by L. W. Marsh who thought that the silage was causing the 
 cattle fed on it to scour. Later he came to the conclusion that 
 that was not the cause of the trouble. An examination of the 
 silage showed many of the corn fragments of a decided reddish- 
 purple color and on these by close examination a moldy growth of 
 this fungus in fruiting condition was found. 
 
 The only reference we have found where this fungus was sus j 
 pected of having caused injury is in Pammel's Manual of Poison- 
 ous Plants, p. 247, where he says : "The family Monascaceae 
 contains one fungus which has been found in mouldy corn and 
 silage in Iowa, the Monascus purpureus Went. * * * The 
 
DISEASES OF CORN. 427 
 
 coloring matter from M. purpureus, known as 'ang-quac,' is used 
 in Eastern Asia as a pigment, being produced by the growth of 
 the fungus on rice. * * * Dr. Buchanan found this species 
 in spoiled corn silage, which was responsible for the death of 
 several horses in Iowa. This species possibly has been the cause 
 of the disease, this fungus occurring only where air had access 
 to the silage." 
 
 Concerning the coloring matter produced by the fungus Lafar 
 (Tech. Myc. 2:10. Salter trans.) says: "To impart a red 
 colour to rice wine, to various spirituous liquors, bread, cakes, 
 and to the fish held in such high esteem (under the name of 
 Macassar or red fish) in the Malay archipelago, the Chinese em- 
 ploy a colouring matter extracted from a red Hyphomyces, which 
 they cultivate on boiled rice. The fungus grows with vigor on 
 this medium, and imparts thereto a red coloration ; and the dried 
 cultures, to which a preservative addition of arsenic and mustard 
 oil is made at the time of preparation, form an article of com- 
 merce under the name Ang-Khak. C. Went, has named this 
 fungus Monascus purpureus." 
 
 This commercial use would indicate that the fungus was at 
 least not a very poisonous species and it is probably entirely 
 harmless. Even when silage does produce illness in cattle the 
 real cause of the trouble is quite an open question, indigestibility, 
 bacteria and various fungi all coming in for consideration. Ap- 
 parently as yet no organism has been isolated and fed directly, 
 producing similar trouble, to prove its connection. 
 
 Root and Stalk Rot, Gibberella Saubinetii (Mont.) Sacc. In 
 August, 1918, in company with Dr. Hoffer of the Indiana Station, 
 we examined fields of sweet corn, grown for seed, in the towns 
 of Orange and Milford, to determine if the Fusarium root and 
 stalk rot, so serious in the sweet corn fields in Indiana, was pres- 
 ent here. Connecticut supplies much of the seed of sweet corn 
 grown for the canneries in the west. We found this trouble in 
 small amounts in various fields of such varieties as Crosby, Ever- 
 green, Howling Mob, Country Gentleman and Golden Bantam. 
 It was only in a single field of the last variety, however, that the 
 trouble was conspicuous enough to attract serious attention, as 
 about 5% of the stalks here were injured. As shown to us by 
 Dr. Hoffer, the trouble may start from the seed as a primary 
 
428 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 infection, or it may possibly get into the young plant later through 
 injuries of the roots. In time the roots are more or less rotted 
 and the lower portion of the stalk invaded. By cutting stalks 
 lengthwise from the base up, the infection is shown by the dis- 
 colored and diseased tissues at the nodes for a shorter or longer 
 distance according to the progress of the fungus upward. The 
 lower leaves die prematurely and the stalk is often barren, espe- 
 cially in the west, and is easily blown or broken over. The 
 trouble was seen again in 1919 on sweet corn, but as yet we have 
 not looked for it on field corn where it probably also occurs. 
 
 While we have made no particular study of the cause of the 
 disease we do not doubt that it is sometimes carried in the seeds, 
 apparently through secondary infections according to Hoffer. 
 However, we should judge, since it is not a very serious trouble 
 here, that the infected soils of the west were more a source of 
 infection there than Connecticut seed. We shall speak more of 
 this matter, however, under "Poor Seed." 
 
 Hoffer, Johnson and Atanasoff (Journ. Agr. Res. 14:611-12. 
 23S. 1918.) have recently proved the identity c" the Fusarium 
 of corn root rot in the west to the Fusarium causing scab of wheat, 
 etc., which is so prominent in that region, and have con- 
 nected these with a mature stage belonging to the genus 
 Gibberella. This stage has also been found on old corn stalks 
 recently in Connecticut fields. The ascospores of this are hyaline, 
 four-celled, straight or slightly curved and chiefly 24-30/* long by 
 5-6/x, wide. Ellis issued (N. A. F. no. 81, under the name of 
 Nectria (Gibbera) pulicaris Fr.) what appears from our speci- 
 mens to be a different thing on old corn stalks. 
 
 On one of our specimens we also found Diplodia macrospora 
 Earle, fruiting abundantly. What connection, if any, this 
 fungus may have with the root rot we do not know. Diplodia 
 Zeae (Schw.) Lev. is reported as a serious disease of corn in 
 Illinois (111. Agr. Sta. Bull. 133.) and Farlow and Seymour 
 (Host Index: 156.) give it as a synonym of Gibberella Saubinetii 
 Sacc. 
 
 Yearly rotation of corn, care being used not to follow wheat or 
 rye, and the use only of healthy vigorous seed, are methods for 
 limiting this trouble to minimum injury. 
 
 Root Rot, Phytophthora cactorum ,(Cohn & Leb.) Schroet. 
 
DISEASES OF CORN. 429 
 
 There were various complaints in 1919 of corn not doing well, 
 and the cause was not always evident from the information and 
 specimens received. Some of the trouble may have been due to 
 the Fusarium already mentioned, or to the leaf blight, Helmintho- 
 sporium turcicum, which killed the leaves as if by a frost, espe- 
 cially in late planted sweet corn. In other cases apparently neither 
 of these fungi was the responsible agent. An unusual case was 
 called to our attention late in the fall by County Agent Southwick 
 of Hartford who sent us corn stubble for examination and wrote 
 as follows : — 
 
 "I got them from John Cannon who lives in North Granby. This par- 
 ticular field raised a good crop of corn last year but had no other fertili- 
 zation this year than a thousand pounds, I believe, of a 3-10-0 fertilizer. 
 The corn was backward early in the season, and on two adjacent fields as 
 well as part of this field cottonseed meal was applied during the summer. 
 Wherever the cottonseed meal was used the corn seemed to recover and 
 made very satisfactory growth. This particular field, however, never made 
 very much growth and was about the size of pop corn although it should 
 have been good-sized yellow flint. Mr. Cannon says that when cultivating 
 the corn it was easy to pull the whole plant out, as the roots seemed to be 
 decayed, particularly in the center. 
 
 "I noticed in pv^.Hng up this stubble that some of the first roots had ap- 
 parently disappeared and that secondary roots, although small in size, had 
 developed. The application of cottonseed meal could be determined right 
 up to the last row of corn, because in this field it was impossible to pull 
 out the stubble where cottonseed meal was used, but the next row to it 
 was like the specimens I send. I thought at first perhaps the fertilizer 
 might have contained some borax, but nothing on the enclosed tag seems 
 to warrant such an idea. Whatever the trouble was the cottonseed meal 
 seemed to give the corn a new start so that a reasonable crop was secured." 
 
 It was of course too late for us to tell from the specimens 
 sent the actual cause of the trouble, but we ran across a fungus 
 that possibly may have had some bearing on it, and as we had 
 never seen it before on corn, we have thought it worth while 
 mentioning even if it should finally prove to be merely a sapro- 
 phyte. In the pith of the stubble when cut across we found in 
 the vicinity of the nodes the oospores of a fungus, see Plate 
 LVI, 1, more or less abundant. As there were no other stages 
 with these oospores, and as no cultures were obtained, we were 
 not sure at first whether they belonged to a species of Pythium 
 or Phytophthora. Pythium deBaryanum has been reported as 
 dampening-off corn seedlings (Fischer, Die Pilze i 4 :405.) but 
 the oospores we found are too large for that species, and are en- 
 veloped too closely by the oogonium; besides there was a good 
 stand of corn in the field. The oogonia varied from 21-33/i but 
 
43° CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 chiefly from 24-30^ and the oospores from 18-29/x but chiefly from 
 22-27^. The walls of the oogonia and oospores were hyaline, 
 and those of the latter were quite thick (2.5-4.5//,.) As a rule 
 the oogonia enveloped the oospores rather closely and likewise 
 the spores agree fairly well with those of Phytophthora cactorum 
 in other respects, though the cell wall appears to be thicker than 
 usual on spores in artificial cultures. 
 
 Infection experiments with the culture of Phytophthora cac- 
 torum, obtained from Pear, were not very successful on corn 
 seedlings either in Petrie dishes or in soil in crocks. We did, 
 however, in the latter get one or two seeds that showed oospores 
 developed in them and a slight invasion of the main stem of the 
 seedling. We have observed a number of root rots of different 
 plants, especially in 1919, that were caused by Phytophthora or 
 Pythium, and these we have discussed further under Pea, q. v. 
 
 Albinism, or Striped Chlorosis. Cases are not rare in both 
 field and sweet corn where the young plants instead of being 
 normally green have a whitish or yellowish-white color, or have 
 similar elongated bands running lengthwise of the leaves sepa- 
 rated by the normal green tissues. The more complete albinos 
 never grow to large plants, and even the others are often some- 
 what stunted and may not mature seed. In 1919 several cases 
 of the striped chlorosis were observed in Golden Bantam Sweet 
 corn in the writer's garden and on a similar specimen of field 
 corn sent to the station by G. D. Stone from Windham County. 
 
 Dr. Jones of this Station has grown experimentally several 
 types of such corn and finds that when seed is matured the 
 trouble is perpetuated more or less definitely as is the case with 
 a number of our variegated plants cultivated for ornamental pur- 1 
 poses. Just what prevents the development of chlorophyll in 
 certain portions of the leaf and not elsewhere, thereby giving rise 
 to this peculiar striping, is not known. Davis (la. Acad. Sci. 
 24:459-60.) in 1917 conducted some experiments with chlorotic 
 corn in Iowa that seem to show that this trouble is not com- 
 municated by handling or inoculation as is the mosaic of tobacco. 
 
 Pellucid Spots. Plate XXXVIII, a. The trouble shown in the 
 photograph reproduced here was called to our attention during 
 the summer of 19 19. In June at Milford, Dr. Britton's men 
 collected the first specimens from which the photograph was 
 
DISEASES OF CORN. 43 x 
 
 made; and in July even more striking specimens were received 
 from A. B. Case of West Granby. Dr. Britton was not able 
 to identify the trouble as one caused by sucking insects, though 
 it has somewhat that appearance. Neither did the writer in the 
 fresh specimens find any fungus or bacterial agent as a probable 
 cause. We place it here for the present as an indefinite physio- 
 logical trouble. Later, in the dried herbarium material, sections 
 showed some mycelium in the tissues but whether of a sapro- 
 phytic or parasitic character could not be determined. 
 
 The pellucid, semi-watery, more or less zoned spots have 
 somewhat the appearance of a bacterial trouble. In some speci- 
 mens these spots are half an inch long and very numerous so that 
 the intervening tissue is killed or the spots run together in- 
 definitely. When first formed in the otherwise healthy leaf, they 
 are quite striking in appearance. Usually there is a minute spot 
 at the center which is apparently the point of entrance or start- 
 ing point of the trouble. Mr. Case wrote: "The dead stalks 
 like sample are scattered over the field, occasionally a whole hill 
 infected, with good corn all around it, but usually only one stalk 
 affected in the hill. There is one spot in the piece, however, 
 covering two square rods, where nearly all the corn is affected. 
 The corn was all fertilized alike." 
 
 Poor Seed. In 1917 corn, field and sweet, over much of the 
 United States was of such poor quality that it was difficult to 
 obtain seed of sufficiently high germination for the 1918 crop. 
 While this was partly true of the Connecticut seed corn, ap- 
 parently the corn here was not so severely hurt as in most other 
 states. So that there was an unusual demand, from this state, 
 for good field corn for seed purposes. Germination tests 
 showed great variations in the corn, due in part to injury from 
 the early frosts in the fall before the corn was thoroughly 
 ripened, and in part to the poor care given in drying and stor- 
 ing afterwards. The severe winter of 1919-20 also produced 
 somewhat similar injury but to a less degree. There is no ques- 
 tion that, where corn is grown for seed purposes, as is con- 
 siderable of the sweet corn in this state, more attention should 
 be given to having it properly matured, dried and stored to avoid 
 the injury that comes with cold weather. Much corn is stored 
 in open corn cribs and great variation in germination of this 
 
43 2 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 corn, after severe winters, is sometimes shown. Thoroughly 
 dried corn or corn stored in warmer buildings does not seem to 
 suffer so much. 
 
 Frost-injured corn usually develops wrinkles in the skin, that 
 are quite visible to the naked eye. On germinating in the seed 
 testers, this poor corn is also apt to become more or less moldy 
 with a variety of saprophytic molds, much as does the Fusarium 
 infested seed as shown by Hoffer. There is no doubt that such 
 seed even if it does germinate will not give as complete or vigor- 
 ous a final stand in the field as perfect seed. On the other hand 
 it does not appear that the Fusarium is primarily responsible for 
 the poor seed of 19 19 so that we are not dealing with a serious 
 field parasite that might be harder to control than poor seed 
 due to improper conditions of harvesting and storing. 
 
 Cotoneaster, Cotoneaster horizontalis . 
 Red Canker, Tubercularia vulgaris Tode. This fungus was 
 abundant on some dead stems sent us in Sept., 1916, by the Elm 
 City Nursery Co., from Westville. Presumably the fungus 
 followed winter injury, as it seems to be more of a saprophyte 
 than a parasite. We have seen it a number of times on trees 
 winter-injured, especially on nursery trees not strictly hardy in 
 this climate. 
 
 Cucumber, Cucumis sativus. 
 Angular Leaf Spot, Bacterium lachrymans Sm. & Bryan. 
 This disease shows as evident angular spots on the leaves as 
 if water soaked. These at first are semi-transparent, but later 
 are more opaque, reddish-brown, dead areas from which the tis- 
 sues easily drop out. The bacteria also are said to cause a soft 
 rot of the leaf petioles and young vines, and from small watery 
 spots on the surface of the fruit Burger believes there develops 
 a soft rot in the interior. This disease was sent us once or 
 twice from Indiana some years ago, but we have only one col- 
 lection on cucumber from Connecticut in the herbarium. This 
 was found on the leaves at Milford in June, 1918. Our im- 
 pression is that we have seen it at other times, but did not defi- 
 nitely identify it or collect specimens. However, we did collect 
 specimens on musk-melons many years before this. 
 
DISEASES OF BLACK CURRANT. 433 
 
 There is some question as to who first mentioned this trouble. 
 So far as we have determined, it seems to have been first de- 
 scribed in a popular way in 1894 by Halsted (N. J. Agr. Exp. 
 Sta. Rep. 1893:354-5.). He found it on musk-melons and 
 reproduced a photograph of an infected leaf, but gave no sci- 
 entific name to the bacterium producing the trouble. The writer 
 found the disease first in Connecticut on the same host in 1902, 
 and briefly mentioned it in his Reports (1903: 331. 1904: 346.) 
 under the Bacterial Wilt disease with which we thought it 
 might possibly be connected. It was collected at Southington, 
 New Haven, Montowese, and seemed to be not uncommon in 
 1902 and 1903, but we have not collected it since. Burger 
 (Phytopath. 3:169-70.) in 1913 was apparently the first to 
 make cultures and give a scientific description of the organism, 
 which he placed under the genus Pseudomonas, but he gave no 
 specific name. More recently, Dec, 191 5, Smith and Bryan 
 (Journ. Agr. Res. 5:465-76.) gave a comprehensive account of 
 the organism, which they call Bacterium lachrymans. These 
 authors believe they studied the same leaf disease but concluded 
 that Burger had a different organism in the soft rot of the fruit. 
 It is quite possible that this organism opens the way for decay of 
 the fruit by the ordinary soft rot bacteria. Some authorities 
 would consider Bacterium lachrymans as a Pseudomonas, as it 
 has polar flagella. 
 
 Currant, Black, Ribes nigrum. 
 
 Leaf Spot, Septoria Ribis Desm. This shows on the leaves 
 as small, angular, brownish spots with a purplish border. The 
 very minute, fruiting conceptacles are embedded as black dots in 
 these. The linear spores are curved, hyaline, and chiefly 45^ by 
 I/a in size. The same fungus has been previously reported by 
 us on red currants and gooseberries. The specimens on the 
 black currant reported here were collected by the writer at the 
 Nathan Hale homestead at Coventry, in June, 1917. 
 
 Rust, Aecidium Grossulariae (P.) Schum. This was collected 
 on escaped black currants in North Stonington, June 20, 19 19, by 
 Mr. Stoddard of this department. It occurred on both the fruit 
 and leaves. This was not the first collection in the state, how- 
 ever, as we have specimens in the herbarium on t/e sarre ' V: 
 
434 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 made by Thaxter at Green's Farms in 1889, and by Filley, near 
 Bridgeport, in 1917. It has been reported before on cultivated 
 gooseberries, but not on cultivated red currants, though it is 
 quite common on various wild species of Ribes in the state. 
 
 Currant, Flowering, Ribes odoratum. 
 
 Anthracnose, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Sp. & v. Schr. 
 The Gloeosporium stage of this fungus was found on the fruit of 
 the flowering currant in a farm yard between Meriden and Mid- 
 dlefield, June 21, 19 17, by the writer. The fruiting stage showed 
 as numerous pinkish pustules on the half ripened berries. The 
 spores were chiefly 12-15/*, by 4-5/A. Apparently this fungus has 
 not been reported, at least frequently, on this host. Saccardo 
 described a species, Gloeosporium tubercvdarioides, as occurring 
 on the leaves, but this, because of its wider spores, seems to be 
 different from our species which we have also previously re- 
 ported on the fruit of the red currant. 
 
 Blister Rust, Cronartium ribicola Fisch. Both the lemon- 
 yellow dusty pustules of the II or summer stage and the hair- 
 like spore columns of the III or mature stage of this fungus 
 have been found on the cultivated yellow-flowering or Missouri 
 currant in this state. This host is especially subject to the disease, 
 being almost as much so as the black currant. The collections 
 were made in each of the years 1916 to 1919. They were chiefly 
 from the northern and eastern part of the state, in quite a num- 
 ber of different localities, at least twelve being recorded in 1916. 
 
 Currant, Red, Ribes vulgare. 
 Blister Rust, Cronartium ribicola Fisch. We have not re- 
 ported the white pine blister rust on this host except incidentally 
 in our 1915 Report, p. 423, where we noted that Spaulding found 
 specimens near Meriden. There were only a few sori on aban- 
 doned bushes in the Middletown Water Company's Plantation at 
 the Digby reservoir. Since then many other collections have 
 been made in the state, the rust being common on abandoned or 
 escaped currants in the woods in the vicinity of Norfolk and 
 especially near the woodlands where the Peridermium stage on 
 white pines is found. In 19 16 thirty-eight collections were re- 
 ported in twenty-six different towns or localities, and in 19 17 an 
 
DISEASES OF FIR, ETC. 435 
 
 even larger number of collections were made but mostly in the 
 same localities. Since then the collections have been made each 
 year but not to such an extent as the search has not been so 
 thorough. While these localities reported are fairly well scat- 
 tered over the state they represent chiefly the northern and east- 
 ern sections. 
 
 Mottled Chlorosis. We have occasionally seen isolated 
 branches on currants where the leaves showed a conspicuous 
 yellow mottling over the whole or part of the leaves. This may 
 show as numerous small bands following the veins and enclosing 
 equal angular areas of normal green tissue. The cause of this 
 chlorosis we do not now know. Similar leaves have been seen on 
 isolated branches of apple trees. Injury to the leaves in their 
 very young state by sucking insects or by frost has been sug- 
 gested as a possible cause. 
 
 Dewberry, Rubus sps. 
 Orange Rust, Caeoma nitens Schw. Germination tests seem 
 to indicate that all specimens of this rust on wild species of 
 Rubus canadensis in Connecticut belong to the short cycled 
 form. We have not yet found this rust on cultivated dewberries. 
 See Raspberry, in this Report, for further details. 
 
 Fir, Douglas, Pseudotsuga mucronata. 
 
 Grey Mold, Botrytis cinerea Pers. We are indebted to Mr. 
 F. A. Bartlett for calling to< our attention in August, 1919, this 
 disease on Douglas Fir at the Rockefeller Estate, Greenwich. 
 The fungus kills the young shoots of the season's growth, and 
 develops a more or less conspicuous growth of the characteristic 
 conidial stage on the dead tissues. The fungus occurs on a 
 variety of herbaceous plants as a parasite under moist conditions. 
 
 This fungus has been also reported as causing injury to Doug- 
 las Fir in Germany by Tubeuf (Diseases of Plants : 269. Eng. 
 ed.) who named it Botrytis Douglasii but Smith (Bot. Gaz. 
 29:403. 1900.) considered it the species mentioned here, of 
 which B. vulgaris is also given by him as a synonym. Some 
 authors (See Duggar's Fungous Dis. Plants: 196.) consider B. 
 cinerea as merely the conidial stage of Sclerotinia Fuckel 
 DeBy. 
 
43 6 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 Gooseberry, Ribes sps. 
 Blister Rust, Cronartium ribicola Fisch. The blister rust, 
 both in its II and III stages, has been collected several times on 
 cultivated gooseberries in the state during the last few years. 
 However it does not occur so commonly or abundantly on this 
 host as on the red currant, and much less so than on the yellow 
 or black currants. Even when these other plants alongside of 
 it are abundantly infected, it may escape infection entirely. This 
 is probably only a specific characteristic of the gooseberries culti- 
 vated here, as certain species of native gooseberries, and others 
 used in our infection experiments indoors, are easily and abund- 1 
 antly infected. Of the five collections made on cultivated goose- 
 berries in 1916 and 1917, all were on plants in the northern or 
 eastern part of the state. 
 
 Grape, Vitis sps. 
 
 Rot, Pythium hydnosporum (Mont.) Schroet. In August, 
 1919, E. V. Parr of Clinton sent us grapes that were badly dis- 
 eased. This was chiefly due to the black rot fungus which 
 was very prominent that year, though some injury was also 
 caused by the grape berry moth. Other fungi present apparently 
 followed as saprophytes, of which the Pythium named above was 
 the most conspicuous. It is a fungus that is not reported, at 
 least prominently, in American literature. We have seen it oc- 
 casionally developed in rotten potato tubers, the original host, 
 following injury by Phytophthora infestans, and have also found 
 it on pea roots (kept in water) injured by the Phytophthora 
 cactorum mentioned in this Report. On these rotting grapes, 
 however, we found it developed more prominently than ever 
 before. 
 
 The oospores in certain grapes were very abundant, in some 
 being produced within the pycnia of the black rot as if belong- 
 ing there naturally. They were also found in the grape tissues 
 and even in the bodies of the larvae infesting them ! The oogonia 
 (see Plate LVI, 9) are very striking because of their fairly num- 
 erous conspicuous spines. These reach out to 2-5/x, beyond the 
 oogonial wall and are often quite sharply pointed but with age 
 they may become blunter and less conspicuous. The smooth 
 spherical oospore is often so closely enveloped by the oogonium 
 
DISEASES OF GRAPE. 437 
 
 that this resembles one of its coats. With age the oogonia are 
 tinted and, including the spines, measure from 20-27/A in diame- 
 ter, while the oospores vary from 15-20/x with their thick wall 
 from 2.5-3.5/4,. No other stages were seen by us and according 
 to Winter, who calls it Pythium artotrogus, none have been found. 
 It is now placed under the sub-genus Artotrogus (under which it 
 was originally described by Montaigne) because of the spiny 
 oogonia. 
 
 Lightning Injury. In July, 19 18, we had called to our atten- 
 tion at Marlborough, lightning injury of grapes. According to 
 the owner, Mr. d'Esopo of Hartford, a year or two previous 
 lightning had struck the two wire trellis along which the Clinton 
 variety of grapes was trained. Within a day or two all the 
 branches that were attached to the wires were dead. However, 
 the main stem was not killed and new runners were quickly 
 developed from this, so that at the time we saw them they were 
 as vigorous as ever. Prof. Hollister, who was with us at the 
 time, stated that he had seen similar injury to grapes at Bolton 
 Notch. 
 
 Smoke Injury. We were called in September 1919 to ex- 
 amine serious smoke injury to a variety of plants in the suburbs 
 of New Haven. There was a difference of opinion as to the 
 cause of the injury, some claiming that h came from an aluminium 
 factory and others from a brick kill After our examination 
 of the vegetation in the vicinity of each, we had no hesitancy in 
 deciding that the brick kiln was the responsible agent. The kiln 
 was situated along the railroad, and the smoke had been car j 
 ried in a west southwestern direction until it struck against the 
 hillside of East Rock Park. From the slopes of this going 
 toward the kiln, one could trace all the way in a direct line, 
 damage to a variety of trees, vines and herbs. 
 
 In the park gray birch, beech and hornbeam were the trees 
 most injured. Hemlock, hickory and maples here showed the 
 least injury. However, in 1910 (Rep. 1909-10:722.) we saw 
 serious injury to conifers, especially young spruce, in this same 
 park from another brick kiln. Maple and elm trees, midway of 
 the park and the kiln, showed the trouble more or less promi- 
 nently according to their situation. Part of the injury to the 
 maples, however, may have been due to sun scorch as we are 
 
43 8 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 unable to tell these troubles apart from the appearance of the 
 leaves. Corn, tomatoes and some trees and weeds near the kiln 
 were also injured. Grapes in a number of the yards midway- 
 showed the trouble as conspicuously as any of the plants. Their 
 leaves were badly scorched and some of the young twigs suf- 
 fered injury at their base. The ripening fruit was insipid and 
 was dropping considerably. The few peach trees seen did not 
 seem to be injured, which agrees with Stone's statement, loc. cit., 
 that this tree, with black locust and Ailanthus, is more immune 
 than most trees. 
 
 As we have heard of injury to vegetation from at least three 
 brick kilns in this state, it might be well to give here the con- 
 ditions under which, as we understand them, this damage occurs. 
 
 In the first place the injury is chiefly due to the sulphur diox- 
 ide in the smoke that comes from coal in the fires and particu- 
 larly from the coal dust mixed with the bricks to help burn them. 
 As these become red hot it is necessary at a certain time in the 
 firing to lift the board covers of the sheds to avoid fire and let 
 out the heat and smoke. If this takes place on a wet or muggy 
 day and the smoke is driven toward the ground and comes in 
 contact with the damp foliage, a burn results, probably due to 
 the formation of sulphurous or sulphuric acid. If the day is 
 fair and the smoke ascends no damage results. So only occasion- 
 ally, when all conditions are right, does injury to vegetation fol- 
 low. Smoke injury is not always due to sulphur dioxide, but 
 other gases and sedimentary deposits sometimes cause injury 
 in specific cases. 
 
 In our Report for 1908 we mention briefly smoke injury to 
 asparagus from a brick kiln and in the present one describe injury 
 to apple (q. v.) by smoke from a bronze factory. Smelters, 
 particularly in the western United States, cause such great injury 
 that much special investigation has been made in recent years by 
 botanists and others. Hedgecock (Torr. 12 : 25-30. 1912, Journ. 
 Wash. Acad. Sci. 4:70-1. 1914.) has briefly described such in- 
 jury in Montana and Tennessee. Bakke (la. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 
 I 45 : 383-409. 19 1 3.) gives a more detailed account, with refer- 
 ences to literature, upon "The Effect of City Smoke on Vege- 
 tation," while Stone (Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 170:228-32. 
 1916.) treats of the effect of atmospheric gases on shade trees, 
 in a popular manner. 
 
DISEASES OF GRAPE. 439 
 
 Winter Injury. The d'Esopo vineyard, previously mentioned 
 under Lightning Injury, is situated on a high ridge in Marl- 
 borough and is the largest vineyard in the state, consisting of 
 about one hundred acres. For some years the Italians have 
 been gradually going into growing grapes and this fruit is there- 
 fore becoming more prominent while the peach is becoming less 
 so. As comparatively few grapes have been grown here com- 
 mercially, except in a small way, the troubles of the vine require 
 more notice than has been given them in the past. 
 
 We wish to call attention here to a very serious trouble that 
 developed 'in this vineyard, chiefly on Concords, which with 
 Professor Hollister of Storrs, we were asked to investigate. It 
 was first noticed in the early summer of 19 17 when the vines in 
 some cases produced a scanty or sickly foliage and in a few 
 cases died outright. Mr. d'Esopo thought some unknown dis- 
 ease was at work, especially as in 1918 the trouble became more 
 conspicuous. Our examination, made July 18, soon convinced 
 us that the trouble was entirely winter injury, due in part to a 
 lack of snow mulch in 19 16- 17, but more particularly to the very 
 severe winter of 19 17- 18. The vines most injured were on a 
 ridge. Some of these were dead, others dying, or with more 
 or less scanty foliage, and some apparently in fair shape. We 
 found the wood of the sickly vines to be sound, but an exam- 
 ination of the roots showed these were injured and in some 
 cases, especially those nearest the surface of the ground, partly 
 or entirely dead. The condition of the foliage above ground 
 corresponded so closely to the condition of the roots beneath that 
 one could not doubt that it resulted from this diseased condi- 
 tion of the roots. There was nothing on the roots to indicate 
 a parasite as the cause of their death, one peculiar saprophytic 
 hyphomycete on certain dead roots being the only fungus seen. 
 
 There was no question that winter injury was the cause since 
 complaints of winter injury to fruit trees from these two winters, 
 especially the last, had been greater than for many years. Many 
 peach trees on this farm had been killed. Then, too, the exposed 
 high elevation of the grapes had been favorable for such in- 
 jury and we had another complaint from the neighborhood of 
 Colchester of similar injury under such conditions although the 
 grapes in both localities had received good attention. 
 
44° CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 Most persons are likely to overlook winter as the cause of 
 much injury to grapes since it often does not become manifest 
 until early summer, after the foliage has been put forth, when 
 the leaves die quickly under the hot sun or dry weather condi- 
 tions. The winter is much harder on the roots than on the 
 vines above ground. Often the roots are dead or badly injured 
 when the vines and buds are uninjured, but while the buds may 
 develop they cannot live, or only a portion can live if the roots 
 are not too severely injured. In the latter case good cultivation 
 and fertilization early in the season to stimulate new root growth 
 is desirable. Snow or other mulch of course is helpful in pre- 
 venting the trouble. Wet spots and shallow soil are to be avoided 
 as being more likely to favor winter injury. Selection of hardy 
 varieties, where possible, is also to be taken into consideration 
 although the Concord, more or less subject to injury, is the 
 most common variety grown. 
 
 Hickory, Carya sps. 
 
 Connate Fomes, Fomes connatus (Weinm.) Gillet. Plate 
 XXXVIII, b. This fungus is called Fomes populinus by Murrill. 
 The specimen shown here was collected Nov. 25, 1918, on a liv- 
 ing hickory tree in the woods between New Haven and Milford. 
 The bracketed pilei in this cluster were much larger than we 
 have seen them on the maple, the ordinary host in this state, 
 being 4 by 4 by 8 inches. The upper surface of the pileus is 
 whitish, with age becoming blackish or greenish with algal growth 
 behind. The under or fruiting surface has more of a flesh 
 color, the rather small and thin pores often having a satiny lustre. 
 The pilei are irregular, with small shelves often growing into 
 the larger. The stratified pores, characteristic of the genus, are 
 evident but often irregularly placed. 
 
 This species differs from most of the Fomes found in this 
 state by the less woody and more corky pileus especially its con- 
 text. Murrill (Northern Polypores : 47.) says: "Rather com- 
 mon throughout on living trunks of maple and certain other de- 
 ciduous trees, causing decay." 
 
 Witches' Broom. Plate XXXVIII, c. This trouble of Carya 
 ovata was first called to our attention in 1917 by Mr. E. B. Harger 
 of Oxford, Conn., and we have seen specimens from his trees each 
 
DISEASES OF HORSECHESTNUT. 44 1 
 
 year since. Swollen places show on the branches and from 
 these several secondary branches are formed giving the witches' 
 broom effect. The leaves drop off prematurely, often leaving 
 the petioles still attached to the limbs. The morbid growth even- 
 tually dies, killing the parts beyond. Mr. Harger has observed 
 about a dozen hickory trees so affected on his place and thinks 
 the trouble is spreading slowly although not many of the branches 
 on a tree are yet involved. 
 
 We were unable to find any indications that this was an 
 insect injury and very little evidence that it was caused by a 
 fungus. No fruiting stages have yet been seen on any of the 
 branches. Mr. Stoddard, in examining the wood microscopic- 
 ally, found a little evidence of mycelium in one specimen but 
 was unable to obtain cultures of a fungus from the tissues of 
 the morbid growths. Of course it is possible this trouble is 
 merely a stag-head growth developed through winter injury of 
 the terminal bud or tip of the twigs. 
 
 Honeysuckle, Hall's, Lonicera japonic a var. Halliana. 
 Crown Gall, Pseudomonas tumefaciens (Sm. & Towns.) 
 Stev. This bacterial disease was sent us on the above host, 
 new to the state, from the Elm City Nursery in June, 19 18. It 
 was not causing any great damage, showing as small galls on 
 plants in storage. 
 
 Horsechestnut, Aesculus Hippocastanum. 
 
 Anthracnose, Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Sp. & v.S. Plate 
 XXXIX, a. Specimens of this disease of horsechestnut were 
 sent us about the middle of August, 191 7, by Mr. C. F. Crosson 
 and a short time later we examined the tree from which they 
 came. The tree was in the yard of Mr. George Wilcox at Meri- 
 den. Many of the leaves showed a bad scorch-like injury and 
 were dropping prematurely. Often only part of the leaflets or 
 a portion of the blade of a single one showed the reddish-brown 
 injury, the rest remaining the usual green color, as shown in the 
 photograph reproduced here. An examination of the tissues of 
 the blades, the midribs and the petioles revealed the presence of 
 both the Gloeosporium and asco stage of the above fungus. 
 
 So far as we know this is a new, or at least an unusual, host 
 
44 2 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 for this fungus as it is not reported in Saccardo's or Farlow & 
 Seymour's Host Index or by Shear and Wood in their bulletin 
 on Glomerella. The tree was in a sickly condition, other than 
 from the action of this fungus on the leaves, apparently due to 
 winter injury. Whether or not this weakened condition of the 
 tree influenced the appearance of the anthracnose on the leaves 
 we do not know, but there was no doubt that it was occurring 
 there as an active parasite. 
 
 Red Canker, Tubercularia vulgaris Tode. Plate XXXIX, b. 
 This was collected on the branches of the winter injured tree 
 mentioned above. The fruiting stage breaks through the bark 
 as numerous, small, firm, pinkish pustules. It seems to be at 
 most a weak parasite and is the conidial stage of Nectria cinna- 
 barina (Tode) Fr., with which it is often associated but was 
 not in these specimens. 
 
 Winter Injury. Besides the above horsechestnut tree, which 
 showed dead branches and some winter cankers due to the unusual 
 exposure on a terrace to the western sun, we had specimens sent 
 us from Wallingford, by Mr. C. H. Brown, of a rather unusual 
 winter injury. The leaves on certain branches from this tree 
 developed later and were much smaller than those of the rest 
 of the tree. On cutting those twigs lengthwise, the pith in the 
 previous year's growth was found to be, especially at the nodes, 
 turning a reddish-brown color. This winter injury no doubt 
 had been sufficient to interfere somewhat with the transference 
 of the starch, as it was present here but not in the normally 
 white pith, with the result that while the leaves were put forth 
 they did not reach their full size through lack of sufficient food 
 for normal growth. 
 
 Hydrangea, Hydrangea paniculata var. grandiflora. 
 Chlorosis. We know of no variety of this cultivated plant 
 that is variegated. In a yard near the Station is a plant certain 
 of the leaves of which showed a whitish mottling, in the fall of 
 1916. Usually these small spots ran more or less together and 
 were situated in the vicinity of the larger ribs or at the margin 
 of the leaves. The mottling was quite varied in pattern, in 
 one case forming a nearly complete, narrow, banded circle at 
 the apex of a leaf. In some respects the trouble appeared like 
 
DISEASES OF KOHLRABI, ETC. 443 
 
 insect injury to the leaves when very young which prevented 
 chlorophyll formation at these spots. 
 
 Kohlrabi, Brassica oleracea var. caulo-rapa. 
 Club Root, Plasmodiophora Brassicae Wor. Plate XXXIX, c. 
 This slime mold disease of cruciferous plants, showing on the 
 roots as irregular knobs or gall-like growths that eventually 
 rot off, has previously been reported by us on Brussels sprouts, 
 cabbage and turnips (both yellow and white) and is recorded 
 here on radish, q. v. It was found on the roots of kohlrabi sent 
 the Station in June, 1918. Club root was unusually common 
 that year being most frequently found on cabbage, the only host 
 on which we have found it causing very much damage in the 
 state so far. Badly infected cabbage plants fail to grow, in 
 many cases turning yellow and dying prematurely, or at best 
 making small heads. While the germs become established in 
 the soil and infect plants each year, certain seasons seem to favor 
 their development more than others. The season of 1918 was 
 much more favorable than that of 1920. 
 
 Larkspur, Delphinium sp. 
 Fasciation. A specimen showing fasciation of a single fruit- 
 ing stem of a cultivated larkspur from the garden of Mrs. E. D. 
 Driesbach, Whitneyville, was collected by Mr. Stoddard in July, 
 1919. The flattened two-foot stem in this case was about half 
 an inch wide, or twice its normal diameter for the entire length. 
 The upper half of the stem was occupied by the seed pods and 
 had a half curl part way up. The top was forked for a short 
 distance but the tips were not coiled. See Asparagus. 
 
 Lettuce, Lactuca sativa. 
 Bladdery Peziza, Peziza vesiculosa Bull. Specimens of this 
 fungus were sent us in May, 191 8, by Mr. Gordon J. Gale, Gar- 
 den Supervisor of Bridgeport, who found them in a cold frame 
 of lettuce. They did no harm, except from crowding the plants, 
 as the fungus is a saprophyte developing only on the humus in 
 the soil. This is one of the cup fungi, occurring in thick clusters 
 of semi-globose cups (often flattened by pressure) which are 
 closed at first but later open by an incurved broad mouth. The 
 sessile cups are an inch or two in diameter. 
 
444 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 Concerning the fruiting receptacles Hard (Mushrooms, Edible 
 and Otherwise : 508. 1908.) says: "They are found on dung 
 hills, hot-beds or wherever the ground has been strongly fertil- 
 ized and contains the necessary moisture. This is an interesting 
 plant and often found in large numbers." 
 
 Maple, Acer sps. 
 Connate Fomes, Foines connatus (Weinm.) Gillet. We have 
 seen this species several times on maples, especially on living 
 red maples at both Woodbridge and Union. It is more or less 
 of a parasite, chiefly causing decay of the heart wood. Under 
 Hickory it is described more in detail. 
 
 Mountain Ash, Pyrus americana. 
 
 Rust, Roestelia cornuta (Pers.) Fr. So far we have found 
 this rust only at Norfolk, Conn. We remember seeing speci- 
 mens several years ago on American mountain ash trees in the 
 golf grounds there and in June, 1919, collected specimens of the 
 spermagonial stage on the same host at the edge of woods in 
 the same general vicinity. Very near these small trees, whose 
 leaves were rather abundantly infected, we found the III or 
 mature stage on Juniperus communis. On the mountain ash the 
 fungus makes conspicuous yellow spots, showing on both sides 
 of the leaves, with the spermagonia quite evident on the upper 
 and the aecia in time appearing on the lower. This fungus is 
 a northern species, apparently, specimens having been sent us 
 from both Massachusetts and Maine where it seems to be more 
 common than in Connecticut. 
 
 Farlow (Host Index: 199.) also gives Aecidium globosum on 
 this species of mountain ash and Kern (Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 
 7:434. 191 1.), while he lists six species on Sorbus, gives only 
 these two on Pyrus {Sorbus) americana. Concerning the III 
 stage, Gymno sporangium cornutum (Pers.) Arth., Arthur (Myc. 
 1:240. 1909.) says: "Telia on branches of Juniperus Sibirica 
 Burgsd. were collected May 19, 1908, by Mr. F. D. Kern and 
 Mr. E. Bethel, at Palmer Lake, Colo., and sown May 23, on 
 Sorbus americana, giving an abundance of pycnia June 1, fol- 
 lowed by numerous aecia. * * * Although the horn-like 
 aecia of this species are common and often collected, this is the 
 first time that the telia have been found in America." Thaxter 
 
DISEASES OF OAK, ETC. 445 
 
 (Farlow Bibl. Index: 36. 1905.) however, seems to think the 
 proper name of the mature stage is Gymno sporangium conicum, 
 as he says.: "Since what is believed to be the true Gymnospo- 
 rangium conicum D. C. occurs in New England and northward 
 on Juniperus communis, the citations of Aecidium comutum on 
 Pirus americana in those regions probably refer to the true 
 Aecidium comutum of Europe." 
 
 Musk Melon, Cucumis Melo. 
 
 Angular Leaf Spot, Bacterium lachrymans Sm. & Bryan. 
 
 Although this bacterium was described originally on cucumbers 
 
 (q. v.) there seems *to be no reason for doubting that it causes 
 
 the similar disease on musk melons mentioned by us in our 1903 
 
 and 1904 Reports. 
 
 Oak, Quercus sps. 
 
 Pink Rot, Cephalothecium roseum Cda. This fungus was 
 brought us in July, 1916, by the entomological inspectors, on 
 specimens of Quercus rubra recently imported by a nursery from 
 Holland. They had just been transplanted and the stems were 
 dying, a growth of the above fungus developing on them. We 
 have little doubt that the trees were injured by long continued 
 or poor storage on ship-board, perhaps developing scald from 
 improper watering and heating, and that this fungus came as a 
 result and not as the cause of injury. During the war, shipping 
 conditions were very bad and many shiploads of plants were lost 
 or greatly injured because of slow delivery. 
 
 Sulphury Polypore, Polyporus sulphur eus (Bull.) Fr. Plate 
 XXXIX, d. Large fruiting clusters of this fungus were found 
 on a living oak shade tree at the Barnes Nursery, Yalesville, in 
 September, 1917. The fungus was doing considerable injury to 
 the tree, possibly having got a start through winter injury of the 
 bark. It is one of the larger and more attractive polypores. 
 When young the fruiting brackets are quite compact, as shown in 
 the illustration, and are fleshy and moist, but with age they 
 develop into more flattened, shelf-like, overlapping pilei that in 
 drying become corky and brittle but are not so durable as the 
 real woody kinds. The upper surface has a reddish or orange 
 color, and the lower, poroid, fruiting surface a decided sulphur 
 yellow. The flesh is white. It is not uncommon as a sapro- 
 phyte. 
 
446 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 Cooke (Fungoid Pests Cult. Plants: 208: 1906.) says of it: 
 "This large and attractive looking polypore is a wound parasite 
 on several trees such as oak, alder, willow, poplar, and even pear 
 and apple, as well as larch." Von Schrenk and Spaulding (Bur. 
 PI. Ind. Bull. 149:37. 1909.) write, "It is widely distributed 
 throughout the United States and Canada and in most of the 
 forest regions of Europe, where it is regarded as a destructive 
 parasite, both on deciduous trees and conifers." 
 
 White Heart Rots, Fomes igniarius (L.) Gill, and F. Ever- 
 hartii (E. & G.) v. Schr. & Spauld. By European authors the 
 first of these large, perennial, woody fungi has been given the 
 common names of False-tinder fungus or Rusty-hoof Polyporus. 
 It is not uncommon in this section of the country on various hard 
 woods, but so' far in this state we have seen it only upon oak and 
 apple, q. v. As we have observed this fungus, it first develops 
 as rounded, smooth, ferruginous knobs on the trunks. In time 
 these growths show a differentiation into upper and lower sur- 
 faces, the upper becoming greyish in color and the lower fer- 
 ruginous surface developing the small fruiting pores ; the shape 
 now has become somewhat ungulate or even more flattened. 
 With age the upper surface turns black and is somewhat zonate 
 and cracked but still with a ferruginous, smooth, obtuse margin 
 separating it from the poroid surface. The spores are said to be 
 hyaline but we have failed to find them on the specimens we 
 have examined. The stuffed whitish tubes also are somewhat 
 characteristic. 
 
 Von Schrenk and Spaulding (U. S. Bur. PI. Ind. Bull. 
 I 49 :2 5~37- I 9°9-) give a comprehensive description of the 
 fungus and its injuries in their bulletin on "Diseases of Decidu- 
 ous Forest Trees." It is considered quite a serious wood rotting 
 fungus, causing the heart wood especially to become broken up 
 into a whitish punk, hence the common name of the disease. It 
 also injures the living wood and bark slowly. The fungus not 
 only renders the wood unfit for timber but weakens the trees 
 so that they are more easily blown over. It is said to gain en- 
 trance through wounds and often fruits near its point of 
 entrance. We noticed it for several years on a street tree of 
 Quercus velutina in New Haven. Each year the fruiting bodies 
 were cut off but reappeared, in time, with the disease slowly ex- 
 
DISEASES OF ONION. 447 
 
 tending in the bark until finally the tree was cut down because 
 of the injury. 
 
 The second species was originally described by Ellis and Gallo- 
 way (Journ. Mys. 5 :' 141. 1889.) as Mucronoporus Everhartii 
 and has since been placed by Murrill under both Pyro poly poras 
 and Fulvifomes, but in the opinion of the writer belongs better 
 under the more comprehensive genus Pomes, characterized by 
 layers of fruiting tubes formed in superimposed strata each 
 year. This species is much like the former in appearance and is 
 sometimes mistaken for it but the upper surface becomes more 
 cracked and rougher with age and the strata of tubes are more 
 reddish without much evidence of the white stuffed appearance 
 and easily yield an abundance of ferruginous spores. Von 
 Schrenk and Spaulding, loc. cit. p. 48, state that the action on 
 its host is much the same as that of the other species. We have 
 found it only once in this state, on a living oak near Lake 
 Congamond in June, 1916. 
 
 Onion, Allium Cepa. 
 
 During the last five or six years some attention has been given 
 by us to the onions which are grown for seed in this state. 
 This seed-growing has been quite an industry in the past but the 
 great uncertainty of a crop, due largely to the so-called "blast," 
 has discouraged most farmers from growing onions in recent 
 years. In our study of the blast we have noted various troubles 
 and abnormalities, mostly of a non-parasitic nature, which we 
 briefly describe here. For Blast see Plate XLII, a. 
 
 Rust, Puccinia Porri (Sow.) Wint. We reported (Conn. 
 Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep. 1915:438. 1916.) the II stage of this 
 fungus, found on ^Egyptian perennial onions at Storrs, in 19 14. 
 We have since collected it on the same plants several times but 
 the collection on Nov. 17, 1917, was the only one where we 
 found the III stage, thus completely establishing the identity of 
 the rust. Apparently this mature stage develops rather late. 
 
 Yellow Leg, Fusarium and bacterial rots of bulbs, etc. This 
 trouble usually shows when the onions are fully grown, but not 
 matured, by occasional stalks turning yellow below and finally 
 dying before fully maturing their seed. Such stalks are easily 
 pulled from the ground, as the roots have been largely rotted off. 
 
44 8 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 Generally Fusarium or bacteria are the cause of this rot and 
 these may come from the old bulbs, possibly developing there 
 largely as saprophytes. Damp weather and poor bulbs favor the 
 trouble. 
 
 Bastard Blossom. Plate XL, a. This is a common name ap- 
 plied by growers to occasional abnormal heads that appear in 
 the field, the appearance of which is well shown in the illustra- 
 tion where two such heads are contrasted with the central normal 
 one. These heads have the individual pedicels more elongated, 
 so the flowers spread out in a larger laxer bunch. Growers com-' 
 plain that little or no seed is developed, so they pull them up 
 when seen, but whether the seed that is produced tends to form 
 similar plants we do not know. The reason little seed is pro- 
 duced is because the pistils are often changed into foliacious 
 structures. Sometimes the heads fail to form blossoms at all, 
 but in their place form numerous slender stem-like growths from 
 little bulbils. 
 
 Bulblet Head. Plate XL, b. Occasionally the plants, instead 
 of producing a blossom cluster at the end of the stalk, form 
 a bunch of bulblets in the same place, as is often seen in wild 
 species and some cultivated varieties. Rarely we have found 
 specimens like that shown in the illustration, where after these 
 bulblets were started the stem continued on above and also 
 formed a smaller flower cluster. The specimen figured here also 
 shows another trouble which we call "Goose Neck." 
 
 Double Flower Head. Plate XL, c. Occasionally instead of 
 a single flower cluster on the end of the stem there may be 
 two, a lateral one below the other. Usually these are about the 
 same size and but a short distance apart, though we have also 
 found specimens where the lower one was much farther down 
 the stem and quite small. 
 
 Elongated Spathe. Plate XLI, b. Normally the flower head 
 is enclosed when young by a small spathe that later becomes 
 ruptured and withers up at the side as a sort of bract. Occasion^ 
 ally, however, it is more permanent and pretentious, continuing as 
 a pointed extension of the stem, which the blossom finally forces 
 to one side, as shown in the illustration. 
 
 Goose Neck. Plate XLI, a. This is a term we have coined 
 for those not infrequent crooks in the stems that develop all 
 
DISEASES OF ONION. 449 
 
 the way from a slight bend to a completely coiled turn or even 
 a turn and a half, as shown in one specimen in the plate. We 
 cannot be sure of the cause of these but suspect that during rapid 
 growth the stem is sometime bent to one side, from one cause or 
 another, and this produces turgor that results in more rapid 
 growth on the opposite side and the resulting curvature. Pos- 
 sibly in pushing through the bulbs the stem is sometimes caught 
 at the tip and before this is released the stalk has made a bending 
 exit. The natural tendency, after the bending has become 
 prominent, is for the tip to again grow upwards, hence many 
 half turns, bends, etc. 
 
 Hail Injury. Plate XLI, c. We saw rather severe injury to a 
 field of Southport White Globe seed onions in Milford, caused 
 by a hail storm on July 27, 1917. As usual there soon showed on 
 the side of the stalks from which the storm came the character- 
 istic white spots or marks that we have found with hail injury 
 to tobacco, q. v. Corn in an adjacent field also showed a little 
 of a similar injury. Plate XLI, c, shows three hail-injured onion 
 stalks, two showing the injured sides exposed to the hail and the 
 other with the uninjured side protected from it. 
 
 White Ring. Plate XLII, b. This trouble shows as narrow 
 white rings or cracks extending more or less completely around 
 the stem. They apparently start as a small break in the epidermis 
 which extends crosswise around the stem but whether gradually 
 or suddenly we do not know. These rings may be single or 
 several parallel to each other and are always found somewhat 
 above the bulge on the lower part of the stem. If they extend 
 deeply into the tissues the stem often breaks off at one of them. 
 
 At first we thought that they were the result of insect injury 
 but finally decided that they are growth cracks. The epidermis 
 of the stem is very thick and the stem makes a rapid growth of 
 three or four feet in a few weeks at most. This stretches the 
 epidermis greatly, especially longitudinally, with the result, in our 
 opinion, that cracks develop at the place of greatest strain which 
 appears to be above the bulge on the stems. 
 
 Under the designation of "Crack Neck" Chapman has recently 
 described (Phytopath. 9:532-4. 1919.) and illustrated a trouble 
 of chrysanthemums very similar to this. The causes he states 
 as follows: "(1) Very little transpiration takes place as a re- 
 
45° CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 suit of the low air temperature and the high humidity, and (2) 
 the soil temperature remaining practically stationary, the soil 
 having been previously well supplied with moisture ; and the 
 roots functioning normally in so far as the absorption of water 
 and solutes was concerned. These and similar conditions always 
 bring about abnormal cell relations and in consequence an ex- 
 cessive turgor is brought about in some of the cells with no 
 normal means of regulation, such as occurs when the plants are 
 transpiring freely, and as a result some of the tissues must give 
 way to permit of a return to the normal condition." 
 
 Pea, Piswn sativum. 
 
 Root Rot, Phytophthora cactorum (Colin & Leb.) Schroet. 
 Early in July, 1919, Mr. A. N. Farnham, a large market gardener 
 of Westville, sent to our office samples of pea vines that were 
 being killed by some unknown agent. The vines at this time 
 were in their prime, the first picking not yet having been made. 
 The vines eventually turned yellow and wilted down, so that, 
 except for the one or two small early pickings, there was prac- 
 tically no crop in a field of several acres. A visit to the field 
 showed that the trouble started as a root rot, but in time the 
 stem also rotted somewhat below and both became invaded by 
 bacteria, nematodes, etc. Other fields in the vicinity showed the 
 same trouble, which had little or nothing to do with the manner 
 of fertilization or rotation. Afterward complaints came in from 
 growers in Milford, Waterbury, Bloomfield and Winsted. The 
 trouble was also seen in the writer's and in the Station's garden. 
 Very similar troubles have been caused in previous years by 
 both a Fusarium and a Rhizoctonia fungus. While these may 
 have been the cause of the trouble on some vines this year, we 
 could not find them generally present, and so were inclined to 
 look elsewhere for the chief cause. 
 
 With many of the specimens it was difficult to find, on or- 
 dinary examination, any fungus apparently guilty of the trouble. 
 Continued search, coupled with sections of the tissues, however, 
 usually revealed the presence of oospores of a phycomycetous 
 fungus more or less prominent in certain of the tissues. This 
 was especially true of the Farnham field where we had the best 
 opportunity for studying the trouble. We finally came to the 
 conclusion that this fungus was at least the original agent in 
 
DISEASES OF PEA. 45 1 
 
 starting the trouble and that its development might be rather 
 local in the underground parts. It was too late to study the 
 disease in its beginning, but it did not seem to act like the ordinary 
 dampening off caused by Pythium de Baryamim, especially since 
 no complaints of a poor stand were received. We found the 
 oospores, occasionally with attached antheridia, chiefly in the 
 outermost tissues which also contained the prominent intercellular 
 mycelium that gave rise to them. No signs of any other stage 
 was found, and apparently the mycelium in later stages of the 
 rot did not develop so prominently, being crowded out by other 
 rot agents. 
 
 The oogonia were chiefly hyaline but with age in the old 
 specimens became somewhat tinted yellowish-red and the wall 
 (i-2/x thick) wrinkled. They varied from 24-36/x but were 
 chiefly 27-33.//, m diameter. The thick walled (2-4/*) smooth 
 oospores varied from 20-30^ but were chiefly 22-27/* i n diameter, 
 and from oval to chiefly subspherical in shape. The oval shape 
 was apparently due to pressure when formed within the plant 
 cells. When we first tried to identify this fungus from the 
 oospores found in the tissues, we were uncertain whether it was 
 a Pythium or a Phytophthora. Naturally Pythium deBaryanum 
 suggested itself, but the fungus failed to form any external 
 mycelium when specimens were placed in water. The oogonia 
 and oospores of P. deBaryanum as seen by us on Spinach (q. v.), 
 also in a culture received from Washington and as given by 
 Fischer (Die Pilze i 4 :404. oogonia, 21-24/*; oospores 15-18/x), 
 were considerably smaller than those found in the pea roots. 
 Furthermore Fischer states that Hesse failed to infect Pisum 
 with Pythium deBaryanum in his infection experiments. Atkin- 
 son (Corn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 94:245. 1895.) gives an ex- 
 tended description of Pythium deBaryanum that agrees with these 
 others but not well with our pea fungus. On the other hand 
 Jones (Phytoph. 10:67. J a - 1920.) has recently published a 
 note on pea blight in Wisconsin, etc., occurring in 1919, that 
 he attributes in part to "Pythium (probably deBaryanum)." 
 Various references exist in literature (Tubeuf and Smith Dis. 
 Plants, p. 117; Zeitschr. Pflanzenkr. 2: 253.) to a Pythium 
 Sadebeckianum, described by Wittmack from Germany in 1892, 
 as causing serious root rot of peas and lupins. We have not 
 seen the original reference and have not been able to find any 
 
45 2 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 description of the fungus giving measurements of the oogonia 
 and oospores. It is possible that this is the fungus we have 
 found and that it is quite distinct from P. deBaryanum. 
 
 On the other hand the fact that Hesse failed to infect peas 
 with P. de Baryanum, and the absence of any definite sporangia, 
 so far as we could determine, and the agreement in size of the 
 oospores and oogonia with Phytophthora cactorum, has led us to 
 conclude that this latter is the fungus that we have been dealing 
 with. Our preliminary infection experiments of peas in Petrie 
 dishes and crocks with P. cactorum from Pear also indicated that 
 under certain conditions infection of the seeds and roots may 
 take place, though apparently not so abundantly or seriously as 
 similar infections with Pythium deBaryanum. Apparently mois- 
 ture conditions and the stage of the cultures are important factors 
 in the results. 
 
 Phytophthora cactorum seems to be a soil fungus and is ac- 
 cused of causing root and stem rots in a great variety of plants 
 in Europe. It was present to an unusual degree in Connecticut 
 in 19 19, as shown by rotting pears and apples on the ground. 
 The year was very moist and favored this unusual development. 
 The injury to corn (q. v.) already mentioned, and the fact that 
 in 1907 we found similar oospores in the roots of rotting sweet 
 peas, also help us to the conclusion that in very wet situations 
 or moist years this fungus may be responsible for more or less 
 obscure root rots on a wider range of hosts in this country than 
 have yet been reported. It is very desirable that cultures from 
 various plants be obtained for definite comparisons and inocu- 
 lation experiments. It is not easy, however, to obtain cultures 
 under conditions of rot as produced on the pea vines. 
 
 In comparing the oogonia and oospores of these fungi in cul- 
 tures with those found in the rotting tissues in nature, it is 
 well to remember that under the latter conditions, especially in 
 old dried specimens, one is liable to find the walls more deeply 
 tinted and thicker, and the oogonial walls often wrinkled or 
 folded. These variations might lead one to suppose they are 
 specific differences, when they are merely due to the different 
 conditions under which the spores are produced. In Plate LVI, 
 Dr. McCormick has made drawings of different species of 
 Pythium and Phytophthora cactorum, as produced in artificial 
 cultures and as found on various hosts in nature, in which we 
 
DISEASES OF PEA. 453 
 
 have tried to bring out specific differences and the environmental 
 variations in the same species. 
 
 For further discussion of Phytophthora and Pythium rots in 
 this Report, look under the following: Apple, Celery, Corn, 
 Grape, Pear, Sweet Pea and Spinach. 
 
 Root Rot, Fusarium sp. Specimens of garden peas showing 
 this root and stem rot were first received from C. A. Weatherby 
 of East Hartford in July, 1917, and in June, 1918, others were 
 sent by J. H. Taylor of Middletown. The general symptons are 
 very similar to those mentioned in the preceding trouble. The 
 plants usually attain fair size and may even start to blossom 
 when they turn yellow and wither away. An investigation shows 
 that the base of the stem and roots have been rotted away so that 
 the vines are easily pulled from the ground. Microscopical ex- 
 amination of the tissues reveals the mycelium of a Fusarium 
 rather abundant and extending up into the healthy tissues. Some 
 microconidia may be found, but if the specimens are placed in a 
 moist chamber usually an abundance of a white or pinkish my- 
 celium appears over the tissues with both macro- and microconidia. 
 Besides the Phytophthora and Fusarium mentioned here, Rhizoc- 
 tonia also causes a similar trouble. Wet weather plays a very 
 prominent part in the development of all these fungi. Care in 
 the use of manure, rotation and frequent cultivation to keep the 
 top soil dry, help to control these troubles. 
 
 Pea Shrub, Lespedeza Sieboldi. 
 Fasciation. This abnormality was called to our attention by 
 Dr. Britton who, while inspecting the Steven Hoyt & Sons' 
 Nursery at New Canaan, in the latter part of August, 1917, found 
 a couple of stems of a plant of this Japanese shrub-like herb 
 that were very abnormally flattened. These or similar stems 
 were seen at the same place in May by Mr. Zappe. They were 
 at least 18 inches in length and where broken off were still 
 flattened so that they may have formed quite an extended flattened 
 stem as the plant, which grows in bunches from the ground, 
 sometimes reaches a length of six feet. Like other fasciation 
 we have seen, the leaves were scattered apparently irregularly 
 over the stem and the top was recurved or coiled for a couple 
 of turns. One specimen had the usual bifurcated coiled tips of 
 approximately the same size, while the other had a much smaller 
 
454 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 side branch. In each case the two branches coiled to the same 
 side. Under Asparagus in this Report, pp. 415-17, we call atten- 
 tion to the similar fasciation on that and other plants. 
 
 Peach, Prunus Persica. 
 
 Die Back, Valsa leucostoma (Pers.) Fr. Plate XLIII, a. 
 This trouble was first called to our attention in 1917 by Mr. 
 N. S. Piatt who' complained that it was causing serious injury to 
 his orchard at West Haven. We have examined the orchard 
 several times and have seen cankers of all sizes from small dead 
 spots on the twigs to large cankers, on the main branches, several 
 inches in diameter and the bark entirely gone. Often these de j 
 velop at the base of a- dead twig or branch and are much like 
 winter injury cankers with which we believe the trouble to be 
 closely connected. Mr. Piatt, with more or less success, has tried 
 to control the trouble by carefully cutting away these cankers 
 each winter. 
 
 At first we thought the trouble might have some connection 
 with the brown rot as the cankers much resemble those described 
 by Jehle (Phytopath. 3:105-10. 1913.). We failed, however, 
 to isolate this fungus from the injured or dead tissue. After 
 some failures we finally in 1918 succeeded rather uniformly in 
 obtaining cultures of the Cytospora stage of the Valsa here 
 named and later were able to find this conidial stage more or 
 less abundantly on the infected branches. Rolfs (Mo. St. Fruit 
 Exp. Sta. Bull 17:1-101. 1910.) made an elaborate study of 
 this trouble and its cause and came to the conclusion, partly 
 through inoculation experiments, that this fungus was largely 
 responsible for similar injury to peaches in Missouri. 
 
 Winter Injury. Plate XLIII, b, shows a neglected and winter 
 injured peach orchard at East Wallingford. During the severe 
 winter of 19 17- 18 many trees were killed or badly injured. Our 
 experimental orchard at Yalesville, although most of the trees 
 were severely hurt and some killed, was saved by vigorous prun- 1 
 ing and liberal fertilization with sodium nitrate and has since 
 made a splendid growth. 
 
 Pear, Pyrus communis. 
 Downy Mildew Rot, Phytophthora cactorum (Cohn & Leb.) 
 Schroet. Plate XLIV, a. We first found this fungus on pears 
 
DISEASES OF PEAR. 455 
 
 sent us the last of September, 1919, by A. B. Beers of Bridge- 
 port. These pears had been picked and stored but when ripen- 
 ing started rotting apparently from the inside. This was a soft 
 rot, the slightly discolored and diseased tissues easily separating 
 from the healthy and forming darker or reddish-brown areas 
 on the skin, with no signs of any spore stage, as shown in the 
 illustration. The microscope revealed a non-septate, prominent, 
 laxly branched mycelium, rich in oil-like drops, running between 
 the cells. Sometimes there was a sidewise branch and occasion- 
 ally two or three with one taking the place of the main branch 
 and these varied in width from 3-9/*. There was no indication 
 whatever of any spore stage. The mycelium was evidently of the 
 same type as that found in the peculiar rotting of stored apples 
 that were sent in for examination in 1918, brief mention of 
 which has already been made under Apple in this Report. 
 
 Petrie dish cultures were easily obtained on oat agar and these 
 produced a great abundance of oospores imbedded in the 
 medium, but no aerial growth bearing conidia of any kind. We 
 were not sure from this whether the fungus was a Phytophthora 
 or a Pythium. However when the fungus was transferred with 
 a bit of the medium to water in van Tieghem cells the typical 
 conidia of Phytophthora were produced. A study of the cul- 
 tures in both stages led us to the conclusion that the fungus was 
 Phytophthora cactorum as described by Rosenbaum (Corn. Agr. 
 Exp. Sta. Bull. 363: 65-106. 1915.). Later cultures made at 
 the same time and on the same medium, oat agar, from this 
 pear fungus and from Phytophthora cactorum obtained from 
 Wheztel in Nov., 1909 (host not given us but possibly ginseng,) 
 grew exactly affke. The pear culture this time developed a little 
 more prominent aerial growth, in which the conidial stage ap- 
 peared. In cultures we found the oogonia varying from 24-36//. 
 and the oospores from 21-32/*, but the average measurements 
 were for the former 27-32/1 and for the latter 24-28/*. The 
 appearance of the oogonia and oospores is shown in Plate LVI, 4. 
 
 After determining the identity of the fungus we searched for 
 it on the fallen fruit at the Station grounds. We were surprised 
 to find on picking up the partially rotted pears showing no ex- 
 ternal fruiting stage that most of these contained mycelium of 
 this fungus. An examination of the most suspicious apples on 
 the ground in our orchard at Mt. Carmel also gave similar re- 
 
45 6 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 suits. However, because of the advanced stage of the rots and 
 their exposure to various animal and fungous invasions, we were 
 not able to separate the Phytophthora in pure cultures from either 
 the pears or apples. This experience leads us to believe that the 
 fungus as a fruit rot is more common in this country than reports 
 would indicate; by this we do not mean as a serious rot of fruit 
 on the trees, but as an important rot of the fruit after it falls 
 to the ground. It may be, however, that the unusual moist con- 
 ditions of last summer were responsible for its development here. 
 In no case on any of the fruit have we found any signs of a 
 fruiting stage, so the identity of the fungus is easily overlooked. 
 
 We should not be surprised from our experience of 1919 with 
 a variety of root rots, etc., if the fungus is responsible in wet 
 years for more injuries than we now know. Besides the hosts 
 we mention in this Report (apple, corn, peas, pear, sweet- pea, 
 q. v.) Rosenbaum, in the reference already cited, gives the hosts 
 for this fungus, reported chiefly from Europe, as follows : Panax 
 quinquefolium, Cereus giganteus, Melocactus nigrotomentosus, 
 Phyllocactus, Sempervirum, Fagus, Acer, Pinus, Larix, Picea. 
 
 An examination of the literature showed that this fungus al- 
 ready had been reported from this country on apples. Whetzel 
 and Rosenbaum (Phytopath. 6:89. Fe. 1916.) reported it from 
 New York state as found in July, 191 5. These apples were on 
 a tree in a garden, but were on branches near the ground. They 
 also stated that it was isolated in the laboratory from apples 
 purchased in the market and give references to its occurrence 
 on both apples and pears in Europe. They report, too, that 
 Osterwalder found both conidia and oospores on rotted fruit in 
 Switzerland, which is different from our experience. Hesler 
 (Bu. PI. Ind. PI. Dis. Sur. 2:172. 15S. 1918.) has since re- 
 ported this trouble on other varieties of apples from New York. 
 Very recently Giissow (Phytopath. 10:50. Ja. 1920.) reported 
 the fungus on pears in Nova Scotia. So far as we have learned, 
 our report is the first on this fruit in the United States. Under 
 the title of "A Phytophthora Rot of Pears and Apples" Wor- 
 mald (Ann. Appl. Biol. 6:89-100. D. 1919.) has very recently 
 reported this same disease from England and given a detailed 
 account of it including inoculation experiments and references 
 to literature. 
 
DISEASES OF PINE. 457 
 
 We have tried no inoculation experiments yet with the cultures 
 obtained from the pear on either apples or pears. However from 
 this same culture we had tried to infect 20 kinds of seedlings 
 of herbaceous plants to prove its connection with the root rots 
 that have been reported on certain of these. The results are 
 partially given elsewhere under a few of these hosts. 
 
 Winter Injury Swellings. A trouble, similar to that shown on 
 apple-twigs in Plate XXXV, b, was found on pears by the Stam- 
 ford Quality Seed Store in March and by Miss Daisy Ineson 
 from Ansonia in April, 1920. The swellings on the small twigs 
 were usually at the end of the preceding year's growth and 
 often at the base of a dead twig or where one had been. They 
 were about twice the normal diameter of the twig and usually 
 less than an inch long. Cross sections showed the swelling due 
 to increase of pith cells and to a less extent of bark cells, with 
 more or less irregular arrangement of tissues which were some- 
 what blackened. 
 
 The similarity of these enlargements to those described by 
 Hedgecock on apples, loc. cit., due to the crown gall organism, 
 led us to believe at first that these had similar origin. Specimens 
 were sent to Dr. Smith who said that they were not so caused 
 and suggested winter injury. Inoculations made by Dr. Mc- 
 Cormick on geranium stems with fragments of the injured tis- 
 sues failed to produce any suspicious growth although similar 
 inoculations made at the same time with cultures of the crown 
 gall, Pseudomonas, were quite successful. This leads us to con- 
 clude that winter injury, killing the young growth of the year 
 and slightly injuring that of the preceding year, caused the 
 latter to make a morbid growth resulting in these enlargements. 
 
 Pine, Pinus sps. 
 
 Black Rot, Spltaeropsis Malorum Berk. This is a common 
 fungus that causes more or less injury on apple twigs and 
 leaves. We found it on the leaves of Pinus austriaca, collected 
 at Black Point, Niantic, and mentioned later under winter injury 
 of buds. It seemed there to be a saprophyte, or at best only a 
 weak parasite, the trouble being originally due to winter injury. 
 Hesler (Corn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 379:98. 1916.) gives white 
 
45 8 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 pine as one of the hosts of this stage of the fungus whose mature 
 form he finds to be Physalospora Cydoniae Arn. 
 
 Lightning Injury. Plate XLIV, b. In September, 1917, the 
 writer with State Forester Filley inspected a white pine tree at 
 Cornwall that had been struck by lightning about a month pre- 
 viously. It was a beautiful tall specimen standing by itself on 
 a hillside. The bolt had made an evident crack in the bark 
 from about two thirds the way up, where the branches began, 
 to the ground forty feet below. Except for this splitting and a 
 slight shattering of the bark, as shown in the photograph taken 
 by Mr. Filley, and a few broken branches, there was no evident 
 injury to the tree. Even the foliage on the broken-off branches 
 was still green. The injury was therefore mechanical and not 
 fatal to the cambium, etc., as in the cases of lightning injury 
 to grape and tobacco mentioned elsewhere in this report. 
 
 Mice Girdle. We saw serious injury to a young plantation 
 of white pine on a low spot in the American Optical Co.'s land 
 at Union in 1918, and had previously received specimens from 
 Watertown and elsewhere. During the winter of 1919-20, mice 
 were also' said to have seriously girdled Scotch pine in some 
 plantations. See Mice Girdle under Apple. 
 
 Snow Bend. Plate XLIV, c. In the younger white pine plan- 
 tations in the vicinity of Norfolk, after winters of heavy snow 
 fall, the tops of the pines have been so long bent over from the 
 weight of snow that the injury causes more or less permanent 
 bends, as shown in the illustration. 
 
 Winter {Bark) Injury. Occasionally on the sunny side of 
 white pine trees, there are seen more or less extended reddish 
 brown areas, in strong contrast with the greenish color of the 
 healthy bark. Cutting these with a knife shows that the tissues 
 are dead, at least part way to the wood. As fruiting bodies are 
 not seen in these areas and as cultures from their tissues have 
 yielded no fungous growth, they appear to be merely local winter 
 cankers. Often on older stems, where the tissues are changing 
 from the smooth to the rough bark type, numerous small spots 
 of similar color are seen but these do not usually reach in deep 
 enough to cause particular injury. 
 
 Winter {Bud) Injury. Plate XLV, c. The writer, with Mr. 
 Filley, during the summer of 1918 and twice since, made examina- 
 
DISEASES OF PINE. 459 
 
 tions of injured Austrian pines near the shore in two places. The 
 first called to our attention was on Black Point, near Niantic at 
 the summer residence of Mr. A. H. Mosle; the second was at 
 the residence of Dr. Winfield Ayres at Shippan Point, near 
 Stamford. In both cases the trees were close to the shore and 
 exposed to the severe winter storms. The trouble showed 
 prominently the following summer when many of the tips of the 
 branches failed to grow or their buds opened and developed only 
 weakly, often dying later, as shown in the illustration. In late 
 summer these injured and dead tips are in strong contrast with 
 the healthy ones and are scattered more or less over the trees. 
 The leaves at the tip of the Austrian pine branches form in 
 winter a cup in which frozen spray could be easily held, thereby 
 offering excellent opportunity for winter injury of the buds and 
 adjacent tissues. 
 
 A search revealed no suspicious insects as possible cause, and 
 the only fungus found, and that sparingly on the oldest injured 
 buds, was the black rot, Sphaeropsis Malorum, previously men- 
 tioned. The Austrian pine does not seem quite hardy for such 
 exposed places so that each winter some buds are injured but 
 that of 1917-18, being exceptionally severe, caused an unusual 
 amount of injury. One of the owners was inclined to think the 
 trouble a contagious disease, but we have seen somewhat similar 
 injury to unhardy pines in the state plantations at Rainbow. We 
 have never found this trouble inland on Austrian pines, but 
 specimens were sent us from Watch Hill, R. I., also on the Sound, 
 in 1919, so we have no doubt as to its winter injury nature. 
 
 Witches' Brooms. We have seen two types of witches' brooms, 
 illustrated here, on pines. On the white pine the broom took a 
 bushy shape due to numerous small branches developing equal 
 growth, with the leaves compactly massed together. (Plate 
 XLVI, a.) The other, XLV, b, was on a branch of Scotch pine 
 in a plantation at Union, where the abnormal growth was more 
 elongated. As this had numerous, stunted, small branches along 
 the sides, it possibly in time would have developed similarly to 
 the other, which was evidently older. No cause was found for 
 either trouble, though winter injury might offer a plausible 
 explanation in the absence of any other. 
 
 Yellozv Stem-Spot. Plate XLV, a. On the young branches of 
 
460 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 white pine one or two seasons old, there frequently develop, 
 especially in the vicinity of Norfolk, evident golden or yellow spots 
 on the green bark. These spots are usually about a quarter to a 
 third of an inch in diameter and very frequently center from the 
 base of a leaf bundle whose leaves may also be yellowed at 
 their base and shorter than normal. As these spots resemble 
 so nearly, in color, the blister-rust infection spots on the leaves 
 and occur most conspicuously in a region where blister-rust had 
 escaped into the woods, we thought that they might be the first 
 signs of stem infection by this fungus. Continued search of 
 microscopic sections made through such spots, however, has 
 uniformly failed to show any evidence of mycelium. The next 
 suspicious agent was the spittle bug, as this insect was quite 
 abundant on these young twigs in that vicinity, but as yet no 
 definite connection between the two has been shown. Injury by 
 bending is said to cause similar spots. 
 
 Pine, Umbrella, Sciadopitys verticillata. 
 Black Scurf, Rhizoctonia Solani Kuhn. The mycelium of 
 this fungus was found by entomological inspector Zappe creeping 
 abundantly over the stems of young Japanese umbrella pines just 
 imported from Holland. It had not caused much injury however. 
 Packing the plants closely in a closed case no doubt favored its 
 development. 
 
 Pleroma, Pleroma splendens. 
 
 Intumescence. Plate XLVI, b. This unusual trouble on the 
 leaves of a Pleroma plant was sent to the Station in Oct., 1916, 
 by Dr. F. H. Williams of Bristol. Although he had owned the 
 plant for twenty years, this malady had only shown during the 
 last three or four. During the winters the plant was kept in a 
 window on an enclosed stoop, steam heated, and in the summers 
 was planted outdoors, usually in shade. As the white fly had 
 troubled it the last winter, it was cut back to the roots when 
 taken out doors and planted in the sun. It made a fair new 
 growth outdoors, with no trouble showing, and when trans- 
 ferred indoors continued to grow rapidly with the intumes- 
 cences appearing in the leaves. Later formed leaves, however, 
 did not show the trouble. 
 
 The very small pimply outbreaks, faintly shown in the illus- 
 tration because of the hairy covering, were confined chiefly to 
 
DISEASES OF POPLAR. 4 6t 
 
 the upper surface of the leaves and were usually thickly placed 
 over the whole surface. They resembled somewhat extraneous 
 deposits since when wet they had a gelatinous-like appearance. 
 Sections through the leaves showed that they were formed by a 
 morbid growth of unusually elongated cells. We think the 
 trouble was due to unusual turgor brought about in the develop- 
 ing leaves from excessive water supplied by the roots. Cutting 
 back the plants severely, planting them in the sun outdoors, and 
 then transferring them to the partially shaded stoop, with the 
 presence of numerous hairs on the leaves to lessen transpiration, 
 all were factors in upsetting the proper balance between water 
 supplied by the roots and its transpiration from the leaves. 
 
 Several American papers have appeared, most of them re- 
 cently, on intumescence of leaves. Von Schrenk (Mo. Bot. 
 Gard. Rep. 16:125-48. 1905.) describes and figures intumes- 
 cences on cauliflower leaves due to various copper sprays. Smith 
 (Journ. Agr. Res. 8:165-86. 1917.) similarly treats of intu- 
 mescence on this same host produced by various chemical vapors. 
 Harvey (Ibid. 15:83-111. 1918.) relates where they were 
 caused on cabbage by frost. Wolf (Ibid. 13 : 253-9. 1918-) gives 
 injury from wind-blown sand as an ultimate cause of such trouble 
 on cabbage. 
 
 Poplar, Populus sps. 
 European Canker, Dothichiza populea Sacc. & Briard. 
 Plate XLVII, a. This disease has been well described by Hedge- 
 cock and Hunt (Mycol. 8:300-8. 1916.). It was first called 
 definitely to our attention in Connecticut by F. A. Bartlett (Tree 
 Talk 4:76. 1917.) from Stamford in 1917. We are not sure, 
 however, that the canker trouble mentioned in our 1903 Report, 
 p. 347, was not due to this fungus. In recent years specimens 
 have been received from Stonington, Hartford, New Canaan and 
 New Haven. It is found in nurseries as well as on private 
 grounds, and in our experience seems to be more or less associ- 
 ated with winter injury. The Lombardy poplar is the most 
 common host here. On smooth bark of smaller branches it 
 forms a brownish dead area with the fruiting stage evident as 
 small erumpent pustules. On older branches or the main trunks 
 quite evident cankers, as shown in the illustration here, may 
 develop. When these girdle the stem the parts beyond die. 
 
462 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 Potato, Solatium tuberosum. 
 
 While not as a rule so serious as the fungous diseases, non- 
 parasitic troubles of the potato are at least more numerous in this 
 state. They are due to a variety of causes but chiefly to un- 
 favorable or unusual weather conditions. A few are caused by 
 other environmental factors ; some are constitutional, being in- 
 herited from the preceding crop ; one or two are somewhat infec- 
 tious. Regarding the weather conditions, mention should be made 
 of the year 191 8, when an unusually large number of these 
 troubles appeared, due in part to the effect of the severe winter 
 of 1917-18 on the stored tubers and in part to the wet-spring, 
 dry-summer weather that followed. In the previous Reports we 
 have discussed briefly a few of these troubles, such as tip-burn, 
 internal brown spot, spray injury, etc., and in the following 
 pages fifteen more are added to this list. 
 
 Aerial Tubers. Plate XLVII, b. Occasionally there has been 
 sent to the Station for examination and explanation potato vines 
 producing abnormal swellings on the stems above ground. In 
 such cases usually some injury has occurred on the stem beneath 
 the ground, thereby cutting off the food material manufactured 
 in the leaves from being transferred to the rootstocks where it 
 is stored in the tubers. As a result of injury below, the material 
 is stored in the stem above ground in these unusual aerial tubers. 
 Injury to the stem by the Rhizoctonia fungus is one of the com- 
 mon causes of these monstrosities. In both 1916 and 1917 fine 
 examples of aerial potatoes were reported; Plate XLVII, b, shows 
 some of those found on plants in a Yalesville field where the 
 injury was caused by Rhizoctonia. Orton (U. S<. Dept. Agr. 
 Bull. 64:33. 1914.) has described a case of aerial tubers on 
 leaf roll plants where there was no injury to the base of the 
 plants. Phloem-necrosis, no doubt, had its influence in this case, 
 as the elaborated sap is carried down the stem through the phloem. 
 
 Black Heart. This trouble, as indicated by its name, shows 
 as a blackening of the tissues at the center of the tuber. Often 
 this blackening is accompanied by large cavities. It has only 
 been reported to us once or twice, in recent years, from this state. 
 
 Bartholomew (Phytopath. 3: 180-2. 1913.) found it developed 
 on potatoes shipped in heated cars and he was able to produce it 
 in the laboratory "when potatoes taken in April and May from 
 
DISEASES OF POTATO. 4^3 
 
 storage cellars were exposed to a temperature of about 38 to 
 45 °C, in an ordinary drying oven for from eighteen to forty-eight 
 hours." 
 
 Stewart and Mix (N. Y. Exp. Sta. Bull. 436: 321-62. 1917.), 
 who also studied the trouble, succeeded in producing it by cutting 
 down the supply of oxygen needed for the slow changes that take 
 place in the dormant tubers. They therefore concluded that the 
 trouble results from improper storage conditions, such as poor 
 ventilation and piling the potatoes too deeply in bins and cars, 
 as well as by too high a storage temperature. 
 
 Curly Dwarf. Plate XLVIII, a. As indicated by the name and 
 by the accompanying illustration, this trouble applies to potato 
 plants of a decided dwarfed development, with curling and wrink- 
 ling of the foliage. Orton (loc. cit.: 37-40. 1914.) writes: 
 "The stem and its branches, the leaf petioles, and even the mid- 
 ribs and veins of the leaves all tend to be shortened in many 
 cases to a very marked extent, and particularly in the upper 
 nodes of the plant, so that the foliage is thickly clustered. 
 Typical curly-dwarf is readily distinguished from leaf-roll by 
 the wrinkled or downward curling of the leaves, the normal color 
 of the foliage and the firmness of the leaves, which do not lack 
 turgidity." 
 
 We have occasionally found curly-dwarf plants in potato fields 
 in this state, but do not believe it is as common here as in some 
 potato districts. It is an hereditary trouble transmitted through 
 the tubers. Quanjer (Phytopath. 10:35-47. 1920.) claims that 
 curly-dwarf is only an extreme case of mosaic. 
 
 Frozen Tubers. During the winter of 1917-18, because of 
 its severity, many potatoes in farm storage in this state were 
 frozen. Badly frozen tubers soon rot, so they are of no value. 
 Others only slightly hurt are often put on the market. Such 
 tubers tend to darken, when cut. We believe that some of the 
 unusual troubles, such as spindling sprout, that developed in the 
 potato crops of 1918 were due to potatoes so injured. 
 
 Hollow Heart. Plate XLVIII, b. This is a name applied to 
 potatoes that have a conspicuous cavity in their center. Large 
 potatoes, especially those of certain varieties as Dibble's Russet, 
 are more apt to develop such cavities than the smaller tubers. 
 Usually the trouble appears in a season favorable for rapid 
 
464 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 growth, especially if dry weather is followed by very wet. The 
 cracking of the fruit in certain varieties of peaches and musk 
 melons is a similar phenomenon in our opinion. 
 
 Leaf Roll. Plate XLIX, a. This trouble is distinguished by a 
 decided upward roll of the margins of the leaves, and often is 
 accompanied by more or less color changes. The plants often 
 make a fairly normal growth otherwise. It is easily distinguished 
 from the work of aphids by the upward, instead of the downward, 
 roll of the leaf margins. Leaf roll has been much studied in 
 Europe (See Orton, loc. cit.: 18-33.) an d there are various 
 opinions concerning it. There seem to be at least two types, one 
 merely a seasonal trouble due to unfavorable weather condi- 
 tions, as too much wet weather followed by dry, and another that 
 is a constitutional and more serious trouble. Most of the roll 
 we have seen in this state on both potatoes and tomatoes we 
 believe to be of the former type* In 19 18, however, in a yard 
 in Westville, we saw what may have been the second type. It 
 was quite evident on Gold Coin, but not on other varieties grown 
 near by. True leaf roll, according to Quanjer, is a phloem j 
 necrosis trouble and is both contagious and pseudo-hereditary. 
 
 Mosaic. This chlorosis trouble of potato foliage was first 
 noticed by the writer in this state in the early summer of 19 16. 
 Both Green Mountain and Irish Cobblers, the two varieties 
 most commonly grown here, showed the trpuble. It was seen 
 again in 1917 in several fields, but probably not so prominently 
 on the whole, as in 1916. In 19 18 it was more prominent but 
 in 1919 it was less evident than in any of these years, due appar- 
 ently to favorable weather conditions for foliage growth. The 
 leaves show a yellow-green mottling and some crinkling of the 
 foliage, something like the mosaic of tobacco but usually not so 
 prominent. As the vines grow older this mottling usually be- 
 comes less rather than more prominent. Mosaic tubers from 
 Maine, furnished the writer by the U. S. Dept. of Agr. and planted 
 at Mt. Carmel in 1919, failed to show any more signs of mosaic 
 on their leaves than did the so-called checks from the same source. 
 The former, on the other hand, were a less thrifty strain, as 
 shown by the size of the vines, etc. 
 
 We have not noticed that Connecticut potato fields were very 
 materially affected as to vigor or yield of tubers, but in Maine 
 
DISEASES OF POTATO. 4^5 
 
 and some other states where this trouble is more prominent, it 
 is said that mosaic plants give smaller yields. In Bermuda 
 Wortley (Rep. Dir. Agr. 1914 and 1915.) reports this trouble 
 very bad on Bliss Triumph. He found the yield from mosaic 
 tubers to be half that from tubers of mosaic free plants. As a 
 result of his investigations importation of seed stock into this 
 island is regulated to guard against bringing in this trouble from 
 badly infected fields. 
 
 Ouanjer of Holland, loc. cit., and Schultz et al. of the U. S. 
 Dept. of Agr. (Journ. Agr. Res. 17:247-73. 1919.) have done 
 much work on this disease and their experiments show that it 
 is not only a constitutional trouble carried by the tubers, but it 
 is contagious in the field. The latter investigator found aphids 
 as one of the carriers of the trouble from diseased to healthy 
 plants. 
 
 Net Necrosis. Plate XLIX, b. We have previously described 
 in one of our Reports an internal brown spot of potato tubers 
 that is somewhat similar to this. In net necrosis, however, the 
 brownish diseased areas are smaller and more net-like. Neither 
 is caused by fungi and their nature is not well understood. It 
 is thought by some that net necrosis is connected with some of 
 the other troubles described here. 
 
 Potash Hunger. In 1917 and 1918 there was some indica- 
 tion that potatoes suffered from lack of potash, especially on 
 certain soils and where manure was not used abundantly. Such 
 plants are said 'to show more or less bronzing of the foliage and 
 are apt to flop over easily or turn yellow and die prematurely 
 and are subject to early invasion by saprophytic fungi. It is 
 hard to tell, in our opinion, potash hunger from unbalanced fer- 1 
 tilization or from the drought injury described here in detail 
 under Wilt and Prematuring, q. v. 
 
 Premature Sprouts. Plate L, a. Another trouble of potatoes 
 reported as not uncommon in both 1916 and 1917 was the 
 premature sprouting of the tubers before being dug. Usually 
 only occasional hills in the fields showed this trouble, so that 
 the injury was not very great, and the sprouts found were not 
 elongated, being something like those shown in the illustration. 
 However we did see cases in 1917 where these sprouts not only 
 became elongated but appeared above ground and formed foliage. 
 
466 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 Sometimes the sprouts merely developed into small secondary 
 tubers. Such are sometimes found on sprouting old tubers in 
 storage. 
 
 We are not sure of the cause of this premature sprouting but 
 believe it may be caused by plants receiving a serious set-back, 
 as by drought, before they are fully matured, and then having a 
 favorable period for growth start into activity again. Such con- 
 ditions we know will cause "knobby" tubers. Knobby tubers 
 are often found in fields where tip-burn or blight has badly in- 
 jured the vines but still left them vigorous enough to respond to 
 a later favorable growing period. 
 
 Rootstock Invaded-Tubers. Plates L, b, LI, a. An occasional 
 injury is found in potato fields where the rootstocks of some 
 other plant penetrate the tubers themselves. Nut grass, Cyperus 
 sp., not infrequently causes injury of this kind. The most 
 serious injury of this same nature we have seen was in a field 
 of Mr. Arthur Clark at Orange in 19 17 and was caused by quack 
 grass, Agropyrum re pens. Here the slender rootstocks of the 
 grass, as shown in the illustration, not only bored into many of 
 the tubers, but in some cases went clear through them, coming out 
 at the opposite end and formed a leafy shoot above ground. It 
 is a question whether these penetrating rootstocks receive any 
 nourishment from the potato tubers. The tissues of the two 
 plants evidently form no union, though in some cases, short side 
 sucker-like branches were formed. No noticeable injury of tis- 
 sues in their vicinity was observed ; in fact the rootstocks seemed 
 to force their way through the tubers with no special discolor- 
 ation of the invaded tissues. Such invaded tubers have no 
 market value. 
 
 Russeted Tubers. Plate LI, b. This name is applied to tubers 
 with a thicker or rougher skin. Certain varieties have a more 
 russeted skin than do others, but under certain conditions 
 the skin in the same variety may be rougher than normal. The 
 sample shown here is an unusual or areated russeted type. It 
 came from Maine seed potatoes and probably, as in other cases, 
 was due to some external irritant, like a fertilizer, acting on the 
 skin when quite young, and stimulating it to form an unusual 
 corky growth. 
 
 Spindling Sprout. Plate LI, c. The chief characteristic of 
 this trouble is the slender needle-shaped sprouts that appear in 
 
DISEASES OF POTATO. 4 6 7 
 
 place of the normal lead-pencil thick sprouts. The trouble was 
 not uncommon in 1918 but we saw little of it before or since. 
 This leads to the belief that it is in some way connected with 
 freezing or too cold storage of the tubers in the preceding winter. 
 Spindling sprouts grow into very weak small plants that yield 
 poorly if they survive. One grower in 1918 plowed up his 
 entire field as worthless. Stewart and Sirrine (N. Y. Agr. Exp. 
 Sta. Bull. 399:133-43- 1915O have studied this trouble rather 
 carefully, and while they do not know the cause they found home- 
 grown seed developed the trouble much more than northern 
 grown, where the trouble rarely occurs. Excessive heat and 
 drought are given by them as a possible cause. 
 
 Wilt and Prematuring. Plate LI I, a. There appeared sud- 
 denly, in 1918, in southern Connecticut an unusual trouble popu- 
 larly designated as a blight, which was first called to the writer's 
 attention on July 6th in a field that had grown potatoes for 
 three years. In this field a spot had yellowed up and was dying 
 prematurely, and the owner said that he had first noticed the 
 trouble two or three days previously. Later the writer saw many 
 similar fields and received numerous complaints. The trouble 
 seemed to be a complicated one with indications that more than 
 one factor entered into it. However, our general conclusion was 
 that primarily it was not due to fungi but rather to lack of suffi- 
 cient moisture and food for continued normal plant growth. 
 
 The fields visited showed two or three types of the trouble, 
 as follows : 1 . A prematuring of the vines in which the stem 
 and leaves gradually turn yellow, the plant often remaining erect, 
 the leaves dropping off or dying, and finally the whole plant suc- 
 cumbing. 2. Plants wilting and flopping over as if the stem 
 had not strength enough to support them. Parts normally green 
 and no particular spotting of the stem. 3. A bronzing and 
 spotting more or less of the stem ; plants lopping over somewhat ; 
 frequently the stem was soft near the ground so that it was easily 
 pinched together, as if some fungus or borer had been at work. 
 
 We carefully examined the stems above and below the ground 
 in the field, and cut many sections of the stems in the laboratory, 
 and while occasionally bacteria and fungous threads were seen 
 which might aid in wilting, and a Phoma that possibly might 
 cause rotting, we found no definite association of these particular 
 agencies with the trouble. 
 
468 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 The wilt first showed on Irish Cobblers or other early varieties. 
 Irish Cobblers and Green Mountains are the varieties most fre- 
 quently planted in this State, and are the ones on which the 
 trouble appeared most prominently. Dibble's Russet was the least 
 injured variety seen. We have since learned that it is a variety 
 quite resistant to drought injury. 
 
 The time of planting or maturing of the potatoes seemed to 
 have had considerable to do with the appearance of the disease. 
 In other words, the trouble did not develop until the plants had 
 bloomed and were in that stage where the foliage had made its 
 growth and most of its energies were used in the formation of 
 tubers. The trouble quite often was very prominent on Irish 
 Cobblers when Green Mountains beside them did not show it, 
 or on Irish Cobblers when near-by rows of the same variety 
 planted a few days later did not show it. In time, however, both 
 the Green Mountains and the later planted Cobblers did have the 
 trouble when they reached the right stage of maturity. One 
 farmer planted Irish Cobblers and Green Mountains on four 
 different dates, covering a month, and the trouble appeared in 
 the fields and varieties in the order of their planting and maturity, 
 being quite severe on the earliest when just beginning to show 
 up on the latest. 
 
 We saw many cases where the trouble showed over a field when 
 the vines under shade trees, especially apples which are apt to 
 be within the field, were still quite green and unaffected. \ In 
 other cases where the field was quite irregular the vines were al- 
 ways green in the gullies on the lower portions where the earth 
 -was more moist and got the wash from the fertilization. Invari- 
 ably in fields with gravelly knolls the trouble first appeared and 
 showed more prominently in those spots, no matter what the 
 fertilization. In fields insufficiently fertilized, the trouble was 
 most pronounced, especially if only artificial fertilizers were used. 
 Fields that had been heavily manured, or had a complete fer- 
 tilizer containing potash, did not usually suffer like fields where 
 only a 4-10 fertilizer was used. Fields of poor or leachy soil on 
 which a 4-10 fertilizer was used were seen producing a fairly 
 luxuriant growth under the. favorable moist conditions of the 
 spring and early summer, but going down when this fertilizer 
 had been used up or leached out. 
 
DISEASES OF RASPBERRY, ETC. 4 6 9 
 
 The lack of moisture had a very important bearing on this 
 trouble and was also shown by injury to other plants, grass 
 dying, and trees losing their foliage, from the dry hot weather 
 of July 21st to 30th. The potato is more subject to drought in- 
 jury than any of our cultivated crops, so naturally this was the 
 first to show ill effects. Ordinarily this is shown as tip-burn but 
 in 1918 the injury was not so much of this type as in the pre- 
 maturing of the foliage. 
 
 All these facts led us to the conclusion that lack of moisture 
 and in some cases insufficient plant food of which lack of potash 
 was one of the chief factors, were primarily responsible for most 
 of the troubles, rather than fungi, poor seed, or insects, especially 
 lice, all of which were attributed as the cause. 
 
 Radish, Raphanus sativus. 
 Club Root, Plasmodiophora Brassicae Wor. This was sent 
 us Sept. 20th, 1917, from Northford by Mr. Burnham and was 
 the first collection on the radish from the state. See Kohlrabi in 
 this Report. 
 
 Raspberry, Rubus sps. 
 
 Orange Rust, Gymnoconia interstitialis (Schl.) Lag. (Puc- 
 cinia Peckiana Howe) . Plate LII, b. In our 1903 Report under 
 Blackberry, Dewberry and Raspberry we recorded the presence 
 of the I stage (Caeoma nitens) of this fungus as occurring on 
 these hosts in Connecticut. The recent work of Kunkel (Bull. 
 Tor. Bot. Club. 43 .: 559. N. 1916.) however has shown that 
 there are two forms in this country known under the gen- 
 eral term Caeoma nitens. One of these germinates with a long 
 non-septate germ tube, and the other with a short septate pro- 
 mycelium producing sporidia. Morphologically the spores of the 
 two cannot be distinguished. The first form Kunkel calls the 
 long cycled because it is the I stage (Caeoma interstitialis Schl.) 
 of Gymnoconia interstitialis, also found in Europe, and the other 
 he calls the short cycled since it apparently reproduces itself 
 and has no connection with any other stage. This latter form 
 he considers to be the true Caeoma nitens of Schweinitz. Arthur 
 more recently (Bot. Gaz. LXIII:5oi. Je. 1917.) has made 
 this latter form the basis of a new genus and placed it under 
 the species Kunkelia nitens (Schw.) Arth. He has made an 
 
47° CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222, 
 
 arbitrary attempt to determine the specimens of the I stage in 
 his herbarium, placing them with one or the other of these 
 genera (Gymnoconia and Kunkelia) chiefly according to the 
 part of the country from which they came. 
 
 Later still an article by Atkinson (Am. Journ. Bot. 5 : 79-83. 
 F. 19 1 8.) has appeared, in which he advocates from his investi- 
 gations and the distribution of the two forms, that the life cycle 
 of Gymnoconia Peckiana, as he calls it, is not definitely fixed 
 so that in the warm climate of the south it produces the short 
 cycled form and in the cool climate of the north the long cycled 
 form, and in between sometimes one and sometimes the other 
 according to the temperature conditions of June and July. This 
 interpretation is based largely on the results of infecting raspber- 
 ries at low temperatures (under bell jar with ice) with spores of 
 the short cycled form from wild dewberry, Rubus canadensis as 
 called in our paper, and producing the telial stage of the long 
 cycled form. He thinks that under these cool conditions the short 
 cycled form instead of forming a promycelium with sporidia, 
 really formed the germ tube characteristic of the long cycled form. 
 
 For some years we have believed that the orange rust of 
 Connecticut, found most commonly on wild dewberry, was dis- 
 tinct from that we studied previously in Illinois (111. Agr. Sta. 
 Bull. 29:273-300. 1893.) since here we never found the III 
 or Gymnoconia stage associated with it. In fact, so far as 
 we know, this stage had not been reported from Connecticut. 
 The past three seasons (1917, '18, '19) in the light of Kunkel's 
 investigations and with help of our assistant Dr. McCormick, 
 we have tested the germination of the I stage obtained from 
 numerous specimens on different hosts from various localities 
 in the state. As a result of these germination tests we have found 
 that both the long and the short cycled forms occur in this state. 
 The classification of these collections according to their germina- 
 tion as given under the different hosts (Gray's 6th edition) is 
 as follows : 
 
 Puccinia inter stitialis (Schl.) Lag. Long cycled form. On 
 Rubus hispidus (wild) 2 tests; Rubus occidentalis (cult.) 2 tests; 
 Rubus strigosus (cult.) 2 tests; Rubus villosus (wild) 1 test; 
 Rubus sp. (wild raspberry) 2 tests, (cult, raspberry) 1 test. 
 
 Caeoma nitens Schw. Short cycled form. On Rubus cana- 
 
DISEASES OF RASPBERRY. 47 x 
 
 densis (wild) 19 tests; Rubus hispidus (wild) 1 test; Rubus 
 villosus (cult.) 2 tests, (wild) 5 tests; Rubus sp. (wild rasp- 
 berry), 1 test. 
 
 From the above it will be seen that out of thirty-eight tests only 
 ten of them were of the long cycled form, and with seven of these 
 we were able later in the season to go back to the same vicinity 
 and collect the III stage on the same hosts and even on the same 
 individuals where known ! In three cases we were not able 
 later to look for the III stage. At first we got the impression 
 that the short cycled form only occurred here on blackberries 
 and dewberries and the long cycled only on raspberries. While 
 this seems to be generally true for this state, later results show 
 that no host is infected by only one form, unless it is Rubus 
 canadensis, the wild dewberry. From this host all of the 19 
 tests have yielded the short cycled form, and we have never 
 collected the III stage of Gymnoconia on it. But even here 
 some of the spores in the same cultures with the short cycled 
 have given germ tubes that were of the long cycled type as 
 far as determined without special staining. That Rubus cana- 
 densis is a possible long cycled host in this state we have further 
 proved by an inoculation experiment as follows : Long cycled 
 spores of the I stage from Rubus hispidus from Norfolk were 
 placed June nth in Petrie dishes on a leaf of Rubus canadensis. 
 On July 14th there had developed on this leaf numerous mature 
 sori of the III stage of Gymnoconia inter stitialis (See Plate 
 LII, b). On the same date I spores of the short cycled form 
 on Rubus canadensis from Norfolk, collected at the same time, 
 placed on a leaf of R. canadensis in a Petrie dish failed to pro- 
 duce any infection whatever ! This we had tried before without 
 results and also several times in the past have tried to infect 
 plants in crocks of Rubus canadensis with spores from the same 
 host and have never succeeded. 
 
 Our failures to secure infection of Rubus sps. with the short 
 cycled form and the fact that it produces sporidia that might 
 easily be blown some distance has led us to consider if it might 
 not be a heteroecious rust having other stages {Melampsora for 
 example) on entirely different hosts. So for some years past 
 we have been trying to inoculate various hosts but without re- 
 sults. The hosts and years of inoculation are as follows: In 
 
472 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 1914, on Populus deltoides; in 1916, on Populus deltoides, P. 
 grandidentata, P. tremuloides, P. alba?, Salix sp. ; in 1917, on 
 Salix sps. (four) ; in 1918, on Populus sp. ; in 1919, on P. deltoides, 
 P '. grandidentata, P. tremuloides, Betula populifolia, B. lenta, 
 Salix sps. (two). 
 
 With Atkinson's theory that the same individual host in this 
 locality may one year produce the short cycled form and another 
 year the long cycled, according as the weather at the time is warm 
 or cold, we cannot agree. We have in several cases tested the 
 spores from the same definite locality during different years, and 
 they have-always given the same result. We have collected the 
 III stage for three years on the same plants of Rubus occidentalis 
 at Birdsey's, East Meriden, and the tests of the I stage there have 
 always been long cycled. Furthermore we tried the germination 
 of both long and short cycled spores several times at ordinary room 
 temperature, and then tried their germination in iced water and 
 got no different results. If temperature determines the type 
 of germination why should collections made in the same vicinity 
 on the same date but from different hosts give different 
 types of germination? Also why in our higher room tempera- 
 tures did we get both types of germination? We are inclined 
 to interpret Atkinson's successful infection in 1917, where with so- 
 called short cycled spores he produced the III stage on plants 
 kept iced under bell jars as, due first, to the fact that he had 
 favorable conditions for infection, and, second, to the probability 
 that a few of the spores used normally produced germ tubes 
 (long cycle), instead of sporidia (short cycled) as did the 
 majority (just. as we have occasionally found to be the case in 
 our cultures irom this host, as already mentioned) and it was the 
 former only that produced the infection. In other words we 
 believe that the short cycled form with its sporidia does not 
 infect the mature leaves bat secures infection through the very) 
 young perennial parts as is apparently the case with the sporidia 
 of the III stage. This delays the appearance of the infection 
 until the next year when the I stage is produced from the 
 perennial .mycelium. This would account for our failure to 
 infect Rubus through the leaves with the short cycled form, and 
 would explain the successful infections with this stage reported 
 by both Atkinson and Kunkel the year after their inoculations 
 were made. 
 
DISEASES OF RASPBERRY. 473 
 
 From the observations of our own and those of the various 
 other investigators we therefore come to the following con- 
 clusions. 
 
 (i) There are two forms (not species or genera) of the 
 formerly so-called Caeoma nitens in this country. One of these 
 produces only one spore stage, aecial spores, and can be termed 
 Caeoma nitens Schw., and the other produces both aecial and 
 telial spores and can be termed Gymnoconia inter stitialis 
 (Schl.) Lag. 
 
 (2) Caeoma nitens through the fusion of the two nuclei in the 
 aecial spores, for some still unknown reason, has become a 
 short cycled form and cuts out the telial stage entirely, but on 
 germinating functions as such, as shown by development of a 
 promycelium and sporidia. Gymnoconia inter stitialis has aecial 
 spores whose two nuclei do not fuse and so give rise to the 
 ordinary germ tube and eventually to a mycelium with two 
 nuclei to a cell. 
 
 (3) Infection from the aecial spores of Gymnoconia inter- 
 stitialis takes place only through the stomates of the leaves and 
 the telial stage results from this. Infection from both the 
 aecial spores of Caeoma nitens and the telial spores of Gymno- 
 conia inter stitialis takes place only by the penetration of the 
 germinating sporidia through very young tissue, usually that of 
 the underground shoots, and this results in a perennial mycelium 
 that the next season gives rise to the aecial stage in the leaves. 
 
 (4) Caeoma nitens is largely confined to a region south of 
 Connecticut, and Gymnoconia inter stitialis largely to the region 
 north of this state, but in the intermediary region both forms 
 may occur more or less commonly. 
 
 (5) In this intermediary region it is not impossible that the 
 forms are not so definitely fixed but that occasionally on the 
 same host both types of germination of the aecial spores appear ; 
 or possibly the same individual host occasionally becomes in- 
 fected with both forms and both types of aecial spores are there- 
 fore produced on it. . . • • 
 
 (6) However, conclusion (5) does not mean that once the 
 aecial spores on an individual plant, or any plant infected from 
 these, show only the short or the long cycled type of germination 
 that they can be changed to the other type by differences in 
 weather conditions during that or any other season. 
 
474 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 Romaine, Lactuca sativa var. Romana. 
 Chlorosis. In a private garden in the fall of 1916 at Middle- 
 bury, we saw an occasional plant of Romaine or Cos lettuce in 
 which the leaves showed a yellow mottling and crinkling. This, 
 while indicating an unhealthy condition of the plant, was no 
 disadvantage so far as the edibility of the plant was concerned, 
 as such plants were probably less bitter in taste due to less 
 
 chlorophyll. 
 
 Rose, Rosa sps. 
 
 Powdery Mildew, Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr.) Lev. In 
 July, 1919, specimens of Dorothy Perkins roses were brought 
 to the Station from New Haven by their owner to learn what 
 caused their failure to open properly. Many that did open made 
 inferior blossoms that frequently died prematurely. An exam- 
 ination showed that the hips were covered, in part or entirely, 
 with a thick whitish felt of the above fungus. This was made 
 up of mycelial threads with few conidiophores, and doing little 
 or no injury. On the inside, however, a less conspicuous my- 
 celial growth, with plenty of conidia, was the cause of the injury 
 to the petals, that prevented their proper maturity, etc. In the 
 writer's garden the same trouble developed similarly but with 
 the perithecia, deeply imbedded in the felty mat, finally appear- 
 ing. The Dorothy Perkins was injured more than the Crimson 
 Rambler. We have reported this fungus before but not on 
 blossoms causing injury of this nature. 
 
 Fasciation. This specimen was found in April, 1918, by G. 
 A. Stack in a yard in Westville. The stem as it started from 
 the ground was about a third of an inch in diameter and only 
 slightly flattened. It gradually flattened toward the top, which 
 was broken off, until it was an inch and a half wide. The 
 fasciation seemed to run off from one side since, for the entire 
 length, one side was slightly marked by its thicker more rounded 
 character until near the end where it was entirely separated as 
 a distinct naturally rounded stem about a quarter of an inch in 
 diameter. This extended for less than a foot but had been 
 cut off here as had the flattened portion so the nature of the tips 
 could not be determined. Stewart (N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 
 328:392. 1910.) describes and figures somewhat similar fas- 
 ciations of rose which are said to be not uncommon. See 
 Asparagus in this Report for other cases. 
 
DISEASES OF SPINACH, ETC. 475 
 
 Rye, Secale cereale. 
 Scab, Gibber ella Saubinetii (Mont.) Sacc. The conidial stage 
 of this fungus, which until recently has been known as Fusarium 
 culmorum, was found in this state for the first time in two rye 
 fields at Yalesville, in 1918. It occurs in the heads causing all 
 or a part of the spikelets to die prematurely, the fungus show- 
 ing at the base of these as a pinkish growth. While the disease 
 is bad in the middle west, it does not seem to be at all common 
 or serious here in Connecticut. The same thing occurs on 
 wheat, q. v. 
 
 Spinach, Spinacia oleracea. 
 
 Dampening Off, Pythium deBaryanum Hess. Mr. H. D. 
 Johnson of Highwood called the writer's attention, late in Sep- 
 tember, 1919, to a young spinach field of his that had been seri- 
 ously injured by the plants dampening off irregularly in the rows, 
 making a very uneven stand. The plants had come through the 
 ground during a rather wet period which proved to be especially 
 favorable for the development of the disease since a field planted 
 a short time later did not develop the trouble. The seedlings 
 an inch or so high dropped over, the trouble first showing as a 
 blackish or brownish softening of the tissue just below or above 
 ground. After falling over they wither up in dry weather and 
 soon disappear. Mr. Johnson had never been troubled before in 
 this way and it was the first time we had seen dampening off in a 
 spinach field, although we had seen the disease on other seedlings 
 in seed beds and greenhouses. 
 
 An examination of the tissues revealed the presence of an 
 abundant, guttulate, non-septate mycelium of the phycomycetous 
 type, but no very evident spore stage, except possibly temporary 
 sporangia. After the seedlings were left in water for a few days 
 a rather luxuriant growth of mycelium developed around them 
 and in this appeared the temporary sporangia, and finally definite 
 oogonia and oospores. These agreed very well in size and ap- 
 pearance with those grown in artificial cultures recently received 
 from the Department of Agriculture at Washington. Plate LVI. 
 
 The oogonia varied from 18-27^, chiefly 20-25/x, and the oos- 
 pores from 15-21^, chiefly 16-18^. The oogonia and oospore 
 walls remain hyaline and the latter are not very thick, usually 
 2-2. 5/x. It seems characteristic of this fungus to produce 
 
476 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 oogonia much more readily in a liquid than in a dry medium, so 
 that a portion of our agar cultures transferred to water in a 
 Petrie dish developed them much more abundantly than before. 
 On oat agar the fungus rapidly develops a very prominent, 
 fluffy, aerial, white growth, with some oogonia and temporary 
 sporangia. The temporary sporangia look much like unfertilized 
 oogonia. On roots of peas and corn (q. v.) this same year we 
 found different specimens with larger oospores that we have 
 placed under Phytophthora cactorum. 
 
 Spruce, Norway, Picea excelsa. 
 Felt Fungus, Coniophora byssoidea (Pers.) Fr. Mr. Walden 
 found this fungus on young plants of Norway spruce imported 
 from France in 1918. In the packing cases it had developed a 
 very conspicuous felty growth of the tawny mycelium over the 
 individual stems running up onto them from the soil. Whether 
 it caused any harm was uncertain but probably it was develop- 
 ing merely as a saprophyte under these favorable conditions. 
 Dr. Burt confirmed our determination of the species. 
 
 Sumach, Rhus glabra. 
 Fasciation. Near the Station grounds a stem of the common 
 sumach was found in 19 19 that from the ground up gradually 
 flattened out until the flattened part was twice the normal width 
 of the stalk and much thinner. The end was bifurcated into 
 short tips curved in opposite directions. Brannon (Bot. Gaz. 
 58:518-26. 1914.) describes a fasciation of cottonwood and 
 willows on young sprouts from stumps of trees cut down the 
 year before, and discusses the causes of this and other cases 
 of fasciation. See Asparagus in this Report. 
 
 Sweet Pea, Lathyrus odoratus. 
 Root Rot, Phytophthora cactorum (Cohn & Leb.) Schroet. 
 In our Report for 1907, p. 359, under Sweet Pea we mentioned 
 Pythium and Rhizoctonia as causes of dampening off. The 
 specimens discussed there were brought to us in July, 1907, by 
 Mr. Walden of this Station from his garden. A re-examination 
 of them shows that the so-called Pythium, whose oogonia with 
 oospores were present in the cortical tissues of the roots, is the 
 same thing that in the present Report we have discussed under 
 
DISEASES OF TOBACCO, ETC. 477 
 
 peas and called Phytophthora cactorum. The oospores from the 
 sweet pea are figured in Plate LVI, 3, and can be compared with 
 those found on the other hosts reported here. 
 
 Root Rot, Fusarium sp. As well as the garden pea, the Sweet 
 Pea has similar rots due to Rhizoctonia, Phytophthora and 
 Fusarium, and the effect produced by all three is much the same, 
 in that the half-grown plants turn yellow, wilt and dry up due 
 to the rotting of the roots and base of the stem. The Fusarium 
 specimens reported here were sent from the Stoeckel estate at 
 Norfolk, in June, 1918. The fungus is probably the same species 
 that causes more or less trouble in greenhouses on cuttings, etc. 
 
 Sycamore, Plat anus occidentalis. 
 Electrical Injury. Trees near trolley lines are sometimes ap- 
 parently killed by leaks in the feed wires. In the summer of 
 1918, a sycamore tree along the trolley line in Centerville showed 
 such injury on a single branch which had come in contact with 
 the feed wire where the insulation was worn off, A decided 
 burn showed on the under side of the branch, and the leaves had 
 all died. The insulation on the feed wire was evidently quite 
 poor and for a distance of half a mile small twigs here and there 
 on the street trees could be seen that had recently been killed, 
 apparently when the wet leaves came in contact with the poorly 
 protected wire. 
 
 Tobacco, Nicotiana Tabacum. 
 
 Besides the troubles described here we have run across several 
 more, chiefly of the leaf spotting type, but because of their 
 obscure nature we have omitted consideration of them for the 
 present. All of the troubles discussed, except the first, are of 
 a non-parasitic nature. 
 
 Bacterial Soft Rot, Bacillus carotovorus Jones. Plate 
 LIII, b. The only place where we have seen this trouble was on 
 W. J. Reeves' tobacco at Windsorville. We first saw it there with 
 Johnson of the Wisconsin Station, in July, 19 18, and found it 
 there again in 19 19. Only a few plants in the field showed the 
 trouble but these were mostly in the same row or near each 
 other. The disease starts at the lower end of the plant, rotting 
 out the pith so that the stem can easily be crushed with slight 
 pressure though the outside may seem nearly normal. The rot 
 
47 8 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 eventually reaches and invades the veins and tissues of the leaves 
 when they drop down and finally die. Johnson (Wise. Agr. Exp. 
 Sta. Bull. 237:27. 1914.) has briefly mentioned this trouble 
 under the designation "hollow stalk." He claims it can be 
 produced by inoculation and we succeeded in so doing by cutting 
 into healthy plants and inserting diseased tissue. Not having 
 worked on the trouble from a bacterial standpoint, we merely 
 assume that it is not different from the ordinary soft rot troubles 
 found here on a variety of plants. 
 
 Fire Injury. Occasional tobacco plants under tents are more 
 or less injured by the cloth of the tents catching fire and the 
 burning fragments falling down on the leaves. Sparks from 
 locomotives, cigarettes and incendiarism are causes of such fires. 
 Some growers have supplied watchers to prevent them. See 
 Lightning Injury. 
 
 Frost Mottling. Plate LIII, a. A curious case of frost injury 
 to young tobacco plants was called to our attention the latter 
 part of July, 1918, by Mr. Beinhart, the Government tobacco 
 expert, at the tobacco farm of Mr. Eastwood in Somers. The 
 owner noticed the trouble about the first of July, shortly after 
 there had been an unusually late frost in that neighborhood. 
 During the two weeks that had elapsed since first seen by Bein- 
 hart and then by both of us, the injury had become less con- 
 spicuous according to him. At the latter date the plants still 
 showed considerable spotting and some irregularity of leaves, 
 especially of the lower older ones. The spotting was due to the 
 chlorophyll being killed in spots that were now whitish or white 
 and so in strong contrast with the rest of the normally green 
 tissues. Sometimes these white spots were large areas and some- 
 times small specks of a mottled arrangement, as shown by the 
 two leaves photographed. Such injury follows light frosts, with 
 possibly moisture on the leaves where their tissues are injured. 
 
 Hail Injury. Plate LIV. On August 4, 19 17, we visited, 
 with Beinhart and Johnson of the Dept. of Agriculture, the re- 
 gion in East Sufrield where a storm on Aug. 2d had caused 
 injury to the tobacco. This storm was rather local, doing great 
 injury to some fields, while other fields near by suffered little. 
 A good many large trees or their branches were blown down 
 by the high wind. Tobacco in the open was more or less blown 
 
INJURIES TO TOBACCO. 479 
 
 over and had to be propped up again. The greatest injury, 
 however, was from hail, which in a streak through the region 
 inflicted great damage to the tobacco in the open, numerous 
 fields of which were largely or entirely ruined; it also caused 
 damage to the tobacco under tents in some cases. This latter 
 damage occurred where the wind was strong enough to carry 
 the cloth from the tents. We saw a tent of ten acres where the 
 wind had whipped the cloth to pieces, bent and blew over much 
 of the tobacco, as shown in the photograph taken by Johnson, 
 while the hail entirely ruined what was not injured by the wind. 
 The hail injury was very marked on the stems, showing white 
 irregular spots where the stones struck. See photo. These spots 
 were entirely on the side of the stem from which the storm came. 
 The leaves were largely shredded from the stem or beaten off 
 on the ground and cut in irregular shapes. The damage caused 
 to this one tent alone was probably five or six thousand dollars. 
 We have seen tents where half a ton of hail stones tore down 
 the cloth and were piled on the ground so that some of them 
 remained there for twenty-four hours afterwards in warm 
 weather. 
 
 Lightning Injury. Plate LV, a. Lightning may cause injury 
 to tobacco in two ways. First, it may strike the field and pro- 
 duce injury in circular spots for a short distance around where 
 it struck. This is apt to occur when the tobacco is young, the 
 electricity following the moist earth comes in contact with the 
 stems where it entirely kills the plant, or produces cankers up 
 the stem and injury to the petioles. It also usually produces 
 a permanent curling or a wilting of the leaves, as shown in the 
 photograph. Some growers think that tobacco does not do well 
 in after years on these spots. In one of our Reports we men- 
 tioned such injury, investigated by Stoddard, and in 1916 Bein- 
 hart showed us another field where similar injury had occurred. 
 He also told of other cases which he had seen. 
 
 The second kind of injury which may be produced by lightning 
 is where it strikes the tents running along the wires supporting 
 the cloth, setting the latter on fire. The heat from the burning 
 cloth, or more especially where the flaming particles fall on the 
 tobacco beneath, may cause considerable injury. Some tent fields 
 are protected by insurance against fire injury. When fire occurs 
 
480 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 from lightning or other causes, the men, as soon as the fire is 
 discovered, try to limit its spread by cutting through the cloth 
 with corn knives. We saw a field at Scantic, near Bloomfield, 
 which had been struck by lightning and injury caused to the 
 plants under the small portion of the tent burned over. These 
 plants were not entirely killed but showed brown dead spots on 
 the leaves where the heat had been most intense, or the naming 
 material had touched them. 
 
 Potash Hunger. During 1919 we had called to our attention 
 several fields where tobacco was doing poorly for no apparent 
 cause. The leaves often were yellowed and finally spotted and 
 the plants undersized. So far as we could determine the trouble 
 seemed to be a fertilizer difficulty due to insufficiency of potash, 
 of which the tobacco plant is a strong user. We know too 
 little of the trouble, however, to speak positively. 
 
 Red Root-Rot. There were also fields or parts of fields, both 
 under tent and in the open, that in 1919 did poorly, evidently 
 because of a reddish rotting of the roots. This trouble did not 
 seem to be caused by fungi. Whether or not the fertilizers 
 used then or in the past had anything to do with the trouble 
 is as yet undetermined, but it appeared to be more a trouble of 
 that kind than of one caused by fungi. 
 
 Tulips, Tulipa sp. 
 
 White Spot. Plate LV, b. In May, 191 9, there was called 
 to our attention a curious trouble of tulips of the Darwin type 
 at the Hammer estate at Branford. Each year the trouble was 
 said to appear so that because of it the growing of tulips was 
 being abandoned. Tulips that were picked early and taken into 
 the house did not develop the injury. This showed as numerous 
 small, elliptical, white spots standing out in strong contrast to 
 the variously colored tissues of the petals. At first the spots were 
 greyish or blackish but finally became white with the collapsing 
 of the tissues. The trouble occurred to a much less extent on 
 the leaves-. 
 
 Jones and Miller (Phytopath. 9:475-60. 1919.) have recently 
 described a somewhat similar injury on the leaves of tulips, 
 which they call frost necrosis. We were at a loss to account for 
 the injury at Branford, but it is possibly a frost injury, since 
 
DISEASES OF WHEAT, ETC. 40 1 
 
 there were late frosts that year that did considerable harm to 
 other vegetation. This would scarcely explain, however, its 
 presence each year. Before seeing the Jones article we had about 
 concluded that this trouble was due to smoke injury from 
 a nearby steel reducer. It was only rarely, but at this time of 
 the year, that the smoke was carried over the tulip beds. 
 
 Turnip, Brassica sps. 
 Turnip Aphids killed by Empusa Aphidis Hoffm. In the sum- 
 mer of 1916, lice, Aphis pseudobrassicae, were very prevalent on 
 both white and yellow turnips, causing a partial failure of the 
 crop. After most of the harm was done to the turnips, this fungus 
 got started and killed off millions of these lice. Collections were 
 made in September in Mt. Carmel, New Haven and Westville 
 where practically all of the lice on the leaves were killed. The 
 fungus is similar to the species that kills house flies and the brown 
 tail moth larvae. 
 
 Umbrella Tree, Magnolia tripetala. 
 Chlorosis. In May, 1916, we received from Southport par- 
 tially developed leaves of the umbrella tree showing a very marked 
 yellow-green mottling over the whole surface, resembling 
 mosaic of tobacco. As the letter stated that the bark was dead 
 in places and the tree had been ailing since the previous August, 
 it seemed certain that it had been injured in some way, prob- 
 ably winter injury as it is a little out of its range so far north, 
 and that the mottling of the leaves was the result of very poor 
 nutrition on this account. 
 
 Wheat, Triticum vulgar e. 
 
 Glume Blotch, Septoria sp. We collected this fungus once 
 or twice in our disease survey work in 1918 as a very incon- 
 spicuous parasite on the glumes and leaves of wheat. 
 
 Powdery Mildew, Erysiphe graminis D. C. A little of this 
 mildew was found in both 1918 and 1919 in wheat fields. It was 
 too inconspicuous to cause any damage. On rye and barley, 
 however, we have found it causing much more injury and mak- 
 ing a more conspicuous growth. 
 
 Scab, Gibberella Saubinetii (Mont.) Sacc. Johnson and 
 Haskell (U. S. Dep. Agr. PI. Dis. Surv. Bull. No. 8, pp. 21-26. 
 
482 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 222. 
 
 1919.) now give this Fusarium fungus the above name and 
 report it very serious in the upper Mississippi valley and east- 
 ward, in 1919. We found it first in Connecticut in 1917, and 
 collected it again in 1918, but as on rye, q. v., it seemed to cause 
 little damage in this state. 
 
 Stinking Smut, Tilletia foetens (B. & C.) Trel. We also 
 found this smut very sparingly in the grain of wheat in 191 8. 
 While very serious in the west, it is a rare fungus here in Con- 
 necticut, this being our first collection though we had reported 
 it before in cattle feeds. 
 
 Willow, Salix sp. 
 Powdery Mildew, Uncinula salicis (D. C.) Wint. This 
 powdery mildew occurs more or less commonly on the upper 
 surface of the leaves of certain basket willows at the Station's 
 farm at Mt. Carmel. 
 
PLATE XXXIII. 
 
 a. General View of Invaded House. 
 
 
 b. Rotten Condition of Living Room Floor. 
 
 c. Luxuriant Growth of Fungus on Underside of Boards, etc. 
 DRY ROT FUNGUS, Merulius lacrymans, p. 398. 
 
PLATE XXXIV. 
 
 a. Mold of Unsalted Package Butter, p. 400. 
 
 b. Bacterial Fruit Spot, p. 404. 
 
 TROUBLES OF BUTTER AND APPLE. 
 
PLATE XXXV. 
 
 a. Aerial Crown Gall, p. 
 
 \< " . >'-'£;':: 
 
 b. Malformed Twigs, p. 409. 
 
 c. Rust causing Swellings in Ash Twigs, p. 414. 
 TROUBLES OF APPLE AND ASH. 
 
PLATE XXXVI. 
 
 :m 
 
 
 & 
 
 a. Fasciation, p. 415. 
 
 b. Black Leg of Cabbage, p. 420. 
 
 c. Bacterial Wilt of Beans, p. 417- 
 TROUBLES OF ASPARAGUS, BEANS, CABBAGE. 
 
PLATE XXXVII. 
 
 
 a. Soft Rot of Chinese Cabbage, p. 422. 
 
 b. Healthy and Crinkled Celery Leaves, p. 424. 
 
 TROUBLES OF CHINESE CABBAGE AND CELERY. 
 
PLATE XXXVIII. 
 
 a. Pellucid Spot Disease of Corn, p. 430. 
 
 ♦"-aau****'-'- 
 
 b. Connate Fomes of Hickory, p. 440. 
 
 c. Witches' Broom of Hickory, p. 440. 
 TROUBLES OF CORN AND HICKORY. 
 
PLATE XXXIX. 
 
 a. Anthracnose, p. 441. 
 
 b. Red Canker, p. 442. 
 
 c. Club Root, p. 443- d - Sulphury Polypore, p. 445. 
 
 TROUBLES OF HORSECHESTNUT, KOHLRABI, OAK. 
 
PLATE XL. 
 
 a. Bastard and Normal (central) Onion Blossoms. 
 
 b. Bulblet Head. c. Double Head. 
 
 TROUBLES OF ONION, 448. 
 
PLATE XLI. 
 
 a. Goose Neck, p. 448. 
 
 b. Elongated Spathe, p. 448. c. Hail Injury, p. 449. 
 
 TROUBLES OF ONION. 
 
PLATE XLII. 
 
 ■if : ••*-' * 
 
 a. Normal and Blasted Heads, p. 447. 
 
 b. White Ring, p. 449. 
 
 TROUBLES OF ONION. 
 
PLATE XLIII. 
 
 a. Die Back, p. 454. 
 
 b. Winter Injured Orchard, p. 454. 
 
 TROUBLES OF PEACH. 
 
PLATE XLIV. 
 
 a. Downy Mildew Rot, p. 454- 
 
 b. Lightning Injury, p. 458. c - Snow Bend - P- 45§- 
 
 TROUBLES OF PEAR AND WHITE PINE. 
 
PLATE XLV. 
 
 a. Yellow Spot, p. 459. 
 
 b. Witches' Broom, p. 459. 
 
 c. Winter Injury of Buds, p. 458. 
 TROUBLES OF PINES (a. White, b. Scotch, c. Austrian). 
 
PLATE XLVI. 
 
 a. Witches' Broom, p. 459. 
 
 b. Intumescence, p. 460. 
 TROUBLES OF WHITE PINE AND PLEUROMA. 
 
PLATE XLVII. 
 
 a. European Canker, p. 461. 
 
 '? I 
 
 b. Aerial Tubers, p. 462. 
 TROUBLES OF POPLAR AND POTATO. 
 
PLATE XLVIII. 
 
 ... 
 
 •■- 
 
 i,- 
 
 * 
 
 Sv 
 
 a. Normal and Curly Dwarf Vines, p. 463. 
 
 b. Hollow Heart, p. 463. 
 TROUBLES OF POTATO. 
 
PLATE XLIX. 
 
 ^M'y- ? 
 
 w m# * 
 
 **» 
 
 a. Leaf Roll, p. 464. 
 
 b. Net Necrosis, p. 465. 
 
 TROUBLES OF POTATO. 
 
PLATE L. 
 
 a. Premature Sprouts, p. 465. 
 
 b. Rootstock Invaded-Tubers, p. 466. 
 
 TROUBLES OF POTATO. 
 
PLATE LI. 
 
 / 
 
 a. Section through Rootstock Invaded-Tuber. 
 
 b. Russeted Tuber. 
 
 c. Spindle Sprout. 
 
 TROUBLES OF POTATOES, p. 466. 
 
PLATE LII. 
 
 Wilt of Potato in Center Row, p. 4^7- 
 
 b. Ill Stage of Rust, p. 469- 
 TROUBLES OF POTATO AND RUBUS. 
 
PLATE LIII. 
 
 a. Frost Mottling, p. 478. 
 
 b. Bacterial Soft Rot, p. 477. 
 TROUBLES OF TOBACCO. 
 
PLATE LIV. 
 
 a. Tent and Tobacco Destroyed by Wind and Hail. 
 
 b. Showing Laceration and White Spots. 
 HAIL INJURY OF TOBACCO, p. 478. 
 
PLATE LV. 
 
 a. Lightning Injury, p. 479. 
 
 b. White Spot, p. 480. 
 TROUBLES OF TOBACCO AND TULIP. 
 
r i-,r\ x LLi j_, v j.. 
 
 1-4, Phytophthora cactorum: 1, From Corn Roots, p. 428; 2, From Pea 
 Roots, p. 452; 3, From Sweet Pea Roots, p. 476; 4, In Artificial Cultures 
 from Pear, p. 454. 5-8, Pythium deBaryanum: 5, From Celery Roots, 
 p. 423 ; 6, From Spinach Seedlings, p. 475 ; 7, In Artificial Test Tube 
 Culture and, 8, in van Tieghem Cell Culture Drying Out, p. 452. 
 9, Pythium hydnosporum, From Grape Berries, p. 436. 
 
 OOSPORES ANJD :Oo8oNIa[oB PHYTOPHTHORA AND 
 
 PYTHIUM. 
 
University of 
 Connecticut 
 
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