1- kA%\l. IHl O. E. s ^ 'bharv. Cop. 2. CONNECTICUT QonM s MRICULTURIL EXPERIMENT STATION NEW HAVEN, CONN, BULLETIN 147, JANUARY, 1905. Commercial Feeding Stuffs now in the Connecticut Market. CONTENTS. Law regarding Feeding Stuffs - Collection of Samples Explanations regarding Analysis Discussion of Analyses -. Cotton Seed Meal Linseed Meal _ : .. Wheat Products: Bran, Middlings and Mixed Feed Spurious Mixed Feed Maize Meal Gluten Meal and Gluten Feed Hominy Feed .- Rye Feed, Brewery and Distillery Products Oats Miscellaneous Mixed Feeds - . Proprietary Horse, Dairj' and Poultry Feeds Animal Meals Apple Pomace Dried Molasses Pulp The Digestibility of Feeding Stuffs Regarding the Purchase of Feeding Stuffs Average Composition of the Feeds in the Connecticut Market The Weight of one Quart of Various Feeds Table of Analyses Page 3 3 4 7 7 9 ID 14 15 i6 i8 19 21 21 23 25 26 25 26 28 30 31 32 The Bulletins of this Station are mailed free to citizens of Con- necticut -vrho apply for them, and to others as far as the editions permit. CONNECTICUT A&EICULTURAL EIPERIKNT STATION. o:fjficee,s .A.3sriD st.a.:f:f. BOARD OF CONTROL. His Excellency, Henry Roberts, Ex officio, President. Prof. W. O. Atwater Middletown. Prof. W. H. Brewer, Secretary New Haven. B. W. Collins Meriden. T. S. Gold West Cornwall. Edwin Hoyt -. New Canaan. J. H. Webb Hamden. E. H. Jenkins, Director and Treasurer New Haven. STATION STAFF. Chemists. Analytical Laboratory. A. L. WiNTON, Ph.D., Chemist in charge. E. Monroe Bailey, Ph.B. I. A. Andrew, Ph.B. Kate G. Barber, B.S. Laboratory for the Study of Proteids. T. B. Osborne, Ph.D., Chemist in charge. I. F. Harris, M.S. R. D. Gilbert, Ph.D. Botanist. G. P. Clinton, S.D. Entomologist. W. E. Britton, Ph.D. Assistant to the Entomologist. B. H. Walden, B.Agr. Forester. Walter Mulford, F.E.f In charge of Forestry Work. Austin F. Hawes, M.F. Grass Gardener. James B. Olcott, South Manchester. Stenographers and Clerks. Miss V. E. Cole. Miss L. M. Brautlecht. In charge of Buildings and Grounds. William Veitch. Laboratory Helper. Hugo Lange. Sampling Agent. V. L. Churchill, New Haven. t Absent on leave. COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. THE LAW REGULATING THEIR SALE. Section 4591 of the general statutes of Connecticut so defines the term "concentrated commercial feeding stuff" that it covers practically all feeds excepting the following: — hay and straw, whole seeds, unmixed meal made directh^ from any one of the cereals or from buckwheat, and feed ground from whole grain and sold directly from manufacturer to consumer. Section 4592 requires that every package of concentrated com- mercial feeding stufif shall bear a statement giving the name and address of manufacturer or importer, the number of net pounds in the package, the name of the article and the per- centages of protein and fat contained in it. Section 4593 requires every manufacturer, importer, agent or seller to file with this station, upon request, a certified copy of the statement above described. The penalty prescribed for violation of the foregoing sections is not more than $100 for the first offeiise and not more than $200 for each subsequent offense. Section 4595 authorizes this station to take samples from any manufacturer, importer, agent or dealer in a prescribed fashion and requires this station to analyze, annually, at least one sample of each brand which it has collected and to publish these analyses in station bulletins, "together with such additional information in relation to the character, composition and use thereof as may be of importance." The dairy commissioner is charged with the enforcement of the provisions of these sections of the statutes. In compliance with the requirements of this law the following report on feeding stuffs has been prepared. SAMPLING OF COMMERCIAL FEEDING STUFFS. During the fall of 1904. Mr. V. L. Churchill, the sampling agent of this station, visited fifty-six towns and villages of this state and took three hundred and thirty-seven samples of 4 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I47. feeds ill the way prescribed by law. These samples have been examined chemically and microscopically and the results appear in the following pages with appropriate discussion. There are also given thirty-three analyses of feeds which were sent to the station for analysis by individuals. Seven other samples of feeds have been sent for microscopic examination by other stations. To make it easier to understand these analyses and their discussion, the following explanations are prepared : — EXPLANATIONS OF ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. An analysis gives the percentage amounts of Water, Ash, Protein, Fiber, Nitrogen-free Extract, and Fat. Percentage Amount is the amount in 100. If the protein in a feed is 17.5 per cent., every 100 pounds of that feed contains 17.5 pounds of protein ; and since a ton is twenty hundred pounds, a ton of the feed will contain twenty times 17.5, or 350 pounds of protein. Water. However dry a feeding stuff appears to be, it always contains a considerable and variable quantity of water which cannot be seen or felt, but which can be driven out by heat. The amount of water thus present in feeding stuffs is con- stantly changing with the temperature and moisture content of the air about them, and according^ no very close comparison of different feeds is possible unless the proportions of water they contain are known and comparison is made on perfectly dry or water-free substance. Ash is what is left when the combustible part of a feeding stuff is burned away by heating to faint redness in a current of air. Besides sand, usually an accidental impurity, the ash con- sists chiefly of lime, magnesia, potash and soda, combined with chlorine and carbonic, sulphuric and phosphoric acids. Protein is a general term which, as used in this bulletin, includes all the nitrogenous materials of a concentrated feeding stuff, whatever their character may be. In such feeds the pro- tein substances for the most part bear a general resemblance in composition and properties to the animal proteins, egg albumin (white of Qgg), flesh fibrin (lean meat), and milk casein (curd). It is from this protein of the food alone that the animal can EXPLANATIONS OF ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. 5 make albumin, fibrin and casein. The nitrogenous materials are the most costly and the most valuable ingredients of con- centrated commercial feeds, which should be bought chiefly for the protein which is in them. Nitrogen-free Extract, sometimes called Carbohydrates, in- cludes starch, gum, sugar and pectin bodies. They are readily extracted from the feeding stuff by water and dilute acid. Fiber is the essential constituent of the walls of vegetable cells and is seen in a nearly pure state in cotton fiber or paper pulp. It is the most insoluble part of the vegetable substance and of subordinate value in the ration. Ether Extract includes fat oil, solid fat, wax, chlorophyl (the green coloring matter of plants), and other coloring matters, in brief everything which can be extracted from the perfectly dry feeding stuff by absolute ether. Regarding the uses of the above-named parts of feeds : Water and ash need not be considered, for, while indispensa- ble to stock, both are abundantly supplied in other ways than in commercial feeds. Protein is an essential ingredient of the food of every animal, because from no other substance can the waste of muscles, ten- dons and the working tissues and membranes be renewed : nor can the casein of milk, the albumin and other constituents of the egg, nor new body substance of any sort be obtained by the animal from any other source than protein. The necessary elements from which the animal organism constructs these sub- stances are yielded in available form only by protein. Without protein the animal can live but a short time. Fiber and the nitrogen-free extract, on the other hand, cannot serve for building up the muscles and other parts of the growing animal and cannot directly restore the waste and wear of those parts of mature animals, because they are of a very different nature. They contain no nitrogen, an element which enters into all the animal tissues (proteins), to the extent of some sixteen per cent, of their dry matter. Fiber and the nitrogen-free extract cannot restore the worn- out muscles or membranes of the animal any more than coal can be made to renew the used-up packing, bolts, valves, flues and gearing of a steam-engine. Proteins are to the ox or the man what brass and iron are to the machine, the materials of construction and repair. 6 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I47. But fat, fiber and nitrogen-free extract are to the animal very much what coal and fuel are to the steam-engine. Their consumption generates the power which runs the mechanism. Their burning (oxidation) in the blood of animals produces the results of life just as the combustion of coal in the fire- box of the steam-engine produces the motion and power of that machine. For this combustion in the system, digestible fat has more than twice the value of digestible nitrogen-free extract. There is, however, this difference between the engine and the animal : the former may be stopped for repairs ; the latter may run at a low rate, but if it be stopped it cannot resume work. Hence the repairs of the animal must go on simulta- neously with its wastes. Therefore, the material of which it is built must admit of constant replacement, and the dust and shreds of its wear and tear must admit of escape without impeding action. The animal body is as if an engine were fed not only with coal and water, but with iron, brass and all the materials for its repair, and also is as if the engine consumed its own worn-out parts, voiding them as ashes or as gas and smoke. Proteins, or the blood- and tissue-formers, are thus consumed in the animal, as well as the fat, fiber and nitrogen- free extract or fuel proper. The fact that proteins admit of consumption implies that when the proper fuel is insufficient, they may themselves serve as fuel. Such is the case, in fact. But, nevertheless, the two classes of substances have distinct offices in animal nutrition, and experience has proved that for each special case of animal nutrition a special ratio of digesti- ble proteins to digestible fat, fiber and nitrogen-free extract is the best and most economical, and, within certain limits, is necessary. THE USES OF ANALYSES OF FEEDING STUFFS. These uses are several. First, by an analysis compared with the average of others, any buyer of a feed can see whether it is of the usual quality. Thus on page 32, the analysis of cotton seed meal. No. 13047, compared with the average of seventeen analyses given on the same page, shows that its quality is far below average as regards protein, the most valuable ingredient. COTTON SEED MEAL. . / Secondly, by an analysis compared with the manufacturer's guaranty the buyer can see whether in composition the feed meets what is claimed for it. Thus on page 41 the analyses of Chicago gluten meal show that the feed contains on the average about 4 per cent, less of protein than is called for by the manufacturer's guaranty. Thirdly, an analysis often shows clearly whether or not the feed is adulterated and may indicate also the form of adultera- tion. This use is fully illustrated by the discussion of adul- terated wheat feed on page 14 of this report. It also makes clear the composition of mixtures which are sold under names which either convey no meaning or convey a false impression. Fourthly, comparison of analyses of a number of kinds of feed with their prices will greatly help in deciding whether any one of them is worth to the feeder what is asked for it. Too often the prices of feeds bear no relation to their real feeding value. Lastly, the chief use of these tables by feeders should be as a guide to the skillful compounding of rations for farm ani- mals. How this is done cannot be briefly explained within the limits of a bulletin. A knowledge of the principles of cattle feeding is essential, which should be gathered by studying books which treat of the principles of cattle-feeding and of the art of compounding rations. DISCUSSION OF THE ANALYSES. The microscopical and chemical work in connection with these analyses has been done under Dr. Winton's direction, and with the cooperation of Messrs. Bailey and Andrew and Miss Barber ; the results have been prepared for publication and discussed by the director. Cotton Seed Meal. Analyses on pages 32 and 33. After ginning and linting to remove the fiber, the hulled and ground cotton seed is pressed to obtain cotton seed oil. Cotton seed meal is made by grinding the hard cakes from which the oil has been expressed. All of the samples examined this year 8 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I47. have the guaranty required by law, and only the following sam- ples fail to meet their guaranties by more than 0.7 per cent, of protein. Protein. Guaranteed. Found. American Cotton Oil Co., England Mill 43.0 42.2 " " " Argenta " 43.0 41.9 Chapin & Co., Green Diamond brand .- 43-0 41.4 Hunter Bros. Milling Co -.. 43.0 37.5 Sample 13047, from Hunter Bros. Milling Co., St. Louis, contains an excessive amount of hulls and is neither choice nor prime meal. By the rules of the Cotton Seed Crushers Association, "choice" meal must contain at least 8 per cent, of ammonia, equivalent to 41.19 per cent, of protein, and "prime" meal must contain at least 8 per cent, of ammonia, or if from the South Atlantic States 7^ per cent, of ammonia, equivalent to 38,62 per cent, of protein. The average percentages of protein and fat, as determined at this station, and the average prices, quoted by retailers, at the time the samples were drawn, have been as follows for the last six years : 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 No. of Samples 10 4 6 8 25 17 Percentage of protein . 46.4 43.9 44.4 43.0 43.2 43.4 " " fat 10.4 8.6 9.8 10.3 9.2 9.6 Average price $24.00 27.00 28.80 29.70 29.04 2S.88 The average price in 1904 has been a little lower than in the years 1902 and 1903, and the average percentage of protein a little higher. Cotton Seed Meal, sampled and sent by Purchasers. 1 1539. Sold to R. H. Ensign, Simsbury, by the American Cereal Co., contained 38.12 per cent, protein and 8.58 per cent, fat; 43 per cent, protein was guaranteed. 11315, light meal, and 11314, dark meal, sold to T. A. Stanley, New Britain, by Chapin & Co., Boston, contained respectively 43.50 and 38.80 per cent, of protein. linseed meal. 9 Linseed Meal. Analyses on pages 32 and 33. "Linseed Meal," "Oil Meal," and "Flax Seed Meal" are trade names for ground flax seed from which more or less of the oil has been removed. By the "old process" the oil is partly removed by pressure, leaving, however, from 5 to 10 per cent, of oil, "fat," in the meal. By the "new process" the oil is so far extracted with naphtha as to leave, usually, less than 2y2 per cent, in the meal. New process meal is more uniform in composition and contains more protein than old process meal. The following brands fail to meet the manufacturer's guar- anty by more than 0.7 per cent, of protein : Protein. Guaranteed. Found. American Linseed Co. 's Flax Meal 38.5 35.1 " " New Process Linseed Meal. 38.0 36.0 Hunter Bros., Old Process Linseed Meal 34.0 31.8 Midland Linseed Co., Old Process Linseed Meal 32.0 30.6 All the samples of each kind analyzed this year have been of fair quality and unadulterated. The average percentages of protein and fat found in linseed meal for the last four years, as determined at this station, with the average prices at the time the samples were drawn, as quoted by retailers, are as follows : New Process. Old Process. I9OI 1902 1903 1904 I9OI 1902 1903 1904 No. of Samples 3423 469 11 ■ Percentage of protein. 39.0 39.8 36.4 36.2 34.4 32. S 33.1 33.8 " fat 1.8 2.1 3.2 3.1 7.7 7.3 7.5 7.1 Average price $30.00 31.00 32.50 28. 33 30.50 32.00 30.77 31.45 A guaranty of 38 per cent, protein is quite too high for the quality of new process meal which has come into the state in the last two years. New process meal at $27 to $28 per ton deserves more atten- tion from feeders. The retail prices quoted on both feeds are based on very small sales. Car lots are quoted at this writing at about $2 per ton higher than cotton seed meal. Heavy demand for export drove up this price of old process meal at about the time the samples were drawn. lo connecticut experiment station, bulletin i47. Wheat Products. These are by-products in the manufacture of wheat flour. Several diflferent processes of milhng are in common use, yield- ing by-products which are not alike in composition. The pro- ducts made from winter wheat also differ in composition from those from spring wheat. Wheat Bran consists of the outer layers of the wheat berry, which are dark in color and do not easily pulverize. Wheat Middlings, as found in the feed market, consist of inner layers of the covering of the berry, which are lighter in color and more easily pulverized than bran, and of other parts from which fine white flour cannot be made. Red Dog Flour is the poorest grade of flour ; off color, con- taining bran dust and often sold as a cattle food. Many mills do not sell bran and middlings separatel}^, but run them together, often with other waste wheat products, and sell the mixture as "Mixed Feed." With few exceptions the samples of wheat feed described in the tables of analyses are not accompanied, as is required by law, with any statements of composition. Bran from Winter Wheat. Analyses on pages 34 and 35. None of the lots sampled has the guaranty of composition which is required by law. Three of the samples contain less than 14 per cent, of protein, and in so far are of inferior feeding value, but examination does not reveal any evidence of adulteration. Bran from Spring Wheat. Analyses on pages 34 and 35. None of the lots of spring wheat bran examined bears the guaranty required by the state law. The New Prague flaky bran, 13228, the Star and Crescent bran, 12977, and the Washburn-Crosby bran, 13 136, contain less than 14 per cent, of protein and are, in so far, inferior in feeding value, but there is no evidence that they are other than WHEAT MIDDLINGS. I I pure wheat bran. With these exceptions the samples are all of fair quality. Middlings from Winter Wheat. Analyses on pages 34 and 35. None of the lots examined has the guaranty which is required by the state law. All the samples are of fair quality. Middlings from Spring Wheat. Analyses on pages 34-37. None of the lots examined has the guaranty which is required by the state law. All of the samples are, however, pure and of good quality, as far as is indicated by chemical composition. Mixed Feed from Winter Wheat. Analyses on pages 36-39. Of the forty-two lots examined, only two have the guaranty which is required by law; numbers 13121 and 13159, made by the American Cereal Co. The guaranty in each case was 17.75 per cent, of protein, and each sample contained 15.62 per cent. All of the samples are apparently pure and of fair quality. Mixed Feed from Spring Wheat. Analyses on pages 38 and 39. Of the fourteen lots examined, the only one bearing a guar- anty, as required by the state law, is 13287, Brooks Elevator Co.'s Royal Mixed Feed, in which are guaranteed 16.61 per cent, of protein and 5.48 per cent, of fat. The sample analyzed fully meets this guaranty. All the samples are apparently pure and of fair quality. Average Composition of tJie Various Pure Wheat Products. The average composition of the various pure wheat feeds sold in Connecticut in the last six years, with their prices, as given by retailers, appears in the following table : 12 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I47. Average Composition and Price of Wheat Feeds in Connecticut, 1899 TO 1904. Bran. Middlings. Mixed Feed. 1099 Winter. Spring. Winter. Spring. Winter. Spring. Protein 15.9 15.6 15.8 15.6 16.8 16.8 Fat 4-3 4.7 4-4 4-7 4-5 5-i Ton price $19.80 19.14 19.00 19.25 19.44 19.25 1900 Protein 16. i 16.5 17.7 19. i 18. i 176 Fat 4.6 5.0 4.7 5.5 4.7 5.3 Ton price.. $21.09 20.00 21.00 21.50 21.00 20.80 1901 Protein 16.3 17.3 18.0 19.7 17.5 18.5 Fat 4.5 4.7 5-0 5-5 4-7 5-1 Ton price $21.80 21.06 22.75 22.10 22.20 22.20 1902 Protein 17.1 16.7 18. i- 19.2 17.7 17.7 Fat 4.6 4.9 4.4 5.4 4.6 5.1 _ Ton price $23.37 20.90 23.85 23.44 22.00 22.35 1903 Protein 15.5 15.9 16.4 17.9 16.7 16.9 Fat.. 4.5 4.9 4.5 5-0 4-5 S-o Ton price $23.00 22.50 25.55 25.50 23.55 23.53 1904 Protein 15.0 15.5 16.5 17. i 16.0 16.3 Fat 4.4 4.7 4.6 5.0 4.5 4.7 Ton price $26.13 24.57 28.14 26.60 25.83 26.07 This table indicates that: 1. The spring wheat products, as a rule, have somewhat higher percentages, both of protein and fat, than the winter wheat products. 2. This difference is rather more pronounced and constant in the case of middlings than in that of either bran or mixed feed. 3. The percentages of protein in bran are rather lower than in either middlings or mixed feed. 4. On the average the winter wheat products sell at a slightly higher price than the spring wheat products in spite of the higher protein and fat content of the latter. 5. The percentages of protein in all the wheat feeds have been considerably lower in 1904 than in either of the three years immediately preceding. The prices have, however, ruled higher. AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF WHEAT PRODUCTS. 1 3 The spring wheat products just analyzed represent for the most part the crop of 1903, while winter wheat products are, probably, of the 1904 crop. This last crop is stated to have been of poor quality. Guaranties. Attention is again called to the fact that the state law requires that wheat feeds should have affixed to the packages a guar- anty or statement of the percentages of protein and fat in the feed. This law is almost universally disregarded by manu- facturers and by the jobbers and retailers in Connecticut. It has been urged that wheat feeds are staple articles, uniform in composition and not adulterated and therefore that no guar- anty is needed. Biit our analyses show that these feeds vary decidedly in composition from year to year and that there is considerable fraud in the sale of mixed feed. If the buyer can get no guaranty that his wheat feeds are of standard quality and if they are commonly adulterated, he must drop them for the gluten feeds and dried brewers and distillers grains, which are more constant in composition and with which a guaranty is given. Wheat Feeds sampled by Purchasers. 13358. Bran from Fairlea Farm, Orange. 1 1302. Columbia Mixed Feed from Fairlea Farm, Orange. 11570. Monogram Mixed Feed. Said to be a blend of spring wheat middlings, bran and flour. Taylor & Hubbell, Newtown. 11 571. Carter Winter Mixed Feed, Taylor & Hubbell, New- town. 12993. Wheat Feed sent by C. H. Clark, Durham. Analyses. 13358 11302 11570 11571 12993 Water 9.79 7.43 9.66 9.35 Ash 6.06 4.16 Protein 14.62 16.13 17.50 18.19 i5-50 Fiber 9.53 6.73 Nitrogen-free Extract (starch, sugar, etc.) 55-oS 60. 3S Ether Extract (fat) 4.92 5.17 5.16 4.62 100.00 100.00 14 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I47. Wheat Feed containing Stinking Smut. Sample 12993 was sent with the note that the cows would not eat it. The protein determination showed that it had the average amount, but Dr. Winton found, on microscopic exam- ination, a large number of smut spores, identified by Dr. Clinton as those of the stinking smut of wheat. This, no doubt, explains the refusal of the cows to eat it. The smut is not distinctly poisonous to cattle, but they often refuse feed con- taining it. Spurious "Mixed Feeds/' made by the Indiana Milling Co. of Terre Haute, Indiana. Two samples of so-called "Indiana Mixed Feed, Winter Wheat," were drawn by our agent; one, 13247, from stock of L. C. Daniels Grain Co., Hartford, bought of J. H. Cressey & Co. of Boston; the other, 13004, from Abner Hendee, New Haven. No guaranty or statement of composition was given with them or attached to the bags. They have the following composition : Analyses of Spurious Mixed Feed. Average Coraposition or Genuine Mixed ^ Feed from 13247 13004 Winter Wheat. Water 9.31 10.81 10.73 Ash... 4.67 4.43 5.58 Protein . . 12.12 11.62 16.03 Fiber 14.96 14.69 7.76 Nitrogen-free Extract (starch, sugar, etc.). 55.46 55-33 55-41 Ether Extract (fat) 3.48. 3.12 4.49 100.00 ICO. 00 100.00 Price charged per ton $27.00 $25.00 §25.83 The above are made up of mixed feed, — a term everywhere used in the trade to denote a mixture of wheat products onl}' — and ground corn cobs, a material of greatly inferior feeding value. The analyses show that they contain, on the average, 4.% per cent, less of protein and nearly twice as much fiber as genuine winter wheat feed, and are sold at retail at a higher average price than winter mixed feed. MAIZE MEAL. I 5 Maize Meal. Analyses on pages 40 and 41. Only two samples of maize meal were found on sale in the places visited by our agent. They are called, respectively, A Meal and B Meal, made by the Buffalo Cereal Co., and sold without guaranty. The B Meal contains 2 per cent, more protein and 4 per cent, more of fat than the A Meal. No. 1 1305, yellow corn meal, sampled and sent by C. Daniel Way, Gilead, contains 9.31 per cent of protein. No more important subject connected with dairy farming can engage the efforts of farmers and of this station than the improvement of our corn crop, both in yield and in quality. Before the silo came in as a necessary part of the dairy equip- ment and before the feeding value of corn fodder and stover was generally recognized, — corn being raised chiefly for the ears, — we had in this state many varieties of flint corn, which were perfectly hardy, had been bred with more or less skill for very many years, and yielded shelled corn much richer in protein than we can buy to-day. Corn meal with some bran was the staple feed for cows. With the coming of the silo we have sought after varieties which would give the largest possible yield of "roughage," stalks and leaves, and these appeared to be the southern and western dents. Our smaller flints have been neglected. The cold summer of 1903 was disastrous to the corn crop and it is believed that many farmers finally lost their crop of seed of these proved but somewhat neglected flint varieties, in that year. Are we not in danger of parting with a birthright in letting these flint varieties slip away from us? While we are seeking to establish some leguminous crop to supply the present lack of protein on the farm, we need also to breed some of these flint varieties, naturally rich in protein, to a still larger production of protein and also of stover. The classic work of Hopkins and others at the Illinois Station has shown that this is quite possible and has shown how to accomplish it. Starting with some one of our well-established flint varieties of early maturity, in which it would not be difficult probably now to select ears bearing kernels with 12 to 13 per cent, of 1 6 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I47. protein, we may hope to secure an increase of several per cent, in the average protein content of our crops of shelled corn. Such a gain would be of immense advantage to stock feeders and particularly to those who still abide by corn meal as the principal grain feed, along with wheat feed, and look with sus- picion on all concentrated "forcing" feeds. This station has taken up this, together with the other ques- tion of increasing the yield of stover, in continuation of the work on the corn crop which it has done in past years. Corn Flour. Analyses on pages 40 and 41. A single sample of this article, sold without guaranty, con- tains only 5.75 per cent, of protein, and 77.65 per cent, of extract, which is chiefly starch. Gluten Meals. Analyses on pages 40 and 41. Two brands only were found. Chicago Gluten Meal, made by the Glucose Sugar Refining Co., is guaranteed to contain 38.0 per cent, of protein and 3.0 per cent, of fat. The average percentages of protein and fat found are 33.83 and 3.74 respectively. The amount of protein in the meal is 4 per cent, less than is guaranteed to be there. Cream Gluten Meal, made by the Illinois Sugar Refining Co., is guaranteed to contain 35.5 per cent, of protein, and 3.0 per cent, of fat. The average percentages of these ingredients found are 34.87 and 3.69 respectively, so that the meal fairly meets the claims made for it as regards composition. Gluten Feed. Analyses on pages 40-43. Six different brands of this feed have been examined. Buffalo Gluten Feed, made by the Glucose Sugar Refining Co. of Chicago, contains 22.97 per cent, of protein and 2.89 per cent, of fat, as the average of seventeen analyses, in which the protein ranges from 19.50 to 25.56, and the fat from 2.29 GLUTEN FEED. 1/ to 4.21 per cent. The percentages guaranteed are 27 to 28 of protein and 3 of fat. No single analysis shows as much pro- tein as the minimum guaranty, and only five of the eighteen contain the guaranteed amount of fat. The same discrepancy between guaranty and composition appeared last year and was then explained as probably due to the greater amount of white corn used last year in the glucose manufacture, which caused an unexpected fall in the protein content. This might serve as an excuse last year, but it is not easy to see any excuse for the continued putting on the market of a feed which does not in any case meet the representations and claims of the manufacturer. Otherwise the Buffalo feed is pure and of good quality, as far as can be judged from chemical analysis. Buffalo Gluten Feed. Sampled and sent by purchasers. 1 1540, car lot bought of Glucose Sugar Refining Co., sent by F. W. Holmes, Chapinville. 1 1 572, bought of C. W. Keeler, Danbury. 1 1 573, from Taylor & Hubbell, Newtown. 13359 ^^"^ 1 3419? samples of same car lot bought of Abner Hendee, New Haven, by W. H. Lee, Fairlea Farm, Orange. Analyses. 11540 11572 11573 13359 13419 Water 10.57 8.86 g.05 .... Ash .. 1.02 Protein 20.19 22.25 23.75 22.12 22.25 Fiber .... 7.95 Nitrogen-free Extract (starch, sugar, etc.) . 57-48 - ... Ether Extract (fat) 2.03 1.S2 2.17 2.38 /. H. Gluten, sold by the Buffalo Mill and Elevator Co., is sold without the guaranty which is required by law, and is of lower grade than any other brand of gluten feed found this year in the Connecticut market. Globe Gluten Feed, made by the X. Y. Glucose Co., contains an average of 26.75 per cent, protein and 3.33 per cent, fat, as determined by analyses of fifteen samples. Some of the samples bear a guaranty of 27 per cent, protein and 3 of fat, 1 8 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I47. Others of 26 and 2.5. All the samples fully meet this lower guaranty, and all but three substantially meet the higher guaranty. Pekin Gluten Feed, made by the Illinois Sugar Refining Co., does not meet the guaranty of protein by 1% per cent. Queen Gluten Feed, made by the National Starch Co., has a guaranty of 25 per cent, of protein and 2.9 per cent, of fat. The single analysis does not meet this guaranty in either par- ticular. Warner's Gluten Feed, made at Waukegan, 111., is sold with- out the guaranty which is required by law. The average composition of the brands of gluten feed, as determined by our analyses, is given in the following state- ment, together with the manufacturers' guaranties : No. of Lnalyses, Name. Price. Prot Found, ein. Gi .arantv. Found. Fat, G uaranty. 17 BufTalo -._ $25.68 22.97 27 2.8g 3-0 I J. H. Gluten.-.. 22.00 17.06 _. 3-13 15 Globe Gluten 25.80 26.75 27 3-33 3-0 I Pekin 27.00 27.00 28.00 26.2=; 28 3.46 2.25 2.50 3-0 2.9 I Oueen 22. 12 25 I Warner's 23-37 A sample of gluten meal, 11 150, sent by R. G. Davis, New Haven, stated to be made by the J. E. Hubinger Co., Keokuk, 111., and to contain 24.60 per cent, of protein and 1.70 of fat, contains 19.12 per cent, of protein. Germ Meal. A single sample, No. 11680, sampled and sent by F. B. New- ton, Plainville, bought of W. T. Reynolds, Poughkeepsie, con- tains 20.56 per cent, of protein and 14.66 per cent, of fat. Hominy Meal, Hominy Chop. Analyses on pages 42-45. This by-product, in part from hominy mills, but chiefly from breweries, is quite popular with dairymen. American Hominy Co.'s Hominy Feed has a guaranty of 10 per cent, protein and 7 per cent. fat. The average per- centages, of two analyses, are 10.3 and 8.4 respectively. HOMINY FEED. 1 9 Buffalo Cereal Co.'s Hominy Feed has a guaranty of 10.5 protein and 8.5 fat. The average precentages found in six analyses are 10.02 and 7.39 respectively. Chapin & Co.'s Niagara Hominy Chop, one analysis, fully meets its guaranty. Chapin & Co.'s Green Diamond Hominy Chop, two analyses, is not far below the guaranty in composition. Cha-s. M. Cox Co.'s Wirthmore Hominy Feed contains, as an average of seven analyses, 10.39 P^^ cent, of protein and 8.01 per cent, of fat. The guaranty on some lots is 10 and 7,, on others 10^ and 7^. In all cases the protein guaranty is substantially met. In two cases the percentage of fat is some- what low. Hunter Brothers Milling Co.'s Hominy Feed is guaranteed ii.o per cent, of protein and y.y of fat. The average of the two samples examined is 10.68 protein and 8.58 fat. Miner-Hilliard Milling Co.'s Steam Cooked Star Chop has a guaranty of 9 per cent, protein and 6 per cent, fat, and one lot has a guaranty of 10 per cent, protein and 7.5 of fat. The average of five analyses is 10.3 per cent, of protein and 6.58 per cent, of fat. W. W. Payne & Sons Hominy Chop has a guaranty of 11 per cent, protein and 8 per cent. fat. The average composition, calculated from four analyses, is 10.84 P^^* cent, protein and y.y per cent. fat. The average of all the thirty-seven analyses made on samples drawn in the late fall of 1904 is 10.3 per cent, of protein and 7.6 per cent, of fat. Hominy Meal sent by Purchasers. Two samples, Nos. 11303 and 11304, the one marked S and the other W, sampled and sent by C. D. Way, Gilead, con- tains 10.81 and 10.25 per cent, of protein respectively. Rye Feed. Analyses on pages 46 and 47. This material is sold without the guaranty required by the feed law. All the samples appear to be pure and of fair quality, with the single exception of 13087, which has more nearly the composition and appearance of r}^e flour than of rye feed. 20 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I47. Malt Sprouts. Analyses on pages 46 and 47. Four analyses are given in the table. None of the lots of this feed has the statement of guaranty which is required by law. No. 13021 has a low percentage of protein, due probably to admixture of malt and oats. Dried Distillery Grains. Analyses on pages 46 and 47. This is the residue left from cereals from which most of the starch has been extracted by treatment with malt and washing. What is left after this treatment is dried and sold as a cattle food. While the cereal grains contain not more than lo to 12 per cent, of protein, the dried distillery grains contain three times that amount. The question is frequently asked regarding this material, and the gluten meals and feeds,— How can a part of a grain contain more protein than the whole of it? It cannot, of course, con- tain more pounds of protein, but it often contains a higher percentage of protein. An illustration may make this clear. Suppose we have a grain containing 74 per cent, of starch, 10 of protein, 10 of water and 6 of other matters, and by a chemi- cal process we remove from it one-half of the starch and leave the residue as dry as before. The operation will run as follows : In the grain originally. Taken out. Left in the residue. Weight. Weight. Weight. Pounds. Per cent. Pounds. Pounds. Per cent. Starch 74 74 37 37 62.2 Protein 10 10 .- 10 17.3 Water 10 10 4.14 5.86 lo.o Other Matter 6 6-. 6 10.5 100 TOO 41-14 58.86 100. o By comparing the sum of the weights in the third and fourth columns it appears that nothing has been lost from or added to the hundred pounds of grain. After removing the starch, the by-product or residue only weighs in this case a little over 58 pounds. It contains, how- ever, all of the protein which was in 100 pounds of grain DISTILLERY GRAINS. 21 originally. It is clear that if the protein from lOO pounds of grain is gathered into a product which weighs only 58 pounds, then this product, pound for pound, will contain more protein than the original grain. This is equivalent to saying that it has a higher percentage, as appears above. The grain con- tains 10 per cent., but the by-product contains 17.3 per cent. Ajax Flakes, sold by Chapin & Co., is the only brand of distillery grains which has been found this year in the state. It consists mainly of a corn product with some barley. The average percentages of protein and fat found in the four samples examined are 32.09 protein and 14.13 fat. The former is about I per cent, below the guaranty, the latter is about 2 per cent, higher than the guaranty. Dried Brezuers Grains. A single sample of this feed, No. 11538, sent by W. O. Burr, Fairfield, had the following composition : Water... 8.69 Ash 3.54 Protein . 26.94 Fiber 12.75 Nitrogen-free Extract (starch, sugar, etc.) 39-63 Ether Extract (fat) 8.45 100.00 Ground Oats. Analyses on pages 46 and 47. One sample of ground oats, 13058, has the usual composition, and is of average quality. The sample of "Oat Feed" is a mixture of oats and oat hulls of very inferior value and sells for $18.00 per ton. Miscellaneous Mixed Feeds. Provender. Analyses on pages 46-49. The term provender was formerly, and in country places is still, used to designate a ground mixture of equal weights of corn and oats. Next to corn meal it is probably the chief pro- duct of our smaller grist mills. Forty samples of this feed have been collected and analyzed. In only three cases, given below, are the goods sold with a guaranty. 22 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I47. I^rotein. Fat. No. Manufacturer. Dealer. Guaranty. Found. Guaranty. Found. 12978 E. M. Bailey, Montpe- E. H. Caulkins, lier, Vt. New London.. 9.0 9.6 4.0 4.0 12987 C. W. Campbell, West- S. H. Cheseboro, erly, R. I. Stonington 11. o 9.4 4.0 4.2 13264 Smith, Northam & Co., Hartford ...Manufacturer 9.0 9.6 4.0 4.0 The samples are pure and of average quality. No. 13066, containing much more protein than the others, 11.37 P^^ cent., consists largely of oats. Various Corn and Oat Feeds. Analyses on pages 48-51. These are sold under a variety of trade names and consist of factory by-products, among them considerable oat hulls. The protein in them ranges from 7.25 to 9.62. All of them bear guaranties of composition, which appear in the tables of analyses. The Buffalo Cereal Co.'s Corn and Oat Chop, and the Boss Oat Feed, fully meet the manufacturers' guaranty. The composition of De-Fi Corn and Oat Feed and Haskell's Stock Feed is in substantial agreement with their guaranties, while Victor Corn and Oat Feed, Dickinson's Stock Food, Monarch Chop Feed and Lenox Stock Feed have considerably less protein than is called for by their guaranties. Corn and Wheat Feeds. Analyses on pages 50 and 51. Colonial Wheat Middlings, made by the Miner-Hilliard Mill- ing Co., Wilkesbarre, Penn., is a mixture of corn and wheat products containing no undue proportion of cob and in composi- tion substantially meets its guaranty. "Jersey" Mixed Feed claims to be a mixture of "winter wheat bran, winter wheat shipstuff and corn and cob meal." "A perfect ration." It is made by the Indiana Milling Co. of Terre Haute, Ind., which makes the wheat feed noticed on page 14, and in composition the two are not very unlike. This brand is, however, sold with a statement of composi- tion and a guaranty which it substantially meets. The rela- tively high percentage of fiber indicates the admixture of cob. "Dairy Mixed Feed" is sold in packages bearing tags with precisely the same statements given with "Jersey" mixed feed, HORSE FEEDS. 23 excepting that the name of the manufacturer is not given, but instead, "made for Jennings & Fulton, Boston." The two feeds are quite similar in composition. Corn, Oats and Barley. Analyses on pages 50 and 51. Schumacher's Stock feed is a mixture of the above named materials, made by the American Cereal Co., containing an average of 10.77 P^'" cent, of protein and 3.73 per cent, of fat. This percentage of protein is far below the guaranteed amount^ viz., 13 per cent. Proprietary Horse Feeds. Analyses on pages 52 and 53. Sucrene Horse Feed, made by the American Milling Co., Chicago, 111., who claim, "Sucrene is the French word for sugar, and is our trade mark. We take molasses, and by a newly invented process, for which we have a patent, turn it into Sucrene (sugar) in the feed in a granular meal form," etc. This feed also contains salt, barley, corn, oats, a large amount of weed seed (screenings?), seed stalks and other straw ele- ments of some cereal. In chemical composition it meets the manufacturer's guaranty as regards protein. Sucrene Horse Feed sampled by Purchasers. 1205 1 and 12052, sent by R. G. Davis, New Haven. Analyses. Protein Fat_ 1205 1 12052 14.62 14.87 4.04 4.27 Both samples meet the manufacturer's guaranty. Buffalo Cereal Co.'s Horse Feed contains mill products of corn, oats products, wheat and linseed, and substantially meets the guaranty of composition. H. 0. Horse Feed contains mill products of corn, wheat, oats and peanuts, and substantially meets the manufacturer's guaranty. New England Stock Feed, made by the Hoco Mills, Buffalo, from mill products of corn, oats, wheat and peanuts, fully meets the guaranty of composition. 24 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I47. Peck's Horse Feed, sent by W. J. Peck, Seymour, stated to sell at $22.00 per ton, contains 9.00 per cent, of protein and consists chiefly of corn and oats. Proprietary Dairy and Stock Feeds. . Analyses on pages S^JrSS- Quaker Dairy Feed, made by the American Cereal Co., con- sists chiefly of mill products of corn, oats, wheat and cotton seed meal. The average percentage of protein found in five analyses (12.66) is much below the guaranty of 14 per cent. Sucrene Dairy Feed, made by the American Mill Co., Chicago, 111., is a mixture of corn product, wheat product, oats, barley, malt sprouts, cotton seed meal, much weed seed and cereal stalks and meets the manufacturer's guaranty. A single sample, sent by W. E. Waller, Bridgeport, stated to have been bought of Wheeler & Co., Bridgeport, with a state- ment on the bags of protein 18.50 per cent., fat 4.50 per cent., contains 14.06 per cent, of protein and 3.96 per cent, of fat. Blatchford's Calf Metal contains less protein than the guaran- teed amount. Blomo Feed, made by the Blomo Manufacturing Co., New York, contains dried blood, saccharine matter and oat hulls, and rather less protein and fat than are guaranteed. Creamery Feed, made by the Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, N. Y., contains mill products of corn, oats, wheat and cotton seed meal. One of the two samples analyzed contains some- what less protein than is guaranteed. H. 0. Dairy Feed, made by the H. O. Company, Buffalo, contains mill products of oats, cracked com, wheat, peanuts and cotton seed meal. It substantially meets the manufacturer's guaranty. United Breeders Dairy Food. A sample, No. 13360, sent by W. S. Fushey, Wallingford, is stated to be made by the United Breeders Co. of America, and to cost $9.00 per 100 pounds. It contains 17.56 per cent, of protein, and the following foods, condiments and medicines : Charcoal, epsom salts, sulphur, fenugreek, linseed meal, wheat, corn, herbs. It is one of the mixtures of food, medicine and condiment, which are being at present extensively advertised and which were fully discussed in Bulletin 132 of this station. PROPRIETARY POULTRY FEEDS. 2$ Proprietary Poultry Feeds. Analyses on pages 54 and 55. American Poultry Feed, made by the American Cereal Co., Chicago, is a mixture of wheat products, coarse corn meal and cotton seed meal, and substantially meets the guaranty. Poultry Feed, made by Buffalo Cereal Co., Buffalo, is a mix- ture of wheat bran, coarse corn meal and rolled oats. Laying Food, made by the Cypher Incubator Co., Buffalo, is a mixture of corn and wheat products, with some animal matter. The percentage of protein is considerably higher than the guaranty and that of fat somewhat lower. H. 0. Poultry Feed, made by the H. O. Co. of Buffalo, N. Y., contains rolled oats, cracked corn, wheat bran and peanuts, and fully meets the manufacturer's guaranty. Animal Meal. Analyses on pages 54 and 55. Six brands of animal meal for poultry feed have been analyzed and the results, which appear in the following tables, do not call for special notice here. Miscellaneous Poultry Feeds. 1 1549. A poultry feed containing bran, corn, oats, rolled oats and ground quartz from L. C. Daniels Grain Co., Hart- ford. 12135. Little Chick Feed contains oats (hulls removed) cracked wheat, cracked corn and millet of some kind. 1 333 1. Scratching Food contains wheat, cracked corn, sorghum and hulled oats. 13332. Soft mash contains wheat bran, corn meal and an oat product. The last three named feeds were sent by W. M. Brown, Bloomfield, and were sold by the L. C. Daniels Grain Co., Hartford. 12137. Grease Scraps or Cracklings, sent by F. J. Hamilton, Thompsonville, cost $30.00 per ton in the cake, $2.25 per hun- dred weight, ground and screened. 13413. Meat Meal sent by W. E. Copley, Hazardville. Analyses. IIS49 1213s 13331 13332 12137 13413 Water 9.00 12.09 21. Si 6.49 Ash -. 8.92 Protein i4-50 11.00 11.63 14-63 46-75 51-25 Fat 4.54 3.10 13.42 i3-8i 26 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I47. Apple Pomace. A sample of this material, sent by L. J. Platts, Deep River, has the following composition : Water .. .. 70.07 Ash ... 2.28 Protein 1.66 Fiber .. 7.71 Nitrogen-free Extract (sugar, pectins, etc.) i6-39 Ether Extract (fat and wax). 1.89 100.00 This material, of which there is a good deal to be had in any apple year, is well worth housing and feeding to cattle. Attention was called to it in the report of this Station for 1888. Mr. J. H. Dickerman of Mt. Carmel has fed it to both horses and cattle with good results. Its value as silage has been studied at the Vermont Station, which says regarding it in Bulle- tin 96 : "The experience of four years with apple pomace silage, at this station, using over twenty cows, is a unit in affirming the nearly equivalent — if not, indeed, quite equivalent — feeding values of apple pomace and corn silage. No undesirable results whatsoever have followed its use. Cows continuously and heartily fed have not shrunk, but on the contrary have held up their milk flows remarkably well. Neither does the milk nor the butter seem injured in any respect. Inasmuch, however, as reports of severe shrinkage occurring coincident with the use of apple pomace are current, care is advised in feeding it at the outset. Apple pomace needs no special care in ensiling. If levelled from time to time as put into the silo and left to itself uncovered and unweighted it does well. Fifteen pounds a day per cow has been fed at this station with entire satisfaction." Dried Molasses Beet Pulp. No. II 322. Made by the Alma Sugar Co., Alma, Mich., was sampled from stock of R. L. Brenner, Westville, and sent by W. B. French, Westville. It is understood to be the by-pro- duct made by drying the sugar beet "chips" from which the sugar has been extracted by repeated soaking in water. The analysis is as follows : MOLASSES BEET PULP. 27 Water ._ 6.09 Ash --- --. - 5-64 Protein q.75 Fiber 15-77 Nitrogen-free Extract (sugar, gums, etc.) 6i-94 Ether Extract (fat) 0.51 100.00 Another sample, sent by Taylor & Morse, Shelton, contained 8.94 per cent, of protein. The value of this dried beet pulp as a dairy feed has not to our knowledge been thoroughly tested. THE DIGESTIBILITY OF FEEDING-STUFFS. A certain part of every feeding-stuff is indigestible and passes^ through the body into the dung without doing anything to sustain the animal. The value of a commercial feed rests wholly in that portion of it which the animal can, under favor- able conditions, digest or appropriate and make a part of itself. Some animals have greater power of digestion than others, and the amount of any ingredient, protein, fat, or fiber, digested by a given animal depends much on the proportion of other ingre- dients which are fed along with it. Thus, if starchy matter is fed in too large proportion, a considerable part of it will pass into the dung and be wasted. But fed in proper fashion over 90 per cent, of it may be taken up by the body and nourish it. Table I gives the "digestion coefficients" of most of the feeds mentioned in Table IV. The digestion coefficient of protein, for example, in cotton seed meal is 88. This means that in a properly made ration, neat cattle, in good health, may be expected, on the average, to digest about 88 parts out of every loo parts of the protein of cotton seed meal of good quality. The table has no great mathematical precision, but is, nevertheless, a valuable general guide in feeding. The use of the table is quite simple. Suppose analysis shows a certain sample of cotton seed meal to contain 43.5 per cent, of protein ; that is, 43.5 pounds of protein in 100 pounds of the meal. It is desired to know how much digestible protein is contained in 100 pounds of meal. The table of "digestion coefficients" shows that of every 100 pounds of crude protein in cotton seed meal 88 pounds are digestible. It follows by the rule of three (100 is to 88 as 43.5 is to 38.28), that of the 43.5 pounds of protein 38.28 pounds are digestible. To apply the 28 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I47. table, multiply the percentage found on analysis by the proper coefficient taken from the table and divide the product by lOO. The result will be the percentage amount of digestible protein, fiber, etc., as the case may be. In Table IV, under the averages of analyses, will be found calculated the average digestible nutrients contained in the dif- ferent feeding-stuffs, so far as the data at hand permit. Table I. — Digestion Coefficients, or Percentages of the Food Ingredients, found by Analyses, which are Digestible by Neat Cattle. (Jordan's Compilation, Oifice of Experiment Stations, Bulletin 77.) Nitrogen-free Protein. Fiber. Extract. Fat. Cotton Seed Meal 88 56 62 93 Linseed Meal, new process. 85 80 86 97 Linseed Meal, old process.. 89 57 78 89 Corn Meal 68 .. 95 92 Gluten Meal 88 ._ 90 94 Gluten Feed. 86 78 89 84 Wheat Bran 78 29 69 68 Wheat Middlings. 80 33 81 86 Wheat Mixed Feed 80 25 78 78 Oats* - 78 20 76 83 Rye Meal 84 . 92 64 Malt Sprouts 80 33 68 100 Dried Brewers' Grains 79 52 58 91 H. O. Dairy Feed 78 41 70 86 H. O. Horse Feed 74 35 79 84 Quaker Oat Feed 81 43 67 89 Quaker Dairy Feedf 78 41 70 86 Victor Corn and Oat Feed^. 71 48 83 87 REGARDING THE PURCHASE OF COMMERCIAL FEEDING-STUFFS. A well-managed dairy farm should produce all of the coarse fodder, — in form of corn fodder or stover, hay and ensilage, — which is needed for the stock, and, excepting under unusual conditions, should also supply an abundance of starchy food, such as corn meal and in some cases oats and barley, for feeding purposes. These the farmer should be able to produce in abundance. But in order to feed them without waste and also to supply a deficiency in them, it is almost always advisable or neces- sary, in the absence of clover, alfalfa, or other leguminous crops, to buy feeds rich in digestible protein; — considerably richer in it than corn meal. It is the object of this bulletin to *Mentzel and Lengerke. f Assumed same as H. O. Dairy Feed. ^ Assumed for all other corn and oat feeds. THE PURCHASE OF COMMERCIAL FEEDING-STUFFS. 29 show what feeds there are in our market which meet this demand for digestible protein. Table II is a summary of Table IV, and shows, first, the average composition of the feeds whose analyses are given in that table, arranged according to the per cent, of protein in them; second, the amount of digestible matter in each, so far as we have been able to calculate it ; and third, the average retail prices of feeds in October and November last. The table divides the commercial feeds on the market into five classes, according to the quantities of protein in them. 1. Those having over 30 per cent, of protein — cotton seed, the linseed and gluten meals, distillery grains and buckwheat middlings. The average cost of them is about $28.68 per ton. 2. Those having between 20 and 30 per cent, of protein — most of the gluten feeds and malt sprouts. Their average cost is about $27.40 per ton. 3. Feeds having between 15 and 20 per cent, of protein — the wheat feeds, rye feeds and some proprietary feeds. The average cost of this group is about $26.40. 4. Feeds having between 10 and 15 per cent, of protein — hominy feed, ground oats and many proprietary' feeds. The average cost is $26.45. 5. Feeds having less than 10 per cent, of protein. Here be- long corn meal, provender and all the low grade "stock feeds" and "corn and oat" feeds. The average cost of this group is $25.61. This table brings out strikingly the fact that the prices of feeds stand in no just relation to their feeding value. Thus, a mixture of low grade corn or corn meal with oat refuse, etc., and containing less than 9 per cent, of protein, costs — and is actually bought by Connecticut farmers for — only $3.00 less per ton than a feed having more than 30 per cent, of protein. In most cases a feeder cannot use to advantage any boughten feed containing less than 15 per cent, of protein. Ready mixed feeds, made of a number of by-products or factory wastes may wisely be let alone, unless the buyer can see for himself out of just what raw material the mixture is being prepared. Low grade, damaged corn, shriveled wheat, peanut refuse and wheat screenings consisting largely of weed seeds, are not infrequently found in such feeds by careful examination, but are not easy for the buyer himself to recognize. 30 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I47. Table II. — Average Composition of Feeds in Connecticut Marke'J' Digestible Matter in Them and Selling Price. Containing over 30 p. c. protein. Cotton Seed Meal Linseed Meal, new process Cream Gluten Meal Chicago Gluten Meal Linseed Meal, old process Distillery Grains, Ajax Flakes. Buckwheat Middlings Containing 20-jo p. c. protein. Globe Gluten Feed... _. Pekin Gluten Feed Malt Sprouts Warner's Gluten — Buffalo Gluten Feed _ Blatchford's Calf Meal Queen Gluten Feed Containing 1^-20 p. c. protein. Buffalo Creamery Feed Sucrene Dair}'^ Feed H. O. Dairy Feed J. H. Gluten'Feed Spring Wheat Middlings Winter " " Mixed Wheat Feed, Spring " " " Winter... Spring Wheat Bran Winter " " ..... Rye Feed Cojitaining lo-i^ p, c. protein. Blomo Feed Sucrene Horse Feed Colonial Middlings Jersey Mixed Feed.. Quaker Dairy Feed Buffalo Horse Feed H. O. Horse Feed "Dairy" Mixed Feed New England Stock Feed Ground Oats Schumacher's Stock Feed Hominy Feed Contaitiijig less than 10 per cent, protein. Haskell's Stock Feed Provender Corn Meal Boss Corn and Oat Feed De-Fi Oat Feed... Dickinson's Stock Food Victor Corn and Oat Feed Corn and Oat Chop .. Lenox Stock Feed Monarch Chop Feed In 100 pounds of feed are contained pounds of 9.6 10.7 6.g 13-7 9-3 9.2 10.7 lo.o lO.O 10.5 9-7 10.4 9-3 9.6 11. 10.9 11. 1 10.7 10.7 10.8 "■5 16.8 II. 2 10.6 8.9 8.9 lO.I 10.7 9.0 9.8 II. I 10.5 9-7 9.0 II. 7 12.8 10.6 8.2 9.0 9.6 9.9 9.2 9-4 43-4 36.2 34-9 33.8 33-8 32.1 30.8 26.8 26.3 24.6 23.4 23.0 22.7 22.1 9.2 8.6 7-4 7.1 7.1 6.5 6.3 6.0 5-5 5-0 4.9 4.0 3.9 3-7 2.9 2.7 1.7 1.6 1-5 I.I 0.9 0.8 0.3 9.6 9.6 9.6 8.9 8.8 8.6 8.3 8.2 7.5 7-3 6.7 9.4 1.9 2.6 8.4 12.5 7.6 7.6 7.6 12. 1 7.0 7.2 4-5 7-2 II. 4 II. 9 12.6 10.5 6.4 5.8 8.0 7.8 10.6 9-7 4.0 II. I 10.5 6.1 13.6 17.6 lO.O 9.2 15-2 8.0 9.0 10. o 4.7 8.9 4.7 2.6 II-3 14.7 12.4 !l2.3 :i2.5 |I4.2 12.9 24.7 35-4 49.2 49.1 34.8 32.2 34-0 50.9 52.4 45-4 56.0 55.5 53-4 58.7 50.5 49-2 51.0 59-1 56.3 57.8 55-0 55.4 52.2 54-1 63-3 47.6 55.2 59-8 56.6 51.8 60.2 60.8 56.5 63.6 62.5 6r.3 65.2 63.7 67.9 68.8 60.2 61.2 61.4 62.2 61.6 62.0 64.3 9.6 3-0 3-7. 3-7 7-1 14.1 8.4 3-3 3.5 1-5 2-5 2.9 4-7 2-3 0.6 2.9 6.1 3-5 3.7 4.8 4.8 3-2 4.6 3.6 3.7 7.6 6.0 4.1 4.6 5.4 3-3 4.5 3-9 4.1 3.7 3-2 In 100 pounds of feed are contained pounds of digestible 38.2 30.7 30.7 29.8 30.1 25-4 23.0 22.6 19.7 20.1 19.8 19.0 13.6 14-7 13.6 13.2 13.0 12.8 12. 1 II. 7 12.6 9.9 8.6 7.0 3.7II5-4 7.6J30.4 -- ;44.3 44.2 5.6 7.2 6.8 6.8 6.5 6.3 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.8 5.3 5-2 27.1 18.7 45-3 46.8 30.8 49.9 49-4 52.3 35.7 52.6 45-6 46.8 42.9 43-2 36.1 37-3 58.1 36.3 48.0 47-5 62.0 52.8 56.4 65.3 50.0 50:8 51.0 51.6 51.2 51-4 53.5 2.8 2.9 1-5 2.1 2.4 1.9 5-3 2.6 4-3 4.0 3.6 3.5 3-2 3-0 1.9 3-2 4.1 3.0 7.0 5.2 3.6 4.2 4-7 2.9 3-9 3-4 3.6 3-2 2.8 WEIGHT OF ONE QUART OF VARIOUS FEEDS. 3 1 THE WEIGHT OF ONE QUART OF VARIOUS FEED- ING-STUFFS. The following' table gives the weight of one quart of the feeds named, and is useful to calculate the weight of grain ration fed, from the measure which is almost universally used on farms. This table was prepared by Mr. H. G. Manchester, of Winsted. Table III. — The Average Weight of One Quart of Each of the Feeds Named. Pounds. Cotton Seed Meal 1.5 Linseed Meal, old process i.i Linseed Meal, new process o.g Gluten Meal 1.7 Gluten Feed 1.4 Distillers' Grains 0.7 Wheat Bran, coarse 0.5 Wheat Middlings, coarse 0.8 Wheat Middlings, fine i.i Mixed Wheat Feed 0.6 Corn Meal 1.5 Hominy Meal 1.3 Provender 1.5 Oats 1.2 Rye Bran 0.6 H. O. Dairy Feed 0.7 Victor Corn and Oat Feed 0.7 32 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I47. Table IV. — Analyses of Commercial Feeds. 13096 13150 13197 13232 13268 13280 12988 13213 13047 13254 13207 1 303 1 13286 1 306 1 13108 13124 13167 13202 13206 13283 13384 13107 13125 13174 13214 13250 13190 13388 13052 13255 13119 13010 Cotton Seed Meal. England Mill. American Cotton Oil Co., N. Y. Texarkana Mill. Ft. Smith, Ark. Mill. Brinkley, Ark. Mill. Memphis, Tenn. Mill. Argenta Mill. Old Gold Brand. T. H. Bunch, Little Rock, Ark. Green Diamond Brand. Chapin & Co., St. Louis. The Hunter Bros. Milling Co., St. Louis, Dixie Brand. Humphreys, Godwin &Co., Memphis, Tenn. — Horse Shoe Brand. Hugh Pettit&Co., Memphis, Tenn, - Star Brand. Sledge & Wells Co., Memphis, Tenn. J. E. Soper & Co., Boston Abner Hendee, New Haven'* Jobber unknown Linseed Meal, Nezv Process. American Linseed Co., New York*. " " Chicago Linseed Meal, Old Process. American Linseed Co., New York. BuflFalo. Retail Dealer. Wallingford : E. E. Hall Middlejield : A. E. Miller New Milford : F. R. Green Unionville : S. Richards Suffield : Spencer Bros. ._ Manchester : Barrows & Kuhney East Hampton : R. H. Hall Torritigton : F. U. Wadhams.. Avon : W. G. Woodford & Co.. Hartford: Daniels Mill Co Middletown : The Coles Co Norwalk : Holmes, Keeler, Sel- leck Co. Willimantic : W. D. Grant Bristol: W. O. Goodsell Merideji : M arid en Grain and Feed Co New Britain : C. W. Lines Co. Watertown : John H. Taylor Co. Middletown : Meech & Stoddard Average of the 17 analysesf Average digestible Middletown: Meech & Stoddard Willimantic : W. D. Grant Y antic : A. R. Manning Average of these 3 anal3"ses Average digestible Meriden : Meriden Grain and Feed Co New Britaifi : C. W. Lines Co.. Waterbury : The Piatt Mill Co. Torrington : F. U. Wadhams. . Hartford : L. C. Daniels Grain Co. A. L. Clement & Co., New York 'Z'a«^?^rj)'.- F. C. Benjamin & Co. Hunter Bros., St. Louis \Norwich : A. A. Beckwith Metzger Seed & Oil Co., Toledo, O \Brisiol : G. W. Eaton " " \Hartford : Daniels Mill Co. . .. Midland Linseed Co., Minneapolis \Neiv Britain : Hugh Reynolds. N^ezu Haven : Abner Hendee Average of these 11 analyses .- lAverage digestible * Statement of Dealer. f Excluding No. 13047. analyses of commercial feeds. Sampled in 1904. 6 Analyses. Z Price c Nitrogen-free Ether per ton. '5 Water. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Extract. Extract. J5 (Starch, gum, etc.) (Fat.) 13096 10.31 7.42 42.19 8.08 23-70 8.30 $28.00 13150 9.09 6.12 44.00 6.94 25-11 8-74 28.00 13197 7.85 6.17 46.25 5-59 24.88 9.26 29.00 13232 8.55 6.58 43-00 6-57 26.10 9.20 30.00 13268 8.46 7-03 42.94 6.64 25.72 * 9.21 29.00 13280 8.22 7.02 41.87 7-14 25.46 10.29 30.00 12988 7.38 6.89 43-94 5-75 24.84 11.20 29.00 13213 9.24 5.86 41-37 7-29 27.27 8-97 28.00 13047 10.06 6.27 37-50 10.38 28.47 7-32 29.00 13254 8.55 6.72 42.25 8-44 26.10 7-94 29.00 13207 8.85 7-49 42.75 7-59 23-93 9-39 29.00 13031 10.16 6.96 45-25 4-67 23.76 9.20 29.00 13286 8.53 6.82 44-94 4-83 23.40 II. 48 2S.OO 1 306 1 9.60 6.71 43-56 6.30 22.53 11.30 30.00 13108 9.18 6.81 42.81 5-96 25.26 9.98 30.00 13 1 24 9-25 7.05 44.12 6.53 23-97 9.08 28.00 13167 8.47 5-99 42-31 7.24 26.80 9.19 29.00 13202 8.20 7.02 44-50 8. 05 22.53 9.70 28.00 8.82 6.75 43.41 6.68 24.79 9.55 28.88 38.20 3.74 15-37 8.88 13206 10.13 5.98 35-12 9-77 36.07 2-93 28.00 13283 10.32 5.84 36.00 9.69 34-87 3.28 27.00 13384 10.10 5.64 37-37 8.85 35-04 3.00 30.00 10.18 S.82 36.16 9.44 35.33 307 28.33 30.74 7-55 30-38 2.98 13107 12.14 4.48 36.06 7-74 33.22 6.36 32.00 13125 12.30 4-56 35-37 7-99 32.98 6.80 30.00 13174 10.43 4.70 34-87 8.41 34-86 6.73 32.00 13214 10.65 4.60 36-50 7-09 34-12 7-04 32.00 13250 9-85 4.70 36.31 8.30 33-20 7-64 32.00 13190 10.32 6.02 32.62 8.65 35-79 6.60 30.00 13388 10.36 5.00 31-75 9.03 36.01 7-85 32.00 13052 II. 2£ 5.87 32.25 8-75 35-67 6.25 31.00 ^3255 9-58 6.45 32.00 9-54 , 35-13 7-30 32.00 13119 11. 16 4.90 30.62 8.36 36.96 8.00 32.00 13010 10.15 5.36 33-62 8.27 34-72 7.88 31.00 10.74 S-iS 33.82 8.37 34.79 7.13 31.45 30.10 4-77 27.14 6.35 34 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I47. Table IV. — Continued. Analyses of Commercial Feeds. Wheat Products. Bran f7-om Winter Wheat. Ballard's. Ballard & Ballard, Louisville, Ky Dow & King, Pittsfield, 111. Hecker-Jones-Jewell Mill. Co., N. Y Hunter Bros. Mill Co., St. Louis* David Stott, Detroit Voigt Mill. Co., Grand Rapids, Retail Dealer. Choice. Empire Stott's. Voigt's Choice. Mich. J. S. Wolf, Pittsfield, Mass. Bran from Spring Wheat. Wirthmore Fanc}'. Chas. M. Cox Co., Boston Clover Leaf. Gardner Mills, Hastings, Minn. Duluth Imperial. Duluth Imperial Mill. Co., Du- luth, Minn . Gooding, Coxe Co. , Royalton, Minn W. J. Jennison Co., Minneapolis Madelia Roller Mills, Made'.ia, Minn... New Prague Flaky. New Prague Roller Mills Co., New Prague, Minn The Northwestern Consolidated Mill Co. Royal Mill. Co Simmons Mill. Co., Red Wing, Minn Sleepy Ej^e Mill. Co., Sleepy Eye, Minn. Star & Crescent Mill. Co., Chicago Lake Superior Mills, Superior, Wis Washburn-Crosb)^ Co., Minneapolis Ben Hur. Bixota. Superior. Middlings ^ Winter Wheat. Ballard's Shipstuff. Ballard & Ballard Co., Louis- ville, Ky Aug. y. Butte, Clinton, Mo Dow & King, Pittsfield, 111. Hecker-Jones-Jewell Mill. Co., N. Y... M. Fancy, Hunter Bros., St. Louis* . Strong, Lefferts Co., New York. Stamford: Scofield & Miller Hartford: Smith, Northam & Co Plantsville : T. B. Atwater Y antic : A. R. Manning Pine Meadow : D. B. Smith Waterbury : The Piatt Mill Co. JJafnden : I. W. Beers New Hartford : New Hartford Elevator Co Average of these 8 analyses Average digestible Neiv Haven : R. G. Davis Brajiford : S. V. Osborn Winsted: Balch & Piatt Gtdlford: Morse & Landon Bridgeport : W. M. Terry & Co. Sto}iingto7t : S. H. Chesebro South Norwalk: Manuel T. Hatch Canaan: Ives & Pierce. New Haven : Abner Hendee Dajtbury : C. W. Keeler Middlefield: A. E. Miller Watertow7i: John H. Taylor Co. Norwich : Norwich Grain Co Guilford: G. F. Walter .. Southington : Southington Lum- ber and Feed Co. . Average of these 15 analyses .. Average digestible Torringtoti : E. H. Talcott Suffield : Arthur Sykes Windsor : C . F. Lewis New Haven : Abner Hendee Bristol: G. W. Eaton Norzuich: Norwich Grain Co Waterbury: The Piatt Mill Co. Average of these 7 analyses Average digestible Middlings, Spring Wheat. American Cereal Co.* . ..'^East Hartford : W.J. Cox. Ashton Flouring Mills, Ashton, S. Dak. Willimantic : W. D. Grant * Statement of Dealer. analyses of commercial feeds. Sampled in 1904. 35 6 Analyses. 2; Price 2 Nitrogen-free Ether per ton. Water. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Extract. Extract. ^ (Starch, gum, etc.) (Fat.) 13037 12.60 5.76 13-87 8.00 55 71 4.06 $29.00 13263 10.01 6.21 13-25 13.29 53.06 4.18 25.00 •3131 12.74 6.08 15-37 10.32 51.03 4.46 26.00 13383 9.12 5-70 15-62 8.12 56.74 4.70 24.00 13239 10.20 6.27 16.06 8.72 53-93 4.82 28.00 13172 10.56 5.82 15.00 8.85 55.63 4.14 25.00 13090 11.28 5-99 13.62 I0.8S 53.75 4.48 25.00 13244 10.00 5.98 17.06 9.46 53.02 4.48 27. OQ 10.81 5.98 14.98 9.70 54.12 4.41 26.13 11.69 2.81 37-34 3-00 13003 ir.18 6.26 17-37 9.93 50.89 4-37 24.00 J 3085 11.02 6.15 17.37 II. 15 49.36 4.95 26.00 13223 10.24 6.34 15-37 10.12 53.18 4.75 26.00 13079 10.80 5-70 16.75 10.37 51.63 4-75 24.00 13027 10.39 6.83 14.37 11.07 52.64 4.70 24.00 12985 8.77 6.35 16.06 10.01 53.97 4.84 26.00 13036 12.90 6.91 l6.I2 9.82 50.07 4.18 23. GO 13228 9.02 6.72 13.31 12.15 54.04 4.76 23.50 13005 11.90 6.70 14.87 10.77 51-16 4.60 25.00 ^3194 IO.5S 5.92 16.00 10.53 52.08 4.89 25-00 1315I 10.28 6.70 15.06 10.22 53.35 4-39 22.50 13170 10.60 5-24 14.31 10.09 54.91 4.85 26.00 12977 8.84 6.80 13.87 12.08 53.24 5.17 13075 11.31 5.68 17.19 10.74 50.49 4.59 24.00 I3136 12.42 5.84 13.87 10.44 52.86 4.57 2^.00 10.68 6.28 15.47 10.63 52.25 4.69 24-57 12.07 3.08 3605 3.19 13210 10.58 4-79 16.75 6.24 56.99 4.65 28.00 13273 11.99 2.';i 15.94 2.37 63.33 3.86 28.00 13265 10.86 3.86 14.87 4.17 61.92 4.32 28.00 13006 11.16 4-94 17.81 8.20 52.66 5.23 26.00 13054 10.55 5-00 17.00 8. 28 54.28 4.89 30.00 12974 10.28 4.64 16. ig 5-13 59.29 4.47 28.00 I3173 10.75 4.73 17.06 6.29 56.31 4. 86 29.00 10.88 4-35 16.52 S.81 57.83 4.61 28.14 13.22 1.92 46.84 396 13245 11.44 2.78 15.25 3-38 62.83 4.32 28.00 13284 9.96 5.85 18.75 7-45 52.63 5.36 25.00 36 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I47. Table IV. — Continued. Analyses ok Commercial Feeds. Wheat Products — Continued. Middlings, Spring Wheat. Standard. L. Christian & Co., Minneapolis Flour Middlings. Northwest. Cons. Mill. Co Niagara Standard. Cataract Cit}^ Mill. Co., Niag- ara Falls Niagara White. Cataract City Mill. Co., Niagara Falls J. D. Davis Co., Rochester, N. Y Freeman Milling Co. , Superior Snowball. The Gardner Mills, Hastings, Minn... Imperial Mill Co., Duluth, Minn Moseley & Motley Mill. Co., Rochester, N. Y. New Prague Standard. New Prague Roller Mill. Co., New Prague, Minn. A. Pillsbury, Minneapolis B. Ben Hur Standard. Royal Mill. Co., Minneapolis White Sheffield. Sheffield King Mill. Co., Minn.. . Sleepy Eye Mill. Co., Sleepy Eye, Minn. Star & Crescent Mill. Co., Chicago- Standard. Washburn-Crosby Co., Washburn, 111.. Snow's Cream. E. S. Woodworth & Co., Minne- apolis Mixed Feed from Winter Wheat. Acme. Acme Mill. Co., Indianapolis Buckeye. American Cereal Co Angola. Simpson, Hendee & Co., New York.. Diamond. Annan, Burg & Co., St. Louis Carter's A. B. S. Chase Grain Co., New York^ Carter's A. B. S. J. E. Soper & Co., Boston*.. Edison. Chapin & Co. .. Edison. " " Erie. " " Hoosier Mill. G. T. Evans, Indianapolis Garland. Garland Mill. Co., Greensburg, Ind. Waggoner Gates Mill. Co. , Independence. Hannibal Milling Co. Manhattan. Hecker-Jones-Jewell Co., New York Queen. " " " " Manhattan. " " " " Ship Stuff. J. Andrew Cain, Hope Mills, Ver- sailles, Ky Retail Dealer. Putnam: Bosworth Bros. Plainville : G. W. Eaton N'eiv London : P. Schwartz Hamden : I. W. Beers. Winsted: F. Woodruff & Son.. Plainville •.! F. B. Newton Winsted: Balch & Piatt Meriden: A. H. Cashen N'orwich; A. A. Beckwith Canaan: Ives & Pierce New Milford: Ackley, Hatch & Marsh Hartford : L. C. Daniels Grain Co. - Danbury : C. W. Keeler Bridgeport : Wm. M. Terry & Co. Watertown: John H. Taylor Co. New London : P. Schwartz Thomaston: L. E. Biackmer Bristol: W. O. Goodsell Average of these 20 analyses Average digestible Hartford: Smith, Northam& Co. New Briiai?t : The C. W. Lines Co. - Ansonia: Ansonia Flour and Grain Co. -.. Thomaston: L. E. Biackmer Willimantic : W. D. Grant Plantsville : T. B. Atwater Waterbury : I. A. Spencer Clintonville : S. A. Smith & Son Canaan: Ives & Pierce Torrington : E. H. Talcott Stafford Springs: G. L. Dennis Winsted: F. Woodruff & Son.. North Haven : Co-op. Feed Co. Manchester : Barrows &: Kuhnej' North Haven; Co-op. Feed Co. New Britain: Hugh Reynolds. Clintonville: S. A. Smith & Son South Norwalk: ManuelT. Hatch Bristol: G. W. Eaton Norwich : A . A . Beckwith * Statement of Dealer. analyses of commercial feeds. Sampled in 1904. 37 d Analyses. c Price .2 Nitrogen-free Ether per ton. a Water. Ash. Protein. Fiber. Extract. Extract. m (Starch, gum, etc.)