F 254 .B76 1911 9/0.7 B79 DODGE'S GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA BROOKS CARMICHAEL Rand M^Ndly & Co. Vol. LIBRARY Connecticut State College Class 3Mhi mt Cost Date g^^j ^^j_ 1931 i BOOK 9 10 7.B79 c. 1 BROOt'S # GFOGRAPHY nF N CAROLINA BY F r pRHOK'; AND W Q TARMICHAEL 3 T153 DDEDbMTM T ■ 6' This Book may be kept out TIVO JVEEKS to a f^re o^ 1 THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA By Eugene C. Brooks, Professor of Education, Trinity College, and William D. Carmichael, Superintendent of Durham City Schools, Durham. I. NORTH CAROLINA AS A WHOLE Position. North Carolina is the most northern of the Southern states of the Atlan- tic coast. (Comp. Geog., Fig. 238.) Its western boundary line, high above sea level, winds along the crest of the Appalachian Mountains; its eastern boundary is the seacoast. (Fig. 2.) On the north it joins Virginia and on the south, South Carolina and Georgia. It lies between thirty-three degrees fifty minutes and thirty-six degrees thirty- three minutes north latitude, and between seventy-five degrees twenty-seven minutes and eighty-four degrees twenty minutes west longitude. If we should travel northward from Raleigh, the capital (Comp. Geog., Fig. 192), we would pass near Niagara Falls. South- ward, we would pass through the central part of Cuba, and touch near the Panama Canal. (Comp. Geog., Fig. 161.) Going eastward, we would cross the Atlantic and touch the northern shore of Africa not far from Gibraltar. Continuing on the same parallel, we would pass through the island of Crete, the northern part of Palestine, southern Chosen (Korea), and Japan. Following the same line across the Pacific, we would pass through southern California, northern Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Tennessee. (Comp. Geog., Fig. 192.) Size. North Carolina is one of the largest states east of the Mississippi River. (Comp. Geog., Fig. 192.) Its extreme length from east to west is 503} miles and its extreme breadth is 187 J miles, the average breadth of the state being about one hundred Copyr'fttby Delroii PuMlshlog Compi Fig I. Lake Fairfield with Baid Rock in the background, one of three notable lakes in the heart of the Sapphire country. They lie high in the uplands, overtopped by many "balds," in a region abounding in wide stretches of primeval forests, many clear, health-giving springs, sunlit streams with almost continuous cascades, and dark, deeply eroded canyons. Fio. 2. ^ political map of North Carolina. Copyright, 1911, by Rami. McNally &• Company THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA ther navigation. This is called the "Fall Line." This hne ex- \ tends entirely across I the state, crossing the -^ Roanoke at Weldon, the Tar at Rocky Mount, the Neuse at Smithfield, the Cape Fear at Averasboro, and the Pedee or Fig. 3. A relief map of North Carolina. Yadkin River near miles. The area of North Carolina is 52,426 I Rockingham. (Fig. 2.) The region lying square miles, of which 3,686 square miles | between the ocean and the Fall Line is called are water and 48,740 square miles land. Texas, Georgia, and Florida are the only states on the Atlantic and Gulf coast that are larger. If we should place North Carolina on the New England states it would cover Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Ver- mont, and more than half of Maine. Surface. The state Fig. \'oti the Coastal Plain. (Comp.Geog.,Fig.i89.) It extends inland from the coast 120 to 160 miles and has an area of about 25,000 square miles, or nearly one- half that of the state. A large part of the coastal region, especi- ally near the sounds, is so level and the streams have so little fall that the land is poorly drained. As a result there are many 4. In III, ^Zi'amps of the Coastal I'lain. the moss-draped cypress and the projusic of water lilies. is divided naturally into three sections, each l large swamps. (Figs. 2 and 4.) The largest, of which has distinct characteristics. If a | Hyde County Swamp, has an area of about traveler should start at the mouth of any river in eastern North Carolina and row upstream about 150 miles he would reach the head of naviga- tion ; that is, the place *~ where the bed of the river is rocky and the water falls over in such a manner as to hinder or prevent fur- Fig. 5. A physical map of North Carolina. THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA 300 square miles and lies partly in five coun- ties. Other swamps are the Dover, Hell' Shelter, Angola Ba) , Green, and a part of the Dismal Swamp. The greater part of Dismal Swamp lies in Virginia. Usually the water in these swamps is very shallow. In some places it disap- pears for a large part of the year. Here are found abundant game and much of the valuable timber of the state. An effort is now being made to drain these swamps. The soil of much of the land thus reclaimed is rich and almost inexhaustible. If the traveler should go on foot due west from the Fall Line, he would notice that the surface becomes hilly and broken. Waterfalls are more frequent. The streams flow more swiftly and through deeper channels. The hills, at first standing but little above the general plain, gradu- ally rise higher and higher and the slopes become steeper until the Blue Ridge Moun- tains are reached, when the elevations become suddenly very great. This rugged section extending between the Fall Line and the Blue Ridge Mountains is called the Piedmont Region of the state. (Comp.Geog., Fig. 1 89. ) It is about 125 miles in width and has an average elevation above the sea of about 900 feet. Its area is View of Grandfather Mountain. Out of the wooded slopes of the Blue Ridge rises this picturesque peak. ^tfj||:' ' ■^■: ■ Sii^^^' .M gl k^^''' ..-™s3 1 fi^tor ;l^^ ■ ^^^^^^^<^ i^ 1 1 ^^^H ii i3^3 H Ull^' ^^^^1 ■ ^Mi|ME H ^H^.^^^^^Sl^l ■■ ^^^^^K^^M Ryii Copr'ifbt, 1910. b7 the EcjBton Fig. 7. Round Knob Valley from the top of Mount St. Bernard. Notice the road curving in and out among the forested ridges on its way to the summit of the Blue Ridge. about 21,000 square miles. (Fig. 5.) Still farther west are the Blue Ridge Mountains (3,000 ft.), 'vhich form the eastern margin of a high moun- tain plateau. (Fig. 7.) The streams no longer flow toward the Atlan- tic Ocean, but west- ward. This section includes many moun- tain ridges and peaks ; some of the ridges run parallel to the main ranges and some cross- wise. This is the Mountain Section, the third division of the state. (Comp. Geog., Fig. 189.) It extends across the state, varying in width from thirty-five to sixty-five miles. Its area is about 6,000 square miles, the average ele- vation being from 2,000 to 5,000 feet. Mountains. The great Appalachian High- land which extends from the St. Lawrence River to central Alabama has its highest peaks in North Carolina. (Part IV, Table, p. 32, and Comp.Geog., Fig. 121.) Within the state there are two main mountain chains which run almost par- allel, the Blue Ridge and the Great Smoky. (Figs. 2 and 3.) The Blue Ridge, the eastern chain of the Appalachian Moun- tains, owes its name to its color when seen from a distance. It is the great watershed of the state. Grandfather Mountain (5,964 ft.) is the highest elevation. (Fig. 6.) The Great Smoky Range forms THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA the boundary line between North Carolina and Tennessee, except at the extreme south- west comer of the state. It consists of several chains, chief of which are the Iron Moun- tains in the north and the Unaka Mountains in the south. Its highest peak is Clingmans Dome, 6,619 fset above sea level. Between these two ranges are many cross chains and high peaks. The Black Moun- tains, the highest of these ranges, contain Mount Mitch- ell (6,711 ft.), the highest mountain east of the Rockies. (Comp. Geog.,Fig. 121.) Next in importance of these cross chains are the Balsam Mountains, which extend from South Carolina on the south to the Smoky Mountains on the Tennessee line. Drainage. The rainfall in the state is large. In finding its way to the sea this water is governed by the topography of the state. The Blue Ridge Mountains form the great divide and the main watershed. The waters of the streams flowing eastward all find their way to the Atlantic Ocean. The westward flowing streams reach the Gulf of Mexico through the Tennessee or Ohio River and the Mis- sissippi. (Fig. 3.) The rivers flowing eastward move rapidly through the Piedmont section, and as they run down the foothills of the mountains (Fig. 8), and break through the rolling Fig. 8. Lower Falls of White Water. The descent oj this stream is a continuous series oj falls and rapids. country that stretches from the mountains to the Fall Line, they afford much water power. After passing the Fall Line the streams widen out, become less rapid, and are navigable. The rivers west of the Blue Ridge may be grouped in two general divisions, those which reach the Mississippi by way of the Kanawha and the Ohio and those which' find the Mis- sissippi through the Tennes- see River. The New and its tributaries form the first divi- sion. The New River flows northward into the Kanawha, draining wholly or in part the northwestern counties — Ashe, Alleghany, and Watauga. By far the greater drainage, however, is through the Tennessee. All other counties west of the Blue Ridge are drained through that river. The princi- pal streams flowing directly or indirectly into the Tennessee are the Watauga, Toe, French Broad (Fig. 9), Big Pigeon, Tuckasegee, Little Tennessee, and the Nantahala. There are many falls in these streams which afford much water power. This power when used is chiefly employed in turning the wheels of many gristmills and sawmills. The principal rivers east and south of the Blue Ridge are the Chowan, Dan, Roan- oke, Tar, Neuse, Cape Fear,Yadkin,Catawba, and the Broad. The Chowan, Roanoke, Tar, Neuse, and Cape Fear are all navigable for Oopyrl^h I. Scene on the French Broad. Here the picluresque wannanoa winding down adds its waters to the beautiful, far-famed French Broad. THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA many miles, but between the Fall Line and the mountains the rivers afford a large amount of water power, which is doubtless of more value to-day than the navigable portions of the streams. The counties near the coast are dotted with small fresh-water lakes. The largest of these lakes, Mattamuskeet, in Hyde Coimty, is about fifteen miles long and five to seven miles broad. Lake Phelps, Alligator Lake, and Pungo Lake all lie in the great swamp between Albemarle and Pamlico soimds. In White Oak Jones, Craven, and Carteret counties, is a group of small lakes. The largest. North- west Lake, has an area of about ten square miles. Green Swamp in Columbus County contains Waccamaw Lake, eight miles long and five miles broad. In the Mountain sec- tion are many beautiful land-locked lakes. Three of the largest and most famous of these lakes are Toxaway, Fairfield (Fig. i), and Sapphire, lying high up among the head streams of the Toxaway River. Water Power. The force of water running rapidly and in great volume down a steep bed furnishes much power which may be used in turning the wheels of great facto- ries. Practically every county in the state has at least one small mill Fig. io. Cascades near head of Catawba River Swamp, within D. 8. Geolof I Fig. II. The "Narrows of the Yadkin." At this point, where the waters flow through a narrow and picturesque gorge, the river affords much water power. run by water power. (Fig. 50.) Sometimes it gins cotton, sometimes grinds corn or saws lumber. Wherever the falls of the rivers afford power sufficient to turn the wheels, great factories are being built. This is true of the Dan at Spray and Mayodan, of the Roanoke at Weldon, of the Tar at Rocky Mount and Louis- burg. There is abundant power on the Cape Fear at Averasboro and Buck- horn. In the basin of the Cape Fear the Haw and its tributaries in Alamance County, and the Deep and its tributaries in Randolph County, afford abundant power largely utilized in manufac- turing. Bluitts Falls and Grassy Island Falls in Richmond County and the "Narrows of the Yadkin" in Stanly County are the chief sources of power on the Yadkin. (Fig. 11.) While the "Narrows" aiTord the greatest power much exists between that point and Patterson, where the Yadkin leaves the Blue Ridge. The Catawba and its tributaries (Fig. 10) from the South Caro- lina line near Charlotte to the Blue Ridge, and the Broad and Toxa- way rivers (Fig. 8) and their tributaries have much water power, a large part of which is undeveloped. While water power has been used in North Carolina since colonial THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA Fig. 12. A sub-station on the Biickhorn-Fayettevillc transmission line. days, only within recent years has it been employed to produce electric power that can be transmit- ted over long distances as is now done in the Piedmont. With the water power on the Catawba and the Broad rivers electric power is now pro- duced and transmitted as far east as Durham and as far west as Shelby and Hickory. This electric power is used in lighting cities, turning the machinery of many busy cot- ton mills and other thriving manufactories, and in driving street cars. (Fig. 12.) An interurban rail- way now under construction from Greenville, S. C, to Durham, N. C, will be run by electric power. Coast Line. While the coast line proper of North CaroHna is only about 300 miles long, if the sounds, estuaries, and other indentations are considered the state has a shore line of nearly 1,500 miles. The coast is bordered for nearly 300 miles by a succession of long, narrow islands and peninsulas, called sand banks. They are com- posed largely of fine white sand tossed up by the winds into hills called sand dunes, which are often more than one hundred feet high. (Fig. 14, and Comp. Geog., Fig. 78.) These Fig. 13. Sir Walter Rale ich Fi m tlie original 0} Zucchero m the col lection of the Marquis of Bath sand banks prevent all of the rivers except the Cape Fear from emptying into the ocean. In many places they are covered with ever- greens or dense forests, with here and there a tiny lake shut in from the sea. Occasionally there are extensive areas of marshy land covered with vegetation, which form a natural pasture land and breeding place for wild animals. Between these narrow sand banks are constantly changing inlets through which small vessels reach the mainland. There are few good harbors on the coast. These fringing sand banks form three capes: Hatteras, Lookout, and Fear. (Fig. 2.) Cape Hatteras, the most widely known of the three, is the most dreaded cape on the Atlantic coast. It extends more than a mile into the ocean, beyond which point in- visible reefs and bars stretch out twelve to fifteen miles. These form the widely known "Diamond Shoals," which sailors go far out to sea to avoid. Here the sea is so rough that it has been impossible to erect a lighthouse, and here many vessels have been wrecked and hundreds of lives have been lost. Between the banks and the mainland are r Cobb Fig. I t- •'1 I'lciv nj the sand dunes. These are a tnarked feature of the North Carolina coast and are con- stantly changing in shape and size. THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA .1 map shozLitiig the iiUJii aniiiul temperature of North Carolina from iSS=; to igio a number of sounds, the largest being Curri- tuck, Albemarle, Croatan, Roanoke, Pamlico, Core, and Bogue. (Fig. 2.) With the exception of Long Island, Pam- lico is the largest sound on the Atlantic coast. It is also one of the greatest fishing resorts on that coast. Albemarle Sound, second in size, is the largest coastal body of fresh water in the world. Currituck Sound is narrow and very shallow, and forms one of the most notable hunting grounds along the Atlantic. It is visited annually by a great number and variety of wild fowl. Croatan Sound, which is separated from Roanoke Sound by Roanoke Island, is the highway for vessels plying the inland waters. The most important island on the coast of North Carolina is Roanoke (Fig. 2), about twelve miles long and three miles wide. Here, nearly one hundred years after Columbus discovered America, Sir Walter Raleigh (Fig. 13) made three different attempts to plant an English colony. And it was here Virginia Dare was bom, and where the few people who were left to main- tain the settlement were lost. The out- lines of the old fort may be seen to-day. The largest town is Manteo, the county seat of Dare County. Cedar Island , second in size, is a great fishing resort. It lies in the southern end of Pamlico Sound. Smith Island, at the mouth of the Cape Fear River, was once a part of the mainland, but a great storm (1776) cut a new inlet, separating the island from the mainland. Climate. The climate of North Carolina is determined by its location in the warm Temperate Belt (Comp. Geog., Fig. 74), but is modified by three important features, — the ocean on the east, the fact that it lies out- side the usual path of cyclonic storms, and the gradual elevation of the land toward the west. In the Coastal region, owing to the prox- imity of the ocean and the indentation of the land by large bays and sounds, the temperature is mild and even. (Fig. 15.) In the Piedmont section the extremes between summer and winter become greater. In the Mountain section the influence of ele- vation is very great. At Linville (3,800 ft.) Fig. 16. A map showing the mean annual rainfall of North Carolina irom iSS^ to igio. THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA the temperature is about the same as that of Boston or Chicago. The mean annual temperature of North Carolina is fifty-nine degrees. July is the warmest month and January the coldest. The extremes in temperature between the Mountain region and the Coastal region are marked. (Fig. 15.) At Hatteras, on the coast, the earliest date for the opening of spring is the twenty-eighth of February; while at Blowing Rock (Fig. 2), in the highest section of the Blue Ridge, spring is delayed to May tenth. However, in the larger portion of North CaroHna spring arrives in April. The greatest rainfall is in July and August ; the least in Oc- tober and November. (Figs. 16 and 17.) Average Average From U. 8. 0«oIokIc( Fig. 1 8. A scene in the lowlands of the Catawba River. Here the soil has been washed away and while sand spread over the surface. As North Carolina lies far from the usual path of cyclonic storms, it is rarely visited by severe storms. The Mountain section of the state is famous for its beautiful scenery, fine climate, and healthful water. Many people from the East and other sections of the country come here to spend the summer months. (Fig. i.) Soils. The soils of North Carolina consti- tute her greatest source of wealth. Every variety of soil is to be found. Only in limited areas is the soil lacking in fertility, Az'erage lllllllllllllll Itllllllllllllll Ittlllllllll Rock House Raleigh Louisburg Fig. 17. The average annual rainfall at Rock House, Raleigh, and Louisburg, from i8q; to igio. THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA and nowhere within the state may it be said to be unproductive. The Coastal Plain has the greatest variety of soils. The swamp regions, when drained, are a rich black, silty, and in the main loamy soil, seemingly inexhaustible in fertility. A large part of this region has been considered worthless, since it seemed impossible to drain it. But the results from reclaiming Mattamuskeet Lake have shown that it is possible to drain and reclaim for agricul- ture large areas of this swamp land. Other soils of this region are the gray, sand, yellow and red clay, and gravelly sand loams, with some red clay in the western portion. The loamy soils all combine well with humus or decayed vegetable matter, and when properly treated retain the amount of moisture needed, and are very productive. Along the rivers of the Coastal Plain there is much alluvial land. (Comp. Geog., p. 30.) In several of the coun- ties of this section the underlying beds of marls afford excellent fertilizing materials. In a few counties the soil consists of deep beds of almost white sand. This has been considered less productive than the other soils of the state. But it is splen- didly adapted to the growing of grapes, small fruits, and melons, and under proper treat- ment all farm crops yield abundantly. The rolling uplands of the Piedmont Region constitute the greatest proportion Fig. of the cultivable area of that section. The rocks are deeply decayed, forming in many places highly fertile loam soils. The soils of these uplands are in the main heavy red, yellow sandy, and mica red clays, and sandy clay and gravelly loams. While the alluvial soils of the bottom lands are limited in extent, they are usually far more fertile than the upland soils. The alluvium or detritus is formed by sediments that are carried from the hillsides. (Comp Geog., p. 24.) Where the hillsides are for ested, the washing or erosion is slight, being hindered by the forest vegetation. Where the hillsides have been cleared erosion is much more rapid. (Fig. 19.) The coarser, heavier material washed from the slopes is deposited in the valleys, while the finer, fertile mate- rial is swept on into the streams. Thus both hillside and valley are injured. (Fig. 18.) Nature endowed this section richly and pro- vided lavishly for its upbuilding. Here the rainfall is abundant and the growing season is long. The soils are warm and early, easily crumbled, and readily cultivated. These characteristics give the soils their highest values. But under certain conditions they cause this section to wash more readily than any other east of the Rocky Mountains. It is said that annually more than 850 pounds of soil are washed from every acre of land along the Yadkin above Salisbury, and 19. Land erosion near Marion. Notice how the soil is worn away where the forest cover has been destroyed. THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA From n. S. Ooologioal Bur Forests on the slopes of the Blue Ridge. Forests. In the bottom lands of the Coastal Plain are found water, Spanish, swamp, and white oaks and the elm. Where the soil is wet a large part of the year the sweet and the black gum attain great size; where the land is usually flooded, the cypress predominates. 150 pounds of plant food in solution. More than 380 pounds of soil are washed from every acre along the Neuse above Selma, more than fifty pounds being vegetable matter that must be replaced. At the same time more than one hundred pounds per acre of plant food in solution are washed out. In an area of about 12,000,000 acres in the Pied- mont, more than 4,000,000 tons of material are annually washed away, the value of the plant food exceeding $2,000,000. By controlling the rainfall so that the water goes off the land no more rapidly than Nature intended that it should, a large part of this waste can be prevented. In the Mountain section, as in the Pied- mont, the rocks are decayed to a great depth, and in most places there is a deep loamy soil to the summits of the ridges. The soils are sandy and gravelly loam or are composed largely of red clay. They are highly fertile and yield abundant and varied crops. There are many fertile valleys with deep alluvial soils. While erosion is less rapid than in the Pied- mont, the steep moun- tain sides are easily stripped of soil when the trees are cut away and nothing is done to prevent- too rapid Streamwork. (Fig. 19.) Only intelligent care of the forests, and ter- racing the cultivated land, are needed to protect these fertile , J 11 Fig. 21. Hauling logs to amountain sawmill. Because of , _ ^ i Slopes and valleys. the distance to railroads, only the choicest timber is cut. spruce and fir. In the (Fig. 4.) On peaty or sandy soils, with a marl subsoil, the cedar and the juniper grow. The famous long-leaf pine, the live oak with wide-spreading, moss-festooned limbs, the magnolia and the palmetto, the hickory, ash, maple, and holly are also found. Here, too, are the scuppernong grape, the strawberry, and the huckleberry. On the uplands of the Piedmont are oaks, hickory, and dogwood, intermixed with short- leaf pine. In Orange, Granville, Person, and Alamance counties there is a belt of hard- woods. From Greensboro to Charlotte and in parts of Lincoln and Catawba counties extend belts of oaks and hickories. In the southern part of Union County and in parts of Durham County there is much more pine than oak. The forests of the Mountain region are largely hardwoods. Here the yellow pop- lar, the chestnut, and the red, chestnut, and white oaks attain large size. On the higher elevations are lindens, birches, hard and soft maples, beech, ash, and wild cherry. On the cold north slopes are found hemlock forests, and, at high elevations, THE GEOGRAPH\ OF NORTH CAROLINA 13 river valleys the white pine grows ; south of the French Broad is the yellow pine. North Carolina has 153 kinds of trees, fifty- seven of which are of great economic value. Of these trees fourteen attain a height of more than one hundred feet, three of more than 140 feet ; sixteen reach a diameter of five feet, and seven a diameter of seven feet. Here are found twenty-four oaks, and eight of the nine hickories that grow in the United States. Here are the six maples of the eastern United States, all the lindens and magnolias, three of the birches, eight pines out of eleven, both species of hemlock and balsam fir, three elms out of five, and several species of plum, cherr\% and apple. In the eastern and southeastern parts of the state are the palmetto, prickly ash, American olive, mock orange, and live oak. The mountains of the west are the southern limit of the black spruce, striped and spiked maples, mountain sumac, balsam fir, and aspen. A few trees found only in this state and its immediate vicinity are the yellow wood, the large-leaf umbrella, and the clammy locust. The forests in many sections of the state abound in medicinal roots and herbs. In some places, as at Henderson, Statesville, and Asheville, the gathering and shipping of these medicinal plants is a profitable industry. Originally, from seashore to mountains, North CaroHna was almost entirely forest clad. These forests, one of the state's chief sources of wealth, have been handled with little economy. They yielded fuel, building material, and turpentine. But the farmer, in clearing the land, cut down and burned timber worth millions of dollars. The lumberman destroyed and still destroys the j^oung trees, giving no thought to their future value. The turpentine oper- ator so cut the trees that they were soon exhausted; then, covered with resinous oil, they fell an easy prey to forest fires. At the same time these fires destroj^ed the young growth and prevented natural reseed- ing. Thus these magnificent resources have been wasted. Yet nearly two-thirds of the area of North Carolina is still covered with forests, and with the efforts now being made to conserve them, they may be made a per- manent source of wealth. (Fig. 20.) Game. The shores of North Carolina form the greatest resort for game and fish on the Atlantic coast. Millions of wild fowl stop here on their way between the North and the South. Water fowl and shore birds abound in greater numbers than elsewhere on the continent. Canvasback, red-head, mallard, and black duck, wild geese and brant, the snow goose and pintail, are all found. Until recently the yearly slaughter of these birds by millinery feather hunters and sportsmen has been tremendous. In Currituck County it is said the native gunners in one season received about $150,000 for ducks and geese shipped to northern markets. As no attempt was made to protect the birds, they were killed all the year around, and now some of the more valuable species are practically extinct. Even the quail was at one time in danger of extennination. In 1903 the state incorporated the Audubon Society, which is responsible for the protection of the birds. Among the forests, meadows, and swamps of the Coastal Plain the bear, the fox, other fur-bearing animals, and the deer now make their homes. Fish and Fisheries. The sounds in eastern North Carolina are either the home or the stopping place of an unusually large variety of food fishes. The low, sandy islands, the peninsulas, and the many sounds and inlets of the long, curving coast make an ideal fishing ground. The principal fish are the shad, the herring, the bass, the menhaden (valuable as a fertilizer and becatise of the oil it yields) , the bluefish, Spanish mackerel, mullet, trout, and sheepshead. 14 THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA Fig. 2j. LaiiiJiiii; jiili at Avoca hcach. llie "catch," shad and herring, to he sent to iVorlhern tnarkets. The principal fisheries are near the junc- tion of the Roanoke and Chowan rivers at the head of Albemarle Sound (Fig. 22), and at the meeting of the Neuse and Trent rivers. Morehead City on Bogue Sound is one of the most important fish markets in the country. In herring fisheries the state ranks first ; in shad, second. At Edenton the government maintains a fish hatchery for the purpose of stocking the rivers and sounds with shad and other fish. At Beaufort the government has a fine laboratory for the study of animal life in the sounds and ocean. Rocks and Minerals. Within the Coastal Plain, along the high, steep bluffs of river courses, the surface is everywhere under- laid by gravel, sands, and clays. (Fig. 23.) Along the western border of this region are occasional outcrops of granite and slates. (Fig. 23.) In a num- ber of eastern and southeastern coun- ties limited beds of limestone occur. Phosphate pebbles have been found in the southern coun- ties of Brunswick, Duplin, Pender, New Hanover, and Onslow. Fig. 23. In the Piedmont region there are two narrow belts of red sandstone. (Fig. 23.) The eastern belt contains coal deposits, and red, gray, and brown sandstone suitable for building purposes. The older crystalline rocks extend across the state in a northeast and southwest course. Of these the great slate belt is forty miles wide. The rocks, folded, broken, and tilted, frequently contain veins of gold- bearing ores. West of the slate belt is a band of rocks from ten to twenty miles wide. These rocks are veined with copper, iron, and gold-carrying ores. West of this region, and extending to the Blue Ridge ^fountains, is an area of crystalline rocks, with here and there belts of slate. Quartz veins among the rocks occasionally contain gold-bearing ores. Over a large part of the ilountain region are the older crystalline rocks (Fig. 23). These rocks, greatly folded and turned on their edges, contain iron, gold, and silver ores. Along the ranges of the Smoky and Blue Ridge mountains are narrower belts of rock of a much younger period. While North Carolina has a large variety of minerals, they do not occur in sufficient quantities to make mining a profitable industry as compared with states like Penn- sylvania and Alabama. Gold is found chiefly in Cabarrus. Catawba, Guilford, Stanly, and Union counties and ' Coaatal Plain foi rta Triaagic. Sandstone Gynnitf^ and gn, A geologic map of North Carolina. THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA IS of granite quarry near Salisbury, Rowan County. silver in Rowan County. The largest gold- producing mine is in Montgomery County. The largest deposits of copper are found in Rowan County, but copper also exists in Stanly, Cabarrus, Jackson, Ashe, and Person counties. While the most widely known iron mine is at Cranberr}^ ^litchell County, there are iron deposits in Jackson, Chatham, Cherokee, and Ashe coimties. North Carolina leads the Union in the production of mica. It is found chiefly in Mitchell, Yancey, Macon, Haywood, Moore, and Stokes counties. It is made into sheets for stoves and is used in making electrical apparatus, fireproof materials, lubricating materials, and for packing steam pipes and boilers. The best product of the mines is used in making certain kinds of paper and paints. Talc of the finest quality is produced, principally in Swain County. It is used in making tailors' pencils and dustless crayon for the school- room, and is also groimd and sold as talcimi powder. The valuable monazite deposits in the central western part of the state form the source of supply for the entire country. Tin is found in Gaston County ; millstones in Rowan County ; graphite in Wake County ; coal in Chatham and Moore counties. Gran- ite is quarried in Rowan and Surry counties JS">- igoo.. iSgo.. iSSo.. iSto.. iSbo.. rSjo.. rS^.. jSjo.. iSso.. iSio. . iSoc.. jjqo.. lO 13 14 10 IS so 22 24 .'i,4 Fig. 26. The population of North Carolina in hundreds of thousands and the density per square mile at each federal census. (Fig. 24), the chief center of the industry being Mount Airy. Excellent clay suitable for the making of brick and tiling is found in more than half of the counties of the state. //. HISTORY OF THE ST.4TE The Indians. For hundreds of years the Indians were the only inhabitants of the land now known as North Carolina. They roamed from place to place, living in wig- wams, plying their log canoes along the rivers and among the sounds. The men hunted Fig. 25. A map showing early explorations and settlements, and the part played by North Carolina in the Revolutionary War. i6 THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA and fished, while the women scratched the soil here and there with a crooked stick and raised a Httle corn, a few potatoes, and a small quan- tity of tobacco. But the vast resources Nature had lavished upon the region remained un- developed until the coming of the white man. While the settlers in the Piedmont region gradually pushed the Indians to the Mountain region, the settlers in the east followed the rivers to the Fall Line, driving the Indians farther westward. In a few years the whole country Fig. 27. Daniel Boone. From a por- trait made in iSig, fiow in pos- session of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Drummond of Virginia Gov- ernor. In 1728 the King of England bought the lands of seven of the Lords Proprie- tors, and the next year North Carolina was separated from South Carolina. (Fig. 25.) The earliest settlements in North Carolina were made along the Chowan, Roanoke, and Pamlico rivers. The Swiss settled at the junction of the Neuse and Trent rivers, and later settlers from South Caro- lina located on the lower Cape Fear. These colonists did not settle in groups, but spread all along the rivers. It was was taken from the Indians except a small area in Jackson and Swain counties, where a small tribe of Indians still lives. (Fig. 2.) Settlement and Early History. This region early attracted the English, who made three unsuccessful attempts to plant a colony on this coast before the first English settlement (1607) was made in Virginia. About fifty years later some Virginians explored this "Summer Land" along the Albemarle Sound. Its fame spread through neighboring colonies and drew a number of settlers to the region. The first settlement, it is believed, was on Per- quimans River and was later called the "New Plantation." (Fig. 25.) In 1663 the King of England gave all the territory between Vir- ginia and Florida to eight of his favorites. These Lords Proprie- tors of Carolina, as they were called, appointed William Fig. 28. The Capil.'l <;/ Raleigh. The building has noteworthy situation, and the surrounding grounds are janied for their'wealth of fine old trees. almost fifty-five years after the first settle- ments were made before Bath, the first town, was incorporated. The early settlers were all agriculturists. The governors lived on farms, and the courts and general assembly met around at different plantations. As the settlem.ents grew in number they extended farther and farther up the river until they reached the Fall Line. The soi? was fertile and the forests were rich in food for cattle and hogs. Tobacco, wheat, corn, and potatoes were grown and great quantities of beef, pork, butter, and cheese produced. The long-leaf pine yielded tar, pitch, and turpentine, products that gave North Caro- lina the name "Tar Heel State." Soon a large trade was established with the West Indies and the mother country. This trade called for home markets, places THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA 17 where goods could be exchanged, bought, or sold ; and thus towns sprang up along the rivers. Bath on the Pamlico (1705); then Newbern on the Xeuse (1710) ; and Edenton Total foreign hor-. Gtrmany England Cattada Ireland Scotland Italy. ..r. All other caunir! b'o go too J 1 L Fig. 29. Proportion of joreign- born population of each leading nationality in North Carolina. twelfth census. on the Chowan (1710). Later (1725), Bruns- wick on Cape Fear was laid out, and Xewton, now Wilmington (1733), was begun. As settlements pushed farther and farther up the rivers other towns were laid out, and thus Halifax, Tarboro, Kinston, and Fayetteville were established as distributing points for the western portion of the Coastal Plain. Across the middle of the Piedmont section stretches the great highway between the North and the South. Immigrants coming up the rivers of South Carolina often pushed up the valleys between the Yadkin and the Catawba rivers. They knew practically noth- ing about the settlers on the east coast. A few years after the first settlements in the Piedmont section (about 1740) immigrants began to arrive from Pennsylvania. Some were Irish, others English Quakers, many Tolat population Native to slate... South Carolina.. Virginia Tennessee. Atlotlicr statei.. 40 50 bo -JO So qo Fig. 30. State of birth of the native- born po pulation of North Carolina, twelfth census. were Germans. They followed the foothills of the Blue Ridge and settled along the Dan and the upper waters of the Yadkin. Among these settlers was Sqmre Boone, the father of Daniel Boone, who crossed the Blue Ridge, discovered the beautiful Watauga country, and blazed a way for settlers. (Fig. 27.) In 1753 the Moravians settled and built the town of Salem. (Figs. 29 and 30.) From 1729 to 1776 North Carolina was a colony of England, her governors were appointed by the King, and her laws had to be approved by the King. North Carolina, and the other colonies, declared their indepen- dence of England. The Revolutionary War was fought and the colonies were separated from the mother country. Two important battles of the Revolution were fought on North Carolina soil, Moore's Creek Bridge and Guilford Courthouse. The battle of King's Mountain was fought, chiefly by North Carolinians, just over the line in South per cent O /O 20 SO 4° S° t>? 7? * ')° '<>° All occupation: Agriculture. . . Domestic and personal Sismi^t^ , Manufactures^ ^^^^^ j FiG. 31. Proportion of persons ""fiortaHoli" ' engaged in each class of occu- _._j,...j. ^ 1 potions in North Carolina, Professional service. .'m I twelfth CBUSUS. Carolina, to keep the British from entering the state. This battle, with that of Guilford Courthouse, turned the tide of war, and in a short time the British surrendered at York- town and the thirteen colonies were free. The first Governor of the state was Richard Caswell. In 1792 the capital was estab- lished in Wake County and called Raleigh, after Sir Walter Raleigh, who attempted to make the first English settlement in what is now North Carolina. ///. OCCUP.ATIONS OF THE PEOPLE About four-fifths of the inhabitants of North Carolina are engaged in agriculture. The remainder of the people live in towns and cities and are chiefly engaged in trade and manufacturing. Among these two classes of people live the professional men who, in one wav or another, administer to the needs i8 THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA t^ Lest thnn f;Mt/i>ei ^i„ii<-e ii'iU $500 to $1,000 pe, /^'iitate miU $1,000 to $i,500 per square mile ^_-_- ^ $2,500 per eqtiure mile and over Fig. 32. Map showing the value of farm products of North Carolina, twelfth census. of all the people. These are the minister, the teacher, the physician, and the lawyer. (Fig. 31.) Agriculture. The greatest by far of North Carolina's resources are her fine soil, climate, and water supply. These, and her geographic position between the regions of the sub-trop- ical plants of the South and the more hardy plants of the North, give the state unusual advantages for agriculture. Because of these conditions agriculture is the leading occupa- tion of the people. (Fig. 31.) It is safe to say that no other state in the Union is so well fitted by Nature to provide for herself as North Carolina. The soil and climate of the state are so varied that almost every Temperate-Belt crop may be culti- vated within her borders. The favoring conditions in the Coastal Plain make possible the growing of two or three crops a year on the same land. There, within twelve months, gar- den truck, grain, and hay may be harvested from one field. North Carolina con- tains a large area of cultivable land, which is divided into 255,- 814 farms, having an average size of eighty- six acres. It is a state of small farms, with a growing tendency toward still smaller farms. While farm lands in some sec- tions are highly im- proved (Fig. 3 5), great improvements also have been made in agricultural methods, with a proportionate increase in the yield of products. Yet much remains to be done in developing farming. In 1900 North Carolina had 22,000,000 acres of tillable land, twenty-six per cent of which was improved. (Fig. 32.) The average size of each farm was loi acres, while the value of her farm products the preceding year was less than $75,000,000. (Part IV, Table, p. 32.) In comparison, Pennsylvania had 18,000,000 acres of tillable land, sixty- eight per cent being improved. The average size of her farms was eighty-six acres, and her farm products had a value of about $208,000,- 000. Thus we see that Pennsylvania, with a smaller ciiltivable area, produced crops worth almost three times as much as those produced in the state of North Carolina. Fig. 33. Map showing the production of cotton in North Carolina in iQlo. THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA 19 North Carolina is an agricultural state, yet she spends millions of dollars annually for foodstuffs that might be produced at home. In 1909 North CaroHna bought from other states 80,500 tons of mill foods, worth more than$i,368,ooo; meat, valued at nearly $6,900,000; more than 220,000 tons of hay, Fig. 34. A cotton , valued at $3,221,875; nearly 250,000 pounds of butter, valued at about $50,000; 565,164 barrels of flour, worth about $4,000,000; and 205,828 bushels of wheat, valued at $237,000. All these things could easily have been produced in North Carolina and this amount of money kept at home. Progress in Farming. Between 1900 and 1 910 the increase in improved farm lands was forty per cent. With the educational work now being carried on by the national and state Departments of Agriculture, and the coming of the farm-life school, the gain will be far more rapid. The work of the Corn Clubs in North Carohna is a fine demonstration of the remarkable possibihties of North Carolina soils as well as of the benefits growing out of agricultural educa- tion. The plan of these clubs is for each boy to plant and cultivate one acre of com ac- cording to the method outlined in bulletins sent out by the Depart- ment of Agriculture. He must keep account of all expenses, the amount of fertilizers used, and the methods field II! Ill . I . ,:,ity. of cultivation. Prizes are gi\en fur the greatest yield, for the best- kept accounts, and the best statements of work. In 1909 one thousand boys in North Carolina were enrolled in these clubs. Their average yield of corn was sixty bushels per acre. In comparison, the average yield in the state was eighteen and a half bushels per acre. However, one farmer raised 226 bushels on one acre. Clubs organized to grow other farm products show the same astonishing results. The value of all farm products for the year 1910 exceeded $120,000,000, an increase of more than $47,000,000 in ten years. (Fig. 32.) The principal crops are cotton, com, tobacco, oats, wheat, hay, jjotatoes, peanuts, garden vegetables, rice, orchard and small fruits, and bulbs. (Figs. ^^, 36 and39.) T"-" '• .: ^ Hi y^ftlwl^l S^ &r 'Sfl^K JIk k- , " ■ - ^'^WS;," B^r --^M r'l ^JjE 1 II II u 111*^ --:^^ Fig. 35. A typical farm scene tr the Piedinont. THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA Fig. 36. The yield of corn in North Carolina In 1910 North Carolina had 1,359,000 acres planted in cotton; the yield was 675,00c bales, an average of 240 pounds of lint cotton to the acre. This is the greatest yield per acre of all the Southern states. Under skillful cultiva- tion and careful seed selection the soil will yield from 500 to 1,000 pounds of lint cotton to the acre. ]\Iany farms in the state show an average yield Fig. 37. Com yielding more of one bale of cotton to an acre, while the yield per acre of one farm in Wake County was two and one-third bales. (Fig. 34.) Al- though cotton grows in almost all sections of North Carolina, in the northern counties it is not profitably grown very far west of the Fall Line ; in the southern section of the state it flourishes as far west as the Blue Ridge Mountains. (Fig. 33.) Under careful cultivation the rich soil of North CaroHna, from the coast to the Tennessee line, yields corn abundantly. (Fig. 36.) In 1910 more than 3,070,000 acres were planted in corn; about 54,600,000 bushels were raised, or an average of eighteen and three- fifths bushels to the acre. This is not enough corn for home needs, and thousands of bushels are im- ported annually. The state should not only produce corn suffi- cient for her own needs, but have much i.w(.„.7,w»i,.,.^,„„v„„;«»„d<,„r to sell. (Fig. 37.) twelfth census. In 1910, 7,433,000 bushels of wheat were harvested from 652,000 acres of land, an average of eleven and one- half bushels to the acre. (Fig. 38.) It is said that it takes five and one-half bushels of wheat every year for each person in the United States. On this basis, if North Carolina is to supply her own needs, 12,000,000 bushels will be required and the average per acre must be increased than 226 bushels per acre, from eleven and one- half to nineteen bushels. This would be enough wheat, provided the population remains what it is now. But the number of ',S- Harvesting wheat in Wake County. THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA iqog- iqoo. iSyo. iSbo. h-'-jT^^t than 1,000 ll>a. per .v^iuiiy mile ^^B 1,000 to 5,000 IOk. per square mile V//7/i^, 5,000 to 10,0' roads, from Scotland County to Wilmington, are to be found some of the state's most highly developed farming lands. The soils of some of the mountain counties, how- ever, are well adapted to the growth of cer- tain trucking products. Here, with the coming of the railroad, afford- ing ready access to the markets, these coun- ties will become great trucking regions. The growing of bulbs for the flower trade, while largely confined to Duplin County, is one of the profitable industries of the state. Ideal conditions for their growth are found here, and this sec- tion produces better bulbs than are grown ':^0!^^^ "^«*Mte: '•^mx «p-. Ipr * ^hf^^l^' ^3HK1 .i^: 3»x. - ^^ V ^ mM a^ ■p^ .'""ii-.^i^^^i^ i '.'■■■■■<-^^'- ^r & im ^ ?■■ Wl^fM r. , ' J J, ^ ■.wk ^1 K^ Fig. 43. In the truck-farming district. Growing early beans for Northern markets. Leaa than 100 hunhel^ per sqiinre mile 100 tu I'OO l/iiaheh per squrne mile '^00 bii.-ht!.^ per ,sifuitre mi Fig. 44. The yield of sweet potatoes in North Carolina, twelfth census. A field of timothy and red clover which yielded three tons to the acre. elsewhere in the United States. Duplin County bulbs have long been recognized as the equal of any imported bulbs. In North Carolina both climate and soil invite the cultivation of fruits. (Fig. 45.) In their adaptability to the growing of apples some of the mountain climates are only excelled by those of the famous Oregon apple country. In time these regions bid fair to rival even Oregon as an apple country. The sandy soils of Moore, Richmond, Cumber- land, and other coun- ties are well adapted to the growing of peaches, and in some parts of this section large areas are being devoted to the culti- vation of this fruit. The growing of small fruits has already become a well- established industry. North Carolina THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA is the natural home of the grape. The famous scuppernong grape, while not well adapted to shipping, is one of the finest known wine grapes. North Carolina is one of the chief straw- berry-producing sec- tions of the United States. The straw- berry thrives especi- ally in the southeastern Fig. 45- The value of orchard products in Nortit Carolina by counties, twelfth census. counties. Live-stock raising receives much attention in the Piedmont and Mountain sections of North Carolina are shipped out of the state. Manufactures. Man needs food, clothing, and shelter. Nature provides these things ii£ ^ids^m ^.~. -^^JHJ^S m ^^3 1 m ^ j j;,:^ pV 1 U^te? 'r3l * , M HHHHIi tm^sS^B^ 1^1 ■H ^iH| Fig. 46. A dairy herd on a farm near Charlotte. the state. Dairying (Fig. 46) is an impor- tant industry in certain regions. Many cat- tle fattened on the fine grass in western Fig. 47. The density of urban population in North Carolina, twelfth censu in the raw state abundantly, and man must convert them into products that can be used to his advantage. This process we call manufacturing. Because of the fer- tility of the soil and the transportation facilities afforded by j the rivers, cities devel- oped first below the Fall Line. As much labor is needed in manufacturing, more and more people are drawn to factory towns, and thus great 24 THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA Fig. 48. The value of manujactured products in North centers of population develop. (Fig. 47.) Hence, with the coming of the railroad and the factory to the Piedmont, cities grew in that section much more rapidly than in the farming regions of the Coastal Plain. The leading industrial section, where more than three-fourths of the manufacturing of the state is carried on, is between Raleigh, Greensboro, and Charlotte. (Fig. 48.) If we should follow the line of the Southern Railroad from Durham through Burlington, Greensboro, Salisbury, Con- cord, Charlotte, and Gastonia, we would pass through the center of the cotton industry. North Carolina factories consume more bales of cotton than those of any other southern state, and Gaston County leads in the numliiT of factories and the amount of capital invested. In 1880 there were only forty-nine cotton factories in the state. Now (191 1) there are 331. (Fig. 49.) These factories use more than 755,667 bales of cotton annually, while the state's yield is only about 649,000 Carolina, tweljth census. bales. Thus her fac- tories consume 100,000 more bales of cotton than are raised in the state. As North Caro- lina cotton is unsuited for certain grades of cloth, more than 3,000 bales of cotton are imported from West India and Egypt. North Carolina is second only to Massa- FlG. 50. A steam sawmill with log, yard among, the foothills near Franklin. Fig. 49. A large cotton mill near Raleigh. chusetts in the amount of cotton manufac- tured. In comparison. Great Britain manu- factures about five times as much cotton as North Carolina; Germany, three times as much ; and France, twice as much. As for- eign labor is more skilled than that of North Carolina, these countries make the finer goods. North Carolina and other southern states, as a rule, making the coarser goods. Woolen mills are found in Spray, Snow Camp, Weaverville, Lincolnton, Newton, Patterson, Winston-Salem, Leaksville, Elkin, and IMount Airy. There are silk factories in Wadesboro, Fayetteville, and High Point. If we follow the belt of hardwood from Alamance County through Guilford, David- son, Randolph, Forsyth, Surry, Davie, Ire- dell, Catawba, and Caldwell counties, we shall find most of the furniture factories THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA 25 in these counties. In production Guilford County leads all the others, with High Point as the greatest center for the manu- facture of furniture in the South. Thomas- ville is well known for its manufacture of chairs. The tobacco fac- tories are all located in the tobacco belt. t-.;V., ■ Less th Fig. 51 Winston-Salem, Dur- ham, Reidsville, and Wilson are the tobacco towns. These places have been built up on the tobacco industry. Their products are sent to all parts of the world. The forests of long-leaf pine, oak, hickory, cypress, and juniper encourage the manu- facture of lumber, and in almost every cotmty the sawmill is busy converting timber into lumber. Other factories are engaged in making this lumber into all kinds of building material. There are more than 200 lumber plants in the state. (Figs. 21, 50, and 51.) The clay deposits offer excellent opportu- nities for brick making. More than thirty-five large plants are engaged ii) making building, ornamental, and pressed brick, and tihng. There are sixty-four large flouring and grist mills in the state. These are found chieflv in the Piedmont and Moiontain sec- $2,500 per square mile ^^m $2,500 per squaye mite and aver uc of lumber and timber products in North Carolina, twelfth census. tions, where wheat and corn are the leading crops. From these mills carloads of flour and meal are shipped to all parts of the country. Factories for the canning of fruits and vegetables are found chiefly at Elkin, Reidsville, and at Morganton. The Girls' Tomato Clubs have greatly encouraged this industry. Breakfast foods are prepared at Asheville and rice mills are located at Golds- boro. Salad oil and cooking fats are made from cottonseed oil manufactured in the state. One of the newer industries is a great plant at Canton, in Haywood County, for making wood pulp for the manufactiu^e of paper. (Fig. 52.) This plant consumes more than 600 cords of chestnut, oak, hemlock, and pine a day and employs more than 1,200 men. The pulp, like thick blotting paper, comes out in broad sheets that roll up, and in this form is ready to be shipped to the paper factories. Fig. 52. A pulp mill near Canton. This mill has a capacity of ten carloads of paper pulp per day. 26 THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA While most of the manufacturing plants are engaged in manufacturing clothing, food- stuffs, building materials, and furniture, several hundred other factories are engaged in making many varied products. (Fig. 53.) When a child is born he may be wrapped in clothes made in North Carolina mills, his cradle may come from High Point, his bed from Goldsboro, Mebane, or Salisbury; the ticking for his mattress from many dif- ferent cotton mills; the blankets that cover o 10 20 JO 40 ^0 60 70 So go TOO rro rzo rjo 140 iKO iqos-- tgoo.. tS7o- tSbo.. ,Sso. -L^ t — \ — u ^\ Fig. 53. The growth of manufactures in " ' North Carolina for six decades, and for the year 190}, in millions of dollars. him, from Spray, Patterson, Leaksville, or Winston-Salem; and the quilts from Ashe- ville. As he grows older, the leather for his shoes may come from Asheville, Old Fort, Sylva, or North Wilkesboro; his shoes from Rutherford College, Winston-Salem, or High Point ; his suspenders from High Point ; the wick for his lamp from Lawndale. His clothes — if ready-made — are probably manu- factured in Charlotte, Mooresville, Rocky Mount, Durham, or Wilmington; while his hose can be had from eighty or more knitting mills in the state. His buggies, carts, and wagons may be made at thirty different factories from Elizabeth City almost to Asheville. If he wishes an automobile it can be had from Henderson; machinery for mills from Greensboro or Charlotte ; baskets for the farm from .Greenville, Elizabeth City, and High Point; packing boxes from Winston-Salem, Reidsville, Mount Olive, and Goldsboro. His brooms may be made in Lexington, Hickory, or Durham; fertilizers for his crops in Wilmington, Raleigh, New- bem, Selma, Farmville, Reidsville, Goldsboro, or Durham; his pumps for water supply in Bryson or Hickory ; his window shades and stoves at Greensboro. Mirrors for his house may come from High Point or Lexington; organs for his church from High Point. When he is ill his medicine will probably be made from plants gathered in the western part of the state. Finally, when he comes to die he may be buried in a coffin made in Rose Hill, Advance, Burlington, Charlotte, High Point, Reidsville, or North Wilkesboro. These products represent the varied indus- tries through which the Piedmont is rapidly becoming one of the greatest industrial re- gions of the cotmtry. Yet every section of the state is turning to manufacturing. Railroads and Highways. The railroad is doing much to facilitate trade and com- merce, for owing to the lack of good harbors, North Carolina's commerce is largely carried on by the railroads. There are 4,576 miles of railroad in the state. (Fig. 54.) Within North Carolina there are five great railroad systems. These great roads, together with the smaller independent lines, carry the surplus products of the farms and the man- ufactured goods of the cities to all parts of iqio. igoo. iSqo. 'SSo. iSjo. iSbo. iSjo. ^^^\ Fig. 54. The railroad mileage in > A'orth Carolina for senen decades, in thousa7ids of miles. the country, bringing in return articles needed but not produced at home. (Figs. 56 and 57.) In the early days when food, clothing, and utensils were all produced at home, rough, rocky, or muddy roads were no great hin- drance, for there was little travel or exchange of goods. To-day the city is dependent upon the country for food, clothing, and building material, the surplus from the farms being exchanged in foreign markets or manu- factured into products which are resold to THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA 27 Fig. One oj .\orth Caroiina's iieiv macadam ruads. the country. Farm products reach the rail- roads and are sent to all parts of the world through many of the cities and towns, which grew up with the coming of the railroads. (Fig. 56.) Therefore it is necessary that the farms be connected with the towns and cities by good highways or country roads. For in order to facilitate travel and the sale and exchange of goods a state needs good roads as well as railroads. This need has created much interest everywhere in the building of good roads. North Carolina appropriates 85,000 annually to be expended in giving advice and engineering assistance to the counties of the state, while counties issue bonds, which are ^old, the money received being applied to road bioilding. One-half of the counties of the state are m r- — /' .^ _-■ ■T' [g 1 ^' 1 m 09 1 m KJH already actively engaged in building good roads. (Fig. 55.) A great highway from New York to Atlanta crosses the Piedmont section of the state, and another great high- way from the seacoast to the Tennessee line is now being constructed. Trade and Commerce. As settlements mcreased along the rivers of the Coastal Plain agricultural products increased, with gradually a larger and larger surplus. Mar- kets for this surplus must be found outside the state. Hence a merchant class developed whose business it was to ship these products to other states and countries, buying in return articles needed by the settlers. In this way Fig. 56. M'ir\tt!ng tobacco at Clayton. Fig. 57. Freight cars being loaded with blankets. Here the goods are taken directly from fireproof ware- houses and put aboard the cars. towns sprang up. As a rule the chief towns of this region developed either near the mouths of the rivers or near the Fall Line. Thus Edenton sprang up near the mouth of the Roanoke and Weldon near the Fall Line. On the Tar, Washington was estab- lished near the mouth and Tarboro near the Fall Line. On the Cape Fear, Wilming- ton was located near the mouth and Fayette ville near the Fall Line. Because the Cape Fear River affords the best harbor on the coast, Wilmington grew rapidly and was until recently the largest city in North Carolina. 28 THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA Fig. 58. CopTTigh^ 1910. hj KeyBtone .4 bird's-eye view of Asheville. Mount Pisgah rises in the background. In the Piedmont section towns and cities were few until after the coming of the rail- road. The settlers of this section traded through the towns at the Fall Line, either in North Carolina or in neighboring states. Since the Civil War the railroad has connected the Piedmont with every other section of North Carolina and with all the other states of the Union. Now the direct highway from New York to Florida is across the central section of the state, and along the lines of these railroads are found the largest cities in North Carolina. (Fig. 2.) In transportation the railroads have now practically taken the place of the rivers, which played so important a part in the settlement and industrial development of the state. With the coming of the railroad the center of wealth and population moved gradually from the Coastal Plain to the Piedmont section, which is to-day the center of the business activity of the state. Here flourishing manufacturing towns have been built up, such as Charlotte, the first city, in size, Asheville (Fig. 58), Raleigh (Fig. 28), Winston-Salem, Durham (Fig. 59), Greens- boro, Salisbury, and High Point. Government. The chief purpose of a gov- ernment is to protect life and property and to secure to every citizen the opportunity to make the most possible of his life. As the number of inhabitants increased in the state more laws were needed, more courts were established, and the Governor's responsibilities grew greater and greater. A legislative body was needed to make the laws for the people, a judicial system to admin- ister justice between man and his neighbor, and an executive was needed to execute the laws. Out of these needs grew the three divisions of government — legislative, judi- cial, and executive. After the Revolution, under the new gov- ernment each state now elected its own governor, legislature, and judges. The state must now take part in the national government. Two senators and ten con- gressmen are elected to sit in the national Congress, the former for six years and the latter for two years. (Fig. 60.) The people of the state also choose twelve electors (the number is always equal to the number of congressmen and senators), who, together with the electors from the other states, elect the President of the United States. The Governor, who administers the state government, and his council, which is com- posed of the Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, Attorney General, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Lieutenant Gover- nor, are each elected for four years, the members of the General Assembly for two years, and the justices of the Supreme Court and the Superior Courts for eight years. Fig. 59. One of the business streets of Durliam. THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA 29 Education. When the first settlers came to North Carolina the rivers, forests, and soil supplied all that man needed. Life was simple. Little skill was needed to make a living, and education was thought neces- sary only for the man who was preparing to enter the learned pro- fessions, such as law, medicine, the ministrv', or teaching. Hence there were few schools, and these were private institutions. To-day, without skilled labor and scientific treatment, the soil will not yield sufficient foodstuff and clothing material for man's needs. Trained minds and skilled hands are needed to convert raw materials into finished products. The soil must be made to yield twice as much as it is now producing. The factories must turn out finer goods, or North Carolina cannot compete with the other states. These conditions make education a public necessity for all the people. A public -school system was established in North Carolina in 1840; but it was not until about 1900 that the state became seriously aroused to the necessity of providing better schools for all the people. In that year there Fig. 61. The leading educational institutions of North Carolina. The Congressional districts of North Carolina in igog. were thirty schools supported by local taxa- tion; to-day there are more than 1,100 such schools to be found in the state. In 1900 North Carolina expended $1,091,226 for school purposes; in 1910 the expenditure exceeded $3,500,000. The state has established a fund for build- ing schoolhouses, and practically for the past eight years a new schoolhouse has been built every day of each year. Throughout the state the average school term has been increased from about three and one-half months to about five months, while in all the towns and cities, and in some townships and counties, the schools run eight, nine, or ten months. State high schools have been established, and $75,000 is appropriated annually for their support. The farm-life school, where agriculture and kindred sub- jects are taught, has also been established. North Carolina leads all the South Atlantic states in universities, colleges, and schools which give advanced train- ing in the arts and sciences. These higher institutions, together with the elementary and higb 30 THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA schools of the state, form the state public- sclioo] system. The University (Fig. 62), the College of Agri- culture and Mechanic Arts, the State Normal and Industrial College, the East Carolina Teacher's Training School, and the several public normal schools are supported by state appropriations, while Trinity College, Wake Forest College, David- son College, Guilford College, and others are supported by endowments, private benefac- tions, and denominational aid. (Fig. 61.) Compulsory education is now being advo- cated throughout the state, and a few cities and coimties have already introduced the compulsory system. There is a state school for the feeble-minded and for the deaf, dumb, and blind. Since 1900 libraries have been established in 2,420 schools, while nearly all of the city schools have good working libraries. In connection with the schools, clubs have been formed for im- proving schoolhouses and grounds. Corn Clubs, Tomato Clubs, and Cotton Clubs have been organized for studying the possibili- ties of the soil and for practical training in agriculture. Manual training, domestic science, home economics, commercial life, agriculture, and public health are some of the subjects that are now being taught in the public schools. Greater and greater improvements are being made in bmlding and eqtiipping school- houses, in the teaching force, in the course of study, and in the attendance of pupils. The movement is toward the development of a school system that will prepare the pupils to take an active and intelligent place in the world of affairs. One of the buildings of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hilt. THE LEADING EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF NORTH CAROLINA COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES 1 St. Mary's College, R. C. Belmont. 2 University of North Carolina. State. Chapel Hill. 3 Presbyterian College. Charlotte. 4 Elizabeth College, Luth., Charlotte. 5 Biddle University, Presb. (colored), Char- lotte. 6 Scotia University, Presb. (colored). Con- cord. 7 Davidson College. Presb., Davidson. 8 Trinity College. M. E. South, Durham. 9 Elon College, Christian, Elon College. 10 Greensboro Female College, M. E., Greens- boro. 1 1 Guilford College, Friends. Guilford College. 13 Lenoir College. Luth., Hickory. 13 Davenport College. M. E.. Lenoir. 14 Catawba College. Reformed. Newton. IS Meredith College, Bapt., Raleigh. [6 Peace Institute, Presb., Raleigh. 17 St. Mary's School. Prot. Epis.. Raleigh. 18 Shaw University, Bapt. (colored). Ra- leigh. iQ Southern Presbyterian College, Red Springs. !o Livingstone College, A. M. E. Z., Salisbury. 2 1 Female College, Presb., Statesville. 22 Wake Forest College, Bapt., Wake Forest. 23 Atlantic Christian College, Christian, Wilson. 24 Salem Female College, Moravian, Winston- Salem. SCHOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY 25 Brick Normal and Agricultural Institute, Enfield. 26 Agricultural and Mechanical College for the Colored Race, Greensboro. 2 7 North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Raleigh. PUBLIC NORMAL AND TRAINING SCHOOLS 2S Appalachian Training School. Boone. 29 Normal and Collegiate Institute, Ashe- ville. 30 Cullowhee Normal School, CuUowhee. 31 State Normal School (colored), EUzabeth City. 32 State Normal School (colored), Fayette- ville. 33 State Normal and Industrial College for Women. Greensboro. 34 East Carolina Teacher's Training School, Greenville. ! 35 Croatan Normal School (Indian), Pates. I 36 State Normal School, Winston-Salem. THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA 31 IV. STATISTICS AND AIDS TO TEACHERS Statistics of the State of North Carolina by Coxinties, Twelfth Census and Census of 1910. Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick. . . . Buncombe.. . . Burke CabuTus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland . . Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe . . . Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson. . . . Hertford Hoke Hyde IredeU Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir lancoln McDowell Macon Madison Martin Mecklenburg. . MitcheU Montgomer>'. . Moore Nash New Hanover. Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank. . . Pender Perquimans. . . Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond . . . . Robeson Rockingham . . Rowan Rutherford . . Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry 1849 1847 i8s9 1749 1799 1754 1669 1870 1849 1778 1846 1778 1872 1746 1783 1771 I7S8 18SS 1808 1838 1759 1911 1729 1788 1851 1746 1778 190S 1791 1778 1842 1828 i8si 1774 1762 1861 1778 1784 1777 1729 1871 1669 1875 1669 1791 1760 185s 1778 1779 1786 178s 1753 ■ 778 1784 1900 1841 1789 1771 70S 466 .043 573 483 547 POPULATIOM 14.432 49.798 21.408 26.240 20.570 S.640 13.776 14.858 27.918 22.63s 14.136 11.303 3.909 29.494 28.020 25.594 35.284 7.693 4.841 29,404 13.394 25.442 35.276 32.010 47.311 24.692 37.063 I0.45S 4.749 25. 102 13.083 60,497 37.646 34.315 12.998 41.401 8.721 11.376 22.769 17.132 13.538 17.797 67.031 17.245 14.967 15.064 9.966 16.693 1S.471 11.054 17.356 36.340 7.640 29.491 19.673 51.945 36.442 37.521 28.385 29.982 IS. 363 19.909 20,151 29.705 25.66s 10.960 7.759 21.S70 19.5S1 20.538 ■7.677 12.657 44,288 17.699 22,456 15.694 5.474 ll.Sll IS.028 22.133 23.912 11.860 10,258 4.532 25.078 21.274 24,160 29.249 4.757 23.403 12.115 22,405 25,233 26.591 35.261 25.116 27,903 10.413 4.343 23.263 12.038 39.074 30,793 18,639 15.498 12,567 12,104 20,644 IS.383 55.268 15.221 14.197 23.622 25.478 25.785 21.150 11.940 1 4.69 ^ 8,04s 13.660 13.381 10,001 16,685 30,889 7,004 28,232 15.855 40,371 33.163 31.066 \RM PROPERTY INCLUDIXG LIVE STOCK $2,671,967 1,640,496 2.172.355 2.499,125 4.542.767 2.239.945 2,056,640 1.636,871 958,876 6,627,473 2.436.833 2.059.443 2.645.776 1.002.500 584.272 2.150,886 3,302,930 3,047,351 1.263,261 882.545 731.719 4.022,296 2,034,074 1.678.852 2.569.944 1,049,030 202,856 4.188.577 1.869,989 2.810,233 1.687.740 3.137.348 3.698.012 2.646,762 3.256.452 1.330,742 463.311 2.952.865 2.160,956 3.390.770 1.819,209 3.093.348 2.313,014 1.813.596 2.019.142 4.216,859 1,488,512 4.383,438 1.202.738 2.'526.5i5 2.378.424 1.778.323 1.520.146 2.567.028 1.582,179 6.399,186 2.121.453 1. 311. 773 2.440.99s 2,848,843 550 055 2.306.720 1.242.175 671.596 1.246.911 1.596.044 1.451,668 1,744,066 4.335.272 990,827 4,045,158 1.355.998 5.396.836 3.586,778 3.759,928 3,091,926 3.718,494 2.417.529 1.812,065 2.954.810 3.168,103 PRODUCTS NOT FED TO LIVE STOCK 7S2.507 504.448 401,998 844.673 ,023,790 579.541 COUNTY SEAT .031.281 150.873 274.310 457. 25S !.2io.3i5 907.172 !.23l,58i 682.513 284.927 18,998 162.643 180,036 866.039 85.474 879.456 1,578,711 .097,806 463.384 412.927 110.852 373.579 599.424 233.001 37.010 .172.472 1.526.431 715.763 893.369 592.848 2.334.457 908,002 1.660,375 298,961 23.317 51.765 42,657 ,141,430 1,046.589 488.079 245.381 ,079,204 180,384 491,891 8,443,912 ,650,094 1.163.129 899.133 8.156.895 ,294,286 383.837 874.309 3,947.200 528.348 84,028 149.096 18,980 .176.764 254.414 .083.958 82.004 .216.294 3.601. 216 .855,628 1. 391. 773 686,550 230.710 613,851 331.423 484.680 192.394 698,600 118.733 2S5.S2S 211,322 .297.648 1.131.721 444.815 280.037 .820.012 477.226 476.804 48,210 .185.009 692.535 631. .11 937.758 437.162 354.321 436.144 98.863 724,266 425.887 787.747 270.888 .859.390 5.736.059 598.668 393.470 498.019 1.030.277 857,258 1.069 191 ,479.929 561.146 148,212 3. 131.899 ,235,847 349. 55S 420,388 165.629 660.866 363.154 282.169 206.710 393.454 979.480 473.413 98.569 578,013 303.759 768.898 251,691 !. 173.929 896,681 306,281 87,464 .039.355 2,259,603 682 746 1,192,096 2,166.431 907,687 ,358.600 2,865.312 .286.510 2.320,674 876,433 1.779. 552 .259.255 323.963 836,686 609.193 743,88s 1.127.189 1.017,766 277.763 870,521 1.397.998 Graham Taylors\'ille Sparta Wadesboro Jefferson Elk Park Washington Windsor EUzabethtown . Southport , AsheviUe Morganton .... Concord Lenoir Camden Beaufort Yance>'ville .... ton Pittsboro Murphy Eden ton Havesville Shelby WhiteviUe Newbem Fayetteville . . . Currituck Man tec Lexington Mocksville Kenans vUle. . . . Durham Tarboro Wins ton -Salem Louisburg Gastonia GatesvUle Robbinsville . . . Oxford Snow Hill Greensboro .... HalUax Liliington Waynes\Tlle . . . Hendersonville . Win ton Raeford Swanquarter. . . Statesv'ille Webster Smithfield Trenton Sanford Kinston Lincolnton . . . . Marion Franklin Marshall Williamston . . . . Chariotte Bakersville . . . . Troy Carthage Nash^alle Wilmington . . . Jackson Jackson\-ille . . . Hillsboro Bayboro Elizabeth City . Burgaw Hertford Roxboro Green\'ille Columbus Asheboro Rockingham. . . Lumberton . . . . Wentworth Salisbury Rutherford ton Clinton : Laurinburg Albemarle Danbury j Dobson POPULATION 1.336 14.694 1.938 1.874 634 9.090 4.670 335 337 912 18,091 32 THE GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA Statistics of the State of North Carolina by Counties, Twelfth Census and Census of igio — Continued. Transvlvani; T^ttM Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga . . Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancev 177S ■ 799 1849 1779 1777 I8S5 1 850 AREA POPULATION 1910 igoo 560 10.403 8,401 371 7. 191 6.620 397 5. 219 4.980 561 33.277 27.156 276 19.42s 16,684 841 63.229 54.626 432 20,266 19,151 334 It.062 10,608 330 13.556 13,417 507 35.698 31,356 718 30.282 26,872 392 28.269 23,596 334 IS.428 14.083 >02 12,072 I.. 464 I PROPERTY CLUDl.VG VE STOCK 979. S19 1. 221,602 442.934 3.389.813 1. 535. 319 S. 497. 611 1,916,722 974.331 2,782,007 3,.S99.74S 3.412,640 3.003,481 2.401,870 Population of the Leading Cities and Towns of North Carolina at Each Federal Census from 1850 to 1910. CITY Charlotte Wilmington. . . . Winston-Salem* Raleigh Asheville Durham Greensboro .... Newbem High Point Concord Elizabeth City . Rocky Mount. . Salisbury Fayetteville . . . Kinston Wilson Washington . . . Goldsboro Gastonia Reidsville Burlington .... Statesville Henderson .... Lexington Tarboro Greenville Monroe City . . . Thomasville . . . Mount Airy. . . . Hickory Mooresville .... Lenoir Shelby Oxford Belhaven Henderson ville . Edenton Morganton .... Graham Beaufort Lincolnton .... Wadesboro .... Laurinburg Newton Sanford Lumberton .... Kings Mountain Hamlet Plymouth Rockingham . . . Albemarle Morehead City . Wa>'nesvillc . . . Weldon Randleman .... Spencer North Wilkes- boro Caroleen Asheboro Henrietta Hertford Dunn Louisburg Scotland Neck . Roanoke Rapids Forest City Williamston . . . Bessemer City . Marion ♦ Previous to 18,762 [8,241 15.895 9.961 9.525 8.715 8,412 8,051 7. 153 7.045 6,995 6,717 6,211 6,107 S.759 4,82,S 4,So8 4.509 4.S03 4.163 4.0S2 3..S77 3.844 3.716 3.400 3.364 3.127 2.483 2.413 2.376 [S,ogi 20,976 r3.6so 13.643 14.694 6,670 10,035 4.163 7.910 6,348 2.937 6,277 4.670 4.106 3.525 4.842 5.S77 4.6.0 3.262 3.692 3. 141 3.746 1.234 2.499 2,565 2.427 751 2.680 2.535 1.533 1,296 1.874 2,059 3S3 1,017 3,046 1.938 5.485 3.317 7.843 2,969 1,716 2,3lS 4,101 1.440 1,924 1,037 1,866 1,064 455 1,286 1.754 7. 004 17.350 4.194 4.473 13.446 443 7.790 1,400 2.420 1,086 4. 700 4.646 1.333 455 960 1.590 2.015 885 1880 no returns given for Salem 163,999 1.367.0SS m63;Si. 851,982 364,169 544.793 1.670,462 876,444 1,520,510 588,359 460. S21 156,090 48.517 31.664 594.999 530.037 !. 641, 730 190,108 874,289 538.050 354.513 COUN- Bryson. . . . Brevard.. . Columbia. . Monroe.... Henderson . Raleigh . . . Warren ton. Plymouth . Boone GoUisboro . Wilkesboro Wilson. . . . YadkinviUe POPULATION 919 848 4.082 4.503 3.746 13.643 836 Farm Statistics of North Carolina with Percentage of Increase, Twelfth Census and State Estimates of 1910. Number of farms Total acreage Improved acreage Average acres per farm. . Value of land and build- ings Value of land Value of buildings Value of implements and machinery Average value per acre of land and buildings , , . Average value per acre of land Expenditures for labor. , Fertilizers 1900 PER CENT OF INCREASE 224.637 22.740.000 8.327.000 13 6 *13 $104,656.0 141.956.0 "o.'oo 134 141 IIS 9.073.0 8,56 103 138 s.445.0 4.479.0 6,24 145 6g 173 *Decrea5e, The Leading Manufacturing Cities of North Carolina and Facts about their Industrial Plants, Twelfth Census and Census Bulletin 39, 1905.* CITY YEAR OF PLANTS OF WAGE AMOU.S-T OF WAGES VALUE OF Winston-Salem Durhamt Charlotte Wilmington , , . Asheville Greensboro . . . Newbem Raleigh 1005 igoo 1005 1900 1005 1905 1900 1005 igoo 1900 1905 1900 1905 rooo 47 40 82 73 55 131 45 135 65 79 sl 42 135 4.850 3.420 '2. 7 87 2.234 2,988 1,667 I.S50 702 1. 136 1,161 1. 587 762 1,162 585 1.358 S9S5.596 461.214 535. 2S9 693.482 6gg,846 632,g66 568.250 228,794 354. 511 338.671 295.820 276,070 284,052 225.787 441.038 $11,353,296 5.436.030 7.084,540 4.849.630 4,702,301 3.155.458 2. 060,028 1,918,362 1,866,109 1,828,837 1.790.523 1.343.384 I. 704. 251 1,086,671 2,204,056 ♦Statistics for 1905 include only factory products; for previous us, all products. tStatistics not given for igos to avoid disclosing individual operations. Elevation of Some of the Principal Heights in North Carolina. Dictionary of Altitudes, U. S. Geological Survey. Mount Mitchell Black Brothers Hairy Bear Balsam Cone Clingmans Dome Clingmans Peak Cattail Peak Mount Buckley Mount r.ibbs Rocky Trail Peak Bearwallow Mountain . Mount Alexander. . , . . Potato Knob Hallback Water Rock Knob Blackstock Knob ■ITUDES 6.711 ( 6,600 16,620 6,6Sl 6,645 6,619 6,611 6 609 6.599 6.501 6,488 6,487 6.447 6,419 6,403 6.390 6,386 LTITUDES Richland Balsam Mountain 6,370 Roan High Knob 6313 Roan High Bluff . . . . 6,287 Amos Plotts Balsam. . 6.278 Brother Plott 6,246 Chimney Peak 6,234 Deer Mountain 6,233 Grassy Ridge Bald . . . 6,226 Mount lunaleska 6,223 Jones Knob 6,209 Craggy Dome 6,los Mount Hardv 6,102 Spruce Ridge Top . . . 6,076 Big Craggy Mountain Rocky Face 6,068 6,031