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 CONNECTICUT 
 
 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 NEW HAVEN, CONN 
 
 BULLETIN 146, OCTOBER, 1904. 
 
 ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES, No. II. 
 
 San Jose Scale-Insect Experiments in 1904. 
 
 S 
 
 43 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Officers and Staff of Station 2 
 
 San Jose Scale-Insect Experiments in 1904 3 
 
 Effect of the Winter on the Trees 4 
 
 Effect of the Winter on the Insects 4 
 
 Materials Used in Spraying 5 
 
 Early Winter Spraying 6 
 
 Spraying in Late Winter and Spring 11 
 
 Connecticut Orchards Sprayed in 1904. 19 
 
 Making the Boiled Mixture 21 
 
 Making the Mixture without Boiling 24 
 
 Outfit for Applying the Mixture 27 
 
 Summary 32 
 
 The Bulletins of this Station are mailed free to citizens of Connec- 
 ticut who apply for them, and to others as far as the limited editions 
 permit. 
 
CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EIPERIIENT STATION. 
 
 OFFICEES AXSTID STAFF. 
 
 BOARD OF CONTROL. 
 
 Ex officio. 
 
 His Excellency Abikam Chamberlain, President. 
 
 Prof. W. O. Atwater Middletown. 
 
 Prof. W. H. Brewer,, Secretary New Haven. 
 
 B. W. Collins Meriden. 
 
 T. S. Gold West Cornwall. 
 
 Edwin Hoyt New Canaan. 
 
 J. H. Webb Hamden. 
 
 E. H. Jenkins, Director and Treasurer New Haven. 
 
 STATION STAFF. 
 
 Chemists. 
 
 Analytical Laboratory. 
 
 A. L. Winton, Ph.D., Chemist in charge. 
 
 E. Monroe Bailey, Ph.B. Kate G. Barber, B.S. 
 
 I. A. Andrew, Ph.B. 
 
 Laboratory for the Study of Proteids. 
 
 T. B. Osborne, Ph.D., Chemist in charge. 
 
 I. F. Harris, M.S. 
 
 Botanist. 
 G. P. Clinton, S.D. 
 
 Entomologist. 
 W. E. Britton, Ph.D. 
 
 Assistant to the Entomologist. 
 B. H. Walden, B.Agr. 
 
 Forester. 
 Walter . Mulford, F.E.f 
 
 In charge of Forestry Work. 
 Austin F. Hawes, M.F. 
 
 Grass Gardener. 
 James B. Olcott, South Manchester. 
 
 Stenographers and Clerks. 
 
 Miss V. E. Cole. 
 Miss L. M. Brautlecht. 
 
 In charge of Buildings and Grounds. 
 William Veitch. 
 
 Laboratory Helper. 
 Hugo Lange. 
 
 Sampling Agent. 
 V. L. Churchill, New Haven. 
 
 f Absent on leave. 
 
San Jose Scale-Insect Experiments in 1904 
 
 BY 
 
 W. E. Britton and B. H. Walden. 
 
 Bulletin 144 of this station contains an account of the experi- 
 mental spraying work against the San Jose scale-insect for 1903. 
 In December of that year tests were made in Bridgeport to 
 determine whether fall or early winter spraying with lime and 
 sulphur could be depended upon to hold the scale in check in 
 Connecticut. About 770 trees, mostly Japan plum, with a few 
 peach and pear trees, were treated. A few trees in New Haven 
 were also sprayed in the fall. 
 
 In the spring of 1904, spraying experiments were conducted 
 at New Haven, Westville, Wallingford, Milford and South- 
 ington. The boiled mixture did not seem to adhere to the 
 trees as well as last year, doubtless owing to the different 
 climatic conditions. Wherever the lime and sulphur mixtures 
 are used there is a decided tendency for the young scales to set 
 upon the fruit and leaves instead of the twigs that have been 
 covered with the spray mixture. This is doubtless the case 
 where any adhesive mixture is used, and often the fruit is dis- 
 figured by the scales when they are not abundant on the twigs. 
 
 All of the lime and sulphur mixtures seem to have consider- 
 able value as fungicides. 
 
 Young scales were first observed crawling on June 25, at 
 New Haven. 
 
 The whole number of trees and plants treated in these experi- 
 ments was approximately as follows : 
 
 -v, °rj ',. f- December treatment. 
 
 New Haven 14 \ 
 
 Westville 150^ 
 
 Wallingford 130 | 
 
 Milford 481 J- Spring treatment. 
 
 Southington 2552 j 
 
 New Haven 35 J 
 
 Total 4134 
 
 The effects of the winter on the trees make it impracticable in 
 many cases to express the results of the spring treatment in 
 exact figures, as was done in bulletin 144. In some cases, 
 however, this can be done, and we consider the general results 
 to be of sufficient value for publication, and so present them in 
 the following pages : 
 
4 connecticut experiment station, bulletin i46. 
 
 Effect of the Winter on the Trees. 
 
 It would be manifestly unfair to give any account of experi- 
 mental spraying work against the San Jose scale-insect without 
 mentioning the very unusual effect of the season in causing 
 injury to trees and orchards. The extraordinary winter killed 
 many peach and plum trees in Connecticut, and thousands were 
 seriously injured. Scale-infested trees, as a rule, were the first 
 to show this injury and thousands of such trees in peach 
 orchards went into the winter in a weakened condition never 
 to leaf out again. But the damage was by no means confined 
 to infested trees. In some places young and vigorous peach 
 trees were frozen and killed to the snow line and had to be 
 cut away, while in many orchards, especially on the lower levels, 
 the fruit buds were entirely destroyed. In some instances trees 
 leafed out, but soon withered and died. Large apple trees in 
 different parts of the State appeared sickly in June and July 
 and some of the branches withered and died. An examination 
 failed to show the presence of any parasitic trouble, and their 
 condition could be ascribed only to winter injury. On the 
 whole, Connecticut orchards suffered a vast amount of damage, 
 from which some of them will not recover in several years, if 
 ever. 
 
 At the time of cutting twigs to examine the insects prior to 
 spraying, the best looking infested twigs were selected, but the 
 extent of this winter injury could not then be determined. But 
 in many cases the infested wood was injured or dead and most 
 or all of the scale-insects were dead in consequence, before the 
 spray was applied. 
 
 In June, when the twigs were cut for the second examination 
 to show the effect of the treatment, the trees were in leaf and 
 it was easy to distinguish the living from the dead branches. 
 Only living branches, of course, were examined at this time, 
 and in some cases the number of living insects after the treat- 
 ment exceeded the number found on the injured branches at 
 the first examination. 
 
 Effect of the Winter on the Insects. 
 
 Ordinarily we find that a portion of San Jose scale-insects 
 
 are killed each winter — probably by the climatic conditions. 
 
 Twenty-five per cent, is about the average mortality pjid 75 
 
 per cent, of living insects is about the number that :pect 
 
MATERIALS USED IN SPRAYING. 5 
 
 to find when we cut twigs for examination in March or April. 
 The past winter proved to be an exception to this rule, the mor- 
 tality being much greater than usual. Seldom did we find 
 50 per cent, of the scale-insects alive, even on healthy twigs. 
 So many of the twigs were injured that much less than 50 
 per cent, of the whole number of scale-insects actually sur- 
 vived the winter. 
 
 Materials Used in Spraying. 
 Various materials prepared after 15 different formulas were 
 used in these experiments. The formulas are given below, 
 each with a separate number, by which it is designated in the 
 following pages. The details of preparing each are given on 
 pages 21-28. 
 
 BOILED MIXTURES. 
 
 1. — 14 lbs. lime. ) Flowers of sulphur made into a paste and 
 
 14 lbs. sulphur. ;- slaked with lime. Mixture boiled 30 minutes 
 40 galls, water. ) with steam. 
 
 2. — 14 lbs. lime. ) Light sulphur flour not made into a paste but 
 
 14 lbs. sulphur. 1 added dry to the slaking lime. Boiled 45 to 60 
 
 40 galls, water. ' minutes. 
 
 -20 lbs. lime. ) Light sulphur flour not made into a paste but 
 
 14 lbs. sulphur. - added dry to the slaking lime. Boiled 45 to 60 
 
 40 galls, water. ) minutes. 
 
 3-- 
 
 -20 
 20 
 40 galls, water. 
 
 MIXTURES NOT BOILED. 
 ,, ,. "I Lime slaked and potassium sulphide 
 
 s. 1m . dissolved separately and then put to- 
 
 lbs. potassium sulphide. >■ ., .., r ., J \.. c 
 
 o-aiic W a*pr i g et her with the proper quantity of 
 
 J water. 
 ) Fused sodium sulphide broken into 
 
 - small lumps and added to the slaking 
 } lime. 
 ) Fused sodium sulphide broken into 
 
 - small lumps and added to the slaking 
 \ lime. 
 
 5. — 20 lbs. lime. 
 
 20 lbs. sodium sulphide. 
 
 40 galls, water. 
 6. — 20 lbs. lime. 
 
 10 lbs. sodium sulphide. 
 40 galls, water. 
 
 7. — 20 lbs. lime. 
 
 6 lbs. sulphur. 
 6 lbs. sodium sulphide. 
 40 galls, water. 
 8. — 20 lbs. lime. 
 
 11 lbs. sulphur. 
 
 11 lbs. sodium sulphide. 
 40 galls, water. 
 9. — 14 lbs. lime. 
 
 6 lbs. sulphur. 
 
 6 lbs. sodium sulphide. 
 40 galls, water. 
 10. — 14 lbs. lime. 
 
 11 lbs. sulphur. 
 
 11 lbs. sodium sulphide. 
 
 40 galls, water. 
 
 Light sulphur flour, sulphide in lumps, 
 both added to slaking lime. 
 
 Light sulphur flour, sulphide in lumps, 
 both added to slaking lime. 
 
 ! Flowers of sulphur, sulphide in lumps, 
 both added to slaking lime. 
 
 ! Flowers of sulphur, sulphide in lumps, 
 1 both added to slaking lime. 
 
6 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I46. 
 
 11. — 20 lbs. lime. "] 
 
 14 lbs. sulphur. ! Flowers of sulphur, sulphide in lumps, 
 
 6 lbs. sodium sulphide, f both a dded to slaking lime. 
 40 galls, water. J 
 
 12. — 8 lbs. caustic soda. ) -.. , , , . , , , ... 
 
 aq o-qlls water I" Dissolved soda in cold water and applied. 
 
 13. — 7 lbs. caustic soda. ) ^.. , , , . , , . ... 
 
 40 cralls water f Dissolved soda in cold water and applied. 
 
 14. — 14 lbs. lime. ■] 
 
 14 lbs. sulphur. I Light sulphur flour and caustic soda added 
 
 7 lbs caustic soda. [ t0 the slakin? ]ime . 
 40 galls, water. J 
 
 15. — 20 lbs. lime. ") 
 
 14 lbs. sulphur. ! Light sulphur flour and caustic soda added 
 
 5 lbs. caustic soda. { to t h e slaking lime. 
 
 40 galls, water. J 
 
 Early Winter Spraying. 
 
 On account of the unfavorable weather and the rush of work 
 in late winter and spring, it would frequently be more con- 
 venient for orchardists to spray in the fall. Ordinarily in 
 Connecticut the San Jose scale-insect continues breeding until 
 about December i. Last fall the young were observed crawl- 
 ing on December 2. We believe that if the spraying can be 
 done as soon as the leaves drop or during November, that a 
 large proportion of the young will be killed, and that they are 
 much more susceptible to the effect of the sprays than after 
 they are partially grown and better protected by their shells 
 or armor. The mature insects die naturally, before spring, 
 and it is only the half or partially grown individuals that carry 
 the species through the winter. 
 
 The experiments in fall spraying herein described were made 
 December 10 and later, and though satisfactory it seems rea- 
 sonable that even better results might follow from a treatment 
 made two weeks earlier in the season. 
 
 Experiments at Bridgeport. 
 At Bridgeport an orchard of about six hundred Japanese 
 plum, one hundred and twenty-five peach, thirty-four pear and 
 ten quince trees was sprayed with the lime and sulphur mixture 
 December 10 and n. The trees were quite close together 
 and irregular in size. This orchard was sprayed in the spring 
 of 1902 with crude oil and water. While this treatment was 
 quite successful, some scales came through alive, and as the 
 orchard is in a badly infested locality, conditions were favorable 
 for the scale to continue to breed. Since the treatment in 1902, 
 
EARLY WINTER SPRAYING, BRIDGEPORT. J 
 
 trees which became badly infested were sprayed with kerosene 
 emulsion, whale oil soap, or other similar mixtures. At the 
 time of the last treatment, the orchard was not badly infested, 
 but scales could be found on nearly every tree. 
 
 The lime and sulphur mixture was prepared at a near-by 
 woodyard, where a twenty horse-power upright boiler fur- 
 nished steam to cook the mixture. A fifty gallon cask was 
 used for boiling the mixture, steam being conveyed through 
 a hose connected to the boiler. 
 
 The following formula (No. i) was used: 
 
 14 lbs. fresh finishing lime. 
 14 lbs. flowers of sulphur. 
 40 galls, water. 
 
 The sulphur was made into a thick smooth paste with water 
 as hot as could be conveniently borne by the hands, which were 
 used to work the lumps out of the paste. The lime was/ put 
 into a barrel, hot water added, and as soon as it commenced 
 to slake the sulphur paste was poured in, and the whole stirred 
 to prevent the lime from "burning." By the time the lime was 
 slaked we had a smooth mixture which was assuming a darker 
 color, showing that the sulphur was being dissolved. About 
 one-third the required amount of water was then added, the 
 steam turned on and the mixture boiled vigorously for thirty 
 minutes. This was stirred frequently, and the hose moved to 
 different places in the barrel so that the mixture was kept well 
 agitated. The boiled mixture was dipped out and strained 
 into the pump barrel. 
 
 The sulphur appeared to be all dissolved, and very little 
 sediment was present, that which accumulated in the strainer 
 being practically all washed through with cold water. After 
 the boiled lime and sulphur mixture was transferred to the 
 pump barrel, cold water was added until the barrel was filled 
 within about four inches of the top. This made practically 
 forty gallons. 
 
 The spraying outfit consisted of a barrel pump, mounted on 
 the end of a forty-five gallon barrel. This was placed on a 
 low wagon, and fitted with two lines of one-half inch hose 
 from thirty to forty feet long. To each line of hose was 
 attached an eight-foot bamboo extension with a double Vermorel 
 nozzle. 
 
CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I46. 
 
 The trees were coated as thoroughly as possible. On some 
 of the trees that had been sprayed with the soap and oil solu- 
 tions the mixture did not seem to stick as well, and when the 
 trees dried the coating was of a bluish grey color. 
 
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 Condition of trees 
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 2»i 
 
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 Jap. Plum . 
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 Average . 
 
EARLY WINTER SPRAYING, NEW HAVEN. 9 
 
 No twigs were cut for the purpose of examining the scales 
 at the time of treatment, but it was assumed that ioo per 
 cent, were alive at that time, as the insects had been breeding 
 up to a few days previous and there had been no cold weather 
 to cause wholesale destruction of them. Twigs were cut 
 January 2, 1904, and examined, and again on June 22. The 
 figures are given in Table I. on page 8. 
 
 Results at Bridgeport. 
 
 It has already been stated that the trees were not made very 
 white by the mixture (Formula No. 1). This is partly due to 
 the fact that oil had previously been used on some of the trees, 
 and partly due to the small quantity of lime in the mixture. 
 Nevertheless, the adhesive qualities were good and the mixture 
 could be seen on the trees in some places when the final exami- 
 nation was made on October 20. 
 
 On December io-ii, when the spraying was done, the scales 
 were about all alive. On January 2, less than a month after 
 the application, twigs were cut and examined, with the result 
 that an average of 17.5 per cent, of living insects were found. 
 This can fairly be attributed to the effect of the treatment, 
 principally because no severe weather or ice storms had occurred 
 to kill the scale-insects in unusual numbers. 
 
 The results of the second examination of twigs on June 22 
 are somewhat disappointing, as an average of 10.6 per cent, of 
 living insects were found after one of the most severe winters 
 known in recent years. In spite of the rather large percentage 
 of living insects in this test, the writers believe that fall or early 
 winter spraying can and soon will be practiced by the growers. 
 We shall make further tests along this line. The following 
 account of fall spraying at New Haven shows better results in 
 figures than the Bridgeport experiments. 
 
 When the final examination was made of the sprayed trees 
 at Bridgeport on October 20, they were found to be in a very 
 satisfactory condition. The trees had made good growth, borne 
 a crop of fruit and few living scale-insects could be found. 
 
 Experiments at New Haven. 
 
 On December 19 a number of small trees and shrubs in the 
 
 western part of the city were sprayed with the lime and sodium 
 
 sulphide mixture (Formula No. 5). The sulphide was broken 
 
 into lumps not larger than butternuts and was added to the 
 
IO CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I46. 
 
 lime after the slaking process was well started with hot water. 
 After slaking the lime the whole was allowed to stand for a few 
 minutes, utilizing the heat to help dissolve the lumps of so'dium 
 sulphide. Then cold water was added and the liquid sprayed 
 
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SPRING SPRAYING, WESTVILLE. II 
 
 upon the trees. This makes a mixture which is ash-grey in 
 color and does not disfigure the trees and shrubs to which it is 
 applied like the boiled mixture ; but it is very caustic in its 
 action, and therefore needs to be handled with more care. Sore 
 spots are formed wherever it strikes the skin and it corrodes 
 the finger nails ; therefore face and hands should be well pro- 
 tected if this mixture is to be used. 
 
 A few trees on the station grounds were also sprayed during 
 December, using the same formula. 
 
 Table II. contains the data connected with these tests. 
 
 Results at New Haven. 
 Most of the trees sprayed with lime and sodium sulphide were 
 on rented land and were destroyed by the tenant on vacating the 
 premises in April. The twigs examined, therefore, were cut 
 during April instead of June, as in most of the other experi- 
 ments. Nevertheless the percentage of living insects was rea- 
 sonably small, though probably the winter is partly responsible. 
 Two larger trees (apple) on the station grounds received similar 
 treatment, and though only 5 per cent, of living insects were 
 found in June the trees were fairly well coated with scale- 
 insects in October at the writing of this bulletin. 
 
 Spraying in Late Winter and Spring. 
 Westville Experiments. 
 
 About 150 pear trees were sprayed on March 21 and 24. 
 This is the same orchard that was sprayed last year and 
 described in bulletin 144, page 9. The condition of the trees 
 generally was about the same as last year, except that those 
 treated last season with Bordeaux mixture and plain white- 
 wash were more scaly than was the case a year ago, and also 
 more scaly than the other trees. Nearly all were seriously 
 infested, but had not suffered from winter injury as much as 
 most peach and plum trees in the same region. 
 
 March 21 was a bright, still day, becoming cloudy in the 
 afternoon, with a light snow at night and a light drizzle of rain 
 in the forenoon of the 22. 
 
 The boiled mixture (see formula No. 2, page 5) was used 
 on the first five rows, beginning on the northwest side. Hot 
 water and light sulphur flour were added to the hard finishing 
 
12 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I46. 
 
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SPRING SPRAYING, WALLINGFORD. I 3 
 
 lime and the mixture well stirred until the lime was thor- 
 oughly slaked. It was then boiled for 45 minutes in a feed 
 cooker corresponding to a kettle over a wood fire. This outfit 
 is shown on plate II. b. The next eight rows were sprayed with 
 lime, sulphur and sodium sulphide, four receiving formula No. 
 9, and four formula No. 10. One row was sprayed with lime, 
 sulphur and caustic soda (Formula No. 14) and one row with 
 the caustic soda solution (Formula No. 12). 
 
 Results at Westville. 
 
 These spraying tests show the boiled lime and sulphur mix- 
 ture to be no more efficient in destroying the scale-insects than 
 similar mixtures containing lime and sulphur and prepared 
 without boiling. Apparently there was not much difference in 
 the adhesive qualities of these mixtures. When twigs were cut 
 in June for final examination, the whitish coating could be seen, 
 especially on the under sides of the branches of all the trees, 
 except, of course, those receiving the caustic soda solution 
 containing no lime. Caustic soda solution as used here (1 lb. 
 in 5 gallons water) was less effective in destroying scale than 
 any of the lime and sulphur mixtures. (See Table III.) 
 
 None of the pear trees of the orchard showed any injury 
 that could be ascribed to the spraying, though some branches 
 were killed by scale and winter. When examined October 22, 
 most of the trees had made good growth and there were few 
 scales on the new wood, though the old wood was well covered 
 with dead ones. The trees sprayed with the caustic soda solu- 
 tion were far more scaly than any of the others. There was but 
 little difference in effectiveness between formulas No. 2, No. 
 9, No. 10 and No. 14, though No. 9 was probably the least 
 efficient. 
 
 Wallingford Experiments. 
 The trees sprayed at Wallingford were seven years old, of 
 good size, and but slightly infested with the San Jose scale- 
 insect. The damage to the trees by the winter was slight. 
 The applications were made April 8. Ninety trees were 
 sprayed, using the following formula (No. 9) : 
 
 14 lbs. fresh finishing lime. 6 lbs. sodium sulphide. 
 
 6 lbs. flowers of sulphur. 40 galls, water. 
 
14 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I46. 
 
 The materials were weighed out, the lime placed in a barrel 
 and just enough cold water added to start it slaking. When 
 the lime began to slake the sulphur and sodium sulphide were 
 added and the mixture kept well stirred. Just enough cold 
 water was added to prevent the lime from becoming dry or 
 "burning," thus keeping the mixture hot in order to dissolve the 
 sodium sulphide, and as much of the sulphur as possible. 
 After the lime had slaked, a small amount of water was added 
 and the mixture allowed to stand for at least twenty minutes, 
 with occasional stirring. It was then dipped out, strained and 
 diluted. This preparation was of a dark muddy olive-green 
 color, becoming greenish yellow when diluted. Upon strain- 
 ing this into the pump barrel no more sediment remained than 
 with the boiled lime and sulphur mixture. 
 
 The spraying outfit consisted of a No. 6 "Hardie" pump 
 mounted on the side of a fifty-gallon barrel. The trees were 
 covered thoroughly. Upon drying, the coating was not as white 
 as on the trees sprayed with the boiled mixture (Formula No. 
 3). This, of course, was due to the smaller amount of lime 
 used in our mixture and the darker color which the sodium sul- 
 phide imparted to it. 
 
 About forty trees in the same block were sprayed with a 
 mixture made after formula No. 10. 
 
 This was prepared in the same way as the above mixture. 
 The additional amount of sulphur and sodium sulphide made 
 very little difference in the appearance of the mixture, making 
 it a trifle darker in color. The following table gives the chief 
 data: 
 
 Results at Wallingford. 
 
 Though 130 trees were sprayed here by the writers, the 
 owners of the orchard sprayed the remaining 9,000 trees with 
 boiled lime and sulphur mixture, using for the most part 
 formula No. 3. (See page 5.) Their work was done with 
 thoroughness and twigs were cut from some of the trees for 
 comparison with our tests. The mixture made after formula 
 No. 9 did not appear to stick on the trees as well as the boiled 
 mixture, and the figures show that it was less effective as a 
 scale-destroyer. Though where more sulphur and more sodium 
 sulphide were used (No. 10) the results were much better; the 
 average number of surviving scale-insects being smaller even 
 than where the boiled mixture was used. 
 
SPRING SPRAYING, WALLINGFORD. 
 
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1 6 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I46. 
 
 The orchard was examined on October 26, and the trees were 
 found to be in a very satisfactory condition. It was difficult to 
 find living insects on any of the sprayed trees in the orchard. 
 
 Experiments at Southington. 
 
 The small peach orchard sprayed last year and described on 
 page 14 of bulletin 144 should be mentioned here. That half 
 of the orchard receiving lime and sulphur mixtures remained 
 quite free from scale, and though the trees suffered injury from 
 the winter, were in much better condition than the trees in the 
 other half of the orchard where whitewash was used and kero- 
 sene emulsion applied in August. The whitewashed trees went 
 into the winter in a badly infested condition and were killed, 
 or injured to such an extent that they were cut out in the 
 spring. Twigs and branches were dead. 
 
 The remaining trees, 100 in number, were sprayed on April 
 4 and 5. Seventy received boiled lime and sulphur. (See 
 formula No. 2, page 5.) The other trees were sprayed with 
 lime, sulphur and sodium sulphide, 18 with formula No. 9, 
 and 12 with formula No. 10. 
 
 A much larger peach orchard at Spring Lake farm, owned 
 by Mr. L. V. Walkley, was found to be seriously infested by 
 the scale-insect, and though winter injury was at first apparent 
 it was considered a good place for experimentation, and about 
 950 large trees and 1,500 small ones were sprayed with various 
 mixtures April 4-19. The boiled mixtures were cooked with 
 steam from the boiler of a Kinney "Safe" portable engine. 
 The data are presented in Tables V. and VI. 
 
 Results at Southington. 
 The percentage of living insects shown in Tables V and VI 
 are all low and would indicate that the mixtures were efficient 
 had not the winter killed such a large proportion of the scales. 
 On the whole, the mixtures adhered well to the trees and could 
 be seen on the trunks and larger branches when the twigs were 
 cut in June. The boiled mixtures remained perhaps longer 
 than those made without boiling, though the differences were 
 not great. The effect of the winter on this orchard makes it 
 difficult to draw any accurate conclusions regarding the 
 efficiency of the various mixtures used. It seems safe to say, 
 however, that the spread of the scale was greatly checked by 
 
PLATE I. 
 
 a. The noon hour in spraying time. Portable boiling plant and outfits for 
 applying the lime and sulphur mixture. 
 
 b. Nearer view showing methods of mounting pump and barrel. The proper 
 
 method is shown at the right. This is an excellent outfit 
 
 for a rough orchard. 
 
 VIEWS IN ORCHARD OF HIGHLAND FRUIT CO., WALLINGFORD. 
 
PLATE II. 
 
 a. Applying the mixture to infested pear trees. 
 
 b. Boiling the lime and sulphur mixture in a kettle or feed cooker. 
 WESTVILLE EXPERIMENTS. 
 
PLATE III. 
 
 a. Improved stationary cooking plant of J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury. 
 Capacity of this plant is about 50 barrels of mixture per day. 
 
 b. The common method in Connecticut orchards. A portable engine with 
 
 boiler is placed near the orchard where water can be obtained. Steam 
 
 is conveyed to the barrels through common rubber hose. 
 
 STATIONARY AND PORTABLE STEAM COOKING PLANTS. 
 
PLATE IV. 
 
 a. Some spray nozzles in common use. I. Single Vermorel : 2. McGowen 
 3. Bordeaux : 4. Double Vermorel : 5. Mistry : 6. Double Spramotor. 
 
 b. An excellent home-made 
 strainer and funnel. 
 
 c. Spraying a tree with a bucket pump. 
 
 This is an excellent outfit for the 
 
 garden and the city yard. 
 
 NOZZLES, STRAINER AND BUCKET PUMP. 
 
SPRING SPRAYING, SOUTHINGTON. 
 
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1 8 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I46. 
 
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SPRING SPRAYING, MILFORD. 1 9 
 
 the treatment and that all the mixtures here used were fairly 
 efficient. The final examination made on October 26 showed 
 the trees to be almost free from scale, though the winter injury- 
 was more serious than was supposed early in the season. 
 
 Experiments at Milford. 
 
 On April 22-23, various mixtures prepared without boiling 
 were applied to 217 fruit trees and 256 currant bushes at 
 Milford. The spraying season was nearly at an end and the 
 buds were opening on plum trees, currant and gooseberry 
 bushes. The lime, sulphur and sodium sulphide mixture 
 (formula No. 7), lime and potassium sulphide (formula No. 
 4), lime, sulphur and caustic soda (formula No. 15), and 
 caustic soda solution (formula No. 13), lime and sodium sul- 
 phide (formula No. 6) were used in these tests. 
 
 Most of the trees and bushes were moderately infested with 
 scales, and some were killed or injured by the winter, so that 
 leaves did not start from the branches. In some cases growth 
 started from the upper portion of the trunks. 
 
 Data connected with these experiments are given in the 
 accompanying table. 
 
 Results at Milford. 
 Trees sprayed with mixtures No. 4 and No. 15 gave the 
 lowest percentage of living insects in June. Those receiving 
 No. 6 and No. 13 gave the highest. No. 6 probably washed 
 off sooner than the other mixtures containing lime, though 
 there was little difference in this respect between 4, 7 and 15. 
 Though no boiled mixture was employed here for comparison, 
 it certainly seems 'as if mixtures Nos. 4 and 15 gave about as 
 good results as could be expected of a boiled mixture. The 
 sprayed trees were examined October 25. Formulas Nos. 7, 
 4 and 15 gave very satisfactory results, the new growth of the 
 trees being mostly clean. Nos. 6 and 13 were less efficient and 
 more living scales were found on trees sprayed with these 
 preparations. 
 
 Connecticut Orchards Sprayed in 1904. 
 
 It is safe to say that over 100,000 fruit trees in orchards and 
 
 gardens were sprayed in Connecticut during 1904 with the 
 
 lime and sulphur mixtures. Mr. J. H. Hale sprayed about 
 
 16,000 trees in his orchards at Glastonbury and Sevmour ; Mr. 
 
20 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I46. 
 
 
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MAKING THE BOILED MIXTURE. 21 
 
 C. E. Lyman sprayed 12,000 trees at Middlefield, and it has 
 already been mentioned that the Highland Fruit Co. of Walling- 
 ford sprayed their entire orchard of 9,000 trees. Other growers 
 who have done more or less spraying with the lime and sulphur 
 mixture are A. C. Sternberg, West Hartford ; C. I. Allen, 
 Terryville ; T. H. & L. C. Root, Farmington ; Barnes Brothers, 
 Yalesville; A. E. Plant & Son, Branford ; G. F. Piatt & Son, 
 N. D. Piatt & Son, Milford ; Hall & Barnes, Wallingford, and 
 many others. 
 
 In Keney Park, Hartford, a great deal of spraying was done 
 in the ornamental planting of trees and shrubbery, and the 
 writers are informed that the lime and sulphur mixture is con- 
 sidered preferable to any of the oils or soaps previously used 
 here for the purpose of killing the scale. 
 
 So far as can be learned,- the results of this spraying work 
 have been on the whole satisfactory. The boiled mixture has 
 been used in most cases, and the work done in the spring. The 
 care with which the mixtures are made and applied, the con- 
 dition of the trees, and the climatic conditions all affect the 
 final results. 
 
 Making the Boiled Mixture. 
 A portable steam boiler is probably the most convenient out- 
 fit for cooking the lime and sulphur mixture for the average 
 orchard. The boiler can be set up in the orchard, preferably 
 near a water supply, and the mixture cooked in open barrels. 
 Common rubber hose is more convenient than iron pipe for 
 conveying the steam to the barrels, as it can be removed more 
 readily. The mixture can then be applied as fast as it is made. 
 Each line of hose should be fitted with a valve. If there is no 
 spring or stream of water near the orchard it is not impracti- 
 cable to cart water to the boiler, as was done at Wallingford 
 by the Highland Fruit Co., or to cart the boiled mixture a mile 
 or more from the boiler to the orchard. Mr. Plant of Bran- 
 ford cooked the spraying mixture near his house, drawing 
 water in a spout directly into the cooking vats from a spring 
 on the hillside. From the boiler the mixture was carted in 
 tight casks into the orchard about a mile distant, drawn off 
 into the spray barrels and applied. The portable boiler can 
 be used in any moderate sized orchard, but is capable of cook- 
 ing material for large orchards. The Kinney "Safe" engine 
 
22 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I46. 
 
 with boiler is a common source of power on Connecticut farms, 
 and this has probably been used more than any other forms of 
 portable boilers for cooking the mixture, and has been very satis- 
 factory ; one of 5 h. p. capacity furnished steam to cook all of 
 the mixture used in spraying 9,000 good sized peach trees in the 
 orchard of the Highland Fruit Co. at Wallingford. An outfit 
 of similar size and pattern was used in an orchard of 12,000 
 trees by Mr. C. E. Lyman of Middlefield. Some of the 
 largest orchards, however, are provided with more permanent 
 stationary cooking plants. That of Barnes Brothers of Yales- 
 ville has already been described and figured in the Report of 
 this Station for 1902, page 120. A much more elaborate out- 
 fit has been devised by Mr. J. H. Hale of South Glastonbury. 
 (See plate III. a.) Mr. Hale's plant consists of a horizontal 
 boiler of 20 h. p. connected by pipes with eight barrels in 
 which the materials are boiled. Above each barrel the steam 
 pipe has a valve, and at the bottom of the barrel the pipe is 
 fitted with a 4-way connection containing short pipes drilled 
 with small holes for the escape of the steam. By this arrange- 
 ment no stirring is necessary. The bottom of each barrel is 
 also connected by pipe to the water supply, and by means of 
 valves the boiled mixture can be diluted, and drawn off through 
 the same pipes into the spray barrel or into casks to be carted 
 away. This appears to be a good type of a large cooking 
 plant. 
 
 It is not essential, however, for the owner of a small orchard 
 to go to the trouble and expense of fitting up an elaborate out- 
 fit of this sort. Neither is it necessary to employ the portable 
 boiler, as the mixture can be cooked very satisfactorily with 
 steam from the heating plant of the house ; in a set kettle or 
 portable feed cooker, such as are in use on many farms, or even 
 in a kettle on the stove, where small quantities are required. A 
 feed cooker used in our Westville experiments is shown on 
 plate II. b. 
 
 Finishing lime should be used where possible, as this slakes 
 completely, leaving little sediment to clog strainer and nozzles. 
 It comes in hard white lumps, costs more than mortar lime and 
 generates more heat in slaking. It is important that the lime 
 should be properly slaked, for upon this depends in a large 
 measure the amount of sediment. Water should be added to 
 
MAKING THE BOILED MIXTURE. 23 
 
 the lime only as needed to prevent burning. Lime needs air 
 as well as water in order to slake well. Therefore too much 
 water will hinder the slaking process or "drown" it, as the 
 bricklayer says. Constant stirring is also required to prevent 
 "burning" in spots. The weight of the lime should equal 
 or slightly exceed that of the sulphur. A great excess injures 
 the mixture. Sulphur should be used either in the form of the 
 sublimed "flowers," or the finely ground "light sulphur flour." 
 The particles are somewhat smaller in the sublimed product, 
 but there is a greater tendency to become lumpy under pressure 
 and this, of course, retards solution. The writers believe that 
 the light flour is the better, all things considered. 
 
 The sulphur should be added to the lime before slaking, as 
 the heat of the slaking lime can be utilized to help dissolve the 
 sulphur, though this heat alone will probably dissolve only a 
 small portion of it. It is well to stir the materials thoroughly 
 during the slaking process to prevent "burning" of the lime. 
 Water should be added as needed, and after the lime is slaked 
 the barrel can be filled about one-third full of water and the 
 steam or heat applied. The mixture should boil for a period 
 of time varying from forty-five to sixty minutes. Of course, 
 the heat can be applied during the slaking process, and in this 
 case it should be turned on for at least an hour to make sure 
 that the sulphur is well dissolved. In our Bridgeport experi- 
 ments, the sulphur was made into a paste by working it over 
 with the hands, warm water being used. This prepared the 
 sulphur for more immediate action, and the materials were 
 boiled only thirty minutes and very little or no sulphur remained 
 undissolved. But in most cases it will be found more economi- 
 cal to add dry sulphur to the slaking lime and boil it for a longer 
 time. There should not be more than a pint of sediment for 
 each barrel of mixture if properly made, and the mixture should 
 be strained when put into the spray barrel. 
 
 Salt may be added to this mixture and is still used in some 
 orchards, though in most cases it is omitted. In previous tests 
 conducted by us and by many other experimenters, salt was 
 found to have no value either in making the mixture more 
 adhesive or in rendering it more destructive to the scale- 
 insects. 
 
24 connecticut experiment station, bulletin 1 46. 
 
 Making the Mixture Without Boiling. 
 
 The fact that the ordinary lime and sulphur mixture requires 
 boiling has kept many from using it, in spite of the small cost 
 of the mixture, even when boiled. In large orchards, where 
 suitable outfits can be procured, the question of boiling is not 
 such a serious one, but in hundreds of small orchards and gar- 
 dens the trees would be sprayed if some easily made mixture 
 could be used. There is a demand for a mixture that can be 
 prepared without hot water, and this has prompted us to try 
 several things with the view of possibly supplying this demand. 
 
 Last year we used potassium sulphide and found it a valuable 
 addition to our list of scale insecticides. It has been used the 
 present season with good results. It is too expensive for large 
 spraying operations, but is very convenient for spraying a few 
 small trees or shrubs near the buildings or in a city yard. Know- 
 ing that sodium compounds are usually cheaper than potassium 
 compounds, and have similar properties, we sought the former, 
 and through considerable correspondence we learned that two 
 grades of sodium sulphide could be obtained at a low price. The 
 crystallized form contained less than 30 per cent, of sodium sul- 
 phide and cost 1% cents per pound in 500 lb. barrels. The fused 
 form has nearly 60 per cent, of sodium sulphide and costs 
 2^4 cents per pound in drums of over 700 lbs. Both kinds were 
 tested in the laboratory and mixtures with lime were made from 
 each and sprayed upon trees. The mixture from the crystal- 
 lized sulphide did not stick as well as that from the fused, and 
 as it contained such a small quantity of sodium sulphide, was 
 not employed extensively. The fused sulphide, however, 
 promised to be of value and was used quite extensively in these 
 experiments. The worst feature about it is the form in which 
 it comes — in a fused mass, hard as a rock. When freshly 
 broken it is of a reddish color, resembling the mineral cinnabar. 
 On exposure to the air it soon blackens and gives off a strong 
 odor of sulphuretted hydrogen. The large lumps are hard to 
 dissolve, but the finely pulverized material is very soluble in 
 cold water. The entire mass was broken with hammers into 
 small pieces — no larger than a hen's egg. In this form it would 
 nearly all dissolve when added to the slaking lime, but in 
 uniting with the lime to form calcium sulphides caustic soda 
 was also formed, and the mixture was so very caustic that it 
 went through the skin, making sore spots wherever it struck. 
 
MAKING THE MIXTURE WITHOUT BOILING. 25 
 
 In our laboratory tests the dissolved sodium sulphide was 
 found to be an excellent solvent of sulphur, exceeding" caustic 
 soda when in cold solution, though the latter would dissolve 
 more sulphur if heated. In discussing the properties of this 
 sodium sulphide, Director Jenkins suggested to the writers that 
 by using this as a solvent for sulphur in connection with lime, 
 the causticity would probably be much reduced — which was 
 found to be the case. 
 
 An effort then was made to prepare a mixture without boil- 
 ing based on the same cost of materials as the boiled mixture. 
 Formula No. 7 is the result, and No. 8 was simply a test of 
 larger quantities of sulphur and sodium sulphide with the same 
 amount of lime. When prepared after either formula, this 
 mixture is no more caustic or unpleasant to handle than the 
 boiled lime and sulphur mixture, and while we are not yet pre- 
 pared to state that it is just as good, it certainly has given favor- 
 able results that warrant further trial. If this sodium sul- 
 phide could be obtained in pulverized form it would be much 
 more convenient to use, and we have taken up the matter with 
 the manufacturers in Germany to try and bring it about. 
 
 In making the mixtures without boiling, the unslaked finish- 
 ing lime was used. This generates more heat in slaking than 
 the mortar lime, and heat aids in dissolving the sulphides. The 
 best solution resulted when the greatest amount of heat was 
 produced by the slaking lime. The light sulphur flour is the 
 grade of sulphur best adapted for the unboiled solutions. As 
 has already been mentioned, this does not form as many dry 
 lumps as the flowers of sulphur. Boiling will break up some 
 of these lumps, but it is more necessary in the unboiled mixture 
 to use the form that is least inclined to become lumpy. 
 
 Cold water was used in most cases. Warm, or hot water, 
 of course, assists greatly in slaking the lime and dissolving the 
 sulphides. But it requires nearly as much of an outfit to heat 
 the water as to boil the lime and sulphur mixture, and the chief 
 object of an unboiled mixture is to do away with such an outfit. 
 
 Lime and Potassium Sulphide Mixture. 
 
 ( 20 lbs. lime. 
 Formula No. 4. -J 20 lbs. potassium sulphide. 
 ( 40 galls, water. 
 
 This can be prepared in two ways, either of which is satis- 
 factory. 
 
26 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I46. 
 
 1. Place the weighed potassium sulphide in a half-barrel and 
 add three or four pails of water. Stir occasionally. Place the 
 lime in a barrel and slake carefully, the same as for a boiled 
 mixture. When the potassium sulphide has all dissolved add 
 it to the slaked lime, with water to make about one-third the 
 required volume. Then strain the mixture into the pump 
 barrel, dilute to make the right proportion and apply to the 
 trees. 
 
 2. Weigh out the materials. Put the lime in a barrel and 
 start it slaking. When it begins to slake vigorously add the 
 dry sulphide. Then stir the mixture vigorously and add just 
 enough water to keep the lime from burning. After the lime 
 has slaked, add a small quantity of water and allow the mix- 
 ture to stand for a short time, with frequent stirring. Then 
 dilute and apply. 
 
 The above formula has been given in several Experiment 
 Station bulletins with directions that the potassium sulphide be 
 dissolved in warm water and the lime slaked with this solution. 
 We do not recommend this method, because the sulphide when 
 dissolved makes a soapy, caustic solution which, when added to 
 the lime, immediately coats over the lumps, excluding the air 
 and checking the slaking process. Besides, there is practically 
 nothing gained by this method. 
 
 Lime, Sulphur and Sodium Sulphide Mixture. 
 
 i 1u ,. f 20 lbs. lime. 
 
 20 lbs. lime. 1 „ -,, , , 
 
 ,, ,. , , ., v, 11 lbs. sulphur. 
 
 20 lbs. sodium sulphide. No. 8. ■< tt ,, j ■ „ 1 i,-j„ 
 
 „ . r 11 lbs. sodium sulphide. 
 
 40 galls, water. n . r 
 
 t & ■ ^ 40 galls, water. 
 
 I onlh* lime ( 14 lbs. lime. 
 
 1 z(j ids. lime. 1 r it, , 1 i 
 
 No. 6. -< 10 lbs. sodium sulphide. No. q. \ , ,, J. ' , , . , 
 
 ) ,, * * J o lbs. sodium sulphide. 
 
 ( 40 galls, water. n •„* 
 
 v ^ ° ^ 40 galls, water. 
 
 f 20 lbs. lime. f 14 lbs. lime. 
 
 N J 6 lbs. sulphur. N J 11 lbs. sulphur. 
 
 " '' 1 6 lbs. sodium sulphide. ' " j 11 lbs. sodium sulphide. 
 
 [_ 40 galls, water. [ 40 galls, water. 
 
 These mixtures are made practically in the same way as 
 the last preparation. It is important to use as little water as 
 possible in slaking the lime and to let the lime get well started 
 before the other ingredients are put in. 
 
 Weigh the materials, put the lime in a barrel, add water, and 
 when it begins to slake vigorously add the dry sulphur and 
 lumps of sodium sulphide. Keep the whole well stirred. When 
 the lime is slaked, add a few pails of water, and let the solution 
 
MAKING LIME, SULPHUR, AND SODIUM SULPHIDE MIXTURE. 2J 
 
 stand for about twenty minutes. It can then be strained, 
 diluted, and sprayed upon the trees. The sodium sulphide used 
 in these mixtures is dissolved by the water, aided by the heat 
 of the lime. The caustic properties of the sulphide and lime, 
 together with the heat, dissolve the sulphur flour, thus forming 
 sulphides of lime similar to those formed in a boiled lime and 
 sulphur mixture. 
 
 This appears much like the regular boiled mixture, except 
 that it is olive-green in color instead of yellow. 
 
 Lime, Sulphur and Caustic Soda. 
 
 f 14 lbs. lime. 
 
 it 1 xt ) 14 lbs. sulphur. 
 
 Formula No. 14. ■< Z iu„ *■ j 
 
 ^ 7 lbs. caustic soda. 
 
 ^ 40 galls, water. 
 
 In this mixture caustic soda is added to assist in dissolving 
 the sulphur. Start the lime slaking and add the sulphur and 
 caustic soda. The caustic soda causes violent boiling of the 
 mixture, and water must be added at intervals to prevent the 
 mixture from boiling over the top of the barrel. The mixture 
 becomes reddish in color very soon after adding the caustic 
 soda, and by the time the action ceases the color reaches deep 
 reddish brown. Then dilute with water and apply. This mix- 
 ture is convenient and effective. Common household lye can 
 be used instead of caustic soda. 
 
 This is similar to the mixture originated at the New York 
 (Geneva) Experiment Station and used extensively there in the 
 orchards. (See Bulletins 228 and 247 N. Y. Expt. Station, 
 Geneva, N. Y.) 
 
 Caustic Soda and Water. 
 
 N j 8 lbs. caustic soda. >r ( 7 lbs. caustic soda. 
 
 ' I 40 galls, water. ' *' ( 40 galls, water. 
 
 Dissolve the weighed amount of caustic soda in water and 
 
 dilute ready for use. This solution is very disagreeable to use ; 
 
 every drop that strikes the skin makes it smart violently. 
 
 Outfit for Applying the Mixture. 
 Spraying with the lime and sulphur mixture is looked upon 
 as one of the arduous and disagreeable jobs of the fruit 
 grower. The spring spraying comes at a time when each day 
 brings the grower nearer the regular spring work. Especially 
 if a few days of bad weather occur, the spraying must be 
 rushed as fast as possible. The above reasons alone are suf- 
 
28 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I46. 
 
 ficient to show that the best and most practical outfit procurable 
 should be used, to make the work go as smoothly and pleasantly 
 as possible and to obviate the loss of time from the breaking 
 down and the giving out of an inadequate spraying outfit. 
 
 As spraying is more and more practiced, the good and bad 
 points of spray pumps and their accessories are being brought 
 out. 
 
 Many inquiries have come to the station during the past 
 year in regard to the best kinds of spray pumps, nozzles, etc. It 
 seems, therefore, advisable to describe a practical outfit in this 
 bulletin. 
 
 Pump, Barrel and Carriage. 
 
 It has not yet been demonstrated that power sprayers are as 
 practical or can take the place of the hand barrel pump for 
 orchard work in Connecticut. The first thing to consider is 
 the pump, which should be of large size, furnishing ample 
 pressure to supply at least two lines of hose fitted with double 
 Vermorel nozzles. This should be made so that when it is 
 mounted on the end of a fifty gallon cask, the highest point 
 should be the fulcrum or post on which the pump handle or 
 lever works. This should be just high enough to give the 
 handle a good working distance, — that is, when pushed down 
 it will just clear the chine of the barrel. The air chamber 
 should be under the handle post, the larger part of it being 
 in the barrel out of sight. It is essential that the cylinder be 
 of good size and the plunger must be packed in such a manner 
 that it can be tightened quickly and easily. The valves should 
 be made as simple as possible. It must be possible to take the 
 whole pump apart and put it together with a monkey wrench. 
 The lime and sulphur mixture requires a pump with an agitator 
 that will keep the liquid well mixed. 
 
 There are several pumps on the market which are of this 
 type. One which has recently been brought to the attention of 
 the Connecticut fruit grower is the "Hardie." This pump has 
 several features worth pointing out. The plunger is made so 
 the packing can be tightened by turning the plunger rod with 
 a wrench without removing it from the cylinder. The plunger 
 consists of two cone-shaped pieces, one screwing upon the 
 other; the groove between them is wound full with cotton 
 waste. This is pushed into the cylinder and a projection on 
 the lower cone holds it stationary while the upper one is screwed 
 
PUMP, BARREL AND CARRIAGE. 29 
 
 down by turning the rod. This crowds the packing together 
 until it fills the cylinder. The mixture enters the pump through 
 a strainer at the side instead of the bottom, and the agitator 
 works up and down in front of this place, keeping the strainer 
 from becoming clogged. 
 
 Among the pumps used in Connecticut that have given fairly 
 good satisfaction are the "Eclipse," manufactured by the Mor- 
 rill & Morley Co., Benton Harbor, Mich. ; the pumps manu- 
 factured by the Goulds Mfg. Co., Seneca Falls, N. Y., of which 
 the "Pomona" is a type ; and the "Century," manufactured by 
 the Deming Co., Salem, Ohio. These pumps all have some 
 good features as well as weak ones. All pumps should be made 
 so that they can be removed from the barrel more readily. 
 
 Plate I. b. shows one of the most practical ways of mounting 
 a pump. The pump is mounted on the side of the barrel 
 instead of the end. One can readily see many advantages in 
 this method. The barrel is less liable to tip over in rough 
 places. It is much easier to fill than when mounted on the 
 end. When a strainer like the one described is used a hole 
 only large enough to take in the pipe is necessary in filling the 
 barrel. This can be plugged tightly. A drag or sled is made 
 of two pieces of 4 x 6 inch scantling for runners, and spiking 
 a platform of plank to the upper edge of them. The front 
 ends of the runners are rounded. The barrel is placed cross- 
 wise of this sled on wooden blocks cut to fit the curve of the 
 barrel and fastened to both barrel and sled. There should be 
 standing room behind the barrel for the man who pumps. A 
 piece of scantling is placed close to each side of the barrel and 
 fastened to the wooden blocks, thus forming a frame around 
 the barrel, securely fastening it to the sled. Iron straps may 
 also be used for holding the barrel in place. Plate I. b. 
 shows two pumps. One is mounted in the manner just 
 described, the other is placed lengthwise of the runners. It 
 took but a short time to prove which was the practical way of 
 mounting. Where it was mounted lengthwise there was more 
 chance for the barrel to tip over. The handle was at the side 
 and liable to catch on the trees and branches in going through 
 the orchard. The man pumping was continually in the way 
 of the hose on one side. The hose leads from the back and 
 front of the outfit instead of the sides, as in the other case, 
 consequently the hose was continually bent at the point of 
 attachment and soon gave out. 
 
30 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I46. 
 
 When the barrel was mounted crosswise of the drag, the 
 man pumping stood back on the platform out of the way of 
 the men handling the hose. 
 
 Pump manufacturers make outfits consisting of small-sized 
 barrels holding from 15 to 25 gallons, mounted on wheels, for 
 hand use in the garden. The ordinary barrel pump is used in 
 these outfits, though sometimes of a smaller size than would be 
 chosen for orchard work. These hand wheel outfits are most 
 useful in the home garden of four or five acres. For still 
 smaller places, like the ordinary city yard, or for spraying a 
 few large trees, a bucket pump costing from four to six dollars 
 is perhaps the best form of outfit. Such a pump is shown on 
 plate IV. c. and can be used with any wooden pail or bucket. 
 The small compressed air pumps on the market, and the knap- 
 sack pumps, will answer the purpose, but most of them are 
 badly corroded by the lime and sulphur mixtures. 
 
 Clean water should be run through pump, hose and nozzles 
 at the end of each day's work, and at the end of the spraying 
 season the pump and nozzles should be well cleaned and oiled 
 to prevent corrosion. 
 
 Hose. 
 
 For general spraying work, we prefer half-inch rubber hose 
 in lengths of not less than 25 feet. Where two lines of hose 
 are used it is frequently of advantage to have one of them 50 
 feet long for reaching the opposite side of trees or for working 
 a long distance behind the pump. Most of the pumps are sent 
 out with a piece of hose seven or eight feet in length, which 
 is altogether too short for practical work. This hose, though 
 of good quality, usually costs 16 or 18 cents per foot, making 
 it too expensive for orchard use. We have been using a grade 
 of hose which can be purchased from the rubber stores in 
 the larger cities of Connecticut for eight or nine cents per 
 foot. This hose has been very satisfactory, withstands the 
 pressure, and for dragging about in the orchard seems to wear 
 about as long as the more expensive hose. The points of 
 breakage are always near the ends where sharp bending occurs. 
 
 Extension Rods. 
 For reaching into the trees it is necessary to use some form 
 of rod six to ten feet long, and the lightest and best is a 
 hollow one which screws onto the end of the hose and permits 
 
HOSE, EXTENSION RODS AND NOZZLES. 3 1 
 
 the liquid to pass through it. Bamboo rods have been designed 
 for this purpose, each consisting of a brass tube inside of a 
 piece of bamboo. Screw connections are made between the 
 brass rod and the hose at one end, while the other end takes 
 the nozzle. The hose connection should also have a stop cock 
 or "shut off" to avoid wasting the spray mixture. The bam- 
 boo extensions are light and convenient, but not durable, as the 
 screw connections soon break off or the bamboo splits or becomes 
 loosened on the brass rod. For this reason many orchardists 
 have adopted an extension made of quarter-inch gas-pipe. 
 Though heavier and harder to hold in the hand on account of 
 the smaller diameter, the gas-pipe rods are more durable and 
 considerably cheaper than the bamboo extensions. 
 
 Nozzles. 
 The double Vermorel nozzle has been used probably more 
 than any other in orchard spraying and has given satisfaction. 
 For large trees the MacGowen is preferred by some operators. 
 During the past season the Gould's Mfg. Co. has put upon the 
 market a new nozzle called the "Mistry." The "Mistry" is 
 a large and somewhat complicated nozzle that gives a fine 
 spray. The greatest disadvantage of this nozzle is that the 
 caps wear out very quickly and often need replacing once or 
 twice each season. The lime and sulphur mixture, when forced 
 in a thin stream under great pressure against the cap, will soon 
 wear and enlarge the opening on any of these nozzles. If the 
 caps could be made of hard steel instead of brass they would 
 last much longer. Some growers praise the "Mistry" highly, 
 while others prefer the double Vermorel. The Spramotor 
 Co. has originated a nozzle fitted with hard steel disks, through 
 which the openings are made. These disks can be replaced easily 
 and while we have not yet given these nozzles a practical trial 
 in the orchard, they appear to work nicely and throw an excel- 
 lent spray. One man who makes a business of spraying trees 
 informs me that the Spramotor is the best nozzle that he can 
 find for his work. The nozzles of the "Bordeaux" and 
 "Seneca" type give a fan-shaped spray, are heavy and not 
 readily cleaned after being set, and the handles are hook-shaped 
 and get caught in the branches. For these reasons they are not 
 well adapted to orchard work. These nozzles are all shown 
 on plate IV. a. 
 
32 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN I46. 
 
 Strainer and Funnel. 
 We have found a home-made strainer the most satisfactory, 
 as the ready-made strainers are not of the proper size or shape 
 for practical use. The strainer and funnel that we have adopted 
 consists of a common wooden pail with the bottom reinforced and 
 a piece of one and one-half inch iron gas-pipe screwed through 
 it. About half-way up on the inside of the pail is tacked a 
 circular piece of iron wire cloth, having at least 20 meshes per 
 inch. A finer strainer is not needed and only hinders the work, 
 as the men must wait for the liquid to go through. This kind 
 of a strainer is always convenient, will hold a pailful at a time, 
 and there is more straining surface than if the wire was placed 
 at the bottom. It is shown on plate IV. b. The materials for 
 such a strainer cost not more than fifty cents, and the wire 
 cloth can be obtained from the wire stores in New Haven and 
 Hartford. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 1. This station conducted spraying experiments in Bridgeport, New 
 Haven, Westville, Wallingford, Southington and Milford during the 
 past season, to kill the San Jose" scale-insect. Over 4,000 trees were 
 treated. Nearly 800 were sprayed in December and the remainder in 
 March and April. Fifteen different formulas were used in the prepara- 
 tion of the materials ; mixtures of lime and sulphur were used chiefly. 
 
 2. The winter injury to trees was very serious, many orchards being 
 permanently damaged. This makes it impracticable to express in 
 exact figures in all cases the results of these experiments. Fifty per 
 cent, of the San Jose scale-insects were also destroyed by the winter 
 in many localities. 
 
 3. Fall or early winter spraying gave good results, both where the 
 boiled and unboiled lime and sulphur mixtures were used, and will 
 doubtless soon be practiced by fruit-growers. 
 
 4. The boiled mixture of lime and sulphur, using as much or a little 
 more lime than sulphur, is probably as effective and as inexpensive as 
 any mixture for ordinary orchard work. Of the mixtures made without 
 boiling, the potassium sulphide and lime is excellent for a few small 
 trees or shrubs, but is rather expensive for spraying large trees ; the 
 lime, sulphur and sodium sulphide mixture is a promising one, worthy 
 of further trial, and giving good results in these experiments. Lime 
 and sodium sulphide make a mixture that is less efficient than those 
 just mentioned, nearly as caustic in its action as caustic soda, and 
 workmen need protection in handling it. At present sodium sulphide 
 (fused), though inexpensive, is not put up in a convenient form for 
 orchard use. 
 
 5. Caustic soda as used in these tests did not give as good results as 
 most of the other mixtures. Its caustic action makes it hard to handle 
 and the hands and faces of the men should be protected, 
 
 6. Probably 100,000 fruit trees in Corinecticut orchards and gardens 
 were sprayed with the lime and sulphur mixtures during the Spring of 
 1904. The results were generally satisfactory. 
 
 7. A satisfactory spraying outfit consists of hand pump in barrel 
 mounted on drag or wagon and fitted with two lines of half-inch hose 
 at least 25 feet long, extension rods and nozzles, as described in the 
 foregoing pages. 
 
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