Please handle this volume with care. The University of Connecticut Libraries, Storrs 00 o 00 4S Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/fowlersworksonedOOfowl FOWLER'S WORKS ON EDUCATION AND SELF-IMPROVEMENT; CULTIVATION OF THE MEMORY AND INTELLECT ; ON MATRIMONY; HEREDITARY DESCENT, ITS LAWS AND FACTS ; NATURAL RELIGION; TEMPERANCE, AND TIGHT LACING. ALL FOUNDED ON PHRENOLOGY & PHYSIOLOGY. BY O. S. FOWLER. NEW YORK I PUBLISHED AT 131 NASSAU STHKET 1844. fr' EDUCATION AND SELF-IIPSOYEMENT roUKEED ON PHYSIOLOGY AID PIIEENOLOGY : OR, i3 \^\JifU. &l\j&%lii AND How to make them Good, BY ENLARGING DEFICIENCIES AND DIMINISHING EXCESSES. BY O. S. FOWLER, PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGIST, Editor of the American Phrenological Journal, and Avfhor of " Phrenology Proved, Illustrated, and Applied;" ''Fowler's Practical Phrenology;" " Phrenology and Physiology applied to the Cultivalioji of the Mc- vwry ;" do. to" Temperance;" do. to " Natural Religion;" do. to " Tight Lacing;' ' " Answer to Vindex ;" " Sy- nopsis of Phrenology" ^-c. Sj-c. ^-c. HE THAT IS WISE IS WISE FOR HIMSELF. VOL. I. ■ SECOND EDITION, ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. NEW YORK : S. & L. N. FOV/LER, in Clinton Hall, 135 Nassau Street; BOSTON, Saxton & Pierce, and Jordan & Co.; PHILADELPHIA, J. R. Colon, 203 1-2 ChesnutSt. ; Graham, Deane, & Co., Rome, N. Y. ; J.C.Derby & Co. Auburn, N. Y. ; I. A. Hopkins, Syracuse, N. Y. ; Buel & Sizer, B. J. Gray, D. G. Derby," H. B. Gibbous, and other Phrenologists. 1844. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1844, by 0. S. Fowler, in the Clerk's office of the District Court of the Southern District of the state of New York. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. To assist parents and teachers in the Physical, Intellectual, and Moral Education, Government, and Training of Children ; to guide the footsteps of the young into the paths of virtue, happi- ness, and learning ; and to open up to all the true path to self- improvement, virtue, and happiness by expounding the laws of their physical and mental being, as well as to aid them in obeying these laws — objects the most important and exalted that can pos- sibly engage the attention of mortals, were these pages written. Improvement is the leading characteristic of the nineteenth contury. Since the Revolution, men have probably made mor« numerous and more valuable mechanical and other inventions ; greater improvements in agriculture, the arts and sciences ; in traveling, and other similar conveniences of life, than before since the dark ages. But — while mankind are racking their in- ventions to discover some shorter, and still shorter, roads to wealth, to mechanical and other worldly ends, and to the gratifi- cation of their hodily wants, (nine tenths of which are purely artificial) — while they task all their energies to the utmost^ merely to improve their physical condition, the majority of them care little, and do less, to improve their minds. If they can but live in splendid houses or palaces, and command the means of grati- fying their animal and selfish propensities, they even exult in having attained their highest good, though intellect lie waste, and moral pleasures be unknown. And few, even of those who attempt to improve the mind, know where to begin, or how to proceed. Is this right \ Does it comport with the great ends of our being '? Is it our true interest even 1 Does it secure the greatest amount of enjoyment ? Phrenology says no, and man's sad ex- perience echoes with emphasis this response. It is our higher faculties, oar intellectual and moral nature, which constitute the fountain-head of all happiness. Physical gratifications are only small tributaries. This work opens up the true fountains of en- joyment, and conducts iuquirers, and especially the young, to 4 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. their source, that they may drink deep, and drink perpetually, of those pure waters of pleasure which the Creator designed should flow from the original constitution of our nature. Applicants for phrenological examinations are daily and eagerly inquiring, " How can I remedy my defects % By what means can I increase my small organs, or diminish those that are too large!" This work will answer these most important questions. It will show what constitutes a good head, and also how to attain this great desideratum. A knowledge of Phrenology, and thereby of ourselves, is the sum total, the essence of all knowledge ; but its application to self-ijipeovemekt, to the discipline of the mind, and to the modification, moulding, and formation of the charac- ter, is the very quintessence even of Phrenology — the one re- maining desideratum. To ascertain our qualities, is all impor- tant ; but to improve them, is infinitely m.ore so. Though the former should precede the latter, it should by no means supersede it. Too long, already, have Phrenologists been content with knotcing themselves by this science. It is now high time for them to apply it to their own mental cultivation, and to the intel- lectual and moral improvement of mankind, especially of the ris- ing generation. If this single application of Phrenology, which it is proposed to make in these pages, were but fully carried out in practice, it would certainly do more to promote the happiness, virtue, talents, and well-being of man, than has been done by all the other improvements and inventions of this and past ages put together, including all the works on metaphysics, education, and kindred subjects, ever written ; because this teaches the true method of improving the mind, while they appertain to physics, or enter the department of mind only to becloud it. Though the primary design of this work is to aid parents and teachers in educating and training children, yet every individual will be enabled to apply the principles contained in it to self-im- provement', to the cultivation of every kind of memory ; to mental discipline, so as greatly to increase the power cf his intellect and its facility of action ; to improve his morals ; to govern and sub- due his easily besetting sins; to regulate his feelings; and so to direct each and all of his faculties to their legitimate objects, that their action may be always virtuous and pleasurable. 331 Nassau Street, Mw York, July, 1842. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. The first edition of this work was published in June, 1843, but exhausted the September following. Since then, the demand for it has been great ; still the Author has delayed its republication in order to find time for revision ; but he is at last obliged to send it out marred with many blemishes as to style and authorship. *' To be, or not to be, that is the question." To wait till he could spare time to revise and improve it, as he could wish, would delay its republication a full year or more, by which time the present edition, large as it is, will doubtless be exhausted. But its SUBJECT MATTER is deemed too valuable and useful to allow its delay on account of these minor defects. To do good, to open up the way of self-improvement, and, above all, to put edu- cation upon its right basis, and develop the laws of man's physical and mental constitution — these transcendantly important sub- jects urged its immediate republication — and the minds of those who prefer the useful to the exquisite, will excuse its faults, but profit by the truths it embodies. It enters a field in the nature of men heretofore untrodden, but important beyond all conceptioii. The principles it pressnts are true. They are not hastily puit forth : every idea advanced has been thoroughly scanned. For its matter, the author makes no apology ; it needs none. The maLnuer of putting it together is alone defective; nor does he be- lieve any ten pages of it can be carefully read without lodging some important truth in the mind, amply sufficient to repay botk its price and its perusal. To parents, as a guide in conducting the intellectual education, and the moral training and government^ of children, it will be found a text-book surpassing all others. It is sent forth as it is in the hope, in the full belief, that it will teach mankind how to live, how to be virtuous, how to be happy. EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE. To render this work practically applicable to individual cases, and also to enable every one to refer to those pages of the work which contain speciiic directions for enlarging or diminishing those organs which he requires to enlarge or diminish, the author has added the following table ; the first 3, and the 12 upper rows of figures, refer to the pages of this work ; the balance, to the pages of Fowler's Piirenology. This table is arranged so as to record and present the relative size of every organ, and also to indicate what organs require improvement and restraint, all at one view. The first column of figures refers to those pages of this work where the organs are analyzed or described ; the second, to those pages where the means of increasing them are pointed oat ; and the third, to the means of restraining them. The columns headed Average, Full, Large, Very Large, Moderate, Small, and Very Small, are designed to indicate the. relative size of each organ, in a scale of written figures, ranging from 1 to 7 ; figure 1 signifying Very Small; 2, Small; 3, Moderate ; 4, Ave- rage ; 5, Fall ; 6, Large ; and 7, Very Large. Thus, if Combat- iveness be large, figure 6, which signifies large, will be written opposite to Combativeness,^ in the column headed large, and the 73 in the same square refers to page 75 of Fowler's Phrenology, where will be found a full description of this organ and its com- binations, without a knowledge of which no correct estimate of character can be formed. Dots or dashes will sometimes be used, placed in the squares, instead of these written figures. The fig- ures opposite the Temperaments, Size of Brain, and Activity, as far down as the Domestic Propensities, refer exclusively to this v/ork. The sign -]- plus before a figure, signifies more, or that the organ is a little larger than the figure represents ; the sign — minus, or less. A dot, dash, &c., placed in the squares opposite any organ in the second column, signify that it is too small, and should be cultivated ; the curved dash placed in the squares opposite an organ in the third column, signifies too large, and should be restrained, watched, governed, guarded, or directed. The figures after Individuality, No. 24, refer to the second volume of this work, on the Intellectual Organs, Memorj?-, &c. By using figures for one person, dots for another, a horizontal dash for another, a perpendicular one for another, and other signs for others, the developments of a whole family may be entered upon one work — thus greatly enhancing its value. TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE SIZES OF THE ORGANS. Size of Head lu iTunct. - 33 Incre. Restra. A vera. Full. Large. Ve. lar. Mod. Small. Ve. sm- inches and tenths, Strength of Organiz. Vital Temperament, - 35 - 68 - 141 . . . - 37 - 37 - 62 - 43 Motive or Tow. do. - 38 - 64 . .. - - 43 - 37 - 71 Sharp or Active do. - 38 - 87 - 85 ... - 39 - 39 - 86 Mental Activity, - - - 38 - 86 - 141 - 39 - 39 - 86 Physical do - - - - 36 - 141 - 141 . . . - 40 - 43 ... - 43 Vital— MntiveTemp. - 40 ... - 142 . . . - 40 - 44 - 43 Vital — Mental do. - 40 - 141 - 154 . . - - 41 - 42 Motive — Ment. do. - 42 - 83 - 42 - 44 . 44 Balance of Temp. - - 45 - 65 . - . . . - . . . - 45 - 67 - 46 Balance of Organ.=i, - 112 - 143 . . . ... - 113 - 113 - 113 Domestic Pro-pensit. . . . - 46 1. AniMtiveness, - - 165 - 165 - 166 - 56 - 59 -- 57 - 53 - 59 - 59 - 60 2. Philoprogenit. - 160 - 167 - 61 - 63 - 62 - 63 - 64 - 64 - 64 3. Adhesiveness, - 167 - 169 ... - 64 - 66 - 65 - 05 - 67 - 67 - 67 4. luhabitiveness, - 171 - 172 - 68 - 69 - 68 - 68 - 69 - 69 - 69 .5. Concentrative. - 172 - 174 - 173 - 70 - 71 - 70 - 70 - 71 - 71 - 72 Selfish Propensiiies. - 163 - 46 - 45 A. Vitativeness, - - - 73 - 74 - 74 - 74 - 74 - 74 - 75 6. Conibativeness, - 174 - 177 - 175 - 75 78 - 75 - 77 - 77 - 79 - 79 7. Destructive. - - 179 - 194 - ISO go - 83 - 82 - 83 - 84 - 84 8. Alimentive. - - 196 - 204 - 86 87 - 80 ■- 87 - 87 - 88 9. Acquisitive. - - 211 - 214 - 212 - 89 - d-:^ - 89 - 92 - 94 - 95 - 95 10. Secretivene.5s, - 215 - 213 - 210 - 96 - 99 - 9(i - 93 - 100 - 101 - 101 Selfish SeiiUmcri's. ... - 47 - 108 11. Cautiousness, - - 218 - 220 - 219 - 103 - 105 - 104 - 105 - 106 - 100 - 107 12. Apjirobative. - - 222 - 224 222 - 107 - 110 - 100 - 110 - 112 - 112 « 13. Self-Esteem, - - 225 - 226 - 228 - 113 - 116 - 114 - 110 - 116 - 117 "- 117 14. Firmness, - - - - 229 - 229 . 230 - 119 - 121 - 119 - 120 - 122 - 122 - 122 Moral Scn'imc?ifs. - - 214 - 215 - 48. . . - . 123 15. Conscientious. - 231 - 232 - 232 - 124 - 130 - 126 - 129 - 131 - 132 - 133 16. Hope, - 233 - 233 . 234 - 136 . 139 - 139 - 133 - 139 - 140 - 140 17. Rlarvellnu?. - - 234 - 234 . 234 - 14 i - 143 . 142 - 143 - 144 - 145 - 146 18. Veneration,- - - 235 - 235 - 147 - 143 . 148 - 149 - 150 - 150 19. Benevolence, - - 237 - 238 . 243 - 153 - 168 - MC - 157 - 158 - 159 - 159 Semi-IntcU. Scn'i. - 143 - 48 - 48 - 159 20. Coustructive. - 243 - 245 - 246 - 160 - 163 - 161 - 162 - 153 - 163 - 164 21. Ideality, - - - - 246 - 247 - 165 - 168 - 166 - 167 - 168 - 169 - 169 B. Sublimity, - - - 249 - 249 - 230 22. Imitation, - - - . 249 - 250 - 251 ■ 169 - 171 - 170 - 171 - 171 - 172 - 172 23. Miithfuluess, - - 251 - 252 - 252 - 172 - 173 - 173 - 175 - 176 - 177 - 177 Intellectual Facnlt. - 64 . . . - 49 - . . - 177 Perceptive Facnlt. - 66 - - - - 50 ... - 177 24. Individuality,* - 17 - 22 - 183 - 185 - 184 - 185 - 185 - 186 - 186 25. Form, - 57 - 59 - 186 - 188 - 187 - 188 - 189 - 189 - 189 26. Size. - 93 - 93 - 190 - 191 - 190 - 191 - 191 - 191 - 192 27. Wei-bt, - 60 - 61 . . . - 192 - 194 - 193 - 194 - 194 - 195 - 195 28. Color, - 94 - 95 . . . - 195 - 196 - 195 - 196 - 197 - 197 - 197 29. Order, - - - - - 90 - 92 - 198 - 200 . 199 - 199 - 201 - 201 - 201 30. Calculation, - - 61 - 62 - 202 - 204 - 202 - 203 - 204 - 205 - 205 31. Locality, - 74 - 75 - 205 - 207 - 205 - 206 - 207 - 208 - 209 32. Eventuality, - - 24 - 25 - 209 - 212 - 210 - 211 - 212 - 213 - 213 83. Time; - 63 ■- 65 . . . - 214 - 216 - 215 - 210 - 216 - 217 - 217 34. Tune, - - 69 - 70 - 217 - 220 . 217 - 219 - 220 - 221 - 221 35. LangTiage, - - - 50 - 51 - 222 - '^27 - 224 - 226 - 229 - 228 - 229 Reasordng Organs. - ~51 ... - '^29 36. Causality, - - - 42 - 43 . . . - 231 - 236 - 233 - 236 - 237 - 238 - 238 37. Comparison, - - 38 - 39 - 239 - 243 - 241 - 243 - 244 - 244 - 244 C. Human Nature - 2.52 - 252 - 252 - 248 D. Suavitiveness, - 252 - 252 - 252 - 247 The figui-es below this in the first three columns, refer to Vol. II. on Memory. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PHYSIOLOGY, OR THE LAWS OF LIFE AND HEALTH. Section i. — Introduction ; or the fundamental principles of Man's nature. — Happiness the constitutional pro- duct of every organ and function of man — of the eyes, lungs, stomach ; of benevolence, ideality, appetite, reason, language, memory, ambition, affections, &c. Amount of happiness and suffering ; its extent ; the J penalty of violated law ; happiness proportionate to its obedience, suffering to its violation. These laws award and punish themselves. Man can obey or violate for himself; obedience natural and easy. Laws of mind the highest order of laws. Education consists in teaching these laws, wisdom in obeying them. Unfolded by physiology and phrenology. 13 — 28 Section ii. — Relation between the body and mind. — Man compounded of both mind and matter. Illustrations ; their reciprocality ; hence we can operate on either by operating on the other. To educate or reform mankind, we must rectify the physiology. Materialism. 28 — 3*2 Section hi. — Organization ; its influence on mind. — Shape, an index of organization 5 texture, do. Tem- peraments. The broad or animal organization ; its office ; its signs ; its predominance ; its importance ; the muscular, or prominent organization ; the mental do. ; its indices; its predominance ; its effects; their combinations. The animal and muscular ; the animal and mental. Eloquence ; the muscular and mental. Other combinations ; the best organization is one evenly balanced. .... 33 — 4,5 Section hi. (Erratum for Sec. iv.) — Health. — Its value and conditions, including the means of preserving and regaining it. Health defined ; sickness do. ; value of health the same as of life. Mental health and sick- ness. Health natural ; sickness and premature death not Providential. To preserve health a moral duty. Importance of physiological knowledge ; expense of sickness ; how to preserve health ; not by medicines ; bread pills ; restoring the natural functions of the or- gans j circulation j its importance, and means of pre- CONTENTS. IX servir.g it ; the heart and lungs ; digestion ; had hreath ; souring, or decay of food, in the stomach ; disordered digestion morbidly excites the brain and nerves ; func- tions of the skin ; colds ; their causes and effects ; inhalation ; exercise ; it promotes circulation, by car- rying the blood back to the heart ; proportionate action of all the animal functions ; much food, little exercise, &c. ; amount of muscular effort required ; do. attain- able ; Turkish porters ; the Chinese; riding. All great men were brought up to labor ; Adam Clarke, Sliak- speare ; Wesley ; Clay ; Bascom ; Scott ,- Byron ; , Webster ; physical education of children ; youthful precocity and backwardness contrasted ; early piety ; putting children to trades, school, &c., young; exces- i!. — Its true function ; self-reliance ; ele- vation of character ; its cultivation and restraint. - 225 15. FiKMNESs. — Its office ; its cultivation ; being firm with children ; its restraint. - - - 229 16. Conscientiousness. — Its analysis; its cultivation. 231 17. Hope. — Its analysis, cultivation, and restraint. - 233 18. Marvellousness. — Its adaptation, cultivation, and restraint. - - , - - - - 234< 19. Benevolence. — Its adaptation ; small in infants ; means of cultivating it ; general philanthropy ; Chris- tian benevolence ; public works ; killing animals, birds especially ; its restraint. - - . . 237 20. CoNSTUCTiVENESs. — Its function, its enlargemeut, and restraint. - - - - - - - 243 21. Ideality. — Its adaptation ; its enlargement. - 246 22. Sublimity. — Its function and enlargement. - 249 23. Imitation. — Its adaptation and regulation. - 250 24. Mirthfulness. — Its function, cultivation, and res- traint. ..-..- 251 Human Nature and Agreeableness. — Their functions, and means of increasing them. ... 252 PHRENOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, APPLIED TO EDUCATION AND SELF-IMPEOVEMENT. CHAPTER I. physiology: or, the laws of life and health. SECTION L INTROIWCTION : OR, THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF MAn's NATITKe,? That Happiness is the sole object of Man's creatioriji is ren-' dered evident by its being the only legitimate p?oduct of every organ of his body, of every faculty of his mifidj-of every element of his nature. What but happiness is the end sought* and obtained in the creation of every bone, of cJfeiy joint, of every muscle? — happiness in their exercise, liappiness in locomotion, labor, &c., and happiness in the results obtain-- ■ed by this motion. What but pleasure is the legitimate func- 'tion of the eye ? — the most exquisite pleasure in' the exercise of sight itself^ and an inexhaustible fund of happiness im the >ends attained by seeing — in its enabling us to find our way^ and in pouring into the mind a vast fund of information, and! also furnishing an inexhaustible range of materials for ithought and mental action. What but enjoymeHt is the end nought ani secured by the creation of the lungs? — enjoyment m breathing freely the fresh .air ^f heaven, and enjoyment 14 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED TO EDUCATION AND SELF-IBIPE-OVEBTENT^ in the expenditureof that vitality furnished thereby ; few realiz- ing the amount of pleasure capable of being taken in quaffing luxuriantly and abundantly the health-inspiring breeze ! — What other object than pleasure dictated the creation of the stomach? — pleasure in the act of digestion, and pleasure in the expenditure of those vital energies produced thereby. And what is the object sought and obtained in the creation of the brain and nervous system — what but happiness is the only legitimate product of their primitive function? — happiness in their exercise itself, and inexhaustible happiness in that bound- less range of mental and moral ends secured by their creation. Narrowing down our observations to the mental faculties^, we find the same sole end sought and obtained by the creation of each one separately, and of all collectively. Benevolence was created both to pour the oil of consalation into the wounded heart, to avoid occasions of pain, and to beautify and bless mankind; and also to pour still greater blessings into the soul of the giver ; for, it is even '' more blessed to give than to receive." Parental love, while it renders the parent happy in providing for darling infancy and lovely childhood, also renders the child most happy in receiving the blessings showered down upon it by this happifying faculty. The legitimate function of Ideality is pleasure ; both in con- templating the beautiful and the exquisite in nature and in art, and also in refining and purifying all the grosser elements of our nature, and softening and gracing all our conduct. Acquisitiveness was created to afford pleasure, both in the mere acquisition of property, edibles, and the comforts and conveniences of life ; and also to furnish all the other facul- ties with the means of gratification : — Appetite with food ; Benevolence with the means of bestowing charity ; Cautious- ness with instruments of defence; the Social Feelings with comforts for the family ; luhabitiveness with a home ; Con- structiveness with tools, farming utensils, &c. ; Intellect with books, philosophical apparatus, and the means of prosecuting the study of nature and her laws, &c. Appetite, while it gives us gustatory pleasure in partaking of food, also fur- nishes the stomachwith the materials required for manufac- turing that nourishment and strength without which every THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF MAn's NATURE. 15 enjoyment would be cut off, and life itself soon cease. Caus- ality was created, not only to produce the richest harvest of pleasure in studying the laws and operations of nature, but also, that we might adapt ways and means to ends, and secure our own highest good by applying the laws of causation to the production of whatever results we might desire. The le- gitimate function of Language is to furnish a world of plea- sure, merely in the act of talking, and then to add to it that inexhaustible fountain of happiness which flows from impart- ingand receiving knowledge, ideas, motives for action, &c., and in reading, in hearing lectures, sermons, &c., &c. Memory enables us to recollect what gave us pleasure, and what pain, that we might repeat the former and avoid the latter ; that we might remember faces, places, numbers, &c., and recall our knowledge at pleasure, so as to apply it to beneficial purposes. Veneration naturally gives us pleasure, both in worshipping God, and in those holy, purifying influences which prayer sheds abroad in the soul. The same principle applies to Friendship, to Connubial Love, to Ambition, to Perseverance, to Sense of Justice, to Hope, to Imitation, and to every other element of the human mind. I repeat. The legitimate func- tion of every physical organ, of every mental faculty, of every element of man, is happiness, all happiness, pure, unalloyed, unmitigated happiness, and nothing else. Man was made solely to be happy, to be perfectly happy,* and for that alone. — Nor does the needle point to its pole more uniformly and certainly, than does every part of man point to this one result. No truth can be more plain, more universal, more self-evident. *Let not this principle be construed so as to militate against the doc- trine of original sin, or constitutional depravity and consequent misery. It is established by demonstration — by the highest and most universal species of evidence, and cannot be refuted; so that whatever doctrine clashes vsrith it, must stand aside. It embodies the primitive constitution of man. Whatever conflicts with it is erroneous. — However, I am un- able to discover this clashing ; for this principle alludes, simply, to the primitive constitution of man. And let nothing be so construed as to pre- vent our profiting by this, the greatest truth that God has taught, or man can learn. 16 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED TO EDUCATION AND SELF-IMPROVEMENT. And the amount of happiness of which our nature is sus- ceptible, is inconceivably great — is doubtless a thousand-fold greater than the most favored of mortals has ever yet experi- enced, and infinitely greater than the generality of mankind now experience. Oh ! if man would but exercise his pow- ers in accordance with their primitive constitution, how perfectly, how inconceivably happy he might be, and would be! But alas ! our world is full of suffering and misery, and groans in agony ! Pandora's box, filled with all manner of diseases, has been opened upon us ! Poverty, wretched- ness, diseases the most painful and loathsome, premature death, the loss of friends, children, and companions, filling the soul with anguish the most heart-rending and unutterable, or one or other of those numberless ills tlikt flesh is heir to ; and, frequently, a swarm at once, scourge and torment nearly, or quite, the whole human family ! Millions suff'er more than they enjoy; and millions of millions are the victims of phy- sical misery and mental anguish, so absolutely intolerable as to extort the wish that they had never been born ! or that death would hasten to their relief! and nearly all mankind complain of this world in which we live — perfect as it is, and every way adapted to promote the happiness of man — as "bad," and "wicked." Yet this pain forms no part of any arrangement or contri- vance of man's nature. Teeth were made to give pleasure in masticating food; not to ache. Nor need they ever ache. The head was made to give pleasure in the exercise of thought and feeling ; not to torment us with the head-ache. The lungs were made to afford pleasure in breathing ; and in the results of breathing, not to pain us when inflamed, nor to blast all our hopes, all our happiness, by consumption. The stomach was not made to cause griping pains, as in dyspepsia, summer complaints, &c. Nor was any part of the body created expressly to torment us with excruciating rheumatic pains. Does the malignant, life-destroying cancer, constitute any part of man's primitive creation ; or the gout, or dropsy, or any form of disease ? And was Benevolence created for the purpose of tormenting THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF MAn's NATURE. 17 US with the sight of pain which cannot be relieved ? Or Com- bativeness, to quarrel, or engage in street brawls, or cause neighborhood animosities and bickerings? Or Destructive- ness, to devastate whole countries with war, and blood, and every conceivable form of human suffering ? —to make the loving wife a lonely widow ; and the happy child a helpless orphan ; and to end the lives of millions by a death the most painful and horrible ! Or appetite, to gormandize, and offer up all that is virtuous and happy in our nature at the shrine of loathsome drunkenness ? Or Approbativeness, to pinch the feet of the suffering Chinese, or distort the waist and has- ten the death of the simple American, or deform the head of the savage Indian ? Or Self-Esteem, to wade through seas of blood to thrones of despotism, and rule with a tyrant's rod ? Or Veneration, to produce all the abominations of paganism, together with all the bigotry of Christendom ? Or Construct- iveness, (with Causality) to invent and execute instruments of death, or the agonizing rack ? Or Acquisitiveness, to cheat, and rob, and with Destructiveness, to murder ? Or Causality, to plot mischief and work destruction? Or Parental love, to be lacerated with anguish inexpressible by the death of a lovely child, or of a whole group of beautiful and happy sons and daughters ? Or Adhesiveness, to mourn the loss of near and dear friends, by death or treachery ? Or Connubial love, to weep distracted and inconsolable over the grave of a lovely wife, or a fond husband ; and that, perhaps, after every child has been buried, every means of support extorted, every earthly pleasure blasted, and loathsome, painful disease prey- ing on their inmost vitals, and opening the dark, yawning grave at their feet ? No ! Never ! The poles are not opposite to each other more than these results are the antipodes of their legitimate functions — their only constitutional product ! Nor is there a single organ or contrivance of the body, nor faculty of the mind, nor arrangement of our nature, the natural, ap- propriate action of which causes pain, or produces any thing but happiness. To suppose otherwise, would be a libel on the God of Heaven — a reflection on both His power and His goodness ; as well as in open hostility to fact. WhencBj then, this wide-spread misery ? Did Eve's eating 18 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED TO EDUCATION AND SELF-IMPROVEMENT. the forbidden fruit, cause all this ? But that event affects ev- ery member of the human family alike ; so that, as far as its influences are concerned, every one could be as happy in thie world as any one ever has been, or ever will he. The believ- ers of that doctrine, also believe in a millennium " when all shall know the Lord" and be perfectly happy ; and yet they will bear precisely the same relation to Eve that we do, and that the most miserable and sinful of mankind do. Hear Nature's answer. "AJl enjoyment, all suffering, is CAUSED." The sentient world, no less than the physical, is governed by fixed laws. In order to reduce utter chaos to a world of order and certainty, the wise and beneficent Creator of the Universe has instituted a system of causes and effects. He has done more. All is cause and eflect. Every thing that is, or occurs, is caused. Jill causes produce their own appropriate effects, and those only, and all effects are the le- gitimate, necessary products of their respective causes. Noth- ing can be, occur, or exist, without being governed, in every conceivable point of view, by the laws of cause and effect. These laws reign supreme. From them, there is no appeal^ and to them there is no exception. Without them, we could rely upon nothing, could accomplish nothing. But for them, every thing would happen, 8i.nd6a.Y]s, doleful uncertainty would reign supreme ; now, all things are caused, so that we can ef- fect any desired end by applying its appropriate means. Nor do any results crowd themselves upon us unbidden. Every thing that we are, that we enjoy, that we suffer, that we think, or feel, or do, is caused ; and not only caused, but is the necessary product of its own /e^z7/mafe cause, and of that on- ly. And like causes, always produce like consequences, and no others. Under the same circumstances, nothing else could possibly occur. All change, all variation, is precluded. All uncertainty and doubt are banished. By knowing or apply- ing given causes, we can predict and effect consequences with unerring certainty. Nor are these laws without sanction. They are not power- less, harmless, passive nonentities ; but they are clothed with authority; and that authority is the pleasure flowing from their obedience, and the pain consequent upon their infrac- THE FUNDAMEKTAL PEINCIPLES OF MAN S NATUKE. 19 tion. Ill fact, happiness is but the legitimate effect — the one and only effect — of their obedience ; and pain, of their vio- lation. Without these consequences of pleasure and pain, law would be powerless, and therefore useless. To secure happi- ness and to prevent suffering-, is the one specific object, and the legitimate operation, of every law of our being ; and in order to effect this most desirable result, their wise and benevo- lent Author has made happiness the necessary and the inva- riable consequence of their obedience, and misery the certain product of their infraction. Of what use or value this ar- rangement of law, except to promote happiness ? — just seen to be the great end of all creation. If their action had been productive of pleasure only, half their present sanction would be wanting ; but now, not only do the pleasures they bestow, sweetly allure and entice us on in the paths of their obedience, but the direful penalties con- sequent on their infraction, drive us, even cornpel us, and with 9, power greater than any other means possibly could do, to comply with their mandates. Pain is certainly painful ; and pleasure is indeed delightful. Man has a constitutional love of happiness, an attraction for it ; but unhappiness is poison to his nature, abhorrent to him, so that he instinctively avoids it. This is an arrangement lying back in the very nature of things, in which as already seen, man's nature is based, and to which this arrangement of law is adapted. Without happiness, our nature would be valueless. Without pain, it must be without happi- ness. If there were no pain to warn us that we were violating the laws of our being, we should ignorantly and unconscious- ly, destroy ourselves a thousand times over, if that were possi- ble. Thus, if I experienced no pain in violating the physical laws, becoming engaged in conversation, I might lean or sit upon a hot stove, and burn myself to a crisp ; or unconscious of the cold, freeze to death, and in countless ways mutilate and destroy myself. And so of mind, if it could experience no pain. Law without a penalty attached to its violation, is but mockery — a rope of sand — and the more certain and fear- ful this penalty, the more valuable the law. Man is capacita- ted to suffer, and pain is the most powerful enforcer of obedi- ence to law, and consequently, promoter of happiness, that 20 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED TO EDUCATION AND SELF-IMPEGVEMETNITV even a God could invent. And this two-fold co-ntrivance of rewards and punishments, the former to enticCy the latter to enforce, obedience to law, so wise, so perfectly calculated every way, to secure man's highest good, could have been prompt- ed only by Infinite Benevolence, and arranged only by Infinite Wisdom. Be it remembered, then, by every member of the human family, that "affliction cometh not forth of the dust ;" nor doth pleasure spring up out of the ground. Be it remembered, that every pain we feel is caused — is the legitimate, tne necessary, the inevitable consequence of the infraction of some law of our being ; and that every pleasure we experience, flows nat- urally and necessarily from law obeyed. Be it remembered, that there is no possibility of obeying or violating any law whatever without producing these results. No pain was ever sent by God — no blessing was ever bestowed, except in obedi- ence to unalterable law ! And be it further remembered, that, in just that proportion in which we obey the mental and phy- sical laws, in just that proportion shall we necessarily be hap- py ; and in exact proportion as we suffer, in that proportion have we broken them, or sinned. Our enjoyments and suffer- ings are the thermometers of our righteousness and sinfulness. Those who suffer most, have sinned most, and those who are the most happy are the most holy — ^liappy or miserable be- cause they are holy or sinful, and in exact proportion — as ex- act as the God of heaven can mete them out. And let it also be remembered, as a necessary consequence, that by avoiding all violation of law, we shall escape all suffering of every kind ; and that, by obeying all the laws of our nature, we shall be- come perfectly happy — as happy as it is possible for our na- ture to become or to endure ; and full, to overflowing, with un- minlged enjoyment, unalloyed bliss ! Nor are these laws a sealed book to man. They do not lie hidden in labyrinthian mazes, ready to spring upon him like a snake in the grass, or a tiger from his lair. Such a supposi- tion charges God foolishly, is derogatory to man, and would render those laws comparatively useless. No. They are open, plain, and lighted up by the full blaze of the noon-day sun. Nor need they ever be mistaken. No mist, no uncer- THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF MAn'^S NATURE. 21 tainty, envelopes any of them. If even brutes understand the laws of then- being sufficiently to apply them so as to en- joy life, surely man, with all his powers of reason and obser- vation, and all his keenness of sensation, is able, not merely to discern, as in a glass darkly, but to read clearly and fully, eve- ry law of his being, every condition of enjoyment, every oc- casion of suffering. To this capability of understanding these Lav/s, God has kindly superadded the power of applying them. Not only can man see them, but he can reach them — can apply means to ends, and thereby produce almost any result he desires. At least, he is capable of augmenting his own happiness, as well as that of his fellow-men; and also of causing an incon- ceivable amount of suffering, both to himself, and to those around him. Again : — Every law awards and executes itself. To obey any law, is to enjoy the blessings secured by that law. To transgress it, is to incur its penalties. In the very act of obe- dience, consists its pleasure ; and in and with the transgres- sion, consists the penalty. No escape, no evasion of either, can possibly occur, through God's vast domain. Obedience and happiness are inseparably linked together; and sin and suffering go hand in hand throughout the universe. Neither can ever be separated from its mate. And what is more, all enjoyment flows in the direct line of the obedience, and all suffering bears a close analogy to that sin which causes it. The pleasure is like the obedience, and the suffering partakes of the same cast and character with the transgression. Thus : — In and by transgressing the laws of Appetite, we experience pain, and pain too, growing out of the transgression, and in the direct line of that transgression ; namely, it deranges the stomach, corrupts the blood, and pro- duces pain in that department of our nature and in its depen- dencies, by deranging all the results of eating, and supplanting this whole class of pleasures by analogous jo«m*. So, the violation of the law of Amativeness, occasions the trans- gressor pain in the social department, and all its ramifica- tions ; diminishing, in proportion to the transgression, his domestic pleasures, and all those dependant thereon, and pro- 22 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED TO EDUCATION AND SELF-IMPROVEMENT. portionally inducing domestic misery. Though the libertine, and those who trifle with the social relations, may reap plea- sure from whatever other laws they obey, yet they never need expect to enjoy domestic happiness ; for their transgression incapacitates them therefor. Whosoever violates the law that governs Acquisitiveness by hoarding up immense wealth, or by obtaining money dishonestly — by fraud, by gambling, by nmrder, &c. — will surely suffer in the matter of money, and on accou7it of it. Ill-gotten gain poisons all who touch it. Did a gambler, or a robber, ever enjoy the money thus gotten ? The very fact that he obtained it unjustly, renders it a curse to him, and to all who inherit it. Those who make money very easily, say by speculation, or by great profits, that is, who obtain possession of money without actually earning it, do not, and can not, enjoy it. " Easy come, easy go," ap- plies to them. Making it so easily and rapidly, they spend it freely and for unnecessary and injurious gratifications, by which their health is injured, their morals are depraved, and their offspring generally ruined. Take care how you make money too easily, however legally, and by means used how- ever generally. " Honesty is policy. ''' Those who earn their money by the sweat of their brow, besides enjoying even the making of it, know whence it comes, use it frugally, and are never surfeited with luxuries. To make money honestly, that is, not to cheat for it, nor to speculate for it, nor even to trade for it, but to earn it, is the only way to enjoy it.* In like manner, every law of our nature, not only both punishes its own infraction and rewards its own obedience, but also, exactly in the footsteps of both. Hence, then, it can not be difficult to trace all the ills of mankind — public and private, mental and physical, collective and individual— directly and certainly to their causes; that is, * Hence laborers — farmers, and those who work for wha.t they have — are the most happy beings on earth — the most heahhy, talented, and vir- tuous : but those who live by their wits are generally sickly, luxurious, sinful, and miserable. So, also, the rich are generally miserable. Their riches make them so, because they violate the law of nature, in the very act of amassing great wealth. "Wo unto the rich," saith the law of man's nature. THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF MAn's NATURE. 23 to the violated law out of which they grow — an inference of the utmost value and importance ; for it teaches mankind at once the causes and the remedy, of every evil that exists, of every pain that man experiences ; and at the same timey shows him just what it is that makes him happy, so that he may "seek it yet again." And let every individual, by as much as he values his own happiness and dreads suffering, trace his every pain to its cause, and then remove that cause 5, and also trace up his pleasures to that fountain head from which they flow. In addition to all this, man possesses that power of will, or self-governments which enables him to choose or to refuse the evil or the good — to obey these laws, or to violate them — to render himself good or bad, happy or miserable ! Now put together these self-evident truths — that man is constituted to be perfectly happy — that all happiness is the Jixed and certain EFFECT of obedience to the laws of our being, and every pain, the legitimate, necessary consequence or operation of their infraction — that our Creator has kindly endowed man with capacity to understand, and ability to apply, these laws ; and also with the power of choice, by which he is enabled to obey or to violate them, according to his own will and plea- sure ; and the inference is obvious and inevitable, that all our sufferings are ..brought either by man upon his fellow man, or by individuals upon themselves. And what is more, these observances and violations depend wam/y on every individual /or Am^e//! True, the relations of children to their parents, by which they inherit disease, physical and mental, or are badly trained ; and of man to man, by which individuals suffer somewhat on account of the sins of the mass, partially modify this result; yet, in the outline and great majority of cases, individuals for themselves, both sin and suffer, m \he\x own person — on their own account. Our enjoyments and sufferings are mostly in our own keeping, and within oar own control ; because they are the rewards and penalties mainly oi our own doings. Let us then apply ourselves diligently to the study of the laws of our nature ; for, unless we know them, how can we obey or enjoy them, except we stumble upon them by 24 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED TO EDUCATION AND SELF-IMPEOVEMENT. chance ? or how escape suffering by avoiding their violation ? Truly, " The chief est study of mankind is man. Our greatest knowledge is ourselves to know. " By knowing them we can follow them, and thus be gathering in, continually, all those rich clusters, those endless varieties, of the sweetest pleasures which a wise and gracious God has adapted and prepared our nature to yield ; and escape all those direful consequences of their infraction which flood our world with sorrow and sighing. That it is possible to escape suffering, has already been demonstrated. That it is infinitely Tnore easy to obey law and be perfectly happy, than to sin and suffer, is equally evident. The difliculty consists in living as we do. Hie labor: hoc opus est.* To live aright, and thereby to enjoy, is all down hill work, all plain sailing, all most delightful. To suppose that we must tug, and toil, and deny ourselves to live aright, is an error — whose father is bigotry, and whose mother is ignorance. To know how, is the one thing needful, the "pearl of great price." To obey these laws, men must know them. Igno- rance is the parent of most of man's suffering. Men want knowledge. This is the first, the second, and the third instru- ment of reform. "Ignorance is the evil, knowledge the re- medy;" and is it not surprising, that they whose sole pro- fession and occupation is to impart this knowledge, should themselves be so almost totally ignorant — should be often the greatest sinners and sufferers — the blind leading the blind, and both upon the wrong track ? To impart this knowledge, to reveal this secret, is the object of this work, and if it suc- ceed, it will indeed accomplish a great work. Another preliminary remark. That same Goodness and Wisdom which devised and instituted this system of laws, re- wards, and punishments, has also apportioned the pleasures of obedience and the pains of disobedience, to the importance of the several laws. Life is the greatest of all blessings, and therefore the violation of the laws of life, is visited with the * This is the labor, this the toil. THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF MAN^S NATITRE. 25 severest of all penalties ; their obedience, with the highest or- der of happiness, and in its greatest abundance. But, the laws that govern property or character being of a lower order, less pain accompanies their infraction, less pleasure, their obedi- ence. What then, is the highest order of laws ? From what source springs the most exalted pleasure and the most intense suffer- ing that man can possibly experience ? From the laws of mind. Who is the lord of Creation ? Man. What is the greatest work of God within our knowledge ? Ourselves What terrestrial being is susceptible of experiencing the great- est amount of enjoyment and of suffering ? Mankind. What governed by the widest range and highest grade of laws, and most capable of obeying or violating them ? The same being, man. And what part of man constitutes the highest depart- ment of his nature ? Mind. Which is the king, which the subject, in his nature ? — which that part for whose special service all others were created ? Mind. From what foun- tain head, gushes forth every pleasure, every pain, that man experiences ? From mind^ — mind only. The laws of mind, are then the highest order of laws within our knowledge; and their obedience is productive of the greatest amount, and of the purest, the most exalted, and the most condensed, of all enjoyment ; while their violation plunges the suffering rebel into the deepest hell of misery imaginable or supportable ! For what was man created ? Mainly, or even merely, to eat, sleep, breathe, labor, glitter, and die ? By no means ; but to think and feel — to adore God, study his works, obey his laws, and be happy. What constitutes his identity and per- sonality — his essence — himself? Is it his coat? Is it his body, even ? It is his intellectual and moral nature, in which consists his entity, and for which he was created. T'his is man. All else is worthless. Cut from him limb after limb, and one portion of his body after another, until the whole is removed, but leave the mind entire, and his identity remains ; but, let insanity derange that mind, or let death separate it from the body, and his personality is destroyed, though his body remain entire. The lifeless body of a friend is not that friend ; but our minds, our own powers of thought and feel- 26 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED TO EDUCATION AND SELF-IMPROVEMENT. ing constitute our very essence ; flesh and blood being our divelling only. Hence, obtaining a knowledge of the laws of mind, and put- ting this knowledge in practice, constitute the highest objects that can possibly engage the attention of man. As pleasure constitutes the end of man's creation, that is the most impor- tant which most effectually promotes this end. A knowledge of mechanics, chemistry, navigation, astronomy, geography, natural philosophy, &c., are important in proportion to their capability of administering to human happiness — the end of creation — but no farther. This is the only true measure of virtue ; and especially of that of knowledge. Grossly igno- rant is he who knows not how to live so as to be happy, though his mind is stored with all the literary lore of past ages, together with all the learned trash of the present age. Most wise is he who knows himself, — who understands and obeys these laws, be he ignorant of every thing else. And this is the main centre of man's ignorance. Many know how to read Greek, to predict eclipses, to make money, "apply and regulate machinery, discuss politiqg, kill each other scientifi- cally, and perpetrate a world of learned foolery ; but alas ! few know how to live, or even how to eat, or sit, or umlk. Man's almost utter ignorance of the laws of his nature is as deplorable as it is fatal to his happiness and productive of misery. Every thing else is studied, but this is neglected ; yet this should be learned, even though all other kinds of know- ledge be neglected. These principles show in what education consists. If hap- piness be the end of all creation, education of course consists in knowing the conditions of happiness, and wisdom, in ap- plying them — the former, in understanding the laws of our being, and the latter, infiLlfiUing them. Let it be remembered by all, especially by j^arents and teachers, that the one dis- tinctive and only end of all education should be to expound these laws and enfore their obedience. Let parents, teachers, authors, lecturers, clergymen, editors, politicians, physicians, and all public men or leaders further remember, that they stand at the fountain head of those streams of happiness and misery which flood mankind ; and also, that by teaching THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF MAn's NATITIIE. 2T these laws in regard to society, government, property, medi- cine, religion, morals, science, and especially physiology and phrenology, and inculcating their obedience, they aid in bringing out and ripening up to maturity all that is fair, and lovely, and happy, in our nature ; but that, in omitting this single duty, and especially by leading the youthful or the public mind on in their violation, they help to swell that over- flowing tide of sin and misery which is bearing on its dark waters all the sighs, groans, pains, diseases, and premature deaths that scourge mankind. Ah ! little do pubhc men re- alize the responsibility of their station, or consider that they give tone and direction to the public mind, and thereby further or retard the great object of man's creation ! Let us then enter upon the great inquiry, what are some of the most prolific causes of happiness and misery, that we may cho'^se the former and escape the latter ? In other words, what are some of the most important laws of our physical and mental nature, that we may obey them and enjoy their deli- cious fruits ? In answering this most important question, the author will take for his guide the lights of Physiology and Phrenology. The former embodies all the laws of man's physical na- ture — all the conditions of life and health, while Phrenology 'is the science of man, and especially of man's mind ; and the two together evolve all the elementary -principles of his nature, thereby embodying all the laws of his being, all the conditions of his happiness, and all the causes of all his suffer- ings, as well as the origin of all the evils that afflict society — and all so plainly, that " he that runs may read." By de- veloping fully and clearly the primitive or elementary nature and constitution of man, and that, too, in all its ramifications, it arraigns before the tribunal of that nature, every thing ap- pertaining to man that can be named or conceived ; approving whatever harmonizes with it, but condemning whatever con- flicts therewith — thereby furnishing the only true test and touchstone by which to try every doctrine of the age; and indeed, of all past, all coming time — every doctrine of meta- physics, every theory of society, every question of ethics, of morals, of logic, of equity, and even of religious creeds and S8 PHEENOLOGY APPLIED TO EDtTCATlON AND SELF-IMPROVEMENT. practices. The nature of man is perfect — is all that it should be, and every way calculated to make mankind perfectly happy. To be perfectly virtuous and happy, we have there- fore only K.O fallow that nature; to do which, we must obtain a knowledge of that nature. This knowledge these Sciences furnish, and thereby constitute our only proper guide to virtue and happiness. SECTION II. To be great of good, a man must first become an excellent animal. If man had been created a purely spiritual being without any body, this world, with all its adaptations to man — all its contrivances and facilities for promoting his happiness ; the life-giving sun and health inspiring breeze ; with the beauti- ful sky over our head and the limpid stream flowing at our feet; with the rain and the dew of heaven, and all the fruits and the bounties of prolific earth — would have been entirely unfit for his abode, as well as utterly useless to him. Or, if he had been merely a lump of lifeless matter, un- endowed with life and soul, all his present capabilities for en- joyment would have had no existence. But, far from either, is the constitution of man. In order to secure the highest possible enjoyment of man, God has seen fit to compound his nature of both flesh and blood on the one hand, and of mind and soul on the other. Wonderful— the workmanship of a God ! — is this combination of mind and matter, but in the highest degree promotive of human happiness. Nor are these natures strangers to each other ; but, so closely related is each to the other, by the action and re- action of certain physiological and phrenological laws, that every condition of each exerts a powerful and perfectly reci THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF MAN's NATURE. 29 procal influence upon the other. Indeed, all we know of mind in this world, we learn through the instrumentality of the hody ; and every advance of intellect, as well as all virtue and vice, coincide with, and in part depend upon, correspond- ing physiological changes and conditions of the body. Thus, Intemperance, which consists solely in a physiological de- rangement, causes vice in almost every variety and aggrava- tion of form ; nor can a pure and holy mind dwell in a body soaked in liquor. That every given condition of either, in- duces a perfectly corresponding condition of the other, is a matter of daily and continual experience with every member of the human family. Thus, a clear, cold morning, or a heavy muggy atmosphere, oppressive heat, &c., by throwing the body into different states, have directly opposite effects upon the mind. A high fever increases the feelings and mental manifestations ; but hunger, fatigue, and bodily weakness, proportionally enfeeble them. Dyspepsia induces gloom, irri- tability, peevishness, and wretchedness of feeling, and totally reverses the character, converting friendship into misanthropy, and the blessings of hope into the bitterness of despair, and turning happiness into misery. Physical inaction induces mental sluggishness ; while bodi- ly exercise clears the mental horizon of those clouds in which slothfukiess or confinement envelopes it, producing a delight- ful ftow of thought and feeling. Food and sleep, or their ab- sence, aff'ect the intellect and feelings powerfull}'-, yet very differently'; and a sufficient dose of arsenic produces death. Sickness enfeebles the mind, while health strengthens it ; and most of our constantly occurring changes of feeling and men- tal action are caused by the different states of the body. Ex- perience has taught many of our ablest speakers and writers to prepare their Tninds for vigorous effort, by practising absti- nence. Alcoholic drinks operate upon the body, and through it, affect the mind. Certain kinds of food excite some of the animal passions, but other kinds increase our ability to think and study. The inspired Paul embodies this doctrine in the text, " I beseech you, therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present yor.r bodies a living sacrifice, holy, ac- ceptable unto God:" clearly implying, that purity of body 4 30 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED TO EDUCATION AND SELF-IBIPROVEMENT. promotes holiness of mind ; but that an inflamed or impure body, kindles the animal passions. Both the religious feelings and the talents are more affected by the various conditions of the body, and especially of the stomach — by food, drink, physical habits, sickness, health, &c., — than most people sup- pose. Hence, fasting promotes piety ; fulness of bread kindle^ sinful desires ; inflammation of the brain produces insanity ; and its inaction causes stupor, &c. When the pious Christian, or the profound thinker, has eaten too much, or induced a se- vere cold or fever, or in any other way clogged or disordered his bodily functions, the former can no more expect to be " clothed with the spirit," or to be borne upward on the wings of devotion, nor the latter to bring his mental energies into full and efficient action, than they can make the sun stand still, or the water to run upwards. "A strong mind in a healthy body," beautifully and forcibly expresses this truth, and also embodies the experience of past ages and of all mankind. In short, as soon may we question the evidence of our senses, as controvert the position that mind and body each powerfully and reciprocally affect the other ; for every member of the human family constantly /eeZ* this truth. Again : these relations between body and mind are govern- ed by certain invariable laws of cause and eff'ect, certain con- ditions of the one inducing a.nd causing the corresponding states of the other. The principle, that whenever a jjart of a given class of phenomena are governed by laws of cause and efi"ect, every phenomenon of that class is governed by these same laws, is a universal principle of nature, and may be relied upon in every conceivable application. If a part of the phenomena of vision be governed by the laws of optics, every phenomenon of vision experienced by man or brute since the creation, has been governed by the same laws. If a few bodily motions are caused by muscular contraction, all are caused by the same contraction. Should millions of dag- gers be driven through the hearts of as many human beings, they would in every instance, produce death. Let any or every member of the human family take opium, or its com- pounds, and one and all will experience its legitimale effects. These illustrations will apply to every law of nature. That THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF MAN S NATURE. ol some of the relations existing between mind and body are governed by laws of cause and effect, is slef-evident : there- fore alVoxe equally so : and every condition of either, throws the other into its corresponding state. If in any one instance, a given condition of either body or mind causes, or is caused by, that of the other, then every state of either, causes, or is caused by, the corresponding conditions of the other. Either there exist no relations of cause and effect between the two^ or else it is all cause and effect — all antecedent and con- sequent; for nature always makes thorough work, or does nothing. Hence, we can at any time throw either mind or body into any desired state, by putting the other into its corresponding one ; and we can no more put either into any given state, without thereby throwing the other into its corresponding- one, than we can arrest the operation of any other law of na- ture. And since the brain is the instrument of thought and feeling, its conditions influence the mind more powerfuHy than those of all the other portions%f the body united. To excite either faculty or organ, is to excite the other ; and as the sto- mach and brain are intimately related, its state also powerfully influences that of the mind. This principle shows how to operate on 7nind, namely, by operating on the body—how to improve the mind, namely, by improving the body ; how to study mind^ namely, through its physical organ, the body. For centuries — ever since the creation of man— mind has been studied, has been operated upon independently of its organization, and without the least reference to it. The study of mind by means of those meta- physical* systems that have bewilded and beclouded that study ever since the days of Plato, and are still hanging like a dark cloud upon our falsely so called "seats of learning," never has resulted, never can result, in imparting a correct knowledge of mind ; while it is conceded on all hands, that the science of Phrenology, in less than half a century, has done more for mental science than all that has ever been done for it before since the mind has been made a subject of study. * The very meaning of the term metaphysics, is beyond, independent of physics, it being compounded of the Greek preposition "raeta," beyond, and " phusis," nature. 32 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED TO EDUCATION. And if this be true of the study of mind, how infinitely- more true is it of the means of operating on mind. To at- tempt to operate on mind — to reform mankind, educate man- kind, produce moral puritj'- in man's feelings or conduct, by means of motives and appeals addressed to the mind merely, •will be comparatively a failure. The first step towards mak- ing mankind wiser or better — towards disciplining their minds, purifying their motives, diminishing their vices, promoting virtue and happiness, &c. — is to rectify their physiology. As long as it is in an inflamed, or rather enfeebled or diseased condition, to attempt to elevate man in the scale of moral or in- tellectual excellence, is as vain as to sow blasted seed upon the barren rock, or plant tropical flowers in Siberia. It is like operating with feeble weapons upon effects, yet allowing their causes to remain in full force. Preach to men ever so elo- quently, ever so piously, ever so prayerfully, and add revivals and all the means of grace, while their bodies are soaked in alcoholic liquors — as well attempt to stay the fierce winds by raising your puny hands or will against them, or arrest the flowing tide by the voice of command. Moralists and reli- gionists have yet to learn that reform must begin and be con- tinued, by throwing the body into a healthy condition. If this doctrine be so construed as to imply the doctrine of materialism, be it so. This inference will not alter the fact of the existence of these relations. Besides, those who insist on the correctness of this inference, as drawn from these pre- mises, are themselves the main advocates of materialism ; for, as to the correctness of these premises, there cannot be the least possible question. They are matters of daily and con- stant experience and observation. Whichever be the cause, and whichever the effect, however — whether the organization and physical condition be the cause, and govern, and the mental state be the effect ; or whether the mental constitution be the cause of organization, and govern that organization, — affects neither the correctness nor importance of the infer- ence 5 and let not so valuable a truth be discarded — so valua- ble a means of improving the mind and augmenting our hap- piness as this principle unfolds, because of this inference, whichever way it may be decided. OS.GAKIZATION — ITS INFLtJENCE ON MIND. 33 SECTION III. ORGANIZATION. — -ITS INFLUENCE ON MIND. Having established the fact of the existence of reciprocal relations between the body and the mind, we pass naturally to the consideration of the important question, what condi- tions of the one produce given states of the other ? What conditions of the body, cause or occasion particular qualities, states, capabilities, and manifestations of mind ? and what states of mind produce their corresponding effects on the body? — questions among the most momentous that can possi- bly engage the attention of mankind. Though we find a great variety of organizations among men, yet they can generally be classed under three heads, including the varieties produced by their combinations in their various degrees of development. Shape is the first great znc^ea? of the tone, power, and other cha- racteristics of this organization. That is, different casts of organization give different dispositions and capabilities, which capacitate their possessors for different occupations, and these different casts assume different shapes, according to the quali- ties they impart. Thus, the organization of the tiger is in keeping with his habits and characteristics ; that of the shark, with his element and wants, and so of all that live and grow in the vegetable and animal kingdoms. If this be so, it is a great, an invaluable truth. If the quali- ties, both mental and physical, be as the organization, and the shape be also adapted to, and in keeping with, the organiza- tion, and therefore characterizes, it furnishes us with a simple and yet an unerring guide in our observation of character and qualities. To be still more specific. A coarse, roughly organized body, will always be found to accompany coarse, rough, harsh feel- ings ; while a fine, light, exquisite organization, goes along with fine, soft, delicate feelings, keen susceptibilities, and goodness of disposition. In other words, the organization, texture, and characteristics of the brain, are as those of the 34" PHRENOLOGY APPLIED TO EDUCATION. body, and of course those of the mind are as those of the brain, so that the general form, contour, texture, and other quahlies of the body will serve as a faithful index of the physical, men- tal, and moral character of the person or thing observed.* To promote perspicuity, and facilitate our understanding of the subject, we will employ the word temperament as syno- nymous with the term organization. The body is composed of three principal classes of organs, the predominance or defi- ciency of each of which gives very different organizations and mental characteristics, which are then greatly diversified by their almost innumerable combinations. They are, first, the vital temperament, or the nutritive apparatus, embracing the entire system of inside organs which manufacture vitality, sustain animal life, and re-supply the brain, nervous system, and muscles with that vital energy which their every action compels them to expend, and in- clude the heart, lungs, digestive apparatus, blood, viscera, and all the internal organs, being analogous to those removed from the inside of animals in fitting them for the table. The se- cond is the MOTIVE apparatus, or bilious temperament, em- bracing the bones, muscles, sinews, tendons, &c., which constitute the frame-work of the system, give it its size and shape, and produce bodily motion, physical strength, &c. The third is the mental organization, or nervous tempera- ment, which embraces the brain and nervous system, the ex- ercise of which produces thought, feeling, sensation, memory, talents, &c.t *i,See a more full elucidation of this subject in a series of articles in the Journal, Vol iv., p. 12. This important truth seems never to have been fully caught or presented by Physiologists, yet the author has a work now in press, which will be issued probably in June, entitled "Physiology, mental and physical," in which this subject will be carried out fully, along with many others merely stated in the earlier portions of this work. Physiology, heretofore, has been studied and written upon, separately from its effects on mind. We now require a work in which the in" fluences and effects of various states and conditions of body on the mind shall be fairly stated. This the author designs to do, thus entering upon an almost entirely untrodden field of philosophical inquirj% t For a full description of these temperaments, and their accompanying mental manifestations, see " Fowler's Practical Phrenology," pp. 10 to 29. THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 35 These temperaments or organizations may be better ex- pressed by calling the vital or nourishing temperament the BROAD or ANIMAL Organization ; the motive temperament, the PROMINENT or the STRONG Organization ; and the mental tem- perament, the SHARP or active organization. We then have words expressive of the meaning and character of the tem- peraments. 1. The vital temperament, or] the BROAD, ANI- MAL* organization. Apply .'the tongue to the larger portion of a good e^^, and it will be perceptibly warmer than any other, because the vital property of the chick is located there ; but if this part be cold, life is extinct, and the egg spoiled. Subject this egg to the process of incubation for a short time, and remove the coverings from this end, and you will see the heart palpitating, and the blood vessels formed, ^the yelk sup- plying the heart with the required nutrition. The first portion of the animal economy formed is the heart and its appurte- nances, or the internal system of organs, by which matter is deposited here and there for the formation of the balance of the body. This same vital apparatus also supplies the mate- rials required for the growth and nutrition of all the parts re- quiring either, and -is far more active during infancy and youth than any other class of organs, as is indicated by their pulse, appetite, and love of physical action. This apparatus not only originates vitality, but also sustains the whole animal economy. It constitutes the fountain head of aniijnal power and vital energy ; manufactures animal warmth ; resists cold and heat, disease and death ; and re-supplies the brain, nerves, and muscles with those vital energies which they are compelled to expend whenever exercised. It is to the man what the fire, wood, water, and steam are to the en- gine — the " vis anim,8e^^- — the "primum, mobile'^ — the alpha and the omega of the animal economy„ It includes the entire system of internal organs located in the thorax and, abdomen, namely, the heart, lungs, stomach, blood, liver, viscera, &c. Its predominance may be known, * The term animal is used here to signify, not wicked or vicious propen- sities, but merely that vitality and animal life, by which the system is sup- plied with aiiimal power or physical vigor. 36 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED TO EDUCATION AND SELF-IMPROVEMENT. not so|much by red or chesnut hair, blue eyes, &c., as by the shape of the body. It gives a stout, square built, thick set, stocky form; depth and breadth, and often roundness of shoulders, and thus a capacious chest ; arms far apart and set well back ; well developed abdomen ; a full strong pulse ; large and strong lungs; a powerful voice ; short, sound, and well-set teeth ; plumpness of person ; wide nostrils ; abundant flesh ; red face, the skin every where showing a great supply and flow of blood ; hair abundant, and often curly ; a capaci- ty for enduring fatigue, privation and exposure ; a tough, iron constitution, or what is called bottom, (erroneously attri- buted to the bilious temperament ;) a great love of physical action, of amusements, of fresh air, and out-of-door exercise' though not of hard work ; a restlessness which cannot endure confinement in-doors ; and a desire to be all the time doing something to work off the constantly accumulating energies of the system. Generally, though not always, the hair is bushy; the face flushed or suffused with blood; the countenance florid, and often handsome ; the limbs, neck, &c., short, and thick set, and large in circumference ; and the whole person, head included, built on the short, broad, and thick set, instead of on the long and tall, principle. This organization gives a tough, strong constitution ; great powers of endurance ; a great supply of animal life and vi- gour, to be worked off either by the muscles in physical action, or by the brain, in thought and feeling ; great ardour of de- sire; great zeal and enthusiasm ; powerful feelings, passions and impulses, and a susceptibility of high excitement, as well as sensitiveness to the influence of both mental and physical stimuli; a hearty relish for food, particularly animal, for con- diments, sleep, &c., and a great enjoyment of animal life and pleasure as such. Persons in whom this temperament predominates, show their talents in business, natural shrewdness, and management, more than in hard study, or direct reasoning, or fondness f®r books. They have usually more of practical common sense than book learning ; and of general information about men and things, such as they pick up from observation, newspa- THE VITAL TEMPEKAMENT, 37 pers, kc, than accurate, scientific knowledge, or depth and power of mind. Its decided predominance is accompanied by a round heady well developed at the base, large Amativeness, Acquisitiveness, Alimentiveness, Benevolence, and Language ; large organs of the animal propensities generally ; a rapid widening of the head from the corners of the eyes to the tips of the ears ; side head spherical and well filled out ; forehead generally full or square, and broad rather than high 5 perceptive organs large ; and all the organs short and broad rather than long or pointed!. Men of this temperament predominant generally dislike hard work, and hence choose some occupation in which they can get their living without it, such as agents, overseers, cashiers, aldermen, captains, landlords, traders in live stock, butchers, speculators, lawyers, politicians, public officers, con- tractors, &c. &c. To employ a trite saying, they generally " know on which side their bread is buttered ;" turn every thing, especially bargains, of which they are usually fond, to their own account; always feather their own nests; look out for themselves, and take care to get their ov/n part of every thing. In short, this is the animal temperament, both physi- cally and phrenologically — -it giving force of character, and that selfishness which, in the present state of things, is a lead- ing requisite to success in almost every thing. It feels and acts out the sentiment, " every man for himself," and is more frequently connected with selfishness, roguery, and vice, than any other organization. One with this temperament fully developed resists power- fully the action of disease, yet when attacked, is usually taken suddenly, becomes very sick, and is bfbught at once to the crisis. The diseases to which it predisposes are, apoplexy, gout, fevers, inflammatory rheumatism, plethoric complaints, flowing of blood to the head, asthma, &c. Upon its ample development, health and long life mainly depend. Since this apparatus manufactures the vital resources to be expended either by the muscles in physical action, or by the brain , in the exercise of mind and feeling, according to the demand, its ample development is indispensable to the la- bourer, to the intellectual man, to the business man ; in shortj 3S PHRENOLOGY APPLIED TO EDiTCATION AKD SELF-IMPROVEMENT. to any and every man, woman, and child ; and when defi- cient should by all means be cultivated. 2. The Motive Apparatus, or, The Prominent Organiza- tion. This embraces the osseous and fibrous portions of the system, or the bones, muscles, sinews, tendons, and every organ of the body employed to give bodily motion of any kind; including walking, labouring, &c. It constitutes the frame work of the system — it being to the man what the timbers are to the house, or the hulk is to the steam-boat. It gives strength and power, both muscular and mental, and imparts to its possessor jTorce, efficiency, and power of making impressions. One in whom this organization predominates, is lean and spare in person ; usually of good size' and height ; has an athletic build ; strongly marked features ; a large Roman nose ; high and large cheek bones ; large and broad front teeth ; and all the bones of the body large and projecting ; a deep, grufi', bass voice ; distinctly marked muscles and blood- vessels ; large joints; hard flesh; great muscular power, or physical strength ; ease of action, and love of physical labour, of lifting, working, &c. ; dark, and often coarse, stiff, abun- dant, and perhaps bushy hair; a black, and heavy beard; dark skin and eyes ; a harsh, expressive visage ; strong, but coarse and harsh feelings; the movements like those of the draught horse, slow, but powerful and efficient ; with much force and energy of character. 3. The Mental Apparatus, Nervous Temperament, or sharp organization, embraces the brain and nervous system, or that portion of the body called into action in the exercise of thought, feeling, sensation, &c. One in whom this organization greatly predominates, will be characterized, physically, by a small stature ; light build ; small bones and muscles ; a slim, tall, spare, sprightly person ; quickness of motion ; great physical activity, too much for his strength ; sharp features ; thin lips ; a small, pointed nose ; teeth sharp and liable to early decay ; all the bones pointed ; the head usually uneven, and the phrenological organs sharp ; the voice sharp, shrill, high-keyed, and often soft and flexible, and its intonations evincing fervour and tenderness ; the hair THE NERVOUS TEMPEMPERAiVIENT. 39 light, fine, and thin ; a fine, clear, soft, and delicate skin ; ex- treme sensitiveness to physical suffering ; a keen, light, intelli- gent, and sparkling eye ; a speaking countenance, indicating sensibility; a -small, narrow chest and abdomen; and the shoulders set forward and brought near together ; thus pro- ducing a stooping, bending attitude. The diseases to which it predisposes are consumption ; dyspepsia ; liver complaint ; brain fever; nervous affections; a flowing of blood to the head, with wakefulness at night ; and a tendency to partial or entire mental derangement. He will be characterized mentally by a predominance of mind over that of body ; will be in the highest degree suscep- tible to the influence of stimuli and of all exciting causes ; be refined and delicate in feeling and expression, and easily dis- gusted with any thing coarse, vulgar, or out of taste ; when he enjoys, will enjoy in the highest degree, and when he suf- fers, suffer with equal intensity ; be subject to extremes of feeling; have his disgusts, sympathies, and prepossessions easily excited ; experience a vividness and intensity of emo- tion, and a clearness, pointedness, and rapidity of thought, perception, and conception, and a love of mental exercise, imparted by no-other temperament; and have a deep flow of pure and virtuous feeling. His desires being intense, his ef- forts to obtain his ends will be correspondingly vigorous — hence he will be eager in all his pursuits, and feel that his ends are of the utmost importance, and must be answered now, which renders him liable to overdo, and prematurely to exhaust his physical powers, which, at best, are none too good. He will also be very fond of reading and study ; of thinking and reasoning; of books and literary pursuits; of conversation, and of all kinds of information, and apt to lie awake at night, thinking, or feeling, or reading. This organization gives mind as mind, and literary rathe^ than business talents. One with*this temperament predomi- nant should choose some profession, or light mental occupa- tion, such as a lecturer, editor, clerk, merchant, teacher, or if a mechanic, should choose that of a goldsmith, or some similar business, requiring much light action, but not hard lifting, and which allows him to get his living by his head instead of his 40 PHRENOLOGY APPLIED TO EDUCATION AND SELF-IMPE,OVEMENT. hands. He should also avoid close application ; take much pleasurable recreation and exercise; live more at his ease than he is inclined to do ; avoid all kinds of stimulants, wines, tea and coffee included ; use vegetable food mostly ; endea- vour to enjoy existence ; and avoid being worried. These organizations are always combined, each existing in a greater or less degree in every individual. They are some- times equally balanced, but generally one predominates, an- other is secondary, though well marked, and a third, mode- rate or weak. The effects produced by their combinations is one of the most important points connected with the manifes- tation of mind. The Vital-Motive Apparatus, or the animal and strong organization combined, render their possessor of good size and height, if not large proportion ; broad shoulders ; mus- cular ; prominent nose and cheek-bones ; visage strongly marked; features often coarse and homely; countenance usually stern and harsh ; face red ; hair red or sandy, if not coarse, and movements strong, but often awkward, and sel- dom polished. He will be best adapted to some laborious occupation, and enjoy hard work more than books or literary pursuits ; have great power of feeling, and thus require much self-government ; possess more talent than he exhibits to others ; manifest his mind more in his business, in creating resources and managing matters, than in literary pursuits, or m mind as such ; and improve with age, growing better and more intellectual as he grows older. One in whom the Vital-Mental organization is predomi- nant, with the motive or prominent, moderate or small, will have a double augmentation of intense feeling — of animal feel- ing from his vital, and of elevated mental and sentimental feel- ing from his mental apparatus, being hardly able to contain him- self, such will be their intensity. His flow of sympathy wilf be great, so that he will easily receive and communicate im- pressions ; be too much influenced by impulses, likes, dislikes, first impressions, &c. ; have his hobbies ; be enthusiastic ; throw a great amount of feeling into all he says and does ; use strong and hyperbolical expressions ; be fond of company, if not forward in it ; have a quick, clear, sharp, keen, active THE VITAL-MENTAL APPARATUS. 41 mind and good business talents ; a ready flow of ideas, and a talent to communicate them, either on paper or in social con- versation ; show much taste, refinement, and delicacy ; have an under-current of pure, virtuous feeling, which will prevent the grosser manifestation of animal passion, and give the in- tellectual and moral man the ascendency, sinning only under some sudden and powerful excitement, for which he will heartily repent ; be fond of reading, particularly poetry, no- vels, tales, light and sentimental pieces, belles lettres, news- papers, &c. ; be inclined to attempt this kind of composition » have a retentive memory ; shrewdness ; smartness ; and enough of selfishness to take care of number one, yet not enough power or momentum of mind and character to become great or pre-eminent. This is the eloquent* temperament and also the poeti- cal, though in poets the sharp or mental often predomi- nates over both the others. In singers it also predomi- nates, though the vital generally assumes the lead, giving both the love of music and a powerful voice. Indeed, it is the most exquisite, sensitive, and full organization there * True eloquence consists not in strength of argument, nor in gigantic power of thonght, nor in deep, powerful, conclusive reasoning, nor the observation of theoretical rules, but in the spontaneous gushings and ''im- passioned burstings of deep feeling and intense emotion, transmitted not so much by words as by the melting, thrilling, souls-tirring intonations of voice ; by the looks and attitude of the man, which take captive the citadel of feeling by storm, and melt the soul in sympathy. Hence, eloquence can never be written, never placed on paper. It must be seen, and heard, and felt. This organization produces eloquence ia two ways : first, by creating a gushing fountain of sympathy and a spontaneous burst of feeling: and secondly, by giving a large pair of lungs, which in speaking inhale great quantities of air, by which the blood is sent to the brain in great abundance and highly charged with vitality, thus producing pathos. The organs of Language, Individuality, Eventuality, Comparison, Ideality, Imitation, and some others are also necessary, and this same organization in the hearer imparts the feelings to be operated upon. It predominates in the Rev. Dr. Bascom, whom Clay pronounced the greatest natural orator he ever heard; in Rev's. Bethune, Burchard, and others ;. in Choate, Preston, and many other political speakers, and in many more who might be named. Indeed, no one remarkable for oratory or music will be wanting in this organization. Does not Phrenology thus furnish a better analysis of eloquence than can be found in works on this subject ? 42 EDUCATION AND SELF-IMPKOVEMENT. is, if not the highest, both mentally and physically, and ap- proaches nearest the spiritual. Its predominance is indicated by small bones ; moderate stature ; light and thin hair and eyes ; rather thick set, stout build ; round shoulders ; full chest ; full face ; handsome figure ; genteel address ; bea.utiful features ; small, short, and sharp nose ; a sprightly walk 5 considerable colour in the cheeks and face ; and that exquisiteness of feeling which en. joys and suffers in the extreme. Hence, its possessor will live a very happy or unhappy, or else chequered, life, according as his organs are agreeably or disagreeably affected. Auburn hair usually accompanies this organization, which is no less the attendant of beauty of mind and feeling, than it is of face and figure. The Powerful and Active, or Motive-Mental organization comb hied with the former predominant and the animal ave- rage or full, renders its possessor of good size ; rather tall and slim ; lean and rawboned, if not homely and awkward ; poor in flesh ; the bones and features prominent, particularly the nose ; having a firm and distinct muscle, and a good physi- cal organization ; a keen, piercing, penetrating eye ; the front upper teeth rather large and projecting ; the hands, fingers, and limbs all long ; a long face, and often a high forehead ; a firm, rapid, energetic walk ; and great ease and efficiency of action, accompanied with little fatigue. He will have strong desires, and much energy of character ; will take hold of his projects with both hands, and drive for- ward ill spite of obstacles, and hence is calculated to accom- plish a great deal; is not idle or lazy, but generally prefers to wait upon himself; will move, walk, &c. in a decided forci- ble and straight-forward manner ; have strong passions ; a tough and wiry brain and body ; a strong and vigorous mind ; good judgment ; clear head ; and talents more solid than bril- liant; be long-headed, bold, cool, calculating, fond of deep reasoning and philosophizing, of hard thinking, and the graver and more solid branches of learning. This is the thorough- going temperament ; imparts business powers ; predisposes to hard work, and is indispensable to those who engage in great undertakings, or who would rise to eminence. THE MOTIVE-MENTAL TEMPEEAMENT. 4S One having the active temperament jii^^doTninant, the potv- er/ulj full or large, and the anivial average to full, will dif^ fer from the preceding description only in his being smaller, taller in proportion, and more spare. He will have a reflective? thinking, planning, discriminating cast of mind j a great fond- ness for literature, science, and intellectual pursuits of the deeper, graver kind ; be inclined to choose a professional or mental occupation ; to exercise his body much, but his mind more ; will have a high forehead ; good moral faculties ; and the brain developed more from the root of the nose, over to philoprogenitiveness, than around the ears. In character, also, the moral and intellectual faculties will predominate^ This temperament is seldom connected with depravity, but generally with talent, and a manifestation, not only of supe- rior talents, but of the solid, metaphysical, reasoning, investi- gating intellect ; a fondness for natural philosophy, the natural sciences, &c. It is also the temperament for authorship and clear-headed, laboured productions. It predominates in Reeves, Jonathan Edwards, Wilbur Fiske, N. Taylor, E. A. Parke, Leonard Bacon, Albert Barnes, Oberlin, and Pres. Day ; Drs. Parish and Rush ; in Vethake, Hitchcock, Jas. Brown, the grammarian ; ex U. S. Attorney-General Butler ; Hugh L. White, Wise, Asher Robbins, Weaker Jones, Esq. of Washing- ton, D. C. ; Franklin, Alex. Hamilton, Chief Justice Marshall, Calhoun, John Q. Adams, Percival, Noah Webster, George Combe, Lucretia Mott, Catharine Waterman, Mrs. Sigourney, and nearly every distinguished author and scholar. But, if the cjc^z'ye organization decidedly predoviinate, the powerful only fair, and the animal loeak, he will be very tall, slim, long-boned, lank, small chested, slender built, very active and smart, for business, but too light for any thing re- quiring strength of mind, or force of character. He is best fitted for some light, active business, such as mercantile, wri- ting, book-keeping, &c., or, if a mechanic, for a silversmith, tailor, &c. Artists usually have this temperament, and often poets. The muscles being too small to relish or endure much hard work, they take too little vigorous exercise*; have feel- ings too refined and exquisite for this rough and selfish age^ or for coarse, dirty work ; are often sentimental, hypochon- €4 ED-IICATION ANE SELF-IMPROVEMENT, driaeal, and dyspeptic, and predisposed to consumption and an early grave. This organization generally predominates in our first-cut dandies and double-refined ladies, who are usu- ally more fashionable than sensible or useful. It is by no means a desirable one, especially for wives and mothers, not- withstanding it is all the rage, and much cultivated by arti- Jicial pressure. It generally predominates in our city and village masters, misses, and children, and also in precocious children, who seldom amount to much, and usually die young. Consumptive families are mostly very smart, but very slim, poor in flesh, and sharp-favored. One having the animal predominant, ihQ powerful fair or strong, and the mental deficient, when really roused, and pressed into service by powerful motives, will be able to ac- complish much, yet will love ease, and put forth no more effort than he is compelled to do. His passions will be strong, and his temptations powerful, with some tendency to merry company, if not the excitement of drink. He will not usually be devoted to books, or hard study, or close application, bu will be able to do much hard work, and is less disgusted with coarse or filthy kinds of labor than one more delicately orga- nized. Hence it is desirable that the ^'hewers of wood and the drawers of water," scavengers, colliers, &c,, should have this organization, the mental temperament incapacitating its possessor, both mentally and physically, for dirt, drudgery, &c. The jjowerf III predominant, mental 'great, and animal full, is the one iox p)oioerful and sustained mental effort, and im- parts great j5oi«er in any department, especially that of mind as mind, or of swaying a commanding influence over man- kind, and capacitates for taking the lead in a large business ; while one with the mental predominant, the animal only full, and the powerful weak, though he may be smart, yet he can- not be great ; though his feelings may flare up, and his talents shine forth with brilliancy, yet they will be momentary, and too flashy, vapid, and quickly spent to be permanently useful. The former is the solid wood or the anthracite coal, making a slow but powerful and continuous heat; while the latter re- sembles the fire made of pine wood, that snaps, blazes bright" THE MOTIVE-MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. 45 ly, burns fiercely, smokes copiously, and gives out a scorching intense heat, for the time being, yet does not last, leaves no coals or ashes ; or, if the sharp greatly predominate, like a fire made of shavings, glaring but momentary. Having described clearly the three primary organizations and their principal combinations, the reader is left to his own observation for the intermediate shades of character produced by their intermediate combinations ; or, he Will find them in works soon to be published (in pocket form) by the author, on Physiology, Phrenology, and Physiognomy. But the hest condition of body, the organization most favor- able to true greatness, and to a general genius, to balance and consistency of character, and to perfection in every thing, is that in which each temperament is strongly marked, and all are about equally balanced. When there is too much of the prominent there will be power, yet but little action, so that the talents lie comparatively dormant. When the powerful and animal greatly predominate over the mental, there is too much grossness, coarseness, and obtuseness of feeling, with too little of the intellectual and too much of the animal. But where the mental greatly preponderates, there will be too .much mind for the body, too great sensitiveness, too much in- tensity of feeling, and that too exquisite ; too much sentimen. talism and refinement, with a tendency to precocity, which induces early death. These temperaments and their predominance may be aptly compared to the several parts of a steamboat. The animal is the wood, water, fire, engine and steam, which produce the propelling power; the prominent is the hulk; the active, the freight and passengers. When the animal predominates, it manufactures more steam, more vital energy, more impulse, more animality, than the, brain, nerves, and muscles can work off, which produces an overflow of feeling and passion, a rest- lessness, a high pressure, and a liability to explode in vicious indulgence. The lion has a prodigious chest, and an amount of animal power almost beyond conception, with but a small brain. Hence, man, with scarcely a hundredth part of his strength, but with well developed brain and nerves, can ac complish a thousand fold more. If the osseous and muscular, 5 46 EDUCATION AND SELF-IMPROVEMENT. or the powerful ' organization greatly predominate, there is too much hulk; the person will move slowly and feel but little, enjoy and suffer proportionally little, and, if the mental be also weak, he will be obtuse in intellect, a strang- er to refinement and intellectual enjoyment, and, having but few passengers, the boat of life will be too light freighted to be well worth running, or to secure the great ends of ex- istence, namely, intellectual and moral enjoyment. But where the mental greatly predominates, the vessel is over- laden, the energies of the system are drawn from the digestive apparatus and muscles, and concentrated upon the brain and nervous system, which thus consume the vital powers faster than the animal organs can manufacture the re-supply. This overdraught, while it^greatly augments the talents, and induces precocity, also causes premature death ; but more of this here- after. Involved in this doctrine of organization, is the density, toughness, endurability, &c., of the system, but as they all depend upon the organization and grow out of it, it will not be necessary to particularize. Attention was called to this point mainly to remark, that that density of the waist and tnuscle which resists pressure and gives solidity and hardness, indicates proportionate vigor and power of constitution, but that a yielding waist or a flabby muscle, is an indication that the vitality of the system is low, and the stamina of the con- stitution enfeebled. So, limberness of joints indicates youth- fulness and elasticity of constitution, and a sprightly, elastic walk, an active, penetrating mind. But more of this in the work on Physiology alluded to above. HEALTH ITS VALUE AND CONDITIONS. 47 , SECTION IIT. HEALTH. ITS VALUE AND CONDITIONS; INCLUDING THE MEANS OF PRESERVING AND REGAINING IT. " Health — The poor man's riches, the rich man's blessing." Having presented the importance of a good physical organ- ization, as well as some of its indices, we pass naturally to a consideration of the influence of health on talents, propensi- ties, enjoyment, capabilities, &c. What, then, is health ? Simply the natural and vigorous action of all the physical and mental organs — physical health consisting in the vigorous, normal action of the vital and muscular apparatus, and men- tal health, that is, virtue — in the vigorous and natural action of the brain and nervous system, that is, of the mental ap- paratus. By parity of reasoning, also, sickness consists in the ah^ normal, or the unnatural, feverish, excessive, or deficient action of one or more of the physical organs, while the abnormal action of the brain and nervous system — their in- flammation, irregular, fevered action — occasions emotions and actions sometimes called mental derangement, sometimes in- sanity, wickedness, sinfulness, selfishness, depravity, misery, &c, &c. Let it be remembered that there is mental sickness as well as physical — the former the same departure from the natural, healthy action of the the brain, that physical debility, fevers, diseases, &c., are from that of the bodily organs. To preserve health, then, physical or mental, preserve the normal, natural action of the physical organs, &c.- to restore health, re- store that normal primitive, original, constitutional action. "But, of what USE is health — and what is its value, relative or absolute?" I answer by asking, "Of what use is happi- ness, and what is its value, relative or absolute ?" Or, what amounts to the same thing. Of what use is life, and what is 48 HEALTH ITS VALUE AND CONDITIONS. its value ? In other words : life is but the result of the action of the physical and mental organs, and the more perfect that action, the more abundant and perfect is life, and as happi- ness has already been shown to be the object of both the creation of man and of every organ and faculty'- of man, and of every thing in nature, so life itself is more abundant in quantity, better in quality, and yields a richer harvest of its own legitimate, only fruit — happiness — the more perfect that health. Health is life and happiness ; life is health and hap- piness ; and happiness is life and health ; all different names for the same thing — all proportioned to each other, and each dependent upon all the others; and whoever possesses either, possesses all the others in exactly that proportion in which he possesses either. And allow me to add, that virtue, mo- ral perfection, holiness, goodness — the name matters nothing, but the thirig signified is the primitive, constitutional, origi- nal action of the mental fa-culties — depend considerably more upon the health, and are produced hy \i — by a sound and vigorous physiology — than most good people suppose ; while depravity, sinfulness, wickedness of feeling and conduct, and all the vices that degrade man and render him inconceivably miserable, are caused by — are the legitimate, necessary 'pro- ducts oi physical dera7igement — more than of all other causes combined. I would hardly go so far as to say, (and yet I am not prepared to dispute it,) that he who is the most healthy — using the word health in its correct sense, (that above defined,) —is therein and therefore the most virtuous, moral, and holy; but I do say that health is the original, constitutional, and therefore virtuous, action of all man's faculties, mental and physical. Moralists and religionists have yet to learn, that SICKNESS, (not that complete physical prostration which confines the body to the sick bed alone, but the abnormal, unnatural, and especially inflamed action of the physical or- gans,) is one great cause of mental and moral depravity. But more of this hereafter. If these new announcements star- tle the reader, let him canvass the principles on which they are based. As to health : we have seen it to be the natural, and the only natural function of all the mental and physical organs. OBEDIENCE TO THE LAWS OF NATURE INSURES HEALTH. 49 Is it then attainable 7 ('ertainly ; or, rather, it comes itself. To secure it, we have only not to prevent it. It flows int^ the lap of man just as the river flows onward to its own bed. It requires no effort. It comes unbidden. Like breathing, or sleeping, or talking, it is natural, and can be prevented only by great effort. Indeed, it is only the perfection of breathing? sleeping, digesting, and all the functions of man, and is just as easy as it is to breathe, eat, sleep, &c. Nor is it any more necessary that man be unwell than that he hold his breath voluntarily, or shut his eyes, or else pluck them out entirely, or chain up any organ, so as to prevent its natural, legitimate, and vigorous exercise. A story may illustrate this idea. John once inadvertently whistled in school. The master called him up, and prefaced his chastisement with, " Jolm, what did you whistle for ?" " I didn't, sir, it whistled itself^ All our faculties were made to whistle themselves, and, if not prevented, loill whistle them- selves ; that is, will begin life with, and continue to perform^ their natural, healthy function from its commencement to its very close, without once departing in the least therefrom. A plain inference from this principle, which cannot possibly be contested, at least without thereby accusing nature of irre gularity, and God of wanton cruelty, is that it is possible for all men to be perfectly healthy. Health is the state of na ture. Only let nature have her perfect work, and this glori- ous result is obtained. To be perfectly healthy, we have only to follow the dictates of unperverted nature — only to do that in the very doing of which we are most happy, and the ultimate eff'ect of which is also health and happiness. Every violation of the law of health, gives us pain ; every obedience, pleasure ; so that we have not to go to some far- off" clime, nor to do some great thing, nor make a great sacri- fice, or self-denial, in order to be healthy, but health comes itself, if we will but let it — if we will not prevent and reject it. In other words, let the constitutional functions of both body and mind go on uninterruptedly, and health, happiness, and virtue will be their delightful product. We are now prepared to pass sentence upon a doctrine of- ten taught from the pulpit, that we should regard sickness and 50 HEALTH ITS VALUE AND CONDITION. premature death as dispensations of Providence. So is the rising of the sun equally a dispensation of Providence, The former, hke the latter, is governed hj fixed laws. Every glow of health is caused, and so is every twinge of pain. To sup- pose that sickness or death are not caused, is to suppose that - this department of God's works is left to dark uncertainty and zigzag chance — a supposition as derogatory to the character of God (if that were possible) as it is proof positive of ignorance and bigotry in the one who entertains a doctrine so utterly unphilosophical. And to suppose tha,t sickness and prema- ture death are sometimes providential, and sometimes the con- sequences of violating the physical laws, is analogous to supposing that the sun rises one day by the special direction and exercise of Providence, without any means being put in operation to cause it to rise, and another day, rises in obedi- ence to the fixed laws of gravity ; that stones thrown into the air fall, sometimes in obedience to " Providential interpositions,'^ and sometimes in obedience to the laws of gravity ; that open- ing our eyes upon surrounding nature, we sometimes see by a special act of Providence, without the agency of light or the laws of optics, and that, at other times, we see by means of cause and effect. Hence, we are compelled to take this broad ground — either that all sickness, all health, all death, prema- ture or natural, are the legitimate, necessary action of fixed, uniform laws of cause and effect, or else that this department of nature is left to blind chance. No middle ground remains. In fact, no ground remains but to regard every action and function of the body, whether natural and therefore healthy, or unnatural and therefore diseased, as the legitimate and ne- cessary product of causation. And it is indeed strange that educated men, public men, moral and intellectual leaders and TEACHERS, should entertain and teach a doctrine so injurious in its- effects, and so directly in the teeth of both nature and reason, as is the doctrine that it is possible for sickness to be Providential. Would death, caused by jDoison or by shooting, be Providential ? Certainly not ; nor is it so when caused by breaking any of the other physical laws. Men kill themselves, and parents kill their children — with kindness often ; and MEANS OF REGAINING AND PRESERVING HEALTH. 51 then throw all the blame off from the guilty perpetrators upon divine Providence f This is down-right blasphemy ; and it is high time that sickness and death were regarded as crimes, perhaps of the individual, perhaps of parents, or of ancestors, or of his fellow men, but still induced by human agency, and therefore criminal. I know, indeed, that it is very consoling, for the clergyman, when called to the sick bed, to say, " Dear sister, I hope you submit to this Divine chastisement, this afflictive dispensation of Providence, patiently, trusting that the rod of your heavenly Father will teach you resignation to the Divine will ;" and when called upon to preside at the funeral of a child, it is very soothing . to the lacerated feelings of the parent to hear him say, " ' The Lord gave and the Lord hath taken away. Bless- ed be the name of the Lord.' The dear little one has been taken out of this wicked world, and from the evil to come, and sent home to glory 5 for ' the Lord had need of him.' Bear this bereavement with meekness and patience. It was sent for your good — sent to wean you from this world, and to place your affections on another and a better." Much more soothing this, to be thus comforted, than to be told the naked truth in plain terms, which would be : " What bu- siness have you to be sick ? What physical law have you violated, thus to cause this pain to yourself and trouble to others.? You have siimed by breaking the laws of your be- ing, and this is your punishment. Stop sinning, and your sufferings will cease ;" or than if he should say to parents, " What did you kill this child for ? Hoio did you do it ? What oight have you thus to trifle with the life of this darling child, as well as inflict so deep a wound upon your own parental feelings ? Let this warn you to learn and obey the physical laws. Here, Coroner, inquire out particularly the causes of this child's decease, that others may take warning and avoid like consequences." Hard meat this, but I submit whether it is not the truth. What but the violation of the physical laws can possibly induce disease, or sickness, or premature death ? Nothing whatever. Who will expose his folly by answering otherwise ? Since, then, sickness and premature death are but the consequences or penalties of vio- 52 HEALTH ITS VALUE AND CONDITIONS. lated physical laws, what right has any one to he sick ? That isy what right has any one to break the physical laws 1 And if no one has a right to break these laws, then no one has any right, any business to be sick, or to die, (that is, to be chastised with their penalties,) before old age steals gradually over them, and •wraps them gently in the slumbers of death ? Show me your in- dulgence from the court of heaven, granting you permission to vio- late the laws of the universe, or else confess that you have no right to be sick ; no, not for a day, or an hour ! And the very fact, that physical debility and pain are painful, is of itself prima facia evi- dence that some sin has been committed, some law broken. Again: As health is but the perfection of action and function of all the organs, which is but another name for life ; of course the more health we have, the more life we have, and the more happi- ness. If, therefore, it be wicked to shorten life, then it is wdcked to impair the health ; for such impairment is but diminishing life, and inviting and hastening death. If any privileged mortal has a right to commit suicide, gradual or sudden, then may he have the right to be sick ; but, if it be wrong to commit suicide, then is it morally wrong, and for precisely the same reason, to be sick. I grant that children may sometimes suffer sickness on account of the sins of their parents or ancestors, but what right had these ancestors to curse their progeny with a loathsome, painful disease, and thereby to blast many of their pleasures for life ? But this sub- ject has been presented in another connection. Parents might and should impart sound physical constitutions to their children, or else none at all. This doctrine will of course meet with objectors, but my pro- vince is to expound nature, not to fortify her against the cavils of those who know not her laws or their own privileges. An important inference, growing naturally out of this prin- ciple is, that to preserve the health is a moral duty, — is indeed one of the greatest of moral obligations ; while, to impair the health is one of the greatest sins that it is in the power of man to commit. In character, though less in degree, it is on a par with taking life, and therefore is as much worse than stealing, cheating, extortion, &c., as life is more valuable than proper- ty — is as much worse than slander or defamation, as life is worth more than the commendation of mankind ; and a simi- MEANS OF KEGAINING AND PRESERVING HEALTH., 53 lar remark holds true in regard to all other crimes. Now why do teachers of morality omit to teach this so important a moral duty ? Do they not know that to destroy life is im- moral ? Pray, then, what do they know ? The plain fact is, there should he a distinct 'profession to teach Physiology. The clerical profession care only for the souls of mankind, without any reference to their bodies. Lawyers have reference to neither, but mainly to their own fees ; while medicine is confined to diseases of the body, and not to their prevention. Proverb says truly, "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure."* If there were a profession whose province it was to teach the laws of life and health, the services of physicians would be little needed ; and if physicians would talk and lecture upon the preservation of health, though they would decrease their practice, they would greatly augment human happiness, besides evincing a philanthropic, noble spirit ; and I hail with joy the introduction of the Mannikin, as a new and powerful agent for disseminating a knowledge of anatomy and physi- ology in that practical, taking, popular form, which alone can secure success. Anatomy and physiology should always be taught together. Let us next consider the value and influence of health upon our enjoyments. Not only does sickness prevent our enjoying animal life, in eating, sleeping, exercise, &c., and rack the body with pain, but health produces a quiet and almost imper- ceptible flow of pleasure, both mental and animal, the sum total of which is inconceivably great, far exceeding the grati- fication afibrded by riches, or by honors, or by any thing else whatever, except perhaps an approving conscience. If the * It gives me unfeigned pleasure to be able to state, that Miss Hunt, female Physician in Boston, when she gives medicine to children, urges on them the doctrine that they have eaten or done something injurious, to cause their sickness, and asks them what it is — telling them at the same time, that they need not and should not be sick : that, after she has cured them, they must all try to keep well, and be ashamed to have to send for her again. They like her for this; and yet this course usually keeps her patients well after she has once cured them, so that 'she has but few regular patients, while the faculty glory in keepingi heir old patients, as well as in acquiring new ones. 54 HEALTH ITS VALUE AND CONDITIONS. "wealth of India were placed in one scale and health in the other, to prefer the former would be consummate folly. And he is doubly foolish, who injures his health by excessive labor for a paltry pittance, or by careless exposure, or by indulging his appetite. Wise indeed is he who understands and obeys the laws of life and health ; but he who does not understand them, is the veriest ignoramus, however learned he may be in Grecian and Latin lore, in scieiice and the arts, or in any other department of nature. The value of learning consists in its utility, wot m its amount. In order even to acquire knowledge, he must obey the phy- sical laws, else his learning will run from him like water from a sieve; but whoever keeps his hody and brain in good order, will never forget any thing, never be dull in feeling or perception, and can always bring his mind to bear powerfully and directly upon the subject in hand. To preserve his health, is to the intellectual man, what keeping his tools in order is to the workman ; and as every individual has but a single life to live, he should lengthen it out to the utmost, and secure the greatest amount of enjoyment from it. To know how to do this, is the essence of all learning ; and to do it, is the perfec- tion of wisdom. Words cannot express the consummate folly of those who abuse their health because it is good. " Verily, verily, they have their reward." Their day of reckoning will surely overtake them. To commit greater sins against them- selves and their fellow-men, is impossible. True, they do it ignorantly, but this does not in the least mitigate their punish- ment. They ought not to be ignorant of it. Of all the books written, sermons preached, papers published, lectures deliver- ed, &c., &c., few treat of the laws of life and health, whereas more should be written and taught upon this subject than upon any other, if not upon all others. Let light be scattered upon this all-important subject. Let our young people be taught to consider health as both wealth and happiness, and the source of all their enjoyments. Let them be warned never, on any account, to trifle with health, or to do what will weaken their constitutions. A shrewd writer has somewhere said of the excess of youth, what the author says of violations of the laws of health in youth, namely, that they " are drafts MEANS OF REGAINING AND PRESERVING HEALTH. 55 Upon old age, payable thirty years after date, with interest," with this . addition, — that the former must be paid all along, daily and haurly through life. As we measure time by its loss, so we can estimate the value of health only by its injury. Those who are always well, do not realize how much plea- sure they enjoy thereby, and those who sell a life of happiness for a momentary gratification, or a careless exposure, — the folly of Esau bears no comparison with their folly — and not unfrequently, a life of bitter repentance is insufficient to atone for a single act of indiscretion. In one light more, let us consider the value of health — that of its pecuniary advantages. How expensive is sickness, and how handsome a property is health 1 Let the man who is comfortably off in this world, be sick, and have to pay a doctor's bill of a hundred dollars, and a nurse's bill of another hundred, meanwhile, his family expenses are going on continually, perhaps rent, and those thousand items of expense to which sickness subjects him, and a handsome property, all he has been able to earn perhaps in twenty years, vanishes in a single year ; but let that same man have health, and he can augment that property, besides enjoying himself as he goes along through life, and making his family happy. Let a child, or a wife, be sick, and those only who have had extensive observation or else experience? can count its expense in dollars and cents merely, to say nothing of the anxiety, watchings, gloom, and a whole swarm of bad feelings in which the whole family is thereby enshrouded. As the best means of making money, then, preserve your HEALJH. As the best means of enjoying animal life merely, preserve your HEALTH. As the shortest, surest, and only road to greatness, preserve your ilEALTH. As the principle means of promoting the best interests of men and doing good, preserve your health ; for what good can you do while prostrated on a sick bed, and tortured with pain 1 As a means of acquiring knowledge, preserve your health. To prevent the unnatural, and to secure the natural, exercise of the mental faculties, that is, to be virtuous, and avoid occasions for sinning, preserve your health. 56 HEALTH — ITS VALUE AND CONDITIONS. As the most efficacious, if not the only means of securing any of the legitimate ends of life, mental, moral, or physical, presekve YOUR HEALTH. This is the alpha and the omega, the middle and both ends, the warp, woof, and all of hfe, — of human beings, — of man. The inferences, then, are obvious, first, that the greatest moral duty we owe to ourselves and to our fellow men, is to preserve our health, and secondly, that parents are under the strongest moral obligation to their children to give them sound, strong, physical constitutions. This should be done at the expense of every thing else, and those parents who neglect the physical education of their children in order to leave them property, are cursing them most ef- fectually. So, also, to try to cultivate their intellects at the expense of health, is to attempt to build without a foundation, and must prove their mental and physical ruin. We pass naturally to consider the means both of preserving, and of regaining the health. How can so invaluable a blessing be se- cured, and so prolific a cause of suffering as sickness is, be obvia- ted 1 By consulting doctors ? By pouring down drugs, either in quantities, or in infinitessimal doses 1 Jfo, never ! Medicine, select- ed with however much skill, administered by however talented a physician, taken in any way, taken in every way, in the very nature and constitution of things, cannot but prove injurious to the animal economy. I do not pretend to say that it may not ward off still greater evils, but, in the first place, mankind could and should so live as never to require medicine, and, secondly, in nine hundred and ninety-nine cases in a thousand, a proper observance of the physiological laws, w^ould restore health far more effectually than medicine can do, and without thereby injuring the constitution, which medicines always and necessarily does. Ask any honest doctor, and he will tell you that he has performed some of his most wonderful cures with bread pills, and physiological prescriptions. A single case. A physician of some repute in L., was called thirty miles in great haste, to see a sick woman, whose case had thus far baffled all medical treatment, and was regarded by all her friends as hopeless. All they expected was merely to mitigate a disease of long standing : recovery being considered out of the question. The doctor came, saw that she was very nervous, and had been dosed almost to death, and told her that if she would follow his directions MEANS OF REGAINING AND PRESERVING HEALTH.' 57 iniflicitly, he could cure her ; for he had one kind of medicine of great -power, but which was useful only in cases exactly like hers in which, it was an infallible cure. After telling her how often she must take it, he added, that she must get up and walk across the room the second day, and ride out the third. " Oh, that she could never do, for she had not been off her bed in many years, and was so very weak," &c. &c. " Oh but," said the doctor, " this medicine will give you so much strength that you will be ahle to do so, and it will prevent any injurious consequences arising therefrom. And, besides," he added, " the medicine will not operate, unless you stir about some. Do just as I tell you, and you will be off your bed in ten days." She sent an express thirty miles (the medicine being so rare that he did not take it with him) after his bread pills, rolled in aloes to make them taste like medicine, and took them, and the exercise as prescribed, and the third day she actually got into a carriage, and in ten days, was able to leave her bed, and soon after, was able to work, and yet lives to be a blessing to her family^ and to pour upon the doctor a literal flood of gratitude for perform- ing so wonderful a cure — a cure which none of the doctors had been able to effect, and which nothing but his wonderfully effica- cious bread-pills could have performed. Look any doctor full in the face, and ask him how often he administers dough pills or their equivalent, and how much oftener his patients get along in spite of medicine, and he will tell you, " Why, when I am called to the sick bed, if I tell my patients they require no medicine, but simply to fast and sleep, they will become angry, and send for another physi- cian, and I shall lose both credit and practice ; so that I am often compelled to prescribe in cases where I know perfectly well that the medicine will do more harm than good." And, besides, Doctors of course do not object very seriously to convenient opportunities for making charges, and augmenting both custom and credit. I also put it in distinct and broad terms to the medical faculty, whether all their medicines do not act on the principle of poisons, and are not in themselves inimical to life, and injurious to persons in health ? How can an emetic, for example, operate without being so poison- ous as to cause the stomach to eject it, and thus occasion the vomi- A word about Homoeopathy. This practice always accompanies its infinitessimal doses with discretion to take air and exercise, and 58 HEALTH ITS VALUE AND CONDITIONS. also to fast, which prescriptions will usually effect a cure either with or without their infinitessimal doses j and perhaps as well without as with. '' But, enough as to medicines. A volume might be written with propriety by way of persuading men to leave off doctoring, and prescribe physiological remedies for themselves ; but I forbear. Let me not be understood as discarding all remedial agents. Jiir, exercise, rest, and fasting will be found the most potent re- medies that can be employed, and next to them, cold water, ap- plied externally and internally. The " cold ivater cure" meets my cordial approval — is a natural remedy, and certainly not less ^cacious than mineral medicines and poisonous drugs. I cannot say all I wish to on this point in this connection, but shall prosecute it more fully in the work on Physiology, and shall soon insert an article in the journal on the " cold water cure." But, having considered this subject negatively, let us treat it positively. And it is perfectly obvious, that the one and only thing to he done, in order to preserve health, is to preserve the natural and vigorous action of the animal organs, and, that, to restore health, we have only to restore the natural functions to their na- tural degree of action. As health consists in the natural action of all the animal organs, as sickness, debility, pain, and every pos- sible form of disease, consist in, and are caused by, their abnormal, or their unnatural action — in their inflamed, or feeble, or disordered action, — so, to preserve health, we have only to pre- serve this natural action, and to restore it, only to restore them to their natural functions. What, then, are some of the most important animal and mental functions, in the vigour and integrity of which health, and with it life, virtue, and happiness consist? They are 1. Circulation. — Its importance, and the means of promoting it. To present fully the whole subject of circulation, is not my present purpose, but, simply enough to base upon it those impor- tant inferences, to prepare the way for which alone induced its in- troduction. All are aware of the fact that, without circulation, there can be no life, and that the greater the healthy circulation, the more abundant life. Why is it, that suspending either the breathing] or the action of the heart, causes death to supervene al' CIRCULATION — ITS IMPORTANCE. * 59 most instantly ? Because every nerve and muscle demands a con- stant supply of the life-giving energies imparted by the blood ? Why, when we start to run, or exercise the body in whole or in^ part more than usual, do we experience an almost immediate quick- ening of the pulse, or an augmented circulation in the part most exercised 1 Why, when any thing is said to provoke a hearty laugh, does the blood pour down the veins in the forehead, as if it would burst them ? Because the head has been thrown into action, and thus is obliged to consume an unusual supply of blood, the return of which produces the phenomenon alluded to. Why are all the veins swelled by any unwonted action of the body or mind, but because of the augmented circulation demanded and occasioned by that action. In short, who does not know, that the circulation in any organ, is in proportion to the amount of action, and this action being life, therefore is proportioned to life '? So that, to promote a healthy circulation, is to promote life ; or, what is the same thing, to augment health and happiness. But, to secure ample circulation, it is requisite, not only that the hearl^ be powerful and in good order, but that the lungs alsO' be ample and vigorous. Who does not koow that the breathing must always be in proportion to the circulation, that is, to the power of function ? Walking, or working, or thinking unusually hard, or any augmentation of function, thereby increases the res- piration. Why is it, that suspending breathing universally proves fatal in a few minutes ? Simply because the blood requires to be vitalized every minute by receiving those gases from the air which breathing imparts to it, and also to throw off those gases which have been collected in the blood, which, not thrown off, are so hos- tile to life 1 Every breath changes the blood in the lungs at the time of breathing from a dark, leaden aspect, to a red, lively co- lour, and loads it again with life to be imparted to the muscles and nerves as it is again sent round the system by the pulsations of the ever-throbbing heart ! The very fact that death supervenes so al- most immediately upon the cessation of breathing, is proof positive of the importance of abundant respiration, and tells us that, as he who does not breathe at all, is dead, so he who only half breathes, is only half alive, as is he also who breathes air half vitalized or deteriorated, and so in that proportion for the amount breathed, and the quality of the atmosphere inhaled, and the size and efficiency of the lungs. 'bU MEANS OF REGAINING AND PRESERVING HEALTH. The lungs also throw off through the breath vast quantities of impurity, corruption, and disease. Thus, let a man drink alcoholic liquors, and his breath becomes foetid at once therewith, because, being obnoxious to the system, it throws them off in great abundance, through all the excretions, and especially through the lungs. So, let the stomach be foul, and every breath throws off an astonishing amount of foetid odour, from which you turn with great disgust ; so offensive is it, even after it has become greatly diluted by mingling with the air. Suppose yourself compelled, gentle reader, to inhale ail the offensive odour that is thrown off by some one of your friends at a single breath only, how would your system nauseate, and struggle against its reception ? and all because it is so obnox- ious to life ; and yet you would be compelled to inhale no more than your friend exhaled, and at a single breath/ How vast the quantity of corruption, — cf disease — of animal poison, do some persons throw off in an hour, a day, a year, a life-time ! But where do the lungs get all this corruption 1 From the blood, of course. And where does the blood get it ? From the stomach mostly. Improper food, and above all, excessive quantities of food, imperfectly digested, sour on the stomach, and thus en- gender a vast amount of corruption, which is compelled to enter the blood, and after greatly retarding its functions, diseasing, or at least, impairing, the nerves and muscles, is finally ejected by whole- sale through the breath — that broad-road for the egress of disease. Let us glance more fully at this point. In what consists the souring or fermenting process 1 What does the food do when it sours in the stomach 1 It simply rots, that is all, and that it does do. By as much, therefore, as the rotting process engenders cor- ruption, by just so much does the system become corrupted by the souring of the food on the stomach, or by indigestion, by dyspep- sia, liver complaint, and that v/hole range of diseases consequent upon injured digestion. Hence it is, that impaired digestion works such incalculable mischief in the system — that it weakens all the functions of animal and mental life, corrupts the whole system, and especially, disorders the nerves, thereby producing those mental and moral diseases always attendant thereon. For example. The dyspeptic is always irritable, nervous, gloomy, melancholic, fidgety^ and just about crazy, because this rotting of the food in the stom- ach evolves vast quantities of corruption, which is compelled to go CIRCULATION — ITS IMPORTANCE. 61 into the blood, (the bowels in this case visually remaining comparar tively dormant, so that, with this mighty increase of corruption, one important avenue of its escape is almost closed,) and must of course^ gather on the nerves, muscles, brain, and every part of the system — upon the nerves in particular, because their action demands so co- pious a re-supply of blood. Hence, that derangement of the mind awrfyeeZmo-^ always consequent upOn a disordered stomach ; and hence, also, scarcely any other cause of disease is as prolific of all^ most all other diseases, as impaired digestion, or at all to be com- pared with it in point of virulence and malignity. Besides deranging the nervous system, as just seen, and thereby disordering the mind by substituting morbid, painful feelings and mental operations for those that are normal and therefore happy, it recoils upon the circulation, intercepts the flow of blood, and above all, stops on the lungs, and induces consumption and prema- ture death. The accumulation of phlegm on the lungs, and its ejection through the glands of the mouth, causing much spitting, if not ejections of it from the nose, is but another effect of disordered digestion, though phlegm is often caused by colds, of which we shall speak presently. Wherever there is phlegm, there is disuse and disease in 'proportion to the phlegm. Dyspeptics, have you never noticed that you expectorate almost continually while your stomach is labouring under a fit of indigestion ; that is, while a meal is rotting in your stomach ! The reciprocal sympathy between the stomach and the glands of the mouth being very great, when the former is oppressed, the latter will help carry off the putrifac- tion that oppresses it by secreting it and then ejecting- it into the mouth, which we naturally expel because it tastes bad. Hence, slime, mucus, or phlegm, should seldom if ever be swallowed, but should be spit out. But, if the stomach be healthy, the excretions of the glands will not be thick, or taste bad, and hence should be swallowed. I have thus commingled my remarks on digestion, circulation! and respiration, because they are so intimately connected together^ or rather because they are each but different parts of the same great function. To facilitate either, is to facilitate each of the others, and to restore either, is to restore all the others. A full supply of pure air, greatly promotes both circulation and digestion ; good di- gestion greatly facilitates circulation and respiration ; and a vigor- 6 62 MEANS OF REGAINING AND PRESERVING HEALTH. ous circulation greatly augments both digestion and respiration, an illustration of which is to be found in the fact, that exercise is a most powerful promoter of digestion, because it promotes circula- tion, augments respiration, and increases the demand, as well as the supply, of nutrition. To another kindred point I will just allude before passing to the means of promoting these functions, and that is, to the functions of the skin. The experiment is doubtless familiar to every iBader? that, if you insert the hand in a glass vessel closed at both ends, in a minute or two it will become clouded with a mist, thrown off by insensible perspiration through the innumerable pores of the skin, which gathers upon the inside of the glass. Or, if a consid- erable exertion of either muscles or mind is put forth, this perspira- tion oozes forth copiously and stands in large drops upon the skin, or runs down all parts of the body in streams. The skin, in common with the lungs, disgorges vast quantities of waste animal matter through this medium of perspiration, and hence the importance of keeping the skin clean and the circulation active, lest this waste and usually corrupt matter, not finding ready escape, should fall back upon the system, and remain in the blood to vitiate it, corrupt the humours of the system, engender disease, and hasten death. COLDS — THEIR CAUSES AND EFFECTS. We are now prepared to see how it is that colds prove so inju- rious, and often so fatal, to the human constitution. They consist simply in the closing up the pores of ,the skin, which thereby pre- vents the escape of corrupt matter, by which the blood becomes thickened with impurities, the lungs diseased, and the brain clogged with phlegm so sickening to the smell and revolting to the taste, which oozes out at the nostrils and lungs, often in such astonishing quantities, when the patient is suffering from a severe cold. Most ruinous are colds to animal life, and among the great- est enemies to health, happiness, and talents, that man has to en- counter. Disordered Digestion, and Colds — These are the two prolific roots of disease from which spring almost every form, in almost all their degrees of malignity, to which mankind is subject in our cli- mate, and, I think I may safely say, in all climates — the bilious^ febrile complaints of the south, the consumptions, nervous affections, liver complaints, gouts, apoplexies, dyspepsias, &c. &c. of the COLDS — THEIR CAUSES AND EFFECTS. 63 north. Consumption is always preceded by colds, as invariably as sunrise is by twilight, and not only always preceded by colds, but always caused by them. And if those predisposed to consump- tion will but keep free from colds, they will escape consumption, but, those not thus predisposed, by taking severe colds, frequently will induce it. To preserve the health, then, we have oxAy io 'preserve the circu- culation, respiration, digestion, and muscular action, in a healthy and vigorous state of function. By what means, then, can their vigorous action be continued w^hen healthy, and restored when impaired ? for, what will con- tinue them in health, wilt also restore them to health. How can circulation be promoted or restored '? How can digestion be con- tinued good when good, and augmented when enfeebled ? How can respiration be promoted when good, and re-invigorated when defective ? And as what will answer one of these questions, or rather either clause of each, will both answer the other clause, and also both clauses of either of the other questions, we shall proceed to consider themcollecfiveli/. Fresh Air, and inhaled abundantly, is one of the most powerful promoters of inspiration, circulation, digestion, perspiration, and nutrition. Hence, those whose digestion, circulation, and respira- tion are good, should take abundance oi fresh air, in order to keep them good ; and those in whom either of these functions are fee- ble, should do the same, in order to restore them. And as well may you think to melt the snow from the Andes by bonfires as think to cure indigestion, or consumption, or liver complaints by medicines. Medicines necessarily weaken the stomach in the long run — air and exercise strengthen it. So, breathing a vitiated at- mosphere, that is, air confined, or heated much, or remaining in a room not abundantly ventilated, will induce dyspepsia, and effectu- ally prevent its cure. I do think nature designed that every human being should spend, at least, one-fourth of their time in the open air. 'This shutting out the fresh air of heaven is one of the great- est violations of nature's laws, and inflicts one of the heaviest penalties. Abundance of fresh air is equally a preventive of consumption, and a restorative when it has fastened upon the lungs. And if good wholesome air will not effect a cure, medicine cannot. The 64 MEANS OF REGAINING AND PRESERVING Hp ALTH. frequent (but judicious, of course,) ventilation of rooms in which consumptive patients, or indeed any siok patients, are confined, Vi'ill do more to restore exhausted animalily, and resuscitate the vital functions, than all the medicines that can be administered. Exercise is another most powerful preserver of health, and restorative of disease. It does this, partly by augmenting respira- tion and circulation, and partly by its own inherent virtues. The muscles were made to be exercised, and they must be exercised, or else the blessings of health take their everlasting flight. A vast number of most desirable ends are attained by muscular action, and the amount of exercise required to preserve health, and espe- cially to regain it, is very great. See how much exercise children take. See how much muscular energy some must put forth in or- der to furnish food, transact business, go from place to place, and obtain the innumerable ends of life ! And every member of the human family must exercise several hours daily in order to enjoy the pleasure of life and health. But to narrow down our observations to the rationale — to the how it is that exercise promotes and restores health. It increases the CIRCULATION, and thereby augments all the advantages growing out of it ; for, the contraction of the muscles of course presses upon all sides of that endless ramification of veins and blood vessels that run all in among and between the muscles. Indeed, so incon_ ceivably numerous and minute are these vessels, that no part of the flesh can be penetrated without breaking them, and causing the blood to flow. Hence, this contraction of the muscles presses hard upon the blood-vesels, as well as bends and twists them in a variety of ways. Exercise, therefore, squeezes the blood along through them wherever the muscles are brought into play. But if it be asked why muscular contraction does not squeeze the blood backwards, as much as forwards, and thus retard circulation as much as it promotes it 1 the answer is in the fact, that the whole circulatory system — the heart, arteries, and all the veins — is furnished with valves that close spontaneously, the instant the blood attempts to go the wrong way. The blood, therefore, cannot possibly go any way but the rigid way, so that exercise, by squeez- ing the veins, sends it forward and forward only — backward it cannot possibly go. Hence it is that exercise is a most powerful promoter of circulation, and thereby of all those invaluable func- COLDS THEIR CAUSES AND EFFECTS. 65 tions and ends dependent thereon. By augmenting the circulation, it thereby promotes respiration and perspiration, and thereby all those beneficial ends attained by them, unloads the system of those corrupt humors that may oppress it, by carrying them off through the lungs and skin, and also greatly facilitates digestion, partly be- cause almost every motion of the body strains or contracts the muscles of the abdomen, which, as it were, kneads* the stomach, pressing upon it as the action of the other muscles presses upon the veins, by which its action is promoted, and thereby digestion and nutrition. Of course, excessive exercise is injurious, but it is not difficult to tell when it becomes excessive, f nature always giving us seasonable warning, by its becoming irksome. But, in order to explain this subject fully, it is necessary that we present a principle of great importance, the bearing of which on both health and on this whole subject, is direct and powerful. It is the necessity of halance of function, and equality in the action of all the organs of the body and head. This balanced or equal action of the corporeal organs being indispensable to physical health, and that of the mental faculties to mental health, that is, to virtue, talents, and happiness. To repeat. Perfect health requires that the animal functions should be proportionate each to all the others — that there should *A few years ago, a man advertised that he had invented an infallible curefor-the dyspepsia, and performed many, remarkable cures. In fact, his remedy was ahiaost infallible ! It consisted in ironing the bowels with as warm an iron as the patients could bear, they being covered with a cloth wet with vinegar, and in hneading them with the fists as one would knead bread. It was motion im-paried to the bowels that effected thecure. 1 1 cannot admit the generally received doctrine that exercise, either mental or physical, should not occur directly after eating. I cannot admit that one function necessarily interferes with another. On the contrary, they were all designed to go on together, pari passu. I grant, that if you eat too much — so much as to draw, off the energies from the nerves and muscles, in order to relieve an over-tasked stomach, you should take your ease till the stomach had discharged its onerous burden, but whoever re- quires to sit or sleep after eating has eaten too much ; and it is solely because he has eaten too much that he is benefited by rest — because he has given his stomach 50 much to do that it must pillage his brain and muscu- lar system in order to do it, and to give it the better chance to commit this robbery^ he must, forsooth, postpone muscular and mental action. 66 HEALTH ITS VALUE AND CONDITIONS. be as much exercise of muscle as there is of the brain and mind ; and as much respiration as there is action of either, and then as equal proportion of respiration mid circulation. Liebeg has de- monstrated this principle as applied to the required proportion be- tween digestion and respiration — a principle that applies equally to all the important animal functions, and to all the faculties and functions of the man, mental and physical as related to each other, and each to all the others — the cerebral action proportioned to the physical energies ; each of the latter proportioned to all the others, each of the mental proportioned to all the other mental and physical. I regard this law as fundamental, and as a sine- qua-non of health, talent, and morality; any preponderance or deficiency of either, producing that irregularity of action which deranges the harmony and perfection of all the others. But I shall restrict my remarks in this connection to the physical organs and functions, the requisition of balance among them, and. the means of procuring it. Farther on, we shall apply it to the men- tal and the moral organs and faculties. A few more illustrations. Let a person eat great quantities of food, but take little exercise, and put forth little mental exertion, and how soon does corruption gather upon him, and overcome him, aud hurry him into an untimely grave 1 And who does not know that augmented effort, whether mental or physical, increases both appetite and digestion in the ratio of that exercise 1 A principle as familiar as this must be to every reader in its application to all the leading animal functions in regard to each other, requires only to be stated in order to be admitted. It is still more forcibly illus- trated by the feebleness, dyspepsy, nervousness, head-ache, ennui, &c., of our literary and sedentary classes, and by the intellectual obtuseness of those who neglect mental culture. Consumptive families are usually slim-built and narrow-chested, which indicate weak- vital oigans and very active brains. It is this disproportion of parts v.'hich hastens their death. Apoplexy, gout, &c., are caused by the opposite extreme. If physicians would but restore the lost balance between these leading functions, they would save many patients whom they now^ loose ; and if mankind in general would only keep these functions balanced : — if, when they are be- coming nervous, they would labor more and think less ; when worn down with labor, they would rest and read j when they have COLDS THEIE, CAtTSES AND EFFECTS. 67 taken more food than exercise, they would restore the balance be- tween the two; if, like Bonaparte, they would take the extreme op]905zYe to that which caused their disorder — which is only applying this principle — most of those who die young, would live to be old, and pain and sickness would be comparatively unknown. Nearly every form of disease is caused mainly by the deficient or exces- sive action of one or more of these functions. This disproportion, if carried far, hastens death ; but when each organ is well deve- loped and all their functions are equally balanced, there will be an abundant supply of vital energy to keep the animal economy in motion : a proportionate supply of physical strength, love of exercise, and ability to labor, together with lively sensibilities, intensity of feelings, and power of thought, the result of which will be health, long life, physical and mental enjoyment in the highest degree of which our nature is susceptible, and a high order of natural talent. But, on the principle that an overloaded stomach withdraws the strength from the brain and muscles, the predomi- nance or deficiency of any part tends to increase the excess or de- fect, which augments the evil, being the reverse of what should take place, by which the weaker functions are exhausted and go by the board, carrying health, happiness, and life along with them. The plain inference drawn from this principle, that the princi- pal temperaments and functions of our nature require to be equally balanced, is that mankind should exercise his muscular system by labour, or being on foot in the open air, about one third of the time ; should eat and sleep, (that is, lay in his re-supply of animal life,) about one-third of the time ; and exercise his brain in think- ing, studying, &c., about the other third of his time — each day. " All work and no play," shuts out that vast range of pleasure which is designed and adapted to flow into the lap of man, through the channel of the mind ; while the continual exercise of the brain, or close application to hard study, causes a disproportionate quan- tity of blood to flow to the head, withdraws it from the muscular sys- tem, diminishes circulation, respiration, and digestion, and deranges all the animal functions, and thus impairs vitality, talent, feeling, and even life itself. In the epicure and the sensualist, this princi- ple is reversed ; but neither of their indulgences can result in hap- piness, virtue, or greatness. Nothing but a balance of functions can do this, and this can and will. Let mankind labour or exercise six 6 HEALTH ^ITS VALUE AND COKDITIOf. S. or eight hours, so as to promote an ample degree of respiration, circulation, sleep, perspiration, and nutrition, and thus furnish his brain and nervous system with an abundant supply of animal ener- gy for his mind, and he will keep his brain in that vigorous state which will enable it to put forth a vast amount of mental effort in a short time, render his memory retentive, thoughts clear, and the mental energies efiicient and well directed. Nor do I believe it possible for a human being to become distinguished in either the intellectual or moral world without labour. To one other physiological reason for this imperative de- mand for physical exercise, 1 must here allude: — Circulation of the blood must be had at some rate — by som.e means, by ani/ means rather than not at all. — and mast be had throughout the whole system. Nor is it possible for the heart alone, however powerfal, to furnish all the circulation demanded. It 'must ha.Ye help. Or, rather, the primary office of the heart, as I think, is to propel the blood through the arteries, and onward still through the capillary vessels — those almost infinitely mi- nute ramifications of the blood vessels between the arteries and where it is brought into such inconceivably minute con- tact with every fibre and shred of every muscle and nerve, and where it expends its vivifying energies upon the system — but not through the veins. It can drive the blood through the arteries with ease, but it must require prodigious force in order to propel it through these wonderfully small vessels, arid certainly, beyond that, it cannot be expected to go. As much as ever that it can do this much ; more, it is not the of- fice of the heart to do ; as is evident — first, from the fact that so onerous a task is truly a herculean one ; and, secondly, na- ture has provided other means for propelling the blood back to the heart — that already specified, namely, the pressure of the muscles, when in action, upon the veins, by which their contents is squeezed one way or the other, but prevented from o-oing backward by the closing of their valves. Nature does not need two tools, both as principles, with which to accom- plish one end. If she designed to effect the entire circulation by means of the heart alone, why so arrange it that the mus- cles become so powerful assistants of circulation ? The plain answer is simply this : — All the heart was ever designed to CIRCULATION OP THE BLOOD. 69 do, is simply to urge the blood through the capiliary vessels. There its true function substantially ends, and it is then the duty of the muscles to carry it back again to the heart, except in sleep, which is designed to be taken when the body is hori- zontal, so that it requires but little force to carry it back. To suppose that, after the heart has driven the blood to the feet^ for example, and forced it through all these invisible ramifi- cations in which it expends its energy, it must then pump it back again, up four or five feet against the laws of gravity, -and then empty it again into the heart, would be like putting the water-wheel of your machinery two-thirds or more under ivater, and below the water of the raceivay ; so that, in addi- tion to carrying the machinery, it had' also to propel the water through the raceway. And by as much as back loater is clog- ging to the wheel, so, for the blood in the veins to act as back water to the blood in the arteries and capiUary vessels, is to so retard circulation as almost to prevent it altogether, and thus to destroy life. Just think of the difficulty of driving the blood through the veins, after it has been driven through the capiliary vessels ! If the sluices were open all the way from the heart clear through the arteries, capiliary vessels, and veins, back again to the heart, the difficulty would be trifling. But, in this case, the blood could do no good. In order to nourish the system, it must be brought into direct contact with every jo«r/ and particle of the whole system — with every fibre of every muscle, and Avith every shred of every nerve ; and hence, that infinitely fine net-work of the circulatory sys- tem. Now in this net-work, the energies of the heart must necessarily become expended. The blood then requires to be brought back to the heart by other means than by the heart itself; because it would require such most extraordinary power to carry a force through this capiliary system sufficient to propel the blood back again to the heart. To illustrate once more. Suppose the Croton water, now brought to the city of New-York, were unfit for use till it had been sent through a thousand strainers, or a vast complication of filtrating machinery. And then suppose it must be carried wp again, after its use, as high, in order to empty it off" into the ocean, as its foun- tain-head is, and then, suppose some foreign power, say steam VO HEALTH ITS VALUE AND COKDITIONS. power, or any other power, could be brought to operate only at iihe fountain-head, and was obliged, first, to drive the water forty miles, over hill and through dale, to get to the city ; then to urge it on by might and main, through this complicated and infinitessi- Ti\^ filtrating apparatus, and then, after all this, to add power suf- ficient to raise it two hundred feet straight up, and this last, by a power apphed a long way beyond the filtrating a.pparatus, and by a power compelled to operate through (not by means of, but by dri- ving it through;) that apparatus ! What mechanic would undertake such a task ? And how would a wise engineer proceed in this case ? He would have two engines — one to propel the water to and through the filtrating apparatus, and the other, to take it after it was through, and then lift it sufficiently high to empty it off. Would he submit to the loss of power consequent upon the water passing through the filtrating apparatus, in order to apply that power to the water after the water had passed that apparatus ? Nor does nature submit to that loss. She has two engines — the one engine, namely, the heart that drives the blood through the arter- ies and into and through this capillary system — (this filtrating ap- paratus that filtrates or abstracts the virtue from the blood, and im- parts it to the nerves, muscles, and brain,) and then the other en- gine, this principle of propulsion by means of the muscles, to carry it hack again from this capillary system 'through the veins, till it empties again into the heart. And he who attempts to live with but one of these engines in play, does not, — cannot half live, nor enjoy a hundredth part as much as if he takes ahundance of exer- cise, by which means alone can he keep up the circulation, and re- tain either health or strength, or talents, or moral worth, or any of the great ends secured by life. So much for the principle involved in this demand for muscular action, without any reference to the innumerable and the immensely beneficial ends secured by muscular action — such as tilhng the soil, and thereby procuring food ; locomotion, and all the ends attained by being able to change our position ; mastication, lifting, making that vast quantify of articles for clothing, furniture, ornament, tools, and all the innumerabla things used by mankind j making and using machinery, building houses, writing, printing, reading, talk- ing, walking, — in short there is no end to the millions on millions of ends, that is, of motions — little, great, and infinitely diversified — CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD. 71 which every single member of the human family has occasion to put forth continually while he lives ! But inconceivably great as is this demand by the human constitu- tion for muscular effort, exclusive of the demand for it as a means of promoting circulation, yet it is no greater than the capability of nature to supply. Suppose that, before the creation of man, one of the arch-angels, the premier of heaven, holding the privy seal of the Almighty, had been let into the secret — had been shown how Almighty God could create a race of beings so numerous that an angel's mind could not realize their number, and each constitution- ally capable of performing both a variety and a number of motions which surpassed the conception even of angelic intellect millions of millions scarcely beginning to enumerate them ; every one of which muscular motions were capable of infusing happiness into the human soul, and told this secret to his fellow-angels, — would they, with all their knowledge of the Power, the Wisdom and the Goodness even of God himself, have beheved the Almighty cajia- ble of accomplishing a work of such inconceivable magnitude ? Oh! with what transcendant muscular power, is man endowed. So exalted is my idea of the constituional muscular capability of man, that I believe he might vie with the lion himself even in point of absolute strength. I believe man was made to be the strongest animal created — to excel the lion and tiger, the elephant, whale, and rhinoceros excepted, without reference to the advantages he derives from intellect. I further believe him to be constitution- ally the fleetest of all animals ; capable of travelling on foot a hundred or more miles per day, as easily as he now goes by steam, and to carry burdens far greater than are now carried by our horses. I believe man capable of taking the best part of a ton upon his back, and carrying it as easily as our horses now draw it on carts. The porters of Constantinople now take six to eight hund- red pounds on to their persons, and carry them any where — carry- ing on their back, head, and arms, nearly as much in pounds' weight, as we usually put upon our one-horse carts !* And if man * The foUovfing, bearing on this point, is taken from a Scotch paper, and is headed, " The last of the Stuarts." It is, withal, an excellent heredi- tary fact, and shows that the Stuart family vi^ere most remarkable for great physical strength, which harmonizes with the principle that all dis- tinguished men are both from strong-constitutioned and long-lived fanai- 72 HEALTH ITS VALUE AND CONDITIONS. IS capable of doing this in Turkey, as an ordinary, every-day affair, and without applying any of those principles of hereditary descent by means of which so vast an augmentation of muscular power, (and, indeed, of power of any and every kind,*) might be attained, especially in the course of generations (for I consider the human family as yet in its infancy — as a boy, just emerging from war and folly into his teens, and as yet only getting into the way to learn lies; be being now one hundred and fifteen years old. — "Hundreds of persons can bear testimony to his amazing strength, from which cir- cumstance he got the bye-name of 'Jemmy Strength.' Among other feats he could carry a twenty-four pounder cannon, and has been known to lift a r.art load of hay, weighing a ton and a half, upon his back. Many a time he has tali'en up a jackass, and walked through the toll bar, carrying it on his shoulders. It will be long before we can look upon his like again, to hear of his stories of 1745, and his glowing descriptions of the young Ciievaher." Jonathan Fowler, that ancestor of the author, mentioned on p. 61 of his Hereditary Descent, as so remarkable for strength and who killed a bear by main strength, beifig shown a large shark left by the retiring tide in a pool of water some distance from the shore, in Guilford, Connecticut, strip- ped off his coat, and walking knee deep through the mud, oyster-shells, and filth of a sea shore at low tide, out to the fish, captured it while yet alive, (though it was weakened by having but a scanty supply of water,) shouldered it, and brought it alive on his back, to the shore, which on be- ing landed, weighed Jive hundred p&unds ! — quite a load, considering that it was not the most portable of articles, nor the best of roads. And yet, I have it through Mr. Grimes, of West Bethel, Vermont, who says his au- thority is undoubted, and from one who lived in the 'neighborhood at the time of its occurrence. I would not tell this story unless I could tell it af- ter the preceding or some other feat of strength about as remarkable, that comes well authenticated, and yet, I submit to those who are disposed to discredit such stories on the ground that mankind is absolutely incapa- ble of putting forth such gigantic muscular exertion, whether we have not ample proof that these things do actually come quite within the range of man's capabilities in the feats daily and nightly performed by our circus men, the Ravel family, the Bedouin Arabs, and a host of others of a like character, which are unquestionably far within the bounds of man's capabilities. * See, in this connection, the article on the improveability of the human family, to be published in the next No. of the Journal, and which also constitutes the closing section of the author's work on that subject, in the article commencing p. 257. CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOIX. 73 bow to live, or to attain any of the innumerable ends of life, not on- ly securing tut a few of the great ends of life, but securing those few in a very limited degree, comparable, in respect to his capa- bility of making progression, to the progress he has of late been making in machinery, the arts, &c., and absolutely illimitable, as to both capability and enjoyment,) by wisely and sedulously em- ploying these principles, in conjunction with accompanying muscu- lar culture. The Chinese have no horses, and no roads but foot paths, and yet they are an eminently commercial people. They bring all their immense quantities of teas, thousands of ship loads for exportation, and hundreds of thousands of ship loads for home consumption, from the interior, {aM thousands of miles do not measure that immense country in any direction,) to the sea-board, including all the interchange of all the commodities among them- selves, on their backs. I fully concur with Jefferson's opinion that mankind have probably lost more by subduing the horse, than they have gained by his labor. Riding on horseback and in carriages, is so easy, so luxurious, to the dainty belle, that all classes are as it were, ho7-se crazy, and by shifting all their burdens, and most of their locomotion, upon the horse, they stand in the light of their own muscular action, which bids fair soon to be obliged to employ horse-power, (or perhaps steam-power,) with which to breathe and eat.* In the hght of this principle — first, the vast amount of muscular effort demanded by the human constitution in order to circulate the blood and attain the ends of life, and secondly, the, to us, inconceiva- bly immense amount of muscular power and effort of which the human constitution is susceptible — let us open our eyes upon what we see daily and continually in our city. See that young mer- chant, or lawyer, or clerk, or broker, whose business shuts him up all day in his store, or at his desk, till his circulation, digestion, ce- * If the attempted project of applying steam-power to balloons, as a means of navigating the air, should finally succeed, the steam part of it, and all the accompanying machinery, might be done away with, by using muscle in place of steam, which would greatly lighten the burden carried, cheapen the apparatus, and enable men to fly as birds of passage do from clime to clime, as the climate or their wants might reqoire. I cannot doubt but this going south in the winter is an arrangement eminently- beneficial, and provided for in the nature of man. 74 HEALTH ITS VALTJE' AND CONDITIONS. rebral action, and all the powers of life are enfeebled ; walk mere- ly from his door on to the side walk, possibly one or two blocks, and wait for an omnibus to carry him a few blocks farther to his meals or bed ! One would think that, starved almost to death a^ he is for want of exercise, he would embrace every opportunity to take exercise, instead of which, he embraces every opportunity to avoid it. As well avoid living, which indeed it is. And then too, see that dehcate, fashionable lady, so very prim, nice, refined, deli- cate, and all this besides much more, that she does not get out of doors once a week, order her carriage just to take her and her pale-faced, sickly child, to church on sunday, because it is two or three blocks off — too far for Ihem to walk. Dear, delicate, fash- ionable simples. " Do let the servant lay you down on your back, and feed you with roast beef, calves' feet jelly, cakes, candies, pies, and all the good, all the strengthening things, but not till that servant has chewed it all w^Jine for you ! Now don't get up. Lay si ill, and let the servant bring whatever you require, even to your coffin, and let us set our wits at work to invent some patent right machine with which we can pump breath into and out of you, for you really must|be too tired to live. And your delicate little daugh- ter there — come you dear, darling, itty critty you. come lie down and let your mouth drop open itself, and the servant shall hang a sack of pap so that it shall drop into your mouth and run down your throat without your doing the least thing, and then you may lie all your life-time, having nothing at all to do but to breathe ; so you shall, you darling deary, for you must be tired to death with having to eat and breathe so much, so you must, you deary dar- ling child you." And what shall we say of those who sit and sew all day, or work at any of the confining branches of industry that preclude the exer- cise except of a few muscles, and perhaps keep themselves bent over forward on to their stomach, lungs, heart, bowels, and over eat at that ! Oh ! when will man learn to live — learn by what constitu- tional laws he is governed, and how to obey these laws ? When Physiology and Phrenology are studied ; never till then. " Fly swifter round, ye wheels of time, J\nd bring that welcome day." — Watts, But, to the law and to the testimony of facts I appeal to esta- bhsh this principle. What distinguished man of this country or THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 75 even age, or of any age or country, ever lived, who did tiot take a great amount of exercise ? Great men have generally been work- ers when hoys. Adam Clarke was noted, when at school, for his physical strength, in rolling stones, &c. Shakspeare, while com- posing his immortal plays, carried brick and mortar to build places for their performance. John Wesley rode and walked a great many thousand miles, and it was this exercise that prepared his gigantic intellect to put forth those mighty efforts which enabled him to do so much good, and which must immortalize his name. Elihu Burritt, probably the greatest scholar of the age, was com- pelled by necessity to work work eight hours daily at the anvil in order to furnish himself with the means of prosecuting his intellec- tual labors; and it Was ^/myac^ of his thus labori?ig daily, that enabled him thus to take such astonishing strides in the acquisition of knowledge. Clay was a poor boy, and worked for a living, and has followed farming during the intervals of his release from public engagements. Henry Bascora, the great western orator, travelled west on foot, with his axe on his shoulders. The old Roman and Grecian orators took a great amount of exercise in order to prepare themselves for public speaking, and they put in practice one fundamental principle of which we moderns, with all our boasted light and inventions, have lost sight of — that of strengthening the voice by gymnastic exercises* Sir Walter Scott, after confining himself to his desk for several days, till the ener- gies of his brain had become exhausted, would mount his horse, call out his dogs, and follow the chase for days in succession, till he had restored this balance, and then returned to his study.f When Byron entered college, fearful that his tendency to corpu- lency would injure his personal beauty — of which he was very proud — he took extremely severe exercise daily in order to reduce it, besides leading an extremely active life. Webster was a back- woodsman, born in a " log-^cabin," on the borders of the unbroken forest, and inured to hard labor.J And often, breaking away * No one can have a good voice without having a good muscular sys- tem; and, hence, to improve the tone of the latter, will augment the power of the former. Hence, an additional reason why public speakers should labor. t Note. Madden's Infirmities of Genius. :j: See his speech at Saratoga Springs, in 1844. 76 HEALTH ITS VALUE AND CONDITIONS. from piftlic life, and shouldering his gun, he ranges the forests for days in search of game, besides taking much exercise daily. Franklin, the beacon-star of his profession, was a practical printer and a hard worker. Young Patrick Henry's favourite pursuits were hunting and fishing, which he followed for weeks together. These laid the foundation for his greatness. Need we mention the Fa- ther of our country, its pride and pattern ? Washington, when not employed by his country, laboured assiduously upon his farm ; and was actually driving his plough when he received the news of his election as President. Harrison, " i\ie farmer of North Bend," led a life of great physical exertion and exposure. Burns, the Scottish bard, actually composed much of his poetry when at work on his farm. President Dwight, the great theologian and scholar, attributed much of his mental vigour to daily labor in his garden. John Quincy Adams, one of the most learned men of the age, informed us that he found much daily exercise indispensable. Both while in college, and during my professional visits to our principal colleges since my graduation, I have observed it as a uniform fact, that those students who had been brought up without having labored, never take a high intellectual stand, except in parrot-like scholarship. They always show a want of mental vim and pith, and the powers of close hard thinking. After they enter upon the business of life, their case is still worse. For them to rise to eminence is impossible. If I am thankful to God and to my father for any thing, it is that I was made to work hard and con- stantly on a farm, till eighteen years of age, when I began to prepare for college. I left home with only four dollars in the world, with my all upon my back, and travelled four hundred miles, I worked my way to college, and through college. Instead of earning my money by teaching school, I supported myself by sawing, splitting, and carrying up the wood of my fellow-students, three and four flights of stairs, improving in this way every hour, - except study hours ; and often portions of the night. My fellow- students laughed at me then, but noiu the boot is on the other foot. I thought it a hard row to hoe, but a rich harvest has it yielded me ; and you, reader, owe to this same cause, whatever of delight or benefit, my lectures, writings, and examinations afford you. Pardon this personal allusion, but profit by the lesson it teaches. Ye who aspire after renown, work. Ye who would do good, work. THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 77 All ye, who would fulfil the great destiny of mortals on the earth of being happy, labour daily and habitually. But it should not be all work and no study. Man has a mental and a moral as well as a physical apparatus. He must work to make his brain good for any thing; and yet, however good his brain, it will do him no more good than sharp tools will do the workman good who does not use them. A portion of each day ought to be spent by every member of the human family. A few hours labour each day, sa}? from five to eight, will give all the necessaries and the comforts of life, artificial wants and extravagances excepted, to every man, rich and poor, literary and in business Besides securing that amount of exercise which is indispensable for preserving his health, it will enable the laboring classes, instead of consuming their whole existence in working, to afibrd ttTne to cultivate their intellects, and exercise their finer feelings. The present arrangements of society tend to make the poor work all the time, and the rich none. This is certainly not the order of nature. That order is, for every man to have the dis- posal and the full avails of his own time; for every man to have property enough to supply his real necessities and wants, but no more, and to expend the balance upon nobler pursuits —upon the exercise of his intellectual and moral powers ; and when men transgress these natural laws, they experience re- buke at the hand of nature, in the very line of their trans- gression. To one slight modification is this law of balance of function subjected, namely, that in childhood and youth, while the sys- tem is forming, the circulatory, respiratory, nutritive, and muscular systems are more active than the brain and nervous system, while in middle and advanced life, the mental usually predominates. This principle has been demonstrated else- where, and will be alluded to again, but, taking it for granted at present, it teaches us this great truth touching the physical education of children, namely, that study should never be al- lowed to withdraw from the body to the brain any of that animal energy required for growth, or for the formation of a strong constitution. Parents have overlooked the great fact that a great amount of physical energy is required ior growth. 7S HEALTH ITS VALUE AND CONDITIONS. Place your finger upon the wrist of a child, and you will be astonished at the rapidity and power of their pulsations ; this rush of blood being simply to supply vital energy to the hand. Circulation in them is prodigious. The reason is obvious. The matter for the formation of the bones, muscles, nerves, brain, &c., is deposited by the blood. The rapidity of their growth requires a great amount of this deposite, v.'-hich de- mands proportionably vigorous circulation, respiration, and digestion. Most of their physical energy requires to be ex- pended in the growth and consolidation of their bodies. To divert it, therefore, from its natural channel, to the nourish- ment of the brain, is most injurious. It is killing the goose that lays the golden egg. It is inducing that predominance of the nervous system which must inevitably hasten their death. The reason of this will be seen presently. But this extraordinary amount of circulation proportionably stimulates the muscles. Hence their fondness for exercise, their restlessness, their incessant action. This action increases the circulation and promotes the growth. To keep children confined, therefore, is to retard the formation of a good consti- tution, and impair their organization. If the noise made by this exercise be troublesome, bear it, remembering that it is life and talents to your children. Their respiration should also keep pace with their circulation arid exercise. The blood, without being vitalized by the action of the air through the lungs, will do them no good. Prevent their breathing, and how soon they die ! And just in propor- tion as this respiration is retarded, or the air they breathe vitiated, is their life shortened and enfeebled. Ye mothers, who are so tender of your children as to keep them shut up within doors, in warm or unventilated rooms, compelled to breathe an atmosphere for the hundredth time, afraid to have them inhale the fresh air — remember that you are there- by taking the most effectual method possible to debilitate both body and mind, and to shorten their lives. Confinement kills many more children than exposure. As all children must be more or less exposed, those who are confined most, take the most cold, and suffer the greatest injury. Mothers usually have excessively large Philoprogenitiveness and Cautiousness^ THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 79 which often make them so over tender of their children, so fear- ful of the least exposure, that they kill them with kindness. The other extreme should not be adopted ; but uniformity is the golden medium, provided it allows abundance of air, exercise, and nutrition* This principle, that the vital or animal system is, or should be, most active in children, exposes the utter folly of putting children to school young 5 I know, indeed, that the excessive Philoprogeni- tiveness and Approbativeness of parents, especially mothers, make them try every possible means to bring their children forward early ; but since the energies of the child cannot be expended twice, their consumption by the exercise of mind, prevents their growth, and prematurely debilitates them. This green-house me- thod of bringing every thing forward, never succeeds. It inevita- bly hastens their death, besides weakening their brains w^hile they live* Throughout nature, the proverb, " late ripe, late rotten," holds ' good. Early fruits soon decay. The poplar tree grows rapidly, but soon rots ; while the oak and hickory that form slowly, are far more durable and serviceable. All animals that arrive at maturity early, die proportionally early. So certain and uniform is this law, that, extraordinaries excepted, the life of any species of animal, or of any individual animal, can be calculated from the periods of their maturity with almost mathematical accuracy. This law of proportion between the developments of animals and their maturity and old age, governs the whole animal kingdom, and per- vades all things that grow, individuals as well as species. Ac- cordingly, we find long-lived persons to have been very dull chil- dren, and our smartest men to have been backward boys. Adam Clarke was the veriest blockhead in school, an eyesore to his mas- ter, and the butt of ridicule amono; his mates. What was Patrick * These remarks render it evident that the city is not the place to bring up children : — 1st, because the air is vitiated ; 2d, they have little or no chance for exercise ; and, 3d, they are liable to form injurious habits, to mingle with low children, to rise and retire late, and be tempted to eat im- proper food, candies, baker's bread, &c., and have their intellects prema- turely developed at the expense of their bodies. No wonder ''that above half the children in cities die before their fifth year. The reason of this is obvious. They have no air or exercise to live upon, and these are -equally important with food, and should be as much provided by parents. 80 EDUCATION OF CHILDREN. Henry when a boy 1 The dullest of the dull. Few of the dis- tinguished men of any age, were noted when boys for any thing but stupidity ; and as a general thing, great men enter on their intel- lectual career late in life. The orff% of nature is this, that nearly all the energies of chil- dren and youth should be expended upon their bodies, in forming and maturing their organization, and in laying a deep and broad foundation for the superstructure of after-greatness ; and every item of energy demanded by the body, but expended upon the mind, only weakens both. The great fault of modern education is that of trying to make learned babies and nursery prodigies. In do- ing this, they often make them simpletons through life, or youth- ful corpses. Just as the old miser had learned his horse to live without eating, it died. So, just as children become very smart, they also die. What will not parental vanity do 1 Every thing but the right thing. Where are those meteors of poetic genius, the Misses Davidson ? In their graves at fifteen ! Philoprogeni- ^ tiveness must be governed by intellect. Not one married person in a hundred is fit to become a parent, because so ignorant of the true principles of education. Hence, most children who do not come up of themselves, are brought up wrongs and humanity is thereby degraded. This same principle applies to early piety; and it is equally true of putting children to trades, or into stores, too young. My heart has often been pained to see boys behind the counter ; and the smarter they are, the more it grieves me. Slim, sharp-fea- tured, mtiscles flabby, I see the bright sun of their morning about to pass into an early cloud, or into the darkness of premature death. The working classes commit the same error by putting their children to labour, or to a trade, too young. They bind them out as slaves to task -masters, to labour early and late, and often without sufficient food and sleep, to expend the energies demand- ed for their growth, in enriching their masters. Many mechanics make it a point of economy — although it is the worst kind of rob- iQfy — to get all their work donie by apprentices. The present ap- prentice system is monstrous. Its object should be to teach them the trade, and that only ; whereas it is to make money out of the labour of the apprentice, who gets only a scanty living, while his master gets large profits. Every man, and especially the young. HEALTH — ITS VALUE AND CONDITIONS. 81 has an undou'bted right to all the avails of all his earnings ; and for others to enjoy the henefit, is wrong. Parents also think, that as soon as their children get to be twelve years old, they must bone down to hard work. Their actions say : " Children, I have toiled hard for you, and now you must paT/ me principal and interest, by working still harder for me." Let such parents remember, that children much more than pay their way as they go along, in the pleasure they afford, thereby bringing the latter in debt to the former ; or rather, both are indebted to the God of nature. Children should have their own earnings; and above all things, they should not be compelled to expend their energies for their pa- rents at the very time when they are most demanded to per- fect their bodies. Most children and youth are lazy, particu- larly those late in maturing, because their vitality is expend- ed in giving them a strong constitution, and it is neither right nor best to make them labour much, beyond what they them- selves prefer. " All work makes Jack a dull boy." Still we would have them take abundant exercise and labour some. After they have attained their full growth and maturity, after their reservoir of animal power has begun to be full and over- flow, they may begin to work otf their surplus energies through their tauseles by labour, or their brain by study, but not be- fore. We -deem this point a most important one. Excessive labour is also injurious, especially for children and youth. Play is best for them, even till they are ten or fifteen years old, becatise it exercises all their muscles, and also their minds. If they must work, let it be rendered amus- ing, so as to interest them, and let it be often changed, so as to^esercise all their muscles. The principle here explained, exposes a prevailing error of seiiding children to school, college, &c., young. Till they are nearly twenty years old, they should not be confined at all, but allowed to run at large over hill and dale ; and after that age, not more than half an hour at a time should be devoted to study or labour, without alternating with play. And then the air of the school room is often vitiated. But more of this when we come to speak of intellectual education. Not long ago, when riding alone in a stage with the proprietor, who has always been a very extensive contractor on the canals 82 HEALTH ITS VALUE AND CONDITIONS. and stage routes in the neighbourhood of Utica, N. Y., and who keeps above a hundred horses employed all the time, and sometimes nearly two hundred, and who therefore has great numbers of them to buy, I asked him what kinds of horses he found most profitable to purchase ; that is, what class endured the greatest amount of hardship ? He unhesitatingly answered "bauky horses." " Why those that are bauky," I again enquired. " Because they wear so much longer, and endure so much more labour and hard usage." " And how do you account for that V' I asked again. " Because by being bauky, they were not used to work till they were fully grown and hardened," he replied. I asked at what age he prefer- red to put a horse down to hard work 1 " Not before they are eight. They ought never be broke till they are that age, and then they will wear like iron till they are thirty. You can hardly wear them out." That is, he would have nearly one-third of their lives spent in growing solely ; and these are precisely my views in re- gard to early labour and study. If you wish to wear out at thirty, begin hard work or study at eight ; but if you wish to live to be a hundred, do not begin to tax youreelves or children, till they are twenty. Till then, let them he hoys or girls, neither labouring or studying much, except ybr i^lay. Till then, ail their energies are required to be expended on the growth and formation of their bodies, brain, and nervous system ; but, about this time they will begin to have a surplus of animal energy, a vigour of muscle v^hich craves objects on which to expend it, and a thirst for know- ledge which, till they are at least fifteen years old, is unexperien- ced, except by precocious youth. At least, I shall adopt and re- quire this course with regard to my own children, and am willing to become sponsor for its result when judiciously applied. Of course, I would not have the minds of children left an un- cultivated loildemess, but I would not tax either mind with study^ or body with labour. What information can be communicated by conversation, and what time they chose to devote to study volunta- rily, should be allowed, but no task should be made of either, no tradeshould be learned by daily and hourly confinement to it. In short, nothing should be done by way of labour or study, except merely to work off the surplus energies. In passing, we will add, that certain trades and kinds of labour, such as shoe-making, stone-sawing, sadlery, tailoring. PKESERVATION OF A BALANCE OF THE FUNCTIONS. 83 several of the arts, &c., call but/ew; of the muscles into action, and are therefore highly injurious ; yet by walking four or five miles daily, or by labouring often at other things, or tak- ing any kind of exercise requiring the action of the dormant parts ; those who labour at them will be able to avoid all evil consequences, and prolong their lives. MEANS OF PRESERVING AND REGAINING THIS BALANCE. We have already seen, first, the value of health ; and, secondly, its leading condition, namely, — balance of function, or the propor- tionate action of all the parts of his nature. Our next inquiry re- lates to the preservation of this balance, and to regaining it when lost — an inquiry of vital importance. The principle by which this most important object is to be secured, is, like every other law of nature, simple but effectual. The relative energy of any of the or- gans, can be changed by exercising the deficient ones, and dimin- ishing the action of those that predominate. We have seen so many instances of this change, that we consider it no longer prob- lematical, but a matter of fact. The extent to which the change can be effected, is astonishing. The well known law of increase by exercise, and of decrease by inaction, applies here in all its force. Illustrations of it are innumerable. You will hear the shrill powerful voice of oyster-men, chimney-sweeps, charcoal-men, and street-pedlars, who cry their articles for squares, amidst the rattling of carriages, the crashing of carts, and all the roar and din of the city, while you can hardly hear yourself talk to a friend, even within doors. Their power of voice is prodigious, and all acquired by its exercise. This same law governs every individual, and will enable those of weak lungs and consumptive habits, to strengthen their lungs, and thus avert a disease to which they may be predis- posed. On this point I speak from experience. My mother died of consumption ; and at the age of fifteen, I was confined within doors for three months by weak lungs. Soon after my academical career was commenced, I was brought near the grave by the same complaint ; and in my Junior year in college, was again attacked with it, and compelled to fall back a year, and when I commenced lectures on Phrenology, my lungs were weak and irritable. But, no sooner had I graduated and commenced speaking in public, and 84 HEALTH ITS VALUE AND CONDITIONS. examining daily in private, than my lungs began to improve, and ave continued to do so to this day. And notwithstanding this constitutional feebleness of lungs, I doubt whether many men have done more speaking within the last ten years than I have, lecturing to crowded houses, two hours or more almost every evening, and examining professionally all day, year in and year out. And those who have listened, know that w^hen I speak, or talk, I do not lohis- per. But for exercising my lungs thus much, I should unquestiona- Uy have been dead long ago. Let parents w^ho have the least tendency to consumption, put this principle in practice upon their children, and instead of com- manding silence, encourage them to talk much, and halloo loud^ and that in the open air ; and let all who are narrow-chested and' slim-built, or at all predisposed to consumption, employ this prin- ciple. Let them talk much and read more, and, if possible, speak in public ; let them go daily to the fields or w^oods and halloo y and they will w^ard off consumption, strengthen their lungs, improve their voice, and benefit their whole system by the increased amount of air breathed.* But in doing this, great care should be taken not to go too far, especially at first ; for, ©■yer-taxing any part, so as to exhaust, weakens. Either extreme is detrimental. There is little danger that children will exercise their lungs too much, but there is great danger in preventing that exercise, and adults can know when they are over-taxing their lungs, by that sense of weakness or irritabili- ty which always ensues, and warns against excessive action. They should then stop short at once, till their lungs are rested, and then proceed cautiously, exercising them as much as they will bear, but no more. This principle applies equally to improving the tone and power of the muscles. A Roman wrestler is said to have carried a calf daily through the Roman stadium, until it became a full grown ox. At fil'st sight this appears impossible, but, viewed in the light of this principle, it appears probable. The Hottentots run down their fleetest game, even to the antelope. The feats of physical strength and agility performed by circus riders, slack-rope • * For more specific directions for avoiding consumption and promoting circulation see the author's work on " Hereditary Descent,"' p. 82. It will also be treated fully in his work on Physiology. PRESERVATION OF A BALANCE OF THE FUNCTIONS. 85 dancers, wrestlers, boxers, the "Ravel Family," the "Bedouin Arabs," &c., &c., are astonishing, yet practice would enable almost any one, having originally a good constitution, to do the same. To develope the muscular system by exercise or labour enough to preserve or regain this balance, is easy, and withal, a most impe- rious duty. Without muscular exercise, this balance cannot be preserved ', and without this balance, all the great ends of life are cut off. One of the worst fashions of the day is this anti-working custom. Ladies, especially, think it very ungenteel to labour, be- cause it hardens their hands ; and a lady must surely have soft hands. Let such remember that soft hands accompany a soft or- ganization (superceding remarks on the organization). Delicacy in a woman is a good thing, but " too much of a good thing is worse than nothing.^' Effeminate sentimentalism is worse than coarseness. One main cause of the nervousness, vapours, depress- ed spirits, dyspepsy, sickness, and physical debility of fashionables? is their want of labour. Without it, no person can become great or good, any more than without food or breath, and for the same reason. MEANS OF INCREASING AND DIMINISHING MENTAL ACTION. But a still more important inquiry is that relating to the increase and reduction of the Mental Temperament. From it, their fountain head, flow most of our pains and pleasures. Its healthy action produces the latter, while the former are caused mainly by its morbid or perverted action. A knowledge of its proper regulation and exercise, is of the highest possible importance to every member of the human family. Those in whom it is too weak, proportionably fail to experience mental and moral pleasures, and are thus cut off from the chief ends of our being. On the other hand, its predominance is always extremely painful. By what means, then, can it be improved. How can its power be increased or diminished as occasion may require ? To strengthen it, we have only to exercise it. To diminish it, we must turn the current of its action into other channels. The brain is quite as susceptible of improvement as are the 86 INCREASING MENTAL ACTION. muscles, lungs, or any other portion of the system ; because governed by the same physiological law of increase by action, and decrease by inaction. Let it never be forgotten, that mental discipline consists neither in a knowledge of Greek, Latin, Mathematics, &c., nor in the amount of study perform- ed ; nor the time devoted to intellectual pursuits; nor in the number or kinds of books read ; but solely in an active and healthy condition of the brain.* If your mind be dull, your intellect obtuse, your feelings sluggish, your memory short, &c., you have only to put your hrain and nervous system, into proper order, and you will there- by c[uicken your feelings, render intellect clear and penetrating, improve memory, and strengthen the mind. Your brain can be put into this state, 1st, by exercising it habitually, taking care not to exhaust it by over action ; 2d, by paying strict at- tention to the condition of the stomach, with which it closely sympathizes. Hence, an improper quality or quantity of food will stupify the mind, deaden the feelings, produce head-achet and weaken or disorder the functions of the brain and nervous system sooner than any others. Certain kinds of food, espe, cially breadstuffs, farinaceous food, fruit, &c. are naturally calculated to strengthen the brain and nervous system; while other kinds, especially animal food, fish, oysters, &c., impart strength to the muscles more, relatively, than to the brain. * Would that the founders and professors of our colleges but understood and taught this plain principle, in marking out the path for students to follow, and that students would practice it in going through their aca- demic course, which as it now is, often injures instead of benefits, weaken. ing the mind oftener than it strengthens it. Almost every college arrange- ment is detrimental to health. Hence ninety-nine in a hundred leave our institutions of learning with broken constitutions. Almost all professional men are invalids, except those who regain their health after leaving them. This -weakening of the body of necessity enfeebles the brain, and of course diminishes the talents, instead of augmenting them. We appeal whether many young men, who enter college with sound health and strong common sense, do not leave it learned, indeed, but having actually less intellectual power than when they entered it. A college course almost invariably impairs the health, which weakens the brain, and enfeebles in- tellect. The same is in part true of attending school. INCREASING AND DIMINISHING MENTAL ACTION 87 But the most efficient method of improvmg the tone and power of the nervous system, is its exercise. But that exer- cise must be daily and habitual. To do this, you must apply your mind by thinking, reading, musing, studying, conversa- tion, writing, &c. This exercise will cause the blood to flow freely through the brain, which will enlarge the blood vessels, facilitate the circulation of this vital fluid, and secure mental discipline. This mental discipline cannot be 'purchased. It can neither be given nor received. It must be obtained by every individual's exercising his oiun brain for himself. Pa- rents cannot exercise the brains of their children by proxy. By setting motives before them, they may aid them, yet they cannot think or feel for them. If, therefore, parents find their children dull, and wish to cultivate their intellects, they must contrive ways and means by which to excite their brains to action. It should be remembered that when children take no interest in books, they do them no good. To learn to read, spell, repeat by heart, &c., mechanically, requires little cere- bral action, and therefore does them little good ; whereas a matter even of play, in which they take a lively interest, ex- cites their brain, and this causes it to grow, besides promoting mental discipline. It might be added that studies in which little interest is taken, cause but little action of the brain, and therefore do little good. But more upon this subject when we come to speak of the intellectual faculties, including schools, col- leges, &c. But many persons, especially among the literary and seden- tary classes, find their brain too active, and wish to know how to reduce that action. They feel nervous and irritable. Even trifling things excite them inordinately. A molehill is magni- fied until it becomes a mountain. They are in a fever of ex- citement ; tossed back and forth by currents and counter cur- rents of feeling which they find it impossible to control. At one time, they are elated beyond measure, and full of ecstacy. Some trifling thing, too insignificant to aff"ect a healthy brain, casts them into the very depths of despair. The sensibilities are morbidly alive to every thing. They retire to their couch,, ■88 DIMINISHING THE BIENTAL ACTION. biU not to sleep. The boiling blood courses through their veins, whilst the labouring pulsations of their hearts shake their whole frame. Their thoughts wander to the ends of the earth, but to no purpose. They think and feel upon every thing, only to increase their disease, and aggravate their men- tal sufferings. If Cautiousness be large, they are afraid of their own shadows, and see their path filled with lions and tigers. If Approbativeness predominates, they thirst for fame, but see the cup of praise dashed from their lips by merely im- aginary neglects, or reproofs which are so construed as to induce the deepest chagrin and mortification. They seek sleep, but find it not. Hour after hour they turn upon their damask couches, exhausted by mental action, even to pros- tration, but unable to compose their excited, erratic feelings. Their brightest thoughts flit like meteors across their mental horizon, only to vanish in midnight darkness. And if tardy sleep at last folds thetn in his arms, frightful dreams disturb their shallow slumbers, and they av/ake enshrouded in deep, impenetrable melancholy. They feel most keenly, only to feel most wretchedly. Now and then, a sigh, or groan, or "0 dear me!" escapes them, and they internally feel, '' wretched man that I am." They feel burthened with, they know not what, but this only oppresses them the more. Things? otherwise their joy, are now their misery, and every thing sweet is rendered bitter. Their nervous energies are wrought up to the highest pitch of inflamed action ; yet they have no strength to endure this excitement. Days and weeks roll on only to augment their miseries, and to increase their exhaus- tion. Their excited mind thirsts for books, but this only in- creases the ascendancy of the nervous system over the vital and motive, which is the cause of all their sufferings. What can they do } Listen whilst we tell you. Your sufferings are caused by the predominance of your nervous system over your muscular and nutritive apparatus ; and your only remedy is to be found in restoring this balance. All the medicines in creation cannot cure you, because of your malady. Doctoring you do not need. You require only to restore the balance of action between the brain and the other two great functions of your DIMINISHtNG THE MENTAL ACTION. - 89* nature, namely, nutrition and muscular exercise, and you are well at once. This must be done by diverting the circula- tion from the brain to the muscles, and by removmg all causes of excitement. Tea and coffee must be abandoned, because they highly stimulate the brain and nervous system, the ex- cessive action of which is the sole cause of your disease. A strong cup of tea will excite one in this state, more than a glass of spirits will a hardy labourer, whose nervous sensi- bility is feeble, and do him ten times the injury. Wines, porter, ale, cider, beer of all kinds, must be wholly abjured, and for the same reason. They all stimulate, but you require something cooling, relaxing, and sedative. Tonics may brace ^''ou for the time being, but their virtue consists in their stimu- lating property, and should therefore be avoided. Flesh is injurious ; because it also is highly stimulating, and calculated to inflame the nervous system. Too much food is also bad, and is often one primary cause of excessive nervous action^ producing a feverish state of the system, because the blood is surcharged with nutrition. Colds are another ; and still ano- ther, more efficient than either, is an impure skin. When the pores of the skin are closed, they cause the blood to retire to the heart, and flood the brain ; besides preventing the impuri- ties of the blood and the waste matter of the system, from es- caping. This must be remedied by frequent ablutions of the whole body. To, children, bathing is all-important. They have so much waste matter that the avenues of its escape must be kept always open. Besides this, the cold bath is highly exciting to the skin, and this promotes the circulation of the blood, and thereby withdraws its circulation from the brain. Where the energies of the system are sufficient to produce re-action, it is one of the very best remedies of nerv- ous affections to be found. Cold water is certainly cooling,, and carries off that heat, that feverish, viorbid action which is the cause of the disease. These principles apply with great force to precocious children* Their extreme smartness is caused by the predominance of their nervous system over their muscular and vital, and their life de- pends upon restoring this balance, which can be done only by the means just pointed out for diminishing excessive nervous action^ 90 SOCIETY UNFAVORABLE TO HEALTH. and by giving them much exercise and sleep. Their brains and nerves should be excited as little as possible ; they should not be allowed books ; should not be confined in-doors ; should wash and bathe often j retire early ; and live much on bread and milk. We believe there is something in milk quieting to the nerves, and pro- motive of sleep, two of the main ends to be secured. We would also recommend this diet to adults who wish to reduce their nerv- ous action. But the most effectual method of restoring this balance of parts is muscular exercise. It compels the blood to return to the mus- cles, induces sleep, promotes perspiration and respiration, and this purifies the blood, and thereby quiets the brain and nervous sys- tem. Riding, especially on horseback, produces the same desira- ble result. Yet neither should be carried to prostration, for this prevents sleep, and inflames the nerves, which aggravates the dis- ease. This exercise should be habitual ; should be carried to fa- tigue, but not to prostration, and then alternate with rest. Lite- rary pursuits should be abandoned. So should all kinds of busi- ness which cause much excitement. But the organization of society is most unfavourable to the pro- portionate exercise of these three great functions of our nature j that is, to the preservation of this balance of the Temperaments. Laborers exercise their muscles mainly, to the neglect of oriental culture, cutting themselves off from those pleasures flowing from the exercise of mind ; while business and professional men, artists, writers, book-keepers, bankers, brokers, and the lighter kinds of mechanics, and indeed most of the inhabitants of our cities and villages, especially our gentlemen of leisure^ dandies, and fashion- able ladies, exercise their brains and nerves mainly, to the almost entire neglect of their muscles, meanwhile overloading their diges- tive apparatus, breathing impure air, and keeping late hours. La- borers and business men say they have no time to cultivate their intellects, while our gentlemen of leisure, fashionable aristocrats, and many others, have little disposition to take sufficient muscular exercise. Hence the inhabitants of our cities and villages, and especially the " higher classes," have the mental temperament predominant, and the vital, weak ; as is evinced by their sharp features, thin faces, and haggard looks. On the other hand, countrymen and workers, have larger and better heads, yet lack INCREASING AND DIMINISHING THE MENTAL ACTION. 91 mental cultivation and discipline : that is, they have much oiatu- ral talent, with but little acquired learning. This explains that sickly delicacy— that poor, scrawny, homely, sharp-favoured, dys- peptic, and nervous state of the body which usually accompanies riches, fashion, and idleness. Most professional men are invalids, and die early, and all because they violate this law of balance of temperament. A student's life is genenerally considered necessarily unhealthy. But this is by no means the fact.' On the contrary, a comparison of the ages of different classes of men, proves that literary pursuits are actually ■ conducive to health and longevity.* Were the sole object of my life to see how long I could live, or even how happily, I would di- vide each twenty-four hours into three parts, and devote eight hours to sleep, rest, and meals ; eight more to vigorous exercise, or rather, hard labour ; and the balance to the exercise of mind, uniting the last two whenever practicable. Or, even were my ob- ject to become intellectually great or learned ; or were health my object; or were all these combined; I would pursue the same course. Mr. Burritt, the learned blacksmith, is often referred to as an intellectual prodigy. He certainly is the wonder of the learned world. Besides understanding fifty languages, he has accumulated a richer treasure of historical and miscellaneous information, than probably any man living, [see Phrenological Journal, vol. iii. p, 27, or the Phrenological Almanac for 1841,] and yet, in his letter to ex-Governor Everett, he states that his poverty compelled him to labouf at the anvil eight hours daily. This is the owe main se- cret of his greatness. " Go thou and do likewise," and train up your children, too, in harmony with this principle. In passing I will add, that the order of nature is evidently this. In childhood and youth, the vital powers predominate in ac- tion. The muscular follow next : and from fifteen to thirty, the vital and motive functions are more vigorous than the mental. From thirty to fifty, the three should keep an even pace, but after that, the mental naturally predominates. Talented men retain all their intellectual vigor long after their muscular system has been enfeebled by age. The most splendid specimens of intellectual greatness — Milton's " Paradise Lost" included — have been reared * Madden's " Infirmities of Genius." 92 INCREASING AMD DIMINISHING THE MENTAL ACTION. by old men in their physical decline. The brains of children are soft, and their nerves less sensitive to burns, bruises, cold, &c., than those of adults. The nervous system is the last to mature, the last to yield to the approaches of age, and of a natural death. Hence little pains should be taken to cultivate the intellect until nature has fully matured the brain and nervous system. Some species of animals, the dog included, are born blind. What con- summate folly to cut open their eyes, or put on glasses, or attempt to make them see by any other artificial means, before their natu- ral time ! Let nature have her perfect work. Follow where she leads ; but never precede her. Let your Jirst labour be to give them a strong constitution ; and to lay in as large a supply of 'physical energy as possible. You may cultivate their intellects, but not so much as to withdraw their energies from growth. Let in- tellectual attainments be what nature has made them, secondary, in point of time. Would it be wise in you to hurry your fruit-trees into bloom so early that the frosts of spring would certainly nip the fruit in its bud ? Let intellect appear too late, rather than too early. It is in obedience to this law, that children sleep most of their time the first few weeks after birth, and much during child- hood and youth. Let them sleep all they will. Let them retire before dark, and even take a nap in the day-time. Let them not be tasked with any thing till they are fifteen. Till then, they rarely feel the importance of learning, and most of them will learn more in one year after they are twenty, than in their whole lives before they are fifteen. Most people think themselves too old to go to school after they are twenty ; whereas this age is better than under twenty, and they will learn still faster and better after they are thirty, especially if they preserve their health unimpaired. Most persons think that they cannot afford time to study after they are twenty. As well may they say they cannot afford time to live or eat. Mental exercise and improvement is the business of life. Most parents think the time of their children too precious to waste in study after they are old enough, to be useful in other respects. Hence, they crowd them into school too young, thus spoiling them both ways. This is the crying evil of our modern system of edu- cation, and therefore we dwell upon it. Let parents and teachers ponder well on our last principle, viz. that the physical powers, or INCREASING AND DIMINISHING MENTAL ACTION. 93 the vital temperament, is developed ^r^^, and the brain and nerves ■last, and the consequent inference is that much more of the first ten to fifteen years should be spent in exercise, sleep, and nutrition, than in study ; that too early education and schooling are most detri- mental ; and that the child should receive most of his education, before that period, whilst in motion. We would not have mental education wholly neglected, yet we would make it secondary as to time and importance. But we shall be more explicit on these points hereafter. In order to render these remarks on Physiology any thing like complete, it is necessary to extend them much farther than the proposed limits of this work will allow, and especially to expand those parts that now barely allude to digestion, to kinds and amount of food, time of taking, and indeed, the whole subject of nutrition, including the cure of indigestion ; and so of the remarks on bathing, perspiration, friction, &c. &c., including especially the application of this whole subject to the cure of diseases in general ; but a farther presentation of Physiology, must be omitted in this connexion, partly because we cannot well find room, partly because this volume should embrace no more of this subject than is abso- lutely necessary to prepare the way for our inferences, and partly because the editor will soon publish a work in which this whole subject will be fully presented. Such a work is much needed. No work now out on Physiology, covers the ground required. We re- quire a work which shall embrace, not only the functions of the several corporeal organs, but, therewith, the influence of different physiological conditions upon the mind — of different kinds of food, physical habits, external influences, organizations or textures, &C.5 including all those conditions of body that affect the mind, and all . those laws that govern the reciprocal relations of each to the othef, and reciprocal influences of each upon the other. Next to nothing Ijasbeen published on this subject ; and yet this embraces just what is required of physiology, and all, in fact, that is required, and no work is needed as much as one that should do justice to this subjects And what is more, none but a Phrenologist is qualified to do this subject justice. None but one who understands mind as a Phre- •nologist alone can understand it, and those influences which he knows various physiological conditions to exert over mind, is at all prepared properly to present this subject. We want none of the 94" INFLUENCE OF THE BODY ON THE EASE OF THE BRAIN. learning of the schools brought to the work. All there taught must be unlearned, or it will so bias the judgment and becloud the vision as to blast success. And I submit, to the candid judgment of the reader, if the few remarks in this section, considering their necessary brevity, do not throw more light on this all important subject, the reciprocal relations of body and mind, than all ever before written thereon. It may be self-conceit. It may be un- founded, but the author fancies, that, though he has but just entered the threshold of these investigations, yet, that he has gone farther into it — into practical physiology^ and the way to operate on mind, improve mind, and throw the mind into any desired state — then all who have written on Physiology ; for who of them has hit on the point of Physiology — namely, its effect on mind ? At all events he will soon submit the work to the public — will soon tell them how to avoid diseases, how to cure them Physiologically ; how to improve mind, operate on mind, reform mind, and render mankind happy. And if that work meets with that success with which his predications of character have met, for the last ten years, (and they have been predicated in part upon these relations proposed to be discussed,) that success must be considerable. It will be the first of the pocket series already announced. But let us advance another step— a step, too, which, while it is closely connected with the preceding, evolves perhaps the most important physiological condition or law of relation between the body and the mind, ever yet presented, perhaps that exists. SECTION IV. INFLUENCE OF THE BODY ON THE BASE OF THE BRAIN — OK, THE CONDITIONS OF THE BODY AS AFFECTING THE PROPENSITIES. Having shown, first, that there exists an intimate connexion be- tween the conditions of the body and those of the mind, and, sec- ondly, pointed out some of the effects of organization upon the mind and talents, we narrow down our observations to the hase of the brain, taking into account those relations found to exist be- ANIMAL ORGANS LOCATED NEAREST TO THE BODY. 95 tween the conditions of the body and animal propensities — a prin- ciple heretofore completely overlooked — a principle discovered by Phrenology, and also lying at the very basis of all efforts at reform- ing mankind, as well as at the basis of physiology, of self-improve- ment, of personal and general happiness, and of the education and government of children. Our statement of this principle is this. There exists an intimate reciprocal relation between the conditions of the body and those of the animal propensities, each being as is the other. Let the body be in a fevered or stimulated condition, and the propensities also will partake of the same morbid, feverish, vicious action ; but, let the body be healthy, and in a cool, quiet state, and the propensities will be in the same quiet, healthy state, and therefore much more easily governed by the higher faculties than when the body is disordered. Our^rs'^ proof of this principle, is observed from the position and functions of these organs. To serve the body, to perform those functions belonging to man as an animal, is the exclusive office of the basiliar organs. Alimentiveness feeds the body, Acquisitive- ness, lays by food, clothing, property, &c., and, with Gonstructive- ness, builds houses and provides other means of physical comfort. Combativeness and Destructiveness defend and protect the body first, and especially life, while Amativeness, Parental Love, and all the other organs in the base of the brain, have a special refer- ence to the body, and its functions and demands. Hence, they are located close to the body which they serve, and whose wants they supply, so that the inter-communication between the two, may be as direct as possible, and be facilitated by their juxtaposition.* Hence, also, the conditions of each exert a more direct and power- ful influence upon the other, than the body exerts upon the moral sentiments, or the moral sentiments upon the body. The moral or- gans, or the higher, religious, God- like sentiments, occupy the up- per portion of the head, and are as far removed as possible from the bodyj so as to be disturbed as little as possible by those causes which morbidly excite the body, and so of the reasoning. But, the position and functions of these animal organs, by no means furnish our strongest proof of the alleged reciprocal relation *See the principle that juxta-posilion facilitates function, which is illus- trated in a series of articles, headed, " The Philosophy of Phrenology, in Vol. VI. of the Amer. Phren. Journal. 96 INPLUENCE OF THE BODY ON THE EASE OF THE BRAIN. existing between the body and the base of the brain. Well-known FACTS, or rather ranges and classes of facts, place this point beyond all doubt. We do not quote isolated facts, but classes of facts, where one fact is the representative of millions. Colds and fevers do not increase Benevolence, or Devotion, or Kindness, but actually diminish them, yet they greatly augment the passions. Let a child be somewhat unwell, that is, let its hody be in a feverish, irritated condition, and its propensities will be roused : it will become pee- vish, cross, petulant, and fretful, and cry at every little thing. However kind and forbearing you are to it, nothing pleases, but every thing irritates it.* So dyspepsia renders its unhappy subject irritable, peevish, passionate, and fault-finding, rather than kind, justj grateful, and benignant ; and the same is true of most persons laboring under physical indisposition. They find fault with every body and every thing, are ungrateful, unreasonable in their anger, and disagreeable, because of the weakened state of their moral, and the irritated state of their animal organs, and all because their hodies are excited. Restore their bodies to health, and their com- bative and destructive feelings are banished, and their serenity is restored. Why do not diseases increase our kindness, our devotion, our conscience, or our reasoning powers 1 Simply because bodily dis- ease is imparted to the hose of the brain, or the animal organs, first. But let a child or an adult become so very sick that his body is prostrated, and it is these very animal powers and propen- sities that are prostrated first and most, while the moral and rea- soning are less impaired. In this condition, they take bitter me- dicines without a murmur, and exhibit a mild, heavenl}'- serenity of countenance.! But let the hody begin to revive, and what is the first mental index of returning health ? Crossness, irritability, spitefulness, * Many children are cross and ill-tempered, because they are sick, and are punished because they are cross, that is, are punished because they are sick. Better punish their mothers, or nurses, who do not know how to make them good by keeping them well. t Nearly or quite all the corpses of children I have ever sieen, have ex- hibited this benign expression of the moral sentindents far more than during life, which shows that the propensities die first, and the moral sen- timents, last. THE PHENOMENA OF DEATH. 97 and uno-Qvernable temper, with a restoration of appetite and affec- tion, or a revival of the animal nature. " Ah ! you begin to be cross, I reckon you're better," is a speak-vi'ord in the mouth of every body, and tallies perfectly with this principle. The phenomena of death also accord with this principle. The extremities are prostrated first ; sensation and nervous energy ra- pidly decrease ; the animal passions follow in quick succession, and connubial and parental love, appetite, anger, revenge, love of the world, &c,, are all deadened before the moral or intellectual facul- ties are stupified. Love of life, also an animal organ, situated in the lowest part of the base of the brain, lets go its hold on life before the moral faculties give up, and hence tlie dying man is willing to depart : his love of life and of sensual joys, having been subdued by the grim messenger.* Dying persons often attempt to speak, but cannot, because the organs of Language and Memory, being situated low down in the forehead, near the body, fall be- fore the approach of death sooner than the still operating organs of reason, which are situated higher up. Every one must have noticed, that dying persons bid the last earthly adieu to their friends, and even to their companions and children, whom, through life, they have loved most enthusiastically, with as much coolness and indifference as if they were to be gone but a day, and yet, their still vigorous intellect gives wise directions as to their future conduct. So also the Christian, " Dei gracia" dies in the tri- umphs of faith ; that is, in the vigorous exercise of the moral faculties after the death of his animal nature, whilst others often die in the reversed or painful action of these organs." After pre- senting this principle in a lecture at Smithville, N. Y., an elderly deacon stated that he had experienced the truth of the above principle. He said that he had been once so very sick that he * How beautiful this principle, how wise this provision, merely in ren- dering death less painful than it would be without it ! If we died in the full vigor of the propensities — of iove of \iie, of property, of family, of ambition, and other worldly desires — how much harder would it be to part with them, or rather to be torn foreibly from them, than it now is, after the weakening of the body has deadened our love of life, unclasped our hold on wealth.on connubial and parental love, and destroyed nearly all our earthly desires ? This principle will render dying less painful than the living suppose, especially to those who die a natural death, that is, Aie by the gradual wezxing ontoixheho^Y' y© INFLUENCE OF THE BODY ON THE BASE OF THE BEAIN. and all his friends expected every breath to be his last, that he had no desire to live, no regard for his wife and children, although both before and since, it was particularly strong, nor the least ill will against any one, though before, he had felt hard towards several, no regard at all for property, and not a v/ordly feehng left, although in the entire possession of his intellectual and moral faculties, and perfectly conscious of every thing that occurred. He was also able to reason and think, though unable to speak. On the return of health, his domestic and other animal feelings returned. He said it had always been a matter of surprise to him, that, just as he was, to all appearances, about to bid a final adieu to his family, whom he dearly loved, he should have regarded them with such perfect indifference, and yet, that both before and after his sickness, he should have loved them so devotedly. Dr. Vanderburgh, of New York, related the following to the author. A patient of his took, by mistake, a preparation of potash, which gradually, and in about eighteen months, terminated his life. It first neutralized his love of his wife and child, before very enthu- siastic ; his anger, before ungovernable, next fell a prey to its ra- vages, and his ambition next ; while his still vigorous intellect, noted this gradual decay of his animal nature — all in perfect obe- dience to this principle. The proverb, " old men for counsel, young men for action,^' em- bodies the same principle. " Action" and force of character, are given by the vigorous exercise of the animal propensities, which are stronger in young persons than in old, only because their bo- dies are more vigorous. Milton commenced his^ Paradise Lost after he was ffty-seven years old, and decrepit and enfeebled by old age. The most splendid intellectual efforts ever put forth, have been made by men in the decline of life. During childhood and youth, while the body is vigorous, the propensities and perceptive organs are extraordinarily vigorous and active, but the higher sentiments are less so ; in middle life, the passions and intellect are both pow- erful ; but the talenfs attain their maximum of power after age has enfeebled the body. In harmony with this priaciple it is, that many young men who, between the ages of twenty and thirty-five, are wild, dissipated, and given to animal indulgence, after thirty to forty, become excellent members of society. And I doubt not "but every reader can bear witness to the fact that, as he grows BASE OF THE BKAIN FIRST DEVELOPED. 99 older, his propensities decline, while his intellectual and moral powers increase in energy. Observe your tastes, the tone and cast of your intellect, your likes, studies, and all your mental operations that will give you the desired test, and I doubt not but the gradual, permanent augmentation of the power of the intellectual and mo- ral elements, and the diminution of that of the propensities, will be a matter of consciousness to every reader, as w^ell as a matter of general observation. But more. This principle opens up a great law of both physi- ology and phrenology. At first, the hase of the brain is alone developed. In infants, but little brain is found in the top head, while the basilar region, and especially the hack of the head, is much larger, relatively, in adults than infants. As youth progres- ses, or, rather, as the brain grows, it expands, not proportionably in all its parts, but forwards and upwards — in the moral and in- tellectual region, and this change goes on till the body is fully matured, and begins to decline, when ihe propensities become en- feebled, yet the intellect is augmented in power, love of reading increases, the thinking powers branch off into new regions of thought ; the judgment becomes more sound ; and the higher ele- ments of our nature ripen up to their full maturity and power. How beautifully, also, does this principal explain the fact that old men are more cautious than when young, the organ of Cau- tiousness and Causality being higher up than the propensities, and therefore age weakening the latter, yet augmenting the former, increasing prudence, protection, provision for the future, &c., &c.j, but diminishing recklessness. Sometimes age increases irritability, selfishness, and all the ani- mal passions ; but, when this is the case, the tody will be in an inflamed condition, the physiology morbidly active, and of course the propensities so likewise. So also the memories of children and youth are astonishingly retentive and vigorous, whilst those of aged persons are enfeebled; but the judgment of the latter is strong, while that of the former is weak ; because, the organs of memory being in the base of the forehead, are vigorous when the body is vigorous, and become en- feebled by age; but, those of the judgment are in the upper por- tion of the forehead, and therefore partake less of the w^eakened state of the body. A severe fit of sickness, when it leaves the 100 INFLUENCE OF THE BODY ON THE SASE OF THE BRAIN. body in an enfeebled state, is sure to weaken most kinds of me- mory, while it seldom impairs the judgment. Not long since, a Mexican called to deliver a letter from a friend in Mexico. In conversing on Phrenology, he wished to recall the name of an old school-mate and friend of his, now physician to the king of France, but was unable to do so, though perfectly familiar with it. For fifteen minutes, he tried hard to recall it, but failed, and then said, that " since his suffocation by the burning of charcoal in his sleeping room, which came near killing him, he had been unable to remember names," This weakened his body of course^ and by the action of this principle, enfeebled also his memory- Probably half of my readers have had their memories enfeebled by sickness; and scores of cases could be narrated in which an improvement of the health, has strengthened the memory. Were I to give a recipe for improving the memory, the first and most important item of it would be, improve the tone and vigor of the hody. Again : hunger causes anger and peevishness. Wives and (laughters will bear me witness that when their husbands and fa- thers come home hungry, they come home cross, are irritable, and displeased with every body and every thing, till a hearty meal restores them again to a pleasant humor. Jf you wish to break un- pleasant news to a man without offending him, or to obtain a spe- cial favor, approach him after dinner, when his body has been thrown into a comfortable state. Those in England who solicit donations for charitable objects, never once think of applying to the rich and great till after dinner. When well fed, ferocious animals are tame and harmless, but when hungry, their ferocity is ungovernable, and their Destructiveness lashed up to the highest pitch of fury. So the ferocious Indian, when he washes to kindle his thirst for war and blood to the very climax of rage and re- venge, fasts a week. Now why should the irritated state of the stomach, and thereby of the body in general, excite to morbid ac- tion the animal propensities merely? Why should not hunger increase the flow of kind, of conscientious, and of devotional feel- ing, instead of that of anger, revenge, and ferocity 1 This principle contains the answer. The laboring classes, contrasted with those who are above work, furnish a striking illustration of this principle. The former, as a ALCOHOLIC DRINKS STIMULATE THE PROPENSITIES. 101 class, are far more virtuous, sensible, and intelligent, than the lat- ter. Laborers are scarcely ever guilty of robbery, theft, counter- feiting, assault and battery, murder, or any other crime, unless they become intoxicated, while most of our pickpockets, de- bauchees, prison-birds, &c., &c., &c. live without labor. " Idle- ness is the parent of vice," while labor is a great cause of moral purity. The reason is this : The energies of the system, must have some avenue of escape. Labor carries them off through the muscles ; but when this door of escape is closed by fashionable idleness, its next door of egress is through — not the sentiments or intellect ; for, idleness never makes men better or more talented — ■ but through the propensities. Consequently, vice is vastly more prevalent and aggravated in the upper circles of society, than in the lower.* This principle harmonizes beautifully with, and also explains, the effect of alcoholic drinks upon those who stimulate. The one dis- tinctive property of alcohol and of alcoholic drinks, is to stimulate upon the brain and nervous system. Now, if this principle of reci- procal sympathy and reaction between the body and the base of the brain, more than between the body and the moral sentiments, be true, it is clear that stimulating drinks will excite the propensities more, relatively, than they will the moral sentiments or reasoning organs ; and if they do thus excite the propensities morbidly more than they do the propensities, this principle is proved thereby ; but? if this principle be not true, they will stimulate all the faculties in equal proportion. That alcoholic drinks powerfully excite Amativeness, which is located in the very base of the brain, is a universal fact. The vul- garity, obscenity, and licentiousness occasioned by them are pro- verbial. Who ever saw a drinking-party that were not indecent in their allusions, given to the relation of obscene anecdotes, and to the singing of lewd songs, if not to the company of harlots ? In England, when the wine is introduced after dinner, modest woman * We often talk about the " upper classes," meaning the rich, who feel themselves above those who labor. As virtue is above wealth, and as the laboring classes are more virtuous than the "higher classes," it seems that the upper classes are the lowest (in the scale of true moral worth), and that the " -upper crust," is at the bottom. Men who live without some useful employment, should be disgraced, not honored. , 102 INFLUENCE OF THE BODY ON THE BASE OF THE BRAIN. always retires, because she knows that by remaining her delicacy will be shocked. Wine or ardent spirit of some kind is indispen- sable to any and every debauch. Why are harlots universally drunkards 1 Let this principle answer. These drink down the voice of conscience, blunt modesty, and stifle the charms of moral- ity, intellect, and virtue, while they whirl its guilty victim on in her sensual career of merely animal indulgence. Men and women^ be they ever so moral and virtuous, under the influence of intoxica- ting drinks are not safe. Before the^r^^ advantage can be taken of a virtuous woman, without usingybrce, she must be partly intox- icated, and the advantage can be taken of most women when stim- ulated. And if this be the fact of virtuous, modest woman, what is the fact of less virtuous man ?* These drinks also excite the combative or contending propensity of those who are under their stimulating influences. So combustible is their anger, that they take fire at every little thing, and even seek occasions of contention ; and more bickerings, broils, fights, and duels are engendered by ardent spirits than by all other causes united. Who ever saw men fight unless they were excited by liquor 1 or who ever saw men in liquor who were not easily an- gered, and " all fit for a fight V Byron says that stimulants always rendered him " savage and suspicious." Alcoholic drinks also stimulate Destructiveness, or the bitter, hating, revengeful feeling ; and hence drinkers will caress their wives and children one minute, and beat them the next. More murders are caused by the stimulating influences of ardent spirit than by all other causes combined. Let the calendars of crime testify on this point. Hence, also, intoxicated men not only rail, curse, break, destroy, vociferate, and threaten vengeance, more * How is it possible for a woman of delicate feelings to tend bar, go to balls OF parties where wine or spirits are freely drank, or consent to be for a moment in the company of men who stimulate? Surely no modest or refined woman, who understands this principle, could, on any occasion, allow herself to drink wine, porter, or any other kind of spirituous liquors, with or in the presence of those who do understand it : because she must see that she thereby renders herself liable to say and do what it would make her blush to reflect upon. My motive for introducing this fact here, is to make woman ashamed to drink, and thereby render this most pernicious habit unpopular among men. ^. ALCOHOLIC DRINKS STIMULATE THE PEOPENSITIES. 103 than when they are not intoxicated, but it is then that an old grudge, otherwise long since buried, is raked up, and dire ven- geance sought and obtained ; and generally a human being can screw up his Destructiveness to the sticking point of murder, and screw down his Benevolence and Conscientiousness below the remonstrating point, only, or at least most effectually, by ardent spirit. Gibbs, the inhuman pirate who committed so many cold- blooded murders, confessed to his clergyman before his death, that when about to perpetrate some act of cold-blooded murder, his heart would often fail him, till he had taken several potent draughts of strong liquor, which enabled him in cold blood to commit any act of cruelty, however horrible, and upon the defenceless. Fies- chi, the French regicide, who fired the infernal machine at the present king of France, on his trial, testified that when he saw the procession coming, his heart failed him ; that he took a dram of brandy to give him courage ; that his heart failed him a second time, and he took a second dram, but could not bring himself to do the fatal deed till he had taken the third draught, and then he did it with a rehsh. It is the excessive exercise of the animal propensities which sub- jects criminals to the penalties of violated civil law. It is mainly by drinkers that our courts are patronized. Let our intelhgent law- yers, let our judges, sheriffs, justices, &c., &c., answer the question, " Does not most, if not nearly all of your criminal business have its origin in drinking ?" But in case alcoholic drinks did not excite the merely animal passions, or in case they equally stimulated the moral faculties, or especially, if they stimulated the moral sentiments only, this state of things would be reversed, and drinking would ren- der mankind more virtuous instead of most vicious.*"' *In olden time, a man who had committed some heinous crime, and deserved pnnishment, was allowed to choose between the three crimes, of drunkenness, incest, and parricide. He chose the former, but while drunk committed both the others. The fact stands out in bold relief, that drunk- enness and vice go hand in hand. Well has intoxication been called the parent of all the vices. It is so; and this principle shows why, nameljs in consequence of this reciprocal connection between the body aud the base of the brain, when the body is stimulated by liquor, that stimulant excites the propensities more than it does the moral, or intellectual organs, and this induces vice and wickedness. i04i INFLUENCE OF THE BODY ON THE BASE OF THE BRAIN. This principle explains the fact that intoxication often renders a good man a real demon incarnate. As long as the moral and intel- lectual organs predominate, no matter if the animal propensities be vigorous — for, if duly governed, the more the better, because they impart force. When the two are about equal, with the moral in the ascendancy, and the animal not stimulated, all goes right ; but a little stimulant will often turn the scales, and give the ascendancy to the propensities, and thus render a really good man a very bad one. But mark well the converse; it 7iever renders a had man a good citizen, nor an immoral man, virtuous ; because it never stimulates the moral and intellectual faculties more than it does the animal feelings. This general principle explains the reason of the custom of drink- ing grog with a friend, instead of drinking, or doing anything else. As Adhesiveness, or the organ of friendship, is located in the base of the brain, ardent spirit warms it up to vigorous action, thus aug- menting the flow and intensity of friendly feeling, and hence you will often see those who are half intoxicated hugging and caressing each other. In case it excited friendship alone, it would do little injury, perhaps good, but as it inflames the other animal passions also, drinkers will be the warmest of friends one minute, and the bitterest of enemies the next, and then make up over another glass, producing that irregularity which will hereafter be shown to consti- tute vice. Philoprogenitiveness, or parental attachment, is also located in the lower portion of the hind head, and hence the half-intoxicated father will foolishly fondle his boy, talking to him all sorts of non- sense, to be followed up by a cruel beating ; thus destroying even- handed government, and spoiling the lad. Liquor excites conversa- tion, because Language is in the lowest part of the forehead ; but as the reasoning organs, which manufacture ideas, are in the upper portion of the forehead, and therefore not only not stimulated but actually weakened, by it, the drinker talks, talks, talks, but says nothing. He talks loords only, not ideas.* How foolish, how *Has the reader never been struck with the fact, that a man in liquor is utterly incapable of being convinced of a truth, however plain, or how- ever clearly proved. He cannot seem to see the point at issue, and argues at random, while reasons, however clear and cogent, seem to make no EFFECT OF ALCOHOLIC DRINKS. 105 destitute of sense and reason, of thought and refinement, is the con- versation not only of drunkards, but of those who stimulate only moderately ! Witness bar-room conversation : full of stories, to be sure, but what /cmd of stories ? The more animal, the better. A Byron, half-intoxicated, may indeed write his Don Juan, and like productions, — may compose poetry mostly addressed to the passions of men ; but no one in his state ever wrote a Paradise Lost, a Thom- son's Seasons, a Locke on the Human Understanding, Brown's Mental Philosophy, or Edwards on the "Will. A Pitt, a Fox, a Sheridan, not to name cases in our own country, may be eloquent when partially intoxicated, yet their eloquence will be character- ized by sarcasm, severe invective, denunciation, declamation, hyper- bole, narration, and a remarkable flow of words, &c., rather than by argument, or profundity, or clear deductions from first principleSj nor will it be freighted with rich ideas. But before alcohol can produce eloquence, a quality far inferior to reasoning power, the individual requires a peculiarity of temperament and phrenological developements not found in one man in millions ; while it will destroy that of all the others, by over charging some with excitement, rendering others foolish, others bombastic, &c., &c. Another view of this subject will present this principle in a still stronger light. Alcoholic drinks not only stimulate the merely animal propensities more than they do the moral sentiments, but, when the stimulation has subsided, the accompanying re-action is felt upon these lower organs, as much, in proportion, as they were previously stimulated. Not only do these drinks excite Amative- ness, and thus produce licentiousness, but, when it is not goaded up to morbid action by the presence of stimulation, it is weakened more, in proportion, than the upper range of organs, and hence the deadening of connubial and parental love in the drunkard, and the consequent abuse of his family. While the inebriate's Combativeness and Destructiveness are stimulated to fighting and revenge, those of the drunkard, and of the drinker whenever re-action takes place, become so deadened that manner of impression upon him. His perception of the force of ideas is completely blunted, while his Combativeness and all his prejudices are augmented thereby. "When we have struck upon a fundamental truth, how beautifully do all the facts that bear upon it harmonize therewith ! 106 INFLUENCE OF THE BODY ON THE BASE OF THE BRAIN. he loses all. energy, all spirit and efficiency, cannot or will not take the part of his family, nor even of himself, so that a little boy may impose on him with impunity, and is too irresolute to overcome any obstacle, or effect any difficult object. A man under the stimulating influence of alcoholic drinks finds his Acquisitiveness excited, and is continually asking, " how much will you give, what will you take, how will you swap," &c., or sud- denly becomes very rich, or he bets, or else seeks the gambling or the billiard-table in quest of a fortune at once ; yet, as his intellec- tual organs are not equally excited, he is generally the loser in his bargains, but under the re-action which follows, he has little or no regard for property, little industry, or economy, or forethought about laying up for the future, but squanders his all for liquor, even to the bread out of the mouths of his hungry children, and to the clothes off his wife's back. Hence it is that inebriates are universally poor, ragged, and destitute. If John Jacob Astor should become a drunk- ard, even his immense estate would become scattered to the winds. During the exhilaration produced by strong drink, Self-Esteem and Love of Approbation become unduly excited, producing a boasting, bragging, swaggering, self-convicted, haughty, egotistical spirit, a disposition to swell and dash out in gaudy style, assume airs, attract notice, &c., &c. ; yet, during the subsequent re-action, all regard for character and respectability is annuled; and with it, all self- respect and regard for reputation, which constitute the strongest of incentives to virtuous and praise-worthy actions, as well as restraints upon vice and self-degradation. At first he is mortified beyond description if seen intoxicated, afterwards, he cares not a farthing for his credit or his words, for his honor, or anything said for or against him or his family, is destitute of shame, dead to dignity and manly feeling, and associates with those to whom he would before have scorned even to speak. Again : these organs of ambition always combine with the other organs that are the most active. Combined with Conscientious- ness, they give the highest regard for moral character, and for cor- rect motives ; with intellect, a desire for reputation for learning and talents ; with Ideality, for good taste, good manners, &c. ; but combined with Combativeness, for being the greatest wrestler, the best fighter, &c. j with the other animal propensities, for being first EFFECT OF ALCHOHOLIC DRINKS 107 in their indulgence. Hence, as already seen, since alcohol weak- ens the higher organs, but stimulates the animal propensities, and also the ambition, the two combining render him emulous of being the most licentious, the greatest fighter, or w^restler, or drinker, or swearer, the most vulgar, &c. ; but never of being good or great In Easton, Md., in 1840, the author saw two yoyng men vie w^ith each other as to who could drink the most grog, no very uncommon thing among drinkers. The next morning one of them was a lifeless corpse. Why should the ambition of inebriates de- scend to the animal passions, instead oi ascending to the moral and intellectual elements? This principle contains the answer. Thus : alcohol first over-excites the ambition, only to direct it to animal objects, and then deadens it ; rendering him douhly wicked both ways, and of course proportionably miserable. It equally destroys his firmness and power of will. He knows the right, intellect being less deadened, and yet pursues the wrong, having lost all self-government.* Conscientiousness may remon strate, but to no oflfect, because located too far from the body to be proportionably stimulated. Religious feeling may lift up her warn- ing and persuasive voice, and Firmness say no, but without effect, because they are in the same predicament. Alcoholic drinks neces- sarily produce vice and misery first, by stimulating the propensities to excess, and then by deadening them, thus being a two-edged sword, cutting the cords of virtue and happiness hoth ways.f * How beautifully does this harmonize with the fact, that it has been found next to impossible to reclaim drunkards till Washingtonianism took hold of them, literally dragging them into the kingdom of Temperance by kindness, a'ad by watching over them till they were cured, and resisting temptation for them. And this principle admonishes us to forbear with |hem. And if they fall, put them again on their feet. Pity them, not con- demn them. Their power of resisting temptation has been weakened, en- courage them. But, what shall we say of the liquor seller, who tempts his reformed neighbor to take another glass, and thereby hurls him from the brink of salvation to the abyss of destruction ? t The religion of the Bible is pre-eminently the religion of the moral sentiments and intellect, and requires the subjugation of the propensities to the intellectual and moral faculties, besides strongly denouncing animal passion as such. But all alcoholic drinks, wines included, stimulate the body, and thereby morbidly excite the animal propensities and thus violate the requirements of the gospel. Wine-drinking Christians, therefore, are 108 IFFLUENCE OF THE BODY ON THE BASE OF THE BRAIN. It may be objected, that if alcohol stimulates the animal propen- sities, it is a good thing in case they are weak. I answer, better have them too weak than too strong. When too weak, it is be- cause the body is feeble, and must be strengthened, not merely by stimulating the body, but by invigorating the health. If it be farther objected that these drinkers sometimes induce a preaching and a praying disposition, I answer : this never occurs in the earlier stages of drink — never till it has so deadened the animal organs that large and more vigorous (because less stimulated) moral organs may, in one case in thousands, take on more stimulant than the partially deadened propensities are able to receive, but such piety, such religion, such intellect will neither fit a man for his duties in this world, nor his destinies in the next. I grant that these drinks sometimes stimulate the brain as a whole, yet this very rare exception does not invalidate the general law under consideration, especially since it occurs only Vvhere the moral and intellectual organs decidedly predominate. In case alcoholic liquors excited each of the faculties alike, why do they not render the pious man a hundred fold more pious, and the literary man ten times more literary ? "Why not deepen and widen the channels of thought ? Why not render ordinary men Websters, Franklins, Broughams, and Herschels, and these intel- lectual giants actual Gabriels in intellect ? Or why should they not excite the moral faculties, instead of the animal feelings 1 Why not make an infidel, an Enoch ? a deist, a Wesley 1 or a scep- tic a Payson ? Why are not all spirit-drinkers patterns of piety and good morals, and also stars in the firmament of intellectual greatness 1 Let this proposition answer. Not only does it not augment the talents of talented men, nor the literature of the litera- ry, nor make the profane pious, but it actually reverses this state of things. It prostrates talent, beclouds the intellect, darkens coun- sel, renders the ideas muddy, and before its approach, literary at- tainments, intellectual greatness, and moral purity, one and all, vanish like the dew before the rising sun. It sometimes, though rarely, increases a certain kind of eloquence, yet it is universally a as great a self-contradiction as hot ice or cold fire. On the other hand wickedness consists in that very dominance of the animal passions which alcoholic drinks cause. As well, then, talk about wicked Christians as about wine- drinking Christians. ARTIFICIAL STIMULANTS GENERALLY. ' 109 sworn enemy to good morals, and to all literary and intellectual attainments. ^ Again : by a law of our nature, to over-idiX any organ draws the strength from the other portions, and concentrates it upon the laboring part. Thus, an overloaded stomach withdraws the strength from the muscles, from the brain, from every other part, to remove the load. This renders us drowsy, dull, and averse to both mental and physical action. Close mental application, powerful thinking, or intense emotion, impair the appetite, retard digestion, and induce dyspepsia, because they draw off the energies of the system from the stomach to the head. Now, if this well-established physiological principle applies to the several portions of the brain, great excite- ment, in the animal passions actually weakens the intellectual and moral organs, and that at the very time when, in order to keep pace with the over-stimulated animal propensities, thus lashed up to increased action, they require augmented vigor. - The inference, then, becomes obvious, powerful, and inevitable, both that all alcoholic drinks, and also whatever preternaturally sti- mulates the brain and nervous system, thereby excite the merely animal propensities mainly, but weaken the moral and intellectual powers. No more can any human being take alcoholic liquors in any form or degree, or opium, tea, coffee, mustard, spices, or any other stimulant, without thereby proportionably inducing this result — without brutalizing his nature, degrading his manhood below his beasthood, and subjugating intellect and moral feeling to the sway of animal passion — than he can " carry coals of fire in his bosom and not be burned." As soon will any other law of nature fail as this. As soon will the deadly poisons become harmless, or water run up the inclined plane of itself, or the sun rise in the west, as will stimulants of any kind fail to produce animality. Nor is there any middle ground. Every item of artificial stimulant produces this ani- mal result as its legitimate, its constitutional eflfect. As far as any- thing stimulates at all, just so far does it excite the propensities mainly, and just in that proportion produces vice.* * In a small treatise on Intemperance, founded on Phrenology and Phy- siology, the author brings the preceding principle and train of remarks to bear upon alcoholic drinks, showing that every identical drop stimulates the propensities proportionably, and is productive of vice and misery. It has been pronounced a most powerful appeal and argument in behalf of total abstinence. 9 110 INFLUENCE OF THE BODY ON THE BASE OF THE BRAIN. This principle suggests one of the most easy and efficient of all means of subduing the propensities, and of elevating the moral sen- timents, namely, by keeping the hody in a cool, quiet state, and at the same time discovers one of the most prolific causes of vice and misery that exists, both in children and adults, namely, an excitable physiology. It thereby shows that the way to reform man morally, is to reform him physically. Ministers may preach, and revivals may be multiplied to any extent, without laying the axe at the root of this tree of vice. Men must learn to eat and drink first — must govern their appetites, must avoid flesh and condiments, and live mainly on fruit and farinaceous food, before they can expect to be more virtuous, or, consequently, more happy. In violation of this law of relation between the body and the propensities, pious Chris- tians go on praying to God to give them^ grace to enable them to overcome their easily-besetting sins, with the one hand, and with the other, poking up and adding new fuel to, those already fierce fires of animal passion which they are vainly praying and trying to sub- due. So, also, parents weep and pray over the bad tempers and wayward dispositions of their children, and try by every known means to reform them, but they only grow worse, simply because they do not know how to conduct their physical education or regi- men. Few parents know how to feed their children ; and the final result is, that the bodies of their children become disordered and inflamed, and thus their propensities, partaking of this inflam- mation, become permanently and preternaturally excited, and general depravity ensues. In consequence of the feverish excite- ment of their children's nervous system, their combative, destructive, selfish, lying, and other animal propensities, are kept under contin- ual morbid excitement, producing ill-temper, thievishness, lying &c., for which they receive repeated chastisements, only to increase these depraved propensities. Rather, chastise those ignorant pa- rents and nurses, whose utter ignorance of the great laws of our being causes much of this depravity, by deranging their physical functions. The crying of children is mostly an expression of their combative and destructive feelings, or of sickness ; hence, by keep- ing them in perfect health, which might be done if the laws of phy- siology were obeyed, they would cry very little, and be always mild, amiable, and sweet in their disposition, and require no chas- tisement. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF CHILDKEN. Ill Infants of a few days or weeks old cry very little, till bad regi- men has disordered their bodies, and then they cry, and show anger. Children cry when they are sick, and because they are eick ; keep them perfectly well, and they will cry little, if any, and grow up infinitely more lovely and heavenly-minded than when brought up in utter and continual violation of the laws of physiology. Above one-half of the children of our cities and villages die under four years old.* Is this shocking mortality a part of the original design of nature ? No ! It is downright murder by the wholesale ? — and all from wicked ignorance on the part of parents, and especially of mothers ! Take them as a class, they are as ignorant of physiolo- gy and the laws of life, health, and happiness, as babes. Young women attend to everything in preference to fitting themselves to become wives and mothers. The influence of fashion on woman, and especially on young women, is most pernicious, first on them- selves, and secondly, in totally disqualifying them for becoming wives or mothers. They know every new fashion as soon as it is published, but do not know how to feed their children. Oh, wo- man! woman! "how art thou fallen!" "Thou art beside thy- self." Much fashion hath made thee mad. Wilt thou not return to the simplicity and benignity of thy original nature, and again fill the sphere appointed thee by thy God and thy develop- ments, namely, that of educating children both physically and morally, and making home " a heaven here below ?" Hereafter, we shall present still another means of restraining the propensities and promoting virtue, that of offsetting them by the higher faculties. Still, the above is the main one, and the one most efficient. *Iq Syracuse, the deaths in 1842 were one hundred and thirty-four; of these eighty-four were children under five years old. 112 PERFECTION OF CHAKACTEK, CHAPTER II. PERFECTION OF CHAEACTEK— ITS CONSTITUENTS, AND HOW TO ATTAIN IT. SECTION L BALANCE OF POWERS^ OR PROPOETIONATE ACTION OF ALL THE PARTS, Having seen, first, that happiness consists in oheying the laws of our being ; secondly, that the correlative relations between the body and the mind are perfectly reciprocal ; and, thirdly, what particular conditions, both organic and physiological, produce their appropriate effects upon the mind ; that is, how to induce given states of mind by producing their correlative states of body, we pass naturally from the body to the mind, and come to consider, those mental conditions on which virtue and happiness depend- There are three primary laws of virtue and happiness, appertain- ing to the mental faculties, viz. : 1st. That they should be proportionately developed and exerci- sed : the moral sentiments, however, governing 5 2d. That each should be exercised in harmony with all the others ; so that no clashing or opposition can occur ; and, 3d. That every faculty should be exercised upon its legitimate object ; that is, in harmony with its primary function. As obedience of the first of these laws is of the utmost impor- tance, and since its presentation is to constitute the main body of this work, its full elucidation here is indispensable. This doctrine of balance of power— of the proportionate action of parts — we re# gard. as one of the most important laws of nature, whether organic or inorganic. It involves the inquiry. What constitutes a perfect head and character ? Let our answer and its reason be duly con- sidered. The head and character of every child and adult, should be trained and fashioned in harmony with this law ; and those thus formed, are models of perfection. Our phrenological developeraents constitute the media through which we look at objects ; and our judgment, conduct, and opinions are mainly governed by them. An uneven head, or one in which BALANCE OF FACULTIES. * 113 some of the organs are large and others small, indicates an equally uneven character. Such are liable to have excesses and defects j to take partial and one-sided views of things ; and subject to ex- tremes, which is only another name for imperfection and excesses, and means much the same thing as tendencies to evil. But an €ven head, one in which all the organs are equally developed, and the faculties harmoniously exercised, indicates correct judgment^ consistent conduct, perfection of character, and a virtuous, happy life. Indeed, the very definiton of virtue, according to Phrenolo- gy, is the harmoniOTS exercise of all the faculties in due propor- tion, upon their legitimate objects, controlled by the moral senti- ments and directed by intellect ; but vice or sin consists in the ex- cessive, defective, or perverted action of the faculties, and, especial- ly, of the animal propensities, not thus directed. This principle applies both to the individual faculties, and to their classes. Thus, when the propensities predominate in action, they demoralize and debase reason and moral feeling — the highest, noblest gifts of God to man — and while, in one sense, they assimilate the " lord of crea- tion" to the " beasts that perish," in another, they reader him far worse, because of his greater susceptibility of enjoyment and suffer- ing. Selfishness punishes its possessor. A selfish or vicious man is of necessity a miserable being ', for his selfishness and vice natu- rally render him so. On the other hand, their deficiency constitutes imperfection; for one with feeble animal and selfish organs, has too little force to carry forward any important plan, or even to take care of himself. He must therefore be taken care of by others, and poorly, too ; for, to depend upon others for support or protec- tion, is to depend upon a broken reed. On the other hand, those in whom the rnoral faculties are very large, and the animal weaker, are indeed good, moral, virtuous, ■&C., but they are too good — so very good as to be good for nothing. They have no force or energy to carry their good feelings into ex- -ecutien. A man with weak propensities and great intellectual or- gans, will never effect much with his intellect. One with weaker intellect and strong propensities, wall effect much more. A predominance of the propensities and intellect over the moral faculties, leads to most disastrous consequences ; for powerful ani- mal desires w^ill then employ a powerful intellect to effect purely selfish, wicked emds, and stop at no means of attaining them. This k 114 . PERFECTION OF CHARACTER^ was the organization of Patty Cannon, (see Phrenological Journal, ■vol. ii., or Almanac for 1841,) and is that of most of the scourges of mankind. Nor is the predominance of the moral faculties with- out the propensities and intellect, favourable ; for, 4hough this or- ganization gives piety, yet piety without intellect, is also bad. It lit the fires of Smithfield ; devastated the world by the " Holy Wars;" caused the " Salem Witchcraft j" and has instigated religious per- secutions, and created pious sinfulness. But where each of these three great classes of faculties are equally developed, the propen- sities give force, daring energy, and eager desir^ ; the moral, con- vert the animal into a philanthropic and religious channel, and the intellect, guides them both, by the light of reason, to happiness — the great end of our being. The propensities require to be strong, but should be checked, and made subservient to high moral ends ; the moral sentiments require to be predominant, but must have the helping-hand of the propensities to carry them out, and both require knowledge to enlighten, and judgment to conduct them to the best results. This same principle of balance or proportionate action, applies with equal, if not still greater, force, to the individual faculties. The predominance or deficiency of either is injurious ; but their proportionate action is a leading condition of perfection and enjoy- ment. Thus, Amativeness fairly developed, and governed by the moral sentiments, produces connubial love, than which there is not a more virtuous or pleasurable feeling in man ; but its deficiency, causes the proportionate absence of this virtue, while its excessive action constitutes one of the worst and most painful of vices. Ex- cessive Philoprogenitiveness spoils children by over-indulgence and excessive tenderness ; while its deficiency cuts off the joys of a pa- rent, and renders children intolerable and burdensome, instead of the greatest of pleasures ; but its due developement experiences all the joys of parental love ; and if governed by enlightened intellect and high moral feeling, secures the best good of the parent. Ex- cessive Combativeness, acting alone, creates contention, causing physical fighting, and a sour, ugly temper, which is highly vicious^ thereby incurring the penalty attached to the violation of this men- tal law ; but this faculty, acting in obedience to Conscientiousness and Benevolence, becomes moral courage, defence of rights, and of the oppressed, &c., a highly virtuous emotion. The due exercise BALANCE OF FACCULTIES. • 115 of Alimentlveness, by strengthening the body, and thereby the moral and intellectual qualities, is virtuous, bringing with it its own reward, while its excessive indulgence, by overloading the stomach, and thus clouding the intellect and blunting the moral sensibilities, becomes vice. Average Secretiveness, governed by Conscientious- ness, employs policy in a good cause, whilst its excessive action, unchecked by the higher faculties, leads to lying and duplicity. Acquisitiveness, or love of property, duly exercised, promotes in- dustry and sobriety, gathers around us the comforts of life, and, aided by Conscientiousness, produces even-handed justice, but its predominance leads to cheating, extortion, &c. Excessive Cau- tiousness produces irresolution, procrastination, and timidity, and is unfavourable both to virtue and efficiency, but, duly balanced, it gives that discretion which is the better part of valor. Does Self- Esteem predominate, unchecked by Conscientiousness or intellect^ it inflates one almost to bursting with pride, self-sufficiency, haugh- tiness, and egotism ; whereas its due developement, controlled by the moral and intellectual faculties, imparts dignity, and that self- respect which elevates one above meanness and trifling ; causing him fully to appreciate and fulfil the great objects of life. But, if it be small, he underrates himself, and is therefore underrated by others, and feels too diffident and insufficient to attempt great things. Predominant Firmness, uncontrolled, renders one obsti- nate ; impervious to conviction ; and blindly tenacious of his opin- ions, whether right or wrong, merely because of his ivill ; but those in whom it is small, are too fickle to accomplish much ; sow, but have no perseverance to wait for the harvest, " being blown about by every wind of doctrine," every new notion, every novel doctrine ; but, fairly developed and balanced, no element of character is more valuable. Predominant Ideality renders one fastidious, and too delicate and refined ; its deficiency leads to coarseness and vul- garity ; but its fair developement blends the serviceable with the perfect, combining utility with beauty. This same principle, that balance of faculties is indispensable to perfection of character, applies with still greater force to the moral faculties, besides explaining that diversity which characterizes the religious opinions and practices of mankind. Few think alike, even in the fundamentals of religion, and fewer still in its details, because of the difference in their phrenological developments. lit) BALANCE OF POWERS GIVES PERFECTION. These constitute the media, or, as it were, the colored glasses, through which we look at the Deity and his moral government, as well as at the moral relations of man to man, and to his Maker. Thus, the ancients, having large Veneration, paid great attention to religious worship; but as their Benevolence, Conscientiousness and Causality, were usually moderate or small, and their propen- sities predominant, they worshipped gods governed by animal pas- sion. This organization, combined with their powerful Amative- ness, worshipped a Venus, or the goddess of love and beauty • with very large Combativeness and Destructiveness, a Mars, the god of war and carnage ; with Acquisitiveness large, the god Termi- nus, who protected their property ; with large intellectual and ani- mal organs combined, a Jupiter, the dictator and governor of the world, to whom they attributed every vice in its most aggravated form, joined with great intellectual power. In harmony with this principle, each modern religious sect has it^ own peculiar set of phrenological developments, which harmo- nizes perfectly with the peculiarities of its creed. To show min- utely what characterize each, and their departures from the only true standard of religious faith and practice involved in this prin- ciple, would be to thrust our face into a hornet's nest of the worst character, which is unnecessary ; yet we will give a few illustra- tions. Universalists almost invariably have large Veneration, com- bined with predominant Benevolence and Adhesiveness, and mode- rate Destructiveness, and hence adore God for his goodness mainly, and dwell in glowing colours upon his love ; but the old-fashioned Calvinists usually have large Veneration, with predominant Self- Esteem and Firmness, and large Conscientiousness, and accordingly adore the Sovereignty and unbending justice of God. Has not the reader often seen stiff orthodox deacons, whose heads rose rapidly from the intellectual organs to Firmness and Self-Esteem, showing more Reverence than Benevolence, and more Firmness and Con- scientiousness than either, with a tolerably wide head ? But did a Methodist, or Universalist, or Unitarian, or Episcopalian, ever have this form of head ? These remarks do not apply to Congregation- alists, nor to be believers in the " New School" doctrines, whose Conscientiousness is usually predominant, but Self-Esteem mode- rate and Destructiveness only full, and whose high-toned, or rather ultra-Calvinistic notions, are materially softened down. In them, THE DEVELOPMENTS OF THE DIFFERENT SECTS. 117 Araativeness is usually moderate, and accordingly, they abhor no sin more than its perversion. Episcopahans usually have large Veneration, with predominant Benevolence and large Ideality? Firmness, Self-Esteem, and social faculties, with Conscientiousness not always large, though often full, and hence they place their re- ligion in works of charity, and in attending " the church," rather than in penitence, and are not as strict and rigid, as the orthodox ; yet they are always genteel, rather exclusive, and eminently social. Nearly all their ladies have superior heads, are remarkable for de- votion, good sense, the domestic qualities, and especially Benevo- /e;ice— the best we examine except Quakeresses, though often rather proud. The developements of the Dutch Reformed are much the same. Quakers have no characteristic moral develop- ments, and accordingly allow their members to hold any and every belief, provided they do thus and so. Infidels, Deists, &c., usually have moderate Hope, small Veneration, scarcely the least Marvel- lousness, large Benevolence, and Conscientiousness variable. I never saw one of Infidel sentiments who had not a poorly balanced moral head. We always find that those who have Conscientiousness predomi- nant, with small Veneration and Marvellousness, place their reli- gion in doing right, or in honesty and morality, but disregard the externals of religion ; yet those in whom these organs are reversed, attend to its outward forms and ceremonies ; but, t)iough they are devout, they are often unjust and immoral. Those in whom Be- nevolence predominates, place their religion in doing good, to the comparative neglect of the other Christian duties. Those in whom Marvellousness is large, regard religion as consisting in faith, and implicit reliance upon Divine Providence ; but those in whom this organ is small, do not feel that awe of God, that sense of the Di- vine presence, which this faculty inspires, but attribute all events to cause and effect. But those in whom all these organs are fully and evenly developed, " put on the whole armor of righteousness." They do good, do right, worship their God, and trust in his provi- dence ; which, united, constitute the very perfection of the Chris- tian character. Such take consistent views of God, of his attributes, and of moral subjects, besides living a blameless life, worthy our admiration and imitation ; while imperfect religious faith or prac- tice is the natural fruit of unevenly developed moral organs. 118 BALANCE OF FACULTIES. This same principle of balance applies equally to the intellectual faculties. When they are all large, the judgment is good in regard to all subjects, but deficieucy in any of them impairs the judgment in regard to the functions of those that are feeble. Thus, let a picture be hung up for inspection, and if the beholder have Size large, and all the other intellecluals small, though he will judge accurately as to its proportions, and derive pleasure from admiring them, yet all its other qualities w^ill be unseen, unadmired, and his pleasure proportionably restricted. But if he have Form also large, he will observe and admire its likeness as well as its proportions, and thus be doubly delighted ; and if large Color be added, he will also be delighted with the beauty of its colors, and the richness and delicacy of its tints and shades, which will triple his pleasure. Add large Ideality, and he will discover what without it he would not have seen the beauty, richness, and those other qualities of the picture which appeal to this faculty. One having large Eventuality only, will learn and remember events alone, including history, news, &c, : with only Locality large, he will learn geography, and recollect places, but nothing else ; with Form large, the shape of things ; with Calculation alone large, he wull excel in mental arithmetic, but be poor in everything else ; with Causality prominent, he will think much? and investigate ^r^^ principles, yet be poor in other things. If one's perceptive powers, which give the various kinds of mer mory and the ability to collect and retain knowledge, greatly pre- dominate over his reflectives, though he may be very apt as a scho- lar and talker, yet he will be superficial, lack thought, judgment, and contrivance, and be incapable of ascending from facts up to the first principles that govern them; and, on the other hand, if his perceptives be small, but reflectives predominate, he will have a wretched memory ; be unable to command his knowledge, or bring his talents to bear upon practical matters ; be given merely to speculative, scholastic, abstract, therefore-and-wherefore, metaphy- sical theorizing, which is valueless; and, though he may know how to reason, yet his knowledge of facts will be too limited to fur- nish data sufficient to form correct inductions. But where both are equally balanced, the former will collect abundant materials, which the latter will work up into correct arguments and sound conclu- sions. Both equally developed give a general talent, constitute a KEQUISITE TO PERFECTION OF CHARACTER. 119 well-balanced and truly philosophical mind, and give the true Ba- conian, inductive method of studying nature, by ascending from facts up to first principles — the only possible means of arriving at the truth. This developement is not only perfectly adapted to the laws of nature, and harmonizes v^'ith the constitution of the human mind, but it also gives what is called sound common sense, correct judgment, and enlarged views of subjects ; while its absence causes the intellectual lameness, warped views, and fallacious and diversi- fied opinions existing among mankind. Those having large Language, with small Reasoning Organs, will talk much but say little ; will have words in great abundance and variety, but no ideas ; and therefore experience and communi- cate but little pleasure; for who wishes to listen to senseless prat- tle 1 On the other hand, those having Language small, with lai'ge Reasoning Organs, will have excellent ideas and much valuable matter to communicate, yet be barren of expression ,' their rich mines of thought remaining buried for want of language, and the pleasure and profit of listening to them being proportionably abrid- ged. But those having Language and the Reflective organs both large, will experience double pleasure, first in thinking, secondly in communicating their glowing thoughts in rich, expressive lan- guage; thereby administering much pleasure and profit to their delighted listeners. But the power and importance of this principle of balance, are greatly augmented when applied to the various combina- tions of the faculties. Thus, to have predominant Cautious- ness is bad, but to have it combined with small Hope, is much worse ; causing the most gloomy apprehensions and fearful forebodings, and shutting out every ray of expectation which large Hope would throw in upon perpetual darkness. Exces- sive Approbativeness added, creates the strongest desire for approval, mingled with a constant dread of incurring censure, and no hope of obtaining that commendation so much desired — a most unhappy state of mind. Large Veneration, and small Self-Esteem and Combativeness, added to this combination, produce the most oppressive diffidence, accompanied with that confusion and utter want of self-possession which prevents any one, however talented or deserving, from accomplishing much, or even from enjoying intercourse with men, together 320 BALANCE OF FACULTIES with pusillanimity, and even cowardice. But, let any one tiave tliese faculties equally balanced, and strong Approba- tiveness, will aspire to distinction; strong Hope, expect that praise which Approbativeness desires ; large Self-Esteem will impart enough, but not too much, of that " modest assur- ance" requisite to push one's self forward ; large Combative- aiess, will nerve him for contest with every difficulty, and give vigor and efficiency to all he says and does. And if his facul- ties are still farther balanced by large Intellectual organs, they will give him the req.uisite talents ; and high Moral organs, will will impart moral worth, sanctifying his ambition, el-evat- ing his motives, and ennobling his character ; and he will be every way calculated to enjoy life himself, and to become a blessing to mankind. But, let either of these organs be much larger or smaller than the others, and his enjoyment will be proportionally marred, and his usefulness diminished. Though predominant Acquisitiveness, which predisposes to dishonesty, covetousness, and a miserly selfishness and mean- ness, and also its deficiency, which allows of extravagance? and diminishes industry, are each adverse to virtue and hap- piness, yet the evil is greatly magnified by its combinations. Thus, one having small Acquisitiveness combined with large Benevolence, will give away largely to every apparently needy sufferer, leaving nothing for himself, and no capital with which to make more to enable him to aid future sufferd- ers, or even to live. Large Adhesiveness increases the evil, by causing him to ruin himself in helping his friends, and by exciting commiseration for those whom he desires, but is unable, to relieve ; whereas, had Acquisitiveness been as large as Benevolence and Adhesiveness, he would have gratified the former by acquiring property, and retaining enough to live comfortably, and continue business in order to make more ; and the latter, by giving the balance to relieve friends and sufferers. This would more than double his pleasure, besides preventing that distress occasioned by bestowing his all, and that perhaps upon unworthy objects. But those in whom Acquisitiveness predominates over Benevolence, may indeed experience a sordid pleasure in making money, but are strang- ers to the exquisite satisfaction which accompanies works of charity. Predominant Acquisitiveness holds in its iron grasp EEQTTISITS TO PERFECTION OF CHAKACTEE.- 12 S the means of gratifying Benevolence hj giving ; Adhesive- ness, by entertaining friends ; Ideality, by having nice things^ and indulging a refined taste ; the Intellectual Faculties, by purchasing books, and taking time to think and study ; Philo- progenitiveness, by spending money in educating and improv- ing children f Locality and Sublimity, by travelling ; Con- scientiousness, by paying debts, and freely discharging all pe- cuniary obligations ; Hope, by investing capital in what pro- mises pleasure to the other faculties; Approbativeness, by making a respectable appearance ; Alimentiveness, by indulg- ing in table luxuries,? &c. ; thus abridging most of the enjoy- ments of life, besides preying ultimately upon itself hy grudg- ing every farthing expended, and giving its possessor a world of trouble for fear of losing bis possessions. The combination of very large Acquisitiveness and Cautiousness, with small Hope;, is an organization v/hich produces a state of mind truly deplo- rable. We were brought up near an old miser, named Gee Rogers, who had this combination, and who, besides burying his money in different places, watched it the whole of dark and stormy nights — suffering every thing from fear of being robbed. The combination of predominant Acquisitiveness with small Cautiousness, by speculating too largely and grasp- ing at enormous profits, often loses all ; besides contracting debts beyond the means of payment, inducing a perpetual series of difficulties, and, (if Conscientiousness be also small,) prompting to dishonest and unprincipled conduct. Moderate Causality added, causes the individual to try a variety of ill- advised ways and means to get rich ; but, he fails in all, and is tantalized with improper desires, which he is unable to gra- tify, and so grasps, at one straw after another, only to sink into still deeper poverty, and more hopeless disappointment. * About twenty miles from Raleigh, W. C, there lived an old misery worth $20,000, who also allowed his only daughter to live destitute of every comfort, dressed only in clolhes coarse and shabby, almost starved, and, finally, even to go to the poor-hoiase, because he was too miserly to support her. fMr. Green, a carpenter, living in Norfolk, Va.,^ has Acquisitiveness so< strong, that he lives upon spoiled meat, cold victuals, and such ends of the table as he can get for almost nothing ; and is an old bachelor, because he is too stingy to marry, though worth some ^20,000. I e. g. Speculators m mulberry trees in 1840, 12S BALANCE OF FACULTIES But when these organs are equally developed, Acquisitive- oess desires property and prompts energetic efforts to acquire it ; Hope creates due enterprise, and feasts, but not to excess, upon unfolding prospects ; Conscientiousness is gratified in paying all dues; and Cautiousness and Causality combine foresight and prudence with that judicious application of ap- propriate means to the end desired, which crowns one's efforts with success. This combination secures the harmoni- ous exercise, and unalloyed gratification, of both these facul- ties, and of all the others if similarly developed. One having predominant Self-Esteem, combined with large Firmness, Combativeness, and Destructiveness, and only mo- derate Conscientiousness, Approbativeness, and Intellectual Paculties, will be self-sufficient, proud, haughty, imperative, overbearing, dictatorial, obstinate, insolent, supremely selfish, and revengeful towards all who do not obey his unreasonable demands, and submit to become his servant, and yet he will have too feeble an intellect to support his high-sounding pre- tensions ; but, one having all these organs equally developed, ■ — large Self-Esteem, to impart dignity and nobleness of cha- racter, so that he cannot be trifled with, combined with large Intellectual organs, to impart the strength of mind requisite fully to sustain his high pretensions ;* large Conscientiousness, to add moral worth to intellectual greatness ; and large Firm- ness and Combativeness, to impart perseverance, moral cour- age, and energy of character— will duly respect himself for his moral and intellectual qualities alone, and combine the man and the gentleman, with superior intellectual abilities and high-toned moral principles ; thus enjoying life himself, and promoting the happiness of those around him. Another still more striking illustration of the importance of a balance of the faculties, might be drawn from the social or- gans; and others still from every phrenological and physical organ in man. But, why enlarge upon a principle, the neces- sity and value of which are self-evident — a principle clearly shown to be so powerful and universal in its application, as to be inseparably interwoven with the nature and happiness of ^ Dr. C. Caldwell has this combination. EEQUISITE TO PERFECTION OF CHARACTER. 123 every human being ? Have we not already shown how it is that a well balanced intellect is so superior to the same amount of intellect unbalanced — how the moral faculties, when harmo. niously developed and exercised, produce that moral feeling, that true piety, which constitutes the grace of graces — the crowning excellence of man — and that this endless diversity in the religious faith and practice of mankind which disgraces modern Christianity, and makes so many infidels, is caused by a want of this balance ? Indeed, words cannot express its value and importance. Hence, should not parents and teach- ers, in educating the young and moulding their character physical, intellectual, and moral, and, indeed, all who seek health, long life, happiness, or self-improvement, be guided by it as their polar-star, making it the nucleus around which their every effort to remedy defects or cultivate virtues, should cluster ? SECTION 11. HOW TO INCREASE THE ORGANS. Having shown in what perfection of head and body consists, or the one great and leading condition of virtue and enjoyment, name- ly, in the even developement and harmonious exercise of our facul- ties of body and mind, we fall back upon the eventful inquiry, " Do any means exist of attaining this harmony, or of improving the character 7 Can the weak faculties be strengthened, and the energy of predominant ones weakened ? or is man fated to carry his virtues, faults, excesses, and defects to his gnjive V Our answer is an unequivocal no! We say with emphasis, that weak faculties can be strengthened, and the power of predominant ones reduced ; and that their organs can be enlarged and diminished. We know, indeed, that although the organs^in children are more evenly devel- oped than in their parents, — a proof that our leading principle is founded in nature, — yet that the natural tendency is for the large organs to become larger, and the small ones, smaller — the very reverse of what should take place. The reason of this is, that the larger an organ becomes, the greater the pleasure taken in its exer- 124 HOW TO INCREASE THE OKGANS, else, and the more spontaneous and continual its exercise, which re-augments its size, and re-increases its activity ; and also, that when nothing special occurs to excite a given faculty, its organ becomes sluggish, and remains mostly quiescent, which reduces its size. This decreases its capacity to afford pleasure, which still farther diminishes its action and weakens its power. This principle illustrates the Scripture doctrine, that " to him that hath shall be given, and he shall have more abundantly ; but from him that hath not shall be taken away even that he hath." Phrenology shows both how to counteract and how to reverse this unfavorable ten- dency. The reader will see that we are now approaching a most im- portant subject ; but before we can consistently point out the means of attaining this most desirable end, we shall be required to demon- strate the. fact that the organs can be enlarged and diminished, and the power of their faculties increased. And here a serious difficulty presents itself, namely, how is it pos- sible for so soft a substance as the brain to press out so hard a sub- stance as the skull. This question should be discussed, not upon the ground of reason alone, nor solely on the ground of fact, but according to that principle of balance we have presented, of the two combined. We will then show, first, the rationale of this en- largement, or how it can take place, and, secondly, establish it by facts ; though Phrenology says that the facts should precede the reasonings. 1st. The whole head continues to enlarge till after thirty, and the inference is conclusive that if the resistance of the skull does not prevent tRe enlargement of the brain as a luhole, it will surely allow any part of it to become enlarged. 2d. Phrenology demon- strates the fact that the brain is composed of particular organs, each of which exercises a particular function ; and both Phrenology and daily observation establish the fact, that the exercise of every organ causes a flow of blood to that organ in proportion to the vigor and continuance of that exercise. Hence, the vigorous and continuous exercise of any faculty, as of Benevolence, Causality, Combative- ness, &c., causes a proportional flow of blood to its particular organ ; which blood is freighted with matter which it deposits wherever it goes, and in proportion to its abundance. This causes each organ to enlarge in proportion to the exercise of its faculty. This ENLARGEMENT OF THE OEGAKS. 125 law of increase by exercise, and decrease by inaction, is familiar in its application to the hands of sailors, laborers, &c. — to the feet of expert dancers, pedestrians, &c. ; to the chests of rowers ; to the right hand compared with the left ; and, indeed, to every portion of the body ; and, since the brain is governed by this same physiolo- gical law, the exercise of any faculty will cause a proportionate flow of blood to its organ, which will naturally enlarge that organ. 3. This enlargement is caused not by the inechanical pressure of the brain upon the skull, but by the natural process of growth and formation. The matter which composes the body is not perma- nently fixed in its place, but is undergoing a constant succession of changes, (See Combe's Physiology, p. 46.) abundantly sufficient to allow of any required changes in size. One portion of nature never prevents or interferes with the action of any other part. The bark of the tree, notwithstanding all its strength and toughness, allows the limpid sap to insinuate itself between this bark and the wood, thereby causing the enlargement of both. Neither the shells of oysters, lobsters, turtles, &c., nor the toughness of the skins of ani- mals, prevent their growth. Why then should the skull, which is merely the protector and servant of the brain, throw any serious obstacle in the way of its enlargement ? One of the means by which nature effects this enlargement of organs is, rendering the skull covering them thin ; whilst, in their diminution, it becomes thicker. In our collection we have some twenty skulls illustrating these phenomena, and none known to militate against them. A physician in Westchester Co., Pa., pre- sented us with the skull of a female, respectably connected, who, in spite of the entreaties of her friends, had voluntarily abandoned herself to the indulgence of Alimentiveness and Amativeness, and whose skull is so very thin as to be trasparent where those oi'gans are located, but not elsewhere. The skull of John Earl, who mur- dered his wife, and who was given to the unrestrained and habitual indulgence of both these passions, is also thin in the same places. So is that of Burley, presented by Mr. Harris, treasurer of the London District, U. C, and a volunteer in the burning of the Caroline. This Burley armed himself for the purpose, and deliberately shot the sheriff who arrested him for stealing a young bullock and kil- ling it for food. He was an habitual drunkard, excessively licen- tious, and by turns extremely given to prayer and religious exer- 10 126 ENLARGEMENT OF THE ORGANS cises.* One of his religious seasons immediately preceded his execution. "When swung off, the rope broke. During the conse- quent delay, he proposed to have a season of prayer, and was himself earnestly engaged in supplicating the Divine blessing when the sheriff interrupted him to re-adjust the rope. L. N. Fowler has the skull of a slave, so notorious for his pro- pensity to steal, that after he had been repeatedly whipped almost to death for stealing, but to no purpose, on the perpetration of a new theft, his master, seizing an axe, struck it through his skull into the brain, exclaiming, " 1 will break you of stealing, if I have to kill you." He Hved, but still continued to steal ; and his skull is remarkably thin and transparent at Acquisitiveness and Secret=> iveness. The skull of another slave, noted for kindness, is thin where Benevolence is located. He has also the skull of a woman, who, from being a moral and virtuous member of society, and a consistent and exemplary profes- sor of religion, became a self-abandoned outcast, and grossly immo- ral, yet was passionately fond of music. This skull is thin where Amativeness, Combativeness, and Tune are located, but thickened upon the top in the region of the moral organs. We will gladly show those of our readers who visit us, these and many other simi- lar proofs and illustrations of the fact, that the exercise of an organ absorbs the portion of the skull covering it, so as to render it thin ; while inaction, and also excessive action, reduce the size of the organs, allowing the skull to become thick. Indeed, this point has become fully established ; and, although it prevents our observing the whole of the increase in the exercise of active organs, still it shows how an increase and decrease of organs can take place. It is, therefore, possible to enlarge aud diminish the size of the phrenological organs; first, by the skull becoming thin ; and, se condly, by the actual protrusion of the skull itself. Having shown both the possibility and the " rationale " of a enlargement of the organs, we next proceed to demonstrate thi point hy facts. In 1835, Mr. Bailey, of Manchester, England, took from life a bust of the Rev. John Pierpont, of Boston. In 1841, we took from life a bust of the same head. The latter shows a decided increase of the whole intellectual lobe over the former * For a satisfactory explanation of this seeming anomaly, see Journal, Vol. iv. pp. 21, and 107. IN REV. JOHN PIERPONT AND OTHERS. 127 This increase, any accurate eye will detect instantly, the latter being deeper, broader, higher, and every way more ample. Benevolence and Combativeness are larger, while Cautiousness is smaller, in the latter than in the former. The cause of this increase of some or- gans, and decrease of others, is to be found in the vigorous and almost continual exercise of his intellectual faculties, in the compo- sition of poetry, for which he has becomely justly celebrated ; in lectures in the cause of temperance, truth, and freedom; as well as in his severe and protracted intellectual and moral contest with the rum-sellers of his congregation. Ts an ode or poem wanted on occasions like the death of Spurzheim, or Harrison, or for any na- tional or local jubilee, Rev. John Pierpont furnishes the best. His unremitted labors in the temperance cause — the number, power, and eloquence of his lectures on various subjects — the logical clearness and cogency of his letters to his Vestry — evince a powerful and continuous exercise of his intellectual faculties sufficient to account for the increase of his intellectual organs, as well as of Benevolence and Combativeness, and the decrease of Cautiousness. This case establishes our position beyond a doubt. Both busts were taken when he was upwards of forty -five, and so taken that the manner of taking could cause none of this striking difference- The case is clear and unequivocal, and subject to the inspection of all who wish to see or purchase copies. A fev/ days ago, Mr. J. G. Forman, a phrenologist, remarked, that he had recently seen a woman in Sing Sing prison, who, from a child had seen with the right eye only, and whose perceptive organs on the left side were much larger than those on the right. I proposed to send my artist to take a mask, whom Mr. F. kindly volunteered to accompany. My first glance at the mask disap- pointed me, for Calculation and Order w^ere equal on both sides. But a second glance actually electrified me with delight, for it revealed the fact that Individuality, Form, Size, and Locality, the functions of which are exercised mainly by means of the eye, were much larger on the side opposite^ the seeing eye than the same * Our recent discoveries in Magnetism and Phrenology combined, show that the magnetic currents all cross each other. Thus, each Phrenological organ has a magnetic nature and current in each hemisphere of the brain, which extend to the face, and cross each other. The magnetic current of 128 . ENLARGEMENT OF THE ORGANS organs on the seeing eye; while the organs of Order, Calculation^ and Weight, which can act as well without the aid of the eye as with it, or at least, as well with one eye as both, were alike on both sides. This difference is most striking. Locality rises nearly half an inch on the lej^t side, above the same organ on the right side. Size on the left side has both elevated and protruded the inner por- tion of the left eyebrow about half an inch, while Language, Com- parison, and Causality are equal in both. This mask can be inspect- ed and obtained. In our collection may be seen two masks of Oldham, machinist to the Bank of England, taken by Spurzheim twenty years apart. The last, after he became celebrated throughout Europe for his mechanical and inventive powers, shows a breadth at Construct- iveness greater than the first by nearly an inch, while the other organs remained nearly stationary. Spurzheim exhibited these masks in Boston to prove the possibility of enlarging the organs, ■ — a favourite doctrine with him. The bearing of these facts is positive and direct. They prove, beyond all dispute, the possibility of enlarging the size of organs by exercising their faculties, as well as of the required protrusion of the skull, and hence prepare the way for evidence less positive in its character, which, without this as an entering wedge, would be comparatively valueless. They demonstrate the point now under consideration, which, once established, may now be illustrated and enforced by an order of evidence too low in itself, satisfactorily to prove it. Deville's cabinet in London, contains about seventy busts Illus- trating this point. Caldwell brought over with him some fourteen of them, and says that this increase of organs is placed beyond a doubt by these and other specimens. Dr. Carpenter, of Pottsville, Pa., and Prof. Bryant, of Philadelphia, and many others who have seen these casts, bring a similar report of them. One of these changes occurred in the head of Herschel, the great astronomer. the right organ of Cautiousness, terminates in the left side of the face^ and " vice versa ;" and so of all the organs. We have many facts in our possession, which go to establish this principle of crossing to be a lav/ of our nature, showing that when the exercise of any phrenological faculty- calls any bodily organ into exercise, this principle of crossing always takes place. IN HERSCHEL AND DEVILLe's COLLECTIONS. 129 In the first, taken when he was about forty, to which time he devo- ted himself to music, Tune is very large, and the perceptive organs are no way remarkable ; whereas, in another, taken when about sixty, after he had dropped music and become the first Astronomer of the age, the perceptive faculties are astonishingly developed, but Tune diminished. Franklin. Herschel. The accompanying cut of Herschel, copied from an English en- graving said to be the best ever taken, shows enormous perceptive organs in the length and the arching of his eye-brows, and bears evidence of its having been taken when he was about seventy ; whereas, a mask of him now in our collection, evidently taken when about forty, shows only a fair development of these organs. Several months since, we wrote to M. B. Sampson, our London correspondent, to forward us copies of Deville's specimens illustra- ting this point, hoping to receive them before we published this portion of the lecture. The following, while it explains the cause of their delay, gives encouragement of their early reception : — Dated, Bank of England, Feb. 3, 1842. " In the course of a week or two, I shall procure from Mr. De- ville the casts which you require, and will send them to you with- out delay. You would have received them ere this, but Mr. Deville has been confined by indisposition."* * These casts were rceived, but, not being aware of their reception, they were sold at auction. If this should meet the eye of their purchaser, I should be most happy to see him. 130 . ENLARGEMENT OF THE ORGANS Changes similar to those already described, took place in the head of Franklin, except that his reflectives increased, but perceptives diminished. An engraving of him, copied from a portrait taken when he was a young man, will be found in his life published by Hillon & Grey. Boston, which represents the perceptive organs as very large, and Causality retiring, so as to leave his forehead nar- row and sloping at the top, evincing prodigious Individuality, Form, Size, Locality, and Eventuality, and large Comparison, with but moderate Causality. The author has also a plaster bust of him, cast from a marble bust made in France, by Oudon, whose accuracy in sculpturing is too well known to require comment. In this bust, chiselled after a mask, taken from Franklin's /ace, and said to be a perfect like- ness of him at that time,* his perceptives and reflectives are both large, the perceptives rather predominating, but reflectives promi- nent. But, in the statue taken of him when old, and placed in a niche in the Franklin Library, in Fifth street, near Chesnut, Phila- delphia, Causality and Comparison stand out in the boldest relief? while Individuality and Eventuality are small. Most of the busts and engravings of this great philosopher found in shops, books, &c., represent him as old, and evince predominant reflective or- gans, but defieient perceptives. See the portrait of him in Peale's Museum. Our next inquiry relates to the existence or absence of a corres- ponding change in his intellectual character. Of this, all are al- lowed to judge for themselves, but my firm conviction is that young Franklin was remarkable for observation, memory in general, de- sire for acquiring knowledge, especially of an experimental char- acter, and facility of communication, &c. ; while old Franklin was all reason and philosophy, rich in ideas, full of pithy, sententious proverbs, which are only the condensation of Causality, and always tracing every thing up to their causes and laws, but less inclined to observe and remember facts as such. * This original marble bust was, we believe, recently purchased by some scientific body in Philadelphia, and the original mask, taken from his face, was recently sold, among other effects of Oudon, for about two dollars, and was taken to Italy. Will not some American traveller in Ita- ly procure this original, or a copy ? IN FRANKLIN, HERSCHEL, BUONAPARTE, &C. 131 This conclusion is endorsed by the natural language of his or- gans — an unfailing index of the true character. Young Franklin is represented as throwing the lower or perceptive portion of his forehead forward, which evinces their predominance; while old Franklin, as in the accompanying cut, throws the reflective organs forward, as if in the attitude of deep thought. This shows young Franklin to have been what his portrait, taken when he was young, evinces, namely, a great observer ; but old Franklin to have been a profound reason er, a characteristic already shown to appertain to his later busts and portraits. The likenesses of Bonaparte, as stamped upon coins of different dates, show a decided enlargement of his forehead, especially of his reflective organs, as he advanced in years. This difference is very great ; and, if exercise enlarges the organs, surely those of no other man would be enlarged faster. Let us now enter another field of inquiry, to see if we obtain similar results from another class of observations still more gene- ral. Stone-cutting, and especially lettering, requires a vigorous and intense exercise of Form, Size, and Locality ; and, according- ly, stone-cutters all have these organs large. For the correctness of these remarks, appeal is made to observation. Not one farmer, merchant, &c., in fifty is found to possess Weight above moderate, while nearly all the sea-faring men I have ever examined, have had this organ fully developed, with large Form and Locality, and usually Order and Calculation. The reason of this is obvious. This organ keeps the balance ; and, since the perpetual motion of a ship is continually destroying this balance. Weight is kept unceasingly active to regain and preserve it, especi- ally when in the rigging. Their Form is brought into frequent and vigorous action by looking for, and watching, ships, land, &c., in the distance ; and Locality, by remembering the beds of rivers? the navigable parts of harbors, the localities of rocks, shoals, &c., and by remembering the looks of various parts, as well as by prac- tical geography in general. In machinists, engineers, and those who work about machinery, this organ is usually large, and also in billiard players, expert marksmen, good riders, &c., while ordi- nary mechanics, not connected with machinery, usually have it small, except those whose occupation requires climbing. In fe- males, Weight is seldom developed ; yet, in factory girls, it is unu- 132 ENLARGEMENT OF THE ORGANS sually large. Constructiveness is found to be large in nearly all weavers. • At Adams, Mass., in 1834, 1 was struck with the fact that ail the loeavers examined had large Concentrativeness, an organ be- low par in ninety American ladies in every hundred. The same results have been observed in every factory I have since visited. At Young's factory, in Delaware, in 1839, I selected some fifty weavers from those employed in other occupations, making but a single failure, and that on a lady of thirty-five, who had been weaving only fifteen months — too short a period, at this age, ful- ly to develope this organ. The reason is obvious ; because weav- ing keeps the whole mind exclusively occupied upon one and the same thing, day after day, and year after year. This will serve as a valuable hint to those who wish to improve this organ. Eng- lishmen and Germans generally have this organ large, while it is small in most Americans, which corresponds with their national habits. The former usually devote themselves exclusively to one study or occupation, and can make a living at no other, while the versatile talents of the latter enable them to turn their hands to almost any and every thing with success. One leading error of m,odern education is, putting scholars to reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, definitions, geography, grammar, drawing, &c., &c., all in six hours. Just as this organ concentrates the mind upon one study, another study is thrust upon them, and hence Americans know a little about every thing, yet not much about any 07ie thing. Scholars taught by teachers having Concentrativeness large, are apt to have it large also. A Mr. Morris, who stands de- servedly high as a teacher, in New-York, has this organ very large and two-thirds of his scholars have this organ above moderate ; whereas, in ordinary scholars, the tables are reversed. On expres- sing surprise at this, and asking for an explanation, the answer satisfied me that his having called it into continual exercise in his scholars, was the cause of its unusual development. Inhabitiveness is almost universally large in those who have lived in one house till fifteen, but small in those who moved in childhood. In thousands of instances, when examining the heads of children, I have said to their parents, " I perceive you have moved since the birth of this child, or else it has lived from home," and do not remember to have failed more than two or three times j IN THE DEAF AND DITBIB, SCOTCH, LADIES IN NEW YORK, &C. 133 in which cases, hereditary influences prevailed over the exercise of the organ. The reason is this : Inhabitiveness becomes attached to the homestead where one has lived ; to the domicil in which we are reared, and the surrounding trees, stones, &c. ; but removing? disturbs this attachment, and weakens the organ.* We have examined many blind persons without finding one in ■whom color is even fairly developed. As color is exercised by means of the eye, it is not surprising that its not being exercised? keeps it small. The deaf and dumb converse mainly by signs, and by acting out what they want, that is, by imitating. They are the best actors of pantomime, and the best mimics, to be found. This continual exercise of Imitation is doubtless the cause of its being universally predominant in this class. In nearly every Scotchman, Causality and Conscientiousness will be found to be large, which is in keeping with their reasoning so much upon moral and doctrinal subjects. For additional facts of this class, see the chapter on this subject in " Fowler's Phrenolo- gy," p. 365. Probably not one New-York city lady in twenty, has Acquisi- tiveness above moderate ; while a large proportion of Yankee ladies have this organ full. The latter are taught industry from the cradle, but, whether this is true of the former, we leave others to judge. In southern ladies also, this organ is usually small. Constructiveness is much larger at the north than at the south, and in manufacturing towns, than in those classes that are too good to work. After examining ten heads in any place, I can usually tell the general character of its inhabitants, whether they are proud, secretive, acquisitive, moral, ingenious, &c. Every ^jZace has as much a distinctive character as every person. This is easily solved by supposing that the original founders of these places had certain faculties predominant, which, by being continually exercised, exci- ted the same in all new comers, and thus developed the correspond- ing organs, thereby stamping the impress of their own minds upon * This aims a deadly blow at the renting system, lately becoming so prevalent. That system is wrong, and will eventually be found to pro- duce evil both to landlord and tenant. See the analysis of Inhabitiveness in " Phrenology applied to Matrimony." 134 ENLAEGEBIENT OF THE ORGANS others. Other causes, however, doubtless aid in bringing about this result. This principle explains, in part, why lawyers and politi- cians have large Language, Combativeness, and Comparison — their vocation bringing these faculties into constant action ; and why the religious denominations have each a characteristic set of developments, as mentioned on p. 100, &c., though the major part of this is doubtless caused by hereditary descent. We grant that these and similar facts, if weighed hy them- selves in the scales of inductive reason, would be light, and might not even cause it to preponderate in their favor ; but, thrown into the same balance with those already mentioned, (drawn from the busts,) they add much weight to a scale al- ready preponderating in their favor. But another class of facts more unequivocal, is found in ex- aminations of the same head, made at different periods. As the public have given the author some credit for correct exami- nations, they will doubtless place some reliance upon the re- sults of his observation, namely, that every year's practice increases his astonishment at the number and extent of these changes; a few of which he will narrate. In 1836, a gentleman w^as examined, and his Veneration marked three — I, at the same time, putting his finger into the marked depression between Firmness and Benevolence.. A few days ago, he called again, and I marked Veneration large; the depression to which his attention was called in 1836, hav- ing been entirely filled up. He then stated that he became a praying man soon after the first examination, and had contin- ued one ever since. He called mainly to inquire, if becoming religious could have caused the change in his developments? which he had observed for the last two years. In 1835, I examined the head of Mr. S., of R., and ascribed to him strong rehgious feeling, making the whole examina- tion turn upon this point. In 1841, 1 re-examined him with- out knowing him, and the moment I touched his head, ex- claimed, " Infidel, irreligious, utterly destitute of belief," &c. At the first examination, he was a very consistent professor of religion, and zealously engaged in promoting revivals ; but, soon after, he became a disbeliever ; and, at length, a con- firmed infidel, so that he was expelled from the church, not IN THE JEWS, THE RICH, MARTIAL MEN, ETC. 135 for immoral conduct, but solely on the ground of his injidelity. In 1836, a young gentleman of considerable intelligence, stated that when a boy, he had a school-mate of exactly his size, age, and height, whose clothes and hat perfectly fitted him ; that when of the proper age, his friend went to West- Point, and he to a mechanical trade ; that when his friend had graduated, they met, and again changed hats; that his friend's hat, instead of fitting his head as before, was too large in the forehead, and too small over the temples, whilst his hat pinched the forehead of the cadet, but was loose over Constructiveness ; thus showing an increase of the intellectual organs, and particularly the reflective, in the cadet, whose studies called these faculties into powerful action, and an in- crease of Constructiveness in the head of the mechanic. I have always found Eventuality very large in Jews. They were required to tell the Lord's doings, to their children and grand-children, in doing which they powerfully exercise their Eventuality. The same is true of the North American In- dians, who perpetuate their history in the memories of the rising race. / In the children of the rich, Acquisitiveness is almost inva- riably small. Having every want supplied, and therefore no occasion for the exercise of this faculty, its organ becomes small from mere disuse* In nearly every soldier and inferior officer whom I examin- ed in Canada, (and they were hundreds,) I found predominant Firmness, Self-Esteem, Amativeness, and Alimentiveness, and large to very large Combativeness, Destructiveness, Hope, and perceptive Faculties ; with smaller Causality, and defi- cient Conscientiousness and Acquisitiveness — the very organi- zation which their occupation would produce, provided this doctrine of increase by exercise, and decrease by inaction, be true. They cultivate a bold, daring, reckless spirit; drink and carouse daily ; and have no occasion to exercise Acquisi- tiveness, for their food, raiment, &c , are furnished, whilst * How beautiful and efficient a contrivance for preventing the amassing of immense wealth in a particular family, and for scattering the hoarded thousands of the miser ! See our article on the "hard times," No. 2., p. 76, Vol. iv. of the Phrenological Journal. 136 ENLARGEMENT OF THE OEGANS their pay is regular, and scarcely capable of being increased. All their associations deaden Conscientiousness, and excite their passions. It is possible that men with this organization seek the army, yet more probable that military associations enlarge and diminish their developments. This argument for the increase of organs by exercise, de- rives additional force from its beautiful harmony with many analogous phenomena. In one of the examinations, reported in the Journal, a fact was related, showing that the intense and continuous action of organs, turned the hair above them gray. We could give scores of facts of this class, accompa- nied with names and dates. Another article, written by a Canadian correspondent, showed that the excitement of any faculty caused an itching or tickling sensation of its organ. In another, it was shown, that the recent activity of faculties could always be detected by the sharpness of their organs, &c. Every reader, who will take the trouble to observe, will find, that when any of his faculties have been called into un- usual activity, their organs feel as if crawling, or disturbed, or feverish, or heated, according to the kind and extent of the excitement. Observe your own mental exercises, in connec- tion with your cerebral sensations, and you Avill daily be more and more surprised at the numerous and striking coincidences of this character. Those who think, write, study, lecture, &c. much, will frequently put their hands to theiY: foreheads ; whilst those who are fond of family, and much at home, when they sleep away from their family, will involuntarily put their hands upoa their social organs. President Mahan, of Oberlin, to whom all must concede a highly excited state of the moral faculties, when recently preaching in New-York, often put his hands on the top of his head. In short, this principle of the increase of organs by exercise, will be found to harmonize most strikingly with all the facts, and classes of facts, that can be brought to bear upon it. Again, we know that marked changes of character often take place. If, therefore, this principle of a corresponding change of organs did not obtain. Phrenology could not be true, because it would be at war with the known manifestations of IMPOETANCE OF THIS PRIKCIPLE. 137 mind ; whereas, this principle goes far to prove its truth, by- proving a coincidence between known changes of character, and accompanying clianges in the developments. Turning from the organs to their faculties, we find them also susceptible of improvement to a degree truly astonishing, which, after all, is the thing mainly desired — the increase of the organs being only a means of attaining this most important end. Who does not know that every species of memory, taste, judgment, and indeed every faculty of mind, is suscepti- ble of improvement to a degree really surprising ? And does not this degree far exceed what is generally supposed ? This increased power of function is gained, not exclusively or even mainly, by the increased size of the organs, but by their great- er activity, a.nd Jricilify of operation. There is no principle or fact in nature which we contem- plate with more intense dehght, or in propagating which we glory more, than the one which we are now advocating. It shows how to improve the immortal mind, how to educate our race, how to diminish human suffering, and promote man's highest happiness. It holds out, in the language of demonstra- tion, to one and all, a sovereign remedy, a panacea, for all in- tellectual weaknesses and moral maladies. Is your memory short or treacherous to its trust, it shows you how to strength- en it. If any of your passions predominate, it teaches you how to reduce their power and activity ; or, if any faculty be weak or inactive, it shows how to cultivate and invigorate it. But it is to parents that it holds out by far the brightest star of promise. You love your children as you love your own souls, and are even more anxious to improve them than your- selves, because you are too apt to regard your- season for im- provement as past. You are ever ready to expend your time or your money, upon their intellectual or moral education ; but, unfortunately, hitherto you have only groped your way in the dim twilight, while this principle opens upon you the full orb of reason and mental science — the only correct guides to the results you seek. But let it be remembered, that so precious a jewel as mental and moral improvement cannot be purchased, or obtained by proxy, or inherited, except in its rudiments, but must be cultivated, and that by every one for 138 HOW TO INCREASE THE ORGANS. himself. Parents and teachers may indeed place the proper means or mental stimulants before the minds of the young, just as they m^ay place nourishing food before them, but can no more exercise the minds of children by proxy, than they can eat, or sleep, or breathe, or die for them. Reader, do you desire to know how this can be effected? Do you wish this mine of self-improvement opened, so that you may begin now to lay up its richest treasures? Then, give us your ear. The means of self-improvement are simple, easily applied, and within the reach of all ; and, they are cer- tain and powerful. They consist simply in exercising the organs you wish to improve : and, in not exercising those you wish to restrain. This, every one must do for himself, and do it, not " here a little and there a little," but habitually ; and the richest harvests mortals can reap, will crown your efforts, — harvests infinitely richer than all the mines of the world, because harvests of moored pleasure and intellectual attainment ; harvests as far above all earthly possessions, as mind is supe- rior to matter. Will you sow, that you may reap this harvest? or, will you fold your arms, and allow your brain, at least in part, to die ; yes, to die while you live, merely from inaction ? Does not the glorious truth, just presented, inspire your hope, and nerve your determination to carry forward your intellectual and mo- ral attainments as high in the scale of improvement as nature will allow ? Already, you eagerly ask, "Aowj can we exercise owx faculties, so as to enlarge the organs? how bring them into vigorous and continuous exercise ? how discipline the in- tellects, and call out the moral feelings of children and youth ? Listen again, and we v/ill present THE MEANS OF EXCITING THE FACULTIES. Every faculty has its own proper aliment or stimulant, the presentation of which naturally induces spontaneous action. Thus, Alimentiveness is stimulated, not by gold or diamonds, but hj food, its natural exciter. Hence, the sight of food, or seeing others eat, or even the taste or smell of food, excites hunger; whereas, without these natural stimulants, Alimen- 139 MEANS OF ENLARGING THE ORGANS. tiveness would have remained quiescent. Acquisitiveness is stimulated to action by property, or the possession of things, &c., but not by food, or distress, or danger. Causality is ex- cited to action by bringing causes within its reach. To excite and thereby strengthen tliis faculty, think, reason, inquire into the causes of things, and trace out the relations between causes and effects— that is, bring this faculty into action upon the causes, principles, and laws of things. Combativeness is ex- cited by opposition, not by beef-steak, or money, or a fact in philosophy,* Approbativeness is excited by praise or re- proach ; Benevolence, by suffering ; Reverence, by thoughts of God 5 Conscientiousness, by ngA^ and torong ; Ideality, by the beautiful, exquisite, or perfect ; Mirthfulness, by the laugh- able or ridiculous; Locality, by travelling ; Combativeness, by opposition, &c. But mark: one faculty can neither perform the function of any other, nor supply its place. Though a person having Acquisitiveness small, may make money to leave his children rich, or to show off, or to aid the poor, or to furnish the means of acquiring knowledge ; yet, these motives neither excite nor enlarge Acquisitiveness ; for, the first is an exercise of Philo- progenitiveness ; the second, of Approbativeness ; the third, of Benevolence ; the fourth, of Intellect, &c. To exercise Acquisitiveness, therefore, he must make and love money to possess and hoard— must love property to lay up, and for its oion sake. You may eat a meal, not because you relish it, but because a certain hour has come — that is, from Time, not Ali- mentiveness. Fighting desperately from motives of honor, and not for the love of fighting, is no more an exercise of Com- bativeness or Destructiveness, than the apparent fondness, in company, of a husband and wife who cordially hate each other, is an exercise of pure connubial love. This illustration shows, first, that the precise nature or legiti- mate function of every faculty, mast be known, as well as its natural ?X\meXi\. or stimulant; and, secondly, that this stimu- lant must be placed before the faculty so as to excite it, in or- der thereby to enlarge it. * Tliis train of remarks does not refer to the power one faculty has of bringing another faculty into action — a point to be elswhere presented. 140 APPLICATION OF THESE PP.INCIPLES, * SECTION II. APPLICATION OP THESE PRINCIPLES TO SELF-IMPROVEMENT. Having thus far seen : first, v/ha.t constitutes a good physi- cal organization ; that is, health, and, with it, the condition of body most favorable to intellectual and moral enjoyment, namely, the normal, vigorous, and p'oporfionate action of all the corporeal organs ; and, secondly, in what mental health, or the conditions of intellectual and moral happiness, consist ; that is, what constitutes a good head, or perfection of character, namely, the evenly developed, equal, harmonious, and proportion- ate exercise of every phrenological organ and faculty ; we pro- ceed to apply these principles to both self-improvement and the moral training and government of children. And the first thing to be done in this application, is to ascertain where- in we, our children, or those to whose improvement these principles are to be applied, depart from that balance, or standard of perfection, already shown to embody the great condition of virtue and enjoyment — to ascertain what physi- cal organs are too weak, {none can, be too strong, if duly ba- lanced,) or abnormal in function ; that is, inflamed, or per- verted, or improperly directed ; and the second is, to set about restoring their balance, and their normal action. Thus, if the head be too large for the body, or if the mental temperament greatly predominate, especially in children, remove books, excitement, all stimulants, and business of all kinds — every thing that has induced this preponderance — and set about a vigorous cultivation of the muscular system, by judicious, but almost constant, muscular exercise, in the open air; that is, by walking, laboring, horticultural employments, riding, gym- nastic exercises, climbing the hills — any thing and every thing that will give action to the muscular, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and perspiratory systems, and prosecute this course till this balance, and with it health, are restored; besides ab- staining from tea, coffee, condiments, tobacco, and all artifi- cial stimulants. If digestion be poor, circulation feeble, and APPLICATION OF THESE PRINCIPLES TO SELF-IMPROVEMENT. 14<1 dyspeptic or coasumptive tendencies begin to appear, pursue a similar course, and at whatever sacrifice. Neglect not for a day, any means of restoring yourself to health, virtue, and happiness. In other Avords, apply the principles presented in the section on Physiology and Health. But, if your nutritive system be too active — if you eat and breathe more than you exercise your mvscles or brains, and are therefore becoming plethoric, fat, lazy, and predisposed to gout, apoplexy, and febrile diseases, feed less and work more, till you consume animal energy as fast as you manufacture it. Sleep less, give little time for leisure, but take on all the work you can possibly do, and keep at work, late nights and early mornings, and every effort will make you twice happy — once in the very e'fort itself, and the other, in the beneficial ends secured thereby. But more specific still. If you are thin-faced, sharp-featured, lank, slim in the abdominal region, or inclined to bend forward you are working off more animal energy than you are manufactu- ring. Perhaps you are dyspeptic. Perhaps you over eat. Per- haps you over work. Perhaps both. Perhaps you confine your- self within doors, and get too little fresh air. Possibly you take too little exercise. Or, it may be too much. Perhaps too little sleep. Or your digestion being bad, you may sleep hours enough, but it does you little good. Or your mind may be worn down, with care. Some secret, permanent occasion of grief may be preying upon you, (for there is no telling the damage done to the animal economy by mental unhappiness.) A thousand causes may conspire either to prevent the manufactory of vitality, or to work it off too fast when it is manufactured. Though, if a full supply is but manufactured, it is almost impossible to work it off faster than it is made. The great danger is, that sufficient vitality will not be 'produced, not that men over do. Put your vitality-manufactory in good order, and there is little danger that you will work off energy faster than it will be furnished. This is the danger. Mankind allow their vital apparatus to become disordered — digestion to be impaired, so that the food ferments or sours on the stomach instead of being converted into nourishment ; their circulation to become impaired, their lungs to be compressed by a stooping posture, by whalebone, by corsets, or by staying much within doors, their skin 11 142 THE PRACTICAL APPLICAXION OF THESE PRIKCIPLES. to become inactive, and colds to multiply on them,* &c., — and yet continue to work o^ animal energy as fast as they did while their vital apparatus was vigorous. Not that they absolutely over do ; but only relatively, compared with the amount of animal energy furnished by the vital apparatus. There is little danger as long as men keep their vital apparatus good, except of surfeiting. I say, then, the very fact that you are poor in flesh, spare, and, especially caved in at the abdomen, is a certain indication that you are working off vitality faster than your vital apparatus is manufactu- ring it ; and thereby prematurely and permanently exhausting your constitution. Turn a square corner. Follow at once those directions already given for restoring the normal and vigorous ac- tion of the . vital apparatus, and thereby avoid a doom otherwise sure soon to enfeeble both mind and body, blast all the joys of life, and lay you in the cold and silent tomb. Above all, let vspare per- sons qidt tobacco in all its forms. The very fact that they are spare shows that they have too little vitality for their action, while tobacco increases that action, already too great. If you are ^00 fleshy, and especially, corpulent, or fully devel- oped in the abdomen, the opposite of the last supposition, then you must eat less and do more both muscularly and intellectually. Otherwise, obesity is your doom, and therewith, one or other of those diseases that accompany a plethoric habit. Especially applicable and important to children, are these rules and directions. They are usually fleshy, plump featured, and full * What means the extraordinary severity and prevalence of colds of late years? For example: In June and July, 1843; in February and March, 1844 ; and at other times previously, when nine in ten of all you met had the "Tyler pripe," or the "prevailing influenza," or a "terrible cold 1" This will never do. First, it is not necessary ; and, secondly, no epidemic is equally dangerous, because the yeliow fever, scarlet fever, bi- lious fever, &c., do their depredations openly and rapidly, so that people take the alarm ; but colds, while they are even more fatal, are so insidious and so ofien induce oiher diseases, consumptions especially, that they are regarded with indifference, and thus allowed to go on, adding cold to cold, till the system, entangled, like the fly in the gathering folds of the spider's web, sinks in its struggles for emancipation, weacktned in every part, tho- roughly diseased, and is then handed over to some other disease to finish up the work of death. But, I hail with joy the growing custom of daily ablutions, and of the water cure, &c., as preventatives of colds, and there- by, of the diseases they engender. APPLICATION OF THIS PRINCIPLE TO CHILDREN. 14 either in judgment or conduct — is more intimately associated with his virtue and happiness, and success through life, than all other knowledge united. Before he can correct any defect, he must know precisely in what that defect consists — must know the pre- cise faculty that is too strong, or too weak, or wrongly exercised. Now, this very knowledge, phrenology, if true, furnishes, and that with the certainty attending physical deinonstration. It will enable every individual to place his own fingers upon every ele~ ment of his character; and in case his predominant self-esteem has rendered him proud and self-conceited, or its deficiency led him to underrate his capabilities or moral worth, and produced diffidence, it will correct these estimates, and teach men precisely what they really are. 146 SELF-KNOWLEDGE ITS VALUE, But in case you cannot afford time to study Phrenology enough to arrive at this self-knowledge with the required precision and certainty, apply to a skilful and experienced practical Phrenologist, not from motives of curiosity, not to test the science, not to be amused, but to learn your failings. Tell him frankly your object, your circumstances, state of health, education, parentage, &c. Request him to examine your physical organization, or state of body, as well as the development of your organs, and to give "phy- siological as well as phrenological advice. Request a thorough examination, and a full, frank exposition of the true state of the case, placing yourself under his instruction as you would under the tuition of other teachers, or as in the case of a physician when sick. And by combining your own experience with his examina- tion, you will be able to learn with certainty at least all your lead- ing excesses and defects : their remedy will be pointed out in the following pages. If he require additional compensation for this extra labc r, it will be money well spent, provided he can be relied upon as a correct examiner ;* otherwise his examination is worth nothing. * This application of Phrenology shows how infinitely superior practi- cal Phrenology is to all the hooks evi;r written or lectures ever delivered upon the science itself, or its hearings. This " examining hods " has heen frowned upon long enough by speculating, reasoning, hook-making phreno- logists. Even George Corahe, lo whcm all concede very superior ahili- ties as a writer merely, when solicited to examine heads, uniformly re- plied: " /Szr, I did 7ioL come in this country to examine heads.'''' Were examining heads wrong or disgraceful, this reply would have been right? but there is no other justification of it except inability. The Kew York Phrenological Fociety refuses to admit any practical Phrenologist as mem- ber, because of their hostiliiy to examinations; and Andrew Bcardman, in his imroductory to George Combe's Leciures on Phrenology, takes strong ground against practical Phrenology, thereby putting weapons into the mouth of ami-Phrenologists. (See Dr. Hamilton's Lectures, p. 25.) Let the ptihlic judge between them and us. We have foueht a desperate battle, not against anii-plirenoloeisis merely nor mainly, but against these IPim osoi'msj'^G phreno/ogists. But the daj is now ours. Thair application of practical phrenology to the ascertainment of faults preparatory to their correction, is itself a host. Every anti-praciica! phrenolrgiral S(-ciety has died ; and wiihotu practical Phrenology, the science itself must inevitably die, at least in effect, with this matter-of-fact age and nation. AND HOW TO OBTAIN IT. 147 The time has been, when men applied to the author for exami- nations mainly as a matter of novelty, or curiosity, or to put the science to a practical test. But, a most gratifying change is now eoming over the public mind. The majority of those who now apply for examinations, are pretty thoroughly convinced of its truth, and wish to derive benefit therefrom, and I make it a profes- sional point to specify the faults, and put them upon the track of self- improvement, that is, to tell them what organs are too large, and what too small, and especially, to administer 'physiological advice by telling them which of the physical organs are becoming too feeble, or inflamed, or perverted. And thousands have testified, both their gratitude, and their improvement, by having followed my advice. Indeed, I practice Phrenology more in order to use the tremendous power it affords of giving wholesome advice, and thereby doiriT; good, than from all other motives combined. And hence, in ra irking charts, I of late always throw a circular stroke over organs that are too small, ami re:|uire to be brought up, and under those that are too large, and require to be watched or guard- ed against excess. Those signs, especially in connection with this work, will be found to be invaluable, especially to the young. By these signs they will see what organs require to be brought up and down, and by referring to this work, they are told hoio to strengthen those that require to be strengthened, and to guard those that re- quire guarding. And to present this whole matter at one glance, a table has been placed at the beginning of the work, by marking which the reader is referred to those pages, which tell him how to do what these marks tell him requires to be done. To children, these examinations are especially important. They point out what organs are too large and what too small, and then this work will tell parents how to stimulate defective ones continu- ally, and to remove stimulating action from those that are too large. Above all, phrenology furnishes a method of telling chil- dren, youth, and men, companions and friends, their faults, incom- parably superior to all others. By having a parent or a iiiend. reiterate a fault for the hundredth time, and not unfrequently in a blaming spirit, they become impatient or angry, and are injured thereby ; but the Phrenologist has no prepossessions or prejudices either way. He goes by the developments. He sees by the head that I possess such and such faults, and therefore it must be so. 148 ASCENDANCY OF THE MOEAL SKNTIMENTS. He also tells me how to avoid them. I will try to do as he tells lue. If you wish to lell a friend or a child their real faults, take them to a thorough Phrenologist. He will be sure to espy the er- ror, and to point it out. And, being pointed out scientifically, they can hardly fail to perceive their errors and reform. Nor am I afraid that there will ever be too many good Phreno- logists. Every town should have one or more. They should be more numerous than doctors (not are, but) should be, and should be consulted upon all points touching self-knowledge and self-im- provement, as much as physicians are in sickness. Especially, do we require female phrenologists to advise in regard to children. Public lectures by females may, and may not, be proper ; but for females to give professional advice, especially to children, youth, and their own sex, is as proper as to teach school. At least, I stand ready to support it by all the influence I can bring to bear upon it. But, after all, as there is nothing like every one's being his own doctor, so there is nothing like every one's being his own phre- nologist. Parents should understand it as a guide in educating and choosing occupations for their children, and should teach it to their children as a branch oj" study.* Our population should grow up Phrenologists. They will then grow up virtuous, healthy, and happy. SECTION III. THE ASCENDANCY OF THE MORAL SENTIMENTS AND INTELLECT, AND THE PROPER DIRECTION OF ALL THE FACULTIES. Before proceeding directly to the subject matter of the work — the analysis and means of cultivating the faculties, it is necessary that we state and illustrate two other important laws of our nature, or conditions of virtue and enjoyment. The first is the great law * Just as soon as the author can get up the pocket edition of his works^ he intench to prepare a work on Phrenoloiry, expressly for children, (ama- teurs included,) which shall make it so plain ihat a child can be his own teacher, and make an eflbrt to introduce it as a branch of learning into the common schools of the country. AND INTELLECTITAL FACULTIES. 149 which requires the ascendency of the higher faculties over the pro- pensities, or, at least, that the latter be governed, guided, directed, and restrained, by the combined action of the moral sentiments and intellect. Without rendering obedience to this law, there is no virtue, no enjoyment in life ; but, this law obeyed, all is peace and happiness. A few illustrations will serve to explain both the law itself, and its importance. Let it still be borne in mind, that v/e live to be happy — that whatever augments our pleasures, both temporarily and ultimately, furthers the ends of our being, and that whatever- causes pain, is wrong, and should be avoided. In short, we need only to be selfish — to promote our own greatest ultimate good. Our own happiness, then, and also that of our fellow-men, require that we govern our conduct by the moral sentiments and intellect — that we never exercise the propensities but " by and with the consent," and under the direction, of the intellectual and moral faculties — that every exercise of the propensities not thus govern- ed, results in misery, both to the individual, and also to all concerned. Thus : the exercise of Appetite, by itself, indulged for the mere pleasures of Ihe palate, and without the intellect to choose the kind and quality of our food, or the moral sentiments to restrain its ex- cessive action, will often eat unwholesome food, and in excessive quantities, which will derange the stomach, undermine the health, blunt the moral sensibilities, benumb the intellect, and sap the fountain-head of nearly all our physical as well as mental andf moral pleasures, besides greatly abridging those very pleasures o the palate sought in its indulgence. But, let it be indulged under the control of intellect — let the latter chose the best kind, and dic- tate the proper amount, offood, and let the moral sentiments restrain its excess, and the consequences will be, the greatest gustatory enjoyment that we are capable of experiencing, as well as abun- dant sustenance to all the other physical and mental faculties, and the greatest pleasures in the expenditure of this sustenance. If Combativeness be exercised alone, without the sanctifying influences of the moral sentiments, and in opposition to the dictates of reason, it becomes mere brute force, mere bravado and physical fight, bursting forth on all occasions, quarrelling with every body, not only without cause, but in opposition to right, and making its possessor and all around him miserable. But, let this organ be 150 SUPREMACY OF THE MORAL SENTIMENTS. exercised iinder the direction and control of the intellectual and moral faculties, and it becomes moral courage, a defence of right and truth, and of the oppressed, and opposes whatever is wrong and pernicious in its tendency — than which no element of our na- ture yields its possessor a richer harvest of the most pure and exalted pleasure, in addition to the pleasure felt in exercising this feeling, and the beneficial ends obtained thereby. Let a man exercise Acquisitiveness as the robber and knave exercise it, without intellect, to tell him that this course, in the long run, will prevent his becoming rich, and without the moral sentiments to show how wrong and unjust this course, that is, let him exercise this organ without intellect to point out the most suc- cessful course, or the moral sentiments to prevent his getting it by extortion and robbery, and other similar means, however unjust, and tills organ will make him w^retched, and also all whom he wrongs by his dishonesty. Ill-gotten wealth, injures all and bene- fits none. But let intellect guide a man so that he chooses the hest course to make money, and then let Conscientiousness cause him to make money honestly, and pay all he owes, and Benevolence prevent his distressing any one by his efforts to acquire property, and that man will enjoy his money, and enjoy life, ir^^nitely more than will he whose Acquisitiveness is not thus governed. The merchants in a town in which I once resided, held their goods at so enormous a price, that they drove all the valuable custom to a neighboring town, where the merchants had moral feeling enough to ask only a fair, livmg profit, and intellect enough to see that " a nimble sixpence is better than a slow shilling." The former mer- chants failed, and thus defeated their own object, but the latter are very prosperous, and enjoy much more, both in the possession of their wealth, anil in the thought that they obtained it honestly, than the former class. Let a mother be ever so fond of her child, but let her not guide her maternal love by the dictates of enlightened reason, nor by the direction of her moral feelings, and she will sfoil that child by over-indulgence and mismanagement — an occurrence as lamentable as it is common — but, let a parent love this child intellectually ^ that is, let his intellect be exercised along with his parental attach- ment, and be guided by it, and he will manage his child in the best manner possible, and also seek the moral education and spirit- SUPUEMACY OF THE MORAL SENTIMENTS. 151 ual good of his child by training him up in the way he should go, and the happiness of both parent and child, and of all who come within iheir influence, will be the delightful result. How heaven- wide the contrast between a good and a bad child ! Even if the parent love his child morally, and seek to make him better, but unguided by intellect, actually makes him worse, a course very common, then his child is a torment to himself, his parents, and all concerned. We must love our children intellectually and morally, if we would either have thejn enjoy life, or we enjoy life in our children. If a man exercise his Friendship, without the governing influ- ences of intellect and the sanctions, of the moral sentiments, he will choose low and immoral associates, who will lower down the tone of his moral feelings, and lead him into the paths of sin, and thus make him unhappy. But, if he exercise his friendship under the sanction of the moral faculties and intellect — if he choose in- tellectual and moral companions, they will expand his intellect and strensfthen his virtuous feelino;s, and this will make him and them the more happy. Friendship, founded on intellect and virtu- ous feeling, is far more exalted in its character, and beneficial in its influence, than when founded on any olher considerations, while friendship founded on the propensities, will increase the depravity and misery of all concerned. Let Approbativeness, or love, of the good opinion of others, be governed by the moral sentiments, and it becomes ambition to excel in works of philanthropy, and seeks to keep the moral cha- racter pure and spotless ; and let it be guided by the intellect, and it becomes intellectual ambition, and seeks eminence in the walks of literature or the fields of science ; but when 7iot thus governed, it degenerates into a low, animal, grovelling, sensual ambition, an ambition to become the greatest eater, or fighter, or duellist, or dandy, or coquette, which causes unhappiness to the possessor? and to all concerned. If Self-Esteem be governed by intellect and moral feeling, it imparts nobleness and elevation to the charac- ter and conduct, which sheds a beam of exalted pleasure on its pos- sessor and on all around him ; but when Jiot thus governed, it dege- nerates into egotism, self-conceit, imperativeness, and supercilious- ness, which gives pain to himself and to all affected by this quality in him. MEANS OF SUBDUING THE ANIMAL PROPENSITIES. l52 Let Cautionsness be exercised withont intellect, that is, when there is no reason for being afraid, and it produces evil only ; but let intellect govern it, so that it is exercised only when there is real danger to be avoided, or let it be exercised with Benevolence, or Justice, making us fearful lest we do wrong, or careful not to injure others, and its product is most beneficial. This principle might be illustrated and enforced by Amativeness, and indeed by every one of the lower organs, and also reversed by showing how haj)]py is the man who governs his principles and conduct by enlight- ened intellect and high-toned moral sentiment s,but it is already ren- dered too plain to require it. In short, man is constituted to be go- verned thoughout by his higher faculties, and there is no enjoyment for him unless he puts intellect on the throne and the moral senti- ments as joint rulers of the kingdom of his animal nature. Much of the evil existing in society, much of the suffering which stares us wherever we turn our eyes, have their origin in the violation of this law. Nor is this misery, so extensive, so diversified, to be wondered at, if we consider that nineteen-twentieths of the time, desiies, pursuits, pleasures, anxieties, &c., of mankind are con- sumed in feeding and gratifying his animal nature merely; in scrambling after property ; in getting something to eat, and drink, and wear, and live in, and show off" with ; in gratifying his love or povi^er, or his grasping ambition ; in politics, friendship, and fa- mily cares ; in combating, conteiiding, backbiting, lasciviousness, and like animal gratifixations. War, love, money, and display, sura up the history of man since his creation to the present time. Before man can become virtuous and happy, his animal nature must be subjected to the control of his moral and intellectual faculties. This animality of man is in striking harmony with the fact, that a large proportion of the human brain is in the region of the feel- ings, while but a small moiety is found in the region of the in- tellect. The question, then, returns with great force, on the means of subduing our animal propensities, and of improving the tone and vigor of the sentiments anrl intellect. A more important question can hardly be asked, and the answer to none, is better calculated to make mankind virtuous and happy. And one of the answers to this important question, is to be found in applying the pinciple already presented of relation between the SINFULNESS OFTEN CAUSED BY THYSICAL DI30RDEE. 153 body and the base of the brain. That principle renders it self-evi- dent that sin is often, if not generally, caused merely by physical disorder — by an inflamed or an over stimulated state of the body, which keeps the base of the brain, or the propensities, in a fevered state, the result of which is sinful feelings and conduct. No one doubts, but that those who drink are more sinful than if they were temperate^ not alone in the mere act of drinking, but in that phren- zy of animal passion caused by that physical disease induced by drink. Strong drink has well been called the parent of all the vices. It is so, because it sets the whole basilar region in com- motion, and thereby gives the propensities the ascendency over the moral sentiments and intellect. No one- doubts that men curse, swear, fight, gamble, revel, and do every thing else that is wicked, more when intoxicated than when sober, and no one doubts, there- fore, that the physiological state induced by liquor produces these sins. No one doubts, either, that a man is rendered more irritable and ill tempered by dyspepsia, than by health, or that this ill temper is sinful, that is, a merely physical disease augments sinful- ness. Nor will it be doubted that children are usually more cross, peevish, and oftener and more easily angered, when unwell than when well, nor that this bad temper is sinfuL That is, they are rendered sinful by being sick, and if kept unwell most of the time, this constant exercise of the propensities augments their power, and they become bad members of society from being unwell while young. No one doubts, but that cheating and selfishness, in the common acceptation of the latter term, are sinful, and yet they are often induced by a fevered state of the body, brought on by confine- ment, care, want of sleep, or one or more of those thousands of things that throw the body into a fevered state, and thereby keep the propensities in a constant fever and excitement. Need I name thousands of other illustrations of the general fact, that much of the sinfulness of mankind has its origin in a disordered physiology? This cause of much of man's sinfulness, reveals also its cure, namely, by curing the body. If you chew or smoke tobacco, se- gars of cause included, you thereby, necessarily, throw your ner- vous system, and, consequently, your propensities, into a fevered state, and hence are rendered irritable, apt to over-eat, liable to over-reach in trade, perhaps rendered licentious, or at least, are corrupted by impure feelings, desires, and thoughts, blunted as to 254 TOBACCO, TEA, AND COFFEE. your moral sensibilities, and every way rendered more animal and less moral by this filthy practice. Nor is it possible for any hu- man being to take tobacco in any form without being artificially sti- mulated thereby ; nor to be thus stimulated, without experiencing a morbid craving action of the propensities, and thus consequen; ascendency over the moral sentiments and intellect. Every tobacco eater or smoker is thereby and therefore rendered immoral ; that is, animal, and necessarily so ; because tobacco always and neces- sarily stimulates, and all artificial s'imulants necessarily induce the morbid and sinful actions of the propensities. The fact that tobac- co stimulates, is incontestible, and the principle already demonstrat- ed that stimulants act mainly upon the propensities, has been placed beyond all cavil or doubt, and the law that the predomi- nence of the propensities over the moral sentiments and intellect produces sin and misery, no one will dispute. Now put this and that together. That tobacco stimulates the propensities, and there- by gives them the ascendency over the upper faculties, renders the inference incontestible, that tobacco produces vice and misery— always, necessarily. Similar remarks apply to the use of tea and coffee. They also stimulate always, necessarily. This is their nature and constitu- tional effect, as well as the facts of the case. Who ever saw a strong tea or coffee drinker who was not peevish, fretful, impati- ent, easily vexed, and more or less given to scolding, or at least to teasing ? They also induce depression of spirits and thus dissatis- faction with every thing, and, in conjunction with religious feeling, often induce pious melancholy, a state of mind as foreign from true piety as sickness is from health. And yet it passes for the very extieme of piety. I refer to that species manifested by David Brainard, and strong tea-drinking old grandmothers who feel so very unworthy and fearful of eternal misery. Nothing can obvi- ate the inference that tea-drinking excites the propensities and pro- duces sinfulness. It excites Language, and hence the gossip and neighborhood scandal that circulates around the tea table. But enough. The principle that tea is a stimulant, and as such excites the propensities, is beyond all dispute. Remember, ye lovers of narcotic drugs, that they do not render you one whit the more hap- py, but only the more miserable and animal. Various kinds of food might be specified as producing similar effects, flesh and condiments especially, but our want of space for- THE NORMAL ACTION OF THN FACULTIES. 155 bids. The principle is before the reader. I only say in gene- ral terms to those who wish to enjoy their moral sentiments and subdue their propensities, rectify your i^hysiology. Put your body into a quiet state. This is the first and the main direction re- quisite for making individuals or mankind better. To parents who wish to make their children good, we give the same advice, and especially recommend bathing as every way calculated to carry off feverish, morbid excitement from the body, and of course from the propensities, thus giving the moral sentiments and intellect abun- dant opportunit)' to assume the ascendency. To three other important laws of virtue, or conditions of enjoy- ment, I will briefly advert, before passing to the analysis of the or- gans, one of which is, that, to be productive of happiness, every faculty must be exercised upon with its legitimate object, and in accordance with \ts normal fund Ion. In other words: every faculty has two modes of manifestation ; the one, it normal, pleasu- rable, or virtuous ; the other, its abnormal, painful, or sinful action. Thus ; the normal, pleasurable exercise of Conscience is that hap py state of mind which results from a consciousness of having don^ right, that is, from the approbation of a clear conscience ; but, its painful, abnormal action, produces the compunctions and the goad- ings of a guilty conscience; — those upbraidings or self-condemna- tions, which result from a consciousness of having done wrong. The natural, primitive function of Ideality is the pleasure we experience in beholding or contemplating the beautiful in nature, art, or senti- ment, and in exercising those refined, elevating feelings which flow from the exercise of this faculty ; while its reversed action causes those painful feelings of disgust and loathsomeness with which this organs regards vulgarity and grossness. The normal function of Approbativeness is that delight which we experience when commended for truly praiseworthy, honorable conduct, while its abnormal, or reversed action, causes that feeling of mortification and shame which we experience when rebuked for what we know to be disgraceful. The normal function of Adhesiveness is that unalloyed pleasure taken by cordial, sincere, intimate friends in the society of each other, but its reversed, unnatural function is the pain felt, the lacerations of friendship produced, by the loss, death, removal or separation of friends, or by their turning enemies. The natural function of Philoprogenitiveness is the pleasure parents THE NORMAL ACTION OF THE FACULTIES. 156 take in their children when they see them growing up healthy, ta- lented, and good, while their heing sick, or depraved, or wretched, wounds, pains, reverses this faculty. The normal function of Com- bativeness is resistance, resolution, self-defence, protection, energy of character ; its unnatural or viciousc ation, is anger, violence of temper, irrltabihty, peevishness, faultfinding, abusiveness, &c. The natural function of Alimentiveness is appetite for those kinds of food best calculated to sustain nature, and in a due degree ; its sin- ful exercise, is gormandizing, gluttony, sensuality, intemperance, tobacco chewing, tea and coffee hankering and drinking, (fcc. The natural function of Causality is to reason by way of investigating truth, and in exposing error, as well as in adapting lawful means to the attaimnent of proper ends ; its perverted function consists in either employing wrong means, or effecting wicked ends, or rea- soning against truth, or in defence of wrong, that is, in putting it to an improper use. The natural function of Language is to ex- press correct and useful ideas, in a proper, beautiful manner ; its perversion consists in retailing petty slander, or using it to excite improper, injurious feelings, or communicate what will do harm. Similar remarks will apply to Mirthfulness, Individuality, Time, Calculation, Secretiveness, Acquisitiveness, and indeed, to every mental power and physical organ. In other words. There is a healthy, and an unhealthy function belonging to every mental fa- culty, as w^ell as to every physical organ. The idea may be new, but it is true, that Combativeness, and Appetite, and Caution, and each of the Affections, as well as Hope, Justice, Devotion, Taste, and all the organs, are capable of being sick, and often are sick — as effectually diseased as the stomach, lungs, liver, nerves, or any physical organ. And in regard to the mental organs, as in regard to the physical, their healthy action gives pleasure, that is, is virtuous and happy, while the product of their sickly, or diseased function, is 'pain, sin, wickedness. Whether all the sin, and wic- kedness, and consequent misery of man, is caused solely by this sickness of his phrenological organs, readers will judge for them- selves ; but that very much of it is, the author entertains not a doubt. I put much of the sinfulness of mankind on a par with insanity, with physical disease. I regard it as a sickness of the err- ino- organs. I spare many whom others condemn. And I tell many who are striving to overcome their ^^easily besetting sins, HARMONIOUS ACTION OF THF FACULTIES. 157 that some of their organs are sickly, and must be cured before they can be restored to moral purity or health. This sickness causes the action of the sick organs to be unnatural, pervertetl, reversed, ab- normal, painful, sinful, — all different names for the same thing. Cure the orgcms, and you restore the diseased function to its na- tural, primitive, virtuous happy action. This restoration can be greatly aided by an effort of the will, and also by knowing what that normal function is, so as to set the faculties at work upon their proper object, or in harmony with their primitive constitution. Hence, in the subsequent analysis of the faculties, I shall give both their healthy and their sickly manifestions — their virtuous, and vi- cious action — the former under the head of their definitions, and adoptions, the latter under the head of abuses. And in edu- catino- children, too much pains cannot be taken to give their faculties this healthy direction ; or rather, to retain that healthy direction which they must have at first. And let every one to whom pain is painful, or happiness desirable, study out the normal, con- stitutionul pleasurable function of every faculty, and direct his faculties accordingly. To be happy, is not so very difficult a matter after people know how, and this principle, simple as it is, opens up one of the greatest causes of suffering that exist, and one of the broadest roads to enjoyment conceivable. The other principle is, that the faculties be trained all to work harmoniously with each other, and never be allowed to conflict or quarrel with each other. The bible says truly, " Happy is that man who condemneth not himself in that which he alloweth ;" and mis- erable indeed is he who doth. This warring of the faculties is utterly destructive of happiness, and the very quintessence of suffer- ing. A few illustrations. I know a young woman who became strongly, devotedly attached to a young man whom she at first sup- posed every way worthy her tender and confiding love, but whom she afterwards found to be directly the reverse, and depraved, in many respects. When finally convinced of his guilt, she yet could not cease to love him. Marry him, her moral feeling utterly refu- sed to allow her to do ; cease to love him, her social affections would not, and this contention between misplaced but deep-rooted love on the one hand, and intellect and the moral sentiments on the other, broke down one of the best of constitutions, rendered one every way capable of being most happy in the domestic relations, most 12 158 THE CONCERTED ACTION OF THE FACULTIES. miseraWe, and continued in spite of separation, in spite of the re- monstrances of both friends and her own superior faculties, till she was magnetized, and in that state forbidden by her raagnetizer to dwell upon this painful, ruinous subject. This alone gave that re- lief,* without which it is morally certain, that this struggle between her faculties would have ruined both mind and body. Like tearing one's self in two — like pulling one part of the body one way and another part the other way, till the ligaments that united thera are torn asunder — is this internal fretting and w^arring of the faculties. And I doubt not but many women who read these pages, will them- selves have experienced this clinging of their atfections to objects that were repulsive to some of their other faculties, and that many others will call to mind pitiable illustrations of the disastrous conse- quences of this quarrelling of the faculties. Have not many men who may read these pages, while forming, or proposing to form matrimonial alliances, for their pride wandered by something that required more submission or dependence than they were willing to cancell, and yet been unable to withdraw their affections, though rendered most miserable thereby, and willing to do any thing in the world to restore peace to their troubled minds? troubled because of this civil war of their faculties. Let a young man who loves his independence, and yet loves money, go into a store W'here he is made a menial, with the certain prospect of becoming a partner and getting rich if he will submit for a while to their dictation. He wants the place but he hates the service; and this struggle between liberty and interest, is perfect tor- ment to his troubled soul. Have not many readers had experience, if not in this, at least in other kindred illustrations ? Pardon a personal allusion here. A godly clergyman who preached where the author was brought up, and to whom he looked up as a model of perfection, was rarely ever seen to smile, and some- times remarked that the Savior was often known to w' eep, but never to laugh. From this, joined with a very rigid religious education, I imbibed the notion that it was wucked to laugh or joke. Still, mirthfulness would out. Conscientiousness would then upbraid till *The author has seen many cases of magnetized persons being required to do particular things at certain times, which he never knew ihem fail to do. Some such cases were stated in vol. V. of the Phrenological Journal. He designs soon to prosecute this subject still farther, in the Journal. THE CONFLICT OP THE FACULTIES. I59 a promise of reform gave a truce. But traitorous mirthfulness would break the armistice and again and continually embioil the conten- ding armies in civil war. Year after year d'd this internal warfare go on without cessation till Phrenology separated the combatants and restored, peace by telling Conscience that it was not wronp- to lau^h but was both right and necessarj', as a means of health, as a means of enjoyment, as a primitive function of man's nature. I have suf- fered from a broken leg, and have endured a dislocated arm. Much pain ; much debility; but the like of this civil war I never expe- rienced before or since. And all from this vi'arring of the faculties. And this from ignorance and superstition. The exercise of every primitive faculty is right, is necessary, provided it be in conjunction with all the others, and upon its legitimate object. A man whose Combativeness is subject to quick and powerful excitement, yet whose large Conscientiousness condemns him there- fore, endures more than the pains of purgatory by this quarrellino- of Conscientiousness and Combativeness. Or, perhaps Appetite and Conscience quarrel — the former insisting on eating more than the latter will allow, and a guilty conscience continually upbraidino- him for his continual violation of what he knows to be right and duty. Reader, does not this illustration go home to thy own expe- rience 1 Does not thy conscience and thy appetite struggle for vic- tory, each at the same time inflicting deep wounds upon the other that lacerated thy guilty soul with more than thousands of stripes'? Or, perhaps thy kindness and thy justice, or thy justice and thy love of money, or thy devotion and thy propensities, are at swords' points, each thrusting daggers through thy soul more dreadful than death itself, or, at least, sufficient to mar all the pleasures of life 1 A house divided against itself cannot stand. He who condemns him- self for what he does, or any of whose faculties act in opposition to each other, is thereby rendered inconceivably wretched. Yet, happy is he all of whose faculties work together in the silken cords of union and harmony. Happy he whose conscience approver him for what he likes to eat, or to do, or to be, and thereby sweet- ens his rich repast. Whose love of family and of money each re« double the energy and augment the happiness of the other. Whose feelings and love of children are both gratified by seeing his chil- dren growing up in the fear of the Lord, and walking in the ways of wisdom. Who loves the wife of his bosom without alloy, and/ 160 ADVANTAGES OF CONCERT OF ACTION. sees no blemish, but every perfection to heighten the action and the pleasure of all his other faculties. Whose love of justice and love of money delight to acquire money to discharge all his pecuni- ary obligations. Whose hopes and fears never vascillate. Whose intellectual convictions of truth never clash, but always blend "with all his feelings and conduct. Whose tastes are all gratified by his occupation and associations. Whose friends have every quality that he likes, and none that mar his pleasure in them. All of whose faculties move on in harmonious concert, to attain one common end, desired by all, delightful to all. Who is completely at peace with himself. He is happy. His cup of pleasure is full to its brim, unmingled with a single drop of bitterness or atom of pain. He is holy. He is perfect. He is happy. May every rea- der see this law, apply this law, enjoy this law, and their children and household along with them. In presenting this principle, let me not be misunderstood. I shall elsewhere show that one way, and that the most effectual, of sub- duing dominant propensities, is to array the moral sentiments against them. If the propensities become perverted, array the moral sen- timents and intellect against them in mortal combat. This will reform them if they can be reformed ; besides being the severest punishment mankind can possibly endure. But I mean that this clashing should not occur except as a means of reform; and that when it does occur, its cause should be ferreted out and corrected. When all the faculties operate in harmony with their legitimate functions, none of this clashing can occur. When it does occur, let the guilty sufferer (his suffering implies that he is guilty) ferret ut the matter. Let him see which faculty has broken from its normal function, or whether both have strayed from the fold of virtue, and restore the wanderer. In other words, let no faculty be found arrayed against the legitimate function of any others, but only against their abnormal or vicious manifestation, and then for the express purpose of affecting reform. But this point will be more ful y presented hereafter. An additional advantage derived from this concert of action is the increased strength given by this co-operation of all the faculties. Thus, if cautiousness and combativeness oppose each other, they produce that mental uncertainty, and consequent irresolution, which palsies every effort and blasts success, but, blending together, they give ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF THE FACULTIES. 16 1 both that energy and prudence combined, which renders success al- most certain. Let causality lay hold of the same rope, and devise a well concerted plan for this combined prudence and energy to ex- ecute. Let Benevolence draw in the same traces. Let this well concerted and efficiently executed plan seek the happiness of man- kind. Let conscientiousness sanction it, and urge on every other faculty to labour for its accomplishment. Let hope cheer them On with bright prospects of abundant success. Let language, let all the other organs contribute their resources, and find ample employment in furthering this labour of love. Let Firmness keep them stable to their work, and prosecute this well laid scheme till it is completely effected. Let ambition, let piety, let every ele- ment of soul and body league together to carry on and carry out the noble progress, and each, besides contributing its quota of help, al- so increases the action of all the others. Union is strength. Di- vision is weakness. A vast augmentation of power is derived from this harmonious cooperation of all the faculties. If any faculty re- fuses to come up to the work, besides the absolute loss of its own power, it weakens the hands of all the others. Frequently, a sin- gle faculty will completely nullify the combined effort of all the rest. But enough. The principle is clear ; is forcible. Let eve- ry mother apply it. Let every child be trained in view of it. Es- pecially, let all those faculties which the business or the pleasure of any othei require to act in concert, be trained accordingly, and a vast augmentation of success will follow. I must here explain one other important principle of Phrenology, Or rather of mind, partly because I wish to employ it in this connex- ion, and partly because I shall have frequent occasion to employ it hereafter. I allude to the fact that the faculties are catching — that the activity of any faculty in one, naturally excites the same facul- ty in others ; and excites it pleasurably or painfully, according as its action in the first is painful or pleasurable. Combativeness in one, for instance, kindles Combativeness in others, w^hile Benevo- lence excites Benevolence ; Causality, Causality, &c. Thus, when Kindness does you a favour, you are anxious to return it, and are rendered more obliging to all ; Benevolence in him, exciting kind- ly feelings in you. Being addressed in an angry, imparative tone, kindles your ovra anger in return, and excites in you a spirit of re- sistance and reaentmeat. For example : ^j 162 EVERY FACULTY IN ONE Mr. Sharp* said, angrily, to a lad, " Go along, and bring me that basket yonder. Be quick, or I'll fiOg you !" The boy went tar- dily and poutingly, muttering as he went. " Why don't you hur- ry there, you idle vagabond, you ? Come, be quick, or I'll whip your lazy hide off your back, you saucy, impudent rascal you," re- echoed Mr. Sharp, still more imperatively. The boy went still more slowly, and made up a face still more scornful ; for which Mr. Sharp flogged him ; and in return, the boy conceived and che- rished eternal hatred to Mr. Sharp, and eventually sought and ob- tained the long desired revenge. But Mr. Benign said kindly, to the same boy, " John, will you please run and bring me that bas- ket ?" " Yes, Sir," said John, and off he started on the run, glad to do the good old man a favour. All the neighbours of Mr. Contentious cordially hate him, be- cause he is continually contending with, and blaming, and sueing them. His combativeness manifested towards them, has excited their enmity towards him, so as to cause a perpetual warfare. — Hence, they all cherish ill-will against him, and most of them watch every opportunity to injure him, and he seeks to be revenged on them. But every neighbour of Mr. Obliging gladly improves every op- portunity to serve him ; his neighbourly feelings towards them ha- ving excited their better feelings not only towards him, but even towards each other. Mr. Justice deals fairly with all — asking, and offering but one price ; so that Mr. Banter never tries to beat him dow^n, nor thinks of making or receiving a second offer, but deals fairly with him. — But when Mr. Banter deals with Mr. Close, he stands more upon a sixpence than it is worth, or than he does for a dollar when deal- ing W'ith Mr. Justice, and will neither sell as cheap nor give as much for the same article to Mr. Close as to Mr. Justice, because ^he Acquisitiveness of Mr. Close and Mr. Banter each excites that of the other, while the higher faculties of Mr. Justice restrain the action of this Jewing spirit in all who deal with him. As Parson Reverence enters the sanctuary, clothed with the spi- rit of devotion, and in the air and attitude of sanctity, instantly a solemn feeling pervades the whole assembly, so that even the play- * I employ this forra of expression, because it enables me to personify the organs, and thereby to embody and bring the full force of the idea pre- sented, and the principle illustrated, direcily before the mind in a manner more tangible and easily remembered than any other. EXCITES THE SAME IN OTHERS. 163 ing boys in the gallery catch the pervading spirit of solemnity, and drop their sports. But when Parson Gaity enters the church, a gay, volatile feeling spreads throughout the congregation, and 'the boys laugh aloud. The former is a successful preacher of right- eousness, and has been instrumental in promoting many revivals of religion ; while Parson Gaity has a worldly, fashionable congrega- tion. Revivals of Religion beautifully and forcibly ^lustrate this principal of Sympathy. Mr. Elegant enters into the company of Messrs. Useful and Mis- ses Plain, and at once a feeling of refinement and elegance infuses every breast, chastens every remark, and polishes every action an'd feeling ; but when Mr. Homespun enters the company of Messrs. Wellbred and Misses Genteel, the elevated tone of feeling that before pervaded the company, is lowered as effectually and percep- tibly as when the mass of ice is introduced into a heated atmos- phere ; and he is not well received simply because he interrupts the exercise of refinement and good taste. Mr. Self-Esteem swells and struts past you in the natural expres- sion of pride and scorn, and instantly your own self-sufficiency is excited, you strengthen up, and feel that you are as good as he is ; whereas, but for this manifestation of pride on his part, you would not once have thought of yourself — pride and scorn in another ex- citing the same feelings in you. Two Messrs. Mum were sitting silently in a room, neither hav- ing a woid to say, when Mr. Talkative entered, and began to rat- tle away. This so excited the Language of Messrs. Mum, that they talked incessantly, so that there was not room to put in a word edgewise; v\hereas neither would have said a word had not the Language of Mr. Talkative excited Language in Messrs. Mum. Mr. Logical Reason began to discuss and expound certain im- portant philosophical principles to Mr. Business, who, though he had been too busy before to take time to think or investigate, saw their force, and immediately exclaimed, " How true that is, though I never thought of it before !" and then proceeded to show how perfectly the principle brought to view, and explained what he had often seen, but never before understood. It also set him to thinking upon other subjects, and to investigating other causes. Miss Display came out in a splendid, new-fashioned attire, and almost every lady in town was set on fire by a spirit of emulation. 164 ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF THE FACULTIES. and would not let their husbands and fathers rest till they too could dress like her ; although, unless Miss Display had indulged her own Approbativeness, that of the other milliner-made ladies would not have been excited. Mr. Witty threw off a joke, and this excited the risibles of Mr. Serious, who, in return, manufactured another; whereas, but for Mr. Witty's influence, the face of Mr. S. would still have remained as long as ever. Mrs. Timid, while in a church, screamed out with fright, and nearly all in the house were instantly electrified with fear, but for ■what, they did not know. In 1836, Mr. Hope embarked in speculations in stock, real es- tate, mulberry trees, &c., arid counted his thousands in prospect, "which inspired confidence in the breasts of thousands of the Messrs. Doubtful, who were excited by his spirit and followed his example. Mr. Appetite commenced eating his breakfast greedily, when in came his boy, who soon cried out for a piece, which he probably would not have thought of for hours if he had not seen his father eating so greedily. I now appeal, whether this principle of sympathy, this feeling as others feel — this spreading of the emotions from heart to heart — is not a law of human nature, as well as a doctrine of Phreno- logy ? whether it is not as universal and as uniform as the nature of man, and as powerful as it is universal 1 What heart is so adamantine as not to experience its power, or be swayed by its influence 1 SECTION III. ANALYSIS OF THE FACULTIES, AND MEANS OF INCREASING AND DIMIN- ISHING THEIR ORGANS. We come now to the direct application of these principles to both Self Improvement, and to the moral training and government of children. That is, we shall now proceed to show directly how to enlarge and strengthen the weak faculties, and control, direct, and restrain those that are too large. In effecting this most desirable end — this greatest and best work to which mortals can apply them- selves — the first and the most important thing to be done, is to ob- ANALYSIS AND CTLTIVATION OF THE SOCIAL FACULTIES. 165 tain a distinct knowledge of the precise function of every faculty. This knowledge will tell us the food of every faculty, by feeding which to that faculty, that is, by keeping that faculty continually stimulated, it will be called into constant action, and thereby en- larged. To impart this knowledge, let us briefly analyze the fac- ulties, and in order to do this in the shortest and most effectual manner possible, I shall point out the adaptation of every faculty to its coun- terpart in nature, or the want in the nature of man it supplies. Thus ^ Philoprogenitiveness is adapted to the infantile condition of man ; Causality, to the arrangement or existence of laws of cause and effect ; Appetite, to the arrangement of nutrition and our constant requisition for food rConstructiveness, to our demand for houses, clothes, tools, and things made ; Ideality, to the bountiful and per- fect in nature; Language, to our having ideas to communicate, and the benefit derived therefrom; Benevolence, to our being in a world of suffering, which this faculty can mitigate, &c. There is no other short-hand method of impressing indelibly the nature and function of every faculty at all to be compared with this, united with definition instead of description. Remembering this adaptation of a faculty to its object, is comparatively easy, and this rivets its true function concisely, yet completely. We begin, then, with the 'propensities ; and shall analyze the social group first, though, having treated this subject somewhat fully in my work on Matrimony, I shall proceed no further than to show how to control and restrain these several organs. 1. AMATIVENESS. The reciprocal attachment and love of the sexes for each other. "Soft coercive band, connecting souls ! Without thee what is Hfe?" Adaptation. — As death appertains to man's worldly existence, some means for propagation became necessary, in order to pre- vent extinction. It is adapted to the great arrangement of pa- rentage. Its primary function is, connubial love — that tender affec- tion and union of soul which exists, or at least should always ex- ist, between husband and wife. Its products are marriage and off" spring. Its abuses are licentiousness and lust, in all their forms and de- grees. But, as I shall soon publish a work devoted exclusively to 166 PHILOPROGENITIVENESS ITS ADAPTATION AND CULTIVATION. this subject, entitled, " Amativeness, its uses and abuses, together with the means of restraining its excessive or perverted action,"* I will not even enter upon it here, farther than to say to those who wish to subdue it, banish, as far as possible, all those thoughts and associations that excite these feelings, and above all, avoid all stimulants, even in diet, because the connection is most intimate between the states of the body and those of this organ and faculty. 2. PHILOPROGENITIVENESS. Pare7ital love ; attachment to one^s ovm children ; love of children generally. Adaptation. — If all mankind had been brought forth, like the fa- bled Minerva from the brain of Jupiter, in the full possession of all his physical and mental powers, capable, from the first, of ta- king abundant care of himself without requiring parents to sup- ply a single want, this faculty would have been out of place; for then it would have had nothing to do. But the fact is far otherwise. Man enters the world in a condition utterly helpless. Infants re- quire a g7-eat amount of care and nursing. This infantile condition of man has its counterpart in this faculty. Without its stimulus to provide for and watch over infancy, every child must inevitably perish, and our race become extinct. Abuses. — Spoiling children by over indulgence ; fussing with them ; being so tender of them as to ruin their health, or unfit them to take care of themselves. Its primary, distinctive function is parental love— attachment to one's own children ; and the more helpless the child, the more vig- orous its action. None but parents can ever know the genuine feelings of parental love. There is something peculiarly enduring in the thought that they are bone of oar bone and flesh of our flesh, and this feeling is greatly augmented by their being begotten by a husband, or borne by a wife, whom we dearly love. A few words in regard to its cultivation, must suffice. The rela- tions between parents and their children should be of the most friendly character, and nothing should be allowed to interrupt or lacerate it. Make them confidants, and induce them to disclose freely all that troubles or delights them. Parents and children * It will be ready ia Juue or July. Price 25 cls., or 5 copies for $1. ANALYSIS OF ADHESIVENESS. 167 should be separated as little as possible, and a perfect understanding should be had between them. Let parents never assume any ap- pearance of austerity or distance, but let them do all they can to cultivate good feeling between them and their children, and be- tween children and children. Let families be separated but little. Special care should also be taken to choose their associates, for they exert a powerful influence in the formation of character. As- sociates they should have; for without them, not only will one pow- erful faculty lie dormant, but all the advantages to be derived from society, be lost ; yet better have no associates, than those at all objectionable. This organ can b6 cultivated by playing with chil- dren, and indulging it in witnessing their innocent gambols, &c. The elder children can cultivate it by taking care of the younger, and the younger, by loving dolls, pets and toys representing vari- ous animals. Raising stock, and bringing this feeling into action by being with children, is calculated to enlarge it; but the most effectual means of cultivating it, is to enter upon the parental rela- tions, and love and provide for your own children. AH other means sink into insignificance compared w'ith this. ADHESIVENESS. Friendship : the social feeling : love oj^ society : desire and ability to form attachments, congregate, associate, visit, entertain friends, 8fc. ■"A new Commandment give I unto j^ou, that ye love one another." "Love is the fulfilling of the Law." — Bible. If man had been created a lonely, unsocial, solitary being, nearly half his faculties, having nothing to excite them to action, would have lain dormant, and the balance have been but feebly exercised. The activity of every faculty in one, naturally excites the same faculty in those around him. Hence, without the element of Friend- ship, to bring mankind together into associations, neighborhoods, families, &c., they could have had no opportunity for the exercise of Language, Ambition, Imitation, and many other faculties, and little for that of Kindness, Justice, &c. ; and the action of all the remainder would have been far less efficient and pleasurable than now. Without this arrangement, co-partnerships, and those public and private works which require the coml)ined labor and resources m EVILS OF SEPARATING FROM FRIENDS. of ifiore than one for their completion, would have remained un- known; and the selfish propensities have rendered all men Ishma- elites, turning every man's hand against his neighbor, rendering each most hateful to all ; kindling rising jealousies, animosities, &c., into burning flames, and for ever blotting out the pleasant smile of glowing friendship ; the cordial greeting of old associates, the hearty shake of the hand, and that silent flow of perpetual happi- ness which springs from being in the company of those we like. This faculty casts into the shade the modern ceremony of formal introductions, and of waiting for the last call to be returned, or let- ter answered. It should be in constant action, and, therefore, lonely travellers should wile away their tedious hours by opening at once the portals of their hearts, engaging freely in conversation, and " scraping acquaintance " at first sight. Still, intimate friendships should be formed judiciously ; for it is a most powerful means of intellectual and moral elevation or degradation. Young people, in particular, though they should form speaking acquaintances and passing friendship readily, to which they are strongly predisposed, should nevertheless be careful how they make confidants and bosom friends. The young form attachments much more readily than those who are older, partly because they become hardened by frequent disap- pointments, in finding supposed friends unfaithful, and partly because loiig separated from the friends of their youth. This blunting of the fine, glowing feelings of friendship, is certainly most unfortu- nate. Friendship should be regarded as most sacred, and never be trifled with. Do almost anything sooner than violate this feeling j and let friends bear and forbear much, at least until they are certain that a supposed injury or unjust remark was 'premeditated ; and then, when friendship is thus violated, think no more of your former friend, not even enough to hate him. Dwell not upon the injuries done you, but banish him from your mind, and let him be to you as though you had never known him ; for dwelling upon broken friendships only still farther lacerates and blunts this feeling, and more efieclually sears your friendship. Never form friendships where there is any danger of their being broken ; and never break them unless the occasion is intentional and most aggravated : and let friends try to make up little differences as soon as possible.* * 1 have seen a young man rendered crazy, and thrown into a perfect THE CULTIVATION OF FRIENDSHIP. 169 These remarks apply with redoubled power to members of the same family. Let parents cultivate affection for one another in their children, and let brothers and sisters separate as little as pos- sible, correspond much, never allow a breach to be made in their attachments, and continually add new^ fuel to the old fire of family friendship. Let the right hand of hospitality be extended oftener than it now is, and let friends entertain friends around the family board, as often as possible, instead of allowing them to eat their unsocial fare at the public hotel. We have too little of the good old Yankee custom of '' cousining," and of English hospitality ; and spend far too little time in making and receiving social visits. Still, these formal, polite calls are perfect nonsense — are to friend- ship what the smut is to the grain — poisonous. True friendship knows no formality. Those who are very polite to you are strang- ers, or enemies, not friends ; for true friendship knows no ceremo- ny, no formality, but expires the moment it is shackled by the rules of modern politeness. We should all love owx friends, and as often as may be, relax from the more severe duties of life to indulge it ; but let XiO formality, no etiquette, mar this friendship. True friend- ship unbosoms the heart cordially and freely, pouring forth the full tide of friendly feeling, without any barrier, any reserve. The mere recreation afforded by friendship is invaluable, especially to an in- tellectual man, as a means of health, and to augment his talents. To cultivate this faculty, seek every favorable opportunity to ex- ercise it. Choose your friends from among those whose feelings and opinions harmonize with your own, that is, in whose society you can enjoy yourself, and then frequently interchange friendly feeling with them. And do not break up your youthful associations, if you can well avoid it. If you do, renew them as soon or as often as possible. Nothing is better calculated to blunt, and therefore, re- duce this faculty, than separation from friends, especially from those who have sat for years at the same table, and become cordially at- tached to each other. Association seems to me to furnish perhaps a more power- ful and constant stimulant to this faculty than any other system of society. Not that I would endorse all the doctrines of Fourier frenzy of excitement, by being imposed upon by a supposed friend, of his own sex. He appeared very much like those who have been recently dis- appointed in love. 170 THE CULTIVATION OF FRIENDSHIP. nor of his disciple Brisbane ; but I do say, and without the fear of contradiction, that associations wight be so formed as to give this faculty all the food its nature requires, or could bear, (and this is a great deal,) and also avoid those frequent separations of friends so detrimental to this faculty. Giving and receiving presents, is also directly calculated to stim- ulate this faculty to increased action. They are the natural food of this faculty ; and with this food let it be fed abundantly. I ld opposition to the teachings of Salomon, who says that sparino" the 'rod spoils the child ; I answer, the probable meaning of that passage is, when you take down the rod, whip till you conquer, and spare not on account of his crying j but this doe» not say that it shall be taken down every day, Phrenology also says, when you begin to whip, whip it out. Make the child obey ; but if your child be a human being, endowed with reason and moral feelings, you CdiXi cotiquer by love, andi 186 PERSUASION BETTER THAN FORCE, by the child's own consciousness of what is right, and of his obligation to do it. If your child be an intellectual and moral idiot, and have no more intellect or moral feeling than a horse or an ox, then govern it as you would a horse or an ox, namely, by brute force — hy physical pain and fear; but then what morality or virtue can there be in doing right or not do- ing wrong, for fear of the lash ? No more than there is m a horse's going because he is goaded every step. The flogging discipline blunts all the finer feelings of our nature, degrades and debases the whipped in his own eyes and in the eyes of his mates, and cultivates the low and the brutal by its exciiing Combaliveness and Destructiveness— the very organs already too large. Indeed, one of the very functions of Destructiveness is to endure pain. A child in whom this organ is large, if whipped, hardens himself up, and feels if he does not say, « Put it on, you old heathen tyrant ; I can bear without cry- ing all you can inflict." Far be it from me to advocate the odious doctrine that chil- dren need not obey their parents and teachers ; or, more pro- perly, need not comply with their wishes. Indeed, the very end at which I am aiming, is to secure this obedience most ef- fectually. Govern by love. " Persuasion is better than force," and will do more to secure this obedience. One man may drive a horse to water, but ten men cannot make him drink. Reader, I put it to your own feelings, will you not do a thou- sand fold more from persuasion than from force ? How is it with your neighbors ? What is the nature of man on this point ? The response is one and universal, " I can be coaxed, but not driven.''^ " I can be led by a hair, but not driven by a cat o' nine tails.'" And the answer of men is the answer of children. If this principle be not planted in a law of our nature, then nature has no laws; but if it be, then obey that law, and never again resort to corporeal punishment. Forced obedience is no obedience ; nor does either law or common sense regard any act or any promise extorted by force, as either binding or possessed of any intrinsic character, good or bad JVb obedience, is better than forced obedience. If your children will not obey voluntarily, let them disobey, and then show them the evil consequences. Never require any thing EVIM OF PUNISHING CHILDREN IN ANGER. 187 of them that is not obviously right, and' clearly reasonable, and then let the mere reasonableness and justice of your re- quirements enforce the obedience. I insist upon it that chil^ dren whose Combativeness and Bestructiveness you wish to restrain, should be crossed as little as possible. Every thing not positively pernicious, should be allowed them, and their tem- pers provoked as little as may be, for every fit of anger, en- larges and inflames these organs in them. But if, contrary to this well known law of mind, you still insist on punishing your children, do let me entreat of you^ above all things, never, on any account, to punish them in a passion. To punish them in cold blood, from a sense of dutyj, telling them that you hate to do it, but their good and your own conscience require it, is bad enough, and excites and in- creases the organs you are trying to subdue ;■ but, to chastise them in a passion, and because you aremud, is both barbar- ous in the extreme, and calculated more than anything else to rouse their organs and blunt their mo-ral !-ensibilities. Said a mother of one family of children, to the father of another, " Why, uncle H., you are the most cruel man I ever saw, be- cause you punish your children in cold blood. I can never whip my children unless I get right down mad, and then I love to tuck it on like fury, tilll I get over it ; but you are cool about it, and every blow or two, you stop and tell them how you hate to whip them. I love to whip mine." A master at the south, having a very bad slave, while pun- ishing him for theft and other misdemeanors, after striking wo or three blows, stopped and talked thus: "Sambo, you know I have tried every way I can think of to make you bet- ter, but all to no effect. I do not love to whip you but 1 must; for, if I do not, all the others will become disobedient." And then after striking two or three blows more, stop again, and talk : " Do I not do all I can for you — give yoe plenty of food and clothes, take good care of your wife and children, and not sell you when you are so very bad ?" " Massa, whip on, I'd rather you'd whip than talk," cried Sambo. Above all things, do not flog children to school. This whip- ping ideas into children, does not excite the intellectual facul- ties, and therefore does not enlarge their organs. Nothing can 188 IMPORTANCE OF TRAINING THE WILL. be more absurd than punishing children to make them learn, for it creates loathing and hatred of books. Make learning a pleasure, which can be done b\' proper instruction, and they will never need to he whipped. Still more absurd is it to try to whip religion into children. To one other means of subduing too large Corabativeness, or Destructiveness, or Appetite, or almost any other faculty, both in children and in oneself, I will barely allude here, nann ly, \o the principle of diversioriy which may be applied with great utility iu subduing violence of temper,and, indeed, appetite, or any of the other faculties that require restraint. Somathing displeases your child, and it breaks out in a violent fit of rage and crying. If you punish the child, even though you ultimately subdue it, yet you excite Combativeness and Destructiveness to a still higher degree than it is already. If you say nothing to the child, but let the fit go off itself, its du- ration also increases it^ but if some of the elder children or one of the parents, start up something, perhaps some music or noise out of doors, or aomsement in, up jumps the child and away he goes, forgetting h;s grievance, and thus these organs t^ecoiiie quiescent at once- — sooner than by any otber method, fkud of course are increased and inflamed less. Siill another powerful antagonist of the animal propensities:^ is to be foiuid in the will, in conjunction with the intellect. The will, of all other faculties, is the direct antagonist of the passions. Were I responsible for the moral conduct of a thou- sand youth committed to ray care, I would labor mainly Xo 4j;UiUivate self-government^ and to set their moral serdimeats Q5fe* against their propensities. Let intellect b© trained to pereeive the best course, and will to choose and adhere to it, Ij^ their possessor will ride safe on the sea of passion, and 4hli&ugh the storms of temptation. Let your children go forth iato the world with these faculties trained to choose the right and refuse the wrong, and they are sufey however strong the (temptations that beset them. To strengthen these faculties, they must be exerxised ; and la order to give them exercise, children and youth should have the right data placed before them, and then allowed and re- qfiirzd to choose and aci for ikemselves. One oi the greatest ALLOWING- CHILDREN TO CHOOSE AND ACT FOR THEMSELVES. 139 evils in the government of children, is that parents do the willing' for their children, by compelling theni to do thus and so, till thoy arc of age, and iheji send them out to encounter, all at once, and without the previous training of their will, strong temptations. As well may thiey do all the walking for their children till the day they become of age, and then set them off on a long and difficult journey, at the rate of forty miles a day. The old Puritanical notion that children were made to mind — to be very slaves till of age, is erroneous, and productive of immense mischief by paralyzing their powers of will. A story from real hfe will best illustrate this point. Near where I was bought up, there lived a family whose parents governed by shall, shan^t, and the rod. The country was new,* and the young people were very wild, vulgar, and sensual. Balls, panics, sleigh-rides, &c., &c., at which drink- ing, carousing, swearing, and licentiousness abounded, were numerous. As the parents of these children were religious, they of course wished to keep them from becoming contami- nated by those vices that surrounded them, and especially from these balls and parties. When these children went to their father, requesting permission to go to a ball or party, his answer was "No! you shan't go." They plead with him, "Father, we zva7it to go very much," and gave as their rea- sons that such and such of their mates were to be there. " I tell you, you shan't go, so there ! If you do, I'll xohip you„ So go if you dare.'' This threat deterred them a short tia:e, but left their desire to go, increased ; because opposition al- ways increases desire. " Father, mayn't we go and slide down hill to-night ?" " Oh yes, do go along, and hold your tongues." This was only a contrivance to go to the party, whereas, had their parents removed their desire to go to balls and parties, no occasion for such duplicity would ever have existed. Thus by various pretences, they contrived for some time to elude the vigilance of their parents, till, at length, they were found out, and punished according to the threats of their parent. But * The author's father settled in the middle of a twenty-four mile woods, and the author was ihe fourth child born in his native town, in a wild and mountainous section of country, on the head waters of the Susquehannah, Oswego, and Genessce rivers. 190 SELF-GOVERNMENT, ITS CULTIVATION. by this time, their interest in these parties had become so great, that nothing could stop them. Go they ivould, and go they did ; yet every time they were caught, they were flogged, which squared the account with their parents till they went again. Still, as they knew no reason why they should not go except that they would get a flogging, and as the parties, balls, &c., gave them more pleasure than the whipping gave them pain, they continued to go till both health and morals were ruined. Though whipped severely almost daily, yet they were utterly ungovernable, and engaged in continual war and rebellion against their parents. They lost their standing in society, became addicted to several vices, some of thenj died in consequence of diseases engendered by their nightly revels, and the others were unfitted for usefulness and incapa- ble of enjoyment, and all in consequence of their bad govern- ment, or rather, of their utter wajit of government — either 5e//^government, ox parental government. Another family of children, whose parents lived on a farm near the first, belonged to the same church, were nearly related, and had the same moral improvement of their chil- dren at heart, were governed by the principle we are advocat- ing. When they asked leave of their parents to go to balls and parties, they were answered much as follov/s : " Well, my son, let us talk over the matter, and see what is best for you. Who is to be there ? Is Jim Brown going ?"* " Yes, sir." " Did you not tell me the other day that Jim Brown used naughty words, and was a very wicked boy ? Do you want to mingle in the company of such boys as Jim Brown, and learn to swear and fight as he does ? for we insensibly become like those with whom we associate. " No sir." Is not Joe Smith going to be there too?" "Yes sir." "Did you not tell me that Joe Smith had been caught stealing, and do you want to go in company with a thief? And very likely Job Fay will be there, and you know that he lies and swears, and is bad to his parents. Do you want to go in company with such boys. Besides, you will be out late at night, and per- haps be sick to-morrow, will see and hear many things that g_* Keal names are not given, because some of them are yet alive. A PRACTICAL ILLUSTRATION. 19l will make you unhappy, will make me unhappy, and above all, will displease your God. My son, I have always done all I could for you. I send you to school. I make you comfort- able at home. I love you. My greatest desire, my daily prayer to God is, that you may be good. I spare no pains to make you a good boy. Nothing will grieve me of much as for you to go with bad boys, and become bad yourself. If you go, you will make me very unhappy. Still, if you really insist upon going, go. There is the horse, and I will help you off; but I much prefer that you would be contented to stay at home ; and if so, I will get you some good book, or a new ar- ticle of dress, or let you spend a day with your cousins, or go a fishing, where you will take full as much pleasure as in go- ing to the party, and without leaving a stain behind. And now, choose and act for yourself" Love of these pernicious amusements was thus nipped in the hud, and all desire to attend them, effectually eradicated. They had no occasion to deceive their parents by false pretences in order to go, but looked upon the amusements with aversion instead of with pleasure. The same principle of government was employed with equal success in regard to all other matters, and the result was, that the family became remarkable, far and wide, wherever it was known (and that was very extensively, as it was a kind of minis- ter's and laymen's tavern) for their perfect obedience and their high-toned moral feelings. These children, now men and women, are now exerting a great and highly salutary moral influence. With natural talents and advantages inferior to the other family, they are now every way their superiors, and doing mnch good. No child trained in a way similar to this, by reasoning with him, and then throwing him on his own responsibilities, can find it in his heart to disobey the wishes (not commands) of his parents, and the plain dictates of reason. Or, if he does occasionally, a course like the following will cure him. My little daughter, about four years old, after her return from Michigan, wished very much to go from my residence in Williamsburgh, to New York city, to spend the day in my office, at the Museum, and in seeing the city. I promised to take her the first fair day. The next morning was clear, but the wind blew very hard. She plead my promise that she might go the next day the sun shone. I reasoned with her, 192 A PEACTIUAL ILLUSTSATIO:^. and told her that she would suffer with the cold, and be almost certain to take cold ; but without success, leaving it to her to go or stay. She insisted on going that day. I wrapped her up, and started. The place was bleak, and a cold wind blew dead ahead. She was often compelled to turn around and take breath, and soon complained of being cold. I urged her to go back, and come ano- ther day, telling her that she would enjoy it much better. But no, she kept on. Again she complained of being cold, and again I insisted on turning around, yet leaving it to her own choice She ebose to go. 1 told her that we should soon be too far to go back, because we should be as near the ferry-boat as home. She com- plained of cold, and wanted to be carried, but would not turn about, till we had passed the place where I told her she could not go back. She became so very cold that she wanted to return, but the ferry-boat was now nearer than home, and I proceeded. The little creature suffered exceedingly with the cold, though I stopped to ■warm at the first house, where she suffered again in getting warm, because she had been so coW. I then reasoned with her ; recalled to her mind my advice to her to stay, and her insisting on coming ; showed her that she had brought this upon herself, and told her that, if she had taken my advice, she would have gone to New York some fair day, without suffering at all, and have enjoyed it much more than she could enjoy it that day. She saw her error, and promised always to do as I advised her. That single practical lesson did more to secure obedience, not to my commands, but to my vrisJies, and also to make her govern her desires by the dictates of reason, and to give me an influence over her conduct, than any other lesson could have done, except one like it. Its influence re- mains to this day, and widens and deepens continually. It is a principle of our nature, a principle planted in the breast of every human being, (and children are only little men and wo- men) that we are morally responsible, not guilty for the wrong, nor praiseworthy for the right, that we do in obedience to the wills- of others, or when compelled to do or not to do. No human being can feel guilty for anything, however criminal, in which he had no free choice, or in which compulsion is used. Free will is a ne- cessary concomitant of virtue and vice. As long as children do this, or do not do that, because they are told or obliged to do or not to do, their moral feelings cannot be brought to bear upon their GOVERNING BY MOTIVES, NOT BY FORCE. 193 actions, and therefore slumber, and hence become weaker ; but, put them on their own responsibility, let them choose and actybr themselves, and they will not dare knowingly to do wrong, Oj refuse to do right. After intellect has decided what is right, Con- scientiousness is brought to bear, and compels specific performance, or lashes them for not doing what they know they ought to do ; and this strengthens their moral feelings, but the opposite course weakens them. Parents should as soon think of doing the eating, or the sleeping, or the breathing, or the dying of their childi'en, as their willing. As soon as childi'en are old enough to obey, they are of course old enough to understand and to will. Hence, chil- dren should never be commanded ; but simply reasoned with and advised. Let them feel that w^ith them rests the responsibility, the moral character of their actions and opinions, and that on them will the good or evil consequences fall. Keep it before them, that they were created to be happy ; and that choosing the rgiht course will always ultimately result in happiness ; but that every wrong thing they do, will ultimately render them miserable, and that they are to be the main ones to be benefited or injured by their own conduct. Men's wills are not trained, and this is one of the most prolific causes of the vice and de- pravity every where so abundant ; " original sin " and " total depravity" not excepted. Nor can this will be set right by punishments, but the more they are flogged, the more hardened and wicked they become. Every one, young and old, that has a will of his own, is rendered obsti- nate by being driven. Ask yourself, reader, if you are willing to be driven, or if being compelled to do right, weakens your desires to do wrong. Or rather, ask yourself if force does not render you much more contrary and obstinate than you were before. And then remember that children are men and women in miniature, and have the same 'faculties with ourselves. We occasionally find a poor slave, who has but a feeble will, ready to^ yield obedience to the commands of others, yet such an one is a mere cypher in society. Who would wish to be, or to make their children, like him 1 Strength of toill, self-governmn.t, ability *o resist temptation to do wrong, and to do what intellect dictates and conscience requires, is not only as important an element of charac- ter as mortal man can possess, but it is a more sure and general 194> PAEENT? SHOULD BE MILC, AXD ^'EYEII restraint upon vice, than any other faculty in man : indeed, this is its specific office. Above all things, then, cultivate this element in your children. Begin with the first dawn of intellect. Begin the first moment they can appreciate the difference between good and evil, pleasure and pain, and train their wills daily and assidu- ously. Throw them on their own responsibility. Place a variety of motives before them, and then set them to choosing and acting for themselves, and always see to it that the consequences of their choice, whether good or bad, are set before them ; and my word for it, you will never require the rod, nor even severe rebuke. They will be a law unto themselves. To one other point I will barely allude. Parents, especially mothers, often induce a feverish state of their own nervous system by confining themselves within doors day after day, and month after month, without exercise, (except what is too partial to be of much service,) without fresh air, and even in heated rooms, eating unwholesome food, pouring down strong decoctions of tea and coffee, &c. till a chronic irritability of their nervous system or a slow fever supervenes. This of course renders them extremely fretful. Ignorant of the fact that this irritability is induced by a disorder of their nervous system, they blame others, while they alone are blaraeable. They vent these sick, sour feelings on their children, and find fault with every little thing. Being so very ner- vous, noise is especially painful to them, and they therefore pour out a continual storm of blame and anger upon their children be- cause they are noisy, and for a thousand other things which the very nature of children compels them to do. Children feel that they are blamed without cause. This wounds and lowers their moral feelings. In harmony with a principle aheady presented, this Combativeness of parents also naturally excites the Combat- iveness of their children, and the consequence is, a permanent ex- citement and an undue development of their Combativeness and Destructiveness. And all because their parents drink tea, and violate the laws of health. Do, parents, look at this subject in a proper light, and keep yourselves well. This will induce good feeling in you, and this good feeling will continually excite, and thereby develope, the moral, better feelings of your children, and cause them to grow up under the reign of the moral sentiments. "We close our observations on this organ by a few remarks on the means of cultivating it. It is almost always too large. Hence IMPORTANCE OF A PROPER DIET. 195 the prevalence of the war spirit, of the litigating spirit, of' the controversio-religio-spirit, of the revengeful, ill-natured, swearing, hating spirit of the age — of man. But it diminishes. War less- ens its ravages ; and v^^hen war ceases, the progress of man will be more in one year of peace, than in ages of bloodshed. This or- gan need not be cultivated except to adapt onesself or children to the bitter spirit of the age. But, if it be desirable to cultivate it, the question returns. How can this be done 1 I answer, simply by placing stimulants before the faculty. " What," says one, " by killing animals or men, or by trying to excite animosity and ha- tred 1" No : for these are but the perverted, sickly, morbid mani- festations of this faculty. The legitimate fmiction of one faculty can never be at war with that of another. The exercise of De- structiveness in killing animals, is in direct violation of the func- tion of Benevolence. This warring of the faculties was never designed by the God of nature. It is wrong. It can be produc- tive of misery only. The butchery of animals is interdicted to man by his having Benevolence. If he had no sympathy for dis- tress, it would not be wi-ong for him to cause it. But he has. It is therefore wrong. That this exercise of Destructiveness is strictly forbidden by the nature of man, will be more fully shown here- after. What, then, is its legitimate exercise 1 Surgery ? Hardly. Except in extreme cases, it is discarded by the same principle. Swearing, bitterness, revenge ? No. But its exercise in destroy- ing nuisances, and in breaking through difficulties. Force, execu- tiveness, breaking through obstacles, is its true function. Hence, to cultivate it, throw yourself into those situations where you are obliged to employ force and cope with difficulties. Take the rough- and-tumble of life with a zest, and put your plans straight through all that opposes them. Exercise it under Conscientiousness in moral indignation against the wrong, and in urging forward the right. Stand by the innocent. Brace yourself against the guilty. Exercise this element in these and similar ways, and its tone and vigor will improve. And never allow yourself to indulge in a feeling of weakness or inefficiency. To bring it out in children, put them upon their own resources. Do not for them those thousand little acts of service that mothers so often do for their children, but encourage them to help them- selves. If a son, push him out into the stream of life, to buffet the ■waves of opposition single Ij^nded and alone, and while you stand 196 ANALYSIS AND ADAPTATION OF AQUATIVENESS. by him to see that he does not sink — to encourage and incite on- ward, and keep his head above water — let him do all his own swimming. Let him hoe his own row and fight his own battles. From these remarks, in conjunction with the analysis of the organ already given, I trust the reader will be able to apply in detail that stimulus to the organ which can increase its functions and aug- ment its power. But, in attempting to cultivate this faculty, let not the principle of relation between the body and the base of the brain be forgotten. If, as already seen, to inflame the body, inflames this organ — of course, to invigorate the body, and give tone and power to it, that is, to improve the physiology, (directions for doing which have already been given,) will re-invigorate and enlarge this organ, and in the natural way, without any of that perverted, bastardly func- tion which must accompany its cultivation by killing ammals, surgery, &c ALIMENTIVENESS. Appetite; desire for nutrition ; hunger; the feeding instinct. Adaptation. — Man is an eating animal. By a law of our na- ture, every exercise of mind and body — every action of every nerve and muscle, causes an expenditure of vital energy. This expendi- ture must of com'se be re-supplied, or complete exhaustion would soon ensue. To supply this waste of vitality, man is provided with a digestive apparatus for the purpose of converting food into nourishment Alimentiveness gives a craving for this food, in order to keep the stomach supplied. Created with this demand for nutri- tion, but without therewith any^appetite, man would soon forget to eat, or become too deeply interested in other things to afford the time ; but, this demand for nutrition is adapted to appetite, and ap- petite to this demand, and the result is pleasure in eating, and plea- sure in expending the energy derived therefrom. According to the Bible, the sin of our first parents, consisted in their eating of the forbidden fruit ; and if there be one cause of di- versified and aggravated depravity greater than any other, it is man's eating improper kinds, and enormous quantities, of food, and in drinking unwholesome drinks. What occasions more vice and misery than alcoholic drinks 1 a few illustrations of which have just been given. Well may intoxication be called " the parent of all the vices ;" for, as just see i, it lashes up all the propensities to inflamed and vicious action. The same principle by which aico- IMPORTANCE OF A PROPER DIET. 197 hoik li<|uors produce vice, namely, the intimate relation between the body and the hose of the brain, applies equally to whatever stim- ulates the body or inflames the blood. Flesh is conceded , on al' hands to be a powerful stimulant, and to be highly corrupting to the blood. Now add to the principle that stimulants excite the pro- pensities mainly, the fact that a flesh diet is a strong stimulant, and soon becomes putrid in the stomach, thus corrupting the blood, and you have one prolific cause of the prevalence of vice in our car- cass-eating age and nation. Meat, especially, in becoming putrid, gives off vast quantities of corruption. What, then, must necessa- rily be the amount of putridity and loathsome corruption engen- dered in the system by its souring on the stomach. To eat meat when digestion is poor, is to cause it to rot in you, and thus to evolve corruption enough to ruin'' any constitution whatever. To have other kinds of food rot in you is bad enough, to have Jlesh turn t corruption in a man is most revolting and injurious. Tea, coffee condiments, spices, candies, green" com, green fruit, bakers' trash,* sourcrout, pickles, cucumbers, and many other articles of diet, pro" duce the same result, while over eating, or the enormous stuffing and gormandizing, so prevalent in all classes of community, are much worse. They all degrade man, animalize his nature, fill our prisons, penitentiaries, and mad houses, and spread their baneful influences over all classes, especially the higher. Gluttony is as bad as drunkenness, and far more prevalent. The temperance reform will soon reach to intemperance in eating, or its work will only be begun. On no subject do we [need more ligh^ than on diet. On none require more reform. But I design [rather to call attention to this subject, than to lay down rules for eating, or show the effects of different kinds of food on the mind and body. In regard to the feeding of children, how- ever, I have yet to remark, that I believe milk with bread, pudding, * Bakers bread, fermented to death, and that by ammonia, so as to make it very porous and puffy, and that a little flour may make a great loaf > cakers cake, covered over with sugar and poison paints, though not trash exactly, are much worse than trash. Every family should bake their own bread. I regard bakers bread, cakes, etc., as most unwholesome, and as one great cause of physical disease, and this, of moral depravity. Eaters of bakers bread, look into this matter. Mr. Pratt is endeavoring to do some- thing to reform our city and village baking system, which, in all consci- ence, requires it. He appears to have taken hold of this subject in the right pkee, and makes as good bread as I ever ate. 198 DIET, BREAD, ETC. &c. to be as good an article of diet for them as any other ; and that good home-made bread, manufactured from- flour not literally killed by being ground to death, which is the case with most o£ our flour, is even better ; that puddings made from Indian meal are excellent ; as are also peas, beans, rice, N. E. bread, &c., and that the plain farmer's fare of olden times, of which meat formed but a small portion, is infinitely better than are the improvements hack- wards of nineteenth-century cooking. To one point in the preparation of bread, allow a passing allu- sion. I have shown the evils of allowing food to sour, or ferment- or rot, (all the same,) in the stomach. To prevent this, food should be sweet when it is eaten, and if it has already become partly sour- ed before being eaten, it of course sours the sooner in the stomach. Now, bread cannot be raised without thereby being subjected to this souring, rotting power. The emptings put in to raise it, must be sour, else they do no good. The raising of the bread is simply souring or rotting it far enough to engender that very gas which, when condensed, becomes alcohol, which is the quintessence of sourness. In England, a bakery was^got up from which vast quan- tities of alcohol were manufactured just by condensing the vapor disengaged from the bread and filling the oven while the bread was being baked Bread cannot possibly be raised without form- ing in it this alcoholic gas, which makes those little pores all through the bread, which render it light or spongy. I say, then, the very process of raising bread, is ^fermenting, decaying, rotten- ing process. If it stand a little too long this sourness is render- ed very apparent to the taste. "And what of that," says one, ^ Why, simply that if you eat brpad partly decayed before it is taken into your stomach, it will rot the sooner after it gets in. That is all, but that is the fact — nor is there the least chance for evasion. " What then," he retorts, " would you have us live on unleavened bread — that heavy, soggy stuff, not fit for hogs ?" Eat what you please. What matters it to me. But I warn you that fermented bread is far more xmwhole- some than unleavened. But more of this whole subject of diete- tics in my work on Physiology. These remarks will of course not be approbated at first, but they cannot be gainsayed. Men have yet to learn that the more simple their food, the more happy the eater. Still, let each suit hiraiself. It has been and will still be seen, that it is the appropriate and APPEAL TO WOMEN. 199 specific duty and sphere of wo7nan, and especially of mothers, to educate their ovm children intellectually, and to train them moral- ly and physically, and they should be furnished with a recipe for find- ing the time requisite for discharging these momentous duties. That recipe, we now proceed to give. Its items are — First. Do that first, which is most important, and other things in the order of their relative importance, leaving undone those things that are less necessary. And what, I ask, next to providing food and clothing, is more important than 'preserving the health, educa- ting the minds, and training the m.oral feelings of children 1 Hap- piness is the great end of life, and mind is the instrument or the chief seat and source of all our enjoyments and sufferings. All our pleasures flow from its proper exercise, all our pains from its im- proper exercise ; so that the proper training of this mind, contri- butes more to human happiness than almost anything else. Mo- thers, you cannot find any thing to do more important than the phy- sical and moral training of children. As are your children, so is the world, and as is your training of them, so, to a considerable ex- tent, are they.* Ye mothers it is who hold the keys of man's des- tinies — who start us immortal travellers in the path of virtue and happiness, or of sin and misery. On you an awful responsibility rests. Woman must reform our race. She has the power and the disposition, but lacks the knowledge. Hark ! Hearest thou the sound of yonder long and loud blast of a trumpet ? It is the angel of Truth, summoning woman to a grand assemblage. And now, behold woman of all ages, ranks, occupations, colors, and nations, stands before him. Hear what he saith. "fLo' I come to prepare the way for the Millennium. Wo- man, my business is with you alone. As are ye, so are your child- ren, and so is the world. I come to regenerate the race, to * pre- pare the way of the Lord,' to banish vice and misery, and establish happiness and peace on earth by reforming you. Your life is now a burden and a bubble, ' a fleeting show, for man's illusion given;' I come to make it a reality and a pleasure. Ye now spend your precious existence in trifling. Turn ye, turn ye, to your nature and * I would not underrate the importance of hereditary influences in the for- mation of character, hut this has heen treated of by itself. Hereditary in- fluences and education together, make up by far the most important items of character, and thus mainly shape the destinies of man. 200 APPEAL TO WOMEN. your natural duties. Ye urmiarried, what are ye doing 1 Ye young women, how do ye spend your time ? In changing the fashions of your dresses every few days either for the convivial ball and party, or to profane the holy sanctuary of your God ! Ye have other and more important duties to perform — duties to your race, not to your toilet. God has sent me with this mandate, Prepare ye to become wives and mothers. Strip off your man-made orna- ments, and array yourselves m the ornaments of natitre's loveliness. Be yourselves, as your God created you, and no longer blas- pheme your Maker by preferring artificial ornaments to the beau- ties and the graces of your nature. Be yourselves, and you will be infinitely fnore lovely and happy than now. Be yoxjeselves ; for now, a part of you are parlor toys or puppet shows, and the rest are kitchen drudges or heathen slaves. . Be yourselves ! for you will soon be called upon to educate those sons which will guide and govern the world. For your own sakes, for the sake of all coming ages, be yourselves!' And ye mothers, pause and consider ! Stop short ! for ye are spoiling God's works, whereas ye were placed here to burnish them. Now, ye are most unprofitable servants, but will ye not learn wis- dom ? mothers ! mothers ! yom* race is imploring salvation at your hands ! Ye can bestow it, and ye must. Go your way ; first learn your duty, and then DO it." Woman listens, weeps, repents, and reforms. The millennium dawns, and our race is saved. Vice is banished, misery follovrs, Eden is re-opened, and paeans of praise break forth from all flesh. Woman ! what is thy duty and what thy sphere, as indicated by thy Phrenological developments ! Maternal aflfection, how strong how yearning, infinitely more so than paternal love. Why 1 To make the training of yomig immortals both thy duty and thy high- est pleasure. And thy fine moral sensibility, admirably fits thee for moulding their morals ; instilling into their tender minds the first lessons of morality and virtue, and exciting abhorrence of vice. The deep gushing foimtain of thy pure connubial love, also gives thee a power over thy husband, that affects him and his influence beyond all computation, and this greatly swells thy power. And now, woman, wielding a moral power so tremendous, and an under current of intellectual influence so extensive, and so effi- cient too, is it proper, is it right for thee to spend thy precious ex- SPHERE OP WOMAN. 201 istence in making corselets, and then committing suicide therewith ? In making bran bustles and cotton bosoms 1 In altering the jibs of thy bonnets and the quirks of thy dresses every fev*^ days ? In making and wearing gewgaws, and in being fashionable? In making morning calls and attending evening flirtations at balls and fashionable parties'? In making and exciting /ow? In coquet- ting, and securing admiration 1 G od forbid that the end of thy be- ing should be so low, so utterly insignificant or else disgraceful ! No I thou art perverting thy nature and abusing thy power. Fool- ish slaves to wicked fashion, will ye not cast off your self-forged fetters, and rise, in the power of your nature, to the proud elevation and glory of your native sphere 1 • • But to be more specific. The author has elsewhere shown that two meals per day were better than three. Habituated to them, they would be alsundantly sufficient, and we should eat probably one-third less than now, and be better every way. This would save woman a great deal of time now devoted to cookery. As it now is, as soon as a woman is out of her bed in the morning, she must hurry and worry to dress the children and get breakfast ; as moti as the breakfast table is cleared off, she must turn around to get dinner ; and that over, she must prepare for supper, and then put her children to bed. Young women spend their days in sew- ing, or reading novels, and their evenings in exhibiting bran bustles and cotton breast-works, and in singing, courting, and sighing ; and married women, in cooking, drudging, and scolding. Secondly : woman do^ twenty times the amount of sewing ne- cessary. If she would have one permanent fashion for her bonnets, dresses, &.C., she would not need to take one stitch where she now takes ten ; and, if she sought dicrahle materials only for her dresses, she would save many of the remaining stitches. She often works on an infant's cap three weeks, though this head-confiner only in- jures the child every way, and all for looks. So with things innu- merable. True, many of these stitches, are taken by milliners, dress-makers, artificial fiov/er-makers, &,c. &c., but this is by loo- man, and takes the time of woman from preparing herself to edu- cate her children. Besides, sewing is most pernicious to the health, and the debility induced thereby, kills more women than spirituous liquors kill men ; besides so enfeebling many mothera that their children are sickly and die young, or live simpletons. Woman, it 202 DUTY OF MOTHERS TO THEIR CHILDREN. is fooMsh, it is wicked, it is suicidal, for you to sit and sew so much. Fashion, thou art a wholesale murderer of woman. Cease thy carnage ! Stop thy tortures ! To be fashionable is to be wicked. Another great waste of time consists in the smallness of our Jarmlies. After suitable kitchen utensils and an-angements have been provided, it is not more than double the work to cook for a hundred than for five. To save the kitchen drudgery of women, I maintain that parents, children, grandchildren, and their wives and husbands should live together in one great family — that our houses should be much larger than now, capable of accommodating one or two hundred, and be common family property, as well as a home for all who chose to stay or to return ; and that, if a son or grand- son chooses to establish another family colony, he should do so, and on the same large scale, capable of accommodating hundreds of his descendants. This will save four-fifths of the time now spent in providing meals for small families, besides cherishing family affection, and obviating the painful feelings attendant on the separation of parents and children, and their dispersing over the globe ; one to the West, another to England, a third to a city or neighboring village, another to the South, and another to the broad ocean. This would also save the time of retail merchants^ for then, goods, groceries, &c., could be bought by wholesale, at nearly half their present cost. So also, abandoning tea and coffee, besides obviating much sick- ness caused thereby, would save that enormous amount of time now consumed in cooking and drinking them. And then, too, we should live much longer, and be much better, if we ate but a single dish at a meal, and this would save a great amount of time now spent in pampering the appetite, and destroying the health. Merely in the ways thus mentioned, more than two-thirds of the time of woman now spent unnecessarily, would be saved, to be de- voted to preparing herself for becoming the instructors of her chil- dren. The mother of Bishop Doane, of New Jersey, educated herself that she might educate her son. She actually learned the languages in order to teach them to him. The mother of Wesley, was the principal educator of that great and good man. Mothers, go ye and do likewise. 1 know, indeed, that woman labors under difficulties ahnost in- ADVICE TO WOMAN. ^03 surmountable in making these proposed changes, I appreciate the fact that the nature of woman is to adapt herself to the requisitions of man. He governs the market and regulates the demand ; she, adapts the supply accordingly. Married woman's affection for her husband, makes her comply with his wishes ; and unmarried wo- man's desire to get married, makes her conform to the requisitions of young men, even to the perversion of her nature. Many of the faults of woman should be laid at the feet of man. He makes woman sin against her nature, and thus depraves that nature, which reacts on its author by injuring his children. Man is most criminal as regards his relations with woman, and is the author of much of her sins, as well as of his own. It is right that woman should conform to the taste and requirements of men, as far as she can without violating her nature and abridging her usefulness, but not one jot or title farther. If man should require her to appear unclothed in public or private ; or, like the Hindoo wife, to com* mit suicide on the funeral pile of her husband, or commit other violations of her nature, she should not obey. Nor should she obey when his perverted and depraved tastes require her to immo- late herself on the suicidal altar of tight-lacing, or of fashionable life. Woman, thou hast sense enough to tell thee how far thou may est adapt thyself to his tastes. There stop. Let your own nature be your guide. Your own nice sense of right and of pro* priety, will be a safe chart and compass by which to steer. Let not your natural lord and master degrade your angelic nature to your present fallen state. Come, arouse thee, arouse thee, both married and single, for the day of your salvation is dawning. Your field is all ripe for the harvest. Plead no longer a want of time for preparing yourselves to educate and train your children. And let the first study to which you turn yourself for a knowledge of your duties, be Phrenology.* Teach yourselves that you may '* Spurzheim, while in Boston, remarked, that women learned phre- nology more readily than men, and I have generally found them more interested in the science. They certainly stand in more need of its aid in the discharge of their maternal duties, than men do in the discharge of their duties. I am disposed to offer them every facility in my power for the acquisition of this knowledge, by admitting them to my lectures free, where I alone regulated the terms ; and by giving practical instruc- tion to classes of ladies. 1 am also inclined to encourage /ema/c teachers £04 MEAKS OP GOVEEKING APPETITE. teach your sons. Study dietetics that you may know how to feed children so as most effectually to develop all their physical and mental powers. Teach your children what they should and should not eat, and above all things, keep them from eating green corn, cucumbers, pickles and green fruit. If your child eat too much, do not, in order to restrain its appe- tite, tell him he shan^t have any more ; because this will only in- crease his desire for it ; nor should you give him all he wants ; for this will only indulge and thus strengthen this faculty; but, give him what you think he should eat, and then, v/hen he has about disposed of that, let a noise or some amusement be started out of door, or in another room. Up he jumps from the table, and off he goes, forgetting his dinner. Then keep him out and engaged, so that he will not think of food till the next meal. Do Tiot give children pieces between meals, for this will only stimulate appetite to still greater activity. Feed children regularly as to both time and quantity, and on very simple but nutritious fare. If you tmist punish your children, one of the best of corrections will be found in denying them some luxury of the palate, or keep- ing them on a short allowance. Thus, a boy becomes angry at table because he cannot have whatever he wants, and throws down his knife and fork, declaring that he will not eat any more unless he can get what is wanted. Take him at his word. Let him leave the table, and see to it that he gets nothing more till the next meal. Fasting, or living on bread and water, will subdue the prc^>€risitie3 when nothing else will, first, becau^e^ as most people eat too much, it clearc out the system, and this improves the body, and thereby the base of the brain, and, secondly, because it is about as severe a punishment as they can well experience. If it be asked, how can a craving, hankering, morbid appetite, aiid a tendency to eat too much, be subdued, I answer, by eating and practitioners of Phrenology, at least, ia case they confine their labors to teaching the science to their own sex, and to examining the heads of females and children, and giving professional advice. Whether it be proper for them lo lecture bt-fore promiscuous audiences, and to examine the heads of gtntlemen or not, I leave to be decided by their own sense of propriety. No other object do I desire more than the diffusion of a knowledge of Phrenology among our mothers and daughters. Let our women understand Phrenology, and our republic is safe, otherwise, it requires to be insured. GOVERNEENT OF THE APPETITE. 205 less, not at a meal, for this is much like leaving off drinking grad- ually, which usually ends in drinking still more ; but by eating fewer meals — by keeping away from the table, especially from the supper table ; and by confining yourself to one dish at each meal. A single week's abstinence from supper, will sensibly weaken a morbid appetite, and greatly aid the stomach in throwing off op- pressive burdens with which it is so often almost crushed. Taking on to your plate at first all you design to eat at a meal, will also greatly aid this subjugation of appetite, especially by showing you how much you do eat. But, by taking a little on to your plate at one time, and a little at another, you eat and keep eating much more than you intend or imagine. I am firmly convinced thet quantity is more important than quality or kind. I have ob- served that those whose digestion is perfectly good, eat hut little. It is those whose digestion is poor that eat such enormous quanti- ties, and without its apparently doing them much good. Also let a friend make passes with his hands from the lower part of the ears down to the chin, and from the same point upward, the former to increase the action of the stomach by magnetizing its poles in the face, and the latter by de-magnetizing, or carrying off inflammation from the organ of Alimentiveness.* We really need some invention for subduing a depraved appetite, by some physical application, just as we now subdue the inflamma- tion of wounds or any thing else. And this might be done with perfect ease, if we only knew how. The principle involved is sim- ply this. Over eating disorders, and permanently inflames, the stomach. This inflammation, in consequence of the intimate con- nexion of the stomach with this organ, of course fevers it also, and this induces that hankering, craving appetite so common to dyspeptics. This increases the excess of food taken, which again still farther dis- orders appetite, and increases this morbid craving. To such I say with emphasis, stop eating almost entirely. While your stomach is in this state, food does you little good. Refraining from eating, or eating but little once a day, will soon relieve the stomach, and ena- ble it to throw off its load. Washing the face in cold water, will also aid the digestion, by washing off the corrupt magnetism from * If any medicines can be of service, I believe Sherwood's magnetic pills and plaster, will probably be found one of the very best remedies for chro- nic affections of the stomach, liver, and lungs, extant. 15 206 ANALYSIS AKD ' ADAPTATION OF AQUATIVENESS. the poles of the stomach which are in the face, and also by charging it with healthy magnetism. This souring of the food on the stomach produces an acid which is at least one, and perhaps the only cause of irritation of the stom- ach. This acidity may be removed by whatever will neutralize the kind of acid deposited. Alkalies will neutralize acids, but they leave a sediment scarcely less injurious than the acid destroyed- Some kinds of acid neutralize other kinds. I have no doubt but a little science will enable us to determine the kind of acid deppsited, and also tell us what will effectually counteract that acidity. In view of these principles, I commend this matter to the attention of chymists. We understand physical chymistry far better than we do animal, yet the. latter is infinitely more important than the for- mer ; because life itself is but a chymical process, complicated, to be sure, but governed by the laws of chymistry, and capable of be- ing vastly facilitated and augmented by a proper understanding and application of the laws of animal chymistry. In regard to Liebeg's views of animal chymistry, I am prepared to say but little, for I have not yet examined them — a duty, and also a pleasure which I propose soon to give myself. This whole subject of digestion I design to handle thoroughly in my work on " Physiology^ animal and mental," already announced. AQUATIVENESS. Thirst ; love of the water — of drinking, washing, bathing, swim- ming, sailing, Sfc. Just in front of Alimentiveness, is one or more organs which cre- ate a love of drinking, hathing, sailing, &c., which might be called Aquativeness, or Bibativeness, or Thirst, as thought best. Adaptation. — Abundantly is our eaith supplied with water, oozing forth from every hill side, and flowing in winding currents through every valley ; covering two-thirds of the earth's sm-face, descending from heaven in copious and refreshing showers. Why this vast quantity of water, and in so many places and forms ? This fact teaches us a great lesson, namely, that its use should be as abun- dant as its provision. As a beverage, as a means of securing cleanliness, as ^ means of promoting the healthy action of the skin, its importance is beyond all computation. DEINEIKG, WASHING, ETC. 207 As a^beverage. Besides containing great quantities of magnetism, or of the principle of life, when taken freely, it runs through the whole system, and rushes out at the pores of the skin in the form of 'perspiraticn, thus completely washing out the whole body as effec- tually as if water was filtered all through it, thus rinsing out that corruption which is continually accumulating in the system in con- sequence of the rejection of the waste materials thrown off by the process of life, and if allowed to collect in the system, v/ould soon oppress and break down any constitution. Perspiration is one of the great sluices for carrying off this waste matter. It should therefore be kept open. Colds close it, and this is the main reason of their being so very injurious. Copious and frequent draughts of cold water tend more to augment perspiration, and thus* aid in car- rying off this material, than any other thing whatever. The cold- ness of the water promotes circulation and counteracts any feverish action that exists, while the water thus taken up by the lacteals, forms a vapour, which, after passing through all parts of the sys- tem, rushes out through the pores of the skin, carrying along w4th it the corrupt matter found in its course. Cold water and labor will soon open these pores, soon clean out the hive of the animal economy, and throv/ off almost any form or aggravation of disease. Infinitely better are these medicines than all the depletive and min- eral, all the Thomsonian, all the Homoepathic, and all other medi- cines in the world. If men would but take this medicine, they would rarely ever need any other. Especially as a cure of colds, nothing equals copious and frequent draughts of cold water along with labor enough to make one sweat profusely. Graham objects to drinking at our meals. I do not say he is wrong, but have yet to be convinced that he is right. Bathing is also unquestionably most excellent, not only as a pro- moter of health and physical happiness, but as a moral curative — as a preventive of vice and promoter of virtue. By cooling off the body, or carrying off a feverish irritation of the system, it removes inflammation from the propensities, and promotes moral feeling. As a punishment, if punishment must be inflicted, cold v^ater is much better than the whip. The whip increases the feverish heat of the system, cold v/ater diminishes it. It also carries out the principle of diversion mentioned above, vvith great effect A sto- ry from real life, will best illustrate this point. 208 BATHING CHILDREN AS A PUNISHMENT. My father always made it a rule to conquer his children thej^rs^' time he took them in hand ; he reasoned thus : If I subdue them the, first time I undertake with them, I shall get the upper hand of them, and can keep it easily ; but if they come off victors the first time, they will have the advantage of ■ me, and be still worse the next time. My brother L. N. Fowler, when about three years old, cried for a piece of cake which he saw some one have. As there was no more, he could not be gratified. He cried more and more till father was sent for, when he was offered bread and butter, and ordered to stop crying. He refused the bread and butter, but cried still louder. He was threatened with punishment, but only cried the worse, and became very angry. My father sent for a rod, and began to chastise him, whipping a blow or two, and then talking to him. This made him still more angry, and the punishment was continued with increasing severity till all left the house crying with sympathy for the suffering boy, but not daring to remonstrate, for they well knew my father's determination to conquer his children^ especially the j^r^^ time he punished. My brother held out till my father dared not whip him any longer, for fear of injuring him se- riously. Compelled to'give up, he was careful not to cross his son's track for more than a year, and feared that he should never be able to subdue his wilful spirit. One rainy day, as myself and broth- er were playing in the rain trough, which answered the plasce ol our modern ram water cisterns, my father told us both to go in out of the rain. I obeyed, but my brother looked up at him in a saucy,, defying manner. My father again said, " go in, or I'll duck you." My brother laughed again Sneeringly, when my father caught him up, and stripping off his clothes, soused him all over into the water.. He came up panting but not quite subdued. A moment was giv- en him to breathe, and he was soused under again. He came up the second time subdued and pleading for mercy, promising to be a good boy, and always to mind. " Oh, but you have been a very naughty boy ; you don't pretend to mind me, and I intend to keep ducking you till you always do just as I tell you," said my father ; and again soused him under. As he came up the third time, he ap- peared so thoroughly penitent, and promised so faithfully to do ev- erything he was told to do, that he was let off,, and always after- wards remained the most faithful and obedient child in the family,. My brother also tells a good story of a Dr. Taylor conquering a IMFOETANCE t)F BATHING, 209 veiy way^'- ard, wilful daughter, about five years old, by similar means. He had tried the rod, and tried coaxing, but all to no pur- pose. Nothing he could do had yet conquered her. She would break out into most violent fits of anger, throw herself on the floor, and beat her head against it, strike, kick, and exhibit the utmos* fury of anger. He heard my brother's lecture on the training and government of children,* in which he advocates the use of the cold wafer shower bath as an effectual means of subduing ungovernable children, and the next morning, his daughter having one of her mad fits, he pom'ed a pitcher of water on her head. Still she re- mained incorrigible. He tried another ; she still held out. He tried the third and the fourth, till at last she submitted, which he had never before been able to make her do. After that, two or three pitchers of water poured upon her head, alwaj^s subdued her. It produces this effect, first by the sudden shock it gives the whole ■system, especially when pom'ed on the top of the head, where the great pole or centre of sensation is located, and secondly, by , its general cooling effect on the system, and thereby on the propensi- ties. My brother, in defining these views, of which he is the author, very justly remarks, that cold water is certainly cooling ; that men never Jight in the rain ; that, in cases of mobs, if, instead of get- ting out the militia and firing guns, you would get out the fire en- gines and throw wafer, the mobites would soon scud and scamper for shelter, and disperse. Try this course, and the rowdies, as soon as they get thoroughly drenched, will be glad to crawl out, like drowning rats, and go home to change and warm. Recent discoveries in animal chemistry, establish the principle that health is the product oi proportion betv/een the action of the lungs, skin, and stomach, and that their disproportionate action pro- duces disease. The skin is generally less active than it should be, * I have long tried, but thus far in vain, to persuade my brother to give his lecture to the public in a printed form, but he steadily declines, first, ^rom want of time properly to prepare it, and secondly, the want of the ne- cessary means to defray the expenses of printing. According to my own. views of it, I have seen nothing at ail to compare with it on this subject. Its facts, or illustrative anecdotes, are most excellent and interesting. A 'few of them will be introduced into this work, but not without credit. — That in relation to his own ducking, is one of them. I hope to persuade him to publish it soon. It will make an excellent help-meet for this work" The two should he amalgamated. 210 VALUE OF THE SHOWER-BATH. and should therefore be stimulated, and nothing will excite it more effectually than bathing ; especially in cold uater. As already re- remarked, a large proportion of those diseases that afflict mankind, originate from colds. Consumption, rheumatic afiections, pleurisy, head- ache, most kinds of fevers, &c., &c., are induced by colds, vdiich consists in a stopping of the pores of the skin. Bathe of- ten, in cold water, and the activity of the skin will be so great as to resist colds, and thus ward off the diseases consequent on them. Nearly every morning, for eight years, both winter and summer, ,with three exceptions of about a month each, the author has prac- ticed washing his whole body in cold w^ater, and follow vs^ith the flesh brush. The first exception occurred in Washington, in the Spring of 1838, and was followed by a severe cold and fevers which laid me up nearly all the following summer. The second, occurred in the fall of 1839, and was succeeded immediately by a cold, but less severe than the first, as the omission was shorter. — The third occurred in the winter of 1842-3, and lasted about two months, and was immediately followed by a cold, which came near throwing me into a consumption, but has been arrrested, and mainly by a faithful application of the cold bath every morning. At no other periods, for eight years, have I had the slightest symp- tom of a cold, and presume I shall not soon have another. In the winter of 1844, being in Vermont when the mercury stood at 40 degrees below zero, and when the water washed in was half ice, I practiced hand bathing every morning, and though accustomed to a much more southern climate for the winter, I went safely through the coldest spell of weather known there for forty years, and lec- tured every night and then went home without tying up my mouth.* * I cannot disn)iss this subject without cordially recommending Bates' sliding-top shower bath. The apparatus that contains the water can be lowered, filled, and raised over night, or by a domeslic in the morning, so that you can step from your bed right into the bath before dressing. This, and the ease vvith which it is charged, constilute its excellency. If one waits to take his shower bath after he is dressed, he is likely not to take it at all; but if it can be taken before dressing, it will be taken ten times as often, besides being better, because the body is apt to be both warm and moist — ;iust right to produce the required reaction. On the whole, I re- gard it as invaluable, Its price varies from ^10 to $20, according, not to convenience or utility, which are alike in both, but to the style. I should be happy to receive and transmit orders to the manufacturers. ANALYSIS AND REGULATION OF ACQUISITIVENESS. 211 All children are extremely fond of playing in the water. This disposition should be encouraged. I am by no means certain that cold water is always advisable for children. This should be deter- mined, hov/ever, by experience and the constitutions, ages, &c, of the children. The feet may always be washed in cold water with safety, whether in children or adults. Jefferson attributed his uni- form health in part to the fact that he washed his feet in cold water regularly every night. The injury done by wet feet to the health, is in part understood, and cold feet always indicate physical debili- ty. Washing the feet in cold water, is sure to make cold feet warm and keep them so, and this will wonderfully improve the heath and spirits. Wash your children's feet and keep them warm, yet put little on them, and give them abundance of room. Going barefooted in the summer, will benefit boys, rather than injure them. Bare arms and an open neck, so that the perspiration can escape freely, will improve the health. In fact, the more the sur- face of the body can be exposed to the atmosphere, the better. ACQUISITIVENESS Love of acq^uiring property as such : the feeling of mine and thine, or of claim, rightfd possession, and otonership ; economy ; frugalitij / a savivg disposition ; love of trading ; thrift ; taking care that no- thing goes to toasie, or is destroyed. " Put money in thy purse." — Shaks. Adaptation. — Man requires to lay by in store, a full supply of the necessaries and comforts of life, and of the bounties of nature, at the time of their production, sufficient to last till, by a return of seasons, another supply is produced. Without this organ, after we had supplied our present wants, we should waste the balance, and soon be in want. An exchange of property, or trading, is al- so very beneficial to both buyer and seller ; besides interchanging the commodities of every clime with those of every other. We need clothes, houses, tools, commodities innumerable, and property of all kinds, laid by against a time of need. This organ is adapted to this requisition. It also tends to restrain that waste and profu- sion which the other faculties would otherwise occasion; and pre- vents vice by producing industry and economy. The proper regulation of this faculty is all important. It should 212 GOVERNMENT OF ACQUISITIVENESS. be sufficiently active always to procure the necessaries of life ; that is, to furnish the other faculties with the means of obtaining their legitimate gratification, and to secure industry and economy, but should never be allowed to hoard money. Phrenology abominates both the miser and the spendthrift, but commends frugality and thrift. To say that, at the present time, this organ is altogether too large, is but to utter a truism too apparent to require proof. Men now act as though to make money, was the summum honum of life, the great end and object of existence. They seem to imagine that there is no enjoyment in life except in riches, and hence, in their eager chase after money, they forego most of the enjoyments of life, and hasten their death. Let children be taught to valu^ money mainly as an end, and yet to allow nothing to be wasted or squandered. Prodigality is a prolific vice, frugality a fruitful vir- tue. This organ is large in most children, and^usually requires res- traint. It is the most inordinate activity of this faculty which makes them want every thing, and also think that all they want is their own ; merely because they desire it. They claim things be- cause they want them, and do not seem to undestand the difference between what belongs to them and what to others. This should be early taught them, and this faculty put under the dominion of the moral sentiments and intellect. In order to subdue it, do not snatch or force from them things which they may have gotten hold of, but persuade them to give them up volantarily, or else let them retain them. Not long since, I entered a family in which were children from two years old and upward. The youngest two had become interested in my charts and almanacs, on account of the pictures in them, and were muss- ing and tearing them. Their mother caught the books and jerked them away, which maddened them and made them cry violently. I handed the books back to the children, first making them pro- mise they would not injure them, and then that they would return them when I asked for them. This promise they readily made' and when I left, they surrendered them without a murmur. Let children be induced to promise to do what is right, or not do what is wrong, and they will not dare^io do otherwise, because conscience wnll co7npel them to fulfil their promise. HOW TO CULTIVATE ECONOMY. 2l3 Never let children know that they are one whit the better be- cause their parents are wealthy or they likely to be left rich. Let the purse never be a standard of valuation. In the children of rich parents, this organ is almost always small. Hence, children left rich, almost always squander their father's earnings, and die poor. In such cases, let this organ be cultivated. Get them a box, and encourage their dropping their pennies and shilling into it, rather than to spend then for cakes and candies, and give them money for this purpose. After they have husbanded a sufficient sum, buy them a sheep, or some kind of pro- perty that will bring them in something, or else put their money out at interest ; and encourage them to lay up ^for the future. When children have every thing that heart can wish, furnished at their hands, they have no occasion to cultivate thelaying-up facul- ty, and hence this organ becomes small, and this results in their spending the property left them by unwise parents. A youth is richer without a cent, but with industrious and economical habits, than with thousands in pocket but luithout economy. Do not leave children wealthy, unless you wish to curse and ruin them. For the correctness of this advice I appeal to the observation of the reader in regard to those within his knowledge left wealthy. I would allow no man to settle ten "thousand dollars upon either of my children, and if I were worth millions, I would set them to earning their own property, simply furnishing them the means of doing so. Money given to children, is never prized. They know nothing of its worth, unless they have acquired it themsehes, but they set great value upon what their ovm efforts have procured. Give them a chance to make their own pocket money, and you will prevent prodigality and secure industry. If a farmer, give your son a piece of ground and time to cultivate it. With a part of his products let him buy a pig, a sheep, or a calf, and feed it on the rest, and so go on to augment 'his property till he is old enough to set up business for himself. So, if you are a merchant or a tradesman. Youth should have a chance to earn money, and then have the disposal of all they make, yet of but little more. Unless really in distress, parents should never fpocket the earnings of their children, but they should let them have an opportunity of making all they feel disposed to make, and then have the entire disposal of it j except that they should be advised. 214. AN.ALYSIS AND REGULATION OF ACOUISITIVFNESS, The practice of giving children pennies or small change to spen for candies, sweetmeats, toys, &c., now very common, and prompted by misguided Philoprogenitiveness, is most pernicious; because, it induces an insatiable craving after what will do them no good, and also renders thera prodigal of their money, and often leads to bad habits. Especially, this prodigality should not be encom-aged in conjunction with Appetite. Never give children pennies with which to buy eatables between meals, suuh as apples, cakes, can- dies, ice creams, &c. To cultivate this organ, save the^pennies. Spend less, and then only for what is really necessary. Always keep money by you, and be industrious. Add daily to your pecuniary resources. Bar- gain closely, and mind how your money goes. Try to get ahead in the world, by savino- the items. Read and practise Franklin's advice, much of which has reference to the cultivation of this faculty. Especially, mind the driblets. Abandon all expensive habits, such as drinking, chewing, smoking, oyster suppers, &c. &c. In other words, use all lawful endeavors to acquire property, ga- ther around you the comforts of life, and, above all, save. Hold on to the small change, and remember that " a penny saved is worth two pence earned." To reduce this faculty, be more liberaL Let the small change slide. Remember that the sole use of money is to purchase pro- per gratification for the other faculties. As long as you hoard it, it will do you no good. Remember that you are too penurious. That you bargain too closely. That you are disposed to claim more than is your own. That you are too close-fisted and selfish, and too greedy to make money. In other words, exercise this facul- ty less proportionably, and the others more. There are two organs of Acquisitiveness, one for making money another for keeping it : the former occupying the hack and lower portion of old Acquisitiveness, and within three fourths of an inch of the ear, and the part that saves it, occupying the forepart of it. The upper portion, also, probably creates a desire for copartnership. The money making part of Acquisitiveness, is geneially large in American heads, — hence, their " compassing sea and land to make one" dollar; but their money-keeping organ is usually small ; hence their extravagance and wastefulness. SECRETIVENESS, ITS FUNCTION AND GOVERNMENT. 215 SECRETIVENESS. - Policy; management; acting under assumed aspects ; dis- guising one^s real sentiments and purposes ; finesse ; evasion, cunning, reserve ; playing 'possum. Adaptation. — Man requires defence. Corabativeness de- fends and protects us by boldly meeting and defying threaten- ing danger ; Cautiousness protects by foreseeing the evil and fleeing therefrom, and Secretiveness protects by employing stratagem, or at least reserve, operating behind the curtain, and pretending to do one thing, yet really doing another. Its abuses are hypocrisy, deceit, lying, slander, double-deal- ing, &c. There are two or more functions or subdivisions of this or- gan, or else several members of this secretive family. Its fore part exercises the function of policy, or vnanages well; employing shrewdness and tact in obtaining ends by hidden means ; the upper portion refuses to tell the truth, but either falsifies outright* or evades every question asked, and the back and lower portion, has to do with neighborhood scandal, secrets, &c. Those in whom it is small, pursue a strait-for- ward, open, sincere course ; do as they agree ; never work the wires; are what they seem to be ; and hoist no false col- ors. Those in whom it is large, appear to be aiming at one thing, when in reality they are driving at another; move with adroitness and cunning; are oily, mysterious, enigmatical, guarded, foxy ; and always employ policy, artifice, and strat- agem to effect their ends. It has passed into a proverb that " children and fools always speak the truth.'^ Children never falsify till they have been * In every instance in which I have seen the portion of this faculty magnetized, the patient has asserted the most palpable and downright falsehoods, one after the other, each denying the precediiig, to he itself con- tradicted in the next breath. Thus, I asked one with this faculty magne- tized, where he came from io-day. " From New York, no, London," said he. What, from London to-day ? I enquired. " No," said he, " from Philadelphia." I told him he came from Auburn that day. This he roundly denied, though it was the fact. He asserted positively that the Auburn State Prison had been removed that day to Syracuse. 216 TELLING CHILDREN THE TRUTH. taught to do SO, either by example or precept. Parents are by no means sufficiently careful on this point. They tell their children more lies than tliey are aware of. " If you do that again I'll whip you," exclaims a vexed parent. The next day the child commits the same offence, but the punishment is not administered. The child's confidence in the parent's integrity is weakened ; the parent degrades himself in the eyes of his child as a liar, and the child does not heed subsequent threats. While standing on the wharf in New York, a little girl, some five years old, stepped several times on the edge of the dock to witness the rushing of the waters between the dock and a ship. Two or three times, her father commanded her not to go there again. At last, he threatened that if she did go there again, he would throw her into the river. A minute afterwards, I stepped up to the girl and asked her, in his hearing, if she re- ally thought her father would throw her into the river if she went there again- She hung her head, but said nothing ; for she had sense enough to know that her father would not fulfil so murderous a threat, even though she should violate his command. In other words, he had lied to her in threatening to do what she knew he would not do. Make few promises, few threatenings, to yonx children, and scrupulously fulfil every one of them. It is natural for chil- dren to take their parents and others at their word ; and be- lieve that they tell the truth. The sentiment of truth grows naiuruUy in ihe soil of the human heart ; and confidence in the declarations of others, is one of its blessed fruits. As the law regards every man as honest until he \s found to be a ras- cal, so man intuitively regards his fellow men as honest, till experience proves them to be rogues, and even then he trusts them still. I envy not those who pride themselves on being suspicious and always on the alert in regard to their fellow men. It is hard to be deceived, but more sorrowful and deso- late still is that heart, which distrusts and suspects all around him. This suspicion should not be implanted in the breast of children, at least by deceiving them, or telling them un- truths. My brother tells another excellent story to illustrate this FASHIONABLE FALSEHOODS, 217 point A very pious mother in Tennessee, caught her son in some petty falsehood, and took him to task for it; teiUng him what an awfuUy wicked thing it was to tell lies, and to what an awful place liars would go hereafter, &c. As he left her^ he said behind her back, to a servant. " Well, she'll go there too, for she told me a lie yesterday." What effect can the ad- monitions of parents as to telling lies have on those children who have caught their instructors in aberrations from the truth. Parents and teachers cannot be too careful not to de- viate an iota from the naked truth, and to represent things precisely as they are. Fashionable life is only one continual round of deception and mere outside pretences. Modern politeness has been pro- perly defined "telling white and black lies, and playing I'm a fool and your'e another." " Oh, how do you do. Miss Fash- ionable ? Wliy, how glad I am to see you ! I have not seen you this long time. Why have you not called before 7 Oh^ don't be in a hurry. Now doix't go yet. Do call again," &c=. But no sooner is she gone than, in the presence of her children,, she says, " That old thing is really hateful — I never could bear her, and don't see what she calls so often for, and stays so long. Fm sure I never want to see her again." Children hear both her pleasantness and compliments to her face, and her back-biting after she leaves, and learn to put on appear- ances to suit occasions ; that is, to be deceitful, and make pre- tences. Thus is truth sacrificed at the shrine of fashion, and the moral feelings of children and all who hear, lowered down. Let truth be held as sacred. Never invite persons to visit you unless you really desire to see them. Be honest, not only because "honesty is the best policy," but especially to make j'^'^'^ children so; for truth is more valuable than ru- bies. Never let children know that you distrust or mistrust them. Deal with them as though you thought them honest. Take them at their word. Never let them know that you think they c«;i lie, till the proof is too positive to be denied, and then rather exhort and encoura;?e them to do better than dis- 218 ANALYSIS AND ADAPTVTION OF CAUTIOUSNESS. grace them for having clone wrong. Reasons for this will be given under Approbativeness. It is perfectly proper to exercise their Secretiveness, but always under the dominion of Conscientiousness. It may properly be exercised in withholding some things, but never in false coloring. If one be trying to ferret out your business, so as to take advantage of you, you may not lie to him, yet may say nothing, or ma}?" put him off the right track, and thus let him catch himself in the very snare he has laid for you, but never lie ; " and employ Secretiveness mainly in protecting yourself, seldom in deceiving others; in withholding, not hi mis-stating ; and in keeping yourself to yourself, but not in de- parting from the exact truth. To increase this faculty, measure your Avords. Be close mouthed, guarded, politic, wise, and reserved. Say less about your plans and opinions, and be less distant and unequivocal in what you do say. Do not express yourself as plainly or as positively as you are disposed to do. Do not speak it all out quite so bluntly, but tell only a part, and that part guardedly. Let others do most of the talking, and commit themselves, if they please, but be careful not to commit yourself. Above all, take IcKsons from those who have it large. That is, observe what they do in this particular, and " go thou and do like- wise." To diminish this organ, pursue the opposite course. Un- bosom yourself more freely. Be less equivocal. Do things more openly. Take less pains to disguise j/our real sentiments or to cover up your designs. In short, be more open and sin- cere, and employ less false colors and pretences. CAUTIOUSNESS. Precaution ; care ; solicitude ; fear ; provision against loant and danger ; apprehensioii ; fleeing from, foreseen evils. " Discretion is the better part of valor." Adaptation. — Man is thrown into a world full of dangers. His whole journey through life, is beset with them at every ANALYSIS AND REGULATION OF CAUTIOUSNESS. 219 Step, SO numerous, so appalling, as to threaten him contiuiially with pain and death. If his Maker had thrown around him the shield of his Ahnighty protection, so that no evil could penetrate that shield, this faculty would liave heen uncalled for, and very detrimental, by continually creating false alarms, and keeping him in suspense without cause; but, if he had been created without this faculty, these impending dangers and difliculties would soon destroy all his peace, pleasures, and even life itself. The shield of protection, mentioned above, would have been cumbersome, and yet man must be 2'rotecied ; and this faculty effectually protects him not only without inconvenience to him.self, but it even aifords him pleasure to provide against prospective evils, make all .w/e, and take care of every thing. Its feebleness is followed by imprudence and misfortune, its excess, causes unnecessary fears, procrastination, irresolution, and cowardice. The fact that this organ is generally large in children, is in beautiful keeping with their greater need of this faculty. In- experienced, their muscles weak and not accustomed to vigor- ous exercise and their minds undisciplined, unless Cautious- ness were extremely active, instinctively to warn and protect them, they would soon be destroyed; Even a mother's tender care and incessant watching, are insufficient to preserve them from accidents; for a careless child is continually hurting, or burning, or cutting itself, or falling, or meeting v/itii a thou- sand accidents from carelessness. This organ is generally quite large enough in children, without increasing its action hy frightening them. Its excess fills its possessor with continual and groundless alarm, and thus causes a great amount of suffering; hence this excess should never be induced by telling them frightful stories, or making them afraid of the dark, or threatening them, &c. This organ is too large in most mothers, so that ciiildren usu- ally inherit too much fear, and then these very mothers, lov- ing their children so intensely, acd then having so naicli fear, are doubly anxious for the safety of their children, and tliere- fore keep continually cautioning then), teUing them to take care, or that they will fall, Sic, even when they are in no dan- 220 FRIGHTENINa CHILDREN. ger, thereby keeping them in a state of continual alarm. Add to this, that parents often punish their children by shutting them up in a dark room or in a cellar, or threaten them con- tinually, and we have abundant cause for those false alarms and groundless fears whiih render so many lives a burden. If this organ be small, scaring them may do them good by excit- ing and enlarging it; but if this organ be large, they will gen- erally look out for the breakers, and may be trusted with the care of themselves, if not of the younger children. When this organ is too large, not only should the child never be frightened, but every opportunity should be embraced to quiet fear, and make them feel safe, so that the organ may diminish by inaction. Never tell frightful stories to children having this organ large, nor allow them to be frightened with hideous sights or sounds, nor tell them that you will throw them out of the window, or cut off their ears or finger, &c. ; because, if they believe you, they will really be frightened, but if they do not believe you, they will think the less of 5^ou. But the main direction of Cautiousness should be to the higher sentiments, by making them fear to do wrong. In order to diminish this organ take less time to get ready. Deliberate less. When too large, offset it by Combativeness, and push your projects forward without caring as much for consequences as you are disposed to do, or put intellect ever against it, by bearing constantly in mind that your fears are excessive and usually groundless ; that this organ, being too large, excites more solicitude, doubt, irresolution, and procras- tination than is reasonable or best ; that, therefore, you al- ways overrated difficulties, magnify dangers, and even make them up out of whole cloth ; are therefore anxious without cause, and fearful where there is no danger. By impressing this upon the mind, I do not see how your Cautiousness can produce alarm, any more than looking through green glasses could make you be- lieve that every thing was green. This principle will tell you that you always look through glasses of fear, and that it is these fear- ing glasses that alarm you, and not any danger — that, in short, vour apprehensions are mostly groundless, and therefore not to be regarded or acted upon. Also deliberate less. Take less time to e[ ready. Dont fuss and fix so much. Be more off hand and DIMINUTION OF CAUTIOUSNESS. 221 prompt. Above all, do not allow your imagination to conjure up objects of terror, or dwell on imaginary danger. Banish all such suppositions, and indulge the feeling of security and safety in their stead. Withdraw your mind as much as possible from all appre- hension and contemplation of danger, and try to dismiss all anxiety, solicitude, and procrastination, and try to make yourself contented. Also, decide promptly one way or another, so as to allow no chance for that distracted, painful action of Cautiousness which al- ways accompanies doubt, uncertainty, vascillation, halting between two opinions, &c. But one of the most eifectual causes of groundless fears and gloomy forebodings, is to be found in a disordered physiology, and, especially, in impaired digestion. AVhen produced by this cause, it cannot be effectually overcome without removing that cause — that is, without restoring the bodily functions to health, directions for doing which have already been given. If your fearfulness proceeds from nervousness, then rectify your nervous system, or else expect to suffer all your life from groundless fears, that is, to be al- ways miserable on account of this violation of the law of health. They can, however, be diminished somewhat, by offsetting them by intellect. But this faculty is often too weak, and requires to be strength- ened. To do this, pursue the course opposite to that just pointed out. Remember that you are careless. That you underrate dan- ger, and are headless, and liable to constant misfortune in conse- quence of this deficiency. Watch yourself, therefore. Dwell much on the dangerous. Often suppose to yourself that this or that had happened — that such a fall had broken a limb, or such a careless act induced such and such evil consequences, and in every possible way, excite this organ to action by dwelling on danger, and being •careful, as well as try to supply its place by the increased exercise of reason in foreseeing danger and guarding against it. Children in whom it is large, may perhaps be benefited by being frightened and should be often put on their guard. Still, fear is less the func- tion of the faculty than care, solicitude, provision against danger. 16 222 ANALYSIS AND KEGULATION OF APPROEATIVENESS. APPROBATIVENESS. Ilegard for character, reputation, the speeches of people, what others think and say, 8fc. ; desire for a good name ; love of I PRAISE, popularity, fame, notoriety, Ifc. ; pride of character ; ambition to become distinguished ; feeling of shame and morti- ficaiion. A GOOD NAME IS RATHER TO BE CHOSEN THAN GREAT RICHES. SolomOU. Adaptation. — Some things are in their very nature praisewor- thy, while others are shamefuh We cannot help praising certain actions and qualities, nor help regarding others as disgraceful. We naturally esteem some persons and things, and despise others This original, constitutional quality of praiseworthiness and dis- . graceflilness, as applied to actions, has its counterpart in Ap- probativeness. "Are you not ashamed of youi'self," and "that is a j^ne boy,'' appeal to this faculty. Its abuse produces vanity, artificial man- ners, extravagant decorations of the person, out-side show and display ; formal politeness, fashionable etiquette ; a boastful spirit, &c., &c. Censure and ridicule, both strike upon this faculty. This organ is large in most children, and extremely liable to be perverted, especially in girls ; hence the importance of proper cultivation. Its location by the side of Conscientiousness, shows that it is designed to act in concert with it, and thereby to pro- duce a regard for moral character mainly. Praise should be bes- towed mostly on moral and intellectual worth, yet it is usually bestowed upon riches, fine and fashionable attire, a handsome face, and even upon fighting, gormandizing, &c. Children shoulj:] be praised mainly for intellectual attainments and moral worth. They should never know that they are any better because they have on a fine dress, or a new bonnet, or are handsome, or ap- pear in splendid and fashionable attire ; and yet most parents do praise their children for things wliolly extraneous to them- selves, and entirely destitute of all moral character. When this organ is too large, great care should be taken not to foster or feed it by praise, its natural stimulant. When the DESIRE FOR A GOOD NAME. 223 child, already overstocked with it, says and does smart things '' to be seen " and admired, never notice their fishing for praise, yet do not frown on them ; for this also excites and sears or hardens this faculty. Let their attempts to elicit praise pass unheeded, and never listen to praise except demanded by really praiseworthy actions. Too much precaution cannot be taken not to mortify or dis- grace children. Sense of character is one of the strongest pro- moters of virtue and restraints upon vice, that can be brought to bear on conduct. When a young person's regard for charac- ter is gone, all hope is gone, and almost certain ruin awaits him. Mortifying and shaming children, is directly calculated to sear or harden this faculty, because it is painful, and the painful exercise of every organ, benumbs and weakens it. As becoming- familiar with distress, blunts benevolence and wears off its tender edges — as the goadings and compunctions of a guilty conscience sear and benumb moral feelings, as oft-repeated profanations of God and things sacred blunt Veneration, as the loss or unfaith- fulness of friends wounds friendship and tears asunder its tender fibrils — so shame and disgrace blunt sense of character, and wea- ken ambition.* Great care should therefore be taken to keep their reputation with you and with themselves good. If they feel that they are disgraced in your eyes, their wounded Appro- bativeness excites Combativeness, and they feel indignant at you ; more especially, if you shame them for things which they did not know to be disgraceful beforehand. The reader must have often seen a single sharp word, or even a slight look of dis- pleasure wound deeply and grieve them exceedingly, even though little was meant by the parent. Not to dwell upon the positive cruelty of thus lashing up their feelings so umnercifully, this shows how exceedingly tender are the feelings of children, and how much care should be taken to preserve this tenderness un- violated. Do not educate your children, especially your girls, to be pu'p'pet shows, nor excite their love of display, because neither of these constitute the legitimate function of this faculty. Never incite children to learn by rewards, premiums, tickets, or medals for ex- * Oa p. 36 of the author's work on Matrimony, this principle will be found fully presented and illustrated. 224 CULTIVATION AND GOVERNMENT OF APPROBATIVENESS. celling in study. Nor should honorary appointments at colleges, academies, &c., be distributed to the best scholars. Let children and students be induced to learn, not because they v;ill thereby get their Approbativeness inflated by praise, but let the inirinsic value •5f the knowledge acquired, and the pleasure derived froip study itself, be their main motive for study. Studying for the sake of ^ praise, will hardly benefit any one, but studying for the sake of study, or for the pleasure derived from the exercise of the mental faculties, will leave a permanent good behind. If children study because they are praised for it, as soon as the praise for which they study is discontinued, the inducement to study ceases, and their books are laid aside ; but if they study because of the pleasure and advantage derived fi"om study itself, these inducements will always excite them to new and increased intellectual effort. If this organ be too large, and it be desirable to reduce it, do not feed it ; but put intellect over against it by reflections like the following. " "Well, suppose they do think thus of me, w^hat of it 1 What if I cannot appear as well as others ? I'm none the worse for that. I'm too sensitive on this subject, and so will dismiss it, and employ my mind on other matters." Remember, thatfothers think less about appearances. You are mistaken in supposing others observe you as much as you think they do. Do not indulge the feeling of shame. Appear naturally, not effectedly, nor as though all eyes were turned toward you. In short, feed this faculty as little as possible. Direct it, repress it, and cultivate the do7iH care feeling. When it is too small, set motives before it. Refiect on praise, and indulge the feeling of pleasure springing therefrom. Indulge ambition, especially in conjunction w^ith the higher sentiments* Think more of character, reputation, appearances, and standing in society. To cultivate this faculty is not difficult. Commend this as often as they deserve it, and keep it well supplied with stimu- lants to action. The portion of brain heretofore allotted to Approbativeness, has recently been found to contain several organs, one of Jealousy, which lies between this organ and Cautiousness ; Modesty, which lies on on the inside of Approbativeness, next to Self-Esteem ; love of dress, lower down, and love of fame, or public life, higher up, besides several others. ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF SELF-ESTEEM, 225 SELF-ESTEEM. " I am better than thou." " Is not this great Babylon which I have builded.'' Self-respect ; self-confidence ; self-satisfaction; self-complacency ; nobleness; dignity; love of power ; independence; love of liberty and freedom ; that high-toned sense of honor and manly feeling lohich despises meanness, commands respect, and aspires to be and do something worthy of one's self Its abtises are pride, haughtiness, egotism, swaggering preten- sions, a domineering, self-sufficient, aristocratical, tyrannizing spi- rit, which would subject all others to obedience and servitude. Adaptation. — George Combe, in his lectures in Philadelphia, remarked, in reference to this organ, that when we behold the won- derful exhibitions of power displayed in the works of nature — the vastness and glory of the starry heavens, the beauties, wonders, and infinite wisdom of the works of creation, and especially, w^hen we behold in mute astonishment the falls of Niagara — we feel overpow- ered with a sense of our own utter imioorthiness and nothingness, when compared with the rest of creation. Left to feel his own in- significance and littleness as it is, man could never hold up his head, but would be borne down to the earth Vv^ith this overwhelming sense of utter nothingness. The organ of Self-Esteem is given us to counteract this feeling, and make ,us feel that we are something, when, in fact, we are comparatively nothing. If this be the true analysis of this faculty, nature of course fal- sifies. From this doctrine, I dissent in toto. Not only do I reject the doctrine that nature errs by telling us we are som^ething, when we are nothing; but I regard man as "the noblest work of God" v.^ithin our knowledge. 1 regard organized matter as containing wonders infinitely greater than any found in matter not organized. I regard man, considered merely as an animal, or the functions and adaptations of his physical nature, as infinitely m^ore wonderful, be- cause displaying more of the wisdom, power, and greatness of the Creator, than all the rest of creation. But man's physical nature is but a straw, a cypher, when compared with his mental and moral nature. Mind forms the crowning excellence and wonder of cre- ation. The world was made for man, and man v/as m.ade for mind 226 SELF-KELIANCE AND SELF-RESPECT. In man's intellectual and moral nature it is that the greatness and power of the great Creator of the universe is mainly exhibited. Man forms the connecting link between the earth and its Maker. Words can never express the wonders, beauties, and power evinced in the creation of man's mental and moral nature. Man therefore holds an important, and an elevated position in the rank of crea- tion, and really does possess excellencies of the highest order ; and Self-Esteem is given him to make him appreciate these high ends and noble qualities of his nature — to make him feel that he is what he is, and thus to increase his efforts to become in conduct what he is by nature. Without this faculty, or with a poor opinion of one's capabilities, how little will be attempted or accomplished ? All effort will be paralyzed, and the character demeaned and depraved. With this faculty fully developed, self-confidence is inspired, the aims are high, the whole character and conduct are ennobled, and a dignified position in society is assumed. Self-reliance should be cultivated in children. Instead of help- ing them to every little thing, learn them to help thenselves. A man that requires to be waited upon a great deal w^ill never ac- complish much, but those who rely on their own exertions, taking hold w^ith their own hands whatever is to be done, will effect something important. The story of the quail and the husbandman, will illustrate this point. As long as the old quail saw the hus- bandman rely upon his neighhors to harvest the grain in which she had her nest, she felt safe, and made no preparations for moving ; but the moment she heard that he /iimself was to harvest it the next day, she changed her quarters. Franklin says, if you want any- thing done well, do it yourself. The due exercise of Self-Esteem, creates this self-reliance. Children should also early be encouraged to feel and act as though they were worth something, as though they were preparing to be- come men and women, and should be taught that they were created for some important end. This, so far from inflating them with pride, is calculated to humble them, or at least to increase their en- deavors to fit themselves to act well so important a part. The idea is quite prevalent that this course will render them egotistical and self-sufficient, but from this opinion I take the liberty of dissenting. Self-Esteem can be and should be cultivated, and so cultivated as to KESTRAINT OF SELF-ESTEEM. 227 benefit, not injure. Any otker view, implies that Self-Esteera is a bad faculty, a principle wholly refuted by Phrenology, which shows all our primary faculties to be good in their original natm-e and primitive functions. If your boy be guilty of any mean, self-degrading act, talk to him as follows. " Why, John, I thought you were too much of a man to do that ! If you want to wear clothes like men, you must be a man in everything. I really want you to think more of yourself than to do that again," &c. Still, to give him a little cane and umbrella when it rains, to dress him off with frills and ruffles, and make him think he is a man because he dresses like one, is ruinous. The discriminating reader will mark the difference between culti- vating the noble and manly in feeling and conduct, and dressing them till they swell and strut and vaunt themselves because they've got a cane, or wear a fashionable cloak. When I see a boy fi'om six to twelve, dressed in the height of gentlemen's fashion, swing- ing his cane, smoking a cigar, talking very big, perhaps trying to swear, threatening, and priding himself on his exteriors, he pro- claims that his parents do not know much, and that he is enter- ing the broad road to ruin. I have often been pained to see little girls parading the pave- ment, superbly dressed, with a muff and sun-shade, profusely ruffled off, and walking with as much self-importance as though they were queens. Let me entreat parents not thus to make fools of them- selves and puppet-shows of their children, but to train them up to pride themselves on their intellectual and moraPqualities andnot on their exterior. Above all things, do not try to make your girls young ladies. Green fruit is umvholesome and unsavory ; so are green women. Let girls be girls, till nature makes them women. Let them romp, rattle, play, and appear naturally, till they themselves assume the appearance and station of women. Trying to make them women while they are girls, besides preventing exercise in plays, &c., and thus retarding the growth and impairing their health, renders them artificial and affected, and bedims the beauties and graces of natiux* Self-Esteem probably comprises two or three organs, the lower part of it, next to Concentrativeness, exercising the function of vdll; and'creates love of liberty, disposition to do one's own thinking and acting, to choose for himself and take the consequences of his own 228 CULTIVATION OF SELF-KSTEKW, conduct; to pay one's own way through life, and take favors of no one, &c.; and the upper portion, experiencing the function of dig- nity, elevation, self-respect, &c. Love of power, is doubtless loca- ted near Self-Esteem. On all Napoleon coin, the lower portion of Self-Esteem presents a most extraordinary protuberance. Lovers of popular liberty, and all true republicans, will be found deficient there. To cultivate Self-Esteem, remember that this poor opinion of yourself which oppresses you, this sense of unworthiness, inferiority, insignificance, and shrinking diffidence under which you labor, is caused, not by your actual inferiority and unworthiness, but by your small Self-Esteem ; that you underrate yourself, and require to hold up your head, and assume more to yom-self That is, let your in- tellect counteract this defect, and then cultivate the feeling, by standing and walking erect, and feeling that you are as good as others, and do not indulge this feeling of humility and self-abase- ment. If it be small in a child, do not command that child much, nor conquer or subdue its will, but try to elevate him in his owti es- timation. Much injury is done to children by ruling them with too much severity, thus breaking down their independence of feel- ing. To diminish Self-Esteem, bear in mind, that these high notions of yourself proceed, not from the fact that you are better than oth- ers, but solely from your having too large an organ of self-conceit. Measure your head. Examine your developments. They are only so. But Self-Esteem is very large. Hence you are led to over- rate yourself and all that appertains to you. Then why swell and swagger thus. Besides, these high-flown pretensions only render you jidiculous. Remember, that you are more disposed to lead than others are to follow — to command than others to obey, or than you should be to lead or command. Humble yourself. Keep your in- ordinate self-conceit to yourself. I repeat, bear constantly in mind, that these high-sounding pretensions grow out of your over-devel- oped Self-Esteem, and not out of your real worth; and if you have any sense left, this reflection cannot fail to humble you, and dimin- ish the organ. DECISION OF CHARACTER, 229 FIRMNESS. '• Perseverance conquers all things." Decision of character ; fixedness of purpose ; stability ; ferseve- rance ; tenacity and continuity of opinion and conduct ; tin- willino-ness to chang-e. Adaptation. — After a man has sown he must wait patiently for the harvest, or he will fail to reap. Many ends can be gained only by long-continued application, and many obstacles are to be overcome only by perseverance. That " perseverance conquers all things," is a time-honoured proverb ; but fickleness accom- plishes nothing. Scientific attainments are not the grovv4h of a day, nor of a year, but of a lifetime. Many kinds of busi- ness can be rendered profitable only by years of patient toil spent in building them up. Scarcely any truly valuable end can be obtained in a hurry. Combativeness may overcome some obsta- cles and attain some ends with despatch, but it takes time to overcome and attain others. To this state of things, to this de- mand for firmness, is this faculty adapted. Without it littk good could be accomplished, little evil successfully resisted ; but with it, difficulties vanish, and temptations flee abashed. Indeed, I never knew a man distinguished for anything good, bad, or great, without it. It should therefore be cultivated, yet not allowed to dege- nerate into mulish obstinacy. This organ can be cultivated by holding out inducements to persevere, and by rewarding success. Hope is located upon the two sides of the forepart of Firmness, so as to work in conjunc- tion with it ; and certainly, nothing is calculated to excite Firm- ness more than confident hopes of success, and the two combi- ned, form one of the strongest elements of efficiency and suc- cess. Pains should be taken not to set children to doing what they cannot complete, and not to allow them to leave anything unfinished. Let them be taught to accomplish all that they hegin. Making children servile, and requiring strict obedience, is apt to weaken this feeling. The author knows a severe, austere? tyrannical father, who has two children whom he rules with a 230 DECISION OF CHAKACTER. rod of iron. In one of them, Firmness has degenerated to almost nothing, and in the other increased to obstinacy, probably be- cause the former, a daughter, had the firmness subdued and cowed down by this tyranny, while the same discipline only excited and increased that of the other to mulish stubbornness. Parents should always hold an even hand with their chil- dren. They should not be one thing to-day, and another to- morrow, but be uniform and constant in all their requirements; and when they undertake to make themselves master, should always carry it through. My brother tells a story in illustration of this point, much as follows: Susan, a girl of about fifteen, had invited her playmate Sarah, to go that afternoon to pick strawberries. Sarah came, and Susan asked her mother's consent to go. The mother refused it. Susan plead that Sarah had come to go, but all to no purpose. At last, she took up her pail and started with an "/will go, so there.'''' Well, if you will go, get good ones," answered the mother. A daughter wished to go to a ball, which her mother forbid her ; the daughter got ready ; the mother seeing that the daughter loould go, said, " If you are determined to go, lorap up warm." Things like these, should never be allowed to occur, but let one uniform line of conduct be pursued. To increase this organ in yourself, persevere. Give up nothing till it is completed. Let nothing turn you from your purposed cause. Have a mind and a will of your own, and do not yield to the persuasions of others, nor give up to difficulties. To diminish, or rather to direct it, first, let caution and intellect guide Firmness so as to prevent your becoming fixed on anything not right, or attempting any course not best. Secondly ; hold yourself always open to correction. Remember that excessive Firmness is likely so to bias your judgment as to prevent your seeing the force of evidence that bears against you ; that you are too hard to be convinced ; that you require to bend a little more than you are disposed to do, and such like reflections. In other words : Keep your firmness in subjection to your intellect, justice^ &c. Let it neither control, nor be controlled, but work harmo- niously and proportionatel}^ SENSE OF JUSTICE. tdi CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. " Let Justice be done if the heavens fall." Moral principle : sense of justice : integrity : regard for dutij : per- ception of right and wrong, and the feeling that right should be rewarded and the wrong punished : sense of moral accountahility, of guilt, and incumhency : love of truth : ^?e??i^e?zce for sins and disposition to reform : gratitude for favors : desire for mm-al purity and blamelcssness of conduct. Adaptation. — The human mind is so constituted that it cannot but regard some things as right and others as wrong, in their very nature and constitution. It, therefore, recognizes certain great principles of rigid and fitness as lying back in the very nature and constitution of things, and approves the right but condemns the wrong. This faculty does not decide what is right ; the other faculties do this, and then Conscientiousness enforces what they regard as right. It strives to do the fair thing between man and man, endeavours to see and correct faults, and embraces the true and the right wherever found. Its excess causes scrupu- lousness, and self-condemnation, and makes too little allowances for the faults of others, but requires all to come to its own high standing of right. The importance of cultivating this faculty, especially as an an- tagonist of the propensities, has already been presented, yet the means of exciting it has not been given. This organ is usually large and the sentiment strong in children, so that it has not to be made large, but only to be kept so by constant and vigorous action. Its usual development is much greater in children than in men, owing to its having been worn smooth in the latter by the dishonest practices and principles of the age. It should therefore be kept up by frequently asking if this be right, or that not wrong and by closely scrutinizing the moral character and bearings of all our principles and practices. And then let her monitions be always heard and obeyed. If her standard be wrong, right it, but obey, ; but never harden or blunt the moral sensibilities, by ne- glecting or silencing her warning or her convicting^ voice. S32 DESIRE KOR MORAL PURITY, &C. The best way to excite and enlarge it in children, is to be just to them,. Kvery faculty in one, excites the corresponding faculty in another, as already explained. Dealing justly and truly with men, will make them also just and true, but violating their con- sciences by doing what they think wrong, encourages them to do wrong also. Children often think they are right, when we think them wrong, and punish them accordingly. This weakens their sense of right, and paves the way for their committing the errors or abuses upon others which they think we are committing upon them. First convince them that they are wTong, before punish- ment is administered. If this organ be small in your own head, to cultivate it, just remember that its deficiency incapacitates you for seeing your own faults, and that Self-Esteem, if larger than Conscientiousness, will always throw the mantle of charity over yom' faults, or put them in a bag behind you. Remembering this, will enable you? in some measure, to correct it. The fact that you do noXfeel guilty, is no sign that you are not, for the smaller this faculty, the less it condemns, and yet other things being equal, the more immoral you are. Recent discoveries point out a separate organ for gratitude, loca- ted upon the sides of the back of Benevolence, and Penitence as joining it. It is supposed to be divided, one portion having reference to om^ duties to our fellow-men, and the other, to God, and religion. Combined with Causality, it reasons upon what is right and just j or on man's moral duties, and relations to his fellow-men and his Maker ; with Firmness it adheres to what is right, because it is right, and gives moral decision ; and if large Combativeness be added, it urges on the cause of truth and justice with great bold- ness and vigor ; and gives moral courage, defence of right, truth, the oppressed, &c. LOCATION AND GOVERIN'MENT OF HOPE. 233 HOPE. ' " Man never Z5, but always TO BE blessed." ["'I ' Anticipation ; expectation of success and happiness ; cheerful- ness ; disposition to magnify advantages, and to underrate or overlook obstacles ; contemplating the brighter shades of the I picture. Adaptation. — Man feeds on hope. The future is before him, with its storehouses of good and ill. He desires the former, but wishes to escape the latter. With this organ, he not only desires things, but expects to obtain them, and his expectation spurs him on to greatly increased effort. Without Hope, but with this inten- sity of desire, he would long for objects, but put forth little effort to obtain them, because he would not expect to succeed. Vivid hope contributes more to vigorous effort, and this to success, than almost any other faculty. Abuses. — Wild speculation, attempting more than can be ac- complished, and losing all in the failure ; a visionary, chimerical spirit. The due regulation of this faculty, is all important ; for then it pours a continual tide of pleasure into the soul by enjoying things in anticipation, and also gently stimulates effort and sweetens toil by the expectation that full fruition will soon crown these labors. In children, this organ is usually, I think I may say always, large, and forms an important ingredient in their happiness. Success in business also encourages it, but repeated and continued disappoint- ments often crush the spirits, annihilate all hope, sadden the heart, relax effort, and exert a withering influence over the whole soul. Those only who have experienced the palsying effect of " hope deferred," crushing their spirits beneath the weight of disappoint- ment, can imagine its influence over the whole man, mental and physical. External circumstances, by elevating and depressing hope, not only impair and diminish appetite, respiration, circula- tion, &c., but augment the power and energy of 1;he intellect, or weaken and enfeeble the mind. Hence Hope should never be al- . lowed to flag. Gloomy forebodings and despondency, should never be indulged, but should be dismissed at once. To dismiss them, 234 ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF MARVELLOUSNESS. especially when Cautiousness is larger than Hope, remember that gloomy apprehensions are caused, not from the unfavorable aspect of your circumstances, but from your Hope. If that were larger, the sarae prospects would appear to you in a very different light. I pity the desponding heart ; yet none need despond. If they can- not obtain all they wish, and borrow no trouble about future, " Suf- ficient unto the day is the evil thereof." If this organ be too large, and therefore liable to lead you into the opposite extreme of visionary schemes, remember that your splendid prospects are caused by the magnifying influence of Hope. Dock off half or two-thirds from w^hat you really expect to obtain, and try the remainder. This is all you may reasonably calculate upon. Your high expectations grow solely from your large Hope, and not out of any reality. Bear in mind that you are constitu- tionally inclined to over-rate every prospect, and to underrate eve- ry difficulty. Besides, you are not contented with the present, be- cause you think you could do so much better in 'something else. Hence, never loS3 a certainty in grasping after an uncertainty. Go more slowly and surely. Do not try so many experiments, or en- ter on so many schemes. Undertake but half what you are dispos- ed to. In short : put intellect, prudence, and your other restrain- ino- faculties over against Hope, and do not allow yourself to act on its chimerical projects. And let all guard against both the excess and the absence of Hope. Thousands are slaves either to the deficiency or the excess of this faculty ; the former, making the worst of their fate, and suffering in the mere apprehension of imaginary evil ; the latter, pro- ducinf>' the wild extravagances of 1836, and resulting in the down= fall of the thousands that ensued. MARVELLOUSNESS. " Without faith it is imposible to see God." Faith ; belief in a special Divine Providence, and reliance upon if for guidance ; the leading element of true piety ; belief in su- pernatural manifestations ; a realization of the presence of God, and communion with him: belief in the newystrange, mys- terious, and remarkable. Adaptation. That a spiritual state exists, and that spiritual beings exist in that state, including the Supreme Being, has been the al- EVILS OF LEAVING CHILDREN RICH. 235 most universal belief of mankind in all ages and conditions ; and many men, even of intelligence and true mental greatness, believe in forewarnings, dreams, pre-monitions, second-sights, prognostica- tions, spiritual perceptions, and even ghosts, &c. Children, also, require an organ to enable them to place confidence in the asser- tions, of others, else they could believe nothing till they had positive evidence, which their limited observations and feeble reasoning powers preclude. To this spiritual state of being, and this requi- sition for belief, this faculty is adapted. There are doubtless two organs, one for trusting in a Divine Providence, or resignation to the Divine Will, and the other, belief in the wonderful and marvel- lous. The former is located near Veneration, and the latter, near Ideality. Those who pride themselves in beliving nothing till it is demon- strated, will do well to read in Phrenology the existence and func- tion of this faculty, and with it the duty, pleasure, and profit deriv- ed from the legitimate exercise of this organ. This should be educated, yet great care should be taken lest it degenerate into su- perstition. Reliance on God, and resignation to his will, are consol- ing, joy -imparting feelings, calculated to purify the heart and mend the life. This organ is usually small in the American head, and hence one cause of the prevalence of modern impiety and in- fidelity. To €ultivate this faculty bear in mind that you are too incredu- lous. Open your mind to conviction. Cultivate the spiritual in sentiment, and cherish the feelings imparted by this faculty. To diminish this faculty, remember that you have too much of it, and do not act upon the feelings it produces. VENERATION. "Thou, God, seest me." WorsJup of a Supreme Being ; adoration of a God; reverence Jbr religion and ildngs sacred; disposition to pray and ohserve religions rites and ceremonies ; devotion. r Adaptation. — -That the sentiment of worship of God, is calcu- lated, if properly exercised, to benefit mankind by promoting moral purity and general enjoyment, is self-evident. Under the heads of Locality and Destructiveness^the importance of cultivating the re- 236 ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION AND CULTiyATION OF YEKERATION. ligious sentiment is presented. The means of exciting it, are an exerrcise of the devotional feeling hy those around, and contemplation on religious subjects. Family piety, is the best kind of piety, yet it is very scarce. Most pious parents hand over their children to the clergy and Sahhath School teachers for religious instruction. As w^ell hand them over to an ignoramus for instruction or to a simple- ton for advice ; for clergymen are awfully slack as regards the cul- tivation of true piety among their people. Preaching is too much, of a trade, and too little of a permanent offspring of the heart, and Sabbath school teachers teach creeds, sectarian dogmas and par- ticular doctrines, vs^hich seldom reach the heart, more than they ex- cite Veneration. Relying on clergymen and Sabbath school teachers to cultivate the religious sentiment in children, is relying on a broken reed, and will curse your children. Not that I would abolish, or am opposed to, either, but they see the chidren but once in the week, and then but an hour, and under circumstances little calculated to excite devotion. Veneration requires habitual exer- cise in children — should be permanently stimulated, and that by every-day conduct and conversation of parents. They have every opportunity to excite this sentiment, and should have the dispo- sition. Let me be understood to give emphasis to the remark, that the cultivation of Veneration should be hahitual. Too many rely on some sudden operation of religious influence, and when that occurs they think the end is obtained. Far from it. A meteor that bursts suddenly upon our sight, as suddenly vanishes. Jonah's gourd that came up in a night, disappeared in a night. Throughout all nature, whatever sjarings up suddenly, disappears as suddenly, but what- ever matures slowly, lasts j^roportionably long. So also in the world of mind. The scholar ■\vho shoots forward in study with wonderfal speed, leaves little trace behind, but the toiling, plodding student retains the knowledge acquired. So emotions kindled suddenly vanish suddenly, but those of slow growth, remain. This constitutional law of mind, should be kept in view in conducting the religious education of children. This organ is small in infants, and lienee, less haste need be made to secure the conversion almost of infants, than often is made. If proper attention be paid to the laws of life and health, there is no great danger of their dying before they are old enough to be converted. If space permitted, some remarks on family and social prayer, ADAPTATION AND CULTIVATION OF BENEVOLENCE. 237 as a means of exciting this organ in children, would be in place. Fonning in children an attachment to family devotion, will exert a most beneficial influence on them, first, in the advantages de- rived from the feelings themselves, and secondly, from the restraints they afford on vice. Veneration is found to be divided, the forepart exercising the feeling of worship of God, and the latter, respect for men, and at- tachment to the ancient and sacred. It is emphatically the con- servative faculty, and avoids sudden changes and radicalism. Abuses should be reformed, yet should not be too suddenly. The respectful or conservative part of Veneration, is small in most chil- dren, and indeed in the American head ; being probably a natural consequence of our republican institutions, or rather ?;2oJ-publican conduct. That our republic is abused till it produces lawlessness and an utter want of respect for age and virtue, is a matter of general observation. Our children are provei'bially saucy, and our young people notoriously wanting in a deferential, respectful feel- ing and manner towards age and talent. Let this feeling of re- spect be assiduously cultivated, in our youth, or lawlessness, impu- dence, and general disorder, will be the result. BENEVOLENCE. " It is more blessed to give tlian to receive." Benignity ; humanity ; kindness ; sympathy for those in distress ; willingness to make personal sacrifices to make others hap^y ; an accommodating, neighbourly spirit ; generosity. Probably Uvo organs, the lower portion giving active kindness, and the ^■p])eT sympathy and enlarged philanthrojjy, Adaptation. — Man is a sentient being, capable of enjoying and suffering, and of promoting the happiness of his fellow men. If mankind were incapable of experiencing pain, or if he were isola ted, so that he could not communicate with his fellow men or re- lieve their sufferings, this organ would be out of place. Instead of this, not only is he capable of enjoying and suffering himself, but lie can cause others to enjoy and suffer, and this organ is adapted to this capability of promoting the enjoyment and alleviating the sufferings of his fellow men. This organ does not appear in infants, but begins to be develop- ed at about two years old, when it augments very rapidly, so that ■within a year from its first appearan e, it becomes one of the lar- 17 ^ 238 BENEVOLENCE — HOW TO INCREASE IT. gcFt organs in the head. The reason is obvious. Ifit vrere devel- oped before two years of age, it could be of no manner of service? for, infants cannot do any good to others ; but a little before that age they begin to walk, and can get little things for those older; so that nature retards the development of this organ till its faculty can have scope for exercise. Its development in infants, would only exhaust ihe energies of the system, without producing anj good results. The importance of properly cultivating this organ, is too appa- rent to require comment, first because of the numberless little fa- vors kind children can confer on those around them, by bringing and doing things requested, which their activity naturally predis- poses them to do, and secondly, because pleasantness and good- nature, or thebenign'manifestations of v arm, gushing Benevolence, as they beam forth from every feature of the face and action of the child, shine sweetly from th^ eyes and flow every accent, not only make the child happy, but shed a continual beam of pleasure on all who behold this amiableness and unaffected goodness. A kind citizen is a blessing to all around him; a hard-hearted, selfish man^ is a CMr.se to all within the sphere of his influence. ' Various simple, yet efficient expedients maybe adopted to excite and increase this organ, among the most efficient of which is, kind- ness to them. Let the general tenor of your conduct towards any child, however bad, be kind, and evince an interest in their wel- fare, as well as a disposition to gratify them whenever it is proper to do so, and you may rely upon it, that child will be kind in return Benevolence as naturally kindles Benevolence, as fire kindles lirej and then every renewed i.ct of kindness adds fuai to the lire of re- ciprocal good feeling. Another means will be found in encouraging liberality in them, and taking pains that their liberality always brings a re-supp]y. Thus give John an apple, and encourage hin to give half to Charles. If he do so, give one to Charles the next day, and en- couraore him to return ihe favor. If either of them do it, take pains to show them firs': that they lose nothing, and in return they gain all the pleasure offered by the gift. If they refuse to give, show them how little real pleasure there is in selfishness. Give them also a full supply, so that they may have somewhat more than they THE CULTIVATION OF BEJ«IEVoLENCE. 239 "want. Show no stint, no grudging towards them, and they will ghovv the same generous spirit towards others. It should be added that, in the community at large, there is too little charity, and especially too little public spirit Let beautiful parks be erected for the common good. Let extensive fruit tiees be planted by the wayside for the poor and needy. Let there be less of that all-grasping love of riches, which amasses immense wealth in the hands of the few, and leaves the poor so very poor^ as to be almost destitute of even the necessaries of life. Too many thmgs are now oougnt and sold, wnjch should be public property. Were it possible the very air we breathe, would be bottled up and sold by stint to the highest bidder. Earth, that common inheritance or birthright of all the children of God, is now bought and sold, as if its title could be invested in a man-made government. Every horn being has an original rights derived from his being a mem- ber of the human family, and having those wants which can be sup- plied only by mother earth, to the icse (not ownership) of either his proportion, or of what is indispensable to the supply of his continu- ally returning wants. This putting a hundred thousand acres of land in your pocket, in the form of a deed, is an outrage on the un- alienable rights of man, and a curse to the wicked holder — robber, rather, for he thereby robs others of their ju st rights. As well fence off air into parcels, and buy and deed it also, A spring of earth's chrystal fount is not yours, because it bubbles up on land which you have bought of . Improvements on land mai/ bebought and sold, but not the land itself. The " squatters" at the west, are right. Their claim is from God ; they will succeed. No one lias a right to crowd another off land already improved ; but land in a state of nature, belongs to the children of nature in common. It cannot be bought of the wild Indian, for it is not his to sell — nor of Government, for Government cannot buy it of God, nor rightfully keep it from his creatures. These views, radical as they are, and so utterly at variance with the customs and opinions of society, are pretty plainly confirmed by the disasters which have attended the purchase of western land for speculation. To buy for occwpation, is right ; to buy in order to make money by raising the price, and making the poor pay a high price for the natural privilege of living on it, is abominable. Buying the privilege of living, is not more '"240 THE CULTIVATION OF BENEAroLENCE. absurd, in itself considered. This buying land in order to speculate, is a violation of the laws of our being, and this violation induces a penalty, and that penalty has fallen severely on speculators in west- ern lands. How many thousands have been ruined as to property thereby ! and they ought to be. I maintain that there should be many more things in com- mon than there now is — that large amounts of pleasure grounds and grounds for raising produce of all kinds, should be com- mon property, made, owned, and enjoyed by all who choose to take a part in it ; that our poor should be thus supported — that those who have means should say to the poor mendicant, come, brother, take an acre of this land, and raise potatoes or what you like, for next winter, and not get your living in this miserable way. Help the poor to help themselves. A course similar to this would banish poverty and wretchedness, and with them most of the crimes now involving the enormous expense of our prisons, courts, lawyers, &c. Poverty prompts men to commit many of these crimes, and a generous public feeling in favor of all mankind, a generous supply of the com- mon wants of our nature at the hand of the public, would both remove the cause, and kill the disposition to steal, lie, rob, murder, &c. Kindness will subdue the vicious propensities of the most hardened criminal. The selfishjiess of society, causes much of the viciousness of society, and then this vicious- ness is laid at the foot of oi-iginal sin. Above all things, this enlarged kindness is the duty and privilege of Christianity. But do professors live up to this law of their Lord and Master, who "went about doi7ig good.'' They, of all others, should not go about with their sordid speculators, riding in their splendid carriages, living in palaces, furnished after the manner of princes, and then begging money to spread the gospel among the heathen. Away with your proud Christianity (?) — your aristocratical Christianity, your I-am-bet- ter-than-thou — because-I-am-rich — Christianity 5 your moneys making and money-hoarding or miserly Christianity. As well talk about hot ice, or cold fire, or honest rascality, as talk about rich Christians, fashionably dressed Christians, or Chris- tians who do not spend their all, their time, property, energies, THE CULTIVATION OF BENEVOLENCE. 241 and LIFE, in doing good, and in the exercise of the sentiments. Much of what now passes for rehgion, is no more the Chris- tianity of Jesus Christ and his apostles than it is the religion of Satan, nor half as much; for, this, is the religion of the- propensities •, that, the religion of the moral sentiments. On the day of Pentecost, they " had all things in common,^^ and "went from house to house breaking bread and giving alms;" but now, " if you get over into my orchard to get a few ap- ples or peaches to eat, I'll set my dog on you, or send you to prison, you hungry rascal!" — that is, you are a rascal, because you are hungry. I do maintain, that lining our highways with fruit-trees, so that the poor could pick, and lay up, and even sell, besides being shades and ornaments to the traveller would empty our poor-houses, jails, and prisons. Man does not know how to live. Phrenology is strongly in favor t)fpeWic works, and of asso- ciations having all things in common, else, why its organs of Benevolence and Adhesiveness. But we have not time now to follow out these principles. It should be added, that the killing of animals, is directly calculated to sear and weaken this faculty ; and should there- fore rarely take place. Were a flesh diet productive of no other evil consequences than lowering down and hardening Benevo- lence, that alone should forever annihilate so barbarous a practice.* Destructiveness should seldom be allowed to con- flict with Benevolence. The cruelties practised upon our ani- mals that are slaughtered for the meat market, are sickening, and incredible. See the poor calves, sheep, &c., tumbled to- gether into the smallest possible space ; their limbs tied; un- fed, bellowing continually, and in a most piteous tone, their eyes rolled up in agony, taken to the slaughter-house, and whipped, or rather pelted hy the hour with a most torturing in- strument, and then strung up by the hind legs, a vein opened, and they dying by inches from the gradual loss of blood, the unnatural suspension, and the cruel pelting — and all to make * A young lady of high iijoral feelings and predominant Benevolence, seeing a calf led to the slaughter, urged and pleaded with her father to purchase it and spare its life. He did so. She never allows herself to eat anything that has ever had life in it, and this is right. 242 HOW TO GITARD BEXEVOLENCE. their meat white and tender. A friend of the author, who lived near one of those places of torment, blood, and stench, had his Benevolence, naturally very large, wrought up to its highest pitch of action, by the horrid groans and piteous ex- clamations of these dying animals, and was compelled to hear the blows with which they were beaten. At last he went to the butcher and remonstrated. This produced no effect. He went again and threatened him, telling him that if he heard another groan from dying animals, he would make him groan, and in so positive a manner that the cruelties were abandoned. To kill animals outright, is horrible, but words are inadequate to express the enormity of the refined cruelty now generally practiced upon helpless dumb beasts by these murderers of the brute creation. Look at the hideous and indescribably painful expression left on the heads of calves, sheep, hogs, &c., that we see in market, or see tumbled into a cart for the glue manufacturer. Another barbarous practice against which Phrenology loudly exclaims, is shooting birds. This is, if possible, still worse, especially when the little warblers are of no service after being killed. To kill them suddenly by a shot, is not particularly barbarous, because they suffer little, and only lose the pleasure of living; but to kill them from the love of kill- ing, must harden the heart and sear Benevolence beyond measure. Its influence on the cruel perpetrator, is the main motive I urge. Another motive is, do not kill birds of song; for you thereby deprive your fellow men of a great amount of pleasure derived from listening to their warblings. And then again, they feed on worms and insects, and thereby pre- serve vegetation. I doubt not but much of that destruction of wheat, of late so general and fatal to the wheat crop, would be prevented by an abundance and variety of birds. In other words, take heed to the monitions of Benevolence, and commit no cruelties, but scatter happiness in all your path, and you will be the happier, and greatly augment the happiness of all concerned. To cultivate this faculty, be kind, neighborly, obliging, well disposed, sympathetic, and cultivate good feeling towards mankind. Take hold of some benevolent project — the tern- ANALYSIS AND ADAPTATION OF CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 243 perance or some other philanthropic cause, and make and improve everj'" opening for doing good. Especially divide with your fellow-men. and exercise this faculty habitually. But this organ is often too large, or, at least, wrongly exer- cised. Many have ruined themselves and injured their families and creditors by endorsing, trusting too much, and yielding to the persuasions of others. I cannot recommend the diminution of Benevolence, only its proper direction. You may probably do more good with your money than by en- dorsing. Govern Benevolence by intellect. But giving money is but a small part of this organ. Interesting yourself in the welfare of your fellow-men — in these little acts of sympathy, concern, advice, and assistance, which it is more properly the office of this faculty to prompt. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. Ingenuity : skill and dexterity in the use of tools : the mechanical taste and talent : sleight of hand in making things and turn- ing off any kind of work : ability to tinker, make, build, con- struct, raanifacture, use tools, 8fc. Adaptation. Man is so constituted as to require houses, gar- ments, machinery, agricultural and other implements and instru- ments, &c., &c., in order even to live, much more to be happy ; and this constructing faculty adapts him to this want or economy ■of his nature. In addition to this, man is emphatically a tool-mak- ing and a tool-using anioial, as well as a working being ; and this faculty gives him this working propensity, as well as the skill to execute most kinds of manual labor. Even the farmer and day-la- borer use this faculty in every stroke with the hoe, or axe, or scythe ; and all mechanics, artists, engineers, builders, &c., employ in every thing done with the hands or with machinery ; and, other things being equal, the greater this faculty, the greater the success, and the more rapid the dispatch of every kind of work. The utility, as well as convenience, of this faculty, is indeed ^eat, not to the mechanic and laborer merely, but to all as a means both of convenience and usefulness ; so that they can do many a little tinkering job for themselves, better than anybody else can do it for them ; and a^so as a means of amusement and healthy exer- 244 MEANS OF GOVERNING APPETITE. cise. " By the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat bread all the days of thy life," and " Whosoever will not work neither shall he eat," are written upon the constitution of man, as well as on the page of Kevelation ; and, in accordance with this law, he is endowed with CoNSTRucTivENEss, Or the disposition and ability to work. Let all children, therefore, be taught to labor ; the rich as a means of plea- sure — the poor, of support. Accordingly, this organ is large, and the faculty active, in nearly all children. Let it be cultivated, not only by giving them blocks and building-materials, as mentioned under Size, but also by encouraging them to make kites, windmills, mill- dams, water-wheels, bows and arrows, cross-guns, miniain.ire sleds, boats, railroads, steam-engines, &c. ; and by drawing birds, horses, houses, landscapes, &c. Instead of this, w hen the bov would draw- pictures on his slate, in place of cyphering, he is scolded or chas- tised. Let drawing he encouraged. I would to-day give a hand- some proportion of all I am worth to be able to draw accurately, so that I could sketch and draw, exactly to suit me, such phrenologi- cal heads and illustrations, as I often meet in real life ; whereag now, I am compelled to obtain but few, and then to trust to artists who do not understand Phrenology.* Let children use tools, and take your knife, and be encouraged to whittle, carve, make sleds. wagons, &c., &c., and even have a shop of their own, supplied with tools with which to tinker. And this is doubly important to those who are delicate, as a means of strengthening their muscles, and drawing the blood and energies from their heads to their muscles, and equalizing their circulation. (See "Phrenology applied to Education and Self-Improvement," p. 29.) The German teachers, in addition to the cultivation of Size, al- ready mentioned, take their pupils to a machine, and require them to notice minutely every part of it, from the origin of the power all the w^ay to its expenditure, and to remember the looks, (Form,) po- sition, (Locality,) and office (Eventuality,) of every part, and to draw\h&cn. after they get back; which furnishes a most excellent excercise of nearly all the intellectual faculties. I admire this * The importance of combining a knowledge of Phrenology with the arts, especially with portrait painting and engraving, is very great, and too ap- parent to require comment. In a few years every artist must be a Phre- nologist, or be out of employ. LABOR FACILITATES INTELLECTUAL CULTURE. 245 practice, and long to see it introduced into all the schools of Amer- ica. This also gives that exercise to their bodies which I have all along insisted upon us as so a//-important to the development of both their physical and their intellectual povrers. I advocate strong- ly, I even urge upon parents and teachers, the 'peripatetic method of teaching, namely, that of showing and explaining things to chil- dren and youth, while their bodies are in motion. Who does not know that his mind is far more .active while his body is in motion, and his circulation increased by exercise 1 I write my best pieces, after having exercised ; and before lecturing, I walk or ride several miles rapidly, or chop, saw, or split wood, or do something for one or two hours, to get up the circulation. The words and ideas then flow rapidly, and every one is " like a nail in a sure place." And also when I write, I usually have a high desk, at which I stand, and a place to walk. I walk out an idea, and then write it down, and walk out another, and so on. One reason why people sleep in church is because their bodies are motionless, which prevents the circulation of the blood thi'ough their brain, and stupor follows, But let them stir around, aud they feel v/akeful and clear-headed again. Who does not think more clearly, feel more intensely, and speak more freely and in point, when walking, or laboring, or at least when their bodies are active, than when they have been standing for hours 1 And remember that this principle applies with tenfold greater power to children, than to adults. One day of teaching, such as I have described, that is, having things shoivn to children v/hile abroad and on foot, is worth a month's study in school. Aye '. more, the one deadens the brain, and thereby injures the intellect, while the other powerfully excites the brain, and expands and in- vigorates the intellect. I shall elsewhere show that the relation between the body and the brain is most intimate, and especially be- tween the body and the base of the brain, in which the perceptive organs, or the organs of the memory, are located ; and therefore? in teaching children, and even in cultivating the memory, preserv- ing the health, and keeping the body vigorous, are two of the first and most essential things to be attended to. To enlarge this organ, use tools, tinker up things, turn yom' hand f iS ANALYSIS, ADAPTATION AND CULTIVATION OF IDEALITT. to mechanical operations. In short, exercise this faculty in making things — in any and every thing done to the hands. To reduce its action, remember that this faculty is too great, that it engrosses too much time, and if hope be also large, renders you somewhat chimerical as to inventions. Hence, do not give away to this inventive and tinkering faculty, to your injury. IDEALITY. Good taste ; refinement of feeling and manners ; delicacy ; sense ofprop)-iety ; fancy ; love of 'polite literature, belles lettres, and a chaste and elegant style ; that /acuity which perceives and ad- mires the beautiful, the rich, the exquisite, the sentimental, the perfect, and the fine arts generally ; which gives impassioned extasy and rapture of feeling, elegance and beauty of style, and inspiration to poetry and oratory. It softens dovm the rougher features of ma7i^s nature, and creates a desire for improvement and perfection. Addptation. — All nature is full of beauty and perfection. All the creations of Infinite Wisdom, besides being so useful, and so perfectly adapted to the end they sen^e, are encircled in a halo of glory and loveliness. " The lily of the field," not only bears seed, each after its kind, but there is a beauty, an exquisiteness, a perfec- tion, a charm of construction, color, &c., which instinctively excites and delights Ideality. What pleasure is greater than that of con- templating the beauties of creation, strewed thick aroimd us, and studding our path wherever we go 1 Beautiful lawns, wandering streams, extended valleys skirted with hills, beautiful birds decked with golden plumage, moving with infinite ease and grace, beauti- fiil animals, splendid female faces and forms, captivating and charm- ing in every accent and motion, refined, pure minded, accomplish- ed, and superbly elegant in all they say and do ; youug men, hand- some in looks and prepossessing in address, beautiful paintings, high wrought poetry, all charm, delight, purify and elevate the soul, making earth a paradise and man happy. This organ also refines the manners and expressions, and chastens and purifies all the mental manifestations, and thus contributee greatly to virtue. I never saw a culprit with this organ large- The inmates of our prisons, to^a man, have this organ small. It pu- A!VALYSrS AIVD CaLTIVATION OF IDEALITY. 24T rifies the animal feelings from dross, converts gross animal passions into virtuous love ; softens down the rougher characteristics of our nature, and every way augments the virtue and happiness of man- kind. Let this organ be cultivated in children especially. Let them be encouraged to observe and admire natural beauty, in preference to the beauties of art. Few things chasten the grosser manifestations of the passions or elevate the soul, more than the study of the works of nature. Nature, how perfect, how^ beautiful, how exquisite throughout! And yet her beauties are comparatively a sealed book to most of her children, because they have no eyes to read, no time to contemplate them. To enlarge this organ in yourself, cultivate an observation and admiration of the beautiful and perfect in nature and art, the for- mer especially. Cultivate flowers, and take frequent opportunities to observe and admire them. As you mount an eminence, stop and cast an admiring eye abroad upon the surrounding scenery, or pluck the pretty flower that grows beneath your feet, or let your eye rest on the gorgeous rainbow, or rise in the morning to contemplate aurora's beauties, or take a walk when the setting sun is casting his last rays upon delighted earth, skirting the western sky with its golden rays, and casting a mellow richness over earth and its beau- ties, or cultivate the acquaintance of those who are refined and agreeable in expression or conduct, and avoid the company of the coarse and vulgar ; admire beautiful forms, both animal and human, and especially cultivate the society of virtuous and refined women^ for the exercise of this faculty in them, will excite it in all who are in their company ; and this organ is usually much larger in woman than in man. Read books the style of which is finished and the sentiments elevated, (works of fiction are far from being calculated to cultivate this sentiment, but often contain allusions most objec- tionable, and create a wild, erratic, extravagant fancy, rather than a true, refined taste,) cultivate personal neatness and elegance of man- ner and expression, and take advantage of that inexhaustible store- house of beauty with which nature every where abounds. A chapter in my own history. Brought up, as I have already remarked, in the back woods, and with little to cultivate this facul- ty, this organ became deficient in my own head. I was not aware 24-8 CULTITAION OF IDEALITY. of this deficiency, till Phrenology showed how thin my head wa-S in this region. Immediately, I set about its cultivation ; and to effect this end, when my profession requires me to travel, I take every opportunity to mount the driver's seat on the stage, or walk the deck of a steam-boat, that conveys me from place to place, in order to behold and admire he ever varying scenery that presented itself, and those beauties which every where met and delighted the eye. I often wander on the hills or on the shore of a lake or bay, and em- ploy other similar means of exciting this faculty. To what extent this faculty has been improved, I leave to the judgment of those who heard and can compare my style of lectm'ing and writing ten years ago with my style now.* More time to ferfect my produc- tions, (and nothing do I desire more.) will doubtless show a deci- ded improvement in the manifestation of the organ of Ideality; yet I am still free to confess its deficiency. There are doubtless several species of this organ, adapted to dif- ferent kinds of beauty, but the above analysis of this group or clus- ter of organs, will enable the [reader to understand the principle, which he can apply as universally as he pleases to the cultivation of every kind of Ideality. *In one important respect, that of writing, the comparison is unfortu- nate, because then I published but little and took more pains. Every page of the Journal has been written under circumstances most unfavorable — either between eleven o'clock at night and daylight, after the exhausting lectures and labors of the day, or else in my office, subject to continual in- terruptions, and without any time for re-writing and hardly for revision. If any are disposed to find fault with this course, I reply, that unless / myself continue the Journal, no other person will, and I have done the best I pos- sibly could. It must either have died, or been conducted as it has. "Un- aided and alone," I have been editor, publisher, supporter, and " all hands," and am likely to be, besides my professional duties as a practical Phrenolo" gist. Examining heads is my profession — editing the Journal, is a work of supereroiiation — a burden additional; yet, 2i?ieY ^M, in scientific pro due- ' tions, far more attention should be paid to subject matter than to the orna- ments and graces of style merely. The blending of the two may be advi- sable, yet, if either predominates, it should he intellectual and philosophical predominating over the ornamental. ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OP IMITATION. SUBLIMITY. Conception of the grand, awful, and endless ; sublime emotions ex- cited by contemplating the wild, grand, vast, romantic, magni" ficent, towering, sublime, and splendid in nature and art, sucli as the dashing, roaring, foaming cataracts, towering mountains, flashes of lightning, loud peals of thunder, the commotions of the elements, the starry canopy of heaven, &c. Adaptation. — Ideality is adapted to the beautiful lawn and the cloudless sky, Sublimity, to the dark rolling clouds rent with light- ning and echoing with startling thunder, and the rocky mountain peak, hiding its head in the clouds of heaven, and standing alone and sublimely, a monument of Almighty power. The above analy- sis of the organ w^ill show what is calculated to excite and enlarge it. Travelling in a mountainous country, is particularly calculated to improve this faculty. IMITATION. Power of imitating and copying; of doing what one sees done; mimicry, ^x. Adaptation. — If man had no faculty for copying, if each mem- ber of the human family were obliged to commence the world de novo, from the begimiing, and without adopting or patterning after the improvements and inventions of others, society would soon be resolved back into its original elements : the improvements and ad- vances of each generation and individual would die v/ith them- selves, and man be utterly incapable of making any advances in civilization, mechanics, arts, science, and general happiness. He could not even talk or write, for even in these so common, so indis- pensable arts, the enunciation and forms of letters and w^ords, must be imitated. Each must do as all the others do. But toith this faculty, the inventions of every generation and individual, are copied by all the others, and thus, in all machinery, mechanical, mining, and other operations, in farming, building, the sciences, and all the comforts and conveniences of life, improvement on improvement has been accumulated till an immense amount of mind will be found concentrated in them all. Good writing and speaking require its exercise, as also does excellence in nearly or quite all the mechan- ical arts, and in fact in almost every thing we say or do. 250 PROPER DIRECTION OP IMITATION. Hence, the importance of cultivating this faculty ; yet this should be done in conjunction v/ith intellect and the moral sentiments, which will lead us to copy only "what is of real service, and avoid copying the bad. This organ is always large in children^ and is one great means of their learning to do what they see done, to talk, &c., with such astonishing rapidity and faculty. This also causes and accounts for their learning so much more rapidly from example than precept A single bad example will offset a thou- sand wholesome precepts. The vices of bad children spread with astonishing rapidity throughout schools and neighbor heeds, and most children show a ruling passion for doing and saying what they see done and hear said. Let parents and teachers malce the most of this faculty, and set such examples before their children that they will be improved by copying them, and avoid saying and doing what they may not say and do ; for copy them they will. Many boys swear just as a par- rot says "pretty polly," because they hear others swear. So of smoking segars, and a thousand other pernicious habits. In shorty, you may read the character of the parent in the conduct of the child. If yoti see one child scolding another, you may know that that child is scolded, and scolded just as it scolds. So of all that children do. Hence, like parent like child. Let us be ourselves, what w-e would have our children be, and for two reasons. First, in them. Imitation is always large. Much that they learn, they learn from seeing others do the same, and much that they do, they imitate. They learn from exam.ple a hundred fold more effectually, than from precept. Secondly : The action of any organ in us excites, and enlarges the same organ in them, as already seen. To cultivate Imitation, set yourself about copying, drawing, pat- terning after others, and even imitating their walk, gestures, man- ner of speaking, &c. Especially, use it in conjunction with Con- structiveness, by making after pattern, and, indeed, in adopting any-thing sanctioned by intellect. There are probably two organs of Imitation, the portion next to Benevolence producing a disposition to mimic, and the lower, next to Constructiveness, giving abihty to copy, take pattern, and imi- ate the arts by o" '■■ ating with Constructiveness. ANALYSIS AND CULTIVATION OF MIRTHFULNESS. 251 To restrain this faculty, copy less. Be careful not to fall into the ways of others, as much as you are inclined to do. Above all, avoid copying any bad habit, opinion, or even any thing not useful Imitate what you please, so that it be but useful. As a general thing, children should not be restrained from copying or mimicking as much as they please, so that they imitate what is good. MIRTHFULNESS. Wit; perception of tlie absurd and ludicrous; dispositio'/i and ability t9 joke^ make fun, and ridicule ; humor; pleasantry ; facetiousness ; ^ i'/auitive perception of, and disposition to laugh at^ that which is improper, ill-timed, out of •place, unbecoming, &c. Adaptation. — ^'^ Laugh and grovj fat,^^ implies that there are things to be laughed at, and that it does good to laugh at them. Some things are absurd and ridiculous in their very nature, and strike the mind as preposterous. The action of any organ is ridicu- lous whennot exerted upon its legitimate object. Thus, Philopro- genltiveness is adapted to children, and hence caressing them, is its natural function, but an old maid fondling a lap dog or a cat, ex- cites Mirth fulness, because she is not exercising this organ upon its legitimate object. Combativeness lighting a man of stravi', Cau- tiousness fearing an unloaded gun, Destructiveness venting itself upon stones or sticks which may have occasioned pain, are 'perver- sions of these respective faculties, and therefore ridiculous in them- selves. There are probably two organs of Miithfulness, the outer cue, towards Ideality, creating the disposition to laugh, merely, apd the inner one towards Causality, aiding this organ in ascertaining v»'jiat is true by detecting what is absurd and ridiculous ; for, v;hat is ab- surd, cannot of course be true. This portion, in conjunction with Causality, detects errors by ridiculing the opponent's positions — a favorite method of arguing adopted by many. This organ is usually large in children, and hence the meny laugh bursting forth so often and so heartily from them while at play. Let it be cultivated. Let mothers often laugh and play with children, for few things contribute more to either their health or enjoyment. I have no opinion of gloomy melancholy. It drags 252 SELF-GOVEENMEx\T, ITS CULTIVATI&X. down the spirits, causes the animal and mental energies to flag, and weakens the whole man. Let lively, cheerful conversation be cul- tivated, especially around the family hearth and in the social party, and let all give birth to whatever will amuse those around us. And if sound sense can be combined with it, if philosophy and rich ideas can be expressed in a laughable manner, all the better. This doctrine of indulging fun, is at variance with the pious but errone- ous notion of many well-meaning but misguided religionists, who think a long face is acceptable to God, and hght conversation offen- sive. If this had been the case, he certainly would not have im- planted this laughing faculty in the breast of man, and the fact that he has thus placed it, is proof positive that it is our duty, as it cer- tainly is our pleasure, to exercise it habitually. To cultivate it in yourself, contemplate the ridiculous. Make fun. Care less for jokes, and shake them off by returning the fire. You only require to get in the way of making sport. It will then come spontaneously. To restrain it, remember that you laugh at others too much. Es- pecially, take off" all sarcastic edges from your jokes. If they sting more than tickle, and give pain or offence, modify them, or else withhold them entirely, for this faculty was never given you w'ith which to sting the feelings of your fellow^ men. Human Nature, located between Benevolence and Comparison, gives the power of discerning the characters of others, by a kind of intuition or instinct, and is always searching out the motives of men, sounding them, and passing judgment on their talents and worth. To cultivate it, notice little things in a man's conduct, expres- sions, looks, &c., and endeavor always to trace up all that others say or do to the primitive motives v/hich prompted them ; and study physiognomy, and especially phrenology. Agreeableness, per'suasiveness, smoothness, pleasa^itness, ifc, renders its possessor agreeable, enables him to say and do severe things without giving offence ; obtain favors, say and do things so that they take, &c. It can be cultivated by putting on the conciliating, smooth, and pleasant, rather than the harsh, and by wiiming upon the affections of others, and commending them as far as possible. It need not be restrained, yet should never be em- ployed to flatter people, or obtain undue advantages. EDUCATION AND SELF-IIPROVEIENT. VOL. II. MEMORY, AND INTELLECTUAL EDUCATIOf^l EDUCATION AND SELMMPROVEMENT: PART !§E€Or^B. PHRENOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY APPLIED TO THE CULTIYATION OF MEMORY; THE Intellectual Education of Children, AND THE STRENGTHENING AND EXPANDING INTELLECTUAL POWERS. BY O. S. FOWLER, PRACTICAL phrenologist; Editor of the American Phrenological Journal ; and Author of Fowler^s Phre- nology, Education and Self- Improvement, Phrenology and Physiology applied to Memory, Matrimony, Hereditary Descent, Ama- tiveness, Temperance, Tight Lacing, S^-c. SfC. Intellectual enjoyment greatly surpasses merely physical pleasure. Third Kdition— Enlarged and Improve i< NEW YORK: 131 Nassau Street, in Clinton Hall. Boston : Saxton & fierce, and Jordan & Co., Washington Street, Fhii.adeiphia : Colon & Co., Arcade. Also by J. A. Hopkins, Syracuse, NY.; E. A. Smith, Erwinton, S. C. ; M. J. Grior, Hamilton, Canada West, and by Booksellers generally. 1844. Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1844, By O. S. FOWLER, in the Cleik's Office of the District of Massachusetta. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. No subject has ever interested the mind of the Author, more than the fact that the phrenological organs are capable of being enlarged, and the means of effecting this enlargement. Improvements in agriculture, the arts, machinery, &c., &c., are valuable in their spheres, yet the means of cultivating and improving the bund of MAN, is infinitely more important and useful — as much more so as Tnini is superior to matter ; and as our susceptibility of enjoying or suffering through the medium of the ratellect and feelings, is greater than merely physical pleasures. Books have been written, efforts have been made, to educate the intellect and cultivate the feelings ; yet none of them have been founded upon the trite nature of the mind. But, Phrenology analyzes every element of the intellect, and every fountain of the soul. It places the finger of science upon every faculty of man, and at the same time, tell us how to improve them all. It tells us wherein goodness and perfection of intellect and feeling consist, at the same tiine that it points out to every one his DEPARTURES from its standard of perfection, and the means of REMEDYING them. It tells us the relative size of each organ, and thereby the relative power and energy of each faculty, and this shows us what are too strong, and what too feeble. It also shows us how to STRENGTHEN those that are too feeble, and how to reduce the action of those that are too powerful. ■ That is, it tells us hoio to improve the immortal mind. How to perfect the character. How to remedy defects, and reduce excesses ! This work presents the first systematic application of Phrenology to a result so desirable, so glorious, by showing how to increase the size and augment the poioer, of the intellectual faculties ; being that portion of the author's work on "Education and Self-Improvement," which relates to the cultivation of the memory, the intellectual education of children, and the strengthening and expanding of the intellect. It takes up each intellectual organ separately, shows its precise and specific function, and then how to bring it into action, so as to enlarge and invigorate it. As affording a knowledge of Phre- nology, especially as regards the nature awdi function of \he intellec- tual faculties, it will be found equal to any, if not superior to all, other works on Phrenology ; but, as affording directions for cultiva- ting and strengthening them — a department the most interestingf and instructive that can be presented — it stands unequalled and alone ; and its perusal and practice will repay the reader a thousand fold. It dwells, with particular stress, upon the cultivation of the intel- lectual faculties of children and touth. Hence, every parent AND teacher should peruse it, and conduct the training of the infant 4 PREFACE. and juvenile nnind upon the principles it contains. It exposes many errors which lay at the very basis of our common school system, and points out a far more excellent way ; besides furnishing hints to the young in regard to self-education, which if put in practice, will exceed in value all the mines of Mexico, and all the gold of Ophir. This is evinced, not only by the rapid sale of the first edi- tion, but still more by the many testimonials of those who have read that edition — some asserting, that practising its principles for a sin- gle month, have improved their memories fifty per cent ; and others, one hundred per cent ; while others still, rale this improvement evea higher yet. One gentleman said that its perusal eight years ago, would have saved him from physical and mental ruin ; whereas now, both mind and body were nearly destroyed. It will work won- ders for ALL who practice upon its directions. And they are simple and easy of trial. But, to those who are pursuing a liberal education — to the young men of our high schools, academies, and colleges, who expect to obtain their subsistence, or to rise to stations of honor or profit, by the exercise of their intellectual faculties, as well as to all public and professional men, — it will be found to exceed all computation — not because of the ability of its Author, but because of the intrinsic merit of its subject matter. PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. The rapid sale of two large editions of this work, calls for a third edition. In refitting it for the press, a few improvements have been made, and also several copious additions, particularly relating to the specific application of the principles of this whole work on Edu- cation to individual cases of both self-improvement and the mental and moral culture of children, and also that part relating to mne- monics. Various systems of artificial memory have been commended so highly in past ages, and Prof. Fauvel Gouraud's system is com- manding so much attention at present, that it becomes every work on the cultivation of the memory, and particularly this work, to present at least those fundamental principles that bear on this point. These remarks were written for the second edition, but omitted because mnemonics were not then deemed worthy even of a passing notice ; but their recent revival in this country, and with such a whirlwind of popularity, require the remarks found at the close of this volume. Unquestionably the reader will appreciate the cut inserted on the second page. CONTENTS. Intellect — its relative value and function, and the importance of its cultivation, . . . . . . . . .7 Uses and value of a retentive memory, .... 10 On improving the intellect by enlarging the organs, . .11 Value of this principle, and means of obtaining this enlargement, 11 The exercise of the faculties, the only means of strengthening them, and of enlarging their organs, .... 11 In order to excite a faculty, its true function must be known, and its natural stimulant presented, ..... 13 Analysis and adaptation of Individuality, . . . .17 Teaching children from observation first, books afterwards, 18 A fatal defect in modern education, . . . . .19 Evils of sending young children to school, . . .20 Observation must ^?'ece<:/e reasoning, . . . . . 21 Means of cultivating Individuality, ..... 22 Parents should educate their own children, . . . .23 Analysis, adaptation, and importance of Eventuality, . . 24 Means of strengthening Memory of Events, . . . .25 Children silling on a bench and saying A, ... 26 Telling children stories, ....... 27 The decrease of memory in adults caused by its inaction, . 28 The experience of the author and others, . . . .29 Improving Eventuality by recollecting the events of each day, week, &c., at its close, ....... 34 Facilitating this by- rendering the memory of our own and children's lives agreeable, 35 Showing children philosophical and other experiments, . . 36 Analysis and adaptation of Comparison, .... 38 Teaching children to reason by comparing things, . . . 39 Employing explanations and illustrations, . . . 41 Answering the questions of children, . . . . .41 Analysis and adaptation of Causality, .... 42 Means of cultivating this faculty are thinking and reasoning, . 43 Qiving children data, and requiring them to think for themselves, 44 Intellectual superiority of children, relatively to adults, . . 45 Cjtuse of this superiority, ....... 46 1 CONTENTS. Getting thinking done out, 47 Man's poverty of intellect explained, . . . . . • 48 Night thinking and study highly injurious, . . . .49 Analysis and function of Language, 50 Studying the dead languages, .57 Preventing the talking of children injurious, ... 53 Means of promoting eloquence ^ . 53 Teaching children grammar by talking grammatically, . 54 Talking baby talk to infants, 55 Analysis and adaptation of Form, ..... 57 When and how to teach reading and spelling, . . .57 Analysis of Weight, and means of cultivating it, . . 60 Analysis and adaptation of Calculation, . . . .61 Reckoning figures, casting accounts, &c,, in the head, . 62 Analysis and adaptation of Time, 63 Carrying the time in the head better than by time-pieces, . 65 Means of cultivating Time, 66 Improvement of time by attending first to what is most important, 67 Waste of time, . . • • • • • • 68 Analysis and adaptation of Tune, ..... 69 Natural music preferable to artificial, .... 70 Teaching children to sing by ear first, 71 Evils of the present method of teaching music, ... 72 Strictures on modern music, 73 Analysis and adaptation of Locality, .... 74 A new method of teaching geography, 75 Teaching history along with geography, .... 77 Teaching the phrenological developments, . . . .78 A literary exchange system, ...... 79 Teaching natural theology along with natural sciences, . . 80 The study of astronomy — its moral influence, ... 86 Importance of teaching children anatomy and physiology, . 89 Analysis and adaptation of Order, 90 Its utility — means of cultivating it, 91 Analysis, adaptation, and method of cultivating Size, . . 93 Analysis, adaptation, and means of cultivating Color, . . 95 Combinations of organs requisite for particular occupations, such as teacher, lawyer, clergyman, physician, merchant, mechanic, farmer, painter, engineer, editor, phrenologist, &c., . . 97 Application of this whole subject to self-improvement, and the education and government of children, .... 103 Prof. Gouraud's phreno-mnemotechnic system,, . • . 1^)8 MEMORY AND EDUCATION. IMPORTANCE OF INTELLECT— MEANS OF CULTIVATING IT. Man is the lord of creation. The noblest work of God within our knowledge. The most complicated and perfect in mechanism. The most beautiful to behold. The most powerful to accomplish. The most exalted in enjoyment ; in suffering ; in function ; and in constitution. But, in what consists this nobleness, this superiority of his nature? In his physical superiority? In his possessing a greater number and variety of bodily organs, and those more perfect than is possessed by the balance of creation 7 In the erectness of his form? In the sprightliness and power of his muscular system? In even the greater power and more per- fect play of his feelings and instincts ? In his domestic af- fections? His defending, acquiring, self-caring, aspiring, persevering elements? In even his moral and religious sus- ceptibilities? In his capability to worship God? to appre- ciate and enjoy the spiritual? to commune with God? to perceive the right and the wrong, and govern himself by moral principle? In kindness? In disinterested self-sacrifice for the good of others ? In his aspiring after immortality ? No. In neither. Not in all combined. But in the possession of Intellect. Not that he does 7iot possess these other quali- ties. Not that they do not add greatly to the dignity and the glory of his nature. But that all these elements of great- ness, some of which are even God-like, are crowned with intellect^ and, especially, with reason — the noblest gift of God to man. We praise Thee, O our God, " for all thy wonder- ful works unto the children of men," but we praise Thee most, we love Thee most, for the gift of reason ; for the power of thought; for our capability of perceiving and ap- 8 INTELLECT — ITS FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE. plying those sublime and glorious laws which govern nature, in all her loveliness; in all her perfection; in all her great- ness ; in all her variety. It is a fully established law of Phrenelogy, a law unfolded in the first volume of this w^ork, (p. 148,) that to be either virtuous or productive of enjoyment, every action of our lives, every desire, every emotion, of our souls, every ele- ment, every function of our entire nature, must be guided by intellect, and governed by the moral sentiments. Otherwise, there is no virtue, no enjoyment. Otherwise, all is sin. All is suffering. The man of impulse, is a man of misfortune and sorrow. Animal propensity is blind, and blindly seeks gratification in the teeth of virtue ; in the face of enjoyment. Intellect alone can direct her into the paths of virtue, into the haven of happiness. And this intellect can do. It can bring back wandering, wayward animal propensity. It can chasten and elevate that propensity. It can greatly augment both the power, the eflicacy, the successful gratification of that propensity. It can double, for the hundredth, the thou- sandth time, every result, every enjoyment^ — every thing — to which man applies himself, be it mechanics, be it agriculture, be it domestic enjoyment, be it the accumulation of property, be it self-protection, be it renown, be it what it may, even religion not excepted. Indeed, it is here that intellect show- ers down her richest blessings. Brings forward her choicest fruits. Attains her highest achievements. Moral sentiment, too, without intellect, is blind ; is bigoted. Is a blind leader of blind animal propensity, and as much more sinful and ruinous than mere animal propensity is capable of being of of becoming, as the nature and constitution of the moral sentiments excel those of the propensities. For it is a law of things, that the greater the gift or power, the more wicked, the more miserable, its perversion. Than perverted moral sentiment, nothing is more sinful. Nothing more corrupting to man. Nothing more painful in its consequences. On this bastard stock of moral sentiment with propensity, but without intellect, grew all the heathen mythology and religious wick- edness of past ages. Grow all the abominations of paganism ; all the sectarianism, all the bigotry, of Christendom. On this tree of the moral sentiments, guided and governed by en* GENERAL DEFICIENCY OF INTELLECT. 9 lightened intellect, grow the choicest fruits it is possible for the nature of man to yield, or for his capacities to enjoy. More than any thing else, more than all besides, man re- quires INTELLECT to perccive and apply the truth to matters of science; to matters of government; to matters of religious belief and practice ; to all matters appertaining to health, life, happiness, immortality. Nor is there any one thing in which man is as deficient, as he is in this self-same matter of intellect. He knows (I use this word in its true sense) precious little, and that little appertains mainly to the gratification of the propensities. He spends but little time, but little money, but little any thing, upon his intellect. Not a hundredth part of either. Almost all his "desires, almost all his pursuits, almost all of every thing, is expended upon the gratification of the facul- ties the organs of which occupy the back and lower portion of his brain ; little on science, on philosophy, on studying the facts and the laws of nature. And for the violation of this law of the supremacy of intellect, he is sorely punished in the degradation, or the physical pain and suffering, or the premature death, or the prevailing ignorance and superstition, or the religious bigotry and intolerance, or the erroneous opinions and consequent defective practices, or all combined, of nearly all classes of society ; all ranks and conditions of men. Nor can the untold miseries that now scourge man- kind, be done away, nor even essentially diminished, till intellect mounts' the throne of the nature of man, assumes the helm of state, and guides and governs all his desires, all his conduct, all his opinions. Hence it is, that the cultivation of intellect, becomes the liighest object to which the attention of man can be turned ; the concerns of the soul, of eternity, not excepted ; for we have just seen, that in order properly to understand or prac- tice the great interests of religion, we must possess a vigorous intellect, a well disciplined mind, and a range and power of thought demanded by nothing else whatever. Cultivate in- tellect, and you banish ignorance. Cultivate intellect, and you close the doors of the grog-shop, of the gambling saloon, of revelry, of lust ; and check, if you do not almost annihilate^ depravity in all its forms, with all its woes. Cultivate intel- 1* 10 VALUE AND USES OF A RETENTIVE MEMORY. lect, and you banish paganism with all its crimes, sectarian- ism with all its deformities, bigotry with all its intolerance. Cultivate intellect, and you expand and elevate every ele- ment, every power, of the nature of man; adorn, and purify, and sweeten, every virtue; and crown every department of the nature and capabilities of man with the very climax of all that God has created, all that men can be or enjoy. And then again, how exceedingly rich and exhaustless are the treasures of knowledge ! How delightful the study of nature! ^^ Knou-ledge is power. ^'' Man is so constituted that, to study the laws and phenomena of nature ; to witness chemical, philosophical, and other experiments; to explore the bowels of the earth, and examine the beauties, the curi- osities and the wonders of its surface ; to learn lessons of infi- nite power and wisdom as tauglit by astronomy ; but, more especially, to study /if/'w^- animated nature: to observe its adaptations and contrivances — in short, to slwdj nature moW her beauty, variety, and perfection, particularly with refer- ence to the wisdom and goodness of that great Being who created all things, constitutes a source of the highest possible gratification of which the humafi mind is susceptible. To descant upon the vahie or utility of Memory, "^ would be superfluous. I appeal to you who are rich, whether you would not gladly give 3^our «//, (the necessaries of life alone excepted,) for a clear and retentive memory of all you have , ever seen, or heard, or liiiown. What v/onid not lawyers and physicians give, to be able, without notes, to recall, clearly and in order, evei y point of their evidence, every lact in their practice, every point in the authors they have read? * By tlie term Memory, when used by the writer in tliis general, unquali- fied manner, is meant the entire class of the inteilectiia! faculties. The leading doctrine of riirenology, that every intellectual faculty remembers wimtever belongs to its own class of operations: — that Locality remem- l)ers places; Form, faces; Eventuality, events ; Causality, principles and ideas ; Language, words, &c., &.c., Phrou^hout the whole of the intellec- tual facuUics — tiiat, therefore, there are as many different kinds of memory as there are intellectual faculties, and that, as some oi'these faculties may be powerful while others are weak, so some kinds of memory may be very retentive-while others are feeiile, (a principle which lies at the very basis both of memory itself, and of course of its improvement,) is not lost si"ht of by the Author. lie uses this term as it is generally understood, and used in common nmlnifr INTELLECT CAPABLE OF ENLARGEMENT. 11 Similar remarks apply to men of business, to whom a reten- tive memory is, if possible, still more serviceable. How often has the reader felt mortified in the extreme, and angry with himself, because he has forgotten something he intended to say. or do ! How great the consequent inconvenience, and delay, and even loss, which a good memory would have avoided ! How much more powerful and effective that spea- ker who can dispense with notes, yet say all he wishes ; and by the aid of a clear and retentive memory, bring to mind thoughts and arrangements previously prepared ! In short, is there any occupation in life in which nearly every kind of memory is not most useful? In many, it is indispensahle. I ask parents whether transmitting to your children vigorous .intellects and retentive memories, is not one of the richest legacies you can leave them ? and whether a poor memory, one that is treacherous to its trust, is not a great misfortune? If it be inquired, Is man's intellect capable of being im- proved ? Phrenology answers. Yes; and to an extent far exceeding what is generally supposed. Indeed, all efforts at education are based on this supposition; and this fact has been placed beyond all doubt in the previous volume. The same law of increased power by exercise, there shown to govern the entire brain, the entire man, applies here in all its ramifications. Do parents, do teachers, do the young, or the religious, does one, do all, eageriy inquire, then. By what means can intellect be so expanded, can memory be so strengthened, can the intellectual education of children and ^^outh be so conducted, as to give reason this desired supremacy? Phre- nology answers. By improving the power and activity of the intellectual organs. By this means. By no other. Indeed, ALL improvement, be it intellectual, be it moral, must be based in, must proceed upon, this law. Phrenology demon- strates the fundamental, immutable law of perfect reciprocity of relation between the brain and the mind. This law is universal. It admits of no exceptions. No Phrenologist will for a moment question either the va- lidity or the universality of this principle; nor indeed will any who believe even in the doctrine that the brain is the organ of the mind ; for, if the brain be the agent of the 12 IMPROVING MEMORY BY INCREASING mind, then must the conditions of the brain and of the mind, and all these conditions, be perfectly reciprocal. To ad- mit the brain to be the agent of the mind, is to admit, that every change, every improvement, every deterioration, &c. of either mind or brain, produces a corresponding and perfectly sympathetic change, improvement, degeneracy, &c. in the other. And this law tells parents, tells the young, tells the whole world, and even all the generations of men that may rise up in all coming time, that there is no royal road to knowledge — that there is one^ and but one, way — a way that is plain, easily accessible, and not only safe, but sure to conduct to: the most glorious results imaginable — and that road is, improving the organs of Memory, that is, of In- tellect. Besides this way, there is no other. Any, every method proposed by the most gifted and ingenious of mor- tals, ay, even by angels, or by God himself, cannot possibly improve it in any other way. Indeed, this method is that invented by (he Maker of man and of the universe. Vain, then, perfectly futile, and palpably injurious must be every other means, all other methods, of improving the memory, or indeed any other faculty of man. Will the reader allow me to call special attention to this fundamental principle'? Cast about. Scrutinize it closely. Is it correct 7 May Ave rely certainly upon a therefore based in it, and growing out of it ? Does it admit of a single doubt or exception 7 But, "By ichat means can the physical organs of memory be improved?" The answer to this question is twofold. First, a general improvement of the physical health, or of the ani- mal tone and vigor of the system, will improve the action of the brain as a whole, and especially of the organs in its base, (see demonstration of the sympathetic relation between the body and the base of the brain, in Yol. 1, of this work, page 94.) So that, as most of the organs of memory or intellect occupy the base of the forehead, v/hatever augments the general health and action of the system, will of course im- prove the memory. The only remaining means of improving the physical or- gans of memory, and, of course, of strengthening the mem- ory itself, is by the exercise of the organs of memory. Brains caniXot be hovght. By no means whatever can any THE EFFICIENCY OF THE INTELLECTUAL ORGANS, 13 addition be made to either the vohime, or the activity, or function of Eventuahty, or Language, or Causality, or any one of the intellectual organs, that is, organs of the memory, but by exei'cising the faculties of memory. By this means, the organs can be improved. By this means, both their vol- ume can be enlarged, and their facility of action can be im- proved. Nor is there ariy possibility of improving it by any other means whatsoever. Their exercise causes the blood to flow to the organs exercised, in the exact proportion of that exercise ; and this augmented circulation, accompanies a proportional increase of functional power. That same physiological law which governs the increase of size and power of function in the arm, by exercising that arm, also governs the increase of power in the intellectual organs or faculties. As the arm of the blacksmith is enlarged and strengthened by swinging his hammer, that is, by usi?ig his arm, so Eventuality, Form, Language, Causality, and all the other intellectual organs, can be increased in size, and their facility and power of function augmented by their exekcise — by that only — the improvement in the health already men- tioned alone excepted. 1 submit this principle to the candid thinking reader. I call upon parents — I call upon teachers, upon all men of science — to say, by what other means than their exercise can the vigor of the cerebral organs be aug- mented ? All silent '? Then our two principles — the first, that all improvement in the memory must consist in aug- menting the physical function, and improving the physiolog- ical condition of the cerebral organs of memory ; and, the second, that this improvement, with the single exception spe- cified, must be effected by exercising the faculties and organs of the memory and intellect- — stand upon the broad, firm ba- sis of the nature and constitution of man. By what means, then, can this cerebral action of the intel- lectual lobe be promoted ? By precisely the same means as that specified on page 138, Vol. 1, of this work, namely, by setting the appropri:ate /oot/ before them ; or by throwing be- fore them their natural stimuli. Thus, Individuality springs into powerful and spontaneous action, whenever objects or things are presented for its inspection. Causality, whenever laws m causes are thrown in its way. Language, whenever 14 HOW TO BEGIN INTELLECTUAL IMPROVEMENT. ideas are presented for communication. Eventuality, when- ever facts are to be seen or remembered. So of each of the other intellectual faculties. And presenting things to the inspection of Individuality, laws to the investigation of Caus- ality, places to the action of Locality, &c.. will bring them into action, and thus enlarge and improve them. Hence, then, in order to educate or discipliiie the mind, its nature, primary powers, and laios of action must be understood. These, few parents or teachers even pretend Xo understand; and hence, millions of money are annually expended, and thousands of teachers constantly employed, almost in vain. As well attempt to navigate the ocean Avithout the compass, survey the land without the needle, study astronomy without the telescope, or try to do any thing else without knowing what requires to be done, or how to do it, as undertake to educate the young, or discipline one's own mind, without ^rs^ understanding the primary faculties of the mind, as well as their laws of action. To be successful, education and intel- lectual culture MUST te adapted to the rtientcd facidiies, and also conducted in harmony with the laws of mind. These, Phrenology explains most beautifully and early ; thereby furnishing the only correct guide to parents and teachers. The objects of this work, therefore, will be, 1. To ANALYZE THE INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES ; aud 2. To SHOW HOW TO ENLARGE AND STRENGTHEN THEEI. That is, to show how to improve every kind of memoj-y ; how to conduct the intellectual education of children and youth; ^.n6.\].0'W Xo strengthen and expand the intellect; as well as how to acquire knowledge — objects, both individually and collectively, of the highest possible importance, especially to parents, teachers, the young, and those who are studying a profession. And the first thing to be done, is, to obtain a knowledge of your own or children's developments, especially of the in- tellectual organs, in order that you may know what faculties are too weak, (there is very little danger that any of them will ever become too large,) so that you may know to which to apply the stimulus. This knowledge may be gained, either by studying phrenology yourself, or by applying to a skilful practical phrenologist; but the knowledge itself is indispensable. CLASSIFICATION OF THE INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 15 The orgajis of the intellectual faculties occupy the forehead. The rule for ascertaining the amount of brain devoted to the intellectual organs, is this : — Erect a perpendicular line from the most prominent part of the zigomatic arch — the bone which commences just in front of the ears, and runs towards the eye — and the amount of brain forward of that line, indi- cates the size of the intellectual lobe. This method of mea- suring the intellectual lobe, is far better than that of measuring from the ears forward, which is very imperfect, first, because it measures a part of the propensities ; and secondly, because the organs are sometimes short and broad, and sometimes slim, or long in proportion to their breadth. These faculties are usually divided into two classes ; yet I am satisfied that making a third class will still farther facilitate their study. The first developed of these, as well as the most important, are the organs in the middle portion of the fore- head, embracing Individuality, Eventuality, and Comparison, which might be called the knowing organs, being the first if not the main, channels through which a knowledge of things, es- pecially of the phenomena and laws of nature, enters the mind. Nearly all children will be foi.nd to have a great fulness, if not marked prominence, commencing above the nose, and ex- tending upward through the middle of the forehead, to its up- per part; and, in accordance with this development, they have an insatiable curiosity to see, see, see every thing ; to know all about whatever is passing; and to ask what is this^ and what is that; together with a remarkably retentive mem- ory of stories, facts, and what they have seen, heard, or read. Besides being a proof of the truth of Phrenology, this shows how to educate children ; namely, by showing them things, rather than books — by exhibiting facts^ and explaiymig the operations and phenomena of nature. Secondly. The perceptive organs, which give a talent for judging of matter, and effecting physical ends. Combined with Acquisitiveness, they give a talent for deciding upon the value of property, land, live-stock, goods, &c., and upon the shortest, surest road to wealth. Such men as Astor, Girard-, &c., have a heavy brow, a great projection of the eyebrows over the eyes, or a deep, sunken eye, which indicate the de- vvelopment of these faculties. Combined with Constructive- 16 DIFFERENT FORMS OF FOREHEAD. ness, this development gives a talent for judging correctly of machines, inventions mechanical works, architecture, con- tracts, &c., (fee, together with a talent for discovering and applying mechanical principles in new ways, or to new ends. Great inventors, such as Whitney, Fulton, Winans, &c., have this development, and so do superior engineers, contrac- tors, &c. Combined with the mental temperament, it de- lights in the study of the natural sciences^ as distinguished from literature, (which is imparted by the organs in the mid- dle line of the forehead above the nose, or those already de- scribed,) and constitutes a truly scientific mind, and is always large in such men as Cuvier, Buffon, Eaton, Day, Hitchcock, Silliman, Herschel, &c. The only remaining form of forehead is, that in which the reflective faculties predominate. This may be known by a high and wide forehead; one that is perpendicular, and has a square appearance at the upper part. This indicates a think- ing, reasoning cast of mind, and a desire to look into the causes of things; a talent for adapting means to ends; for contriving and creating resources, inventing, and effecting much with scanty means. What is commonly known as good judgment, depends upon this organization. It gives depth and strength of intellect, and the higher kind of mind, yet not brilliancy, or what is called smartness, which depend upon the form of the forehead first described. This class of faculties is less likely to be called out than most others, and hence, men having strong minds and great originality and penetration, often pass through life like a lion in a cage, without an opportunity of showing their intellectual strength. Such are great only on great occasions; yet, if placed in sit- uations calculated to call out their powers, they will be found adequate to any emergency, and the natural leaders of those whose perceptive faculties prevail. Reasoning intellect over- sees and directs, while perceptive intellect executes. A hollow, or depression, in the centre of the forehead, in- dicates a defective memory of details and smaller matters; while a depression extending through the middle of the fore- head from side to side, indicates a treacherous memory of de- tails, names, dates, incidents, every-day occurrences, &c. We will now analyze the separate organs, and show how to excite each of them. Analysis and hdaptation of individuality. 17 INDIVIDUALITY. Observation of things : curiosity to see and examine objects : noticing things in their isolated capacity, and as independent existences : coiynizance of the identity, personality, or individuality of bodies : jj power and desire of observation. Adaptation. — On looking at any thing, as a book or a pen, the first impression made upon us is that it is a thing. It is its personality , its individuality, its thingness that first enters the mind. Before we can examine its uses or properties, we must know that it is a something. Tiie material world is parceled out into single objects without number, each of which has a separate existence of its own. Thus, who can count the sands upon the sea-shore, or the leaves or twigs of the forest, or the particles of matter ? And each, in its very nature, has a separate existence of its own. To this necessary property of matter, therefore, this faculty is adapted. This is the looking faculty. Its one distinctive function is to see things. It asks, what is this, and ivhat is that. It creates that intellectual curiosity, as well as that instinctive desire to examine and discover things which has resulted iff most of the discoveries of modern science, improvements in agriculture, the arts, science, &c., and discovered Phrenology. It is that door of entrance through which a knowledge of things is received ftto the mind, and takes cognizance of what is called the ^^divisibility of matter," or that quality which allows a body to be divided and sub-divided ad infinitum, while each portion cut off still remains a distinct thing. As this faculty is the door through which a knowledge of external objects enters the mind, so its (ti'gan is one of the first developed in infants. The babe of a few hours, or at least days old, begins to look at surrounding objects ; and to notice, gaze, and stare. Indeed, this curiosity to see and handle every thing, to pull things apart so as to see what is inside of them, &.C., seems to be one of the strongest intellectual desires and functions of childhood and youth, as well as the great medium of receiving information. This looking tendency of children is too strong, too unequivocal to be mistaken, and the result to which it brings us, is equally conclusive and unavoidable. It says, and in language too loud, too plain, to remain unheard or be misconstrued — the language of nature — that children 2 IS TEACHING CHILDREN THINGS FIKST, BOOKS AFTERWARDS, should be tanght by observation Jirst and mainly, from books, afterwards and secondarily. Is not seeing a thing^ infinitely better than any description of it that can be given^ especially on paper? This insatiable curiosity of children^ and their extraordinary development of Individuality, together with the incontestible fact that what they see is far more vividly and indelibly impressed an theix minds than what they read^ expose the fallacy of the almost universal opinion that children must learn to read and spell first, as almost the only medium of acquiring knowledge. It also shows that the general custom of consuming five or more years of the most valuable portion of life in learning to read and spell, is unnatural and injurious. The fact is that educa.tion is now hegun at the wrong end, and conducted upon erroneous principles throughout. In educating children, should we not follow the order in which their organs are developed ? Every other course is at war with their natures, and therefore preposterous. They learn by means of their organs, and therefore they should be taught nothing appertaining to any organ till it is developed. But as soon as any intellectual organ begins to be developed, its cultivation should be com- menced. Individuality is one of the first of the intellectual organs developed, as well as one of the %ost prominent in childhood and youth, and therefore education should be begun and continued by showing them things, and how to do things. Shall we require them to study subjects which they have not yet the power to comprehend ? As well set the blind X