Agricultural College .V..55.0. PRESENTED BY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Boston Library Consortium IVIember Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/fossilfloraoflowOOwhit DEPAUTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MONOGRAPHS OF THE United States Geological Survey VOLUME XXXYII WASHII^GTON GOVERNMENT I'RINTING OFFICE 18 90 UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIIAHLES ]). WALOc.l'T, IIIUECTOK FOSSIL FLORA (IF THE LOWER COAL MEASURES Oi' MLSSOURI DA^VID ^^^HITE WASHINGTON G O V B R N M K N T P U I N T I N G O V KICK 1 8 I) 9 Alo^,^. CONTENTS. Paga Introduction 1 Collections and localities 2 Stratigraphy of the plant-bearing terranes 4 Description of the species 11 Cryptogams H Alga? 11 Acetabularia? 11 Conostiehus 11 Fungi 13 PyrenomyceteiB 13 Hy sterites 13 Sphieropsideto 15 Excipulites 15 Pteridophy ta 16 Fillcales 16 Triphylloiiteridea; 16 Eremopteris 16 Pseudopecopteris 21 Mariopteris 30 Sphenopteride* 35 Sphenopteris >5 Oligocarpla 66 Aloiopteris 70 Pecopteridea" 74 Pecopteris 74 Incerta= sedis 97 Brittsia 97 Spiropteris 101 Canlopteris 101 Megaphyton 102 Aphlebia 103 Megalopteride* 113 Alethopteris H3 Callipteridium 120 Odontopteris 125 Neuropteris 127 Linopteris 139 Tsniopteris 140 Eqnlsetales 144 Calamariese 144 Calamites 144 Asterophyllltes 150 Calamostachys 156 Annularia 157 Volkmannia 165 Cyclocladia 166 Macrostachya 171 Incerta- sedia 171 Radicites 171 V VI CONTENTS. Description of the species — Continued. Cryptogams — Continued. Pteridophyta— Continued. Page- Sphenophy Hales 173 SpheuophylleiB 173 Sphenophy Hum 173 Ly copodiales 1 87 Lepidodendrese 187 Lepidodendron 187 Lepidophloios 201 Lepidostrobus 212 Lepidophy Hum 214 Lepidocystis 215 Omphalophloios 218 SigillarietB 230 Subsigillariie 230 Eusigillaria; 241 Sigillaria 241 An Sigillarie;o aut Lepidodendreie ? 244 Stigmaria 244 Stigmarioid impression 246 Incert* sedis 247 Tseniophylleie 247 Tu-niophyllum 247 Lepidoxylon 253 Phanerogams 257 Gymuosperms 257 Cordaitales 257 CordaiteiB 257 Cordaites 257 Cordaianthus 262 Cordaicarpon 265 Cardioearpon 266 Ehabdocarpos 267 Titanophyllum 270 Conifers; 271 TaxaceiB? 271 Dicranophyllum 271 Animalia? 274 Palieoxyris 274 Discussion of the flora 276 Species reported from the Lower Coal Measures, but not included in the foregoing arrange- ment 276 Evidence of the fossil plants as to age and equivalence of the terranes 281 Synopsis of the flora 281 General range of the Missouri flora in the Coal Measures of the United States 282 Stratigraphic range of species having a restricted vertical distribution 285 Probable stage of the lower coals of Missouri in eastern sections 287 Temporary obstacles to accuracy in correlation 290 Comparative position of the coals 292 Relation of the Missouri flora to the floras of European basins 293 Zone of the flora in the Coal Measures of Great Britain 293 Zone of the Missouri flora in the Carboniferous basins of Continental Europe 298 General considerations 305 Index ^57 ILLUSTRATIONS 328 Paga Plate I. Coal stripping at Hobbs's bank, 8 miles south of Clinton, Missouri 312 II. Figs. 1-5. Conostichus Broadheadi Lx i Fig. 6. Conostichus prolifer Lx J III. Fig. 1,1(1. Hysterites Cordaitis Gr'Ey., on Cordaites communis Lx 316 IV. Eremopteris bilobata D. W 318 V. Figs. 1-3. Eremopteris missouriensis Lx -i 4-6. Eremopteris bilobata D. W J ^^"^ VI. Eremopteris missouriensis Lx 322 VII. Figs. 1-3. Pseudopecopteris obtusiloba (Brongn.) Lx i 4, 5. Pseudopecopteris sp I 324 Fig. 6. Mariopteris sp J VIII. Pseudopecopteris obtusiloba (Brongn.) Lx 326 IX. Figs. 1, 2. Mariopteris sphenopteroides (Lx.) Zeill 1 Fig. 3. Mariopteris n. sp I 4. Excipulltes Callipteridis (Schimp.) Kidst., on Pseudopecopteris squamosaj Lx. sp ) X. Figs. 1, 2. Mariopteris sphenopteroides (Lx.) Zeill 330 XI. Figs. 1,2. Sphenopteris Wardiana D. W 1 Fig. 3. Sphenopteris mixta Schimp j XII. Figs. 1,2. Sphenopteris mixta Schimp 1 Fig. 3. Sphenopteris Lacoei D. W | ^^* XIII. Figs. 1,2. Sphenopteris Broadheadi D. W 1 Fig. 3. Sphenopteris Van Ingeni D. W I 33g Figs. 4, 5. Sphenopteris mixta Schimp J XIV. Figs. 1. 2. Spbeuopteris missouriensis D. W 338 XV. Fig. 1. Sphenopteris Brittsii Lx 1 2. Sphenopteris canneltonensis D. W I 3^0 3. Sphenopteris capitata D. W J XVI. Cordaites communis Lx., with Sphenopteris Brittsii Lx 342 XVII. Sphenopteris Brittsii Lx 344 XVIII. Figs. 1,2. Sphenopteris Brittsii Lx i 3, 4. Sphenopteris pinnatifida Lx. sp j" XIX. Fig. 1. Sphenopteris pinnatifida Lx. ep 1 2. Sphenopteris cf. Gravenhorstii Brongn I 3. Sphenopteris Brittsii Lx | 4. Sphenopteris illinoisensis D. W J XX. Figs. 1, 2. Oligocarpia missouriensis D. W 1 3,4. Sphenopteris ophioglossoides Lx. sp I 350 Fig. 5. Sphenopteris subcrenulataLx. sp ) XXI. Figs. 1?, 2-4. Oligocarpia missouriensis D. W 352 XXII. F1G8.I-3. Aloiopteris Winslovii D. W 354 VII VIII ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL. XLI. XLII. XLIII. XLIV, XLV. XLVI. XL VII, XLVIII, Figs. 1-5. Aloiopteris Wiuslovii D. W Fig. 6. Aloiopteris crosa Gutb. sp. f Figs. 1, 2. Pecopteiis dentata Brongu Fig. 3a. Aloiopteris erosa Gntb. sp.? 36. Anniilaria stellata ( .Scliloth . ) Wood 3c. Sphenophyllum Lescurianum D. W Pecopteris dentata Brongu Fig. 1. Pecopteiis vestita Lx FiGS.2-4. Pecopteris deutata Brongn Pecopteris dentata Brongu Figs. 1, 2, 2a. Pecopteris psendovestita D. W Pecopteris pseudovestita D. W Pecopteris pseudovestita D. W Figs. 1, 2. Pecopteris pseudovestita D. W Fig. 3. Pecopteris pseudovestita D. W. ? Figs. 1, 2. Pecopteris pseudovestita D. W Figs. 1-6. Pecopteris vestita Lx Pecopteris clintoni Lx Figs. 1-3. Sphenopteris suspecta D. W Fig. 4. Pecopteris clintoni Lx 5. Pecopteris hemitelioides Brongn.? 6. Sphenopteris sp Figs. 1, 2. Pecopteris Jenneyi D. W Fig. 3. Pecopteris cf. arboresfens Brongn. ? Figs. 1,2. Alethopteris Serlii (Brongn.) Goepp., var. missouriensis D. W... Fig. 3. Alethopteris ambigua Lx 4. Alethopteris ambigua Lx., with Neuropteris Scheuchzeri Hoffm... Figs. 1-5, 6? Callipteridium membrauaceum Lx Figs. 1-3. Callipteridium Sullivantii (Lx.) AVeiss Fig. 4. Callipteridium ina-qunle Lx Figs. 1-7. Taeniopteris ? missouriensis D. W Figs. 1-3. Callipteridium Sullivantii (Lx.) D. W 4, 5. Neuropteris missouriensis D. W Fig. 6. Neuropteris dilatata (L. and H.) Lx Figs. 7, 8. Linopteris gilkersonensis D. W Fig. 9. Alethopteris amliigua Lx 10. Dicranophyllum ? sp Fig. 1. Neuropteris dilatata (L. andH.) Lx 2. Odontopteris ? Bradleji Lx 3. Neuropteris Scheuchzeri Hotfm 4. X^europteris missouriensis Lx 5. Alethopteris Serlii (Brongn.) Goepp., var. missouriensis P. W Neuropteris dilatata (L. andH.) Lx Fig. 1. Sphenopteris illinoisensis D. W 2. Neuropteris dilatata (L. and H.) Lx 3. Pecopteris arboreseens Brongn. ? 4. Algoid axis? Fig. 1. Aphlebia sp 2. Sphenopteris sp 3. Neuropteris missouriensis Lx 4. Lepidodeudron scutatum Lx Aphlebia Germari Zeill., with Cordaites communis Lx Figs. 1-5. Brittsia problematica D. W Fig. 6. Pecopteris if. arboreseens Brongn. ? 7. Aphlebia siibgoldi-nbergii D. W Figs. 1-3. Brittsia problematica D. \V Page. 356 358 360 362 364 366 368 370 372 374 376 378 380 382 384 386 388 390 392 394 396 398 400 402 404 406 ILLUSTRATIONS. IX Plate XLIX. L. LI. LII. LIII. LIV. LV. LVI. LVII. LVIII. LIX. LX. LXI LXII. LXIII LXIV. LXV LXVI LXVII LXVIII LXIX Fig. 1. Cyclocladiii Biittsii D. W : Figs. 2-4. Asteropliyllitcs lougifoliiis (Stli.) Brongii Figs. 1-4. SpliciiopUylluiu i'asciculalum Lx.sp.. 5,6a. Splmnopliylluiii majiiB Broiiuf Fig. 1)6. Spbcnopliylliuu Lcscuriaimm D. W Fig. a. Spliuuopliylhim iiiajus IJronn f h. ■SpbeuDphylluiu Loscurianum ]1. W Figs. 1-2. Lepiilodoiuliou Bi'ittsii Lx Fig. 1. Lcpiilodcndion Biittsii Lx 2. Lepidodciidrou lanceolatiim Lx I'^iGS. 1, 2. Le[>idodendroii Biittsii Lx 3. 4. Lepidodendrou rimosum Stb. var. rctocortioatum D. W Fig. 5. Lepidodondron scuta turn Lx Figs. 1, 2. Lepidodendniii suutatum Lx Figs. 1-8. Lejiidopbloios Van Iiigeui D. W Fig. 1. Lcpidophloids Van Ingeui D. W Fig. 1. Lepidiiplilciios (?) of. Van Ingeui D. W 2. Lepidopliyllum luissouriense 13. W Fig. la. Lepidostrobus Jenueyi D. W Figs, lb, 2. Lepidopliyllum Jenneyi D. W Fig. 3. Lepidocystis Jeuneyi D. W Ic. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Scliloth.) Brongn Id. Splieuopbyllum eniargiuatum Brongn le. Pecopteria vcstita Lx Fig. 1. Lepidostrobus missouriensis 1). W Figs. 2, 3. Lepidopliyllum missourienso D. W Fig. la. Lepidoiibyllum missouriense D. W Figs. 16, 2. Lciddocystis missouriensis D. W Fig. Ic. Leiiidopbloios Van Ingeui D. W Id. Callipteridium ina^iiuale Lx le. Cardioearpou Brauueri Faircb. and D. W If. Liuopteris gilliersonensis D. W l(j. Sigillaria camiitota'nia Wood? Fig. a. Lepidopbyllum missouriense D. W Figs. 6, c. Lepidocystis missouriensis D. W d, e. Triletes cf. Lepidostrobus missouriensia D. W Fig./. Lepidopliloios Van Ingeui D. W g. Callipteridium inuMjuale Lx h. Lepidostrobus prince] is Lx.. i. Sigillaria eamptota'uia Wood? Figs. 1, 2. Lepidostrobus princeps Lx Fig. 3. Triletes ef. Lepidostrobus missouriensis D. W 4. Ta3niopbyllum latifblium D. W 5. Lepidopliloios Van Ingeui D. W 6. Lepidopbyllum Jenneyi D. W Fig. a. Lepidostrobus princeps Lx 6. Lepidocystis missouriensis D. VV. ? c. Liuoi)toris gilkeisononsis D. W ; d. Neuropteris .Scbeucbzeri Hoffni e. Sigillaria eamptotania Wood ? Ouipbalopbloios eyelostigma Lx. sp . Figs. 1-5. Ompbalopbbuos eyelostigma Lx. sp Figs. 1, 2. Omplialopbloios eyelostigma Lx. sp Figs. 1, 2. Omplialopbloios eyelostigma Lx. sp Sigillaria camptotienia Wood Page. 408 410 412 414 416 418 420 422 424 426 428 430 432 434 436 438 440 442 444 416 448 X ILLUSTEATIONS. Page. Plate LXX. Fig. 1. Sigillaria camptota'nia Wood 1 2. Sigillaria sigillarioidrs Lx. sj) [ Figs. 3, 4. Sigillaria caniptotauia Wood ' Fig. 5. Stigmarioid iinpressioii LXXI. Fig. 1. Ta-niopliyllum latifoliuui D. W 4.52 LXXII. Figs. 1,2. Cordaianthus ovatiis Lx Fig. 3. Cardiocarpou BraiiiK-ii Fairch. aud D. W [. 454 4. Lepidodendron sciitatuni Lx LXXIII. Fig. L Diciaiiopliylliim sji. ? 2. Lepidocysti.s missonriensis D. W 'f 456 3. Spbeuophylluiii niajua Bronii LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C, October 10, 1898. Sir: Herewith I transmit a monograph of the fossil flora of the Lower Coal Measures of Missouri. As the first comprehensive presentation of the flora of any zone of the Coal Measures in the trans-Mississippi region, it offers important data for the comparison and correlation of these beds with the Eastern coal fields, and it also furnishes criteria that will be of value in the comparison of other neighboring Coal Measures areas and in the estab- lishment of the floral sequences tlu-ough the various zones of the Upper Carboniferous in the Western Interior Basin. Very respectfully, David White, Assistant Geologist. ■ Hon. C. D. Walcott, Director United States Geological Survey. FOSSIL FLORA OF THE LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL By David White. INTRODITCTIOK. Since the publication of the Coal Flora ^ the material collected in Henry County, Missouri, and transmitted to Professor Lesquereux by Dr. J. H. Britts, has been so extensively increased through the continued and most fruitful efforts of the latter gentleman and of the geologists of the United States Geological Survey and of the Geological Survey of Missouri, that it appears highly desirable that the fossils new to science should be published, and that a comparative analysis should be made of the floras with a view to ascertaining both the age of these coals and their relative positions with reference to the typical sections of the Eastern coal fields. It is thought also that such a correlation will have an important bearing on questions concerning the deposition and stratigraphy of the basal portion of the Lower Coal Measures, a subject which has received some attention in the recent publications of the State. Although by far the greater part of the materials here considered come from a restricted area, Henry County, the collections are so extensive and their accumulation covers so long a period of coal exploitation that they may be safely regarded as a relatively comprehensive representation of the plant life of the zone in the entire basin. 'Second Geological Survey, Pennsylvania. Report of Progress P. Description of the Coal Flora ■of the Carboniferous Formations in Pennsylvania and throughout the United States. Vols, i-iii, with ■atlas. Harrisburg, 1880-1884. MON XXXVII 1 1 2 FLOEA OF LOWEK COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. ACKNOWLEDGMEKTS. Acknowledgmeuts are due, first of all, to Dr. J. H. Britts, of Clinton, for the use of types and other specimens identified by Professor Lesque- reux; also to the Director of the United States National Museum for facil- ities foi- the study of the Missouri plants, including a number of tjqjes formerly in Professor Lesquereux's private collection, but afterwards secured by Mr. R. D. Lacoe, of Pittston, Pennsylvania, and now become, by the gift of the entire collection of the latter, the property of the National Museum. COLLECTIOJTS AHfD EOCALiITrES. The Paleozoic plant material described from Missouri has generally been recorded with no other localizations than "Clinton" or "Henry County, Missouri"; and while it is of great paleontologic importance, it will in this report be treated geographically as one lot, since, unless otlierwise stated, it all came from one horizon in a single district. Out of several boxes of specimens from stated localities in this county forwarded to the United States National Museum in January, 1891, by Dr. Britts, a number of specimens were found which, owing perhaps to fracture, abrasion, etc., have no exact localization, though coming from the same localities as some of the others. These have the "lot catalogue" number 342, U.S.G.S. Pitcher's coal mine, 3^ miles southeast of Clinton. Collections were made at this mine by Mr. Gilbert Van Ingen, assistant in the United States Geological Survey, and forwarded September, ] 890. Mr. Van Ingen's collection, which includes many fine ferns and slabs of Lepidodendron, constitutes lot 407 from United States Geological Survey station 1263 D. Plants from the same locality were sent to the National Museum by Dr. Britts in January, 1891, and became lot No. 340. Owens's coal mine, 2 miles southeast of Clinton. i\Iany specimens from Owens's coal mine were sent to the National Museum by Dr. Britts in January and in April, 1891. These will be referred to as lot No. 339. Another large consignment, obtained in the process of "stripping" neai tliis coal mine, was forwarded by Dr. W. P. Jenney, of the United States Geological Sm-vey, in October, 1891, while investigating the zinc deposits of southwestern Missouri. These specimens form lot No. 411. COLLECTIONS AND LOCALITIES. 3 Hobhs's coal mine, in SE. J sec. 13, T. 40, R. 26, 8 miles south and 2 miles east of Clinton. A considerable number of specimens sent by Dr. Britts from this locality in January and April, 1891, comprise lot No. 341. Beepivater. A large quantity' of specimens designated by this name came from a mine 8 miles southeast of Clinton. It is very close to the locality quoted as the Hobbs mine. These plants, forwarded to the United States Geological Survey by Dr. Jeimey in June, 1891, form lot No. 408. Another consignment, sent by Dr. Jenney and Dr. Britts in October, 1891, bears the lot number 413. GUkerson^s Ford, Glrand River, 5 miles south of Clinton. Very finely preserved plants in calcareous iron concretions were forwarded to the United States Geological Survey by Dr. Jenney in October, 1891 (lot No. 412), and by Dr. Britts in September, 1892. A small collection from shales in this vicinity was also sent by Dr. Britts. The latter specimens, which were found at a lower horizon than the ironstone concretions, were enarraved with "G. F." by the collector and donor. They contain a number of the best-preserved and most interesting plant remains. Near Jordanls old coal mine, 5 miles south of Clinton, from black shales overlying the coal in the North and Wood shaft. These specimens, consist- ing of Sigillaria, mostly decorticated, and occurring immediately below the other plant shales, were forwarded by Dr. Britts in April, 1891. They con- stitute lot No. 404. Those specimens which I have seen represented only in the Lacoe collection are referred to by the numbers in the special catalogue of that collection. A number of plants which were sent by Dr. Britts in small special packages were not given lot niunbers, and will be localized in full when discussed. Vernon County. The specimens of Conostichus described in the Coal Flora have no other locality reference than Vernon County, Missouri. From the statements of the geologists of the State it seems probable, however, that the types now in the Lacoe collection. United States National Museum, came from Big Drywood Creek, 5 miles south of Deerfield.^ ' See Broadhead, Am. Geologist, vol. xii, 1893, p. 88. 4 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL STRATIGRAPHY OF THE PliANT-BEARIXG TERRANES. All the plants treated in the following pages were derived from the Lower Coal Measures of Missouri as defined by the earlier State surveys. More recently the terms Des Moines series^ and Lower Coal Measures have been applied to the combined Lower and Middle Coal Measures of the earlier nomenclature. The present collections are mostly restricted to the lower di^^sion or to the Cherokee as defined by Haworth and Kirk,^ and used by the Missouri geologists. I employ the term Lower Coal Measm-es in its original Amei'ican sense, as it has long been in general use in the northern bituminous basins. It is, under the circumstances, all the more appropriate since the flora in hand is in fact representative of that division of the Carboniferous resting on the Potts\'ille series in the northern and northeastern coal fields. At the same time, it must be borne in mind that the title refers onlv to the American application of the term, as commonly used in the reports of the earlier geologists of the Northern States. It must be remembered that in i\Iissouri, as in Iowa, the Coal Measures (Mesocarboniferous) rest on the eroded surface of the Lower Carbonifer- ous (Eocarboniferous). Along a portion of the margin of the field the floor of the Mesocarboniferous consists, as is largely the case in the latter State,^ of the deeply cut sui-face of the St. Louis limestone or other divisions of the Mississippian. In other portions the Coal Measures rest unconformably on other divisions of the Eocarboniferous, on the Devonian, the Upper Silurian, or the Lower Silurian. The probable epeirogenic movements and the consequent changes of both the level and the attitude of the continent in the region bordering the great coal field have been fully discussed by Winslow* and by Keyes, the latter of whom has also given a profile diagram of the oscillations of the shore line in the Missouri-Iowa region during Eocarboniferous and Meso- carboniferous time.^ The deposition of the lower portion of the Mesocar- ' Keyes, Am. Geologist, vol. xviii, 1896, p. 23; Rept. Geol. Surv. Iowa, vol. i, 1893, p. 85; Monthly Review, Iowa Weather Service, vol. iv, 1893, p. 3. - Kans. Univ. Quarterly, vol. ii, 1894, p. 105. Univ. Geol. Surv. Ivans., vol. i, 1896, p. 150 = Am. Geologist, vol. xii, 1893, p. 99. Hall, Am. Jonr. Sci., vol. sxvii, 1857, p. 197. < The Missouri Coal Measures and the conditions of their deposition : Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. iii, 1892, pp. 109-121. See also Am. Geologist, vol. xv, pp. 87-89, and Prelim. Rept. on Coal : Geol. Surv. Mo., 1891, p. 19. ■^Am. Geologist, vol. xii, 1893, p. 100. STRATIGRAPHY OP PLANT-BEARING TEERANBS. 5 boniferous occurred during a period of terrestrial subsidence and advance of the shore line, the result of which is the theoretically complete conceal- ment of the earliest beds of the Coal Measures beneath the landward over- laps of the succeeding sediments. The maximum thickness of the lower concealed beds is difficult to estimate, since in the borings farther out toward the interior of the basin the upper beds are probably thinner and the means for the identification of the individual terranes of the section are more or less unsatisfactory. In one instance Dr. Keyes^ observed a body of shales not less than 75 feet in thickness occupying a concealed ravine in the Mississippiau series. The nature and extent of the subjacent terranes lying farther out in the basin can be calculated only from the borings or from the analogies furnished by the series in other sections in which the horizons of the lower coals may be approximately ascertained by the study of the paleontologic evidence. In the region of Henry County, from which most of the material under examination was obtained, the loose surface detritus of the eroded Mississippian is generally covered by an extremely variable sandstone, described in various reports as the "Fenaiginous sandstone," "Spi'ing River sandstone," etc., and generally correlated by the Missouri geologists with the "Millstone grit," though its representative in Illinois was regarded by the g'eologists of that State as a part of the Eocarboniferous. This sandstone, the age of which, so far as I can learn, has not yet been deter- mined from any paleontologic evidence, is never of great thickness, and is described as here and there more or less eroded. It serves largely as a leveling medium, tending to fill the ravines and hollows of the Mississip- pian, with whose loose cherty subaerial detritus it appears to be somewhat blended. At some points it is reported as entirely wanting, ha^dng perhaps been eroded prior to the sedimentation of the coals and sandstones. Resting either immediately on the somewhat uneven surface of tliis "Ferruginous sandstone," or in places perhaps directly on the Mississippian detritus, lie the shales, sandstones, limestones, and coals of the Lower Coal Measures, which as originally defined were stated to have a thickness of about 250 feet,^ including the "Ferruginous sandstone." All the plant ' Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. iii, pp. 283-310. Am. Geologist, vol. xii, p. 102. ^Broadhead, Kept. Geol. Surv. Mo., 1872, pt. 2, p. 6. Winslow, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. iii, 1892, p. 115. 6 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL material from Henry County, Missouri, comes from sliales less than 100 feet above the "Ferruginous sandstone." The local stratigraphic details of the phytiferous shales at most of the points from which plant collections were made have alreadv been fullv given in the State reports prepared by Broadhead and Winslow.^ The plants from Owens's coal mine, Hobbs's mine, Deepwater, Pitcher's mine, and the shales near Gilkerson's Ford of Grand River are said to have come from the roof of the same coal seam, most commonly known in that region as the "Jordan coal."^ The local section at Kinney's mine, which is but a few hundred feet froni Owens's mine, is given by Winslow in his Preliminary Re^Jort on the Coal Deposits of Missouri.^ The same report also illustrates ■* the details of the coal in the ^dcinity of Deepwater, the section at the Blair Diamond No. 2 shaft being essentially the same as that at Hobbs's mine. The strati- graphic conditions at the Stephens and Dunlap strippings, from which many of the plants marked "Hobbs" are said to have come, and which are also described in the I'eport above referred to,' are shown in a photograph, which, through the courtesy of Dr. Jenney, I here reproduce as PI. I. The section of the coal and roof shales at the Pitcher mine is given in Mr. A^an Ingen's notes as follows : Section at JJ. 8. G. S. station No. 1263. Fe«t. Inches. 4. Sandstones and intercalated shales 5 3. Shales with plants 3 4 2. Coal 2 6 1. Fire clay. - The fire clay grades below into shale, this into shaly sandstone, and that into the "Spring River sandstone" of Dr. Jenney, or the " Ferruginous sandstone." Probably the section given as the Pitcher shaft in Dr. Wins- low's report" was made from a point near by. The Jordan coal is described in detail by Broadhead in his valuable report for 1872,^ which also illus- ' Descriptive columnar sections of the Coal Measures of Missouri are given by Prof. G. C. Broadhead in Rfept. Geol. Surv. Mo., 1872, Iron ores and coal fields, pt. 2, pp. 7, 82, 88 ; also Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. Mo., 1894, vol. viii (1895), pp. 360-369. - Rept. Geol. Surv. Mo. , 1872, pt. 2, p. 16. 3Pagel39, textiig. 97. ■*Page 141, text fig. 99. "Page 142. ■iPage 140, text fig. 98. ' Rept. Geol. Surv. Mo., 1872 (1873), pt.2, p. 16. STRATIGRAPHY OF THE PLANT BEDS. 7 trates the features of the section at Gilkerson's Ford on the Grand River/ the source of the interesting large phytiferous ironstone concretions col- lected by Dr. Jenney and Dr. Britts. A section of the higher terranes is given by Professor Broadhead, thus: Section at Gill^eraoii's Ford., Grand River, Missouri. Feet. Indies. 1. Buff shaly sandstone 5 2. Blueshales 2 3. Coal 2 4. Shales and fire clay 14 6 5. Coal 6 6. Sandstone with Stigmarla 3 7. Shales with lenticular phytiferous beds of iron carbonate 2 8. Coal in river, reported at 3 The plant-bearing ironstones are said by Messrs. Britts and Jenney to lie in No. 2 of Broadhead's section, i. e., above the third coal, instead of the shales (No. 7) over the first coal, the error of record having probably been caused by the position of the talus. The lower coal (No. 8 of the section), correlated with the Jordan coal, is the one from the roof of which the plants in argillaceous shales at Gilkerson's Ford were collected. From the above details it will be seen that all the plants from Henry County, with the exception of those in clay ironstones from Gilkerson's Ford, were obtained from roof shales, which are regarded by the geologists of the State as overlying the same seam of coal, viz, the Jordan coal. The horizon of the clay ironstones is only about 40 or 45 feet higher. In some of the broader or deeper mai-ginal basins in the region of Henry County a lower tliin coal lies from 12 to 15 feet below the Jordan coal. This coal is exceedingly variable both in quantity and in quality, being sometimes 4 feet thick and of good quality, or full of pyrites and shale, while at other times it is entirely wanting. From pyritiferous con- cretions m the black shale over this coal at Cheatham's mine, near Clinton, Dr. Britts obtained a number of invertebrate fossils, which have been determined by Prof Charles Schuchert, Curator of Paleontology in the United States National Museum, as follows : Entolium aviculatum (Swallow). Productus nebraskaensis Owen. ScMzodus curtus M. & W.? Spirifer rockymontanus Marcou. Machrocheilus sp. Reticular ia perplexa (McChesney). Lingula umbonata Gox. Dielasma bovidens (Morton). Productus longispinus Sowerby. 1 Op. cit., p. 17, text figs. 2, 3. 8 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. Avkulopecteii providens (Cox) I was also found in the plant shales over the Jordan coal. Spirorhis carhonaria is frequently present. Unfortunately the faunas of the trans-Mississippian Coal Measures have not yet been studied sufficiently to invest these species, most of which are supposed to have a wide vertical range in the Coal Measures, with any definite or avail- able correlative value. A number of insect fragments have been found among the plant mate- rial. Several of these specimens have been described b}^ Professor Scudder^ as Paromylacris cUntoniana Scudder, Etoblattina dintoniana Scudder, and Anthracoblattina americana Scudder. Two or three other fragments have not yet been examined by a specialist in fossil insects. The proximity of the lower coals from which the plant fossils were obtained to the Ferruginous sandstone, or even to the eroded beds that comprise the Mississippian floor of the Coal Measures, has ah-eady been noted. The shore lines of the encroaching Carboniferous sea adapted themselves to the erosional topography of the Mississippian land. The thickness and regularity of the sediments in the bordering marshes or lagoons seem to have varied with the depth and extent of the marginal depressions, the lowest beds being most irregular The Jordan coal, like that beneath it, may be presumed to have been formed in these marginal swamps. It lies in basin-like areas of varying size, some containing but a few acres, others extending many miles. In general it is thickest and best in the interior of the basins, where it lies lowest, while it thins toward the rising margins of the embayments or swamps. Yet, while it thins beyond recognition, and can not be continuously traced in many cases from one embayment or estuary across to the next along the old shore line, it may in the region of Henry County be usually recognized by the constancy of its flora as well as the character of the coal. In PI. I, from a photograph of the stripping at Hobbs's mine, near Deepwater, the coal is seen to rise and feather out on a rather steep slope of the Ferruginous sandstone. At other points, presumably farther out toward the main basin, a consid- erable body of shales and sandstones intervenes in the old embayments, although the interval has not yet been observed to reach 100 feet at any point in this part of the State, while landward the coal appears to have ' Bull. U. S. Geol. SuTv., No. 124, 1895, pp. 53, 66, 129. PALEONTOLOGIC METHODS EMPLOYED. 9 essentially fringed directly against the old continent. Even the Ferrugi- nous sandstone appears here and there to have been either overlapped b}' the coal or eroded prior to the deposition of the latter. Thus, as Dr. Britts informs me, in artesian well No. 2, at Clinton, this sandstone was met at a depth of 40 feet, and was found to be about 20 feet thick; but at well No. 1, about 1 mile distant, no sandstone was found, the cherty Mississippian floor being reached at a depth of 60 feet. From the foregoing stratigraphic references it appears (1) that the plant collections from Henry County, which furnished by far the greater part of the material herein considered, come from two horizons about 45 feet apart; and (2) that these horizons may be separated from the old Mississippian land surface by an observed thickness of nearly 100 feet of Mesocarbon- iferous sediments in the direction of deeper water, or that they may, land- ward, rest practically in direct contact with the old shore line in that region. It is possible that in that portion of the State farther southwest, as in Barton County, in which the Lower Coal Measures sections can not defi- nitely be correlated as to principal details with those of Henry County or the counties farther north, beds of the Lower Coal Measures and Pottsville series extending for some distance below the horizon of the Jordan coal may come to light along the western flank of the Ozark uplift. It is certain that the Pottsville is developed and is coal-bearing near Fayetteville in Wash- ington County, Arkansas. But in the region of Henry County, at least, the richly phytiferous roof shales of the Jordan coal mark the time when the continental subsidence reached the vicinity of Clinton, and the abundant and varied flora is of a date which approximately marks in this region the close of the period intervening since the uplift of tlie Mississippian. PALEOIVTOLOGIC METPIODS EMPIiOYED. In the following notes and discussions it has seemed best to publish the results of a critical study and comparison, constituting essentially a revision of many of the species originally described from Missouri, as well as to give moi-e detailed descriptions of or observations pertaining to other species. The descriptions of the species are based entirely on material from Mis- souri, and it is hoped that they are generally given in sufficient detail to enable geologists as well as paleontologists to recognize the ^'arious forms in the field. In some instances the scojje of species has been narrowed and 10 FLOEA OF LOWER COAL MEASUEES OF MISSOUEI. the lines of specific differentiation have been drawn more closely than they have usually been drawn in American literature, for the reason that a greater systematic refinement, if the types are uniform and are satisfacto- rily differentiated by the descriptions and illustrations, will better ser^•e the purposes of stratigraphic paleontology. A small number of species i-ecorded by Professor Lesquereux as occur- ring in Henry County, Missouri, have not been found in the collections to which I have had access. These will be specially enumerated at the close of this report, although there is evidence that the record of several of them is based on geographic errors. Certain others will he met under different and sometimes unfamiliar names. A number of nomenclatural changes have been made in conformity with the rules generally observed by American zoologists or botanists. The systematic arrangement, like that employed in ])revious publica- tions, is in part temporary. Many questions of the classification of com- mon Paleozoic species are still under debate, pending the acquisition of further knowledge of the internal structure, fructification, or geologic history of the various types. In the synonymy the references are chiefly confined to illustrated material. Effort has also been made to point out other plants in America or Europe that are closely related to our species, and to indicate the most important specific differences between them. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES. CRYPTOGA-]MS. Ct: AOETABULARI^E (P) GONOSTICHUS Lesqiiereus, 1876. Seventh Rept. (j-eol. Surv. Indiana, 1875, p. 142. Stipe cylindi-ical, continuous; frond enlarging from the base upward in the shape of a plate or of a cup, or increasing- by successive superimposed layers or concentric laminae; top cup-shaped, concave. The above diagnosis, given by Professor Lesquereux in the Coal Flora,^ while differing greatly from the original, published in 1876, is sub- stantially the same as that contained in the last memoir^ in which this group of organisms was treated by that distinguished author. So far as I know, no other writer has discussed the nature or affinities of the fossils in the genus. When the genus was first established no further suggestion was offered as to its systematic relation than its inclusion in the title "Fossil marine plants." In the Coal Flora, however, Lesquereux remarks that "these organized bodies, whose reference to plants is questionable, have in their mode of gi-owth a relation to some marine Algse of our time, the Acetabularm, which bear, on a continuous stipe, successive umbrella-shaped fronds, the lower rendered solid by incrustation of calcareous matter." The fossils, whose substance appears to have been equally dense throughout, are further compared with Zonaria. Comparison is made with certain sponges, such as CapeUia rugosa Goldf, Camerospongiafungiforniis Goldf , and I Vol. i., 1880, p. 14. * Principles of Paleozoic Botany: Thirteenth Rept. Geol. Surv. lud., 1883, pt. 2, p. 34. 11 12 PLOEA OP LOWBE COAL MEASDEES OP MISSOUEI. CceloptycMum agaricoides Groldf., but the smooth surface and continuous axis in Conostichus are regarded by him as prohibiting any such association. In the last pubHcation to which reference is made above, Lesquereux appears to have dismissed all doubt as to their vegetable nature, and we find that the plants of this group are "distantly" related to the living AcetabularicB. The scanty material under my observation enables me to tln-ow no light on this interesting problem. It may be remarked, however, that the super- ficial aspect of the fossils is somewhat suggestive of sponges. The types of the two following species were obtained from Vernon County, Missouri. Conostichus Broadheadi Lx. PI. II, Figs. 1-5. 1879. Conostichus Broadheadi Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 1, jjl. b, tigs. 1, 2; text, vol. i (1880), p. 15. Stipe short, cylindi-ical, transversely ribbed; frond semiglobular, cup- shaped, concave inside, distinctly tricostate, and deeply wrinkled lengthwise on the outside; substance thick. The figures 1 and 2 in pi. b of the Coal Flora, from which the above description is taken, represent views of the same specimen, which is now No. 250 of the Lacoe collection in the United States National Museum. So carefully are the illustrations made that there is little to be brought out by the photographic process. The strongly marked triradiate structure with the three main equidistant ridges extending from the mammillate base to the periphery of the cup is a somewhat conspicuous feature, as has been stated by Professor Lesquereux. But in other specimens the ribs are nearly equally prominent on all sides, and are proxdded with or interlarded with undulate rugose branchlets, suggesting delicate and graceful sculpture on the outer sm-face of the cup. One of these examples, from Arkansas, is shown in PI. II, Fig. 4. The type of fossil known as Conostichus Broadheadi appears to have been quite widely distributed in the Carboniferous, where its general occur- rence in the Lower Coal Measures seems to bespeak for it a stratigraphic value, though its more exact range is not known to me. Locality. — Near the base of the Coal Measures, about halfway between Nevada and Fort Scott, Vernon County, Missouri. Nos. 250, 251, Lacoe ALG^ AND FUNGI. 13 collection U. S. Nat. Mus. Also sent by Dr. Britts from Vernon Covmty, Missouri; U. S. Nat. Mus., 6035. CONOSTIOHUS PROLIPER Lx. PL II, Fig. 6. 1879. Gonostichus proUfer Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 1, pi. B, fig. 3; text, vol. i (1880), p. 16. The specimen photographed in PL II, Fig. 6, is the only example of this curious form that has been found in the recent collections from Mis- souri or in the other collections in the United States National Museum. The type specimen is said to have come from this State. Although the figure is somewhat suggestive of a concretionary formation, the specimen may well be of the same nature as Conostkhus Broadheadi, and, judging from the external features, its structm'e is comparable to what would result were several specimens of the latter species' joined closely in longitudinal succession. Locality. — About halfway between Nevada and Fort Scott, Vernon County, Missouri. Shale near base of the Coal Measures. (Lesq.) KUNOI. PYRENOMYCETE^E. HYSTERITES Unger, 1811. Chloris Protogsea, vol. 1, p. 1. To this genus, established by Unger to contain those fossil fungi apparently most closely related to the li'sdng Hi/steria, have been referred a considerable number of species by various authors.^ Most of these species are of Tertiary age, but several are from the Cretaceous, while one has been reported by Nathorst from the Rhastic. It is interesting to learn that the Rhsetic fungus, like the most ancient species with which we have to do, appears to have been parasitic on the leaves of Grymuosperms, Hysterites Friesii Nath.^ having been found on the foliage of Podozamites distans (Presl) Fr. Br. ' Sixteen species are enumerated by Meschinelli, Sylloge Fungorum Fossilium, Patavii, 1892. ' Nathorst, Bidrag till Sverlges Fossila Flora, Stockholm, 1876, p. 11, pi. i, ligs. 1, 2. 14 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL Hysterites Cordaitis Or. 'Ey. PI. III. 1877. Hysterites Cordaitis Grand 'Eury, Fl. foss. carb. Loire, p. 10, pi. i, fig. 7. 1892. Hysterites Cordaitis Gr. 'Ey., Meschinelli, Sylloge Fung. Foss. (ex Saccardo: Sylloges Fung., vol. x), p. 37. 1893. Hysterites Cordaitis Gr. 'Ey., Potonie, FI. Rotlil. Thiiriugen, p. 25, pi. i, fig. 5. 1898. Hysterites Cordaitis Gr. 'Ey., Meschinelli, Fung. Foss. Iconogr., p. 47, pi. xv, figs. 7, 9 (nou hg. 10). Conceptacles numerous, somewhat massed or scattered upon the leaves of Cordaites, on which their existence seems to depend; quite constant in form; usually elongated in the same direction as the leaf, and opening on one face of the latter by a longitudinal vent of dehiscence, which makes them resemble the Hysterics. The above diagnosis, quoted from Grand 'Eury's descriptive remarks, gives a general idea of the superficial aspect of this fungus, the anatomical features of which are still unknown. As is shown in PL III, Fig. la, the perithecia in all our specimens are of the more or less elongated form characteristic of the species, which, as Grand 'Eury remarks, appears to be peculiar to Cordaites. The Missouri examples of the species, seen on the leaves of Cordaites communis Lx., seem to agree well with the description and figures of the original specimens from the basin of the Loire in France. In many cases only the pit remains in the leaf substance, while in others the perithecia are not yet opened. I have seen similar remains on leaves of Cordaites from the antlnacite regions of Pennsylvania. None of the remains which I refer to this species are of the form seen in the perithecia shown by Germar in his figure of Neuropteris subcrenulata The discussion by Grand 'Eury of this figure seems to have led Professor Meschinelli to the erroneous reference to the latter species as the host of Hysterites Cordaitis. It is possible that the round, oval, or oblong pits occurring between the nerves in some species of Neuropteris, and described by several authors as fern fructifications, may really i-epresent a type of fungus inhabiting the pinnules of Neuropteris, and perhaps related to Hysterites. The question of the relationship of some of these to the living PkyUachora, pertinently suggested by the late Director Stur, is worthy of consideration. Locality. — Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5418. FUNGI— BSCIPULITES. 15 SPHJEROFSIDE^E. EXOIPULITES Goeppert, 1836. Systema Filicum Foss., p. 262. BxciPULiTEs Oallipteridis (Schimp.) Kidst. PI. IX, Figs. 4, ia. 1869. Excipula CalKpteridis Schimper, Traite, Atlas, p. 14, pi. xxil, figs. 6, 7 ; text, vol. 1, p. 142. 1869. Excipula Callipteridis Weiss, Fl. jiingst. Steink. Eothl. Saar-Rh. Geb., p. 19. 1879. Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, pi. xxxviii, flg. 2 (ou Pseudopecop- teris anceps). 1887. ExcipuUtes CalKpteridis (Schimp.) Kidston, Foss. Fl. Radstock Ser., p. 339. 1892. ExcipuUtes Callipteridis (Schimp.) Kidst., Meschinelli, Syll. Fuug. Foss., p. 52. 1898. ExcipuUtes CalUpteridis (Schimp.) Kidst., Meschinelli, Fung. Foss. Iconogr., p. 75, pi. xxi, figs. 10, 10ft. The punctatious or dots described and figured by Lesquereux ^ as occurring- on the pinnules of Pseudopecopteris anceps Lx. have been corre- lated by Kidston and Meschinelli with the Excipida CaUipteridis found by Schimper on the pinnules of Callipteris conferta. These minute fossils are obscurely noticeable in portions of a specimen of Pseudopecopteris squamosa (Lx.), PL IX, Fig. 4 {Pseudopecopteris anceps Lx.), from Missouri, though they are not so clearly presented as is often the case in the material from Cannelton, Pennsylvania, where they appear as clearly interneural minute pustules situated within the lamina, and giving to the unaided eye the impression of very small dots scattered over the pinnule. As Kidston remarks," it is a matter of interest that this species should be found in both Europe and America on the same host, Sphenopteris neii- ropteroides Boulay, on which ExcipuUtes Callipteridis has been found by Kidston and Zeiller,^ being recognized by those authors as identical with Pseudopecopteris anceps Lx. Locality. — On a specimen of Pseudopecopteris squamosa from Pitcher's coal bank, sent for examination by Dr. J. H. Britts, of Clinton, Missouri. ' Coal Flora, vol. 1, p. 207, pi. xxxviii, fig. 2. 2 Foss. Fl. Eadstock Series, p. 339. ' Bull. Soc. gdol. France, (3) vol. xii, p. 192. 16 FLORA OF LOWEE COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. FTERIDOPHYXA. FILICALES. TRIPHYLLOPTERIDE.E. ERBMOPTERIS Scbimper, 1869. Traits pal. veg., Vol. I, p. 416. In the American Paleozoic flora the genus Eremopteris was given a broad interpretation by Professor Lesquereux,' so as to inckide a number of species referred by otlier authors to Sphenopteris, Asplenites, and Bhacopteris. It appears in a variety of forms at the base of the Mesocarboniferous, or Carboniferous proper, and it seems in its broader appHcation to be directly allied to the Triphyllopterid group, which is characteristic of the base of the Eocarboniferous, and from which it seems to constitute a transition to the Pseudopecopterid group, such as Ps. ohtusUoha (Brongn.) Lx., through Eremopteris Cheathami Lx. and other forms found in the Potts\nlle series. The division of the genus with more delicatel}' dissected pinnae appears to lead tlu'ough the E. missouriensis type to the Diplothmema furcatum (Brongn.) Stur type. It is possible that the Missouri plants should be placed in the latter genus as restricted by Zeiller, with .which they probably agree as to the bifurcation of the frond. But the same character is, I believe, present in the Triphyllopterid group; and the flabellate, bifid, or trifoliate aspect of our forms leads me to adopt the reference made by Lesquereux in placing them in the genus that is closer to Triphyllopteris Schimp. Eremopteris missouriensis Lx. PI. V, Figs. 1-3; PI. YI. 1879. Eremopteris missouriensis Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 9, pi. liii, figs. 8, 8a; text, vol. i (1880), p, :i95. 1880. Sphenopteris [Bymenophyllites) splendens Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 282 (pars; uon pi. Ivi, figs. 4, 5). 1884. Sphenopteris {HymenophyUites) spinosa Goepp., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 880 (pars). Record in list. 1884. An Sphenopteris {HymenophyUites) fur cata Brongn., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 880 (pars)? Record in list. 'Fronds lax, intricate, flexuous, once or twice dichotomous, tri- or •quadi-ipinnate ; rachis of the superior orders flexuous, sometimes subge- 1 Coal Flora, vol, i, 1880, p. 292 et seq. FEENS— TEIPHYLLOPTEEIDE.E— EEEMOPTERIS. 1 7 iiiculate, sleuder, flat or canaliculate above, round-terete beneath, lineate, bordered on either side by a rugose-lineate lamina nearly equaling the axis in width; ])rimary pinnae not very large, palmate above the very open- angled dichotomies; secondary pinnae ovate, deltoid, or triangular, rather dense, often slightly geniculate toward the base to suit the origin of the tertiary pinnae; tertiary pinnae alternate, open, the lower at a right angle to the axis or shghtly reflexed, the basal ones shorter, close, often slightly overlapping, often flexuous, linear-triangular, acute; pinnules or inferior divisions open near the base, oblique farther up, sometimes a little distant, but generally close or partly overlapping, alternate, variable in size, more or less broadly ovate or triangular, the basal ones palmate, more or less deeply cut in subdivisions or lobes, decurrently alate; lobes or ultimate divisions linear, obcuneate or somewhat narrowl}- obovate, decurrent, obtusely pointed, obtuse, often truncate-emarginate or shallowly bifid at the apex; nervation thin, often obscured; primary nerve decurrent, fork- ing near the base to supply each division, or again at the base of each lobe, a single nervil entering into and passing to the apex of each lobe or tooth; lamina moderately thick, rugose, with fine, short bristles or very naiTow scales appressed parallel to the nervation. This species, represented by a large suite of specimens, shows consid- erable variation in the outlines of the ultimate pinnae or pinnules, according to their position in the frond and the degree of their development. Some- times the lower basal pinnules in the lower part of the frond present a form resembling Splienopteris spinosa, while those near the end of the upper pinnae approach Sphempteris furcata ; and, in fact, an examination of the specimen on which the record^ of the occurrence of the latter species in tins region appears to be based, shows clearly that it is a part of the marginal portion of a frond of Eremopteris missouriensis. I have seen precisely the same form on a rock in direct union with the normal form of the Missom-i species. Moreover, I am unable to find any distinctive characters by which specimens from this region labeled Sphenopteris spinosa Goepp. and Sphe- nopteris splendens by Lesquereux can be even varietally separated from the fine series of examples of Eremopteris missouriensis. The original description and illustration of Eremopteris missouriensis, ' Coal Flora, vol. ili, p. 880. MON XXXVII 2 18 FLOEA OF LOWEE COAL MBASUEES OF MISSOUEl. prepared by Professor Lesquereux from a small, badly broken specimen, loaned to me tlirougli the courtesy of Dr. Britts, is necessarily insuf- ficient; a careful inspection with a weak glass shows the outline, nervation, and striated surface to be the same as those seen more cleai-ly on the better- preserved specimens, some of which came from the same bed as the original. My comparisons have been further aided by reference to a num- ber of other examples identified by Professor Lesquereux since the publi- cation of the species, and loaned by Dr. Britts, as well as by reference to the Lacoe collection. The frond of Eremopteris missouriensis is tripinnate, if not quadripinnate, appearing bifurcated at the base, the pinnae long, flexuous, often slightly geniculate, and tapering to an acute point. The lobes of the pinnules, as seen in PI. V, Figs. 2, 3, are always blunt, usually rounded at the end, and in A^ery many cases have a sinus in a truncate-obcoi'date apex. The ulti- mate pinnse are more deeply divided and more symmetrical than repre- sented in pi. liii, figs. 8, 8fl, of the Coal Flora, while the nervation, like that seen in many species of Diplotkmema, consists of a single large flexuous nerve passing into the pinnule and forking to permit a single nervil to pass up into each lobe. The surface of the entire pinnule is striate with fine dark lines, appar- ently composed of rows of short, closely appressed hairs or narrow hair-like scales which are parallel to although entirely independent of the nervation, as is strongl}^ shown in slightly macerated specimens, or especially clearly when the impression of the under surface of the limb is exposed. This striation has been mistaken f-^r and inaccm-ately represented as nervation in the above-mentioned figure. Those specimens which I have seen from the same locality, labeled Sphenopteris /areata and Sphenopteris splendens by Professor Lesquereux, I have found to be indistinguishable by any character from Eremopteris missouriensis. It is quite possible that Eremopteris missouriensis should be placed in the genus Diplothmema, between which genus and Eremopteris it seems to be intermediate. It would not be at all sm-prising if the mode of division characteristic of Diplothmema were discovered in Eremopteris missouriensis. The resemblance of our species to Diplothmema palmatum (Schimp.) Stur^ I Stur, Fame der Carbon-Flora, p. 310, pi. xxvii, fig. 3. FERNS— TEIPHYLLOPTERIDE^—EEEMOPTERIS. 19 appears so great, at least superficially, as to cause one to question whether there is more than a varietal distinction between the two. Our species is quite distinct from the smoother, more lax Sphenopteris furcata^ which has more acute, generally larger lobes, and which, with its very closely related species, Sphenopteris Royi Lx., seems to be largely confined to the "Conglomerate series" or Pottsville series. Sphenopteris spAendens Lx. and Splmiopteris spinosa Goepp. are very insufficiently repre- sented in the collections from other localities. Consequently no attempt will be made at this time to point out the diff"erences between these species and Eremopteris missouriensis. Localities.— Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6512, 5513, 5657, 5659, 5681, 5682; Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5509, 5670; Owens's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5514; Deepwater, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5510, 5511; Henry County, Missouri, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5508, 5515. Eremoptekis buobata n. sp. 'PI. IV; PI. V, Figs. 4-6. Fronds apparently lai-ge, sinuous, quadripinnate ; rachis broad, flexu- ous, canaliculate above, raised beneath, consisting of a compact pithy (!) portion, occupying one-third of the entire width, with broad, flattened vascular borders; primary pinnae alternate, open, spreading somewhat irregularly, tapering from near the base to the acute apex; secondary pinnse neai-ly at right angles below, becoming more oblique above, alternate, cor- responding to the bends in the rachis, slightly overlapping, ovate or oblong, acute, terminating in a spiny prolongation of the rachis; secondary rachis somewhat flexuous, sharply striate, bordered by a thick lamina from the decun-ing pinnules or ultimate pinnse ; pinnules alternate, more or less open, close to one another, often slightly overlapping, decurrent, more or less con- stricted at the base, usually with very broad attachment, ovate-deltoid when compound, becoming triangular or oblong-triangular and acute in passing into pinnse, truncate-lobate, or more or less deeply cut into broadly obcune- ate, truncate lobes, the latter usually once or twice somewhat bilobate or sub-bilobate, the lobes always broadly cuneate, truncate, emarginate, or suli- bilobate, often thickened at the top, spreading in the process of develop- 20 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL ment; lamina thick, with ckill hister, covered, hke the rachis, with clear, sharp, kregular, fine intermittent striae, parallel in general to the nervation, and apparently representing rows of closely appressed trichomes or scales ; nervation Pseudopecopteroid, though usually totally obscured in the coria- ceous lamina, the nerves originating in a single decurrent bundle and forking twice or more at a moderate angle, while arching to meet the borders nearly at a right angle. The material before me, while clearly representing a well-defined species, does not exhibit the pinnation sufficiently completely to give an entirely satisfactory diagnosis of the frond. The rachis, with broad, leath- ery border, a portion of which, seen from beneath, is shown in PI. IV, is strikino-lv similar to that seen in a remarkably fine slab of Mariopteris nervosa in the Lacoe collection, which aff'ords very interesting evidence of a lax or possibly a prostrate habit of growth for those ferns. The most remarkable and constant character is the spreading, verj^ broadly cuneate, truncate lobe, dividing once or more according to an unequally bilobate system, as seen in Figs. 5, 6, PI. V. This mode of lobation is very nearly like that of Eremopteris Cheat- hami Lx.,^ or Sphenopteris solida Lx.,^ while the elongation of the rachis into a blunt, spiny production in the process of pinnation is like that seen in the group represented by Mariopteris (or ''Pseudopecopteris'') muricata. The Sphenopteris solida of Lesquereux may at some future time be identified with our species; for the specimen published in the Coal Flora was shown so erroneoush^, without uncovering the lobes of the pinnules or depicting the rachial characters, that I am not wholly certain that my separation of Eremopteris hilobata is really correct. The former should be re-illustrated. The species seems, notwithstanding its Pseudopecopteroid characters, to be properly included in the genus Eremopteris, although constituting one of the several intermediate forms that, in my opinion, show the relation of Pseudopecopteris to Triphyllopteris, tlu-ough the Eremopteroid types. 7^0f«//i^.— Specimens sent by Dr. Britts, in 1892, as a special consign- ment, from Owens's coal bank; U. S. Nat. Mus., 5659, 5699, 5700, 5701, 6036. ' Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 769, pi. ci, tig. 3. - Op. cit., p. 770, pi. civ, figs. 2-4. It may, indeed, well be asked wtietber all these do not belong to the same genus. FERNS— RELATIONS OP PSEUDOPECOPTERIS AND MARIOPTERIS. 21 PSEUDOPECOPTERIS Lesquereux, 1880. Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 189. Before introducing- in the same classification the terms Mariopteris and Pseudopecopteris, concerning the apphcation of which there seems to be some confusion, I wish to explain briefly my interpretation of the scope and relation of the groups originally and properly included under each generic name. It will be remembered that the genus Pseudopecopteris, as first proposed by Lesquereux,^ was so defined essentially as to contain that portion of Stur's genus Diplothmema^ comprising the species with Pecopteroid and Neuropteroid pinnules. In another place '^ I have already referred to the relations of the genus Mariopteris Zeiller,* which was founded on a still more restricted portion of Stur's genus. The original scope of the genus Pseudopecopteris, as seen by the diagnosis ^ and figures, when compared with the scope of the genus Mariopteris^ which antedates it, shows that the two genera are largely the same, the latter being entirely included in the former, though the essential characters are not similarly defined. It is not improbable that Professor Lesquereux, had he been aware of Professor Zeiller's work, would have either adopted the latter's classification or amended the genus Mariopteris, extending it to include the Neuropteroid group of I Coal Flora, vol. i, 1880, p. 189. 2 Culm-Flora, toI. ii, 1877, pp. 226, 233. 3 Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, 1893, p. 46. al., p. 137, fig. 131. 1833. Sphenopteris irregularis Sternberg. Yersuch, vol. ii, fasc. 5-6, p. 63, pi. xvii, fig. 4; fasc. 7 u. 8, p. 132. 1855. An Sphenopteris irregularis Sternb., Geinitz, Verst. Steink. Sachsen, p. 14, pi. xxiii, figs. 2-4 (excl. syn.)! 1860. Sphenopteris irregularis Sterub., F. A. Eoemer, Palseontograpbica, vol. ix, p. 24, pi. iv, fig. 5. 1866. Sphenopterisirregularis^tecub., Audrii, Vorweltl. Pfl. Steink., p. 26, pi. viii, pi. ix, fig.l. • 1869. Sphenopteris irregularis Sterub., vou Roehl, Foss. Fl. Steink. Westphalens, p. 56, pi. xvi, fig. 2 ( ?) ; pi. xxxi, figs. 5, 6. 1836. Gheilanthites obtusilobus (Brongn.) Goeppert, Systema, p. 246. 1836. Gheilanthites irregularis (Sternb.) Goeppert, Systema, p. 247. 1836. SphenojHeris latifolia Lindley and Huttou, Fossil Flora, vol. iii, pi. clxxviii. 1848. Sphenopteris trifoliolata (Artis?) Brongn., Sauveur, V4g. foss. terr. houill. Belg., pi. xix, fig. 2; pi. xxi. 1869. Sphenopteris trifoliolata (Artisi), von Eoehl, Foss. Fl. Steink. Westphaleus, p. 65, pi. xvi, fig. 3 (excl. syn.). 1869. Sphenopteris {Aneimioides) obtusiloba Brongn., Schimper, Traite, vol. i, p. 399, pi. XXX, fig. 1. FERN S— TBIPHYLLOPTEKIDE2E— PSBUDOPECOPTEEIS. 25 1869. Sphenopteris {Oymnogrammides) irregularis Sternb., Scliimper, Traits, vol. i, p. 373. 1877. Biplothmema obtusilobum (Brongn.) Stur, Oulm-Flora, vol. ii, p. 124 (230). 1885. Diplothmema obtusilobum (Brougn.) Stur, Fame d. Carbon-Fl., pp. 296, 354, pi. XXV, figs. Sa-c; pi. xxvb, flg. 1. 1888. Biplothmema obtusilobum (Brougn.) Stur, Toula, Die Steiukoblen, p. 187, pi. i, figs. 7, 8. 1877. Biplothmema irregulare (Sternb.) Stur, Culm-Flora, vol. ii, p. 124 (230). 1885. Biplothmema irregulare (Sternb.) Stur, Fame d. Carbon-Flora, p. 296. 1879. Pseuclopecopteris irregularis (Sternb.) Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 8, pi. lii, figs. 1-3 (8?); text, vol. i (1880), p. 211. 1884. Pseudopecopteris obtusiloba (Brongn.) Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 753. 1889. Pseudo2)ecopteris obtusiloba (Brongn.) Lx., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 803, text fig. 1893. Sphenopteris (Pseudopecopteris) obtusiloba Brongn., D. White, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, p. 52. Fronds tripiiinate or quadripinnate below; rachis strong, flat, naked, striated, slightly undulate belovr, becoming more flexuous toward the tip ; primary pinnae broad, lanceolate, acute, pinnatifid to near the extreme apex; secondary pinnae at right angles below, becoming oblique above, alternate, distant, contiguous or slightly imbricated, linear-lanceolate, acute, straight or curved, those in the middle and lower portions of the primary pinnee provided with pinnae of the third order, those above bearing reduced' ter- tiary pinnae or pinnatifid pinnules, those still nearer the top being provided with large, broad, rather triangular-ovate pinnules, divided into 3 to .5 more or less deeply separated, round-obtuse lobes ; secondary and tertiary rachises narrow, more or less distinctly flexuous to correspond to the insertion of the pinnae or pinnules, but sometimes appearing nearly straight, sulcate above, rounded on the lower side, finely and evenh- striate, bordered by narrow laminae; tertiary pinnae distinct, alternate, usually close, sometimes distant, or even overlapping, the lower ones at a right angle to the secondary rachis, the upper somewhat oblique, 12-22 mm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, more or less acutely pointed, provided with 2 to 5 pairs of alternate, sessile, or broad- pedicellate, half-round, ovate, or reniform and dilated, usually more or less distinctly trilobate pinnules, generally close or slightly imbricated, those in the lower part of the frond more distant, slightly decurrent; surface of the pinnules coriaceous, curved backward somewhat near the border, and marked between and parallel to the nerves with close, minute striae; mar- gins apparently thickened and traversed on the upper side by a narrow 26 FLOKA OP LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. furrow or gutter; pinnules of the iipper secondary pinnae broad, more or less deeply dissected into 3, sometimes 4, bi-oad, rounded or truncate- rounded, or obovate lobes, the lowest pair of the pinnules of the pinnae subpalmately divided into 4 to 6 lobes, one or more of the divisions sometimes elongated, those pinnules toward the top of the pinnae becoming less distinctly lobed and approaching the proportions of those borne on the tertiary pinnae; primary nerves originating at a narrow angle and curving outward, dichotomizing, the secondary nerves forking and curving, indistinct, to the border; fructification unknown. The excellent suite of specimens from Missoui-i rej^resenting Sphenopteris dbtusiloba Brongn. has already been described somewhat fully.^ The lines of the differentiation of this species from Sphenopteris trifoliolata Artis are still uncertain, although it is quite well recognized that more than one species is included under the two names. The examination of the originals of the Pseudopecopteris irregularis (Sternb.) Lx. figured' firom the same locality as some of the specimens before me, and a comparison of these with material from the same place, published later by Lesquereux^ as Pseudopecopteris obtusiloba (Brongn.), show that, so far as the specimens from Missouri are concerned, the only difference between the few examples identified by that author is that of size. The more complete representation shows every gradation from the small fragments such as that figured as Ps. irregularis in the Coal Flora, or Fig. 1, PL VII, and the average proportions, there being no specific distinction between them. The specimens illustrated on PI. VII, Figs. 2, 3, and PI. VIII, show well the general aspect of fragments from the various parts of the primary pinnae. Many of the trilobate pinnules of the form seen in the upper part, of PI. VII, Fig. 3, enlarged in PI. IX, Fig. 5, somewhat resemble the Pseudopecopteris anceps Lx.* The collection of specimens from other American localities identified as Pseudopiecopteris obtusiloba seems to show several phases of this species, one or more of which may deserve at least varietal distinction, while it is possible that the true Sphenopteris trifoliolata of Artis is also present. I Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, 1893, p. 53. - Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 212, pi. lii, figs. 1, 2. ^Op. cit., vol. iii, p.753. * Pseudopecopteris squamosa (Lx.) has priority over Ps. anceps, which is identified by Zeiller and Kidston as Sphenopteris nenropleroides (Boulay) Zeill. FERNS— TRIPHYLLOPTEKIDE^—PSEUDOPECOPTEEIS. 27 Localities. — Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5440, 5441, 5624, 5625, 5627, 5628, 5629, 5635, 5716, 5717, 5718; Hemy County, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5438. Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5439. PSBUDOPEOOPTEBIS SQUAMOSA Lx. sp. PI. IX, Fig. 4. 1854, Sphenopteris squamosa Lesquereux, Bost. Journ. N. H., vol. vi. No. 4, p. 420, 1858. Sphenopteris squamosa Lesquereux, G-eol. Penusylvania, vol. il, p. 862, pi. x, fig. 3. 1876. Pecopteris neuropteroides Boulay (non Kutorga), Terr, houill. n. d. Fr., p. 32, pi. ii, tigs. 6, 6b. 1879. Pseudopecopteris anceps Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 7, pi. xxxviii, figs. 1-4; text, vol. 1 (1880), p. 207 (cum syn.). 1889, Pseudopecopteris anceps Lx., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 796, text-figs. 1883. Sphenopteris nevropteroides (Boul.) Zeiller, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6) bot., vol. xvi, p. 186. 1886. Sphenopteris nevropteroides (Boul.) Zeiller, Fl. foss. houill. Valenciennes, Atlas, pi. ii, figs. 1, la, 2, 2a; text (1888), p. 349. 1887. Sphenopteris neuropteroides (Bon\.) Zeill., Kidston, Foss. Fl. Eadstock Ser., p. 349, 1897. Ps€udo2)ecopteris squamosa (Lx.) D. White, Bull. Geol. Soc. Ainer., vol. viii, p. 291. 1899. Pseudopecopteris squamosa (Lx.) D, White, 19th Aan. Eept. U, S. Geol. Surv., 3, p. 474, "Frond compound, multifid, dicliotomous or quadripinnate ; primary rachis broad; pinnae of the third order, oblique, distant, rigid or flexuous; ultimate pinnae short, inclined upward, lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, pin- nately lobed; pinnules short, round, ovate or subquadrate, connate at the base, the lower generally free, the upper joined to the middle; upper pinnae simple, undulate by the gradual cohesion of the lobes ; veins forking twice, curving to the borders, all derived from a thin midrib of the same size as the veins." Although this species, familiar to paleontologists as Pse.udopecopteris anceps, is not rare in the Coal Measures of Pennsylvania, where it is obtained from many localities, it is only recently that it has been collected west of the Mississippi River. Even now it is, so far as I know, represented only by the specimen ilkistrated, PI. IX, Fig. 4, which was loaned to the United States Geological Survey by Dr. Britts. Owing, therefore, to the paucity of 28 FLORA OF LOWEE COAL MEASUEES OF MISSOUEI. material from Missom-i, the above description is that given by Professor Lesquereux under Pseudopecojiteris anceps in the Coal Flora. The Missouri plant appears to differ from the type only by a slightly closer arrangement of the nerves. The identity oiSphenopteris squamosa Lx. andiPseudopecopteris anceps Lx., signified by the inscription of the former as a synonym preceding the descrip- tion, is e-sadent from a comparison of the figure oi Spltenopteris squamosa given in the Geology of Pennsylvania^ with the fine series, including the tvpes from Cannelton, Pennsylvania., now resting in the Lacoe collection. The equivalence of Pseudopecopteris anceps Lx. with the Pecopteris neiiropteroides of Boulay, first recognized by Zeiller, was soon afterwards corroborated by Kidston,^ after a comparison of the European material with specimens from Pennsylvania. Those specimens which I have seen from the Eadstock coal field or the Department of Pas-de-Calais, seem to represent a form with smaller pinnules than those in our common type, although there appears to be no important diff'erence between them. It is probable that the few frag- ments in om- collections may be below the average in respect to size of the pinnules. That Pseudopecopteris squamosa, as a whole, was very large is shown by many fine fragments of fronds found near Pittston, Pennsylvania, in one of which (No. 3431 of the Lacoe collection) we find a segment of a rachis 15 mm. wide, giving off two opposite branches, each nearly 10 mm. in width. I do not, however, remember noticing dichotomous fronds con- forming to the description, the general habit being a pinnate branching like that shown in pi. xxxviii of the Coal Flora. The punctation seen frequently on the surface of the pinnules of this species, as illustrated in fig. 2 of the Coal Flora, and which is obscurely observable with the aid of a lens in the Missouri specimen, has been iden- tified by Kidston^ and Meschinelli* with the Excipidites CalUpteridis(^c\nm])?) Kidst. These dots, which generally show as small 23ustules, are distinctlv interneural, and are strongly suggestive of glands. They are possibh' comparable to the canities occupied by ovoid granules found b}' Renault^ in AletJiopteris aqtiiUna. I Vol. ii, 1858, p. 862, pi. x, fig. 3. ■'Fobs. F1. Radstock Ser. ; Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xxsiii, 1887, p. 349. 3Loc. cit.,p. 339. ^ Sylloge Fungorum Fossilium, 1892, p. 52. ' Cours. bot. foss., vol. iii, 1883, pi. xsvii, fig. 10. FERNS— TEIPHYLLOPTEEIDE.E—PSBUDOPECOPTEEIS. 29 Pseudopecopteris squamosa may readily be distinguished from Pseudo- pecopteris obtusUoba by the more regular, compact, oblique pinnules, which are much less constricted at the base, the texture being thinner and not so leathery, and the rugosity, irregularly stiiate in the direction of the nerves, while the thin and rather close nerves of the former may be observed with- out the aid of a glass in most of the specimens. Locality. — From Pitcher's coal bank. Specimen in the cabinet of Dr. J. H. Britts, Clinton, Missouri. Pseudopecopteris sp. PI. VII, Figs. 4, 5. The peculiar specimens figured are the largest of the very few fragments of this plant I have seen among the hundreds of fossils from Owens's bank, Henry County, Missouri. The larger fragment appears to represent the upper portion of a lateral secondary pinna. The rachis is strong, sulcate, and apparently obscurely alate. The lateral pinnse are alternate or subalternate, straight, rigid, with a rather strong percurrent, narrowly winged rachis, which is produced as a spine. The pinnules are close, generally slightly overlapping, 3 to 5-lobate below, passing into pinnse, ovate, round, reniform, or obovate above, attached by a very broad subpedicel to the decun-ent lamina along the rachis. The limb, which is very thick and coriaceous, is covered by rough striae or rows of scales or closely appressed hairs radiating in a system parallel to the nervation, which is too much obscured for definite discernment. The other fragment, while conforming with the characters of the specimen just described, is specially notable on account of the well-developed terminal spine. Although the fragments apparently belong to a hitherto undescribed species, I hesitate to so designate them on account of lack of sufficient material. The more distinctive characteristics of the plant are the very small size of the pinnules, the broad footstalks of the latter, the rounded or semitruncate lobes and pinnules, which are frequently reniform, and the thick, scaly surface. The fragment clearl}^ belongs to the Pseudopecopteris ohtusiloba gi'oup, and is perhaps nearer to Ps. trifoliolata or Ps. nummidaria than to any other known species. The specimens in hand are much more 30 FLORA OF LOWEE COAL MEASUEES OF MIBSOUEL delicate than those figured by Artis, Andi-a/ or Stur^ and seem to differ from both by their broad pedicels and percurrent rachises. Locality. — Owens's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5618, 5667. MAEIOPTEEIS Zeiller, 1878. 1877. Diplothmema Stur, Culm-Flora, vol, ii, p. 226 (pars). 1878. 3fario2)teris Zeiller, Bull. Soc. geol. Fr., (3) vol. viii, p. 93. 1879. Pseiidopecopteris Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. G; text, vol. i (1880), j). 190 (pars). MAEIOPTEEIS cf. ISTEEVOSA (Brongn.) Zeill. 1832 or 1833. Pecopteris nervosa Brougniart, Hist. veg. foss., p. 297, pi. xciv, pi. xcv, figs. 1, 2. 1836. Alethopteris nervosa (Bronga.) Goeppert, Systeiua, p. 312. 1877. Diplothmenia nervosum (Brongn.) Stur, Culm Flora, vol. ii, p. 230. 1878. Mariopteris nervosa (Brongn.) Zeiller, Veg. foss. terr. houill. Fr., pi. clxvii, figs. 1-4; text (1879), p. 09. 1879. Pseudopecopteris nervosa (Brongn.) Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 6, pi. xxxiv, figs. 1, 2 (noQ 3!); text, vol. i (1880), p. 197. The rather comprehensive species, Mariopteris nervosa (Brongn.) Zeill., seems to be represented by a single fragment from the vicinity of Clinton. This fragment has a close resemblance to specimens of M. nervosa figured by Sauveur,' Zeiller,* and Stur,^ or the figures given by the last-named author^ as Diplothmenia muricatwm (Schloth.) Stur. The specimen from Missouri differs from the common American form, which has very broad, triangular leaves, by the somewhat ovate shape of the latter, which are constricted at the base and turned slightly upward at the point. On account of the many transitional and polymorphous phases observed in and between M. nervosa and M. muricata, Professor Zeiller and several others of the most distinguished paleobotanists agree to include all these forms under the latter name. Our American material, however, appears to show a much greater diversity of forms than the European, the extremes being much farther a^^art, while the stratigraphic series covered by the group is well marked by the difference between the older and the younger ' Sphenopteris numnmlaria, Vorweltl. Pfl., p. 35, pi. xi. - Diplothmema trifoliolatum (Art.) Stur, Famed. Carbon-Fl., p. 349, pi. xix, figs. 1-4. ■' V^g. foss. terr. houill. Belg., pi. xliv, fig. 1. * Vi5g. foss. teiT. houill. Fr., pi. clxvii, fig. 2. '' Fame d. Caibon-Fl., pi. xxiv, tig. 2. " Stur, op. cit., p. 393, pi. xxii, tigs. 3-5. FERNS— TEIPHYLLOPTERIDE^—MARIOPTERIS. 3 1 forms; thus M. niuricata is very highly differentiated in, and is confined almost exclusively to, the Pottsville series, while M. nervosa is character- istic of the Alleghany series, seldom being found within, and near the top, of the Pottsville series. The relations of the niuricata and nervosa types have been more fully discussed by the writer in the report on the fossil plants from the McAlester, Indian Territory, coal field.' The form in hand is not to be confused with the one that I have com- pared with M. muricata. The latter is most intimately related to a form from the upper part of the Pottsville series. Locality. — Henry County, Missouri. Received from Dr. J. H. Britts, Clinton, Missouri. Precise locality unknown. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5459 Mariopteris sphenopteroidbs (Lx.) Zeill. PI. IX, Figs. 1, 2; PI. X. 1879. Odontopteris sphenopteroides Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 4, pi. xxi, figs. 3, 4; text, vol. i (1880), p. 139, 1881. Alethopteris nervosa (Brongu.) Goepp., AchepoM, Niederrb.-Westfal. Sieink., p. i'2 (pi. xi, flg. IG!) 1883. Sphenopteris nobilis Acbepolil, Niederrh.-Westfal. Steiuk., Erganzungsbl., iii, flg. 5. 1886. Mariopteris sphenopteroides (Lx.) Zeiller, Fl. foss, houill. Valeuciennes, Atlas, pi. xix, figs. 3, 4; text (1888), p. 171. . Fronds quadripinnate, dichotomous, spreading, with a somewhat flexu- ous rachis ; secondary (I ) pinnae alternate, oblong-triangular, acute ; tertiary Q) pinnae alternate, open, triangular-lanceolate, tapering to an acute point or spine; rachis flexuous to correspond to the pinnation, canaHculate above, terete beneath, finely obscurely striate, with a narrow border; ultimate pinnae open, nearly at right angles below, more oblique above, close, gen- erally slightly overlapping, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, usually terminating in a short spine; pinnules alternate, more or less open, generally touching when fully developed, or even overlapping a little,, ovate-deltoid, somewhat constricted at the base, more or less deeply divided into lobes or teeth, decurrent to border the usually slightly flexuous rachis, the lower pair on each pinna polymorphous and compound, especially the proximal one, which, in the lower pinnae, is once or twice di-sdded in the man- ner characteristic of the genus; lobes or teeth deltoid, obtuse, inclined 'Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. xlx, pt. 3, p. 475. 32 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. upward, broader, more deeply dissected in the lower part of tlie pinnules and higher in the larger jjinnules, varying much according- to the develop- ment of the pinnule, becoming narrower, closer, and more spinous toward the tip, where they often resemble short claws, the terminal one being usually finally developed as a spinous process; limb not very thick, rather coriaceous, arched upward between the nerves, and very tinely striate in the direction of the nervation, probably by rows of minute hair-like scales; nervation coarse, rather distant, slightly depressed above, clear and in relief beneath, originating at a single point on the rachis, carving rapidly outward, and forking, often three or four times, rather openly, before reaching the bor- ders, where they are slighth' turned upward in entering the lobes or teeth. In the course of my examinations of the Paleozoic plant types in the Illinois State Museum of Natural History and of the Missouri specimens from the Lesquereux collection, now part of the Lacoe collection, I had opportunities to examine the type specimens from both the Missouri and the Illinois localities and to verify their specific identit}?^, together with a fine series of examples from the Missouri locality. This comparison has convinced me that the apparently anomalous nervation of the pinnules in figs. 3 and 4 of Odontopteris sphenopteroides on pi. xxi of the Coal Flora, which are otherwise Sphenopteroid, is due entirely to imperfect drawing, the actual nervation being more truthfully represented in the detail, fig. 3a, of the same plate, which is obviously not Odontopteroid. Additional material, labeled perhaps at the time of description or soon after the publication of the species, shows still more clearly the Mariopterid outlines and teeth, often developed into claws or blunt subspines, the terminal, especially in the larger pinnules and pinnse, passing into nearly naked prolongations of the main nerve or rachis. Thus, in pinnation, flexuosity, outlines, marginal wing, lamina, and nervation, the species is plainly Sphenopteroid, of the group included by Professor Lesquereux in Pseudopecopteris or by Zeiller in Mari- opteris. In the younger pinnules the apex is somewhat obtuse-truncate and cut into narrow and less blunt teeth. In the mode of development of its pinnules, nervation, and limb, Mariopteris splienopteroides suggests a dentate modification of Mariopteris nervosa (Brongn.) Zeill., or M. latifolia (Brongn.) Zeill.^ My own studies 'See Mariopteris muricata (Schloth.) Zeill., Fl. foss. houill. A^alenciennes, pi. xx, figs. 2,3,4; M. acuta (Brongn.) Zeill., loc. cit., iil. xviii, fig. 2. Also see Stur, Farne d. Carbou-Fl., Diplothmema pilosuvi Stur, pi. xxxiv, fig. 2. FEENS— TRIPHYLLOPTEIilDE^E— MARIOPTERIS. 33 of the stratigi-aphic changes of the floras in the Coal Measures S3'steni of the central portion of the Appalachian trough lead me to conclude that M. spJienojjteroidcs is closer to M. nervosa than to any other species, both forms, between which there are intermediate stages, having been developed fi-om a polymorphous earlier stock generally referred tu Mari^jteris murkata (restricted) or Pseudopecopteris muricata as determined by Lesquereux. The illustrations of M. splienopteroides given by Zeiller in his beautiful work on the Flora of the Valenciennes Basin' appear to me as somewhat doubtfully referable to this species, being in some respects closer to the form commonl}' identified in the United States as Pseudopecapteris nervosa (Brongn.) Lx. From his figures and detailed drawuigs it woidd seem that the pinnae are more obtusely pointed, instead of being- spmous, the pinnules being emarginate or crenulate, not deepl)^ dentate or dentate- spmous, and the nerves less distant, coarse, or irregular tlian in the American form. The characteristic facies of the pinnae of the latter, and even the nervation, which is relatively more distant and irregular than in M. nervosa, or stronger than in M. latifolia or M. acuta, are shown in the photographs, PI. X, or the enlargement, PI. IX, Fig. la. Mariopteris sphenopteroides lias been found in the western coal reo-ion of Arkansas and in the Lower Productive Goal Measures (XIII) at Mazon Creek, Illinois, and near Coalburg, West Virginia; and it thus far seems to be characteristic of a limited zone near the l^ase of the Lower Coal Meas- ures, or Alleghany series. Localities. — Frequent at Owens's coal bank, U. S. Xat. Mus., 5532, 5707-5711; also at Gilkersou's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5533; Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5584 (?). Mariopteris, .'^p. PI. IX, Fig. 3. A few small fragments found among the collections represent a phase of a new species generally limited to the upper part, of the Potlsville series in the American Coal Measures. This form, being exceedingly rai-e in the Alleghany series of Missouri, is not present in sufficient material from this 'Fl. foss. basin houill. Valenciennes, Atlas, 1886, pi. xix, figs. 3,4; text (1888), p. 171. MON XXXVII 3 3-i FLORA OP LOWER GOAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. region for a good diagnosis. I have concluded, therefore, to give only a figure of a Henry County specimen (No. 4438) in the Lacoe collection, reserving its full description and illustration until the Pottsville flora is specially treated, when this form will be shown to belong- to the grou]) represented by Mariopteris mnricala (Schloth.) Zeill., as commonly identified in this country. The plant in hand stands near the latter species. Locality. — The form is from Henry County, Missouri, No. 4438, Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus. The second sjiecimen is from Oweus's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5437. Mariopteris (sp. novJ). PI. VII, Fig. 6. The specimen illustrated in PI. VII, Fig. 6, found among the later consignments sent by Dr. Britts, is the only representative in the collections of a form which I have not yet been able to definitely' correlate with any described species. As will be observed in the photograph, the pinnatifid pinnules, nearly developed into pinnae, are close, triangular, and notice- abl}- decurrent. A remarkable feature is the very large proportion of the lower lobes as compared with the few small lobes succeeding them on the pinnule. In fact, the upper part of the pimnile seems undeveloped. The rachis is finely lineate and very narrowly margined. The ner^■ation, shown in PI. YII, Fig. Go, is decurrent and fairly distinct. The lamina, slightl)' thickened, is dull, elevated in ridges between the nerves, and bordered by a ver}' narrow gutter. The general form of the pinnules and the features of the lamina are suggestive of Mariopteris nervosa (Brongn.) Zeill., while the form of the lobes and the character of the nervation unite to remind owe of the Mariopteris muricata group. Still, the generic reference of this specimen, whicli may represent either a new species or an Old World form not understood by me, is considered merely as tentative. Localitij. — Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 56t)6. FERNS— SPHENOPTERIDE^—aPHENOPTElUS. 35 SPHENOPTERIDE.E. SPHENOPTERIS Brongiiiart, 1822. 1822. Filicites-sect. Sphetwpteris Brouguiart, Mem. inus. hist, iiat., vol. viii, p. 233. 1826. Sphwnopterin Sternberg, Versucb, vol. i, teut., p. xv. 1828. Sphenopteris Brouguiart, Prodrome, p. 28. Sphenopteeis mixta Schimp. PI. XI, Fig. 3; PI. XII, Figs. 1, 2; PI. XIII, Figs. 4, 5. 1866. Sphenopteris rigida Brongn., Lesquereux, Rept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. ii, ])p. 435, 469, pi. xxsix, flgs. 5, 6 (excl. syn.). 1889. Sphenopteris rigida Miller, N. Amer. Geol. Pal., p. 143. 1869. Sphenopteris (Gheilanthides) mixta Schimper, Traite, vol. i, p. 382. 1870. Sphenopteris mixta Schimp., Lesquereux, Rept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iv, p. 409, pi. XXV, tigs. 7, 8. 1879. Sphenopteris mixta Schimp., Lesquereux, Goal Flora, Atlas, p. 9, pi. liv, figs. 2 (1, 3?); text, 1 (1880), p. 276. 1883. Sphenopteris mixta Schimp., Lesquereux, 13th Rept. Geol. Surv. Indiana, pi. xv, tigs. 1(2,3"?). 1886. Sphenopteris mixta Schimp., Zeiller, Fl. foss. houill. Valencieunes, Atlas, pi. xii, tig. 3; text (1888), p. 95. 1889. Sphenopteris mixta Schimp., Kidston, Trans. Roy. See. Edinb., vol. xxxv, 1, p. 405. 1890. Sphenopteris mixta Schimp., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. iii., p. 987 (text tig. ?). 1870. Sphenopteris sinuosa Lesquereux, Rept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iv, p. 409. 1872. An Sphenopteris (Aneimioides) pulchra Marrat, Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc, Feb- ruary, 1872, p. 101, pi. viii, tigs, lab'i 1884. Pseudopecopteris nummularia (Gutb.) Lesquereux, Goal Flora, vol. iii, p. 751, pi. ciii, tigs. 1-3; 2d type in part (excl. syn.). 1893. Ovopteris mixta (Schimp.) Potonie, Fl. Rothl. Thiiringen, p. 44. Fronds tri- or polypiimate, spreading, extremely intricate and delicate ; rachis narrow, usually rounded below, sliallowly sulcate above, finely striate, punctate by the attachment of rather distant spines or spiny scales, flexuous, sometimes slightly geniculate, and bordered in the smaller divisions by a very narrow decurrent lamina ; primary (?) jiinuiE oval (I), obtuse, lax, flex- uous ; secondary (?) pinnae alternate, very long, linear-lanceolate, very slen- der, flexuous or slightly subgeniculate, open, generally at a right angle to the primary (?) rachis, close or more often somewhat overlapping, hardly contracted at the base, tapering from above the middle to a very slender, 36 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL generally flexuous point; ultimate pinnae alternate, very open, triangular- linear, sometimes extremely elongated or lanceolate-acute, varying as to size according to place in the frond, often somewhat geniculate, usually rather distant, but often contiguous or even overlapping, pinnatifid below; pinnules alternate, open, often very small, sometimes extremely small, ovate at first with a broad basal attachment, becoming ovate-triangular and sublobate to 5 and more ovate close lobes, separated by an angular sinus, which is decurrent as the pimuiles become pinnatifid, with narrow attachment and diminishing marginal wing in passing downward; lamina minutely rugose, rather thick, slightly repand at the margin; nervation generally rather indistinct; nerves rather strong near the rachis, thinning in passing upward, a single primary nerve, originating at a rather open angle and branching pinnately at a wide angle nearly opposite each sinus, the lower branches forking again in the larger lobes or pinnatifid pinnules, all the nervation being generally clear (in the under surface of the pinnule. The true species, as first illustrated in the Illinois geological reports,^ the types of which I had an opportunity to examine in the Illinois State Museum of Natural History, is well represented by a large series of good specimens in the collections in hand. Recently, during a study of a portion of the Lacoe collection, the examples figured in the Coal Flora^ as Psendo- pecopteris nummularia (Gutb.) Lx'., which came from Henry Count}", Missouri, were found to have been labeled Sphenopteris mixta Schimp. by Professor Lesquereux, a reference which seems to indicate the belief on his part, at the late date when the specimens were catalogued, in the specific identity of the specimens figured under the former name with Splienopteris mixta Schimp. After a careful comparison of the normal specimens of S. mixta with these types of Pseudopecopteris nummularia I can find no distinguish- ing specific character between them. Concerning the specimen purporting to come from the same region, illustrated in the Atlas to the Coal Flora, pi. liv, fig. 1, under this name, I feel constrained to regard it as not the same species. The original of this figure, transmitted to me for study tlu'ough the kindness of Mr. Lacoe, is on the whole very poorly preserved, while the margins of the apparently some- ' Report Geol. Suiv. Illinois, vol. ii, 1866, pi. xxxis, figs. 5, 6. 2Vol.iii,pl. ciii, agB.l, 2,3. FERNS— SPHENOPTERIDE.E—SPHENOPTERIS. 37 what withered or macerated pinnules are curled under and buried in the matrix. The characters of the detail, fig. la, loc. cit., I have been unable to confirm in the large specimen, while the rough rachis and the general habit of the pinnse, which are quite inaccurately illustrated, are strongly sug- gestive of some specimens of S'pliempteris Brittsii Lx. found in the same beds. No intermediate forms, such as might connect this specimen with the type of Sjjhenopteris mixta, have, so far as I know, been found. On the contrary, its characters would seem to indicate such a variation from the normal as might be regarded as more than merely varietal. The normal form of Sphenopteris mixta is well shown in Fig. 4, PI. XITI, which represents a middle portion of the tripinnate frond. Fio\ 1, PI. XII, shows a lax lateral segment with large pinnules, and Fig. 2, PI. XII, illustrates a part of a large pinna having the aspect of the figure given in the Illinois report. Although this species is included by Potonie^ in the section of the Sphenopterids for which he created the genus Ovopteris, I am inclined rather to regard it, on the evidence of its superficial characters, as related to Sphenopteris qucrcifolia, S. microcarpa Lx., and the group represented in *S'. Ho^ninghausii Erongn. Sphenopteris mixta, which in its habit and even in many details is close to the specimen figured by Stur' as Hapalopteris rotundifolia (Andra) Stur, or to Sphenopteris Laurentii as figured and described b)^ Andra' and seen by myself in British specimens, is easily distinguished from Spliempteris Brittsii Lx. by the more robust habit, the spiny rachis not so flexuous, the rougher lamina, and the sharp teeth of the latter. The diff'erences between it and S. Lacoei are noted in the remarks following the description of the latter. Localities. — Owens's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5713, 5714, 5524, 5527, 5531 ; Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5458 ; Deepwater, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5692, 5521, 5522, 5529; Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5712, 5715, 6037, 5687, 5522, 5526, 5530. 1 Potoni^, Fl. Rothl. Thiiringen, 1893, p. 42. 2 Fame d. Carbon-Fl., p. 33, pi. xliv, figs. 3, 4. 'Urweltl. Pfl. Steinkohlengeb. Pr. Rheiul. u. Westphal., Pt. iii, 1869, p. 39, pi. xiii, figs. 1, 3, 3. 38 FLOEA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. Sphenopteris Lacoei D. W. PI. XII, Fig. 3. 1893. i^phenopteris Lacoei D. White, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., Xo. 98, p. 56, pi. ii., figs. 5, 6. Fronds quadripinnate, spreading ; primary pinnae broad, at right angles or somewhat obhque to the rachis; primary- rachis finely striated, flat, or slightly arched, naked; secondary pinnae alternate, close, often somewhat overlapping, oblique above, at right angles in the middle and curving backward below, slender, linear-lanceolate, acute, slightly contracted toward the base, nearly straight or gently flexuous and curving, simply pinnate, or pinnatifid below, the largest divisions being developed as ultimate pinnae, with the same relations to the secondary pinnae as those of the latter to the primarj" pinnae; secondary rachis rather narrow, slightly flexuous to corre- spond to the jDosition of the pinnules, and bordered, at least in the upper part, Ijy a very narrow lamina decurring from the pinnules; pinnules cori- aceous, dull, flat, alternate, at right angles to the rachis below, oblique above, close, sometimes contiguous, or overlapping, usually with a decurrent attachment to the rachis, cordate-ovate, or somewhat querciform, slightly obtuse at the apex, alternately lobed, more or less constricted at the base, especially on the distal side, the blade connate by a naiTOw decurrent lamina; the larger pinnules, about 6 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, constricted at the base so as frequently to appear pedicellate, the smaller ones above becoming sessile by the slightly conti'acted base; lobes in the lower part of the larger pinnules divided to near the midrib, larger than those above, more or less distinctly cuneate toward the base, or rhomboidally rounded or rounded-truncate at the broad top, slightly separated by a narrow, decur- rent, rounded sinus, becoming in passing upward more connate and obovate, smaller, more united, and more obtusely rounded, graduall)^ passing into the small indistinct terminal pinnule ; lobes of the pinnatifid pinnules broadening, becoming more distant, more pointed and crenate, sessile by the slightly contracting base, then lobate, and finally full-developed pinnules; primary nerves strong, somewhat decurrent, especially in the upper part of the pinnae, though often appearing slightly inclined or at right angles to the rachis in the lower part, sometimes appearing as a short pedicel; nervation obscure^ a primary nerve passing into each lobe, and emitting nervils that FEENS— SPHENOPTEEIDB^— SPHENOPTERIS. 39 usually fork once, but a portion of the nervils in the lower part of the lobes apparently springing directly from the midrib; fructification unknown. This delicate species, which is closely related to Sphenopteris mixta, is represented by several specimens. It appears, however, to differ from the latter in having its lobes more rounded, obovate, truncate, and deeply dis- sected, the margins less sinuate, and the sinuses more rounded. It is further marked by a greater degree of rigidity in the pinnae; the rachises are not punctate, the pinnules thinner, smoother, and the nerves thinner and more obscure. The specimen illustrated in PI. XII, Fig. 3, is that from which the detail published in my report on the Flora of the Outlying Coal Basins was prepared.^ Localities. — Owens's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6516 (?), 5517; Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5802; Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5687. Sphenop'J'eris Wardiana n. sp. PI. XI, Figs. 1,2. Frond polypinnate, thin and extremely delicate; rachises of the larger pinna? slender, very obscurely and very finely striated; secondary (?) pinnge linear, or linear-lanceolate, slightly flexuous ; pinnaj of the next order alternate, open to nearly a right angle, close or slightly touching, triangular to linear-triangular, slightly flexuous, becoming lax in the upper part, which is provided with pinnatifid pinnules above the ultimate pinnae ; ultimate |nnuae alternate, open, the lower ones at a right angle to the rachis, short, oblong-triangular or ovate-triangular, a little distant, sometimes touching or nearly contiguous, and joined along the rachis by an extremely naiTOw border ; pinnules extremely small, alternate, oblique, rarely touch- ing, ovate or obovate when very small, entire, round, attached by the whole base or cohering one-third the way up, or, when larger, crenulate-sublobate, cixt into 2 to 5 round or oblong-round oblique lobes, which are connate most of their length, becoming separated by a deeper decurrent sinus when fully matured as pinnules; nervation obscured in the thick texture of the lamina; primar}' nerve oi'iginating at a somewhat open angle and forking to supply a nervil to each lobe or crenulation; fructification unknown. I Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, pi. ii, fig. 6. 40 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL This somewhat unique species in our American Coal Measures flora is specially chaKieterized by the extremely small size of its parts and its minute, rounded pinnules, which are round-crenulate or roundish, creuu- late-lobate in ahnost the earliest stage, the lobes being marked as mere scallops or deep ca-eilulations and cohering until a period of deeper dissec- tion, to form simple round or oval pinnviles, whereupon the latter begin at once to show 2 to 5 or 7 crenulations, repeating the form of dense coherent clusters. Wlien first examining' the specimens the observer is at once impressed with the suuihtrity in their form, habit, and grosser details to Sphenopteris {Coryttepteris) coraUoides Grutb.,^ the species to which S. Wardiana is per- haps most nearly related ; but a study with the lens of the minute divi- sions shows differences in form, svibstance, and nervation as great as those between many of the larger species in the group. The pinnules or lobes in the plant from Mi.ssouri, Fig. 2, PI. XI, are much more ovate, not so trimcate, the crenulations fewer and occurring on the sides of the rounded or ovate puuiides, neither so dentate at the top nor so constricted at the base as ui the plant figiu-ed b}' Grutbier. In S. Wardiana the texture of the pinnule is leathery, the principal nerves of no unusual thickness, and the ner-snls, which are less fasciculate, are rather thin and difficult to dis- cover. Spheiuypteris canadensis Du., from the Carboniferous of New Bruns- wick, is larger, more lax, the divisions more elongated and less crenulate, while the textm'e is membranaceous. In its general aspect Sphenopteris Wardiana suggests a microphotograph of the smaller pinnules of S. Lacoei or S. mixta. It belong-s perhaps to that group of Sphenopterids represented by Sphenopteris Haminghausii Brongn. This interesting- species is named in honor of Prof Lester F. Ward, whose thoughtful and very thorough methods in the field of correlative and philosophical paleobotany have revolutionized the treatment of fossil plants in this country, while accomplishing a distinct benefit to the science in its broader and more comprehensive aspects. Localities. — Owens's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5617; Pitcher's mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5615. ' See in particular the fragments and details given in Gutbier, Abdriicke, p. 40, pi. v, iigs. 8, 8a; or Zeiller. Fl. foss. hnuill. Valenoieuue.s, p. 117, pi. x, figs. 4, 4a, 5, 5o. FEEIS S— SPHENOPTERTDE.E— SPHENOPTERIS. 4 1 Sphenoptiiris (Hymenotheca) Beoadheadi n. sp. PL XIII, Figs. 1,2. 1897. Sphenopteris sp., D. White, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. viii, p. 296. Fertile frond tripinnate; primary piiiuse liuear-lanceolate, acute; pri- mary rachis broad, flat above, irregularly finely striate; secondary piunje open, somewhat oblique or nearly at a right angle to the primary rachis, subopposite or alternate, rather distant, linear, tapering from the base to a rather acute point; secondary rachis indistinctly striate, more or less rigid; ultimate divisions or pinnules subopposite, obhque, strongly decurrent, either simple, cuneate, rounded above and arching inward, or forking once or more pinnately and divergently, always preserving the cuneate form of lobes with rounded ends, while passing into the pinnte, which are at first 1 cm. or more in length, with 5 to 7 pinnules, then elongating with divided basal pinnules;. lamina moderately thin, slightly rugose. Nervation thin, the primary nerve forking pinnately at the base of e-ach lobe or pinnule, each of which is traversed b}- a branch. Fructification consisting of oval or round-oval sporangia placed one upon and nearly covering the end of each lobe or pinnule. Although the sterile form of this species is not definitely known to me, the fei'tile form possesses so much that is of interest and new to our flora that I describe it here without waiting for the correlation of the fertile and sterile portions of the plant. Owing to the coarsely arenaceous character of the matrix, the detail of the fruiting is not so clear as is desirable, the general appearance of the compressed sporangia being that of granular, carbonaceous matter. In this state it resembles somewhat the Discopteris Schumanni of Stur's Carbon-Flora.^ But at several points the sporangia show a slightly raised ridge or keel parallel to the longer axis, apparently like that of the ITymenophylUtes figured by Schimper,'^ and still more strongly resembling the Hymenotheca Dathel of Potonid.'' In fact, the rela- tionship of our fern with that described by Potonie is so evident from the details, so far as they are visible, as well as from the form and habit of the frond, that Httle room for doubt is left as to its actual generic identity, 'Page 149, pi. Ivi, figs. 2, 3. *Trait(=, vol. i, p. 415, pi. xxviii, figs. 4-8. 3 Jahrb. K. Pr. geol. Landesanst. >i. Beigakad., 1889 (1892), p. 20, pi. ii, figs, la, 16, Ic. 42 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. whatever questious may remain concerning the relationship of the genus Hymenotlieca to the Hymenophyllacece. Sphenopteris Broadheadi seems to differ from the type species of Hyme- notJieca from Schwadowitz by its more ovate lobes, generally more clearlv bi- or tripartite, and the larger or more oval sporangia. The specimen photographed, Figs. 1 and 1 a, PI. XIII, represents a seg- ment from the upper part of a supposed primary pinna. It illustrates well the characteristic bi- or trilobation of the pinnules or ultimate divisions, which may be noted also in Fig. 2a, drawn from a large segment from the middle of a tripinnate fragment. Unfortunately all the specimens appear to show the upper surface of the fronds, so that the fructifications are seen in the impressions as depressed granular areas, lying within the periphery of the limb, although close up in the apex. The position of the sporangia within the margin of the lamina seems to disagree with the fruit of DipJotli- mema as developed in Biplothniema Zeilleri Stur,^ to the fertile pinnae of which the smaller divisions of our fossils bear a considerable resemblance. Furthermore, as was remarked above, in a few instances there appears to be a longitudinal line traversing the sporangia in the Missouri specimens. The Sphenopteris fertiUs, illustrated by Renault,^ may belong to the same genus. The general habit of the small pinnules in the upper part of our speci- mens is much like that seen in Sphenopteris tenella Brongn.^ or in S. Wood- tvardii Kidst.* Our species seems also rather close to Hymenophyllites Hum- holdtii as figured by Goeppert,^ while it is also comparable to Feistmantel's figure " of Hymenophyllites Schimperiana Goepp. As remarked in the discussion of Sphenopteris missouriensis, that species may, perhaps, represent the sterile fronds of the plant, to the fertile portion of which I have given the name Sphenopteris Broadheadi. As stated before, I have separated the fertile fragments on account of the difi'erences in the form of their pinnae, in the degree of division or incision in proportion to the size of the lobes or pinnules, and the greater simplicity of the lai-ger and more decurrent lobes. ioca%.— Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5619, 6620. ' Zeiller, Fl. foss. houill. Valenciennes, Atlas, pi. xv, figs. 5, 5a-6. 'Cours. bot. foss., vol. iii, pi. xxsiii, figs. 15, 16. ' Hist. veg. foss., p. 186, pi. xlix, figs. 1, la. 1 Kidston, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xxxiii, pi. six, figs. 1, la-c. *Foss. Fl. Uebergangsgebirjie, pi. xxxi, figs. 1, 2. ''Zeitschr. d. Dentsch. Geol. Gesell., 1!<73, pi. xv, figs. 13, 13a, p. ,513. FERNS— SPHENOPTERIDE.E—SPHENOPTEmS. 43 SPHENOPTERIS MISSOURIENSIS II. Sp. PI. XIV, Figs. 1, 2. Primary (?) piniife linear or linear-lanceolate, contracted at the base, with broad, very finely lineate rachis; pinna? of the next order alternate, open, nearly at a right angle to th^ rachis in the lower part of the superior pinna, becoming more obhque above, oblong-lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, slightly contracted at the base, tapering rapidly in the iipper part to a short, acute point, straight or slightly flexuous, close, nearly touching or overlapping a little, slighth' dense, the rachis slender, shghtly sinuate, appearing on the lower side as a raised strand, with a narrow border; ultimate pinnfe very open, the lower ones nearly at a right angle to the rachis, alternate, rather close, touching or slightly ovei-lapping in the lower portion of the frond, deltoid-oblong, obtuse or obtusely rounded at the apex, broadest at the decurrent base, the lowest inferior one heteromorphous, the uppermost succeeded by pinnatifid and simple pinnules; pinnules alternate, oblique, the angle of their origin averaging about 45°, short and broad, curving outward, close, nearly touching or sometimes overlapping, cuneate, with round or round-truncate apex when small, or becoming obovate and ovate or obovate-deltoid in the pinnatifid stage, ordinarily showing a marked tendency toward a broadly cuneate form, with the apex cut by a shallow sinus into 2 broad, rounded teeth or lobes, which are afterwards more deeply separated, while others are formed from the upper division, so that the pinnule is cut into about 8 or 9 short, broad, obtxise lobes before the lower ones develop the cuneate, shallowly bifid form so common in the plant; lamina not very thick, very minutely striated in the direction of the nervation, apparently by the presence of extremely small appi-essed hairs; nervation fine, not very distinct, though slightly in relief on the dorsal surface; primary nerve more or less distinctly decun-ent, forking low, at a moderate angle, to furnish a single nervil for each lobe. The general aspect of this beautiful and graceful plant can be inferred from the photograph, PI. XIV, Fig. 1, prepared from the largest specimen found in the collection. As noted in the description, the conspicuous char- acter of the pinnule is the outward-curved, close, cuneate, more or less bifid form, which after the development of other lobes is quickly reproduced 44 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. in the latter. The position of the pinnse on the right in this specimen indi- cates a point of origin beneath the surface of the rachis as here presented, which probably consists of a central axis with thick lateral laminfe. The pinnae probably spring from the central axis. Sphenopteris missouriensis is perhaps most closely related to the S. tenn- ifolia Brongn./ from which it differs by the more open angle of the pinnse, which are less acute, and the closer pinnules or lobes, which seem to be more broadly cuneate, with more obtusely rounded teeth. It also resembles somewhat the specimens figured by Stur- as Saccopterls grypophyUa (Goepp.) Stur, or as Sphenopteris formosa by Achepohl,^ though these species differ in the details as much as in size. I am far from certain that the fragments which I have described as Sphenopteris Broadheadi are not really the fertile pinnte of S. missouriensis. I have separated them, however, on account of the more slender, distant, acute pimia?, and the more oblique and much more deeply dissected pinnules and lobes which remain simple or only bifid to a much larger size than in the latter species. While it is possible that the fertile jjimijE represent only modified and somewhat reduced pinnae of the sterile species, it hardly seems probable that in such a case the individual ultimate divisions would retain the common characters to a greater size while presenting a simpler form of division combined with a greater degree of dissection. The force of this will be seen in a comparison of the fertile pinnae with the smaller sterile fragment. Fig. 2, PI. XIV, which probably comes from the upper part of a frond of the same species as the large- fragment. Both the fertile and the sterile forms have probably a relation to the Cheilanthites (Sphenopteris) grypophiilla Goepp. The heteromorphous pinna seen at the base of the lower lateral pinna on the right in the large specimen is suggestive of a relationship for our species to the genus Biplothmema Stur. The form of the large fragment illustrated is, however, opposed to such a consideration. Localities. — Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5663 ; Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5664. 'Hist. v€g. foss., p. 190, pi. xlviii, figs. 1, la. -Fame (1. Carbou-Flor.i, pi. liii, fig. 5. ■■NiedeiTh.-Westfiil. Steinkohlengeb., pi. xiv, fig. S, p. 51. FERNS— SPHBNOPTERIDEJ3—SPHEI«I OPTERIS. 45 Sphenopteeis pinnatifida (Lx.). PI. XVIII, Figs. 3, 4; PI. XIX, Fig. 1. 18G6. Hymenophyllites plnnatifidus Lesquereiix, Rept. Geol. Siirv. Illinois, vol. ii, p. 436, pi. xxxiv, figs. 2, 2a. 1879. Sphenopteris (Hymenophyllites) tridactylites Brongn., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, pi. Iv, flgs. 9, 9(v-h (figs. 8, 8« 1); text, vol. i (1880), p. 284 (pars). Fi'onds polypinuate, delicate, spreading; secondary (?) pinnae alternate, close, linear-lanceolate, slightly contracted at the base, tapering to a rather acnte point; secondary rachis straight or slightly cnrving, somewhat sulcate above, rounded beneath, minutely irregularly striate, naked ; tertiary pinnae alternate, nearly at a right angle to the superior rachis, nearly contiguous or overlapping somewhat, usually very slightly decurrent at the base, linear- lanceolate, slightly narrowed at the base, tapering from below the middle to an acute tip; tertiary rachis slightly flexuous, minutely winged near the apex; ultimate pinnai alternate, at a right angle to the rachis, or nearly so, generally slightly distant, sometimes touching or overlapping a little, 8 mm. to 20 mm. or more in length, lanceolate or lanceolate-triangular, sometimes slightly decurrent, terminating in a single oval, obtusely pointed pinnule, and provided with ovate, rounded-obtuse, alternate or subopposite, simple, bi-, tri-, or many-lobed pinnules, the latter becoming 7 to 8 lobed and elongated in jjassing into pinnae; lobes or incipient pinnules oblique, decurring along the rachis, more or less deeply divided, according to the degree of develop- ment; limb dull, rather thin; nerves slightly flexuous, not very distinct, forking pmnately to permit one nervil to enter each lobe; fructification consisting of groups of crowded sporangia situated on the lobes of the pin- nules and covering the surface at or near the ends of the lobes; sporangia ovoid, about .375 mm. in longer diameter, and about .3 mm. in the shorter diameter, apparently composed of cells elongated in the direction of the longer axis, and opening by an apical pore. It was only after an examination of the type specimen of Hymenophyl- lites pinnatifidus Lx., illustrated in the second volume of the Reports of the Illinois Geological Survey,^ that it became evident to me that our Missouri specimens belonged to this poorly delineated species, wliich was afterwards ' PI. xxxiv, figs. 2, 2a. p. 436. 46 FLOEA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. referred by Professor Lesquereux to Sphenopteris tridactylites Brongn. From the latter, however, so fai- as that species is illustrated and described in foreign literature, Hi/menojihi/Uites pinnatifidus differs very much, the analogies being much closer to Sphenopteris delicatula Brongn. as figured by Sauveur,^ Triclwmanites (Zeilleria) delicatula illustrated by von Roehl,- or the Sphenopteris {Hapjolopteris) Schiitzei Stur, represented by Kidston in the flora from the Lanarkshire coal field.^ In PI. XIX, Fig. 1, is shown a photograph of a portion of the original of figs. 9 and 9rt-&, on pi. Iv, of the Coal Flora, referred to Sphenopteris tridactylites Brongn. The enlarged detail, Fig. la, PI. XIX, of the sterile pinna in this specimen (No. 4304 of the Lacoe collection), which comes from the same locality as the other specimens before me, and represents precisely the same form, shows the great difference in proportions between S. pinnatlfida and the original type of the species of which it was made a synonym. Fig. 9 in the plate of the Coal Flora includes only the middle one of thi-ee compound pinnte borne on the right of a somewhat flexuous rachis 3 mm in width. Portions of alternately placed pinnse on the other side are also fertile. Although the laminaj or margins of the divisions of the pinnule are obscure in the fertile frond, even where the sporangia are absent in the lower part of the pinna, enough is clear to show that the form of the sterile pinnules on the same pinna is the same as in the sterile pinna by its side. Fig. 9rt of the Coal Flora, which seems to agree with fig. 8« of the same plate, fails to show either the real character of the division of the pinnule or the open angles and space between the lobes, which are very delicate. The sporangia seem to present the general aspect shown on the right in Lesquereux's fig. 9fl, though they are not so round. Under the lens they appear Xo have a structure like that shown in the genus Urnatopteris of Kidston,* which, in certain specimens less compressed, ours seems to resemble in ovoid form and ajiical pore. But Urnatopteris has the sporangia in two rows, one on each side of the nerve of the lobe, while in Sphenopteris pinnatifida the sporangia seem to be in irregular groups. This compact group- ' V6g. foss. terr. houill. Kelg., pi. xxiii, tig. 5. ■Foss. Fl. St.eink. Wustphiilmis, p. 6!^, pi. xvi, fig. 6b. 'PI. iii.tig. 5. ■'Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, vol. xl, 1884, p. 494. ZeilltT, Fl. foss. hmiill. Valeuciennes, 1888, p. 33, tig. 20. FERNS— SPHBNOPTEEIDE^—SPHENOPTERIS. 47 ing of the sporangia is suggestive of Cydotheca Kidston/ or possibly itf^no- tlieca of Zeiller,^ though in this form also they are described as biseriate. On the other hand, it is generally difficult, if not impossible, to trace the limb of the pinnule beneath or beyond the sporangia, so that in most cases the aspect of the pinnule is much like that of HymenophylUtes quadridactylites (Gutb.) Goepp.,^ or still more the H. yennanica of Potonie',* to both of which our species would also seem related by the characters of the sterile pinna. Sphenopteris pinnatifida is, however, in its habit, form, size, and details, so close to the 8. (HymenophylUtes) quadridactylites (Gutb.) Goejjp. as figured by Zeiller^ as to make it very strongly probable that the sporangia, the appearance and mode of occurrence of which appear to be the same, are really annulate and are generated from the extremities of the lobes. Still, I have not yet been able clearly to identify a ring in the sporangium. These specimens should be studied more thoroughly in connection with other material representing fertile ferns from the Paleozoic series. Localities. — Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5803, 5807, 5808; very rare at Gilkerson's Ford. The specimen partially figured in the Coal Flora from the same vicinity is No. 4304, Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus. Sphenopteris van Ingeni n. sp. PI. Xiri. Fig. 3. 1880. An Sphenopteris Dubuissonis Brougn., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 275 (excil. syu.); vol. iii (1884), p. 880? Fronds tri- or poly- (?) pinnate, very tenuous and delicate; primary (?j pinnae slightly flexuous, with a finely striate rachis consisting of a broad axis bordered by thickened, rather narrow laminae; pinnae of the next order alternate, very open or even reflexed near the base, more oblique above, close, touching or overlapping considerably, triangular, tapering from the base to the acute or acuminate point, or long-linear, the sides 'Annals and Mag. N. H., July, 1888, p. 26, pi. i, figs. 10-12. "Ann. Sci. Nat., (6) bot., vol. xvi, 1883, p. 186, pi. ix, figs. 18-20; Fl. fos.s. houill. Valenciennes, p. 32, fig. 19. = Goeppert, Systeiua, 1836, p. 2.51. See also Zeiller, Fl. toss, liouill. Valenciennes, p. 56, fig. 36. teris chcerophylloides (Brongn.) Stur, Sclieuk, Die foss. Pflanzenr., p. 29. 1893. Ovopteris chcerophylloides (Brongn.) Potonie, Fl. Rotbl. Thiiringen, p. 44. ' Abdriicke, p. 39, pi. x, 6g.s. 9, 9a. - Hist. veg. foss., pi. xlviii, fig. 1, p. 190. ^ Traus. Roy. Soc. EcUub., vol. xsxiii, pi. xix, figs. 2, 2a-h. * Fl. foss. honill. Commentry, vol. ii, pi. i, figs. 3-6, p. 49. •■^Fontaiue aud White, Puiuiiau Flora, pi. v, figs. 1-4, p. 43. MON XXXVII 4 50 FLORA OF LOWER GOAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL In the lists at the end of the third vokxnie of the Coal Flora SpJienop- teris chcerophyUoides Brongn. is recorded^ as occurring in the vicinity of Clinton, Henry County, Missouri. But while a few specimens in the col- lections agree well with one identified by Professor Lesquereux, which Dr. Britts has had the goodness to loan me for comparison, it seems to differ in some respects from the details first illustrated in Brongniart's species. In fact, among the considerable number of American specimens that have been ascribed to this species there would seem to be included representa- tives of several species, the individuality and characters of which can be developed only by a thorough scrutiny and detailed revision of the group of Sphenopterids, including S. chmropliylhides, 8. cristata Brongn., 8. Graven- horstii Brongn., and 8. pseiidonmrrayana Lx. It is probable that the material on which the record of 5". Grovenhorstii Brong-n. in the Clinton flora was based is of the same nature as that ideu- tified as 8. ch(eroplnjlJoides. The specimen figured (PI. XIX, Fig. 2) differs more from the »S'. Brittsii type than any other included under the name 5^. chcerophyUoides. It pei-haps represents the form recorded as 8. Gravenhorstii At present I am far from certain that the Missouri specimens of the former, if not of both species, are not really fragments of the smaller and more delicate pinnpe of 8. Brittsii Lx. Nevertheless, until a thorough revision of the American material in this section of the genus 8phenopteris (^Ovoptrrls) is made, so as to show the true relations of the forms, I shall record this plant as 5". ch(BrophyUoides^ in respect to the identification of Professor Lesquereux. Localities. — Identified by Professor Lesquereux from Hobbs's bank; Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5518; Owens's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5519. Sphenopteris cristata (Biougu.) Presl. 1828. Pecopteris cristata Bronguiait, Prodrome, p. 58. 1835 or 1836. Pecopteris cristuta Brongiiiart, Hist. veg. foss., p. 356, pL cxxv, fig. 4 (5?). 1838. Sphenopteris cristata (Brongn.) Presl, in Sternberg: Versuch, vol. ii, p. 13L 1855. An Si)heno2)teris cristata (Brongn.) Presl, Geiaitz, Verst. Steink. Sachsen, p. 19, pi. xxiv, figs. 1, Ifl, 2, 2rt? 1869. Sphenopteris cristata (Brongn.) Presl, von Roehl, Foss. Fl. Steink. Westpbalens, p. CO, pi. xxix, tigs. 14, 14rt. I Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 880. FERNS— SPHENOI TERIDE.E— SPHENOPTEKIS. 5 1 1879. Sphenopteris cristata (Brougu.) Presl, Schimper, in Zittel: Hand. Palieont., vol. ii, p. 109, flg-. 80. 1880. Sphenojitet-is cristata (Brongn.) Presl, Lesqnerenx, Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 274; vol. iii (1884), p. 761, pi. cii, figs. 1, !« (fig. 1« copied from Brongniart). 1890. Sphenopteris cristata (Brongn.) Presl, Zeiller, Fl. foss. houill. Commentry, vol. i, p. 64, pi, iii, figs. 1, Iff, 2, 2a-b. 1893. Ovopteris cristata (Brongn.) Potonie, Fl. Kotbl. Thiiringen, p. 44. The remarks made under S. chcBrophyUoides Brongu., referring- to the differentiation of the specimens in the United States that have been assigned to that species, apply with equal force to S. cristata Brongn. In the collections now in hand are a number of specimens with naiTow terete and nonpunctate rachises and a rather thin, smooth limb, on which the veins are clearly seen, the nervation and mode of division of the pinnules being very close to Sphenopteris cristata as illustrated by Brongniart ^ and Zeiller." The Missouri specimens also agree well with others from Mazon Creek, Illinois, placed by Lesquereux in the same species. The relations of the American specimens in 8. cristata to those identi- fied as 8. cli(eropliylloides can best be shown in a monographic revision of this section of the Sphenopterids. Localities. — Hobbs's coal bank, II. S. Nat. Mus., 5504; Owens's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5503, 5507; Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5505. Sphenopteris suspecta n. sp. PL XXXV, Figs. 1-3. Frond tri- or polypinnate, rather compact; secondary (?) pinnae lanceo- late, contracted somewhat at the base, acute, slightly flexuous and lax; rachis slender, slightly flexuous in accordance with the bases of the lateral pinnae, shallowly canaliculate above, terete below, minutely lineate, and very distantly punctate ; ultimate pinnse alternate, open, somewhat reflexed at the base, becoming oblique toward the top, rather close, a little distant or touching, often gently curved, oblong, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, slightly narrowed at the base; pinnules large, close, usuall}^ touching or slightly overlapping, oblique, ovate or Dvate- oblong, slightly curved ' Hist. veg. foss., p. 356, pi. cxxv, fig. 45. The figure of the enlarged pinnule is copied in Les- quereux's Coal Flora, vol. iii, pi. cii, tig. la. ^Fl. foss. houiU. Valcutiennes, Atlas, pi. X, figs. 1, In, 2, 2a-b. 52 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. upward, obtuse, entire, or slightly crenulate before becoming pinnatifid, a little decuiTent and narrowly connate; lamina thin, dull, arched gently backward toward the margin; nervation quite distinct, clear on the upper surface of the pinnule, in relief on the lower surface; primary nerve oblique or slightly decurrent in the lower part, which is much nearer to the inferior than to the superior angle of the pinnule, thin, though sometimes appearing double on the lower side of the lamina, slightly geniculate at the bases of the nervils, and passing to near the apex of the pinnule; nervils rather distant, oblique, at a variable angle of divergence, simple and straight in the upper part of the rather small pinnules, generally forking once below the midrib, and, in the larger pinnules, the upper branch usually forking again. The specimens representing this species are quite uniform in their characters, the most conspicuous of which are the form, compactness, size, and entireness of the jDinnules, and the distinctness, thinness, and distance of the nervation. Fragments of the pinnae might, at first glance, be taken for some form of Pecopterls, e. g., P. clintoni Lx., on account of the resemblance in the size and outline of the larger pinnules and isolated ultimate pinnae. The mode of division and the other features of the rachis, which is here and there marked by punctation, and the nervation are, however, those of Sphenopteris. The relation of this species is with the group represented by Splienop- teris cristata Brongn. and 5". dicer opliylloides Brongn., the nervation of which is plainly similar. In a few instances, where the backward-arched margin is broken or buried in the matrix so as to render the pinnules more pointed with rough borders, the resemblance to some of the American specimens listed as S. chmrophylloides is especially strong, and it is not impossible that our plant may have been in certain cases identified as that species. Splienopteris suspiecta is readily distinguished from S. cheer opliylloldes Brongn. and S. cristata Brongn. by its more broadly ovate, obtuse pinnules with entire margins. The nervation differs much from S. Integra Andra, while the margins, thin lamina, and more slender character of the pinnae preclude any confusion with partially covered fragments of S. Brittsii Lx. Localities. — Owens's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5650, 5651, 5652 ; Pitcher's coal mine, U. §. Nat. Mus., 5649, with Cordaites communis Lx. and Hysterites Cordaitis Gr. 'E'y. FERNS— SPHENOPTEEIDE.E—SPHENOPTEEIS. 53 Sphenopteris Bkittsii Lx. PI. XV, Fig. 1; PI. XVI; PI. XVII; PI. XVIII, Figs. 1, 2; PI. XIX, Fig. 3. 1879. Sphenopteris Brittsii Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 10, pi. Iv, flgs. 2, 2b; text, vol. 1 (1880), p. 277 (vol. iii, 1881, p. 764, pi. cii, figs. 3, 4, 4rt?). 1883. Sphenopteris Brittsii Lesquereux, 13th Eept. Geol. Surv. ludiaua, p. 216, pi. xv, fig. 3. 1890. Sphenopteris Brittsii Lx., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. iii, p. 983, text fig. 1893. Ovopteris Brittsii (Ls.) Potonie, Fl. Eothl. Thiiringen, p. 44. Fronds large, tri(poly-"?)pinnate; rachis of the various orders vs^ell devel- oped, flexuous, sometimes slightly subgeniculate, low-roimded beneath, broadly and shallowly canaliculate on the upper surface, faintly striate, rough, provided with short lax scales or spinous scales; primary (!) pinnae alternate, very open, often at a right angle to the rachis, or reflexed, stand- ing close, usually overlapping, flexuous or sinuate, lanceolate or linear-lanceo- late, acute, more or less lax, contracted toward the base and presenting a rather rough surface and ragged margin on account of the uneven lamina and the slightly repand and sharp-toothed border; pinna; of the next order alternate, open, somewhat arched backward below, flexuous, close, frequently overlapping, usually curving upward and parallel, but often at a right angle to the rachis, and sinuate, linear, tapering from near the base to the slightly obtuse apex, sometimes very slender, flexuous, and reduced toward the base; ultimate pinnge alternate, generally rather close, less often touching or slio-htly overlapping, very open, nearly at a right angle to the rachis in the lower part of the pinna, ovate-triangular, obtusely pointed, wider on the upper side at the base, usually curving upward somewhat, slightly flexuous, with depressed, well-marked punctate-rugose rachis, and joined by a narrow decurrent lamina; pimiules alternate, close, compact, usually slightly o\-er- lapping, set obliquely by a broad attachment, ovate or ovate-triangulfw, 'arching upward, uusymmetrical, imich wider on tlie upper side at the base, the lower side being slightly reduced, broadly ovate, the upper part pin- nately cut in narrow, very short, obtuse, strongly upward-pointed teeth when young, becoming more triangular and pinnately lobed by very shallow narrow sinuses in five or more upward-inclined divisions when larger, the lobes broad, truncate-rounded, bi- or tri- to quinquedentate, increasing to 54 FLOEA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. small pinnules, the decurrent sinuses between the latter gradually approach- ing the rachis but not reaching it; lamina rather thick, rugose, often arched between the nervils, and usually somewhat repand, so as to conceal the teeth in the matrix; nervation generally clear, the primary nerve strong, originating at a moderate angle, but slightly if at all decurrent, slightly subgeniculate near the top, forking pinnately at a rather open angle at the base of each lobe, each secondary nerve in the pinnatifid pimiules forking pinnately again in the middle portion of the lolje to furnish one oblique upward-turning nervil, which passes to the apex of each tooth. One of the most common species in the flora of the Coal Measures about Clinton is that described by Lesquereux in the first volume of the Coal Flora as Sphenoiiteris Brittsu. Fragments of this species are found scattered over a large proportion of the slabs, and, although its surface is rugose and irregular, often ragged in appearance, the slender sinuous pinnae are frequently pleasing in general effect. The semblance of a smooth margin in the lobes of many examples is due to a slight convexity of the pinnules and the consequent concealment of the teeth in the matrix, and is ]iot really so frequent nor so complete as might be inferred from the figure in the Coal Flora. On this account I have sought to represent, by plioto-reproduction, figures of portions which will show the margin as well as several phases in the development of the pimife. The margins are decurrent in the specimen figured by Lesquereux, as well as in ours. The former also shows the punctate rachis, often slen- der or somewhat geniculate. The punctations on the stem are found to be the basal scars of short spines. The compound pinnules are always decur- rent, bordering the rachis with a narrow wing. Very rarely, when the margins are broken away or concealed, the most slender pinnse of Splienop- teris Brittsii resemble ;S'. mixta Schimper, but even in these attenuated pinnae tte species can be readily distinguished by the more rugose, coriaceous texture, the uneven surface of the limb, the much stronger rachis, densely" punctate, the broad, compact pinnules, the more ovate lobes, the straighter jnnnse, and the dentition, seen even in the earliest stage of the division. Splienopteris Brittsu Lx. belongs naturally to the section of the Sphe- nopterids represented by S. cli(Brophylloides Brongn., or S. cristata Brongn., which Potoni(^^ separates as a distinct genus, Ovopteris. Our specimens ' Fl. Rothl. Thiiringen, p. 44. FERNS— SPHENOPTERIDE.E—SPHENOPTERIS. 55 are, in fact, close to S. crlstafa, and seem to have been slightly confused in the Missouri collections with both that species and S. cheer ojjhyUoides. While agreeing in several featui-es with the former, it may be distinguished in small fragments by the thick coriaceous texture, the compact upward- curving pinnules, and the teeth situated on the distal margin of the pinnule or lobes and pointing upward. The characters last named, combined with the strongly unequilateral pinnules, frequently give the more slender pinnae an appearance suggestive of Sphenopteris Essingli Andra or S. incequUateralis Lx/ I have seen no fertile pinnje from Missouri 'which seem to me to be definitely referable to this species. The specimens from Nelsonville, Ohio, described and figured in the third volume of the Coal Flora, ^ the types of which are in the Lacoe collection, have a smooth rachis, a thin, smooth lamina, much more slender pinnules, and some differences in dentition and nervation, so that it will, I believe, be necessary to regard them at present as varietally if not specifically distinct. Localities.— V\ic\\er'% coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5703, 5706, 5669, 5495, 5497, 5501, 5502, 5626, with abundant Spirorhis carbonaria; Deepwater, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5704, 5494, 5498, 5668; Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5500; Owens's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5705. Sphenopteris canneltonensis u. sp. * PI. XV, Fig. 2. 1881. SphenojHeris hymeiiophylloides Brougu., Lesquereux, Ooal Flora, vol. iii, p. 764, pi. cii, fig. 2 (escl. syn.). 1897. Sphenopteris sp., D. White, Bull. Geol. Soc. Atner., vol. viii, p. 300. The original of the figure published in the Coal Flora as Sphenopteris hymenophyUoides Brongn., and which is now No. 4262 in the Lacoe collec- tion, 1 find to have been labeled later by Professor Lesquereux, together with other specimens of the same form, as Sphenopteris Giithieriana Gein. That the type from Cannelton, Pennsylvania, can hardly represent Brong- niart's species" appears probable from a comparison of the above-cited figure in the Coal Flora with that given by Brongniart. The American specimens ' Co.al Flora, vol. iii, p. 765, \>\. ciii, figs. 4, 5, oa. = 1884, p. 764, pi. cii, figs. 3, 4, 4o. 2 Hist. v^g. foss., p. 189, pi. Ivi, figs, iu, 46. 56 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL differ in the angle and form of the pinnules, the lobes being imich more deeply denticulate, while the nerves are straight and fork in adaptation to a more prevailingly bifid instead of trifid tendency in the system of the division of the lobes. Moreover, S. hymenophylloides Brongn. was described from the Oolite of Whitby, in Yorkshire. Our specimens, including the fragments from Missouri, are character- ized especialh' b}' the alate pinnules and lobes, bifid in their system of division and traversed by very distinct, strong, straight, rigid nerves. ■ Thus, while it is apparently closely related to S. Guthieriana Geinitz^ or S. Picandeti Zeiller,^ it seems to me to be hardly admissible to either. Both, especialh' the former, have the pinnse more slender, acute, decurrent, and less alate. Sphenopteris Picandeti Zeill. has the pinnules narrower at the base, the lobes less often bifid, the nerves more slender. The lower pinnules of the smaller pinnpe of 5*. canneltonensis are often broadly alate, and except for the sharp teeth, nearly truncate at the broad apex. From the form of the pinuation seen in the segments from Cannelton I suspect that the frond has the mode of division illustrated by Zeiller^ in Biplotlimema Zeilleri Stur, to which our species is obviously very close, probably more closely related than to any other, though in this, too, we seem to have a much more delicate and elongated s)'stem of pinnation, the divisions being naiTower and the lobes acuminate. Specimens from Cannelton which are perhaps doubtfully separable from S. canneltonensis were identified by Lesquereux as S. snhlo- hata Weiss. It is possible that a comparison of specimens or a more complete representation of S. canneltonensis may prove its identity with the Diphthmema Zeilleri Stur. For the present, since the American specimens, which deserve further illustration, can hardly be referable to Splmiopteiis hymenophylloides Brongn., or S. Guthieriana Gein., I name them after the locality in Pennsylvania from which the specimen figured by Lesquereux was obtained. This fig- ured specimen, No. 4672 of the Lacoe collection, is thus the type of the Sphenopteris canneltonensis. Localities.— Rohhs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5665; a very doubtful fragment is from Owens's bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5569. ' Gutbier, Abdriicke, pi. iv, fig. 13. Geinitz, Verst. Steinkohlenf. Sachsen, p. 15, pi. xxiii, fig. 10. = Fl. foss. bouill. Commentry, vol. i, p. 53, pi. ii, figs. 10-12. 3 Zeiller, Fl. foss. houill. Valecciennes, p. 151, pi. x%', fig. 5 ; pi. xvi, fig. 12. Stur, Farue d. Carbon- Flora, p. 329. FEENS— SPHENOPTERIDBJi:— SPHENOPTERIS. 57 SPHENOPTEEIS CAPITATA 11. Sp. PI. XV, Fig. 3. 1897. Sphenopteris sp., D. White, Bull. Gool. Soc. Auier., vol. viii, p. 300. Frond tripinnate or polypinnate, delicate; secondary (!) pinna?, alternate, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, tapering to a rather obtuse point; rachis slender, somewhat flexuous, round, naked, smooth; ultimate pinnse oval- lanceolate, alternate, close, rarely overlapping a little, slightly oblique, or nearly at a right angle to the rachis; pinnules alternate, hardly contiguous, often with broad, stalk-like attachment, joined by a narrow wing decurring along the rachis, ovate, sublobate in 3 to 5 more or less distinctly marked, distally directed, rounded or obtusely pointed teeth or lobes; limb thin, dull, minutely rugose, cut in acute decurrent sinuses between the pinnules and lobes; nervation rather indistinct, the median nerve originating at an acute angle with the rachis, curving outward, branching pinnately at a moderate angle, one nervil passing into each lobe or tooth. The more salient features of this interesting plant are the compact ultimate pinnpe and the more or less distinctly broadly ovate pinnules or lobes which are slightly incised by very broad, shallow sinuses or crenula- tious to form broad, rounded, erect lobes, the lower being inclined so obliquely as to give the pinnule a slightly stalked appearance. The pinnules are more or less oblique, witli a notably broad attachment with the marginal wing. The nerves, which are incorrectly delineated in Fig. 3«, are slender and flexuous, forking at a moderate angle to furnish one nervil for each lobe. They are mostly obscured in the smooth or very minutely rugose, dull, opaque lamina. The mode of division aiidlobation of this specimen is suggestive of that shown by Gutbier^ in his Sphempteris rutcefoUa [non (Eichw.) Schimp.], though the members of the latter, which is referred to the S2)h. gracilis type, are smaller and more deeply dissected. The texture, surface, obscure nervation, and the more compact pin- nules, provided with but few very broadly rounded crenulations or teeth, are characters by which the form before us can readily be distinguished from corresponding portions oi Splienopteris Brittsiil^^., in which the margin 1 Abdrucke, pi. x, figs. 10, 11, p. 42. 58 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL may be broken or buried in the matrix so as to present a somewliat similar outline. Locality. — Xear Clinton, Henry Countv Missouri ; precise locality unknown; U. S. Nat. Mus., 5662. Sphenoptebis ilj.ixoisensis n. sp. PI. XIX, Fig. 4; PI. XLIV, Fig. 1. 1870. AJetliopteris liymenopliylloides Lesquereus, Kept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iv, p. 393, pi. X, figs. 2, 3, 4 (uou fig. 1). 1874. AlethojJieris hymenoiyhylloides Lx., Scliimper, Traite, vol. iii, p. 500. 1878. AMhopieris hymeno^ihyUoides Lx., Andrews, Elem. Geol., p. 177, fig. 323. 1879. Pseudopecopteris hymenophylloides Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 10, pi. Ivi, figs. 3, 3a-& (non fig. 2); text, vol. i (1880), p. 196 (pars). Fronds tri- or poly-(?) pinnate, lax, rather delicate; form of primary pinnae not sufficiently known for description; secondary (?) pinnte oblong- lanceolate, or lanceolate, acute, rather dense though delicate, the rachis being rather slender, flneh' lineate, rounded beneath, shallowly canaliculate on the upper side, with narrow thread-like central strand in relief on the back, giAang off thread-like branches for the pinufe of the next order, and bor- dered by a wide lamina; ultimate pinna? alternate, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-triangular, broadest at the base, rather blunt pointed, open or some- what oblique, close, usually slightly overlapping, provided with simple or pinnatifid pinnules in the lower portion, becoming pinnatifid, and crenulate- lobate by the confluence of the pinnules near the top, and joined at the base of the decurrent lamina; rachis of the ultimate pinnse thread-like, terete on the back, nearly straight and often decurrent at the base to meet the supe- rior rachis at a very narrow angle; pinnules alternate, oblique, usually at an angle of nearly 45° of divergence from the rachis, close, usually touch- ing or slightly overlapping, generally curving slightly upward, either when small, short, oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, .75-1.5 mm. wide, obtuse or obtusely pointed at the top, connate up to near the middle, or, when larger,becoming ovate and oblong-ovate, obtuse, and developing at first 1 to 3 very erect, narrow, obtuse teeth above the middle, later bearing 4 to 6 short broad teeth, and, becoming cut into 6 to 9 longer obtuse teeth, soon passing the lobate stage into pinnules, the lower pair of which are usually quite oblique, although the lowest inferior pinnule is sometimes heteromorphous ; lamina FERI^S— SPHENOPTEEIDE^— SPHENOPTEEIS. 59 thin, smooth, slightly arched; nervation moderately clear; nerves narrow, straight or nearly straight, somewhat rigid, slightly depressed or obscure on the n^^P^i" surface, distinct and somewhat in relief on the back; primary nerve emitted at an angle of about 45°, very rarely decurrent at the base, and giving off simple branches at an angle of nearly 40°, one nervil to pass into each lobe or crenulation, the dentate pinnules having but one simple, slightly upward turning, rigid nerve to enter each of the few teeth, the younger pinnules having a single nervil, which gives off a branch for each incipient crenulation or developing lobe; fructification unknown. The smaller type, illustrated in the Fourth Illinois Report^ as Alethop- teris liymenophylloides Lx., and in the Coal Flora- as Pseudopecopteris hymeno- phyllokles Lx., is represented in the Missouri collections by several speci- mens, two of which are shown in PL XIX, Fig, 4, and PI. XLIV, Fig. 1. The latter, which shows a section from the upper part of a compound pinna, is comparable to fig. 3 of the plate in the Coal Flora, while the former, which includes the apex of a slender pinna similar to the ujDper part of the same type, agrees precisely with a specimen (No. 3984 of the T^acoe collection) from Mazon Creek, the type locality, identified under the above name by Professor Lesquereux. Other fragments agree with the details and lower portions of Lesquereux's fig. 3, and leave, in fact, no doubt as to the identity of our plant with the small original type of Pseudopecopteris hymenophyUoides Lx. The more salient characteristics in the examples from both States are the tlu-ead-like, wide-bordered axis in the rachises, from which the strands turn off to the subordinate pinnse, the rather smooth, oblique pinnse pro- vided with relatively few pinnules, the small pinnules or connate lobes generally very oblique and distant, and the simplicity and apparent rigidity of the nervation, the nervils being regular in the angle of their divergence and seldom forking in the pinnule or lobe or small pinnule until a tooth is in process of formation. The usual form of the pinnule is seen in the larger fragment, PL XLIV, Fig. 1. It is especially difticult to distinguish the pinnules from pinnae, owing to the early passage to a pinnatifid arrange- ment in the lower portion of the pinnules. The formation of the first tooth on the lobe, or of the first lobe on the pinnule, whichever term is applied ' 1870, p. 393, pi. X, figs. 3, 3, 4. 'Atlas, p. 10, pi. Ivi, figs. 3, Sa-b, copied from Kept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iv. 60 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. to these divisions, is marked by au outward pushing of the h\mina on the 23roximal margin above the middle so as to form a step-hke offset in the margin, which is gradually cut into a rather blunt, broad lobe or tooth by the descent of an oblique sinus. Another characteristic of the species is the upward direction of the divisions, which, except when the lower inferior lobe is polymorphous, brings the points of the lower lobes or teeth a con- siderable distance from the base of the pinna or pinnule. As will be seen from the above notes and a comparison with the origi- nal figures, the smaller type illustrated by Lesquereux is very different in form, division, and nervation from the larger type shown in fig. 1, pi. x, of the Illinois Report, copied as fig. 2 of the plate in the Coal Flora. In short, it does not seem possible that pinnte with the type of large, lax, rather broadly confluent, crenulate pinnules with a flexuous, rather narrowly bifurcated and outward-cur\ Ing system of nervation illustrated in this figure could have belonged to the same species as that described above. Accordingly, I find myself iinpelled to separate this larger form, fig. 1 of the Illinois Report or fig. 2 of the Pennsylvania Report, from the small species lying before me; and since this smaller species from Illinois and Missouri seems in its form, mode of division, and nervation to be a Sphenopteris rather than either a Pseudopecopteris or a Pecopteris, I am constrained, though not without regret, to give it a new name, there being already a Sphenopteris hymenophylloides Brongn. ' Should the mode of division in the frond of our species be found to be that of Pseudopecopteris, then either the specific name liymenoplnjlloides Lx. may be restored, in which case it will be necessary to furnish some other designation for the large species from Mazon Creek, Illinois, or the name ilUnoisensis may be continued, the species represented by the large type being still known by its original appellation. ioco/;7//.— Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5564, 5661, 37. Sphenopteris (Crossotheoa) ophioctLOSSOides (Lx.). PI. XX, Figs. 3, 4. 1879. Sorocladus ojjhiofflossoides Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 8, pi. xlviii, flg'. 11; text, vol. i (1880), p. 329. Fronds large, quadripinnate or polypinnate; primary pinna; rather dense, rough, and somewhat rigid; secondary pinnte oblique, alternate, FERNS— SPHENOPTERIDE.E—SPHENOPTERIS. 61 overlapi^ing, parallel, lanceolate; tertiai-)' pinute open, alternate, rigid, over- lapping a little, lanceolate, or lanceolate-triang-ular, rather obtuse, witli stout, roughly striate rachis, which is shallowly canaliculate on the ventral surface; ultimate pinnae alternate, open, somewhat flexuous, nearly touch- ing or slightly overlapping, rather dense, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, with irregular surface; pinnules alternate, when A'ery small broadly ovate, close, and decurrent, becoming confluent and obliterated toward the top of the pinna, or, when larger, crenulate and cut in rounded or ovate, decurrent, outward-curved lobes in the lower part, crenulate and ovate- rounded above, the largest ones ovate-triangular, very obtuse and pinnatifid, with a broad attachment sometimes slightly elongated to form a broad, very short, decurrent footstalk with narrow borders decurring along the rachis; lamina coriaceous, slightly furrowed over the pnmary nerve in the larger pinnules, repand; nervation quite distinct, coarse, and usually slightly sal- ient on the upper surface, giving the pinnule a very rough aspect ; primary nerve strong, originating obliquely, curving, often quite decurrently, flex- uous, more or less distinctly subgeniculate in adaptation to the secondary nerves at the bases of the lobes or erenulations; secondary nerves, one for each lobe or crenulation, given off" at a rather open angle, and forking once or twice at a wide angle, all the divisions, especially the upper branches, curving strongly outward, and each forking once or twice again, according to the stage of the development of the lobe, the nerves of each lobe or very small pinnule having a fasciculate appearance, and strongly arched upward, the ultimate nervils passing parallel to the margin, which, in the larger lobes, they reach at nearly a right angle to the midrib; fertile pimiag very different from the sterile pinna?, in the lower or middle por- tion of which they are probably borne; consisting primarily of oblong or oblong-ovoid, more or less curved, fleshy pinnules about 8-12 nun. long and 2-3 mm. in width, borne alternately and apparently sessile on a broad rachis; sporangia fusiform, about 1.75 mm. long, and .75 nun. in width near the base, tapering to an acute point, apparently aiTanged pendent or some- what inflexed in a close or crowded fringe about the margin of the fertile pinnule. Among the specimens last transmitted by Dr. Britts from Clinton are several fragments of sterile pinnae which, almost without doubt, belong to the same plant as the fertile specimens described from the same beds nearly 62 FLORA OF LOWEE COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL twenty years ago hy Professor Lesquereux under the name Sorodadus ophio- glossoldes} The extremely close relationship of the sterile pinnte from Missouri with others from Mazon Creek, Illinois, which the unpublished manuscript and drawings of Professor Lesquereux show in direct connec- tion with Sorodadus sagittatus Lx.,^ the identity of structure which on exam- ination of the type specimens I find to exist between Sorodadus ophioglossoides and Sorodadus sagittatus, and the surprising and impressive analogy of both the fertile and the sterile segments of the American species to the corres- ponding portions of Splienopieris Boulayi Zeill., and Splienopteris Crepini Zeill., from the Valenciennes basin, place beyond doubt the relationship of the sterile fragments from Missouri to the group represented by Sorodadus sagittatus Lx. And since the remarkable affinities between the Missouri and the Illinois sterile forms compel us to expect a fertile pinna for the Missouri species very similar to that described from the other State, we can hardly avoid the conclusion that Sorodadus opMogtossoides, which completely satisfies these conditions and fulfills the analogies, is really the fertile por- tion of the species to which the fragment illustrated in PI. XX, Figs. 3, 4, which comes from the same region, belongs. It would manifestly be unjust to anticipate the publication of any data included in the manuscript report of Professor Lesquereux, however interesting might be the comparison of the details therein contained. Consequently no further reference will be made to the sterile specimens from Ilhnois. The Missouri specimens liefore me are specially characterized by the irregular appearance of the surface of the pinnae, the system of crenulate lobation, and the ragged aspect of the nervation, which appears fasciculate at the base of the lobes, and arches strongly upward. The types of Sorodadus ophioglossoides Lx., from Henry County, now in the Lacoe collection (Nos. 4170-4172) in the United States National Museum, bear a very striking and interesting resemblance in their form, in the characters of the fleshy lamina, and the fringe of sporangia about the latter, suggesting, as Zeiller remarks, fringed epaulets, and even in the superficial characters of the sporangia, to the type of Sphmopteris Boulayi iCoal Flora, vol. i, p. 329, pi. slviii, fig. 11. 2 Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 329, pi. xlviii, figs. 10-106 ; vol. iii, p. 760, pi. c, figs. 4, 5. Through a misun- derstanding a very incomplete drawing of one of the specimens examined by Professor Lesquerenx was included in Lesley's Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 606. FERNS— SPHENOPTEEIDE^—SPHENOPTEEIS. 63 Zeill., illustrated in figs. 4 and ia, pi. iv, of the magnificent atlas to the Valenciennes Flora. In a few examples the surface of the pinnules when exposed is shown to be barred pinnately on either side of the midrib so as to resemble some of the figures of fertile pinnules of Danmites Goepp.^ This feature, shown in both the Coal Flora and in Zeiller's figures, is regarded by the latter as corresponding to lobation of the lamina. The genus Sorodadus of Lesquereux^ was presented as a substitute for Stajyhi/Iopferis Presl, to include "all agglomerations of sporanges of various forms, either borne upon separate segments of a fern, like those of Botrychmm without visible remains of leaves, or whose connection to frond-bearing leaves can not be traced and is unknown;" or "for the description of ferns of the coal represented by fructifications whose relation is unknown." Naturally the fructifications included in the genus may be, and actually are, of widely different relations. Thus Sorodadus steUatus Lx., placed by Lesquereux at the head of the list of species in this genus, is quite equivocal, wliile Sorodadus asteroides Lx., which follows it, would seem to belong to the genus Calymmotheca Stur.^ Sorodadus sagittatus and Sorodadus opJdoglossoides fall within the genus Crossotheca of Zeiller,* and Sorodadus WortJmii represents a fertile type perhaps included in Hatdea Corda® or Asterotheca Presl." The differences between the sterile portions of Sphenopteris opMoglos- soides and Splie^iopteris Boulayi or ;S'. Crepini may readily be learned from a comparison of the descriptions and figures.'' The fertile pinnules of the American form are not so large nor so pedicellate as in Sphenopteris Boulayi Zeill. Sorodadus opjltiogJossbides differs from Sorodadus sagittatus by the narrower and more slender form of the fertile pinnules of the former, which are not dilated at the base nor distinctly and broadly pedicellate. The forms included in the genus ' Cf. Danoeites sarcepontanus Stur, Morph. Syst. Culm- u. Carbon-Farne,p.l46; or Danmtes Emer- soni Lesquereux, Coal Flora, pi. xxviil, lig. 2. »Coal Flora, Atlas, 1879, p. 8, pi. xh'iii; text, vol. 1, 1880, p. 327. 'Culm-Flora, vol. ii, 1877, p. 255. Zeiller, Fl. foss. bouill. Valenciennes, 1888, p. 34 pi xii figs 2 2a-b. ■' ' ' ^" ' ^ Ann. Sci. Nat., bot., (6) vol. xvi, August, 1883, p. lSO = Sorotheca Stur, Morph. Sjst. Culm- u. Carbou-Farne, December, 1883, p. 175. See Zeiller, Fl. foss. bouill. Valenciennes p. 34. •■ Fl. (1. Vorwelt, 1845, p. 89. f' In Corda : op. cit., p. 89. ' Zeiller, Fl. foss. bouill. Valenciennes, p. 115, pi. iv, ligs. ia-c; p. 112, pi. xiii figs. 1-3. 64 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL Sorodadus deserve a detailed description along with other material com- prising fertile ferns from the American Coal Measures. Localities. — The sterile forms come from Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5536, 5698. The original specimens of Sorodadus ophioglossoides Lx. from Hem-y County, without more exact locality, are Nos. 1227 and 4272 of the Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Miis. Sphenopteris subcrenulata (Lx.). PI. XX, Fig. 5. 1866. Alethopteris erenulata (Brongii.) Goepp., Lesquereux, Rept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, voL ii, p. 439, pi. xxxix, figs. 2-4. 1870, Alethopteris erenulata (Brongn.) Goepp., Lesquereux, Rept. Geol. Surv. lUiuois, vol. iv, p. 393, pi. xiii, flgs. 14, 15. 1879. Pseudopecopteris subcrenulata Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 6, pi. xxxvii, flgs. 7, 8; text, vol. i (1880), p. 193. The specimen figured in PI. XX, Fig. 5, agrees in so manj^ respects with several examples from Cannelton, Pennsylvania, and Mazon Creek, Illinois, labeled Pseudopecopteris subcremdata by Professor Lesquereux, as to leave little doubt as to its proper inclusion in that somewhat variable species. The lamina of the pinnules is thin, though minutely iiigose, with the margins more Or less distinctly retracted between the tips of the nerves, the crenulation being less marked on the sides than near the apex of the pinnules. The nerves, which in the specimen in hand are viewed from the back side of the frond, are clear and in relief The midrib is rather slender and decurrent, the nervils pinnate, for the most part nearly straight and very oblique. The nervils are themselves striate, often appearing double, as is the case in the specimens from Mazou Creek. The specimens from Illinois and Pennsylvania, referred to above, rep- resent a form similar to that given in fig. 8, pi. xxxvii, of the Coal Flora. It would seem at first that this should be quite distinct from the type illus- trated in fig. 7 of the same plate. But the variation in the size and nerva- tion in the entire suite of specimens from Mazon Creek is, as Professor Lesquereux remarked,^ so great that it is difficult to establish any satisfac- tory line of demarcation among them, although more than one species seems to be represented. In the specimen from Missouri the two or three ' Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 193. FERNS— SPHENOPTEKIDE^—SPHENOPTEEIS. 65 lower inferior iiei'ves in the pinnules near the base of the segment are found to bifurcate at a variable distance from the median nerve, but the superior nerves, as well as all those of the smaller pinnules, are undivided. In none of the specimens, identified as this species have I found the distinctive characters of the genus Pseudopecopteris. On the other hand, all the details seem to be those of Pecopteris or Splienopteris. M. Zeiller has refe'rred this species to Pecopteris, at the same time inscribing^ Pseudopiecop- teris subcrenulata Lx. as a synonym of Pecopteris crenidata Brongn. It is true that the specific separation, perhaps at the suggestion of Schimper,^ of the American species, which was at first correlated with the European form, was largely based on the insufiiciency of Brongniart's diagnosis and illus- trative material. But while many of the Illinois specimens appear to be referable to Brongniart's species,^ so excellently as well as authentically elaborated by Zeiller* after a comparison of Brongniart's original, the more simple American type does not seem to me to be included therein. It is also quite clearl}^ different from the plant illustrated as Pecopteris crenulata by Potoni^,^ who also unites Psetfdopecopteris suhcrenidata as a synonym of Brongniart's plant. The Thuringian specimen would seem to be a true Pecopteris. The Old World plant seems to differ from that from Missouri by the thicker lamina and the much more open, frequently obscured nerves, which in the apparently coiTesponding portions are once forked, instead of remaining simple. The oblique position of the slightly connate pinnules, the rather strongly decun-ent median nerve, the thin lamina, crenulate or erose above, and decurring to forai a marginal wing along the superior rachis between the lat- eral pinnas, and the relatively narrow flexuous rachis led me to temporarily regard the form in hand, which should, perhaps, be separated from the com- mon American type, as a representative of the genus Splienopteris. It may, like the Pseudopecopteris spinulosa Lx.^ to which it is related, be regarded as one of the intermediate forms, so far as outline and nervation merely are concerned, between Pecopteris and Splienopteris. It appears to be very ' Fl. foas. houill. Vtileucieuues, p. 192. 2 Traite, vol. iii, p. 500. '■' Hist. v<^g. loss., p. 300, pi. Ixxxvii, figs. 1, la. ' Fl. foss. houill. Valenciennes, p. 192, pi. xxv, fijis. 1-4. ° Fl. Rothl. Thiiringen, p. 65, pi. vi, figs. 1-4. '• Coal Flora, p. 195, pi. Ivi, figs. 1, la. MON XXXVII 5 66 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. closely related to the European Pecopteris crenulata, with which some of the material from Mazon Creek, Illinois, is either identical or at least so similar as to seem to justify Professor Zeiller's remark as to the interest in the occurrence of this type both in Illinois and in probably contemporaneous beds in the upper part of the Valenciennes series, or at Geislautern. - Locality. — Pitcher's coal bank, Henry County, Missouri. Loaned by Dr. J. H. Britts, Clinton, Missouri. Sphenupteris sp. PI. XXXV, Fig. 6, The fragment represented in PI. XXXV, Fig. 6, is the only example of this peculiar form in the collection. The shape of the decurrent half- stalked pinnules with sinuate or sinuate-dentate margins is different, I believe, from any yet described. Most of the characters found in the speci- men are seen in the photograph or the detail. Fig. 6«. The rachis is very finely lineate and is bordered in the lateral pinnae by a narrow decurring wing. The substance of the pinnule is not very thick, and is dull, though smooth, and flat, or nearly flat. The nervation is fairly clear, the midrib rather strong at the base, tapering in passing upward and vanishing at the apex. It is hoped that the accompanying figures and notes will facilitate the recognition and identification of the species, which appears to have been one of considerable grace and beauty. Locality. — Henry Covmty, Missouri; U. S. Nat. Mus., 5654. Sphenopteeis bilobata Lx. ined. The type of this species is described among the unpublished manuscript of Professor Lesquereux. Pending its publication with other similar material in due form, further consideration in this memoir is waived. Locality. — Vicinity of Clinton, Hemy County; Nos. 5703, 5704, Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus. OLIGOCARPIA Goeppert, 1S41. GattuDgeu, Lief. 1 u. 2, p. 3. Oligocaepia missoubiensis n. sp. PI. XX, Figs. 1, 2; PL XXI, Figs. 1?, 2!, 3, 4. 1897. Oligocarpia sp., D. White, Bull. Geol. Soc. Ainer., vol. viii, pp. 296, 300. Fronds tri- or polypinnate, lax, spreading, rather delicate; rachis very slender, narrow, sulcate above, terete below in the subordinate divisions, PERNS— SPHENOPTERIDEJ5—OLIGOCAEP1A. 67 iinely liueate, dull, llexuous, those of the last order being very thin' and sinuate; secondary (?) pinnse alternate, originating at an open angle to the primary rachis and curving outward, close, or slightly overlapping, flexu- ous, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, contracted toward the base, and taper- ing- above the middle to the acute apex; ultimate pinnse open, often at a right angle to the rachis, alternate, rather distant, flexuous, linear-triangular, tapering from near the base to the slender, narrow apex; pinnules alternate, ovate, becoming crenulate in passing to the pinnatifid stage, distant, open, at a right angle to the rachis in the lower portion of the longer pinnse, obtusely rounded at the summit, with rounded margin on the lower side, the upper side straighter, giving the pinnule an upward turn, attached by the whole or nearly the whole base until becoming pinnatifid, and sepa- rated nearly to the rachis by a broad sinus, which is usually round or squarish, and sometimes slightly decurrent at the lower angle; lamina dull, not very thick; nervation rather coarse, often obscure on the upper surface; primary nerve decurrent, rather strong, striated, arching with the jjinnule, flexuous, and forking pinnately at a rather open ang-le, the lower nervils forking again or even a second time as the pinnule becomes pin- natifid; fructification within the margin, in 1 to 7 round depressions, in each of which appears one or more sporangia, apparently of the type of Oligocarpia, although the characters are obscure. The sterile examples incompletely shown in Figs. 1, 2, PI. XX, and Fig. 3, PI. XXI, from Owen's coal bank, appear to form a fairly distinct spe- cies, closely related to 0. alahamensis Lx. and 0. Guthieri Goepp. The gen- eral aspect of the large pinnje illustrated in Fig. 1, PI. XX, will at once be noted as quite similar to the figure of 0. alahamensis^ given by Lesquereux. But the latter has the rachis opposite or subopposite, while the pinnules are close and much more open, instead of being distant and curved upward, as in the species from Owen's. Furthermore, the primary nerves in the Ala- bama type are much less decurrent. The fertile pinnse in the large speci- men bear also some resemblance to Oligocarpta Bronf/niartii Stur." My reference of the plant to the genus Oligocarpia is based on the strik- ingly similar conformation of the vegetative part and that of other species ' Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 266, pi. xlvil, figs. 1 a-b. •Fame. fl. Carbon-Flora, p. 131, pi. ivii, figs. 2, 3. See also Zeiller, Fl. loss, bassiii. honill. Valeii- cieuiies, p. tl7, pi. xi, figs, 3, 3«-c, 4, 5, oa-c. 68 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOUHL referred to this genus. I have seen specimens from Morris, lUiuois, hxbeled 0. alabamensis, which should perhaps be included in this species. The clearest definition of the fruit dots that I am able to secure on this specimen fails to give any conclusive proof of the generic identity of this species, although the general aspect and the position of the dots on the pinnules are very similar to those shown by Greinitz^ or Schimper^ in 0. Guibieri Goepp., except that ours are perhaps not so near the margin. Under the lens the depre^ssions and irregular disklike bodies within are seen to strongly resemlile those published in Stur's photograph of OJiqo- caiyia Beyrichi? The above description is based on fragments of sterile fronds or those in which only a part is fertile. I have also referred, with doubt, to this species several fertile fragments. The first of these, PI. XXI, Fig. 4, from Pitcher's bank, shows a segment of a macerated pinna in which the out- lines of the pinnules are in many instances quite uncertain, although the position of the sporangia is well shown. Here the circular depressions seem either to be vacant, except for a slight man:imillate point in the center, or to contain a flattened disk with thickened, rather irregular margin. When viewed with a stronger lens this margin or rim seems to be bordered with large, thick cells, thus appearing to present conditions resembling the fruit of 0. Brongniarfii as illustrated b)^ Zeiller* or Kidston.^ The specimen (No.- 4468 of the Lacoe collection) illustrated in PI. XXI, Fig. 2, seems also to belong to Oligocarpia missouriensis. The same form is also present at Mazon Creek, Illinois. But of the identity of the specimen illustrated in PL XXI, Fig. 1 (No. 4467 of the Lacoe collection), I am not quite so sure, on account of the compactness of the pinnules, although it seems to be connected with the sterile forms through the two specimens just discussed. Both 4467 and 4468 show only the upper sur- face of the limb, so that only the inflations above the sporangia or sori are seen. It will be noted that, while in most of the pinnules only two rows ot fruit dots are seen, still, in the lobes of the lower and more pinnatifid jjin- nules additional dots make their appearance. It is hoped that this and other 'Verst. Steink. Sachsen, p. 17, pi. xxxiii, fig. 7. ■Traits, Atlas, pi. xli, fig. 8. 'Fame d. Carbon-Flora, p. 137, ]i\. ixiii, fig. 1. ^Fl. fosa. houlU. Valenciennes, j). 53, fig. 35. ■''Trans. Geol. See. Glasgow, vol. is, 1889, pi. i, fig. 156. FERNS— SPHENOPTERIDE^—OLIGOCARPIA. 69 I'ruiting forms from our Coal Measures series may be made the subject of a special stud}^. A small and very fragile Aphlehia is presented at the base of the upper pinna on the left of the specimen shown in PI. XX, Fig. 1. Localities. — Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5567, 5694; also in a recent collection from Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 4468, 5565, 5566, 5696; near Clinton, Henry County, Missouri, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5719; Lacoe collection, 4467, 4468, U. S. Nat. Mus. OLIGOOAEPIA cf. ALABAMENSIS Lx. Although appearing to differ in some minor particulars from the char- acters of Oligocarpia alahamensis as originally described by Lesquereux,^ several specimens from Deepwater so strongly resemble others from Illinois identified by that author as 0. alahamensis that I provisionally refer them to that species, the tyjje of which I have not seen. Locality. — Deepwater, U. S. Nat Mus., 5719. Oligocarpia cf. Gutbieri Goepp. The fragment which I temporarily place among the sjjecimens refeiTed by Lesquereux to this species comprises about three-fourths of a compound pinna, which, though a little larger, has the form and superficial characters of the example from Illinois figured in the Coal Flora.^ The specimen from Hobbs's bank is, however, preserved in a sandy, micaceous shale that hardly permits a satisfactory analysis of the nervation, which in the type from Illinois is very clear, the lamina being extremely thill. Still, such traces of nerves as may be seen appear to agree with those of the figured specimen, and although the lamina is dull and black in the Missouri fragment, I think it probable that the plant should be referred to the same species as that from Illinois. The latter, however, as illustrated in the Coal Flora appears to differ from the type of Goeppert^ or Geinitz,^ some of the details of whose figures were copied by Lesquereux,^ by the smaller, narrower, more oblique, and more deeply dissected pinnules, with ' Coal Flora, vol. i, Atlas, pi. xlvii, figs. 1, \a-b. -Vol. i, p. 266, pi. xlviii, tigs. 1, 2. ' Gattungeu, vol. 1 (3), p. 37, pi. iv, figs. 1, 2. ■• Verst. Steink. Sachsen, p. 30, pi. xxxiii, figs. 6, 7; pi. xxxv, fig. 9. ''Coal Flora, pi. xlviii, ligs. 3a-6. 70 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL •more distant and flabellate nerves. The examination of a number of speci- mens from the same locahty as the one figured throws considerable doubt on the identity of the Eiiropean and American plants. The Missouri specimen is quite different from the form referred by Les- quereux to 0. alabamensis Lx., or that described in this report as 0. missouri- ensis, being distinguished from both by the form of its pinnae, the broader confluent pinnules, and the more flabellate nervation. It resembles in some respects some of the more slender pinnae of Pseudopecopteris Pluckeneiii (Schloth) Lx. Locality. — Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5570. ALOIOPTERIS Potouie, 1894. Jahrb. d. k. Pr. geol. Laudesaust. u. Bergakad., voL xiv, ISaS, Mittbeil., p. xlviii. Abh. d. k. Pr. geoL Landesanst., u. F., No. 21, 1896, p. 24. ALOIOPTERIS BROSA (CrUtb.). . PL XXIII, Fig. 6; PI. XXIV, Fig. 3rt. 1843. Pecopteris erosa Gntbier, in Xaumaiin, Gotta, Geinitz, et ah : Giia v. Sachsen, Flora, p. 81. 1879. Pecopteris erosa Gutb., Lesquereux, Goal Flora, Atlas, p. 8, pi. xliv, figs. 1, 1<(, 3; text, vol. i (1880), p. 255. ■ 1843. Pecopteris (Gyatheites) linearis Gutbier (nee Rost, nee Stb., necque Old. et Morr.), in Naumann, Gotta, Geinitz, et al.: Gaa v. Sachsea, Flora, p. 83. 1855. Aletho2}teris erosa (Gutb.) Geinitz, Verst. Steink. SacLseii, p. 29, pi. xxxii, figs. 7-9, la, 9«. 1869. Alethopteris erosa (Gutb.) Gein., von Roehl, Foss. Fl. Steink. Westphalens, p. 81 (pi. xxi, flg. 11 ?) 1877. Prepecopteris erosa (Gutb.) Grand'Eury, Fl. Garb. Loire, p. 63. 1884. OranWEurya erosa (Gutb.) Zeiller, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6) bot., vol. xvii, p. 9. 1885. Saccopteris erosa (Gutb.) Stur, Fame d. Carbon-Fl., p. 159. 1887. Corynepteris erosa (Gutb.) Kidston, Foss. Fl. Radstock Ser., p. 381. 1888. Corynepteris erosa (Gutb.) Kidst., Zeiller, Fl. foss. houill. Valenciennes, p. 43. The illustration of a fragment of a long compound pinna of this species published in the Coal Flora^ gives a good general idea of the long, slender, close,' extremely open pinnae characteristic of this species. It also shows the more delicate habit of the American plant, the outlines of which differ somewhat from the European type, which is still inscribed by some authors in the genus Alethopteris. ' Atlas, pi. xliv, figs. 1, la. FERNS— SPHENOPTBEIDE^—ALOIOPTEEIS. 7 1 The specimen shown in PI. XXIII, Fig. 6, is of the same character as the large fragment figured by Professor Lesquereux. Some of the slen- der pinnae of this type attain a length of 6 cm. or more. The pinnules in the middle of the pinna often show two well-developed sharp teeth, though the latter are not so cristate as in the preceding species. The small fragment of a young compound pinna seen in PI. XXIII, Fig. 1, strongly resembles this species; but by its nervation and the develop- ment of the pinnules it belongs more properly to A. Winslovii, next to ' be described. The rock fragment, from the vicinity of Clinton, photographed in PI. XXIV, Fig. 3, shows two segments (No. 2386 of the Lacoe collection) identified by Professor Lesquereux as Pecopteris erosa, the larger of which approaches A. Winslovii, while the other preserves the apex of a compound pinna. But although the lateral pinnae on the larger segment are nearly of the size frequently found in the A. Winslovii with which it has been thought it might perhaps belong as a younger stage, they show fairly well the difference in the pinnules and the margins. In the American specimens oi Aloiopteris erosa the pinnules are broader in proportion to the size of the pinna, and not so constricted; the upper border is much more nearly truncate, the sinuses not so deep proportionately, while the nerves, wliich are not so distinct in the rather thicker lamina, fork near the base at a narrower angle, and arch, especially the upper branch, rather strongly upward in passing to the margin, approaching in this respect the P. serrula Lx. When the pinnule has three teeth the upper nervil forks again at a rather narrower angle than in A. Winslovii. I have not observed any fertile pinna that seems referable to this species among the material from Missouri. One fertile specimen from Morris, Illinois, identified under this name by Professor Lesquereux, has the same general aspect as the fertile pinnae of A. Winslovii, though the pinnae are narrower and the marginal filaments do not appear. It would seem, as in the latter species, to represent more probably Corynepteris, to which genus it has been referred 1)}- Kidston.-' Localities-.— Viicher's. coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5562, 5563, 5614, 5721 ; ailkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus. 5561. I Trans. Roy. Soc. Ediub., vol. sxxiii, 1887, p. 381. 72 FLOEA OF LOWER COAL MEASUEES OF MISSODEL ALOIOPTEEIS (COKYNEPTliiRIS?) WiNSLOVII n. sp. PI. XXII, Figs. 1-3; PL XXIII, Figs. 1-5. 18-43. Cf. Pecopteris [Diplazites] cristatus Gutbier, in Xaumann, Cotta, Geinitz, et ai.r Gaa von Saclisen, p. SO. 184S. Cf. Pecoptem cHsteto Gutb. (uon Brongn.),Goeppert, in Bronn: Index Palieont., p. 915. 1879. Pecopteris cristata Gutb., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 8, pi. xliv, figs. 2, 2a; text, vol. i (1880), p. 256. 1854. An Asplenites Stcrnberfiii Ettingshausen, Foss. Fl. Radnitz, pi. xx, figs. 2, 3, 4, p. 42 (pars) 1 1855. Cf. Alethopteris cristata (Gutb.) Geinitz, Verst. Steink. Sachsen, p. 29, pi. xxxii, fig. G. 1885. Cf. Saccopteris (Alethopteris) cristata (Gutb.) Stur, Fame d. Carbon-Fl., p. 164. 1897. Pecopteris sp., D. White, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. viii, pp. 296, 300. 1899. Aloiopteris Winslorii D. White, 19th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. 3, p. 487. The doubt expressed by Professor Lesquereux^ as to the equivalence of the American form identified as Pecopteris cristata with the species figured by Geinitz" appears to me well founded. Our specimens differ from that figured in the " Versteinerungen " by the narrower divisions, the nerves originating, as may be seen in the photograph (PI. XXIII, Fig. 2) of a slightly macerated and abraded specimen, at a much wider angle, straight or nearly so instead of curving, not forking below the middle, and forking once or twice at a very wide angle into short, straight divisions. It seems evidently distinct from that species. In its general aspect and features our plant is very similar to the speci- men described by Ettingshausen^ as Asplenites Sternhergii, but, although some of the pinnae in our specimens are very much like those seen in Zeiller's figure of the same species,"* the detail in this figure, as well as in Ettingshausen's illustrations, indicates a more slender form, with broader midrib and blunter teeth. Some of Stur's photographic figures of Saccop- teris Essinghii (Andra)^ are, however, so like the ordinary specimens of our plant, as seen in PI. XXII, Figs. 1 and 2, that it seems far from improb- able that the specimens he had in hand should be included in the same I Coal Flora, p. 256. • Verst. Steink. Sachsens, p. 29, pi. xxii, figs. 6, 6(i. 3 Steiukolenfl. Radnitz, 1855, p. 42, pi. xx, figs. 2, 3. ■• Sphenopteris Sternbergii (Ett.) Zeiller, Fl. foss. lionill. Valenciennes, Atl:is, pi. ix, tigs. 5, 5a, p. 128. * p'arne d. Carbon-Flora, pi. lii, figs. 2-6, p. 166. FBENS— SPHENOPTERIDE.5:— ALOIOPTERIS. 73 species as those from Missouri. But Audi-a's original figures/ as well as those given later by Weiss ^ and Zeiller,' seem to represent a plant with more oblique pinnules, comparable to those of Sphenopteris incequilateralis Lx., which are much more dissected. In the comparatively very few specimens from Missouri in which the pinnules have elongated to a length of 1 cm. or more the lamina is still but little dissected, and the pinnules, which may be considered as pinnatifid, are constricted but slightly at the base. Imperfect fragments of such pinnae are illustrated in PI. XXII, Fig. 3, and -Pl. XXIII, Fig. 4. Were this pinnatifid stage common in the development of the species, we should see many such fragments in the collections mingled with the attending segments of various degrees of maturity, including portions of rachises, 1 cm. or more in width, provided on both sides with alternating pinnee of the usual form. The relation of the small fragments of a young compound pinna (PI. XXIII, Fig. 1) to this species is shown by both the nervation and the peculiar angular dentition. The fertile pinnae, which seem to have been borne directly on the pri- mary pinnae, do not, as shown in PI. XXIII, Figs. 4 and 5, differ in general form and arrangement from the sterile pinnae. The sporangia, which are oblong or oval, .75 to 1.2n mm. long, .4 to .6 mm. wide, rounded at one end and rather obtuse at the other, are borne, in groups apparently, on the lower surface of the slightly reduced pinnules, whicli are so crushed in the shale as to make them seem entirely covered by the flattened sporangia. In a few cases it may be seen that the sporangia are attached by the ends in round groups, perhaps of 5 to 7 sporangia each, the members of which are sometimes spread apart at the top. The question of the systematic position of the group, including Pecopj- teris cristata Grein., Asplenites Sternbergii Ett., Pecopteris erosa Lx., P. georgi- anci Lx., and P. serrula Lx., is one that has perhaps not yet reached its final settlement. Ettingshauseu's Asplenites Sternbergii, to choose a typical example, has been referred by various authors to Pecojiteris,^ Oligocarpia,^ Sphenopteris,^ and Saccopteris,'' while other species, no doubt congeneric, ' Sphenopleris Esslnf/hii Antlrii, Vorweltl. Pfl. Steink., 1866, pl. vii, ligs. 2, 3, p. 20. ■^ Aus d. Fl. d. Steink., 1881, pl. xii, fig. 76. ' Fl. foss. houill. Valenciennes, Atlas, 1886, pl. ix, ings. 1, 2 ; text, 1888, pp. 122, 125, fig. 41. ■•Schimper, Trait(5, vol. i, 1869, p. 526. ■Star, Culm-B'lora, vol. ii, 1877, p. 294. "Weiss, Aus d. Fl. d. Steink., 1881, p. 12. 'Stur, Famed. Carbou-Fl., 1883, p. 165. 74 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL have been described as Alethopteris or referred thereto. On the whole, this group of species constitutes a division or section quite distinct from the other sections of the genus Pecopteris, which shoukl either be transferred to some other genus, if that is found practicable, or separated as the basis of a new genus. By most recent authors they are refeired to the genus Sphenoj)- teris, and it would indeed seem that they are most closely related to and congeneric with Sphenopteris Essinghii Andrii, which Ijinds them to Sphenop- teris incBqiiilateralis Lx. Sphenopteris Siernhergii (Ett.) Weiss was placed in the fertile genus Saccopferis by Stur, and Saccopteris (= Grand 'F.urya Zeiller) is regarded^ as identical with Baily's Gorynepterisr Thus most of these species like Sphenopteris Essinghii have found places in Corynepteris or its synonyms. The close resemblance of the fertile pinnse from Missouri, obscure specimens of which are found in PI. XXIII, Fig. 5, to the specimens figured by Zeiller^ as Sphenopteris {Corynepteris) coralloides Gutb., is at once apparent, even the narrow dichotomous filaments extending out from the slio-htly reduced limb being similar in both species. This circumstance, together with the demonstration by Zeiller* of the same type of fruit in Sphenopteris Essinghii, leaves little room for doubt that the fructification of our American plant is probably of the Conjnexjteris ty^e. Our specimens, though badly crushed, seem to confirm this view; but while the sporangia are shagreened and would seem to be grouped in a manner similar to Cory- nepteris, I have not yet been able to distinguish the zone of the thickened cells found in the sporangia of that genus. Localities. — Frequent at Pitcher's bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5551, 5610, 5611, 5613, 5721; Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5609, 5613; Deep- water, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5552, 5689; Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5690; Gilkerson's Ford. PECOPTERIDEuE. PECOPTERIS Broiiguiart, 1822. 1822. Filicites sec. Pecopteris Brongniart, Mem. mus. hist, nat., voL viii, p. 233. 1826. Pecopteris Sternberg, Yersuch, vol. i, tent., p. xvii (pars). 1828. Pecopteris Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 54. ' Kidstou, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xsxiii, 1887, p. 381. - Esplan. shi'et 142, maps, Geol. Surv. Ireland, 1860, p. 16. ^ Fl. foss. lionill. Valenciennes, Atlas, pi. x, tigs. 1, 2. ■•Op. cit., text, p. 125. FERNS— PEOOPTERIDE.E—PECOPTBKIS. 75 Pbcoptbris (Dactylotheca) dentata Broiign. (non Will.). PI. XXIV, Figs. 1, 2; PL XXV; PI. XXVI, Figs. 2-4; PI. XXVII. 1828. Pecopteris dentata Brongniart, Prodrome, pp. 58, 170. 1834. Pecopteris dentata Brougniart, Hist. veg. foss., p. 346, pis. cxxiii, cxxiv. 1835. Pecopteris dentata Brongu., Lindley and Hutton, Foss. Flora, vol. ii, pi. cliv. 1870. Pecopteris dentata Broiign., Lesquereux, Rept. Geol. Surv. Illiuois, vol. iv, p. 404. 1876. Pecopteris dentata Bi-ougn., Ferd. Roemer, Leth. Geogu., vol. i, Atlas, pi. lii, figs. la-&; text (1880), p. 176. 1878. Pecopteris dentata Brongn., Zeiller, Veg. foss. terr. houill.. Atlas, pi. clxviii, figs. 3, 4; text (1879), p. 86. 1879. Pecopteris dentata Brongn., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, pi. xliv, figs. 4, 4a; text, 1 (1880), p. 240. 1880. Pecopteris dentata Brongn., Fontaine and I. 0. White, Permian Flora, p. 66, pi. xxii, figs. 1, 2 (3-5?). 1883. Pecopteris dentata Brongn., Renault, Oours. bot. foss., vol. iii, p. 121, pi. xxi, figs. 4, 5. 1887. Pecopteris dentata Brongn., Lesquereux, Proc. U. Sk. Nat. Mus., vol. x, p. 25. 1893. Pecopteris dentata Brongn., D. White, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., no. 98, p. 60. 1899. Pecopteris dentata Brongn., D. White, 19th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 488. 1828. Pecopteris plumosa (Artisi) Brongniart, Prodrome, pp. 58, 171. 1835 or 1836. Pecopteris plumosa (Artis?) Brongniart, Hist. veg. foss., p. 348, pis. cxxi, cxxii. 1858. Pecopteris plumosa (Artis!) Lesquereux, Geol. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, pt. 2, p. 867. 1866. Pecopteris plumosa (Artis?) Lesquereux,. Rept. Geol. Sur\-. Illinois, vol. ii. Pal., p. 442. 1869. Pecopteris plumosa (Artis?) von Roehl, Foss. Fl. Steink. Westphalens, p. 58, pi. xxxiii, fig. 4. 1881. Pecopteris plumosa (Artis?) Weiss, Aus d. Fl. d. Steink., pi. xvii, figs. 104, 104a. 1888. Pecopteris plumosa (Artisi) Howse, Trans. N. H. Soc. Northumberland a. Dur- ham, vol. x, 1, p. 89. 1828. Pecopteris triangularis Brongniart, Prodrome, pp. 58, 171. 1832. An Sphenopteris caudata Lindley and Hutton, Foss. Flora, vol. i, pi. xlviii ? 1833. Cyatheites dentatus (Brongn.) Goeppert, Systema, p. 325. 1855. Cyatheites dentatus (Brongn.) Goepp., Geinitz, Verst. Steink. Sachsen, p. 26 (pars), pL xxix, figs. 10-12; pi. xxx, figs. 1, 2. 1869. Cyatheites dentatus (Brongu.) Geopp., von Roehl, Foss. Fl. Steink. Westphalens, p. 87, pi. xxxiii, fig. 6. 1876. Cyatheites dentatus (Brongn.) Geopp., Heer, Fl. Foss. Helv., p. 30, pi. xi; pi. xii, figs. 1-5. 1838. Pecopteris Brongniartiana Presl, in Sternberg: Versuch, vol. ii, 7-8, p. 160. 1848. Cyatheites plumosus (Artis?) Goeppert, in Bronn: Index Palajont., p. 365. 1869. Cyathocarpus dentatus (Brongn.) Weiss, Foss. Fl. jlingst. Steink. u. Rothl. Saar-Rh. Geb., p. 86. 1869. Pecopteris {Cyatheides) dentata Brongn., Schimper, Traite, vol. i, p. 508. 1877. Senftenbergia dentata (Brongn.) Stur, Culm-Flora, vol, ii, p. 187 (293). 76 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL 1888. Senftenbergia [Pecopteris) dentata (Brougn.) Stur, Toula, Die Steinkolilen, p. 188, pi. i, figs. 21, 22, 1877. Prepecopteris dentata (Brougu.) Graud 'Eury, Fl, Garb. Loire, p. 63. 1877. Senftenbergia plumosa (Artis?) Stur, Culm-Flora, vol. ii, p. 187 (293). 1885. Senfte^ibergia plumosa (Artis?) Stur, Farne d. Carbon-Fl., p. 92 (pars), pi. li, figs. 1, 2, 3. 1879. Pecopteris pemueformis Brongn., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 8, pi. xlv, figs. 1, 1« (figs. 2, 2«?); text, vol. i (1880), p. 239 (pars, excl. syu.). 1883. Dactylotheca dentata (Brougn.) Zeiller, Ann. Sci. l^fat., (6) bot., vol. xvi, p. 184, pi. ix, figs. 12-15. 1888. Dactylotheca dentata (Brongn.) Zeiller, Fl. foss. houill. Valenciennes, p. 30, figs. IGff-i. 1890. Dactylotheca dentata (Brougu.) Zeiller, Fl. foss. Autuu et fipiuac, vol. i, p. 21, figs. 17 Or-b. 1897. Dactylotheca dentata (Brougu.) Zeill., Potouie, Lehrb. d. Pflauzenpal., p. 92, figs. 63 A, B; p. 108, fig. 96. 1884. Prepecopteris phmiosa (Artis?) Bureau, Comptes reudus, vol. xcix, p. 1036. 1885. Senftenbergia acuta (Brongn.) Stur, Fame d. Carbou-FI., vol. i, p. 96, pi. li, figs. 4, 5. 1886. Pecopteris {Dactylotheca) dentata Brongn., Zeiller, Fl, foss. houill. Valeucienues, Atlas, pi. xxvi, figs. 1, la, &, 2, 2a-e; pi. xxvii, figs. 1. Irt, h, 2, 2a, 3, 3a, 4; pi. xxviii, figs. 4, 5, oa; text (1888), p. 196. 1890. Pecopteris [Dactylotheca) dew^wto Brongn., Zeiller, Fl. foss. Autun et fipinac,vol.i, p. 66, pi. ixrt, figs. 3, 3rt. 1886. Dactylotheca plumosa (Artis?) Kidston, Gat, Pal. Foss. PI. Brit. Mus., p. 128. 1896. Dactylotheca plumosa (Artis'?) Kidstou, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xxviii, pt. 1, p. 205, pis. i-iii. 1887. Dactylotheca plumosa (Artis?) Kidst. v at. dentata (Brougu.) Kidstou, Foss. Fl. Radstock Ser., p. 382. Fronds large, ti-ipiunate, quadripinuatifid below; primary rachis large, 5-12 mm. wide, finely trichomatose ; secondary racliis 1-5 mm. broad, grooved on the upper surface and finely punctate ; primary pinnae alternate, at right ang-les or oblique, often reflexed in the lower part of the frond, usually over- lapping slightly; 3.5-11 cm. apart, oval-lanceolate, 18-50 cm. or moi-e long, 3.5-12 cm. wide at the middle, somewhat contracted at the base, the sides of the larger ones parallel in the middle portion, and tapering to a sharp point above; secondary pinnae alternate, 6-12 mm. apart, usually overlapping somewhat, the upper ones oblique, the middle nearly at right angles, the lower ones often reflexed and shorter, often flexuous, linear-lanceolate, the larger ones 2.5-6 cm. long, 5-25 mm. wide, tapering to an obtusely acumi- nate point; pinnules alternate, more or less triangular, somewhat arched, generally obtusely pointed or rounded, sometimes acuminate at the tip or FERNS— PEOOPTERIDE^—PEGOPTERIS. 77 appearing oblong, somewhat oblique, sessile, contiguous, and slightly connate at the base, those in the middle of the secondary pinnae 35 mm. long, aver- aging about 2 mm. in width at base, the margins generally more or less reflexed so as to make them appear sharply triangular, the laminse arching between the nervils, either entire or with a few rounded, usually indistinct lobes; the lower basilar pinnule of each secondar)' pinna generally shorter and lobate, sometimes appearing auriculate; pinnules toward the top of the secondary pinnte gradually becoming confluent, passing to the entire or slightly lobed apex of the pinnae; pinnules of the lower secondary pinnae near the base of the frond, 5-13 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, pinnatifid, or per- haps pinnate, the divisions being about 1.5 mm. long and 1 mm. wide, the uppermost secondary pinnae with pinnules becoming united and passing into primary pinnules, pinnatifid below in rounded lobes, the succeeding ones crenulate, then entire; nerves usually quite distinct, the median nerve passing to the top, but very slightly if at all decurrent, emitting nervils at a wide angle, the lower nervils forking, the upper ones simple, those of the large pinnatifid pinnules giving off other simple nervils in the lower lobes. Although both Pecopteris dentata Brongn. and P. pennceformis Brongu. are recorded as having been found in the vicinity of Clinton, I have not yet seen any specimens that seem to me referable to the latter species. On the contrary, all the examples from Henry County, including the large one - shown on PI. XLV of the Coal Flora, that were labeled Pecopteris pennce- formis — concerning the characters of which there is much confusion apparent in the identifications in this country — seem to agree well, most of them perfectly, with specimens of P. dentata from France and England. The comparison of our American with the foreign material fully confirms the views expressed in the remarks on this species in my report on the flora of the outlying basins of Missouri.' The common and typical phases of the species are shown in PI. XXV, Fig. 1; PI. XXVI, Fig. 3, and PI. XXVII, the details of the nervation being illustrated in the enlarged photographs, PI. XXIV, Figs, la, \h, or in PI. XXVI, Fig. 4. A number of specimens from Pitcher's coal mine are very delicate, approaching the fonn distinguished by some authors as Pecopteris ' Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, 1893, p. 60. 78 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. plumosa} Generally, however, the pinnules are fully up to the typical size, ag-reeing in form, nervation, and limb with the European species. A few examples, from Pitcher's mine, show the j^innules rather more crowded, larger, broader, and smoother, the lamina being hardly raised between the nerves. This form, which approaches nearer than the other to P. pennce- formis, should perhaps receive some distinctive appellation. Although a number of the specimens are fertile, the sporangia are not sufficiently clearly preserved to give any important details as to structure or arrangement. Localities. — Collected in fine specimens from Pitcher's bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5641, 5642, 5643, 5655, 5738, 5739, 5743; Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mu*, 5621, 5742; Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5740. PBCOPTEKIS Cf. ARBORESCENS (Schlotlj.) BlOllgU. PI. XXXVI, Fig. 3; PI. XLIV, Fig. 3; Pi. XLVII, Fig. 61 Among the material last transmitted by Dr. Britts are several fragments of Pecopteris, the size, form, and nervation of whose pinnai and pinnules seem to be fairly comparable with those of Pecopteris arborescens as described by Brongniart' and further differentiated by Zeiller.^ Portions of the pinnae as well as the general form of the pinnules present even more strongly the aspect illustrated by Zeiller* as P. cyathea (Schloth.) Brougn., but the ' Since the preparation of this report and synonymy the writer has had the opportunity to consult Mr. Kidston's most interesting and thorough elaboration of the Pecopteris plumosa (Artis) Brongn., as the result of which the identity of the Filicites plumoaua with Sphenopteris crenata L. & H., S. caudata L. & H., Aspidites silesiacus Goepp., etc., is very satisfactorily demonstrated. -The specific inseparability of the plant described by Artis from most of the material later described by various authors as P. dentata is also evident. An inquiry into the geologic horizons of the plumosa forms, including S. crenata, A. silcsiaca, and the fine series from tUe Middle Coal Measures illustrated by Kidston, seems, however, to show that, in general, in Europe as well as in America the delicate plumose type is more characteristic of lower stages of the Coal Measures, while the more robust type with broader, more obtuse pinnules and a stronger nervation is essentially characteristic of higher beds. The writer is therefore fully convinced of the desirability of retaining a varietal distinction for the later form, illustrated in this report, whose differences from the forms illustrated by Kidston are quite ajjparent. The form which I have treated as P. dentata should probably be designated as Pecopteris plumosa \a,T. dentata, the combination proposed by Kidston in 1887, since it appears that P. plumosa (Artis) Broiigu. has priority over P. dentata Brongn. The very full synonymy given by Kidston (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xxviii, pt. 1, 1896, p. 205, pis. i-iii) includes the Aphlebia adnata, which he shows to be peculiar to Pecopteris (Dactylotheca) plumosa. '-Hist. v^g. foss., p. 310, pi. cii, figs. 1, 2. ■> Fl. foss. houill. Commentry, p. Ill, pi. xi, figs. I, 2, < Op. cit., p. 119, pi. xii, figs. 1-4. FERNS— PECOPTBEIDE.B—PECOPTERIS. 79 nervils seem to be always simple, and the racliis is punctate. In fact, I should have but little hesitation in referring the fragments to the former species were it not for a slight decurrence of the midrilj and the distinctly villous upper surface of the fertile pinnules. So well marked, however, are these characters that a definite reference of our specimens to that species is plainly not allowable. Still, not wishing on the evidence of the material before me to add to the nomenclature of this already highly differentiated group, I leave the fragments from Missouri, one of which is seen in PI. XXXVI, Fig. 3, with a reference that is both tentative and comparative. Considerable difference as to the punctation of the rachises exists between the specimens from different regions or horizons described by dif- ferent authors as Pecopteris arborescens. In the specimens from Missouri a rachis less than 4 mm. in length is provided with rather distant, very open, upward-curving spines, round at the base, and nearly 2 mm. in length. To the form described above probably belongs a specimen from the same region ^ labeled by Professor Lesquereux as Pecopteris cequalis Brougn. The pinnules in this specimen, PI. XLIV, Fig. 3, 3'', are, however, more than twice as long as, and broader at the top than, those of one of Brong- niart's types" which, in verification of Brongniart's intimation, has been referred by Schimper and Zeiller to P. pennceformis. iocaZi^?/.— Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5588, 5595, 5596. A doubtful fragment which, the nervation being obscure, may belong to P. vestita Lx., is from Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus. 5686. Pecopteris (Asterotheca) hemitelioides Brougu.f PI. XXXV, Fig. 5. Among the hundreds of fragments of Pecopteris from Hobbs's bank is a single specimen, which, though failing to show certain important diagnos- tic characters with sufficient clearness to make positive its identification as Pecopteris hemitelioides Brongn., seems nevertheless to coincide so far with that species in its visible features as to justify its provisional designation by the same name. This fragment, some idea of the outlines of whose pinnae ' No. -t873 of the Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mns. 2 Hist. Y(-g. foss., p. 34.3, pi. cxviii, tigs. 1, 2. 80 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. and pinnules can be gained from Fig. 5, PI. XXXV, represents a segment of a spinous racliis 8 mm. in width, to wliicli are attached three fertile pinnte, the lower surface of which is presented to the ol)server. The i-achises of these pinnse are provided with well-marked, distinct, upward-inclined, acute spinous scales. The sporangia, a sketch of which is shown in Fig. 5a, are situated in a row on each side of the midrib, the attachment being rather nearer the margin. The sporang-ia, nearly 1 mm. long and about .2 mm. in width, tapering to an acute apex, are apparently arranged in foiu's and inclined inward, so that when compressed they lie pointing more or less directly toward the midrib, and covering the greater portion of the pinna. In most cases the outer pair of spoi-angia are developed to a very much larger size than the inner ones, the result being that in the flattened, carbonized mate- rial they only are seen. This condition is very similar to that illustrated in Pecopteris eimeiira by Grrand 'Eury^ and Zeiller.^ In the specimen Ijefore me the nervation is obscured by the sporangia, except in the uppermost small pinnules, where the nervils are simple. This character, together with the striking resemblance of the pinnae and pinnules in form and arrangement to those illustrated by Zeiller in the flora of the Commentry Basin, ^ led me to apply, though not without doubt, the same name, Pecopteris hemitelioides Brongn., to the plant from Missouri. Locality. — Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5594. ■ Pecopteris Jenneyi n. sp. PL XXXVI, Figs. 1, 2. 1897. Pecopteris sp., J). White, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. viii, p. 296. Frond robust, dense; secondary (?) pinna? alternate, open, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute; rachis strong, rigid, irregularly striate and pro- vided with narrowly lanceolate, acute, upward-curved, scaly spines, leav- ing, where broken away, rounded scars; idtimate pinnje alternate, open, close, usually touching or slightly overlapping in the lower part of the superior pinnae, often slightly curved upward, linear, the sides parallel in ' Fl. carb. Loire, pi. vii, fijj;. 3. ' Fl. foss. houill. Ciimiiientry, pi. xi, fig. 4a. 'Op. cit., pi. xi, figs. 6, 6a, 7, To, p. 133. FEE1>I S— PE0OPTEKIDE.E— PECOPTERIS. 8 1 the lower and middle portions, converging near the top to form the obtusely pointed apex; ultimate rachis strong, broadly canaliculate above, rounded beneath, sparsely punctate; pinnules alternate, close, usually nearly con- tiguous, often crowded, open, generally at or nearly at a right angle to the rachis, ovate when small, becoming oblong, rounded at the apex, slightly irreo-ular, very slightly decurrent at the base, the small pinnules joined for a little distance, with a decurring sinus, the large ones distinct to the base, more or less constricted on the upper side of the base by the decm-rent sinus, the largest ones frequently somewhat contracted in the inferior angle also; lamina not very thick, dull, arched near the margin, and marked on the ventral surface by a row of rather distant minute mammillate points in each interneural space; nervation coarse, generally distinct; median nerve rather strong and but slightly if at all decurrent in the large pinnules, depressed slightly, minutely and irregularly lineate, passing nearly to the apex of the pinnule, decurrent in the small pinnules; lateral nerves origi- nating at a very oblique angle, curving at once outward, and forking near the base, normally at a rather open angle, the upper division sometimes forking again in the lower portion of the very large pinnules, in passing with slight upward curvature to the margin, which they reach at an angle of 60°-75°; fructification unknown. In a portion of the specimen illustrated in PI. XXXVI, Figs. 1 and lb, the substance of the pinnules is so macerated that the rather coarse nerva- tion stands out in relief The conditions of preservation have also imparted a rather greater degree of obliquity to the nerves in most of the pinnules than is seen in those specimens in which the lamina is spread out more evenly in the matrix. The pimctations, which are quite distinct in the rachises of the larger pinnae, are sparsely scattered in the fragment of a smaller pinna seen in PI. XXXVI, Fig. 2. In one of the fragments sent l^y Dr. Britts we have a segment of rachis 30 cm. in length, 10 mm. in width at the base, and 8 mm. at the upper end, on which the upward-curved, chafity spines are as much as 3 nmi. in length. This rachis is provided with pinnae a little larger than those seen in Fig. 1, or of nearly the size and appearance of those shown in fig. 3, on pi. xiv, of Zeiller's Flora of the Commentry Basin. Unfortunately this slab is not suited for photographic illustration. The pinnules are generally not so close as in our Fig. 1. The nerves, genera,lly coarse and rather stift' in appearance, usuall}" visible 3I0N XXXVII 6 82 i'LOKA OF LOWEK COAL MEASUEES OF MlSSOUEl. on the upper .surface, are always clear on the lower surface, where they are like fine wu-es, sometimes appearing double, as in a jjortion of the specimen from which the detail, PL XXXVI, Fig la, is drawn. The specimens which I have described under the above name belong to the complex of Pecopteris species, among which Pecopteris oreopteridia (Schloth) Brongn. and P. lepidorachis Brongn. are the most familiar. In fact, I was at first disposed to identify them as the latter species, for, while apparentl}' distinct from the unequivocal type ^ figured by Brongniart, in which the pinnules are narrower, the upper division of the nervils in the larger pinnules in most cases forking again, the fragments from Missouri present a general aspect, form, and arrangement of the pinnae and pinnules so strikingly like those of the specimens illustrated by Zeiller ^ or Potonid ^ as to argue strong'ly, especially in the presence of a similar system of nerva- tion, in favor of their specific identity. But a more minute comj^arison seems to show in the American plant a tendency to greater decurrence in the midi'ibs and smuses; the pinnules, which appear slightly broader in proportion to their length, often contracted on the upper side at the base; nervation distinctly constricted on the lower side also; the midrib rather stronger, and the nervils slightly closer and usually more oblique. In respect to the decurrence of the midrib, the form of the smaller pinnules, the contraction' of the larger pinnules, and the nervation, our plant is some- what intermediate between P. lepidorachis and P. oreopteridia. In the latter, however, the upper uervil is more apt to fork again, even in the smaller pinnules, while the rachis is always smooth. Still, the resemblance to that species as generallv figured is very strong. Pecopteris Jenneyi * has much in common also with P. densifolia Goepp. and P. Daiihreei Zeill.,^ but in the former the pinnules are apparently even more constricted at the base, and, ' Hist. vog. foss., p. 313. pi. ciii, fig. 1. Figure 5 of the same plate is also referred to this species by Brongniart iu the text of I', lepidorachis, but it is also similarly assigued on the opposite page (S12) to P. jihiti/i-achix, with which reference the explanation of the pi. ciil agrees. M. Zeiller (Fl. foss. houill. Commentry, vol. i, p. 127) is disposed, on account of the coarsely punctate rachis, to con- sider it as perhaps one of the types of /'. Itpidorachis, although the nervils are delineated as simple. Lesquereux, however, copied this figure in pi. xli of the Coal Flora (figs. 5, 5a) and gives it as the illustration of P. jilcJi/racliis, a species described as having a smooth rachis. - Fl. foss. houill. Commeutry, pi. xiii, fig. 5 ; pi. xiv, figs. 1-3. 3 Fl. Rothl. Thiiriugen, p. 72, pi. v, figs. 2, 26. ^The small pinnules of P. Jenneyi are usually rather wider proportionately, with more oblique nervation than iu the latter species, as illustrated by Potonie, Fl. Rothl. von Thiiriugen. pi. vii, tigs, la, lb, p. 68. * Fl. foss. houill. Conuuentry, pt. 1, p. 147, pi. xv, figs. 1-5. FERNS— PECOPTERIDE.E—PECOPTERIS. 83 as in P. oreopteridia, the rachis is smooth, while in the latter the surface is villous. Localities.— Y\i(i\\ev\ coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5590, 5597, 5598; Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5599. Pecopteris Candolliana Brougn.' 1828. Pecopteris Gandolliana Broiiguiart, Prodrome, p. 50. 1833 or 1834. Pecopteris CandoUiana Brongniart, Hist. v6g. foss., p. 305, pi. c, figs. 1, la. 1833 or 1834. Pecopteris affinis Brongniart [nou (Schloth.) Stb.], Hist. v^g. foss., p. 306, pi. c, figs. 2, 3. 1883. Pecopteris affinis Brongn., Renault, Cours. bot. fos., vol. iii, p. 109, pi. xvii, flg. 6. 1836. Gyatheites Candolleanus (Brougn.) Goeppert, Systema, ^. 321. 1855. Vyatheites Gandolleamis (Brougn.) G-oepp., Geinitz, Verst. Steink. Sacbsen, p. 24, pi. xxviii, flgs. 12, 13. 1857. Gyatheites Gandollianus (Brougn.) Goepp., Meneghini, Pal. Sardaigne, p. 156, pi. D^^ 1869. Gyatheites Gandolleanus (Brougn.) Goepp., Vou Roehl, Foss. Fl. Steink. West- pbaleus, p. 83 (pi. sii, fig. Zhi). 1876. Gyatheites Gundolleanus (Brongu.) Goepp., Heer, Fl. Foss. Helv., p. 28 (pi. viii, figs. 9, 9&?). 1853. Pecopteris Candolleana Brongn., Andrii, in Germar: Verst. Steinkohlenf. Wettin u. Lobejiiu, p. 108 (pi. xxxviii, tigs. 1-3"?). 1877. Pecopteris Candolleana Brongn., Grand 'Enry, Fl. Garb. Loire, p. 69, pi. viii, fig. 8. 1880. Pecopteris Gandolleana Brongn., Fontaine and I. C. White, Permian Flora, p. 63 (pi. XX, flgs. 1-3?). 1883. Pecopteris Candolleana Brongn., Renault, Cours. bot. foss., vol. iii, p. 109, pi. xvii, flgs. 7, 8, 8 his. 1869. Pecopteris (Cyatheides) Gandolleana Brongn., Schimper, Traite, vol. 1, p. 500. 1869. Cyathocarpus Candolleanus (Brongu.) Weiss, Foss. Fl. jiingst. Steink. u. Eothl. Saar Rh. Geb., p. 85. 1879. Pecopteris Candollei Brongn., Zeiller, Veg. foss. terr. houill., p. 84. 1883. Scolecopteris Gandolleana (Brongu.) Stur, Zur Morpb. System. Culm- u Carbon- Farne, p. 123. 1888. Pecopteris (Asterotheca) Candollei Brongn., Zeiller, Fl. foss. houill. Commentry vol. i, p. 128, pi. xi, flg. 3. 1890. Pecopteris {Asterotheca) Candollei Brongn., Zeiller, Fl. foss. houill. perm. Autuu et fipinac, p. 47, pi. viii, figs. 5, 6. The specimen which I refer to this rare species is by its form, the outlines of the pinnules, and its nervation so closely related to t'lie Old World plant that its reference to the same species seems quite justified. ' strict arlherence to the law of priority requires tlie use of the orthography given by Brongniart in the "Prodrome" and the "Histoire." 84 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL Although the stratig-rapliic position of the beds near Clinton would seem to be rather low for this form, it has already been reported in speci- mens/ which seem to me questionable, from beds no younger at Mazon Creek, Illinois, as well as from Mount Hope, Rhode Island." Locality. — Pitcher's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5653. Pecopteris squamosa Lx. 1870. Pecopteris squamosa Lesquereux, Rept. Geol. Surv. Illiuoi.s, vol. iv, p. 400, pi. xii, ligs. 1-4, pi. xiii, figs. 10, 11. 1879. Pecopteris squamosa Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 7, pi. xxxix, tigs. 12, 1-3, 13fl; text, vol. i (1880), p. 235. 1899. Pecopteris squamosa Lx., D. White, 19th Aun. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv,, pt, 3, p. 494. The species fi-om Mazon Creek, Illinois, described by Lesquereux under the above name is one of the smallest of the genus Pecopteris. It is, as seen in numerous speciiliens from Cannelton, Pennsylvania, somewhat conspicuously characterized by the rigid, close, narrowly linear, very open pinnse, tapering from the base to the slender, acute apex, and the small, narrow, open, crowded, villous pinnules. The uppermost pinnae and pin- nules are extremely small and delicate. The nervils are very open, simple in the smaller pinnules, forking once in the lower part of the larger ones. The specific details of this plant are given with unusual fullness by its author in the Coal Flora,'' and should be carefully consulted by anyone making a comparison of the species with other forms. Unfortunately, illustrations of the ordinary and typical fragments are still lacking. The specimens sent by Dr. Britts from Missouri are in perfect agree- ment with those from Mazon Creek and Cannelton. One fragment of a tri- pinnate frond from the last-named locality contains a segment of a rachis 16 mm. in width, provided with close, linear-lanceolate acuminate pinnse 48 cm. in length. The obliquity of these lateral pinna3 with reference to the rachis would seem to indicate a position for them in the upper part of the frond, which, in that case, must have been of great size. A number of examples from the same place show the pinnge well preserved in nervation. It should be remarked that while the features of the pinnae and pinnules remain the same in both the old and the young specimens, the squamose character is often less obvious in some of the large segments. ' Lesquereux, Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iv, 1870, p. 401. - Am. Niit., vol. xviii, 1884, p. 922. ^Vol. i, p. 235. FEENS— PECOPTERIDE.E— PEGOPTERIS. 85 The sori, altlioiigh insufficiently clear to show the sjjorangia, are small, sittiated near the margin, and a little distant. Pecopteris squamosa, which is perhaps intermediate Ijetween the groups represented by P. arborescens or P. cyatJiea on the one hand and P. vestita on the other, is easily distinguished from the other plants from Henry County by the size and rigidity of the very slender tapering pinnse and the small, very narrow, open, crowded, thick pinnules, in which the nervils are usually totally obscured. Localities. — Pitcher's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6816-581S; Henry County, Missouri, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5600. Pecopteris pseudovestita u. sp. PL XXVIII, Figs. 1, 2, 2fl ; PI. XXIX, PI. XXX, PL XXXI, Figs. 1, 2, 3 ! ; PI. XXXII, Figs. 1,2. 1879. Aletkopteriii ambigua Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. G, pi. xxxi, figs. 2, 3 (4!); text, vol. i (1880), p. 182 (pars). 1879. Pecopteris clintoni Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 8, pi. xlii, figs. 5, 5a-b; text, vol. i (1880), p. 251 (pars). 1879. Pecopteris vestita Lesquereux, Coal Flora (Atlas, p. 8, pi. xliii, figs. 5, 5a?); text, vol. i (1880), p. 252 (pars). 1897. Pecopteris u. sp., D. White, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. viii, p. 300. Frond very large, long, tri- or quadripinnate ; primary (?) pinnae very long, linear-lanceolate, contracted toward the base, the sides nearly parallel in the middle, acute or acuminate at the apex ; rachis broad, rigid, straight, dull, finely but irregularly lineate; pimiiB of the next order alternate, at a right angle to the rachis below, becoming- somewhat oblique above, the higher ones often curving somewhat upward, close, generally slightly over- lapping, especially in the lower part of the frond, oblong-linear or linear- lanceolate, contracted a little at the base, the sides slightly convex in the middle portion, and somewhat abrujjtly converging near the point to form an acute or acuminate apex, the rachis being broad and rigid; ultimate pinnae alternate, very open, the middle and lower ones at a right angle to the rachis or slightly reflexed, the upper ones frequently nearly at a right angle or but slightly oblique, somewhat irregular, seldom parallel, with a tendency to curve slightly upward, often a little distant, but usually close, and sometimes touching or slightly overlapping, oblong-lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, the sides nearly parallel below and in the middle, rapidly con- verging near the top to an obtuse apex, which consists of an ovate terminal pinnule; ultimate pinnae succeeded near the apex of the superior pinnae by 86 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL diminishing pinnatifid and simple pinnules; pinnules alternate, open, gen- eralh' at or nearly at a right angle to the rachis, hardly decurrent except near the apex or in the youngest pinnae, irregular, slightly unequal, seldom parallel, sometimes slightly upward curved, a little distant, close, or some- times touching, oval or ovate, and cut to laear the rachis by a slightl}' decurrent sinus when small, becoming oblong, or linear, the sides parallel, usually uneven, the apex round, separated to the rachis or even slightly constricted at the base by the decurrent sinus before becoming pinnatifid; lowest pinnules of the pinna slightly reduced, the uppermost ]5innules par- tially united with the ovate terminal pinnule; lamina dull, generally opaque or minutely rugose, often rather broadly canaliculate over the mid- rib, arching upward between the midrib and the margin, where it is often flattened to form a narrow shallow gutter; nervation not very distinct; midrib rather strong, sometimes slightly decurrent at the base, faintly lineate, depressed to near the apex in the well-preserved fragments; lateral nerves originating at a moderate angle, forking at a wide angle near the midrib, the lower branch curving to the margin, the up|)er branch arching strongly near the midrib and forking again, the nervils passing out nearly at a right angle to the border, the middle nervil forking again as the pin- nule approaches the crenulate stage, those in the lobes of the pinnatifid pinnules being rather close, curving strongly outward, and forking again as the lobes become more deeply dissected; fertile pinnae of the same form as the sterile pinnte, a little more distant or slightly reduced; sori in a row, situated within the border of the pinnule or lobe, often appearing as rather large, noncontiguous, roundish,- pustular elevations of the lamina on the upper surface of the pinnule, or, when mature and crushed, seeming to cover the lower surface; sporangia oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or rounded at the base, tapering above to an acute point, opening by a ventral cleft, and attached, apparently by or near the base in groups of four or more. When the first consignment of fossils from Henry County, Missouri, was received at the United States National Museum, several years ago, I attempted the identification of the species of Pecojiteris, but found myself entirely unable to distinguish, in jiractical usage, the three species described and figured in the Coal Flora from this region. In fact, it immediately became quite plain that not only were the same forms refen-ed to both Pecopteris clintoni Lx. and CaUipteridlum membranaceuni Lx., but it also FERNS— PECOPTEEIDE.5:—PECOPTERIS. 87 appeared that forms belonging to more than one species had been included tinder each name. Afterwards, when additional collections had come, and the series of allied forms was represented by nearly a thousand specimens, it was evident that a revision woiild be necessary. Pending, however, the removal of the Lacoe collection to Washington, all further study of this group in the material from Missouri was postponed. Since that time the consummation of the gift of Mr. Lacoe's invaluable collection of Paleozoic plants to the United States National Museum has given me the opportunity to study the magnificent series of Pecoterids therein, including the types of species contained in the Missouri material. Accordingly, in the following- discussions of the species concerned, I shall make reference to the specimens identified by Professor I^esquereux, some of which are herein illustrated. Among the collections there are several hundred specimens represent- ing a well-defined species, which is distinguished from the other forms present by the close oblong pinnae, with smooth rachises and very shghtly rugose, opaque, nearly smooth lamina in which the nerves are generally fairly well shown. The Tertiary pinnae are oblong-linear or oblong, slightly contracted at the base, the sides nearly jjarallel, and somewhat abruptly contracted at the top in an acute point terminated by an ovate pinnule The pinnules are close^ open nearly at a right angle to the rachis, proportionately narrow, hardly decurrent, and very uneven in their position. The lamina is depressed rather strongly over the midrib and repand at the margin. The nerves differ from those of the other species by their more erect position near the midrib and the more strongly arched nervils, which pass more nearly at right angles to the margin, besides being irregular or somewhat crooked and closer. A large slab containing segments of parallel primary pinnae of this plant, the broad section of whose rachises indicates a very great size for the species, is shown in PI. XXIX. These segments are interesting from the fact that the jiarallelism of their position seems to indicate a relation- ship of both the contained segments as subdivisions of a pinna of a still higher order, a condition still more strongly suggested by a section of a fertile frond on another slab. In this fertile specimen a section of a pinnate rachis of nearly the size seen in the larger slab is seen in union at an oblique angle with a still larger rachis, the entire width of which is unfortunately not shown in the specimen. 88 FLOEA OF LOWEE COAL MEASUEES OF MISSOUEI, The segments on the large slabs are also of importance as showing in dii-ect connection on the same pinna the acute or aciiminate apices of the lateral compound pinnte, some variation in the obtuseness of the ultimate pinnje, and, in particular, the presence of slightly macerated portions in which the pinnules are flattened and spread out, in contrast to the well- preserved portions, in which the lamina is arched and broadly canaliculate over the midrib, so as to g'ive the pinnse an Alethopteroid aspect. The supei-ficial characters seen in the upper lateral pinnse in the center of the large slab will at once be recognized in Fig. 1, PI. XXXI, one of the figured types^ of Alethopteris ambigua Lx. (No. 3093, Lacoe collection), and tlie detail of the nervation in the latter (PI. XXXI, Fig. \a) agrees ec|ually well. The original (No. 3094, Lacoe collection) of fig. 3 of the same plate in the Coal Flora presents precisely the same features, both in the form and in the details, as is seen in the type of fig. 2, both specimens- Ijeing unques- tionable representatives of the species illustrated in PI. XXIX. The reference of Nos. 3093, 3094, 3095, 3096, and a number of other Missom'i specimens of this form to Alethopteris was presumedly due to the iiTegularity of the pinnules and the rather strongly depressed midrib, sug- gestive of Alethopteris amhigua, as well as to the scarcity of the smaller and jjinnatifid fragments of the latter species in the author's hands at the time the description was written. The real difference of the nervation of the two species, which will be illustrated in Pis XXVIII, XXXIII, and XXVI, Fig. 1«, is indicated even in figs. 1« and 3« of the plate in the Coal Flora. The same conclusion as to specific identity is to be drawn from tlie details of No. 3174, Fig. 1, PL XXVIII, which was one of the types used in Professor Lesquereux's original description of P. cUntoni. No. 3179 and several other examples from Missouri in the same collection are also frag- ments of the same plant, being quite easily distinguishable from the other form originally included in tlie species last mentioned. The pinnse seen in PI. XXX are presumabl}' from the middle or lower portions of the frond. Toward the extremity of the large pinn?e corre- sponding to those on the large slab, the rachis tapers quite rapidly, the I Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 182, pi. xxxi, fig. 2. ■ Unfortunately the original of fig. 3 of pi. xxxi of the Coal Flora is not suited to illustration by photograph y. FERNS— PECOPTERIDE.E—PECOPTERIS. 89 ultimate lateral pinnse being succeeded hj very small pinnge or pinnatiiid pinnules. An intermediate stage is seen in the illustration of No. 3179/ PI. XXVIII, Fig. 2, while the pinnatitid higher stage is shown in PI. XXX, and PI. XXXII, Fig. 1, the enlarged details of the pinnules being given in PI. XXX, Figs. \a-c, though the pinnas are often more obtuse. Still lower, however, than the pinnse shown in the large slab, the lateral pinnse become considerably broadened, the pinnules also assuming a crenulate phase, though both the outlines and the details are conformable to the type. The characters of the fertile pinna3, as noted in the above description, are quite uniform. When first appearing in specimens showing the upper surface of the lamina, the sori appear fls small pustular, noncontiguous elevations, arranged in a row nearl}- midway between the midrib and the margin in the pinnules and lobes, which are slightly reduced and rather more coriaceous than in the sterile pinnae. In Fig. 2, PI. XXXI, of No. 3097,^ in the Lacoe collection, chosen for illustration on account of its better adaptation to photography, the sori are expressed faintly through the fertile portion of the fragment. At a later stage they seem to occupy most of the surface of the pinnule, from beneath which, when crushed, as is usually the case, the sharp apices of the sporangia may protrude in a man- ner observed in the genus Scolecopteris Zenk. PI. XXXII, Fig. 2, shows a fragment from a portion of a frond which is also referable to this species, probably corresponding nearly to the position seen in the large slab, PI. XXIX. It represents the upper surface of the pinnules, a portion of which show traces of the sporangia. It is very rarely possible to gain an adequate idea of the sporangia when the lower surface of the pinna is exposed, since they are in every case badly crushed. Still it seems fairly certain that the sporangia are usually in groups of four attached by the obtuse base, the upper, pointed, free ends being erect, on which account they are generally broken down or matted in the impression so as to obscure the arrangement. Fig. 3ff on PI. XXXI will serve to illustrate the appearance of the sporangia in one of the speci- mens which I somewhat doubtfully refer to this species, although the view (ventral surface) of the pinnule presented is not suitable for detailed illus- tration. 'Identified by Professor Lesquereux as Pecopteris cUntOHi; in the Lacoe collection. -Identified by Professor Lesquereux as Methopteris ambigiia. 90 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL As I was somewhat uncertain as to the generic reference of the fertile pinnae, a few fragments were sent to Prof. R. Zeiller, who is preeminently experienced in the determination of carbonized fertile Paleozoic ferns. This distinguished author, who has had the kindness to examine these frag- ments, writes that he considers them as somewhat intermediate between Asterotheca and Scolecopteris, though probably much nearer the Asterothcca type, especially as that is seen in Pecopieiis (^Asterotheca) hemitelioides Brongn. My own .observations lead me to accept Professor Zeiller's con- clusion, for the sporangia appear to me to be attached by the base, without pedicels, while at the same time they are larger, broader, and less acute than in any described species of Scolecopteris. They appear in part con- siderably like the figure given by Stur' as Hawlea M'lltoni. It is hoped that additional details may be brought out in future in the course of a more leisurely study of this and other fertile species in this flora. The original (No. 3173 of the Lacoe collection) of fig. 5 on pi. xlii of the Coal Flora, described as the fruit of Pecopteris clintoni, appears to me to be indistinguishable from the fertile pinnse of Pecopteris pseudovestita seen in many fragments from Pitcher's coal bank. The oval bodies delineated as sporangia are the protuberances of the upper surface of the slightly macerated lamina over the sori. The sporangia themselves appear to belong to the type described above. It should be noted that the fertile pinnules do not taper as much as represented in the artist's drawing, nor are the sterile pinnules above so broad and compact. Very good examples of the fertile pinna?, of our species are seen in Nos. 3142 and 3127, labeled P. vesfita, of the Lacoe collection, while 3140 is typical of P. pseudovestita. However, in No. 3097 of the Lacoe collection, mentioned above, we have a well-preserved segment labeled Alethopteris amhigua in which a portion is fertile, the sporangia being expressed on the upper surface of the lamina. Several other fossil specimens, also labeled Alethopteris amhigua, agree in all respects with the fertile pinnae of our species and should be referred thereto. Among the Old World species, Pecopteris pseudovestita is perhaps most similar to the smallest pinnae of P. abbreviata Brongli. In the latter sj^ecies, however, the corresponding parts are very much larger and the pinnae much more oblique, while the nervation is not so dense. From P. oreopteridia iFarne d. Carbon-Fl., p. 106, tigs. 176-c. FEEI^S— PECOPTERIDE.E— PECOPTERIS. 9 1 Brongn., which it resembles in its lateral pinnae and terminal pinnules, our species differs by its irregular, flexuous, and generally more open pinnpe, the irregular pinnules, and the more compact, outward-arched nervils. Besides the differentiating characters of form, texture, and ner^'ation, mentioned at the outset of these remarks, Pecopteris liseudovestita can further be distinguished from P. dintoni Lx. and P. vestita Lx. by the irregularity of the pinnge and pinnules, the latter being slightly unequal, and the sporangia, which are longer and more pointed than in P. cl'mtoni, and much broader, more crowded, and larger than P. vestita. The most striking distinctions for our species, however, are the obtuseness of the lateral pinnpe, the smooth rachis, the absence of villosity in the sterile pinnpe, and the quite different nervation. Localities. — Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5644, 5648, 5725, 5775, 5776, 5780, 5781, 5784, 5786, 5788, 5790, 5791, 5794, 5799, 5800, 5809; Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5778, 5789. Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5777, 5783, 5793?, 57971, 5798, 5801; Henry County, Mis- souri, Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus., 3093, 3097, 3174, 3179; Deep- water, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5779?. Pecopteris vestita Lx. PI. XXXIII, Figs. 1-6; PI. XXVI, Pig. 1. 1879. Pecopteris vestita Lesquen-ux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. S, pi. xliii, figs. 1-7 (5?); text, vol. i (1880), p. 2.52 (pars). 1883. Pecopteris vestita Lesquereux, ISth Rept. Geol. Surv. Indiana, pt. 2, pi. xiv, figs. 1, Irt. 1889. Pecopteris vestita Lx., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Peunsylvania, vol. ii, p. 612, text fig. Frond rather large, spreading, somewhat dense; jjrimary (?) pinnae lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, slightly lax; rachis rather slender, slightly flexed at the bases of the secondary pinn*, sparsely punctate; secondary pinnae alternate, open, the lower ones at a right angle to the rachis or reflexed, the upper ones somewhat oblique, usually touching or overlapping a little, linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the rachis being rather slender, straight or slightly curved, generally rigid, slightly rounded on the dorsal side, minutely lineate, with rather distant and not very large punctations; ultimate pinnae alternate, very open, the lower ones slightly reflexed, close or touching, the upper ones becoming more distant, but slightly decurrent, oblong, or oblong-triangular when small, becoming lanceolate-triangular and 92 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL very long linear-triangular when large, tapering nearly the whole length, the sides converging rather more rapidly in approaching the rather slender tip; ultimate rachis slightly terete beneath, sulcate on the ventral surface, rather slender, rigid, or slightly curved; pinnules alternate, close, usually nearly touching, sometimes a little distant, open, the lower ones nearly at a right angle to the rachis, decurrent; when young-, oval, curving outward, and connected halfway up, becoming oblong or oblong-ovate, narrowing slightly from the base up toward the obtusely rounded tip, separated to near the rachis by a very narrow decurrent sinus that cuts to near the mid- rib on the upper side of the larg-est pinnules ; lamina of moderate thickness, depressed over the midrib, arched slightly backward at the margins, nar- rowly decurrent from the bases of the pinnules, either rather densely covered with short scales or scaly hairs lying parallel to the nervation, or, when macerated, appearing brownish or transparent, the scaly covering usually remaining, however, in portions of the specimen; nervation clear on the dorsal surface of the pinnule, or more or less distinct in the macerated specimens; midrib rather slender, more or less decurrent, and tapering to near the apex of the larger pinnules; lateral nerves line, originating at a rather wide angle and either, in the smallest pinnules, turning upward, simple, or, in the larger pinnules, forkiiig near the base, and passing, with slight curvature, quite obliquely to the margin, the upper branch forking again in the largest simple pinnules; fructification in small sori situated a little distant in a row a little within the margin of the pinnules or lobes; sporangia 4 to 6 in the sori, small, lanceolate, acute at the upper end, attached at or near the larger rounded lower end. Fecopteris vestita Lx., which was originally described from the vicinity of Clinton, Missouri, is represented among the collections in hand by a fine series of typical specimens. The species is in general fairly well marked by the long, tapering, slender pinnae, the pinnules broadest near the base and decurrent, the upper sui'face densely covei'ed by short scalelike hairs or very minute chaffy scales arranged parallel to the nerves, which the}' generally obscure, and the slender oblique nervation. The fossil shown in PI. XXXIII, Fig. 2, presumably a secondary pinna, corresponds in size and in details to one of the lateral pinnse arranged alternately along a slightly flexuous rachis, about 6 mm. in diameter, on one of the larger slabs. The pinnse in Fig. 5, especially in the upper part, FERNS- PECOPTE1UDE.E—PECOPTERIS. 93 are comparable to those seen in tig. 6, pi. xliii, of the Atlas to the Coal Flora. In this case the specimen is macerated enough to permit the satis- factory discovery of the nervation over a considerable portion of its area, although in the darker portions traces of the villosity are expressed on this, the dorsal, aspect. The lowest pinnules of the fragment are slightly crenu- late, representing the beginning of the transition to the pinnatifid stage illustrated in Fig. 2, the further development of which is seen in Fig. 3, PI. XXVI. The phase shown in Fig. 2, PI. XXXIII, is the most common aspect of the fragments in the collections. Specimens with pinnatifid pinnules as small as those shown in fig. 7 of the plate in the Coal Flora are very rare in the collection. In Fig. 4, PI. XXXIII, are shown the small lateral pinnse of a villous fragment in which the course of the nerves can be dimly discerned among the crowded scalelike hairs. Simple pinnae of the type seen in Fig. 1, PL XXXIII, and Fig. 6 or Fig. 7, are not rare in the collection. In the last figure, which is. somewhat suggestive of Pecopteris arborescens Brongn., the position of the immature sori is indicated on the upper surface by a row of small, rather distant points on either side of the midrib. Fertile pinnae of PecojJteris vestita are not rare in the recent collections from Henry County, though I have seen none that show the details of the sporangia stnicture. As noted in the descriptions, the groups of sporangia are a little distant and well within the margin. The sporangia, which are somewhat smaller than in P. pseiulovestita, are usually four to the sorus, oval-lanceolate, acute, about 1 mm. long and .4 mm. wide in the lower part From their deep-seated position on the lamina and the apparent absence of pedicels, I am inclined to regard them as referable to the Asterotheca type. A number of specimens of the form described above, identified as this species by Lesquereux, are in the Lacoe collection, Nos. 3141 and 3146 being among the clearest and best. Many fertile fragments labeled as this species by Professor Lesquereux should be referred to Pecopteris pseudovestita, as is remarked in the discussion of that species. Pecopteris vestita may nearly always be quite easily distinguished from P. pseudovestita by the more slender, more rigid, and much more tapering pinnae, hardly contracted at the ba,se; by the much more regular, parallel, and decurrent pinnules, tapering more from the base upward, with apices not so rounded; by the lamina, clothed on the upper surface with minute 94 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL scales or scaly hairs, which may generally be discovered even in some por- tions of the most macerated specimens; by the more oblique, straighter, fewer, and more even nerves, and by the rather more distant sori and the smaller sporang-ia. From the form described by Lesquereux from Mazon Creek, Illinois, and from other localities as '■'■Pecopteris villosa Brongn.?," to which it is more closely related than to any other species, the Missouri plant seems to differ by the less robust jjinnse, the more decurrent pinnules, and the more oblique nervation in the pinnatifid pinnules. The racliis in the plant so common at Mazon Creek is rather more densely and conspicu- ously punctate. The Lacoe collection contains examples from the Radstock coal field and the Forest of Dean, in England, which seem hardly separable from the forms identified by Lesquereux as ^^ Pecopteris villosa Brongn.?" P. vestita differs from P. clintoni by its smaller size, more acute lateral pinnre, narrower and much more regular pinnules, not naiTOwed at the base, rather closer and a little coarser nervation, and its small, acute sporangia. Localities. — Most common at Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5646, 6647, 5683, 5684, 5685, 5688, 5745, 5754, 5755, 5758, 5760, 5766, 5767, 5770, 5773, 5808, 5822: Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5746, 5748, 6753, 5765, 5769, 5771, 6773!, 5774; Pitcher's bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6747, 5762, 6753, 5756?, 5759, 5761, 5762, 5763, 6768; Henry County, Missouri, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6666, 5749, 5757. Pecopteris clintoni Lx. PI. XXXIV: PI. XXXY, Fig. 4. 1879. Pecopteris Clintoni Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 8, pi. xlii, figs. 1-3, '6a, 4, la (uou figs. 5, ija~h)\ test, vol. i (1880), p. 251 (pars). 1870. Ckdlipieridium membrmiaceum Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 6, pi. xxvii, figs. 5, 5a. (uon figs. 6, 7, 8); text, vol. i (1880), p. 172 (pars). Frond large, tri- or polypinnate; secondary (?) pinnae lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, lax, somewhat polymorphous, and provided near the apex with confluent pinnatifid pinnules; rachis broad, lineate, flat, lax; lateral pinnae alternate, open, at a right angle to the rachis at the base, becoming oblique above, generally rather distant, sometimes close or con- tiguous, irregular, lax, flexuous, lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, the lower ones often slender and acute, the upper ones more obtuse; pinnules alternate, very open in the middle, generally close, often contiguous, decurrent, poly- FEKNS— PECOi'TERlDE^— PECOPTERIS. 95 morphous, oval, ovate or oblong-, obtuse, sometimes irregularly lobed when becoming pinnatifid, connate for some distance, especialh* in the younger pinnge, dissected by a narrow, deeply decurrent sinus when large; lamina rather thin, villous, generally flat, or nearly so; nervation usually obscure; median nerve more or less decurrent, strong at the base, and vanishing in the upper part of the pinnule; nervils distant, fine, originating at a rather narrow angle, forking once near the base, the upper branch, sometimes both branches in the larger pinnules, forking again, and passing very obliquely to the margin; sporangia oval, averaging .5 mm. in length and .4 mm. in width, arranged 5 to 7 in the sorus, which, when crushed, nearly covers the lower surface of the pinnule. This species as described and illustrated by Lesquereux^ is not infre- quent in the Missouri material, especially in that from Hobbs's coal bank. In these specimens, as well as in the many examples from this region in the Lacoe collection labeled with this name by Lesquereux, the most striking features which appear on first glancing at the specimens are the variability in the size of the pinnae and pinnules, the lax and the irregular attitude of the pinnse, and the frequent occurrence of a heteromorphous development near the apices of some of the pinnge.^ In many specimens this is much more marked than is shown in the specimen given in fig. 1 of the plate in the Coal Flora. The decurrent bases of the pimmles, foi-ming a marginal wing even in the larger pinnules, and the degree of the conna- tion of the pinnules in the smaller pinnse, are suggestive of a Sphenopterid relation. In some of the examples, Hke that illustrated, PI. XXXIV, the leaf substance is so macerated that it is possible, especially on the lower side, to see the nervation, which in better-preserved fragments, such as the one shown in Fig. 4, PI. XXXV, is very much if not totally obscured beneath the villous covering. Traces of the villosity are, however, to be seen in nearly all the specimens. A number of macerated and semitransparent specimens of this type, from the same region, were labeled b}' Lesquereux as CalUpteridium mem- hranaceum Lx. Among the examples of such a reference in the Lacoe 'CoElI^ora, vol. 1, p. 251, pi. xlii, figs. 1-4, 4a (not figs. 5,5a-*). 2 This, of course, does not apply to the small specimens of the smooth plaut with difterent form and nei'vatiou, which I have described as I'ecoptcris pseitdoveslita. 96 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL collection are Nos. 3182, 3184, 3185, and 3191, all of which show the form and nervation, us well as the villosity, of Pecopteris cUntoui. Similarly, as might be suspected from a comparison of figs. 4 and 6 on pi. xxvii in the Coal Flora, with figs. 4 and 6, respectively, of pi. xlii of the same work, Nos. 3181 and 3183, the originals, respectively, of these figures, fail, so far as I am able to discover, to present an Alethopteroid nervation, and after a careful examination, being unable to discern the nervation delineated by the artist, I do not hesitate to refer both of them to the Pecopteris dintoni. An obscure fertile segment which seems referable to this species is also present in the collection. The flattened sporangia are generally oval, often squarrose, or obovate-squarrose, and usually crowded on the surface of the pinnule. Five, six, or seven are usually grouped in the sorus, the arrangement being apparently about a short central column; but in many cases in which the group contains seven or six sporangia, one of the latter appears to occupy a central position. The cells of the sporangium wall, which seems to open by a cleft extending downward from the apex, are elongated in the direction of the longer axis of the sporangium. As has already been stated, the sporangia seen in the original of fig. 5 on pi. xlii of the Coal Flora are, though obscure, probably of the type found in connection with the Pecopteris pscudovestita, to which the some- what erroneously delineated sterile portions of the specimen seem also referable. Although Pecopteris dintoni presents rarely in the upper pinnee a form similar to Callipteridiiim membranaceum Lx., it is easily distinguished by the nervation when the latter is seen, as well as by tlie almost constantly pres- ent villosity. In reality the general aspect of the pinna of this species is Pecoptei'oid or slightly Sphenopteroid, quite in contrast to the Alethopteroid phase of the Callipteridiiim. The pinnae of our species are considerably larger, more obtuse, more irregular and lax than those of P. vestita, while the rachis is not punctate. The nervation also in P. dintoni is more distant and generally more oblique. With P. pseudovestita P. dintoni is not likely to be confused, on account of the greater size, more oj^en arrangement of the pinnae, the much larger, decurrent, polymorphous, tapering, villous pin- nules, the distant fine, relatively straight, very oblique, and more simple nerves, and the much smaller and more rounded sporangia in the latter. FERNS— PEOOPTERIS—BRITTSIA. 97 From the closely resemblant species Sphenopteris Integra, as figured in Grermar's "Versteinerungen,"^ our species is distinguished by the more open divisions, the pinnules usually not curved so much upward, with bases not so rhombic, while the midrib is not so slender or flexuous. LocaUtics. — Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5730, 5732, 5737, 5751!; Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5505, 5506, 5729, 5733, 5735, 5750"?; Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5608?, 5728, 5731, 5734; Henry County, Missouri, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5823. Pecoptekis sp. iudet. Among the obscure and specifically indeterminate Pecopteroid frag- ments are two specimens showing a delicate, translucent, oblique pinnuled plant, somewhat suggestive of some of the unillustrated examples from Mazon Creek, Illinois, referred by Professor Lesquereux to Peeopteris ser- pinifolia. The Missouri form has, however, the sides of the pinnules more nearly parallel and the nervils more open and forking once in the larger pinnules. The material appears insufficient to justify an attempt at a more com- plete description or comparison. Locality. — Owen's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5601, 5602. Pecoptekis meetensides Lx. MSS. Another new species of Pecopteris was distinguished and described by Professor Lesquereux in manuscript, which it is lioped may be published at an early date. The quotation of the nonien nudum in this place is sufficient to indicate the presence in our flora of this species, which was named Pecop- teris mertensides. Locality. — Henry County, Missouri, No. 4869 of the Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus. IISrCERT.gE SEDIS. BRITTSIA gen. nov. Frond (?) consisting of broad, pinnate, dilate, palmate-open, lax-nerved, somewhat fleshy expansions of the rachial lamina, on the upper surface of which are placed the more or less distinctl}' imbricated pinnules. Type, Brittsia problematica. ' Page 67, pi. xxviii, figs. 1-4. MON XXXVII 7 98 FLOliA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL Brittsia problematica n. sp. PI. XL VII, Figs. 1-5; PI. XL\"III, Figs. 1-3. Primary pinnte small, oval or round, cousisting of a short, broad, lax, flattened axis, from ^^-hieli radiate, distichously, Ungulate creuulated thalloid (?) branches or secondary pinnae, each of which is provided with two rows, one on each side of the rachis, of alternate, denticulate, imbricated scales or pinnules; main axis rather coarsely and irregularh" striate, as if to correspond to the course of lax vascular bundles, -4 to 8 cm. long or longer, 2 to 5 mm. or more in width at the base, expanded and relaxed to a much greater width in the middle, dissolving somewhat rapidly at the top, and bordered on either side by a rather thick lamina which extends along tlie lateral pinnae, joining them near their bases; lateral pinnae alternate, close, usually somewhat ovei'lapping-, the lowest much reflexed, the middle ones at a right angle to the axis, the upper ones becoming more oblique, so as to impart a somewhat radial effect, Ungulate, 1 to 5 cm. long, 7 to 10 mm. broad, slightly narrower at the base, often broadest in the upper part, obtusely rounded at the apex, each pinna composed of a broad, sinuate, bandlike, lax rachis at a right angle to, or but slightly decurrent to, the principal axis, 1.5 to 3 mm. wide, giving off short, oblique branches alternately and regularly at intervals of from 2.5 to 5 mm. on the same side, which pass through and out of the rachial lamina or border close to the rachis to enter the pinnules; border of the lateral rachises continuous with tliat of the main axis, not very thick, minutely coriaceous, 2 to 5 mm. wide on either side, the margin obscure, apparently broken in'egu- larly or crenulate-erose, depressed in shallow pits, or gathered slightly at the vascular base of each pinnule; pinnules alternate, originating one from each of the vascular pits in the rachial lamina, asymmetric, ovate, or obovate- cuneate, 8 to 12 mm. long, 5 to 8 mm. wide, apparently narrow at the point of attachment, arching outward at first, then broadening and spreading over the rachial lamina, inclined upward, imbricating, the margin incised in sharp or rather broad, not very long teeth; leaf substance of pinnules not very thick; nervation coarse, broad, flabellate from the base of the pinnule in a broad fascicle, the wide strands forking two to four times at a narrow angle and arching somewhat in their passage to the extremities of the teeth. A general idea of the form and habit of this somewhat problematic FEENS— INCERT^ SEDIS— BEITTSIA. 99 plant may be gained from an inspection of the forms shown in PI XL VII, Fig. 3, and PI. XLVIII, Figs. 1 and 3. All of the pinnae are of the same type and agree in tlie expansion of the flat axis above the base in the middle portion of the pinna, the surface being marked by coarse, irregular striffi corresponding to the vascular bundles which are spread out in broad, lax, sinuate bands in the lateral pinnge. The marginal lamina of the main axis is continuous with that of the lateral rachises, forming lingulate expan- sions about the latter. A marked feature in the lateral pinnse, however, is the position of the pinnules in a different plane from the lamina. The pinnules originate, apparently with much constricted bases, at alternating points on the lamina close to the rachis, the roundish, pitlike vascular cica- trices, when the pinnules are fallen or removed, giving the general effect of sori or sporangia on the lamina. This character is seen in Fig. 3, PI. XLVII, or Fig. 3 on PI. XLVIII, in which, as in most of the specimens, the pinnules are wholly removed and only the marginal lamina is left. It is difficult to determine whether these pits marking the passage of the vascular bundles to the pinnules are actually within the margin of this rachial lamina or not. In a number of cases the broad expanse of the lamina seems continuous around the cicatrice, as though the pinnule emerged from its surface. Nev- ertheless, it is quite possible, and would be more natural, for the pinnules to spring from very deep sinuses on the lamina, whpse greatly dilated broad expansions on the same side overlap so compactly as to have every appear- ance of a continuous limb. These expansions, one of which is shown in Fig. 4, PL XLVII, not only lie in the approximate plane of the rachis, but they may clearly be traced distinctly separate from the pinnules opposite them; and, although the margins are generally obscure and apparently erose or crenulate, the attachment of the pinnules is evidently quite narrow. The pinnules themselves are borne in two rows on each of the lateral pinnge. From the point of attachment, marked by the cicatricial pits in the depinuuled pinnae, they curve outward slightly, then inward so that those on one side of the rachis overlap those on the other side, alternately imbri- cating, the combined expanse of both rows being much greater than the rachial lamina. In Fig. 1, PI. XLVIII, is shown the greater part of a frond (!) in the lower left of which the pinnules are still in place, as is better illus- trated in Fig. Iffl. Fig. 2, the photographic enlargement, 2a, and the details, Fio-. 2b, show the double series of broken pinnules still in their normal 100 FLOEA OF LOWER COAL MEASUEES OF MISSOURI. arrangement, the racliis and racliial lamina tog'ether with the bases of the pinnules having been lifted away. It seems probable that these pinnules are somewhat convex, curving out away, from the lamina, and that normally they are somewhat raised, oblique to the plane of the rachis. The nerves are broad and flat, forking dichotomously and passing somewhat llabellately into the not very long, rather blunt teeth. It is a notexs^orthy fact that the surface of the primary (!) pinufe in most of the specimens is concave or convex, the ends, the lateral pinnse, being reflexed or rolled back from the side bearing the pinnules. Thus in one fragment the lateral pinnae are rolled halfway back. Fig. 1 , PI. XLVII, representing the axial side, while Fig. 2 shows the opposite sides of the body nearly covered by the reflexed pinnae. The pinnules formerly cover- ing what is now the outer surface are entirely lost. Among the Paleozoic plants thus far made Icuown the form which seems most nearly related to this species is the Scliuopteris pinnata of Grand 'Eury^ or the Androstachys frondosus of the same author," both of which have been referred by Zeiller^ to Zygopteris, since Renault'' had already discovered in the fronds of ScJmopteris pinnata the structure characteristic of Corda's genus.^ Araucarites spicaformis Germar® has several points of strong resemblance, especially the chai'acters of the axis and the arrange- ment of the lateral pinnae, and it perhaps belongs, as Grand 'Eury and Zeiller have suggested, in the same group. The rachises of both orders in our plant are much more lax apparently than in the examples figured by Grand 'Eury or Zeiller,' while the rachial lamina, which is so prominent a feature in the Missouri fossil, seems hardly represented in Zygopteris pin- nata, the pinnules of which are lateral, though perhaps not in the same plane, with lax fibrovascular bundles passing out through the limb from the whole width of the pinnule. In our plant, on the contrary, the broad lateral lamina is not striated by the passage of any bundles, the vascular branches being confined to the bands which pass from the rachis of the lateral pinnae to the cicatrices seen in the racliial lamina. 1 Fl. carb. T.oire, 1877, p. 200, pi. xvii, fig. 1. =Op. cit., tig. 3. ^ Fl. foss. liouill. Commentry, vol. i, p. 77. ■"Aun. Sci.Nat., (6) bot., vol. iii, p. 23, pi. i, figs. 12, 13. ■> Flora d. Vorwelt, 1845, p. 81. '' Verst. Steink. Lobejiin u. Wettln, p. 94, pi. xssiii, figs. 1, 2. ■ Fl. foss. houill. Commentry, vol. i, Atlas, pi. xsxii, figs. 5-7. PEKNS— SPIROPTEEIS— CAULOPTERIS. 101 No sporangia appear in any of tlie specimens of Britfsia problematica, althongli the reflexion of the pinn?e, as in Fig. 1, PI. XLVII, is possibly evidence of fertility. The discovery of specimens showing the fructification and the degree of continuity of the lamina about the base of the pinnules is greatly to be desired. Locality. — Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5554, 5555, 5693, 5723, 5724, 5811. Additional specimens from the same locality also sent recently by Dr. J. H. Britts, of Clinton, Missouri. One specimen comes from Hobbs's bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5722. SPIEOPTERIS Schimper, 1869. Traite, vol, i, p. 688. Spiropterts sp. Among the fern fragments from Owen's mine are three pinnae in vernation. These lie close together and are parallel, thus indicating their probable origin from a single frond. The rachises are quite strong and prominently striate-ribbed, not punctate nor scabrous. The characters, so far as they appear, of the inrolled pinnae, less than a centimeter in diameter, favor a reference to Alethopteris ambigua, with which correlation the charac- ters of the rachis are in agreement. Locality. — Owen's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6174. OAULOPTERIS Liudley and Hutton, 1832. 1820. Lepidodendron Sternberg, Fl. d. Vorwelt, vol. i, fasc. 1, pp. 20, 23; tent. (1825), p. xii (pars). 1828. Sigillaria Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 63 (pars). 1832. Caulopteriti Lindley and Hutton, Foss. Fl. Gt. Brit., vol. 1, pi. xlix. 1836. Sigillaria — sect. Caulopteris Brongniart, Hist. veg. foss., vol. i, p. 417. 1845. Stemmatopteris Corda, Fl. d. Vorwelt, p. 76. Caulopteris ovalis (Lx. MSS.). The above name, although a nomen nudum, will serve in this report to record the presence in the Lower Coal Measures of Missouri of a new species of fern stem, described in the unpublished manuscript on the Amer- ican Coal Flora, by Professor Lesquereux. Although the specimen is referred by the latter to Stemmatopteris, the details of the scar are quite 102 FLORA OF LOWER GOAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL clear and miobscured by ramentum, so that there seems to be no reasdn why the species should not be placed directly in the genus Caulopteris. Locality. — Henry Comity, Missouri; Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus. Caulopteris? acantophora Lx. 1870. Caulopteris acantophora Lesquereux, Rept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iv, p. 458, pi. xxvi, figs. 3, 4, (" Caulopteris '? acantophora'''' in expl. pi.) 1884. Ulodendron pxmctatum L. and H., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 405 (syu.). A number of specimens appear to agree well with this species, first described by Professor Lesquereux from Illinois. In these, however, as well as in the type specimen, now in the Illinois State Museum of Natural History, I am unable to find an}^ clear evidence of any attachment of fossil petioles, such as to warrant its generic reference. On the contrary, in the specimen figured in the Illinois Report, vol. iv, pi. xxvi, fig. 3, the concen- tric markings on the left appear to be due entirely to slickensides, while the curved zone on the right is extraneous. An examination of a large number of similar specimens from Morris and Colchester, Illinois, fails to show a single scar that, in my opinion, can satisfactorily be regarded as belonging to Cmdopteris. The peculiar and characteristic spines of the species are present and clearly visible. It may not be impossible that these remains are the petioles of some spinous Pecopteris, such as Pecopteris villosa, P. vestita, or P. lepidor- racJiis, one of which is represented abundantly at both Clinton in Missouri and the region of Morris in Illinois. Locality. — Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6272. MEGAPHYTON Artis, 1825. Antediluvian Phytology, pi. xx. Megaphyton Goldenbergi Weiss. 1860. Megaphytuni Ooldenhergi Weiss, Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesell., vol. xii, p. 511, text fig. 1869. Megaphytuni Gvldenhergii Weiss, Schimper, Traite, vol. 1, p. 713, pi. liv, figs. 1, 2. 1872. Megaphytuni Goldenbergi Weiss, O. Peistmantel, Abh. k. bohui. Gesell., (6) vol. v, p. 7, pi. i, fig. 1. 1874. Megaphytuni Goldenbergi Weiss, O. Feistmantel, Verst. bohm. Ablag., vol. i, p. 142, pi. xxii, fig. 1. 1879. Megaphytum Goldenbergii Weiss, Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 13, pi. Ixi, fig. 4; text, vol. i (1880), p. 349. 1881. Megaphytuni Goldenbergi Weiss, Aus d. Fl. d. Steiuk., p. 17, pi. xix, fig. 112. FERNS— MEGAPHYTON—APHLEBIA. 103 The inscription of this species of Megaphiitott in the flora of the lower coals of Missouri rests wholly on the determination of the specimen from Henry County, described and figured by Lesquereux in the Coal Flora.^ Although this specimen appears from its description to differ somewhat from the type established by Weiss, it constitutes for the present the American type, and consequently the standard of characters for the species in this country. A small specimen before me, collected by Dr. Jenney, presents a smaller trunk, whose partly effaced and obsure scars may be in agreement with the type referred to above, though the characters are not sufficiently clear to admit of a satisfactory identification. The general facies and pro- portions of the segment are strongly suggestive of the M. approx'miatum as illustrated by Lindley and Hutton^ and Zeiller.^ In fact, but for the obscurity of its characters, which make its accurate identification impos- sible, and the circumstance that the M. Goldenhergi was found in the same vicinity or perhaps at the same locality, I should have compared the speci- men in hand with the species of Lindley and Hutton rather than with that described by Weiss and Schimper. Locality. — The type illustrated in the Coal Flora, and donated to the United States National Museum by Dr. J. H. Britts, is from the vicinity of Clinton, Henry County, Missouri, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6198. The small, doubtful fragment is from the Deepwater mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6206. APHLEBIA Presl, 1838. 1835. Fucoides Germar and Kaulfuss, Acta Acad. C. L. C. Nat. Cur., vol. xv, 2, p. 230 (pars). 1838. Aphlehia Presl, in Sternberg: Fl. d. Vorwelt, vol. ii, fasc. 7-8, p. 112. 1888. Aphlehia Zeiller, Fl. foss. bassin bouill. Valenciennes, p. 300. 1838. Schizopteris Brongn., Presl, in Sternberg: Fl. d. Vorwelt, vol. ii, fasc. 7-8, p. Ill (pars). 1854. Pachyphyllum Lesquereux, Proo. Boston Soc. N. H., vol. vi, No. 4, p. 421. 1858. Pachyphyllum Lesquereux, in H.D. Rogers: Geol. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 8G3, 1869. Bhacophyllum Scbiniper, Traite pal. veg., vol. i, ji. 084. > Vol. i, p. 349, pi. Ixi, fig. 4. 2 Fossil Fl. Gr. Brit., vol. ii, pi. cxvl. ' Fl. foss. bassin houill. Valenciennes, p. 310, pi. lii, fig. 1. 104 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL Aphlebia hamulosa (Lx.). 1879. Bhacophyllum liamulosum Lesquereux, Coal Flora. Atlas, p. 10, pi. Iviii, fig. 3 ; text, vol. i (1880), p. 321. The type specimen. No. 9445 of the Lacoe collection, illustrated in the Coal Flora, is the only example of this curious species that I have seen from Missouri. In form it is somewhat suggestive of a Sphenopteris of the group rejiresented by S. patentissima Ett. This similarity is more apparent in some specimens from Mazon Creek, Illinois. The nervation is broad and dense, comparable to Aphlebia spinosa or A. crispa, to the former of which A. liamulosa is closely related, although differing from that species, as was pointed out by Lesquereux, by the bifur- cation of the branches, the recurvation of the divisions, and the slender, long, acuminate points of the lacinese. LocaUtij. — Hemy County, Missouri, No. 9445 of the Lacoe collection in the U. S. National Museum. Aphlebia spinosa (Lx.), 1879. RhacophyUum spinosum Lesquereux, Coal Floi'a, Atlas, p. 10, pi. Iviii, figs. 4, 5; text, vol. i (1880), p. 320. 1887. Bhacophyllum spinosum Kidston, Foss. Fl. Radstock Ser., p. 309, pi. xx, fig. 3. The main axes and branches of this species are characterized chiefly by the dense, fibrous structure, and the almost totally reduced lamina. The divergent pinnate lateral branches are more regular than in most species of this group, and the ultimate lobules are rendered spinescent by the thick traversing bands of parallel, fasciculate, vascular tissue. One or two of the fragments indicate for this plant a large size, with a well-defined, uniform, and rigid rachis. The specimen from Radstock, England, figured by Kidston,^ although slightly more robust and less fibrous than the specimen from Missouri, seems to constitute another of the many forms in common between the flora at present under consideration and that so excellently elaborated from the Radstock series. The fragments of this species, which is, next to Aphlebia German Zeill , the most frequent in the coals of this region, can easily be distinguished I Fobs. Fl. Radstock Ser., p. 309, pi. xx, fig. 3. FERNS— II^OERT.E SEDIS— APHLEBIA. 105 from the other associated forms by the narrow, regularly pinnatifid and rigid, thick, fibrous divisions, ending in very slender spinous lobes. ioca/i^ies.— Pitcher's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5572, 5573, 5575 ; Deepwater mine, a doubtful fragment, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5574. Aphlebia crispa (Gutb.) Presl. 1835. Fucokles crisjjus Gutbier, Abdriicke, p. 13, pi. i, figs. 11, llrt (pi. vi, fig. IS!). 1838. Aphlebia crispa (Gutb.) Presl, iu Sternberg: Versuch, vol. ii, fasc. 7-8, p. 112. 1886. Aphlebia crisjm (Gutb.) Presl, Zeiller, Fl. foss. houill. Valenciennes, Atlas, pi. li, figs. 1, 2; text (1888), p. 304. 1838. Schizopteris LacUica Presl, in Sternberg: Versuch, vol. ii, fasc. 7-8, p. 112. 1855. Schizopteris Lactuca Presl, Geinitz, Verst. Steink. Sachsen, p. 19, pi. xxvi, flg. 1. 1809. Schizopteris Lactuca Presl, von Roehl, Foss. Fl. Steink. Westphalens, p. 47, pi. xviii. 1881. ScMzopteris Lactuca Presl, Weiss, Aus d. Fl. d. Steiuk., p. 17, pi. xviii, flg. 111. 1869. Rhacophyllum Lactuca (Presl) Scbimper, Traite, vol. i, p. 684, pi. xlvi, flg. 1 ■ (nee flg. 2, necque pi. xlvii, flgs. 1, 2); vol. iii (1872), p. 524 (excl. syn.). 1878. RhacophyUum Lactuca (Presl) Scliimp., Andrews, Eleni. Geol., p. 176, fig. 317. 1880. RhacophyUum Lactuca (Presl) Scliimj)., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. 1, p. 315 (pars). 1869. RhacophyUum speciosissimum Scbimper, Traite, vol. 1, j). 685. 1885. Hatolea Miltoni (Brongn.) Stur, Fame d. Carbon-Fl., p. 108 (pars), pi. Ix, flgs. 3,4. 1890. An Schizopteris rhipis Grand 'Eury, Geol. pal. basin houill. Gard, p. 299, pi. xix, flg. 10? The type of Aphlebia, to which the names Fucoides crispus, liliacopliyllum Lactuca, and M. speciocissimum were applied by Gutbier, von Roehl, and Schimper, respectively, is represented by several fairly good specimens transmitted by Dr. Britts to the National Museum. All show the typical characters of the species, the best illustration of which was given by Major von Roehl. ^ Von Roehl's figure is important not only for its size and per- fection of expression, but because of its representation of the variation between the basal and distal portions in the same individual. Specimens from Missouri, probably belonging to this species, ai-e found among the manuscript material left by Professor Lesquereux under the label ^^Bhacophylhcm Lactuca var. crispum Gut." The species occurs also in fine specimens over the coal at Buchtel, Ohio. Aphlebia crispa is not difficult of distinction from the other species of , 'Fobs. Fl. Steinkohlenf. Wcf.tt)h;ileiis, ]i. 4V, jil. xviii. 106 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSO['RL this genus in Henry County, on account of the thick, flexuous, fibrous divi- sions, which, although somewhat deeply dissected, have a slightly twisted appearance, the ultimate lobules or lacinese being more or less fasciculate and frequently approaching parallelism. Localities. — Pitcher's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5548, 5549; Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5547; Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5550. Aphlebia Germari ZeilL PI. XLVI. 1847. Scliizopteris Lactuca Presl, Germar, Verst. Steiuk. Wettiu u. Lobejiiu, p. 44, 1^1. xviii, figs. In, Ih; pL xix, figs. 2, 3. 1854. Pachyphi/llum Lactuca (Pre.sl) Lesquereux, Bost. Jouni. N. H., vol. vi, p. 422. 1858. Pacliyphyllmn Lactuca (Presl) Lesquereux, in Rogers: Geol. Pennsylvania, p. 863, pi. viii, figs. 4, 5. 1869. BhacophylliiM Lactuca (Presl) Scbimper, Traite, vol. i, p. 684, pi., xlvi, fig. 1 (noil xlvii, figs. 1,2). 1880. Bhacopliyllum Lactuca (Presl) Schimp., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 315 (pars). 1889. RhacophyUum Lactuca (Presl) Schimp., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 872, text fig. 1888. Aplilebia Germari Zeiller, Fl. foss. houill. Commentry, vol. i, p. 289, pi. xxxiv, figs. 1,1'. The most abundant of the forms of Aphlebia found in the region about Clinton appears to be identical with that illustrated by Germar^ and included by other authors as Schuopteris or RhacopkyUum Lactuca Presl. On account, however, of the identity of Presl's species^ with Grutbier's Fucoides crispus,^ first pointed out by Gutbier, the specific term Lactuca was no longer admis- sible. Accordingly, in 1888, when describing the Aphlehice ixom the Com- mentry Basin, Professor Zeiller* gave to the form published by Germar as the species Lactuca, but which is now considered distinct from Gutbier's F. crispus, the name ApMehia Germari. Both Sclii^opteris Lactuca, including the form illustrated by Germar, and Fucoides crispus were inscribed by Lesquei'eux^ in the synonymy oi Bhaco- pliyUum Lactuca. Thus the Lacoe collection contains, under the last name, ' Verst. Steinkohl. Wettin u. Lobejiln, 1847, p. 44, pi. xviii, figs, la, 16 ; pi. xix, figs. 2, 3. ■ Aphltbia Lat-tncaVresl, iu Sternberg : Versuch einer Flora d. Vorwelt, vol. ii, fasc. 7-8, 1838, p. 11" ■'Gutbier, Abdriicke u. Versteiuerungen, 1835, p. 13, pi. i, tigs. 11, 11a. ■* Fl. foss. boiiill. Corumentry, vol. i, p. 289, pi. xxxiv, figs. 1, 1'. s Coal Flora, vol. 1, 1880, p. 315. FERNS— INCERT^ SEDIS— APHLKBIA. 107 a number of specimens identified by Professor Lesquereux, among which Nos. 9389, 9391, and 9392 are of special interest, since they appear to represent the form separated as Aphlebia Oermari Zeill. The specimens from Missouri show considerable variation in the form of the frond, though the general outhne seems to be lanceolate or oval. The incomplete example illustrated in PI. XLVI is, however, somewhat remarkable on account of its size and the rather broadly oval or slightly obovate form. The analogies of its lower divisions render it hardly proba- ble that the apex extended more than 10 or 12 cm. beyond the present line of fracture. The principal lateral divisions in this robust specimen are hardly so slender or so contracted at the base as in some of the other frag-ments or in the fine examples illustrated by Zeiller. A well-preserved and nearly complete specimen, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, loaned by Dr. Britts, of Clinton, Missouri, shows the divisions very similar to those in the Com- mentry specimens. There is, perhaps, room for doubt as to the relation of the specimens which I have referred to Aphlebia Gennari and the fragment from the same region described and illustrated by Lesquereux^ as Bhacophyllum hirsutum. The figui'e in the Coal Flora, the original of which I have not seen, appears to illustrate a much rougher plant, with rather more elongated, slender, and more distant branches, provided rather sparsely throughout with short bristles or hairs. It may be noted, however, that portions of some of the specimens, including a part of the lacinese of the example shown in PI. XLVI, are sparsely bordered with small, short, spicule-like hairs, which, though not so regular nor so long as those figured in the Coal Flora, are apparently of the same character as those seen in certain sjiecimens from Rhode Island referred by Lesquereux to Bhacophyllum hirsutum. Never- theless, the latter specimens are considerably more slender, while Professor Lesquereux's identification of our specimens with B. Lactuca shows that he considered them distinct from B. hirsutum (Lx.) Schimp. The specimens referred above to Aphlehia German Zeill. differ from the A. crispa by the less conspicuously fibrous texture, the less flexuous divisions, and the more diffused lacinese. Localities. — Pitcher's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5544, 5546 ; Henry County, Missouri, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5545. ' Coal Flora, Atlas, pi. Ivii, fig. 2 ; text, vol. i, p. 318. 108 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOCJRL Aphlebia hiksuta (Lx.) 1854. PacliyphyUum hirsutum Lesquereux, Bost. Jour. N. H., voL vi, 4, d. 421. 1858. PachyphyUum hirsutum Lesquereux, in Rogers: GeoL Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 863, pi. viii, flg. 3. 1869. Rliacophyllum hirsutum (Lx.) Schimper, Trait(?, vol. i, p. 087. 1879. Bhacophyllum hirsutnm (Lx.) Schimp., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, pi. Ivii, fig. 2; text, vol. i, (1880), p. 318. 1889. Bhacophyllum hirsutum (Lx.) Schimp., Lesley, Diet; Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 871, text fig. Among the collections from Missouri now in the National Museum or the Geological Survey, I have seen no example that seems satisfactorily referable to this species, which has thus far, I believe, been known from this region only by the fragment illustrated in fig. 2, pi. Ivii, of the Coal Flora. The differences in the proportionate length, flexuosity, mode of division, and width of the ultimate divisions between the figure above referred to and the original type figured^ from a high coal in the southern anthracite field in Pennsylvania are somewhat striking, and, notwith- standing the known variations within the same frond in this genus, may, it seems to me, reasonably be considered as of at least varietal importance. In my remarks on Aphlebia Germari I have referred to occasional smaller, sparse, spicule-like bristles found in portions of some of the specimens of that species. It is not improbable that some form of villosity may have existed in several of our species of Aphlebia. PachyphyUum affine Lx.,^ inscribed by Lesquereux^ in the synonymy of Rhachophyllum hirsutum, appears by its more slender falcate, acute lobules, ti'aversed by a distinct central strand, to be more harmoniously referable to the PachyphyUum fimbriatum of the same author.* Locality. — Henry County, Missouri, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5520. Aphlebia cf. filicifobmis (Gutb.) Sterzel. Many paleobotanists, including Greinitz,^ Schimper,® Lesquereux,'' and Kidston,* have agreed in refen'ing the specimens published by Gutbier as ' Geol. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, 1858, p. 863, pi. viii, fig. 3. ^Geol. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, pi. viii, fig. 1. 3 Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 318. ■•Geol. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, pi. viii, fig. 2. 'Verst. Ste.inkohlenform. Sachsen, 1855, p. 19, pi. xxv, tigs. 11-14. "Traits pal. veg., vol. i, 1869, p. 685. .'Coal Flora, vol. i, 1880, p. 316. ^Foss. Flora Eailstoek Series : Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xxxiii, 1887, p. 388. FEENS— INCERT^ SEDIS— APHLEBIA. 109 Fucoides filiciformis^ and by PresP as Rhodea Guthieriana to the same species, for the designation of which Geinitz, while inchiding several other forms, employed the name given by Presl. To the writer it seems highly improb- able that all, even among- the figni-es given by Gutbier, Geinitz, or Schimper under these two names, really represent but a single species. Certainly the differences between figs. 6 and 7 on pi. i of Gutbier's "Abdriicke," on the one hknd, and fig. 14, or even fig. 13, on pi. xxv of the " Versteinerungen," on the other, are very striking if not specific. Accordingly, it has seemed best to treat the illustrations included under the specific designation filiciformis Gutb. or Guthieriana Presl as belonging to a group with which I have com- pared the American specimens in hand. The latter agree most closely with the fig. 13 of the "Abdriicke," though not so scaly along the axis, or figs. 11 and 12 in the "Versteinerungen."' Lesquereux* recognized fig. 14 (Fucoides crenatus Gutb.) in the "Abdriicke," and fig. 13 in the "Versteinerungen," as representatives of a variety '■^Guthierianum" between which and the normal Bhacophyllum filici- forme there were no intermediate forms. Many of the specimens in the Lacoe collection identified by him as the latter species or its variety Gut- hierianum are closely, perhaps insepai-ably, related to others in PJiacoplnjllum Clarkii (Lx.) Schimp., although the latter should have the distal portions of its broadly connate divisions greatly thickened and fleshy. No doubt, however, the latter species has much in common with the comprehensive PJuicophyllum filkiforme. Specimen No. 9548 of the Lacoe collection, which bears the label "■Rhacopliyllum GufUerianmn Gein.," I am disposed to include with the other examples from Henry County. It seems less improbable that the appellation was simply the temporary, perhaps inadvertent, employ- ment by Lesquereux of the name used by Geinitz, who is cited as the authority, rather than that it resulted from the omission of the specific term, the intention having been to label the specimen as the variety. Localities. — Hobbs's mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5577; Owen's mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5578, 5580-5582; Pitcher's mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5579, 5580. 'Abdruokeu. Versteinerungen d. ZwickauerScliwarzkohlengeberges, 1833, p. 11, pi. i, figs.3, 6, 7, 8, 13. -Sternberg, Versucb einer Flora d. Vorwelt, vol. ii, fasc. 7-8, 1838, p. 111. ^ Figs. 5 and 4, pi. xlviii, of the Atlas to Schimper's Traite. l. xxvii, tig. 2, p. 388. 112 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. to it a new name, although the British specimen, which is in some respects intermediate between it and the German type, is perhaps not more than varietally different. The distinction between Aplilebia suhgoldeiibergii and A. memhranacea, the only species with which it might be compared, has ah'eady been noted. Localiti/. — Chnton, Henry County, Missouri, No. 9599 of the Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus. Aphlebia membranacea (Lx.). 1879. RhacophyUum memhranaceum Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 10, pi. Iviii, figs. 1, 2; text, vol. i (1880), p. 312. The species described as Bhacophyllum memhranaceum by Lesquereux is, as was remarked by its author,^ somewhat unique among the forms included in that genus. The originals^ of the figures published in the Coal Flora show an extremely delicate, transparent lamina, traversed by the distinct, rather broad brown lines of the nervation. The nerves, which are of varying width, are in some cases slightly fasciculate, one ner%'il jjassing to the apex of each very oblique, acute lobule. One of the fragments of this species recently obtained has a portion of the lateral divisions broken away, so that the effect is very similar to the type BhacopliyUum triincatnm from the Upper Devonian of the Susquehanna Narrows, above Pittston, Pennsylvania. ApMebia memhranacea is easily distinguished by its extremel}- delicate texture and relatively slender nerves from all the associated species except A. suhgoldenhergii, which is much more Sphenopteroid, the lobules being regularly pinnate and recurved and the nerves comparatively stronger. LocaUiics. — Henry County, Missouri, Nos. 9465 and 9466 of the Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus. ; Pitcher's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5583. Aphlebia sp. PI. XLV, Pig. 1. One among the fragments of Aphlehia from Missouri deserves special mention. This specimen, a rather unsatisfactory photograph of which is .seen in Fig. 1, PI. XLV, comprises a segment of a rather coarsely and ' Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 313. ^nos. 9465 and 9466 of the Lacoe collection. U. S. Nat. ^'— FERNS— MEGALOPTERIDE.E—ALETHOPTERIS. 113 irregularly striated stem nearly 10 cm. in length and about 2.5 cm. in width, to the upper part of which are apparently attached a well-developed pinna and one, or perhaps several, smaller pinnae comparable to A. German or A. filiciformis. But what is remarkable in the specimen is the circumstance that the large fragment of rachis is somewhat densely clothed with large leaflike scales. The latter are rather thin, not rigid, 7 to 11 mm. or more in length, 3 to 5 or 6 mm. in width, ovate or oblong-ovate, somewhat variable in form, constricted to a narrow attachment at the base, obtuse at the top, inclined upward, and dorsally convex. The ventral surface of these foliaceous scales is marked, when viewed with a rather strong lens, by fine striae apparently consisting of rows of very small, oblong, imbricated, scalelike cells, but no distinct traces of nervation are seen. This striation is more distinct in the scales than in the larger lamina of the Aphlebia. The attachment of the scales is not clear. It is perhaps crescentic, or possibly even oval. No evidence of either a fleshy composition or a flaccid nature is apparent. The specimen seems, on the whole, to represent a segment of a large rachis, perhaps belonging to one of the scabrous Pecopterids, which is rather closely covered with very large, ovate or oval, semi-membranaceous scales, among which several pinnte of Aphlehia seem to have their attachment. The nature of these large scales may be the same as that of the chaffy scales seen in the segment of a smaller rachis on the same slab, just above the specimen described. The smaller rachis is like that seen in direct con- nection with the pinnfe of Pecopteris Jenneyi. Locality. — Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5727, 6041. M E G- ALO PT E RI D E.^ . Alethopteris Sternberg, 1826. Versuch, vol. i, tent., p. xxi. Alethopteris ambigua Lx. PI. XXXVII, Figs. 3, 4; PI. XLI, Fig 9. 1879. Alethopteris amhifiua Lesquereux, Goal Flora, Atlas, p. 6, j)!. xxxi, figs. 1, 1«, (nou 2, 3); text, vol. i (1880), p. 182. Fronds tri pinnate; primary pinnae rather delicate, lanceolate, acute; rachis rather slender, distinctly striate, slightly flexuous; secondary pinnae MON XXXVII 8 114 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OP MISSOURL alternate or subojiposite, open, linear-lanceolate, somewhat contracted at the base, close or slightly overlapping, provided with tertiary pinnae below, pin- natifid near the apex; ultimate pinnae subopposite, subalternate or alternate, close, rarely touching, very open, linear-lanceolate, very long, usually slightly narrowed at the base, the sides nearly parallel in the middle portion, tapering graduall)^ to an acute apex, 1.5 to 20 cm. or more in length, .5 to 3 cm. in width, becoming connate at the base by a narrow decuri'ent lamina and succeeded by diminishing pinnatifid pinnules in pass- ing upward; pinnules subopposite, subalternate or alternate, very open, seldom touching, irregular in angle and length on the same pinna, 3 to 18 mm. long, 2 to 4 mm. wide, but very little if at all contracted near the base, the sides nearly parallel, obtusely rounded or round at the apex, the upper surface strongly convex and bordered often by a marginal shal- low canal or gutter; lamina thick, dull, and always uniting the pinnules at the base, the sinus being rounded, and slightly decurrent only between the largest pinnules; midrib strong, hardly decurrent, deeply depressed on the upper side, broad and striate beneath, and terminating abruptly at a dis- tance from the apex nearly equal to the average width of the lateral lamina ; nerves few, very distant, often obscure on the upper surface, more distinct beneath, originating from both rachis and midrib, nearly straight or arching slightly in the larger pinnules, oblique in the smaller pinnules, simple or sometimes forking at or near the base, rarely forking above the middle, and passing nearly at a right angle to the margin, where they number about 30 to the centimeter. A typical example of the mature portions of this well-marked and characteristic species in the fossil flora of Missouri is illustrated by Professor Lesquereux in fig. 1, pi. xxxi, of the Coal Flora. As there shown, the irregular character of the open, parallel-sided connate pinnules, with the very distant nerves springing from the disproportionately thick midi-ibs, is well brought out. As remarked in the original description, the nerves of the thick pinnules sometimes appear more luimerous than they really are. Frequently the flattened border is not distinct, though it often is so developed as to form a shallow gutter or canal about the margin of the pinnule, as seen from above, or a marginal band as it appears from below. The midrib, which is hardly decurrent, is strongly depressed above, broad, and conspicuously FERNS— MBGALOPTERIDE.E—ALETHOPTERIS. 115 striate below, passing, strong, to near the apex of the pinnule, where it abruptly terminates. The nerves, more of which spring from the rachis than is indicated in the figure in the Coal Flora, are often obscure on the upper surface, but distinct beneath, generally arching slightly, and forking at or near the base, quite rarely forking above the middle. A large pro- portion of the nerves are simple, and all of them are nearly straight for the greater portion of their length, usually meeting the margin at nearly a right angle and numbering about 30 per centimeter. The pinnules of all the specimens are somewhat variable in form, espe- cially the basal pair, conspicuous for their irregularity in length, generally arching backward a little, the lowest ones on the pinna sometimes slightly narrowed at the base, but always connected by a narrow lamina. Usually they are near together but not touching, the distance between them being about 1 mm., the borders nearly parallel, the apices obtusely rounded. When first studying this species I was impressed by the differences in the pinnules, midiibs, and nervation between figs. 2 and 3 (3a), of pi. xxxi of the Coal Flora on the one hand, and fig. 1 of the same plate on the other hand, the nervation of the former in particular being much closer, more oblique, the nervils often forking a second time, thus constituting con- ditions somewhat contradictory to the relations usually existing between the mature and immature specimens. On subsequent examination of the types of figs. 2 and 3, one of them loaned by Dr. Britts, the others having passed with the Lacoe collection into the National Museum, I found that in the division of the pinna?, in the development of tlie pinnules, and in nervation these types were Pecopterid^the specimens belonging in fact to Pecopteris. The nervils of the latter, all of which spring from the midrib, are ^'ery oblique at their origin, close and arching obliquel}' to the border, all of them forking once, the upper division forking again before reaching the border, where they are fully as much closer than those of the real Aldhop- teris ambigua as they appear in a comparison of figs, la and 3rt of the plate in the Coal Flora. The midribs of fig. 3 of this plate are found to have been somewhat exaggerated by tlie draftsman both as to size and as to abruptness of termination. There are, however, in the collections a number of specimens showino- the pinnatitid division of the true species, and these, as is seen in Fig. 3, PI. XXXVII, or Fig. 9, PI. XLI, present the same distinctive characters 116 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. as the mature pinna?. The nerves are mostly simple, never forking more than once, nearly straight, and very open and distant, the midrib thick, and the pinnules very irregular, all tne diagnostic features being those charac- teristic of the ordinary pinnne. On the back of the rock containing the original of the figure of Alethopteris Serlii Brongn., fig. 2, pi. xxix, of the Coal Flora, there is a fine specimen of Alethopteris amhifjua, so labeled by Professor Lesquereux, containing the upper segment, about 18 cm. in length, of a primary pinna of the true form. Here we have the long pinnae, like those on tlie left of the type of fig. 1, pi. xxxi, of the Coal Flora, succeeded in passing upward by pinnae of the character of our Fig. 3, PI. XXXVII, while at the top we have the long, slightly pinnatifid and crenulate pinnules, like those in the lower right-hand pinnse of the figure in the Coal Flora. Another specimen, apparently belonging to this species, loaned by Dr. Britts, covers the surface of a slab 26 cm. long and 25 cm. wide. In this we have a rachis 7 mm. wide, slightly flexuous, and giving off alternating- compound pinnse at intervals of 3-8 cm. on each side, some of these second- ary pinnse being shown in their entire lengtli. The whole segment comes apparently from some distance below the apex of a primary pinna. Unfor- tunately the specimen is somewhat shriveled throughout most of its extent. That the ultimate pinnse of this species were often long and slender is shown by the fact that it is very difficult to obtain entire specimens, although some incomplete fragments were foxind measuring 18 cm. or more in length and less than 25 mm. in width. One fragment which seems inseparable from tliis species presents in the appearance of its flattened border, as well as by its ensemble of chai-- acters, a striking resemblance to the figure of Alethopteris Gihsoni Lx. given in fig. 6, pi. xxviii, of the Coal Flora, and I am not at present sure that the latter does not represent a specimen belonging more properly to our species. Alethopteris ambigua is easily distinguishable, by the characters recited above, ivonx Alethopteris aquilinci, which is, with the exception of Alethopteris Gihsoni, probably the nearest related species of Alethopteris, and the only one with which it is likely to be confused. Localities. — Common at Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 3590, 5490; rare at Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 3592, 5488; Deepwater, U. S. Nat. Mus., 3591, 3593; Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 3634. FP:RNS— MEGALOPTERIDE^— ALETHOPTEEIS. 117 Alethopteeis Serlii (Brongn.) Goepp. PI. XXXVII, Fig. 1. 1804. Parkinson, Organic Remains, vol. 1, pi. iv, fig. 6. 1828. Pecopteris Serlii Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 57 {nomen nudum). 1832 or 1833. Pecopteris Serlii Brongniart, Hist. veg. fos-s., p. 292, pi. Ixxxv. 1837. Pecopteris Serlii Broiign., Liiidley aud Huttoii, Fossil Flora, vol. iii, pi. ccii. 1840. Pecopteris Serlii Brougu., Jackson, Rept. Geol. Agricnlt. Rliode Island, 1839, p. 288, pi. iii, fig. 6. 1876. Pecopteris Serlii Brongn., Heer, Fl. Foss. Helv., p. 32, pi. xii, flg. 8. 1836. Alethopteris Serlii ( Brongn.) Goeppert, Systema Fil. Foss., p. 301, pi. xxi, figs. 6, 7. 1840. Alethopteris Serlii (Brongn.) Goepp., Tescheraacber, Jonr. Bost. Soc. N. H., vol. v, p. 380, pi. XXXV, tig. aa. 1860. Alethopteris Serlii (Brongn.) Goepp., F. A. Roemer, Beitr. z. Kenntn. n-w. Harz- geb., p. 32, pi. viii, fig. 9. 1861. Alethopteris Serlii (Brougn.) Goepp., Lesquereux, 4tli Rept. Geol. Snrv. Ken- tucky, Atlas, pi. i, fig. 3 (plate not published). 1869. Alethopteris Serlii (Brongn.) Goepp., von Roehl, Foss. Fl. Steinkohlenf. West- pbalens, p. 76, pi. x, figs. 8, 9h. 1869. Alethopteris Serlii (Brougn.) Goepp., Schimper, Traite, vol. i, p. 555. 1876. Alethopteris Serlii (Brougn.) Goepp., Ferd. Roemer, Letbaea. Geogn., Pal., Atlas, pi. Iii, figs. 2a, 2b; text (1880), p. 181. 1878. Alethopteris Serlii (Brongn.) Goepp., Zeiller, Veg. foss. terr. bouill. Fr., Atlas, pi. clxiii, figs. 1, 2; text (1879), p. 75. 1879. Alethopteris Serlii (Brougn.) Goepp., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 6, pi. xxix, figs. 1-5; text, vol. i (1880), p. 176. 1881. Alethopteris Serlii (Brongn.) Goepp., Weiss, Aus d. Fl. d. Steinkobl., ]). 15, pi. xvi, flg. 97. 1883. Alethopteris Serlii (Brongn.) Goepp., Renault, Cours. bot. foss., vol. iii, p. 157, pi. xxvii, flg. 7. 1883. Alethopteris Serlii (Brougu.) Goepp., Lesquereux, 13th Rept. Geol. Surv. Indi- ana, pi. xii, fig. 2. 1886. Alethopteris Serlii (Brongn.) Goepp., Zeiller, Fl. foss. bouill. Valenciennes, Atlas, pi. xxxvi, figs. 1, 2; pi. xxxvii, tigs. 1, la, 2; text (1888), p. 234. 1888. Alethopteris Serlii (Brongn.) Goepp., Toula, Die Steinkoblen, p. 189, pi. 1, figs. 31, 32. 1889. Alethopteris Serlii (Brongn.) Goepp., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. i, p. 14, text figs. 1899. Alethopteris Serlii (Brongn.) Goepp., D. White, 19th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. 3, p. 499. 1848. Alethopteris Eannonica Sauveur, Veg. foss. terr. bouill. Belg., pi. sxxviii. 1854, Alethopteris Sternbergii (Goepp.) Ettingshausen, Steiuk.-fl. Radnitz, pi. 42, p. xviii, fig. 4. 1865. Pteris Serlii (Brongn,) Ettingshausen, Farnkrauter d. Jetzw., p. 109. 1879. Alethopteris lonchitica (Schloth) Brongn., Schimper, in Zittel: Handb. Pal., vol. ii, p. 118, flg. 93, 1, lb. 118 FLORA OF LOWER GOAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL The general phase of the Henry County, Missouri, specimens of Alethopteris Serlii (Brongn.) Groepp., is ah-eady famihar to paleontologists through figs. 2 and 4 given by Lesquereux on pi. xxix of the Coal Flora. Of tlie nianv fragments in the I'ecent collections one, probably belonging to a primary pinna, shows a segment of a rachis 11 mm. wide, slightly flexuous, with a moderately thick striated covering of coaly matter, revealing, where the carljonaceous residue is removed, distinct impi'essions of spines or spinous scales of considerable size passing from the back of the rachis into the matrix. The midrib is irregularly striate in the larger pin- nules. The lower pinnte are pinnatifid, even developing as tertiary pinnae, all of the broad, blunt-pointed form referred to above and common in our lower coals of both the anthracite and the bituminous series. Alethopteris Serlii var. missouriexsis n. var. PI. XXXVII, Fig. 2; PI. XLII, Fig. 5. Although the normal form of the Alethopteris Serlii is frequent among the fossils from this region of Missouri, the greater number of the speci- mens, especially from one of the localities, which should be included under that name quite uniformly present an aspect or phase more or less distinct from any form I have yet met in the literature or in other collections. The normal form occurs more commonly in a fine-grained reddish- gray shale from Owen's coal bank ; and the specimens figured by Professor Lesquereux have every appearance of coming from the same stratum if not from the same place. The other form is found, with the exception of the ferruginous concretions from Gilkerson's Ford, in a rather coarse, dark dove or ash-colored shale having a slight tendency to check with a con- choidal fracture in drying. Commonest among these specimens are large numbers of long second- ary (?) pinnae strewn about on the shales, somewhat overlapping when pai'allel, and clothed generally for their entire length with long simple, rather distant pinnules averaging 2 mm. apart, though frequently exceeding 4 mm., always joined at an acute angle by the decuiTent lamina, and gen- erally largest above the middle, and terminating in a more or less obtusely acute point. The aspect presented is much like that indicated in Ettings- hausen's fig. 4, AletJiopteris Sternberrjii Goepp., on pi. xviii of the Flora of FERNS— MEGALOPTERIDE.E—ALETHOPTERIS. 1 19 Radnitz. A striking feature is the rarity of small pinnate pinnae of the pro- portions common in A. Serlii, but very few of such small size being seen, though the collection contains three lai-ge slabs representing segments of primary (?) pinnae with rachises as wide as 16 mm., provided on both sides with these slender secondary pinnse bearing pinnules comparable in dimen- sions to the figure to which reference has just been made, or to those replacing the pinnatihd divisions at the tips of pinnae of a superior order in the normal form of Alethopteris Serlii. Frequently there is no contraction toward the bases of the pinnules, and often, especially in the largest, sometimes exceeding 4 cm. in length and measuring 5 to 7 mm. in width, the borders are folded in under, causing the pinnules to appear to taper to an acute point. Several examples from Missouri labeled Alethopteris loiicMtica I have found, by removing the matrix from the border, to belong to the form in question, and these cases, in fact, comprise the only specimens from this region that I can find in any collection to have been referred to the latter species. As in other species of Alethopteris, where well preserved, the veins may be seen to spring from a raised threadlike irregular line traversing the center of the canal along the upper surface of the midrib. They are (juite coarse, in relief on the rather coriaceous lamina, and pass, moderately straight, to the border In the largest pinnules the midrib also is seen to be punctate, while the nervation becomes rather more distant, counting 28 to 34 per centimeter at the margin, its characters remaining otherwise the same. The genei'al aspect of the plant, as seen in Fig. 5, PI. XLII, is nuicli like the illustration of A. Serlii, given by Zeiller in fig. 1, pi. xxxvii, of the Valenciennes flora. The varietal distinction of this Missouri form, which I have tliought might be of stratigraphic utility, must be regarded as tentative, the question of its survival or elimination depending on the results of further study of material from other pcirtions of the American Carboniferous. However, the phase should at least be illustrated in our American literature. The diagnosis of the variety missouriensis is as follows: Fronds tripinnate, quadripiuuatifld or quadripiunate near the base, very long, spreading; main raclus reacbiug a width of 4.5 mm. or more, both it and its divisions rather coarsely striate, and thinly set, especially on the dorsal surface, with very dis- tinct short spines or spinous scales; jiriiuary piuuie very long, open, linear-lanceolate. 120 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL somewhat contracted at the base; secondary piuuiB open, alternate, subopposite or opposite, oblique above, somewhat reflexed below, simple except near the base of the largest primary piunje, straight or slightly tiexuous, sometimes slightly decurrent, 3-6 cm. distant on the same side, more or less overlapping, linear-lanceolate, or oblong-lance- olate, rather acute, averaging about 2 cm. in length and 4.5-9 cm. in width where simply pinnate, sometimes slightly contracted at the base and tapering to a rather oblong- lanceolate obtusely acute terminal pinnule; secondary rachis, like the midribs of the pinnules, distinctly finely striate; pinnules normally open, nearly at right angles to the rachis, more or less distant, rarely touching, linear-lanceolate, generally broadest in the middle, obtusely acute at the apex, decurrent along the rachis with an acute sinus, and always distinctly united by a decurrent lamina of considerable width, the surface of the pinnule somewhat convex, the borders frequently folded beneath; mid- rib large, usually slightly decurrent, often straight, deeply depressed, finely striate, and passing nearly to the extreme apex; nervils quite coarse, salient, sometimes dis- tinctly striate under the lens, springing at a generally wide angle from a line in the center of the groove on the dorsal surface of the pinnule and curving rapidly, often • passing nearly straight from the midrib and extending, almost directly parallel and rather close, to the border, which they meet at a right angle, forking generally once close to the point of origin, the upper branch usually forking ;igain, though often remaining simple, and numbering 28 to 42 per centimeter at the margin. Localities. — Normal form at Owen's coal bank, Mus. Reg. 3696; Henry County, Missouri, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5486. The variety is from Owen's coal bank, Mus. Reg. 3594, 5473, 54,S7. CALLIPTERIDIUM Weiss, 1870. Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesell., vol. xxii, pp. 858, 876; Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. i, 1880, p. 164. CALLIPTERIDIUM MEMBRANACEUM Lx. PI. XXXVIII, Figs. 1-5. 1879. Callipteridium memhranaceum Lescpiereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 6, i)l. xxvii, figs. 5, 5a (non 6, 8); text, vol. i (1880), p. 172 (pars). Frond tripinnate, rather lax, Alethopteroid ; secondary pinnse linear- lanceolate or oval, acute or acuminate, alternate, open, reflexed below, a little distant ; secondary rachis strong, broad, rather coarsely striate, the rachises of the tertiary pinnae originating from a little within the border on the ventral surface ; tertiary or ultimate pinnae alternate, open, at a right angle to the rachis, or reflexed below, a little distant, not decurrent, linear or linear-lanceolate, hardly constricted at the base, the sides parallel in the middle and converging near the pinnatifid or crenulate apex, which is acute FERNS— MEGALOPTERIDE^—CALLIPTERIDIUM. 121 in the larger pinnge, obtuse in the smaller; ultimate rachis fairly strong-, irregularly striate, rounded on the back, shallowly canaliculate on the upper surface, on whicli the pinnules are attached a little within the border ; pinnules alternate, very open, usually close or nearly touching, or slightly overlapping, but sometimes a little distant or appearing quite distant on account of the reflexed margins, irregular in position, sometimes curving upward, sometimes curving outward, somewhat polymorphous, oval or oval- round, attached by the whole base and connate for a very short distance, the sinus acute and slightly decurrent when young, or becoming oblong or oblong-lanceolate, the obtusely rounded apex often directed slightly upward, the base cut to the rachis and even constricted, both above and below, to a narrow attachment at the base of the pinnae ; lamina thin, dull, often preserved brownish, somewhat depressed over the midrib, arched slightly backward, sometimes to a considerable extent, at the margin; nervation generally rather distinct; midrib of moderate strength, depressed above, rounded below, only slightly, if at all, decurrent, usually originating at a very open angle to the rachis and passing, strong, two-thirds or more of the way up the pinnule; nervils thin, parallel, rather close in the older portions of the plant, originating at a rather open angle, forking once near the base in the pinnules of moderate size, or both branches forking again in the larger pinnules and arching but little in passing to the margin, which they reach quite obliquely, the lower nervils springing directly from the rachis. The pinnules of this species, first described from Henry County, are somewhat polymorphous, those on the same pinna often showing a consid- erable degree of irregularity. An illustration of this feature is seen in Fig. 4, PI. XXXVIII, a photograph of the original of Professor Lesque- reux's fig. 5, pi. xxvii, of the Coal Flora, now No. 3182 of the Lacoe collec- tion. The lamina is dull and black, although rather thin, as is the case also with No 3192 and No. 3187 of the same collection, both labeled Callip-. teridium membranaceum by the author of the species, of whose private col- lection they formerly were a part. So far as I have observed, tlie specimens are perhaps no oftener preserved brown or translucent than are the frag- ments, when somewhat macerated, of Pecopteris clintoni Lx. Even P.vestita and P. pseudovestita are frequently macerated so as to present a similar brown and membranaceous appearance, though some traces of the villosity are usually present. 122 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI, I very much regret being obliged to separate from CaUipteridimn mem- branaceum one of the originals used by Professor Lesquereux in the descrip- tion of this species. But the careful examination of the specimen (No. 3181 of the Lacoe collection), a part of which is given in fig. 4, on pi. xxvii, in the Coal Flora, shows clearly that we have to do with a Pecopteris, while a comparison of its details shows it to be referable to P. clintoni as figured in pi. xlii, fig. 3, of the atlas to the above-named work, although the nervation is rather obscm-e. Similarly, the original of fig. 6 of the same plate agrees well with many specimens labeled P. clintoni by the author of that species, the villosity so prevalent in the latter species being equally well marked in portions of the original in question. The nervation, too, is plainly that of P. clintoni, seemingly, so far as concerns any rachial nerves, in contradic- tion to the published detail. The reference of this specimen to P. clintoni will not seem surprising after a comparison of fig. 6, on pi. xxvii, with fig. 4, on pi. xlii, of the Coal Flora, the latter representing one of the types of P. clintoni. Similar examples of villous Pecopteroid forms, of the type of the latter species, found in Nos. 3185 and 3191 labeled C. membranaceum and in the same collection, are also to be placed with P. clintoni Lx. The type of the restricted CaUipteridimn membranaceum is that illus- trated in Lesquereux's fig. 2, a detail of which is shown on our Fig. 4a., PI. XXXVIII. The same characters, including those of the nervation, are seen in No. 3192, referred by that author to this species, except that the nervation is a little more open, being similar in this respect to that seen in Fig. 3, PI. XXXVIII, the enlai-ged detail of which is shown in Fig. 3a. The specimens from Pitcher's coal bank, seen in Figs. 1 and 2, PI. XXXVIII, are doubtfully referable to this species. Their narrow, dis- tant, obtuse pinnules suggest Canipieridium incBqiiale or C. grandini, to both of which our form is related, although the pinnules differ from both by the more acute points and the more complete separation at the base. The dis- tant and narrow appearance of the pinnules is due mostly to the reflexion of the margin, which is consequently buried in the rock. Localities. — The original tvpes from Henry County, Missouri, without precise locality, Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus., 3182, 3187; doubtful specimens from Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5591, 5603, 5604, 5625, 5691, 5807; typical fragments from Deepwater, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5592, 58101 FERNS— MEGALOPTERIDE.E—CALLIPTEBIDIUM. 123 Oallipteridium in^quale Lx. PI. XXXIX, Fig. 4; PI. LXI, Fig. Id; PI. LXII, Fig. d. 1879. CalUiHeridiwtn inwqnnle Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, pi. xxxiii, flgs. 2-5 ; text (1880), vol. i, p. I(i8. A few fragments seem to agree in %11 respects with the corresponding portions of the species from Cannelton, Pennsylvania, described and illus- trated by Professor Lesquereux in the Coal Flora as Callipteridium ifusquale. In size, form, nervation, and arrangement of the pinnules, which have a tendency to opposition on the rachis, some of the specimens are close to fig. 2, of pi. xxxiii, in the above-named work. Locality.— Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5483. Callipteridium cf. Mansfieldi Lx. The specimens which I compare with this species, known only from Pennsylvania,^ are far from typical. My reason for the provisional reference is their agreement with certain specimens found to have been assigned to CalUpteridmm Mansfieldi by the author of the species. The Missouri specimens are ver}^ close to others from Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and from Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, which I am unable to separate from a compact dilated obtuse form of Aletlwpteris Serlii Brongn. The nerves are rather straight and open for C. Mansfieldi, while the midrib is slender for A. Serlii. Locality. — Deepwater, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5484. Callipteridium Sullivantii (Lx.) Weiss. PI. XXXIX, Figs. 1-3; PI. XLI, Figs. 1-3. 1854. GalUpteris SuUivantM Lesquereux, Bost. Jourii. N. H., vol. vi, no. 4, p. 423. 1858. Callipteris Sullivantii Lesquereux, Geol. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, ]). SCO, pi. v, fig. 13. 1881. Callipteris Sidlivantii Lx., C. A. White, Kept. Geol. Surv. Indiana, 1880, p. 153, pi. ix, fig. 4. 1881. Calli2neris Sullirantii Lx., Calvin, Pop. Sci. Missouri, vol. xviii, p. 019, fig. 1. 1883. Callipteris Sullivantii Lx., Chamberlain, Geol. Wisconsin, vol. i, p. 216, fig. 61c. 1889. Callipteris SuUivanti Lx., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. i, p. 108, text fig. 1891. Callipteris Sullirantii Lx., Le Conte, Elements Geol., p. 303, fig. 472. 1869. Alethopteris SulUi-anti (Lx.) Schimper, Traite, vol. i, p. 561. ' Lesiiuereux, Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 166, pi. xxvii, figs. 1, 2. 124 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OP MISSOURL 1870. Callipteridium Sidlivanti (Lx.) Weiss, Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesell., vol. xxii, p. 876, 1)1. xxi, figs. 1-3. 1880. Callipteridium Sullivantii (Lx.) Weiss, Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 1(14. 1883. GcdUpteridium Siillivantii (Lx.) Weiss, Lesquereux, 13tli Rept. Geol. Siirv. ludiana, p. 210, pi. xii, fig. 1. 1889. Callipteridium Sidlmmti (Lx.) Weiss, Miller, N". Amer. Geol. Pal., p. Ill, fig. 22. 1889, Callipteridiiim Sidlivanti (Lx.) Weiss, Lesley, Diet. Foss. Peimsylvania, vol. i, p. 107, text fig. • 1899. Callipteridium Sidlivantii (Lx.) Weiss, T). White, 19tli Ann. Rept. U. S. GeoL Surv., pt. 3, p. 501. In the specimens that I have seen of this peeuhar species the pinnules are generallv ratlier less narrow, proportionately, near the base than in those figured in the early Pennsylvania and Illinois geological reports. The rachises and the midribs of the full-sized pinnules are both finely striated, the midribs being very slender in the immature pinnules. None of the examples before me show the midrib terminating very abruptly. The lateral nerves are fine, not very close, and occasionally they fork a third time in arching to the margin. As a rule the lowest pinnules at the base of pinnre of all orders are contracted at the base so as to bear considerable resemblance to Neuropteris in form as well as in nervation, thus conforming apparently to the requisite characters of the genus Neurodontopteris of Potonie.' This similarity of the two genera, seen in Figs. 1, 2, PL XLI, is still more marked in the specimen shown in Fig. 1, PI. XXXIX, and in the Callipteridium neuropteroides Lx., illustrated in fig. 3, pi. xxvii, of the Coal Flora. Our species exhibits, in habit and superficial appearance, a great simi- larity to the Danceites Emersoni Lx., the apparently Marattiaceous fruiting of which seems to be quite in conformity with the supposed relation of the Neuropteridece to the MaraUiacece. The Odontopteroid aspect of Callipteridium Sullivantii Lx., which led Weiss, in his studies of Odontopteris, to associate it with the latter, is well shown in a phase illustrated in PI. XLI, Fig. 1, of two pinnte, belonging apparently to a secondary rachis, which are in outline especially suggestive of Odontopteris genuina Gr 'Eury, or 0. ohtusildba Naum. The reference of the species by Weiss to Callijiteridium was made apparently on account of the form and nervation of the upper pinnae. It seems as a whole to be ' Flora Rothliegenden v. Thuringen, 1893, p. 124. FEENS— MEGALOPTERIDB.E— ODONTOPTERIS. 1 25 referable to the Neurodontopteris of Potonie, which, as Sterzel remarks/ is largely identical with the Mixoneura of Weiss. Without discussing- the relations of these two genera, it may be remarked that the genus Callipte- ridium as now employed seems to include two quite different groups. C. SuUivantii (Lx.) Weiss belongs to the Neurodontopteroid group, and is probably entirely distinct from the later, Pecopteroid, group, some of the representatives of which, including several fertile forms, are, in mv opinion, genetically bound to the closely resemblant forms of Pecopteiis. I have not seen any rachial pinnules intermediate to the pinnse, such as are characteristic of the genus according to Zeiller's definition, although several fragments are present in which the pinufe are still alternately con- nected with the broad striated rachis. The nervation and common form of the pinnules, which frequently overlap, are finely illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, PI. XXXIX, and in Weiss's "Studien fiber Odontopteris."" Localities. — Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 3587, 3589; Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 3588, 5660, 5674; Gilkerson-'s Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 3598. ODONTOPTERIS Brongniart, 1822. 1822. Filicites sect. Odontopteris Bronguiart, Mem. mus. hist, uat., vol. viii, p. 2.'>4. 1826. Odontopteris Sternberg, Versuch, vol. i, tent., p. xxi. 1828. Odontopteris Brougniart, Prodrome, p. (JO. 1870. Odontopteris Weiss, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesell., vol. xsii, p. 859 (pars). 1870. Mixoneura Weiss, Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesell., vol. xxii, p. 804. 1870. Xenopteris Weiss, Zeitcher. d. deutsch. geol. Gessell., vol. xxii, p. 865. Odontopteris! Bradleyi Lx. PI. XLII, Pig. 2. 1870. An Odontopteris Bradleyi Lesquereux, Rept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iv, p. 390, . pi. viii, lig. 1! 1880. Odo7itopteris Brardleyi Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 140. The specimen illustrated in Fig. 2, PI. XLII, is an interesting example of the heteromorphous Neuropteroid or Odontopteroid fragments at ])resent included among the American species of Odontojjteris. As seen in the figure, we have a broad, somewhat lax, striated axis, on the left of which is a ' Fl. Rothl. Oppenau; Mitth. Grossherzl. Badenschen Geol. Landesanst., vol. iii, 2, 1895, p. 283. -Zeitschr. d. deutsch. seol. Gesell., vol. xxii. 1870, p. 876, pi. xxi, ligs. 1-3. 126 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL segment of Neuropteroid limb, such as is not unconnnon in Neurojderis or Odontopteris, sublobate at the top and succeeded by several obtusely pointed or obtuse, decuirent, more or less ovate and obovate pinnules, extending up to the lanceolate obtuse terminal. On the lower right are several ovate- triangular acute pinnules with broad decurrent attachments, the lower ones auriculate, succeeded above by pinnules similar to those alternating on the other side. The nerves are rather thick and fairly distinct, though tlie lamina is moderatelv thick. The nervation of the large segment is close, Neuropteroid, arching to meet the apex at a right angle. That of the other pinnules is essentially flabellate and Odontopteroid, the nerves entering by the whole width of the attachment of the pinnule and curving somewhat toward the margin, where they turn slightly upward. A coarse strand, passing- from a little below the sinus on the upper side of the base of the pinnule to the apex, supplies the nervils for the upper side of that pinnule. Although this fragment appears undoubtedly to belong to the group of heteromorphous species represented typically in OdonfojJteris Wortheni Lx., 0. subcimeata Bunb., 0. cornuta Lx., 0. deformafa Lx., and 0. Bradleyi Lx., its identity with any of them is questionable. The four of these species first named and 0. affinis Lx. all may, and do in some of the examples identified by the author of those species, have large basal seg- ments on one or both sides of the axis. But while strongU' resembling especially the 0. Wortheni or 0. suhcuneata Bunb. by the large basal lobe and the terminal portions, the pinnules of these species are characteristically obtuse, the upper ones being obovate-cuneate ; and in all examples except a single individual (No. 384 of the Lacoe collection) from Mazon Creek, Illinois, in tlie Umted States National Museum, identified by Professor Lesquereux as 0. ■ Wortheni, the nervation is coarser and much more distant than in our specimen. Odonto])teris Bradleyi Lx., with which the specimen is temporarily left, is an ambiguous species which was first descrilsed from a small fragment of a siug'le pinnule. But one of the specimens in the Lacoe collection (No. 1256), examined and identified by Lesquereux prior to the publication of the Coal Flora, is a segment of a pinna in which the pinnules have nearly the same characters as in our specimen, except that they are much more constricted at the base, with finer nervation, while the rachis is less lax. Nevertheless, no large basal lobes are present in this specimen. It FERNS— MEGALOPTERIDEJS—NEDEOPTERIS, 127 is quite possible that tlie frag-inent should be placed in Odontopteris siibcuneata Bunb. Specimen No. 1256 comes from St. Clairsville, Ohio, and is probably one of those mentioned in the description given in Coal Flora, vol. i, j^. 140. It is interesting to note in this connection that nearly all of the abo^-e- named species are more or less distinctly hirsute, as is the condition of the specimen from Missouri, though the fine, short, bristle-like hairs are deli- cate and quite obscure, compressed upon the ileshy lamina of the pinnules. The strongly Neuropteroid characters present in some of the specimens placed by Lesquereux in Odontopteris Wortheni, 0. subcuneata, and 0. affinis, together with the fact that these species have, so far as I can learn, very rarely been reported from beds in which one of the long-pinnuled species of Neuropteris, such as N. Scheuclizeri Hofifm., N. decipiens Lx., or N. Jiirsuta Lx., was not also present, afford a basis for the suspicion that thesp partic- ular specimens, if not the entire species to which they are referred, should be regarded as anomalous or heteromorphous pinnae and pinnules of the genus Neuropteris. This suspicion is fostered by the great difficulty in some instances encountered in deciding as to which of the two genera cer- tain specimens should be referred. For example, the fact that the pinnules of these species of Odontopteris from Mazon Creek, Illinois, have a coarser, more distant nervation than those from other regions placed in the same species, just as Neuropteris decipiens or N. fasciculata from Mazon Creek differs from the forms of N Scheucliseri in other localities, seems to indicate a certain coordination or agreement in nervation between the species from the same locality placed in both genera. In many cases it would seem that neither the nervation of the large basal segments or lobes, when the latter are present, nor the presence of hafrs affords a satisfactory criterion for a generic distinction of the forms. Locality. — Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5623. NEUROPTERIS Brougniart, 1822. Classification veg. foss., p. 33. The definite systematic relationship of the Neuropterid group is still not wholly established. Although within the last few years a number of new species have been discovered, and some interesting studies of the structure of the petioles in certain members of the family have been made. 128 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL tlie new evidence derived from the morphologic observations tends to con- firm the intimate relations of tlie g-enus Neuropteris to Linopteris,^ Odontop- teris, and Callipterid'mm, while the structure seems to confirm their inclusion among the synthetic forms with highly organized petioles having some characters intermediate between the ferns and the cycads. The opinion advanced by the late Director Stur, that NeMropteris niay belong to the Cycadese, is briefly reviewed by Seward- in his admirable volume on the Mesozoic Cycads, without admission of the evidence on either side of the question as conclusive. It is true, as Seward points out, that the specimen regarded by Kidston^ as a fertile fragment of Neuropteris hete- rophylla Brongn. seems hardly to furnish all the characters for a satisfactory conclusion. I have seen similar fruiting fragments from the Coal Measures of West Virginia with reduced pinnules, probablj' of an Adiantitoid type, still attached. On the other hand, the oblong intemeural pits with slightly raised borders, described by various authors as the fruit of this genus, are now generally admitted to be the work of fungi. They might be compared with Hysterites, or even, as Stur suggested, with the recent Phyllachora. If, however, we accept Zeiller's identification of certain fertile pinnae in the Commentrv flora^ as belonging with the sterile forms of Linopteris Schiitzei (Roem.), the fruit of a typical species of Linopteris (J)ictyopteris) bears a strong superficial resemblance to that of Pecopteris polymorpha, i. e., to Scohcopteris. Neuropteris and Linopteris are among the most closely related of the artificial genera in the Paleozoic flora, the anastomosis of the nerves constituting the only distinction between the latter and the group repre- sented by Neuropteris gigantea Stb. In my earlier discussion of the relations of TcBniopteris missouriensis I urged the genetic relation of Neuropteris, Bictyopteris, Odontopteris, CaUip- teridium, and the pinnate Tseniopterids from the same type as the Devonian 3Iegalopteris, designating this early ancestry as the " megalopteris stock." = The superficial characters of certain material subsequently examined tends strongly to support this view. But at the same time I should expressly state that the Megalopteris forms as yet discovered can not be so ancient as ' Dictyopteris Gutb. ■ Cat. Mesozoic Foss. PI. Brit. Mus., pt. 2, 1895, p. 5. = Trau8. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xxxiii, 1887, p. l.iO, pi. viii, fig. 7. ' Fl. foss. houill. Commentry, vol. i, 1888, p. 273, Atlas, pi. xxx, figs. 6-10 ; pi. xxxi, figs. 2-5. ■ Bull. Geol Soc. Amer., vol. iv, 1893, pp. 119-132, pi. i. FERNS— MEGALOPTEEIDE^—NEUROPTERIS. 1 29 has been supposed. My studies, during several years, of the floras of the Devonian and older Carboniferous, particularly the fossil plants of the Pottsville series,' reveal so close a relationship and so great a proportion of identical species at once in the latter series and in the "fern ledges" about St. John, New Brunswick, the only locality of supposed Devonian age at which Megalopteris has been found, as to leave no room for doubt as to the Carboniferous age of the St. John jilant beds. On the other hand, repre- sentatives of other characteristically Carboniferous genera so common in the beds at St. John, such as Neuropteris, Alethopieris, Odontopteris, and Pecopteris^ which make the flora of that locality so unique and unparalleled among the floras of other Devonian localities, have never been discovered at any other Devonian locality. Typical forms of Megalopteris have been collected at a number of points in the Pottsville series of the Appalachian trough from Tennessee northward. The exceedingly strong affinity of some of these with the St. John type is but an illustration of the common char- acter and intimate general relationship of the associated Pottsville flora and that at St. John, a relationship so close as not only to render it certain that the latter is Carboniferous in age, but also indicate that it may well be late in the Lower Carboniferous, if not even coexistent with some of its Pottsville representatives. Megalopteris, while possibly less ancient than certain of the early Callipteridioid Neuropteris species, may, nevertheless, be taken as an example of the archaic composite type of Neuro-Alethopteroid fern life. In connection with the subject of the genetic relationship of this group it may be remarked that Potonid- has proposed to include the forms with mixed characters of Neuropteris and Odontopteris — i. e., those forms in which some Neuropteris pinnules are found on the same plant with a greater num- ber of Odontopteris pinnules — in a distinct genus, Neurodontopteris, which is largely identical with the Mixoneura of Weiss. Still more recently SterzeP proposed the genus Neurocallipteris for those Neuropteroid species in which the pinnules of the upper portions have the Callipteroid nervation predomi- nating while the basal pinnules of the pinnse have the nervation of the true Neuropteris. ' Equivalent in part to the Millstone grit. ^Flora rt. Rothl. Thiiringeu, 1893, p. 124. 'Fl. Rothl. Oppenau; Mitth. Giossherz. Badischen Geol. Landesanst., vol. iii, 2, 1895, p. 283. MON XXXVII !> 130 FLOEA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. Neubopteris rarinervis Bnub. 1847. Xeuropteris rarinervis Bunbury, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, vol. hi, p. 425, pi. xxii, figs. 1, la-h. 1858. Neuropteris rarinervis Bunb., Lesquereux, Geol. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 8.59. 1863. Neuropteris rarinervis Bunb., Dawson, Can. Nat., vol. viii, p. 443. 1866. Xeuropteris rarinervis Bunb., Lesquereux, Rept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. ii, p. 428, pi. xxxiii, figs. 1-5; pi. xxxiv, figs. 1, 1«. 3869. Xeuropteris rarinervis Bunb., Scbiinper, Traite, vol. i, p. 440. 1870. Xeuropteris rarinervis Bunb., Lesquereux, Kept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iv, 2, p. 386, pi. viii, figs. 1-0. 1871. Xeuropteris rarinervis Bunb., Dawson, Rept. Geol. Struct. Min. Res. P. E. I., p. 44, pi. ii, fig. 19. 1879. Xeuropteris rarinervis Bunb., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 6, pi. xv, figs. 2-5; text, vol. i (1880), p. 109. 1881. Xeuropteris rarinervis Bunb., Lesquereux, Rept. Geol. Surv. Indiana, 1879-80, p. 152, pi. X, figs. 1, 2, 3. 1886. Xeuropteris rarinervis Bunb., Zeiller, Fl. foss. bouill. Valenciennes, Atlas, pi. xlv, figs. 1, la, 2, 3, 4, ia; text (1888), p. 26S. 1893. Xeuropteris rarinervis Bunb., D. White, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, p. 85 (pi. v, figs. 7, 6!). 1878. Xeuropteris heterophylla Brongn., Zeiller, Veg. foss. terr. bouill.. Atlas, i)l. clxiv, fig. 2; text (1879)', p. 49. This species, several fragments of which have been found in the collec- tions, may be easily distinguished from Neuropteris missovriensis Lx. b)^ the coarse, rather distant, arching veins forking at a wider angle, while the pin- nules are rather more distant, longer proportionately, narrower, often with a slightl}^ sinuous margin, and generally dilated somewhat at the base. The species is described at length in my report on the flora of the outlying coal basins of Missouri.^ Neuropteris rarinervis Bunb. is possibly indistinguish- able from Neuropteris coriacea Lx., with which the specimens in hand seem to agree equally well. Localities.— Hohhs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5475; Deepwater, U. S. Nat. Mus, 5476. Neuropteris missouriensis Lx. PI. XLI, Figs. 4, 5; PI. XLH, Fig. 4; PI. XLV, Fig. 3. 1879. Xeuropteris missouriensis Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 3, pi. vii, figs. 5-6, (>a; text, vol. i (1880), p. 104. 1899. Xeuropteris missouriensis Lx., D. White, 19th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. 3, p. 507. ' Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv.,. No. 98, p. 85. FERNS— MEGALOPTERIDE.E—NEUROPTEEIS. 131 Fronds bi- or tripinnate, dense, the divisions alternate, open at a riglit angle, or nearly so, to the racliis, the rachis being broad and striate; pinnee usnally close, contiguous, or overlapping, sometimes slightly narrowed at the base, the sides parallel in the middle, often somewhat rounded at the tip ; pinnules alternate, rather thiii) open, the lateral ones ovate when small, becoming oval and oblong, rounded ;it the top, close, usually slightly imbri- cated, nearly bilaterally symmetrical, slightly subfalcate, entire to the sub- terminal lobe, sessile by the base of the broad midrib, the sides nearly equally rounded at the base; terminal pinnule large, very long in the young pinnae, oblong-deltoid, oblong-ovate, or rarely deltoid-ovate, obtusely rounded at the apex, with not more than one connate basal lobe; midrib distinct, broad, striate in the large pinnules, dissolving above the middle; nerves distinct near the midrib, sometimes immersed in the lamina, origi- nating at a narrow angle, forking at or near the base, often with three sub- sequent dichotomies at a narrow angle while arching gradually to meet the margin nearly at a right angle, where they number 34 to 40 per centimeter. This species, which is very nearly related to Neuropteris flexuosa Stb. and N. vermicidaris Lx., is distinguished chiefly by its open pinnae, the obloiug or oval rather thick pinnules, slightl}^ imbricated, sessile, and nearly equally rounded at the base, with the midrib distinct, the lateral nerves distant and large near the midrib, forking several times in passing to the border, which they meet obliquely. The illustration given in the Coal Flora,^ as well as our Fig. 4, PI. XLII, well expresses the characteristic form of the smaller pinnae and of the pinnules. The terminal pinnules of the longer pinnae are, however, not always so oblong and obtusely rounded, as is shown in Fig. 3, PI. XLV. The appearance of the larger pinnules is illustrated in the same figure, or in Fig. 4, PI. XLI. The specimens in hand agree well with the type, kindly loaned for comparison by Dr. J. H. Britts, as well as with other examples determined by Professor Lesquereux and now included in the Lacoe collection. The fact that Neuropteris mis- souriensis so much resembles N. flexuosa perhaps accounts for the inclusion of the latter species in the list of the fossils of Missouri published by Mr. Hambach.^ I have not seen any representative of the latter species from Henry County, the locality given by that author. ' PI. vii, fig. 5. 2 Hambach, Bull. Ged. Surv. Jlissouri, No. 1, 1890, i)p. 60-85. 132 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL The froucls of Neuropteris missouriensis were evidently of considerable size, some of the fragments of attached rachis measuring as much as 9 mm. in width. The large Cyclopterid leaves described as N. dilatata (L. & H.) Lx., if they really belong to this genus, are probably rachial pinnules of N. missouriensis. So far do they agree, however, in the essential superficial features with those of similar form and dimensions placed by foreign authors in the genus Doleropteris that a generic identification with tlie latter tends to 'affect the systematic status of the Neuropterid group. Localities. — Abundant at Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5472, 5630, 5631; Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5632; Deepwater, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5474. Neuropteris fasciculata Lx. "? 1879. Neuropteris fasciculata Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 5, pi. xxiv, figs. 5, 6; text, vol. i (1880), p. 93. A single broad, ovate, acute pinnule in the collections appears to be identical with Neuropteris fasciculata Lx., as seen in specimens from Mazoii Creek, Illinois. It has much in common also with iV. acuminata (Schloth.) Brongn., both in nervation and in general form. There fereuce of the frag- ment to this species is merely tentative. Xoca^ii^.— Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5477. Neuropteris Schbuchzeri Hoffm. PI. XXXVII, Fig. 4; PI. XLII, Fig. 3; PI. LXIV, Fig. d. 1691. Phyllites mineralis Luidius, Litliopbyl. Brit., p. 12, pi. v, fig. 190. 1723. Phyllites mineralis Luid., Scheuchzer, Herb. Dil., p. 48, pi. x, tig. 3. 1826. Neuropteris Scheuchzeri Hoft'mann, iu Kefersteiii : Teutschland, vol. iv, p. 157, pi. lb, figs. Ib-i. 1830. Neuropteris Scheuchzeri Hott'm., Bronguiart, Hist. veg. foss., p. 230, pi. ixiii, fig. 5. 1840. Neuropteris Scheuchzeri Hott'm., Jackson, Rept. Geol. Agriciilt. Surv. Rhode Island, 1839, p. 288, pi. v, fig. 10. 1857. Neuropteris Scheuchzeri Hoffm., Kimball, Fl. Appal. Coal Field, p. 9, pi. i, fig. 1. 1880. Nevropteris Scheuchzeri Hottm., Zeiller, Fl. foss. houill. Valeucieunes, Atlas, pi. xli, figs. 1, la, 2, 3; text (1888), p. 251. 1887. Neuropteris Scheuchzeri Hoffm., Kidston, Foss. Fl. Radstock Ser., p. 356, pi. xxiii, figs. 1, Irt, 2. 1893. Neuropteris Scheuchzeri Hott'm., D. White, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., no. 98, p. 69. FERNS— MEG ALOPTBEIDE.E—NEUROPTERIS. 1 33 1899. Nenroiiieris Scheuchzeri Hoffm., D. White, 19th Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. 3, p. 503. 1830. Neuropteris angusHfoUa Brongn., Hist. veg. foss., p. 231, pi. Ixiv, flgs. 3, 4. 18C9. Neuropteris angustifoUa Brougn., Geiuitz, Dyas, vol. ii, p. 139, (pi. xxvii, fig. 9!). 1869. Neuropteris angustifoUa Brongn., von Eoehl, Foss. Fl. Steinkohlenf. Westphalens, p. 33, pi. xiv, fig. 7. 1870. Neuropteris angustifoUa Brongn., Lesquereux, Eept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iv, p. 467. 1879. Neuropteris angustifoUa Brongn., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 3, pi. viii, flgs. 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 11; text, vol. i (1880), p. 89. 1883. Neuropteris angustifoUa Brongn., Lesquereux, 13th Eept. Geol. Surv. Indiana, 2,p.52,pLx, flg."l. 1884. Nexiropteris angustifoUa Brongn., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 734. 1889. Neuropteris angustifoUa Brongn., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 451, text flg. 1832, Neuropteris cordata Brongn., Lindley and Hutton, Fossil Flora, vol. i, p. 119, pi. xli. 1847. Neuropteris cordata Brongn., Bunbury, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, vol. iii, p. 423, pi. xxi, flgs. 1, la-b. 1865. Neuropteris cordata Brongn., Goeppert, Foss. Fl. Perm. Form., p. 100 (pi. xi, i3gs.l,2?). 1878. Neuropteris cordata Brongu., Dawson, Acad. Geol., 3d ed., p. 446, flg. 1666. 1880. Neuropteris cordata Brongn., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 91 (pars). 1888. Neuropteris cordata Brongn., Dawson, Geol. Hist. PL, p. 126, fig. 51&. 1889. Neuropteris cordata Brongn., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 452, text fig. 1836. Morton, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. xxix, pi. xi, fig. 26. 1841. Neuropteris, Hitchcock, Geol. Massachusetts, vol. ii, p. 542, pi. xxi, fig. 1. 1847. Neuropteris cordata Brongn. var. angustifoUa (Brongn.) Bunbury, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., vol. iii, p. 424. 1866. Neuropteris cordata Brongn. va,r. angustifoUa (Brongn.) Bunb., Dawson, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, vol. xxii, p. 154. 1854. Neuropteris hirsuta Lesquereux, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. vi, 4, p. 417. 1857. Neuropteris hirsuta Lesquereux, Kept. Geol. Surv. Kentucky., vol. iii, pp. 434, 556, pi. vi, fig. 4. 1858. Neuropteris hirsuta Lesquereux, Geol. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 857, pi. iii, fig. 6; pi. iv, figs. 1-16. 1869. Neuropteris hirsuta Lx., Schimper, Traite, vol. i, p. 445. 1875. Neuropteris hirsuta Lx., Dana, Manual, Geol., 2d ed., p. 327. flg. 635. 1879. Neuropteris hirsuta Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 3, pi. viii, figs. 1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12; text, vol. i (1880), p. 88. 1880. Neuropteris hirsuta Lx., Fontaine and White, Permian Flora, p. 47, pi. viii, figs. 7, s. 1881. Neuropteris hirsuta Lx., C. A. White, Eept. Geol. Surv. Indiana, 1879-80, p. 152, pi. ix, figs. 1, 2, 3. 1882. Neuropteris hirsuta Lx., Le Oonte, Geol., p. 365, fig. 473. 1883. Neuropteris hirsuta Lx., Chamberlain, Geol. Wisconsin, vol. i, p. 216, flg. 67&. 134 FLOEA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOIRL 1889. Xeuropteris hirsuta Lx., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 460-462, 16 text figs. 1889. yeiiropteris hirsuta Lx., Miller, Geol. Pal. X. Amer., p. 128, fig. 54. 1857. Xeuropteris Rogersii Kimball iiioii Lx.). Fl. Appal. Coal Field, p. 10. pi. i, fig. 1. 1884. Seurojiteris angiistifoUn Brougn. var. hirsuta Lesquereiix, Coal Flora, vol. iii. p. 885. Few species amoug- our Paleozoic ferns present a greater stratigraphic range tlian that familiar in American paleontologic literature tinder the name Neuropteris hirsuta Lx. To the discussion of the identity of this species with the N. angitsfifoUa Brongn. and X. cordata, figured by Lindlev and Hutton, and its relations to other species given at length in my report on the flora of the onthTno- carboniferous basins of southwestern Missouri ' I have but little to add, and that is generally of a confirmative nature. Since the publication of those observations I have had the opportunity of closelv examining, in the Lacoe collection, several hundi-ed specimens, mostlv identified bv Professor Lesquereux, and confing from nearlv everv resrion of this cotmtrv where Coal Measures ferns have been collected, and after a painstaking comparison, side by side, of the specimens in Xeuropteris hirsuta and X angustifoVia, together with a few others labeled since the publication of the Coal Flora, as N. Scheuchzeri Hofiiu., I am imable to find aiiv essential character that seems to satisfactorily sustain a difterentiation of specific rank. As mav in manv cases be observed in the lists published by localities, the species N. hirsuta and N. angustifolia are both, if either, generally reported from the same localities. Usually I not only find both fonns fi-om the same localitv, but in several instances, probably the result of hasty determination, counterparts have been found under the two names. Diu'iug the companson of details I have not been able to find any greater difference of nervation between the pinnules of the two forms described as characteristic of the two species than mar frequently be found among the pinnules of species with gi-eat veitical range, while the essential chai*acters of basal auriculation, attachment, and hirsuteness occm- in both groups. In a series fi-om the Lower Productive Coal Measm-es (No. XIII) a gi-adation from the smaller, more slender pinnules with acute tips to those of average size with more rounded apices may usually be observed if the material is ample. In i Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 98, 1893. FERNS— MEGALOPTBRIDE.E—NEUROPTBRIS. 1 35 short, when deahng- with specimens from the Lower Productive Coal Meas- ures, though when but a few specimens are in hand it is frequently pos- sible to separate them into two groups according to a single character, such a division, when the series is large or a n^imber of localities of close stratigraphic relation are represented, is usually difficult, if not wholly impossible. Concerning the name to be employed for this species there is still slight uncertainty. Althougli the specimens from the United States agree well with material in the Lacoe collection from Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and the Bristol coal field in England, and are no doubt the same species, I am not now fully assured that they are specifically identical with the more triangular pinnules from the Valenciennes Basin, published by Professor Zeiller; and accordingly, if Zeiller's form is certainly the same as that poorly described and illustrated by Hoffman, it seems probable that the tvpe, with broader and more lingulate pinnules, might deserve an independent specific designation, in which case Lesquereux's name, N. hirsuta, would have pri- ority. The examination and publication of additional specimens from Hoffman's locality is much to be desired. With regard to variation in a species, Neuropteris Schenchzeri is one of the most interesting of American Paleozoic ferns. Ranging, as it does, from near the base of the Lower Productive Coal Measures, or Alleghany series, to the highest plant beds of the "Permian" or Dunkard Creek series, it presents a valuable illustration of the modification of a species found at manjr horizons in a thick series of probably continuously deposited sediments. So far as my observations have extended in collections fi-om American localities and horizons, it may be noted that, in general, both in the anthra- cite and in the bituminous fields, the earliest representatives of the species, in the lowest coals, are prevailingly smaller, narrower, and more triang-ular and pointed, the hairs fine, short, and often invisible. A little higher, as, for example, in the E or F veins, as numbered in the northern anthracite field by the Pennsylvania geological survey, the narrow, acute forms become rare and the proportion of broader, more obtuse pinnules increases, the pinnules becoming large at the same time and more consjjicuously hir- sute, while at the horizon of the Pittsburg coal and of the higher anthracite coals the leaflets are mostly broad and lingulate, the hairs less plain ; and 136 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL agaiu, those pinnules from the Waynesburg and Washington coals, in the so-called Permian, are almost exclusively broad, ver}^ large, rounded at the top, more broadly auriculate at the base, distinctly and rather broadly pedi- cellate, while the hairs are iisually very obscure, if not absent. Thus the sequence from the earliest to the latest form, the series between two types that would if considered independently be properly regarded as distinct species, is marked bv so many intermediate or transitional phases that it seems at present entirely impracticable to attempt to draw any lines of a specific grade. Yet the differences between the tyjjes prevailing at stages vertically distant are great enough to easily constitute varieties, if one does not attempt to carry the varietal distinction all the way through the inter- vening series. A.nd since these phases or forms are more or less peculiar to different portions of the vertical section, they possess a stratigraphic and correlative value, and deserve, therefore, some reference term and definitive distinction. Some system of nomenclature will be necessary if the unques- tionable geologic utility of these phases are to be rendered available. Accordingly, for the common early form that is characterized in gen- eral by its smaller size, narrow or triangular form, with small auricles squared on the quarter, the median nerve slender, the pedicel short and nar- row, the hairs being delicate, often short or found with difliculty, I would use, in a varietal sense, the name angustifoUa, which was applied by Les- quereux to most of the pinnules of this character from Hem-y County, Mis- souri. I think it not unlikely that this is the same form to which Bunbury gave the name Neuropteris cordata Brongn. var. angusfifolia in the flora of Cape Breton, in which case the varietal designation should be credited to him. This form or variety, illustration of which is given in Fig. 3, PI. XLII, and Fig. 4, PI. XXXVII, is the common phase of Neuropteris Scheuchzeri in the plant collections from Henry County, Missouri. I intend at another time to more fully illustrate the variations of this species within the Carboniferous series of the Appalachian Basin. Though N. Scheuchzeri has not yet been reported from below the true Coal Measures, or Alleghany series, in the United States, it is not improbable that representatives of it may yet be found in what has been described as the "conglomerate series," or, better, as the "Pottsville series," or fonnatiou. Localities. — Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5468, 5633; Grilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5469. FBRXS— MEGALOPTERIDE.E— NEUEOPTERIS. 137 Neuropteris dilatata (L. and H.) Lx. PI. XLI, Fig. 6; PI. XLII, Fig. 1; PI. XLIII; PI. XLIV, Fig. 2. 1833. Cyclopteris dilatata Lindley and Hatton [non (L. Si H.) Stb.], Foss. Fl.,vol. ii, pi. ici B. 1849. Nephropteris dilatata (L. and H.) Brougniart, Tableau d. gen., p. 1(5 (65). 18(J0. N'ephropterk dilatata (L. and H.) Brongn., Scbiinper, Trait6, vol. i, p. 430. 1879. Dolerophyllmn dilatatiim (L. and H.) Schiuiper, in Zittel: Handb. Pal:i*out., vol. ii, pp. 142, 252. 1880. Neuropteris dilatata (L. and H.) Lesquoreux, Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 78. 1893. Neuropteris dilatata (L. and H.) Lx., D. White, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, p. 96. The specific correlation of these large Cyclopterid pinnules is still uncertain. The nomenclatural confusion arising from determinations influ- enced by such characters as size, or distance of nerves along a broken edge, or obscurity of nervation near the margin, is slig'litly increased by the reference by some paleobotanists of these, Cyclopterids to DolerophyUum, or Boleropteris, on the basis of a relation to a higher gymnospermic type. Through the courtesy of Dr. J. H. Britts, of Clinton, Missouri, I have represented in PI. XLIII the specimen described by Professor Lesquereux in the Coal Flora, page 78, and again by myself with others from the zinc region of the same State ^ A good series of specimens was also gathered by Mr. Van Ingen from the same locality. These American specimens I have carefully compared with material in the Lacoe collection from Lindley and Hutton's tj^pe locality, Felling Colliery, Newcastle, England, and this comparison seems to confirm Professor Lesquereux's identification. The leaf stxbstance, which is not particularly thick, shows the same intermediate fibers or ducts between the main nerves in the examples from both England and Missouri. These fibers, as we may for convenience term them, in the plant from the " outliers" in the zinc region, are present in all the well-preserved specimens In fact, the better the preservation of the leaf the more clearly the filaments may in general be seen, although they are sometimes immersed in the parenchyma. The details given in Fig. la, PI. XLII, fail to do justice to the continuity or distinction of these filaments or ducts, though they sometimes seem to lack continuity, owing, apparently, to a vertical undulation in the parenchyma of the limb. Fig. 6a, PI. XLI, ' Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, 1893, p. 96. 138 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSODRL shows the appearance of the filaments near the base of the leaf; Fig. la, PI. XLII, represents the aspect between the same nerves nearer the margin. While these intermediate filaments are sometimes not so distinct at the base of the leaf, their presence can usually be discerned in the region where the main nerves are distant. In the absence of a knowledge of the anatomical structure of our material any argument as to the systematic position of these Cyclopterids will lack conclusiveness. A similar condition as to intervening filaments may, I believe, be less clearly seen on some of the other asymmetrical auriculate Cyclopterids, with marginal attachments, which are probably rachial pinnules of Neuropteris, and, whether they represent independent vessels or only dissociated nerves, or even supposing them to be resin vessels or some analogous structures, such a condition would not perhaps be out of accord with the complicated and anomalous structure observed in some types of Paleozoic fern stems. Doleropteris pseuclopeltata, a large Cyclopteroid leaf regarded by its author. Grand 'Eury,^ as a gymnosperm (Boleropkyllmn of Sapoi-ta^), agrees in size, form, including the overlapping auricles, and even in the aspect of the nervation so closely with our species as to create the strongest suspicion that both belong to the same genus. The only apparent important differ- ence indicated in the description or figure is a more coriaceous texture in the French specimen. Moreover, the companion species, Cydopteris obliqua Brongn. and C. orbicularis Brongn., have been referred to the gymnospermic genus, while Schimper^ and Schenk were disposed to believe that Cydopteris dilatata L. and H. should also be referred to DolerophyUum. M. Grand 'Euiy is of the opinion that the Pachy testa of Brongniart, a type of fossil fruit probably represented by Rhahdocarpos MansfiehU Lx. in tins country, is the fruit of Doleropteris. The supposed male, pollen-bear- ing disks or leaf scales of the same plant, identified by the former as Androstachys* are no doubt of the same nature as the fossils described by 1 G60I. pal(5ont. bassin houill. Gard., 1890, p. 306, pi. vili, fig. 1. "■DolerophyUum, made by Saporta the type of the DolerophijUeiv , and placed by him, togethei- with the Cordaitew, etc., in the group "Proangiosperms." Saporta et Marion, fivol. ri^g. vcg., Phanerogames, vol. 1, 1885, p. 68. sZittel, Handb. Palipont., vol. ii, pp. 142, 252. * A. cehennetuis Grand 'Eury, op. cit., p. 307, pi. vili, figs. 2A, 2A'. " Appareil male on Amlrophylle des Dolerophyllees," Saporta, fivol. Reg. Xeg., Phanerog., vol. 1, p. 71, fig. 35. FERNS— MEGALOPTERIDE.E—LINOPTERIS. 139 Dawson' as Dolerophyllum pennsylvanicum. These, too, are Cyclopteroid, though smaller, thicker, and more fibrous than any of the other Cyclop- terids. These fertile or polleniferous disks are now known from several localities in this country, and the fact that Cyclopteroid specimens of the same nature as N. dUatata are present in the same beds justifies the antici- pation that should specimens showing the organization of the leaf be found, these would prove generically identical with the similar forms from the Old World. Localities. — Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6471; Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., .5470, .56.58, .5672. LINOPTERIS Presl, 1838. 1835. Dictyopteris Gutbier (noa Lamour.), Abdriicke, p. Oi'. 1838. Linopteris Presl, in Sternberg: Versuch, vol. ii, facs. 7-8, p. 167. 1897. Linopteris Presl, Potonie, Lehrb. d. Ptlauzeupal., p. 153. LiNOPTBBIS GILKERSONBNSIS 11. Sp. PI. XLI, Figs. 7, 8; PI. LXI, Pig. 1/. 1897. Dictyopteris sp., D. White, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. viii, pp. 297, 300. 1899. Dictyopteris gilkersonensis D. White, 19tb Anu. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. 3, p. 510. Pinnules open, rather distant, alternate, sessile by a narrow attachment to a slender striate rachis, 5 mm. to 2 cm. or more in length, 4 to 7 mm. in width, oblong-ovate, tapering from near the base toward the round sum- mit, nearly straight, hardly subfalcate, the base nearly equilateral, of rather thick texture and sparsely punctate; midrib of moderate strength, irregular above the middle ; nerves very coarse, but few primary nerves, very oblique, anastomosing near the bifurcations, touching the margin obliquely; areoles comparatively few, very broad in proportion to the length, trapezoidal, roundish at the distal end, very long and oblique near the midrib, and becoming shorter and more rhomboidal near the margin. The material from Gilkerson's Ford contains many detached pinnules of a '^ Dictyopteris" which I at first thought might be a variety of one of the species already described; but a comparison with the literature and speci- mens representing the described American species leaves little doubt as to ■ Can. Rec. Sci., vol. iv, 1890, p. 8. 140 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL the distinction and validity of the form to which I ha^-e consequenth' given the above specific name. The name Dictyopteris, for which Presl substituted Linopteris, should no longer be employed in the terminology of fossil ferns, since, as Potonid points out, the same name, which was earlier applied by Lamouroux (1809) to a genus of living Algee, is still recognized in the family Dicti/otacece The essential characters of Linopteris gilkersonensis are the nearly straight and rather small pinnviles, the sides converging slightly or nearly parallel, the apex rounded with almost bilateral S3mimetry; the coarseness of the nerves, the general direction of which is very oblique to the margin ; the relatively small number of the areoles, which are proportionately very broad and consequently few in number, the inner angles being imusually open. It differs from the group represented by L. ohliqna Bunb., L. sub- Brongniartii^ or L. ByongmartH (Eichw.) by the straighter pinnules, the coarse veins, and the relatively few and broad meshes. Although resem- bling in form and size some of the specimens figured by Kidston^ and Zeiller^ as Dictyopteris Munsteri Roem., the strong nervation, rigid and open-angled nerves, with shorter meshes at the margin, make it improper to associate the specimens in hand with that species. Locflliti/. — Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5485. T^.NIOPTERIS Brougniart, 1828. Prodrome, p. 61; Hist. v^g. toss., vol. i,.1831 or 1832, p. 262. T^NIOPTERIS ? MISSOURIENSIS D. W. PI. XL, Figs. 1-7, 1893. Twniopteris missouriensis D. White, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. iv, p. 119, pi. i. Fronds bipinnate (tripinnate !), the larger divisions linear-lanceolate, acute, composed of pinnatifid pinnules near the base, above which are simple pinnules; primary rachis broad, shining, marked by somewhat irregular lines, and consisting of a thickened central portion, broadly but shallowly canaliculate above, half round below, and of thinner marginal laminae ; pin- nules opposite, subopposite, or alternate, slightl}^ distant, at right angles or refiexed below, becoming more oblique above, ribbonlike, gradually taper- 1 Foss. Fl. Radstoek Series, 1887, p. 361, pi. xxi, figs. 6a-6. ' Fl. foss. houill. Valenciennes, Atlas, 1886, pi. xliv, figs. 2, 2a ; see also figs. 1, 3, 4, 5. FEimS— MEGALOPTEKIDE^— T.ENIOPTERIS. 141 ing- from the lower part, with borders straight or shghtly undulate and nearly parallel, to a rather acute tip, long, sometimes reaching a length of 8 cm. or more, and measiu-ing 6-13 mm. in width, the lower ones slightly narrowed toward the cordate, nearly symmetrical base with its narrowed attachment which overlaps the marginal lamina of the rachis, the higher ones becoming attached by the whole base, those near the top of the pinnae becoming shorter, more distinctly decurrent and confluent, the margins more rapidly converging; limb of the pinnules rather thick, dull, broadly canaliculate along the midrib, somewhat convex near the borders, overlap- ping the marginal laminse of the rachis, constricted to a rather narrow attachment in the lower and middle pinnules, spreading and uniting those near the apex of the 23inna3, where it forms a wing incised by acute and decurring angles at the confluence of the pinnules; nervation Tseniopteroid ; midrib strong, depressed, broad and striate beneath, broadly canaliculate above, originating from the central portion of the rachis, passing along the middle of the lamina and tapering to the apex of the pinnule; lateral nerves rather fine salient above, distinct beneath, originating at an oblique or some- times nearly a right angle from a slender cordlike bundle often distinctly in relief traversing the center of the canal, usually forking at or near the midrib, rarely simple, curving- quickly if oblique, and passing fairly straight and generally parallel perpendicularly to the border, usuall}' forking again at a var3'ing distance in the lamina, and counting 24 to 28 per centimeter at the margin ; basal nervils of the upper decurrent pinnules springing from the rachis; those of the uppermost Alethopteroid pinmiles rather more oblique in passing to the margin. Among the known Paleozoic plants are several sj^ecies described as Danceites, AletJiopteris, Tccniopteris, and Desmopteris which have many char- acters in common with Tceniopteris % missouriensis. Of the American forms, Banceites (^Aletliopteris) macrophylla Newb. sp , Alethojderis maxima Andv., the types ranged under Ortliogoidopteris and ProtoblecJmum, and an unpublished species of CaUhpteridkmi described by Lesquereux deserve comparison. Newberry's Alethopteris macropki/Ua,^ the fully developed pinnules of which are somewhat similar to those of our specimens, is Alethopteroid in arrange- ment, only the lowest, so far as I have observed, becoming contracted to ' Geol. Surv. Ohio, Pal., I, p. 383, pi. xlviii, figs. 3, 3a. 142 FLOllA OF LOWEK COAL MEASUEES OF MISSOUKI. the obliquely cordate base. Besides its more delicate habit, it further dif- fers by the obliquity of the narrowed bases of the distinct pinnules, the more slender upper, confluent pinnules, and the closer nervation. There is perhaps no generic difference between the two plants. AletJiopteris maxima Andr.,^ as seen in a specimen from Rushville, Ohio, determined by Professor Lesquereux, is an Alethopterid, though the difference between it and Pro- toblecJmum may not be of g-eneric rank. At probably nearly the same stage a form perhaps somewhat similar existed in the Alethopteris ingens Daws.,^ the pinnules of which, more than 1 inch in width and 3 inches or .more in length, have the Daiiceites nervation. The A. discrepans Daws.,^ also from the beds of supposed Middle Devonian age, but undoubtedly, as shown by the peculiar composition and distribution of the flora, belonging to the Carboniferous, at St. John, New Brunswick, the long, ribbon-like, open pinnules of which are united, however, by a narrow decurrent wing, should also be taken into comparison. So far as the form and development of the pinnules, and to some extent the nervation, are concerned, a closer resem- blance obtains in the cases of PseudodaiKBopsis reticulata Font.,* from the Upper Trias at Clover Hill, Virginia, or the forms of T(Bmopte.ris Miinsteri Groepp. {Angiopteris, fide Schenk), from the Lias of Bornhohn ^ The upper pinnules of the Virginia species are united, as figured by Fontaine, while the lower ones are long, ribbonlike, and distinctly and nearly equally rounded at the base, as in our plant from Missouri. Perhaps its nearest affinity is, however, with the Tceniopteris jejimata of Grand 'Eury,^ from the Upper Carboniferous and Permian of France. In this species, of which the upper parts of the pinnte are, I believe, unknown, the pinnules are sometimes short- pediceled, the lamina thin, and the nerves generally more oblique near the midrib and more regular, as figured, in passing to the margin than in our species.' In form the Missouri species is also close to ' Geol. Smv. Ohio, Pal., II, p. 421, pi. 1, figs. 3, Sa-b. -Foss. PI. Dev. Sil. Form. Can., pi. xviii, fig. 206, p. 54. 'Op. cit., p. 54, figs. 203-205. ^ Older Mes. FL, U. S. Geol. Surv. Monogr., vol. vi, p. 59, pi. xxx, figs. 1-4. •'' Bartholiu : Botauisk Tklsskr., vol. xviii, hft. i, Kj0benhavu, 1892, p. 23, pi. ix, fig. 9. |*F1. carb. Loire, p. 121. Zeiller, Fl. fo.ss. Commentry, pt. 1, p. 280, Atl., pi. xxii, figs. 7-9. Zeiller, Fl. foss. Autun, Epinao, p. 162, pi. xli, fig. 6. Potoni^, Fl. Rothl. Thiiringen, p. 145. pi. xvii, fig. 3. 'The nervation seen in the figures of T. missourienais is drawn with fidelity in detail from the originals. FERNS— MEGALOPTBEIDE^—T^NIOPTEKIS. 143 certain species referred by Stur^ and Zeiller^ to Desmojiteris Stur, which has a somewhat different nervation, thougli it appears to be alhed to the Alethopteroid group. It also bears a strong resemblance to Alethopteris magna Grand 'Eury.' In the latter, however, the mode of division is more irreo-ular, the pinnules more heteromorphous and not so contracted at the base, while the nervation is much more distinctly Alethopteroid. My reference of the Missouri species to Tceniojjteris is provisional. The fern is in its habit, and to some extent its nervation, evidently closely related to Alethopteris. As suggested above, it should perhaps be included in the same genus with Danmtes (Alethopteris) macrojjhylla (Newb.) Lx.; but from the character of the rachis, midrib, form of pinnules and the nervation, and from the observed development of the upper part of some of the Tseniopteroid forms in the older Mesozoic and Carboniferous, I have been led to place it among the TceniopteridecB; and, notwithstanding the high degree of its superficial identity with the Marattiaceous forms comparable in their fructification to Bamea or Angiopteris, it seems better, in default of all knowledge of the fruiting of our species, to r«fer it to the genus Tmiiopteris, the former resting place of many of the Mesozoic species, rather than to the equivocal genus Danmtes. It is certainly ineligible to admission in the Danmtes of Groeppert and Stur. The name Danmtes, in the sense in which it is employed by Heer and Schimper, should, if used at all, perhaps be applied to those species only of which either the fruiting is known or the generic identity with other contemporaneous fruiting species is by other evidence satisfactoril)- proved, leaving their apparent representatives from the Paleozoic, the fruiting of which is not known, in the convenient and noncommittal genus Tmiiopteris, without presupposing any direct genetic relation to any particular fruiting genus The broader application by European paleobotanists of the name Tmiiopteris to pinnate forms with narrower leaves, as well as the resem- blance, in many respects, of our plant to the Tmiiopteris jejimata, has further influenced me in placing this form, which has so close an affinity with Alethopteris, in the above-named genus. Perhaps it belongs more properly in Alethopteris. 'Carbon.-Fl. Schatzlaier Sell., vol. i; see D. belfjica Stur, p. 181, pi. lii, figs. 7-9. iiFl. Foss. houill. Valenciennes, p. 216, pi. xxxviii, flg.s. 3-5. See Ettingshaiisen, Fl. Radnitz, p. 40, pi. xvi, figs. 2-4. sG^ol. pal. bassin houill. Gard, p. 290, pi. xx, figs. .5, 6. 144 FLORA OF LOWEK COAL MEASURES OF MISSOUKL The relationship of Tmiiopteris missouriensis and of other supposed Paleozoic representatives of the Marattiaceae was considered soniewliat in full by me in a special publication on the subject.^ Localities. — Hobbs's bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5556-5560, 5568. Also one specimen from Deepwater, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5591. EQUISETALES. CALAMARIJE^E. CALAMITES Sackow, 1784. Acta Acad. Tlieoil. Palat., vol. v, p. 357. Schlotheim, Petrefacteukuude, 1820, p. 398. The brilliant results obtained in late years by the English, French, and German investigators of the internal structure of the Calamarian types have thrown great light on the relations of this class of vegetable remains. While at first it seemed that the study of the anatomical features of this group would lead to its division into several sections of generic, or at least subgeneric rank, some of these sections being referred to orders far apart in the vegetable world, the widespread interest and increased attention to the subject consequent upon the earlier developments tend latterly to show the relative unity of the Calamarian group, though it is characterized within itself by remarkable diversity and complexity, such as have rendered enigmatic so many of the Paleozoic types. From large stems with thin walls like Calamites Suckowii or C. ramosus, whose superficial structure is interpreted ^ as indicating a close relation to the recent Equiseta, there seeuis to be a progression to the thick, complex walled species with well-developed secondary woody growth of the Calamo- dendron or Arthropitus types. Of great interest in this connection are the observations and conclu- sions of Mr. Cormack ^ who has found in Equisetum maximum that the older nodes possess much more highly developed woody structure than the young nodes, with new radially disposed elements and what seem to be cambial cells between the Ijark and the wood. From a comparison of the structure of the recent plant with that of Calamodendron it would appear that the ' Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. iv, 1893, p. 119 et seq. -Saporta, R^vue g^u. bot., vol. i, p. 584. ■Anuals of Botauy, vol. vii, 1893, pp. 63-82, pi. vi. EQUISETALES— CALAMAEIEJ5— OALAMITES. 145 difference between tlie modern Eqtiisetuni and the Paleozoic type is largely a matter of degree rather than fundamental. Quite in accord with this conclusion are the observations of Mr. Thomas Hick, who finds in Calamostachys Binneyana an axial structure agreeing in its details with the Arthropitus type, while the sporangiophores are dilated at the summit to form a shield, much as in JEquisetum, with the anatomical characters of which the fossil has much that is in common or similar.^ The relation of some Annularian forms to the Equiseta and Calamites will be mentioned in connection with the Annularice. Calamites kamosus Artis. 1825. Calamites ramosus Artis, Autertil. Phytol., pi. ii. 1828. Calamites ramosus Artis, Brouguiart, Hist. veg. toss., p. 127, pi. xvii, tig. 5 (uoa 6). 1835. Calamites ramosus Artis, Gutbier, Abdriicke, p. 18, pi. ii, tig. 6. 1848. Calamites ramosus Artis, Sauveur, Veg. foss. terr. houill. Belg., pi. ix, tig. 2; pi. X, tigs. 1, 2. 1877. Calamites ramosus Artis, Grand 'Eury, El. carb. Loire, p. 20, pi. ii, fig. 4. 1879. Calamites ramosus Artis, Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 1, pi. i, fig. 2; text, vol. i (1880), p. 22. 1882. Calamites ramosus Artis, Renault, Cours. bot. foss., vol. ii, p. 163, pi. xsiv, figs. 8, 9. 1884. Calamites ramosus Artis, Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 702, pi. xcii, figs. 1-4. 1886. Calamites ramosus Artis, Zeiller, Fl. foss. Valenciennes, Atlas, pi. Iv, fig. 3; jjl. Ivi, fig. 3; text (1888), p. 345. 1887. Calamites ramosus Artis, Stur, Gal. Schatzlar. Sch., p. 96, pi. xii, figs. 1-6; pi. xiib; pi. xiii, figs. 1-9; pi. xiv, figs. 3-5; text figs. 1, 2, 28, 29, 31, 32. 1888. Calamites ramosus Artis, Toula, Die Steiulioblen, p. 205, p\. v, fig. 24. 1851. Calamites communis Ettingsbauseu (pars), Beitr. Fl. Vorw., p. 73 (ex parte syn.). 1877. Calamites noclosus Schlotb., Lebour, Illustr., pis. ii, iii. 1884. Calamites [Eucalamites) ramosus Artis, Weiss, Steiuk.-Cal., vol. ii, p. 98, pi. ii, fig. 3; pi. V, figs. 1, 2; pi. vi; pL vii, figs. 1, 2; pi. viii, figs. 1, 2, 4; pL ix, fig. 1 ; pi. X, fig. 1 ; pi. XX, figs. 1, 2. 18S6. Calamites (Eucalamites) ramosus Artis, Kidstou, Foss. PI. Lauarksh., i). 51. 1893. Calamites (Uucalamites) ramosus Artis, D. Wbite, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., no. 98, p. 17. 1887. Uucalamites (Calamites) ramosus (Artis) Kidston, Foss. Fl. Eadstock Ser., p. 341, 1889. Eucalamites (Calamites) ramosus (Artis) Kidston, Foss. PI. Eavenbead coll., p. 400. 1888. Eucalamites ramosus (Artis) Kidst., Schenk, Die foss. Pflanzeur., p. 125. Foliage and fructification: see Annular ia ramosa Weiss (Calamostachys ramosa Weiss). ' Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Polytech. Soc, vol. xii, 1893, pt. iv, pp. 279-293, pis. xiv-xv. MON XXXVII 10 146 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL But little appears to have been added to our kuowledge of this inter- esting and relatively Avell-known species since the preparation of the review of its status in my report on the flora of the outlying Carboniferous basins of southwestern Missouri.^ Both stems and branches (Annularia ramosd) of this species are not rare in the collections. The examples from Owen's bank and Deepwater seem to present the general characters of the species, though the branch scars, of which there is one at nearly every node, are usually small, and are occasionally accompanied by still smaller cicatrices at some of the joints. The thin scale of carbonaceous matter shows the woody zone to have been thin. The fluting, which appears less distinct on the outside of the carbonaceous residue, is nearly obliterated from the cast of the pith in sev- eral greatly compressed specimens. It should be remarked that the ribs, which are rather less sharply defined than usual in this species, are finely striate throughout. Localities. — Deepwater, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5421; Owen's bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5420; Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5419. Calamites Suckowii Brongn. 1828. Calamites Suclcowii Brongniart, Hist. v6g. foss., p. 124, pL xiv, tig. 6; pi. x\ , flgs. 1-6; pi. XVI. 1835. Calamites Suckoicii Brongn., Broun, Lethfea Geogn., vol. i, 2, p. 18, i)l. vi, flgs. \a-h. 1835. Calamites Suckoivii Brongn., Gutbier, Abdriicke, p. 17, pi. ii, figs. 1, 2, Irt. 1842. Calamites Suckoicii Brongn., Kutorga, Beitr. Pal. Russl., p. 5, pi. ii, fig. 1. 1845. Calamites Sucl-otcii Brongniart, in Murchison, Verneuil, and Keyserling: G6ol. d. 1. Russie, vol. ii, 3, p. 11, pi. d, flgs. la, lb. 1848. Calamites Suckowii Brongn., Sauveur, Veg. foss. terr. houill. Belgique, pi. iii, pi. iv, pi. xi, fig. 3. 1850. Calamites Suckowii Brongn., Mantell, Pictorial Atlas, p. 47, pi. vi, tigs. 1, 2. 1855. Calamites Suckowii Brongn., Geinitz,Verst. Steink. Sacbsen, p. 6, pi. xiii, flgs. 1-3, ^ec?). 1855. Calamites Suckowii Brongn., Phillips, Man. Geol., p. 235, flg. 112. 1865. Calamites Suckoicii Brongn., Heer, Urwelt Schweiz, p. 8, flg. 5a. 1869. Calamites Suckotcii Brongn., Schimper, Traite, vol. i, p. 312 (excl. syn.) (pi. xviii^ flg. 1 ?). 1869. Calamites Suckowii Brongn., von Roehl, Foss. Fl. Steink. Westphalens, p. 9, pi. i, flg. 6; pi. ii, fig. 2. 1871. Calamites Suckoicii Brongn., Weiss, Foss. Fl. Saar-Rh. Geb., p. 117, pi. xiii, flg. 5. 1872. Calamites Suckowii Brongn., Balfour, PaLneont. Bot., p. 57, flg. 45a. ' Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, 1893, pp. 17-25. EQUISETALES— CALAMARIE/E— CALAMITES. 147 1874. Calamites Sticl-oivii Brougu., O. Feistmantel, Verst. biibm. Kohlenabl., vol. i, p. 102, pi. ii, figs. 3, 4; pi, lii, tigs. 1, 2; pi. iv, figs. 1, 2; pi. v, fig. 1. 1876. Calamites Suckowii Brongu., Weiss, Steinkobleu-GHl., vol. i, p. 123, pi. xix, fig. 1. 1877. Calamites Siickoioii Brongn., Grand 'Eury, Fl. carb. Loire, p. 14, pi. i, figs. 1-4. 1878. Calamites Suckowii Brongu., Dawson, Acad. Geol., 3d ed., p. 442, fig. 163A, ,_,, p. 195, flg. 39. 1S79. Calamites Suckoimi Brongu., Zeiller, V(5g. foss. terr. bouilL, p. 12, pi. clix, flg. 1. 1879. Calamites Suclwwii Brongn., Heer, Urwelt Scbweiz, 2d ed., p. 15, fig. 17a. 1879. Calamites Sucl-owii Brongu., Eotbpletz, Abb. Scbweiz, pal. Gesell., vol. vi, no. 4, p. 2, pi. ii, figs. 1, 2. 1879. Calamites Sucltoirii Brongu., Lesquereux, Goal Flora, Atlas, pi. i, flg. 3 (4?); text, vol. i (1880), p. 20. 1880. Calamites Suclcowii Brongu., Ferd. Roeiuei, Letb. Geogn., Pal., p. 142, pi. 1, flg. 1. 1880. Calamites Suclwwii Brongn., Scbimper, in Zittel: Handb. Pal., vol. ii, p. 164, flg. 124, a, I). 1880. Calamites Suckowii Brongn., Dawson, Cbain of Life, p. 104, flg. 96a. 1881. Calamites Suckou-ii Brongn., Weiss, Aus d. Fl. d. Steink., p. 9, pi. vii, fig. 43. 1882. Calamites Suckowii Brongn., Renault, Cours bot. foss., vol. ii, p. 159, pi. xxiv, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6. 1882. Calamites Suckoirii Brongn., Twelvetrees, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Loud., vol. xxxviii, p. 495, pi. xx, flg. 3. 1883. Calamites Suckotrii Brongn., Lapparent, Geol., p. 735, flg. 275. 1883. An Calamites Suckoicii Brongn., Lesquereux, 13tb Rept. Geol. Surv. Indiana, pi. v,flg. 5? 1884. Calamites Suckowii Brongn., Weiss, Steinkoblen-Cal., vol. ii, p. 129, pi. ii, flg. 1; pi. iii, figs. 2, 3; pi. iv, flg. 1; (pi. xxvii, flg. 3 ?). 1886. Calamites Suckowii Brongn., Zeiller, Fl. foss. bassin bouill.Valenciennes, Atlas, pi. liv, flgs. 2, 2a, 3 ; pi. Iv, flg. 1 ; text (1888), p. 333. 1887. Calamites Suckoicii Brongn., Stur, Calamar. d. Carbon-Fl., p. 145, pi. iii, figs. 3, 4; pi. V, flgs. a, 6; (pi. ix, flg. 2 1); pl.xiv,fig.l; (pl.xvi,fig.l ?). 1887. Calamites Suckowii Brongn., Oredner, El. Geol., p. 471, fig. 236c. 1888. Calamites Suckowii Brongu., Toula, Die Steinkoblen, p. 202, pi. v, figs. 1, 2, 9. 1888. Calamites Suckowii Brongu., Renault, PI. foss., p. 185, fig. 12. 1888. Calamites Suckowii Brongn., Dawson, Geol. Hist. PL, p. 123, flg. 46a; p. 124, flgs. 49 a-c. 1889. Calamites Suckoicii Brongn., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. i, p. 105, text flg. 1889. Calamites Suckowii Brongn., Miller, N. Amer. Geol. Pal., p. 110, flg. 20. 1890. Calamites Suckoicii Brongn., Grand 'Eury, Geol. pal. Gard., p. 216, pi. iii, fig. 24; pi. xvii, fig. 3. 1890. Calamites Suckoicii Brongn., Renault, Fl. foss. Gommentry, vol. ii, p. 385, pi. xbii, figs. 1-3; pi. xliv, figs. 4, 5. 1890. Calamites Suckowii Brongu., Saporta, Rev. g6u. bot., vol. 1, p. 584, pi. xxv, figs. 1, 1«, Ih. 1833. An Calamites cannceformis Scblotb., Lindley and Hutton, Foss. Fl., vol. i, p. 217: pi. Ixxix? 1877. An Calamites cannceformis Scblotb,, Lebour, lUustr., pi. 1« 1833, An CVdomito— base of stem, Lindley and Button, Foss FL, vol. ii, p. 39, pi. xcvi ? 148 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. 1848. Calamites Artisii Sauveiir [non (Goepp.) Btt.], Vt'g. foss. terr. houill. Belgique, pLvii,flg. 1(2?). 1848. Calamites nodosus Schloth. (nou Stb.), Sauveur, Veg. foss. terr. houilL Belgique, pi. xii, fig. 3. 1851. Calamites communis Ettingsliausen, Beitr. FL Yorw., p. 73 (ex parte syu.). 1882. Calamites irregularis Achepohl (non Kutorga), Niederrh.-WestfaL Steiuk., pt. 6, p. 89, pi. xxviii, fig. 2. 1884. Calamites (Stylocalamites) Suclcouni Brongn., Weiss, Steiukohleu-Gal., vol. ii. Atlas, pi. ii, fig. 1 ; pi. iii, figs. 2, 3 ; (pi. iv, fig. I ? ) ; pi. xvii, fig. 3. 1884. Stylocalamites Suclcoivii (Brongn.) Weiss, SteinkohlenCal., vol. ii, Atlas, pi. ii, fig. 1; 1)1. iii, figs. 1,3; pi. xxvii, fig. 3. 1887. Stylocalamites Suclcowii {Brongn.) Weiss, Kidstou, Foss. fi. Radstock Ser., p. 342. 1820. An Calamites decoratus Scblotli. (non Eichwald), Petrefactenkuude, p. 401! 1822. An Calamites decoratus Schloth., Bronguiart, Mem. mus. hist, uat., vol. viii, p. 217, pi. xii, fig. 2? 1825. An Calamites decoratus Schloth., Artis, Autedil. PhytoL, pi. xxiv? 1828. An Calamites decoratus Schloth., Brongniart, Hist. veg. foss., p. 123, pi. xiv, figs. 1-5? 1828. An Calamites decoratus Schloth., Bronn, iu Bischoft': Krypt. Gewiichse, p. GO, pi. vi, tig. 11? 1850. Au Calamites decoratus Schloth., Mantell, Pictorial Atlas, p. 51, pi. xvii? 1854. Au Calamites decoratus Schloth., Mantell, Med. Creation, 2d ed., p. 107, figs. 14 1 1861. An Calamites decoratus Schloth., Lesquereux, Geol. Surv. Kentucky, vol. iv, p. 435 (pi. iii, fig. 4, not published) ? 1897, Au Calamites typ. Suclcoicii Brongn., Potonie, Lehrb. d. Pflanzenpal., p. 192, figs. 188, i, ii; p. 193, fig. 189? This species, reported by Professor Lesquereux from Henry County, Missouri, is represented in tlie collections before me by a single long frag- ment. While the characters of the ribs and rib cicatrices seem to agree with those of the ordinary specimens of the species, the ramification, noticed at intervals of every two or three nodes, appears to be more profuse, perhaps, than the European form. ' The carbonaceous residue of the vascular tissue constitutes a very thin, fihny pellicle, and seems to indicate for this species a very tWn-walled structure, possibly approaching the living type of Equisetum. It is probable that some of the thick-walled or more Calamodendroid specimens referred in this country to this species are really more closely related to C. varians and other species. The thin tissue of C. Suckowii has been especially emphasized by the late Marquis Saporta. Locality. — Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5425. BQUISETALES— CALAMARIP^.E— CALAMiTES. 149 Oalamitks GiSTii Brongii. 1828. Galamites Cistii Brongniart, Hist. veg. foss., p. 129, pi. xx. 1848. Calamites Cistii Brongn., Sauveur, Veg. foss. terr. hoiiill. Belgique, pi. xi, fig. 1 (2?); pi. viii, flg. 3; pi. is, fig. 1. 1853. Galamites Cistii Brongn., Marcon, Geol. Map N. Ainer., p. 38, pi. v, fig. 1. 1855. Calamites Cistii Brongn., Geinitz, Verst. Steink. Sachsen, p. 7, pi. xi, flg. 7 (8?); pi. xii, flg. 4 (5f); pi. xiii, flg. 7. 1865. Calamites Cistii Brongn., Heer, Urwelt Schweiz, p. 8, flg. ia (ft?). 1869. Galamites Cistii Brongn., Schimper, Traite, vol. 1, p. 313, Atlas (1874) (pi. xviii, fig. 3 ?). 1871. Galamites Cistii Brongn., Dawson, Kept. Geol. Struct. P. E. I., p. 44, pi. ii, figs. 10, 11. 1876. Calamites Cistii Brongn., Heer, Fl. Foss. Helv., p. 47, pi. xx (figs. 1, 2, 4?), 3. 1877. Calamites Cistii Brongn., Grand 'Enry, Fl. carb. Loire, p. 19, pi. ii, flgs. 1, 2, 3. 1878. Calamites Cistii Brongn., Dawson, Acad. Geol., 3d ed., p. 442, flg. 163B; p. 194 (flg. 38!). 1879. Calamites Cistii Brongn., Heer, Urwelt Schweiz, 2d ed., p. 15, flgs. 16a-b. 1879. Galamites Cistii Brongn., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 1, pi. i, flg. 6; text, vol. i (1880), p. 27. 1880. Calamites Cistii Brongn., Rothpletz, Abh. Schweiz. pal. Gesell., vol. vi, no. 4, p. 3, pi. ii, flg. 3. 1880. Calamites Cistii Brongn., Dawson, Chain of Life, p. 104, fig. 96B. 1882. Galamites Cistii Brongn., Eenault, Cours bot. foss., vol. ii, p. 162, pi. xxiv, flg. 7. 1883. Calamites Cistii Brongn., Lesquereux, 13th Kept. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 40, pi. V, flg. 4. 1886. Galamites Cistii Brongn., Sterzel, Fl. Eothl. n.-w. Sachsen, p. 12 (pi. i, flg. 8!); pi. ii (flgs. 1?, 2?) 3; (pi. iii, fig. 1; pi. vii, tig. 2?). 1886. Calamites Cistii Brongn., Zeiller, Fl. foss. Valenciennes, Atlas, pi. Ivi, flgs. 1, 2; text (1888), p. 342. 1887. Calamites Cistii Brongn., Credner, El. Geol., 6th ed., p. 472, flg. 2336. 1888. Calamites Cistii Brongn., Dawson, Geol. Hist. PI,, p, 123, flg. 46B (flg. 48?). 1889. Calamites Cistii Brongu., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. i, p. 104, text tig. 1890. Calamites Cistii Brongn., Renault, Fl. foss. houlll. Commentry, vol. ii, p. 389, jil. xliii, flg. 4; pi. xliv. flgs. 1, 2; pi. Ivii, flg. 4. 1890. Calamites Cistii Brongn., Grand 'Eury, Geol. pal. Gard., p. 217, pi. xv, fig. 1 (2?). 1891. Galamites Cistii Brongn. ,Raciborski, Permokarb. Fl., p. 13, pi. i (flg. 1?), (flg. 2'?). 1835. Calamites tubercnlosus Gutbier, Abdriicke, p. 24, pi. ii, flgs. 4, 14; pi. iiiA, flg. 4. 1843. An Galamites Durrii Gutbier Mss., in Neumann, Cotta, Geinitz, et al. : Gaea v. Sachsen, p. 69? 1849. An Galamites Durrii Gutbier, Verst. Rothl. Sachsen, p. 8, pi. i, tig. 6? 1849. An Galamites leioderma Gutbier, Verst. Rothl. Sachsen, p. 8, pi. i, fig. 5? 1864. An Calamites leioderma Gutb., Goeppert, Foss. Fl. perm. Form., p. 34, pi. iii, flg. 1 ? 1851. Galamites communis Ettingshausen, Beitr. Fl. Vorw., p. 73 (ex parte syn.). 1854. Galamites tenuifotius Ettingshausen, Foss. Fl. Radnitz, p. 27 (pars), pi. iii, flg. 4. 1862. Calamites infr actus Gutb. var. leioderma (Gutbier) Geinitz, Nachtr. z. Dyas, vol. ii, p. 13"), pi. XXV, flg. 3. 150 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL The characters of this species, including the very thin vascular zones, the rarity of rameal cicatrices, the long internodes, the low, nari'ow, obtusely keeled ribs bearing elongated scars at the upper ends and obscure or punctiform cicatrices at the lower extremities, and the shallow furrows, clearly striate, are so clear and diagnostic in the material at hand as to leave no doubt as to its identity with the species described by Brongniart from the Northern Anthracite field in Pennsylvania. The vascular arrange- ment at the nodes is remarkably clear, considering that the stems are compressed somewhat in a shale matrix. In this country CalamUes Cistii seems to have been slightly confused with several forms possibly referable to G. nodosus Schloth. or C. varians. The species probably appeared in the upper beds of the Pottsville, and was perhaps in its typical phase during the Lower Coal Measures, or Alle- ghany series. Although it has been published by several authors from the Pei-mian, an inspection of the figures gives the idea that the younger forms depart considerably from the normal type. Possibly it would be proper to place these Permian specimens, with much greater propoi-tionate breadth of rib, and with varying nodal diameter and lax aspect of the stem, under a separate varietal or specific name, which might at least be of some strati- graphic value. Illustrations of this phase are given by Raciborski,^ Sterzel,^ and Gutbier. The CalamUes infractus, and leioderma of Grutbier appear to be closely related to these, although they are frequently inscribed as syno- nyms of Catamites Cistii. Locality. —Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5424. ASTEROPHYLLITES Bronguiart, 1822. 1822, AsterophylHtes Bronguiart, Mem. mus. hist, nat., voL viii, p. 210 (pars). 1828. Asteropkyllites Bronguiart, Prodrome, p. 159. 1820. Casnarinites Schlotlieim, Petrefactenkunde, p. 397 (pars). 1823. Schlotheimia Sternberg, Versuch, voL i, fasc. 2, p. 32. 1823. MyriophyUites Sternberg, Versucli, vol. i, fasc. 3, p. 39 (pars). 1826. Bornia Sternberg, Yersuch, voL i, fasc. 4, tent., p. xxviii (pars). 1826. Briikmannia Sternberg, Versuch, vol. i, fasc. 4, tent., p. xxis (pars). 1826. Bechera Sternberg, Yersuch, vol. i, fasc. 4, teut., p. xxx (pars). 1836. Mppurites Lindley and Hutton, Foss. Fl., vol. iii, p. 105 (pars). 1869. Galamoclachis Schimper, Traite, vol. i, p. 323. 1880. Asterophyllum Schimper, in Zittel: Hand. Pal., vol. ii, p. 175. 1 Permokarb. Fl., 1891, p. 13 (365), pi. v, ligs. 1, 2. «FosB. Fl. Rothl. n.-w. Sachsens, 1886, p. 12, pi. i, fig. 8; pi. ii; pi. iii; pi. vii. EQUISETALES— CALAM AEIE JE— ASTEROPHTLLITES. 151 ASTEROPHYLLITES EQUISETIPORMIS (Schloth.) Brongn. PI. LIX, Fig. Ic. 1720. Uquisetum minimum, etc., Mylius, Memorabilia Sax. Subterr., p. 30, pi. xix, flg. 12. 1720. Polygonum fcemina, etc., Mylius, Memorabilia Sax. Subterr., p. 30, pi. xix, flg. 7. 1720. Equisetum majus, etc., Mylius, Memorabilia Sax. Subterr., p. 30, pi. xix, figs. 3, 5. 1723. Equisetum palustre, etc., Sebeucbzer, Herb. Dil., pi. i, fig. 3; pi. ii, fig. 1. 1723. Equisetum diluvianum Scheuohzer, Herb. Dil., pp. 15, 70, pi. i, flg. 5. 1804. Schlotheim, El. d. Vorw., pi. i, flg. 2; pi. ii, flg. 3. 1820. Gasuarinites equisetiformis Schlotheim, Petrefactenk., p. 397. 1825. Bornia equisetiformis (Schloth.) Sternberg, Versuch, vol. i, fasc. 4, tent., p. xxviii. 1841. Bornia equisetiformis (Schloth.) Sternb., Steininger, Geogu. Beschr., Nachtr., p. 12, fig. 13. 1828. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brougniart, Prodrome, p. 159. 1837. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., Germar, Isis, col. 428, pi. ii, fig.3. 1841. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., Hitchcock, Geol. Massachusetts, vol. ii, p. 541, pi. xxi, flg. 2. 1845. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., Germar, Verst. Steink. Wettin u. Lobejiin, p. 21, pi. viii. 1846. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., Teschemacher, Foss. Veg. Amer., p. 380. 1855. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., Geinitz, Verst. Steink. Sachsen, p. 8, pi. xvii, flg. 1. 1858. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., Lesquereux, Eept. Geol. Surv. Kentucky, vol. iv, p. 436, pi. iv, flgs. 1, Ifl. 1864. Asterophyllites equisetiformis {^(Moih.) Brongn., Goeppert, Foss. Fl. perm. Form., p. 36, pi. i, flg. 3. 1869. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brougn., von Eoehl, Foss. Fl. Steink. Westphalens, p. 22, pi. iii, flg. 5. 1871. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., O. Feistmantel, Steinkohlenf. Kralup, p. 17, pi. i, flg. 1. 1871. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., Weiss, Foss. Fl. jiingst. Steink. u. Rothl., p. 12G (pi. xii, flg. 2%). 1873. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., O. Feistmantel, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. GeselL, vol. xxv, p. 471 (pi. xiv, fig. 6?). 1874. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., O. Feistmantel, Verst. bohm. Ablag., vol. i, p. 116, pi. x, figs. 1, 2; pi. xi; pi. xii, fig. 2. 1876. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., Heer, Fl. Foss. Helv., p. 48, pi. xix, figs. 1, 2. 1876. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., Ferd. Koemer, Leth. Geogn., Pal., pi. 1, flg. 4; text (1880), p. 146. 1879. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., Saporta, Monde d. Plantes, p. 175, fig, 11, 5, 4. 1879. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., Zeiller, V6g. foss. terr. houill., p. 19, pi. clix, flg. 3. 152 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL 1879. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schlotli.) Brougu., Heer, Urwelt Scliweiz, 2d ed., p. 16, fig. 19. 1879. Aster oplujUites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 1, pi. ii, figs. 3, 3«; pi. iii, figs. 5-7; text, vol. i (1880), p. 35. 1881. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Scliloth.) Brongn., Weiss, Aus d. Fl. d. Steink., p. 9, ]}]. ix, fig. 45. 1882. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Scliloth.) Brongn., Renault, Cours hot. foss., vol. ii, p. 122, pi. xviii, fig. 1; pi. xix, fig. 3. 1883. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Scbloth.) Brongn., Schenk, in Richthofen: China, vol. iv, p. 235, pi. xxxvii, figs. 2, 3. 1883. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., Lesquereux, 13th Rept. Geol. Surv. Indiana, pi. vi, figs. 1, 2. 1886. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., Zeiller, Fl. foss. houill. Valen- ciennes, Atlas, pi. Iviii, figs. 1-7; text (1888), p. 368. 1888. Asteroplnjllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., Toula, Die Steinkohlen, p. 205, pi. V, fig. 27. 1888. AsterophyUites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., Renault, PI. foss., p. 202, fig. 15. 1889. ^s^eroj;/ii/Z/(7e.S'e(/?(ise/?/or»iis (Schloth.) Brongn., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. i, p. 46, text tig. 1890. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., Renault, Fl. foss. houill. Coni- mentry, vol. ii, p. 409, pi. xlviii, figs. 3, 4, 5. 1893. Asterojyhijllites equisetiformis (SuMoth.) Brongn., Grand 'P^ury, Geol. pal. houill. Gard., pp. 156, 173, pi. xvii, fig. 4. 1893. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., Potonii', Fl. Itothl. Thiiringen, X). 176, pi. xxiv, fig. 8. 1899. Asterophyllites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongn., D. White, 19th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. 3, p. 513. 1836. Hippurites longifolia Liudley & Hutton, Foss. FL, vol. iii, pis. cxc, cxci. 1844. Asterophyllites Neumannianus Goeppert, in Wimmer : Fl. v. Schlesien, vol. ii, p. 199. 1848. Asterophyllites Lindleyanus Goeppert, in Bronn: Index Pal., p. 122. 1851. Calamites Cistii Brongn., Ettingshausen, Fl. d. Vorw., p. 75 (ex parte syn.). 1865. Calamites Cistii Brongn., Heer, Urwelt Schweiz, p. 8, fig. 4c. 1855. Asterophyllites grandis L. & H., Geinitz, Verst. Steink. Sachseu, pi. xvii, fig. 5. 1855. Calamites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Ettingshausen, Steinkohlenfl. Radnitz, p. 28. 1869. Calamoeladus equisetiformis (Schloth.) Schimper, Traite, vol. 1, p. 324, pi. xx, figs. 1-3, 4. 1898. Calamoeladus equisetiformis (Schlotli.) Schinip., Seward, Foss. Plants, vol. 1, p. 334. fig. 87. 1869. Annularia valamitoides Schimper, Traite, vol. 1, p. 349, pi. xxii, fig. 4. 1876. Calamoeladus Mnervis Boulay, Terr, houill. nord Fr., p. 22, pi. ii, fig. l . 1876. Galamostachys germanica Weiss, Steinkohlen Cal., vol. l,p. 47, pi. xvi, figs. 3, 4. 1883. Calamostachys gcrmamica Weiss, Schenk, in Richthofen : China, vol. iv, p. 233, pi. xxxvi, fig. 5. 1878. Calamostachys equisetiformis (Schloth.) [Bigsby?J, Bigsby, Thesaurus Dev.- carb., p. 145. 1880. Asterox)hyllum equisetiformis {Schloth.) Schimper, in Zittell : Handb. Pal., vol.ii, pp. 174, 175, fig. 131. 1881. Asternphyllites annularioides Crepin, in Mourlon: Geol. Belgique, vol. ii, p. 59. EQUISETALES— CALAMARIB.E— ASTEROPHYLLITES. 153 There are in tlie collections but a few fragmeuts referable to this species, wliicli must have been relatively rare in this region at the time of the deposition of the lower coals. Two or three of the fragments are, by the marked obliquity of the very narrow leaves, the short nodes, and the general delicacy of form, closely related to AsterophylUtes erectifolins Andi*. This phase of A. equisetiforinis is not rare in the Ajspalachian Basin, where it is found near the base of the Productive Coal Measures, or Alleghany series. The leaves on a branch 2 mm. wide are more than three times the length of the intei'node, which is about 4 mm. From the habit of some of the larger stems I am strongly inclined to believe that some of the segments of large stems referred by authors to A. long'tfoUus or A. rigiclus may be merely portions of the main stems or principal branches of A. equisetiformis. The Lacoe collection in the United States National Museum contains a fine example (No. 7689) of the latter species from Cannelton, Pennsylvania, in which we see a stem segment 43 cm. long, 1 7 mm. wide at the lower end, and 10 mm. wide at the top, provided with 14 verticils of branches. Four, and sometimes five, branches, the longest of which is not over 12 cm., can be seen at nearly every node. The surface is nearly smooth, being only minutely lineate where decorticated, and is much smoother where the car- bonaceous material remains intact. It is worthy of mention that, notwith- standing the size of the stem, the leaves on the latter are not over 1.5 cm. in length. In this respect it differs much from certain specimens from Mazon Creek ascribed by Professor Lesquereux to this species, as well as from that figured under the same name by Von Roehl.^ It is possible that the distinctions between the diiferent species of AsterophylUtes have not in numerous cases been consistently established or followed. Localities. — Gilkerson's Ford; Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5423. ASTEROPHYLLITES LONGIFOLIUS (Stb.) BrODgll. PI. XLIX, Figs. 2-4. 1825. BrwJcmannia longifolia Sternberg, Versuch, vol. i, tent., p. xxix, fasc. 4, pi. Iviii, fig.l. 1828. AsterophylUtes longifolius (Stb.) Bronguiart, Prodrome, p. 159. ' Fo88. Fl. Steinkohlenf. Westphalens, pi. iii, fio-. 5. 154 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASUEES OF MISSOUEL 1832. Asterophyllites longifolius (Stb.) Brongu., Lindley and Button, Foss. Fl., voL i, 111. xviii. 1855. Asterojjhyllites longifolius (Stb.) Brongn., Geinitz, Verst. Steiiik. Sachsen, p. 9, 1)1. xviii, figs. 2, 3. 1869. Astero])hyUites longifolius (Stb.) Brongn., Von Eoelil, Foss. Fl. Steink. West- plialeus, p. 25, pi. iv, flg. 16; (pL xii fig. Ic?). 1874. AsterophyUites longifolius (Stb.) Brongn., O. Feistmantel, Verst. bohm. Ablag., vol. i, p. 123, pi. xiv, fig. C ; pi. xv, flg. 1. 1876. AsterophyUites longifolius (Stb.) Brongn., Heer, Fl. Foss. Helv., p. 50 (pi. xix, fig. 3?). 1876. AsterophyUites longifolius (Stb.) Brongn., Weiss, Steink.-Cal., vol. i, p. 50, pi. x, figs. 1,2, 3. 1881, AsterophyUites longifolius (Stb.) Brongn., Weiss, Aus d. Fl. d. Steink., pi. ix, fig. 46. 1886. AsterophyUites longifolius (Stb.) Brongn., Zeiller, Fl. foss. liouill. Valenciennes, Atlas, pi. lix, flg. 3; text (1888), p. 374. 1890. AsterophyUites longifolius (Stb.) Brongn., Eenault, Fl. foss. liouill. Commentry, vol. ii, p. 415, pi. xlvii, flg. 4; pi. xlviii, figs. 1, 6. 1893. Aster ophylUtes longifolius (Stb.) Brongu., Potonie, Fl. Eothl. Thiiringen, p. 178, pi. xxxiii, flg. 4. 1848. AsterophyUites elegans Sauveur, Veg. foss. terr. liouill. Belgique, pi. Ixviii, flg. 1. 1851. Calamites tenuifolius (Stb.) Ettingshausen, Beitr. Fl. Vorw., p. 76 (syn.). 1854. Calamites tenuifolius (Stb.) Ettingshausen, Steiukohlenfl. Eadnitz, p. 27 (pLii, fig.l?). 1869. Galamocladus longifolius (Stb.) Schiniper, Traite, vol. i, p. 323. 1886. Calamocladus longifoli'us (Stb.) Schimp., Kidston, Cat. Fal. Fl. Brit. Mus., p. 41, 1876. AsterophyUites cf. rigidus (Stb.) Brongn., Weiss, SteinkohlenCal., vol. i, pi. xii, fig. IB. 1876. Calamostachys sp. Weiss, Steinkoblen-CaL, vol. i, p. 56, pi. xii, flg. lA. 1876. Calamostachys longifolius (Stb.) Weiss, Steinkoblen-Cal., vol. i, p. 50, pi. x, fig. 1. 1884. Calamostachys longifolius (Stb.) Weiss, Steinkoblen-Cal., vol. ii, p. 171, pi. xx, flg. 6; pi. xxi, flg. 11. 1886. Calamostachys longifolius (Stb.) Weiss, Kidston, Trans. Geol. Soc, Glasgow, vol. iii, p. 54 (pi. lii, fig. 4?). 1879. AsterophyUites tenuifolius (Stb.) Brongn., Zeiller, Fl. foss. terr. houill., p. 20. To this apparently equivocal species I have referred a number of speci- mens which seem to agree with the descriptions and figures of European examples. I'he finely but distinctly striated nodes range from 13 to 30 mm. in length, while the leaves, counting 30 to 40 in the verticil, are from one and one-half to three times the length of the internode. The verticils vary greatly in their angle of divergence from the axis, some of them being erect, while others spread out very open, according to the distance from the apex of the branch. The leaves are generally rigid, though curving out EQUISETALES— ALAMARIE.E— ASTEROPHYLLITES. 1 55 from an axis not parallel to the stem, narrow, somewhat rounded or thick in transection, with a strong midrib, which is striate, carinate on the back, and marked on the inner surface by two parallel lines. Where the carbona- ceous matter is removed from one of the specimens, broken contig-uously to the nodal diaphragm, the leaves, which go out at an angle of about 45° with the stem, seem to be united at the bases in a sheath a little over a mil- limeter in width. The occm-rence of AsterophyUites longifoliiis at the coal banks near Clinton has already been recorded by Professor Lesquereux.-' But an examination of the specimens from the same localities now in the collections of the United States National Museum reveals several that were identified as A. rigidus by the same author. It is clear that confusion exists as to the distinction between these two species in our American material, and it would seem that the diiferentiation was perhaps not always plain or consist- ent in the descriptions or figures of the Old World specimens. All the material in both the Musemn and the Geological Survey collections from the vicinity of Clinton, appears, in my judgment, like the example shown in Fig. 4, PI. XLIX, to agree with the A. longifolius as figured by Sternberg,^ Sauveur,^ or Zelller,* although there is a strong resemblance to the A. rigidus illustrated by Lesquereux in the fourth volume of the reports of the geological survey of Illinois, while there are some points in common with the figures of Old World material. Ottokar Feistmantel, who gave more attention than most aiithors to the species of Aster opliyllites, explains^ that A. rigidus is distinguished from A. longifolius by the shorter internodes, the joints not so swollen, the leaves generally shorter and slightly broader, lying parallel to the stem, a short distance above their bases, and especially characterized by a certain rigidity. Sternberg's type is represented*^ with these characters, though the leaves in his Brukmannia longifolia'' are also soon turned upward, parallel to the axis, and, to judge by his figure, ai-e even more rigid. Mr. Kidston refers the specimen illustrated by Schimper as Calamostachys typica in fig. 1, pi xxiii, of the Atlas to the latter's "Traitd," 'Coal Flora, toI. iii, p. 879. ^Versuch einer Flor.a tier Vorwelt, vol. i, pi. Iviii, lig. 1. '■^ V4g. foss. terr. bouill. Belgique, pi. Iviil, fig. 1. •■Fl. foBS. bassin houill. Valenciennes, p. 374, pi. lix. lig. 3. ^Verst. bohm. Ablagerungen, vol. i, 1874, pp. 123-125. ^Versuch, vol. i, pi. xix, fig. 1. 'Op. cit., vol. i, pi. Iviii, fig. 1. 156 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL vou Roelil's figure^ of Volkmannia elongata, and one of the examples^ identified by Weiss as Calamostachys Ludwigii to Aster oplujUites longifolius. The variation in the size of the sti'obili and the width of the bracts in the fi-uctifications described under this name fm-nish another example of the uniformity of the vegetation as compared with the reproductive organs in the Calamarice. The specimens of Asterophyllites longifolius from the mines near Clinton agree fairly well with examples of that species from the Bristol coal field in England. Localities. — Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5432; Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5423, 5677 ; Pitcher's coal bank; U. S. Nat. Mus., 5673, 5676. CALAMOSTACHYS Schimper, 1869. Traite, vol. i, p. 328. Calamostachys ovalisLx.? 1858. Qf. Asterophyllites ovalis Lesquereux, in Rogers: GeoL Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 851, pi. i, fig. 2. 1884. Cf. Calamostachys ovalis Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 717 (pi. ixxxix, figs. 3, 4?). Among the Calamarioi in the Lacoe collection in the National Museum is a fragment. No. 8056, from Henry County, Missouri, which was iden- tified by Professor Lesquereux as Calamostachys ovalis Lx. The specimen comprises a segment of a compressed spike 45 mm. long and 11 mm. wide, the distinctly ribbed axis being 1.75 mm. wide, with internodes 4 to 5 mm. in length. The bracts, of which there appear to be between 15 and 20 to the verticil, are slender, narrow, carinate, tapering from near the base to the very slender apex, and are at first somewhat reflexed, then curved outward and slightly upward, although the tip of the bract seldom reaches the height of the next node. Unfortunately, the fragment does not reveal the mode of arrangement of the sporangia with sufficient clearness to assure one of even its generic relationship. But the entire absence of any trace of scars of the sporan- giophores in the middle or upper portions of the internodes, as well as the ' Fobs. Fl. Steinkohlen-Form. Westphalens, pi. vii, fig. 1. "Steinkohlen-Calamarien, vol. il, pi. xvlii, fig. 2. EQUISETALES— CALAMAEIE.E— ANNULARIA. 157 appearance of the bases of tlie internodes and the position occupied by several fragments of sporangia, makes it seem probable that the specimen belongs to the genus ral(eosiachya Weiss As such, it might be compared with P. pedunculafa Will., although the internodes are rather long for that species. The inclusion of this fragment in the species bearing the above name is made entirely in deference to the great knowledge and experience of Professor Lesquereux, who seems to have identified it without question as Calamostachjs ovalis. A comparison of the original figure^ with the later figures^ published by him as this species shows two quite different plants; and while the fragment in hand differs much from the specimens from the Pottsville series illustrated in the Coal Flora, it agrees hardly better with the figure of the early type, the internodes being- almost twice as long. The precise generic relationship of either of the illustrated plants is hardly determinable from the figures. Locality. — The specimen comes from the vicinity of Clinton, Henry County, Missouri, No. 8056 of the Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus. A^^NULARIA Sternberg, 1833. Versucli eiiier Flora der Yorwelt, vol. i, fasc. 2, p. 36. That certain among the Anuulariseform types represent foliate parts of some Calamites is now generally accepted, the case of Annidaria ramosa \\ii\- ing been amply developed almost simultaneously by both Weiss and Stur. The more recent researches of Dr. Potonie go far in showing the relations of Annularia to both the JEquisetmn and Calamodendi-oid types. As the result of his study of well-preserved material from the Rothliegende of Thiir- ingia, Potoni^^ demonstrates that the leaves of ^1. stellata are joined at their bases in a narrow, spreading sheath, comparable to Equisetum, while their superficial structure is in all respects essentially the same as that of the leaves of Equisetites seceformis (Scliloth.) Andra and Calamites varians Stb. Moreover, in certain verticils of Equisetites zeceformis he finds the leaves ' In Rogers: Geology of Pennsylvania, vol. li, 1858, pi. 1, fig. 2. 2 Coal Flora, vol. iii, 1884, pi. Ixxxix, figs. 3, 4. 'Der iiussere Ban der Bliitter von Annularia stellata (ScMotheim) Wood mit Ausblicken auf Equisetites zeoeformis (Schlotheim) Andrii und auf die Bliitter von Calamites varians Sternlierg: Ber. d. Deutsch. bot. GeselL, vol. x, 1882, p. 561-.5(i8. Die Flora des Rothliegenden von Thliringen : Abli. d. k. Preuss. geol. Landesanst., N. F., Hft. 9, Th. ii, 1893, pp. 170, 179. 158 FLOE4l of lower coal measures of MISSOURI. becoming entirely separated and free as the stems increase in tliickuess, instead of remaining united in the sheath, thus reproducing on a smaller scale the features seen in foliate portions of Calamites varians Stb. (Cala- mitina of AVeiss). So close is A. stellata to the Calamites group that Dr. Potonid appears to regard its relation as branch or twig of some Calamites as not very improbable. Fragments of Aunularia stellata with leaves still joined to larger stems have been described by Professor Zeiller and Mr. Lacoe.^ Annularia eamosa Weiss. 1S2S. Annularia radiaia Brongn., Prodrome, p. 156 (pars.) 1S48. Annularia radiata Brougu., Sauveur, Veg. foss. terr. houill. Belg., pi. Ixvii, fig. 2. 185.5. Annularia radiata Brougn., Geinitz, Yerst. Steinkobl. Sachsen, p. 11, pi. xviii, figs. G, 7. 1869. Annularia radiata Brongn., vou Eoelil, Foss. Fl. Steinkohlenf. Westpbalens, p. 28, pi. iv, fig. 3. 1874. Annularia radiata Brongn., O. Feistmantel, Verst. bohm. Abl., vol. i, i). 130, pi. xvii, figs. 2, 3, 4. 1878. Annularia radiata Brongn., Zeiller, V6g. foss. terr. houill., Atlas, pi. clx, fig. 1; text(1879), p. 24. 1880. Annularia radiata Brongu., Zeiller, Fl. foss. bonill. Valenciennes, Atlas, pi. iix, fig. 8; pi. Ixi, figs. 1,2; text (1888), p. 394. 1877. An Calamites nodosus Scblotb., Lebour, Illustr., i)l. iii? 1881. Annularia ramosa Weiss, N. Jahrb. f. Min., vol. ii. Brief., p. 273. 1884. Anmilaria ramosa Weiss, Steinkoblen-Cal., vol. ii, p. 98, pi. v, figs. 1, 2; pi. vi, figs. 1-7; pi. X, fig. 1; pi. XX, figs. 1, 2. 1893. Annularia ramosa Weiss, D. AVbite, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., Xo. 98, p. 17. 1887. Annularia ramosa Weiss, Star, Calamar. Scbatzlar. Scb., p. 106, pi. xiifc, tigs. 2, 3, 4, 6; pi. xiii, figs. 1,3-9; pi. xiv,flgs. 3-5. 1886. Calamites [Eucalamites) ramosus Artis, Kidston, Foss. PI. Lanarksb., p. 51, pi. iii, fig. 1. Fructification. 1884. Calamites {Eucalamites) ramosus Artis, Weiss, SteinkobleuCal., vol. ii, p. 98, pi. V, fig. 2 ; pi. vi, figs. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 ; pi. xx, figs. 1, 2. 1884. Calainostachys ramosa Weiss, Steinkohlen-Cal., vol. ii, p. 180, pi. xx, figs. 1, 2. 1887. Calamites ramosus Artis, Stur, Calamar. Scbatzlar. Scb., vol. ii, p. 96, (pi. xii, figs. 5, 6) ; pi. xiib, figs. 2, 3, 4, 6. Considerable variation is to be found among the leaves of this species, which, as was demonstrated by both Weiss and Stur,- includes the foliate ' See Zeiller, Fl. foss. bassin houiller Ae A'alencieunes, 1888, p. 399 ; also Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, 1893, p. 27. = See the resume ou the relations of this species in Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, 189.3, p. 23. EQUISETALES— CALAMARIE^— ANNULARIA. 159 branches of Calamites raniosus. It is frequently difficult to distinguish it from Annularia radiata Brongn., by which name it was formerly usually known. No. 7839 of the Lacoe collection, from Henry County, Missouri, identified by Lesquereux as Annularia radiata, appears indistinguishable from the ordinary leaves of this species. It is possible that other species of Annularies represent the ultimate branches of different species of Calamites. Locality. — Deepwater, U. S. Nat. Miis., 54fi0. Annularia stellata (Schlotli.) Wood. PI. XXIV, Fig. 3b. 1699. Apparinw densius foliatw Lnidius, Lithophyl. Brit., p. 12, ])!. v, fig. 201. 1723. Apparime densius foliatw Scheuchzer, Herb. Diluv., p. 19, pi. iii, fig. 3. 1723. Oaliuni album vulgare Tourn., Scheuclizer, Herb. Diluv., p. 63, pi. xiii, fig. 3. 1771. Galium album latifolium Rupp., Walch, Naturgesch. Verst., vol. iii, p. 117, pi. &?, fig. 2. 1804. ■ Schlotheim, Flora d. Vorw., pi. i, lig. i. 1804. Equisetumf Parkiuson, Organic Rem., p. 428, pi. v, fig. 11. 1809. An Phytolithus stellatus Martin, Petrificata Derb., pi. xx, fig. 4? 1820. Oasuarinites stellatus Schlotlieim, Petrifacteukunde, p. 397. 1832. Gasuarinites stellatus Schlotheim, Merkwiirdige Verst., p. 5, pi. i, fig. 4. 1823. Annularia spinidosa Sternberg, Versuch, vol. 1, fasc. 2, pp. 28, 32; \>\. xx, fig. 4; tent., p. xxxi. 1826, Bornia stellata Sternberg, Versnch, tent., p. xxviii. 1826. Annularia fertilis Sternberg, Versuch, vol. i, fasc. 4, p. 43, pi. li, Sg. 2; tent., p. xxxi. 1837. Annularia fertilis Stb., Bronn, Lethaea Geogn., p. 44, p\. viii, fig. 8. 1859. Annularia fertilis Stb., Eichwald, Letha?a Eossica, p. 187, pi. xiv, fig. 9. 1828. Annularia longifolia Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 156. 1845. Annularia longifolia Brongn., Germar, Verst. Wettin u. Lobejiin, p. 25, pi. ix, figs. 1-3. 1852, Annularia longifolia Brongn., Ettiugsliausen, Steinkohlenfl. Stradonitz, p. 8, pi. i, fig. 4. 1855. Annularia longifolia Brongn., Geinitz, Verst. Steink. Sachsen, p. 10, pi. xix, figs. 3-5. 1866. Annularia longifolia Brongn., Lesquereux, Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. ii. Pal., j). 444. 1869. Annularia longifolia Brongn., Schimper, Traite, vol. i, p. 348 (pars), -pi. xxii, fig. 5; pi. xxvi, figs. 2, 3, 4. 1869. Annularia longifolia Brongn., von Roehl, Poss. Fl. Steink. Westphalens, p. 28, pi. iv, fig. 6. 1870. Annularia longifolia Brongn., Unger, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-nat. 01., vol. Ix, 1, p. 783, pi. i, fig. 8. 1874. Annularia longifolia Brongn., O. Feistraantel, Verst. biihin. Ablag., vol. i, p. 127, pi. XV, fig. 3; pi. xvi, fig. 1. 160 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL 187G. Annularla longifoUa Bronga., Feid. Roeuier, Lethaea Geogu., vol. i, Atlas, pi. 1, fig. 8; text (1880), p. 150. 1870. Anmdaria lonf/ifoUa Brougu., Heer, Fl. Foss. Helv., p. 51, pi. xix, figs. 4, 5. 1879. Annularia longifolia Broiigu., Lesquereux, Goal Flora, Atlas, p. 2, pi. ii, figs. 1, 2, 2a; text, vol. i (1880), p. 45. 1881. Annularia longifolia Brougu., Lesquereux, Rept. Geol. Surv. ludiaua, 1879- 80, p. 153, pi. xi, fig. 1. 1882. Annularia longifolia Brougn., Renault, Gours bot. foss., vol. ii, p. 126, j)l. xx, fig. 1. 1883. Annularia longifolia Brongu., Lesquereux, 13tli Rept. Geol. Surv. Indiaua, pt. 2, J). 44, ijl. vii, figs. 1, 2. 1883. Annularia longifolia Brongu., Scheuk, in Ricbthofen : Gbiiia, vol. iv, p. 232, pi. xxxix. 1884. Annularia longifolia Brongu., Lacoe, iu Lesquereux: Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 706. 1888. Annularia longifolia Brougu., Toula, Die Steinkohlen, p. 205, pi. v, fig, 29. 1889. Annularia longifolia Brongu., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. i, p. 26, text fig. 1891. Annularia longifolia Brougu., Raciborski, Rozpraw. Wydz. mat. przyrod. Akad. Umiej., Krakow., vol. xxi, p. 359, ]}\. v, figs. 17-19. 1834. Aster ophgll it ea equisetiformis (Schloth.) Brongu., Liudley and Hutton, Foss. FL, vol. ii, pi. 124. 1835. Equisetum stellifolium Harlan, Traus. Geol. Soc. Pennsylvania, vol. i, p. 260, pi. xiv, fig. 4. 1836. Asterophyllites ? Morton, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. xxix, p. 151, pi. ix, fig. 30. 1840. AsterophyUites, Jackson, Rept. Geol. Surv. Rhode Island, 1839, p. 288, pi. vi. 1841. Annularia, Hitchcock, Final Rept. Geol. Massachusetts, vol. ii, p. 754, fig. 266, pi. xxii. fig. 3; pi. xxiii, fig. 1 (center). 1860. Annularia stellata (Schloth.) Wood, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.-, vol. xii, p. 236. 1878. Annularia stellata (Schloth.) Wood, Zeiller, Veg. foss. terr. houill.. Atlas, pi. clx., figs. 2, 3; text (1879), p. 26. 1886. Annularia stellata (Schloth.) Wood, Zeiller, Fl. foss. houill. Valenciennes, Atlas, pi. Ixi, figs. 4-6; text (1888), p. 398. 1887. Annularia stellata (Schloth.) Wood, Kldston, Foss. Fl. Radstock Ser., p. 343. 1887. Annularia stellata (Schloth.) Wood, Stur, Calamar. CarbouFl., p. 55, pi. xiiih, fig. 3. 1890. Annularia stellata (Schloth.) Wood, Renault, Fl. foss. houill. Commentry, vol. ii, p. 398, pi. xlv, figs. 1-7; pi. xlvi, figs. 1-6. 1891. Annularia stellata (Schloth.) Wood, Raciborski, Permokarb. Fl. Karmiowick. W^apieuia, p. 7, pi. v, figs. 17-19. 1892. Annularia stellata (Schloth.) Wood, Potonie, Naturw. Wochenschr., vol. vii, no. 51,p.520, figs. 1,2. 1893. Annularia stellata (Schloth.) Wood, Renault, Fl. Foss. Autun et fipiuac, vol. ii. Atlas, pi. xxviii, tigs. 1, 3, .5-15; text ^1896), j). 67. 1893. Annularia stellata (Schloth.) Wood, Potonie, Fl. Rothl. Thiiringen, p. 162, pi. xxiv, figs. 1-6. 1893. Atmularia stellata [Suhloth.) Wood, D. White, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, p. 25. EQUISETALES— OALAMARIE.E— ANNULAEIA. 161 1896. Annularia stellata (Schlotb.) Wood, Potonie, Abh. k. Pr. geol. Landesanst., IST. P., Hft. 21, p. 37, fig. 32. 1897. Annularia stellata (Schloth.) Wood, Potonie, Lehrb. d. Pflanzenpal., p. 200, fie 195. 1898. Annularia stellata (Scbloth.) Wood, Seward, Foss. PI., vol. i, p. 265, fig. 58D; p. 339, fig. 88. 1868. Asterophyllites lonf/ifolius (Stb.) Brongn., Biuuey, Obs. Struct. Foss. PI. Oarb., pt. i, p. 28, pi. vi, flg. 3. 1870. Annularia sp. Ferd. Eoemer, Geol. v. Oberscblesien, p. 117, pi. Ix, flg. 9. 1883. Annularia mucronata Scbenk, in Ricbtbofen: Gbina, vol. iv, p 226 pi xxx flg. 10. ■ ' • ■ ' 1887. Anmilaria Geinitzii Star, Calaniar. Scbatzlarer Scb., p. 215, pi. xvift, figs. 1, 2 3. 1888. Annularia Geinitzii Stur, Toula, Die Steinkohlen, p. 209, pi. v, flg. 14. 1887. An Annularia icestphalica Stur, Calamar. Scbatzlarer Scb., p. 213, pi. xiii/>, fig. 2? 1887. Asterophyllites icestphalicus Stur, Calamar. Scbatzlarer Scb., p. 216, pi, i\h, fig. 4. Feuctification. 1826. Brukmannia tubereulata Sternberg, Versucb, vol. i, fasc. 4, tent., p. xxix (Pars?) pi. xlv, fig. 2. 1882. Bruckmannia tubereulata Stb., Eeuault, Oours bot. foss., vol. ii, p. 129 pi. xxi figs. 1-6 bis. 1828. AsteropkyUites tubereulata (Stb.) Brongnlart, Prodrome, p. 159. 1876. Annularia longifoUa Brongn., Ferd. Eoemer, Letbaea Geogn., vol. i. Atlas pi. 1 flg. 9; text (1880), p. 150, 1877. Annularia longifoUa Brongn., Grand 'Eury, FI. carb. Loire, p. 44, pi. vi, fig. 4. 1879. Annularia longifoUa Brongn., Heer, Urwelt d. Scbweiz, p, 16, fig. 22. 1879. Annularia longifoUa Brongn., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, pi. iii, fig. 10 (non 11, 12). 1882. Annularia longifoUa Brongn., Eenault, Cours bot. foss., vol. ii, p. 126, pi. xxi, figs. 1-7. 1883. Annularia longifoUa Brongu., Scbenk, in Eicbtbofen : Cbina, vol. iv, p. 232 pi, xxxiv, figs. 4-7; pi. xxxv, fig. 7; pi. xxxvi, figs. 1-4; pi. xxxix; pi. xli, fig. 6. 1876. Stachannularia tubereulata (Stb.) Weiss, Steinkoblen-Cal., vol. i, p. 17 pi. i, figs. 2-4; pi. ii, figs. 1-3; pi. iii, figs. 3-10, 12. 1879. Asterophyllites fruit, Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 2, pi. iii, flg. 10. 1884. Calamostachys tuhereulata (Stb.) Weiss (non Lx.), Steinkoblen-Cal., vol. ii p. 178. 1886. Anmilaria stellata (Scblotb.) Wood, Zeiller, Fl. foss. bouill. Valenciennes, Atlas pi. Ixi, figs. 3, 3a; text (188S), p. 398, 1890. Annularia stellata (Scbloth.) Wood, Eenault, Fl. foss. bouill. Commentry vol. ii, p. 398, pi. xlv, figs. 1-3; pi. xlvi, figs. 4-6. 1893. Annularia stellata (Scblotb.) Wood, Sterzel, Fl. Eotbl. Plauenscb, Grund p. 99 pi. ix, fig. 9. 1899. Annularia stellata (Scblotb.) Wood, D. White, 19th Ann. Eept. U. S. Geol. Surv pt. 3, p. 515 (pi. Ixviii, fig. 10?). ' "' An excellent suite of specimens from Henry County represents this species, which is more familiar to geoloj^-ists as A. longifoUa. A somewhat extensive summary of its characters was given in my report on the Flora MON XXXVII 11 162 FLOKA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. of the Outlying Carboniferous Basins of Southwestern Missouri/ In the material from the vicinity of Clinton is a rock on which one fine verticil of this species includes as many as twenty-seven leaves. iVnother fragment, from Hobbs's bank, contains portions of a plant in which the leaves are nearly 5 cm. in length. The same piece of shale bears a small Lamelli- branch, but the valves of the latter are unfortunately crushed too much to admit of its determination. Many of the specimens, especially those from Deepwater, show the mucrons clearly developed at the apices of the sha- greened leaves. In some examples the upper surface of the leaves is well arched upward, the midrib being so faint as to suggest the form named A. inflata by Professor Lesquereux, but on the under surface of these leaves the midrib is in strong relief It is possible the rugose or shagreened effect is due to the presence of very short hairs similar to those described by Dr. Potoni^. I have not yet been able clearly to discern the transjjiration zones noted by Potonid on each side of the central nerve. In many of the Henry County specimens the leaves present a lax, slightly flexuous liabit, suggesting the phase seen in the earliest precursors of the species in the upper part of the Pottsville series. There are also . present a number of strobili, some of which are so broken as to show the characters of the axis, the sporangiophores, attached near the middle of the internode, and the sporangia. A description of the fruit, whicli agrees with the ^'' Aster ophyUites'''' figured by Lesquereux in fig. 10, pi. iii, of the Atlas to the Coal Flora, may be found in the above-mentioned report on the flora of the outlying basins of this State. The svstematic relation oi Annularia stellata has been referred to above in my remarks on the genus Annularia. ioca^i^ies.— Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5434, 6436, 5443; Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5444, 5537, 5586; Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5433, 5445; Deepwater, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5442, 5446, 5538; Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6229. Annularia steli.ata (Schloth.) Wood var. angustifolia Lx.? 18S4. Annularia Jongifolia var. amjusiifolia Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 879 [nomen niifhnn). 1890. Anmdaria angmtifoUa (Lx.) Hambach, Bull. Geol. Surv. Missouri, No. 1, p. 83. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, 1893, p. 25. BQUISETALES— OALAMAEIE.E— ANNULARIA. ] 63 Several specimens appear to represent a variation, perhaps of varietal rank, which is presumably that designated by Lesquereux in the list of plants from Henry County, Missouri,^ as Ammlaria lonfjifolia var. angustifoUa. The verticils, which have the diameter of the normal type, seem to be rather fewer leaved, the leaves being more slender and tapering from the middle upward to an acute point. The midrib is quite distinct. In form it approaches very close to A. radiata Brongn., though really bound by its essential characters to A. stellata. At first I was disposed to reg-ard this form as a case of inrolled margins in the latter species, as indeed seems to be the condition in some of the specimens labeled with the name of this variety in the collections of the United States National Museum; but a more careful examination leads me to the conclusion that the continuance of its varietal distinction may serve a useful purpose. Though somewhat larger, it strongly resembles the figures of Annularia elegans given by Grand 'Eury in his most interesting work on the flora of the basin of Gard.^ • The plant listed by Mr. G. Hambach^ as Annularia angustifoUa in the enumeration of the Missouri fossil flora is prob- ably this variety. Localities. — Deepwater, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5448; Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5447. Annularia sphbnophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb. 1699. Rubeola mineralis Luidius, Lithophyl. Brit., j). 12, no. 202. 1771. Ruhia sylvestris Volkmann, Walcli, Naturgesch. Verst., vol. iii, p. 117, pi. &>, flg. 1. 1801. Ruhia sylvestris Parkinsou, Org. Rem., p. 428, pi. v, fig. 3. 1828. Annularia hrevifolia Broiigiiiart, Prodrome, p. 150. 1849. Annularia hrevifolia Brongulart, Tableau, p. 53. 1853. Annularia brevifolia Brongn., Newberry, Annals Science, Cleveland, vol. 1, p. 97. 1876. Annularia hrevifolia Brongn., Heer, Fl. Foss. Helv., p. 51, pi. xix, figs. 6-9. 1880. Annularia hrevifolia Brongn., Ferd. Roemer, Lethaea Geogn., vol. 1, p. 150, flg. 7. 1880. Annularia hrevifolia '&vongi\.,^c\\imT^ev, in Zittel: Handbuch Paliieont., vol. ii, p. 167, fig. 127. 1883. Anmdaria hrevifolia Brongn., Scbenk, in Richthofen : China, vol. iv, p. 233, pi. xl. 1887. Annularia hrevifoli-a Brongn., Stur, Calamar. Scbatzlar. Scb., p. 223, pi. xviZ», figs. 3, 4. 188S. Annularia hrevifolia Brongn., Toula, Die Steinkoblen, p. 204, pi. v, fig. 14. 1 Coal Flora, vol. 3, p. 879. - G(5ol. pal. baesin houill. Gard, liS!)0, p. 201, pi. xvii, fig. 6. 3 Bull. Geol. Surv. Missouri, No. 1, 1890, p. 83. 164 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. 1833. Galium sphenophylloides Zenker, X. Jahrb. f. Miii., p. 308, pi. v, figs. 6-9. 1837. Annularia splienophylJoides (Zenk.) Gutbier, Isis v. Okeu., col. 436. 1854. Annularia splienopliylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., Lesquereux, Bost. Journ. N. H., vol. vi, J). 415. 1855. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., Geinitz, Verst. Steinkohl. Sachsen, p. 11, pi. xviii, fig. 10. 1858. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., Lesquereux, Geol. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 852, pi. i, tigs. 5, 5a. 1860. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., Roemer, Pala^ontogr., vol. ix, p. 21, pi. xl, fig. 1. 1869. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., Schimper, Trait(5, vol. i, p. .347, pi. xvii, figs. 12, 13. 1870. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., Unger, Sitzb. Acad. Naturw. Wien, Math.nat. 01., vol. Ix, pt. i, p. 783, pi. i, fig. 8. 1874. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., O. Feistmantel, Yerst. bohm. Ablag., vol. i, p. 129, pi. xvii, figs. 5, 6. 1878. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., Zeiller, Y^g. foss. terr. liouiller. Atlas, pi. clx, fig. 4; text (1879), p. 25. 1879. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., Lesquereux, Coral Flora, Atlas, p. 2, pi. ii, figs. 8, 9; text (1880), vol. i, p. 48. 1881. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., Weiss, Aus d. Fl. d. Steink., pi. ix, fig. 47. 1882. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., Renault, Cours bot. foss., vol. ii, p. 133, pi. XX, fig. 3. 1882. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., Sterzel, Zeitschr. d. deutscb. geol. Gesell., vol. xxxiv, p. 685, pi. xxvii, figs. 1-10. 1883. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., Lesquereux, 13th Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. Indiana, pt. 2, p. 45, pi. vii, figs. 3, 4, 5. 1886. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., Zeiller, Fl. foss. houill. Yaleuciennes, Atlas, pi. Ix, figs. 5, 6; text (1888), p. 388. 1888. Anmilaria sphenophylloides (Zeuk.) Gutb., Dawson, Geol. Hist. PI., p. 122, fig. 45/;. 1888. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., Renault, PI. foss., p. 193, fig. 13. 1889. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. i, p. 28, 5 text figs. 1889. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., Miller, (ieol. Pal. N. Amer., p. 106 fig. 7. 1890. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Giitb., Renault, Fl. foss. liouill. Commentry vol. ii, Atlas, pi. xlvi, figs. 7-9. 1893. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., D. White, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 98, p. 30. 1893. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., Renault, Fl. Foss. Autun et I5pinac, vol. ii. Atlas, pi. xxviii, fig. 2; text (1896), p. 71. 1898. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., Seward, Foss. Plants, vol. i, p. 340 figs. 89A, B. 1899. Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb., D. White, 19th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. 3, 518, EQUISETALES— OALAMARIE.E— VOLKMANNIA. 165 1860. Annularia microphylla Ferd. Roemer (uou Sauveur), Palieontogr., vol. ix, p. 21, pi. V, fig. 1. 1863. Annularia galioides Dawsou [non (L. and H.) Kidst.], Can. Nat., vol. viii, fig. 441. 1866. Annularia galioides Dawsou, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Loud., vol. xxii, p. 152. 1868. Aimtdaria galioidea Dawsou, Acad. Geol., 3d ed., pp. 129, 149. 1887. Annularia sarepontatia Stur, Oalamar. d. Carbou-Fl., p. 221, pi. xiiih, fig. 1. Fructification. 1882. Annularia sphenopJiyll aides (Zenk.) Gutb., Sterzel, Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol- Gesell., vol. xxxiv, p. 685, pi. xxviii, figs. 1-4. 1888. Annularia splienophylloides Seward, Foss. Plants, vol. i, p. 340, figs. 89A, B. 1876. An Stachannularia calnthifera Weiss, Steiukohlen-Cal., vol. i, p. 27, pi. iii, fig. 11 ? 1880. Stachannularia calathifera Ferd. Eoemer, Lethaea Geogn., vol. i, p. 157. 1884. Galamostaehys cf. Calathifera Weiss, Steinkohlen Cal., vol. ii, p. 178. The representatives, rare in the collections, of this wrell-known species are fully up to the average in size, very clear, and slightly mucronate. A portion of a fruiting cone from the same locality has, so far as can be observed from its external characters, the same size, divisions, bracts, and arrangement of parts as the Stachannularia calathifera of Weiss, shown by SterzeP to be the fruit oi Annularia sphenophyUoides. Localities. — Deepwater, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5449, 5451; Gilkersou's Ford, Mus. Reg.; Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5450. VOLKMANNIA Sternberg, 1825. Yersuch, vol. i, teut., p. xxix. Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. iii, 18iS4, p. 719. VOLKMANNIA PR^LONGA Lx. 1880. Galamostaehys prcelongus Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 59. 1884. Volkmannia prwlonga Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 720, pi. xc, fig. 2. A comparison of the single example of this species found in the Mis- souri material with the type specimen from "Coal C" at the Ontario Col- liery, near Pittston, Pennsylvania, leaves little doubt as to the specific identity of these peculiar cones. The Missouri specimen, which comprises about 15 cm. from the upper part of a strobilus, the base being lost, is 9 to 10 mm. in width, internodes being 2.5 to 3 mm. long. Both this and the type seem to be provided with short, delicate, narrow bracts, closely impressed upon the verticils of sporangia or sporangium groups. Thouo-h ' Zeitschr. d. deutsh. geol. Gesell., toI. xxxiv, 1882, p. 685, pi. xxviii, flgs. 1-4. 166 FLORA OP LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL tlie axis and the arrangement of the parts of the cone are not visible, the fossil as a whole strikingly resembles the Macrostacliya Hmicliecornei of Weiss.^ Locality. — Hobbs's bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5452. CYCLOCLADIA Lindley and HuttoD, 1834. 1834. Gycloclrdia Lindley and Hutton, Fossil Flora Gr. Brit., vol. ii, p. 137, pi. csxx. 1868. Cyclocladia L. and H., K. Feistmautel, Abhandl. k. bohm. Gesell., (6) vol. ii, no. 6, ]}. 5, pi. i. 1874. Cyclocladia L. and EL, O. Feistmantel, Verst. bohm. Koblen- Abl., vol. i, p. 95, pi. i, fig. 8. 1855. Equisetites (iu part) of authors, Geinitz, Verst. Steinkolilenform. Sachseu, p. 3, pi. X, iig. 5. 1869. Macrostacliya Schimper, Traite paleont. v^g., vol. i, p. 333 (pars). 1876. Calamitina Weiss, Steinkohlen-Calamarieii, vol. 1, p. 126. The stems referred by various authors to Macrostacliya or Calamitina appear to furnish an excellent illustration of the similiarity of the trunks in several Calamarian types as compared with the diversity of foliate forms and organs of reproduction. A comparison of the figures and descriptions given by Bronn, Stur, Geinitz, and others under the names Eqiiisetum, Equisetites, Cyclocladia, Macrostacliya, Calamitina, and Calamites, in some of which the fertile spikes are represented as found still in association Avith the parent stem, shows well the difficulty in distinguishing from the superficial characters of the trunks the numerous species founded on the structure or arrangement of the parts of the strobili, and vice versa. It is hard to avoid the conclusion either that the number of species founded on the spikes is too greatly multiplied or that it is practically impossible in many cases, except from abundant material, to distinguish species of this genus by means of the superficial aspect of fragments of the stems. It is perhaps better to follow the practice of some authors in this group, and of many authors in other groups, of employing different generic names for stems and for cones than to countenance so often the probability of both members of the same plant resting under different specific names in the same genus, or, what is no better, the inclusion of the stem of one plant with the cone of another species under the same specific name. Accord- ingly it maybe advantageous to use the terms Macrostacliya and Huttoiiia in the sense in which they were employed by Bronn, Brongniart, and Germar ' Steinkohlen-Ca]amarien, vol. ii, 1884, p. 176, pi. xix, figs. 4-4(i. EQUISETALES— CAL AMAKIE.E— CYCLOCLADI A. 1 67 as applying to the fruiting spikes, while some other name, confonniiig to the prevailing rules of nomenclature, is used for the stem, especially when the particular form of spike exclusively produced on that stem is not yet known. Tlie genus Macrostacliya was founded by Schimper^ on the Equisetum infundihuliforme Bronn,^two of whose figures (representing cone fragments), previously given by Brongniart' as " Equisetum,'^ are again copied by Brongniart in his "Histoire."* Recognizing the relations pointed out by Geinitz, in 1855,^ of these strobili to stems of the Calamites verticillatus type, Schimper, in 1869, included the stems in his diagnosis of the new genus Macrostacliya with two figures of stem fragments,^ the better one of which was copied fi-om Geinitz. But most of the plant remains to which Schim- per's name has been given by various authors are fragmeiits of spikes, man}' of the stems continuing to be referred to Calamites or Calamitina. The name Cycloclaclia, which, it seems to me, should be adopted if any separate designation is used for this group of Calamarian stems, was given by Lindley and Hutton in 1834' to a stem of this type, Cyclocladia major L. and H., from the Jarrow colliery; and this name, as we learn from both Kidston and Howse, seems to have been applied by the authors originally and exclusively to the same type. Geinitz introduces the figure given by the English authors into his discussion of Equisetites, making C. major L. and H. doubtfull}^ a synonym of E. infimdihuliforme.^ In 1868 Karl FeistmanteP illustrated Lindley and Button's species and discussed the characters and application of the genus. The younger Feistmantel, in 1874, further elaborated the genus and gave additional illustrations.'" Thus it will be seen that Cyclocladia has distinct priority in its application to the Calamarian stems to which the Macrostacliya cones belong. 1 Traito, vol. 1, 1869, p. 333. 2 Bisclioff, Kryptogiimische Gewilchse, 1828, vol. i, p. 52, pi. vi, figs. 4, 9, 10. ^ Cl.issilicatiou vog. foss., 1822, p. 90, pi. iv, fig. 4. ■• Histoire des vc-gotaus fossiles, vol. i, p. 119, pi. xii, figs. 14-16. '■ Verst. Steinkolileiiform. Sacbsen, p. 3. •i Traits paleont. vcg., vol. i, p. 333, pi. xxiii, figs. 13, 14. These fragments seem to agree with the figures given by Lesquereux iu Coal Flora, pi. iii, fig. 14, and the 13th Kept. Geol. Surv. Indiana, 1883, pt. 2, pi. V, fig. 7. 'Fo83. Fl. Gr. Brit., vol. ii, p. 137, pi. cxxx. 8 Verst. Steiiukohlenform. Sachsen, p. 3. 9 Abh. k. bohni. Gesell., (6) vol. ii, no. 6, p. 5, pi. i. '" " Genus Cyclocladia Lindley and Hutton. Caulia arliculatns, corticeglahro rarius sciisim striata; in articiilationibus onmibjis titbcrciilis oblongis {cicatricitlw foliorum), saejthis adhuc cum foliisiiisidetitibtis ; ill articuliitionibits singulis tuberculis rel cicatricibus majoribns {oicatrices ramoriim) ." Verst. biihm. Ablag., vol. 1, p. 95, pi. i, fig. 8. 168 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL However, a new generic appellation was given in 1876 by Weiss^ to this group, the principal characters of the genus Calainitina being the same as those already published for Cyclodadia. Just as other paleobotanists had referred to the latter genus as a synonym of EqwiseUtes or MacrostacJiya, so Weiss quotes it in the discussion of his new genus, and it is interesting to note that Kidston, who iises Weiss's name for the Macrostachian stems, in his valuable report containing the results of his examination of the Paleozt/ic types published by Lindley and Hutton in the "Fossil Flora," identifies^ the type of Cyclodadia major Jj. and H. as "probably Calamitina varians, Sternb. sp., var. inconstans, Weiss." But in a footnote Mr. Kidston states that while Cydodadia "is the oldest name for these fossils," the type is so imperfect that from it satisfactory generic charactei's can not be obtained." This, together with the fact that the name was independently applied to an altogether different class of plants by Goldenberg, led him to conclude that "under the circumstances it is perhaps better not to resuscitate the genus Cydo- dadia." Still, although the same name was used by Goldenberg,^ I know of no case in which a paleobotanist has referred the figure in the Fossil Flora to any other group of stems than those included in Macrostacliya and Calamitina. Mr. Richard Howse, in his Catalogue of the Fossil Plants from the Hutton Collection,* in which Cydodadia major, Macrostadiya infimdihidiforme, Calamites verticillatus, and others are combined with II12)- purites gigantea L. and H., describes five stems labeled as Cydodadia major, of which the four specimens not figured are clearly of the Macrostachian stem type, all of tlie five being generically identical, though the one figured is very poor. From the foregoing review it appears (1) that Cydodadia was the first name to be applied by its authors originally and exclusively to this type of Calamarian remains, and that its generic identit}^ as such has since been generally recognized by paleontologists; also (2) that prior to the founda- tion of either Macrostacliya or Calamitina its characters had been described and illustrated, and its generic value as representmg the Macrostachian group of stems had been developed. ' Steinkohleu-Calamarien, vol. i, p. 126. ^Xotes on the Paheozoio species mentioned in Lindley and Hutton'.s "Fossil Flora:" Proc. Eoy. Phys. Soc. Ediub., vol. x, 1891, p. 371. ^ Flora saraepontana fossilis, pt. i, 1855, p. 19. ^ 1888, p. 17. EQUISBTALBS— OALAM AEIE^— C YCLOCL ADI A. 1 69 Under these conditions, according- to the rules of nomenclature now generally obtaining in both botany and paleontology, Cydodadia should have priority over Calamitina or any otlier name projDosed since 1834 as a designation for the stems of this group. It is unfortunatel)- true that con- venience, usage, appropriateness of etymology, or even personality, have had as inuch influence on nomenclature in paleobotany as in any other allied science. For the use of a dual nomenclature, such as the employment of Cydo- dadia for the stems of the Macrostachian or Calamites verticillatus type and Macrostachya or Hutfonia for the fruiting si^ikes, there is abundant precedent in paleobotany, even within the Calamarian family itself. GYCLOCLADIA BRITTSII 11. sp. PI. XLIX, Fig. 1. 1897. Cydodadia sp., D. White, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. viii, p. 297. Stems attaining a width of 10 cm. or moi"e, divided into short inter- nodes, of which about one in eight is occupied exclusively by large scars ; fructification or rameal verticils 2.5 to 3.5 cm. distant from border to border, consisting of a transverse compact row of rounded or oval disk-like depres- sions, each 1.5 to 2 cm. in longitudinal diameter and about 1.75 cm. trans- versely, provided with an inner cicatrice about 5 mm. in diameter; foliate nodes 7 to 9 in number between two nodes with large cicatrices, 10 to 3 mm. distant, the internodes becoming uniformly shorter in passing upward, and marked by narrow transverse bands containing the leaf scars ; internodal surface finely lineate longitudinally; leaf scars transversely oval, not con- tiguous, 1.5 to 2 mm. in greater diameter, 1 mm. in longitudinal diameter, and about 4 mm. from center to center, the central points being punctate or slightly mammillate. The general characters of this species, of which I have seen but a few fragments, can better be learned from the figure, PL XLIX, Fig. 1, than from a description. Both the figured specimen and another example are slightly distorted by pressure. The back of the larger fragment, which shows a 23ortion of a verticil of large scars at the top, preserves the other side of the stem. This back portion has still a third verticil of large scars, 170 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. the entire interval and character of the intervening nodes with leaf scars being the same as on the front of the rock. The aspect of the fossils is much like that of the figures given by Greinitz/ Schimper,^ and Lesquereux^ as stems of Equisetites or Macrostachya infundibuliformis, though the leaf internodes are shorter and closer. All the cicatrices in the verticils of large scars are of the same size. In the nodal system the specimens are more comparable to the Calamites Goepperti Ett.* {Calamitina Goepperti (Ett.) Weiss"), while the relation to Calamitina Solmsii of Weiss ^ (^Macrostachya Solmsii (Weiss) Schimper'^) is even more striking. But the leaf scars in our specimens are not so nearly contiguous as in C. Solmsii or the M. infundibuliformis of various authors, being, in part, disposed like those shown in some examples identified as C. varians, or the CyclocJadia major figured by O. Feistmantel.* The carbonaceous covering is rather thick and finely striated longi- tudinally, though no distinct traces of ribs are present. Eight or nine very short foliate nodes occur between two verticils of large scars. Distinct leaf traces can be seen in portions of the specimens, where they are found to be transversely oval, the longer diameter being aboiit 1.5 mm., while the punc- tate or slightly mammillate centers are nearly 4 mm. apart. In all the verticils of large scars, three consecutive rows of which may be seen on one specimen, the cicatrices are uniform in size, and it therefore appears that either all the large scars for three consecutive rameal, or strobilar, verticils are of tlie same kind, or that the rameal and cone scars, if both present, are alike and of the same size. With respect to the dis- tance between the leaves in the same verticil and the aspect of the large scars, our example resembles the Ccdamites Germarianus Goepp. figured by Stur." Cyclociadia Brittsii is distinguishable from other species by the very broad and rather distant leaf scars and the short foliar internodes, 7 to 9 1 Verst. Steinkohlenform. Saohsen, 1855, p. 3, pi. x, fig. 5. - Traite paleont. v6g., vol. i, p. 333, pi. xxiii, figs. 13, 14. ^ Coal Flora, pi. iii, tig. 14. •> Ettingshausen, Steinkohlenfl. v. Radnitz, 1855, p. 27, pi. i, fig. 34. 6 Steinkohlen-Calamar., vol. i, 1876, p. 127. «0p.cit.,]).129. ' Zittel, Handbuch Pala-ont., vol. ii, p. 172. >• Verst. biihm. Ablag., vol. i, pi. ii, figs. 1, 2. "Calaiiiarien d. Carbon-Fl., p. 176, pi. xiv6, fig. 5. EQUISBTALES— CALAMARIE^— MACROSTACHYA. 171 of which intervene between two verticils of the large cicatrices, all of the latter being, so far as known, large and equal. Localities. — Owen's bank; also one froni the same locality loaned by Dr. Britts ; still another from Henry County, Missouri, without precise locahty, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5466. MACROSTACHYA Schiniper, 1869. Traite paleont. veg., vol. i, p. 333 (pars). MACROSTACHYA LONGIFOLIA Lx. MSS. A good specimen in the recent collections appears to belong to a new species with the above name represented in the manuscript material of Pro- fessor Lesquereux, now in my hands for preparation for pviblication. Not wishing to anticipate its publication, along with many other inter- esting forms included in the unpublished work of the distinguished paleo- botanist, I give here the nomen nudum merely as a matter of geological and geographical record. It is possible that the stems from the same locality referred to Cyclo- cladia may belong to the same plant. Locality. — Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5467. IlSrOERTJE SEDIS. RADICITES Potonie, 1893. 1825. Hydatica Artis, Autediluvlau Phytology, pi. i (pars), pi. v. 1834, Pinnularia Lindley and Huttoii (uon Ehreiib.), Fossil Flora Gt. Brit., vol, ii, p. 81, pi. iii. 1847. Ehizolithes Brauu, Flora, N. R., vol. v. No. G, p. 86 (pars!). 1893. Eadicites Potonie, Flora Rothl. Thiiringen, p, 260, In noting the occurrence of rootlets of the type commonly known as Pinnularia in the outlying coal basins of southwestern Missouri,^ I took occasion to point out the fact that Lindley and Button's name is objection- able, having been preoccupied by Ehrenberg for a genus oi diatoms, many species of which have been found fossil. Among the names previously employed to designate such remains, Hydatica and MyriophyUites of Artis appear to be either too comprehensive in their scope or too uncertain in ' Bull. II. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, 1893, p. 43. 172 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL their application, unless we iuclude all forms of sniall ramose roots in the same genns. It is possible that RhizoUthes, used by Braun/ linger,^ and Lesque- reux,^ might be available for this type of rootlets, though, while there is no doubt as to the generic identity in Lesquereux's plant, the application of the name proposed by Brauii is at present equivocal, while Unger's figure of the specimen from the Dyas leaves us still in uncertainty. The name Badicites is proposed by Potonie explicitly for this type of roots, and, for the present at least, answers well the purpose. Radicites oapillacea (L. and H.) Pot. 1834. Pinnularia capillacea Liudley and Button, Fossil Flora, vol. ii, pi. cxi. 1858. Pinnularia capillacea L. and H., Lesquereux, in Rogers: Geol. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 878, pi. xvii, tig. 22. 1869. Pinnularia capillacea L. and H., von Roehl, Poss. Fl. Steiukobl. Westphalens, p. 27, pi. i, fig. Ih; pi. ii, flg. 5a; pi. iv, figs. 1, 11. 1874. Pinnularia capillacea L. and H., O. Feistmantel, Steink. Perm. Abl. n.-w. Prag., p. 72 (pi. i, flg. 2!). 1874. Pinnularia capillacea L. and H., O. Feistmantel, Verst. bohm. Koblen-Abl., vol. i, p. 137, pi. xix, figs. 8 (7!). 1877. Pinnularia capillacea L. and H., Lebour, Illustrations, pis. lix (Ix?). 1889. Pinnularia capillacea L. and H., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 647, text fig. 1840. Fucoides filiformis Steiniuger, Geogn. Beschr. Land zw. Saar u. Rheine, p. 36, flg.l. " 1893. Radicites capillacea (L. and H.) Potonie, Fl. Rotbl. Thiiringen, p. 261, pi. xxxiv, flg. 2. There appears to be some lack of agreement as to what shall be included under the specific name in this group. Many authors seem dis- posed to construe the species named 1)}' I^indley and Hutton in a broad sense, considering it as inseparable from Hydatica columnaris Artis. Pinnu- laria columi/aris (Artis) Zeiller seems to be much more robust than Radicites capillacea (L. and H.) Pot., with striated divisions more densely provided with rootlets. I follow the example of Kidston and Potonid in restricting the species to the type of Pinnularia capillacea L. and H. Locality. — Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5585. 1 Flora, 1847, vol. i, p. 86. - Ueber z wei dyadische Pflanzen, N. Jahrb. f. Mlu., 1863, p. 528, pi. vii. ■' Kept. Geol. Surv. Arkansas, vol. ii, 1862, p. 313, pi. v, fig. 9. SPHENOPHYLLALES— THE GENUS SPHENOPHYLLUM. 173 RADICITES PALMATIFIDA (Lx.). 1860. BMzolithes imlmatifidHS Lesquereux, Kept. Geol. Surv. Arkausas, vol. ii, p. 313, pi. V, fig. 9. 1879. RMzoUthes pahnatijidus Lesquereux, Goal Flora, Atlas, p. 16, pi. Ixxv, fig. 9; text, vol. i (1880), p. 518. 1880. Pinnnlaria lyalmatifida Lesquereux, Goal Flora, vol. i, p. 518. 1889. Pinnularia palmatifida Lx., Miller, Geol. Pal. N. Amer., p. 126. The specimens referred to this species are rather larger than that originally illustrated from the coals of Arkansas. The rootlets are thin in texture and apparently flaccid. They are larger and more lax than those referred to Radicites capiUacea. Locality. — Owen's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5587. SPHENOPHYLLALES. SPHE]SrOPHYLLE.E. SPHENOPHYLLUM Broiigniart, 1828. 1822. 8ph(enophylUtes Brongniart, Mem. luus. hist, nat.,- vol. viii, p. 209. 1822. SphenophylUtes Brongniart, Mem. mus. hist, nat., vol. viii, p. 234. 1823. Rotularia Sternberg, Versuch, vol. i, fasc. 2, jj. 33; tent., 1825, p. xxxii. 1828. SphenopkyU uni Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 65. Fructification. 1871. Bowmanttes Binuey, Obs. Struct. Foss. PI. Carb. Str., pt. ii, p. 59. 1898. Sphenopliyllostachys Seward, Foss. PL, vol. i, p. 402. The systematic affinities of the genus Splieno-phyllum are now some- what definitely known through the study of the anatomical characters of the various organs of the plant. Most important among the recent correla- tions is the recognition on the part of Professor Zeiller of Bowmannites, so thoroughly analyzed by the late Professor Williamson, as the fruiting spike of Splienopliyllum. In Bowmannites Baivsoni (Will.) Zeiller found the details obscurely revealed to him in his study of the »S'. cuneifolium (Stb.) Zeill., from the Valenciennes Basin, to which I have previously made reference.' As now demonstrated,^ the ovoid or oval sporangia are pluriseriate in each ' Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, p. 39. - R. Zeiller, Sur la coustitution des ^pis de fructification du Sphenophyllum cuneifolium : Comp- tes Rendus, vol. cxv, 1892, pp. 141-144. fitude sur la constitution de I'appareil fructilicateur des Sphenophyllum: Mi^m. Soc. G^ol. Fr., Pal^ont., vol. iv, m^m. 11, 1893, pp. 1-39, pis. i-iil. 174 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL verticil, each sporangium being supported at the upper end by a pedicel arising from the ventral surface of the bract and curving outward, upward, and finally inward to the point of union to the sporangium. Each pedicel is traversed by a vascular bundle, which is regarded by M. Zeiller as a ven- tral lobe of the bract, presenting an arrangement analogous to the fertile fronds of the MarsileacecB or the OpMoglossacefB. A similar arrangement is described by the same author in Splienopliyllum ohlongifoHum and *S'. gracilis. Taking into account, then, the structure of the cones, Professor Zeiller would make the Splienophyllece constitute a distinct class among the vascular cryptogams, comparable to the Marsileacece and Ophioglossacece. It would seem as though the fertile specimens of SphenophyUum trichoma- tosum Stur described and illustrated by Mr. Kidston^ might differ in structure from S. cmieifolium only by the single circle of sporangia, attached, perhaps, though not necessarily, by the base to a short pedicel, the position on the inner surface of the bracts being the same. In an earlier reference to the nature of the genus SphenophyUum., I have expressed an inclination to regard it as belonging to the Calamarian family.^ This view now seems untenable. With reference to the systematic position of the genus, I may add that Dr. Potonie, after discussing the details collated by Zeiller, reaches the con- clusion^ that the SphenophyUum should be ranked in the group Pteridales of Prantl, near the Salvinece. In the genera SphenophyUum, Trizygia, Salvinia, and AzoUa, Dr. Potoni^ would detect a genetic as well as a geologic sequence. Sphbnophyllum ouneipolium (Stb.) Zeill. 1823, Botulnria asplemoides Sternberg, Versuch, vol. i, fasc. 2, p. 30, pi. xxvi, figs. 4a-6. 1823. Uotularia cuneijolia Sternberg, Versucb, vol. i, fasc. 2, i), 33, pi. xxvi, tigs. 4rt--6. 1826. Botularia pusilla Sternberg, Versucb, vol. i, fasc. 4, tent., p. xxxii. 1826. Botularia polyphylla Sternberg, Versuch, vol. i, fasc. 4, p. 42; tent., p. xxxii, pi. 1, tig. 4. 1828. Botularia dicliotoma Germar and Kaulfuss, Nova Acta Acad., O. L. G. nat. cur., vol. XV, pt. 2, p. 226, pi. Ixvi, tig. 4. 1828. SphenophyUum fimbriatuin Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 68. 1828. SphenophyUum dentatum Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 68. 1850, SphenophyUum dentatum Brougn,, Unger, Gen. et Sjjecies, p, 70. 'On the Fructification of Sphenoplnilliim trichomatosiim Stur, from the Yorkshire Coal Field: Proc. Roy. I'hys. Soc. Edinb., vol. xi, 1892, pp. 56-62, pi. i. = Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, 1893, p. 36. ^Ueber die Stelluug der Spheiiophyllaceen im System: Ber. d. Deutsch. bot. Gesell., vol. xii, 1894, Hft. 4, pp. 97-100. SPHENOPHYLLALES— SPHENOPHYLLUM. 1 75 1855. Sphenophyllum dentatum Brongu., Phillips, Manual Geol., p. 234, fig. 110. 1831. Sphenoi)hyUum erosnm Lindley and Hutton. Foss. Flora, vol. i, pi. xiii. 1847. Sphetiophyllum erosuni L. and H., Bunbury, Quart. Jour. Geol. See, vol. iii, p. 430, pi. xxiii, figs. 3a, 36. 1864. SphenophyJlum erosum L. and H., Coemans and Kickx, Monogr. Spben., p. 149, pi. i, tigs. 5a-c. 1869. Sphenophyllum erosmn L. and H., Schimper, Traite, vol. i, p. 341. 18C9. Sphenophyllum erosum L. and H.,Von Roebl, Foss. Fl. Steink. Westphaleos, p. 30, pi. iv. flg. 19. 1869. Sphenophyllum erosum L. and H., Dawson, Acad. Geol., 3d ed., p. 444, fig. 165e. 1880. Sphenophyllum erosum L. and H., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. i, j). 55. 1881. Sphenophyllum erosum L. and H., Weiss, Aus d. Fl. d. Steink., pi. x, figs. 57, 57«, 1888. Sphenophyllum erosum L. and IL, Dawson, Geol. Hist. PL, p. 122, flg. 45c. 1891. Sphenophyllum erosum L. and H., Newberry, Jour. Ciucinnati Sec. ]S. H., p. 215, pi. xix, figs. 1-4. 1836. llotulivrin erosa (L. and H.) Goeppert, Foss. Farrnkr., yt. 431. 1848. Sphenophyllum pusillum (Stb.) Sauveur, Veg. foss. terr. houill. Belg., pi. Ixiv, flg. 4. 1848. Sphenophyllum saxifragcefoUum (Stb.) Goeppert, in Bronu: Index Pal., vol. i, p. ] 166. 1854. Sphenophyllum saxifragcefoUum (Stb.) Goepp, Geinitz, Fl. Hain.-Ebersdorf., p. 37, pi. xiv, flgs. 7-10. 1869. Sphenophyllum saxifragevfoUum (Stb.) Goepp., von Roehl, Foss. Fl. Steink. West- phalens, p. 31, pi. iv, fig. 17. 1878. Sphenophyllum saxifragcefoUum (Stb.) Goepp., Zeiller, Vi'g. foss. terr. houill., pi. clxi, flgs. 4, 5; text (1879), p. 31 (pars). 1848. Sphenophyllum multifidum Sauveur, Veg. foss. terr. houill. Belg., pi. Ixiv, flgs. 1, 2. 1852. Sphenophyllum Schlotheimii Brongn. var. /i dentatum (Brongn.) et var. ^ erosum (L. & H.) Bttingshauseu, Steiukohlenfl. Stradonitz, p. 0, pi. vi, flg. 6. 1855. Sphenophyllum Schlotheimii Brongn. var. fi dentatum (Brongn.) et var. C erosum (L and H.) Ettiugshausen, Steinkohlenfl. Radnitz, p. 30, pl. xi, figs. 1-3. 1854. Sphenophyllum trifoUatum Lesquereux, Boston Jouru. N. H., vol. vi, no. 4, p. 415. 1858. Sphenophyllum trifoUatum Lesquereux, Geol. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 8.53, pl. i, flg. 7. 1855. Sphenophyllum Schlotheimii Brongn., Geinitz, Verst. Steink. Sachsen, pl. xx, fig. 0. 1873. Sphenophyllum Schlotheimii Brongn., O. Feistinantel, Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol, Gesell., vol. xxv, p. 594, pl. xviii, flg. 13. 1864. Sphenophyllum erosum L. and H. var. saxifragafolium (Stb.) Goemaus and Kickx, Monogr. Splien., p. 151, pl. i, flgs. (ia-d. 1869. Sphenopliyllu m erosum L. and H. var. saxifragcefoUum (Stb.) G. and K., Schimper, Traite, vol. i, p. 342, pl. xxv, figs. 10, 11-14. 1880. Sphenophyllum erosum L. and H. var. saxifragafolium (Stb.) C. and K., Schimper in Zittel: Handb. Paliioiit., vol. ii, p. 179, flg. 135, , j, 1874. Sphenophyllum emarcjinatum Brongn., O. Feistniantel, Verst. bohni. Ablag., vol. i, p. 134, pl. xviii, flgs. 2 (5, 6 ?). 1874. Sphenophyllum Schlotheimii Brongn. var. saxifragafolium (Stb.) O. Feistmantel, Verst. bohni. Ablag., vol. i, )). i;>4, pl. xviii, flg. 4. 176 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL 1877. Sphaiophyllum (lichotomum (Germ, and Kaulf.) Ung., Stur, Culm-Flora, vol. ii, p. 119 (225). 1887. Sphenophylhim dicliotomum (Germ, and Kaulf.) Ung., Stur, Calamar. d. Oarbon- Fl., p. 233, fig. 43, pi. XV, ligs. oa, &, c; pi. xiift, fig. 2. 1888. Sphenophylhim dichotoimim (Germ, and Kauf.) Ung., Toula, Die Steinkoblen, p. 204, pi. V, figs. 16, 21. 1878. Sphenophyllum cuneifoUum (Stb.) Zeiller, Veg. foss. terr. houill., pi. clxi, fig. 1; text (1879), p. 30 (pars). 1882. Sphenophyllmn eimeifolium (Stb.) Zeill., Renault, Cours bot. foss., vol. ii, p. 87, pi. xiii, fig. 10. 1886. Sphenophylhim cuneifoUum (Stb.) Zeiller, Fl. foss. houill. Valenciennes, Atlas, pi. Ixiii, figs. 1-3, 6, 7 (3, 4, 5, 10, fruit); text (1888), p. 413. 1893. Sphenophyllum cuneifoUum (Stb.) Zeill., D. White, Bull. U. S. Geol, Surv., No. 98, p. 36. 1893. Sphenophyllum cuneifoUum (Stb.) Zeiller, Mem. Soc. g6ol. Fr., Pal., vol. iv. No. 11, p. 12, 1)1. 1; pi. ii, figs. 1-3; pi. iii, figs. 1-2. 1894. Sphenophyllum cuneifoUum (Stb.) Zeill., Potonie, Ber. d. deutsch. bot. Gesell., vol. xii, 4, p. 99, figs. 3a-b (fig. 1 fruit). 1896. Sphenophyllum cuneifoUum (Stb.) Zeill., Potoni^, N. Jahrb. f. Min., 2d Abth., p. 142, fig. 1; p. 143, figs. 2a-b; p. 152, fig. 8. 1897. Sphenophylhim cuneifoUum (Stb.) Zeill., Potonie, Lehrb. d. Pflanzenpal., p. 176, fig. 171 ; p. 179, fig. 177. 1886. Sphenophyllum cuneifoUum (Stb.) Zeill. var. saxifragafolium (Stb.) Zeiller, Fl. foss. houill. Valenciennes, Atlas, pi. Ixii, fig. 1; pi. Ixiii, figs. 4, 5, 9, 10; text (1888), p. 413. 1893. Sphenophyllum cuneifoUum (Stb.) Zeill. var. saxifragcefoUtmi (Stb.) Zeill., D. White, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, p. 37. 1888. Galamites Sachsei Stur, Toula, Die Steiukohlen, p. 205, pi. v, fig. 22. 1888. An Sphenophyllum (Galamites) Sachsei Stur, Toula, Die Steinkohlen, p. 204, pi. V, fig. 20? 1898. Sphenophyllostachys Dawsoni (WiU.) Seward, Foss. PL, vol. i, p. 400, figs. 107A, G ; p. 402, fig. 108. This species, rejjresented by the normal form with narrow, concave- sided, cuneate leaves and sharp teeth, appears to be well represented in the collections, though the specimens are rather more robust and rigid than in examples from other regions. Besides the more common form, there are certain specimens with leaves a little broader, spreading more, the teeth seeming not quite so acute, which I have doubtfully referred to S. emargi- natum Brongn. As usual in this species, the tips of the leaves are generally buried in the matrix, a circumstance which probably gives rise to tlie inclusion ol Sphenopliyllum Schlotheimii Brongn. in Professor Lesquereux's list of the Henry County, Missouri, plants. SPHENOPHYLLALES— SPHEiSrOPHYLLUM. 177 Specimens with entire or dissected leaves are frequently found mingled, the dissection often reaching to near the base of the leaves, approaching S. hifurcatum Lx. in appearance, though this latter species, found in the "conglomerate" or " subconglomerate " coals, I have not seen in any material from Missouri. Obscure fragments of cones, probably belonging to this species, are found mingled with the specimens of stems and leaves. To Sphenophyllum cuneifoUum doubtless belongs the specimen from Clinton recorded in the Coal Flora' as 5'. fiUcidme Lx. In this specimen, which was collected by Dr. Britts and was formerly in Professor Lesquereux's private collection, and which is now No. 8679 of the Lacoe collection in the U. S. National Museum, it is clear that the cleavage of the shale has broken away the ends of all except the highest leaves in the verticil, so that the broken edges are all within a single curve, the line of fracture being distinctly oblique to the venation of the leaves. There is no evidence of any inequality in the arrangement of the leaves other than is common in S. cuneifoUum, while, at the same time, there is no pairing of the four outer leaves or separation of the two middle ones. The principal characters of the fruit of this species, so well worked out by Professor Zeiller, are stated in the discussion of the genus. Localities. — Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5454, 5456, 5475?; Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5455; also found at Gilkerson's Ford. Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brongn. PL LIX, Fig. Id. 1822. Sphenophillites emarginatus Brongniart, Classif. v6g. foss., p. 234, pi. ii, figs. 8, Sa-b. 1822. Rotularia marsilewfolia Sternberg, Versach, vol. 1, fasc. 2, p. 33 (pars). 1825. Rotularia mar silem folia Sternberg, Versuch, vol. 1, tent., p. xsxii (pars). 1828. Rotularia marsilecvfolia Sternberg, Bronn, in Bischoff: Kryptogiim. Gewachse, p. 89, pi. xiii, figs. la-b. 1838. Rotularia mnrsilece/olia Sternberg, Presl, Verb. Gesell. Mus. Bohmen, p. 29, pi. ii, figs. 2-4. 1828. Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 68. 1835. Sphenophijllum emarginatum Brongn., Bronn, Letli. Geogn., vol. i, p. 32, pi. vii, fig. 10. 1855. Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brongn., Geinitz, Verst. Steinkohl. Sacbsen, p. 12, pi. xs, figs. 1-4 (5-7!), (pi. xxxiv, fig. 4 ?). 'Vol. 1, p. 59. MON XXXVII 12 178 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL 1864. Sphenopliyllum emat ginatum Broiigu., Coemans and Kickx, Monogr. geu. Sphen., p. 144, pi. i, fig. 2; (pi. ii figs. 1-3?). 1869. Sphenopliyllum einariiinatum Biongn., von Roelil, Foss, Fl. Steinkoblenf. West- phalens, p. 30 (pars), (pi. iv, fig. 12?). 1869. Sphenophyllum cmarginatum Brougu., Schimper, Traite, vol. i, p. 339, (pi. xxv, fig. IS?). 1874. Sphenophyllum emaryinatum Brongn., O. Feistinaiitel, Verst. bohui. Ablag., vol. i, p. 134 (pars), pi. xviii, fig. 5! (uoa fig. 3). 1876. Sphenophyllum einarginatum Brougn., Heer, Fl. Foss. Helv., p. 53, pi. xix, fig. 15. 1879. An Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brougn., Heer, Urwelt d. Schweiz., 2d ed., pi. i, fig. 10? 1880. Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brougn., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 53. 1880. SphenophylUim emarginatum Brougn., Schimper, in Zittel: Handb. Paliiont., vol. ii, p. 179, fig. 135, ,. 1880. Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brongu., Ferd. Roemer, Leth. Geogn., Pal , p. 153, pi. 1, fig. 6. 1881. Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brougn., Saporta aud Marion, fivol. reg. veg., crj'pt., p. 198,flg. 82, A' (o, c'i). 1881. Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brougn., Weiss, Aus d. Fl. d. Steink., \)\. x, fig. 58. 1880. Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brongn., Sterzel, Fl. Rotbl. u.-w. Sachsens, p. 23 (pars), pp. 26, 27, figs. 18 (19?); (pi. xxiii, figs. 2-.T?). 1886. Sphenophyllum emarginntum Brongn., Zeiller, Fl.foss. houill. Valenciennes, Atlas, pi. Ixiv, figs. 3-5; text (1888), p. 409. 1891. Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brongn., Raciborski, Permokarb. FL, p. 26 (378) (pars). 1893. Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brougn., Zeiller, Mem. Soc. geol. Fr., Pal., vol. iv, no. 11, p. 24, pi. ii (iv), figs. 4, 4a. 1898. Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brongn., Seward, Foss. Plants, vol. i, p. 407, fig. 109. 1832. Sphenophyllum Schlotheimii Brougn., Lindley aud Hutton, Foss. FL, vol. i, pi. xxvii, figs. 1-2. 1848. S2)h('nophyllHm Schlotheimii Brongn., Sauveur, V6g. foss. terr. bouill. Belg., pi, Ixiv, fig. 3. 1876. Sphenophyllum Schlotheimii Brougn., Ferd. Roemer. Leth. Geogn., vol. i. Atlas, pi. I, fig. 6. 1880. Sphenophylhan ,SWi7o«/ie»»i» Brougn., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 52 (pars). 1881. Sphenophyllum Schlotheimii Brongn., Lesquereux, Rept. Geol. Surv. Indiana, 1879-80, p. 374, pi. xliii, fig. 2. 1890. Sphenophyllum Schlotheimii Brougu., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. iii, p. 980, text fig. 1841. Spha-nophyllum Hitchcock, Geol. Massachusetts, vol. ii, p. 542, pi. xxii, fig. 2. 1860. Sphenophyllum Osnabrugense F. A. Roemer, Beitr. z. Kenutu. n.-w. Harzgeb., p. 21, pi. V, figs. 2a-h. 1864. Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brongn. var. /i Brongniartianum Coemans aud Kickx, Monogr. gen. Sphen., p. 144, pi. i, fig. 3. 1869. Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brongn. var. /i Brongniartianum C.and K,, Schimper, Traite, voL i, p. 340, pi. xxv, figs. 15, 16, 17. SPHBNOPHYLL ALBS— SPHENOPHYLLUM, 1 79 1869. Sphenophylhim emarginafum Tivongn.va.r. /i Brongniartianum G.?indK., you Roehl, Foss. Fl. Steiukolilenf. Westphalens, p. 30, pi. xxvi, fig. 2; pi. xxxii, fig. 6A. 1879. SphenophyUum cuneifolmm (Stb.) Zeill., V(:^g. foss. terr. houill., p. 3 (pars). 1882. Au Sphenophylhim truncatum Brougn., Renault, Oours bot. foss., vol. ii, p. 87, pi. xiii, figs. 8, 9"? I have referred, though in part provisionally, to Sphenophyllum emargi- natum, a number of specimens in which the large broad leaves, the slightly rounded or even faintly cordate apex, the nerva(tion, and the blunt teeth seen in some cases seem to be characteristic of the species, American repre- sentatives of which were first published by Brongniart^ from Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania. Some of these specimens, in which the "teeth are broken away or buried, probably constituted the basis for the identification and enumeration of S. Schlotheimii Brongn. in the list of plants from Missouri. But notwithstanding the identification of the common form in Pennsylvania by Brongniart, the species is badly confused in our American material. The examination of a large number of examples in different collections shows that in most cases, including the specimens from Missouri in the Lacoe collection, and the other collections in the U. S. National Museum, the fossils labeled S. SchlotJieiniii by Lesquereux ^ have the characters of S. emarginatum. Plants referable to the Palmacites verticillatus of Schlotheim,^ the specific name of which Kidston has justly restored, are extremely rare in the Ameri- can Carboniferous flora, so far as it has yet been made known. This species differs greatly from the true 5*. emarginatum by the rounded, not cordate, summit, which, as I interpret the figures, is smooth or slightly crenulate, often giving the leaf a narrowly obovate form, while the nerves, 15 to 20 in number, dichotomize several times from a single original nerve. The com- mon form in Missouri has, on the contrary, usually but 7 to 15 nervils to the leaf, which is not rounded, but, like most of the common representatives of the species from other localities in this country, seems to belong to the variety Brongniartiamim as figured by Coemans and Kickx^ and others. ' Prodrome 1828, p. 172. ^ The specimen figured by tMs distinguished and justly honored paleobotanist in the Rept. Geol. Surv. Indiana, 1880, p. 374, pi. xllii, fig. 2 (copied by Lesley in Diet. Foss. Peun.sylvauia, vol. iii, p. 980), as S. Schlotheimii belongs with others to the S. emarginatum, while, on the other hand, fig. 3 of the same plate (Lesley, op. cit., p. 978) belongs very prob.ably to the group represented by S.filicithiie Lx. 'Flora d. Vorwelt, 1804, pi. ii, fig. 2i.^SphenophijJhim Schlotheimii Brongn. ■•Monogr. d. genre Sphenophyllum d'Europe: Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, (2) vol. xviii, 1864, p. 139, pi. i, fig. 3. 180 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL Some of the larger specimens, especially those from the anthracite region, are difficult to distinguish from the form figured by Stur^'as Sphenoplujllum Crep'mi. ^l?(Xij of the large dissected leaves haA^e the aspect of those figured by 0. Feistmantel.- The structure of the fertile spike of SpJienophyllum emarginatum has been partly worked out by Zeiller,^ who finds the bracts, united at the base for a short distance, bearing several verticils of sporangia, the latter prob- ably pedicellate and agreeing in essential details with the better-known species S. cimeifoUum (Stb.) Zeill. The cones of S. emarginatum illustrated by Zeiller are somewhat larger than those of the former species, and do not in their supei-ficial aspect appear very unlike the more imperfect specimens fio-ured by PresP in 1838 as Botidaria marsilecefoUa Stb. Although it is a species of long duration, SphenophyUum emarginatum seems to have been consideralily modified in time. And while the earlier forms in America are generally smaller, the species soon becomes of the size and characters of the variety Brongniarfianum, the still later forms being much more lax, proportionately less distinct at the base, and more irregular or rounded at the top. A separation of these later forms as varieties, if not as species, would, I believe, serve a useful purpose in correlative work, and therefore be desirable. Many of the forms figured by Sterzel and Raci- borski^ appear closely related to the S. Fontaineanum Mill. (S. latifolium F. and W., nee Wood, necque Ren.) Localities.— 0\yer^ii coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5457; Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., G137. Sphenophyllum majus Broiin. PI. L, Figs. 5, &a; PI. LI, Fig. a; PI. LXXIII, Fig. 3. 1828. Rotularia major Broun, in Bischoff : Kryptogam. Gewacbse, vol. ii, p. 89, pi. xiii, figs. 2ar-b. 1835. Sphenophyllum majus Brouu, Leth. Geogn., vol. i, p. 32, pi. viii, figs. 9a, 9b. 1886. Sphenophyllum majus Brouu, Zeiller, Fl. foss. liouill. Valeucieunes, Atlas, pi. Ixiv, figs. 1, 1ft, 2, 2a; text (1888), p. 420. > Calamar. d. Carbon-Fl., p. 232, pi. xv6, fig. 4. ^Verst. buhm. Ablag., vol. i, 1874, p. 134, pi. xviii, figs. 3, 5. 3F1. foss. houill. Valenciennes, p. 410, pi. Ixiv, fig. 5. Etude s. 1. constitution d. I'apparell fruct. d. Sphenophyllum : Mem. Soc. ge'ol. Fr., Pal., vol. iv, no. 11, 1893, pi. ii, figs. 4, 4a. » Verb. d. Vaterl. Mus. BOhmen, 1838, p. 29, pi. ii, figs. 2-4. "> Permokarb. Fl., p. 26, pi. v, figs. 20-30; pi. vii, fig. 23. SPHENOPHYLLALBS— SPHENOPHYLLUM. 181 1893. Sphenophyllum majus Bronn, D. White, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, p. 40. 1848. Sphenophyllum nmltifidum Sauveur, Veg. foss. ten. liouill. Belgique, pi. Ixiv, figs. 1, 2. 1855. Splienophylhtm longifolium (Germ.) Geiu. et Gutb. (uou Sauveur), Geinitz, Yerst. Steiuk. Sacliseu, p. 13, pi. xx, figs. 1.5, 10, 17. 18(59. Bphenopliyllum Jongifolium (Germ.) Geiu. et Gutb., Schimper, Traite, vol.. i, p. 340, pi. XXV, flg. 22 (non 23). 1880. Siihenophylhim loHyifoUum (Germ.) Gein. et Gutb., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 53. 1883. SphenophyUum longifolium (Germ.) Gein. et Gutb., Lesquereux, 13tli Rept. Geol. Surv. Indiana, 2, p. 46, pi. vii, figs. 10, 11. 1884. Sphenophyllnm longifolium (Germ.) Geiu. et Gutb., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. ill, p. 726, pi. xcl, lig. 6. 1855. SphenopMjlhim saxifragcefolium, (Germ.) Gein. et Gutb., Geinitz, Yerst. Steiuk. Sachsen, p. 13. pi. xx, figs. 8, (9?). 1866. An SpheHophyllum laUfolimn Wood (nee Font, et White, necque Een. et Zeill.). Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. xiii, p. 347, pi. viii, tig. 3? In the discussion of this species from the outlying- basins in soiitli- western Missouri^ I have stated at length my reasons for accepting Bronn's name as the proper designation of this form, in preference to the name given to the larger form by Germar. The material in the present collections pre- sents a number of fine examples, which I refer to this species, although they show rather less tendency to dissection than appeared in the others. The photographs seen in PI. L, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, an enlargement of which is o-iven in PI. LI, Fig. fl, show undersized specimens of this beautiful spe- cies. As was remarked in the report above mentioned, the form, not rare in America, is quite different from that with long leaves and with nerves not confluent at the base and sparsely forking, figured by Schimper,^ Coemans and Kickx,^ Weiss,^ von Roehl,' Renault," and Renault and Zeiller,'' while I have seen but a single specimen, from Ohio, representing the type of Germar.* The plant illustrated by Raciborski" under this name would seem to be more closely related to the 8. Fontaineanum Miller. Sphenoplujllum majus is represented in the Lacoe collection in the U. S. 1 Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, p. 41. ^Tralte, vol. i, 1869, pi. xxv, fig. 23 (copied from Germar), p. 340. ^Mouogr. (1. genre Sphenopbylluin, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., (2) vol. xviii, 1864, p. 147, pi. i, fig. 4. ••Aus der Flora d. .Stciukohlenformation, 1881, pi. x, fig. 60. 6 Foss. Fl. Steiuk. -Form. Westpbaleus, 1869, p. 31, pi. iv, fig. 14. 6 Cours bot. foss, vol. 11, 1882, p. 88, pi. xiii, fig. 18 (from Coemaus and Kickx). 'Fl. foss. bassin bouill. Commentry, vol. ii, Atlas, pi. 1, figs. 12-17. sjsis, 1837, col. 426, pi. ii, fig. 2. Verst. Koblenf., p. 17, pi. vii, fig. 2. spermokarboniska Fl., 1891, p. 29 (381), pi. v, figs. 14, 15. 182 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. National Mi;seum by a number of specimens from the vicinity of Clinton, Missouri, labeled S. Jow/ifolium by Professor Lesquereux. This type, as seen in PI. L, Fig. 5, closelv resembles the leaves found on the robust branches of 5". emarginatum, while, when dissected, the leaves are quite suggestive of S. Ufurcatum. The nervation of this specimen, studied by Lesquereux, is shown in the photographic enlargement, PI. LI. The presence of two undescribed species with very large leaves in the Pocono and the Middle Pottsville gives to the large, wide-leafed group a much greater antiquity than has been supposed. iom/iiies.— Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Miis., 5462, 5671, 5679, 5680; Deep water, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5465; Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5463; Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5461. SpHENOPHTLLUM LESCUEIANrM 11. sp. PI. L, Fig. 6&; PL LI, Fig. h; PL XXIV, 3c. 1897. Sphenophyllum sp., D. Wbite, BulL GeoL Soc. Amer., voL viii, p. 297. Stems slender, delicate, branching freely; internodes long in propor- tion to the width of the axis, the ribs being naiTow, distinct, and angular ; nodes but slightly enlarged ; leaves six to the verticil, of equal length, the middle pair nearly at a right angle to the stem, the upper and lower pairs open and at equal angles to the stem, narrowly obcuneate, 3 to 5 mm. long, 1 to 1.75 mm. wide near the top, of rather thin texture, very small at the point of attachment, the lateral margins slightly convex, generally divided by a shallow angular or rounded sinus into two obtuse or obtusely pointed teeth, but sometimes, in the lower portions of the plant, divided into three or four teeth of the same type; nervation consisting of one slender nerve, simple to one-third or one-half the way up, then forking at a moderate angle, each of the two branches entering a tooth, or, where more than two teeth are present, one or both nerves forking again near the top of the leaf; fructification unknown. Among the specimens in the Lacoe collection labeled SphenophyUum amiustifolium Grerm. by Professor Lesquereux, one example. No. 8711, from the vicinity of Clinton, Missouri, is so diiferent not only from all the remaining specimens under that name, but also from the figures of foreign specimens described as characteristic of that type, that I have felt con- strained to exclude it from that species and place it under another name, SPHENOPHYLLALBS— SPHENOPHYLLUM. 183 after searching in vain for a satisfactory place for it among the many exist- ing species. The phxnt is of a dehcate type, the bi-anches slender and graceful, the internodes relatively long, the ribs narrow, angular, while the segment of a larger stem at the left in Fig 6«, PI. L, is distinctly lineate. While in its general aspect and especially in the outhnes of the leaves our form, which is photographed twice the natural size in PL LI, resembles the Spheno- X^jlUtes angiistifolius of Germar,' the difference in the minor characters, par- ticularly the details of the nervation, as shown in the description and figures of S. angustifolium (Germ.) Goepp. given by Coemans and Kickx,^ Renault,^ and Weiss,* or of the var. hifidum Gr. 'Eury by Renault, =^ in all of which we find long, slender, acute-pointed pinnules more deeply dissected and with the nerves separate and distinct from the base in the bidentate forms, is too great to permit its union under the same name. In fact, the essential char- acters are probably nearer -S'. ohlongifoUnm, especially as that species is figured by the same authors," tliough in the form of the leaves and their attitude in the verticil it is quite difi'erent from that species. Sphenopliyllum Lescurianum is not easily confused with the younger species, S. filiculme Lx., 5'. tmuifoUmn F. and W., or S. densifolium F. and W., all of which differ by the disposition of the leaves in the verticil, by the nervation, and by the margins. Locality.— ^ em- Clinton, Henry County, Missouri, precise locahty not known; Lacoe collection. No. 8711, U. S. Nat. Mus. SPHENOPHYLLUM (ASTEEOPHYLLITES?) FASOIOULA.TUM (Lx). P1..L, Fiffs. 1-4. 1879. AsterophylUtes fasciculatus Lesquereux, Ooal Flora, Atlas, p. 2, pi. iii, flgs. 1-4, 4a; text, vol. 1 (1880), p. 41. Stems 1 to 7 nun. wide, branching freely, dichotomously, or oppositely (?), with about 3 to 6 rounded, obscurely lineate-rugose, hardly striate, non- alternating ribs dilated at the nodes; branches irregular, flexuous, forking ' Verst. Steink. Wettiu u. Lobejiiu, p. 18, pi. vli, figs. 4-7. Schimper, Traitd, vol. i, pi. xx, figs. 1-4. Von Roebl, Foss. Fl. StemkoUleuf. Westphalens, pi. iv, fig. 18. ^ Bull. Soc. Roy. Belg., (2) vol. xviii, 1864, pi. i, tigs. la-c. 'Cours bot. foss , vol. ii, 1882, pi. siii, tigs. 19, 20, 21. ■I Aus (1. Flora tl. Steinkohl., 1881, pi. x, fig. 61. ■'■Fl. foss. bassin bouill. Commentry, vol. ii, p. 485, pi. 1, tigs. 6, 7. fi Coemans and Kickx, loc. cit., tigs. 8fl-c. ScUimper, op. cit., 1, p. 343, pi. xxv, tigs. 5-9. Renault, op. cit., vol. ii, pi. xiii, figs. IS, 16, 17. Weiss, op', cit., pi. x, tig. 39. 184 FLORA OF LOWER CO^L MEASURES OF MISSOURL equally or unequally at a naiTow angle, leafy, tapering plumose to the tufted apex; nodes prominent, generally ver}' short, 1 to 6 mm. distant, frequently crowded near the base of the branch, each pro\'ided with a verticil of leave?; leaves 6 to 12 in the verticil, united usually in six pairs in the smaller twigs, the members of each pair being joined for a distance from the base by their laminse, or even the pairs joined to one another for a, short distance when young, and separating with the increased growth of the axis, lanceolate, 2.5 to 8 mm. long, tapering from near the base to the acute apex, slightly carinate, not regularly alternate from node to node, minutely rugose, oblique, or erect when young, at the point of attachment, then curving outward, often more or less reflexed according to age and position, then turning . upward and sometimes slight! }' inward, approaching a semi-uncinate form, some- what thickened at the slightly constricted base, nearly smooth or obtusely carinate on the arching dorsal surface ; median nerves of each pair of leaves simple at the base, or distinct and separate, converging to contiguous points of origin, relatively broad, dorsally lineate-rugose under the lens; strobili borne on the branches, 6 to 25 mm. long, 5 to 7 mm. wide, divided into nodes about 2 mm. apart, the axis being 1.25 mm. wide, ribbed like the branch, each node bearing a verticil of bracts slightly longer than the pre- ceding leaves, somewhat strongly reflexed, then curving upward at the middle and finally turned inward; sporangia slightly oval, the greater diameter being a little less than 1 mm. A number of typical specimens, some of which are from the type locality, bring to our attention new features in this unique and interesting species. The common aspect of the plant is indicated in pi. iii, fig. 1, of the Coal Flora by Professor Lesquereux, though the habit of the leaves is not there shown so well as in our PI. L., Figs. 2 and 3. On my first examina- tion of the species I was disposed to regard the dichotomovis fasciculate specimens as specifically distinct from the form illustrated in fig. 2 of the Coal Flora plate. I have seen no other specimen from this region with such an aspect of I'igidity, which is exaggerated in the figure, and with the appearance of opposite branching, except the oi'iginal of that figure, now No. 8292 of the Lacoe collection in the United States National Museum. This original diff'ers, furthermore, from the figure by the much more falcate character of the leaves, which are more open at the liase, then curving SPHENOPHYLLALES— SPHENOPHYLLUM. 185 gradually upward and slightl}" inward, while each joint of the main stem is provided with a verticil of leaves within which the branches have their origin. But, although by this character of the main stem, the internodes of which are much longer in proportion to their width than in other speci- mens, and b)' the angle and habit of the branches this individual specimen is so different from all others examined, being in effect very similar to Asteropliyllites gracilis Lx., still the characters of the leaves and branches are so concordant with those in the dichotomous form that I am not at present prepared to establish any separation of the two, especially in the absence of additional details as to the internal organization or fruit of the latter. The following remarks, however, pertain entirely to the remaining suite of specimens, all of which are more or less distinctly of the type of fig. 1 of the plate in the Coal Flora. The stems of the common (dichotomous or fasciculate) type, some of which ai'e nearly 1 cm. in diameter, are usually more or less flexuous, especially the smaller ones, while the delicate twigs are often sinuous and plumose, the branching being irregular and not in the same plane. In fact, the general aspect of the plant and the more obvious characters of the stems of all ranks are so strongly similar to those of the stems and branches of common Sphenophylla, such as Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brongn., that it is only after a glance at the leaves that one pauses to inquire whether it belongs to some other group. The ribs are few, broad, broadly rounded or flattened, and separated in the larger segments by a rounded furrow. Toward the upper end of the internode each rib is somewhat swollen. Confluent with the upper ends of these ribs are the slightly thickened bases of the leaves, which are inclined upward as is common in SphenopliyUmn, so that just above the node, or within the verticil, the stem is reduced in size. These features may be indistinctly seen in PI. L, Fig. 3. In the larger and older stems the leaf traces show indistinctly as roundish or transversely oval scars more or less distinctly paired according to the size of the stem. In such advanced stems the leaves are so open that they are seldom seen except in profile. However, in the younger portions, and particularly near the ends of the branches, the leaves may often be seen at a right angle to their planes, in which cases they are found to be united, two by two, for a distance (sometimes nearly one-third of their length), while in still other cases the pairs are more narrowly united into what is 186 FLORA OF LOWER GOAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL perhaps essentially a sheath, as shown fragmentai-ily in Fig. 1, PL L, which represents a portion of No. 8296 of the Lacoe collection, from Henry County, identified by Professor Lesquereux. This character of the pairing, which constitutes bifurcation of the leaves in effect, and which is also illustrated in PI. L, Figs. 2 and 4, and in the enlarged details, accentuating the Sphenophylloid nature of the plant, is further accompanied, in some cases at least, by a corresponding bifurcation of the single basal nerve, one of whose divisions passes to each lobe.^ From the preservation of the older portions of the stems it would seem that these bifurcated (or paired) leaves gradually part and become distinct in the older stems, as Potoni^ has noticed occasionally in the leaves of Equisetites zeceformis (Schloth.) Andra, and that both forked and simple leaves may occvir on the same stem. In some cases there appear to be but three leaf pairs on the young twigs, but this incomplete observation ma)^ be erroneous. The young twigs with bifurcated leaves are frequently united with the larger stems, in which, so far as I am able to discover, the leaves are separate quite to the base. Among several fertile spikes attached to the branches of this species I have not yet seen any with the structure illustrated in the Coal Flora, though the original of pi. iii, fig. 3, of that work lies before me. All the specimens are too poorly preserved to enable me to discover the mode of attachment or even the normal place of the sporangia between the verticils. The bi'acts are more slender and rather longer than the leaves below, and are more strongly reflexed before curving outward, upward, and, finally, slightly inward. The sporangia, a number of which are scattered irregularly among tlie verticils in some of the specimens, are slightly oval and nearly 1 mm. in greater diameter. As a species of Asterophyllites this form is unique. In its general composition and make-up it is a SphenophyUum. Its habit, the broadly ribbed stems, the inflated joints, the verticils, which appear to be confluent with the upper ends of the ribs, giving the leaves a decurrent effect, the bifurcated character of the leaves, at least in the younger stages, all combine to make us question whether we are not in reality dealing- with a type more nearly related to SphenophyUum, in which most of the nerves are simple to the base of the leaf, so as to allow the lobes to grow apart with the enlargement of ' In most cases, howevor, both the leaves and the nerves appear to be simple, especially iu the lowrr portions of the stems or branches. LYOOPODIALES— LEPIDODEXDRE.E— LEPIDODEJSTDEOK 1 87 the axis. Owing to the unfortunate lack of material so preserved as to show the internal structure of the stems, we are left to search for fruiting- cones in which the arrangement of the sporangia will be discernible. I anticipate that the cones will be found to show the characters of Splienophyllum, and I have very little hesitation in imequivocally referring it to that genus. Should additional material substantiate such a reference it is probable that the type of fig. 2 of pi. iii of Coal Flora will be placed in or near Asterophjllites gracilis Lx., or A. (jrandis Stb., with which in many respects it agrees. I am not sure whether or not a specimen of Asterophyllites fascicitlatus was the basis of the identification by Lesquereux of Sphenophyllum furcatum Lx. in the Missouri flora, but I am inclined to believe that the ein-ollment of the latter species in the list from Henry County was based by him on fragments of S. emarginatum Brongn., in which the leaves are sometimes dissected nearl}?- to the base. The true S. hifttrcatiiiii, as described from the "coal-bearing shales" of Washington County, Arkansas, is quite difi"erent from anything I have yet seen from the Missouri Coal Measures, and appar- ently constitutes a good species of some stratigraphic value. Localities.— Owen's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5539, 5542, 5622, 5637, 6639, 5675; Deepwater, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5540, 5658; Gilkerson's Ford, , U. S. Nat. Mus., 5541 ; Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5543. LYCOPODIALES. LEPIDODElSrjJR,E.E. LEPIDODENDRON Sternberg, 1820. 1820. Lepidodendron Sternberg, Fl. d. Vorw., vol. i, fasc. 1, p. 25; teiit. (1825), p. x. 1822. Sagenaria Brongniart, Mem. mus. hist, uat., vol. viii, p. 239. Of the five species of this genus occurring in the Lower Coal Measures in the region of Henry County, Missouri, two, Lepidodendron Brittsii Lx. and L. lanceolatum Lx., belong to older types of the genus, the former hav- ing been probably derived from L. Volkmannianum of the culm or some related species, while the latter is most intimately connected with the L. Sternbergii as identified by Professor Lesquereux from the Pottsville series. The study of the internal structure of a large number of the species of this genus shows a very great diversity of organization, especially with ref- erence to secondary or exogenous growth, some of the stems or branches presenting only the primary growth, while others contain a very elaborate 188 FLOEA OF LOWER COAL MEASUEES OF MISSOUEI. and complicated secondary or exogenous development.^ The examination of the structure of certain dolomitized bolsters of Lepidophloios by Dr. Potonid^ shows that the two lateral appendages below the leaf scar in Lepi- dodendron and Lepidophlolos are the aerial terminations, beneath greatly thinned bolster walls, of strands of thin-walled parenchyma cells, apparently with intercellular spaces. These strands or ducts, whose function is regarded b}' Potonie as transpiratory, pass through the leaf scar by way of the lateral cicatricules and correspond with the two similar tracts found by Felix ^ in the cross section of the leaf oi Lepidodendron selaginoides. Potonid follows Stur'' in designating the trace on the bolster above the leaf scar in the Lepidodendrece as the "ligular pit," on account of its supposed homol- ogy with the ligule of the recent SelagineUa. The propriety- of this corre- lation has, however, been doubted by a number of paleobotanists, among whom is Mr. Kidston.^ Lepidodendron Brittsii Lx. PI. LII, Figs. 1, 2; PI. LIII, Fig. 1; PL LIV, Figs. 1, 2. 1879. Lepidodendron Brittsii Lesqnereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 11, pi. Ixiii, tigs. 1, 2; text, vol. ii (1880), p. 368. 1883. Lepidodendron Brittsii Lesquereux, ISth Eept. Geol. Sarv. Indiana, 2, pi. xvii, figs. ■!, 4i. 1889. Lepidodendron Brittsii Lx., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Peuusylvauia, vol. i, p. 313, 2 text flg.s. Stems of considerable size, slightly rigid, freely branching at a rather naiTow angle in both equal and unequal dichotomies, the branches becom- ing slender, tapering slowly, flexuous, and plumose; bolsters contiguous, rhomboidal-oval, acute both above and below, sometimes nearly one-half as broad as long in the old stems, but generally fusiform, very slender, the 'Detailed descriptions of the structure of a number of species may be found in the series of memoirs published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, by the late Prof. W. C. Williamson, or in the painstaking studies of Professors Renault and Bertrand. A very short rdsum^ relating to the development of the Lepidodendroid stem Tvas given by the author in Science, 1896, vol. iii, pp. 754-759. ^Anatomie der beideu "Male" auf dem unteren Wangenpaar uud der beiden Seitenniirbchen der Blattnarbe des Lepidodendreeu-Blattpolsters: Ber. d. deutsch. bot. Gesell., vol. xi, 1893, Hft. 5, pp. 319-326, pi. xiv. ' Untersnchungen iiber den inneren Bau Westfiilischer Carbou-Pflanzen : Abh. d. li. Preuss. Geol. Laudesanst., vol. vii, 1886, Hft. 3, pi. ii, fig. 3. ■•Die Culm-Flora d. Ostrauer u. Waldenburger Schichten : Abh. d. k.-k. Geol. Reichanst., vol. viil, 1877, Hft. 2, p. 327 (231;, pi. xxsvl (xix), fig. 1. ^Trans. Royal Society of Edinb., vol. xxxvii, pt. iii, 1893, p. 537. LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDRE.E— LEPIDODENDEON. 189 length being more than ten times the breadth, tapering to very slender, flexuous tips in moderate relief, convex, the lower half and the upper portion above the foliar cicatrice distinctly marked by irregular, rather coarse transverse corrugations ; leaf cicatrices a short distance above the middle of the bolsters, moderately protuberant, broad, crescentic, very narrow vertically, concave-convex upward in plan, the upper margin round-convex, slightly mucronate at the top in correspondence with the base of the midrib, the lower margin concave, forming an imperfect arc of from 130° to 160°; ligular trace obsciu-e, mammillate, close above the leaf cicatrice ; append- ages oblong, close on either side of the base of the midrib, and inclined somewhat outward ; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, tapering from near the broad base,- which is nearly the whole width of the bolster, to the slender acuminate apex, 10 to 60 mm. or more in length, thin, ventrally concave at the base, which is open, or often reflexed, then outward curved, generally turning upward, giving a plumose aspect to the slender twigs, and often adhering to stems of considerable size ; midi-ib distinct, rather naiTow, dorsally round, diminishing gradually to the apex. This well-marked representative of an ancient group is excellently rep- resented among the abundant material collected Ijy Mr. Van Ingen from Hobbs's mine, where it is especially common. This is perhaps the type locality. The mine from which the originals described by Professor Les- quereux were obtained is not stated. It is certain that all the specimens came from the vicinity of Clinton. The distinct, irregular, transverse wrinkles, which ornament the rounded surface of the bolster both below and above the leaf, and which constitute the most conspicuous specific char- acter, as will be seen in PL LII, Fig. 3, are present and observable in even the small twigs. The bolsters are usually very slender and actiminate, though often broadened somewhat, approaching nearer the L. Volkmannianum in the older stems. In the form of the leaf scar, also, it shows its relation to the latter species, for, instead of being "transversely oval" as originally described and figured,^ they are more or less regularly crescentic, the horns of the crescent reaching nearly to the sides a little above the middle of the bolsters. The upper convex border of the scar generally forms a sweeping curve of about 160°, with a slight inteiTuption of the line over the vascular scar. The latter often forms a narrow keel, especially in the older branches, I Lesqnereux, Coal Flora, vol. ii, p. 368, \i\. Ixiii, tij;s. 1, Id. \h, 2. 190 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL or where the bases of the leaves are reflexed or compressed downward. Sometimes, however, it is nearly even, or appears rarely slightly emarginate, in which case the profile of the vascular trace stands out more strongly in the arch of the inward curve that marks the attachment of the lower side of the leaf. Frequently, where the leaf bases were directed upward, the compressed specimens show both edges of the scar as fairly even curves. The latter are always very close, so that the broken epidermis of the upper and lower surface of the leaf appears as a single line on the outer sides beyond the appendages. Even in the central portion of the scar I have not been able to find more than a very small transversely rhomboidal trace, such as is seen in PI. LIII, Fig. la, the vertical diameter of which seems to be no more than that of the midi'ib of the leaf. In all the specimens of this easily distinguished species, including the types and other specimens from Henry County, Missouri, identified by Professor Lesquereux and now in the Lacoe collection, the leaf scar is of the same form. The examination of the original of fig. 1 , pi. Ixiii of the Coal Flora, shows clearly the cres- ■ centic line, which describes a rather larger arc than is indicated in fig. Irt. The latter figure, too, conveys a better idea of the transverse corrugations which diminish and vanish some distance below the leaf scar. Although in portions of the originals and in many of the specimens collected later the epidermis of the bolster is excellently preserved, I have not been able to discover in a single bolster a line of separation or epidermal fracture which can be construed as marking a lower border of the leaf scar. The somewhat indefinite lines marked in portions of fig. 2, loc. cit., are merely convention- alized and extended from the uppermost, short, faint, corrugations of the lower field. Here, too, a similar liberty is taken in introducing a central point in several of the supposed leaf scars, though generall}' only the two subcicatricial appendages are shown. The appendages are made to come within the scar by the false lower boundary of the latter. These features are not introduced in figs. 1 , la, and Ih, of the Coal Flora, unless the singular curved line in fig. lb may be so interpreted. On the other hand, in most of the fragments, including some of considerable size, in which the leaves are preserved still in union with the bolsters, the union of the lower surface of the leaf to the bolster is clearly seen to be along the upward-arching line described above. The tnie position and attitude of the oval or oblong respiratory appendages are shown in the lowest bolster in fig. la. LYCOPODIALES— LBPIDODENDRB.E— LEPIDODENDEON. 191 Usually when the base of the leaf is not inclmed somewhat downward in the fossil state, the base of the midrib is expressed as a low, rounded ridge vanishing quickly in passing a short distance downward from the base of the leaf scar. This feature, which is indicated in fig. Ih, loc. cit., is well shown in our Fig. 2, PI. LII, or Fig. la, PI. LIV. The respiratory appendages generally lie rather close to the vascular scar and have been drawn conventionally in the Coal Flora as the lateral mammillae of the leaf scar. In none of the specimens, including those studied by Professor Lesquereux, have I been able to discover these lateral traces within the leaf scar. This is probably on account of the very close proxiniity of the broken carbonized upper and lower boundaries of the leaf cicatrix. The " ligular scar" is not generally apparent in the average specimens, but may frequently be found by a careful searcli of the bolsters on which the epidermis is well preserved. In No. 5489 of the Lacoe collection,^ in which the bolsters were drawn downward in the process of fossilization, the leaf scars being consequently somewhat straightened, we find it clearly preserved a little over .5 mm. above the leaf scar as a minute mammilla in a slight depres- sion. Any other appendicular markings or generic characters are either wanting or they are obscured by the transverse wrinkles in the upper field. An example of the smaller and more slender leafy twigs is shown in PI. LII, Fig. 1, while a fragment of a more robust branchlet is illustrated in PI. LIV, Fig.,1. Branches of this size strongly resemble in their gen- eral aspect the corresponding portions of Lepidodendron Haidingeri Ett. or L. lanceolatum Lx. The leaves are thin, concave beneath at the base, near which they are usually bent backward more or less before curving outward or upward. Frequently in the larger branches, like that photo- graphed in PL LIII, Kg. 1, the slender tapering tips are hardly so high as the bases. Occasionally they are found adhering to stems of considerable size, such as that shown in fig. 2, pi. Ixiii, of the Coal Flora. It would be very interesting to know the strobili of this species. It is possible that Lepido])hillum or Lepidostrohus Jenneyi, which is not rare in these beds, ma}' belong to the branches in hand. The facts that each is the most abundant representative of its respective genus here, and that neither has, so far as I know definitely, been found elsewhere, warrant a suspicion that they may be portions of the same tree. ' Identjified and labeled by Professor Lesquereux, from "Clinton, Missouri." 192 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL Lepidodendron Brittsn is easily distinguished from all other species of this genus, except L. Wortheni and L. Volkinaunianuni, by its generally elongated, fusiform bolsters, which are rounded and transversely corru- gated, and by its thin crescentic leaf scars. The narrow form of its leaf scars and its more acute bolsters sejDarate it from the older species. The chief distinctions between it and L. Wortheni, as figured by Lesquereux,^ seem to lie in the much broader, more oval leaf scars of the latter, and the continuation of the distinct corrugation up to the base of the leaf Unfortu- nately I have seen no really good representative of the Illinois sjiecies for comparison. Professor Zeiller has, however, figured two specimens from the Valenciennes Basin,- in which the details as well as the genei'al appearance are strikingly similar to L. Brittsn. In fact, whatever may be its relation to L. Wortheni, the branch on the right in fig. 1, pi. Ixxi, of the Valenciennes Flora is perhaps nearer in its characters to that of L. Brittsii, shown in our PI. LIII, Fig. 1, than many of the fragments referred by various authors to the same species. While there can be no doubt of the very close relation of the two plants, the more truncate bolsters in the latter species, the higher place of the leaf scar in the bolster, the less conspicuous nerve scar, and the apparently longer leaves, seem to funiish characters ample for a differentia- tion of varietal if not specific rank. From L. CJiftonense Dn.'our species may at once be distinguished by the distinctly diamond-shaped leaf scars of the former, whose twigs are larger, the leaves being several times as long. Loccdities. — Pitcher's mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5640, 6042; Deepwater mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6040; Hobbs's mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6039. Lepidodendron lanceolatum Lx. PI, LIII, Fig. 2. 1879. Lepidodendron lanceolatum Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 11, pi. Ixiii, figs. 3-5, 5a; text, vol. ii (18S0), p. 369. 1887. Lepidodendron lanceolalum Lesquereux, Kidston, Foss. Fl. Radstock Ser., p. 394, pi. xxvii, flg. 5; pi. xxviii, figs. 3, 4. 1884. Lepidodendron {Bergeria) marginatum Presl, Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 784 (pars) ; pi. evil, flg. 3. ' Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. ii, 1866, pi. slix, figs. 4, .5, p. 452. Copied in Atlas to Coal Flora, 1879, pi. Ixiv, figs. 8, 9, p. 388. ^Fl. foss. bassin liouill. Valenciennes, Atlas, 1886, pi. Ixxi, figs. 1, 2, p. 467. ^BuU. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. ii, 1890, p. 533, pi. xsii, figs. 5-8; pl. xxi, flg. 4. LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDRB.E— LEPIDODENDKON, 193 Trunks of moderate size; branches somewhat rigid, forking rather infrequentljr;- leaves slender, erect at the point of attachment, curved out- ward near the base, very open, straight or turned slightly upward toward the tips, narrow, tapering gradually to the very slender point; bolsters rhomboidal or rhomboidal-oval, acuminate at the ends, nearly symmetrical, the lower portion from the leaf downward consisting- of a diamond-shaped or rhomboidal-clypeate surface, the upper borders nearly straight, . the lateral angles usually well marked, the lower margins generallv ver}- slightl}' con- cave, the longer axis traversed throughout by a low, narrow keel, high at the upper end where it joins the midrib, very distinct throughout, and rising slightly toward its union in the somewhat protruding angle at the base of the leaf; foliar cicatrices more than halfway from the middle to the top of the bolster, extremely narrow vertically, angular, small, apparentl}' nar- rowly triangular in the vertical sense, and usually obscure; respiratory appendages close to the midrib, oblong, and usually obscure. Among the collections in hand there is but a single good fragment of this rare species, which is hardly known from any other locality in tlie United States. The specimen, PI. LIII, Fig. 2, from Dr. Britts's collection agrees in all its details with others identified by Professor Lesquereux in the Lacoe collection, differing only in the better preservation of its bolsters. The latter, as is shown in Fig. 2«, are of the type more familiar in Lepido- dendron Sternhergii or L. lijcopodioides. The general form of the bolsters is rhombic, acute, and nearly bilaterally symmetrical. The conspicuous fea- ture is, however, the diamond-shaped, slightly raised dorsal shield, which stands slightly in relief, especiall}^ at the slightly outward-curved upper end. As a Avhole the aspect of the shield is suggestive of L. opJiiurus, although the lateral angles are more pronounced than in that species, while the nearly straight upper margins converge to an acute point which seems to invest the lower boundary of the narrow leaf scar. In most cases the apex of this shield is broken, and the effect is a somewhat irregular, usually concave fracture, like that seen in tig. 5 on pi. Ixiii of the Coal Flora. Where pre- served, however, it usually shows little evidence of a leaf scar except a very small deltoid area of broken carbonaceous matter at the upper end of the keel, with short lateral lines which are continuous with the upper margins of the shield. Fig. 5a, in the above-mentioned plate, shows the scar extend- ing downward, erroneously in my judgment. The midrib of the leaf, MON xxxvii 13 194 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL which seems continuous with the keel of the bolster, is sometimes slightly compressed at the jjoint of attachment, so as to convey the idea of a small, flat, triangular area somewhat like that figured, but I have not yet seen any distinct cicatricial evidence connected with it. Usually, on the other hand, the keel passes to the point, as seen in our figure, so that the vertical width of the scar is not much greater than in Lepidodendron lycopodioides. It differs from the latter, however, by the straight or nearly straight sides forming an angle. The surface of the shield is divided from apex to base by the medial narrow keel, which is distinct, though low. The lower lateral margins of the bolster are slightly raised and separated from the nearest field of the next bolster by a narrow zone in which is occasionally seen the narrow, faintly depressed line of the suture of the bolsters. The two halves of each shield are generally slightly concave, perhaps on account of the constantly raised upper end of the keel. The latter in the decorticated or abraded specimens is marked by a rovmded ajDex, in the center of which is a pore corresponding to the passage of the vascular strand. This condition 1 find in Nos. 5461-5464 of the Lacoe collection, which come from the same locality and were labeled as Lepidodendron {Ber- geria) marginatum Presl by Professor Lesquereux. I fail to find the slightest reason for separatiiig from Lepidodendron lanceolatmn either these specimens or No. 5460 from the same vicinity, which is illustrated in fig. 3 on pi. cvii of the Coal Flora. Apparently the last-mentioned specimen is but the Bergeria condition of the species with which we are engaged. All the examples labeled as the former species are older and larger stems with larger bolsters. Most of the fragments refeiTed to the latter species are smaller branches and twigs. The leaves in all the fragments before me are slender and taper from near the base to an acute point. At the base they are directed upward, but a little higher they are flexed out- ward at a very open angle, from which they pass with a slight upward turn, or often straight, to the apex. Most of them are at an angle of 70° or more to the axis of the branch or twig. The central zone is frequently concave on the ventral surface, while the margins are slightly turned back- ward. The slender midrib usually forms a very narrow, low, round keel on the dorsal surface, and meets the apex of the keel on the shield of the bolster. The oblong respiratory appendages, which are occasionally seen, lie close to the apex of the keel and are but slightly outward inclined. LYGOPODIALES— LEPIDODBNDEB^— LEPIDODENDEON. 195 111 liis admirable memoir on the flora of the Radstock series Mr. Kidston figures^ and describes stem, twig, and cone fragments which he regards as belonging to L. lanceolatum. The aspect of the larger fragment and its bolsters, shown in fig. 3, pi. xxviii, of his memoir, is very close to that of our species, and perhaps really represents it, though from his figure it would appear that the shields are rather less distinctly diamond shaped. As in the American specimens, the leaf scars are obscure. The larger twigs, fig. 4, which he refers to the same species, have much shorter and blunter subfalcate leaves, while the leaves of the cone-bearing branchlet, represented in fig. 5 of pi. xxvii, are very small, crowded, and upward curved. These twigs seem to sustain a much closer relation to a form known in Professor Lesquereux's works as Lepidodendron Sternbergii. In fact, to judge by the figures on Kidston's pi. xxviii, it seems to me probable that the Radstock plant would have been labeled by Lesquereux under the latter name. The small twig on Kidston's pi. xxvii would also seem to deserve comparison with the Lepidodendron Sternbergii of Lesquereux or the L. lycopodioides of Europe. However, the recognized danger of identifying species of this genus from figures and too brief descriptions becomes doubly great when the characters of the leaf scar are so little known. Lepidodendron lanceolatum is not difficult of distinction from the other species of the flora from the Henry County region. It is easily separated from L. Brittsii Lx. by the smooth carinate shield below the leaf scars and the more slender leaves. L. scutatimi Lx. has well-developed leaf scars placed lower in the shorter bolsters, which have fretted keels, while the leaves of the latter species are shorter, closer, more rigid, and are curved outward and upward. Lepidodendron Sternbergii (as interjDreted by Lesquereux), to some of whose forms L. lanceolatum is most closely related and from which our plant is probably derived, has its bolsters less angular at the sides, the leaves being shorter, tapering less, and distinctly more or less subfalcate. Localities. — Pitcher's coal mine. No. 377 of Dr. Britts's private collec- tion. The specimens Nos. 5580-5583 of the Lacoe collection come from the same place or vicinity from which apparently come Nos. 5460-5465, Lacoe collection, labeled L. marginatum Presl. ' Trans. Koy. Soo. Edinl)., vol. xxxiii, 1887, p. 394, pi. xxvii, flg. 5; pi. xxviii, figs. 3, 4. 196 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. Lepidodendbon rimosum Stb. 1820. Lepidodendron rimosum Sternberg, Versucb, vol. i, fasc. 1, pp. 21, 23, pi. x. &g 1 ; tent. (1826), pi. xl. lh4S. Lepidodendron rimosum Stb., Sauveur, V^g. foss. terr. bouili. Belg., pi. Ixii, fig. 1. 1866. Lepidodendron rimosum Stb., Dawson, Quart. Jour. Gaol. Soc., Lond., vol. xxii, pi. ix, tig. 42. 1869. Lepidodendron rimosum Stb., Von Roehl, Foss. Fl. Steink. Westphalens, p. 132, pi. vlli, fig. 1. 1870. Lepidodendron rimosum Stb., Sebimper, Traite. vol. ii, p. 33, pi. Ix, fig. 8. 1879. Lepidodendron rimosum- Stb., Lesquereux, Goal Flora, Atlas, p. 12, pl. Ixiv, tig. 11; text, vol. il (1880), p. 392. 1881. Lepidodendron rimosum Stb., Weiss, Aus d. Fl. d. Steink., p. 7, pl. iv, fig. 2S. 1882. Lepidodendron rimosum Stb., Renault, Gours bot. foss., vol. ii, p. 15, pl. v, figs. 6, 7. 1883. Lepidodendron rimosum Stb., Lesquereux, 13tli Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. Indiana, 2, pl. xvii, fig. 3. 1881. An Lepidodendron rimosum Stb., Kidston, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) vol. xiv, p. 115, pl. V, fig. 5 ? 1886. Lepidodendron rimosum Stb., Zeiller, Fl. foss. bassin Louill. Valenciennes, Atlas, pl. Ixvii, figs. 4, 5, 5«; text (1888), p. 449. 1889. Lepidodendron rimosum Stb., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. i, p. 321, text fig. 1838. Sagenaria rimosa (Stb.) Presl, in Sternberg: Versuch, vol. ii, fasc. 7 and 8, p. 180, pl. Ixviii, fig. 15. 1855. Sagenaria rimosa (Stb.) Presl, Geinitz, Verst. Steink. Sachsen, p. 35, pl.iii, fig. 13 (non pl. ii, figs. 1, 3, 4; pl. iii, fig. 15; pl. x, fig. 2). 1859. Sagenaria rimosa (Stb.) Presl, Eicliwald, Lethj^a Ross., vol. i, Atlas, p. 1, pl. vii, fig. 7; text (18G0), p. 125. 1875. Sagenaria rimosa (Stb.) Presl, O. Feistraantel, Verst. bohin. Koblen.-Ablag., vol. ii, p. 36 (pars), pl. xix, flg. 1. ■ 1848. Lepidodendron dissitum Sauvear, Veg. foss. terr. bouili. Belg., pl. Ixi, fig. 6 (pl. lix, flg. 3 ?). 1860. An Jjepidodendron dicrocheilus Wood, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. xii, p. 239, pl. vi, fig. 1? 1866. Lepidodendron dicrocheilum Wood, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. xiii, p. 346, pl. ix, figs. 6, 6a. Lepidodendron rimosum Stb. rktocgrticatum, nov. var. Pl. LIV, Figs. 3, 4. Among the numerous fragments of Lepidodendron recently collected one clearly belongs to this well-marked type. This specimen, as will be seen in Pl. LIV, Fig. 3, represents the impression of the cortex of a stem that seems to be in a Ulodendroid condition. The bolsters, the details of which are shown in Pl. LIV, Fig. 3«, are, even for this species, very slender, LYCOPODIALE8— LEPIDODENDRE^— LEPIDODENDRON. 197 tapering into long, slender, filamentous tips that are lost in the meshes of the cortex. The leaf scars situated just above the middle of the bolsters are about one-half of the width of the bolsters, rhomboidal, the vertical and lateral diagonals being nearly equal. The upper margins, which are a little longer than the lower, are sometimes slightly concave, the upper, slightly acute angle, being round or obscurely and narrowly emarginate, while the lower margins are nearly at a right angle, the lateral and lower angles being slightly rounded. A little above the leaf scar the ligular scar can sometimes be seen The three cicatricules within the leaf scar lie at the same level, distinctly below the middle of the scar, the vascular cicatrix being punctiform or slightly V-shaped, while the respiratory traces are round-oval or oval, the lower ends inclined slightly inward. Traces of respiratory appendages are not seen. A prominent feature of the fragment of stem, which seems wide in proportion to the size of the bolsters, is the loosely and irregularly meshed surface lines traversing the broad border. These lines, which are irregular in interval and uneven in direction, mark the impressions of the bark as sharp, nearly longitudinal, ridges. Although at first glance they appear to lie in a general direction of jjarallelism to the borders of the bolsters, they may readily be seen to consist of two oblique systems of ridges crossing at a very acute angle. Thus, many of those from the upper margins of each bolster appear to pass obliquely to the lower margins of the proximate bolsters, higher on either side as is seen in Fig. 3a. The irregularity of the size of the meshes is largely due to the vari^-tion in the distance between the ridges and the somewhat irregular lines, combined with tlie interruptions caused by the very long apices of the bolsters. Another specimen, said to have come from Clinton, Missouri, is illus- trated in PI. LTV, Fig. 4. This fragment, No. 5280 of the Lacoe collection, was identified as Lepidoclendron rimosum by Professor Lesquereux. This impi'ession in sandstone shows well the aspect of the bolsters and meshes of the cortex, and the low keels in the lower and upper fields. No transverse lines mark the cauda. The photograph leaves nothing to add as to the leaf scars, which are im2)erfect and without satisfactory details. The form represented by these two specimens appears to merit a varietal differentiation. The new variety retocorticatum may therefore be distinguished by the narrow bolsters, tlie proportionately greater altitude 198 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL of the leaf scars, the low position of the interior cicatrices, the absence of transverse ridges in the cauda, and especially by the netted surface of the broad border. The habit of the two oblique systeins of cortical ridges is suggestive of SigUlaria camptotmiia Wood. The normal species is generally represented as having the margin striated parallel to the sides of the bolsters, the apices of the bolsters less attenuated, the foliar cicatrices proportionately broader and more obtuse at the base. Localities. — The smaller specimen is probably from Owen's mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6043; the other, No. 5280 of the Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus., is said to have come from the same vicinity. LBPIDODENDRON SCUTATUM' Lx. PLXLV,Fig.4; PI. LIV, Fig.o; PI. LV, Figs. 1, 2; PI. LXXII, Fig. 4. 1879. Lepidodendron scutatum Lesquereux, Goal Flora, Atlas, p. 11, pi. Ixiii, figs. 6, 6b-c; text, vol. ii (1880), p. 269. 1880. Lepidodendron setifoUum Lesquereux, Goal Flora, vol. ii, p. 370. But little that is definite is known of this species, the types of which were communicated to Professor Lesquereux by Dr. J. H. Britts. The largest of the types shown by Lesquereux, in fig. 6, pi. Ixiii, of the Coal Flora, is now No. 5448 of the Lacoe collection. The original figure shows the general form of the bolsters, the position of the leaf scar, and the aspect of the vanishing cauda with its slight transverse grooves. It also gives a cor- rect impression of the aspect of the cicatricial portion in many of the bolsters. While, however, the bolster shows in most instances an irregular conchoid, roundish, mutilated or torn spot in place of the leaf scar, as seen in the illustration, there are a number of cushions in which the lower and lateral angles of what appear to be transversely rhomboidal leaf scars are seen. Traces of oval appendages are also visible at a little distance on either side of the lower i-ounded angle. On the other hand, I have observed no distinct supracortical evidence to wai'rant the detail delineated in fig-. Go- of the same plate. The same fragment of shale shows another section of stem, agreeing in every detail of size and character, and apparently, from its position and proximity, constituting the other branch in an equal dichotomy. The counterpart of this is No. 5600 of the Lacoe collection. The present repository of the original of the two smaller figures given, LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDREvE— LEPIDODENDRON. 199 without details, by Professor Lesquereux is not known to me. My identi- fication, therefore, of the more recently collected material with Lepidoden- dron scutatum is not without doubt, since it is based much more on the high degree of agreement i^f the newer specimens with those two figures than on the characters of the type of fig. 6. In fact, it will be seen that the specimens in the later collections can hardly be of the same species as the latter type. Yet, being far from certain that they are not specifically identical with the figs. 66 and 6c in the Coal Flora, I have assumed that Professor Lesquereux may have included two distinct plants in L. scutatum, and that the material in hand Ijelongs with figs. Qh and 6c, on pi. Ixiii, of his great work. It may in fact have come from the same locality. Never- theless, while I refer all the stems and branches to the same specific division, I trust that the figures and following description of the recently collected material will be sufficient both to enable geologists to recognize the plant on meeting it, and also to serve as a line of differentiation, if it is ultimately found desirable to divide the material 23laced at present under the above name. The description of the later collected material is, briefly, as follows: Stems rather small, branching freely at a narrow angle; branches and branchlets generally straight, rigid, and robust, the smaller ones rather thickly set with leaves; bolsters small, close, rhomboidal or rhomboidal-oval, 4 to 12 times as long as wide, acute or acuminate at the eud, sometimes foreshortened by pressure, the lateral angles well rounded, marked by a low, narrow carinate and generally inconspicuous cauda, which extends from the lower angle nearly up to the leaf scar, and a few quite obscure, short, transverse frets in the lower portion ; foliar cicatrices in the upper part of the bolsters, placed so that the lower angle frequently reaches the middle of the bolster, rather more than one-half the width of the latter, slightly protruding, transversely rhom- boidal, the upper margins usually a very little longer than the lower and very slightly concave, the lower borders nearly straight, the upper angle rounded, the lateral acute angles blunt or slightly rounded in the twigs, the lower angle well rounded; trans- piratory vents, a short distance on either side of the median line, oval and generally quite obscure; vascular trace punctiform, situated a little way below the middle of the scar; lateral cicatricules rather close, punctiform or vertically oval and small; ligular scar punctiform in a V-shaped depression a short distance above the apex of the leaf scar; leaves close, 12 to 35 mm. long, open at the base, arching outward and curving upward, very narrow, tapering to an acuminate, nearly erect tip, somewhat angular on the dorsal surface, often markedly so; midrib threadlike, in rounded relief on the dorsal surface; lateral grooves usually slightly marked on the dorsal surface. The fragment of stem shown on PI. LV, Fig. 2, with the detail (PI. LIV, Fig. 5), is a good example of the larger portions of stem seen, while the 200 FLORA OF LOWER GOAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL leafy braucli shown in PI. LXXII, Fig. 4, is rather more slender and sparsely leaved than the average specimen. The good suite of fragments is very uni- form in the specific characters, there being hardly any variations except in the ends of the bolsters, which are sometimes deformed or foreshortened by pressure, or the slight inward or outward curve of the borders of the leaf scar. Prevailingly, however, the upper borders are very slightly concave, while the lower are nearly straight or very slightly convex. The ligulai- mammilla is in a small triangular depression on the imperfectly developed keel in the upper field, while still higher in a few specimens may be seen another small deltoid area. The largest of the fragments present is not more than 6 cm. in diameter. The ramose habit of the species is shown in PI. LV, Fig. 1. The specimens described above bear the closest relation in the details of the bolsters and leaf scars to certain material from the Appalachian region referred by Professor Lesquereux to Lejndodendrou dichotonmm Stb. It even seems probable that they should be combined under the same name, as may eventually be done. But since the specimens included under the latter name appear to represent branches of several species involving the thorough revision of that and several other related species, time and space necessitate the postponement of this difficult task to a future work. As has been noted above, the reference of the material to L. scidatum rests on the apparent agreement with the meager description and figures of the two small branch fragments given by Professor Lesquereux. I am inclined to regard it as specifically distinct from the larger fragment illustrated in the Coal Flora, to which the name Lepidodendron scutatum should probably adhere. Eventually the systematic relation and nomenclature of the form before us should be treated in connection with the revision of the American material now resting under Lepidodendron dichofonmm Stb. The species described above is easily separated from the other species of Lepidodendron found in the Henry County region by the shorter bolsters, the imperfect, transversely marked cauda, the well-developed tripimctate leaf scars, much broader vertically than in the species previously discussed, and the still more slender, often carinate leaves. Localities. — Owen's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6045, 6046; Pitcher's mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6044, 6074; Gilkerson's Ford, Township of Clinton, IT. S. Nat. Mus., 6117. LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODBNDRE^E— LEPIDODENDRON. 201 Lbpidodendron clypeatum Lx. 1854. Lepidodendron clypeatum Lesquereux, Jour, Bost. Soc. jS'at. Hist., vol. vi, p. 429. 1858. Lepidodendron clypeatum Lesquereux, iu H. D. Rogers: Geol. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, 2, p. 875, pi. xv, tig. 5; pi. xvi, fig. 7. 1879. Lepidodendron clypeatum Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 12, pi. Ixiv, figs, 16, 16 a-b (non figs. 17, 18); text, vol. ii (1880), p. 380. 1889. Lepidodendron clypeatum Lx., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania., vol. i, p. 315, text fig. 1895. Lepidodendron clypeatum Lx., Dana, Man. G-eol., 4th ed., \\. 668, fig. 1034. The single specimen representing- a mold in sandstone, which I refer to this species, is, bv the characters of the bolster and the form of the very large leaf scar, nearer the fossils from the Boston mine, near Pittston, Penn- sylvania, which were labeled by Professor Lesquereux under the above name, than to any other Lepidodendron known to me. In fact, it differs from the Pittston fossils only by the rather less acute lateral angles of the leaf scars and the often higher position of the interior traces. The specimens from the Boston mine are probably varietally different from the original types figured in the Gleology of Pennsylvania,^ in which the leaf scars are proportionately much smaller. That type appears from the figure to be closer to the specimens from Cannelton in western Pennsylvania, recorded under this name, which are undoubtedlj- distinct from the form in hand. In his memoir on the plants from the Ayrshire coal fields, Mr. Kidston^ records Lepidodendron clypeahwt Lx. in the synonymy of L. ohovatum Stb., and,' in addition, remarks on the specific identity of specimens, presumably from Pittston, communicated to him by Mr. Lacoe. While I confess I should hardly have identified the specimens from the Boston mine with the- European figures by which alone L. ohovatum is known to me, it is neces- sary to note that our specimens from that mine are very different fi-om the American specimens referred by Professor Lesquereux to the last-named species. Compared with other material from this country, the form from the Boston mine is most intimately related to a form in the upper part of, and somewhat characteristic of, the Pottsville series, generally recorded in our literature as L. VeUheimii Stb. It bears a close resemblance to the L. Rhodeanum figured by Stur in the Ostrau-Waldenburg Flora. Locality. — Four miles south of Clinton, Missouri, from a liorizon aliout 60 feet above the Jordan coal. Collected by Dr. Britts. I Vol. ii, pt. 2, 1858, pi. xv, fig. 5. ^ Ou the fossil plants of the Kilmarnock, Galstou, and Kilwinning coal tields, Ayrshire: Trans. Koy. Soc. Ediubr, vol. xxxvii, 2, 1893, No. 16, p. 336. 202 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. LEPIDOPHLOIOS Sternberg, 1825. 1825. Lepidophloios Sternberg, Flora d. Yorwelt, vol. 1, tent., p. xiii. 1833. Halonia Lindley and Hiitton, Foss. Flora, vol. ii, p. 14. 1836. Pachyphloeus Goeppert, Foss. Farrukr., p. 468 (pars). 1838. Zamites Presl, in Sternberg: Flora d. Vorwelt, vol. ii, fasc. 7-8, p. 195 (pars). 1855. Gyclocladla Goldenberg (nou L. and H.), Fl. Sarsep. Foss., vol. i, p. 19. 1867. Lomatophloios Corda, Flora d. Vorwelt, p. 17. Arborescent lycopods with dichotomous ramification. Stems and branches bearing- much developed scalehke leaf cushions, at or near whose summit is placed the leaf cicatrice. Leaf cushions imbricated, pedicel-like, upright or deflexed; exposed portion with straight sides or rhomboidal in outline, smooth or carinate; sometimes provided with a small tubercle immediately beneath the leaf cicatrice. Leaf cicatrices transversely oval, rhomboidal or rhomboidal-elongate, lateral angles rounded or acute, upper and lower angles generally rounded, sometimes pointed; within leaf cicatrice are three punctiform cicatricules, of which the central is largest and some- times subtriangular in form. Fructification consisting of cones, stalked (? or sessile), borne on specialized branches which show, when decorticated, spi- rally arranged protuberances (Halonici) ; in corticated condition the H^lonial scars rise little above or are on a level with the bark, and are represented by a rosette of deflected leaf cushions. Medulla of delicate cells surrounded by a primaiy vascular axis composed of scalariform vessels which diminish in size from within outward, exogenous vascular zone only developed in specimens advanced in age ; bark consisting of three zones — the innei'most of small cells, the middle of larger and irregular dense cells, and the outer composed of narrow, dense, prosenchymatous tissue. In his admirable memoir, ^ from which the above generic diagnosis is quoted, Mr. Kidston, after reviewing in a most painstaking manner both the literature and many of the specimens of the previous authors, enters into a detailed examination of the Bi'itish material for the purpose of definitely determining the relations of LejndojMoios, Lomatophloios, and Halonia. As a result of this invaluable study we learn (1) that the Sternbergia pith, originally described as proper to Lomatophloios, is not organically united to the cortex described under the latter name ; (2) that Lepidophloios and Loma- ' On Lepidophloios and on the BritiBh species of the genus : Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xsxvii, pt. iii, No. 25, 1893, pp. 529-563, pis. i, ii. LTCOPODI ALES— THE GENUS LEPIDOPHLOIOS. 203 tophloios, which, though united by many paleobotanists, have been kept separate by others on the ground that the leaf scar in the latter is at the top of the bolster instead of at the base, as in the former, are really identical, since the bolsters may be inclined (and so compressed) upward, especially in the smaller branches of certain species, or downward, according- to the species, or even to the part of the tree, the leaf being situated, morphologi- cally, at the apex and always rising upward; (3) that the tuberculate branches described as Halonia and regarded as a distinct g-enus of trees, as roots or rhizomes of Lepklodendron, as branches of Ulodendron, and (espe- cially more recently) as branches of Lepidophloios, are unquestionably merely the fructiferous branches of the last-named geims, since they have the same bolsters and are found in actual union; (4) that the fruit is in the form of cones, originating, whether sessile or pedicellate, from the Halouial tubercles. The identity of Lepidophloios and Halonia was independently and almost simultaneously demonstrated by Potonit^.^ The latter author also discovered, while studying the organization of some dolomitized bolsters of Lepido- phloios from Langendreer, that the two lateral cicatricules in the leaf scar were cross sections of cavernose tracts of thin-walled parenchyma. These tracts pass downward within the bolster and coincide with the appendages on the bolster at the base of the leaf, the walls of the bolster being very much thinned at those points. There appears little room for doubting Potoni^'s conclusions that the tracts of thin-walled parenchyma are tran- spiratory ducts, while the appendages in the bolsters of Lepidodendron and Lepidophloios are " transpiratory openings."^ Potoni^ follow^ Sturin regard- ing the vertical trace above the leaf on the bolster in the Lepidodendra as the "ligular pit." Although the genus Lepidophloios is relatively rare in our American Coal Measures, the species described thei-ein offer a complex of unique fea- tures that promise an interesting if small field to the monographer. The only species yet found in the Missouri flora that unquestionably belongs to this genus is described below as L. Van Ingeni. The supei-ficial cortical features of the trunk of this tree are usually well presented in numerous 'Die Zugehorigkeit vou Halonia: Ber. d. dentsch. bot. Gesell., 1893, vol. xi, Hft. 8, pp. 484-193, pi. xxiii. -Anatomie der beiden "Male" auf dem uutereu Wangenpaar und der beiden Seitennurbsehen der Blattnarbe des Lepidodeiidreeu-Blattpolsters: Ber. d. deutsch. bot. Gesell., 1893, vol. xi, Hft. 5, pp. 319-326 pi. xiv. 204 FLORA OF LOWER GOAL MEASURES OF MISSODRL specimens, supplemented by a large number of detached and only partially compressed bolsters. Associated with this species are also certain leaves which, to judge by circumstantial evidence, are not likely to have grown on any other type of cortex. As fructifications of this genus fragments of cortex, cones, scales, or sporocysts, and Cordaianthus-like racemes, have been described by various authors. Of these su^jposed fruits I have seen only certain Lepidocystes or Polysporia, and the singular remains figured by Lesquereux^ as belong- ing to L. dilatatus, a species very closely related to L. Van Ingeni. The originals of the figures of the supposed fruits, now in the Lacoe collection in the United States National Museum, are certainly both problematical and interesting ; but Avhile they no doubt represent a single type by them- selves, there hardly seems to be sufficient reason for considering them as pertaining to Lepidophloios, and I shall not therefore further discuss their structiu'e or relation in this place. The fragments of cone described by Goldenberg^ and Von RoehP probably belong to some large species of Lepidophyllum, such as L. ma jus. The similarity of the bracts of these cone fragments to the leaves on the branch of the Lepidophloios acerosus L. and H., illustrated by Kidston,* is at least very suggestive. In another j^lace I have described as LepidophyUmn (Lepidostrobus^ missouriensis, a species frequently found associated with fragments of the LepidopMoios. The fragment, PI. LX, Fig. 1, apparently representing a cone of this species, which I am inclined to consider as referable to the Lepidophloios, merits a comparison with the bracts or leaves figured by Goldenberg and Kidston. It is perhaps a significant fact that generally in the American Coal Measures some large Lepidophyllum is reported from the same locality as one of these species of Lepidophloios. Examples are Lepidophloios dilatatus and Lepidophylhtm Mansfieldi from Cannelton, Pennsylvania, Lepidophloios auriculatus and Lepidophyllum auric- ■ulatum from Morris, Illinois. Caution, however, must always be used in considering the argument of coincidental occuiTcnce. Quite unlike any described Paleozoic Lycopodineous fruit are the > Atlas to Coal Flora, pi. Ixviii, figs. 6, 7; text, vol. Hi, p. 781, pi. cv, fig. 1. 2F1. Sariep. Foss., vol. i, 1855, pi. iii, figs. 13«, 136, p. 21; vol. iii, pi. xv, fig. 5, pp. 33, 34. 'Foss. Fl. Steink. Westphaleus., pi. xiii, figs, lo, 16, p. 149. A portion of fig. la is copied by Lesquereux in f!oal Flora, pi. ixviii, tig. 1. *0p. cit., pi. i, fig. 1. LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDEE.5^.— LEPIDOPHLOIOS. 205 Cordaiauthus-like, racemose fructifications springing from rosettes among the leaf bases of a short subtrimcate-conical steni figured by Grand 'Eur)'.' Judging from the figure, it seems to the writer that the fossil in M. Grrand 'Eury's hands may rather be the trunk of some Gymnosperm related to the Cycads. The irregular and sometimes intercalated areolation, which seems to circumscribe by rigid, prominent walls the deeply sunken leaf bases or bolsters, is quite like that about the lesif bases in the CycadeoidefP group, while the racemose organs of fructification, resembling CordaianfJm.'^, will at once reinforce this idea by the suggestion of Bennettites. The presence of well-preserved Cycadaceous fronds described as belonging to the Mesozoic genera PteropliyUum and Zainites, in the Upper Coal Measures in several of the European basins, seems to fully warrant an inquir}- as to whether Grand 'Eury's specimen which has so great superficial resem- blance, even in the smaller areolation about the inflorescence pedicels, to the Cycadeoidean group represented by Cycadeoidea, is not Cycadaceous in its affinities. Unfortunately the author gives no information, either b}* description or enlarg-ed detail, as to the characters of the sunken leaf bases. The internal structure of Lepidophloios described by Williamson and others as bearing the closest relation and similarity to that of Lepidodendron favors a predisposition to search for the fruit of the former, manifested in some form comparable if not identical with Lepidostrobus. Lepidophloios Van Ingkni n. sp. PI. LVI, Figs. 1-8; PL LVII; PI. LVIII, Fig.l?; PI. LXI, Fig. Ic; PI. LXII, Fig./,- PL LXIII, Fig. 5. Trunks of large size, showing, when decorticated and compressed, the outlines of the diagonal rows of bolsters marked by rather long incision- like longitudinal pits, the lower ends of which correspond to the ventral traces on the bolsters; bolsters transversely rhomboidal, nearly twice as broad as long, the lateral angles well rounded, the proximal or lower sides more or less concave and apparently forming a well-rounded angle at the base, the lower margins being nearly straight, or slightly concave near the middle, including an angle of about 135°, not carinate, protruding modei-- atel)', imbricated so that each bolster overlaps somewhat on the one next below, the leaf scar being at or close to the lower border of the exposed I G6ol. et pal. bassiii houill. Gard, 1890, p. 234, pi. vi, fig. 17. 206 PLOEA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL surface, and therefore directed downward; exjjosed surface of the bolsters on the compressed specimens rather narrowly transversely rhomboidal, verv acute at the sides, the lateral angles very slender and often curving slightly downward in passing around the median arch of the next bolster below and to the left, the four sides being nearly straight, though really sinuate, and unsymmetrical on the upper border by reason of the phyllo- taxy; lower borders of the exposed surfaces generally slightly concave, though very nearly straight except when passing around the median arch of the preceding bolster in the next spiral to the left; leaf scar usually in the lower angle of the compressed bolster, transversely rhomboidal, the lateral angles very slender and acute; lower borders of the scar slightly concave near the lateral angles, nearly straight in the middle, at an angle of about 135°"J*and rounded at the base of the scar; upper borders of the scar some- what concave and rounded near the median line to a flat or sometimes dis- tinctly emarginate upper angle; inside cicatricules below the middle of the leaf scar; vascular trace always below the middle of the leaf scar, round or slightly elongated horizontally, the lateral cicatricules being A'ery small, punctiform, rather distant from the center and situated very close to the lower margin of the scar; ventral trace very close to the leaf scar, small, broadl}' triangular, and situated at the distal end of a low-rouuded, vanishing longitudinal ridge. On entering upon the study of the specimens of Le2)idopMoios from Missouri described above, it seemed probable that among the material, which fortunately had been collected in good quantity, would be found some representatives of LepidopMoios dilatatus Lx., a number of the origi- nals of which are said to have come from the same beds in the same region. But although the discovery in the Lacoe collection of several fragments from the vicinit}'^ of Clinton labeled with the latter name by Lesquereux made it seem certain, especially since they are specifically identical with those before me, that this anticipation would be realized, very careful examination and comparison of all the Missouri specimens to which 1 have had access with the description and figures given by Professor Lesquereux^ have led me to the conclusion that the figured originals, all of which are said to have come from Cannelton, Pennsylvania, are specifically distinct from the examples from Missouri, even those labeled by the author. ' Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 781, pi. cv, figs. 1-4. LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDRB^E— LEPIDOPHLOIOS. 207 In PI. LVII, and PI. LVI, Figs. 1 and 2, I have shown several specimens which illustrate the general characters of the compressed stems of the species before me. As seen in the enlargements, PI. LVI, Fig. 2a, 2h, and PI. LVII, Fig. la, the exposed surface is rhomboidal, the sides being fairly straight, the lateral wings very acute and often prolonged and sinuate. The lower angle is rounded at the median line, while the borders on either side are usually slightly concave, though sometimes very nearly straight. The leaf scar, as described above, is remarkable for the prolongation of the lateral angle, its great width as compared with its altitude, the rather broadly rounded base, and the generally flat or often distinctly emarginate upper angle. In the form of the compressed cushions and of the leaf scars, our speci- mens agree so closely with fig. 2, pi. cv, of the Coal Flora as to suggest that both fragments might have been found in the same locality. Furthermore, this suggestion is emphasized by the fact that in No. 5943 of the Lacoe col- lection, which was marked by Professor Lesquereux as the original of fig. 2 in the Coal Flora, and which came unquestionably from Cannelton, as was originally stated, the lower borders of the bolsters are generally very much more rounded than is shown in the figure. A comparison, however, of the cicatricules and ventral trace shows that in the specimens from Missouri the central cicatricule or vascular scar is generally distinctly below the middle of the leaf scar, the lateral cicatricules being Very close to the basal margin, and the ventral trace close to the upper border of the scar, while in the figure in the Coal Flora the vascular trace is close to the upper margin of the scar, the lateral traces being situated about midway in the altitude of the scar, while the ventral trace is generally nearer the borders of tlie bolster next above. In bolsters of about the same size the ventral trace is seen to be only about one-half as far above the leaf scar as in the type from Cannelton. Moreover, while the cicatricules on the type of fig. 2 are often obscure, there seems to be good reason for representing them as is done in the figure. Finally, the real form of the uncovered bolster in the original from Cannelton shows a very much rounder type, its form being nearly intermediate between L. Van Ingeni and L. auriculatus Lx. Hence, notwithstanding the close resemblance in the form of the exposed part of the bolster and leaf scar in the type of fig. 2 and in the Missouri tree, I feel constrained to regard them as belonging to diff'erent species. For the Cannelton type of bark the name Lepidophloios dilatatus may be retained, 208 FLORA OP LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL especially since there is doubt as to the generic identity of the supposed fructifications also described under that name. It seems doubtful whether the latter represent any portion of a ti'ee of Lepidophloios. To the Cannel- ton species probably belongs also the original, which I have not seen, of fig. 4 in the Coal Flora. The points of resemblance and difference in the exposed portion of the compressed bolsters may be noted by a comparison of Fig. 2, PI. LVI, representing No. 5944 of the Lacoe collection, or PI. LVII, which is more compressed, with fig. 4 in the Coal Flora. So, too, fig. 2 of the Coal Flora may with interest be compared with the photo- graph given in PI. LVII of a small portion from a lai-ge trunk. This fragment, 42 cm. long, 28 cm. wide, compressed to a thickness of 2 cm., fails to give an adequate idea of the probably great diameter of the trunk, since neither lateral margin is shown. Before leaving the discussion of the compressed stems we may note that the gash-like impressions on the decorticated surface of the trunk appear to nearly correspond in ]iosition to the ventral trace. The lower vanishing ends of the furrows hardly reach the profile of the upper border of the foliar scars in the compressed speci- mens, while the middle part is slightly below the line of the ventral traces. An interestinar feature of the more recent collections from Missouri is the occurrence of isolated or small groups of detached bolsters found in relatively large numbers, especially at Gilkerson's Ford. Several of these are shown in their association with other plants in Fig. \c, PI. LXI; Fig./, PI LXII, and Fig. 5, PI. LXIII. The chief details of these may be seen in the photographs. Most of these detached bolsters from this locality appear as casts of the spong}^ tissue, to which are attached patches of dull carbona- ceous crust, attaining a thickness of about 5 mm., which probably represents cortical tissue as well as the real epidermis. In general it will be noted that the greater inflation of the bolsters is toward or at the side opposite the leaf scar. This side is usually, as shown in Figs. 4 and 7, and PI. LVI, somewhat collapsed and wrinkled, or even slightly infolded. The infold- ing is specially strong near the lateral angles, which in profile often appear quite sharp (Fig. 5). In Figs. 1 and 2, PI. LVI, it is plain that the bolsters imbricate for a considerable di.stance on those below. It also appears that a portion of the dorsal surface of the upper bolster must lie beneath it and upon the upper ventral borders of the bolsters partly underlying it. If any such expansion exists, however, it must be greatly constricted at the LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDRE.E— LEPIDOPHLOIOS. 209 point of attachment. None of the isolated bolsters are so preserved as to show a dorsal surface of any considerable size. Such as are preserved so as to show the carbonized cortex concave seem to represent merely an inner surface conforming- to the wall shown convex in the other instances, and without trace of the leaf scar, though the ventral cicatrix is distinct. A conspicuous character of all the bolsters from which the cortical residue has been removed is the large and deep pit, often A-erticaily elongated, corresponding to the ventral trace. The ventral trace is prominent also on the under surface, as may be seen in Fig. 5, PI. LVI, or Figs. 3 and 6. A not uncommon wrinkling in a generally longitudinal direction of the interior (?) casts of the leaf cushions, which is probably due to the flatten- ing of the bolster, is best seen in PI, LVI, Fig. 4, in which the interior casts of the lateral cicatricules or traiispiratory tracts are seen to be very large and prominent. In Fig. 7 the wrinkling is very slight. Several other detached bolsters deserve illustration. One of these, PI. LVI, Fig. 8, from Pitcher's coal mine, represents the impression or mold of a large detached bolster, 47 mm. broad and over 25 mm. in altitude. In this specimen the outline of the foHar side and of the widely rounded lateral angles is well shown, as is also the inflation in the side opposite the leaf scar. This inflation, which corresponds to that seen in the specimens from Gilkerson's Ford, has here caused the wall to turn up nearly vertical, producing wrinkling, the precise extent of wliicli can only be esti- mated from the comparison of the other bolsters. The margins on either side of the leaf scar are regular and natural, though slightly abraded alone the central portion of the foliar scar. The position of the ventral cicatrix, relatively close to the leaf scar, is very clear. In arranging the figures on the plates and in my taxonomic references I have conformed to the generally accepted* conclusion that the flatter or more emarginate border of the leaf scar is its upper margin, the small deltoid or subtriangular pit or trace being thus ventral. Nevertheless, the apparent outlines of the detached bolsters, the marginal position of the leaf scars, together with the general form of the side opposite the scars, seem entirely incompatible with a pronounced bulbil or stalklike form or habit in these bolsters, as in L. crassicaulis Gold., or L. scoticm Kidst. It is evident that either the leaf scar was at the summit of a relatively thin, shell-like or scale-like cushion or leaf base, attached along a portion of the MON XXXVII 14 2 ] FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL margin of the compressed fossil opposite the leaf scar, an hypothesis at variance with the aspect of the decorticated trunks and the area apparently occupied by each bolster, or that the attachment was by the entire periph- ery of the detached bolsters, in which case the latter were but slightly protuberant. To explain the areolation of the decorticated trunk and the slight imbrication of the bolsters, as shown in Fig. 2, photographically enlarged with reversed light in Fig. 2«, PI. LVI, it is necessary to assume that the bolsters were short and but slightly protuberant, and that they were attached by the whole border shown in the separated examples, the imbrication being but slight. To LepidojMoios Van Ingeni belong, I believe, the scales and cone described in another part of this report as Lepidoplnjllmn (Lepidostrohus) ■,:iissouriense. The relation of such cones to Lepidophloios has been referred to in mv remarks on the genus. The association of the scales in the same matrix with the bolsters, e. g., PL LXI and PI. LXIl, as well as the fact that this is the onl}' satisfactory species of Lepidophloios yet found in these beds, point to mutual relations of stem and cone in the remains described under the two names. Likewise it is probable that the very broad Lycopodineous leaves described as LepidopUoios sp., PI. LVIII, Fig. 1, may safely be cited as the leaves of L. Van Ingeni. To this species should also be assigned a large, slio-htly obscure impression. No. 2267 of the United States National Museum collection, enrolled by Professor Lesquereux in the register as SigiUaria Defrancii Brongn. Lepidophloios Van Ingeni differs from L. auriculatus and L. macrolepidohis Gold, by the straight lower margins of the bolsters. L. laricinus has the upper angle of the ordinarily exposed surface acute, not rounded, the leaf scar being of greater altitude in proportion to its breadth, the upper angle smaller, and the cicatricules near the center and in a row. The large specimen of cor- tex from Cannelton, Pennsylvania, described as L. dilatatus, has the bolsters more rounded at the top, the sides when exposed more rounded, the ventral trace farther from the leaf scar, and the cicatricules near or above the center. Localities. — Clinton, Henry County, Missouri, Nos. 5944, 5947, 5951, 5953, 5954, of the Lacoe collection ; Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6048-6052, 6075; Pitcher's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6047, 6053; Henry County, Missouri, Old Museum collection, No. 2267. LYCOrODIALES— LEPIDODENDKExE— LEPIDOPHLOIOS. 21 1 Lepidophloios (!) cf. Van Ingeni. PI. LVIII, Eig. 1. Among the specimens from Pitclier's coal mine and Gilkerson's Ford are numerous fragments of large Lycopodineous leaves, reaching a width of 12 mm. or more at the base and a length of 24 cm. or more, tapering gradually from the base to the very slender, acute apex. Portions of two of these leaves, associated with twigs of Lepidodendron Brittsii, are illustrated in PI. LVIII, Fig. 1. In the broader segment, the dorsal surface of which is presented, the median nerve is rather prominent and angular in the lower middle portion, though flattened and rounded toward the base. On either side, and at a distance of about 2 mm. from the median line, is a narrow zone, depressed in portions of its length, marked di.stinetly at some points by a double line. This I interpret as the stomatiferous zone. Both between and outside of these zones there are other parallel lines or striae which resemble filaments or slender vascular strands. The feature of most interest in the specimen is the impression of the upper part, if not the whole, of the leaf scar. This scar, in which the midrib and lateral lines vanish, occupies the whole breadth of the leaf base, and was evidently of very little altitude. It appears to agree with the foliar cicatrices of Lepidophloios Van Ingeni, t(3 which I lielieve the leaves to belong. The reasons for regarding these leaves as pertaining to the trunks of Lepidophloios Van Ingeni are: (1) The great width of the leaf bases, which are much wider even than the leaf scars of Sigillaria camptotcenia Wood; (2) the similarity in proportions between the impressions on some of the leaf bases and the foliar scars on the cortex of L. Van Ingeni, there being no other trunk known from this region with leaf scars of this size and approx- imate form; (3) the considerable distance between what appear to be the stomatiferous zones, which accords with that between the lateral cica- tricules in the Lepidophloios,. but which is much greater than in the Sigillaria above mentioned, and (4) the coincident occurrence of these leaves and the trunks of Lepidophloios at the same localities and in the same beds. Localities. — Pitcher's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6061; Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6072. 212 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL LEPIDOSTROBUS Brongniart, 1828. Prodrome, p. 87. LEPIDOSTROBUS PRINCEPS Lx. PI. LXII, Fig. h; PI. LXIII, Figs. 1, 2; PI. LXIV, Fig. a. 1866. Lepidostrobus princeps Lesquereux, Rept. Geo!. Siirv. Illinois, vol. ii, p. 455, pi. xlv, figs. 1-4. 1880. Lepidostrohus princips Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. ii, p. 434. Cones linear, 40 em. or more in length, 6 to 8 cm. in width, narrowed slighth' toward the base, somewhat abrupth- contracted at the top to a slightly acuminate apex; axis rugose, 12 to 15 mm. in width, with fusiform ai-eolations 5 to 7 mm. long and about 1.7.5 mm. wide, the central scar being about .75 mm. in diameter; sporangiophores usually nearlj' at a right angle, sometimes slightly reflexed, but often, especially in the upper part of the cone, oblique, narrow, slightly concavelj' cuneate, nearly 20 mm. long, 5 to 7 mm. wide at the distal end, with a clear though not very prominent central strand; Ijracts usually nearly erect, though often slightly open, generally arching outward a little, slender, 4 to 5 cm. long, 6 to 9 mm. wide at the base, tapering to a long, slender acuminate point, the sides being slightly concave, especially near the base; median nerve broad near the base though not conspicuous, marked on the ventral surface by a low- rounded ridge on either side of a flat, very slightly depressed zone, or forming a broad, low keel on the dorsal surface, tapering and very slender toward the apex; sporangia and spores not definitely known. Unfortunately the numerous specimens which I refer to the above species are so compressed as to give little or no data as to the nature of the sporangium or its contents. The sporangiophores show, when the cone is broken along the axis, as is seen in PI. LXIII, Fig. 1, little but a mass of densely compressed strands and marginal laminae, which are often distorted and apparently somewhat macerated. Occasionally, but very sparsely, both macrospores and microspores are found among the bracts and between the sporangiophores; but, in view of the readiness of these objects to lodge in such recesses, one can not be certain that they were ever a part of the cone, though the presence, now and then, of one close to the axis argues for its origin near at hand. LYGOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDRE^— LEPIDOSTROBUS. 213 That these cones were very long is indicated by the fact that none of the fragments show the full length, although I have been able to join fragments so as to construct segments over 40 cm. in length without including both extremities. The base of the cone is slightly narrowed, then abruptly rounded. The upper part tapers somewhat, then rounds very obtusely to a relativelj' small, acuminate apex. The specimens before me differ only by the slightly narrower and shorter bracts from a number of specimens from Mazon Creek, Illinois, identified by Professor Lesquereux as LepidoStrobus princeps} The bracts in one specimen are, however, a little longer in proportion to the width of the base than in the specimens from Duquoin, Illinois, figured in the Coal Flora, while the whole width of our cones, as well as those from Mazon Creek, is rather greater than that indicated in the original figure. It is quite uncertain as to what arboreal species Lepidostrobus princejis was joined. Were it not for the description by Lesquereux^ of a quite different cone as the fruit of Sigillaria camptottsnia Wood (S. monostigma Lx.) we might be justified in inquiring as to whether one was not the cone of the other. In those cones from Mazon Creek, in which the bracts had been removed from the slightly compressed sporangiophores, the serried ends of the latter are more than a little suggestive of Lepidophloios. Lepidostro- bus princeps is very near to certain American material recorded as L. Goldenbergii Schimp.^ It differs, however, by the greater width of the cones, the longer, more slender, acuminate bracts, and the narrower axis. L. pra'- longus Lx. has the bracts much smaller and narrower, while the cones are more slender, though nearly as long. The bracts and sporangiophores of L. latus are much more slender. iocwMes.— Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6057, 6071; Hobbs's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6286. Lepidostrobus sp. A small cone about 5 cm. long and 18 mm. wide, having slender, taper- ing, acute bracts, with fine distinct median nerves, comes from Pitcher's ' Rept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. ii, 1866, p. 455, pi. xlv, figs. 1-4. 2 Coal Flora, vol. iii, 1884, p. 793. ^ Schimper, Traite, vol. ii, p. 61, pi. Ixi. Brongniart, Hist. vijg. foss., vol. ii, pi. xxiv, fig. 6 (non pi. xxiii, figs. 4, 5). 214 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. coal l^ank. It is too poorlv preserved to show the arrangement (if the parts or admit of a satisfactor^■ identification by the superficial characters. Locality. — Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6196. LEPIDOPHYLLUM Brongniart, 1828. 1822. Filicites sect. Glossopieris Brongniart, Mem. mus. hist, nat., vol. viii, p. 232. 1S2S. Lepidopliyllum Brouguiart, Prodrome, p. 87. LEPIDOPHYLLUM JENNEYI 11. Sp. PI. LIX, Figs. 1-3; PI. LXIII, Fig. 0. 1897. Le]}ido2)hylliim sp., D. White, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. viii, pp. 298, 300. Cones short, oval or slightly ovate, about 4 cm. in length and 2.5 cm. in width; scales oblong-lanceolate, 12 to 22 iron, long, 7 to 12 mm. Avide, expanded in broad rounded auricles at the bases of the blades; blades ovate- triangular, acute or acuminate, 7 to 12 mm. long, and nearly as wide across the semiangular or rounded dilations or auricles at the point of union to the sporangiophore, the dilation being inclined slightly downward; midrib slender, quite inconspicuous; texture rather thin; sporangiophore broadly cuneate, 5 to 10 mm. in length or nearly as long as the blade, rather wide at the base, the axis narrow and broadening rapidly near the top, the lateral laminae rather lax, with nearly straight margins, and often more or less infolded; sporangia oblong, rounded or round-cylindrical, with rather dense walls. The small scales described above are quite abundant in the shales from Henry County. The essential, and at the same time striking, characters are the nearly equal length of the blade and the sporangiophore and the conspicuous, often auriculate, dilations at the base of the blade, which is ovate-ti-iangular These characters clearly distinguish the species from Lepidophijllum hastatum Lx. or L. ovatifoUim. Lx., whose blade is similar except for the absence of the basal dilation, or from L. hrevifolium Lx., which, as seen in pi. Ixix, fig. 33, of the Coal Flora, or mj^ report on the plants from the McAlester coal field,^ has a long but narrow sporangiophore, while the blade is shorter. The general aspect of the bracts is fairly well seen in PI. LIX, Figs. Ih, 2, and PI. LXIII, Fig. 6. ' 19th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. 3, 1899, p. 529, pi. Isviii, figs. 15-18. LYOOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDRB^— LEPIDOPHYLLUM. 215 The larger portion of a cone about which a number of bracts are scat- tered is illustrated in Fig. la, PI. LIX. The contraction at the base indicates that we have nearly the full length of the strobile, which may be immature, the bracts near the top being small and short, while those near the base of the specimen show blades having all the characters of those described above. Although the details of tlie interior of the cone are totally obscured by the mass of compressed sporocysts and sporangiophores through which the spores are at a few points dimly expressed, the diameter of the cone is such as to require sporangiophores of the length seen in the detached bracts ; and there is hardly room for doubt that we have before us the cone oi' Lepido- strobus of LepidophyUum Jenneyi, the upper small and immature bracts still adhering to the axis. While the contraction toward the base, especially noticeable on the right, suggests an oval or ovate form for the cone, this individual specimen does not warrant definite conclusions on that point. In Fig. 2, PI. LIX, an illustration is given of one of two specimens in which the margins of the sporangiophores appear to be completely folded over inward. In the same shales are found a number of partially compressed sub- cylindrical, rounded sporangia whose size and mode of occurrence indicate their origin in cones of the type illustrated. These sporangia, which may be designated as Lepidocystis Jenneyi, appear distinct from any other that I recollect having seen. An example is shown in Fig. 3, PL LIX. The sporangium wall appears rather thick and shining, the impression of the contents being very obscure. From the surface of the flattened cone, how- ever, it appears that some at least of the Lepidocysts contain rather small macrospores The characters of the surface of the spores are t(io obsciire for description. To the distinctions between Lepidopliylhim Jenneyi and the most nearly related species, L. ovatifolium Lx., already indicated, may be added the generally shorter and more obtuse blades, as well as the shorter sporangio- phores of the latter. The frequency of LepidophyUum Jenneyi at Owen's coal bank, a locality at which Lepidodendron Brittsii is abundant, suggests a possible specific identity between those two types. Localities.— Ovfe\i'>i coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6054, G079, 6080; Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6078. 216 FLOEA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL Lepidophyllum missoubiense n. sp. PI. LVIII, Fig. 2; PI. LX, Figs. 1-3; PI. LXI, Figs, la-b; PI. LXII, Figs, a, 6, c, d, e; PI. LXIII,Figs.3,3rt. Cones large, probably oblong or oval; bracts very large, 11 to 13 cm. long, 17 to 25 mm. wide above the middle; blades rather thick, very finely striated, oblong-lanceolate, broadest generally near the top of the middle third of the length, acuminately prolonged at the apex, slightly contracted 5 to 8 mm. above the base which is dilate(^l or auriculate at the point of union, at a very open angle, to the sporangiophores ; spo- rangiophores 23 to 2 fi mm. long, nearly as wide as the lower part of the blade, triangular, thick, ver^- nan-ow at the base, and glossy, the sides of the axis strongly concave toward the top, nearly straight at the base, the lateral margins generally nearly straight or slightly conca^•e up to the base of the lateral projection or auricle ; midrib 2 mm. wide at the base, strong, passing distinct into the apex, bordered on either side on the ventral sur- face by a rounded furrow, or two rather close parallel lines, the surface of the blade being marked by fine parallel, longitudinal, rather faint lines, 15 to 18 of which fall within a millimeter; sporangia, or Lejndocystes, 18 to 25 mm. long, 8 to 12 mm. wide, rather naiTOwer at the base, with truncate- rounded ends, consisting of a thin-walled sack, smooth and shining, g"ran- ular under the lens, breaking longitudinally, and usually seen spread in a trapezoidal form averaging about 2 cm. in length, 18 nun. in width at one end, 15 imn. at the cither, the corners rounded and often slightly rup- tured ; macrospores (Triletes) apparently round, a little more than 1 mm. in diameter, and marked by a prominent triradiate keel, the surface of the spore wall being dull and smooth. This species, abundant at Gilkerson's Ford, presents some variation in the width of the blade, Fig. a, PI. LXII, representing the narrowest I have seen, while Fig. 2, PL LVIII, shows a bract rather above the average in width. In a few specimens the mucronate apex is slightly prolonged. In general, however, great uniformity prevails in both the size and the foi'm of the bracts, as well as in the pronounced dilation or auriculation at the point of union of the blade with the sporangiophore. The broadest portion of the blade is always above the middle, sometimes considerably above it. The surface of the bract appears polished, even under a weak lens, though LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDEE^— LBPIDOPHTLLUM. 217 it is really very finely lineate, the longitudinal lines or rows of cells num- bering about seventeen within the millimeter. In one specimen the bract is shown in profile to be at a right angle to the sporangiophore. On one of the slabs lately sent by Dr. Britts are what appear to be three cone fragments, shown in Fig. 1, PI. LX. The largest, illustrated in the upper part of Fig. 1, is somewhat remarkable for its size and is inter- esting as showing the aspect of the imbricated bracts in situ. None of the fragments show either the base or the tip of the cones, all of them repre- senting segments that fail to show even the entire width of the organ. From these fragments we may infer that the cones were very broad. The photograph shows a strong general similarity to the fragments illustrated by Goldenberg,^ Von Roehl,^ or Lesquereux.^ As was stated in my remarks under this genus, I am disposed to follow Goldeuberg in reg-arding these very large Lepidophylla and their cones, Lepidostrobus, as pertaining to the genus Lepidophloios. If such is the true relation, Lejndopki/llinn (Lepldostrohus) niissouriense most probably represents the fructification of Lepidophloios Van Ingeni. In the most intimate asso- ciation with these bracts are numerous s]3orangia, or Lepidocysts, most of which ai-e broken and spread out in smooth black trapezoidal forms, about 20 to 25 mm. long-, and having a width of about 12 mm. at one end and 18 mm. at the other end, the corners being slightly rounded and the margins of the ends occasionally ruptured. Examples of these collapsed vacant or displayed sporangia are seen in PI. LXI, Fig. 2, or PI. LXII, Fig. h, while the unruptured, somewhat compressed sporangia with their macrospores are illustrated in PI. LXII, Figs, c and d. These sporocysts are perhaps specifically indistinguishable from examples of Lepidocystis fraxiniformis (Goepp.) Lx., from Cannelton, Pennsylvania. The latter are found in place on the bracts of LepidophjU mn Mansfieldl Lx. It is probable, however, that the spore sacs of several of the large species of Lepidophylla are not dis- tinguishable by superficial macroscopic characters. In L. missouriense the macrospores, shown enlarged in Figs. 3 and 3a, PI. LXI II, are perhaps a little over 1 mm. in diameter when uncompressed. They appear minutely granular under a strong lens. The triradiate crests, ' Fl. Foss. Sarsep., vol. i, pi. iil, figs. 13a, 136. ^Foss. Kl, Steink. Westphalen.s. pi. xiii, figs. In, lb. ' Coal Flora, pi. Ixviii, tig. 1 (copied from Von Roehl, op. cit., fig. la). 218 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL characteristic of the Triletes of Reiusch and Kidstou, are sharp and promi- nent, extending across one side of the flattened spore. The scales which I have described under tlie above name represent a larger type, I believe, than any heretofore illustrated. Among the Old World species it is comparable to Le^idopliyllum majus Brougn.' It appears, however, to differ specifically from the latter by tlie broader apex of the sporangiophore, the prominently dilated or auriculate base of the blade, the proportionately very much greater expansion of the upper half of the bract, and the contracted, acuminate apex. LepidophyUum auriculatum Lx., which is not well known, has a blade that tapers gradually from the middle upward. The same difference exists in L. acuminatum, which has a propor- tionately much larger sporangiophore. Finally, L. Mansfieldi, to which both the blades and the sj^orocysts of our species bear the closest resemblance, and which is undoubtedly its nearest relation, has the auricles much less developed at the base of the blade, while the latter is broader in propoiliou above the base, and is almost invariably transversely wrinkled in the lower half, as though thicker and very much arched. Localities. — Most abimdant at Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6060, 6062, 6065, 6066, 6072, 6081; Pitcher's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6058; Owen's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6059 1 The large cone fragment, loaned to the United States National Museum by Dr. J. H. Britts, is from Pitcher's coal mine. OMPHALOPHLOIOS D. White, 1898. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol ix, p. 336. Omphalophloios cyclostigma (Lx.) D. W. PL LXV; PL LXVI, Figs. 1-5; PI. LXVII, Figs. 1, 2; PL LXVIII, Figs. 1, 2. 1870. All Lepidodendron ma7nmillatum Le.squereux, Rept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iv, p. 432, pi. XXV, fig. 1 ? 1879. Lepidodendron cyclostigma Lesquereus, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 11, i)l. Ixii, fig. 5; text, vol. ii (1880), p. 394. 1898. Omphalophloios cyclostigma (Lx.) D. White, Ball. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. ix, pp. 329-342, pis. xx-xxiii. Stems or trunks of considerable size, the larger ones covered by more or less clearly defined Lepidodendroid bolsters ; bolsters contiguous, some- times partiall)' obscure, especially in the young or badly compressed branches, I Prodrome, 1S28, p. 87. Geinitz, Verst. Steink. .Sachsen, 18.5.5, p. 37, pi. ii, fig. 5. LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODBNDRE.E— OMPHALOPHLOIOS. 219 rhomboidal and acute, laterally rounded, or squarrose-rhomboidal, or often reduced and truncated by compression, somewhat prominent, rounded, with- out caudse or corrugation, marked near the apex by a punctate mammilla, and surmounted over or at a little distance above the middle by a large, interior, more or less roundish or ovate-triangular, slightly concave, prom- inent boss, at the lower verge of which is situated a transverse cicatrix, probably the leaf scar; central boss of the partially decorticated stem usually conspicuous, often appearing as an oval, slightly concave elevation, frequently traversed by two somewhat indefinite ^'ertical low ridges, and marked between the latter by a minute central trace; or, in the impressions, often appearing as convex and roundish Qr narrowed in either direction by the partial infolding of the surrounding tissue of the bolster in the course of compression; foliar cicatrices situated at or a little below the middle of the bolster and on the lower border of the large boss or cushion, nearly one- half the width of the bolster, of very little altitude, slightly raised, angular or slightly crescentic, the sides slightly inclined upward, subangular or broadly crescentic above, or flatly deltoidal in the center, the lateral angles being continued for a distance as diminishing ridges, which are either straight and vanishing, short of the margin or curving upward and blending with the base of the large central boss, within which, close above the foliar cicatrix, lies a smaller oval or slightly ovate boss containing an interior depression and punctiform trace; oval boss situated upon the large boss close within the ventral curve of the leaf scar, the longer, vertical axis being nearly one-half the altitude of the concave field of the larger boss, the horizontal diameter nearly two-thirds as long as the vertical, the lower end generally obscure, nearly or quite tangent to the leaf cicatrix and either partly or wholly inclosing a minute punctiform mammilla, which appears nearly contiguous to the foliar cicatrix and may be a part thereof; interior of the oval boss occupied by an oval depression, sometimes obscure, usually clearly defined, about .5 mm. within the outer border of the oval boss, the interval being a flat oval zone, the upper and deeper end of the depression containing a minute umbilicate mammilla; vascular trace of the leaf well developed, the lateral traces being obscure; basal appendages either absent or very obscure. The extensive collections from the Des Moines series of Missouri, sent during the last few years to the United States National Museum or the 220 FLOEA OF LOWER COAL MEASUEES OF MISSOURI. United States Geological Survey, contain a series of specimens which throw much light on the unique and somewhat problematic species described by Professor Lesquereux as Lepidodendron cyclostigma} Pitcher's coal mine, in Henry County, the source of most of the new material, seems, as indicated both by the associated species and by the matrix, to have been the source of the types of the original species, now Nos. .5501 and 5502 of the Lacoe collection in the National Museum. In any event it is certain, as is shown by the records and labels, that the fossils described by Lesquereux came from the same vicinity. The species has not been found elsewhere. Since the recently acquired material includes examples exhibiting many, new characters and features, whose interpretation is subject to differences of opinion, as well as a remarkable variation in the forms of cortical imjDres- sion, the descriptions of the important specimens will be repeated in order to present all the available evidence as to the organs or appendages of the tree and its systematic position. It is unfortunate that in this, as well as in most other peculiarly American types of Carboniferous plants, no material is at hand to show the internal organization of the tree, which is represented only by somewhat flattened casts of trunks and branches, or by cortical impres- sions revealing only superficial details. The bolsters of these compressed trunks are, as was stated by Lesque- reux, variable in form as well as size. Illustrations of these varying forms, which sometimes suggest the Lepidodendron dypeatum of Lesquereux,^ are seen in PI. LXV and PI. LXVI, Figs. 1, 2; also PI. LXVII, Fig. 2. The fragmental impression, a portion of which is seen in the first plate, is 31 cm. in length and 13 cm. in width, the entire breadth of the trunk being unknown. It is probable, however, that some of the trunks of this species grew to a considerable diameter. The figured fragment shows the impres- sion or mold, over most of which the outer very thin cortex or epidermis still adheres. Nevertheless, that phase in which the bolsters are represented at their longest and in their more distinctly Lepidodendroid asjiect is well seen, the fine sepai'ative lines of the rhomboidal, acute bolsters being clear, while the general features of the subtriangular or somewhat circular central convex areas, which, as we shall see, represent large, compressed, roundish bosses, ' Coal Flora, vol. il, 1880, p. 394, pi. Ixii, fig. 5. ^Geol. Pennsylvania, vol. ii,2, p. 875, pi. xv, tig. 5; pl.xvi,fig. 7. Coal Flora,vol. ii,p.380, pi. Ixiv.fig. 16. LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDKE^E— OMPHALOPHLOIOS. 22 1 are in agreement with the original figured by Lesquereux.^ It will Ije observed that the bolsters are low, rounded, and destitute of keel or caudal ornamentation, either above or below the scar; that the central convex area as compressed varies from round to more or less distinctly triangular, and that the boundary of the latter is often a sharp, clear furrow, from the lat- eral angles of which short, quickly vanishing lines pass outward toward the curved bolster margin, which they fail to reach. Other compressed speci- mens, mostly impressions, to which reference will be made, show the great variability in the aspect of these central areas. The photograph of the example under consideration fails to show a jjunctiform mammilla situated near the center of the convex area or but a very little nearer the lower border. This, wliich we may temporarily designate as the central trace, is visible to the unaided eye, as are also, in a few instances, two rather indefi- nite, rounded, low, vertical grooves, crossing- the central area, one on either side of the central trace. The figure of this specimen is so placed on the plate that the central, obscurely subtriangular area comes generally at a little above the middle. Thus the transverse side, which is seen in many cases either to be crescentic or to contain a very obtuse angle, is made to constitute the base. This arrangement, which seems to conform with that of Fig. 1, PL LXVII, is made largely for the sake of preserving the mor- phologic similarity of the bolsters of this tree with those of the conventional type of Lepidodendron, as represented, for example, in L. clypeatwn. I con- fess, however, a lack of assurance as to the actual attitude of some of the stems. I have attempted to make them conform in position to other better- preserved fragments, the orientation of Avhich will be discussed farther on. Passing now to the originals, described by Lesquereux, we find that the figure given in the Coal Flora represents a small portion of an irregular fragment 27 cm. in length and 15 cm. in width. In this fragment, which, like the one described above, is a mold or impression, the Lepidodendroid form of the bolsters is clear. In a portion of the slab one end, presumably the lower, of the bolsters is slightly truncated by pressure in fossilization. The convex central areas or compressed central bosses are mostly ovate- triangular or ovate, as is shown in the original figure, though many are round and some are transversely oval. The lateral angles, as well as the short, vanishing, lateral furrows, are distinctly indicated in most cases, ' Coal Flora, Atlas, pi. Ixii, tig. 5. No. 5501 of the Lacoe coUectiou, U. S. Nat. JIus. 222 FLOEA OF LOWEE GOAL MEASUEES OF MISSOUEI. while generally the central trace in the roundish area is more or less clearly shown. This is also true where the outermost cortical tissue still adheres to the matrix, even in the area represented by the shaded portion in the original figure. Another of the types described by Lesquereux is a small slab, No. 5502 of the Lacoe collection, representing, like the other, a mold or impression of the stem. In a portion of this fragment, too, we have bolsters and inside areas like those in the originally figured type, No. 5501. But here we have also a variety of distortions, due to pressure, in which the central areas or compressed bosses often appear more than twice as wide as long, while in some cases they are partially covered on all sides by the infolded lateral areas about the flattened bosses. It may be noted in passing that the central areas in this fragment, photographed in PL LXVI, Fig. 1, are much broader in proportion to their altitude when the bolsters themselves are correspondingly dilated. In addition to these features, this specimen shows not only the central traces, but also, in a few cases, the obscure vertical furrows, which in several instances seem to unite below the upper margin of the central areas in a loop or long horseshoe, between the sides of which are the central traces. This character, as well as certain other more obscure details, will be considered in the description of the surface of the lately collected stems. Another incomplete slab about 25 cm. wide, showing the mold or external impression of the stem, is partially illustrated in PI. LXVI, Fig. 2. In this specimen, chosen because it represents the more elongated bolsters with the central convex areas slightly displaced, we find in many of the latter the two vertical grooves, about 2 mm. apart, passing across the compressed boss and forming, as in the specimen just described, a loop or elongated horseshoe, within which the vascular trace is seen in all cases to lie. Occasionall}^ a second trace is observed at the apparently open end of the horseshoe. The same interior characters are seen in Mus. Res'. 6030, another impression of a fragment with short, squarish bolsters, illustrated in PI. LVIII, Fig. 2. The specimens described above are all impressions or molds of stems, in some of which the epidermis may have been wanting. We will now proceed to the consideration of several segments of stems on which the cortex is still preserved. The fii'st of these, Mus. Reg. 6029, is a flattened LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODBNDEE^— OMPHALOPHLOIOS. 223 branch, nearly the full width of which is seen in PI. LXVII, Fig. 2. Here we see again a type of foreshortened, truncated bolster, comparable in form to that of Lepidodendron clypeatum Lx. Within the bolsters we have a very obtuse-angled prominence occupying a position at the base of the large boss. This transverse or flatly deltoid scar may be regarded as represent- ing the horizontal side of the oval-triangular central area in the specimens previously noted. Within this angle, the thickened walls of which are suggestive of the leaf scar, we see the horseshoe-shaped loop, including one or two small cicatrices. Indications of the more orbicular or prominent development of the large boss are seen on the cortex on the left or in the partially decorticated area on the lower right. A better understanding of this fragment, which has been removed from the left branch of the trunk illustrated in PL LXVII, Fig. 1 , maj', however, be reached by an inspection of the opposite side of the same specimen, which is shown enlarged to twice the natural proportions in PI. LXVIII, Fig. 1. The conditions seen on the surface of the cortex of this specimen are as follows: Within a broad, diagonally truncated bolster, suggestive of those of certain Lepidodendra, we have, as before, near the niiddle, a prominence in the form of a very obtuse angle, opening upward.^ The protruding walls of this angle rise slightly and increase in tliickness in approaching the center, where they in some instances form a very low deltoid area. The periphery of this transverse area exhibits for a distance of from 1.75 to 2.5 mm. on either side of the center a rugose surface of carbonaceous matter, sur- rounded apparently by a line of separation. The area inclosed by this fractured carbonaceous rim can hardly be anything else than the leaf cicatrix. And I may add in this connection that none of the other specimens on which the outer tissue is preserved seem to show any other definite evidence of fracture or separation on the surface of the bolsters. From the lateral angles of these leaf scars, which are often slightly crescentic, pass narrow, vanishing ridges, which may lie in the same direction as the corresponding side of the cicatrix "angle," or they may curve somewhat upward before vanishing in the border of the large boss which they help to define. The vanishing ridges and crescentic prolongations probably play an important ' The orientation of the figure is based on the place of the fragment iu the dicliotomous trunk, PI. LXVII, Fig. 1. The interpretation of this prominence as leaf scar, though somewhat tentative, preserves the Lepidodeudroid analogy in the bolsters. 224 FLORA OF LOWEE COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. part in preserving the roundish, distinct outline of the boss seen in the impressions earlier described. It must be remembered that on the cortex of the stems the interior surface of the large bosses is slightly concave. A resemblance to the impressions is seen in several of the bolsters in the abraded and partly decorticated portion on the right in the figure. There is, how- ever, when the entire cortex is preserved, no line of displacement or break in the continuity of the epidermis beyond the leaf scar along this large sub- circular or subtriangular boss that, in my judgment, can be construed as marking the separation of any appendage or organ. Proceeding to the observation of the characters above and within the angle of the leaf scar, we note, as seen in the photographic enlargement, PI. LXVIIl, Fig. 1 , an oval or slightly ovate area, the vertical diameter of which is about 2.5 mm., the transverse diameter being about 1.75 mm. The surface of this oval area is slightly raised as a boss above the concave sur- face within the large convex, rounded boss, and is bordered in many cases by a very narrow, low, and sometimes obscure rim, or by a narrow adjftcent fur- row. One or both of these conditions are possibly merely the result of pres- sure on the surface of the smaller, oval boss, since there is occasionally seen hardly more than the sharply defined change of level in passing across its margin down to the large boss. I am inclined, however, to regard the nar- row bordering rim, which is generally present, as normal. The lower end of this oval rim appears to become nearly contiguous to if not actually united Avith the leaf scar; and at the lowest point it seems, in a few bolsters, to die out below, and partly inclosing, a small punctiform maimnilla, which, in one instance, it appears to completely inclose. It is possible that this mammilla, which is in man}" cases discernible, should be regarded as belonging to the vascular trace of the leaf; but in the specimens before me it seems to be distinct from the leaf, if not, in fact, separated therefrom by a continuation of the oval rim. Within the oval boss just described is a small concave oval area, which is sometimes obscure in the lower part. This depression, the margin of which is nearly parallel to the outer border of the oval boss, the distance between being but little more than .5 mm., is deepest near the upper end, where it surrounds a minute bordered pit or umbilicate trace. The latter is the "trace" observed in the central area of the impressions and decorticated stems first described. The true vascular trace of the leaf is LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDRE.E— OMPHALOPHLOIOS. 225 i'requently defined in the carbon at the margin of the ovate-triangular, con- cave areas, representing the compressed large bosses in those specimens. It remains also to note a minute mammilla, sometimes slightly depressed, occasionally seen a little above the upper margin of the large boss. . This trace lies within a loop of the low, round, vertical ridges sometimes crossing the large boss. Though these ridges are sometimes clear in the molds or impres- sions, appearing as grooves or furrows, they are usually rather obscure on the surface of the cortex, and may be entirely subcortical. Concerning the cicatricial traces within the leaf scar itself little can yet be said. What appears to be a vascular trace is observable in many instances. Also certain obscure depressions in the bolster, which occupy the position of the respiratory appendages at the base of the leaf, seem to be present; but I am far from certain that these appearances may not really be due to accident or other causes. In the slab, Mus. Reg. 5636, photographed in PI. LXVII, Fig. 1, we have a large forked segment showing on the left the full width of the branch, the cast of the lower portion of which is still in place. Tlie upper part or impression is the mold or counterpart of the fragment, PI. LXVIII, Fig. 2, just discussed. The similarity of the preservation on the lower left to that found in the lower right on the same slab is at once apparent. The middle portion of the branch on the right presents, however, the same char- acters as the lower portion of the other braneli. In fact, we have at once on this specimen impressions of the large central convex boss of the type originally described as Lephlodendron cydostignia, the quadrangular com- pressed bolsters, and the flattened bosses, showing distinctly the details noted on the surface of the preserved stem. I am not absolutely certain whether in this slab we have a dichotomizing stem or trunk, or whether possibly two trunks are superimposed. The facts that the bolsters below are in accord- ance as to direction, that those on the right of the angle change the direc- tion of curve, as is natural at a dichotomy, and that I find no intercalated or separative zone or material, save numerous plications of the cortical tissues, make it seem most probable that the two branches are in actual union. Such plications are usually found in the angle of compressed Lepidodendroid stems, and they are especially to be looked for in those in which the cortical tissues are evidently spongy and therefore subject to displacement under jjressure. MON XXXVII 15 226 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. The above notes cover the essential details of the sjiecies, so far as I can discern them, in the compressed specimens before me. But mention should be made of a number of other peculiarities in this singidar as well as problematic tree. To illustrate one of these I have partially represented in PL LXVI, Fig. 3, an impression or a mold to which the epidermis adheres. The mar- gins of the outer boss appear to come nearly in contact ■\^'ith the margins of the bolsters in the upper part, although the latter can easily be traced to their apex, then curving inward and slightly downward, while becoming obscure, to meet the oval boss a little below its apex, thus producing a somewhat cordate effect. This aspect of the bolster and bosses is surprisingly like that figured as the type of Lepidophloios ohcordatus by Professor Lesquereux.^ It is possible that both are referable to the same species. The oval bosses, as well as the central mammilla?, are very clear in this specimen. Another fragment, a part of which is photographed in PI. LXVI, Fig. 4, shows but a faint and fragmentary trace of the bolsters here and there. • The surface is nearly flat, the larger bosses being nearly obliterated, only the leaf angle and the oval bosses being left in slight relief Both the inner and the outer borders of the oval boss are defined, as is imperfectly seen in the photograph. This stem, the epidermis of which is in part preserved, is further oi-namented by several large, shallow pits of two sorts. The larger ones, in the' lower portion of the specimen, are nearly circular, and nearly equal in size the larger bosses of the other specimens. The details of their intei'iors are obscure. They show, however, traces of the two low, rounded, vertical ridges passing across them, with a central oval trace. These shallow, rounded pits, which are possibly caused by collapse of the large bosses, may conform with the convex areas in the bolsters in the types studied by Lesquereux, the vertical furrows and trace agreeing perhaps with the ridges and trace in No. 5502 of the Lacoe collection. The other form of depression seen in Fig. 4 is often elliptical, traversing vertically the obscurely indicated and wrinkled outline of the large boss. These elliptical pits are evidently coincident with the area and position of the vertical, rounded furrows seen in the round pits on the same fragments. The leaf angle and oval boss are wholly obscured. This elliptical or horseshoe appearance of the vertical ridges crossing the larger bosses, while never conspicuous in any of the ' Rept. Geol. Surv. niinois, vol. ii. 1866, p. 457, pi. xli, fig. 1 (not fig. 2, 2n). LYCOPODIALES— LEPID0DENDEEJ3— OMPHALOPHLOIOS. 227 specimens, is present and faintly visible in many of the bolsters of the frag- ment, Fig. 5, PI. LXVI. Although but little wider than the oval boss, it is much longer, extending in this case a little beyond the large boss and including as usual the upper punctiform trace near the truncated upper margin of the bolster. In some respects the large, shallow depressions in this specimen are perhaps analogous to the abnormal or strobiliferous scars seen in some of the SigUlari(c. The difficult task of the interpretation of the details and of the ascription to the structures of their appropriate functions is largely a matter of specu- lation and hypothetical analogy. I shall attempt only to prove some of the homologies between the trunk in hand and others of the Lepidodendroid type, hoping that other paleobotanists more familiar with the LycojxxUvece, both living and fossil, will furnish more accurate and valuable correlations. The type of cortex before us appears to be one characterized super- ficially by rather strongly protuberant, noncarinate bolsters, exhibiting in outline the general variations characteristic of the Lepidodendroid type. These bolsters have large, roundish or ovate triangular bosses, on which are placed the leaf scars and certain other structures. The large bosses were probably highly prominent in the uncompressed stems, and were presum- ably composed, like the other portions of the bolster, largely of soft tissue that has proved very susceptible to distortion and variation under the con- ditions of compression. Their prominence and lack of support well accounts for their partial concealment beneath the folds of the adjacent portions of the bolsters in the flattened impressions, as well as for their displacement toward the sides of the bolsters in many cases. The degree of deforma- tion of the bolsters in this trunk exceeds the greatest variations from pressure I have seen in tlie bolsters of Leindodendron Veltheimianiim Stb. or L. dypeatum Lx. Pressure in a direction probably nearly vertical to the large boss evidently produced the rounded impressions described and figured from the originals by Lesquereux as Lepidodendron cydostigma. From the lower and more prominent part of the large flattened boss two nearly parallel obscurely defined, broad, rounded, perhaps subcortical ridges pass upward across the boss, and apparently a little beyond it, then apparently' unite in a horseshoe curve or rounded angle. Within the apex of this loop, and apparently a short distance above the boss, is situated a rarely visible puncti- form trace. I am unable to state whether this long, obscure, vertical loop 228 FLQKA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL is closed at the base to form au ellipse, though it slightly affects that appear- ance ill the pits figured in PI. LXVI, Fig. 4. It may proceed on either side from the lateral wings of the leaf scar at the base of the boss. There is nothing on the specimens before me to indicate an attachment of any vegetative organ along its surface or margin. Certain very important points as to the relations of the second, or o^al, boss to the leaf scar remain to be determined. At present it is not definitely ascertained whether the oval boss, which in a few instances appears to be closed at the base and Ijarely contiguous with the transversely angular or deltoid cicatrice, which I have called the leaf scar, is actually distinct from that "scar" or whether it is organically connected therewith. The analogies with the other Paleozoic Lycopodinece, especially some of the Sigillarioid types, would, at first glance, lead us to inquire as to whether this oval boss does not itself represent a part if not the whole of the foliar cicatrix. The evidence in support of such a supposition lies largely in the presence of the generally clear, narrow, very low, marginal rim of the boss and its naturally suggestive similarity to the form of the cicatrices in some of the Bothrodendra. Continuing the parallel with the Bothrodendroid or Sigilla- rioid scar, it appears that in this case the trace at the upper end in the central oval depression may be the vascular trace, while, b}' reversing the position of the specimen, the punctiform trace, which now seems either close within or partly between the vanishing ends of the lower curves of the oval, might be correlated with the trace just above the foliar cicati'ices in Sigillaria and Botlirodendron. On the other hand, in opposition to the abo^-e hypothesis, the interior details of the oval, the basal angular or deltoid scar, and the superior trace in the bolster, as well as the form of the bolster itself, seem to be arraigned. The oval boss comprises an outer zone about 5 mm. in width inclosing an oval depression. I have found no traces within the latter except the umbilicate trace generally near the upper end, and this shows on the. cortex as a minute pit bordered by a raised carbonaceous rim. In the impressions this trace causes a minute projecting point. Next, the slightly raised transverse cicatrix at the base of the oval boss and on the lower edge of the large boss showing a surface of separation, appears to be supplied with a vascular trace, and occupies the position of a leaf in the Lepi- dodendroid bolster. There are in a few instances even slight, though quite uncertain and perhaps worthless, signs of the subfoliar appendages. Much LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDEB.E— OMPHALOPHLOIOS. 229 depends on the relation of the oval boss to the transverse scars, which I have designated as leaf cicatrices, and these relations can perhaps be ascertained onl}^ by the discovery of additional matei'ial. On those bolsters the cortical tissue of which appears best preserved and intact the rim of the oval boss would seem in some cases, as shown in the photograph, PI. LXVIII, Fig. 1, to be nearly but not quite tangential to the transverse scar, the punctiform trace being slight!}" within the outer oval boundary. In this matter the evidence of other bolsters would, however, seem somewhat conflicting. It should be remarked that in those bolsters in whicli the base of the oval is most clearly defined the vertical diameter of the transverse, or leaf, scar seems consider- ably foreshortened in the course of fossilization. It is quite possible that better or uncompressed material will show a confluence of the oval rim with the transverse scar, in which case the punctiform trace may represent some expression or development of the vascular strand of the leaf If it be found, as seems to be indicated in some instances, especially where the protruding leaf scar is abraded, that the rim of the oval boss is really in union by a narrow connection with what is here, perhaps errone- oush^, interpreted as the leaf scar, the conditions will be jjerhaps best satisfied by assuming that the oval boss was the seat of some expansion or unfamiliar structure on the ventral surface at the l^ase of the leaf, of which it would form a part. In such an arrangement the trace above the large boss might be the homologue of the so-called "ligule" scar, while the small umbilicate trace in the central depression would constitute a new basis for speculative analogy. However, while far from conclusive, the signs at hand appear to point to a lack of such a uniqn. In either case, assuming that I am not mistaken in treating the transverse basal scar as proper to the leaf rather than as a mere fracture or abrasion, we would seem to have a cortex marked by prominently bossed Lepidodendroid bolsters, in the axils of whose leaves was situated either some organ or appendage attached to the oval boss, or else, as appears more probable, an oval plaque in the depression of which was a minute umbilicate trace, the purpose of which is unknown. In accordance with such an hj^pothesis the punctiform trace near the upper edge of the main boss might be homologized with the upper append- age trace or pit of the typical Lepidodendron, while the minute trace close above the base of the leaf, if it proves to be distinct from the latter, may be analogous to if not homologous with the so-called "ligular pit" in those stems. 230 FLOEA OF LOWER COAL MEASUEES OF MISSOURL Whatever the interpretation offered, the superficial characters of these stems seem to be quite different from those of any of the existing l^ycopo- dineous genera. Consequently, in an earlier publication I proposed for those trees with this type of embossed cortex the generic name Ompliah- phloios. The diagnosis of the genus, of which 0. cyclostigma is the type, is postponed until the relations between the oval boss and the leaf cicatrix are more clearly demonstrated. A specimen which I regard as representing a decorticated or Knorria state of this type strongly resembles the Knorria of Bofhrodendron, to which genus ours is perhaps most closely allied. Localities. — The originals described by Lesquereux from Clinton, Henry County, Missouri, are Nos. 5501 and 5502 of the Lacoe collection, U. S. Xat. Mus. Later accessions are from Deepwater, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6077?; and from Pitcher's coal mine, U. S. Nat Mus., 5636, 6024, 6030. The Knorria fragment, of doubtful identity, is from Gilkersou's Ford. SIGILLAPME.^. SIGILLAEIA Brongniart, 1822. 1820. Palmacites Schlotheim, Petrefacteiik., p. 393 (pars). 1820. Lepidodendron Sternberg, Flora d. Vorw., vol. i, fasc. 1, pp. 20, 25 (pais). 1820. Syrhujodendron Sternberg, Flora d. Vorw., vol. i, fasc. 1, p. 23. 1822. SkjiUaria Brougaiart, Mem. mus. hist, uat., vol. viii, p. 209. 1822. Clathraria Brouguiart, Mem. mus. hist, nat., vol. viii, p. 209. 1823. Bhytidole]}is Sternberg, Flora d. Vorw., vol. i, fasc. 2, p. 36. 1826. Favularia Sternberg, Flora d. Vorw., vol. i, tent., p. xiii. 1820. Gaienaria Sternberg, Flora d. Vorw., vol. i, tent., p. xxv. 1841. Calamosyrinx Petzholdt, De Balauo et Calamos., p. 28. 1860. Asolanus H. 0. Wood, Proc. Phila. Acad. Sci., vol. xii, p. 237. 1877. PseudosigiUaria Grand 'Eury, Fl. carb. Loire, p. 142. 1890. Sigillaria-Camptotainia Grand 'Eury, Geol. et pal. bassin bouill. Gard, p. 262. SXJBSIC3^ILL^^E.I.^B. SIGILLAEIA (Asolanus) oamptot^nia H. C. Wood. PI. LXIX; PI. LXX, Figs. 1, 3, 4,; PI. LXI, Fig. Igl; PI. LXII, Fig. il; PI. LXIV, Fig. el. 1857. An SigiUaria rimosa Goldenberg, Fl. Saraep. Foss., vol. ii, p. 22, pi. vi. fig. 1 (2-4?)? 1869. SigiUaria rimosa Gold., Von Eoehl, Foss. Fl. Steink. Westphalens, p. 93, pi. xxx, fig. 5. 1888. SigiUaria rimosa Gold., Schenk, Foss. Pflanzenreste, p. 82, fig. 41. LYCOPODIALES— SUBSIGILLAELE— ASOLANUS. 23 1 1894. SigiUaria rimosa Gold., Nathorst, Pal. Fl. Arkt. Zone, p. 64, pi. xvi, figs. 9, 10. 18G0. An Lepidodetulron barhatum F. A. Roemer, Beiti". z. Kenntn. uvr. Harzgeb., pt. iv, p. 196, pi. xxxi, fig. 12?; Pai;T?ontograpliica, vol. ix, p. 40, pi. viii, fig. 12? 1860. Asolanus camptotwnia H. C. Wood, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. xii, p. 238, pi. iv. fig. 1. 1866. Sigilluria camptoUvnia H. C. Wood, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, vol. xiii, i). 342, pi. ix, fig. 3. 1886. SigiUaria camptoUvnia Wood, Zeiller, Fl, foss. bassin bouill. Valenciennes, Atlas, pi. Ixxxviii, figs. 4-6; text (1888), p. 588. 1866. SigiUaria monostigma Lesquereux, Eept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. ii, p. 449, pi. xlii, figs. 1-5. 1870. SigiUaria monostigma Lesquereux, Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iv, p. 446, pi. xxvi, fig. 5. 1879. SigiUaria monostigma Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 15, pi. Ixxiii, figs. 3-6; text, vol. ii (1880), p. 468; vol. iii, p. 793 (pars!). 1870. Lepidodendron cruciatum Lesquereux, Kept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iv, p. 432, pi. XXV, fig. 2. 1877. PsendosigiUaria monostigma (Lx.) Grand 'Eury, Fl. carb. Loire, p. 144, 1890. FseudosigiUaria monostigma (Lx.) Grand 'Eury, Geol. et pal. bassin bouill. Gard, pp. 173, 260, pi. ix, figs. 4, 5, 6. 1890. PsendosigiUaria dimorpha Grand 'Eury, Geol. et pal. bassin bouill. Gard, pi. ix, figs. 7, 8, 1890, SigiUaria-Camptotcenia monostigma (Lx.) Grand 'Bury, Geol. et pal. bassin bouill. Gard, p. 262, pi. ix, figs. 4-7. 1890. SigiUaria-Caniptotamia gracilenta Grand 'Bury, Geol. et pal. bassin bouill. Gard, p. 262, pi. ix, fig. 6 (pi. xxii, fig. 1?). 1894. Asolamis dimorpha (Grand 'Eury) Potonie, Jabrb. k. Pr, geol. Landesanst., 1893, p. 36. Fructification. 1884. An SigiUariostrobus Laurencianus Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 794? EOOTS, 1870. SigiUarioides steUaris Lesquereux, Eept, Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iv, p. 450, pi. xxix, fig. 3. 1879, Stigmaria steUaris Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p, 15, pi. Ixxiv, fig. 7 (fig. 5?); text, vol. ii (ISSO), p. 516. 1883. Stigmaria ficoides Brougn. var. steUata Goepp., Lesquereux, Eept. Geol. Surv, Indiana,, vol. xiii, pt. 2, p. 96, pi. xix, fig. 4. 1890, Stigmaria ficoides Brougn. \av.steUata Goepp., Lesley, Diet. Foss, Pennsylvania, vol. iii, p. 1074, text fig. Trunks large, branching rarely if at all, noncostate; surface of the cortex marked between the usually distant foliar cicatrices by rough, irregu- lar, ropelike striae or strands, especially distinct where the outer cuticle has been removed, in relief or semirelief, nearly covering the intermediate cortex, very coarse in the older trunks, somewhat meshed in irregular 232 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL lougitudiual areoles, flexuose, and coui'sing from either of the four sides of every rhomboidal leaf scar toward the proximal side of the correspond- ing leaf scar, so that the principal and most conspicuous strands radiate from each leaf scar to the four nearest scars, the intermediate strands in the rhomboidal areas thus formed tending toward parallelism with the border that is nearest; foliar cicatrices borne on small bolsters, more or less distant, usually cpiite distant, probably in vertical rows, though plainh' affecting a spiral arrangement, varying greatly in angle even in the same segment, transversely rhomboidal, with the lateral angles very acute and more or less prolonged, varying in altitude, the margins more concave in the vertically broader scars, or nearly straight in the vertically narrow forms, rounded below, often more or less distinctly emarginate at the upper edge, which is bordered above by a narrow, smooth, somewhat crescentic zone nearly one- half the altitude of the leaf scar, the convex, truncate-rounded margin upward, the wings or lateral angles tapering to the lateral angles of the scar, the upper border indented by a V-shaped depression which reaches nearly to the upper margin of the leaf scar and includes the suprafoliar punctiform trace; bolsters fusiform-triangular in a longitudinal sense, the broader end, narrower than the superimposed leaf scar, being upward and more prominent, while the lower end vanishes as an oblique section of a cylinder at the level of the cortex; surface of the bolster below the leaf scar and contiguous thereto beai-ing a thin, downward-rounded apronlike field, the lower margin of which is nearly semicircular; vascular trace small, situated near to or a little above the middle of the leaf scar, punctiform or slightly elongated horizontally ; lateral cicatricules a little distant on each side, narrow, linear-crescentic, nearl}^ meeting both above and below the vascular trace, often having the appearance of, if not actually forming a ring or slightly obovate cicatricule, reaching nearly to the upper and lower margins of the leaf scars; partially decorticated stems, showing the rough striations less distinctly, substriate, and presenting only the somewhat linear- triangular outlines of the bolsters, marked by the cicatricular ring, the leaf scar and its superior and inferior iields being removed with the cuticle, or, when further stripped, revealing a Knorria form, the blunt, slightly promi- nent upper ends of the narrow, distant elevations corresponding to the vascular traces, while the intermediate surface is minutely and irregularly striated. LYCOPODIALES— SUBSIGILLAKIyE— ASOLANUS. 233 The peculiar type of Sigillaria described in 1860 1j\' Dr. Wood as Asolamis camptotcenia and by Professor Lesquereux in 1866 as Sigillaria monostigma is now one of the more familiar and most easily recognized species in the Coal Measures of the United States. Therefore little need be added by way either of description or of illustration to the material pub- lished by the latter author in the Reports of the Greological Survey of Illinois and the Coal Flora.^ However, some additional details ascertained during the course of a critical examination of the leaf scars in the materials lately received, as well as in the older collections in the United States National Museum, are worthy of a brief consideration. As generally seen, the fragments of Sigillaria camptotoinia show well enough the chai-acters of the interfoliar cortical surface, but the leaf scars are -presented in the published figures in a variety of aspects, some of which have been erroneously described as supei-ficial, owing to the relative delicacy and consequent general absence of the tissue surmounting the narrow bolster or cushion. Thus the lateral angles of the foliar scars which seem to be most fragile are often first to be lost, leaving an apparently rounded, narrow leaf scar against which the cortical striations abut, the latter appearing, in fact, continuous over the surface originally covered by the leaf-scar angles. Suggestions of this phase are seen in the photographs, PI. LXIX and PI. LXX, Fig. 4. It is also well shown in Weiss's fig. 25,' pi. iv, vol. ii, of the "Sigilliarien," though the striations in the cortex of the fragments illustrated are hardly typical of the species. When still further decorticated or abraded the leaf cushions often have the appearance shown in fig. 4 of pi. Ixxiii of the Coal Flora. But in the best-preserved fragments we find the round, narrowly obovate-triangular or obovate-fusiform bolster, which does not even protrude so far as to become semicylindrical as it rises to the support 'The general aspect of the decorticated and Knorria stages is seen in Kept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iv, 1870, pi. xxvi, lig. 5; op. cit., vol, ii, 1860, pi. xlii, tig. 4; Coal Klora, pi. Ixxiii, figs. 5, 6. Par- tially decorticated fragnieuts are illustrated, Rept. Geol. Surv. Uliuois, vol. iv, pi. Ixxiii, figs. 2, 5; Coal Flora, pi. Ixxiii, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6. The same conditions as well as the supracortical aspects are figured by Weiss, Sigillarien, vol. ii, 1893, pi. iv; and Grand 'Eury, Gi?ol. et pal. bassin houill. Gard, pi. ix, figs. 4, C, 7, and 8. The facies of the outer cortex is well represented by Wood, Proc. Acad. Sci. Phila., vol. xii, 1860, pi. iv, fig. 1; Traus. Amer. Phil. Soc, vol. xiii, 1866, j)l. ix, tig. 3. The form of the leaf scars is seen in Lesquereux's figures, Rept. Geol. Surv. lUiuois, vol ii, 1866, pi. xlii, figs. 1, 3, and .5; Coal Flora, pi. Ixxiii, fig. 3, and in the figures cited under Zeiller iu the above synouyiuy. The details of the foliate scars illustrati-d by Weiss, op. cit.. pi. iv, are the most complete and satisfactory yet published. 234 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL of the leaf, surmouuted by (1) the leaf scar, the lateral angles of which project sharply beyond the borders of the cushion; (2) a thin apron or surplice-like area or shield which extends downward from the leaf scar, and is more or less round or sometimes even nearly semicircular in its lower outline. In some instances the boundary of this appears to correspond with the impression of the bolster, as illustrated in fig. 3 of the second volume of the Illinois reports. This area, which is dimly indicated in the partially decorticated fragment, Fig. 4, PI. LXX, and further in Fig. 3, is well delineated by Weiss. In addition to this field the bolster supports another narrow transverse field contiguous to the upper border of the leaf scar. This vertically narrow field, which in its widest portion near the median line is neai-l}- one-half the altitude of the leaf scar, rounds on either side of the middle to tapering- acute lateral angles lyiiig against the angles of the leaf scar, which is but little wider horizontall}'. This superior field, the lower border of which is the upper outline of the leaf scar, seems in a few cases to have been misinterpreted and misfigured as a part of the foliar cicatrix, an error easy to understand after a comparison of the photographs. Fig. 3 or Fig. 1, PI. LXX. In Fig. 3, however, which represents a specimen on which a portion of the epidermis is preserved, it is clearly seen. Here it is found in most cases to be interrupted at the median line by a V-shaped depression, which penetrates from the upper border nearly across the field to the leaf scar. In the angle or depression thus formed is situated the suprafoliar, puuctiform cicatrix or "ligular scar." In many of the specimens this depres- sion resembles a V-shaped incision, but in reality the details of this field agree with interesting- precision with material illustrated by Weiss and Sterzel.^ In most of the stems and impressions, especially those from which the epidermis or a portion of the subjacent tissues have been removed, the lateral cicatricules of the leaf scar present what appears to be a slightly ovate or subannulate structure encircling and often obscuring the vascular trace. In the figure above referred to, which represents most of the cuticle, these cicatricules are linear-crescentic, and, while in one scar they appear to unite above, they are distinctly separate at the base. The close scrutiny of others convinces me, however, that they are a little distant at the top also. These details agree substantially with those illustrated in fig 23A on the • Op. clt., pi. iv, figs. 22a, 25a. LYCOPODIALES— SUBSIGILLARLE— ASOLANUS. 235 interesting plate published by Weiss. Some of our leaf scars show evi- dence of ornamentation near the lower border between the lower ends of the lateral traces, but it is too obscure for satisfactory description or delineation. The homology of these extensively developed traces with the lateral cicatricules of the leaf scar in Lejndodendron or Lepidophloios, which are regarded by Potoni^ as the cross sections of transpiration strands, leads us to conclude that, if the hypothesis is not incorrect, the transpiration tissue of Sigillaria camptotmiia was extensively developed, occupying a consider- . able portion of the interior of the leaf. Another interesting feature in the species before us is tlie presence of interfoliate scars similar to those of other species of SigiUaria, especially the Tessellata and Favidaria groups. The specimen (Fig. 3) from which the details of the bolster and leaf scar described above are taken is a portion of a slender stem or branch 46 cm. long and about 8 cm. wide, flattened and lenticular in section. Scattered somewhat irregularly on the lower 11 cm. of this fragment are seen a number of rounded or oval j^its, which, when the epidermis is preserved, are found to be bordered by a smooth, irregularly rounded zone containing a rather large central trace. These scars are quite independent of the leaf scars, which are complete and regu- larly disposed in the phyllotaxy, though perhaps slightly dwarfed. It is possible that they represent adventitious roots. But it seems more probable that they are the homologues of the interfoliate scars supposed to represent the cicatrices of the fallen strobili in other species of Sigillaria. As yet neither the cones nor even the mode of branching of Sigillaria camptotcenia is definitely known. The cone described by Lesquereux^ as Sigillariostrohus Laurencianus and referred by him to the species in hand is not in actual union with the cortex contiguous to it in the fossil state. While appearing to represent a true Sigillariostrohus, its specific reference appears to be based solely on the circumstance of commingled fragments in the material from Kansas." To Sigillaria camptotcenia probably belongs the Lepidodendron cruciatum described in 1870^ from a single decorticated specimen with coarse, oblique ' Coal Flora, vol. iii, pp. 793, 794. -The specimens now in the Lacoe collection in the United States National JIuseiim are, as Pro- fessor Lesqnerenx pointed out, loc. cit., p. 794, clearly congeneric if not specifically identical with the cones earlier described by him as Trochophi/Uiim, clavatum, Coal Flora, p. 6.5, pi. iii, fig. 21. '■ Rept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iv, p. 432, pi. xxv, fig. 2. 236 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL striae intersecting at the obscure sears. Likewise the SigiUaria Grand ^Enriji of Lesquereux,^ which was separated from S. camptotcenia on account of the close leaf scars and the smooth cortex, is perhaps of doubtfid specific value. The type specimen, which is comparable to fig. 8 (PsendosigUlaria dimorplui) on pi. ix of Grand 'Eury's admirable work on the flora of the basin of Gard, is certainly extremely closely related. The leaf scars are close and obscure, the cortex being partly removed or wholly wanting in portions of the frag- .ment. The fact that it is found at Cannelton, Pemisylvania, where S. camp- totcBnia is present in great numbers, necessitates great caution in discussing its specific individuality. After examining all the material at my disposal I am convinced that the roots or rhizomes described as SigiUarloides stellar is- and later referred by Lesquereux to Sfigmaria^ belong to the subterranean or subaqueous portions of SigiUaria camptotmiia. Although SigiUaria camptotmiia is now known in most of the coal fields of Europe, there still remain some differences of opinion as to the identity of Dr. Wood's tree with that described by Goldenberg as SigiUaria rimosa. Thus, while Zeiller,'' Grand 'Eurv,^ and Weiss® express their assurance that the two species are identical, in which -saew Potonie" and Kidston* concur, Lesquereux and Nathorst^ have questioned the propriety of the union. It is true that the quite distinct separation of the lateral cicatricules, which constituted the principal difference, in the judgment of Professor Lesquereux, between S. rimosa Gold, (non Sauv.) and S. monostigma Lx., have been shown to be due to error, since the cicatricules of the original type of fig. 1 on pi. vi of the Flora Sarsepontana Fossilis has been shown by Weiss and Nathorst, each of whom has refigured a part of the Original, to agree, per- haps indistinguishably, with those of specimens whose identity with our species is indubitable. The extreme obliquity of the interfoliar cortical striae in Goldenberg's figure, which, as Nathorst points out, do not pass so ' Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 795. ' " Rept. Oeol. Surv. llliDois, vol. iv, 1870, p. 450, pi. xxix, fig. 3. 'Coal Flora, vol. ii, j). 516, pi. Ixxlv, fig. 7. ■•Fl. fos3. bassin liouill. Valeucieuues, IS-^S, p. 590. '•G^^ol. et palpont. bassin liouill. Gard, 1890, p. 261. eSigillarieu d. Pr. Steink. u. Rothl., pt. 2, 1893 (1894), p. 68. ■Jahrb. d. k. Pr. geol. Lamlesanst. u. Bergakad , 1893 (1894), p. 35. «Trans. Roy. Soe. Ediub., vol. xxxvi, pt. 1, 1891, p. 16. "Zur palaozoiscben ''''lora der Polarliinder, 1894, p. 64. LYCOPODIALES— SUBSIGILLARI.E— ASOLANUS. 237 directly nor meet the four neighboring scai'S as in 5'. camptotcenia, is hardly less apparent in Weiss's or Nathorst's Hgures of portions of the type specimen. The difference is still more marked in the small sketch given by Schenk/ For my own part I can say only that among several scores of specimens from the Coal Measures of Missouri, Illinois, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, I have not seen any with strige arranged in this manner. This form, together possibly with the phases illustrated by Weiss, op. cit., figs. 24 and 28, appears to represent a variation tending toward the other Leiodermariee. At least they are not typical of the American form, though their departure therefrom may be less than varietal in importance. I regard fig. 2 of Grold- enberg's plate as quite different from the species in hand, as may also be figs. 3 and 4 of the same plate. The Lejjidodendron harhatum of Roemer^ seems to be near these, though it may be merely a fragment of Sigillaria camptotcenia in which the leaf scars are abraded or partially decorticated. The reference of Grand 'Eury's Sigillaria camptotmiia gracilenta to Dr. Wood's species, made by SterzeV and more recently by Potonit^,^ in his very interesting studies on the zone variations in Sigillaria^ may be fully substantiated by an examination of the American material, while phases, such as that named Pseudosigillaria dimorpJia on Grand 'Eury's plate,' are well illustrated in the fine series from Cannelton, now a part of the Lacoe collection in the United States National Museum. . The discovery almost simultaneously by Weiss'' and Zeiller" on the trunks of Sigillaria Brardii Brongn. of both the typical form and arrange- ment of the scars of that species and other distantly disposed scars referable to S. spimdosa Germ, has since been supplemented b)^ abundant evidence, thus proving the impracticability of longer attempting- to maintain the dis- tinction of Clathraria or Cancellata and Leiodermaria. Accordingly, most 'Die tbssilen Pflanzeiireste, 1888, p. 82, fig. 41. ^ Beitr. z. geol. Kenntn. n.-w. Haizgebirges, p. 40, pi. viii, fig. 12. ^ J. T. Sterzel, in Weiss : Sigillarieu tl. Preuss. Steiukobl. u. Rothl., pt. ii, p. 67, footnote. ■■ Die Wecbsel-Zoneu-Bilduug cler Sigillariaceen : Jahrb. d. k. Pr. geol. L.andesanst. ii. Bergakad., 1893(1894), p. 36. '' Geol. et pal. bassiu bouill. Gard, pi. ix, figs. 7, 8. Fig. 7 is also cited in the text as .S'lV/. campt. monosligma. '^ Beobachtungen au Sigillarieu von Wettin uiid Umgegeud : Zeitscbr. d. deutscb. geol. Gesell., vol. xli, 1889, p. 376. " Sur les variations de formes du Sigillaria Brardii Brongniart : Bull. soc. gc'ol. Fr., (3) vol. xvii, ]). 603, pi. xiv. 238 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL paleobotanists are now agreed in treating the forms previously distributed in the above sections as a single group or subgenus of Sigillaria?. Thus they were made by the late C. E. Weiss the subject of an elaborate and admirable discussion, since completed with conscientious efficiency and delicacy by Dr. Sterzel, under the title Die Siibsujillarien} This term for the group was adopted by Potoni^,^ who for the BlujUdolepis, Tessellaia, and Favularia sections (or Rhytidoleins in the broadest sense) employs the group name JEusigiUarice. M. Grand 'Eury, who at first ranged the species grouped about Sir/ilJaria ccmptot(Ema in a genus which he named Psendoslgillaria and placed in the Lep'uMendrea;,'^ has since restored them to the SigiUarice under the comprehensive group term SigiUari/e-camjitotcenicB,^ which cum- bersome and inconvenient term he adopts, in the singular, for generic use, employing for the type described by Wood the name SigiUaria-camptotcenia monostigma Lesq. Potoniti rightly points out the propriety of retaining for Wood's genus, amended, the original name Asolanus. It is interesting to note that Nathorst ^ particularly remarks on the characters in common between Sigillaria rimosa and Bothrodendron (Cyclo- stigma) Kiltorkense Hauglit. sp., which he regards as probably related, while Weiss'^ inclucles in the SuhsigiUar'm both the Cydostigma (Bothrodendron f) Kiltorkense, and the genus Bothrodendron, the latter being em-olled as a sub- genus of Sigillcmece. To the writer the group of species centered alDout S. caniptot(Bnia AVood, S.corrugata Lx., or Bothrodendron, seems to stand on the side of the SigUlariea that is nearest the Lepidodendrece, between which and the SigiUariece it helps to bridge the gap. SigiUaria camptotcBnia is distinguished from other species in the group SuhsigillaricB by the concave lateral margins of the distant leaf scars, the attenuated lateral angles, the very long, hnear, crescentic, lateral cicatricules, extending nearly the whole height of the scar and apparently forming an oval or obovate ring, and especially by the ropy, meshed cortical striations extending from each leaf scar to the four scars nearest thereto. iocrt/i^Jes.— Pitcher's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6064; Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6063. ' Die Sigillarien der Preussischcu Steinkohleu und Rothliegeudeugebiete, vol. ii; Die Gruiipe der Subsigillarieu : Abh. d. k. Pr. geol. Landesaust., N. F., Hft. 2, Berlin, 1893, pp. xvi, 255. Atlas, pi. i-sxviii. ° Loc. cit., p. 24. '■ Op. cit., p. 64. 3F1. carb. Loire, 1877, p. 142. " Op. cit., p. 60. 4G^ol. et pal. bassin houill. Card, 1890, p. 260. LYCOPODIALES— SUBSIGILLARI.E— ASOLANUS. 239 SiGlLLARIA (ASOLANUS) SIGILLARIOIDES (Ls.). PI. LXX, Fig. 2. 1879. Lepidojjhloios ? sigiUarioides Lesquereiix, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 13, pi. Ixviii, figs. 8, 8«. 1880. Lepidophloios sigiUarioides Lesqiiereux, Coal Flora, vol. ii, p. 425. Trunks large, the epidermis finely longitudinally shagreened over the traces of broad, low, irregular, diagonal or longitudinal, irregularly meshed, strandlike, very obscure ridges of the cortex ; bolsters usually distant, apparently spirally arranged, small, very broadly obovate or obovate- triangular, smooth, nearly covered by the leaf scar and two vertically narrow fields, one superior and one inferior to the leaf scar; leaf scar on the upper part of the small bolster, transversely rhombftidal, laterally acute, the transverse diameter being greater than the width of the bolster, sub- angular at the apex, slightly acute at the lower angle, the margins on either side of the latter being distinctly concave; inferior field contiguous to tlie lower borders of the leaf scar, equal or nearly equal to the latter in trans- verse diameter, and having the lower margin rounded or nearly semicir- cular; superior field very narrow vertically, extending nearly the whole width of the scar, the middle portions of the sides nearly straight, the medial angle rounded-truncate or even slightly emarginate, marked just above the center by a minute punctiform trace; vascular cicatricule near or a little above the middle of the foliar cicatrix, transverse, shoi't; lateral cicatricules linear-crescentic, arching outward, the upper ends close, near the margin of the scar, the lower portions approaching nearly to the vascular trace; subcortical phases and cones unknown. While examining the specimens in the Lacoe collection in the United States National Museum I was much interested at finding three specimens from the vicinity of Clinton, Missouri, which had been identified by Pro- fessor Lesquereux as Slgillaria fissa Lx. The inspection of one (No. 6660) of these specimens revealed at once the general very close resemblance of the parts connected with the leaf scar to the corresponding portions of Sigillarin camptotcenia Wood. But my attention Avas at once engaged by the similarity of the impression of certain portions of the cortex, in which the bolsters were so flattened in the course of fossilization as to partially cover the scars, to the structure figured in the Coal Flora from the 240 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL type of LepkhpTihios % sigillariokles Lx.^ Later I received from Dr. Britts, tliroug'li whose unfailing courtesies I have had the opportunity to study many of the paleobotanical types from the Missouri Coal Measures, the original type described and illustrated by Lesquereux. A comparison of this type with the rhaterial labeled Sigillaria fissa, mentioned above, shows at once not only that they all belong to the same species, but that the frag- ments belong to the same individual, since No. 6660 is merely the adjoining and contiguous segment of stem fitting against the type partially illustrated as Lepidophloios sigiUarioides. The two fragments were either separated at the time of collection or one was afterwards misplaced. Both of these frag- ments, which may be treated as one, represent the impression of a trvink ] 2 cm. or more in width on the matrix. No. 6659, a portion of which is shown in PI. LXXJ Fig. 2, is a fragment of that portion of the flattened stem itself which made the impression just described, and when placed in its original position it is foimd to lie across the line of fractui-e between No. 6660 and the type of the Lepidopldoios, covering, in fact, a portion of both. The intimate relationship of the species in hand to SigiUaria campto- fcenia is very obvious. The bolsters are distant and similar, though shorter and proportionately wider in the material under consideration, there being- but little trace of the bolster below the inferior field. The outer sur- face of the stem is finely shagreened, the longer axes being longitudinal. There are even slight traces of an irregular, ropy striation comparable to S. camptotcenia, but the broad strands are low, when present, faint and nearly vertical. As in the latter species, the leaf scars project beyond the bolster, and are apparently epidermal in their connection ; btit the scar is more angular above, and, especially, rather narrowly angular below, so that the vertical diameter is pi'oportionately much greater, the lower mar- gins being much more convex. The superior and inferior fields are much broader vertically in S. campttotcenia. In S. sigiUarioides the lateral cicatri- cules are higher in the leaf scar, distinctly separate, and more arched. Sigillaria fissa Lx., as described and figured from the Southern Anthra- cite field pf Pennsylvania,^ has the cortex marked in "narrow, undulate, smooth lines," its scars " cordate," emarginate, and its punctiform vascular 1 Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 13, pi. Ixvili, figs. 8, 8a; text, vol. ii, p. 425. = Lesquereux, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., vol. vi, 1854, p. 426; Gcol. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, 2, 1858, p. 871, pi. xiii, fig. 4. LYCOPODIALES— EUSIGILLAEIJi;— SIGILLAEIA. 241 trace near the center of a triang-ular-obovate, raised placque, or possibly a ring. The fig-ure of the species is qnite tnisatisfactory, biit we may infer from its details that it represents a s^iecies belonging to the SuhsigUlaricB. It is, however, impossible to identify the character of the leaf scar, as given in both the figure and the description of 8. fissa, with those seen in the type of Lepidophloios sigillarioides. Hence, notwithstanding the unpleasant features of the binomial, there seems, in compliance with the laws of nomen- clature, no alternative to the preservation of the earlier specific ajjpellation, and the consequent designation of the species as Sigillaria sigillarioides. Localities. — Near Clinton, Henry County, Missouri. The portion figured by Lesquereux is in the collection of Dr. J. H. Britts, of Clinton. Fragments of the same specimen are Nos. 6659 and 6660 of the Lacoe collection in the United States National Museum. Hobbs's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6173. SiGiLLAEiA TESSBLLATA (Steinli.) Brongn. 1818. PhytoUthus iesseUatiis Steinhauer, Traus. Anier. Pbil. Soc, vol. i, j). 295, pi. vii, fig. 2. 1835. PhytoUthus tessellafus Steinli., Holland, Hist. i3escr. Foss. Fuel, p. 94, text fig. 5. 1820. An Palmacites variolatus Sclilotheim, Petrefoctenkuude, p. 393, pi. xv, fig. 3((, hi 1828. Sigillaria tessellata (Steinh.) Brouguiart, Prodrome, p. 65. 1836. Sigillaria tessellata (Steinli.) Brongniart, Hist. veg. foss., vol. i, p. 436, pi. clxii, figs. 1-4; pi. clvi, fig. 1. 1850. Sigillaria tessellata (Steinh.) Brougn., Mautell, Pict. Atl., p. 27, pi. v, fig. 8. 1855. Sigillaria tessellata {Steiuh.) BroBgn.yGemitZjYerst. Steinkohl. Sachsen, p. 44, pi. v, figs. 6-8. 1857. Sigillaria tessellata (Steinh.) Brougn., Goldenberg, Fl. Foss. Sanep., vol. ii, p. 29, figs. 14, 15. 1879. Sigillaria tessellata (Steinh.) Brougn., Schimper, Traiti?, vol. i, p. 8 (pars), pi. Ixviii, fig. 2 (figs. 1,3?). 1875. Sigillaria tessellata (Steinh.) Brougn., W. H. Bailey, Figs. Char. Brit. Foss., ■pi. xxxiv, figs. 5, 5b. 1876. Sigillaria tessellata (Steinh.) Brougn., O. Feistmantel, Verst. bohm. Kohleu-Abl., vol. iii, p. 7 (pi. i, figs. 1, 2?). 1878. Sigillaria tessellata (Steinh.) Brougn., Zeiller, Veg. foss. terr. houill., p. 132, pi. clxxiii, fig. 2. 1879. Sigillaria tessellata (Steinh.) Brougn., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 14, pi. Ixxii, fig. 2 (3'?,4f); text, vol. ii (1880), p. 481 (pars). 1881. Sigillaria tessellata (Steinh.) Brongn., Weiss, Aus d. Fl. d. Steink., p. 4, jil. i, fig. 4. MON XXXVII 16 242 FLOEA OP LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. ISSfi. SigiUaria tesseUata (Steiub.) Brongu., Zeiller, Fl. foss. bassin houill. Valen- ciennes, Atlas, pi. Ixxxv, tigs. 1-4, 4f(, 5-9, 9«; pi. Isxsvi, flgs. 1-6; text (1888), p. 561. 1886. Si(/ilJ(trk( tesseUata (Steinh.) Brongn., Weiss, Sig. d. Pr. Steink., vol. i, p. 56, pl, XV, flgs. 9, 10, 32 (21, 26?). 1888. SigiUaria tesseUata (Steinh.) Brongn., Toula, Die Steinkohlen, p. 199, pl. iv, fig. 9. 1890. Sif/iUaria tesseUata (Steinh.) Brongn., Grand'Eury, G^ol. et pal. bassin houill. Gard, p. 252, pl. x, fig. 10. 1833. Favularia tesseUata (Steinh.) Lindley and Hntton, Poss. Fl., vol. i, p. 205, pl. Ixxiii, pl. Ixxiv, pl. Ixxv. 1836. SigiUaria Knorrii Brongniart, Hist. veg. foss., p. 444, pl. clvi, figs. 2, 3; pl. clxii, flg. 6. 1857. SigiUaria Knorrii Brongn., Goldenberg, Fl. Foss. Sarst p., vol. ii, p. 28, pl. vii, fig. 18. 1876. SigiUaria Knorrii Brongn., O. Feistmantel, Yerst. bohni. KohleuAbl., vol. iii, p. 9, pl. i, figs. 7, 8. 1836. An SiqiUaria aJveoIaris (Stb.) Brongniart, Hist. veg. foss., vol. i, p. 443, i)l. clxii, fig. 5? 1841. Galamosyrinx ZicicJcaviensis Petzholdt, De Bal. et Gal., p. 28, pl. ii, figs. 1, 2. 1842. Calamosyrinx Ziciclcaviensis Petzholdt, N. Jahrb. f. Min,, p. 183, pl. v. 1848. SigUlaria ZwicMviensis (Petz.) Goeppert, in Bronn: Index Pal., p. 1145. 1848. SigiUaria Morandii Sanveur, Veg. foss. terr. houill. Belg., p. Ivii, fig. 4. 1887. SigiUaria llorandii Sauv., Weiss, Sigill. d. Pr. Steink., vol. i, p. 60, pl. xv, fig. 24. 1848. SigiUaria sexangula Sanveur, Veg. foss. terr. houill. Belg., pl. liii, fig. 1 (fig. 21). 1848. SigiUaria contigua Sauv^eur, Veg. foss. terr. houill. Belg., pl. Iii, flg. 1. 1870. SigiUaria lalayana Schiuii)er, Traite, vol. ii, p. 84, pl. Ixvii, fig. 2. 1880. SigiUaria lalayana Schimper, in Zittel: Handb., vol. ii, p. 205, fig. 155. 1874. SigiUaria Dournaisii Brongn., Schimper, Traite, Atlas, p. 24, pl. Ixviii, fig. 2. 1879. SigiUaria vtammiUaris Brongn., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 14, pl. Ixxii, fig. 5 (flg. 6?); text, vol. ii (1880), p. 483 (pars). 1883. SigiUaria aUernans L. and H., Achepohl, Xiederrh.-Westfal. Steink., p. 24, pl. v, flg. 3. A few fragmeDts of the carbonized cortex of this species were found among the fragments of black laminated "bone" from Jordan's coal mine. The leaf scars, which are very close vertically, are separated horizontally by a faintly flexiiose, lineate furrow, so that our specimens very closely resemble, both in size and in aspect, the enlargements of SigiUaria cumulata \m: paucistriata given by Weiss ^ in his elaboration of the FavularicB. The form in hand probably represents the variety y of Brongniart. Although SigiUaria tesseUata is kept separate from S. elegans Brongn. by 'Die Sigillarien d. Preuss. SteinkoMeu: Abh. d. geol. Specialk. Pr. u. Tbiiring. St., vol. vii, 3, p.30,pl.ix, figs. 34(1, 6. LYCOPODIALES— EUSIGILLAEI^— SIGILLAEIA. 243 many paleontologists, among wliom is Professor Zeiller/ the two species are united by most authors, including Professor Lesquereux. The latter, however, seems to have so intei-preted the character of the species as to make it include a number of forms placed by European paleobotanists in other species, while assigning to -S'. mammillaris Brongn. certain types which appear to harmonize better with the European S. tessellata. The genus Sigillaria offers perhaps the best illustration of the difficulty of identifying the fossils of one continent in accordance with the insufficient descriptions, imperfect or often misleading figures, and frequently erroneous nomenclature and synonymy in the earlier literature of another and some- what distant continent. It is no cause for wonder if many of the iden- tifications of matei-ial in America made in dependence on the European literature of the first three-quarters of this century are found on a compari- son of specimens to be faulty. Locality. — Jordan's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6214. Sigillaria ovata Sauv. 1848. Sigillaria ovata Sauveur, Veg. foss. terr. houill. Belg., pi. li, fig. 2. 1886. Sigillaria ovata Sauv., Zeiller, Fl. foss. bassiu houill. Valeucieuues, Atlas, pi. Ixxix, figs. 4, 5, 5a, 6, 7 (fig. 3 l); text (1888), p. 522. 1883. Sigillaria Essenia AchepoLl, Niederrli.-Westfiil. Steink,, ]}. 118, pi. xxxvi, fig. 9. Several fragments of stems belonging to the subgenus Rhytidolepis exhibit oval scars of the proportions illustrated by Sauveur under the above name. They are also closely related to forms determined by Professor Lesquereux as S. mammillaris var. latior and 8. orbicularis, or still more closely to a new species^ from the Anthracite series of Pennsylvania. Until the American material in this genus is somewhat revised it seems impracticable to attempt to point out the specific differences between examples referred to the above-named species and others found in this country. Locality. — Jordan's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6216. ' Fl. foss. bassiu houill. Valenciennes, p. 561. 2 In unpublished MSS. 244 FLOE A or LOWElt COAL MEASUEES OF MISSOUEL STIGMAEIA Brougniart, 1822. Mem. Mus. liist. nat., vol. viii, p. 228. Stiumaria tereucosa (Martin) S. A. Miller. 1804. Parkinson, Org. Eem., vol. i, pi. iii, fig. 1. 1809. Phi/tolithus verrucosus Martin, Outlines, p. 203. 1809. Phytolifhns verrucosus Martin, Petrificata Derb., pis. xi, xii, xiii* : Syst. arrange- ment, p. 23. 1818. PliytoUtlms verrucosus (Martin) Steinbauer, Trans. Amer. Pbil. Soc. vol. i, p. 268, pi. iv, figs. 1^(5, C?). 1820. Tariolaria ficoides Sternberg, Fl. d. Torw., vol. i, fasc. 1, p. 24, pi. xl, figs. 1-3 1822. Stigmaria ficoides (Stb.) Brongniart, Mem. Mus. hist, nat., vol. viii, pp. 228, 239, pi. 1, fig. 7. This ubiquitous species, ranging tlirougli the greater part of the Car- boniferous epoch, is too well known to all geologists to require fm-ther description in order to secure its recognition. Besides the figures to be found in nearly all test-books and general paleontologic works, it has been specially illustrated in many papers. Of particular importance among the latter is "A Monograph on the Morphology and Histology of Stigmaria Ficoides," by the late Prof. W. C. Williamson, published by the Palseonto- graphical Society.^ No attempt is here made to cite the numerous descrip- tions, the multitudes of figures by Goeppert and others, or the somewhat varied synon^any, beyond reference to the earlier binomial appellations. The specific identity of the specimens figm-ed by Parkinson, Stein- hauer, and Martin with those illustrated by Sternberg and Brongniart, on which most paleobotanists agree, involves a nomenclatm-al situation of no little embarrassment. Steinhauer, whose specific terms are as far as possible respected hy most authors, cites Parkinson's excellent fig- tu-e,^ while adopting the binomial designation proposed for this t}qje and both defined and illustrated by Martin.^ There is no doubt as to the spe- cific identity of Parkinson's illustration, and it is generally inscribed in the 1 London, 1887, pp. iv, 1-62, pis. i-xv. 2 Organic Remains of a Former World, etc., 1804, pi. iii, fig. 1. 3 The construction and scope of the name Phylolith us verrucosus are clearly and explicitly defined in Martin's " Outlines of an attempt to establish a knowledge of extraneous fossils on scientific prin- ciples." Macclesfield, 1809. See Sect, t, "Principles of nomenclature," pp. 198-205. See "Petrificata Derbiensia," 1809, Systematic Arrangement, p. 23, pis. xi, xii, xiii*. LYCOPODIALES— SIGILLAEIE^— STIGMAEIA. 245 syiionymy ^ of Sticpnaria ficoides, as are also the reduced figures given by Mar- tin and Steinhauer. We appear, therefore, to have had in use for tliis Stigmaria a sufficiently defined and illustrated binomial appellation of earlier date than the name proposed by Sternberg. Hence, if this'is true, we should, in the con- sistent observance of laws generally just and tending to uniformity and preci- sion in paleontologic nomenclature, employ the earlier name of the species, although conscious of the annoyance or disadvantage to geologists and others not in close touch with paleobotanical literature resulting from the reference to this most familiar fossil under an entirely unfamiliar specific name. Among the specimens in the present collection is one with rather dis- tant pits, the intermediate surface being rugose and in-egularly wrinkled longitudinally. It is difficult to say, however, to what extent these charac- ters may be due to the pressure the fragment has evidently undergone. Locality. — Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6271; also in shale from the same region, transmitted by Dr. J. H. Britts. Stigmaria Etenii Lx, 1866. Stigmaria Evenii Lesquereux, Kept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. ii, p. i48, pi. xxxix, fig. 9. 1879. Stigmaria Evenii Lesquereux, Goal Flora, Atlas, p. IG, pi. Ixxv, fig. 1. 1886. Stigmaria Evenii Lx., Zeiller, Fl. toss, bassin liouill. Valencienues, Atlas, pi. xci, fig. 7; text (1888), p. 618. ' Examples are : 1832. Liiidley and Hattou, F'oss. Flora, vol. 1, p. 92, pi. xsxi. 1841. Unger, Chloris ProtoftiBa, p. lilt; Synopsis, 1845, p. 116, and {a.s Stig. anabathra) Gen. Sp. PI. Foss., 1850, p. 228. 1841. Goeppert, Gattungen, p. 47; Zeitschr. d. deutsoh. geol. Gesell., vol. iii, 1851, p. 279. Ueber- gangsgebirge, 1852, p. 245. Foss. Fl. perm. Form., 1864, p. 198v 1853. Geinitz, Preisschrift, p. 59. 1862. Goldenberg, Fl. Sartep. Foss., vol. iii, p. 19 (syn. S. anaiathra). 1869. Von Roehl, Foss. Fl. Steiuk. Westphalens, p. 119 (syn. S. anabathra). 1871. Weiss, Foss. Fl. Steiuk. u. Rotlil. Saar-Rh. Geb., p. 169. 1872. Schimper, Traits, vol. ii, p. 114. 1875. Binney, Obs. Struct. Foss., pt. iv, p. 139 1876. O. Feistmautel, A^erst. bobm. Kohlen-Ablag., vol. iii, p. 41. 1880. Lesqiiereux, Coal Flora, vol. ii, p. 514. 1886. Kidston, Cat. Pal. PL, p. 203; Yorkshire Carb. Flora, pt. i, p. 7. 1887. AVilliamson, Monogr. Stig. ticoides, p. 2. 1888. Howse, Cat. Foss. PI. Huttou Coll., p. 107 (123). 1880. Zeiller, Fl. loss, bassin bouill. Valenciennes, p. 611 (cites Parkinson). 1890. Renault, Fl. foss. bassiu bouill. Couimentry, vol. ii, p. 552 (cites Parkinson). "I have not thought it necessary to refigure the common aspects of Stigmaria ficoides with its attached rootlets. Every geologist is familiar with these forms. Such figures have been well sup- plied by Martin under the name oi PhytoUihus vermcoiiia ; by Artis as Mcoi. 320. 1880. Cordaites communis Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. ii, p. 534. 1893. Cordaites communis Lx., D. White, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 98, p. 105. 1899. Cordaites communis Lx., D. White, 19th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. 3, p. 533. The species originally described from Missouri is represented in the collection by numerous specimens, some of which probably come from the type locality. The general form of the leaf, as seen in part in PI. XVI, is spatulate. From the broadest point, in the upper part, it narrows gently to the thickened base, which is slightly crescentic when compressed, and is not infrequently as much as 2 cm. wide in the full-grown examples. The apex of the leaves is rather broadly truncate-rounded and slightly oblique. The nervation of this species, as seen from the examination of the types of the species now in the Lacoe collection, is very irregular in character and apparent density. Even on the same leaf it may be found composed in one area, especially near the base, of moderately strong nerves close together or separated by from one to three or four less prominent, or, in another area it comprises distant, quite prominent nerves, perhaps 15 to 20 to the centimeter, separated by from four to six smaller nerves. The difficulty of arriving at a satisfactory numerical characterization of the nerves is further increased by the irregular disappearance or immersion of the intermediate nerves in the thick tissue of the leaf and the fine striation, perhaps due to the rows of cells, which is often more conspicuous than the depressed intermediate ner- vation. These rows or strise number about twelve to the millimeter in some specimens. The inflorescence described as CordaiantJms ovatiis Lx. belongs almost certainl}' to this species, to which I am also disposed to refer the Cordai- carpus cerasiformis as the fruit. Cordaites communis is, in the Missouri flora, the host of Hystcrites Cordaitis Grr. 'Ey., the bordered perithecias of which are frequently found in its leaves. GYMNOSPERMS— COED AIT ALES— OOEDAITES. 261 The distinction between the leaves described as Cordaites communis and certain forms referred to other species, such, for instance, as the leaves from Cannelton recorded as C. horassifolius (Stb.) Ung., is not clear to me. From G. lingidatus Gr. 'Ey., the leaves of which are somewhat similar, G. communis differs by the greater distance of the prominent nerves in most portions of the leaf and by the less rounded apices. Localities. — Deepwater mine, U. S. Nat. Mus.; Pitcher's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5418, 5702; Grilkerson's Ford, a small fragment, U. S. Nat. Mus,, 6282 ; also a specimen of doubtful specific identity from Jordan's coal bank, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6281. Cordaites diveksifolius Lx.? 1870. Cordaites angustifoUtin Lesquereux (uou Dawson), Kept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iv, p. 420 (pars?). 1878. Cordaites diversifoUus Lesquereux, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, vol. xvii, p. 320, pi. xlviii, figs. 3, 3« (pars). 1879. Cordaites diversifoUus Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, pi. Ixxvii, tigs. 3, 3«; text, vol. ii (1880), p. 535 (pars). There are among the ironstone nodules from Grilkerson's Ford a few fragments of doubtful specific relations which I should hardly venture to refer to this species but for the facts that it is recorded^ from the same vicinity by Professor Lesquereux, and that such characters as are shown by the specimens in hand appear to agree with material labeled under the same name by the author of the species. It should be noted, however, that the specimens assigned at various times by Lesquereux to G. diversifoUus are not all of one species, since some of the fragments may belong to Dorycor- daites, while others from Arkansas are apparently specifically inseparable from the material from the Boston mine near Pittston, Pennsylvania, labeled as G. horassifolius (Stb.) Ung. My identification of the specimens in the ironstone is both temporary and questionable. The fragments before me are nearer the Bori/cordaites group, and may, in conformity with the views expressed by Grand 'Eury, belong to the Samaropsls type of fruit. It is quite possible that the leaf fragments in hand may have been borne on the same tree with the Gardiocarpus {Samaropsls') Branneri Fairch. and D. W., to be described further on. Locality. — Gilkerson's Ford. ' Coal Flora, vol. ii, p. 536. 262 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL CORDAIANTHUS OVATUS Lx. PI. LXXII, Figs. 1,2. 1878. Oordaianthus gemmifer G-r. 'Ey,, Lesqucreux, Proc. Am. PhiL Soc.,vol. xvii, p. 326, pi. xlvii, fig. 5. 1879. Cordaianthns gemmifer Gr. 'Ey., Lesqiiereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 16, pi. Ixxvi, figs. 5, 5fl; text, vol. iii (1884), p. 914. 1880. Cordaianthus ovatus Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. ii, p. 545, pi. i.xxvi, figs. 5, 5a. The axis of this species, as seen in the original type. No. 9187 of the Lacoe collection,^ is robust, distinctly and rather coarsely striate. The gem- mules ai-e open, ovate or ovate-oval, close at the apex, and apparently arranged four to a complete turn of the spiral. The scales are ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, rather fleshy toward the base, and distinctly carinate toward the top, the keel being somewhat prominent in the almost mucronate apex. Usually they are erect and fairly clearly defined, numbering perhaps 40 to 50 to the gemmule. The bracts are very broad at the base, contracting rapidly with a concave margin to a narrow lineate rigid spine of variable length, though always longer than the gemmule. The enlarged detail, 5a on pi. Ixxvi of the Coal Flora, appears to have been drawn from some specimen other than the original of fig. 5. The same features are seen in No. 9192, another of the specimens originally studied, and in No. 9202, illustrated in PI. LXXII, Fig. 2, and No. 9210, Avhich show better the fragments of bracts, often exceeding twice the length of the gemmule to the point of fracture, while the gemmules themselves vary somewhat as to their distance along the axis. In No. 9209, a specimen from Missouri labeled with the above name by Lesquereux, we find a smooth axis bearing rather large crowded gem- mules with long scales. So far as the character of the latter have weight the specimen would seem rather to belong to Cordaianthus dichotomus Lx., if, indeed, that species is really distinct from the one under consideration. The striation of the axis is not, however, constantly visible in the specimens of C. ovatus, since it seems to depend on the degree of compression, and shows only in those portions of the stem that are slightl}' decorticated. In most of the specimens from Peimsylvania referred by Professor Lesquereux to this species, including Nos. 9190 and 9191 of the Lacoe collection, originals used in the description of the species, the axis is somewhat convex and shows ' The fragment figured iu the Coal Flora is from the vicinity of Clinton, Missouri; not from Ciinnelton, Pennsylvania, a* inferred from the habitat named on ji. 546 of that work. GYMNOSPERMS— CORDAITALES— CORDAIANTHUS, 263 merely the irregular transverse cracks or fissures in the carbon. The latter may be only the result of shrinkage of an axis composed largely of cellular tissue or they may bear some . slation to the chambering of the pith. The specimens from Caniielton have the gemmules usually more crowded, the scales being generally a little shorter. Very interesting, as furnishing the data for the correlation of this species, is the type described on page 534 of the Coal Flora as the stem of Cordaites communis Lx. In the specimen, No. 8946 of the Lacoe collection, the impression of a segment of stem or branch 14 cm. long and 2.3 cm. in diameter shows about thirty leaf scars. From the axils of every one of these, so far as can be learned without injury to the specimen, in the upper half of the segment, there radiate rather slender racemes of Cordaianthus. The pedicels and gemmules on the upper part of the slab are rather slender, having about the proportions of the C. dichotomus figured in the Coal Flora,^ but those nearer the base of the segment are unmistakable specimens of Cordaianthus ovatus, and indicate the specific identity of the latter with the type stem and intermingled leaf fragments of Cordaites communis. The full length of the lineate bracts is rarely shown. In one rather small specimen they are, however, seen as slender, slightly decurrent needles, 39 mm. in lengih, or over five times the length of the gemmules. The fragment of a very small raceme, shown in PL LXXII, Fig. 1, is suggestive of the Cordaianthus gracilis of Gi-and 'Eury,^ or to some extent the C. Volkmanni (Ett.) Zeill.,^ though the resemblance to Ettingshausen's Calamites Volkmanni* is more remote. Cordaianthus ovatus aj^pears to diff'er from C. ehracteatus Lx., to which it seems closely related, by the absence of the bracts and the usually shorter scales in the latter. The difference between it and C. dichotomus consists perhaps in the rather larger and longer scales and the possible dichotomy of the axis in the type described under the latter name, though it appears somewhat questionable whether the distinction between these two plants, found at the same locality, is of even varietal rank. The characters in common will be mentioned in the remarks on the latter species. I PI. lxxvi,tig.6. 2F1. carb. Loire, p. 230, pi. xxvi, fig. 7. ■'FI. foss. bassiii houill. Vaieucieiiues, p. 637, pi. xciv, figs. 6, 6a. ^SteinkohleuU. Striidouitz, pi. v, fins. 1-3. 264 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASUEES OF MISSOUEL LocaHties.—Vicinity of Clinton, Missouri, Nos. 8946, 9187, 9192, 9202, 9209, 9210, Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus; Pitcher's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6073, 6212; Hobbs's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6210. OORDAIANTHUS DICHOTOMUS Lx. 1878. Cordaianthus gemmifer Gr. 'Ey., Lesquereux, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, vol. xvii, p. 320, pi. xlvii, fig. 6. 1879. Cordaianthus gemmifer Gr. 'Ey., Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 16, pi. ixxvi, figs. 6, db; text, vol. iii (1884), p. 914. 1880. Cordaianthus dichotomus Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. ii, p. 546, pi. Ixxvi, figs 6, 66. The relationship of the type^ described under the above name to C. ovatiis is one of the closest affinity, if the two species are not in fact identical. After an attentive examination of the original of figs. 6 and 6b, on pi. Ixxvi of the Coal Flora, I am far from certain that the specimen there represented is to be separated from the C. ovatus found in the same locality. The gemmules do not differ in form from those described above. The scales are likewise ovate-lanceolate, carinate, the keel passing into the acute point conspicuously as in ovatus, though this character is not brought out in the detail, fig. 66. So also the bracts are dilated at the base and quickly contracted to a striated, rigid, long, slender needle, being identical in their superfcial characters with those in the other species. With the exception of the dichotomies, the only external features by which C. dichotomus and C. ovatus may be separated are a possibly greater elongation of the gemmule, the scales being perhaps a little longer and larger, and the less robust axis. But we have seen fertile axes of the same character, save the forking, in the upper part of the stem of Cardaites communis (type No. 8946 of the Lacoe collection) which bear indubitable gemmules of Cordianthus ovatus, while the attitude in the matrix of the compressed radiating spikes about the stem in No. 8946 is strongly suggestive of the arrangement figured as typical of C. dichotomus. The inspection of the figure of the latter species given in the Coal P'lora^ convinces me that three at least of the four dichotomies there represented are the result of coincidence of position in the horizontal projection, the axes, all of which undoubtedly spring from a single branch or stem, being ' No. 9212 of the Laeoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus. - PI. Ixxvi, rigs. 6. 66, p. r<-lCt GYMNOSPERMS— CORDAITALES— CORDAICARPOI>r. 205 in different planes, while the fourth lower central dichotomy in the figure leaves much to be desired as to distinctness. However, dichotomy is not unknown in other species of Cordaianthus. It is quite possible that further discoveries of Cordaianthus in these beas will lead to the union not only of Cordaianthus dichotomus and C. ovatus,^ but also C. rugosus Lx., the Illinois type of which affords very slight ground for its differentiation. Localities. — Vicinity of Clinton, Missouri, No. 9212 of the Lacoe col- lection. Two fragments, perhaps representing C. ovatus Lx., with rather long scales, are from Hobbs's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6200; and Deep- water, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6199. CORDAIOARPON Geinitz, 1862. 1828. Gardiocarpon Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 87 (pars). 1857. Cyclocarpon Goeppert and Fiedler, Nova Acta Acad, 0. L. C. Nat. Our., vol. xxvi, p. 292. 1862. Gordaicarpon Geinitz, Dyas, vol. ii, p. 150. 1881. Gordaispennum Brouguiart, in Renault: Gours bot. foss., vol. i, p. 102 (pars). CORDAICARPON CERASIFORME (Presl). 1838. Garpolites cerasi/ormis Presl, in Sternberg : Fl, d. Vorw., vol. ii, p. 208, pi. x, fig. 9. 1884. Carpoiithiis cerasiformis Presl, Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 824, pi. cxi, fig. 18. The two specimens which I refer to this species represent a small sub- orbicular, slightly cordiform fruit, the walls of which appear to have been less resistant than those of most of the fruits referred to this genus. Like the fruits described and illustrated by Presl and Lesquereux, they are some- what wrinkled in the compressed state. The outer envelope seems to have been rather thick. The surface is obscurely granular. The fruit from Missouri is somewhat smaller than the one from Arkansas figured in the Coal Plora, it having in fact very nearly the size of the one shown in Presl's figure. The specimens are also smaller and less apiculate than Zeiller's Cordaicarpus Boidayi? At first I was disposed to regard these bodies as sporangia, but the texture is quite different from any sporangia I have seen, while the presence ' The reference, on p. 933 of the 3d volume of the Coal Floia, of tig. 6, jil. Ixxvi, to Cordaianthus ovatus is probably a mechanical error. ^Fl. foss. bassiu houill. Valenciennes, Atlas, pi. xciv, tigs. 14, 14a. 266 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. of a narrow border zone, apparently corresponding to the comjiressed profile zone of one of the envelopes of a Cordaicarpon, such as C. GutMeri, and the obscurely cordate base, have convinced me that we have really to do with representatives of the latter genus. The reference to Presl's Carpolites cerasi- formis is not without douljt. Localities. — Deepwater, U. S. Nat. Mus.. 6164; Hobbs's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6165. GARDIOCARPON Brongniart, 1828. Prodrome, p. 87 (pars). Cardiocarpon (Samaropsis) Brankeri Fairch. and D. W. MSS. PI. LXXII, Fig. 3; PI. LXI, Fig. le. 1899. Cardiocarpon Branneri Fairch and D. W. MSS., D. White, 19th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. 3, p. 534. Fruit small, oval or ovate, and slightly prolonged at the somewhat truncate base, 10 to 12 mm. long, 7 to 9 mm. wide, consisting of an ovate nucleus within a relatively wide wing; wing oval, blunt, and incised a little, or very slightly emarginate at the apex, sometimes slightly rounded on either side of the micropyle, near which it forms a border 2 to 2.5 mm. in width, narrowing slightly downward toward the lateral angles of the nucleus to 1.5 to 2 mm. in width, then prolonged or dilated in a basal lobe 3 to 5 mm. wide, extending 3 to 5 mm. downward and truncate, or truncate rounded at the base, whicli is often traversed by a fine, clear line passing downward from the nucleus ; nucleus ovate-triangular, usually rather obtuse just below the acuminate apex, generally uniform in size, about 7 mm. long, 5 mm. wide, broadest a little below the middle of its altitude, either very obtusely rounded or truncate at the base, very thinly lenticular in cross section, thickest near the base, or, when flattened, often marked by a small oval medial convexity above the base, above which a line or faint ridge passes upward to the micropyle. The interesting examples of Samaropsis, one of which is figured in PI. LXXII, Fig. 3, are found in the clay ironstone matrix, both with and without the marginal wing. The specimens that are less flattened are but slightly convex and have but very little adherent carbonaceous residue. The wing, which is peculiarly dilated at the base, diff'ering thus from all the other small species with which I am acquainted, is obviously very thin, GYMNOSPERMS— CORBAITALES— KHABDOCAEPOS. 267 And probably membranaceous. In one compressed specimen the nucleus is bordered by an inter^-ening; narrow, minutely rugose-striate zone, about .5 mm. in width, which apparently represents an envelope. The surface of the wing is dull and moderately smooth; that of the nucleus is granular near the base and granular-striate toward the top, as viewed by the lens. The illustration of C. Branneri in Fig. 3, PI. LXXII, fails to show the ordinary width of the basal dilation of the wing, or the usually more or less triangular form of the nucleus. This species, found quite abundantly at Gilkerson's Ford, has also been discovered in the Coal Measures of Arkansas, from which it has been described by Prof H. L. Fairchild and myself in a report submitted to the State geologist of that State. The upper part of the fruit resembles on a small scale the con-esponding portion of the Cardiocarpus orMcularis Ett.,^ though the basal portion is quite different. It is probably nearest to C. zonulatus Lx.,^ from which it differs, however, by the much broader down- ward expansion of the wing. The C.fluitans of Dawson' is somewhat smaller, more distinctly granular, and lacks the pronounced dilation of the wing at the base, while the marginal expansion at the top is j^roportionally wider. ioca/%.— Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6150, 6157, 6255, 6262. EHABDOCARPOS Goeppert and Berger, 1848. De fructibus et Seminibus ex Form. Lithanthr., p. 20. EHABDOCARPOS (PACHYTBSTA) MaNSFIELDI Lx. 1879. Rhahdocarims Mansfieldi Lesquereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 18, pi. Ixxxv, fig. 21. 1883. Ehabdocarpus Mansfieldi Lesquereux, 13th Rept. Geol. Surv. Indiana, pt. 2, pl. xxii, flg. 7. 1889. Rhabdocarpus Mansfieldi Lx., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, vol. ii, p. 8fi8, text flg. 1880. Gordaicarpus Mansfieldi Lesquereux, Goal Flora, vol. ii, p. 539, pl. Ixxxv, fig. 21; vol. iii (1884), p. 916. 1880. Gordaites Mansfieldi Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. ii, p. 537 (pars), i)l. Ixxxvii, fig. 8. Several specimens from Missouri agree well with examples in the col- lections of the United States National Museum derived from the type locality, Cannelton, in Pennsylvania, and labeled with the above name by Professor Lesquereux. On one slab three specimens, slightly smaller than ' Steinkohleufl. V. Stradonitz, pl. vi, fig. 4. ^Coal Flora, vol. ill, p. 813, pl. ex, figs. 14-17. 3 Cond. Dep. of Coal, pl. xii, fig. 74. 268 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOLTRL the average, lie nearly in a row, theii* axes parallel, close by the side of a striated branching stem over 2 cm. in diameter. No dii-ect attacluuent of the fruits to the stem is clear, thoug-h the aiTangement is sti'ongh" suggestive of a former organic union. Although Rliahdocarpos Mamfieldi is described by Lesquereux as the fruit of Cordaites Mansfieldi, it having been found by him on a branch refen-ed to that species and occm-riug in the same beds, no leaves have yet been found in Missouri that can, I believe, safely be identified with the Cannelton Cordaites. Bhahdocarpos Mansfieldi resembles in size Pachytesta incrassata Brongn., to which it is so obviously closely related that there is little room for doubt that its structure is in general the same as that of the latter species, so thor- oughl}' and beautifully illustrated by Brongniai*t in his Recherches sur les Graines Fossiles Silifiees^ and by Renault in the Flora of Autun and Epinac." Om- American fruit, which is shorter, proportionally wider, more distinctly obovate, with wider ribs than the species last named, is much smaller than the P. gigantea Brongn. P. intermedia of Grand 'Eury,^ another related species, is longer, much more slender, and more pointed at the exti'emities. Rliahdocarpos Schidtziamis, which has also been included in Pachytesta by Grand 'Eury,* is much smaller than R. Mansfieldi, oval, and rounded at the ends. Localities. — Owen's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6178. The precise locality of the slab from the vicinity of Clinton is not known; U. S. Nat. Mus., 6170. Ehabdocarpos multistriatxjs (Presl) Lx. 1838. Garpolites multistriatu^ Presl, iu Sternberg : Yersuch, vol. ii, p. 208, pi. xxxix, figs. 1, 2. 1880. Bhabdocarpiis multistriatus (Presl) Lesquereux, Coal Flora, vol. ii, p. 578 (pars). 1899. Rhahdocarpus multistriatus (Presl) Lx., D. White, 19th Aun. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. 3, p. 53i. It is with great doubt that I refer several specimens to this species, the interpretation of which seems to have led to much confusion both in the literatm-e and in the collections pertaining to American Paleozoic plants. Much of this material, including that now under consideration, would appear to be referable to the original type of Trigonocarpum Schultzianum of ' Paris, 18Sil, pis. xlx, xs. See also pis. xvii, xviii, xxi. -Bassin honiller et permien d'Autun et d'fipinac, fasc. iv; Flore fossile, 2me partie, Atlas, Paris, 1893, pi. Ixxx. ^G^ol. et pal. bassin houill. Gard, 1890, p. 308, pl. viii, fig. 3. *F\. carb. Loire, p. 203. GYMNOSPE liMS— CORD AITALES— EH ABDOCARPOS. 269 Goeppert and Berger^ more properly than to CarpolUes multistriatus Presl.' The former type, setting aside the question of the essential Trigonocarpal character, appears to be longer, more distinctly elliptical, pointed, with the ribs much more numerous and finer. The latter is oval, with -wider, broadly convex ribs, apparently about fifteen or eighteen in number. Some of the specimens referred to the former are undoubtedly close to RJiabdocmyos apiculatus and B. carinatns of Newberry, as Kidstou^ has pointed out. Others, chiefly from the Potts\nlle series, have nutlets resembling the last- named form, but the envelopes appear to have been long, extending some distance above the apex of the nut, with broad truncate-rounded apex and striated, not ribbed, surface. On the other hand, a portion of the material labeled as well as that figured* by Professor Lesquereux as Trir/onocarpus SchuUzianus, appears to me to stand closer to some of the forms illustrated by Fiedler^ than to the original example described by Goeppert and Berger, or the specimens figured by Zeiller." It is more than possible that the incom- patibilities in the identification of these two species in our native collections are very largely due to the varied conceptions of those species portrayed by the European authors. The examination, as I have suggested above, of the collections to which I have had access, seems to show^ that most of our speci- mens determined as Bhahdocarpos multistriatus are really much nearer the Trigonocarpum Schultzianum, although in the flattened specimens the main tri- costate feature is often obliterated. On the other hand, some of the examples labeled as Trigonocarpum Schultzianum often lack all traces of the tricostate character and are probably nearer the RJiabdocmyos midtistriatus, while still others approach the Bhahdocarpos Jacksonensis of Lesquereux.'^ The material from Missouri, although lacking a distinct Trigonocarpoid aspect, belongs among the large number of specimens which, as it seems to me, would better be placed under Trigonocarpum Schultzianum. However, for the pres- ent I follow the identification by Professor Lesquereux, leaving the final reference of this fruit to a revision of this entire group of species. Locality. — Owen's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6202. ' ijerger, De fruct. et semiu. ex form, litbanthr., 1848, p. 20, pi. ii, figs. 22, 23. -In Sternberg: Versuch, vol. ii, appendix, 1838, p. 208, pi. xxxix, fig. 12. 'Cat. Pal. PI. Brit. Mus., 1886, p. 213. < Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 819, pl. ex, figs. 63-65. 6Die foss. Fruchte d. Steink.-Form., 1857, p. 283, pl. xxiv, figs. 18-20; pl. xxvi, figs. 25-26. ^Fl. foss. bassin houill. Valenciennes, p. 651, plate xciv, figs. 15-16. 'Kept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. ii, 1860, p. 461, pl. xlvi, fig. 4. 270 FLOKA OF LOWEE COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. TITANOPHYLLUM Renault, 1890. Fl. foss. bassiu houill. Commentry, pt. 2, p. 622. Among the material sent by Dr. Britts from North and Wood's coal shaft, one-half mile east of North's Station, on the Kansas City, Clinton and Springfield Railroad, there was found what appears to be the base of a very large and very thick leaf, like Cordaites in several respects. In a memo- randum accompanying it was the statement that some of the leaves of this plant were over 1 foot wide and 4 to 6 feet in length. This specimen, though imperfectly preserved, seemed so strongly to resemble the large leaf bases figured by Renault^ that further inquiries were made as to the occur- rence and form of these specimens. In reply Dr. Britts writes: "They are certainly immense leaves, and were attached without foot-stalks to large stems or trees, like a corn blade. * * * I found several bases of these leaves, but no points. * * * The bases were somewhat contracted laterally and thickened where they appear to have been attached to round stems, some of them at least 6 inches or more in diameter." The evidence so kindly furnished by Dr. Britts, as well as that afforded by the fragment in hand, leads me to regard it as probable that we have here to do with an American representative of that interesting genus of Gymno- sperms, Titanophyllum, hitherto known only in the Commentrj^ Basin. The generic description given b)^ Renault^ is as follows: Leaves of great size, measuring 70 to 7.5 cm. long by 20 to 25 cm. wide, with smooth, shining upper surface, traversed by longitudinal, hypodermal, parallel, nonbifurcating bauds, inserted by a much enlarged elliptical base; outline rectangular, gradually tapering toward the upper end, which is often fissured, the opposite extremity being sometimes concave or cordate. The bands and the nerves, which are parallel for nearly the whole length of the leaf, are curved in to terminate in the surface of inser- tion; a cuticle very thick and smooth covers the epidermis. From a study of the internal structure of the Commentry species, Titanopliyllmn Grand ^JEuryi, Renault was enabled to demonstrate a Cycadean organization analogous to that of the Colpoxylon Brongn. described from silicfied material obtained at Autun. ' Fl. foss. bassin houill. Commentry, pt. ii, p. 622, pi. Ixix. ^Loc. cit., p. 622. GYMNOSPERMS— (JOEDAITALES— TITANOPHYLLUM. 27 1 ?TlTANOPHYLLUM BRITISH n. Sp. The specimen in hand, from what seems to be the thick base of the leaf, though flattened, seems to represent a system of bands similar to that illustrated by Renault.' They are somewhat finer than those in the French type. The surface is distinctly and zonally striated. The incurving of the bands and nerves accompanying the contraction of the base of the leaf is very clearly seen. As flattened, the fragment seems to have a thickness of about 2 mm. While our flattened specimens are, possibly as the result of pressure, thinner at the base than are the French specimens, they appear to be somewhat larger. The generic identity of the American material with the French seems probable from the description communicated by Dr. Britts, though it can not be absolutely assured until more and better material shall have been examined. The slightly narrower bands in leaves apparently less thick and much larger, the leaves measuring 6 to 12 inches in width and 4 to 6 feet in length, distinguish our plant, supposing it to belong to Titanophyllum, from the Titanopliyllmn Grand 'Euryi, though in view of the resemblance of the impression to certain compressed stems or large branches, the formal diag- nosis of our species should not be given until more satisfactory material, susceptible of good illustration, is at hand. The specimens from Missouri are entirely carbonized and strongly compressed. Localities. — North and Wood coal shaft, one-half mile east of North's Station on the Kansas City, Clinton and Springfield Railroad, the vein worked being an extension of Jordan's coal, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6168. A smaller fragment, possibly of the same nature, comes from Gilkerson's Ford, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6169. CONIFER.^. TAXACE^gEP DICEANOPHYLLUM Grand 'Eury, 1873. Comptes Eendus Acad. Sci., vol. Ixx, p. 1021. The genus Dicranophylhmi, as founded by Grand 'Eury, contains certain arborescent conifers with spirally arranged, long, nan'ow, dichotomous, coria- ceous, rigid, acute, parallel-veined leaves with decurrent contiguous cushion- ' Loc. cit., pi. Ixix, fig. 4 or fig. 13. 272 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. like enlarged subrhomboidal, slightly oblique flesh}' leaf bases. The aspect of the branches is somewhat like Trkliopitys. The male element is gener- ated in small cones in the axils of the leaves, while the female organs are, according to Renault,^ ovules or seeds arranged in considerable numbers along the very oblique linear basal poition of the leaf. The leaves bearing the seeds fork but once. Generally the leaves, wdiich vary greatly in length, adhere to the branches until the latter are quite large. The leaf bases ai'e suggestive of Lejndodendron, but lack the lateral traces in the leaf scar and the appendages, though they are carinate. The scars are described- as a little above the middle of the cushions, oval, and marked in the center by a small depression coiTesponding to the single vascular bundle. Dicranophyllmn should, perhaps, together with TricJiojntys, Ginkgojihyllum, Saportcea, and Wliittleseya be associated with the Salisburiece in the Gink- goales, to which, among living plants, it appears to be most closely related. DlCRANOPHYLLlIJI? sp, PI. LXXIII, Fig. 1; PI. XLI, Fig. 10. Among the specimens collected by Dr. Britts from Hobbs's coal mine is a fragment of shale, on one side of which is a forked branch, each of the slightly unequal divisions being at an angle of about 45°, between 10 and 14 cm. long, very thick in proportion to the length, and clothed rather densely with narrow dichotomous leaves. The back side of the thin frag- ment of shale contains a robust twig of the same character, about 16 cm long and, like the others, thickly clothed with leaves. This twig lies in the same direction as that on the other side, and at the edge of the shale where the branches on both sides pass downward off the rock fragment the broken ends are inclined toward each other and are less than 5 mm. distant. It is probable, therefore, that both belong to a common parent branch. Unfortunately this example is not adapted to photograph}-, while the macerated aspect of the wliole specimen and the commingled ramose leaves, passing on all sides into the matrix, render its delineation without idealization most difficult. The leaves are very oblique and appear to overlap at the decuiTent bases. They are generally, as seen in the detail, PI. XLI, Fig. 10, slightly rigid, though often forked but a short distance 'Fl. foss. bassin houill. Commentry, pt. 2. p. 62S. * Renault, Fl. foss. bassin houill. et perm. d'Autuu et d'fipinac, pt. 2, 1896, p. 373. CONIFEE.E— DICRANOPHYLLUM. 273 from the base. The dichotomies are repeated three or four times at a rather narrow angle, and the ultimate divisions are often strongly outward curved. As remarked above, the branches appear to have been, macerated ; so that while it is obvious that the axis was robust and of considerable substance, no satisfactory evidence as to the leaf bases is at hand, while the leaves themselves are so destitute of any considerable residue of carbon- aceous matter and so lax, particularly toward the apex, as to sug-gest that the fossil should be rather associated nearer the Algje. Usually there is left not even any other trace of the vascular axis of the leaves than a rugose furrow or canal. Often this, too, is lacking. Numerous spore-like bodies of various dimensions, some of which equal large macrospores in size, are mingled with the leaves and seem to have been lodg-ed there. In the form 'and aspect of the branches, the general attitude of the decurrent leaves and the bifurcation and apparent basal rigidity of the latter — in fact, in their habit and such superficial characters as are visible, these plant frag- ments seem to represent badly macerated twigs of Dicranophyllum. It is possible that specimens better preserved will show characters of the axes, leaf bases, or even the leaves, that will make it necessary to refer them to some other genus or even to a different class, such as the Thallophyta. The specimen in hand is not the first representative of this genus to be reported from this country, D. dichotomum and B. dmorphmn having been described by Professor. Lesquereux from Cannelton, Pennsylvania.^ Of the few species of Dicranophyllum yet described, D. gallicum Grr. 'Ey. and D. tripartitum Gr. 'Ey. are nearest to the form in hand. Our specimens should be compared with the illustrations of the former species given by Grand 'Eury," Wenceslau de Linaa,^ and Renault,* or of the latter species given by its author.^ The resemblance to several of the figures given by de Lima*^ and Renault^ is certainly very interesting and appears to indicate a closely related species in the flora of Missouri. The leaves of the American plant fork more frequently and nearer the base, are less rigid, while the lower ' Coal Flora, vol. ii, p. 553, pi. Ixxxvii (bound in text), figs. 9, 9a, p. 554; pi. Ixxxii, figs. 1-3. = F1. Carb. Loire, 1877, p. 275, pi. xiv, figs. 8-10. ^Moiiogr. (1. geu. Dicrauophyllum, 1888, p. 13, pi. i, figs. 2,3; pi. iii. ■•Fl. foss. bassiu houill. Corameutry, pt. 2, pp. 6, 26, jils. Ixx, Ixxl. ■^Grand 'Eury: Gcol. etpal. bassin houill. Gard., p. 335, pi. vi, figs. 12, 13. ^Op. clt., pi. iii. "Op. eit., pi. Ixx, fig. 7; pi. Ixxi, tig. 5. MON XXXVII 18 274 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL portions of the- leaf are wider. While the fragments from Missouri appear to represent a species different from any 3^et described, a specific designation or description of them is postponed pending the discoA-ery of additional better-preserved material. Locality — Hobbs's coal mine, U. S. Nat. Mus., Xo. 6076. PAL^OXYRIS PSroufjiiiart, 1828. 1828. Palmoxyris Brougniart, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. xv, p. 456; Prodrome, p. 137. 1840. Carpolithes Moixi.s, Trans. Geol. Soc. London, (2) vol. v, p. 489 (])ars). 1852. PaUeobromelia Ettiugsbauseu, Abli d. k.-U. geol. Reiebsaust., vol. i, no. 3, p. 1. 1860. Sporlederia Stiehler, Bronieliaceeu d. Vorwelt, p. 5. 1872. Spiranyixim Schim])er, Traite, vol. ii, p. 514. Palmoxyris appendiculata Lx. 1870. Palwoxyris appendiculata Lesquereux, Eept. Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. iv, p. 465, pi. xxvii, fig. 11. 1888. Palwoxyris appendiculata Lx., Renault and Zeiller, Fl. loss, bassin bouill. (Jom- mentry, pt. 1, p. 18, pi. xlii, figs. 6, 6a, Qh. 1879. Spirangium appendiculatum Lesijnereux, Coal Flora, Atlas, p. 16, pi. Ixxv, tig. 12; text, vol. ii (1880), p. 520. 1889. Spirangium appendiculatum Lx., Saporta, Paleont. fraur., Veg. Jurass., vol. iv, p. 40, pi. ccxxxi, tig. 3; pi. ccxxx, tig. 3. Of this, the most common American species of PaJ(Fo.ti/ris, I have seen but a sino-le fragment from Missouri. This specimen shows the narrow, sharp-keeled, equivalvate form characteristic of the species. The valves, which are probably eight in number, cross the flattened capsule at a A-ery wide angle to the axis. Mr. Kidstou, in his revie^A' of the British species of the genus, unites this species with the Old World Palceoxijris carhonaria Schimp. The two forms are undoubtedh^ very closely related, but from an examination of material representing the latter species from the vicinity of Dudley, Eng- land, I am convinced that the American type is distinguished by the narrower valves, and consequently smaller areolation in the compressed specimens; and while in P. apprndicidata the whole organ is, in general, smaller, the dilated portion is ^jroportionately larger. No otiier ecjuivalvate American species has yet been described which is liable to be mistaken for the one in hand. ANIMALIA?— PAL^OXYRIS. 275 Palceoxyris is now regarded by many paleobotanists as representing the eo-g capsules of certain Paleozoic Selachians. The writer has at present under examination a series of specimens, including several new species, that will, it is hoped, throw some additional light on the nature and organization of these very interesting remains. The name Spirangiuni, proposed by Schimper on the ground of propriety, should be abandoned. While it has long been known that these fossil remains have no relation to ths living Xyris, the generic appellation Palwoxyris is clearly understood to have been applied exclusively to this type. It therefore has priority, and in its proper function as a generic designation, not as a description, it should prevail. Locality. — Gilkerson's Ford, Grand River, U. S. Nat. Mus., 6203. DISCUSSION OF THE FLORA. SPECIES REPORTED FROM THE IjOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI, BUT NOT INCLUDED IN THE FOREGOING ARRANGEMENT. As was remarked in the introduction to this report, the descriptions and discussions given herein relate only to species of which I have been able to examine specimens from the Lower Coal Measures of Missouri. Fortu- nately, nearly all the Paleozoic plant material from Missouri ever published bv Professor Lesquereux was collected by Dr. J. H. Britts, of Clinton, Missouri, to whose enthusiastic and continued researches paleobotany owes a great debt, and this material is now either in the private collection of the latter or in the national collections. The latter include not only the extensive consignments forwarded fi-om time to time by Dr. Britts to the United States Geological Survey and the United States National Museum, but also the private collection of Professor Lescjuereux, which passed into the great collection of ^h: R. D. Lacoe, of Pittston, Penn.s,vlvania, through whose generous patriotism and disinterested love of science they were transmitted as a part of the Lacoe collection to tlie L^nited States National Museum. Two lists of the fossil plants from the Coal Measures of Missoiiri have been published. The first of these, by Professor Lesquereux, which appears in the summaries at the end of the Coal Flora' comprised an enumeration of the species described or identified from Henry and Vernon counties up to the date (1884) of the termination of the manuscript for the third volume. I repeat in -the following list the enimieration there given, the species discussed or quoted as synonyms, etc., in the preceding pages being marked with an asterisk (*): * Alethopteris ambigua *A. Serlii *A. lonchitica'^ *Annularia longifoUa^ ' Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Report of Progress P, vol. iii, 1884, pp. 879, 880. ^Speciiiieus referred to A. Serlii Brongn. M. stellata (Schloth.) Wood. 276 DISCUSSION or THE FLORA. 277 *A. longifoUa var. anguxtifoKn *A. splienophyUoides * Asteivphyl I ites fasciculatus *A. rij/idus' * Galamites Suckowii *C Cistii * CalUpteridium membranaceum C. Oicenii *G. Snliivantii * Cordaites communis *C, ditersifolius * Gordaiunthus dichotoin us *G. genimifer- *Dictyopteris ohliqua '■' * Eremopteris Missouriensis * Lepidodendron Br iff si i *L. cyclostignia'' *L. lanceolatum *L. marginatum-' *L. scutatum L. Sternbergii *Lepidophloios dilatatus'^ *L. sigillarimdes' Lepodophyllum minus Lepidostrobus Goldenbergii " *Lepidoxylon anomalum * Megaphytum Goldenbergii * Neuopteris angustifolia ^ N. cordatu *N. dilatata N. flejcuosa *N. hirsuta^" N. Losvliii *N. Missouriensis *N. rarinerins Odon topteris suhcrenulata 0. helerophylla *0. splienopteroides^^ * I'eaipteris arburescens *P. Glintoni *P. cristata^'^ *P. dentata *P. erosa *P. pennceformis " *P. vestita * Pinnuluria capillacea " * Pseudopecopteris acuta "" *P. irregularis '" P. macilenta * Pseudopecopteris nummularia '" *P. ohtusiloba P. Sillimanni 'Specimens referred to A. luiigifoUiis (Stb.) Brongn. ^The spociraeiis figured fnim ilissonri under tbis na:iie were used as types of C. ovafits Lx. and C. dicholoinKS I,x. 'The specimens from Cliutou tlius recorded represeut the Linoplerh yilkersonensis. ••Type of the genus Omphalophloios. ■'^Specimens from Missouri referred to L. lanceolatum Lx. ^Missouri specimens changed to L. Van Ingeni n. sp. 'Transferred to SiijiUariu. ** Probably the species treated as L. jyriiwepx in this report. ^ Nturopteris Sclieuchzeri var. angustifolia (Brongn.) Lx. '" Nfuroptiris Scheuchzeri Hott'm. " Mariopieris sphenopteroides (Lx.) Zeill. '- Aloiopteris ll'inslurii u. sp., from the Missouri specimens. ''A species concerning which there is much uncertainty iu the American materiaL All the specimens from the region of Missouri found by the writer under this name represent the Fecopteris dentata of Brongniart. '* Badicites capillacea (L. and H.) Pot. '•'' Specimens from Missouri identified with this species are referable ti^ Mariopteria sphenoptcruidcs (Lx.) Zeill. '•■ The Missouri form is indistinguishable from that described as Pseudopecaptcrin ohtuHilnha (Stb.) Lx. " Tha secondary types of Splienopteris mixta Schimp. were labeled by Lesquereux with tliis name. I have been unable to discover the speci<-s of Gutbier iu any of the collections. 278 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. * Rhacophyllnm adnascens^ * S. filiculme' *R. arbor eacens'^ *S. lom/ifolium" *R.fiUc[forme'' *S. ohlomjifolium^ R. Jimhriatum *S. ScMofheimii^" *R. liamiihisKm *Sorocla(Jes ophioglossokJes^^ *R. hirsutum * Sphenoi)teri>i Brittsii *R. hictuca' *S. fhivrophyllouJes *R. memhranaceum *S. Biibuis.ionis" *R. spinostim *S.furcata" *SigiHarii( Jissa^ *S. GrarenhorsUi S. Meiiardi *S. mixta S. reniformis *S. spinosa" S. sculpta S. spleiideus^^ S. S2)iuiiIosa S. tridactyUtes^* * Sphenophyllum erosum '' Certain of the above species may with a high degree of probability be refeiTed to other forms described in the preceding pages, though the names have generally been omitted from the discussion for the reason that I have not seen the specimens on v/hich the deteiininations were based. Sl^cll are (1) the Lepidodendron Sternhergii, which, as seen in the collections identified by Professor Lesquereux, was sometimes interpreted so broadly as to include branches hardly distinguishable from L. kmceolatuni, to which I am inclined to believe the fragments from Missouri may have belonged; (2) the Lepi- dostrohus Goldenhergii, which is no doubt the cone correlated in the fore- going pages with Lepidostrohus prhiceps Lx. ; (3) Xeiiropteris cordata, which is here, as in most other cases in our American literature, used for certain 'Mentioned in connection Tivith Pecojtteris dentata Brongn. -Material from Jlissouri referred to .Iplihbia ci'. fiJicifonnis and A. crispa. 'The earlier generic name Jpklehia Presl has priority, and is employed for this and other siiecies included by Lesciuereux and Schimper in RhacophijUiim. ^Cf. A. (iermari Zeill. ^ The specimens determined as Sbjillaria fiaaa belong to S. siijillarioides (Lepidophloioa sigiUari- oidca Ls. ). ''■S. ciiinifoliiiiii (Stb.) Zeill. "The exiimples found under labels bearing '• S. filieulme Lx." are referable to .S'. emargiiialum Brongn., or S. ciineifolium (Stb.) Zeill. "The specimens from Missouri appear to represent the S. majus of Bronn. ■'The specimens labeled " S. oWoiujifoUiim Germ." are included in a new siiecies, S.Leacurianum. '"The Missouri specimens and most other American material recorded as this species belong to SphenophjiUum emarginatum Brongn. " Splienopterin opliioglossoides (Lx.). '-The plant listed under this name is hereinbefore described as .S. Fan Ingenii n. sp. ''All specimens in the collections from Missouri found labeled witb this name are here referred to Eremopieris miaxoiirieiisis Lx. '^The exauiinatiou of the ligured specimens froiu .Missouri shows them to belong to the species earlier described by Lesquereux as Splietwpteris piuiiatifda. ADDITIONAL SPECIES REPORTED FROM MISSOURI. 279 more lanceolate i)inniiles of iV. Scheuchzeri Hoffm.; (4) Odontoi)teris hetero- phjlla, which represents probably but heteromorjjhous pinnules of" the same type of Neuropteris, and (5) Bhacophyllum fimlriatum^- a wholly obscure and equivocal species. Nowhere in the writings of Professor Lesquereux have I found any other mention than that cited above of a LepidophyUum [or Lepidosfivbus'} minus. In Hambach's list, referred to below, it is credited to Lesquereux. It is not likely t' series, in that State, but also of the plants of the entire Lower Barren Measures (XIV) and of the Upper Productive Measures, or Monongahela series (XV). With these facts in mind, not only will it be easy to understand the great difficult)^ in coiTelating the various stages in the bituminous fields with either definiteness or confidence by means of the fossil plants, but it will also be clear why, in studying the range or correlative affinities of the species in these fields, the smaller or isolated floras ai'e drawn as by mag- nets toward the stages of Cannelton or Morris. It is paradoxical that these two stages at Mazon Creek and Cannelton should have been paleobotani- cally exploited nearly to exhaustion, while east of Illinois the plant fossils of the succeeding measures have remained essentially untouched. So long as paleontologists and museum curators remain content with filling their collections from the two famous localities, Cannelton and Mazon Creek, without an effort to ascertain the floral characters of any other stages, we shall continue without knowledge of the paleobotanic characteriza- tions necessary for the definite or satisfactory recognition in the northern bituminous fields of any stage between the Kittanning and Waynesburg coals. 292 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOFRL COMPARATIVE POSITION OF THE COALS. NotwithstandiiiD- the difficulties which attend any attempt to ascertain the contemporaneity of terranes in the upper half of the Mesocarboniferous in the United States, the study of the elements in the floras in hand and their distribution in the lower two-thirds of the Lower Productive Coal Measures, which are better known j^aleobotanically, shows that the Lower Coal Measures of Missouri, as represented by the coals of Henry County, were laid down soon after the Morris coal ^ in Illinois, though probably earlier than the Upper Kittanning- of western Pennsylvania, or very likely about the time of the formation of the D coal in the Northern Anthracite field.^ Thus the clu'onology of the plants shows that the process of the deposition of the Mesocarboniferous terranes was well advanced, so that in the bitu- minous fields of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Illinois not only the Pottsville series (XII), ranging from 60 to 1,200 feet or more in thickness north of the Potomac River, but also the lower poition of the Lower Productive Coal Measures, or "AUeg'hany series" (XIII), extending as far upward at least as the Clarion coal, had been laid down on the Lower Carboniferous (Eocar- boniferous) group by the time the lower coals of Henry County were sedi- niented in fringing ponds or marshes along- the coast of eroded Eocarbon- iferous rocks in Missouri. It will be remembered that in some places the lower of the two coals (the interval between them being reported as 40 to 60 feet) rests directly on the uneven Eocarboniferous surface, while at other points a variable arena- ceous formation intervenes. The latter, which is very iiTegular, sometimes conglomeratic, and nowhere of great thickness, appears to represent a wash derived from the decomposed underlying rock, whose hollows it tends to fill, and is generally regarded by the local geologists as belonging to the "Mill- stone grit" (Pottsville). So far as the writer is aware, however, no primary fossils have been procured from it to show its true age, and it would seem that it niay represent simply the subaerial surface material of decomposition accumulated subsequent to the Eocarboniferous uplift and but imperfectly distiibuted and soiled when the subsidence of the coast lirought about the ' Supposed by mauy, for stratigrapbic reasons, to be the equivalent of the Clarion coal of the eastern bituminous field, and therefore commonly designated by the same letter (B). -The letters in use to designate the coals iu the anthracite fields are not to be construed as indi- cating their equivalency with the coals similarly designated iu the bituminous regions. COMPARISONS WITH THE FLOEAS OF EUROPEAN BASINS. 293 coal-forming- conditions at or below water level. This superficial wash may be developed, supplemented, or replaced by other formations in other coun- ties of the State, but in portions of Henry County, at least, it seems to have been eroded and sometimes entirelj^ cut through to the subjacent rock before the fire clays or lower coal were deposited on the une^-en surface. The transgression of the water level during the early Mesocarbonifer- ous time has already been discussed by Broadhead,^ Winslow," and Keyes,^ the State geologists. The evidence of the fossil plants not only con-oborates their views in general, but it also fixes the time of the encroachment of the sea on the old coast in the region of Clinton. The paleobotanic criteria indicate that the minimum time represented by the unconformity between the Jordan or Owen coal and the subjacent Eocarboniferous terrane is measured by the period required for the deposition of the Pottsville and the Clarion group of the Lower Productive Coal Measures, a series of rocks reaching a thickness of oA'er 1,200 feet in portions of the anthracite regions, and exceeding 2,400 feet in southern West Virginia. RELATION OF THE MISSOURI FLORA TO THOSE OF EUROPEAJ^" BASIISrs. ZONE OF THE FLORA IN THE COAL MEASURES OF GREAT BRITAIN. In the preceding pages it has been shown that the coals, resting- in places directly on the Lower Carboniferous terranes in Heniy County, Mis- souri, are probably of a rather later date than the plants of Mazon Creek and the Morris coal in Illinois, and that they are very likel}^ older than the Upper Kittanning coal of Pennsylvania. It is customary to consider the flora of Mazon Creek, the plants from which are preponderant!}' identical with those from Missouri, as typically representative of the flora existing- immediately at the beginning of Lower Coal Measures time, there being but little difference between the plants from Illinois and those of the bituminous Brookville and Clarion coals in northwestern Pennsylvania, which are probably fully as old as those of tlie Buck Mountain coal, long since made the boundary between the Pottsville series and the Productive Coal Measures of the typical section in the South- 'Amer. Geol., vol. xiv, 1894, pp. 380-388. ^Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. iii, 1892, pp. 109-121; Amer. Geol., vol. sv, pp. 81-89; Prelim. Kept, on Coal, Geol. Surv. Missouri, 1891, p. 19. 'Amer. Geol., vol. xii, 1893, p. 100. 294 FLORA OF LOWEE COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. eni Anthracite field. It will be interesting, therefore, in a brief comparison of the Missouri flora with the floras of the European basins, to note the positions of our species in several of the paleobotanically better known Old World Carboniferous sections. This task, so far as it relates to Great Britain, is made easy through reference to a late publication in which Mr. Robert Kidston, the highest British authority on the Paleozoic floras, has combined and tabulated the results of his most valuable and interesting studies of the fossil floras of the British Carboniferous rocks.^ In the following table is given (1) the vertical distribution by groups of the species found Ijoth in our Missouri flora and in Great Britain, and (2) the distribution of a number of Old World species (parenthesized) whose relations to our sjDecies are sufficiently intimate to lend aii inferential significance to their stratig-raphic occurrence. But in drawing conclusions of a clu'onologic nature, relatively little weight should be given to the dis- tribution of the related species, whose evidence is subject to other and per- haps more important elements of uncertainty than those of mere personal opinion and interpretation of figures and descriptions. Table showing distribution in the Coal Measures of Great Britain of the plants of the Lower Coal Measures of Missouri or of certain closely related speeies^^ Species. ExcijyuHtea CalUpteridis {%ciiixsrp.) Kidst PaeudopecojHeris ohtuailoba (Brongn.) Lx Ps. squamosa (Lx.) Mariopleris cf. nerroaa (M. nervosa (Brongn.) Zeill.) J/, sphenopteroides (Lx.) Zeill. (J/, acuta (Brongn.) Zeill.). Mariopterit u. sp. {Spheiiojiteris Jacquoti (Zeill.) ICidst.) ... Sphenopteris mixta SchimiJ S. Lacoei D. W. {S. rotundifoUa Andrii) .V7. (0. Brongniarlii Stnv) MiUstone \°,Zf sriit ^'"'' o ■ Measures, X X Middle Coal Measures. X X X X X X Tran- sition series. X X Upper Coal Measures. 'On the A'arious Divisions of British Carboniferous Rocks as determined by their Fossil Flora. Address of the retiring vice-president. Proc. Roy. Phys. Soe. Edinb., vol. xii, 1894, pp. 183-257. -Names of foreign related species, whose distribution is given, are in parentheses immediately following the names of the American species to which they bear relation. COMPARISON WITH BRITISH CARBONIFEROUS FLORA. 295 Table showing distribution in the Goal Measures of Oreat Britain of the plants of the Lower Goal Measures of Missouri or of certain closely related species — Continued. Specitjs. Aloiopteris Winslovii D. W. {A. Sternbergii (Ett.) Pot.) A. erosa Gntb Pecopteris dentata Brougn P. cf. arborescens (P. arboresceiis (Scbloth.) Brongn.) P. hemiielloides Brongn. i (P. arborescens vav. cijathea (Brougn.) Kidst.) P. Jenneyi D. W. (P. oreopteridia (Sohloth.) Brongn.) P. Candolliana Brongn P. squamosa Lx. (P. lamuriana Heer) P. restita Lx. (P. villosa Brongn.) Aplilebia spinosa (Lx. ) A. crispa (Gutb.) Presl A. Jilicifonnis (Gutb.) Sterz A. siib(joJdenhergii D. W. {A. Goldenbergii Weiss) Alethopteria avibiguah^. {A. aquilina (Schloth.) Goepp.) A. Serlii (Brongn.) Goepp CaUipteridium Maiisfieldi Lx. (Alelkopieria Grandini (Brongn.) Goepp.) C. hwquale Lx. (A. Darreiixii (Brongn.) Goepp. ?) Odoiitopteris Bradley i Lx. (Od. LindUyana Stb.) Xeuropteris rarinerris Bunb iV. missoariensis Lx. {N. Jfexuosa Stb. ) N. faacieulata Lx. {N. macropliylla Brongn.?) N. Scheucli^eri Ploftm ^V. dilatata (L. & H.) Lx Linopteris gilkersonensis D. W. {L. Milnsten (Eichw.) Brongn. ) Calamites ratnosus Artis C. Suclioxoii Brongn C. Cistii Brongn Asteropltyllites eqiiisetiformis (Scbloth.) Brongn A. lonyifoUus (Stb.) Brougn Calamostachys oralis Lx. ? {Palmostachya pedunculata Will.). Annularia stellata (Schloth.) Wood A. sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb A . ramosa Weiss ( A . radiata ( Brongn. ) Stb. ) Cyclocladia Brittsii D. W. {Macrostaehya in/tindibuliformis (Bronn) Scbimp. ) Padicites capillacea (L. & H. ) Pot Sphenophyllum ciineifolium (Stb.) Zeill S. emarginatum Brongu 5. majiis Broun Millstone grit. Lower Coal Measures. Middle Coal Measure.?. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Transi- Upper tion Coal series. Measures. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X? X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 296 PLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURI. Table shotinng distribution in the Coal Measures of Great Britain of the plants of the Lower Coal Pleasures of Missouri or of certain closely related species — Continued. Species. Lower I Middle 1 Transi- jf Coal ! Coal ( tiou ^ ■ Measures. Measures series. Millstoue ,S. Leacurianum D. W. {S. oWoJigi/oUnm {Geim.) Ung.) Lepidodendron Brittsii Lx. {L. Worlheni Lx. ) i. lanceolatum Lx X. rhnosum Stb i X. scutetemLx. (i. ophiurus Brongn.) j Lepidostrobus prmceps Lx. (i. Geinitzii Schimp.) LejndophyUttm Jenneyi DAY. (L. triangulare Zeill.) ' X. Misaouriense D. W. (X. majiis Brongn.) ' Siflillarhi camptoioeiua 'Wood S. tessellata (Steinh. ) Brongn j X S. ovata Sauv Stigmaria verrucosa (Mart.) S. A. Mill X S. Eren ii Lx — Cordailes communis Lx. (C. iorassifoliiis (Stb.) Ung.?) Cordaianihus ovaius Lx. (C. Volhiiantii (Ett.) Zeill.) Blidbdocarpos mvltistriatus (Presl. )Lx Palmoxyris appendiculata Lx. (P. earbonaria Schimp.) .... SUMMART. Identical species 34 Related species 35 X X X? X X X X X X X X X X X X X Upper Coal Measures. X X X X 12 9 22 22 X X X X 14 4 X X X 25 19 A glance at the accompanying table shows that the greater portion of our species are found in the Upper Coal Measures and the Middle Coal Measures of Great Britain. Whether in this table of distribution the related species are excluded or taken into consideration, we find nearly- equal proportions of the floras occurring in either of these two groups. The number of species found in the Lower Coal Measures is but about one-half that in either of the above-mentioned groups, and is, moreover, composed largely of plants of wide vertical range, found in one or all of the above groups. It is important to note that the percentage of species in the Millstone grit of Great Britain, as well as in the Pottsville series of the United States, is very small, being practically insignificant. On the face of the numerical proportions it would seem that the Henry County flora is so evenlj" divided between the floras of both the Upper and the Middle Coal Measures as to deserve consideration as intermediate between them. The Sphenopteroid species, both identical and related, appear ZONE OF MISSOURI FLORA IN BRITISH SERIES. 297 to bind our flora to the Middle Coal Measures. But the characteristic floras of these British g-roups are more conspicuously marked by the important additions which enrich the variety of plant life as we pass upward than by the disappearance of the older forms, though the latter feature is clearly indicated and of great service. The development of the Pecopteroid flora appears to be confined in Great Britain almost exclusively to the Upper Coal Measures. And it is largely to -the proportion of identical or related species of Pecopteris and the intimately connected Apldebice that the approxi- mate equality of the percentages in this table is due. It must, however, be borne in mind that the Middle Coal Measures of England contain a number of more recent species, such as Pecopteris polymorpha Brongn., P. Miltoni Artis, and P. pteroides Brongn., which are of generally younger rank than the flora from Missouri. Among the extensive material from the Radstock coal field in the Lacoe collection the higher forms are in abundance, not- withstanding the presence of very many species in common with those from the trans-Mississipjjian region. On the other hand, the younger types^ such as Pecopteris Jenneyi, P. CandoUiana, P. hemitelioidesi, and P. cf. arho- rescens, are very rare in our flora. In view of the foregoing considerations it appears very evident that the flora of Henry County is not older than that of the Middle Coal Meas- ures of Great Britain. The presence in our flora, not only of an equal number of species, but also of a considerable number of younger types identical with or closely related to those of the Upper Coal Measures justi- fies the belief that our flora is not much younger than the Upper Coal Measures, and that, considering its almost equall}' close relation to that of the Middle Coal Measures, it may safely be considered as intermediate between the two, or as occupying approximately the position of the "tran- sition beds,"^ with a very intimate connection with the flora of the Upper Coal Measures. The plants of these beds are very imperfectly known, but from the common facies of their flora as yet revealed I am at present dis- posed to regard these terranes as not younger than the lower coals of Henry Count}'. The flora of the latter may even correspond in part to that of the basal portion of the Upper Coal Measures in the British coal fields. 'The "New Rock" and the "Vobster Series" of the Bristol and Somerset coal field and the "Lower Pennant" of the South Wales coal field. 298 FLOEA OF LOWER COAL MEASUEES OF MISSOUEL ZONE OF THE MISSOURI FLORA IN THE CARBONIFEROUS BASINS OF CONTINENTAL EUROPE. A comparison of the fossil plants from Henry Connty, Mazon Creek, or Cannelton with the floras of the different stag-es of the Carboniferous in the Old World coal fields reveals a series of paleontologic and chronologic relations that are full of significance and interest to American students. One need but glance at the monographs of the floras of the various stratigi-aphic groups in the Carboniferous basins of western Europe to recognize the strong similarity between the forms familiar in our American Lower Coal I\feasures of the Northern States and those from the Valen- ciennes or Franco-Belg'ian Basin, the Westphalian coal field in Germany, or the Schatzlar group in Bohemia. The broadest, niost general, and most valuable results of a compai-a- tive study of these forms would be reached by a view of the identities, affinities, and distribution, as well as the vertical range and sequence, of the plants of those European basins in which the Middle Carboniferous is present combined with those of the American Lower Coal Measures. But since such a study would be laborious on account of its extent, and would encounter numerous difficulties in local stratigraphic correlations and nomenclature, it would be much simpler to consider each basin separately, regarding the succession of floras from the various levels as constituting a single 2Daleobotanic section of that basin. Since, however, the series in the Valenciennes Basin is more limited in vertical extent, and since its flora, exhaustively elaborated with special reference to the stratigraphic problems, is more readily adapted to an epit- omized comparison, it may be chosen as typically illustrating the general continental position of the flora under consideration. In his admirable monograph of the fossil flora of the Valenciennes Basin,' M. Zeiller divides the terranes on the basis of the floral characters into three well-marked zones, viz: 1. The lower zone, or zone of Vicoigne, represented at numerous points in the horizons of Annoeulin and Vicoigne, Departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais, and populated with Sphenopteris 'Etudes des gites min^raux de la France. Publi^es sous les auspices de M. le Miuistre des travaux publics par le Service de topographies souterraines. Bassin bouiller de Vallencieunes. Description de la flore fossile, par R. Zeiller, Ingenienr en cbef des mines. Text, Paris, 1888, pp. 1-731, 4^. Atlas, 1886, pp. i-vi, pi. i-xciv, 4°. COMPARISONS WITH FLORAS OF CONTINENTAL EUROPE. 299 Hoeninghausii, Mariopteris muricata, Pecopteris aspera, P. denfata, AletJiopteris lonchitica, Neuropteris Schlehani, Lepidodendron Veitheimii, Bothrodendron punctatwm, and Sigillaria elegans} This zone is presumably next above the Millstone grit. 2. The middle zone, or zone of Anzin-Meurchin, is divisible on paleobotanic lines into three horizons, of which the lower is character- ized by the great abundance of Sphenopteris (Pseudopecopteris) trifoUolaia, Dipjlothmema {Sphenopteris) furcatum, Aletliopteris Davreuxii, Sphenoplujllum myriopJiyUum, and Sigillaria rugosa, as well as rarer specimens of Sphenop- teris (Psemlopecopteris') obtusiloba, Pecopteris ahbreviata, Asterophyllites equi- setiformis, Sigillaria Icevigata, and Cordaltes horassifoliiis ; the middle horizon by the continuation of Sphenopteris Hoeninghausii, Aletliopteris lonchitica, Bothrodendron punctatum, and the rare appearance of Alethopteris valida, A. Serlii, and Sigillaria camptotcenia^ while the third horizon is marked by the excessive rarity of the species typical of the lower zone, the absence of the Stephanian species found in the upper zone, and the abundance of Pecopteris ahbreviata. 3. The third or upper zone, that of Bully-Grenay, in the Franco-Belgian Basin, includes among its typical species the Sphe- nopteris (Pseudopecopteris) obtusiloba, S. neuropteroides, Pecopteris abbreviata, Alethopteris Serlii, Neuropteris rarinervis, JSf. tenuifolia, Linopteris Sub- Brongniartii (near to L. obliqua Bunb.), Asterophyllites equisetiformis, Sphe- nophylhmi emarginatum, Sigillaria tessellata, S. camptotcBnia, and Cordaites borassifolius in abundance, and the first examples of the Stephanian types, Alethopteris Grandini, Anmdaria sphenophylloides, A. stellcda, Pecopteris crenu- lata, and Linopteris Miinsteri, while the characteristic species of the lower zone are entirely wanting. The reader will already have recognized the names of the common American species in this upper zone, which belongs to the upper portion of the " Westphalian" group.: The Westphalian (Houiller Moyen) is succeeded in the stratigraphic column of Europe by the Stephanian, on which rest the Autunian and other Permian subdivisions. The relation of our flora to the European series is, however, somewhat concisely represented by the accompanying condensed tabulation of tlie 'In this discussion no attention will be paid to tlie horizons or minor geologic subdivisions of ■which the various species are characteristic or at which their distribution begins or ends. These features, which have been worked out with brilliant results by M. Zeiller, are too detailed to warrant consideration in an intercontinental comparison. - It seems possible that the Valenciennes series may hardly extend to the top of the Westi)haliau. 300 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL abridged distribution of (1) the identical and (2) the apparently closely related (parenthesized) species iu the Westphalian as represented in the Valenciennes Basin : Table showing distribution in the Valenciennes Basin ( Westphalian) of species identical jcith or probably closely related (parenthesized) to those from Missouri. [ X = present ; C = common ; R = rare. ] Species. Eremopteria missourieiisis Lx. {Diplolkmema furcatum (Brongu.) Stur) Fseudopecopteris oblusiloha (Brougn.) Lx Pa. aquamoaa (Lx.) Mariopteris cf. nervoaa (Brongn.) ZeilL {M. miiricata (Schloth. ) Zeill.) M. aphenopteroidea (Lx.) Zeill Mariopteris n. ep. {Biptotlimema Jaoquoii Zeill.) Sphenopteris mixta Schimp > S. pinnatifida (Lx.) (S. quadridactylites Gutb.) S. charophi/Uoidea (BroDgn.) Presl iS. crtatata (Brongu.) Presl (S. Douvillei Zeill.) S. eanneltonenais D. W. {Diploihmema Zeilleri Stur) S. capitaia D. W. (5. Poiieri Zeill.) S. ophiogloaaoides (IjX.) (S. Crej»ni Zeill.) S. subcrentilata (Lx.) {Pecopteris crenulata Brongu.) Oligocarpia miaaourienaia D. W. ( 0. Brongniartii Stur) Aloiopte)ia Winalorii D. W. {A. Sternhergi (Ett.) Pot. ) Pecopteris dentata Brongu P. paeudoreatiia D. AV. (P. abireviata Brongn. ?) P. vestita Lx. (P. Volkmanni Sauv. ) P. clintoni Lx. ( P. integra ( Andrji) Schimp. ) Aphlebia crispa (Gutb.) Presl Alethopteria Serlii (Brongn.) Goepp CaUipteridium cf. Manajieldi Lx. (Alethopteria Grandini (Brongn.) Goepp.). Neuropteria rarinervis Bunb N. miaaourienaia Lx. {X. flexuosa Stb. ) ^.'. ScheucJizeri Hoffm Linopteria r/ilkeraonensis D. W. (L. Miinsteri (Elchw.) Brongu.) Calaviites ramoaua Artis C. Suckoifii Brougn i C. data Brongu Asierophrjllites erjuiaeti/ormia (Schloth. ) Brongn A. longifoUus (Stb.) Brongn Calamostachys ovalia Lx. ? ( Palceoatacliya pedunculata Will. ) Anniilaria sphe)i02>liyUoidea (Zenk.) Gutb d. atellata (Schloth.) Wood Sadidtea capiHacea (L. & H.) Pot, (Pinnidaria cohimnaria (Artis) Zeill) ... Lower zone. R X X X Middle zone. E X X R R E X R R X X X R X X X X X X R Upper zone. R C C R X R X R X R R R R R R E X E R X C R C E X R X C X C ? c X R COMPAEISON WITH FLORA OF VALENCIENNES BASIK 301 Table shoiving dinirihution in the Valenciennes Basin (Westphalian), etc. — Contiuiied. Species. Lower zone. Middle zone. Upper zone. X C X Spheyiophyllum ciineifoHiim (Stb.) Zeill 6'. emarginatum Brougii S. majtts Bronu Lepidodendron BritUii Lx. {L. Wortheni Lx.) L. rimosam Stb L. lanceolatum Lx. (L. hjcopodioides Stb.?) L. scutatmn Lx. (L. opMurus Brongn.) Lepidoatrobus princeps Lx. (i. Geinitsii Schiinp. ) Lepidophyllum Jeniieyi D. W. {L. triangulare Zeill.) .- SigiUaria camptotania Wood S. tesaellata (Steinh.) Brongn 5. orata Sauv Siigmaria verrucosa (Martin) S. A. Mill S. Evenii Lx Cordaites communis Lx. (C horassifolius (Stb.) Ung. ). Cordaianthus ovatus Lx. (C, Tolkmanni (Ett.) Zeill.) . SUMMARY. Itlentical species 26 Supijoscd related species 26 X X R X R R R R X X X X 19 15 R C C X X X R R 25 21 The compai'ative distribution of identical or closely related species exhibited in the foregoing table is at once striking and instructive. A glance at the columns shows that many among- both identical and related species are found in the middle zone. But the conspicuous and significant fact is the occurrence of 24 or 25 of the 26 of the identical Missouri species in the upper zone of the Franco-Belgian basin. If we take account of the distribution of the related species, we find 21 of the 27 in the same zone. Thus our flora has a very marked and preponderant afiinity with the flora of the zone of Bully-Grenay. The evidence afi"orded by the distribution of the species needs only to be supplemented by a review of the profuse and admirably executed figures of the species from the upper zone given in Professor Zeiller's great memoir to insure a conviction that in that upper zone of the Valenciennes coal field we find terranes of the age of the lower coals in Henry County, Missouri. In fact, assuming a uniform distribution for the plants, there can be little doubt that the floras are nearly synchronous. 302 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL But although the identical species coincide so nearly exactly in their occurrence in the upper zone, we may profitably inquire as to the relations of the Missouri flora to that of higher beds not represented in this field, and therefore not tabulated, or whether, while the main. body of our flora is most closely allied to the zone of Bully- Grenay, the flora as a whole is not more closely bo^lnd to the succeeding floras or those of the lower zone. The testimon}' of the related species recorded in the table, so far as it concerns this inquirj-, would seem to indicate less strongly the similarity of our flora to that of the upper zone, although nearly the same ratio prevails in the distribution in the middle zone. As tending, however, to explain this, it should be stated that in a few cases the species from the Valenciennes Basin, tabulated for the comparison, are not really so intimately bound in their specific details to the corresponding Missouri plants as are other Stephaniau species not occurring in the Valenciennes series. Thus Sphenopteris Van Ingeni is probably most closely related to Sphenopteris Matheti from the Com- mentrj^ Basin (Stephaniau), Pecopteris Jenneyi to P. densifoUa or P. oreopteridia of the same group, while Lepidostrohns princeps is much nearer L. Goldenhergii than to L. Geinitzii, used for comparison with the Valenciennes flora. But besides the evidence of related species, which is after all of very subordinate weight, we have in the material from Henry County a number of species of Stephaniau identity or affinity. Among the former are Sphe- nopteris cristata, S. suhcremdata, Pecopteris hemitelioides f , and P. CandoUiana and P. cf arhorescens, Avhile Sphenopteris chcBrophylloides is regarded as essen- tially a Stephaniau species. Still other types are more modern in their characters or generic occurrence. Examples of these are possibly present in Brittsia, which is perhaps related to the Stephaniau genus Zygopteris, and in the plants provisionally referred to TitanophyllvMi and Dicranophyllum, both genera of the Stephaniau, or in Callipteridiiim SuUivantii, perhaps most nearly related to Odontopteris obtusa, SphenophyJlum Lescurianum, which seems to belong to the later group represented by S. angustifolium, etc. ; the Rhabdo- carpiis Mansfieldi, which is undoubtedly very closely allied to Pachytesta insignis of the higher Measures, and perhajDs the Tceniopteris missouriensis. The presence of these later types in the flora of Henry County,^ as ' Of the 26 species represented in both the Missouri and Valenciennes floras, only 1, Lepidodendion rimosum, is lacking in the upper (Bully-Grenay) zone. This species was found only in the lower horizon of the middle zone of the Franco-Belgian Basin. ZOXE OF MISSOURI FLORA IN EUROPEAN COAL FIELDS. 303 well as the comparative absence of species characteristic of the middle zone of the Valenciennes Basin, indicates for our flora a greater and more significant affinitj' with that of the beds succeeding the zone of Bully- Grenay than with those below it; and, if the Old World deposits which are contemporaneous with the Henry County Coal Measures transgress either boundary of the upper zone of the Valenciennes series, the transgression or overlap is undoubtedly on the side of the beds succeeding the Valen- ciennes series and perhaps infringing on the Stephanian. For my own part, I am inclined to consider our flora as perhaps in a measure transi- tional; and that, ^vhile it is probably contemporaneous with a portion at least of the upper zone of the Valenciennes Basin, its marked affinities with many of the types of the Stephanian, as j^resented in the basins of Commentry or the Saar, make it far from impossible that it may repre- sent a slight paleontologic transgression on the Stephanian ("Houiller superieur"). The above conclusions as to the contemporaneit}^ of the Henry County flora with the plants of the upper zone of the Westphalian ("Houiller moyen") in the Franco-Belgian Basin are in striking harmony with the conclusions drawn from our comparisons with the British Coal Measures- For the study of the respective floras by Kidston^ and Zeiller" has shown that the variations of the flora in the different stages of the British series are ver}' nearly parallel with those in the Valenciennes Basin, so that the Lower Coal Measures of Great Britain are regarded as essentially contem- poraneous with the lower (Vicoigne) zone of the Valenciennes Basin. The Middle Coal Measures are correlated with the middle zone,^ while the transition beds of the British series, the plants of which are less completely known, are referred with little doubt to the zone of Bully-Grenav. Thus we find that those portions of the Old World terranes in (1) the British Coal Measures and (2) the Franco-Belgian Basin, which as the result of entirely independent and distinct paleontologic comparisons I have been led to regard as contemporaneous with our Missouri flora, have, in the course of the paleobotanic studies of the Old World series, been correlated by the 1 Foss. Fl. Radstock Ser., 1887, p. 408. 2 Bull. Soc. g^ol. Fr., (3) vol. xxii, 1895, p. 494. 'In the case of the Potteries coal field in North Stafi'ordsliire, the uppermost beds are regarded by Zeiller, from their paleophytologic characters, as extending a little above the middle zone. 304 FLORA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL European paleobotanists. In the uniformity, consistency, and definition of the correlative evidence the fossil plants here offer an example seldom equaled in any other class of paleontologic evidence. If we compare the Missouri plants with the floras of the other Euro- pean basins, we shall find the synchronologic evidence essentially the same. Thus, in brief, just as our flora, while it is largely identical and probably contemporaneous, in part at least, with the "Transition series" of Great Britain and the zone of Bully-Grrenay, in the Valenciennes Basin, seems to transgress slightly on the Upper Coal Measures and the Stephanian, so we find it in the basin of Saarbriick near the top of the Westphaliau (^Saar- hriicker Schichten), where in the Geislautern beds, which probably extend higher than the top of the Valenciennes series, being in partial coiTespond- ence with the British Upper Coal Measures, a number of Stephanian (Ottweiler Schichten) types make their appearance. In the basin of Zwickau, in Saxony, the treatise on the plants of which by Geinitz is among the classics in paleobotanic literature, the closely related and probably synchronous beds are toward the base of a continuous series marked in passing upward by a mingling of Westphalian and Ste- phanian forms, ^ which give way to the predominance of the ordinary species of the latter division. In the basins of lower Silesia and Bohemia we shall find large rejDre- sentations of our species in the Schatzlar and Radnitz groups. With the flora of the ^^ Schaslarer Schichten," the monographic elaboration of which was unliappily interrupted by the death of Director Stur, there is a close relation, especially between plants from the upper beds of that group and those which form the subject of this report. Of the groups in central Bohemia, the "Badnit^er Schichten" whose plants have received treatment by Sternberg, Corda, Ettiugshausen, and 0. Feistmautel, are of the greatest present interest to us. The presence in this. series, especially in the Swina and Mostitz beds, of a large number of species either identical or closely related to those from Missouri is at once apparent from an inspection of Ettingshausen's plates or the memoirs of 0. Feistmantel,^ though the nomen- clature in the former is largely different. ' See Sterzel : Paliiont. Char. A. Oberen Steiuk. u. Rothl., p. 70. - Verst. (1. biihui, Kohleu-Ablag., i-iii, 1874. DISTRIBUTION OF MESOOAHBONIFKROiJS FLORAS. 305 GENERAL, COXSIDERATIOXS. General comparisons, such as those summarized in the preceding pages, of the flora in hand from Missouri with the floras of the Mesocarboniferous series in the principal basins of Europe show (1) so large a number of identical species, (2) so great a proportion of related species, (3) so impor- tant a predominance of the same floral elements, and (4) so close a general parallelism in the appearance and disappearance of the types as shown in their vertical distribution and occurrence in the upper beds of the West- phaliaii (^Hoidller Moyen, Saarbrilcker Schichten), that the conclusion that the lower coals of Henry County, Missouin, were deposited near the close of that period is not on any demonstrable grounds avoidable. The evi- dence of uniformity in the climate prevailing over Europe, within the Arctic Circle,^ in North America, Asia, and, to some extent at least, in the southern hemisphere, during early Carboniferovis time, is too generally recognized to require discussion as to the fact. The astonishingly large proportion, not only of genera, but of species as well, found to be identical in the Culm and Mesocarboniferous in all the basins of Europe, North America, and China, and the comparative regularity in the sequence of the floras in these basins, are so strongly marked as to leave little room for doubt as to the extremely intimate connection of the floras living about the respec- tive basins, or the existence of continental conditions necessary to their rapid, almost simultaneous and uniform, distribution. The extremely close relationship, so well known to paleobotanists, between the respective floras of the Culm, Millstone grit (Pottsville series), and basal poitious of the Lower Coal Measures in the fields of Europe and America necessitates the assumption of v/onderful facilities for plant distribution during Culm and early Mesocarboniferous time, facilities which, with the aid of an even climate and presumably relatively low topography, made possible the comparatively regular distribution and sequential order of probably nineteen-twentieths of the genera and an unknown proportion (perhaps over one-half between North Ameiica and Europe) of the identical species. The degree of iden- tity in the types is not less remarkable than the geographic range of ' The plants of Bear Island aad Spitzbergen are shown by Nathorst not only to have included the common genera, but largely identical species, while the individuals are as I'ully developed and robust as those found in the contenjporaueous beds of southern Eurojie or tlie Ignited States. (See Zur Paliiozoischeu Flora d. Arkt. Zone, Stockholm, 1893.) MON XXXVII 20 306 FLOKA OF LOWER COAL MEASURES OF MISSOURL individual species, aud this in turn is much less impressive than the uni- formity of the sequence and the parallelism of their appearance and extinction during this epoch, or the similarity of the elements which com- posed each flora. The writer is disposed to believe that the conditions favorable for plant distribution and the consequent comparatively homo- geneous dispersion of the successive floras of the northern hemisphere during the period extending from the later Culm to near the middle of the Mesocarboniferous have never been equaled since. That there was plant migration can not for a moment be questioned. Yet the evidence of dis- tribution, of vertical range, of characteristic associations, and of the suc- cession of the floras bespeaks for the terrestrial plant species of that period such geographic uniformity of climate and such facility of intermigratiou, probably over a minimum distance, as to justify us in regarding the aston- ishingly similar associations of identical or closely related genera and species which characterize each stage, zone, or group of the Culm and Mesocarboniferous as essentially contemporaneous in all the basins of the northern hemisphere. Whether the Carboniferous flora was developed within the arctic zone or some other region of the earth is hardly more than a subject for specu- lation. Personally I am inclined to believe that many of the species or genera of the Mesocarboniferous were, under similar local conditions, evolved in difl"erent portions of the land surface, whence they spread, with a rapidity difficult to conceive in the present day, over the greater part of the northern continents. Such a mode of generation, at different points, of the various elements comprising a given flora might be described as polychthanous. The suggestion offered at different times by several European paleo- botanistsHhat the flora of Mazon Creek, which is generally cited in America as the familiar illustration of the plant life of the lower part of our Lower Productive Coal Measures, really represents a stage much higher than the lowest series above the Millstone grit of Europe seems to be fully corrobo- rated by a comparative examination of the floras. Such an examination will show, if we accept the synclu'onology of the respective floras, that the plants of the Middle Kittanning, or of the E coal, fall within and are apparently nearly contemporaneous with the Geistlautern beds orth^-upper- ' See Zeiller: Fl. foss. liassin hoiiiU. Valeucieuaes, p. 195. EELATION TO FLORA OF POTTS\^ILLB SERIES. 307 most beds of the Westphaliau, while the Pittsbui-g coal of the bituminous basins' and the G coal of the Northern Anthracite field are clearly referable to the Stephanian (Ottweiler Schichten). There is a strongly marked contrast between the known flora of the lowest coals of Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and western Pennsylvania and that of the Pottsville series, or Millstone grit, which lies in most cases close beneath them, there being in fact relatively few species in common. The latter flora agrees in its later phases with the flora of the Millstone grit of Europe. The Lower Coal Measures of Great Britain and the zone of Vicoigne in the Franco-Belgian Basin, with their intermingling of Millstone grit or Culm species with the earliest of the Coal Measures types, appear, so far as we know at present, to be unrepresented by any interval in the Lower Productive Coal Measures in the bituminous regions mentioned above. It is not improbable, however, that this interval is concentrated in some cases in the deposition of the highly variable upper benches of the Pottsville series in the Northern States, rather than that it is represented by a time break or that there is homotaxis without contemporaneity in the floras. For in the greatly expanded sections of the Lower Coal Measures in the Kanawha region in West Virginia, which is in the same Appalachian trough and was throughout Mesocarboniferous time united with the northern areas by con- tinuous shore lines, the characteristic forms of the lowest coals of the Lower Productive Coal Measures of the States north of the Ohio and Potomac rivers are not met until we arrive at a point several hundred feet above the Pottsville series as hithex-to limited. The floras of the Kanawha series, extensive collections from which are now in my hands for examination, will be found to show a lower zone of mingled types, corresponding very closely to the Lower Coal Measures of Great Britain or the lower zone of the Franco-Belgian Basin. ' The flora of the Freeport coals is so nearly uuknown that its relations to the floras of any other stage outside of the anthracite series is still quite uncertain. PLATES. 309 PLATE I 311 PLATE I. strip coal pit at Hobbs's l)aiik,8 miles south of Clirfton, MlBSonri, showing basin-shaped bedding of coal and overlying plant- bearing shales. (From a photograph by Dr. W. P. Jenney.) 312 PLATE II. 313 PLATE II. CONOSTICHUS BBOADHEADI Lx. (Pages 12 and 13.) Fig. 1. Basal ( ?) view of the type of the species, Coal Flora, Plate B, figures 1 and 2. The trira- diate character is not very distinctly shown in the photograph. No. 250, Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus. 2. Lateral view of the same type. The side exposed is not that illustrated in the original figure. 3. Lateral view of No. 251, Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus. Identified by Professor Lesquereux 4. Basal (?) view of the same example, showing profile of top and small concave point of sup posed separation from its anchorage. 5. Apical ( ?) view of the same specimen, showing concave surface. OONOSTICHXIS PROLIFEE Lx. (Page 13.) Fig. 6. Side view of characteristic discoid extensions, concave above, convex below. U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 6035. 314 U. S. GEOLOGICAL $URV£V MONO'^RApH XX^vII PL. II CONOSTICHUS, A SUPPOSED FOSSIL ALGA. PLATE III. 315 PLATE III. Hysterites Cordaitis Grand 'Eury with CoRDAiTES Communis Lx. (Pages 14 and 260.) Fig. 1. Portion of a rock slab bearing fragments of several leaves of Cordaites communis Lx., between the nerves of which are seen the small oblong pits, with raised borders, jirodnced by the fungus, Hysterites Cordaitis Gr. 'Ey. la. Photographic enlargement of portion of Cordaites leaf, showing pits produced by the fungus. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5418. x2. 316 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY h N--, :li mil Cii; FUNGI: HYSTERITES ON LEAVES OF CORDAITES. PLATE IV 317 PLATE IV. Eremopteris bilobata D. W. (Page 19.) The large flexuose axis of the fern frond, with faintly ribbed central zone and broad border zones, traverses vertically the center of the slab. Two pinnaj are given off ou the left and three on the right of the axis or rhachis. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5699. 318 MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. IV FERNS: EREMOPTERIS. ■t. PLATE V. 319 PLATE V. Eremopteris missouriensis Lx. (Page- 16.) Fig. 1. Fragment with distant slender piunules. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5G70. 2. Segment showing small pinn;u and pinnules. U. S.Nat. Mus., 5681. •2a. Pinna of the same specimen enlarged x2. 3. Fragment of segment with very large piuunles. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5l>59. 3a. Enlarged pinnule of the same to show characteristic surface and dentitiou. Eremopteris bilobata D. W. (Page 19.) Fig 4. Small pinna and pinnules. IT. S. Nat. Mus., 5700. 5. Fragment of compound pinna. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6036. 5a. Enlarged pinniu of the same, showing epidermal striato-rugositv. x2. 6. FrSkgment with large pinnules. U. S. Nat. Mus., .5701. 6«. Enlarged detail of two pinnules from the same specimen. x2. 320 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVH PL. V FERNS: EREMOPTERIS. PLATE \I. 321 MON XXXVIl 21 PLATE VI. EREMOPTEBIS MISSOURIENSIS Lx. (Pa<;e 16.) Fui. 1. Sections ol' parallel piunii', sliowiug the t'oiiii auil iiioijortions of the ultimate piuua- aud pinnules. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56i57. la. Enlarii;ed detail of pinnules from same slab. X2. 322 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVK PL VI FERNS: EREMOPTERIS, PLATE VII. 323 PLATE' VI T. PSEUDOPE(!OPTERIS OBTlSILUiiA i HroilgU.) Lx. I Page 24.) Fig. 1. I'ragment with very small, dei-ply lobi'd pinnules. U. 8. Xat. Mus., 56315. 2. Segment showing the polymoi-phoii.s chai-acter of the interior pinna' and pinnules in the lower portion of the froud. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5717. 3. Apieal portiou.s of the primary pinna', showing fle.xuons rachis ami rather lax pinna-, l'. S. Nat. Mus., 571S. PaEUDOPEOUPTElUS SJ). UOV. ? ( Page 29. 1 Fit;. 4. Fragment showing compactly placed, thick, leathery pinnules, or pinna', teiuiiuatiug in spinous prolongation of the rachis. U. S. Nat. Mus., .5667. 4n. Enlarged detail. x2. 5. Apical portion of a compound pinna showing long, naki'd I'Xteusiou of the rachis. U. S.Nat. . Mus., 561S. Mariopteris .sp. ^ Page 34.; Fig. 6. Fragment showing short triangular i)inna' with broad pinnules or lobes, the landna convex between the nerves. U. S. Nat. ilus , 5666. 6(1. P^nlarged detail of piuuule. x2. 324 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. VII FERNS: PSEU DOPECOPTERIS AND MARIOPTERIS. PLATE VIII. 325 PLATE VIII. PSEUDOPECOPTERIS OBTUSILOBA (BrODgll.) Lx. (Page 24.) Contiguous apical jiortions of two bi- or ([uadripartite piunir. 11. S. Nat. >Iiis. 5627. 326 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVir PL. VIII FERNS: PSEUDOPECOPTERIS. PLATE IX. 327 PLATE IX. Makiopteris sphenopteeoides (Lx.) Zeill. {Page :;i.) Fig. 1. Portions of two sections of a primary pinna. The lower sj)cciuieLi illnstrates the heteroniorphy of the inferior pinna- and pinnules. U. 8. Nat. ilus., 5709. la. Knlargi'd detail of pinna showing heteroniorphy and dinititiou. The teeth are generally longer than i.s shown in the figure, and the lamina of the jiinnuh' is strongly convex between the nerves. X2. 2. Fragment from near the apes of one of the iiuadri-sections of the primary pinna. V. S. Nat. Mus., 5710. Mariopteris (sp. uov.). ( Page 33. 1 Fig. 3. Fragment very closely related to At. iiijlala, an unjiubli.-ihcd ]\IS>^. species of Dr. Newberry, from Ohio. Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1438. 3(1. Enlarged detail of pinna from the same specimen. X'2. PSEUDOPECOPTERIS SQUAMOSA L\. .Sp. with ExciPULiTES Oallipteridis (Scbiuip.) Kidst. (Pages 15 and 27.) Fig. 4. Fragments of the PseiiiJopecopteris squamosa, the pinnules of which are dotted by the fungus, ExcipitUtes CaUipln-idia. No. 325 of the collection of Dr. J. H. Britts, Clinton, Jlissonri. 4a. Enlarged detail of pinnules of the same fern showing the fungus between the nerves. x2. 328 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVll PL. rX FERNS; MARIOPTERIS AND PSEU DOPECOPTERIS. PLATE X. 329 PLATE X. Mariopteris sphenopteroidbs (Lx.) Zeill. (Page 31.) Flir. 1. Portions of iiiiailriseftions of priiuiirv pinuiB, showing characteristic apices. U. S. Nat. Miis. .5708. la. Enlarged detail of pinna of same specimen, x'2. 2. Terminal portions of primary pinnie. The convex lamina between the nerves is partially abraded so as to reveal the more deeply impressed nervation in the photograiih. U. S., Nat. Mus., .5707. 330 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. X FERNS: MARI0PTERI5, PLATE XI. 331 PLATE XI. Sphenopteris Wardiana D. W. (Page 39.) Fig. 1. Small compact pinna'. IT. S. Nat. Miis., 5617. lo. Enlarged detail of portion of tbe same. x2. 2. Segment from one side of middle portion of a seiondary ( ?) pinna. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5615. 2a. Enlarged detail from the same showing tbrtic ultimate pinna- Tvitli form of pinnnles and nerva- tion. X2. Sphenopteris mixta Schimp. (Page o5.) Fig. 3. Upper part of a primary piijua. shnwing compact pinnules near the top. and i)lnnatifid pinnules, developing as tertiary piumu, in the lower jiortion. U. S. Nat. Mas., 5712. 332 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEV MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. Xl FERNS: SPHENOPTERIS PLATE XII. 333 PLATE XII. Sl'HENOl'TERIS MIXTA SfbilUp. (Page 35.) Fk;. 1. Fragiueut of seioudary piuna sbowiuj; form with compact pinuiiles and slender racbis. The apex of oue of the tertiary i)iuu;c of this species is seen on the far right, a .small fragiiient of CaJVipleriilium Sullivantii (Lx.) Weiss lying between. U. S.Nat, Mns.,5714. la. Detail of pinnnle of the same specimen, showing characteristic slightly crennlate margin. X2. 2. Portion of a primary (?) pinna of the sijecies. The spucimeu, tbiJiigb somewhat dim, is interesting as showing the delicacy of the slender gracefnl piun;e and the smaller ordi nary pinnules. U. S. Nat. Mns., .t>6S7. Sphenopteris Lacoei D. W. (Page3.S.) Fig. 3. Pinuic showing small ultimate [linua' or lobes. Original described in Bull. U. S. Geul. Survey, No, 98, ]i. 56. I'. S. Nat. Mns., 5802. 3a. Enlarged detail showing broadly rounded pinnules or lobes. ' X2. 334 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. Xll FERNS; SPH ENOPTERIS. PLATE XIII. 335 PLATE X 1 1 T . SPHBNOPTER18 BrOADHBADI D. W. (Pase41.) Fi f PLATE XVII. 343 PLATE XVII. Sphenopteris British Lx. (Page 53.) The photograpli shows the ordinary aspect of portions of the fronds of this species, in -ivhich the margins are usually curved backward, burying the teeth more or less completely in the matrix. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5668. 344 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. XVIt .. «!'!';= .^ ' > -I > s tu ,>■ t' ■ ■' fiAM 1^^ j %%, ' I FERNS: SPH ENOPTERIS. PLATE XVIII. 345 PLATE XVTII. Sphenoptbris Beittsii Lx. (Page 53.) Fig. 1. Fragment with spread pinnules. U. S. Nat. Mus.. 5705. 2. Upper portion of young pinna on which the pinnules are the smallest found. This form is perhaps identical with that listed from the same beds by Professor Lesquereux as Sphen- opieris Gravenliorstii Brongn. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6669. 2a. Enlarged detail of small pinna of same. x2. Sphenoptbris pinnatifida Lx. sp. (Page 45.) Fig. 3. A fragment with large pinnules of this species occupies the central and lowei portions of the rock. Small fragments of CaUipteridiiim memhranacetim Lx. occur on the left center, while pinnaj of Pecopteris veHita Lx. lie near the lateral borders. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5807. 4. Apical portion of pinna of Sphenopteris pinnatifida with smaller pinnules. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5803. 4a. Enlarged detail from the same, showing lobation of the pinnules. x2. 346 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. XVIII FERNS: SPHENOPTERIS, PLATE XIX. 347 PLATE XIX. SPHENOPTERIS PINNATIFIDA Lx. Sp (Page 45.) Fig. 1. Photograph of the original specimen, a portion of which was illustrated in fig. 9, pi Iv, of the Coal Flora as Sj)he»02>ieris iridactylites. The greater portion of the rock, to the left, is covered by a fertile segment; a sterile fragment is on the right. Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus., 4304. la. Enlarged detail from the sterile pinnae on the right in the same specimen. X4. 16. Similar enlargement of reduced fertile pinnule to show sporangia. X4. SPHENOPTERIS cf. Gravenhorstii Brongii. (Page 50.) Fig. 2. Fragment of doubtful specific identity. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5720. 2a. Enlarged detail of pinna to show margins and nervation of pinnules. x2. SPHENOPTERIS BRITTSII Lx. (Page 53.) Fig. 3. Pinnie showing rather strong, rugose, ventrally depressed rachises. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5703. SPHENOPTERIS ILLINOISENSIS D. W. (Page 58.) Fig. 4. Terminal portion of pinna. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5697. 4a. Enlarged detail of pinnule of the same showing simple, very oblique lobation. X2. 348 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXV11 PL. XIX FERNS: SPH ENOPTERIS. PLATE XX. 349 PLATE XX. Oligocarpia missouriensis D. W. (Page 66.) Pig. 1. Portion of primary pinua showiug slender flexuose rachis and graceful lateral pinnse. The piunie in the upper portion are fertile, the sori being expressed as small rounded eleva- tions on the ventral surface of the pinnules. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5694. la. Enlarged detail showing sterile pinnules on same slab. X2. 2. Small sterile pinnae. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5619. Sphenopteris (Crossotheca) ophioglossoides Lx. sp. (Page 60.) Fig. 3. Portions of secondary sterile pinu;t. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5698. 3a. Enlarged detail to show outline and nervation of pinnules. x2. 36. Pinnule of No. 5698 still further enlarged to show the nervation. The convex margin and slightly depressed nervation are imperfectly indicated in Fig. 3. x6. 4. Portion of the same frond as that seen in the left of Fig. 3. U. S. Nat. Mns., 5698. Sphenopteris subcrenulata Lx. sp. (Page 64.) Fig. 5. Pinna showing pinnules of ordinary type. Collection of Dr. J. H. Britts, Clinton, Missouri. 350 U. 6. GEOtOGlCAL SURVEY MONOanAPH XXXVII PL. XX FERNS. OLIGOCARPI'* AND SPHENOPTER IS. PLATE XXI. 351 PLATE XXI. Oligocarpia missouriensis D. W. (Page 66.) Fig. 1. Fragment with slender fertile lateral pinme supposed to he referable to this species. The sori are impressed in the lamina and show on the upper .surface of the pinnules as minute, dome-shaped elevations. Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mas., 4467. la. Enlarged detail of pinnule of the same. x2. 2. Terminal portion of pinna of same chaiacter as that shown in Fig. 1. Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. llus., 4468. 2a. Enlarged small pinna from the same specimen. x2. 3. Fragment of secondary pinna of 0. missoariensis, representing the form shown in PI. XX, Figs. 1, 2. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5695. 4. Another specimen similar to that in Fig. 3, but smaller, the sori showing as dark spots on the pinnules. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5696. 352 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FERNS; OLIGOCARPIA. PLATE XXII. 353 MON XXXVI t 23 PLATE XXI I. Aloiopteris Winslovii D. W. (Page 72.) Fig. 1. Portions of three of the very long secondary pinnae bearing ultimate j)iuu;e of the normal form and size. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5609. 2. Sterile pinna; of same species on right. Fragments of several fertile pinnte on the left. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5610. 3. lYagments showing very large pinnules of the same species. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5613. 3.54 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. XXII FERNS: ALOIOPTERIS, PLATE XXIII. 355 PLATE XXIII. Aloioptekis Wtnslovii I). W. (Page 72.) Fig. 1. Small ultimate pinnse, in which the pinnules are but partially separated, the nerves forking once at a wide angle, more than halfway from the rachis to the margin. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5721. la. Enlarged detail of the same, showing dentition and nervation. x2. 2. Macerated pinnip, revealing skeletonized nervation of the same species. It will lie noted that the nerves fork only above the middle. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5611. 3. Enlarged detail, showing pinnules and nervation of another specimen of the same species U.S. Nat. Mus., 5612. x2. 4. Fragments of fertile pinuiP of J. Winslovii. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5690. 5. Portions of fertile, secondary (?) piunie of the same species. The reduced fertile pinnules are obscure, the margin obliterated by the projecting elongated sporangia. A fragment of sterile pinna, with large pinnatifid pinnules is seen in the upper part. U. S.Nat. Mus., 5689. Aloioptekis erosa Gutb. sp.? (Page 70.) Fig. 6. Ordinary pinnie, below the average in size. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5614. 6a. Enlarged detail from same, showing character of margin, and nerves forking below the mid- dle at a not very wide angle. x2. 356 MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. XXIII FERNS. ALOIOPTERIS. PLATE XXIV. 357 PLATE XXIV. Pecopteris dentata Brongn; ^ (Page 75.) Fk;. 1. PinniB with pinnules of ordinary form anil size. U. S.Nat. Mns., 5643. lo. Photographic enlargement of portion of the same. x2. 16. Similar enlargement of s.ame, showing lamina convex between the nerves. The photograph is inverted in the plate. X2. 2. Fertile pinnae of the species, seen from the upper surface. V. S. Nat. Mus., 5739. Aloiopteeis erosa Gutb. sp.? (Page 70.) Fig. 3A. Portion of secondary pinna with large pinnules. The specimen was identified as Pecopteris erosa Gutb. by Professor Lesquereux. Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus., 2386. 3Ao. Enlarged detail from the same fragment, showing dentition and nerves forking below the middle. X2. Annularia stellata (Schloth.) Wood. (Page 159.) Fig. 3B. Verticils with rather short leaves, on the left of Fig. 3. Lacoe collection, I'. S. Nat. Mus., 2386; Sphenophyllum Lescurtanum D. W. (Page 182.) Fig. 3C. Obscure specimen ; shows frequent branching. Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus., 2386. 358 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVIt PL. XXIV FERNS: PECOPTERIS AND ALOIOPTERIS. EQUISETALES: ANNULARIA. SPHENOPHYLLALES: SPH ENO PH YLLU M. PLATE XXV. 359 PLATE XXV. Pecopteeis dentata Brougn. (Page 75.) Parallel secondary( f ) pinnae, the upper portions of which are sterile. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5655. 360 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FERN; PECOPTERIS. PLATE XXVI. 361 PLATE XXVI. Pecoptebis vestita Lx. (Page 91.) • Fig. 1. Pinna showing strong punctate lachis. U. S. Nat. Mns., 5808. la. Detail of portion of same enlarged to show villosity and nervation. x2. Pecopteris dentata Brongn. (Page 75.) Fig. 2. Small pinnae in which the lobes and young pinnules are unusually connate and obtuse. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5641. , 3. Characteristic aspect of large pinna; with young pinna? and pinnatifid pinnules of this spe- cies. U.S. Nat. Mus.. 5642. 3a. Enlarged detail of apex of one of the lateral pinnae of the same specimen. The aspect of the lamina and border are not well shown. x2. 4. Enlarged detail of small pinna of U. S. Nat. Mus., 5621, shown in PI. XXVII. x2. 362 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. XXVI FERNS: PECOPTERIS, PLATE XXVII. 363 PLATE XXVII. Pbcopteris dentata Brongn. (Page 75.) Upper portion of a primary pinna, showing very large pinnules in the uppermost secondary plnn!¥, and ordinary and typical pinnules in tertiary pinnae a little above the middle of the specimen. The lower portion of the segment is fertile, the margins of the pinnules being rolled backward a little and buried in the matrix. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5621. An enlarged detail of sterile pinnules of this specimen is given in PI. XXVI, Fig. 4. 364 PLATE XXVIII. 365 PLATE XXVIII.. Pecoptebis pseudovestita D. W. (Page 85.) Fig. 1. Typical lateral, secondary (f) piunns, witli characteristic slightly obtuse ultimate pinniB of this species. This specimen, formerly a part of Professor Lesquereus's private collection, was uamed by him as Pecopteris CUntoni Lx. Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus., 3174. la. Enlarged detail of pinnule of the same. x^. 2. Fragment with pinnte similar to those in Fig. 1. This also was determined by Professor Lesquereux as P. Clintoni. Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus., 3179. i. Enlarged detail of pinnie of No. 5648, partly shown in PI. XXIX. x2. 366 M'jr^OGRAPH XXXVII PL. XXVIK FERNS; PECOPTERIS, PLATE XXIX. 367 PLATE XXIX. Pecopteris pseudovbstita D. W. (Page 85.) Portion of a slab 36 cm. iu heiglit covered by parallel sections from the interior of large pinme. The large size of the rachises of the two segments shown in this plate indicate a great length, perhaps more than 5 meters for the large pinniB, which evidently belonged to the same individual tree fern. It is not, however, certain whether these large fragments of rachis proceeded directly from the trunk or axis of the fern or whether, as their close parallelism suggests, they belong only to lateral pinnjB of giant fronds of the fern. A detailed enlargement of one of the ultimate pinnoe of this specimen is shown in PI. XXVIII, Fig. 3. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5648. In the lower right-hand corner of the plate are seen several rathi'r dim fragments of Pecopteris cJiiitoni Lx. 368 PLATE XXX. 369 MON XXXVII '-ii PLATE XXX. PeCOPTERIS PSEUDOVESTITA D. W. (Page 85.) Fig. 1. Segment showing pinnatifitl pinnules and young i)inn;e of this species. Small JjjAZeiio; are present at the bases of the second lateral pinna from below on the left, and of the fourth on the right. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5725. 1«. Enlarged detail of piunatifid pinnules in upper portion of same. x2. lb. Detail of young pinna from left middle of Fig. 1. x2. Ic. Enlarged detail of young pinna in lower right of the slab. The nervation is too close and too much divided in the upper lobes. x2. 370 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XX>.V:| PL. XXX FERNS: PEC0PTERI5, PLATE XXXI. 371 PLATE XXXI. Pecoptbkis pseudovestita D. W. (Page 85.) Fig. 1. Portion of lateral pinua similar to those in PI. XXIX. This specimen is one of the originals illustrated in pi. xxxi, fig. 2, of the Coal Flora as Jlethopteris amhigiia Lx. Lacoe collec- tion, U. S. Nat. Mils., 3093. 1(1. Pinnule from same specimen enlarged. x2. 2. Pinna' of the same species, in which the sori are in the process of development on the under surface of the pinnules and the lamina is slightly reduced. This example also was labeled as Alethopteris amiigiia by Professor Lesquereux. Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus., 3097. 2a. Enlarged detail of pinnules of the same. x2. 3. Fertile pinn:e supposed to be referable to the same species. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5809. 3a. Photographic enlargement of a portion of the same species. The oblong sporangia of Astero- theca are dimly indicated. x2. 372 U. S. GEOLOGICAL 5URVE MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. XXXI FERNS: PECOPTERIS. PLATE XXXII. 373 PLATE XXXII. Pecopteris pseudovestita D. W. (Page 85.) Fig. 1. Portion of secondary (?) pinna, showing robust yonng pinnse of this species. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5644. 2. Fragment showing form of lateral pinofe, and portion o' large rachis similar to those in PI. XXIX. U.S.Nat. Mu-., 5645. 374 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. XXXIl FERNS: PECOPTERlS, PLATE XXXIII. 375 PLATE XXXIII. Pecopteris ybstita Lx. (Page 91.) Fig. 1. Pinna of ordinary form, tapering gradually toward the apes. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5685. la. Pinnules of same enlarged. The villosity of the surface is not shown in this or Figs. 2a and 5a. X2. 2. Common form of piuuatifid pinna of this species. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5G47. 2a. Enlarged detail from the same to show nervation. The Yillosity of the pinnules is not represented. x2. 3. Young pinna-. U. S.Nat. Mus., .5683. 4. Apical portion of secondary (?) pinna. Characteristic slender tapering apex. IT. S. Nat Mus., 5646. 4a. Pinnules of the same enlarged to show the villosity. X2. 5. Portion of secondary ( f ) pinna, showing lateral pinnfe with pinnules a little larger than those figured in pi. xxxi of the Coal Flora. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5684. 5a. Detail of pinnules of 5684. The marginal crenulation is exaggerated. X2. 6. Pinna of same species, showing tapering form. U. S.Nat. Mus., 5688. Pecopteris cf. akborescens BroDgn.? (Page 78.) Fig. 7. Specimen with mostly simple nerves, doubtfully referred to the above species. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5686. 376 PLATE XXXIV. 377 i PLATE XXXIV. Pecopteris clintoni Lx. (Page 94.) Fig. 1. Pinna' of lax habit, sliowing irregularity in their large pinnules. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5606. la. Details of pinnules in upper left of the large segment. x2. 16. Detail of pinnule in middle light of same specimen. x2. 378 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXyll PL. XXXIV FERNS: PECOPTERIS. PLATE XXXV. 379 PLATE XXXV. Sphenopteris suspecta D. W. (Page 51.) Fig. 1. Fragment with large, rather lax, pinnules. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5650. 2. Portions of secondary (?) piunse with more compact pinnules. U. S.Nat. Mus., 5652. 2a. Enlarged detail of pinnules in the lower part of the same specimen. x2. 2h. Similar detail of pinnule higher in position. X2. 3. Enlarged detail of small pinnules of another specimen, No. 5649, U. S. Nat. Mus., doubtfully referred to the same species. X2. Pecopteeis clintoni Lx. (Page 94.) Fig. 4. Part of secondary (?) pinna showing lax habit of pinnules. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5605. 4(1. Pinnule of the same enlarged, showing distant, thin nerves. X2. Pecopteris hemitelioides Brongu. ? (Page 79.) Fig. 5. Fertile pinnai provisionally referred to this species. U. S.Nat. Mus., 5594. 5a. Enlarged detail of portion of one pinnule to show the two rows of sori of the type of Jsieroilieca, each consisting of lour or five slender acute sporangia, inclined, in the com- pressed specimen, toward the midrib of the pinnule. X4. Sphenopteris sp. (Page 66.) Fig. 6. Fragment showing lax pinnules, slightly stalked, with undulate margins. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5654. 6a. Enlarged detail of two pinnules in lower part of the same specimen. X2. 380 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEV MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. XXXV FERNS; PECOPTERIS AND SPH ENOPTER IS. PLATE XXXVI. 381 PLATE XXXVI. Pecopteris Jenneyi D. W. (Page 80.) Fig. 1. Portions of two Literal pinnre from a part of which the organic residue has been removed. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5598. la. Single pinnule of the same (slightly enlarged). 16. Photographic enlargement of pinna of same specimen, showing very coarse nervation. X2. 2. Another example of the same species, in which the pinnules are proportionally longer. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5599. Pecopteris cf. arborescens Brongn. ! (Page 78.) Fig. 3. Pinnie on the lower portion of which the sporangia are in the process of development. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5596. 382 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEV MONOGRAPH XXXVtl PL. XXXVI FERNS: PECOPTERIS. PLATE XXXVII. 383 PLATE XXXVII. Alethopteris Seklii (Brongn.) Goepp. var. missouriensis D. W. (Page 117.) Fig. 1. Yoiinj; pinna with small pinnules. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3594. la. Enlarged detail of pinnules of the same. x2. 2. Pinna with fully developed pinnules. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3594a. Alethopteris ambigua Lx. (Page 113.) Fig. 3. Young pinna? of this species. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5634. So. Detail showing young jjinuules. X2. 4. Pinn;e and pinnules showing the normal form and size. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3590. A pinnule of the angustifoUa form of the Neuropteris Scheudizeri Hoflfm. is seen on the left. 4a. Enlarged detail of pinnule of J7e(Aop(e?H8 am6i(/Ma. x2. 384 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVE' MONOGRAPH XXyVll PL. XXXVII FERNS; ALETHOPTERIS AND NEUROPTERIS PLATE XXXVIII 385 MON XXXVII 25 PLATE XXXVIII. Gallipteridium mbmbranaoeum Lx. (Page 120.) Fid. 1. Fragment from which thi- cnrbonaceous matter is largely removed. Its reference to this species is tentative. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5810. la. Enlarged detail of pinnule of same. x2. 2. Slender pinna showing slightly variable pinnules. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5625. 3. Fra"-ment with large pinnules separate to the rachis. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5691. 3a. Enlarged detail of pinnules of the same. x2. •1. One of the types of the species. Original of iig. 5, pi. xxvii, p. 177, of the Co;iI Flora. Lacoo collection, U. S. Nat. Mus., 3182. 4a. Pinnule from the upper portiou of the same enlarged to show the nervation. The margiu;il gutter, slightly exa;j,gerated in the drawing, is also present in the other specimens. x2. 5. Apical segment determined as this species hy Profe.ssor Lesquereux. Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus., 3187. G. Apical fragment with young pinu:e doubtfully referable to this species. It appears to represent a peculiar form with very broad racbises and thin midribs. The example jihotographed is the only one yet found. Collection of Dr. J. H. Britts, Clinton, Missouri. 6(1. Enlarged pinnules from the same. X2. 386 U. S GEOLOGICAL SURVf MONOGRAPH yXXVII PL. XXXVI FERNS; CALLI PTERI Dl U M. PLATE XXXIX. 387 PLATE XXXIX. Gallipteridium Suluvantii (Lx.) Weiss. (Page 123.) Fig. 1. Portion of secondary (?) pinna with robust lateral pinme, the lower pinnules of which are constricted in Neuropteroid form at the base. U. S. Nat. JIus., 5660. In. Detail sliowiug one of the basallv constricted lower pinnules. x2. 2. Ordinary aspect of a pinna of the species. U. S. Nat. ilns., 3589. 2a. Enlarged detail of an average pinnule, from the same. x2. 3. Apex of secondary (?) jiinua. U. S. Nat. Mus., .5674. Gallipteridium in.equale Lx. (Page 123.) 4. Fragment of pinna. U. S. Nat. JIus., 56U3. 388 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH vyyvil PL. XXXIX FERNS: CALLI PTER I Dl U M. PLATE XL. 389 PLATE XL. T^NIOPTBRIS! MISSOUBTBNSIS D. W. , (Page 140.) Fig. 1. Fragmeut in whicli tlie iiinnuU-s ure attai'hi-d by the eutire width of Hie base. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5557. 2. Upper portion of pinna with lounate Alethopteroid piiauules. U. S. Nat. JIns., .5.556. 3. Alethopteroid pha.se from still higher in the pinna. U. S. \at. Mns.,5560. 4. Apex of the pinna, Alethopteroid, with strongly decurrent pinnules. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5558. 5. Fragment low in pinna, showing basally constricted pinnules attached to central zone of a hi-oadly bordered rachis. U. 8. Nat. Mus., .5557n. 6. Fragments of pinnules. U. S. Nat. Mus.. 5556«. 7. Portiimof a very large pinnule. .Specimen in the collection of Dr. , I. H. Britts, Clinton, Missouri. 390 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. XL FERNS, T/ENIOPTERIS?. PLATE XLI. 391 PLATE XLI. Calliptekidium Sullivantii (Lx.) Weiss. (Page 123.) Fig. 1. Young iiinnai tleveloping in Odontopteroid form, constricted at base. U. S. Nat. Mns., 5479. 2. Apex of compound pinna, sliowing Neuropteroid constriction of large pinnules, before passing into tbe pinnatitid stage. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5481. 3. IncompUte fragment, becoming .sublobate. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5482. Neuropteris MISSOURIENSIS Lx. (Page 130.) Fig. 4. Pinuiu sliowing characteristic forms of lateral and terminal pinnules. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5631. 5. Example with smaller pinnules of the same species. IT. S. Nat. Mus., 5472. Nburopteris dilatata (L. and H.) Lx. (Page 137.) Fig. 6. Portion of No. 5672 (sho^YU in PL XLII, Fig. 1), showing the nervation; natural size. 6a. Enlarged detail of small area to show vascular strands in the lamina between the larger nerve bundles. The number and distribution of the strands is greater than is represented. They are somewhat irregular. x2. Linopteris gilkersonensis D. W. (Page 139.) Fig. 7. Slightly undersized pinnule, showing nervation. U. S. Nat. Mns., 5485. 8. Laro-e pinnule showing linear form and peculi.ar meshing of the nerves. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5485. Alethoptbsis AMBiaXIA Lx. (Page 113.) Fig. 9. Frao-meut showing young pinna, with irregular pinnules. The specimen was identified by Professor Lesquereus. L.acoe collection. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3590. DlCRANOPHYLLUM'? Sp. (Page 272.) Fig. 10. Fragment from the macerated specimen photographed in PI. LXXIII, Fig. 1. It should per- haps be regarded as an Alga. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6076. 392 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. XLI ■ 1 1 1 1 1 FERNS; CALLI PTERI D lU ^yl. NEUROPTERIS. ALETHOPTERIS. AND LINOPTERIS. PLATE XLII. 393 PLATE XLII. Neuropteris dilatata (L. and H.) Lx. (Page 137.) Fig. 1. Portion of relatively small pinnule. U. S. Nat. JIus., 5672. la. Detail of portion of surface showing vascular bnuilles. Another detail of an area nearer the base is shown as PI. XLI, Fig. 6o. X2. OUONTOPTERTS? BrADLEVI Lx. (Page 12.5.) Fio. 2. Apical jiortion of jiinna, on right of which are seen pinnules representing 0. liratllei/i, while on the left the lamina is for some distance entire as in O. Woriheni Lx. The specimen is perhaps only a heteromorphous pinna of the Xeiiropteris Sriieiichzeyi Hoffm. U. S. Nat. Mas., ri(i28. '2a. Enlar'ged detail of jiortiou of the same showing nervation and short tine hairs appressed on the surface of the piniiul&s. U. S. Nat. Mu.s., 5623. X2. Xeuroptbris Schetjchzeri Hoft'm. (Page 132.) Fig. 3. Single pinnule, representing a small narrow form of the species, with relatively slender apex, known as X angunlifulia. U. S. Nat. Mus.. .5633. 3fl. Portion of the same enlarged to show the asymmetrical auriculate and pedicellate base, the nervation, and the sliort slender hairs appressed on the surface. X2. Neuroptekis missoxjriensis Lx. (Page 130.) FiG. 4. Typical small pinme. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5632. in. Enlarged detail of a jiinnule of the same. X2. Alethopteris Serlii (Brougn.) Goepp. var. jmissouriensis D. W. (Page 118.) Fig. 5. Characteristic aspect of pinna with large pinnules. U. S. Nat. Mns., 3591 B. 5a. Enlarged detail of pinnule. x2. 394 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVll PL. XU\ FERNS; NEUROPTERIS, ODONTOPTER IS, AND ALETHOPTERIS. PLATE XLIII. 395 PLATE XLIII. Neuropteris dilatata (L. and H.) Lx. (Page 137.) Incomplete, large, Cyclopteiid pinnule. Original of the description by Professor Lesquereux under the above name in Coal Flora, vol. i, p. 78. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6038. 396 PLATE XLIV. 397 PLATE XLIY. SPHENOPTBRIS ir,BINOISENIS D. W. (Page 158.) Fig. 1. Apex of componud piiiiia. U. .S. Nat. Mus.. 5661. 1(1. Detail of pinnule sliowiiig sinij>lf dentition. X2. Nei'kopteeis dilatata (L. and H.) Lx. (Page 137.) Fig. 2. Portion of a pinnule of more elong.-iteil form. The luargin i.s seen on the left only. U. S.Nat. Mus., 5658. Pecoptebis abbokescens Brongu.? (Page 78.) Fig. 3. Fragment, natural size, Laeoe collection. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4873. 3(1. Enlarged detail of pinnule.s of the same. x4. Algoid axis! Fig. 4. The figure shows the finely punctate surface of the impression on which no clear traces of vascular bundles are seen. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5726. 398 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURvE MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. XLIV FERNS: NEUROPTERIS, SP H EN O PTER IS. AND PECOPTERIS. ALGOID AXl PLATE XLV. 399 PLATE XLV. Aphlebia sp. (Page 112.) Fig. 1. Large axis, 2.5 cm. iu diameter, clothed by large, oblong, chafty or foliar scales. On the right is seen an expanded ApMehia comparable to A. Lactuca. U. S. Nat. Mn8., 5727. Sphenopteris sp. Fig. 2. Fragment showing lax habit of decurrent pinn;B and lobes. V. S. Nat. JIus., 5815. 2o. Enlarged detail showing nervation of the same. x2. NEUROP'J'ERIS MISSOURIENSIS Lx. (Page 130.) Fig. 3. Pinna showing very large pinnules of the species. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5630. Lepidodendron scutatum Lx. (Page 198.) Fig. 4. Cortex of compressed branch showing leaf cushions and leaf scars. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6044. Other examples of this species are illustrated in Pl. LIV, Fig. 5, and Pl. LV, Figs. 1,2. 400 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXMI PL. XLV FERN5: SPH ENOPTERIS, MEUROPTERIS, AND APHLEBIA. LYCOPODIALES: LEPl DODEN DRON. PLATE XLVI. 401 >iON xxxvii 26 PLATE XLVI. APHLEBiA Germari Zeill. CORDAITES COMMUNIS Lx. (Pages 106 and 260.) The photograph shows the greater portion of a large froud of Jplilcbia Geimari Zeill. spread out on the slab. The spiuinis, villose aspect of the surfaie, especially lu-ar the base, is im])erfectly indi- cated. U. S. Sat. Mus., 5546. On the right lies a small U-af of CorOailes cumminis Lx. For further illustration of the latter see PI. I. 402 U. S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FERN. APHLEBIA GYMNOSPERM: CORDAITES PLATE XL VII. 403 PLATE XLVTI. Beittsia peoblematica L). W. (Page 98. ) Fig. 1. View of frond in which the pinno; are rolled back on all sides, showing the hroad central rachis. Portions of the thalloid expansions are seen on the upper right. The photograph is inverted. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5683. 2. Opposite side of the same specimen, with inrolled pinnse. 3. Expanded frond, from which the pinnules have heen removed, showing the hroad lobular expansions of the fleshy or thalloid wing of the rachis. The light spots in the sinuses of the lobes correspond to the attachment of the imbricated pinnules. The margins of the lobes, though thinning, are hardly so uneven as the retouching indicates. U. S. Nat. Mus., .5724. 4. Enlarged detail of one of the lobes or fleshy expansions of the rachis of a lateral pinna. The vascular buudles are seen to diverge from the axis and pass to the sinus at the upper angle of the lobe, where a distinct carbonaceous residue of the base of the pinnule usually remains. The character of the surface of the lobe, which is destitute of vascular trace, is also shown in the enlargement. x5. 5. Portions of two of the "pinnules" which are attached at the sinuses of the lobes. TBe detail enlargement shows the nervation and a very small portion of the margiu, including one of the teeth. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5723. X5. PECOPTERIS cf. ARBOEESCENS BrODgU.? (Page 78.) Fig. 6. Fertile pinnte. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5595. Aphlebia subgoldenbeegii D. W. (Page 110.) Fig. 7. Fragment showing lateral divisions or pinnte, with thin lobes or pinnules traversed by broad, flat vascular bauds. Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus., 9599. 7o. Portion of the same enlarged to show the form of the lobes. x2. 404 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVE MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. XLVII FERNS: PECOPTERIS, APHLEBIA, AND BRITT5IA, PLATE XL VIII. 405 PLATE XLVIII. Brittsia peoblematica D. W. (Page 98.) Fig. 1. Frond showing fleshy expansions of the central axis (rachis) and pinnae. The thicli, appar- ently veinless, thalloid lobes of the latter are seen on the left. In the loTver left fragments of the pinnules overlying the fleshy bordered rachises are seen. U. S. Kat. JIus., 5723. lo. Enlarged detail of the lower left of the same specinieii, showing portion of main axis and four piuna» with their fleshy expansions or thalloid lobes. The vascular system is also indi- cated. Toward the margin jiortions of several of the pinnules expanding in a plane above the rachis are seen, with theirJOGRAPH XXXVII PL. LI 5PHENOPHYLLALES: SPH ENO PH Y LLU M. (Twice the natuial sue.) PLATE LII. 413 PLATE LII. Lepidodendron Bkittsii Lx. (Page 188.) Fig. 1. Slab covered with Ijiaucblets and leafy twigs. The bifurcation of the branches is seeif at several points. U. S. Nat Mus., 5640. 2. Enlarged detail from lower right of the same slab, showing lower portions of leaves attached to the bolsters. Xi. 3. Portions of the cortex of old truulis, showing the form of the bolsters or leaf cushions; the eresceutic leaf scars, convex upward, and the corrugation above and below the leaf scar. U.S.Nat. Mus., 6039. 3a. Enlarged detail of bolster of the same. The limits of the leaf scar are hardly so clearly defined in the specimen, nor are the appendages so distinct, though they appear to be faintly visible. X2. 414 V PLATE LIII. 415 PLATE LITI. Lepidodendron Brittsii Lx. (Page 188.) Fig. 1. Branch witli many nariDw. tapering leaves. The latter are slightly reflexed. The outlines of the slender, fusiform l^olsters are faintly seen, the corrugation being visible. U.S.Nat. Jlus., 6040. la. Enlarged detail, showing form and ornamentation of a bolster of the same. The appendages are delineated too distinctly. x2. Lepidodendron LANCEOLAaTM Lx. (Page 192.) Fig. 2. Forking branch, showini;' diamond-sliaped bolsters. The latter are a little distant. Collection of Dr. J. H. Britts. Clinton, Missouri. 2a. Enlarged detail of two bolsters of the same, showing the very slight altitude of the leaf scars, which are distinctly directed upward, and the ligular trace just above the leaf scar. X2. 416 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SunvE' LYCOPODIALES: LEPI DOD EN DRON, PLATE LIV. 417 MON XXXVII 37 PLATE LIV. Lepidodendron Beittsii Lx. ' (Page 188.) Fig. 1. Branohlet showing leaves attached. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6042. lo. Enlarged detail of same to show the bolsters and leaf attachments. x2. 2. Fragment from larger lirauch at the point of bifurcation. The leaf scars are faintly shown. The specimen was determined by Professor Lesquereux. Lacoe collection, U. S. Jsat. Mus., 5488. Lepidodendron rimosum Stb. var. retocorticatum D. W. (Page 196.) Fig. 3. Fragment of cortical impression in which the outer cortex appears to have been longitudi- nally ruptured in elongated diamond-shaped breaks by the expanding' inner cwrtex, sepa- rating still farther the already distant, linear, fusiform bolsters. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6043. 3a. Enlarged detail showing linear, elongated bolsters and the transversely rhomboidal leaf scars. x2. 36. Single bolster of the same still further enlarged to show the cortical ornamentation and the cicatricules of the leaf scar. x6. 4. Fragmentary impression of cortex of old trunk in sandstone. The specimen, which was labeled as this species by Professor Lesciuereux, shows the distant, greatly elongated bolsters and the complex wrinkling of the bark between the bolsters. Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5280. 4a. Detail, natural size, from the same, to show the features of the leaf scars. It is hardly probable that the features of the actual outer surface of the scar are here presented. Lepidodendron scutatum Lx. (Page 198.) Fig. 5. Enlarged detail of No. 6044 photographed in PI. XLV, Fig. 4. It shows the character of the leaf scars and the appendages. x2. 418 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. L1V LYCOPODIALES: LEP I DODEN DRON. PLATE LV. 419 PLATE LV. Lepidodendron scutatum Lx. (Page 198.) Fig. 1. Slab strewn with dichotomous branches of this species. The form of the bolster is obscurely shown on the right. I'. S. Nat. llus., 6045. 2. Fragment from larger stem. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6046. 2a. Detail of bolsters and leaf scars of same. x2. 420 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVll PL. LV LYCOPODIALES; LEPI DOD EN DRON. PLATE LVI. 421 PLATE LVI. Lepidophloios Van Ingeni D. W. (Page 205.) Fig. 1. Portion of stem from which the epiilermis haa been removed. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6047. 2. One of the specimens described and iigured by Professor Lesquereux (Coal Flora, vol. iii, p. 781, pi. cv, fig. 4^ as Lepidophloios dilatatiis Lx. Lacoe collection, U. .S. Nat. JIus., 5944. 2a. Photographic enlargement of the same, in different light, to show the aspect of the leaf scars. x2. 26. Enlarged detail of exposed portion of bolster of No. 5944. x2. 3. 'Isolated and jjartially decorticated l)ol8ter showing portion of leaf scar and the pit above it on the bolster. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6050. 4. Similar isolated bolster showing vertical wrinkles, due perhaps to flattening of the bolster. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6048. 5. Bolster from which nearly all carbonaceous residue has been removed, showing the approxi- mate profile of leaf soar and distiuct " ligular pit." U. S. Nat. Mus., 6049. 6. Detached bolsters grouped on rock. U. S.Nat. Mus., 6051. 7. Very large bolster, partially decorticated. U. S.Nat. Mus., 6052. 8. Very large and strongly convex bolster in shale. It shows rounded lateral angles and base. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6053. 422 MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL- LVI U. S. OEOLOT.ICAL SURVEY LYCOPODIALES: LEPI DOPH LOIOS, PLATE LVII. 423 PLATE LVII. Lbpidophloios Van Ingeni D. w. (Page 205.) Fig. 1. Portion of large slab described and partially figured by Professor Lesquereux in Coal Flora, vol. iii, pi. cv., fig. 2, as Lepidopliloios dilataius Lx. The rhomboidal profiles of the com- pletely flattened bolsters are visible over the corticated portion, while in most cases the leaf scar is seen. The Knorria stage of the trunk is indicated in the lower left. Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5947. la. Enlarged detail of bolster of same. x2. 424 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. LVII LYCOPODIALES: LEPI DO PH LO lOS, PLATE LVIII. 425 PLATE LVIII. Lepidophloios Van Ingeni D. W. ? (Page 205.) Via. 1. The large leaf fragments on the left half of the slab are probably referable to this species. Small branchlets of Lepidodendron Brittsii Lx. appear on the right. U. S. Nut. Mus., 6061. Lepidophylltjm missoxjeiense D. W. (Page 216.) Fig. 2. Lower part of bract, dilated at the point of union with the large sporangiophore. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6062. A portion of an isolated bolster of Lejndophloios Van Ingeni lies to the left. 426 LYCOPODIALES; LEPI DOPH LOIOS AND LEPI DOPH YLLU M, PLATE LIX. 427 PLATE LIX. Lbpidostrobus Jenneyi D. W. Lepidophyllum Jenneyi. (Page 215.') Fig. la. TTpper part of cone, showing bracts along the profile, the interior mass being composed of the long sporangiophores crushed with the spore cases (Sporoci/stis). U. S. Nat. Mus., 6054. Ifc. Detached fully grown bract of the same species, illustrating the relatively long sporaugiophore. 2. Another bract {Lepidophyllum Jenneyi) showing dilation at base of blade. The membraneous expansion of the sporaugiophore is wanting. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6056. Lepidocystis Jenneyi D. W. (Page 215.) Fig. 3. Isolated and partially compressed spore case of iepidos^cofeus Jenneyi. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6055. Asteeophyllites eqtjisetiformis (Schloth.) Brougu. (Page 151.) Fig. Ic. Branch with unusually slender leaves, to the left of the Lepidostrobus on the slab. Sphenophylliim emaeginatum Brongu. (Page 177.) Fig. Id. Fragments, with very small leaves, near the top and in the lower right of slab. Pecopteeis vestita Lx. (Page 91.) Fig. le. Fragment of pinna on the right. 428 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH XXX\II PL. LIX FERNS PECOPTERIS. EQUISETALE3 ASTEROPH YLLITES. SPHENOPHYLLALES; SPH ENOPH YLLU M LYCOPODlALES LEPI DOSTROBUS, LEPI DOPH YLLU M, AND LtPI OOCYST IS. PLATE LX. 429 PLATE LX. Lepidostrobus missouriensis D. W. LEPIDOPHYLLUM MISSOURIENSE. (Pages 216 aud217.) Fig. 1. Slab, ou the left of which is a fragment of a large cone of this species, while scattered bracts lie on the right. Collection of Dr. J. H. Britts, Clinton, Missouri. 2. Bract {LepidophiiUtim missouriense) of the same species, showing dilation of blade at junction with sporaugiophore, which is ineomplete. U. S. Nat. llns., 6066. 3. Bract of same species showing acuminate apex and large sporaugiophore. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6059. 430 PLATE LXI. 431 PLATE LXI. Ferrnginous sandstone from Gilkevson's Ford, Grand River, Missouri. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5065. Lepldophyllum missouriense D. W. (Page 216.) Fig. la. Fragments scattered over slab. The sporangiopliore and midrib are well shown in a specimen in tbe upper middle of the plate. Lepidocystis missouriensis D. W. (Page 218.) Fir,. 11). Spore cases of Lepidophyllum (Lepidostrobits) mis80urienae. Most of them are longitudinally ruptured and are spread out, the spores having been discharged. 2. Isolated empty spore case. Lepidophloios Van Ingeni D. W. (Page 205.) Fig. Ic. Detached and isolated bolsters. CALLIPTEEIDIUM IN^QUALE Lx. (Page 123.) Fig. Id. Fragments of pinnae. Cardiocarpon Branneri Paircli & D. W. (Page 266.) Fig. le. The normal form of the seed with its wing is shown in the example on the right. LiNOPTEEIS aiLKEESONENSIS D. W. (Page 139.) Fig. If. Pinnule of ordinary size and form. It lies just below the specimen to which reference was last made. SiGILLAEIA CAMPTOT^NIA Wood? (Page 230.) Fig. If/. Sigillarioid leaves, probably preferable to S. camptotirniu Wood, which is found associated in the same stratum. 432 U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FERNS: CALLl'PT ERI D I U M AND ^'''''- J-^'^- LYCOPODIALES: LEPI DOPH LOIOS, tt IDOPHYLLUM, AND LEPI DOCYSTIS. CORDAITALES: CARDIOCARPON PLATE LXII. 433 MON XXXTII 28 PLATE LXII. * Ferruginous sandstone from Giikerson's Ford, Grand River, Missouri. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5065. (Tlie back side of this slab is photographed iu PI. LXI.) LePIDOPHYLLTJM MISSOURIENSB D. W. (Page 217.) Fig. a. Several bracts scattered over slab. The upper one on the right is the most slender example yet seen. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6065. Lepidocystis missotjribnsis D. W. (Page 217.) Fig. h. Collapsed spore cases. The specimen to the right of the center of the slab, and especially that in the upper extreme left, are typical of the size and form of the ruptured and spread spore cases of Lepidonirohns missouriensis. c. Spore cases compressed, but not ruptured. Tbiletes of Lepidostkobus missouriensis. (Page 217.) Fig. (1. Macrospores of the above species. Ou the left are seen the agglomerated spores as contained in two of the spore cases. The masses retain the size aud form of the flattened spore cases, though the latter have been removed. e. Scattered aud isolated macrospores of the same. The triradiate surface sculpture of these is shown in the eularged details from this specimen given in PL LXIII, Figs. 3. 3a. Lepidophloios Van Ingeni D. W. (Page 205.) Fig. /. Isolated bolsters. CALLIPTEBIDtUM INJEQUALE Lx. (Page 123.) ^ Fig. //. Fragments of jiiunie. Lepidostbobus princeps Lx. (Page 212.) Fig. h. Portion of rather suiall cone showing long sporangiophores at the base and fragments of bracts. The sporangiophores are very oblique in this example. SiGILLARIA CAMPTOT^NIA Wood? (Page 230.) Fig. i. Fragments of Sigillarioid leaves, presumably referable to the associated species, SigiUaria camptotmnia. They may, however, represent a Lepidodendron. 434 I. fi. GEOlOGICAI. SURVE' FERNS: CALLI PTER I D I U M, LYCOPODIALES: LEPI DOSTROBUS, LEPI DOPH VLLU M, LEPI DOCVSTIS. TRILETES LEP I DOPH LOIOS. AND SIGILLARIOID LEAVES PLATE LXIII. 435 PLATE LXIII. Lepidostrobus princeps Lx. (Page 212.) Fig. 1. Fragment of broken cone showing the very broad axis and the crowded sporangiophores on either side. The blndes of the bracts are brolcen away. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6066. 2. Portion of cone showing long bracts. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6071. Triletes of Lefidostrobxjs missouriensis D. W. (Page 217.) Fig. 3. Enlarged detail from Fig. . X4. T^NIOPHYLLUM LATIFOLIUM D. W. (Page 247.) Fig. 4. Small axis, showing leaves on the right. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6070. Lepidophloios Van Ingeni D. W. (Page 205.) Fig. 5. Detached bolsters, slightly deformed. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6075. Lbpidophyllum Jenneyi D. W. (Page 214.) Fig. 6. Specimen showing acuminate apex. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6070. 436 Monograph xicxvll pl. lxiii U. S. GEOtOGldAL SURVEV LYCOPODIALES; LEPl DOPH LOIOS. LEPIDOSTROBUS, TRILETES, AND T/tN lOPH YLLU M. PLATE LXIV. 437 PLATE LXIV. Lepidostrobus pbinceps Lx. (Page 212.) Fuj. a. Segment of cone from which a large portion of the blades have been broken away. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6057. Lepidocystis missoukiensis D. W. ? (Page 216.) Fig. /). Specimen very small for this species. LiNOPTEKIS GILKEBSONENSIS I). W. (Page 139.) Fig. r. Pinnule, showing straight form of the species. Xeukopteris Scheuchzeri Hottm. (Page 132.) Fig. ((. Incomplete pinnule of the aiiijustifolia form. SiGILLARIOID LEAVES. (Page 230.) Fig. e. Very long Sigillarioid or Lepidodeuilroid leaves, probably referable to Sigillaria camptotwnia Wood. 438 U. 5. GEOLOGICAL SURVEV MONOGRAPH XXXVll PL. LXlV FERNS: NEUROPTERIS AND LINOPTERIS. LYCOPODIALES : LEPl DOSTROBUS, LE P I OOCYST IS, AND SIGILLARIOlD LEAVES PLATE LXV. 439 PLATE LXY. OmPHALOPHLOIOS CYCLOSTIGjVIA Lx. sp. (Page 218.) Fragment of impressii)u of compressed trunk showing rhomboidal bolsters within which are crushed or folded, rounded, prominences or bosses. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6024. 440 MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. LXV LYCOPODIALES ; OM PH ALOPH LOIOS, PLATE LXVI. 441 platp: lxvi. . Omphalophloios cyclostigma Lx. sp. (Page 218.) P^IG. 1. Impression of old stem in wliich the bosses are crnslied, witli infolded cortex upon the bolster snrfaci'. This is one of the originals described by Professor Lesquereux as Lepidodendrgn cyclofstiflma. Lacoe collection, U. S. Nat. Mns., 5502. lo. Enlarged detail of bolster of the same, x 2. 2. Cortex from ■nbioli the eiiidermis h.'is partly been removed. The bosses, resembling Lepido- dendroid leaf scars, are not so compressed as in the other cases. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6025. 2a. Detail of bolsters from No. 6025. x2. 3. Impression of yoiiug trnuU. to which the epidermis has adhered. The form of the bolsters is obscured by the prominent large bosses, in which may be seen the small raised oval bosses. Collection of Dr. J. H. Britts, Clinton, Missouri. 3a. Detail of bolsters of the same. x2. 4. Young stem, or branch, with rounded cortical depressions in the lower portion. The aspect of thi' partially decorticated stem is also seen. The photograph is inverted on the plate. U.S. Nat. Mus., 6027. 4o. Detail from the same. 5. Fragment of young branch from which the epidermis has been removed. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6028. 442 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Monograph xxxvii pl. lxvI LYCOPODIALES: OM P H ALO P H LO I Ub PLATE LXVII 443 PLATE LXVII. Omphalophloios cyclostigma Lx. sp. (Page 218.) Fig. 1. Portion of flattened and apparently forked trunk. The mold of tlie compressed branch has been removed from the upper left, leaving the impression of the back side of the branch. The back side of the cast, or branch itself, is shown in Fig. 2. On the right and in the lower part of Fig. 1 the outlines of the bolsters are discerned; while the more or less flat- tened and deformed bosses are seen throughout. In the left center the inner small oval bosses, including the shallow oval pits, are visible. The prominent, transverse, broken surface, tangent or slightly conuivent with the lower end of the oval boss, is construed as representative of the leaf cicatrix. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56.36. la. Enlarged details of bolsters on the left of the same specimen, showing the oval boss with central oval dejiression containing small mammilla. The transverse line of fracture, supposed to represent the leaf scar, is not so well shown. x2. 2. Back side of portion of branch removed from the left of the trunk shown in Fig. 1. The opposite side of this fragment is shown in PI. LXVIII, Fig. 1. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6029. 2a. Detail from the same; showing supposed leaf scar. X2. 444 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MONOGRAPH JixXVII FL LYCOPODIALES . OM Ph ALOPH LOIOS, PLATE LXVIII. 445 PLATE LXVIII. Omphalophloios cyclostigma Ls. sp. (Page 218.) Fig. 1. Pbotographic enlargement of face of the portion of flattened branch removed from the upper left of the large trunk shown in Fig. 1, PI. LXVII. The bolster outlines are moru or less distinctly seen, as well as the oval bosses and central depressions. As usual tbe promi- nent, sballowly transversely triangular area, just beneath tbe oval boss, supposed to represent the leaf scar, is more or less abraded. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6029. X2. Id. Enlarged details of bolsters in same specimen. x2. 2. Fragment from impression of crushed stem. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6030. 446- S. GEOLOGr'AL SURVE' LYCOPODIALES. OMPHALOPH LOIOS. (Fig. 1 is twice the natural siie.) PLATE LXIX. 447 PLATE LXIX. SiGILLARIA GAMPTOT^NIA Wood. (Page 230.) Part of a slal), iu the lower part of which is a portion of a flattened trunk. The impression of the back side of the truuk is continued to the top of the slab. Between the subepidermal casts of the leaf scars are seen the diagoual systems of cross-striation of the cortex characteristic of the Subsigillarite. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6057. 448 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVE MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. LXIX LYCOPODIALES: SIGILLARIA. PLATE LXX. 449 MON XXXVII 29 PLATE LXX. SiGILLARIA CAMPTOT.ENIA Wood. (Page 230.) Fid. 1. Fragment from young stem, partially deprived of the epidermis. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6063. 3. Another stem in which both the leaf scars and the diagonal cross-striatiou, usually less clearly seen when the epidermis is preserved, are shown. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6064. 3a. Enlarged detail showing leaf scars, supra- and subjacent shields, aud cortical aspect ; frnm the same specimeu. v2. 3b. Enlarged detail of leaf scar aud environment; from same. x4. 4. Surface of fragment of old trunk, from which the epidermis is partly removed. It shows the casts of the narrow, short bolsters. U. S. Nat. Mus., 60.52. 4a. Partially decorticated bolster of the same. x2. ib. Bolster of same, without epidermis aud leaf cicatrix. X'2. Stigmakioid impression. (Page 246.) Fk;. 5. Impression, apparently Stigmarian in nature, with deep diagoual cross wrinkling, perhaps referable to Sigillaria camptoiiriiia Wood. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6067. SiGILLARIA SIGILLARIOIDES Lx. Sp. (Page 230.) Fig. 2. Portion i>f llattened stem. The fragment photograjihed is the "reverse" of the original type, described aud illustrated (Coal Flora, p. 425. pi. Ixviii, figs. 8, iIns., 9202. 2o. Enlarged detail of geramiile on upper left of the fragment of Cordaiaiitkiis ovatus. x2. Cardiocarpon Branneri Faircli. & D. W. (Page 266.) Fici. 3. Specimen showing nucleus and wing. The basal dilation is exceptionally narrow in this example. U. S. Nat. JIus., 6065. Lepidodendron scutatum Lx. (Page 198.) Fir,. 4. Branchlets showing characteristic altitude of the leaves. II. S. Nat. Mus., 6074. 454 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVE MONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. LXX FERNS: PECOPTERIS. LYCOPODIALES LEPI DODEN DRON. CORDAITALES: CORDAITES, CORDA lANTHUS, AND CARD lOCARPON, PLATE LXXIII. 455 PLATE LXXIII. DiCRANOPHYLLTJM? Sp. (Page 272.) Fig. 1. Photograph showing aspect of a specimen doubtfully referred to the above genus, but which may be Algoid in its nature. The fossil is somewhat macerated. A detail from the same is given in PI. XLI, Fig. 10. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6076. Lepidocystis missoubiensis D. W. (Page 216.) Fig. 2. Partially compressed spore case in sandstone. Sphenophyllum majus Broun. (Page 180.) Fig. 3. Verticils showing nervation of the leaves. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5680. 456 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ^'ONOGRAPH XXXVII PL. LXXIII LYCOPODIALES: LEPI D0CYSTI5. SPHENOPHYLLALES: SPH ENOPH YLLUM. GYMNOSPERM: DICRANOPH YULU M ? INDEX. [Names in italic are synonyms; figures in blackface lypc are mimbers of pages on which detailed descriptions appear.] J^, Page. Acelabuiarije 11, 12 Age of Missouri flora 292 Alethopteria Sternberg 74. 90. 1 13- 1 'iO, 129. 14 1, 143 Aletkopteris ambigtia Lx 85, 88. 101, U5, 286, 295 Alethopteris arabigua Lx 1 l:i-l 10 PI. XXVII, figs. 3, 4 ; PI. XLI, fig. Alethopteris aquilina (Schloth) Goepp 28, 116,295 Aletkopteris crenulata (Brongn.) Goepp 64 Alethopteris Davreusii (Brongn.) Goepp 295,299 Alethopteris discrepans Daws 142 Aletkopteris erosa (Gutb.) Gein 70 Alethopteris Gibsoni Lx 116 Alethopteris Grandini (Brongn.) Goepp 295,399,300 Aletkopteris Hannonica Sauv 117 Alethopteris kymenophijUoides Lx 58,59 Alethopteris ingens Daws 142 Alethopteris lonckitica (Schloth.) Urongn 117, 119,299 Alethopteris macropbylla Ne wb 141 Alethopteris magna Gr.'Ey 143 Alethopteris maxim a Andr 141, 142 Alethopteris Jieruosat Brongn.) Goepp 30,31 Alethopteris Serlii ( Brongn . ) Goepp 110, 117-118, 123, 276, 286, 295, 299, 300 PI. xxxvi;, fig. 1 Aletbopteria Serlii var. missouriensis D. W II S-l'JO PI. XXXVII, fig. 2 ; PI. XLII. fig. 5 Alethopteria Sternbergii [Goepp.) Ett 117, 118,119 Alethopteris Sullivanti (Lx.) Schimp 123 Alethopteris valida Boul - 299 Alg« 11-13 Alleghany series, place of Missouri flora in 292 Aloioptena Potoni6 70-74 Aloiopteris erosa (Gutb.) D. W 70-7I, 2S6.295 PI. xxni, fig.6; PI. XXIV, fig. 3a Aloiopteris Sternbergii ( Ett.) Pot. . .' 295, 300 Aloiopteris Winslovii D. W 71. 277, 286. 295, 300 Aloiopteris (Corynepteris ?) \V'in3lovii D. W 7*2-74: PI. XXII, figs. 1-3 ; PI. xxin, figs. 1-5 Androstacbys Grand' Eury 138 Androstachys cebennensis Gr.'Ey 138 Androstacbys froudosus Gr.'Ey 100 Angiopteris Hofi'man 142 Anlmalia 374, '375 Annularia Sternberg 1 57- 1 05 Annularia angustifolia Hamb 162, 163 Annularia brevi/olia Brongn 163 Annularia calamitoidfs Schimp 152 Annularia elegans Gr.'Ey 163 Annularia fertilis Sternb 159 Annulai ia galioides Daws 165 Annularia Geinxtzii Stur 161 Page. Annularia inflata Lx 162 Annularia longifolia Brongn 159, 161 Annularia longifolia Brongn var. anyustifolia Lx... 163 Annularia microphylla Ferd. Roem 165 AnnulaHa mucronata Schenk Ifil AnnulaHa. radiaia Brongn 158, 159, 163,295 Annularia ramosa Weiss 145.146,157, 158-159,295 Annularia sarepontana Stur 165 Annularia sphenophylloides (Zenk.) Gutb 103-105, 290, 295, 299. 300 Annularia spiniilosa Sternb 159 Annularia stellata (Schlotb.) Wood 157, 158, 159-163, 163,276,295.299,300 PI. XXIV, fig. 36 Annularia ivestpkalica Stur 161 Annularia sp. Ferd. Roem 161 Anmdaria sp. Hitchcock 160 Annulariae 145, 283 Antholithi 258 Anthracite floras, relation of Missouri flora to 289 Anthracoblattina americana Scad 8 Aphlebia Presl 69, ] 03-113, 278, 295 Aphlebiaciispa(Gutb.) Presl.. 104, 105-106, 107,278,300 Aphlebia filiciformis (Gutb.) Sterz 108,113,278,295 Aphlebia Germari Zeill 104,106-107,108,113,278 PI. XLVI Aphlebia Goldenbergii Weiss 295 Aphlebia bamulosa (Lx.) D. W 104,280 Aphlebia bir.suta { Lx . ) D. W 1 OS Aphlebia membranacea (Lx.) D. W 113,284 Aphlebia spiuosa (Lx.) D. W 104-105,286,295 Aphlebia subgoldeubergii D. W 1 lO-l 13, 284. 295 PI. XLVII, fig.7 Aphlebia sp. D. W no Aphlebia sp. D. W 113-113 PI. XLV, fig. 1 Aphlebije 100, 283 Apparince densius foliatce Luid 159 Arancarioxylon Kraus 257 Arauearites ( Toeppert 257 Araucarites spicreformis Gei'm 100 Arthropitus Goeppert 144, 145 Artiaia Sternberg 258 Asolanus Wood 230,238 Asolanus camptotcenia Wood 230, 233 Asolanus dimorpha (Gr.'Ey) Pot 231 Asplenites Ettingshausen 16 , Asplenites Sternbergii Ett ■ 72,73 : Asteropbyllites Brongniart 150-156,186 Asterophyllites annular ioidea Crep 152 ! Asterophyllitet elegans Sauv...i 154 457 458 INDEX. Page. Asterophyllites equisetifomiia (Schloth.) Brongn... 1^1- t5ti, 160.283,284,295,299.300 PI. LIX. fig. lo Asterophyllitea erectifolius Andr 153 AsterophylliteB /asciculatus Lx 183, 187 A.stevophyllites fruit Lx ICl A steropbyllites gracilis Ls 185, 187 Asteroj'hyUites grandis L. and H 152 Asterophyllites sp. Jackson 160 Asterophyllites Lindleyanus Goepp 152 Asterophyllites longifolius (Stb.) Erongn 153-136, 160, 277. 286, 295. 300 PI.XLIX. figs.2-4 Axterophyllites ? sp. Morton 160 Asterophyllites Xeumaimiamis Goepp 152 Asterophyllites ovalis Ls 156 Asterophyllites cf. ligidiis Weiaa - 15-4 Asterophyllites rigidus Ls 153, 155 Asterophyllites tenui/olius (Stb.) Brongn 154 Asterophyllites westphalicus Stur 161 Asterophyllum Scbimper 150 Asterophylhim equisetiformis (Schloth.) Schimp 152 Asterotbeca PresI 63, 90, 93 Aviculopecten providens Cox ? 8 Barton County, plants from Bechera Steruberg Bennettites Solius-Laubach Bergeria Sternberg Bohemia, stage of Missouri flora in , JBornia Sternberg Bornia equisetiformis (Schloth.) Sternb. Boriiia stellata Sternb 150 205 194 304 -•- 150 151 159 Bothrcdendron Lindley and Hutton 228,230,282 Eothrodendrun punctatum i.'99 Bothrodendron(Cyclost)gma)KiltorkenseHaught. sp 238 Botryc Ilium Swartz 03 Botryoconus Goeppert 258 Botvinanites Binney 173 Bowmanites Dawsoni (TVill.) Zeill 173 British Carboniferous floras comjiared 294-297 Britts, J. H., collection and donation of plants by.. 1,2, 3. 276 description of specimens of Titanophyllum by .. 270 specimens loaned by 137 Brittsia D. "White 302 Brittsiaproblematica D.W 97,98-101 PI. XLVII, figs. 1-5; XLVIII, figs. 1-3 Broadbead, G. C, geological section at Gilkeraon's Ford prepared by 7 stratignipbic descriptions of plant beds by 5 Brookville flora, relations of, and Missouri flora 289, 293 Bnikrnannia Sternberg 150 Briiktnaniiia longifolia Sternb 153, 155 Brukmannia tubcrculata Sternb 161 Buck Mountain coal, age of 293 Calaraariefe 144-171 Calamarife 156 Calamites Suckow 144-150, 157,166,283,295,300 Calamites Artisii Sauv 148 Calamites canneeformis Schloth 147 Calamites cistii Brongn 1 40- 1 50, 152, 295, 300 Calamites communis 'Ett 145, 148, 149 Page. Calamites decoratits Schloth 148 Calamites Durrii Gutb 149 Calamites equisetiformis (Schloth.) Ett 152 Calamites Germarianus Goepp !70 Calamites Goepperti Ett 170 Calamites infractus Gutb 150 Calamites infractus Gutb. var. leioderma Sandb 149 Calamites irregularis Achep 148 Calamites leioderma Gutb 149, 150 Calamites nodosvs Schloth 145, 148,150,158 Calamites ramosus Artia 145-140, 158,159,295,300 Catamites Hachsei Stur 176 Calamites temnfolius (Stb.) Ett 149, 154 Calamites varians Sternb 148, 150, 157,158 Calamites verticillatus L. and H 167, 168, 169 Calamites Volkmanni Ett 263 Calamites s\y. L. and H 147 Calamites (Eucalamites) ramosus Artis 145, 158 Calamites (Styloealamitet^) SuckowH Brongn 146 Calamitina Weiss 166, 167. 168. 169 Calamitina Goepperti (Ett.) Weiss Calamitina Solmsii Weiss Calamitina varians Sternb Calainocladus Scbiniper Calamncladus hinerris 'BouXa.y Calamocladus equisetiformis (Schloth.) Schimp . Calainocladus longifolius (Stb.) Schimp Calamodendron Brongniart Calaftiosyrinx Petzholdt Calamosyrinx Zieiekaviensis Petzh 170 ]70 168 150 152 152 154 144 230 242 Calamostachys Schimper 156-157 Calamostachys Binneyana Schimp 145 ! Calamostachys calathifera Weiss 165 Calamostachys equisetiformis (Schloth.) Schimp 152 Calamostachys gennanica Weiss 152 ' Calamostachys Ludwigii Schimp 156 Calamostachys ovalis Ls 156-157, 286,295.300 Calamostachys prcelongus Lx 165 Calamostachys ramosa Weiss 145, 158 Calamostachys tuberculata (Stb.) Weiss 161 Calamostachys typica Weiss 155 Calamostachys sp. Weiss 154 Callipteridi um Weiss 1 40- 1 35, 1 28, 141 Callipteridium Grandini (Brongn.) Ls 122 Callipteridinm infequale Ls 122,133,286,295 Pl.XXXlX,fig.4; Pl.LXI,fig. If?: Pl.LXII, fig.d Callipteridium cf. Mausfieldi Lx 1 33, 286, 295, VOO Callipteridium memhranaceum Ls 86.94.95,96,286 Callipteridium memhranaceum Ls 130-133 PI. xxxviir. figs. 1-5 Callipteridium nenropteroides Ls ; 124 Callipteridium Owenii Lx 279 Callipteridiam SuUivantii ( Lx.) Weias 1 33- 135, 283. 286, 302 PI. XXXIX, figs. 1-3; PI. XLI, figs. 1-3 Callipteris conferta Goepp 15 Callipteris SuUivantii Lx 123 Cameroapongia fungifonnis Goldf 11 Capellia rugosa Goldf 11 Carboniferous flora, distribution of 306 place of origin of 306 Cardiocarpon Brongniart 205, 266,267 Cardiocarpon Branneri Falrch. and D. W 267. 284 Cardiocarpon fluitans Daws 267 Cardiocarpon orbicularis Ett 267 Cardiocarpon zonulatura Ls 267 INDEX. 459 259 49 2-1 24 44 4 289 230, 2.37 305 Page. Carcliocarpon (Samaropsis) Branneri Fairch. and D. W. MSS 2G1. 'i66.367 PI. LXXII.fig.3; PI. LXI.fig. 16 Carpolites cerasiformis Presl 265.266 Carpolites mulfistriatus Presl 268,269 Carpolithes s-p. Morris 274 Casuarinites Schlotheini 150 Camarinites equisetiformis Schloth 151 Cai^iarinites stellatus Schloth 1 5^ Catenaria Sternberg 230 Caulopteris Lindlej and Hutton 10I-I03 Caulopteris acantophora Lx 10ti,2o6, 283 Canlopteris oralis Lx.MSS 101-102,286 Ceratozamia Brongniart Cheilanthites Brongniartii Ett Cheilanthites irregularis (Stb.) Goepp Cheilanthites obtusilohui (Brongn.) Goepp Cheilanthites (Sphenopteris) grypophylla Cherokee division of Coal Measures Clarion coal flora, relation of Missouri flora to.. Clathraria Brongniart Climate in Mesocarboniferons time Cffloptychlum agaricoides Goldf 12 Collections of Missouri Coal Measures plants 2,3 Coli»oxylon Brongniart 270 Conifora? 271-274 Couoatichus Lesquereux 11-13, 283 Conostichus Broadheadi Lx 13-13 PI. 11, figs. 1-5 Conostichus prolifer Lx '3 PI. 11, fig. 6 Cordaianthns Grand'Eury 205,'.JO'.J-!je5 Cordaianthus dichotomns Lx 262, 264-'365, 265,277,286 Cordaianthus gemmifer Gr.'Ey 262, 264 Cordaianthus gracilis Gr.'Ey 263 Cordaianthus ovatus Lx. 260, 36«-264, 265, 277, 286, 296, 301 Pl.LXxn,tigs. 1,2 Cordaianthus rugosus Ls 265 Cordaianthus Volkmanni (Ett.) Zeill 263. 296. 301 Cordaicarpon Geinitz 258, 259, '365-'2<»6 Cordaicarpon cerasiforme (Presl) D. W . 260, '265-206, 284 265 266 267 258 257 257 265 Cordaicarpus Boulayi Zeill Cordaicarpus Gutbieri (Gain.) Gr.'Ey Cordaicarinis Mansfieldi Lx Cordaicladus Schimper Cordaitioyos Grand'Eury Cordaioxylon Grand'Eury Oordaisper'tnuirh Brongniart Cordaitales 257-271 Cordaitese 251,257-271 Cordaites Unger 14,257-260,270,282 Cordaites angustifolius Ls. (non Dawson) 261 Cordaites borassifolius (Stb.) XTng 261,296,299,301 Cordaites communis Lx 14, 52, 260-261, 263, 264. 284, 296. 301 PI. Ill, fig. 1; PI. XVI; PI. XLVI Cordaites diversifolius Lx 260,261, 283 Cordaites ebracteatus Lx 263 Cordaites lingulatus Gr.'Ey 261 Cordaites Mansfieldi Ls 267, 268 Coimack, citedon structure of Equisetum maximum. 144 Corynepteris Baily 71, 74 Corynepteris erosa (Gutb.) Kidst 70 Cryptogams 11-275 Oyatheites Oandolleanus (Brongn.) Goepp 83 Page. Cfiaiheites Candollianus (Brongn.) Goepp 83 Gyalheites dentatus (Brongn.) Goepp 75 Cyatheites plumosus (Artis Goepp 75 Cyathocarpus Candolleanus (Brongn.) AYeiss 83 Cyathocarpus dentatus (Brongn.) Weiss 75 Cycadea? 128 Cycadeoidea Bucklaud 205 Cyclocarpon Goeppert and Fiedler 265 Cyclocladia Goldenberg 202 Cixlocladia Lindley and Hutton 166-171 Cyclocladia Brittsii D.W 169-171,284,295 PI. XLIX, fig. 1 Cyclocladia major Feiat 170 Cyclocladia major L. and H 167, 168 Cyclocladia ap. D. W 169 Oyclopteris dilatata L. and H 137, 138 Cycloptcris obliqua Brongn 138 Cyclopteris orbicularis Brongn 138 Cyclostigma (Bothrodeudrou ?) Kiltorkense Haught. 238 Cyclostigma Kiltorkense Haught 282 Cyclotheca Kidaton 47 D. Dactylotheca dentata {BTongu.) Zeill 76 Dactylotheca phanosa (Artis ?) Kidst 76 Dactylotheca jihtmosa (Artis?) Kidst. var. deiitata (Brongn.) Kidst 76 Dadoxylon Endlicher 257 Danica Smith 142 Dana^ites Gcicppert ^ 141,142 Danpeites Emersoni Lx ^. 124 Dana'ites (Aletliopteris) macropbylla (Nowb.) Lx.. 141,142 Darlington coal (se^Kittanning flora) 288,293 Dawson, Sir J. W.. diagnosis of Dictyocordaites by. 258 Deepwater, Mo. . plants from 3.6 De Lima, W., cited 273 Des Moines series in Missouri 4 Desmiophyllum Lesquereux 247,249,250 255 Desmiophyllum gracile Lx 249,280 Desmopteris Stur 141 , 143 Desmopteris bclgica Stur 143 Devonian at St. John. N. B 129 Devonian Megalopteris 129 Dicranophyllum Grand'Eury 271-274,302 Dicranop^yllum dichotomnm Lx 273 Dicranophyllum diniorpbum Lx 273 Dicranophyllum gallicum Gr.'Ey 273 Dicranophyllum tripartitum Gr.'Ey 273 Dicranophyllum sp ? D. "W 272-27-1 , PI. LXXin,fig. 1; PI. XLI, fig. 10 Dictyopteris Gutbier 128,139 Dictyopteris gilkersonensis 'D.W 139 Dictyopteris Miinsteri Roem 140, 299 Dictyopteris obliqua Bunb 299 Dictyopteris sub-Brongniartii 299 Dictyopteris sp. D. "W 139 Dictyocordaites Dawson 257,258 Dictyotaceii.' 140 Dielasma bovidens Morton 7 Diplothmema Stur 18, 30, 42, 44 Diplothmema fnrcatnm (Brongn.) Stur 16, 23, 300 Diidothmema inegulare (Stb.) Stur 25 Diplothmema Jacquoti Zeill 300 Diplothmema murlcatum (Schloth.) Stur 30 Diplothmema nervosum (Brongn.) Stur 30 460 INDEX. Page. Diplotkmema obtutilobum (Brongn.) Stur 25 Diplothmema palmatum (Scbimp.) Stur 18 Diplothmema pilosum Stur 32 Diplotbmema Zeilleri Stur 42. 56, 300 Diplothmema (Sphenopteris) furcatum (Brongn.) Stur 299 Diplothmema, relation of Pseudopecopteris to 21,22,23 Discopteris Schumanni Star 41 Doleropbyllum Saporta 137. 138 Dolerophyllum dilatatuin (L. and H.) Schimp 137 Doleropbyllum pennsylvanicum Dawaon 139 Doleropteris Grand'Eury 132, 137, 138 Doleropteris pseudopeltata Gr.'Ey 138 Dorycordaites Grand'Eury 257, 258, 261 E. Ebrenberg, cited on priority of genus Pinnularia 171 Entolium aviculatum Swallow 7 Eocarboniferous of Missouri 4 Equiseta 144, 145 Equisetalea 144-173 Equisetites Geinitz 166, 170 Equisetitea zea'formis (Scbloth.) Andrii 157. 186 Equisetum? Parkinson 145,157.159, 166 Equisetum diluvianiim Scbeucb 151 Equisetum infundibuliforme Bronu 167 Equisetum tnajits Mylius 151 Equisetum maximum Lamarck 144 Equisetum minimujn Mylius 151 Equisctuffb palustre Scbeuch ^ 151 Equisetum steUifolium Harlau 160 EremopterisScbimper Itt-iJO i Eremopteria bilobata D. "W 19-30,284 | PI. IV; Pl.v, figs. 4-6 I Eremopteris Cheathami Lx 16, 20 ; Eremopteris missourieiisis Lx 16-19,278,286.300 ' Pl.v.figa. 1-3; PI. VI Eremopteria, relation of Pseudopecopteroid group to 16 i Erosion interval preceding formation of coals 293 Etoblattina clintoDianaSuudder 8 ! Eucalamites raniosiis (Artis) Kidst 145 Eucalamites (Calamitea) lauwsus (Artia) Kidst 145 Eucordaitea Kenault 260 i European baains, stage of Missouri plants in 285 [ Euaigillariai 238,241-'24:J 1 Excipulites Goeppert 15 Excipulitea Callipteridis (Schimp.) Kidst 15,28,283,294 I PI. IX, figs.4. 4o I IF. I Fa-'rcbild, H. L., report on plants from Arkansas cited 267,284 I Jfrtuwiana Sternberg 230.238 ) Favularla tessellata (Steinb.j L. and H 242 ' Feistmantel, O. K^, diagnosis of Asterophyllites | rigidus by 155 i diagnosis of Cyclocladia by 167 | Ferruginous sandstone, relation of Coal Measures to. 5, 6, 8, 9 j Filicales 16-144 ■ Filicites sect. Odontopteris Brongn 125 Filicitcs sect. Fecopteris Brongn 74 Filicites sect. Sphenopteris Brongn 35 l Fiabellaria Sternberg 257 Fossils, insects, from plant beds 8 i Fossils, invertebrates, from plant beds 7 i Page. Fucoides Germar and Kaulf 103 Fncoidea crenatns Gutb 109 Fucoides crisptis Gutb 105, 106 Fucoides filiciformia Gutb 109 Fucoides filiformis Stein 109, 172 1 Fungi 13-15 Gr. Galium album latifolium Rupp 159 Galium album indijare Tourn 159 Galium apkenophylloides Zenk 164 Geinitz, H. B., cited on Saxon Carboniferous 304 Geislautern stage and the Missouri flora 304 Geographical distribution of plants in Mesocarbon- iferous time 306 Geology of the plant beds 4-9 Gilkeraon's Ford, section at 3,6,7 Ginkgoales 272 Ginkgopbyllum Saporta 272 Grand'Eury, classitication of Pseudosigillaria by ... 238 description of cycadeoid trunk by 205 description of Hysterites by 14 opinion of, concerning relerence of Rbabdocarpos cited 138 subdivisions of Cordaites by 257 Grand' Fury a erosa (Gu. and C.) Zeill 70 Gymnosperms i£57-274 H. Habitats. {See Localities.) Halonia Lindley and Hutton 202, 203 Hambach, G.ilist of Missouri plant fossils prepared by 131,163,276 Hapalopteris chcerophylloides (Brongn.) Stur 49 Hapalopteri-s rotundifolia (Andrii) Stur 37 Hapalopteris typica Stur 49 Hawlea Corda 63 Hau'lea Miltoni (Brongn.) Stur 90,105 Haworih and Kirk, use of term Cherokee by 4 Hick, Thomas, cited on Calamostacbys Binneyana and Artbropitus 145 Sippu rites Lindley and Hutton 150 Hippurites gigantea L. and H 168 Hippu iites longi/olia L. and H 152 Hobbs's coal mine, fossils from 3, 6, 8 Horizons of foaail planta 9 Hoiiiiler Moyen. {See "Westpbalian.) Huttonia Sternberg 166, 169 Hydatlca ArtJa 171 Hydatica culumuare Artis 172 HymenophyllaceiiJ 42 Hymeuophyllites 41 Hyraenopbyllitea gerraanlca Pot — 47 Hymenophyllites Humboldtii Goepp 42 Hymenophyllites 2}i>inatijidvs Lx 45, 46 Hymenophyllites quadridactylitea (Gutb.) Goepp ... 47 Hymenopbj'Uites Schimperiana Goepp 42 Hymenotheca Po*ini6 42 Hymenotheca Datbei Pot 41, 294 Hypsilooarpus Brongniart 259 Hysterium Tode 13 Hy sterile 14 Hysterites Grand'Eury 13-14 Hysterites Cordaitis Gr.'Ey 14,52,260,283,284 mDEX. 461 Page. Hysterites Friesii Nath 13 Hysterites, geological range of 13 PI. III. I. Illinois State Museum, Paleuzoic plant types in .. 32,36, 102 Insect fossils from plant beds 8 Invertebrate fossils from plant beds 7 laoites Linnsus 251 J. Jenney, Dr. W. P.. plants collected by 2, 3 Jordan coal, in Henry County 6, "i". 8 Jordan coal mine 3 Iv. Kanawha aeries, compared with lower Coal Measures of Great Britain 307 flora of 290 Keyes, C. R., cited on erogenic moTeinents in Mis- souri Coal Measures time 4 Kidstou, R., correlation of Calamostachys typica 155 diagnosis of Lei)idopliloios by 202 identification of fungus on Pseudopecopteris anceps by 28 identification of host of Excipulites Callipteridis by 15 ou distribution of British Carboniferous floras.. 294 on Lepidodendron lanceolatum in the Radstock series 195 review of British Palreoxyris 274 Kinney's mine, fossils from 6 Kittanniug flora, relation of Missouri flora to... 288,289,293 Kuorria Sternberg 230 232 Lacoe, R. D., collection of fossil jdauta of 2, 3 Missouri plants in collection of 276 Lactuca Linnjeus 106 Leiodermaria Sternberg 237 Leiodermarne 237 Lepidocystis Lesquereux ' 215-^219' Lepidocystis fraxiniformis (Goepp.) Lx 217 Lepidocystis Jeuneyi H.Vi 215 LepidodeudrejB 1 87-330, 238 Lepidodendron Sternberg 101, 1 87-30 1 . 203, 205, 221, 230, 272 Lepidodendron aculeatum Sternb 280 Lepidodendron barbatuin F. A. Roera 230, 237 Lepidodendron Brittsii Lx 18S-19t2, 195, 211, 215, 285, 287, 296, 301 PL LII, figs. 1, 2 ; PI. LIII, fig. 1 ; PI. LIV, figs. 1. 2 Lepidodendron Cliftonenae Daws 192 Lepidodendron clypeatum Lx t201, 220,221,223.227, 2S6. 288 Lepidodendron criiciatum Lx 230, 235 Lepidodendron ci/clostigma Lx 218,220,225,227 Lepidodendron dichotomum Sternb 200 Lepidodendron dicrocheilus Wood 196 Lepidodendron dissititrii Sauv 196 Lepidodendron Haidingeri Ett 191 Lepidodendron lanceolatum Lx 187, 192-195, 277, 278, 284, 296, 301 PI. LIII, fig. 2 Lepidodendron lycopodiodea Sternb 194, 195, 301 Lepidodendron mammillatum Lx 218 Page. Lepidodendron marginatum Presl 195 Lepidodendron obovatum Sternb 201 Lepidodendron ophiunis Brongn 296, 301 Lepidodendron rimosum Sternb J96-198, 286, 296, 301 Lepidodendron rimosum Sternb. recorticatum D.W. 196- 198 PI. LIV, figs. 3, 4 Lepidodendron Rhodt^anum Sternb 201 Lepidodendron scutatum Lx 198-200, 284,296,301 PI. XLV, fig.4; PI. LIV, fig. 5; PL LV, figs. 1,2; PLLXXII,fig.4 Lepidodendron selaginoides L. and H 188 Lepidodendron setifoliuin Lx 198 Lepidodendron Sternbergii Brongn 187, 193, 195, 278 Lepidodendron Yeitheimianum Sternb 201,227 Lepidodendron Veitheimii Sternb .- 299 Lepidodendron Volkmannianum Sternb 187, 189, 192 Lepidodendron Worthen i Lx 192, 287, 296, 301 Lepidodendron { Bergeria) marginatum Presl 192, 194 Lepidophloios Sternberg 27,188,301-311,213,235 Lepidophloiog acerosus L. and H 204 Lepidophloios auriculatus Lx 201, 207,210 Lepidophloios crassicaulis Gold 209 Lepidophloios dilatatus Lx 201. 206, 207, 210, 287 Lepidophloios laricinus Sternb 210 Lepidophloios maerolepidotus Gold ^10 Lepidophloios obcordatus Lx 226 Lepidophloios scoticus Kidst 209 Lepidophloios sigillari aides Ls 239, 240, 241, 278 Lepidophloios Van Ingeni, D.W. 305-3 1 1 , 217, 277, 284, 287 PL LVI, figS.1-8; PL LVII; PL LVIII, fig.l?; Pl.LXI, fig. Ic; PLLXlI.fig. f; PLlXUI, fig.5 Lepidophloios sp 210 Lepidophyllum Brongniart 191, 204, 314-318 Lepidophyllum acuminatum Lx 218 Lepidophyllum auriculatuni Lx 204,218 Lepidophyllum brevifuliara Lx 214 Lepidophyllum hastatum Lx 214 Lepidophyllum Jenneyi D. W 314-313, 215,284,287,296,301 PL Lix, figs. 1-3; Pl.LXin, fig.6. Lepidophyllum majus Brongn 204,218,280,296 Lepidophyllum Mansfieldi Lx 204, 217.218,287 Lepidophyllum missouriense D. W. . 316-318, 284, 287, 296 Pl.Lvm, fig.2; PL LX, figs. 1-3; PL LXi. fig.s. la-b ; PL LXii, figs, a, b, c, d, e ; PL lxiii, figs. 3, 3a. Lepidophyllum ovatifolium Lx 214, 215,287 Lepidophyllum triangulare Zeill 296, 301 Lepidopkglhnn sp. D. W 214 Lepidophyllum (Lepidnstrobus) minus Lx 279 Lepidophyllum (Lepidostrubus) missouriense D. W. 204, 210.217 Lepidostrobus Brongniart 205,313-314, 215,217 Lepidostrobus Geinitzii Schimp 296,301,302 Lepidostrobus Goklenliergii Schimp 213, 278, 302 Lepidostrobns Jenneyi D. AV 191 Lepidostrobus latus Lx 213 Lepidostrobus pradougus Lx 213, 277, 278, 286, 296, 301, 392 Lepidostrobus princeps Lx 313-313 PLLxn.fig. h; PL LXIII, figs. 1,2; PLlxiv, fig.a. Lepidostrobus sp. D.VT 313-114 Lepidoxylon Lesquereux 353-356 Lepidoxylon anumalum Lx 353-356, 284 Leptocaryon Brongniart 259 Lesquereux, L., description of Pseudopecopteris by. 21 list of Missouri plants by 276 unpublished MSS. on Paleozoic plants by 97, 101, 171 462 INDEX. LiiuJley and Hutton, types of Cjclocladia by 168 Lingula unibonata Cos 7 LinopterisPresl 128. 139-140,251 Linopteris Brongniartii (Gutb.) Pot 140 Linopteris Gilkeraonensis D. W. 139-1 40. 277, 284, 295, 300 PL XLI, figs. 7. 8 ; PI. LXT, fig. 1 f. Linopteris iliiusteri (Eichw.) Pot 295,300 Liiiopteri.s obljqna (Bunb.) D.VT 140 Linopteris Schiitzei (Eoem.) Pot 128 Linopteris sub-BroDgniartii (Gr.'Ey.) Pot 140 Localities of collections 2. 3 Lomatophloios Corda 202 Loncboptoris Brongniart 282 Lower Coal ileasures, application of term in this ^Tork 4 couipart'd witb Lower Coal Measures of Great Britain 297 relation of Lower Carboniferous to 4 LycopodiacejE 251 Lycopodiales 187-247 Lycopodineiie 227, 228 ivr. ilacbrocbeilus sp. Scbueh 7 Macrostacbya Scbimper 171 Macroatachya Scliimper 166, 171 Macrostacbya Hauchecornei Weiss 166 Macrostauhya infundibuliforniis (Bronn) Schimp ... 168. 170,295 Macrostacbya longifolia Lx 171, 284 Macrostacbya Solmsii (Weias) Scbimp 170 Macrostacbya, relation of Cyclocladia to 167, 168 Marcy coal flora compared witb Missouri flora 289 Marattiacece 124 Mariopteris Zeiller 30-34. 283 Mariopteris acuta (Brongn.) Zeill 32.33.204 Mariopteris latifolia (Brongn.) Zeill 32,33 Mariopteris muricata (Schlotb.) Zeill 20, 22,30,31,32,33,34,299,300 Mariopteris nervosa (Brongn.) Zeill 20, 30-31,32.33.34,294,300 Mariopteris spbenopteroides (Lx.) Zeill 31-33, 277,280.294,300 PI. XI: tigs. 1,2: Pl.x. Mariopteris sp. D.W 33-34,294.300 PI. VII, fig. 6; PI. IX, fig. 3 Mariopteris, relation of Pseudopecopteris to 21, 22, 23 MarsileaceiB 174 Uegalopleridere; 113-144 Megalopteris Dawson 128, 129 Megalopteris stock 128 Megapbylun Artis 10*2-103 jrpgapbyton approximatum L. and H 103 Megapbytun GoUlenbergi Weiss 102-103, 2S6 Meschiuelli, cited on Excipulitea Callipteridis 28 Mesocarboniferoiis of Missouri 4 Mesocarboniferous, stage of Missouii tiora in 305 Mississippian, relations of Lower Coal Measures to 6-9 Myriophyllites Artis 171 Myriophyllites Sternberg 150 MiKoneura Weiss 125.120 Morris, 111., coal from Missouri compared witb coal from 292.293 Mvriotbeca Zeiller 47 1>^. Page. Natborst, discovery of Hysterites in Rbsetic from .. 13 Xathorst, A. G., on relation of Sigillaria rimosa and S. caniptotjenia 236 Neurocallipteris Sterzel 129 Keurodontopteris Potoni6 124. 125, 129 Xeuropterideae r24 Xeuropteris Brongnlart l!:J7-139 Neuroptcris acuminata (Scbloth.) Brongn 132 Xeuropteris angusti/oUa Brongn 133, 134 Xeuropteris angustifolia Brongn. var. hirtuta Lx ... 134 Xeuropteris coriacea Lx 130 Xcuropteria cordata Brongn 133,134,278 Kenropterin cordata Brongn. var. angustifolia Bunb. 136 Neuropteria decipiens Lx 127 Xeuropteris dilatata (L. and H.'Lx. 132. 137-139,286.295 PI. XLI. fig. 6 : PI. XLII, fig. 1 ; PI. XLIII ; PI. XLIV, fig. 2 Neuropteris fasciculataLx 127,133,286.295 Neuropteris fimbriata Lx 280 Xeuropteris flexuosa Sternb 131.279,295.300 Xeuropteris gigantea Sternb 128 Xeuropteris heterophylla Brongn 128. 130 Xeuropteris Iiirsuta Lx 127, 133, 134, 135 X'em-opteris Loscbli Brongn 279.280 Xeuroi)teri3 macropbylla Brongn 295 Xeuropteris niissouriensis Lx 130-133, 284, 295,300 PI. XLI, figs. 4, 5; PL XLII, fig. 4; TI. XLV. fig. 3 X'^europteris rarinervis Bunb 1 30, 283, 295, 299, 300 Xeuropteris Roger bii Kimb 134 Xeuropteris Scbeucbzeri Hotfm 127, 1 33- 1 36 , 277. 279, 283, 284, 29U, 295, 300 PL XXXVI, fig. 4 ; PL XLII, fig. 3 ; PL LXIV. fig. d Xeuropteris Scbeucbzeri \ar. angustifolia (Brongn.) Lx 134,277 X'europteris Scblehani Stur 299 Xeuropteris snbcrenulata liost 14 Xeuropteris teuuifolia Brongn 280,299 X'europteris vermicularia Lx 131 X'europteris, supposed fruit compared to Hysterites. 14 O. Odontopteris Brongniart 13J-137, 128, 129 Odontopteris atfinis Lx 126, 127 Odontopteris Bradleyi Lx 13;S-137, 295 PL XLII, fig. 2 Odontopteris cornuta Lx 126 Odontopteris deformata Lx 126 Odontopteris genuina Gr.'Ey 124 Odontopteris beteropl ylla Lx 279 Odontojiteris Lindleyana Sternb 295 Odontopteris obtusa Brongn 302 Odontopteris obtusiloba Xaum 124 Odontopteris fphenopteroides Ls 22, 31, 32 Odon topteris subcrenulata Lx 279 Odontopteris subcuneata Bunb 126, 127 Odontopteris Wortbeni Ls 126, 127 Oligocarijia Geoppert 66-70, 73 Oligocarpia Alabameusia Lx 67, 68, 69, 70, 287 Oligocarpia Beyricbi Stur 68 Oligocarpia Brongniartii Stur 67, 68, 294, 300 Oligocarpia Gutbieri Goepp 67. 69-70, 286 Oligocarpia missouriensis D.W.. 66-69, 70,284,287,294,300 PL XX, figs. 1.2; PL XXI, figs. 1 ?, 2!, 3, 4 Oligocarpia sp . D. W 66 Ompbalopbloios cyclostigma (Lx.) D. W. 318-330,277,284 Pl.LXV: PL LXVI. figs. 1-5; PL LXVII, figs. 1,2: PLl.xviii, tigs. 1,2 INDEX. 463 Ophiogloasaceae Orogenic movements iu Mesocarboniferous of Mis- souri Orthogoniopteris Andrews Ovopteria Potouie Ovopteris Brittsii (Lx.) Pot Ovopterig chcerophylloides (Brongu.) Pot Ovopitris mictta (Schimp.) Pot Owens coal mine, plants from Ouopteria cristata (lirougn.) Pot Page. 174 141 37,54 53 49 35 2,6 . 51 Pachyphlceus Goeppert Pachyphyllum Lcsqiiereux Pachjphyllum affine Lx Pachyphyllum fimbriatinn Lx . . Fachyphyllum hirsntiun Lx Pachyphyllum lactuca (Presl) Lx. Pachytesta Bronguiart Pachytesta gigautea Brongn Pachytesta iucrassata Brongu . . . Pachytesta insignis Pachytesta intermedia Gr.'Ey Polceobromelia Ettingahausen .., Paljeostach\a "Weiss 202 103 108 ... 108 108 106 138 268 268 302 208 274 157 Paheostachya pedunculata "Will 157,295,300 Pala-oxyria Bronguiart 274-'-273 Palsoxyris appeudiculata Lx i274-'^73, 274. 28b, 296 Pala?oxyrJs carbunaria Schimp 274,296 Pahnacites Schlotheim 230 Pahnacites variolatits Scbloth 241 Palmacites verticillatua Scbloth 179 Paroinylacris elintoniana Scudder 8 Pecopteris Bronguiart ... 60, 65, 74-97, 115, 125, 129, 251, 283 Pecopteris abbreviat a Brongu 90, 287, 299, 300 Pecopteris a-quaiis Brongu 79 Pecopteris ajinis Brongu * 83 Pecopteris arboresceus (Scbloth.) Brongu 78-79, 85,93,286,295,297,302 PI. XXXVI, fig. 3; Pl.XLlV, fig.3; PI. XLVII, tig. 6 .' Pecopteris arboreacens var. cyathea (Brongu.) Kidst. 295 Pecopteris aspera Bt 03gn 299 Pecopteris Brongiartiaua Pre.sl 75 Pecopteris Candolleuna Brongu 83 Pecopteris Candollianu Brongu .... S3-S4, 2S0, 295, 297, 302 Pecopteris cJicerophylloides Brougu 49 Pecopteris ciintoni Lx 52, 86, 88, 90, 91. 94-97, 121, 122, 286, 300 PI. XXXIV; I'l.xxxv, fig. 4 Pecopteris ciintoni Lx 85 Pecopteris creuulata Brougu 65, 66, 294, 299, 300 Pecopteris cribtata Brougu 50 Pecopteris cnstata (j\iih. (non Brougu.) 72,73 Pecopteris cyathea (Scbloth.) Brougn 78,85 Pecopteris Daubrcel Zeill 82 Pecopteris dentata Brougu .75, 77, 277, 278, 283, 284, 295, 299, 300 Pecopteris deusifolia Goepp 82, 302 Pecopteris erosa Gutb 70, 71, 73 Pecopteris euueura Schimp 80 Pecopteris gL'orgiana Lx 73 Pecopteris beniitelioides Brougu 295,297, 286,302 Pecopteris iutegra (Andrii) Schimp 300 Pecopteris Jenueyi D. W . . !!iO-$4, 113, 284, 287, 295. 297, 302 PI. XXXVI, tigs. 1,2 Pecopteris lamuriana Heer 295 Pecopteris lepidorachis Erongn 82, 102 Pecopteris niertensides Lx 97,28i Pecopteris Miltoui Artis 297 Pecopteris nervosa Brougu 30 Pecopteris neuropteroides Boulay (non Kutorga) . . 27, 28 Pecopteris oreopteridia (Scbloth.) Brongu 82, 83,90,287,295.302 Pecopteris pennseformis Brougu 77, 78. 79, 287 Pecopteris pennceformis Brougu 76 Pecopteris platyrachis Brongu 82 Pecopteris ])lumosa (Artis) Erongn 77, 78. 284 Pecopteris pluniosa (Artis .') Brongu 7j Pecopteris polymorpha Brougn 128, 297 Pecopteris pseuduvestita D. W $3-91, 93,95,90,121,284,287,^00 PI. XXVIII, fig8.1,2,2a; PI. XXIX; PI. XXX ; PI. XXXI, figs. 1,2,3?; PL XXXII, figs. 1,2 Pecopteris pteroidea Brougu 297 Pecopteris Serlii Brougu 117 Pecopteris serpillifolia Lx 97 Pecopteris serrula Lx 71. 73 Pecopteiis squamosa Lx 84-85, 286,295 Pecopteris triangularis Brougn 75 Pecopteris vestita Lx 85 Pecopteris vestita Lx 79,85,91-94, 102, 121, 286, 2f^5, 300 PI. XXXni, figs. 1-6; PI. XXVI, fig. 1 Pecopteris villosa Brougn 94, 102,295 Pecopteris Tolkmauui Sauv 300 Pecopteris sx*. D. W 72.80,85 Pecopteris [Asterotheca) Candollei Brongu 83 Pecopteris (Asterotheca) hemitelioides Brongu?. 79-80, 90 PI. XXXV, fig. 5 Pecopteris (Cyatheides) Candolleana Brongu 83 Pecojiteris {Cyatheides) dentata Brougn 7.5 Pecopteris {Cyatheitcs) linearis Gutb 70 Pecopteris (Dactylotheca) dentata Brougn 75-78 PI. XXlV,fig.S. 1.2; PI. XXV; PI. XXVI,figs.2-4; PI. XXVII Pecopteris (Diplazites) cristatus Gutb 72 Pecopteris sp. indet oy Pecopterideie 74-97 Phauerogania 257-374 Phyllachora 128 Phyll.ichora, relation to Hysterites suggested by Stur. 14 Phyllites mineralig Luid 132 Pbytolithiis stcUatus Martin 159 PhytuUthus tessellatus Steiu 241 Phytolithus verrucosus Martiu 244 Pinnularia Lindb^y and Hutton 171 Pinmdaria capillacea L. and H 172 Piuuularia colnmnaris (Artis) Zeill 172, 300 Pinnularia pabnatljida Lx 173 Pitcher's coal miue, plants from 2, 6 Pitlatou coal fiora compared with Missouri flora 289,290 Poaordaites Grand'Eury 257, 258 Podozuuiitcs diataus (Presl) Fr. Br 13 Polygonum fa-mina Myhus I5i Potouie, H., discovery of sheath iu verticila of Auuu- laria by 157 genus Neurodoutoptcris i^ropoaed by 129 opiuiuu concerning systematic position of Spbe- uophyllum cited 174 researches iu structure of Lepidopbloi-s bolsters. 188.203 Pott.<«viUe fiora, relation of, to Missouri flora 288, 292 Mariopterisiu 33,34 464 INDEX. Page. Pottsville aerie-*, interval between Missouri coals and 307 relation to Lower Coal Measures 9 variations of plants in 285 Prepecopteris dentata (Brongn.) Gr.'Ey 76 Prepecopteris erosa (Gutb.) Gr.'Ey 70 Prepecopteris plumosa ( Artis ?) Bureau 76 Productus longispinus Sowerby ., 7 Productus nebraskaensis Owen 7 Protoblechnum Andrews ' 141, 142 Pseudodanfeopsis reticulata Font 142 Pseudopecopteris Lesquereux 20, !Jl-30, 32, 60, 65 Pseudopecopieris acuta (Brongn.) Lx 22 Pseudopecopteris anceps Lx 15,23,26,27,28 Pseudopecopteris anceps, bost of Excipulites Callip- teridis 15 Pseudopecopteris cordato-ovata (TVeiss) Lx 22 Pseudopecopteris decipiens Lx 279 Pseudopecopteris hymenopkylloides Lx 58,59 Pseudopecopteris irregularis (Stb.) Lx 25, 26 Pseudopecopteris latifolia {L. and H.) Lx 22 Pseudopecopteris macilenta (L. and H.) Lx 279 Pseudopecopteris mazoniana Lx 22 Pseudopecopteris rauricata (Scbloth.) Lx 22,33 Pseudopecopteris nervosa (Brongn.) Lx 22,30,33 Pseudopecopteris Newberry i Lx 22 Pseudopecopteris numioularia (Gutb.) Lx 29, 36 Pseudopecopteris nummularia (Gutb.) Lx 35 Pseudopecopteris obtusiloba (Brongn.) Lx 16, iJ4-'i7, 29, 277, 286, 294, 300 PI. VH, figs. 1-3; PI. VIII Pseudopecopteris Pluckeneti (Schloth.) Lx 70 Pseudopecopteris Sbeaferi Lx 23 Pseudopecopteris Sillimanni (Brongn.) Lx 22,279 Pseudopecopteris spinulosa Lx 65 Pseudopecopteris squamosa (Lx.) D. W.. 15,283,286,294,300 Pseudopecopteris subcrenulata Lx 64, 65 Pseudopecopteris trifoliolata (Artis) Lx 29 Pseudopecopteris sp. D. W t29-30 PI. VII, figs. 4, 5 Pseudopecopteris, relation of Mariopteris and Dip- lothmema to 21. 22, 23 Peeudosigillaria Grand'Eury 238 Pseudosigillaria dimorpha Gr. 'Ey 230, 231, 236, 237 PseudoHgillaria monoetigma (Lx.) Gr.'Ey 231 Pteridales Prantl 174 Pteridopbyta 16-356 Pteris Serlii (Brongn.) Ett 117 Pterophyllum Brongniart 285 Pycnophyllum Brongniart 257 Pyrenomycetese 13-14 Kadicites Potoni6 171-173 Kadicites capillaceus (L. and H.) Pot.. 172, 173, 277, 295, 300 Kadicitee palmatitidus (Lx.)D. "W 173 Renault, description of Titanophyllum by 270 on fructification of the Cordaite* 258, 259 Benaultia chaerophylloides (Brongn.) Zeill 49 Keticularia perplexa McCbesney 7 Rhabdocarpos Goeppert and Berger 259, S67-269 Rbabdocarpos apiculatus Newb 269 Rhabdocarpos cariuatus Newb 269 Rbabdocarpos Jacksoneneis Lx 269 Rhabdocarpos Mansfieldi Lx 138, 267, 268, 286, 302 Page. Rhabdocarpos raultistriatus (Presl) Lx.. i26^-'^69, 283, 296 Rbabdocarpos Scbultzianus Goepp. and Berg 208 Rhabdocarpos (Pachytesta) Mansfieldi Lx 367-'26$ Rhacophyllum Schimper 103,278 Rhacopbyllum Clarkii(Lx.) Scbimp 109 Rhacophyllum filiciforme (Gutb.) Scbimp 109 Rhacophyllum fimbriatum Lx 278, 279 Rhacophyllum Goldenbergii Weiss 110, 111 Rhacophyllum Gutbierianum Gein 109 Rhacophyllum hamulosum Lx 104 Rhacophyllum hirsutum- (Lx.) Scbimp 107,108 Rhacophyllum lactuca (Presl) Schimp 105, 106, 107 Rhacophyllum lactuca var. crispum Gutb 105 Rhacophyllum memhranaceum Lx 110, 112 Rhacophyllum speciosissimum Schimp „ 105 Rhacophyllum spiiiosiun Lx 104 Rhacophyllum truncatum Lx 112 Rhacopteris Schimper 16 Rhizolithes Braun 171,172 Rhizolithes palmatifidus Lx 173 Rhodea G utbieriana Presl 109 Rhode Island, stage of plants from 285 J2ft(/(idoIepts Sternberg 230,238,243,246 Rotularia Sternberg 173 Rotularia asplenioidei Sterub 174 Rotularia cuneifolia Sternb 174 Rotularia erosa (L. and H.) Goepp 175 Rotularia major Bronn 180 Rotularia tnarsilecefolia Sternb 177, 180 Rotularia poly phylla Sternb 174 Rotularia pusilla Sternb 174 Rubeola mineralis Luid 163 Rubia sylvestris Volkm 163 S. Saarbrucker Schichten 305 Saarbruck series, stage of Missouri flora in 304 Saccopteris Stur 73, 74 Saccopteris erosa (Gutb.) Stur 70 Saccopteris Essinghii (Andrii) Stur 72 Saccopteris grypophylla (Goepp.) Stur 44 Saccopteris (Alethopteris) cristata (Gutb.) Stur 72 Sagenaria Brongniart 187 Sagenaria rimosa (Stb.) Presl .... 196 Salisburieje 272 Salvineie 174 Salvinia, relation of Sphenophyllum to 174 Samaropsis Goeppert 258, 259, 261, 266 Saporta, G. de, reference of Cyclopteris by 138 Saportaea Fontaine and White 272 Sarcotaxus Brongn 259 Schizodns curtus M. and W 7 Schizopteris Brongniart 103 Schizopteris lactuca Presl 105, 106 Schizopteris pinnata Gr.'Ey 100 Schizopteris rhipii Gr. 'Ey 105 Schlotheimia Sternberg ^ 150 Schuchert, C, determinations of fossil invertebrates from plant beds by 7 Scolecopteris Zenker 89, 90, 128 Scolecopteris Candolleana (Brongn.) Stur 83 Scudder, S. H., identifications of insects from plant beds by 8 Scutocordaites Renault 257, 258 Selaginella Beauv 188 INDEX. 465 Page. Senftenbergia acuta (Brongn.) Stur 76 Sen/tenbergia dentata (Brongn.) Slur 75 Senftenbergia plumosa (Artis) Stur 76 Sen/tenbergia (Pecopteris) dentata (Brongn.) Stur ... 76 Seward, A. C, cited as to affinities of Neuroptens. . . 128 Sigillarieto 227,330-S«4r Sigillaria Brongniart 101, 211, 228, 330-'-24a, 277 Sigillaria alternans (Stb.) Achep 242 Sigillaria alveolaris (Stb.) Brongn 242 Sigillaria Brardii Brongn 237 Sigillaria-Camptotffinia Grand'Eury 230 Sigillaria camptota^nia "Wood 198, 211, 213, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 247, 286, 296, 299, 301 Sigillaria contigua Sauv 242 Sigillaria corrugata Ls 238 Sigillaria cumulata var. paucistriata 242 Sigillaria Defrancii Brongn 210 Sigillaria Dournaisii Brongn 242 Sigillaria elegans Brongn 242, 299 Sigillaria Essenia Achep 243 Sigillara fissa Lx 239,240,241 Sigillara Grand" Euryi Lx 236 Sigillaria Knorrii Brongn 242 Sigillaria hpvigata Brongn 299 Sigillaria lalayana Schimp 242 Sigillaria mammillaris Brongn 242, 243 Sigillaria mammillaris var. latior Lx 243 Sigillaria Mauricii Gr. 'Ey 246 Sigillaria Menardii Brongn 279 Sigillaria monostigma Lx 231, 233, 236 Sigillaria Morandii Sauv 242 Sigillaria orbicularis Brongn 243 SigillarisovataSauv 343, 284,296,301 Sigillaria reniformis Brongn 279 Sigillaria rimosa Goldb 230, 238 Sigillaria rimosa Goldb. (nou Sauv. ) 236 Sigillaria rugosa Brongn " 299 Sigillaria aculpta Lx 279 Sigillaria sexangula Sauv 242 Sigillaria sigillarioides (Lx.) D. W '^40-341,278 Sigillaria spinulosa Germ 237, 279 Sigillaria tesaellata (Steinh.) Brongn 341-343, 283, 296, 299, 301 Sigillaria Zwickaviensis (Petz.) Goepp 242 Sigillaria (Asolanus) Camptottenia IT. C. "Wood.. 330-338 PI. LSI, fig. Ig?; Pl.LSII, fig.l?; PL LXIV, fig. 6? ; PI. LXIX ; PI. LXX, figs. 1, 3, 4, 5 Sigillaria (Asolanus) sigillarioides Lx 339-341 PL LXX, fig. 2 Sigillaria-Camptotcenia gradlenta Gr.'Ey 231, 237 Sigillaria-Oamptotceniatnonostigma (Lx.) Gr.'Ey.. 231,238 Sigillaria sect. Caulopteris Brongniart 101 Sigillarioides stellar is JjX 231,236 SigiUariostrobas Grand'Eury 235 Sigillariostrobus Laurencianus Lx 231, 235 Silesia, Missouri flora compared with Carboniferous of 304 Sorocladus Lesquereux 63 Sorocladus asteroides Lx 63 Sorocladus ophioglossoides Lx 60, 62, 63, 64 Sorocladus sagittatus Lx 62. 63 Sorocladus stellatus Lx 63 Sorocladus Wortheni Lx 63 Sphcenopteris Sternberg 35 SpheeropsideaB 15 SphenophylleEB 173-1S7 MON XXXVII 30 Page. Spbenophyllales 173-187 Sphenophyllites Brongniart 173 SpbenophylUtes angustifolius Germ 183 Sphenophillites emarginatus Brongn 177 Sphenophyllohtachys Seward 173 Sphenophyllostachys Dawaoni (Will.) Sew 176 Sphenophyllum Brongniart 173-1S7 Sphenophyllum angustifolium (Germ.) Goepp. .. 182, 183, 302 Sphenopbylluiu angustifolium var. bifidum Gr.'Ey. . 183 Spbenopbyllum bifurcatum Lx 177, 182, 187 Spbenopbyllum Crepini Stur 180 Spbenopbyllum cuneifolium (Stb.) Zeill 173, 174-177, 179, 180, 278, 283, 295, 301 Sphenophyllum cuneifolium (Stb.) Zeill. var. saa;i/ra- gcefolium (Stb.) Zeill 176 Spbenopbyllum densifolium F. and W 183 Sphenophyllum dentatum Brongn 174,175 Sphenophyllum dichotomuin (Germ, and Kaulf.)TJng. 176 Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brongn 175, 17G, 177-180, 182, 185, 187, 278,286, 295, 299, 301 Pl.Lix, fig. Id Sphenophylhtm emarginatum Brongn. var. ^ Brong- niartianum C. and K 178, 179 Sphenophyllum erosum L. and H 175 Sphenophyllum erosum L. and H. var. saxifragmfo- Hum (Stb.) C and K 175 Sphenophyllum fasciculatum Lx 284 Sphenophyllum filiculme Lx 177, 179, 183 Spkenophylluin fimbriatum Brongn 174 Sphenophyllum Fontaineaniim Miller ISO, 181 Sphenophyllum furcatum Lx 187 Spbenophylluui gracile Crep 174 Sphenophyllum latifolium F. and W 180 " Sphenophyllum latifolium Wood (non Font, and White) 181 Sphenophyllum Lescurianum D. W 183-183, 278,284,296.302 PL XXIV, 3c ; PL L, fig. 6b; PL LI, fig. b Sphenophyllum longifoUum (Germ.) Gein. and Gutb. (non Sauv.) 181, 182 Sphenophyllum majus Broun 180-183, 278, 283, 286, 295, 301 PL L, figs. 5, 6a ; PL LI, fig. a ; PL lxiii, fig. 3 Sphenophyllum multifidum Sauv 175, 181 Sphenophyllum myriophyllum Crep 299 Sphenophyllum oblongifolium (Germ.) Ung 174,183,296 Sphenophyllum Osnabrugense F. A. Koemer 178 Sphenophyllum pusillum (Stb.) Sauv...'. 175 Sjihenophyllum saxifragcefolium, ? (Germ.) Gein. and Gutb 181 Sphenophyllum saxifragcefolium (Stb.) Goepp 175 Sphenophyllum Schlotheimii Brongn 176, 178, 179 Sphenophyllum Schlotheimii Brongn. var. /3 denta- tum (Brongn.) et var. ^ erosum (L. and H.), Ett 175 Sphenophyllum Schlotheimii Brongn. var. saxi- fragcefolium (Stb.) , 0. Feist 175 Sphenophyllum tenuifolium F. and W 183 Spbenopbyllum trichomatosum Stur 174 Spheno2)hyllum trifoliatum Lx 175 Sphenophyllum truncatum Brongn 179 Sphenophyllum sp. D. "W 182 Sphenophyllum { Asterophyllites ?) fasciculatum (Lx.) D. W 183-187 PL L, figs. 1-4 Sphenophyllum (Oalamites) Sachsei Stur 176 466 INDEX. Page. SpbenopteridcEe 35-74 Sphenopteris Brongniart 16, 35-66, 73, 74, 104, 283 Sphenopteris bilobata Lx 66 Sphenopteris Boulayi Zeill 62, 63 Sphenopteris Brittsii Lx 37, 50. 53-55 , 57, 286 PI. XV, fig. 1; PI. XVI; PI. XVII; Pl.XVin.figS. 1,2; PI. XIX, fig. 3 Sphenopteris Broadheadi D. W 42, 44, 281, 294 Sphenopteris canadensis Daws 40 Sphenopteris canneltonensis B.VT 55-56, 286, 300 PI. XV, fig. 2 Sphenopteris capitata D. "W 57-58, 284, 300 PL XV, tig. 3 Sphenopteris caudata L. and H 75 Sphenopteris cliEerophylloides (Brongn.) Presi... 49-50, *• 51,52,54,55,286,300,302 Sphenopteris crepini Zeill 62,63,300 Sphenopteris cristata (Brongn.) PresI 49, 50-51 , 52, 54. 55, 286, 294, 300, 302 Sphenopteris delicatnla Brongn 46 Sphenopteris Douvillei Zeill 300 Sphenopteris Dubuissonis Brongn 47, 48 Sphenopteris Essinghii Audra 55, 74 Sphenopteria fertilis Een - - 42 Sphenopteris formosa Gutb 44 Si)henopteris f areata Brongn 17, 18, 19 Sphenopteris gracilis Brongn 57 Sphenopteris Gravenhorstii Brongn 49. 50 Sphenopteris Gutbieriana Gein 55, 56 Sphenopteris Hceninghausii Brongn 37, 40, 283, 288,299 Sphenopteris hymenophylloides Brongn 55,56, 60 Sphenopteria lUinoisensis D.W 58-60,286 PI. XIX, fig. 4 ; PI. XLIV, fig. 1 Sphenopteris injequilateralis Lx 55,73,74 Sphenopteris integra Andrii 52, 97 Sphenopteris irregularis Sternb 24 Sphenopteris Jacquoti (Zeill.) Kidst 294 Sphenopteris Lacoei D. W 37, 38-39, 40, 286, 294 PI. XII, fig. 3 Sphenopteris latifolia L. and H -4 Sphenopteria Laurentii Bronu 37 Sphenopteris Matheti Zeill 49,302 Sphenopteria microcarpa Lx 37 Sphenopteris minutisecta F. and "W , 49 Sphenopteris missourieusis D. W 42,43-44,284,294 PI. XIV, figs. 1,2 Sphenopteris mixta Schimp 35-37, 39, 40, 54, 277, 286, 294, 300 PI. XI, fig. 3 ; PI. XII, figs. 1, 2 ; PI. XIII, tigS. 4, 5 Sphenopteris neuropteroides (Boul.) Zeill 15, 23, 27, 283, 299 Sphenopteris nobilis Achep 31 Sphenopteris ohtiisiloha Brongn 23, 24, 26 Sphenopteris ophioglossoides (Lx.) D. "W. 63, 278, 284, 287, 300 Sphenopteris paten tiasima Ett 104 Sphenopteris Picandeti Zeill 56 Sphenopteris pinnatifida (Lx.) D. W 45-47, 278, 283, 286, 294, 300 PI. XVIII, figs. 3, 4; PI. XIX, fig. 1 Sphenopteris Potieri Zeill 300 Sphenopteris paeudomurrayana Lx 50 Sphenopteris quadridactylites Gutb 294, 300 Sphenopteris quercifolia Goepp - 37 Sphenopteris rigida Brongn 35 Sphenopteris rotundifolia Andrii 294 Sphenopteris Eoyi Lx 19 Sphenopteris rutsefolia Gutb 57 Sphenopteris Schillingsii Andrii 23 Sphenopteris sinuosa- Lx 35 Sphenopteris solida Lx 20, 23 Sphenopteris spinosa Goepp 17, 19 Sphenopteris splendens Lx 17, 19 Sphenopteris squamosa Lx 27, 28 Sphenopteris Sternbergii (Ett.) Zeill 72.74 Sphenopteris subcrenulata (Lx.) D. "W 64-66, 286, 294, 300, 302 PI. XX, fig. 5 Sphenopteris subalata "Weiss 56 Sphenopteris suspecta D. "W 51-52, 284 PI. XXXV, figs. 1-3 Sphenopteris tenella Brongn 42 Sphenopteris tenuifolia Brongn 44,49 Sphenopteris bilobata Lx 284 Sphenopteris tridactylites Brongn 46 Sphenopteris trifoUolata {Artis 1) Brongn 24,26 Sphenopteris Van Ingeni D. ^^ 47-49, 278, 284, 302 PI. XIII, fig. 3 Sphenopteris "Wardiana D. W 39-40 PI. XI, figs. 1, 2 Sphenopteris Woodwardi Kidst 42,294 Sphenopteris sp. D. W 41, 55, 57 Sphenopteris sp. D. "W" 66 PL XXXV, fig. 6 Sphenopteris [Aneimioides) obtusiloba Brongn 24 Sphenopteris (Aiieimioides) pulchra Marrat 35 Sphenopteris {Cheilanthides) Hiix(a Schimp 35 Sphenopteris (Corynepteris) coralloides Gutb 40,74 Sphenopteris (Crossotheca) ophioglossoides (Lx.) D.W 60-64 PL XX, figs. 3, 4 Sphenopteris {Gymnogrammides) irregularis Sternb. 25 Sphenopteris (Hapalopteris) Schiitzei Stur 46 Sphenopteris (Hymenophyllites) /urcata Brongn 16 Sphenopteris (Hymenophyllites) quadridactylites Gutb 47 Sphenopteris (Hymenophyllites) spinosa Goepp 16 Sphenopteris ( Hymenophyllites) splendens Lx 16 Sphenopteris {Hymenophyllites) tridactylites Brongn. 45 Sphenopteris (Hymenotheca) Broadheadi D. "W 41-42 PL XIII, figs. 1,2 Sphenopteris (Pseudopecopteris) obtusiloba Brougn .. 25,299 Sphenopteris (Pseudopecopteris) trifoliolata (Artis) Brongn 299 Spirangium Schimper 274,275 Spirangium appendiculatitm Lx 274 Spirifer rockymontauus Marcou 7 Spiropteris Schimper 101,283 Spiropteris sp 1 1 Spirorbis carbonarius Daws 8, 55 Sporledcria Stiehler 274 Spring River sandstone -_- 5, 6 Stachannularia calathifera TVeiss 165 Stachannularia tubercnlata (Stb.) "Weiss 161 Stay phylopteris Presl 63 Stemmatopteris Corda 101, 252, 253 Stemmatopteris Schimperi Lx 251 Stephanian, relation of Missouri flora to 303,304 Sterzel, J. T., correlation of Stachannularia calathi- fera 165 genus Neurocallipteris proposed by 129 opinion of, on the LeiodermariEe 237 Stigmaria Brongniart 236,344-346,253,256 Stigmaria Evenii Lx 345-346, 286, 296, 301 INDEX. 467 Page. Stigmaria Jicoidet {Stb.) Erongn 2U, 245 Stigma ria Jicoided Brongn. var. itellata Goepp 231 Siiginaria stellaris Lx 231 Stigmari.', tiTucosa (Martin) S.A.Miller 944-^245, 283,296.301 Stigmarioid 'lupression !:246-!249' PI. LXX, tig. 5 Stigmariopsis Granii'Eury 253 Stigmariopsis Evcnii (Lx.) Gr.'Ey 246 St. John, New Brunswick, supposed Devonian flora of 129 Stratigraphic range of Missouri species 285 Stratigraphy of plant-bearing terranes 4-9 Stur, D., opinion of, as to relations of Neuropteris . . 128 Stylocalamites Suckowii (Brongn.) "Weiss 148 SubsigillarisB !i230-34 1 Synopsis of the flora 281.282 Syringodendron Sternberg 230 T. Table showing American distribution of species 286 Tfeniophyllum Lesquereux '"i^t-^iSS, 255, 256 Tieuiophyllum contestum Lx 252 Tfeniophyllum decurrens Lx 251,252 Tfeniophyllum deflexum Lx 287 TEBniophyllnm latifolium D. W ^49-333, 255, 256, 280, 286, 287 Pl.LXIII,fig.4; PI. LXXI Tseniopterideje 142 Tjpniopteris Brongniart 1 40-144 Ta*niopteris jejunata Gr.'Ey 142, 143 Taniopteris missouriensis D. "W 128, 140-144,284,302 PI. XLI, figs. 1-7 Tteniopteris Miinsteri Goepp 142 Taonurus Colletti Lx - . . .' 280 TaxacejB 3yi-2?'4 Taxinete 257 Taxospermum Brongniart 258 Titanophyllum Renault 270,271,302 Titanophyllum ? Biittsii D.W 37 1 , 284 Titanophyllura Grand'Euryi Ren 270,271 Trichomanitea (Zeilleria) delicatula (Stb.) Goepp 46 Trichopity s Saporta 272 Trigonocarpum Brongniart 282 Trigonocarpum Bawesii L. and H 280 Trigonocarpum oliv.Tformis L. and H 280 Trigouocarpura Schultzianum Goepp. and Berger. .. 268, 269 Page. Triletes Reinsch 216,218,251,252 Triphyllopteridcai 16-34 Triphyllopteria Schimper 16, 20 Trizygia Royle 174 XJ. Ulodendron Rhode 203 JJlodendron punctatuni L. and H 102 Upper Coal Measures of Great Britain compared . . . 297 Urnatopteris Kidston 46 ■V. Valenciennes flora compared with Missouri flora 298-304 Van Ingen, Gilbert, geological section at Pitcher's coal mine by 6 Van Ingen, Gilbert, plants collected by 2 Variolarla Jicoides Sternb 244 Vernon County 3 Volkmannia Sternberg 163-166 Volkmannia elongata Preel 156 Volkmanuia prielonga Lx *.. 165-166, 286 TV. "Ward, Lester F., work of in paleobotany 40 "Weiss, demonstration of scars in Sigillaria campto- tjenia by 236 "Westpbalian. relation of Missouri flora to 299-304 "Whittlesey a Kewberry 272 "Williamson, "W. C, structure of Bowmanites 173 Winslow, Arthur, on epeirogenic movements in Coal Measures of Missouri 4 stratigraphic descriptions of plant beds by 5 X. Xenoptcrls Weiss 125 Z. Zamites Presl 202, 205 Zeiller, R., correlation of Pseudopecopteris auceps . 28 description of Mariopteris 21 discoverer of fertile specimens of Liuopteris . . . 128 identification of fruit of Sphenophyllum 173,177.180 monograph Valenciennes flora cited 298 Zonaria Agardt, compared with Conostichus 11 Zwickau basin compared with Missouri coals 304 Zygopteris Corda 302 Zygopteris pinnata (Gr.'Ey.) Schimp lOO ^DVERTISEMEN^T. [Monograph XXXVII.] The statute approved March 3, 1879, establishing the United States Geological Survey, contains the following provisions : "The iniblications of the Geological Survey shall consist of the annual report of operations, geo- logical and economic maps illustrating the resources and classification of the lands, and reijorts upon general and economic geology and paleontology. The annual report of operations of the Geological Survey shall accompany the anniial report of the Secretary of the Interior. All siieeial memoirs and reports of said Survey shall be issued in uniform c^uarto series if deemed necessary by the Director, but otherwise in ordinary octavos. Three thousand copies of each shall be published for .seienti tie exchanges and for sale at the price of publication ; and all literary and cartographic materials received in exchange shall be the property of the United States and form a ])art of the library of the organization : And the money resulting from the sale of such publications shall be covered into the Treasury of the United States." Except in those cases in which an extra number of any special memoir or report has been sup- plied to the Survey by special resolution of Congress or has been ordered by the Secretary of the Interior, this office has no copies for gratuitous distribution. ANNUAL REPORTS. I. First Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, by Clarence King. 1880. 8°. 79 pp. 1 map. — A preliminary report describing plan of organization and publications. II. Second Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1880-'81, by J. W. Powell. 1882. 8°. Iv, 588 pp. 62 pi. 1 map. III. Third Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1881-'82, by J. W. Powell. 1883. 8'=. xviii, 564 pp. 67 pi. and maps. IV. Fourth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1882-'83, by J. W. Powell. 1884. 8°. xxxii, 473 pp. 85 pi. and maps. V. Fifth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1883-'84, by J. W. Powell. 1885. 8°. xxxvi, 469 pp. 58 pi. and maps. VI. Sixth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1884-'85, by J. W. Powell. 1885. 8°. xxix, 570 pp. 65 pi. and maps. VII. Seventh Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1885-'86, by J. W. Powell. 1888. 8°. XX, 656 pp. 71 pi. and maps. VIII. 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Price 10 cents. 145. The Potomac Form.ation in Virginia, by W. M. Fontaine. 1896. 8°. 149 pp. 2 pi. Price 15 cents. 146. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Miner- alogy for the Year 1895, by F. B. Weeks. 1896. 8°. 130 pp. Price 15 cents. 147. Earthquakes in California in 1895, by Charles D. Perrine, Assistant Astronomer in Charge of Earthquake Observiitions at the Lick Observatory. 1896. 8'-'. 23 pp. Price 5 cents. 148. Analyses of Rocks, with a Chapter on Analytical Methods, Laboratory of the United States Geological Survey, 1880 to 1896, by F. W. Clarke and W. F. Hillebrand. 1897. 8^. 306 pp. Price 20 cents. 149. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Miner- alogy for the Year 1896, by Fred Boughton Weeks. 1897. 8*^. 152 pp. Price 15 cents. 1.50. The Educational Series of Rock Specimens collected and di.stributed by the United States Geological Survey, by Joseph Silas Diller. 1898. 8-\ 398 pp. 47 pi. Price 25 cents. 151. The Lower Cretaceous Gryphicas of the Texas Region, by R. T. Hill and T. Wayland Vaughan. 1898. 8-. 139 pp. 25 pi. Price 15 cents. 152. A Catalogue of the Cretaceons and Tertiary Plants of North America, by F. H. Kuowlton. 1898. 8^. 247 pp. Price 20 cents. 153. A Bibliographic Index of North American Carboniferous Invertebrates, by Stuart Weller. 1898. 8°. 653 pp. Price 35 cents. 154. A Gazetteer of Kansas, by Henry Gannett. 1898. 8°. 246 pp. 6 pi. Price 20 cents. 155. Earthquakes in California in 1896 and 1897, by Charles D. Perrine, Assistant Astronomer in Charge of Earthquake Observ.ations at the Lick Observatory. 1898. 8^. 47 pp. Price 5 cents. 156. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, .and Miner- alogy for the Year 1897, by Fred Boughton Weeks. 1898. 8". 130 pp. Price 15 cents. 160. A Dictionary of Altitudes in the United St.ates (Third Edition), compiled by Henry Gannett. 1899. 8-. 775 pp. Price 40 cents. 161. Earthquakes in California in 1898, by Charles D. Perrine, Assistant Astronomer in Charge of Earthquake Observations at the Lick Observatory. 1899. 8°. 31pp. 1 pi. Price 5 cents. In jireparatioii: 157. The Gneisses, Gabbro-Schists, and Associated Rocks of Southeastern Minnesota, by C. W. Hall. 158. The Moraines of southeastern South Dakota and their Attendant Deposits, by J. E. Todd. 159. The Geology of Eastern Berkshire County, Massachusetts, by B. K. Emerson. WATER-SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION PAPERS. By act of Congress .approved June 11, 1896, the following provision was made; " ProvicUd, Tliat hereafter the reports of the Geological Survey in relation to the gauging of streams and to the methods of utilizing the water resources may be priu'ed in oct.avo form, not to exceed one hundred p.ages in length and live thousand copies in number; oue thousand copies of which shall bo for the official use of the Geological Survey, one thousand five hundred copies shall be deliv- ered to the Senate, and two thousand five hundred copies .shall be delivered to the House of Repre- sentatives, for distribution." Under this law the following papers have been issued: I. Pumping Water for Irrigation, by Herbert M. AVilson. 1896. 8'^. 57 pp. 9 pi. ■ 2. Irrigation near Phamix, Arizona, by Arthur P. Davis. 1897. 8°. 97 pp. 31 pi. 3. Sewage Irrigation, by George W. Rafter. 1897. 8-^. 100 pp. 4 pi. 4. A Reconnoissance in Southeastern W.ashington. by Israel Cook Russell. 1897. 8^. 96 pp. 7 pi. 5. Irrigation Practice on the Great Plains, by Elias Branson Cowgill. 1897. 8°. 39 pp. 12 pi. 6. Underground Waters of Southwestern Kansas, by Erasmus Haworth. 1897. 8*^. 65 pp. 12 pi. 7. .Seepage Waters of Northern Utah, b}' Samuel Fortier. 1897. 8'-'. 50 pp. 3 pi. 8. Windmills for Irrigation, by Edward Charles Miirphy. 1897. 8-. 49 pp. 8 pi. 9. Irrigation near Greeley, Colorado, by David Boyd. 1897. 8^. 90 pp. 21 pi. 10. Irrigation in Mesilla V.alley, New Mexico, by F. C. Barker. 1898. 8^. 51 pp. 11 pi. II. River Heights for 1896, by'Arthur P. Davis.' 1897. 8-\ 100 pp. 12. Water Resources of Southeastern Nelnaska, by Nelson H. Darton. 1898. 8°. 55 pp. 21 pi. 13. Irrigation Sy.stems in Texas, by Willi.am Ferguson Hutson. 1898. 8^"". 67 pp. 10 ])1. 14. New Tests of Certain Pumps aud Water-Lifts used in Irrigation, by Ozni P. Hood. 1889. 8^ 91pp. 1 pi. 15. Operations at River Stations, 1897, Part I. 1898. 8^. 100 pp. 16. Operations at River Stations, 1897, Part II. 1898. 8^\ 101-200 pp. 17. Irrigation near Bakerslield, California, by C.E. Grunsky. 1898. 8°. 96 pp. 16 pi. 18. Irrigation near Fresno, California, by C. E. Grunsky. 1898. 8^. 94 pp. 14 pi. 19. Irrigation near Merced, California, by C. E. Grunsky. 1899. 8^. 59 pp. 11 pi. 20. Experiments with Windmills, by T. 6. Perry. 1899. 8°. 97 pp. 12 pi. VIII ADVERTISEMENT. 21. Wells of Northern Indiana, by Frank Leverett. 1899. 8^\ 82 pp. 2 pi. 22. Sewage Irrigation, Part II, by George W. Kaiter. 1899. 8^\ 100 pp. 7 pi. 23. Water-Right Problems of Bighorn Mountains, by Elwood Mead. 1899. 8^. 62 pp. 7 pi. 24. Water Resonrces of the State of New York, Part I, by George W. Rafter. 1899. 8^. 99 pp. 13 pi. 25. Water Resources of the State of New York, Part II, by George W. Rafter. 1899. 8°. 101-200 pp. 12 pi. 26. Wells of Southern Indiana (Continuation of No. 21), by Frank Leverett. 1899. S~. 64 pp. 27. Operations at River Stations, 1898, Part I. 1899. 8°. 100 pji. 28. Operations at River Stations, 1898, Part II. 1899. 8^. 101-200 pp. In 2)reparation: 29. Wells and Windmills in Nebraska, by Edwin H. Barbour. 30. Water Resources of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, by Alfred C. Lane, TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OP THE UNITED STATES. When, in 1882, the Geological Survey was directed by law to make a geologic map of the United States there was in existence no suitable topographic map to serve as a base for the geologic map. The preparation of .such a topographic map was therefore immediately begun. About one-fifth of the area of the country, excluding Alaska, has now been thus mapped. The map is published in atlas sheets, each sheet representing a small quadrangular district, as explained under the next head- ing. The separate sheets are sold at .5 cents each when fewer than 100 copies are purchased, but when they are ordered in lots of 100 or more copies, whether of the same sheet or of different sheets, the price is 2 cents each. The mapped areas are widely scattered, nearly every State being represented. About 900 sheets have been engraved and printed; they are tabulated by States in the Survey's •'List of Publications," a pamphlet which may be had on application. The map sheets represent a great variety of topographic features, and with the aid of descriptive text they can be used to illustrate topographic forms. This has led to the projection of an educational series of topographic folios, for use wherever geography is taught in high schools, academies, and colleges. Of this series the first folio has been issued, viz: 1. Physiographic types, by Heury Gannett, 1898, folio, consisting of the following sheets aud4 jiages of descriptive text: Fargo (N. Dak. -Minn.), a region in youth; Charleston (W.Va.),a region in maturity; Caldwell (Kans.), aregiou in old age; Palmyra (Va.), a rejuvenated region; Mount Shasta, (Cal.), a young volcanic mountain; Eagle (VVis), moraines; Sun Prairie (Wis.), drumlins; Donald- sonville (La.), river flood plains; Boothbay (Me.), a fiord coast; Atlantic City (N. J.), a barrier-beach coast. GEOLOGIC ATLAS OF THE UNITED STATES. The Geologic Atlas of the United States is the final form of publication of the topographic and geologic maps. The atlas is issued in parts, progressively as the surveys are extended, and is designed ultimately to cover the entire country. Under the pl.an adopted the entire area of the country is divided into small rectangular districts (designated quadranylea) , bounded by certain meridians and parallels. The unit of survey is also the unit of publication, and the maps and descriptions of each rectangul.ar district are issued as a folio of the Geologic Atlas. Each folio contains topographic, geologic, economic, and structural maps, together with textual descriptions and explanations, and is designated by the name of a principal town or of a prominent natural featxire within the district. Two forms of issue have been adopted, a "library edition" and a "field edition." In both the sheets are bound between heavy paper covers, but the library copies are permanently bound, while the sheets and covers of the field copies are only temporarily wired together. Under the law a copy of each folio is sent to certain public libraries and educational institu- tions. The remainder are sold at 25 cents each, except such as contain an unusual amount of matter, which are priced accordingly. Prepayment is obligatory. The folios ready for distribution are listed below. Livingston Ringgold Placerville Kingston Sacramento Clialtanooga Pikes Peak (oat of stock) . Sewauee Anthracite-Crested Butte Harpers Ferry Montana /Georgia \ Tennessee Ciilifornia Tennessee California Tennessee Colorado Tennessee Colorado -. {Virginia West A'irginia.. Maryland Limiting meridians. lioo-lll" 830-85° 30' 120° 30'-121° 840 30'-85o 131O-1210 30' 850-850 30' 1050-1050 3D' 850 30'-86o IO60 45'-1070 15' 770 30'-78o Area, in parallels. square miles. 450-460 3,354 340 30'-35o 980 380 30'-39o 932 350 3D'-36o 969 380 30'-39o 932 350-350 30' 975 380 30'-39o 932 350-350 30' 975 380 45'-390 465 390-390 30' 925 cents. 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 50 25 ADVERTISEMENT. IX No. Name of sheet. State. Jackson Estillville Fredericksburg Staunton Lassen Peak Kuoxville Marysville Smarts ville Stevenson Cleveland Pikeville McMinnville Noniini Three Forks Loudon Pocahontas , Morristown 1 Piedmont fNevada City.] Nevada City . . .^ Grass Valley. \ iBaimer Hill -J (Gallatin ..] /Yellowstone Na- J Canyon ... I \ tiocal Park. ] Shoshone . [ [Lake } Pyramid Peak Franklin Briceville Buckhannon Gadsden Pueblo Downievillo Butte Special Truckee Wartburg Sonera Nueces BidwellBar Taze-\vell Boise Kichmond London Teuniile District Special Roseburg Holyoke California {Virginia Kentucky Tennessee (Maryland \Virginia /Virginia ^West Virginia. California (Tennessee \North Carolina California California {Alabama Georgia Tennessee Tennessee Tennessee Tennessee /Maryland- \Virginia Montana Tennessee /Virginia \Weat Virginia . . Tennessee (Virginia Maryland West Virginia.. California Limiting meridians. Wyoming California /Virginia jlWest Virginia.. Tennessee West Virginia . Alabama Colorado California Montana California Tennessee California Texas California /Virginia \West Virginia.. Idaho Kentucky Kentucky Colorado Oregon /Massachusetts . ICounecticut - .. 120° 30'-121° 82° 30'-83° 770.770 30' 79°-79° 30' 12I°-122° 83° 30'-84° 121° 30'-122° 121°-121° 30' 85° 30'-86° 84° 30'-85° 8dO-85° 30' 85° 30'-86o 76° 30'-77o 111°-112° 840-81° 30' 81o-81° 30' 83o-83° 30' 79°-79° 30' (121° 00' 25"-121° 03' 45" h21o 01' 35"-121o 05' 04" (120° 57' 05"-121° 00' 25" 120°-120° 30' 790,790 30' 840-84° 30' 80°-80° 30' 86<=-86o 30' 104° 30'-105o 120° 30'-121° 112° 29' 30"-112o 36' 42" 1200-120° 30' 84° 30'-S5o 1200-120° 30' 100°-I00° 30' 121°-121° 30' \ 81° 30'-82o 1160-110° 30' 840-84° SO' 840-84° 3U' 106° 8'-106° 16' 123°-123o 3(V Limiting parallels. 38°-38° 30' 36° 30'-37o 38°-38° 30' 3B°-38° 30' 40°-41° 350 30'-36o 39°-390 30' 39°-39° 30' 350-35° 30' 35° 30'-36° 350 30'-36° 380-38° 30' 450-46° 35° 30'-36° 370.370 30' 360-36° 30' 39°-39° 30' 72° 30'-73o 390 13' 50"-39o 17' 16" 390 10' 22"-39o 13' 50" 390 13' 60"-39o 17' 16" 380 30'-39o 38° 30'-39o 360-36° 30' 38° 30'-39o 340-340 30' 38°-38o 30' 39° 30'-4Uo 45° 59' 28"^6o 02' 54" 390-390 30' 360-360 30' 370 30'-38o 290 3n'-30o 390 30'-40o 370-37° 30' 430 30'-44o 370 30'-38° 37°-37° 30' 39° 22' 30"-39° 30' 30" 43°-43° 30' Area, in .Price, square in miles, cents. 42°-42o 30' 938 957 938 3,634 925 925 925 3,354 969 951 1L65 12.09 11.65 932 932 963 932 980 938 919 22.80 925 963 944 1,035 918 950 864 944 950 55- 871 885 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 50 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 50 25 50 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 STATISTICAL PAPERS. Mineral Resoiu-ces of the United States [1882], by Albert Williams, jr. 1883. 8-. xvii, 813 ijp. Price 50 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1883 and 1884, by Albert Williams, jr. 1885. 8°. xiv, 1016 pp. Price 60 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1885. Division of Mining Statistics and Technology. 1886. 8°. vii, 576 pp. Price 40 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1886, by David T. Day. 1887. 8°. viii, 813 pp. Price 50 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1887, by David T.Day. 1888. 8°. vii, 832 pp. Price 50 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1888, by David T. Day. 1890. 8°. vii, 652 pp. Price 50 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1889 and 1890, by David T. Day. 1892. 8^. viii, 671 pp. Price 50 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1891, by David T. Day. 1893. 8^. vii, 630 pp. Price 50 cents. X ADVERTISEMENT. I Mineral Resources of the United States, 1892, by David T. Day. 1893. 8^. vii, 850 pp. Price 50 cents. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1893, by David T. Day. 1894. 8'^. viii, 810 pp. Price 50 cents. On March 2, 1895, the following provision was included in an act of Congress: "Provided, That hereafter the report of the mineral resources of the United States shall be issued as a part of the report of the Director of the Geological Survey." In compliance with this legislation the followiug reports have been published: Mineral Resources of the United States, 18;U, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1895. 8°. xv, 646 pp., 23 pi. ; six, 735 pp., 6 pi. Being Parts III and IV of the Sixteenth Annual Report. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1895, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1896. 8°. xxiii, 542 pp., 8 pi. and maps; iii, 543-1058 pp., 9-13 pi. Being Part III (in 2 vols.) of the Seventeenth Annual Report. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1896, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1897. 8°. xii, 642 pp., 1 pi. ; 643-1400 pp. Being Part V (in 2 vols.) of the Nineteenth Annual Report. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1897, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1898. 8°. viii, 651 pp., 11 pi. ; viii, 706 pp. Being Part A'l (in 2 vols.) of the Nineteenth Annual Report. The money received from the sale of the Survey publications is deposited in the Treasury, and the Secretary of that Department declines to receive bank checks, drafts, or postage stamps; all remit- tauces, therefore, must be by money order, made payable to the Director of the United States Geological Survey, or in currency — the exact amount. Correspondence relating to the publications of the Survey should be addressed to The DiKECToii, United .States Geological Si'kvey, Washington, D. C, June, 1S99. Washington, D. C. •c [Take tbia leaf out and paate the separated titles upon three of your cata- logue cards. Tlie lirst and second titles need no addition ; over the third write that subject under which you would place the book in your library.] LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS. United States. Department of the interior. ( U. S. geological survey.) Departilient of the iuterior | — | Monographs | of the | United States geological survey | Volume XXXVII | [Seal of the depart- ment] I Washington | government printing oftice | 1899 Second title: United States geological survej' | Charles D. Walcott, director | — | Fossil flora | of the | lower coal meas- ures I of I Missouri | by | David White | [Vignette] | Washington | government printing office | 1899 4°. xi, 4G7 pp. 73 pi. White (David). United States geological survey | Charles D. Walcott, di- rector I — I Fossil flora | of the | lower coal measures | of | Mis- souri I hy I David White | [Viguette] | Washington | government printing office | 1899 4°. xi, 467 pp. 73 pi. [United States. Department of the interior. (TJ. S. gcolofjieal survey.) Monograph XXXVIT.] United States geological survey | Charles D. Walcott, di- rector I — I Fossil flora | of the | lower coal measures | of | Mis- souri I by I David White | [Vignette] | Washington | government printing office | 1899 40. xi,467pp. 73 pi. [United States. Department 0/ the interior. (U, S. geological siii-vey.) Monograph XXXVH.]