OfZ-CP^ \ I BOOK 979.2. B22 1 c 1 \ ^' BANCROFT # HISTORY OF lllllil 3 T1S3 000MTlb3 1 i3 It HISTORY ' ^^^ OF UTAH HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT NEW YORK THE BANCROFT COMPANY THE WORKS OF HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT. PREFACE. In the history of Utah we come upon a new series of social phenomena, whose multiformity and uncon- ventionality awaken the liveliest interest. We find ourselves at once outside the beaten track of conquest for gold and glory; of wholesale robberies and human slaughters for the love of Christ; of encomiendas, re- partimientos, serfdoms, or other species of civilized imposition; of missionary invasion resulting in cer- tain death to the aborigines, but in broad acres and i well filled storehouses for the men of practical piety; of emigration for rich and cheap lands, or for coloni- zation and empire alone; nor have we here a hurried scramble for wealth, or a corporation for the manage- ment of a game preserve. There is the charm of novelty about the present subject, if no other; for in our analyses of human progress we never tire of watch- ing the behavior of various elements under various conditions. There is only one example in the annals of Amer- ica of the organization of a commonwealth upon prin- ciples of pure theocracy. There is here one example only where the founding of a state grew out of the founding of a new religion. Other instances there \S have been of the occupation of wild tracts on this con- ^ tinent by people flying before persecution, or desirous vi PREFACE. of greater religious liberty; there were the quakers, the huguenots, and the pilgrim fathers, though their spiritual interests were so soon subordinated to politi- cal necessities; religion has often played a conspicu- ous part in the settlement of the New World, and there has at times been present in some degree the theocratic, if not indeed the hierarchal, idea; but it has been long since the world, the old continent or the new, has witnessed anything like a new religion suc- cessfully established and set in prosperous running or- der upon the fullest and combined principles of theoc- racy, hierarchy, and patriarchy. With this new series of phenomena, a new series of difficulties arises in attempting their elucidation: not alone the perplexities always attending unexplored fields, but formidable embarrassments which render the task at once delicate and dangerous. If the writer is fortunate enough to escape the many pitfalls of fallacy and illusion which beset his way; if he is wise and successful enough to find and follow the exact line of equity which should be drawn between the hotly contending factions ; in a word, if he is honest and capable, and speaks honestly and openly in the treatment of such a subject, he is pretty sure to offend, and bring upon himself condemnation from all parties. But where there are palpable faults on both sides of a case, the judge who unites equity with due discrimination may be sure he is not in the main far from right if he succeeds in offending both sides. Therefore, amidst the multiformity of conflicting ideas and evidence, having abandoned all hope of satisfying others, I fall back upon the next most reasonable prop- osition left — that of satisfying myself. PREFACE. vii In regard to the quality of evidence I here encoun- ter, I will say that never before has it been my lot to meet with such a mass of mendacity. The attempts of almost all who have written upon the subject seem to have been to make out a case rather than to state the facts. Of course, by any religious sect dealing largely in the supernatural, fancying itself under the direct guidance of God, its daily doings a standing miracle, commingling in all the ordinary affairs of life prophecies, special interpositions, and revelations with agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, we must ex- pect to find much written which none but that sect can accept as true. And in relation to opposing evidence, almost every book that has been put forth respecting the people of Utah by one not a Mormon is full of calumny, each author apparently endeavoring to surpass his predecessor in the libertinism of abuse. Most of these are written in a sensational style, and for the purpose of deriving profit by pandering to a vitiated public taste, and are wholly unreliable as to facts. Some few, more especially among those first appear- ing, whose data were gathered by men upon the spot, and for the purpose of destroying what they regarded as a sacrilegious and pernicious fanaticism, though as vehement in their opposition as any, make some pretensions to honesty and sincerity, and are more worthy of credit. There is much in govern- ment reports, and in the writings of the later resi- dents in Utah, dictated by honest patriotism, and to which the historian should give careful attention. In using my authorities, I distinguish between these classes, as it is not profitable either to pass by any- thing illustrating principles or aflfecting progress, or viii PREFACE. to print pages of pure invention, palpable lies, even for the purpose of proving them such. Every work upon the subject, however, receives proper bibliograph- ical notice. The materials for Mormon church history are exceptionally full. Early in his career the first presi- dent appointed a historiographer, whose office has been continuous ever since. To his people he himself gave their early history, both the inner and intangi- ble and the outer and material portions of it. Then missionaries to different posts were instructed to make a record of all pertinent doings, and lodge the same in the church archives. A sacred obligation seems to have been implied in this respect from the beginning, the Booh of Mormon itself being largely descriptive of such migrations and actions as usually constitute the history of a people. And save in the matters of spir- itual manifestations, which the merely secular histo- rian cannot follow, and in speaking of their enemies, whose treatment we must admit in too many instances has been severe, the church records are truthful and reliable. In addition to this, concerning the settle- ment of the country, I have here, as in other sections of my historical field, visited the people in person, and gathered from them no inconsiderable stores of orig- inal and interesting information. Upon due consideration, and with the problem fairly before me, three methods of treatment pre- sented themselves from which to choose: first, to follow the beaten track of calumny and vituperation, heaping upon the Mormons every species of abuse, from the lofty sarcasm employed by some to the vul- gar scurrility applied by others; second, to espouse PREFACE. ix the cause of the Mormons as the weaker party, and defend them from the seeming injustice to which from the first they have been subjected; third, in a spirit of equity to present both sides, leaving the reader to draw his own conclusions. The first course, however popular, would be beyond my power to follow; the second method, likewise, is not to be considered; I therefore adopt the third course, and while giving the new sect a full and respectful hearing, withhold nothing that their most violent opposers have to say against them. Anything written at the present day which may properly be called a history of Utah must be largely a history of the Mormons, these being the first white people to settle in the country, and at present largely occupying it. As others with opposing interests and influences appear, they and the great principles thereby brought to an issue receive the most careful considera- tion. And I have deemed it but fair, in presenting the early history of the church, to give respectful consid- eration to and a sober recital of Mormon faith and experiences, common and miraculous. The story of Mormonism, therefore, beginning with chapter iii., as told in the text, is from the Mormon standpoint, and based entirely on Mormon authorities; while in the notes, and running side by side with the subject- matter in the text, I give in full all anti-Mormon arguments and counter-statements, thus enabling the reader to carry along both sides at once, instead of having to consider first all that is to be said on one side, and then all that is to be said on the other. In following this plan, I only apply to the history of Utah the same principles employed in all my his- torical efibrts, namely, to give all the facts on every X PREFACE. side pertinent to the subject. In giving the history of the invasion and occupation of the several sections of the Pacific States from Panama to Alaska, I have been obliged to treat of the idios3aicrasies, motives, and actions of Roman catholics, methodists, presby- terians, episcopalians, and members of the Greek church: not of the nature or validity of their re- spective creeds, but of their doings, praising or blam- ing as praise or blame were due, judged purely from a standpoint of morals and humanity according to the highest standards of the foremost civilization of the world. It was not necessary — it was wholly outside the province of the historian, and contrary to my method as practised elsewhere — to discuss the truth or falsity of their convictions, any more than when writing the history of Mexico, California, or Oregon to advance my opinions regarding the in- spiration of the scriptures, the divinity of Christ, prophecies, miracles, or the immaculate conception. On all these questions, as on the doctrines of the Mormons and of other sects, I have of course my opinions, which it were not only out of place but odious to be constantly thrusting upon the attention of the reader, who Is seeking for facts only. In one respect only I deem it necessary to go a little further here : inasmuch as doctrines and beliefs enter more influentially than elsewhere into the origin and evolution of this society, I give the history of the rise and progress of those doctrines. Theirs was not an old faith, the tenets of which have been fought for and discussed for centuries, but profisssedly a new reve- lation, whose principles are for the most part unknown to the outside world, where their purity is severely questioned. The settlement of this section sprung PREFACE. xi primarily from the evolution of a new religion, with all its attendant trials and persecutions. To give their actions without their motives would leave the work obviously imperfect; to give their motives with- out the origin and nature of their belief would be impossible. In conclusion, I will say that those who desire a knowledge of people and events impartially viewed, a statement of facts fairly and dispassionately pre- sented, I am confident will find them here as else- where in my writings. CONTEI^TS OF THIS YOLUME. CHAPTER I. DISCOVERIES OF THE SPANIARDS. 1540-1777. PAGK Francisco Vazquez de Corouado at Cibola — Expedition of Pedro de Tobar and Father Juan de Padilla — They Hear of a Large River — Garcia Lopez de Cardenas Sent in Search of It — The First Europeans to Approach Utah — Route of Cardenas — Mythical Maps — Part of the Northern Mystery — Journey of Dominguez and Escalante — The Course They Followed — The Rivers They Crossed — The Comanches — Region of the Great Lakes — Rivers Timpanogos, San Buenaven- tura, and Others — The Country of the Yutas — Route from Santa F6 to Monterey — The Friars Talk of the Lake Country — Return of the Spaniards to Zuiii and March to Santa F6 1 CHAPTER II. ADVENT OF TRAPPERS AND TRAVELLERS. 1778-1846. Invasion by Fur-hunters— Baron la Hontan and his Fables— The Popu- lar Geographic Idea — Discovery of the Great Salt Lake — James Bridger Deciding a Bet — He Determines the Course of Bear River, and Comes upon the Great Lake — Henry, Ashley, Green, and Beck- ■wourth on the Ground — Fort Built at Utah Lake — Peter Skeen Og- den — Journey of Jedediah S. Smith — A Strange Country — Pegieg Smith — Wolfskin, Yount, and Burton Traverse the Country^- Walker's Visit to California — Some Old Maps — The Bartleson Com- pany — Statements of Bidwell and Belden Compared — Whitman and Lovejoy — Fremont — Pacific Coast Immigrations of 1845 and 1846— Origin of the Name Utah 18 CHAPTER III. THE STORY OF MORMONISM. 1820-1830. A Glance Eastward— The Middle States Sixty Years Ago — Birth and Parentage of Joseph Smith — Spiritual Manifestations — Joseph Tells (xiii) xiv CONTENTS. PAGE his Vision — And is Reviled — Moroni Appears— Persecutions— Copy- ing the Plates — Martin Harris — Oliver Cowdery — Translation — The Book of Mormon — Aaronic Priesthood Conferred — Conversions — The Whitmer Family — The Witnesses — Spaulding Theory — Printing of the Book — Melchisedec Priesthood Conferred — Duties of Elders an' I Others — Church of Latter-day Saints Organized — First Miracle- - First Conference — Oliver Cowdery Ordered to the West 36 CHAPTEE IV. THE STOBY OF MORMOJJISM. 1830-1835. Parley Pratt's Conversion — Mission to the Lamanites — The Missionaries at Kirtland — Conversion of Sidney Rigdon — Mormon Success at Kirt- land — The Missionaries in Missouri — Rigdon Visits Smith — Edward Partridge— The Melchisedec Priesthood Given— Smith and Rigdon Journey to Missouri — Bible Translation — Smith's Second Visit to Missouri — Unexampled Prosperity — Causes of Persecutions — Mob- ocracy — The Saints are Driven from Jackson County — Treachery of Boggs— Military Organization at Kirtland — The Name Latter-day Saints — March to Missouri 71 CHAPTER V. THE STORY OF MORMONISM. 1835-1840. President Smith at Kirtland— First Quorum of Twelve Apostles— The Kirtland Temple Completed— Kirtland Safety Society Bank — In Zion Again — The Saints in Missouri — Apostasy — Zeal and Indis- cretion — Military Organization — The War Opens — Depredations on Both Sides— Movements of Atchison, Parks, and Doniphan — Atti- tude of Boggs — Wight and Gilliam — Death of Patten — Danite Or- ganization — Order Lodge— Haun Mill Tragedy — Mobs and Militia — The Tables Turned— Boggs' Exterminating Order— Lucas and Clark at Far West — ^Surrender of the Mormons — Prisoners — Petitions and Memorials — Expulsion — Gathering at Quincy— Opinions Ill CHAPTER VI. THE STORY Of MORMONISM. 1840-1844. The City of Nauvoo — Its Temple and University — The Nauvoo Legion— The Mormons in Illinois — Evil Reports — Revelation on Polygamy^ Its Reception and Practice — The Prophet a Candidate for the Presi- dency — The Nauvoo Expositor — Joseph Arrested — Governor Ford and his Measures — Joseph and Hyrum Proceed to Carthage — Their Imprisoument — The Governor's Pledge — Assassination of the Prophet CONTEXTS. and his Brother— Character of Joseph Smith— A Tanic at Carthage — Addresses of Richards and Taylor — Peaceful Attitude of the Mor- 143 CHAPTER VII. BRIGHAM YOUNG SUCCEEDS JOSEPH. 1844-1845. The Question of Succession— Biography of Brigham Young — His Early- Life — Conversion — Missionary Work — Made President of the Twelve — His Devotion to the Prophet — Sidney Rigdon and Brigham Young Rival Aspirants for the Presidency — Rigdon's Claims — Public Meet- ings — Biigham Elected President of the Church — His Character^ Temple-building — Fresh Disasters — The Affair at Morley — The Men of Quincy and the Men of Carthage — The Mormons Consent to Abandon their City , 193 CHAPTER VIII. EXPULSION FROM NAUVOO. 1845-1846. A Busy City — Meeting in the Temple— Sacrifice of Property— Detach- ments Move Forward— A Singular Exodus— The First Encampment — Cool Proposal from Brother Brannan — The Journey — Courage and Good Cheer — Swelling of their Numbers — The Remnant of the Saints in Nauvoo— Attitude of the Gentiles — The Mormons Attacked — Continued Hostilities— The Final Departures— The Poor Camp — A Deserted City 214 CHAPTER IX. AT THE MISSOURI. 1846-1847. Native Races of the Missouri— The Pottawattamies and the Omahas — The Mormons Welcomed as Brethren — War with Mexico — California Territory — Mexican Boundaries — Application to the United States Government for Aid — An Ofi'er to Serve as Soldiers Accepted — Or- ganization of the Mormon Battalion — Departure of the Battalion — Bounty Money — March across the Continent — The Battalion in Cal- ifornia — Matters on the Missouri 236 CHAPTER X. MIGRATION TO UTAH. 1847. Camp Near the Missouri— Preparations at Winter Quarters— Departure of the Pioneer Band— Elkhorn Rendezvous— Route and Routine — Incidents of Journey — Approach to Zion — In the Caflon— Hosauna! xvi CONTENTS. PAGK Hallelujah!— Entry into the Valley of the Great Salt Lake— Plough- ing and Planting — Praying and Praising — Site for a City Chosen — Temple Block Selected — Return of Companies to Winter Quarters — Tlieir Meeting with the Westward-bound — General Epistle of the Twelve 252 CHAPTER XI. IN THE VALLEY OF THE GREAT SALT LAKE. 1848. Food and Raiment — Houses — Home Manufactures — The Fort — Wild Beasts — Cannon from Sutter's Fort — Indian Children for Sale — Measles — Population — Mills and Farming Machinery — The Plague of Crickets — They are Destroyed by Gulls — Scarcity of Provisions— The Harvest Feast — Immigration — Five Thousand Saints Gathered in the Valley — Fencing and Farming — Distribution of Lots — Organ- ization of County Government — Association for the Extermination of Wild Beasts , 275 CHAPTER XII. IN THE VALLEY OF THE GREAT SALT LAKE. 1849. Food Supply and Shelter — Building Lots — Currency Issue — Bank Notes and Coinage — Private and Public Buildings — Wide Area of the City — Second Anniversary of the Pioneers — Festivals and Amusements — Labor a Duty among the Saints — Effect of the California Gold Dis- covery — Immigration — Carrying Company — California-bound Emi- grants — Their Traffic with the Mormons — Products and Prices — Gold-hunting Frowned upon by the Church 288 CHAPTER XIII. SETTLEMENT AND OCCUPATION OF THE COUNTRY. 1847-1852. Founding of Centreville — Bountiful — Ogden — Lynne — Easton — Marriots- ville — San Pete — Provo — Indian War — W' ailed Cities — Evansville — Lehi— Battle Creek— Pleasant Grove — American Fork — Payson — Nephi — Manti — Chief Walker — Fillmoi-e — Site Chosen for the Capi- tal — Tooele — Grantsville— Kaysville — Little Salt Lake — Parowan — Cedar City — Paragoonah — Forts Walker and Harmony — Box Elder Creek — Brighara City — Willard City — San Bernardino in California . 305 CHAPTER XIV. EDDCATION, MAN0FACTURES, COMMERCE, AGRICULTURE, SOCIETY. 1850-1852. Boundaries and Extent of Utah— Configuration and Physical Features of the Country — Its Lauds and Waters — Flora and Fauna — State Uni- CONTENTS. xvii PAOB versity — Curricuhim — Educational Ideas — Library — Periodicals — Tabernacle and Temple— New Fort — Progress of the Useful Arts- Mills, Factories, and Manufactures— Farm Products — Traffic — Popu- lation — Revenue — Mortality — Healthful Airs and Medicinal Springs. 321 CHAPTER XV. MORMONISM AND POLYGAMY. What is Mormonism? — Tenets of the Church — Sacred Books and Person- ages — Organization — Priesthood — First Presidency — The Twelve Apostles — Patriarchs — Elders, Bishops, Priests, Teachers, and Dea- cons — The Seventies — Stakes and Wards— Marriage — Temple-build- ing — Tabernacle — Political Aspect — Polygamy as a Church Tenet — Celestial Marriage — Attitude and Arguments of Civilization — Polyg- amy's Reply— Ethics and Law — The Charge of Disloyalty— Proposed Remedies 333 CHAPTER XVI. MISSIONS AND IMMIGRATION. 1830-1883. Mormon Missionaries — Parley Pratt and his Colleagues — Missionary Labor in Canada — In Great Britain — Missionaries in Europe — And in Other Parts of the World — The Perpetual Emigration Fund — A Gen- eral Epistle of the Twelve — From Liverpool to Salt Lake City for Fifty Dollars — Emigrant Ships — Report of a Liverpool Manager — The Passage to New Orleans— Overland Travel — Classes of Emi- grants — George A. Smith's Companies at South Pass — The Hand- cart Emigration — Biographical 397 CHAPTER XVII. UTAH AS A TERRITORY. 1849-1858. Need of Civil Government — The State of Deseret Organized — Memorials for Acjmission into the Union — Proposed Consolidation with Califor- nia — Administration of Justice — Proceedings of the Legislature — Babbit's Reception at Washington — The State of Deseret before Congress — Act to Establish a Territorial Government^ — Appointment of Officials — 111 Feeling between Them and the Mormons — The Offi- cials Depart for Washington — Measures of the Legislative Assembly — Stansbury's Survey^The Gunnison Massacre — Indian Outbreaks — The Walker War — Mexican Slave-traders 439 CHAPTER XVIII. THE GOVERNMENT IN ARMS. 1853-1857. Brigham as Dictator — Utah Seeks Admission as a State — Dissatisfaction among the Saints — Conflicting Judiciaries — The New Federal Offi- HiBT. Utah, b iviii CONTENTS. PAGK cials — Disputes with Judge Drummond — Colonel Steptoe — An Expe- dition Ordered to Utah — Official Blunders — The Troops Assemble at Fort Leavenworth — Hockaday and Magraw's Mail Contract — The Brigham Young Express — Celebration of the Pioneer Anniversary — News of the Coming Invasion — Its Effect on the Mormons — Arrival of Major Van Vliet — The Nauvoo Legion — Mormon Tactics 481 CHAPTER XIX. . THE UTAH WAR. 1857-1858. Opening of the Campaign — Burning of Supply Trains — Strategic Move- ment of Colonel Alexander — His Retreat — Arrival of Albert Sidney Johnston — The March to Fort Bridger — Winter at Camp Scott — Mission of Colonel Kane — Governor Cumming at Salt Lake City — Pardon Proclaimed — The Peace Commissioners — The Army of Utah Advances on Zion — The City Deserted — The Mormons Return to Their Homes — The Troops Cantoned at Camp Floyd — Conduct of the Soldiery and Camp Followers — Judges Sinclair and Cradlebaugh, — The Reformation in Utah 512 CHAPTER XX. THE MOUNTAIN MEADOWS MASSACRE. 1857. An Arkansas Emigrant Party Arrives at Salt Lake City — Assassination of Parley P. Pratt — 111 Feeling against the Emigrants — Alleged Out- rages — Their Arrival at Mountain Meadows — They are Attacked by Indians— A Flag of Truce — Plan of the Massacre — Surrender of the Emigrants— The Butchery — Burial of the Slain — The Survivors — Judge Cradlebaugh's Investigation — The Aiken Massacre— John D. Lee on Trial— Tlje Jury Disagree — The Second Trial — Lee Convicted and Sentenced — His Confession and Execution 543 CHAPTER XXI. POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL. 1859-1862. Brigham Threatened with Arrest — The Federal Judges Reproved — De- parture of Governor Gumming — And of the Army of Utah — Popu- lation of the Territoiy — Mortality — Wealth — Industries — Prices — \Vages— Trade— Salt Lake City in 1860— The Temple Block— Social (gatherings — Tlieatricals — Scientific and Other Institutions — Char- acter of the Population — Carson Valley — San Bernardino — Summit County and Its Settlements — Purchase of Fort Bridger — Wasatch County — Morgan County — Cache Valley — Settlements in Southern Utah 672 CONTENTS. xix CHAPTER XXII. PROGRESS OF EVENTS. 1861-1869. PAGE Governor Dawson's Gallantry — Utah Refused Admission as a State- Passage of a Bill against Polygamy — Measures of the Legislature — Arrival of Governor Harding — Disputes between Brigham and the Federal Officials — Arrival of the California Volunteers— A False Alarm — The Morrisite Troubles — Governors Doty and Durkee — The Limits of Utah Curtailed — Celebration of Lincoln's Second Inaugu- ration — The Brassfield and Robinson Murders — Indian Outbreaks — The Battle of B.;ar River — Disturbances in Southern Utah — Trea- ties with Indian Tribes — The Uintah Valley Reservation — Biblio- graphical 604 CHAPTER XXin SCHISMS AND APOSTASIES. 1844-1869. The Strangitea — The Gatherers — Brannan's Followers — The Gladdenites — The Reorganized Church of Latter-day Saints — Alexander and David Hyrum Smith — The Utah Magazine — Trial of Godbe and Har- rison — Success of the Godbeite Movement — The Struggle for Commer- cial Control — Persecution of Gentile Merchants- — Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution — Extent of its Operations — Disastrous Effect on Gentile Trade — Reaction in Favor of the Reformers 641 CHAPTER XXIV. THE LAST DAYS OF BRIGHAM YOUNG. 1869-1877. Visit of Schuyler Colfax — Godbe's Interview with President Grant — Governor Shaffer — Military Riot at Provo — Governor Woods — Judge McKean — Burlesque of Justice — Arrest of Brigham Young and Others — George Q. Cannon Chosen Delegate — Axtell's Administra- tion — Governor Emery — Death of Brigham — His Obsequies — His Character— His Will 656 CHAPTER XXV. CHURCH AND STATE. 1877-1885. Conference of the Church — Reorganization of the First Presidency — John Taylor Appointed President — His Appearance and Mien — The Edmunds Bill — Its Penalties — An Ex Post Facto Law — Polygamists Disfranchised — Utah again Refused Admission as a State — Opera- tions of the Utah Commission — Governor Murray's Message — His Administration 677 JOE CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXVI. SETTLEMENT, SOCIETY, AND EDUCATION. 1862-1886. FAQB Population and Statistics— Salt Lake City— The Temple— The New Tab- ernacle — The Museum — Condition of the Inhabitants — Distinctive Features — Salt Lake County — Davis County — Ogden — Cache County — Rich County — Summit County — Brigham City — Nephi — Provo — Uintah, Emery, San Juan, Garfield, and Piute Counties— Sanpete and Sevier Counties — Iron, Kane, and Washington Counties — Schools — The University of Deseret — The Deseret Alphabet — Libra- ries — Journals and Journalism 691 CHAPTER XXVII. AGRICULTURE, STOCK -RAISING, MANUFACTURES, AND MINING. 1852-1886. Agricultural Products and Yield per Acre — Irrigation — Character of the Soil — Fruit Culture — Viticulture — Sericulture — Timber and Timber- lands — Bunch-grass — Cattle-raising — Dairy Products — Horses- Sheep — Woollen Manufactures — Leather — Other Manufactures — Iron-mining — Coal-mining — Copper — Sulphur — Gypsum and Mica — Other Minerals — Building Stone — Gold and Silver — The West Mountain District — The Rush Valley District — The Cottonwood District— The American Fork District— The Tintic District— The Ontario Mine — Other Mining Districts — Mining Products — Milling, Smelting, and Reduction -works 720 CHAPTER XXVIII. COMMERCE AND COMMUNICATION. 1852-1885. Common Roadways — Railroads — The Union and Central Pacific — The Utah Central— The Utah Southern— The Utah and Northern— The Utah Eastern— The Salt Lake and Western— The Utah and Nevada — The Denver and Rio Grande Western — Imports and Exports — Commerce and Trade — Banking — Insurance — Taxation and Revenue ■ — Mails and Mail Services — The First Telegraphic Message — The. Deseret Telegraph Company 751 Index. ^,*H. .-..,..^_^. .-. ^. . . 785 AUTHOEITIES CONSULTED HISTORY OF UTAH. 1 Adams (G. J.), A Few Plain Facts, etc. Bedford (Eng.), 1841; Letter to President John Tyler. New York, 1844. Address by a Minister of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to the People of the United States. Printed while the Mormons were at Nauvoo. Philadelphia, n.d. A Friendly Warning to the Latter-day Saints. London, 1860. Albany (Or.), Jouraal. Aldrich (Hazen), The Olive Branch, monthly. Kirtland (0.), 1851-2. Alegre, Hist. Comp. Jesus, 1. 233-8. Alexander (W. C), Princ. Mag., xxiv. 687. Alta (Utah), Times. Amberley, in Fortnightly Rev., xii. 511. American Almanac. Boston and New York, 1830 et seq. American Geog. and Statis. Soc. Mag. New York, 1850 et seq. American Quarterly Register and Magazine. Philadelphia, 1848 et seq. American Whig Review. New York, 1845-51. 13 vols. Among tlie Mormons, in All the Year Round, x. 1863. Among the Mormons, in Gent. Mag., new ser., vii. Amp6re (J. J.), Promenade en Am6rique, etc. Paris, 1855. 2 vols. Paris, 1860. 2 vols. Ancient American Records, n.d. Ancient and Modem Michilimackinac. (History of James J. Strang's Move- ment.) n.d. Anderson (R. R.), Salt Lake City Street- Railroad. MS. Andouard, Far West. Andree (Karl), Die Mormonen und ihr Land. Dresden, 1859, An Exposure of Mormonism. Dunstable (Eng.), n.d. Anti-Mormon Almanac. New York, 1842. Antiooh (Cal.), Ledger. A Plan to Solve the Utah Problem. Salt Lake Qty, 1880. Apples of Sodom. Cleveland (0.), 1883. Appleton (D. & Co.), Amer. Cycloped., N. Y., 1873, 1875; Journal, N. Y. Appleton's Illustrated Hand-book of Amer. Travel New York, 1856 et seq. Arch. Cal., Pro v. Rec. MS., i. 47-8, vi. 69. Archives du Christianisme (1852-3). Ashland (Or.), Tidings. Astoria (Or. ), Astorian. Athrawiaeth a Chyfammodau (Wales), n.d. Atlantic Monthly. Boston, 1858 et seq. (XXi) xxu AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. Austin (Nev.), Reese River Reveille. Authentic History of Remarkable Persons, etc. New York, 1849. A Visit to the Mormons, in Westm. Rev., Ixxvi. 1861. A Voice from the Mountains. Salt Lake City, 1881. Balch (W. R.), Mines of the U. S. Philadelphia, 1882. Ballantyne (Richard), Proclamation of the Gospel. Madras (Hind.), 1853; Only Way to be Saved. Madras (Hind.), 1853; Replies to Rev. J. Rich- ards, Madras (Hind.), 1853; Millennial Star. Madras (Hind.), 1854. Bancroft (H. H.), History of California; History of Nevada; History of New Mex. ; History of North Mex. States; History of Northwest Coast; Native Races, etc. Barber (F. C), in De Bow, Comml. Rev., xvi. 368. Barber (J. W.), History of the Western States, etc. Cincinnati, 1867. Barclay (Jas W.), Mormonism Exposed. London, 1884. Barfoot (J. L.), Brief History of the Deseret Museum. MS.; Hand-book Guide to the Salt Lake Museum. Salt Lake City, 1880. Bameby (W. H.), Life and Labor in the Far, Far West. London, Paris, and New York, 1884. Barnes (D. ), From the Atlantic to the Pacific, Overland. New York, 1866. Barr, Treatise on the Atonement, etc. Bates (Geo. C), Argument on Jurisdiction of Probate Courts, etc. Salt Lake City, n.d. Battle of Bear River, 1863. Bays (Joseph), The Blood of Christ. Chatteris (Eng.), 1849. Beadle (J. H.), Bill Hickman, Brigham's Destroying Angel. New York, 1872; Life in Utah. Philadelphia, 1870; Undevel. West. Philadelphia, 1873; Western Wilds. Cincinnati, 1879; in Harper's Mag,, Uii. 641; Pop. Sci. Monthly, ix. 479; Scribner's Monthly, xiv. 397. Beatie (A. S.), The First in Nevada, MS. Beaumont, Hist. Mich. MS., 407-22, etc. Beaver City (Utah) Chronicle; Enterprise. Beckwith (E. G.), Report on Route, etc. Washington, 1855; Washington, 1856. Belden (J.), Statement. MS. Bell (J. F.), Reply to John Theobald. Liverpool, n.d. Belmont (Nev.), Courier. Bennett (J. C), History of the Saints, or Mormonism Exposed. Boston, 1842. Benton (Thos H.), Speech in U. S. Senate, 1861. Benzoni, Hist. Mundo Nuevo, 107. Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 235. Bertrand (L. A.), Autorit6 Divine, ou R^ponse, etc. Paris, 1853; M^moires d'un Mormon. Paris, 1862. Bidwell, Cal., 184-8. MS. Bigamy and Polygamy, Review of the Opinion of the Supreme Court of the U. S., Oct. 1878. Bigler (Henry W.), Diary of a Mormon. MS., passim. Bill to Establish a Territorial Government for Utah. Liverpool, 1852. Bingham (Utah), Pioneer. Bird (Isabella L.), Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains. New York, 1881. Bishop (Gladden), Address to the Sons and Daughters of Zion, etc. Kirtland, (O.), 1851. 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Star; Cal. Teacher; Call; Chronicle; Commercial Herald and Market Re- view; Despatch and Vanguard; Echo du Pacifique; Evening Bulletin; Examiner; Golden Era; Herald; Mercantile Gazette; Mercantile Journal; Mining Review, etc.; Mining and Scientific Press; Monitor; News Letter; Occident; Pacific Baptist; Pacific Churchman; Pacific News; Pacific Observer; Pacific Rural Press; Picayune; Pioneer; Post; Scientific Press; Stock Exchange; Stock Report; Times; Town Talk; Visitor; Western Standard, 1856-8; Wide West. San Jos6 (Cal.), Argus; Mercury; Pioneer; Times. xl AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. San Luis Obispo Tribune. Santa Barbara Index. Santa Cruz Sentinel. Santa Rosa Times. Sargent (A. A.), Speech "in House of Rep., Feb. 23, 1870. Washington, 1870. Saxon (Isabella), Five Years within the Golden State. Philadelphia, 1868. Scenes in the Rocky Mountains. Philadelphia, 1846. Schiel (Doct. J.), Reise durch die Felsengebirge Schaffhausen. 1859. 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Coloma (Cal.), 1851. Sloan (E. L.), Gazetteer of Utah. Salt Lake City, 1874. Sloan (R. W.), Utah Gazetteer. Salt Lake City, 1884. Sloan (Robt W.), and Others, Utah, Her Attractions and Resources. S. L. City, 1881. Smith (Alexander H.), Polygamy, etc. Piano (111.) Smith (Charles H.), The Mormonites. Bristol (Eng.), 1849. Smith (Clark), Mystery and Crime in the Land of the Ute. Cornelius (Or.), 1878. Smith (David H.), The Bible versus Polygamy. Piano (111.) Smith (Emma), Selection of Hymns. Independence (Mo.), 1832. Smith (Geo. A.), Plea on Trial of Howard Egan. Liverpool, 1852; Rise, Progress, etc., of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City, 1869, 1872; Liver- pool and London, 1873; Discourse on Celestial Marriage. Oct. 8, 1869. AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. xU Smith (J.), Items of Church History, etc. Salt Lake City, 1884. Smith (J. L.), Einige Worte on die Heiligeu der Lezten Tage. Zurich (Switz.), 1861. Smith (Joseph), Reply to Orson Pratt. Piano (111.); "Who then can be Saved?" Piano (111.) Smith, Jr (Joseph), Book of Mormon. Palmyra (K Y.), 1830; Completely Revised by the Translator. Nauvoo (111.), 1840; Liverpool, 1852; New- York, ( ); Salt Lake City, 1871, 1879; Tlie Holy Scriptures Translated and Corrected by the Spirit of Revelation. Piano (111.), 1867; Book of Doctrine and Covenants, etc. Nauvoo, 1846; Liverpool, 1854; Liver- pool, n.d.; Liverpool, 1882; Salt Lake City, 1876; Views of the Powers and Policy of the Government of the United States. Nauvoo, 1844. Smith, Jr (Joseph), Correspondence between, and John Wentworth, James A. Bennett, and John C. Calhoun. New York, 1844; and Young (Brig- ham), Discourses on the Relation of the Mormons to the Government. Salt Lake City, 1855. Smith (Lucy), Biog. Sketches of Joseph Smith, etc. Liverpool, 1853. Smith (Mary Ettie V.), Fifteen Years among the Mormons. N. Y., 1858. Smith, Narrative of the Assassination of Joseph and Hyrum. By an Eye- witness. Smith (The Prophet Joseph), Questions and Answers. Salt Lake City, 1882. 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Salt Lake City, 1875; Recitations for the Primary Asso- ciations, Books nos. 1 and 2. Salt Lake City, 1882; Sketch of my Life. MS.; Time Book. Salt^Lake City, 1880. Snow (Erastus), En rost fran landet Zion. Copenhagen (Den.), 1852; One Year in Scandinavia, etc, n.d.; Skandinabieus Stieme. Copenhagen, 1851. Snow (E.) and Winchester (B.), Address to the Citizens of Salem (Mass.), 1841. Snow (Lorenzo), Voice of Joseph, etc. Liverpool and Lond. 1852; Only Way to be Saved. London, 1851; Madras, 1853; Italian Mission, n.d.; La Voix de Joseph, etc. Turin (Italy), 1851; Exposition des Premier Prin- cipes de la Doctrine de I'Eglise de Jesus Christ, etc. Turin (Italy), 1851. Snow (Z.) ( Atty-Genl. ), Communications to Utah Legislature. Salt Lake City, 1872; Salt Lake City, 1874; Correspondence with Wm Clayton (Auditor, etc.) Salt Lake City, 1872; Opinion on Brigham Young. Liverpool, 1852. Sonoma (Cal.), Democrat. Southern Quarterly Review. New Orleans, etc., 1842 et seq. Spaulding (Samuel J.), Spaulding Memorial; A Genealogical History, etc. Boston, 1872. Spence (Thos), Settlers' Guide. New York, 1862. Spencer (Orson), Letters Exhibiting the Most Prominent Doctrines of the Church, etc. Liverpool, 1848; London, 1852; Patriarchal Order, or Plurality of Wives, etc. Liverpool, 1853; Report to President Young on the Prussian ]\Iission. Liverpool and London, 1853; Most Prominent Doctrines of the Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City, 1874. xlii AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. Spiritual Courtship and Marriage of the Mormous. London, n.d. Spiritual-Wife Doctrine of the Mormons. Report of the Judges of Utah Territory. Cheltenham (Eng. ), 1852. Spring Lake Villa (Utah), Farmer's Oracle. Stanford (Jos), Sketch of Weber County. MS.; Ogden City. MS. Stausbury (Howard), Die Mormonen, etc. Stuttgart, 1854; Exped. to Valley of Great Salt Lake. Philadelphia, 1855. 2 vols. Staples (Dav. J.), Incidents and Information. MS. Statistical Re^wrt of Stakes of Zion. MS. Stayner (Arthur), Report on the Manufacture of Sugar, Salt Lake City, 1SS4. Stayner (C. W.), Farmers' and Miners' Manual. Salt Lake City, 1883. St Clair (D. L.), To the Followers of the Latter-day Saints. Cheltenham (Eng.), 1840. Stenhouse (T. B. H.), Expos(5 of Polygamy. New York, 1872; Les Mormons, etc. Lausanne, 1854; The Rocky Mountain Saints. New York, 1873. Stenhouse (Mrs T. B. H.), Tell it All, etc. Hartford, 1879; An Englishwoman in Utah. London, 1880; A Lady's Life among the Mormons. New York, 1872. Stevenson (H.), Lecture on Mormonism. Newcastle (Eng.), 1839. St George (Utah), Pomologist and Gardener. Stillman (Jas W.), Speech on the Mormon Question. Boston, 1884. St Louis Democrat; Luminary. Stockton (Cal.), Herald; Independent. Stone (W. F.), The Mormon Problem. MS.; The Saints at Pueblo. MS. Sturtevant (J. M. ), Review of Mormonism in All Ages, in Amer. Bib. Repos., 2dser., ix. 109. Successor in the Prophet's OflSce, etc. Piano (111.) Suisun (Cal.), Republican. Sunday-school Dialogues and Recitations, Book no. 1. Salt Lake City, 1884. Sunderland (L.), Mormonism Exposed, 1841; New York, 1842. Sutter Co. Hist. 17. Sweet (J. B.), The Book of Mormon and the Latter-day Saints. London, 1857. Talmage (De Witt), Speeches, etc. Tanner (Mary J.), Fugitive Poems. Salt Lake City, 1880. Taylder (T. ^V'. P.), Mormon's Own Book, etc. London, 1845, 1857; Material- ism of the Mor-mons, etc. Woolwich (Eng.), 1849. Taylor (B. F.), Summer Savory, etc. Chicago, 1879. Taylor (John), Thi-ee Nights' Public Discussion, at Boulogne -sur-mer. Liverpool, 1850; Aux Amis de la Vtiritd Religieuse. n.d.; De la Ne- cessity de Nouvelles Revelations prouvee par la Bible, n.d.; Traits sur le Bapteme. n.d; Buch der Mormonen. Hamburg, 1851; Zion's Panier. Hamburg, 1851; Government of God. Liverpool and London, 1852; Re- plies to Viee-President Colfax. Salt Lake City, 1870; On the decision of the Supreme Court of tlie U. S. in the case of Geo. Reynolds. Jan. 13, 1879, Salt Lake City; Discourse at the General Conference. Salt Lake City, April 9, 1882; Early Recollections. MS. ; Epistle to the Presidents of Stakes, etc. Salt Lake City, 1882; Items on Priesthood. Salt Lake City, 1881, 1882; On Marriage and Succession in the Priesthood. Salt Lake City, 1882; Reminiscences of the First Year's Journey across the Plains. MS. ; The Mediation and Atonement of Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Salt Lake City, 1882; Truth Defended, etc. Liverpool, 1840. Taylor (John) and Others, Epistle of the Twelve Apostles, etc. S. L. City, 1877; Circular from the Twelve Apostles. S. L. City, April 16, 1880; A String of Pearls. Salt Lake City, 1882. T. C. R., What I Saw in Utah. MS. Testimony of the Great Prophet, etc. Liverpool, n. impt. AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. xliii The Book of Mormon a Forgery. London and Leamington, 1850. The Book of Mormon, History and Contents. Loudon and Leamington, 1850. Tlie Ciiurch of Latter-day Saints, in Old and New, ii. 1870. The City of the Saints, in Littell's Liv. Age, Ixxi. 1861. The Delegate from Utah (Geo. Q. Cannon), n.d. The Diamond. Voree (Wis.), 1848. The Doctrine of the Latter-day Saints. London, n.d. The Doctrines of Mormonism. London, n.d. The Emigrant Caravan, in Chambers's Jour., liii. 1876. The External Evidences of the Book of Mormon Examined. London, n.d. The Fowlers' Snare. London, 18G0. The Galaxy. New York, 18GG et seq. The Gates of the Mormon Hell Opened. London, n.d. The Hand-book of Reference to History, etc., of Latter day Saints. Salt Lake City, 1884. The Latter-day Saints, in Fortnightly Rev., xii. 1869. The Life and Character of Joseph Smith. London and Leamington, 1850. The Mining Industry. Denver (Col.), 1881. The Mormon Doctrine of Polygamy. London, 1853. The Mormon Imposture, etc. London, 1851. The Mormon Metropolis. Salt Lake City, 1883. The Mormon Problem, in Old and New, i. 1870, The Mormonites, in Lond. Month. Rev., new ser,, iii. 1842. The Mormons in Utah, in Littell's Liv. Age, xlvi. 1855. The Mormons or Latter-day Saints, with Memoirs of the Life of Joseph Smith, the American Mahomet. London ( ). The Mormons, or Life in Utah, Birmingham, n.d. The Mysteries of Mormonism. New York, 1882, The Restorer (m EngUsh and Welsh), Monthly; Merthyr Tydfil. Wales, 1804. The Spiritual-Wife Doctrine of the Mormons. Manchester (Eng.), n.d. The Two Prophets of Mormonism, in Cath. World, xxvi. 1878. The Utah Magazine, 1868-69, The Voice of Truth, etc. Nauvoo, 1844. The Yankee Mahomet, in Am. Whig Rev., new ser., vii. 1851. Theobald (J. ), Mormonism Dissected, Thomas (E. A.), in No. Amer. Rev., 1884. Fortnightly Rev., xxxvi, 414; Potter's Amer. Monthly, xvii. 298. Thomas (John), Rise, Progress, and Dispersion of the Mormons, London, Edinburgh, and Nottingham. Thompson (Charles), Evidences in Proof of the Book of Mormon; Batavia (N. Y.) and New York, 1841; Proclamation and Warning to the Inhab- itants of America. Thornton (J. Q.), Oregon and California in 1848. N. Y., 1849. 2 vols. Three Nights' Public Discourse at Boulogne-sur-mer, etc. Liverpool, 1850. Tice (J. H.), Over the Plains, etc. St Louis, 1872. Times and Seasons. Commerce (IlL), 1830; Nauvoo (EL), 1840-46, 6 vols. in 2, Tithing. Piano (111.) Todd (John), The Sunset Land, Boston, 1870. Torquemada, i. 609-10. Townsend (G. A.), The Mormon Trials at Salt Lake City. New York, 1871. Townsend (J. K.), Narrative of a Journey, etc, Philadelphia, 1839. Townsend, Mormon Trials, n.d. Townshend (F. T.), Ten Thousand Miles of Travel, etc. London, 1869. Tracy (Mrs N. N.), Narrative. MS. Trial of Jos Smith, Jr, and Others, for High Treason and Other Crimea at^ainst the State of Missouri. 2Gth cong, 2d sess.. Sen, Doc. 189, Feb. 15, 1841. Trial of the Witnesses to the Resurrection of Jesus. Piano (111.), 1870. xliv AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. Tribune Almanac. N. Y., 1838 et seq. Triplett (Frank), Conquering the Wilderness. New York and St Louis, 1883. Tnie Latter-day Saints' Herald. Cincinnati (0.) and Piano (111.), 1860-72. Truth by Three Witnesses: A Warninir Voice. Piano (111.) Truth made Manifest: A Dialogue. Piano (111.) Tucker (Pomeroy), Origin, Rise, etc., of Mormonism. New York, 1867. Tullidge (Edward W.), Life of Brigham Young. N. Y., 1876; Life of Jo- seph the Prophet. Salt Lake City, 1878; Women of Mormondom. N. Y., 1877; Quarterly Magazine, S. L. City, 1880 et seq. ; Morrn. Common- wealth, in Galaxy, ii. 356. Morm. Theoc, in Id., ii. 209, iv. 541; Refor- mation, etc., Harper's Mag., xliii. 002; Autobiogi'ahpy. MS.; Brigham Young and Mormonism, in Galaxy, Sept. 1867; Views of Mormorism, in Id., Oct. 1, 1866; Leaders in the Mormon Reform Movement, in Phren. Jour., July 1871; The Mormons, etc., in Id., Jan. 1870; The Utah Gen- tiles, etc., in Id., May 1871; Wm H. Hooper, of Utah, in Id., Nov. 1870; History of Salt Lake City. Tullidge's Quarterly JNIagazine. Salt Lake City, 1880 et seq. TurnbuU (W.), A Call to the Unconverted. Liverpool, n.d. Turner (J. B.), Mormonism in All Ages. New York, 1842. Turner (0.), Oi'igin of the Mormon Imposture, in Littell's Liv. Age, Aug. 30, 1851. Tuscarora (Nev.), Times; Review. Tuthill, Colorado. Tuthill, Hist. Cal. San Francisco, 1866. Tyler (Daniel), History of the Mormon Battalion. Salt Lake City, 1881. Tyson (Thomas), Joseph Smith, the Great American Impostor. London, 1852. Udgorn Seion. Wales. Unionville (Nev.), Silvei' State. United States Geolog. Explor. of 40th Parallel, by Clarence King. Wash- ington, 1870. United States Geolog. Surv. West of 100th Merid. (Geo. W, Wheeler); Bulletins; Reports and Various Publications. Washington, 1874 et seq. 4to. Atlas sheets. Maps. United States Government Documents: Accounts; Agriculture; Army Reg- ulations; Army Meteorological Register; Banks; Bureau of Statistics; Census; Commerce, Foreign and Domestic; Commerce and Navigation; Commercial Relations; Congressional Directoi-y; Education; Engineers; Finance; Indian Affairs; Interior; Land Office; Meteorological Reports; Mint; Ordnance; Pacific Railroad; Patent Office; Postmaster-General; Post-offices; Quartermaster-general; Revenue; U. S. Official Register — • cited by their dates. United States Government Documents: House Exec. Doc; House Journal; House INIiscel. Doc; House Com. Reports; Message and Documents; Senate Exec. Doc; Journal; Miscel. Doc; Com. Repts — cited by con- gress and session. Many of these documents have, however, separate titles, for which see author or topic. University of Deseret. Annual Catalogues, 1868 et seq.; Circulars; Bien- nial Reports. Upper Missouri Advertiser. 1838. U. P. R. R., Report of Saml B. Reed. U. S. Charters and Constitutions. Washington, 1877. 2 vols. Utah: A liill to Establish a Territorial Government. Washington. 1850. Utah Almanac. Utah and its People. New York, 1882. Utah and the Mormons, in The New Englander, vi. 1854. Utah Board of Trade, Resources and Attractions, etc. Salt Lake City, 1879. Utah Central R. R. Company, Grants, Rights and Piivileges, etc. Salt Lake City, 1871, Utah Commission, Special Report. Washington, 1884. AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. xlv Utah Commission, the Edmunds Act, Reports of the Commissioners, Rulea, Regulations, etc. Salt Lake City, 1884. Utah, Constitution of the State of. Salt Lake City, 1882. Utah, County Sketches by various authors. MS. Utah, Election LaM^s. Salt Lake City. n.d. Utah, in Beadle's Monthly, July 1866. Utah: Its Silver Mines and Other Resources, n.d. Utali Journals of Council and House, 1851 et seq., together with the other Public Documents printed by the territory, which are cited in my notes by their titles and dates, the title consisting of ' Utah, ' followed by one of the following headings: Act; Adjutant General's Report; Agricul- tural; Chancellor of University Reports; Corporations; Council and House Bills, County Financial Reports, Deseret Agric. and Manufac. Society ; Stat. Reports; Domestic Relations; Elections, Fisheries; Inaugural Addresses of Governors, Messages and Documents; Joint Resolutions; Land Acts; Laws; Memorials; Militia; Mines and Mining; Political Code ; Revenue Laws; School Law; Secretary of Territory Reports; Superin- tendent of District Schools Reports; Territorial Auditor Reports; Ter- ritorial Librarian Reports; Transportation; "Warden of Penitentiary Reports. Utah Miscellany. MS. Utah Notes. MS. Utah Pamphlets, Political, containing the following: Argument before Commr of lutl Revenue, etc. ; Bates (George C. ), Argument in Baker habeas cor- pus case; Cannon (Geo. Q.), Review of decision of U. S. Supreme Court; Clagett (Wm H.), Speech against admission of Utah as a state; Consti- tution of State of Deseret and Memorial; Cragin (A. H. ), Speech on execution of laws in Utah; Fitch (Thos), Speech on Utah Bill; Speech on Land Grants and Indian Policy; Speech on the Utah Problem; Re- ply to JSIemorial of Salt Lake Bar; Hooper (W. H.), Speech against the "CuUom Bill;" Reply to Clagett; Kinney (Jno. F.), Reply to Fernando Wood; Laws concerning Naturalization, etc. ; Memorial of Citizens of Salt Lake City; Musser (A. M.), Fruits of Mormonism; Paine (H. E.), Argument in Contested Election, etc.; Review of Opinion of U. S. Su- preme Court by an old Lawyer; Reynolds (Geo.), vs U. S.; Snow (Z.), (Terrtl Atty.-Genl.), Communication to Legislative Assembly; Commu- nication to Terr. House of Rep.; Taylor (John), Interview with 0. J. Hollister, etc. Utah Pamphlets, Religious, containing the following: Minutes of Special Conference of August 28, 1852, at Salt Lake City; Extract from a MS. entitled The Peace-maker; Skelton (Robt) and Meik (J. P.), A Defence of Mormonism; Pratt (0.), Smith (Geo. A.), and Cannon (Geo. Q.), Dis- courses on Celestial Marriage; Hyde (0.), Sketch of Travels and Minis- try; Colfax (S.), The Mormon Question; Taylor (John), Reply to Colfax; Newman (Rev. Dr.), A Sermon on Plural Man-iage; Pratt (0.), Reply to Newman; Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution, Constitution and By-laws; Utah Central R. R. Grants, Rights and Privileges; Smith (Geo. A.), Rise, Progress, and Travels of the Church, etc.; Young (B.), The Resurrection; Circular of the First Presidency; Death and Funeral of Brigham Young; Young, Sen. (Joseph), History of the Organization of the Seventies; Gibbs (G. F.), Report of Convention of Mormon Women, etc. ; The Great Proclamation, etc. ; Good Tidings, etc. ; The Testimony of the Great Prophet; The Great Contrast; Death of the Prophets Joseph and Hyrum Smith; Smith (Jos), Pearl of Great Price; Reynolds (Geo.), Book of Abraham. Utah. Perpetual Emigration Fund. MS. Utah Pioneers, Anniversary Meetings; Proceedings 33d Anniversary. Salt Lake City, 1880. Utah, Speeches on the Edmunds Bill. Utah Tracts, A collection of eleven pamphlets cited by titles and dates. Salt Lake City, 1879. xlvi AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. j Vancouver (Wasli.), Register. Vau Deusen (Increase and Maria), Hidden Orgies of Mormonism. Notting- ham (Eng.), n.d.; Spiritual Delusions. New York, 1855; Startling Disclosures of the Great Mormon Conspiracy. New York, 1849; Sub- lime and Ridiculous Blended. New York, 1848. | Van Dyke (Walter), Recollections of Utah. MS. j Van Sickles (H.), Utah Desperadoes. ^ Van Tramp (John C), Prairies and Rocky Mountains. St Louis, 1860. | Venegas, Not. Cal., i. IG7-9. Vest, ]Morgan, Call, Brown, Pendleton, and Lamar, in U. S. Senate. Salt , Lake City, 1882. j Vetromile (Eugene), Tour in Both Hemispheres. New York, etc., 1880. j Victor (Frances F.), All Over Oregon and Washington. San Francisco, 1872; j River of the West. Hartford, 1870. j "Vidette" (The Union). Camp Douglas and Salt Lake City, 1864 to 1867. | Villagra, Hist. N. Mex., 19 et seq. Virginia (^lont.), Madisonian. Virginia and Helena (Mont. ), Post. Virginia City (Nev.), Chronicle; Territorial Enterprise. i Visit of the Wyoming Legislature to Utah. Salt Lake City, 1884. I Visit to the Crazy Swede. MS. j Visit to the Mormons, in Westmin. Rev., Oct. 1861. ! Voice from the West, etc. ; History of the Morrisites. San Francisco, 1879. Voice of the Good Shepard. Piano (111.) ' Wadsworth (W.), National Wagon-road Guide. San Francisco, 1858. Waite (0. B.), The Western Monthly. Salt Lake City, 1869 et seq.; in j Lakeside, i. 290. Waite (Mrs C. V.), Adventures in the Far West, etc, Chicago, 1882; The ; Mormon Prophet and his Harem. Chicago, 1857; Cambridge, 1866. ' Walker (W.), Industrial Progress and Prospects of Utah. MS. Walla Walla (Wash.), Statesman. : Wandell (C. W.), History of the Persecutions Endured by the Church, etc. J Sidney (N. S. W.), 1852; Reply to "Shall we Believe in Mormon?" i Sidney (N. S. W.), 1S52. j Ward (Austin N.), Husband in Utah. New York, 1857; Male Life among . the Mormons. Philadelphia, 1863. Ward (J. H.), Gospel Philosophy. Salt Lake City, 1884; The Hand of Provi- dence. Salt Lake City, 1883. \ Ward (Maria), Female Life among the Mormons. New York, 1855; The Mormon Wife, etc. Hartford, 1873. Warner, Rem. MS., 21-9. Warren (G. K.), Prelimmary Report, etc. Washington, 1875. Warsaw (III.), Signal. 1 Washington (D. C. ), Natl Intelligencer; Seer; Star. 1 Waters ( ), Life among the Mormons. New York, 1868. j Watsonville (Cal.), Pajaronian; Pajaro Times. \ Way to End the Mormon War, in Littell's Liv. Age, 2d ser., xx. 1858. Webster (Thomas), Extracts from the Doctrine and Covenants. Preston (Eng.), n.d. Wedderbum (D.), Mormonism from a Mormon Point of View, in Fortnightly Rev., 1876; Pop. Scien. Monthly, x. 156. , Weightman (Hugh), Mormonism Exposed; The Other Side. Salt Lake City, 1884. i Weiser (R.), in Evang. Rev., x. 80. Wells (D. H.), Journal. MS. ! Wells (E. B.) and Williams (Z. Y.), Memorial to U. S. Congress. Washing- ton, 1879. Wells (J. F.), The Contributor, A Monthly Magazine, Salt Lake City, Oct. 1879 et eeq. : AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. xlvu Wells (Samuel R.), The Mormon Question, in Phren. Jour., Dec 1871; Our Visit to Salt Lake City, in Id., Dec. 1870. Wentworth, Great West. West (P. R.), The Brewing Business. MS. Westbrook (G. W.), Appendix to Hunt's Mormonisnu St Louis, 1844; The Mormons in Illinois. St Louis, 1844. West Coast Reporter, iv. 415. Wcstmins. Rev., lix. 196. Whatcom (Wash.), Bellingham Bay Mail. White (F. P.), Cattle Raising and Grazing. MS. Whitney (H.), Journal. MS. Whitney (H. M.), Plural Marriage. Salt Lake City, 1882. Whittier (J. G.), in Howitt, Journal, ii. 157; Littell's Liv, Age, xv. 461. Why We Practise Plural Marriage. Salt Lake City, 1884. Wight (Lyman), Abridged Account of my Life. n.d. Willard (Emma), Last Leaves of American History. New York, 1853. Willes (W.), What is Mormonism? Calcutta, n.d.; The Mountain Warbler. Salt Lake City. 1872. Williams (H. T.), Pacific Tourist. New York, 1876. Williams (S.), Mormonism Exposed. 1842. Willmore (Benj.), Mormonism Unmasked. West Bromwich (Eng.), 1855. Winchester (Benj.), A History of the Priesthood. Philadelphia, 1843; Ori- gin of the Spaulding Story. Philadelphia, 1840; Synopsis of the Holy Scriptures, etc. Philadelphia, 1842. Winnemucca (Nov.), Silver State. With the False Prophet, in Scrib. Monthly, iii. 1872. Wolfe (J. M.), Gazetteer. Omaha, 1878. Woodruf (W.) and Richards (F. D.), Historial Events of Mormonism. MS. Woodruff (Phebe W.), Autobiog. Sketch. MS. Woodruff (W.), Leaves from my Journal. Salt Lake City, 1881, 1882; Over- land to Utah. MS. ; Private Journal. MS. Woods (0. L.), Recollections. MS. Worthington (0. J.), The Woman in Battle, etc. Hartford, 1876. Wray (G. W.), Mormonism Exhibited in its Own Minor. Middlesbroagh (Eng.), 1854. Yankee Mahomet (The), in Amer. Whig Rev., June 1851. Year of Jubilee, etc. Salt Lake City, 1880. Young (Ann Eliza), Wife No. 19, etc. Hartford, 1876. Young (Brigham), Resurrection: A Discourse. Salt Lake City, 1875; Death of, etc. Salt Lake City, 1877; History and Private Journal. MS. Young (Brigham) and Others, Circular of the First Presidency, etc. Salt Lake City, July 11, 1877; Journal of Discourses. Liverpool and London, 1854 et seq. Young (L.), Early Experiences. MS. Young (Mrs C. D.), A Woman's Experiences with the Pioneer Band. MS. Young, Sen. (Jos), Organization of the Seventies, etc. Salt Lake City, 1878. Y Perlo FaMT Bris. n.d. (Wales). Yr Curgrawn Ysgrythyrol. Merthyr Tydvil, South Wales. Yuma (Arizona), Sentinel. Zabriskie (Jas C), Public Land Laws of the U. S. San Francisco, 1870. Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution; Constitution, By-Laws, and Arti- cles of Incorporation. S. L. City, 1870. MS. ; Argument before U. S. Commissioner of Internal Revenue. S. L. City, 1878; Mercantile and Manufacturing Establishments. S. L. City, 1884; Semi-annual State- ment. S. L. City, 1880; Wholesale Price List. S. L. City, 1880. Zion's Watchman (Australia and New Zealand). HISTORY OF UTAH. CHAPTER I. DISCOVERIES OF THE SPANIARDS. 1540-1777. Francisco Vazquez de Coronado at Cibola— Expedition op Pedro de ToBAR AND Father Juan de Padilla— They Hear of a Large River— Garcia Lopez de Cardenas Sent in Search of It— The First Europeans to Approach Utah— Route of Cardenas— Mythical Maps — Part of the Northern Mystery — Journey of Dominguez AND Escalante -The Course They Followed— The Rivers They Crossed — The Comanches — Region of the Great Lakes — Rivers Timpanogos, San Buenaventura, and Others— The Country of the Yutas— Route from Santa Fe to Monterey — The Friars Talk of the Lake Country — Return of the Spaniards to Zuni and March to Santa Fe. As Francisco Vazquez de Coronado was journeying from Culiacan to the north and east in 1540, he rested at Cibola, that is to say Zuui, and while waiting for the main army to come forward, expeditions were sent out in various directions. One of these, consisting of twenty men under Pedro de Tobar, and attended by Father Juan de Padilla, proceeded north-westward, and after five days reached Tusayan, or the Moqui villages, which were quickly captured. Among other matters of interest, information was here given of a large river j^et farther north, the people who lived upon its banks being likewise very large. Peturning to Cibola, Tobar reported what had been said concerning this river; whereupon Captain Garcia Lopez de Cdrdenas was sent with twelve men to explore it, Pedro de Sotomayor accompanying to 2 DISCOVERIES OF THE SPA^s^IAIlDS. chronicle the expedition. Obtaining at Tiisayan, where he was well received, guides and carriers, with an ample supply of provisions, Cardenas marched for twenty days, probably in a north-westerly direction,* ^ I say probal)ly, though in my own mind there is little doubt. The Span- iards were exploring northward. They had lately traversed the region to their south-west, and instead of wishing to retrace their steps they would be likely to keep up well away from their former track. It is true that one nkr- rative gives the direction as west; but then the same writer places Tusan, or Tusayan, west of Cibola, which if the latter be Zuni, and the former Moqui, is incorrect. Then, if their direction from the Moqui towns was the same as this M'riter declares it to have been in travelling to that place, the Spaniards at this time certainly struck the Colorado within the limits of the present Utah. Escalante, Carta de 2S Oct. 1775, MS., placed Moqui west of Zuni, but a little north of west, with the Yutas their neighbor on the north. It is sufficiently plain that Cibola was Zuui, and Tusayan Moqui, and as a matter of fact the latter is in a north-westerly direction from the former. That they went due west and crossed the Little Colorado without any mention of that stream is not likely; because, first, it is not twenty days distant from the Moquis, and the stream when reached does not answer to their description. It was the great river they wished to find, and a north- west course would be the most direct. Further than this, it is stated plainly that the point at which they discovered the river was much nearer its source than where the Spaniards had previously seen it. Upon the direction then taken hangs the question as to the first Europeans to enter Utah. I deem the matter of sufficient importance to give both the originals and the translations of two of the most complete and reliable narratives of the expedition. The first and fullest we find in the Uelat'ion de Castaiieda of Coronado's expedi- tion, Ternaux-Compnufi, serie i. tom. ix. 61-5, which reads as follows: ' Comme don Pedro de Tobar avait rempli sa mission, il revint sur ses pas et rendit compte au g^n6ral de ce qu'il avait vu. Celui-ci fit partir sur-le- chanip don Garci-Lopez de Cardenas et douze autrcs personnes pour aller visiter cette riviere; cet officier fut tr^s-bien re(;;u et parfaitement trait6 par les iiidiens de Tusayan, qui lui donn6rent des guides pour continuer sa route. Nos soldats partirent charges de vivres, les indiens les ayant avertis qu'il ittllait traverser un desert de vingt journiies de long avant d'cntrer dans un pays habits. Apr6s ces vingt joum^es de marche ils arrivcrent en efi'et & cette rivifere, dont les bords sont tellement 6lev<5s qu'ils croyaient etre h, troia ou quatre lieues en I'air. Le pays est couvert de pins bas et rabougris; il est expos6 au nord, et le froid y est si violent, que, quoique Ton iHt en 6te, ou pouvait h, peine le supporter. Les Espagnols march6i-ent pendant trois jours le long de ces montagnes, esp($ra}it toujours trouver une dcscente pour arriver h la riviere qui, d'en haut, ne paraissait jias avoir plus d'une brasse de large, et qui, selon les Indiens, avait plus d'une demidieue; mais il fut impossible de s'y rendre. Etant parvenus deux ou trois jours apr^s dans un endroit ou la dcscente leur parut plus facile, le capitaine Melgosa, Juan Galeras ct un Boldat qui (-taient les plus legers de la bande, r^solurent de faire une tenta- tive, lis descendirent jusqu'i ce que ceux qui (-taient restes en haut les eusscnt jierdus de ven. lis revinrcnt vers les quatre heures du soir, disant qu'ils avaient trouve tant de difficultt-s, qu'ils n'avaient pu arriver jusqu'en bas; car ce qui d'en haut semblait facile, ne I'^tait pas du tout quand on approchait. lis ajoutferent qu'ils 6taient parvenus i\ cnvu'on un tiers de la dcscente, ct que do lii, la rivitsre paraissait dujii tr^s grandc, ce qui confirmait cc que lc:3 indiens avaient dit. lis assur6rent que quelques rochers que I'ou voyaifc d'en haut, et qui paraissait i\ peine de la hauteur d'un hommc (jtaient plus hauta que la tour de la cadieilralc de Seville. Les Espagnols cess6rent EXPEDITION OF CARDENAS. 3 through a desert country until he discovered the river, but from such high banks that he could not reach it. It was the river called the Tizon, and it flowed from the north-east toward the south-west. It seemed to the Spaniards when they first descried it that they were on mountains through wiiich the river had cut de suivre les rochers qui bordeiit la rivifere, parce qu'on y manquait d'eau. Jusque-li ils avaient ^t6 obliges chaque soir de s'avancer une lieue ou deux dans rint(^'rieur pour en trouver. Quand ils eurent march(^ pendant trois ou quatre jours, les guides leur dt'clarferent qu'il 6tait impossible d'aller plus loin, qu'on ne trouverait pas d'eau de quatre jours; que quand les ludiena passaient cette route, ils cinmenaient avec eux des femmes chargdes de cale- basses remplies d'eau, et qu'ils en enterraient uue partie pour les I'etrouvei au retour; que d'ailleurs ils parcouraient en un jour autant de cliemin que les Espagnols en deux. Cette riviere (jtait celle del Tizon. On arriva beau- coup i)lus pr^s de sa source que de I'endroit oii Melchior Diaz et ses gens I'avaient travers6e, et Ton sut plus tard que les Indiens dont on avait parl^ <5taient de la menie nation que eeux que Diaz avait vus. Les Espagnols revinrent done sur leurs pas, et cette expedition n'eut pas d'autre riisuitat. Pendant la marche, ils arrivtji'ent k une cascade qui tombait d'un rocher. Les guides dirent que les cristaux blancs qui pendaient k I'entour 6taient du sel. On en recueillit une quantity que Ton emporta, et qu'on distribua a Cibola, oil Ton rendit compte par 6crit au general de tout ce que Ton avaiv vu. Oarci-Lopez avait einmen6 avec lui un certain P6dro de Sotoinayor, qur etait chroniqueur de I'exp^dition. Tons les villages de cette province sont testis nos allies, mais on ne les a pas visit^s depuis, et Ton n'a tent6 aucune d^couverte de ce cot^. ' As soon as Don Pedro de Tobar had fulfilled his mission, he returned and gave tlie general an account of what he had seen. The latter immediately ordered Don Garci-Lopez de Cdrdenas, and 12 other persons, to go and visit that river; this oflScer was well received and politely treated by the Indians of Tusayan, -who furnished him with guides to continue his journey. Our soldiers departed loaded with provisions, the Indians having notified them that it was necessary to travel 20 days through a desert before entering any inhabited country. After this 20 days' march, they arrived at that river whose banks are of such a height that it seemed to them that they were three or four leagues up in the air. The country is covered with low and stunted pines, exposed to the north, and the cold is so violetit that, although it was summer, cue could hardly endure it. The Spaniards during three days skirted those mountains, always in the hope of finding a descent to reach the river, which from above appeared to be no more than a fathom in width, and which, according to the Indians, was more than half a league wide; but all their efforts were vain. Two or three days later, they arrived at a place where the descent seemed easier; Captain Melgosa Juan Galeras and a soldier who were the lightest men of the band, resolved to make an attempt. They descended until those who had remained on the top had lost sight of them. They returned at about four o'clock in the afternoon, saying they had found so many diflSculties that they could not reach the bottom; for, what seemed easy from above was not at all so when approacliing the water. They added that they came down about one third of the descent, and that even from there the river seemed very large. This statement confirmed what the Indians had said. The three men affirmed that some rocks seen from above and which appeared to be of the height of a man, were higher than the tower of the cathedral of Seville. The Spaniards stopped following the rocks that bordered the river on account of the lack of watei'. Until then, they had been obliged to advance one or two leagues in the interior to liud 4 DISCOVERIES OF THE SPANIARDS. a chasm only a few feet wide, but which if they might beheve the natives was half a league across. In vain for several days, with their faces toward the south and west, they sought to escape from the mountains that environed them, and descend to the river, for they were suffering from thirst. At length some. When they had marched during three or four days, the guides declared to them that it was impossible to go further, that water would not be found before four days; that when the Indians travelled on tJiis road, they took with them women who carried calabashes filled with water, and they buried a certain part, so that they might find it when returning; and besides they made in one day as many miles as the Spaniards would in two. This was the river del Tizon. They arrived much nearer to its source than the place where Melchor Diaz and his people had crossed, and it was known later that the Indians spoken of belonged to the same nation as those seen by Diaz. The Spaniards therefore came back, and the expedition had no other result. While marching, they an-ived at a cascade falling from a rock. The guides affirmed that the white crystals hanging around were salt. A quantity of it was gathered, carried away, and distributed at Cibola, where a written account of all that had been seen was sent to the general. Garci-Lopez had taken with him a certain Pedro de Sotomayor, who was the chronicler of the expe- dition. All the villages of this province have remained our allies, but they have not been visited since, and no attempt at discovery has been made in that direction. The other is from a relation by an unknown aiithor, found in the archives of the Indies, and printed in Pacheco and Cdrdcnan, Col. Dor., xiv. 3'21-,S, under title of Ii(dacloii del snceso de la Jornada ijue Francisco Vazquez hizo en el desnihrimlento de Cibola, and from which I give the extract covering the same incident: ' Vuelto D. Pedro de Tobar, 6 dada relacion de aquellos pueblos, luego despachu & D. Gai'cia Lopez de C.telenas, maestre de campo, por el mesmo camiuo que habia venido D. Pedro, 6 que pasase de aquella provincia de Tuzan, al Poniente, 6 para ida 6 vuelta de la Jornada 6 descobrimiento, le senalo ochenta dias de ti^rmino de ida 6 vuelta, el qual fu6 echado adelante de Tuzan con guias de los naturales que decian que habia adelante, poblado, aunque Icjos, andadas cincuenta leguas de Tuzan al Poniente, ^ ochenta de Cibola, hallo una barranca de un rio que fu6 imposible por una parte ni otra hallarle baxada para caballo, ni aun para pit5, sino por una parte muy traba- xosa, por donde tenia casi dos leguas de baxada. Estaba la barranca tan acantillada de peiias, que apenas podian ver el rio, el cual, aunque es segun dicen, tanto 6 mucho mayor que el de Sevilla, de arriba aparescia un arroyo ; por manera que aunque con harta diligencia se busc6 pasada, € por muchas partes no se halla, en la cual estuvieron ai-tos dias con mucha necesidad de agua, que no la hallaban, 6 la del rio no se podian aprovechar della aunciue la vian ; 6 ii esta causa le fue forzado d don Garcia Lopez volverse d, donde hal- laron; este rio venia del Nordeste 6 volvia al -Sur Sudueste, por manera que sin falta ninguna es aquel donde lleg6 Melchor Diaz.' Don Pedi'o de Tobar having returned, and having made a report concern- ing those towns, D. Garcia Lopez de Ciirdenas, maestre de campo, was ordered to take the same route by which Don Pedro had come, and to go on from the province of Tuzan to the westward. He was given 80 days in which to make the journey, from his departure until his return. He went on beyond Tuzan, accompanied by Indian guides, who told him that farther on there was a settlement. Having gone 50 leagues to the westward of Tuzan, and 80 from Cibola, he came to the canon of a river adown the side of which there was no descent practicable for horse, nor even for those on foot, excejrt ATTEMPT TO REACH THE RIVER. one morning three of the lightest and most active of the party crept over the brink and descended until they were out of sight. They did not return till toward evening, when they reported their failure to reach the bottom, saying that the river, and distances and objects, were all much larger than they seemed to the beholder above, rocks apparently no higher than a man being in fact larger than the cathedral at Peobable Route of Cardenas. Seville. Compelled by thirst they retired from the inhospitable stream, and finally returned to Tusayan and Cibola. by a way full of difficulties, and nearly two leagues in length. The side of the canon was of rock so steep that the river was barely discernible, although, according to report, it is as great as the river of Se\TilIe, or greater; and from above appeared a brook. During many days, and in many places, a way by wliich to pass the river was sought in vain. During this time there was much suffering from a lack of water, for although that of the river was in view, it was unattainable. For this reason Don Garcia Lopez was forced to return. This river comes from the north-east, and makes a bend to the Bouth-south-eastward; hence, beyond a doubt, it must be that reachetl by Melclior Diaz. Thus the reader will be able to determine the mr.tter for himself as clearly as may be. For details on Coronado's expedition see the following author- DISCOVEKIES OF THE SPANIARDS. It was not necessary in those days that a country should be discovered in order to be mapped; even now we docrmatize most about what we know least. It is a lont^ly sea indeed that cannot sport mermaids and monsters; it were a pity to have so broad an ex- tent of land without a good wide sheet of water in it; so the Conibas Regio cum Vicinis Gentibvs shows a laro-e lake, called Conibas, connecting by a very wide CONIBAS REGIO CVM VICINIS GENTIBVS TOtM BEGNVM Map from Magin, 1611. river apparently with a northern sea. I give herewith another map showing a lake large enough to swallow itie», though comparali^ly tew of tl,em make njention of «« ^.|«°^;J , , J\ o. /"„,,„ rr/^f Sialos i 127-9; Lorenzana, in Cortes, HiU. Alex 325 'i;L rglltS MWa' by i long list of modern writers, for winch 1 will refer the relder to Jhst. North Mexican States, this series. FANCIFUL MAP-MAKING. Utah and Idaho coiDbined, and discharging its waters by two great rivers into the Pacific. This species of geography was doubtless entirely satisfactory to the wise men of this world until they came to know bet- ter about it. If the reader will look over the chap- ters on the Northern Mystery in my History of the Map by John Harris, 1705. Nortliwest Coast he may learn further of absurdities in map-making. A more extended and pronounced exploration w:as that of two Franciscan friars, one the visitador convi- 8 DISCOVERIES OF THE SPANIARDS. sario of New Mexico, Francisco Atanasio Dominguez, and the other ministro doctrinero of Zuhi, Silvestre Velez de Escaknte, who set out from Santa Fe July 29, 1776, for the purpose of discovering a direct route to Monterey, on the seaboard of Alta Cahfornia. New Mexico had now been known nearly two and a half centuries; the city of Santa Fe had been founded over a century and a half, Monterey had been occu- pied since 1770, and yet there had been opened no direct route westward with the sea, communication between Mexico and Santa Fe being by land, the road following the Rio Grande. In his memorial of March 1773, while in Mexico, Father Junipero Serra had urged that two expeditions be made, one from Sonera to California, w4iich was carried out the fol- lowing year by Captain Anza, and one from New Mexico to the sea, which Dominguez and Escalante now proposed to undertake. Again in 1775 Anza made a similar journey, this time leaving at the junc- tion of the Colorado and Gila Father Garces who ascended the former stream to the Mojave country, whence crossing to Mission San Gabriel he proceeded to the Tulare Valley. There he heard from the na- tives of a great river coming in from the east or north- east.^ Indeed it was long the prevailing opinion that there existed such a stream in that vicinity. From the Tulare country Garces returned to San Gabriel and Mojave, and thence proceeded to the villages of the Moquis. From this place he probably wrote to Santa Fe concerning the rumor of this river; for all through the journey of Dominguez and Escalante they were in search of it.^ '^ On Father Font's map, 1777, are laid down two rivers entering the region of the Tulare lakes from the north-east, one the Rio de San Phdipe, and the other called the Rio de (pie se Viene Noticia por el P. Garces. Sec Font's Joiirmtl, MS.; Serra, AJemorial, March 1773, MS.; Garces, Diario, 240-348; Forbes' IlisL CaL, 157-62; Arch. Gal, Prov. Rec, MS., i. 47-8, vi. 59; Palon, Not., a. 281-2; Hist. Gal; Hist. New Mex.; Hist. North Alex. States, this series. ^Probably it was the San Joaquin, or the Sacramento, of which they heard. Concerning a route from New Mexico to California Humboldt says: *En consid(irant les voyages hardis des premiers conquerans espagnols au DOMINGUEZ AND ESCALANTE. 9 . The party consisted in all of nine persons. Besides the two j)riests there were Juan Pedro Cisneros, al- calde mayor of Zuni, Bernardo Miera y Pacheco, capi- tan miliciano of Santa Fe, and five soldiers.* Having implored divine protection, on the day before named they took the road to Abiquiii, passed on to the Bio Chama, and on the 5th of August reached a point called Nieves, on the San Juan Biver, three leagues below the junction of the Navajo, Thence they passed down the north bank of the San Juan, cross- ing the several branches, until on the 10th they found themselves on a branch of the Mancos, some distance from the San Juan, and beyond the line of the present state of Colorado.^ The 12th they camped on the north bank of the Bio Dolores, in latitude 38° 13',^ and were there joined by two natives from Abiquiu, who had deserted their homes to follow the expedition.^ They now followed the general course of the Do- lores^ until the 23d, when they left the San Pedro, which flows into the Dolores near La Sal, and crossed Mexique, an P6rou, et sur la riviere des Amazones, on est ^toim^ de voir que depuis deux si^cles cette meme nation n'a pas su trouver un chemin de ten-e dans la Nouvelle-Espagnc, depuis Taos au port de Monterey.' Esaai Pol., i. 317. * ' Don Joaquin Lain, vecino de la misma villa, Lorenzo Olivares de la villa del Paso, Lucrecio Muiiiz, Andres Muuiz, Juan de Aguilar y Simon Lucero. ' Dkirio, in Doc. Hist. Mex. , ser. ii. torn. i. 378. 5 At the beginning of the journey their route was identical with what was later known as the old Spanish trail from Santa Ft5 to Los Angeles. Their course was at first north-west, but shortly after passing Abiquiu it pointed due north into Colorado, then west, and again north-west into Utah, being about the same as was later called the old Spanish trail from Santa Fu to Great Salt Lake. Captain J. N. Macomb of the topographical engineers has surveyed and mapped essentially the same trail. ® Probably not so far north by some 40'. ^ ' Esta tarde nos alcanzaron un coyote y un genizaro de Abiquiii, nombrados el primero Felipe y el segundo Juan Domingo; por vagar entre los gentiles, se huyeron sin permiso de sus superiores del dicho pueblo, pretestando querer acompaSarnos. No necesitdbamos de ellos; mas por evitar las culpas, que 6 por su ignorancia 6 por su malicia podian cometer andando mas tiempo solos entre los yutas, si intent^bamos que regresasen, los admitimos por compaiieros. ' Diario, hoc. J list. Mex., ser. ii. torn. i. 392. * These streams are doubtless those emptying into the Colorado not far from its junction with tlie Bunkara. Latitude od" 13' is here given, but that must be too high. Philip Harry, in Shnpson's Explor., 490, says that up to the point first touched on the Dolores the priests' path and Macomb's survey are identical, but that they here diverge. 10 DISCOVERIES OF THE SPANIARDS. over north-east to Rio San Francisco,^ and again to the Kio San Javier^" on the 28th, their course being for some distance east of north. Not far from their path was a rancheria of Yutas, which the Spaniards visited, endeavoring to obtain guides to the land of the Timpanogos, Timpangotzis, or Lagunas, v/here they had been told to look for Escalante'h Route from Santa Fe to Utah Lake. Pueblo towns. A Laguna guide was there, but the Yutas did all in their power to dissuade the explorers 'An affluent of the San Javier, or Grand River. 1" Calle 1 by the Yutas Tomiche; to-day Grand River. It may here be observed that the route toward this region had been visited by Spaniards before, notably by Juan Maria de Ribera in 1761, and Spanish names had been given to places, though the present Utah was probalily not entered by him. Escalante states that the San Javier is formed by four small streams coining in above the point at which he crossed, and these, says Harry, Sifiif- xons Explor., 490, correspond 'remarkably with the Uncompagre River, Grand River, Smith's Fork, and another large fork. . .It seems evident that after crossing the Sau Xavier he follows up stream a different fork frotn what we call Grand River, but which fork he calls the main river, or San Xavier.' Gunnison maps his explorations, showing the mouth of this last luiineil stream. In Simpson'.i Explor., 489, is given a map of the present expedition, but it does not conform in every particular to Escalante's text. ARRIVAL AT UTAH LAKE. 11 from proceeding, protending ignorance of the country and danger from the Comanches. But the 3d of Sep- tember saw them again on their way. Pursuing a north-west course, the second day they crossed and camped on the north bank of the Rio San Rafael, or Colorado, ^^ in latitude 41° 4'. Their course thence was north-westerly, and on the 9th they crossed a river called San Clemente,^^ flowing west. Signs of buffaloes were abundant, and on the llth they killed one. Two days afterward they crossed the Rio de San Buenaventura,^^ the boundary between the Yutas and the Comanches, in latitude 41° 19', at a place which the priests call Santa Cruz. Here were six large black poplars, on one of which they left an inscription. After resting two days they took the course of the San Buenaventura south-west ten leagues, and from a hill saw the junction of the San Clemente. Descend- ing a little farther they found a river flowing in from the west, following which they reached a branch the 17th, naming it the San Cosme.^"^ From this point they proceeded westward, follow- ing up the Uintah, across the Duchesne, and over the mountains, with no small difficulty, to a river which they called Purisima,^^ and which they followed till on the 23d they came in sight of the lake which the natives called Timpanogos, but which is known now as Utah Lake. Several reasons combined to bring the Spaniards so far to the north of what would be a direct road *'Orai)d River; but the latitude given was about 1° .W too high. *^ White River, the point of crossing being near the Utah line. '' riretai River. The latitude given is at least .50' too high. The crossing was above the junctions of White River and the Uintah with Green River. See Rep. Fr. Alonso de Posada, custodio de N. Mex., in Doc. Hid. JIcx., i. 439. " This is the north branch of the Uintah. Indeed the narrative of the explorers makes their route in this vicinity unmistakable. *^ Now tlie Timpanogos. 'Proseguimos al noroeste media legua, pasamos d la otra banda del rio, subimos una corta cuesta y divisamos la laguna y dila- tado valle de Nuestra Seaora de la Merced de los Timpanogotzis — asi lo nom- bramos desde aqui.' Diario, Doc. Hist. Mex., s6rie ii. torn. i. 454. 12 DISCOVERIES OF THE SPANIARDS. from Santa Fd to Monterey. First, Escalante enter- tained a theory that a better route to the Pacific could be found northward than toward the south. Then tliere was always a fascination attending this region, with its great and perpetual Northern Mys- tery; perhaps the Arctic Ocean came down hereabout, or at least an arm of the Anian Strait might be found; nor were forgotten the rivers spoken of by different persons on different occasions as flowing hence into the Pacific. And last of all it may be that the rumor of Pueblo villages in this quarter car- ried the explorers further north than otherwise they would have gone. However this may have been, they were now of opinion that they had penetrated far enough in a northerly direction, and from this point must take a southerly course. There were here no town-builders like the Moquis and Zuhis, as the priests had been led to suppose, but there were wild Indians, and the first they had seen in this vicinity. At first these savages manifested fear, but when assured that the strangers had not come to harm them, and were in no way leagued with the dreaded Comanches, they wel- comed them kindly and gave them food. They were simple-minded and inoft'ensive, these native Yutas, very ready to guide the travellers whithersoever they would go; but they begged them to return and estab- lish a mission in their midst; in token of which, and of their desire to adopt the Christian faith, they gave the priests a kind of hieroglyphic painting on deer- skin.!-^ ^•^The Spaniards asked from them some token to show that they wished them to return, and the day after they brought them one ; ' pero al traer la sefia vio un compaiiero, que no sabia el 6rden dado, d las figuras de ella, y mostrandole la cruz del rosario, les dio d entender, que la pintasen sobre una dc las figuras, y entonces la volvieron d Uevar, y sobre cada una pintaron luia cruz pequena; lo demas quedo como antes y nos la dieron diciendo que la figura que por uno y otro lado tenia mas almagre, 6 como ellos decian, Bangre, represcntaba al capitan mayor, porque en las batallas con los cuman- chcs habia recibido mas heridas : las otras dos que no estaban tan cnsangren- tadas, d los otros doa capitancs infcriorcs al primero, y la que no tenia saagre ninguua, d uno que no era capitan do gueira, pcro era de autoridatl outre OBSERVATIONS ON THE COUNTRY. 13 Then the Spaniards talk of the country, and of the people about them. They are in the valley and by tlie lake of Niiestra Seiiora de la Merced de los Tim- -mW'? TiMPANOGOs Valley. ellos. Estas cuatro figuras de hombres estaban nulamente pintadas con tierra y almagre en un corto pedazo de gamuza. ' JJiario, Doc. hist. Mex., s6rie ii. torn. i. 4G2-3. 14 DISCOVERIES OF THE SPANIARDS. panogos," and north of the river San Buenaventura are the mountains which they have just crossed, extend- ing north-east and south-west some seventy leagues, and liaving a width of forty leagues. From the sur- rounding heights flow four rivers of medium size, discharging their waters into the lake, where thrive fish and wild fowl. The valley which surrounds this lake extends from south-east to north-west sixteen Spanish leagues ; it is quite level, and has a width of ten or twelve leagues. Except the marshes on the lake borders the land is good for agriculture. Of the four rivers which water the valley the southernmost, which they call Aguas Calientes, passes through rich meadows capable of supporting two large towns. The second, three leagues from the first, flowing northerly, and which they call the San Nicolds, fer- tilizes enough good land to support one large town or two smaller ones. Before reaching the lake it divides into two branches, on the banks of which grow tall poplars and alders. The third river, which is three and a half leagues to the north-east, and which they call the San Antonio de Padua, carries more water than the others, and from its rich banks, which would easily support three large towns, spring groves of larger trees. Santa Ana, they call the fourth river, which is north-west of the San Antonio, and not inferior to the others '^ — so they are told, for they do not visit it. Besides these rivers, there are good springs of water both on plain and mountain-side; pasture lands are abundant, and in parts the fertile soil yields such quantities of flax and hemp that it seems they must have been planted there by man. On the San Buenaventura the Spaniards had been ^^ Or, as it was also called, Tinipagtzis, Timpanoautzis, 6 Come Pescado. Doc. 11 M. Mex., sf^-rie ii. torn. i. 4G4. "'There is no difficulty in recognizing these land-marks, the Uintah Mountains, the San Buenaventura, or Green River; and in the four streams of the valley, tlieir Aguas Calientes is Currant Creek; the second, their San Nicoliis, though more than three leagues from the first, and not correspond- ing in every other particular, is the Spanish Riv(;r; the San Antonio is the Provo: and the Santa Ana, the River Jordan. DELIGHTFUL CLIMATE. 15 troubled by the cold; but here the chmate is so dehghtful, the air so balmy, that it is a pleasure to breathe it, by day and by night. In the vicinity are other valleys equally delightful. Besides the pro- ducts of the lake the Yutas hunt hares, and gather seeds from which they make atole. They might cap- ture some buffaloes in the north-north-west but for the troublesome Comanches.^'' They dwell in huts of osier, of which, likewise, many of their utensils are made; some of them wear clothes, the best of which are of the skins of rabbits and antelopes. There are in this region many people, of whom he who would know more may consult the Native Races. The Spaniards are further told by the Yutas of a large and wonderful body of water toward the north- west, and this is what Father Escalante reports of it. "The other lake, with which this communicates," he says, ''occupies, as they told us, many leagues, and its waters are injurious and extremely salt; because the Timpanois^" assure us that he who wets any part of his body with this water, immediately feels an itch- ing in the wet part. We were told that in the circuit of this lake there live a numerous and quiet nation, called Puaguampe, which means in our language Sor- cerers; they speak the Comanche language, feed on herbs, and drink from various fountains or springs of good water which are about the lake; and they have their little houses of grass and earth, which latter forms the roof. They are not, so they intimated, enemies of those living on this lake, but since a certain time when the people there approached and killed a man, they do not consider them as neutral as before. ^•This is directly opposite the direction in which we would expect to find tlio Comanches of to-day; but the Utes applied the term comanche to all hostile Indians. Buffaloes were common in aboriginal times in Cj.che and Powder River valleys as well as in eastern Oregon and Boisi^ valley. '"^ Yet another foi-m for the name Timpanogos, as indeed before the end of the following puge we have 'Timpano^is,' 'Timpaiiog^tzis,' and 'Timpanogo.' Se3 note 17 this c'.iapter. On Froisett's map, published at Salt Lake City in 1870, i3 the ' Provo, or Timponayas ' river. 16 DISCOVERIES OF THE SPANIARDS. On this occasion they entered by the last pass of the Sierra Blanca de los Timpanogos, which is the same in which they are, by a route north one fourth north-west, and by that same way they say the Comanches make their raids, which do not seem to be very frequent. "^^ Continuing their journey the 26th of September with two guides, the Spaniards bend their course south- westwardly in the direction of Monterey, through the Sevier lake and river region, which stream they call Santa Isabel. The 8th of October they are in latitude 38° 3' with Beaver River behind them. Passing on into what is now Escalante Valley they question the natives regarding a route to the sea, and as to their knowledge of Spaniards in that direction. The savages know nothing of either. Meanwhile winter is approaching, provisions are becoming low, the way to the sea must be long and difficult; therefore the friars resolve to abandon the attempt; they will continue south, turning perhaps to the east until they come to the Colorado, when they will return to Santa Fe by way of the Moqui and Zuni villages. Some of the party object to this abandonment of 2' As this is the first account we have of the Great Salt Lake and its people I will give the original entire : 'La otra lagiina con quien esta se comunica, ocupa, segnn nos ini'onnaron, muchas legnas y sus aguas son nocivas 6 estre- madiunente saladas ; porqne nos aseguran los timpanois que el que se mojaba alguua parte del cuerpo con ellas, al punto sentia niucha comenzon en la parte niojanla. En su circuito nos dijeron habita una nacion nnnierosa y quieta, que se nonibra Puaguampe, que en nuestro vulgar dice hechiceros ; la cual usa el idionia cumanche ; se alimenta de las yervas, bebe de varias fuentes u ojos de buena agua, que estdn en el circuito de la laguna, y tienen sus casitas de zacate y tierra, que era el techo de ellas. No son enemigos de los lagunas, segun insinuaron, pero desde cierta ocasion que se acercaron y les mataron iin honibre, no los tienen por tan neutrales como antes. En esta ocasion entraron por la puerta final de la Sierra Blanca de los Timpanosis, que es la misma en que estdn, por el norte cuarta al noroeste, y por aqui raismo dicen hacer sus entradas los cumanches, las que no parecierou ser muy frecu antes.' Diario, Doc. Hist. Mex., s6rie ii. torn. i. 468. Mr Harry is evidently not very thoroughly versed in the Spanish lan- guage, or his manuscript copy of Escalante's journey is defective. For exam- ple he translates erhizeros — which being old Spanish he could not find in his modern dictionary — ' throwers or slingers ' when the word 'witches,' or rather 'sorcerers,' is clearly implied. Again he queries mcate, not knowing its meaning — a common enough Mexican word, formerly written zacate, and sig- nifying hay or grass. For further inaccuracies see his summary in Simpson'-i Explor., 494. Warren, Pacific Railroad Report, xi. 35, examined the same copy of Escalante's narrative, then in the Peter Force library, which was used by Harry. BETURN TO SANTA FE. 17 purpose. They have come far; they can surely find a way : why turn back? To determine the matter prayers arc made and lots cast, the decision being against Mon- terey. As they turn eastward, the 11th, in latitude 36° 52', they are obliged to make bread of seeds pur- chased from the natives, for their supplies are wholly exhausted. Reaching the Colorado the 26th, twelve da3^s arc passed in searching for a ford, which they find at last in latitude 37°, the line dividing Utah from Arizona. Their course is now south-east, and the 16th of November they reach Oraybi, as the}^ call the residence of the Moquis. There they are kindly received; but when for food and shelter they offer presents and religious instruction the natives refuse. Next day the Spaniards visit Xongopabi, and the day after Gualpi, at which latter place they call a meeting and propose to the natives temporal and spiritual sub- mission. The Moquis will be friendly they sa}^, but the further proposals they promptly decline. There- upon the friars continue their way, reaching Zuni No- vember 24th and Santa Fe the 2d of January 1777."^ ■■'^ The journey into Utah of Dominguez and Escalante, as given in /)oc. Hist. Mex., s6rie ii. torn. i. 375-558, under title of Diar'io y derrotero de los B. JR. PP. Fr. Francisco Atamviio Doviingnez y Fr. SUvestre VeJezde Escalante, para descuhrir el camino desde el Presidio de Santa Fe del Nuevo Mexico, cd de Mon- terey, en la California Septentrional, is full and clear as to route and informa- tion regarding the country and its inhabitants. As must be expected in all such nari'atives it is full of ti'ivial detail which is tiresome, but which we can readily excuse for the wortii of the remainder. The priests were close and intelligent observers, and have much to say regarding configuration, soil, climate, plants, minerals, animals, and people. A summary is given in Simp- son's Explor., app. R by Philip Harry, from a manuscript copy of the origi- nal in the archives in the city of Mexico which answers tlie purpose therein required, but is not sufliciently reliable or exact for historical jjurposes. The map accompanying the summary is better, being for the most part correct. Of the two padres and what they saw Humboldt says, Essai Pol.: 'Ce ter- rain est la continuation de la Cordillere des Grues, qui se prolonge vers la Sierra Verde et vers le lac de Timpanogos, C(5lebre dans I'histoire mexicaine. Le Rio S. Rafael et le Rio S. Xavier sont les sources principales du fleuve Zaguananas, qui, avec le Rio de Nabajoa, forme le Rio Colorado: ce demir a son embouchure dans le golfe dc Californie. Ces regions abondantes en sel gemme out (tii examuiees, en 1777, par deux voyageurs remplis de zele et d'intr(?pi(lite, moines de I'order de S. Francois, le pere Escalante et le pere Antonio Velez. ' From the last clause it is clear that Humboldt was confused as to names, Velez and Escalante belonging to the same person. Simpson, Explor., 13, enters upon a long dissertation over a simple and very transpar- ent mistake. See also Hist. North Mex. States; Hist. New Mex.; and Hisi. Cat, this series. Hist. Utah. 2 CHAPTER II. ADVENT OF TRAPPERS AND TRAVELLERS. 1778-1846. Invasion by Fur Hunters— -Bakon la Hontan and his Fables — The Pop- ular Geographic Idea— Discovery of the Great Salt Lake — James Bridger Deciding a Bet — He Determines the Course of Bear River and Comes upon the Great Lake— Henry, Ashley, Green, and Beckwourth on the Ground— Fort Built at Utah Lake— Peter Skeen Ogden— Journey of Jedediah S. Smith— A Strange Coun- try — Pegleg Smith— Wolfskill, Yount, and Burton Traverse the Country — Walker's Visit to California— Some Old Maps— The Bartleson Company — Statements of Bidwell and Belden Com- pared — Whitman and Lovejoy — Fremont — Pacific Coast Immigra- tions OF 1845 AND 1846— Origin of the Name Utah. Half a century passes, and we find United States fur hunters standing on the border of the Great Salt Lake, tasting its brackish waters, and wondering if it is an arm of the sea.^ ^ There are those who soberly refer to the Baron la Hontan and his prodi- gious falsehoods of 1689 for the first information of Great Salt Lake. Because among the many fabulous wonders reported he somewhere on the western side of the continent placed a body of bad-tasting water, Stansbury, Exjxd., 151, does not hesitate to affirm 'that the existence of a large lake of salt water somewhere amid the wilds west of the Rocky Mountains seems to have been known vaguely as long as 150 years since.' Perhaps it was salt, and not silver that the Winnebagoes reported to Carver, Travels, 33-6, as coming down in caravans from 'the mountains lying near the heads of the Colorado River.' Warren, in Pacific L'aiiroad Report, xi. 34, repeats and refutes the La Hon- tan myth. He says, ' the story of La Hontan excited much speculation, and received various additions in his day; and the lake finally became represented on the published English maps.' Long before this date, howevei', reliable in- formation had been received by the Spaniards, and the same may have come to English trappers; so that by 1826 reports of the existence of such a sheet may have reached civilization. It is needless to say that neither La Hontan nor Carver ever i-eceived information from the natives, or elsewhere, sufiicient to justify map-makers in placing a large lake in that vicinity. In Gordon's Ilhtorlcal and Geoijraphical Memoir of the North American Continent, pub- lished in Dublin in" 1820, it is written: 'Concerning the lakes and rivers of this as yet imperfectly explored region we have little to say. Of the former DISCOVERY OF GREAT SALT LAKE. 19 First among these, confining ourselves to authentic records, was_Jjjnes_Bridgerj_to whom belongs the honor of discovery. It happened in this wise. During the winter of 1824-5 a party of trappers, who had ascended the Missouri with H^nrjaiid^ Ashley, found we have no certain account. Two have been noticed in the western parts, a salt lake abont the thirty-ninth degree of latitude, the western limits of which are unknown, and the lake of Timpanogos, about the forty -first degree, of great but unascertained extent. ' Map of Utah, 1826. In a report submitted to congress May 15, 1826, by Mr Baylies it is stated that ' many geogi'aphies have placed the Lake Timpanogos in latitude 40, but they have obviously confounded it with the Lake Thcguayo, which extends from 39° 40' to 41°, and from which it .appears separated by n neck or penin- sula; the two lakes approaching iu one direction as near as 20 miles.' 19th Coii'i. 1st .9&S''*. , //o?/.se Ucpt. h'o. 213. Such statements as this amount to nothin<'— the honorable gentleman, with all due respect, not knowing what he was^vritiug about— except as going to show the vague and iuiperfcct im- pression of the popular mind concerning this region at that time. I will give for what it is worth a claim, set up in this same cougres- 20 ADVENT OF TRAPPERS AND TRAVELLEES. themselves on Bear Kiver, in Cache, or Willow Val- ley. A discussion arose as to the probable course of Bear Biver, which flowed on both sides of tliem. A wager was made, and Bridger sent to ascertain the truth. Following the river through the mountains the first view of the great lake fell upon him, and when he went to the margin and tasted the water he found that it was salt. Then he returned and re- ported to his companions. All were interested to know if there emptied into this sheet other streams on which they might find beavers, and if there was an outlet; hence in the spring of 1826 four men ex- plored the lake in skin boats.^ During this memorable year of 1825, when Pet^T- sional report, by one Samuel Adams Ruddock, that in the year 1821 he journeyed from Council Bluff to Santa F6, and thence with a trading party proceeded by way of Great Salt Lake to Oregon. The report says : ' On the 9th of June this party crossed the Rio del Norte, and pursuing a north-west direction on the north bank of the river Chamas, and over the mountains, reached Lake Trinidad; and then pursuing the same direction across the upper branches of the Rio Colorado of California, reached Lake Timpanagos, which is intersected by the 42d parallel of latitude, the boundaiy between the United States of America and the United States of Mexico. This lake is the principal source of the river Timpanagos, and the Multnomah of Lewis and Clarke. They then followed the course of this river to its junction with the Columbia, and reached the mouth of the Columbia on the first day of August, completing the journey from the Council Bluifs in seventy-nine days.' ^This, upon the testimony of Robert Campbell, Pac. B. Bept., xi. .35, who was therefat the time 'and found the party just returned from the exploration of the lake, ami recollect their report that it -was without any outlet. ' Bridger's story of his discovery was corrroborated by Samuel Tullock in Campbell's counting-room in St Louis at a later date. Campbell pronounces them both 'men of the strictest integrity and truthfulness.' Likewise Ogden's trappers met Bridger's party in the summer of 1825 and were told of tlie discovery. See Hist. Nevada, this series. Irving, BonmvtUefs Adv., 186, says it was probably Sublette who sent out the four men in tlie skin canoe in 1826. Bonne- ville professes to doubt this exploration because the men reported that they suffered severely from thirst, when in fact several fine streams flow into the lake; Ijut Bonneville desired to attach to his name the honor of an early sur- vey, and detract from those entitled to it. The trappers in their canoes did not pretend to make a thorough survey, and as for scarcity of fresh water in places Stansbury says, Exped., 10,3, that during his explorations he frequently was obliged to send fifty miles for water. Other claimants appear prior to Bridger's discovery. W. M. Anderson writing to the National IntpU'Kjencer under date of Feb. 26, 1860, says that Provost trapped in this vicinity in 1820, and that Ashley was there before Bridger. Then it was said by Seth Grant that liis partner, Vazquez, discovered the great inland sea, calling it an arm of the ocean because the water was salt. That no white man ever saw the Great Salt Lake before Bridger cannot be proven; but his being the only well authenticated account, history must rest there until it finds a better one. FORT ASHLEY. 21 Skeen Ogden with his party of Hudson's Bay Com- pany trappers was on Humboldt River, and James P. Bcckwourth was pursuing his daring adventures, and the region round the great lakes of Utah first became familiar to American trappers, -William H. Ashley ^ of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, at the head of one hundred and twenty men and a train of well packed horses, came out from St Louis, through the South Pass and down by Great Salt Lake to Lake Utah. There he built a fort, and two years later brought from St Louis a six-pounder which thereafter graced its court. Ashley was a brave man, shrewd and honest; he was prosperous and commanded the respect of his men. Nor may we impute to him lack of intelligence, or of common geographical knowledge, when we find him seriously considering the project of descending the Colorado in boats, by means of which he would eventually reach St Louis. Mr Green, who gave his name to Green River, had been with Ashley the previous year; and now for three years after the establishing of Fort Ashley at Utah Lake, Green with his trappers occupied the country to the west and north. ^ 'See Hift. Northwest Coast, ii. 447-8, tins series. T. D. Bonner in liis L'^fe and Adventures of James P. Beckwoiirth, 71-3, gives what purports to be an account of Ashley's descent of Green River to Great Salt Lake on a certain occasion in Ashley's own language. There may be some truth in it all, though Beckwourth is far astray in his dates, as he places the occurrence in 1822. Beckwourth goes on to say that one day in June a beautiful Indian girl offered him a jiair of moccasins if he would shoot for her an antelope and bring ber the brains, that with them she might dress a deer-skin. Beckwourth started out, but failing to secure an antelope, and seeing as he supposed an Indian coming, he thought he would shoot the Indian and take his brains to the gu-1, who would not know the difference. Just as he was about to fire he discovered the supposed Indian to be" Ashley, who thereupon told him of his adventures down Green River and through the canon to Great Salt Lake. I have no doubt it is three fourths fiction, and what there is of fact must be placed forward four years. 'We had a very dangerous passage down the river,' said Ashley to Beckwourth, 'and suffered more than I ever wish to see men suffer again. You are aware that we took but little pi'ovision with us, not expecting that the canon extended so far. In passing over the rapids, where we lost two boats and three guns, we made use of ropes in letting down our boats over the most dangerous places. Our provisions soon gave out. We found plenty of beaver in the canon for some miles, and, expecting to find them in as great plenty all the way, we saved none of their carcasses, which constituted our food. As we proceeded, however, they became more and more scarce, until there were none to be seen, and we were entirely out of provisions. To trace the river was impossible, and to ascend the perpendicu- 22 ADVEXT OF TRAPPERS AND TRAVELLERS. From Great Salt Lake in August, 1 R9.fi, JftrlHrlja.h- S ^mith sets out on a trapping and exploring tour with fifteen men. Proceeding southward he trav- erses Utah Lake, called for a time Ashley Lake,^ and after ascending Ashley River, which, as he remarks, flows into the lake through the country of the Sam- patches, he bends his course to the west of south, passes over some mountains running south-east and north- west, and crosses a river which he calls Adams,^ in lar cliffs, which hemmed us in on either side, was equally impossible. Our only alternative was to go ahead. After passing six days without food, the men were weak and disheartened. I listened to all their murmurings and heart-rending complaints. They often spoke of home and friends, declaring they would never see them more. Some spoke of wives and children whom they dearly loved, and who must shortly become widows and orphans. They had toiled, they said, through every dilhculty; had risked their lives among wild beasts and hostile Indians in the wilderness, all of which they were will- ing to undergo; but who could bear up against actual starvation? I en- couraged them all in my power, telling them that I bore an equal part in their sufferings; that I too was toiling for those I loved, and whom I yet hoped to see again; that we should all endeavor to keep up our courage, and not add to our misfortiines by giving way to despondency. Another night was passed amid the barren rocks. The next morning the fearful proposition was made by some of the party for the company to cast lots, to see which should be sacrificed to afford food for the others, without which they must inevitably perish. My feelings at such a proposition cannot be described. I begged of them to wait one day more, and make all the way they could meanwhile. By doing so, I said, we must come to a break in the canon, whsre we could escape. They consented, and moving down the river as fast as the current would carry us, to our inexpressible joy we found a break, and a camp of trappers therein. All now rejoiced that they had not carried their fearful proposition into effect. We had fallen into good hands, and slowly recruited ourselves with the party, which was under the charge of one Pi'ovo, a man with whom I was well acquainted. By his advice we left the river and pro- ceeded in a north-westerly dii-ection. Provo was well j)rovided with pro- visions and horses, and he supplied us with both. We remained with his party until we arrived at the Great Salt Lake. Here I fell in with a large company of trappers, composed of Canadians and Iroquois Indians, under the command of Peter Ogden, in the service of the Northwest Fur Company. With this party I made a very good bargain, as you will see when they arrive at our camp, having purchased all their peltry on very reasonable terms.' '' Jedediah Smith in 182(> calls the lake Utah, and the stream flowing into it from the south Ashley River. ' Je traversal le petit lac Uta, et je rcmon- tai le cours de I'Ashley qu'il recoit.' Extrait d'une lettre, in Nouvellcx An. des Voy., xxxvii. 208. For an account of this journey see Hint. Cat., this series, where are fully discussed the several conflicting authorities. Warner'.-^ liem., MS., 21-9, dates the journey 1824, and carries the company from Green River, south of Salt Lake, and over the mountains near Walker Pass. Accounts in CVonve's Nat. Wealth Cal.; Hntchinr/s' 3Iag., v. 351-2; S. F. Times, June 14, 1SG7; Randolph's Oration, 3U-H;' Tuthill's Jlist. Cat., 124-5; F)-i;/net, La Californie, 58-GO; Dov(jlas' Private Papers, MS., 2d ser. i.; Victor's Rii^i'r of the Went, 34; Bines' Voy., 110, are mentioned. °The Sevier; or possiblj- he crossed from the Sevier to the Virgcn and supposed them to be one stream. SMITH AND WOLFSKILL. 23 honor of the president. After ten clays' march, still in a south-westerly direction, through the country of the Pah Utes, he recrosses the same stream, and after two days comes to the junction of the Adams with what he calls the Seedskeeder, or Siskadee, river,*' a stream full of shallows and rapids and flowing through a sterile country. Then he reaches a fertile wooded valley which belongs to the Amajabes, or Mojaves, where the party rests fifteen days, meeting with the kindest treatment from the natives, who provide food and horses. Thence they are guided by two neo- phytes westward through a desert country, and reach the mission of San Gabriel in December, their ap- pearance causing no small commotion in California. After many strange adventures, fully narrated in my History of California, Smith works his way north- ward up the San Joaquin Valley, and in May 1827 crosses the Sierra Nevada and returns eastward to Great Salt Lake. With Jedediah Smith, during some part of his stay in Utah, was Thomas L. Smith, whom we must immortalize in history as Pegleg Smith. He did not possess a very estimable charac- ter, as, I am sorry to say, few of his class did in those days. The leaders of American fur companies, how- ever, were exceptions, and in points of intelligence, integrity, and daring were in no wise behind their British brethren.'' From south-east to north-west a portion of Utah was traversed in the autumn of 1830 by a trapping party under William Wolfskill. The company was fitted out in New Mexico, and the great valley of California was their objective point. Wolfskill had been a partner of Ewing Young, who was then in California. Leaving Taos in September they struck ^ The Adams now is clearly the Rio Virgen, and the Seedskeeder, or Sis- kadee, the Colorado. See Uitit. Xort/iwent Coast, ii. oS3, this series. ' P. W. Crawford, jN'ar., M.i., 27, says he saw Pegleg Smith in 1847 on Ham Fork, in a beautiful valley of the Bear Piver Mountains, where he then lived witli his native wife aid a few savage retainers. 24 ADVENT OF TRAPPERS AND TRAVELLERS. north-westerly, crossing the Colorado, Grande, Green, and Sevier rivers, and then turned south to the Rio Virgen, all the time trapping on the way. Then pass- ing down by the Mojaves they reached Los Angeles in February 1831. George C. Yount and Louis Bur ton were of the party.^ Gkeen River Countky. During the winter of iaS 2-3 B. L. E. Bonj a^ttille made his camp on Salmon River, and in J uly following was at the Green River rendezvous.^ Among the several trapping parties sent by him in various direc- ^ There was little of importance to Utah history in this expedition, for full particulars of which see Hist. C'aL, this series. ^ For an account of Bonneville and his several excursions see Ilist. Northwest Coast, ii. chap, xxv.; Hist. Cal, and Hist. Nevada, this series. WALKER'S EXPEDITION. 25 tions was one midejij oseph Walk er, who with some thirty-six men, among them J oe MeeTv^vent to trap on the streams Mhng into the Great Salt Lake. Bonneville affirms that Walker's intention was to pass round the Great Salt Lake and explore its bor- ders; but George Nidever who was of Walker's com- pany, and at the rendezvous while preparations were made, says nothing of such purpose, and it was prob- ably not thought of by Bonneville until afterward. Nidever had suffered severely from the cold during the previous winter, and had come to the Green River rendezvous that season for the express purpose of joining some party for California or of forming such a party himself, having been informed that the climate there was milder than in the mountains where he had been.i° If the intention was, as Bonneville asserts, that this part}^ should pass round the great lake, in their endeavor they presently found themselves in the midst of desolation, between wide sandy wastes and broad brackish waters; and to quench their thirst they hastened westward where bright snowy moun- tains promised cooling streams. The Ogden Biver" region being to them so new, and the thought of Cali- fornia so fascinating, they permitted themselves to stray from original intentions, and cross the Sierra Nevada to Monterey. All that is known of their doings before reaching the Snowy Bange is given in my History of Nevada, and their exploits after reach- ing California are fully narrated in that part of this series devoted to the history of the latter country.^^ ^0 Such being the case he would hardly have joined Walker's expedition had it been understood that the exploration of Salt Lake was intended. See Nidever's Life and Adv., MS., 58. " Previously called the Mary River, and now the Humboldt. See Hist. Nevada; Hist. Northicest Coast; and Hist. Cal., this series. '■■'Sec Nidever's Life and Adv., MS.; Warner^ s Mem., in Pac. R. lieport, xi. pt. i. 31-4. In giving his dictation to Irving, Bonneville professed great interest in the exjiloration of Great Salt Lake though he had done nothing to speak of in that direction. Irving, however, humored the captain, whose vanity prompted him to gi^•e his own name to the lake, although he had not a shadow of title to that distinction. 26 ADVENT OF TRAPPERS AND TRAVELLERS. Ill Winterbotham's history published in New York ID. 1795 is given a map of North America showing an enormous nameless inland sea above latitude 42° with small streams running into it, and south of said par- allel and east of the meridian of the inland sea is a smaller body of water with quite a large stream flow- ing in from the west, besides three smaller ones from the south and north. As both of these bodies of Bonneville's Map, 1837. water were laid down from the imaginations of white men, or from vague and traditionary reports of the natives, it may be that only the one Great Salt Lake was originally referred to, or it may be that the origi- nal description was applied to two lakes or inland seas. The native village on one of the southern tributaries, Taguayo, refers to the habitations of the Timpanogos, and may have been derived from the Spaniards; but more probably the information was obtained through SOME OLD MAPS. 27 natives who themselves had received it from other natives. / Juiin de Tollcat InUt , a Red £) Utah and Nevada, 1795. In the map of Wilham Rector, a surveyor in the service of the general government, Utah has open and easy communication with the sea by way of the Rector's Map, 1818. 28 ADVENT OF TRAPPERS AND TRAVELLERS. valley of the Willamette Kiver, whose tributaries drain the whole of Nevada and Utah. Mr Finley in his map of North America claimed to have included all the late geographical discoveries, which claim we may readily allow, and also accredit him with much not yet and never to be discovered. The mountains are artistically placed, the streams made to run with remarkable regularity and direct- ness, and they are placed in positions affording the best Finley s Map, 1820 facilities for commerce. The lakes and rivers Timpa- nogos, Salado, and Buenaventura, by their position, not to say existence, show the hopeless confusion of the author's mind. A brief glance at the later visits of white men to Utah is all that is necessary in this place. The early emigrants to Oregon did not touch this territory, and those to California via Fort Bridger for the most part merely passed through leaving no mark. The emi- grants to Oregon and California in 1841 came together by the usual route up the Platte, along the Sweet- water, and through the South Pass to Bear Biver Valley. When near Soda Springs those for Oregon EMIGRANT ROUTES. 29 went north to Fort Hall, while those for California followed Bear Kiver southward until within ten miles of Great Salt Lake, when they turned westward to find Ogden River. Of the latter party were J. Bar- tleson, C. M. Weber, Talbot H. Green, John Bid- well, Josiah Belden, and twenty-seven others. Their adventures while in Utah were not startling. Little was known of the Salt Lake region,^^ particularly of the country to the west of it. Mr Belden in his Historical Statement, which I number among my most valuable manuscripts, says: " We struck Bear River some distance below where the tow^n of Evanston now is, where the coal mines are, and the railroad passes, and followed the river down. It makes a long bend to the north there, and comes down to Salt Lake. We arrived at Soda Springs, on Bear River, and there we separated from the company of missionaries, who were going off towards Snake River or Columbia. There we lost the services of the guide Fitzpatrick. Several of our party who had started to go with us to California also left us there, having decided to go with the mis- sionaries. Fitzpatrick advised us to give up our expedition and go with them to Fort Hall, one of the Hudson's Ba}^ stations, as there was no road for us to follow, nothing was known of the country, and we had nothing to guide us, and so he advised us to give up the California project. He thought it was doubtful if we ever got there, we might get caught in the snow of the mountains and perish there, and he con- sidered it very hazardous to attempt it. Some four or five of our party withdrew and went with the mis- is 'Previous to setting out,' says Bidwell, Calif ornia, I84I-S, MS., 24-5, *I consulted maps so as to learn as much as possible about the country. . .As for Salt Lake, there was a large lake marked in that region, but it was several hundred miles long from north to south, with tA^ o large rivers running from either end , diveiging as they ran west, and entering the Pacific Ocean. ' It was Finley's map of North America, 1820, herein reproduced, which he alludes to. ' My friends in Missouri advised mc to bring tools, and in case Ave could not get through with our AAagons to build canoes and go down one of these rivers. ' The region to the west of Salt Lake was indeed a terra incognita to these explorers. 30 ADVENT OF TRAPPERS AND TRAVELLERS. sionaries. About thirt3^-one of us adhered to our original intention and declined to give up our exjoedi- tion." While the party were slowly descending Bear Kiver four of them rode over to Fort Hall to obtain if pos- sible a "pilot to conduct us to the gap in the Cali- fornia Mountains, or at least to the head of Mary's River," and to make inquiries of Mr Grant, then in charge. No guide could be found, and Grant was not able greatly to enlighten them. The fur-trader could have told them much concerning the route to Oregon, but this way to California as an emigrant road had hardly yet been thought of *'As we approached Salt Lake," writes Bidwell,^* "we were misled quite often by the mirage. The country too was obscured by smoke. The water in Bear River became too salt for use. The sage brush on the small hillocks of the almost level plain became so magnified as to look like trees. Hoping to find water, and supposing these imaginary trees to be growing on some stream, and knowing nothing about the distance to Salt Lake, we kept pushing ahead mile after mile. Our animals almost perished for want of water while we were travelling over this salt plain, which grew softer and softer till our wagons cut into the ground five or six inches, and it became impossible to haul them. We still thought we saw timber but a short distance ahead, when the fact really was there was no timber, and we were driving straight for the Great Salt Lake." The truth is they had wandered from their course; they had passed Cache Valley where they intended to rest and hunt; they were frequently obliged to leave ^^ CaVifornia, IS4I-S, MS., 33-4. The author, then little more than boy, being but 21, has a long story to tell about straying from camp one day in company with a comrade, James John, bent on a visit to the adjacent heights for a handful of snow ; and how they slept in the mountains in a bear's nest, and }eached next day their company, some of whom had spent the night in eearch. They had been given up as slain by the Blackfeet; and there were those so ungracious as to say that it would have served them right had it been so. NARRATIVES OF BIDWELL AND BELDEN. 31 the river, turned aside by the hills. It was past mid-summer, and the sun's rays beat heavily on the white salted plain. The signal fires of the Sho- shones illuminated the hills at night. " In our des- peration we turned north of east a little and struck Bear River again a few miles from its mouth. The water here was too salt to quench thirst; our ani- mals would scarcely taste it, yet we had no other." The green fresh-looking grass was stiffened with salt. Mr Belden says: "After separating from the mis- sionaries we followed Bear River down nearty to where it enters Salt Lake, about where Corinne is now. We had some knowledge of the lake from some of the trappers who had been there. We turned off more to the west and went round the northerly end of Salt Lake. There we found a great difficulty in getting water for several days, all the water near the lake being very brackish. We had to make it into strong coffee to drink it." On the 20th of August the company rested while two of their number went out to explore. They found themselves encamped ten miles from the mouth of the river. Thence next day, Sunday, they took a north-west course, crossing their track of the Thursday previous; on the 23d they were in full view of Salt Lake. Men and animals were almost dying of thirst, and " in our trouble," says Bidwell, " we turned di- rectly north toward some high mountains, and in the afternoon of the next day found springs of good water and plenty of grass." This w^as the 27th, and here the company remained while two of their number again advanced and discovered a route to Ogden River. What befell them further on their way across to the mountains the reader will find in my History of Nevada}^ '^The expedition entire is given in Hist. Cah, this series. See also Ed- deli's Hist. Sfatcment, I\IS.; Hopper's Narrative, MS.; Taylor's Dls. and Founders, i. No. 7; Sutt>'r Co. Hist., 17; S. F. Bulletin, July"L!7, 1868; S. F. Aha, Aug. 5, 1856, andSept. 1868; Santa Cruz Sentinel, Aug. "29, \SQ,S; Los An- geles News, Sept. 1, 1868; San Dierjo Union, Jan. 16, 1869; San Jos6 Pioneer, 32 ADVENT OF TRAPPERS AND TRAVELLERS. In 1842 Marcus Whitman and A. L. Lovejoy, on their way from Oregon to the United States, passed through Utah from Fort Hall, by way of Uintah, Taos, and Santa Fe, For further information con- cerning them, and the object of their journey, I would refer the reader to my History of Oregon. In 1843 John C. Fremont followed the emigrant trail through the south pass, and on the 6th of Sep- tember stood upon an elevated peninsula on the east side of Great Salt Lake, a little north of Weber River, beside which stream his party had encamped the previous night. Fremont likens himself to Bal- boa discovering the Pacific; but no one else would think of doing so. He was in no sense a discoverer; and though he says he was the first to embark on that inland sea, he is again in error, trappers in skin boats having performed that feat while the pathfinder was still studying his arithmetic, as I have before mentioned. It is certainly a pleasing sight to any one, coming upon it from either side, from the cover of rolling mountains or the sands of desert plains, and under almost any circumstance the heart of the beholder is stirred within him. A number of large islands raised their rocky front out of dense sullen waters whose limit the eye could not reach, while myriads of wild fowl beat the air, making a noise " like distant thunder." Black clouds gathered in the west, and soon were pouring their floods upon the explorers. Camping some distance above the mouth on Weber Biver, they made a corral for the animals, and threw up a small fort for their own protection. Provisions being scarce, seven of the party under Frangois Lajeunesse were sent to Fort Hall, which place they reached with * Feb. 1877; ShncFs Scrap Bool; 182-4; Pefahtma Crescent, Sept. 10, 1872 Santa Chira News, Feb. G, 1869; Hayes' Scrap Boohs, CaL Notes, iii. 171 Napa Reijorler, March 23, Sept. 21,' 1872; S. F. Bulletin, July 19, 1860 Shuck's Rep. Men, 920-1. FEfiMONT'S EXPEDITIONS. 33 difficulty, after separation from each other and several days' wanderings. Leaving three men in camp, with four others, in- cluding Kit Carson who was present, Fremont on the 8th embarked in a rubber boat and dropped down to the mouth of the stream, which the party found shal- low and unnavigable. Next morning they were out on the lake, fearful every moment lest their air-blown boat should collapse and let them into the saline but beautiful transparent liquid. At noon they reached one of the low near islands and landed. They found there, washed up by the waves, a dark brown bank, ten or twenty feet in breadth, composed of the skins of worms, about the size of oats, while the rocky cliffs were whitened by incrustations of salt. Ascending to the highest point attainable they took a surround- ing view, and called the place Disappointment Island, ^^ because they had failed to find the fertile lands and game hoped for. Then they descended to the edge of the water, constructed lodges of drift-wood, built fires, and spent the night there, returning next day in a rough sea to their mainland camp. Thence they proceeded north to Bear River, and Fort Hall, and on to Oregon. ^^ On his return by way of Klamath and Pyramid lakes, Fremont crossed the Sierra to Sutter Fort, proceeded up the San Joaquin into Southern California, and taking the old Spanish trail to the Rio Virgen followed the Wahsatch Mountains to Utah Lake. There was a party under Fremont in Utah also in 1845. Leaving Bent Fort in August they ascended the Arkansas, passed on to Green River, followed its left bank to the Duchesne branch, and thence crossed to the head-waters of the Timpanogos, down which stream they went to Utah Lake. Thence '^Now Castle Island, or as some call it Fr(5mont Island. "For an account of Fremont's Oregon adventures see Hist. Orerfon ; a.nd for his doings in California see /list. Cat., this series. We also meet with him again in our History of Nevada. HiBT. Utah. 3 34 ADVENT OF TRAPPERS AND TRAVELLERS. they passed on to Great Salt Lake, made camp near where Great Salt Lake City is situated, crossed to Antelope Island, and examined the southern portion of the lake. After this they passed by way of Pilot Peak into Nevada. ^^ Of the six companies comprising the California im- migration of 1845, numbering in all about one hun- dred and fifty, five touched either Utah or Nevada, the other being from Oregon. But even these it is not necessary to follow in this connection, Utah along the emigrant road being by this time well known to travellers and others. With some it was a question while on the way whether they should go to Or- egon or California. Tustin, who came from Illinois in 1845, with his wife and child and an ox team, says in his manuscript Recollections: " My intention all the way across the plains was to go on to Oregon; but when I reached the summit of the Pocky Moun- tains where the trail divides, I threw my lash across the near ox and struck oft' on the road to Califor- • J) nia. For the Oregon and California emigrations of 184G, except when they exercised some influence on Utah, or Utah affairs, I would refer the reader to the vol- umes of this series treating on those states. An account of the exploration for a route from southern Oregon, over the Cascade Mountains, and by w^ay of Klamath and Goose lakes to the Humboldt Piver, and thence on to the region of the Great Salt Lake by Scott and the Applegates in 1846, is given in both the History of Oregon, and the History of Ne- vada, to which volumes of this series the reader is referred. ^^ ^^ Fremont's Expl. Ex., 151-60. Warner in Pac. R. Rep., xi. 49-50. ^'The word Utah originated with the people inhabiting that region. Early in the 17th century, when New Mexico was first much talked of by the Spaniards, tlie principal nations of frequent mention as inhabiting the several sides of the locality abont that time occupied were the Navajos, tiie Yutas, the Apaches, and the Conianches. Of the Utah nation, which belongs to the Shoshone family, there were many tribes. See Native Races, i. 42'J, 463-8, THE WORD UTAH. 35 this series. There were the Pah Utes, or Pyutes, the Pi Edes, the Gosh Utes, or Ooshutes, the Uinta Utes, the Yam Pah Utes, and many others. Pah signifies water; pah guampe, salt water, or salt lake; Pah Utex, Indians that live about the water. The early orthography of the word Utah is varied. Escalante, prior to his journey to Utah Lake, Carta de 2S Oct. 1775, MS., finds the ' Yutas ' inhabiting the region north of the Moquis. This was a common spelling by the early Spaniards, and might be called the proper one. Later we have ' Youta,' ' Eutaw,' ' Utaw,' and ' Utah.' CHAPTER III. THE STORY OF MORMONISM. 1820-1830. A Glance Eastward — The Middle States Sixty Years Ago — Birth and Parentage of Joseph Smith — Spiritual Manifestations — Joseph Tells his Vision— And is Reviled— Moroni Appears— Persecutions — Copying the Plates — Martin Harris— Oliver Cowdery — Transla- tion — The Book of Mormon — Aaronic Priesthood Conferred— Con- versions — The Whitmer Family — The Witnesses — Spaulding Theory — Printing of the Book— Melchisedec Priesthood Con- ferred—Duties OF Elders and Others— Church of Latter-day Saints Organized — First Miracle — First Conference — Oliver Cow- dery Ordered to the West. Let us turn now to the east, where have been evolv- ing these several years a new phase of society and a new religion, destined presently to enter in and take possession of this far-away primeval wilderness. For it is not alone by the power of things material that the land of the Yutas is to be subdued; that mysteri- ous agency, working under pressure of high enthusi- asm in the souls of men, defying exposure, cold, and hunger, defying ignominy, death, and the destruction of all corporeal things in the hope of heaven's favors and a happy immortality, a puissance whose very breath of life is persecution, and whose highest glory is martyrdom — it is through this subtile and incom- prehensible spiritual instrumentality, rather than from a desire for riches or any tangible advantage that the new Israel is to arise, the new exodus to be conducted, the new Canaan to be attained. Sixty years ago western New York was essentially a now country, Ohio and Illinois were for the most (36) QUALITY OF MATERIAL. 37 part a wilderness, and Missouri was the United States limit, the lands beyond being held by the aborigines. There were some settlements between Lake Erie and the Mississippi River, but they were recent and rude, and the region was less civilized than savage. The people, though practically shrewd and of bright intel- lect, were ignorant; though having within them the elements of wealth, they were poor. There was among them much true religion, whatever that may be, yet they were all superstitious — baptists, methodists, and presbyterians; there was little to choose between them. Each sect was an abomination to the others; the others were of the devil, doomed to eternal tor- ments, and deservedly so. The bible was accepted literally by all, every word of it, prophecies, miracles, and revelations; the same God and the same Christ satisfied all; an infidel was a thing woful and unclean. All the people reasoned. How they racked their brains in secret, and poured forth loud logic in public, not over problems involving intellectual liberty, human rights and reason, and other like insignificant matters appertaining to this world, but concerning the world to come, and more particularly such momentous ques- tions as election, justification, baptism, and infant damnation. Then of signs and seasons, God's ways and Satan's ways; likewise concerning promises and prayer, and all the rest, there was a credulit}^ most re- freshing. In the old time there were prophets and apostles, there were visions and miracles; w4iy should it not be so during these latter da3^s? It was time for Christ to come again, time for the millennial season, and should the power of the almighty be limited? There was the arch-fanatic Miller, and his followers, predicting the end and planning accordingly. "The idea that revelation from God was unattainable in this age, or that the ancient gifts of the gospel had ceased forever, never entered my head," writes a young quaker; and a methodist of that epoch says: "Wo be- lieved in the gathering of Israel, and in tlie restoration 38 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. of the ten tribes ; we believed that Jesus would come to reign personally on the earth; we believed that there ought to be apostles, prophets, evangelists, pas- tors, and teachers, as in former days, and that the gifts of healing and the power of God ought to be as- sociated with the church." These ideas, of course, were not held by all; in many respects the strictly orthodox evangelical churches taught the contrary; but there was enough of this literal interpretation and license of thought among the people to enable them to accept in all honesty and sincerity any doctrine in harmony with these views. Such were the people and the place, such the at- mosphere and conditions under which was to spring up the germ of a new theocracy, destined in its develop- ment to accomplish the first settlement of Utah — a people and an atmosphere already sufficiently charged, one would think, with doctrines and dogmas, with vul- gar folly and stupid fanaticism, with unchristian hate and disputation over the commands of God and the charity of Christ. All this must be taken into ac- count in estimating character, and in passing judg- ment on credulity; men of one time and place cannot with justice be measured by the standard of other times and places. Before entering upon the history of Mormonism, I would here remark, as I have before said in the pref- ace to this volume, that it is my purpose to treat the subject historically, not as a social, political, or relig- ious partisan, but historically to deal with the sect organized under the name of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as I would deal with any other bod}^ of people, thus carrying over Utah the same quality of work which I have applied to my entire field, whether in Alaska, California, or Central America. Whatever they may be, howsoever right- eous or wicked, they are entitled at the hand of those desirous of knowing the truth to a dispassionate and METHOD OF TREATMENT. 39 respectful hearing, wliich they have never had. As a matter of course, where there is such warmth of feeling, such bitterness and animosity as is here dis- played on both sides, we must expect to encounter in our evidence much exaggeration, and many untruth- ful statements. Most that has been written on either^ side is partisan — bitterly so; many of the books that have been published are full of vile and licentious abuse — disgustingly so. Some of the more palpable lies, some of the grosser scurrility and more blas- phemous vulgarity, I shall omit altogether. Again, the history of the Mormons, which is the early history of Utah, is entitled in its treatment to this consideration, as differing from that of other sec- tions of my work, and to this only — that whereas in speaking of other and older sects, as of the catholics in Mexico and California, and of the methodists and presbyterians in Oregon, whose tenets having long been established, are well known, and have no imme- diate bearing aside from the general influence of re- ligion upon the subjugation of the country, any anal- ysis of doctrines would be out of place, such analysis in the present instance is of primary importance. Or- dinarily, I say, as I have said before, that with the religious beliefs of the settlers on new lands, or of the builders of empire in any of its several phases, social and political, the historian has nothing to do, except in so far as belief influences actions and events. As to attempting to determine the truth or falsity of any creed, it is wholly outside of his province. Since the settlement of Utah grew immediately out of the persecution of the Mormons, and since their persecutions grew out of the doctrines which the}' pro- mulG^ated, it seems to me essential that the oriq-in and nature of their religion should be given. And as they are supposed to know better than others what they believe and how they came so to believe, I shall let them tell their own story of the rise and progress of their religion, carrying along with it the commenta- 40 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. ries of their opponents; that is, giving in the text the narrative proper, and in the notes further informa- tion, elucidation, and counter-statements, according to my custom. All this by no means implies, here or elsewhere in my work, that when a Mormon elder, a catholic priest, or a baptist preacher says he had a vision, felt within him some supernatural influence, or said a prayer which produced a certain result, it is l^roper or relevant for me to stop and dispute with him whether he* really did see, feel, or experience as alleged. As to the material facts connected with the story of Mormonism, there is but little difference between the Mormons and their opposers; but in the reception and interpretation of acts and incidents, particularly in the acceptation of miraculous assertions and spirit- ual manifestations, they are as widely apart as the two poles, as my text and notes clearly demonstrate. And finally, I would have it clearly understood that it is my purpose, here as elsewhere in all my historical efforts, to impart information rather than attempt to solve problems. In Sharon, Windsor county, Vermont, on the 23d of December, 1805, was born Joseph Smith junior, presently to be called translator, revelator, seer, prophet, and founder of a latter-day dispensation. When the boy W'as ten years old, his father, who was a farmer, moved with his family to Palmyra, Wayne county. New York, and four years afterward took up his abode some six miles south, at Manchester, On- tario county. Six sons and three daughters com- prised the family of Joseph and Lucy Smith, namely, Alvin, Hyrum, Joseph junior, Samuel Harrison, Will- iam, Don Carlos, Sophronia, Catharine, and Lucy.* * Much has been said by the enemies of Mormonism against the Smith family. 'All who became intimate with them durino; this period [1820 to 1830] unite in representing tlie general character of old Joseph and Mife, the parents of the pretended prophet, as lazy, indolent, ignorant, and super- THE VISION. 41 There was much excitement over the subject of re- ligion in this section at the time, with no small dis- cussion of doctrines, methodist, baptist, and the rest; and about a year later, the mother and four of the children joined the presbyterians. But young Joseph was not satisfied with any of the current theologies, and he was greatly troubled what to do. Reading his bible one day, he came upon the passage, "If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God." He retired to the woods and threw himself upon his knees. It was his first attempt at prayer. While thus engaged a vision fell upon him. Sud- denly he was seized by some supernatural power of evil import, which bound him body and soul. He could not think; he could not speak; thick darkness gathered round. Presently there appeared above his head a pillar of light, which slowly descended and enveloped him. Immediately he was delivered from the enemy; and in the sky he saw two bright person- ages, one of whom said, pointing to the other, " This is my beloved son; hear him." Then he asked what he should do; to which sect he should unite himself. stitious, having a firm belief in ghosts and witches; the telling of fortunes; pretending to believe that the earth was filled with hidden treasures, buried there by Kid or the Spaniards. Being miserably poor, and not much dis- posed to obtain an honest livelihood by labor, the energies of their minds seemed to be mostly directed toward finding where these treasures wero con- cealed, and the best modj of acquiring their possession.' Howe's Mormonism Unveiled, 11. In the towns of Palmyra and Manchester, in 1833, documents defamatory to the family were circulated for signature, one receiving 1 1 and another 51 names. Given with signatures in Howe's Mormonism Unveiled, 2G1-2, and in Kidder's Mormonism, 20-1. See also Ohhausmi, Gesch. d. Morm., 9-14, 103-10, 200-1; Gazette of Utah, 1874, 1"; Tucker's Orif/in and Prog. Mor., il-20. In one of these documents, signed and sworn to by Peter IngersoU, he said that the Smith family employed most of their time in gold- digging. At one time Joseph Smith senior told IngersoU to hold a mineral rod in his hand, a piece of witch-hazel, and selected a place to stand where he was to whisper directions to the rod; Smith stood apart, tlirowing himself into various shapes, but was unable to produce the desired effect. Again he took a stone that IngersoU had picked up and exclaimed that it was invalu- able; looking at it earnestly, he said it revealed to him chests of gold and silver at the back of his house; and putting it into his hat, threw himself into various attitudes, and .soon appeared exhausted; then in a faint voice, said, 'If you only knew what I had seen you would believe.' Some time be- fore Joseph's discovery of the gold plates, the elder Smith told IngersoU that a book had been found in Canada iu a hoUow tree which treated of the discovery of this continent 42 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. And he was told to join none of them, that all were corrupt, all were abomination in the eyes of the Lord. When he came to himself he was still gazing earnestly up into heaven. This was in the spring of 1820, and Joseph was yet scarcely fifteen. When the young prophet began to proclaim his vision, the wise men and preachers of the several sects laughed at him; called him a silly boy, and told hira that if his mind had really been disturbed, it was the devil's doing. " Signs and revelations," said they, "are of by-gone times; it ill befits one so young to lie before God and in the presence of his people." "Nevertheless," replied Joseph, "I have had a vision." Then they reviled him, and the boy became disheart- ened and was entangled again in the vanities of the world, under the heavy hand of their oppression. But the spirit of the Lord could not thus be quenched. The young man repented, and sought and found forgiveness. Retiring to his bed, midst prayer and supplication, on the night of September 21, 1823, presently the room grew light, and a figure robed in exceeding whiteness stood by the bedside, the feet not touching the floor. And a voice was heard, say- ing, " I am Moroni, and am come to you, Joseph, as a messenger from God." Then the angel told the youth that the Lord had for him a great work to do, that his name should be known to all people, and of him should be spoken both good and evil. He told him of a book written on plates of gold, and containing an account of the early inhabitants of this continent, and the gospel as delivered to them by Christ. He said that deposited with those plates were two stones in silver bows, which, fastened to a breastiDlate, constituted the Urim and Thummim; and that now as in ancient times the possession and use of the stones constituted a seer, and that through them the book might be translated. After oifering many scriptural quotations from both the old and the new^estament, and charging the young man that when the bock and the breastplate were de- THE TLATES. 43 livered to bim he should show them to no one, under pain of death and destruction — the place where the plates were deposited meanwhile being clearly re- vealed to his mental vision — the light in the room grew dim, as Moroni ascended along a pathway of glory into heaven, and finally darkness was there as before. The visit was made three times, the last ending with the dawn, when Joseph arose greatly ex- hausted and went into the field to work. His father, observing his condition, sent him home; but on the way Joseph fell in a state of unconscious- ness to the ground. Soon, however, the voice of Moroni was heard, commanding him to return to his father, and tell him all that he had seen and heard. The young man obeyed. The father answered that it was of God; the son should do as the messenger had said. Then Joseph, knowing from the vision where the plates were hidden, went to the west side of a hill, called the hill Cumorah, near the town of Manchester, and beneath a large stone, part of Avhose top appeared above the ground, in a stone box,^ he found the plates,^ the urim and thum- - Oliver Cowdery stated that he visited the spot, and that 'at the bottom of this [hole] lay a stone of suitable size, the upper surface being smooth. At each edge was placed a large quantity of cement, and into this cement at the four edges of this stone were placed erect four others, their lower edges resting in the cement at the outer edges of the first stone. The four last named when placed erect formed a box, the corners, or where the edges of the four came in contact, were also cemented so firmly that the moisture from without was prevented from entering. It is to be observed also that the inner surfaces of the four erect or side stones were smooth. The box was sufficiently large to admit a breastplate. From the bottom of the box or from the breastplate arose three small pillars, composed of the same de- scription of cement as that used on the edges; and upon these three pillars were placed the records. The box containing the records was covered with another stone, the lower surface being flat and the upper crowning.' MacJcay's The Mormons, 20. * Orson Pratt thus describes the plates, Visions, 14: 'These records were eugi-aved on plates, which had the appearance of gold. Each plate was not far from seven by eight inches in width and length, being not quite as thick as common tin. They were filled on both sides with engravings in Egyptian characters, and bound together in a volume, as the leaves of a book, and fast- ened at one edge with three rings running through the whole. This volume was about six inches in thickness, and a part of it was sealed. The char- acters or letters upon the unsealed part were small and beautifully engraved. The whole book exhibited many mra-ks of antiquity in its construction, as well 44 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. mim,^ and the breastplate.^ But when he was about to take them out Moroni stood beside him and said, "Not yet; meet me here at this time eacli year for four years, and I will tell you what to do." Joseph obeyed. The elder Smith was poor, and the boys were some- times obliged to hire themselves out as laborers. It was on the 22d of September, 1823, that the plates were found. The following year Alvin died, and in October 1825 Joseph went to work for Josiah Stoal, in Chenango county. This man had what he sup- posed to be a silver mine at Harmon}^, Pennsylvania, said to have been once worked by Spaniards. Thither Joseph went with the other men to dig for silver,^ as much skill in the art of engraving.' In the introduction to the Booh of Mor- mon (New York ed.), viii., is given essentially the same description. See also Bouwlck's Mormons and Silver Mines, 61; Bertrand, Mem. d'un Mor., 25; Olshausen, Geach. d. Morm., 12-29; Stenhouse, Le-'i Mormons, i.-vii. ; Ferris^ Utah and The Mormons, 58; MncJcay's The Mormons, 15-22; Smucker's Hist. Mormons, 18-2S. For fac-simile of writing on golden plates, see Beadle's Life in Utah, 25. For illustrations of the hill, linding the plates, etc., see Mackcy's The Mormons, 15; Smucker's Hint. Mormons, 24; Tucker's Urifjin and Proij. Mor., frontispiece. When sceptics ask. Why are not the plates forthcoming? believers ask in turn. Why are not forthcoming the stone tables of Moses? And yet the ten commandments are to-day accepted. * 'With the book were found the urim and thumniim, two transparent crystals set in the rims of a bow. These pebbles were the seer's instru- ment whereby the mystery of hidden things was to be revealed!' Intro- duction to Booh of Mormon (New York ed.), viii. 'The best attainable defi- nition of the ancient urim and thummim is quite vague and indistinct. An accepted biblical lexicographer gives the meaning as "light and perfection," or the "shining and the perfect." The following is quoted from Butterivorth's Co)icordance: "There are various conjectures about the urim and thummim, whether they wei'e the stones in the high-priest's breastplate, or something distinct from them; which it is not worth our while to inquire into, since God has left it a secret. It is evident that the urim and thummim were appointed to inquire of God bj', on momentous occasions, and continued in use, as some think, only till the building of Solomon's temple, and all con- clude that this was never i-estored after its destruction.'" Tucker's Oritjiu and Frog. Mor., 32. ^ ' A breastplate such as was used by the ancients to defend the chest from the arrows and weapons of their enemy.' Machay's The Mormons, '20. ^ ' Hence ai-ose the very prevalent story of my having been a money digger. ' Hist. Joseph Smith, in Times and Seasons, May 2, 1842. It seems from this, or some other cause, tliat the followers of Smith liave never regarded mining with favor, although some of them at times have engaged in that occupation. Upon the discovery of gold in California, the Mormons were among tlie first in the field, at Coloma, at Mormon liar, and elsew here. Left there a little longer, they would soon have gathered barnils of the precious dust; but promptly upon the call they dropped their tools, ab;mdoned their brilliant prospects, and crossing the Sierra, began to build homes among their people in the untenanted desert. JOSEPH'S MARRIAGE. 45 boarding at the house of Isaac Hale. After a month's fruitless efifort Steal was induced by Joseph to aban- don the undertaking; but meanwhile the youth had fallen in love with Hale's pretty daughter, Emma, and wished to marry her. Hale objected, owing to his continued assertions that he had seen visions, and the resulting persecutions; so Joseph took Emma to the house of Squire Tarbill, at South Bainbridge, where they were married the 18th of January, 1827, and thence returned to his father's farm, where he worked during the following season.^ Every year went Joseph to the hill Cumorah to hold communion with the heavenly messenger, and on the 22d of September, 1827, Moroni delivered to him the plates,® and the urim and thummim with which to translate them, charging him on pain of dire dis- ^ Among the many cliarges of wrong-doing ascribed to Smith from first to last, was that of having stolen Hale's daughter. In answer it is said that the young woman was of age, and had the right to marry whom and as she chose. ^ ' When the appointed hour came, the prophet, assuming his practised air of mystery, took in hand his money-digging spade and a large napkin, and went off in silence and alone in the solitude of the forest, and after an absence of some three hours, returned, apparently with his sacred charge con- cealed within the folds of the napkin. Reminding the (Smith) family of the original "command" as revealed to him, strict injunction of non-intervention and non-inspection was given to them, under the same terrible penalty as be- fore denounced for its violation. Conflicting stories were afterwards told in regard to the manner of keeping the book in concealment and safety, which are not worth repeating, further than to mention that the first place of secre- tion was said to be under a heavy hearthstone in the Smith family mansion. Smith told a frightful story of the display of celestial pyrotechnics on the ex- posure to his view of the sacred book — the angel who had led him to the dis- covery again appeai'ing as his guide and protector, and confronting ten thou- sand devils gathered there, with their menacing sulphurous flame and smoke, to deter him from his purpose ! This story was I'epeated and magnified by the believers, and no doubt aided the experiment upon superstitious minds which eventuated so successfully.' Tuckei'^s Orig. and Prog. Mor., .30-31. 'A great variety of contradictory stories were related by the Smith family before they had any fixed plan of operation, respecting the finding of the plates from which their book was translated. One is, that after the plates were taken from their hiding-place by Jo, he again laid them down, looked into the hole, where he saw a toad, which immediately transformed itself into a spirit and gave him a tremendous blow. Another is, that after he had got the plates, a spirit assaulted him with the intention of getting them from his possession, and actually jerked them out of his hands. Jo, nothing daunted, seized them again, and started to run, when his Satanic majesty, or the spirit, applied his foot to the prophet's seat of honor which raised three or four feet from the ground.' Howe's Mormonlwi Unveiled, 275-G. The excavation was at the time said to be IGO feet in extent, though that is probably an ex- 46 THE STORY OF MORMOXISxM. aster to guard them well until he should call for them. Persecutions increased when it was known that Joseph had in his possession the plates of gold, and every art that Satan could devise or put in force through the agency of wicked men was employed to aggeration. It had a substantial door of two-inch plank, and a secure lock. Lapse of time and other causes have almost effaced its existence. Tucker's Uriiiin and Frog. 3Ior., 48. 'In 1843, near Kinderhook, Illinois, in exca- vating a lai-ge mound, six brass plates were discovered of a bell-shape four inches in length and covered with ancient characters. They were fastened together with two iron wires almost entirely corroded, and were found along with charcoal, ashes, and human bones, more than twelve feet below the surface of a mound of the sugar-loaf form, common in the Mississippi Valley. Large trees growing upon these artificial mounds attest their great antiquity. . .No kej'^ has yet been discovered for the interpretation of the engravings upon these brass plates, or of the strange gylplis upon the ruins of Otolum in Mexico.' Daniel Wedderburn, in Popular Science Monfhli/, Dec. 1876; see also Times and Seasons, iv. 186-7, and engraved cuts in 1'ay- lor's Discussions, and in Mackay's The Mormons, 26-7. On the authority of Kidder, Mormonism, 23-6, Willard Chase, a carpenter, said: 'In the fore part of September (I believe) 1827, the prophet requested me to make him a chest, informing me that he designed to move back to Pennsylvania, and ex- pecting soon to get his gold book, he wanted a cliest to lock it up, giving me to understand, at the same time, that if I would make the chest he would give me a share in the book. I told him my business was such that I could not make it; but if lie would bring the book to me, I would lock it up for him. He said that would not do, as he was commanded to keep it two years without letting it come to the eye of any one but himself. Tliis command- ment, however, he did not keep, for in less than two years twelve men said they had seen it. I told him to get it and convince me of its existence, and I would make him a chest; but he said that would not do; as he must have a chest to lock the book in as soon as he took it out of the ground. I saw him a fews days after, when he told me I must make tlie chest. I told him plainly that I could not, upon which he told me that I could have no share in the book. A few weeks after this conversation he came to my house and related the following story: That on the 22d of September he arose early in the morning and took a one-horse wagon of some one that had stayed over night at their house, without leave or license; and, together with his wife, repaired to the hill which contained the book. He left his wife in the wagon, by the road, and went alone to the hill, a distance of thirty or forty rods from the road; he said he then took the book out of the ground and hid it in a tree-top and returned home. He then went to the town of Macedon to work. After about ten days, it having been suggested that some one had got his book, his wife went after him; he hired a horse, and went home in the afternoon, stayed long enough to drink one cup of tea, and then went for his book, found it safe, took off his frock, wrapt it round it, put it under his arm, and ran all the way home, a distance of about two miles. He said he should think it would weigh sixty pounds, and was sure it would weigh forty. On his return home he said he was attacked by two men in the woods, and knocked them both down and made his escajie, arrived safe, and secured his treasure. He then observed that if it had not been for that stone (which he acknowledged belonged to me) he would not have obtained the book. A few days after- ward he told one of my neighbors that he had not got any such book, and never had; but that he told the story to deceive the damned fool (meaning me), to get him to make a chest.' Others give other accounts, but it seema to me not worth while to follow them further. MARTIN HARRIS. 47 wrest them from him. But almighty power and wis- dom prevailed, and the sacred rehcs were safely kept till the day the messenger called for them, when they were delivered into his hands, Joseph meanwhile hav- ing accomplished by them all that was required of him. And now so fierce becomes the fiery malevolence of the enemy that Joseph is obliged to fly." He is very poor, having absolutely nothing, until a farmer named Martin Harris has pity on him and gives him fifty dollars, ^° with which he is enabled to go with his wife to her old home in Pennsylvania.^^ Immediately after his arrival there in December, he begins copying the ' ' Soon the news of his discoveries spread abroad throughout all those parts. . .The house was frequently beset by mobs and evil-designiug persons. Several times he was shot at, and very narrowly escaped. Every device was used to get the plates away from him. And being continually in danger of liis life fi'om a gang of abandoned wretches, he at length concluded to leave the place, and go to Pennsylvania; and accordingly packed up his goods, jnitting the plates into a barrel of beans, and proceeded upon his jouniey. He had not gone far before he was overtaken by an officer with a search-war- rant, who flattered himself with tlu; idea that he should surely obtain the plates; after seai'ching very diligently, he was sadly disappointed at not find- ing them. Mr Smith then drove on, but before he got to his journey's end he was again overtaken by an ofiicer on the same business, and after ransack- ing the wagon very carefully, he went his way as much chagrined as the first at not being able to discover the object of his research. Without any fur- ther molestation, he pursued his journey until he came to the northern part of Pennsylvania, near the Susquehanna River, in which part his father-in- law resided.' Pratt's Visions, 15. '" ' In the neighborhood (of Smith's old home) there lived a farmer possessed of some money and more credulity. Every wind of doctrine aff'ected him. He had been in turn a quaker, a Wesleyan, a baptist, a presbyterian. His heterogeneous and unsettled views admirably qualified him for discipleship where novelty was paramount, and concrete things were invested with the enchantment of mystery. He was enraptured with the young prophet, and offered him fifty dollars to aid in the publication of his new bible.' Taylder's Mormons, xxviii.-ix. •' 'Soon after Smith's arri%^al at Harmony, Isaac Hale (Smith's father-in- law) heard he had brought a wonderful box of plates with him. Hale "was shown a box in which it is said they were contained, which had to all ap- pearances been used as a glass box of the common window-glass. I was allowed to feel the weight of the box, and they gave me to understand that the book of plates was then in the box— into which, however, I was not al- lowed to look. I inquired of Joseph Smith, Jr., who was to be the first who would be allowed to see the book of plates. He said it was a young child. After this I became dissatisfied, and informed him that if thei-e was any- thing in my house of that description, which I could not be allowed to see, he nmsftakc it away; if he did not, I was determined to see it. After that the plates were said to be hid in the woods.'" Hoice's Mormonism Vnveiled, 2G4. 48 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. characters on the plates, Martin Harris coming to his assistance, and by means of the urim and thummim manages to translate some of them, which work is continued till February 1828. Harris' wife is ex- ceedingly curious about the matter, and finally obtains possession through her husband of a portion of the manuscript/^ About this time Harris takes a copy ^^Mai'tin Harris 'says he wrote a considerable part of the book as Smith dictated; and at one time the presence of the Lord was so great that a screen v/r.s hung up between him and the prophet; at other times the prophet would sit in a different room, or up stairs, while the Lord was communicating to him the contents of the plates. He does not pretend that he ever saw tiic won- derful plates but once, although he and Smith were engaged for months in deciphermg their contents. ' Mormoniam Unveiled, 14. ' Harris rendered Smith valuable assistance by transcribing for him, since he could not wiite himself. Poor Martin was unfortunately gifted with a troublesome wife. Her inquisitive and domineering nature made him dread unpleasant results from his present engagement. His manuscript had readied IIG pages, and he therefore begged permission to read it to her "with the hope that it might have a salutary effect upon her feelings. " His request was at length granted; but through carelessness or perfidy, while in his house, the precious docu- ment was irrecoverably lost. Joseph suffered greatly in consequence of this liindei'ance, but moi'e from the anger of heaven which was manifested against him. As soon as possible, he resumed his task, having secured the services of another scribe, Oliver Cowdery, a school-master in the neighborhood. Martin Harris, earnest as he was, had never yet been favored with a sight of the golden plates. He had not attained to sufScient purity of mind; but a copy of a small portion of their contents was placed in his hands, and this he was told he might show to any scholar in the world, if he wished to be sat- isfied. Accordingly he started for New York, sought Professor Anthon (Charles Anthon, LL.D., then adjunct professor of ancient languages in Colum- bia College), and requested his opinion.' Tai/lder's Mormons, xxxviii.-ix. 'She (Harris's wife) contrived in her husband's sleep to steal from him the particular source of her disturbance, and burned the manuscript to ashes. For years she kept this incendiarism a profound secret to herself, even until after the book was published. Smith and Harris held her accountable for the theft, but supposed she had handed the manuscript to some " evil-designing persons," to be used somehow in injuring their cause. A feiid was thus pro- duced between husband and wife which was never reconciled. Great con- sternation now pervaded the Mormon circles. The reappearance of the myste- rious stranger (who had before visited tlie Smiths) was again the subject of inquiry and conjecture by observers, from whom was withheld all explanation of his identity or purpose. It was not at first an easy task to convince the l^rophct of the entire innocency of his trusted friend Harris in the matter of this calamitous event, though mutual confidence and friendship were ultimately restored.' Tucker's Orig. and Prog. Mar., 4G. Of this lost manuscript SmiLh afterward wrote: ' Some time after Mr Harris had begun to write for me he began to tease me to give him liberty to carry the writings home and show them, and desired of me that I would inquire of the Lord through the urim and thummim if he might not do so.' To two inquiries the reply was no, but a third application resulted in pei'mission being granted under certain re- strictions, which were, that Harris might show the papers to his brother, his wife, her sister, his father and mother, and to no one else. Accordingly Smith required Harris to bind himself in a covenant to him in the most solemn maimer that he would not do otherwise than had been directed. 'He WORK OF TRANSLATION. 49 of some of the characters to New York city, where he submits them to the examination of Professor Anthon and Dr Mitchell, who pronounce them to be Egyptian, Syriac, Chaldaic, and Arabic.^^ Then did so,' says Smith. 'He bound himself as I required of him, took the writings, aud went his way. Notwithstanding ... he did show them to others, and by stratagem they got them away from him. ' Smith, in l^mes and Sea- sons, iii. 785-G. ^^ In a letter to E. D. Howe, printed in his book, and in the introduction to the New York edition of the Book of Mormon, Prof. Anthon, among other Btatements, denies that he ever gave a certificate. The letter reads as follows: ' New York, February 17, 18.34. * Dear Sir: I received your letter of the 9th, and lose no time in making a reply. The whole story about my pronouncing the Mormon inscription to be reformed Egyptian hierogylphics is perfectly false. Some years ago, a plain, apparently simple-hearted farmer called on me with a note from Dr Mitchell, of our city, now dead, requesting me to decipher, if possible, the paper which the farmer would hand me. Upon examining the paper in ques- tion, I soon came to the conclusion that it was all a trick — perhaps a hoax. When I asked the person who brought it how he obtained the writing, he gave me the following account: A gold book consisting of a number of plates, fast- ened together by wires of the same material, had been dug up in the northern part of the state of New York, and along with it an enormous pair of specta- cles. These spectacles were so large that if any person attempted to look through them, his two eyes would look through one glass only, the spectacles in question being altogether too large for the human face. " Whoever," he said, " examined the plates through the glasses was enabled not only to read them, but fully to understand their meaning." All this knowledge, however, was confined to a young man, who had the trunk containing the book and specta- cles in his sole possession. This young man was placed behind a curtain in a garret in a farm-house, and being thus concealed from view, he put on the spectacles occasionally, or rather looked through one of the glasses, deciphered the characters in the book, and having committed some of them to paper, handed copies from behind the curtain to those who stood outside. Not a word was said about their being deciphered by the gift of God. Everything in this way was eflFected by the large pair of spectacled. The farmer added that he had been requested to contribute a sum of money toward the publica- tion of the golden book, the contents of which would, as he was told, produce an entire change in the world, and save it from ruin. So urgent had been these solicitations, that he intended selling his farm and giving the amount to those who wished to publish the plates. As a last precautionary step, he had resolved to come to New York, and obtain the opinion of the learned about the meaning of the paper which he brought with him, and which had been given him as part of the contents of the book, although no translation had at that time been made by the young man with spectacles. On hearing this odd story, I changed my opinion about the paper, and instead of viewing it any longer as a hoax, I began to regard it as part of a scheme to cheat the farmer of his money, and I communicated my suspicions to him, warning him to be- ware of rogues. He requested an opinion from me in writing, which, of course, I declined to give, and he then took his leave, taking his paper with him. This paper in question was, in fact, a singular scroll. It consisted of all kinds of singular characters disposed in columns, and had evidently been prepared by some person who had before him at the time a book containing various alphabets, Greek and Hebrew letters, crosses and flourishes; Roman letters inverted or placed sideways were arranged and placed in perpendicular columns, and the whole ended iu a rude delineation of a circle,. divided into ■ Hist. Uxah. i 50 THE STORY OP MORMONISM. Joseph buys of his wife's father a small farm and goes to work on it. In February 1829 he receives a visit from his own father, at which time a revelation comes to Joseph Smith senior, through the son, calling him to faith and good works. The month following Mar- tin Harris asks for and receives a revelation, by the mouth of the latter, regarding the plates, wherein the said Harris is told that Joseph has in his possession the plates which he claims to have, that they were delivered to him by the Lord God, who likewise gave him power to translate them, and that he, Harris, should bear witness of the same. Three months later, Harris having meanwhile acted as his scribe, Joseph is commanded to rest for a season in his work of translating until directed to take it up again. various compartments, arched with various strange marks, and evidently copied after the Mexican calendar given by Humboldt, but copied in such a way as not to betray the source whence it was derived. I am thus particular as to the contents of the paper, inasmuch as I have frequently conversed with friends on the subject since the Mormon excitement began, and well i-emem- ber that the paper contained anything else but Egyptian hieroglyphics. Some time after, the farmer paid me a second visit. He brought with him the gold book in print, and offered it to me for sale. I declined i^urchasing. He then asked permission to leave the book with me for examination. I declined re- ceiving it, although his manner was strangely urgent. I adverted once more to the roguery which, in my opinion, had been practised upon him, and asked him what had become of the gold plates. He informed me they were in a trunk with the spectacles. I advised him to go to a magistrate and have the trunk examined. He said the curse of God would come upon him if he did. On my pressing him, however, to go to a magistrate, he told me he would open the trunk if I would take the curse of God upon myself. I replied I would do so with the gi'eatest willingness, and would incur every risk of that nature, provided I could only extricate him from the grasp of the rogues. He then left me. I have given you a full statement of all that I know respecting the origin of Mormonism, and must beg of you, as a personal favor, to publish this letter immediately, should you find my name mentioned again by these wretched fanatics. Yours respectfully, 'Charles Anthon.' It is but fair to state that Smith never claimed that the characters were the ordinary Greek or Hebrew, but were what he called Reformed Egyptian. Harris says: ' He gave me a certificate which I took and put into my pocket, and was just leaving the house when Mr Anthon called me back, and asked me how the young man found out that there were gold plates in the place where he found them. I answered that an angel of God had revealed it unto him. He then said unto me, Let me see that certificate. I accordingly took it out of my pocket and gave it to him, when he took it and tore it to pieces, saying that there was no such thing now as ministering of angels, aud that if I would bring the plates to him he would translate them. I informed him that part of the plates were sealed, and that I was forbidden to bring them; he replied, " I cannot read a sealed book." I left him and went to l)r INIit- chell, who sanctioned what Professor Anthon had said respecting bcth the characters aud the translation. ' Pca7i of Great Price, xiii. 54. BOOK OF MORMON. 51 The tenor of the book of Mormon^* is in this wise: Following the confusion of tongues at the tower of Babel, the peoples of the earth were scattered abroad, one colony being led by the Lord across the ocean to America. Fifteen hundred years after, or six hundred years before Christ, they were destroyed for their wickedness. Of the original number was Jared, among whose descendants was the prophet Ether, who was their historian. Ether lived to witness the extinction of his nation, and under divine direction he deposited his history in a locality where it was found by a second colony, Israelites of the tribe of Joseph, who came from Jerusalem about the time of the de- struction of the first colony, namely, six hundred years before Christ. Thus was America repeopled; the second colony occupied the site of the first, mul- tiplied and became rich, and in time divided into two nations, the Nephites and the Lamanites, so called from their respective founders, Nephi and Laman. The former advanced in civilization, but the Laman- ites lapsed into barbarism, and were the immediate progenitors of the American aboriginals. The Nephites were the beloved of the Lord. To them were given visions and angels' visits; to them the Christ appeared with gifts of gospel and prophecy. It was, indeed, the golden age of a favored people; but in a time of temptation, some three or four cen- turies after Christ, they fell, and were destroyed by '* ' The word " Mormon," the name given to his book, is the English termi- nation of the Greek word mormoo, which we find defined in an old, obsolete dictionary to mean bugbear, hobgoblin, raw head, and bloody bones.' Howe's Mo7-monism Unveiled, 21. 'The word "Mormon " is neither Greek nor de- rived from the Greek, but from the "reformed Egyptian."' BeWs Reply to 7^hcobald, 2. In Times and Scasojis, Mr Smith writes as follows with regard to the meaning of the word ' Mormon : ' ' We say from the Saxon, fjood; the Dane, god; the Goth, goda; the German, gut; the Dutch, goed; the Latin, bonus; the G-eek, kalos; the Hebrew, fob; and the Egyptian, mon. Hence, with the addition of more, or the contraction mor, we have the word ' ' Mor- mon," which means, literally 7nore good.' 'Joseph Smith, annoyed at the profane wit which could derive the word "Mormon " from the Greek mormo, a bugbear, wrote an epistle on the subject, concluding with an elaborate display of his philological talent, such as he was accustomed to make on every pos- sible occasion.' Taylder's Mormon's Own Book, xxxiv., xxxv. 52 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. the wicked Lamanites. The greatest prophet of ths Nephites, in the period of their declension, was Mor- mon, their historian, who after having completed his abridgment of the records of his nation, committed it to his son Moroni, and he, that they might not fall into the hands of the Lamanites, deposited them in the hill of Cumorah, where they were found bv Joseph Smith. On the 5th of April, 1829, there comes to Joseph Smith a school-teacher, Oliver Cowdery by name, to whom the Lord had- revealed himself at the house of the elder Smith, where the teacher had been boarding. Inquiring of the Lord, Joseph is told that to Oliver shall be given the same power to translate the book of Mormon,^^ by which term the writing on ^* The Booh of Mormon; an account written hy The Hand of Mormon, upon plates taken from the plates of Nephi. Wherefore it is an abridgment of the record of the people of Nephi, and also of the Lamanites, who are a remnant of the house of Israel; and also to Jew and Gentile; written by way of command- ment, and also by the spirit of prophecy and of revelation. Written and sealed vp, and hid up unto the Lord, that they mif/ht not be destroyed; to come forth by the gift and power of God unto the interpretation thereof; sealed by the hand of Moroni, and hid up unto the Lord, to come forth in diie time by the way of Gentile; the interpretation thereof by the gift of God. An abridgment taken from the Book of Ether also; which is a record of the people ofJared; who were scattered at the time the Lord confounded the language of the people when they were building a tower to get to heaven; ivhich is to shew unto the remnant of the House of Israel what great things the Lord hath done for their fathers; and that they may knoxo the covenants of the Lord, that they are not cast off forever; and also to the convincing of the Jew and Gentile that Jesus is the Christ, the Eternal God, manifesting himself unto all nations. And now if there are faidts, they are the mistakes of men; wherefore condemn not the things of God, that ye may be found spotless at the judgment-seat of Christ. By Joseph Smith, Jun.', Author and Proprietor. (Printed by E. B. Grandin, for the author, Palmyra, New York, 1830.) Several editions followed. This first edition has 588 pages, and is prefaced among other things by an account of 117 pages, which Mrs Harris burned. This preface is omitted in subsequent editions. The testimony of three witnesses, and also of eight witnesses which in subsequent editions is placed at the beginning, is here at the end. The testimony of witnesses affirms that the signers saw the plates and the engravings thereon, having been shown them by an angel from heaven; they knew of the translation, that it had been done by the gift and power of God, and was therefore true. The book was reprinted at Nauvoo, at New York, at Salt Lake City, and in Europe. An edition printed by Jas 0. Wright & Co., evidently by way of speculation, contains eight pages of introduction, and an advertisement asserting that it is a reprint from the third American edition, and that the work was originally published at Nauvoo, which latter statement is incorrect. The publishers further claim that at the time of this printing, 1848, the book was out of print, notwithstanding the several pre- BOOK OF MORMON. 53 ceding editions. The edition at present in common use was printed at Salt Lake City, at the Deseret News otiice, and entered according to act of con- gress in 1879, by Joseph F. Smith. It is divided into chapters and verses, with references by Orson Pratt, senior. The arrangement is as follows: The first book of Nephi, his reign and ministry, 22 chapters; the second book of Nephi, 33 chapters; the book of Jacob, the brother of Nephi, 7 chap- ters; the book of Euos, 1 chapter; the book of Jarom, 1 chapter; the book of Omni, 1 chapter; the words of Mormon, 1 chapter; the book of Mosiah, 29 chapters; the book of Alma, the son of Alma, 63 chapters; the book of Helaman, 16 chapters; the book of Nephi, the son of Nephi, who was the son of Helaman, 30 chapters; the book of Nephi, who is the son of Nephi, one of the disciples of Jesus Christ, 1 chapter; book of Mormon, 9 chapters; book of Ether, 15 chapters; the book of Moroni, 10 chapters. In all 239 chapters. I give herewith the contents of the several books. The style, like that of the revelations, is biblical. 'First Book of Nephi. Language of the record; Nephi's abridgment; Lehi's dream; Lehi departs into the wilderness; Nephi slay eth Laban; Sariah complains of Lehi's vision; contents of the brass plates; Ishmael goes with Neplii; Nephi's brethren rebel, and bind him; Lehi's dream of the tree, rod, etc.; Messiah and John prophesied of; olive branches broken off; Nephi's vision of Mary; of the crucifixion of Christ; of darkness and earthquake; great abominable church; discovery of the promised land; bible spoken of ; book of Monnon and holy ghost promised; other books come forth; bible and book of Mormon one; promises to the gentiles; two churches; the work of the Father to commence; a man in white robes (John); Nephites come to knowledge; rod of iron; the sons of Lehi take wives; director found (ball); Nephi breaks his bow; directors work by faith; Ishmael died; Lehi and Nephi threatened; Nephi commanded to build a ship; Nephi about-to be worshipped by his brethren; ship finished and entered; dancing in the ship; Nephi bound; ship driven back; aiTived on the promised land; plates of ore made; Zenos, Neum, and Zenock; Isaiah's writing; holy one of Israel. 'Second Book of Nephi. Lehi to his sons; opposition in all things; Adam fell that man might be; Joseph saw our day; a choice seer; writings grow to- gether; prophet promised to the Lamanites; Joseph's prophecy on brass plates; Lehi buried; Nephi's life sought; Nephi separated from Laman; tem- ple built; skin of blackness; priests, etc., consecrated; make other plates; Isaiah's words by Jacob; angels to a devil; spirits and bodies reunited; bap- tism; no kings upon this land; Isaiah prophesieth; rod of the stem of Jesse; seed of Joseph perisheth not; law of Moses kept; Christ shall shew himself; signs of Christ, birth and death; whisper from the dust; book sealed up; priestcraft forbidden; sealed book to be brought forth ; three witnesses behold the book; the words (read tliis, I pray thee); seal up the book again; their priests shall contend; teach with their learning, and deny the holy ghost; rob the poor; a bible, a bible; men judged of the books; white and a delightsome people; work commences among all people; lamb of God baptized; baptism by water and holy ghost. 'Book of Jacob. Nephi anointeth a king; Nephi dies; Nephites and Lamanites; a righteous branch from Joseph; Lamanites shall scourge you; more than one wife forbidden; trees, waves, and mountains obey us; Jews look beyond the mark; tame olive tree; nethermost part of the vineyard; fruit laid up against the season; another branch; wild fi'uit had overcome; lord of the vineyard weeps; branches overcome the roots; wild branches plucked off; Sherem, the anti-Christ; a sign, Sherem smitten; Enos takes the plates from his father. 'The Book of Enos. Enos, thy sins are forgiven; records threatened by Lamanites; Lamanites eat raw meat. 'The Book of Jarom. Nephites wax strong; Lamanites drink blood; fortify cities; plates delivered to Omni. • The Book of Omni. Plates given to Amaron; plates given to Chemish; 54 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. Mosiah warned to flee; Zarahemia discovered; engravings on a stone; Cori- antumr discovered; bis parents come from the tower; plates delivered to King Benjamin. ' The words of Mormon. False Christs and prophets. ' Book of Mosiah. Mosiah made king; the plates of brass, sword, and director; King Benjamin teacheth the people; their tent doors toward the temple; coming of Christ foretold; beggars not denied; sons and daughters; Mosiah began to reign; Ammon, etc. , bound and imprisoned; Limhi's procla- mation; twenty-four plates of gold; seer and translator. ' Record of Zeniff. A battle fought; King Laman died; Noah made king; Abinadi the prophet; resurrection; Alma believed Abinadi; Abinadi cast into prison and scourged with fagots; waters of Mormon; the daughters of the Lamanites stolen by King Noah's priests; records on plates of ore; last trib- ute of wine; Lamanites' deep sleep; King Limhi baptized; priests and teach- ers labor; Alma saw an angel; Alma fell (dumb); King Mosiah's sons preach to the Lamanites; translation of records; plates delivered by Limhi; trans- lated by two stones; people back to the Tower; recoi'ds given to Alma; judge3 appointed; King Mosiah died; Alma died; Kings of Nephi ended. 'The Book of Alma. Nehor slew Gideon; Amlici made king; Amlici slain in battle; Amlicites painted red; Alma baptized in Sidon; Alma's preaching; Alma oi'dained elders; commanded to meet often; Alma saw an angel; Amulek saw an angel; lawyers questioning Amulek; coins named; Zeesrom the lawyer; Zeesrom trembles; election spoken of; Melchizedek priesthood; Zeesrom stoned; records burned; prison rent; Zeesrom healed and baptized; Nehor's desolation; Lamanites converted; flocks scattered at Sebus; Ammon smote off arms; Ammon and King Lamoni; King Lamoni fell; Amnion and the queen; king and queen prostrate; Aaron, etc., deliv- ered; Jerusalem built; preaching in Jerusalem; Lamoni's father converted; land desolation and bountiful; anti-Nephi-Lehies; general council; swords buried; 1,005 massacred; Lamanites perish by fire; slavery forbidden; anti- Nephi-Lehies removed to Jershon, called Ammonites; tremendous battle; anti-Christ, Korihor; Korihor struck dumb; the devil in the form of an angel; Korihor trodden down; Alma's mission to Zoramites; Rameumptom (holy stand); Alma on hill Onidah; Alma on faith; prophecy of Zenos; prophecy of Zenock; Amulek's knowledge of Christ; charity recommended; same spirit possess your body; believers cast out; Alma to Helaman; plates given to Helaman; twenty-four plates; Gazelem, a stone (secret); Liahona, or com- pass; Alma to Shiblon; Alma to Corianton; unpardonable sin; resurrection; restoration; justice in punishment; if, Adam, took, tree, life; mercy rob jus- tice; Moroni's stratagem; slaughter of Lamanites; Moroni's speech to Zera- hemnah; prophecy of a soldier; Lamanites' covenant of peace; Alma's proph- ecy 400 years after Christ; dwindle in unbelief; Alma's strange departure; Amalickiah leadeth away the people, destroyeth the church; standard of Moroni; Joseph's coat rent; Jacob's prophecy of Joseph's seed; fevers in the land, plants and roots for diseases; Amalickiah's plot; the king stabbed; Amalickiah marries the queen, and is acknowledged king; fortifications by Moroni; ditches filled witii dead bodies; Amalickiah's oath; Pahoran ap- pointed judge; army against king-men; Amalickiah slain; Ammoron made king; Bountiful fortified; dissensions; 2,000 young men; Moroni's epistle to Ammoron; Ammoron 's answer; Lamanites made drunk; Moroni's stratagem; Helaman's epistle to Moroni; Helaman's stratagem; mothers taught faith; Lamanites surrendered; city of Antiparah taken; city of Cumeni taken; 200 of the 2,000 fainted; prisoners rebel, slain; Manti taken by stratagem; Moroni to the governor; governor's answer; King Pachus slain; cords and ladders prepared; Nephihah taken; Teancum's stratagem, slain; peace established; Moronihah made commander; Helaman died; sacred things, Shiblon; Moroni died; 5,400 emigrated north; ships built by Hagoth; sacred things committed to Helaman; Shiblon died. 'The Book of Helaman. Pahoran died; Pahoran appointed judge; Kish- kuraen slays Pahoran; Pacumeni appointed judge; Zaraliamia taken; Pacu- BOOK OF MORMON. 55 meni killed; Coriantumr slain; Lamanites surrendered; Helaman appointed judge; secret signs discovered and Kisiikumen stabbed; Gadianton fled; em- igration northward; cement houses; many books and records; Helaman died; Nephi made judge; Nephites become wicked; Nephi gave the judgment-seat to Cezoram; Nephi and Lehi preaclied to the Lamanites; 8,000 baptized; Al- ma and Nephi surrounded with fire; angels administer; Cezoram and son murdered; Gadianton robbers; Gadianton robbers destroyed; Nephi's proph- ecy; Gadianton robbers are judges; chief judge slain; Seantum detected; keys of the kingdom; Nephi taken away by the spirit; famine in the land; Gla- dian ton band destroyed; famine removed; Samuel's prophecy; tools lost; two days and a night, light; sign of the crucifixion; Samuel stoned, etc.; angels appeared. 'Third Book of Nephi. Lachoneus chief judge; Nephi receives the records; Nephi's strange departure; no darkness at night; Lamanites become white; Giddianhi to Lachoneus; Gidgiddoni chief judge; Giddianhi slain; Zemua- rihah hanged; robbers surrendered; Mormon abridges the records; church begins to be broken up; government of the land destroyed; chief judge mur- dered; divided into tribes; Nephi raises the dead; sign of the crucifixion; cities destroyed, earthquakes, darkness, etc.; law of Moses fulfilled; Christ appeai-3 to Nephites; print of the nails; Nephi and others called; baptism commanded; doctrine of Christ; Christ the end of the law; other sheep spoken of; blessed are the Gentiles; Gentile wickedness on the land of Joseph; Isaiah's words fulfilled; Jesus heals the sick; Christ blesses children; little ones encircled with fire; Christ administers the sacrament; Christ teaches his disciples; names of the twelve; the twelve teach the multitude; baptism, holy ghost, and fire; disciples made white; faith great; Christ breaks bread again; miracle, bread and wine; Gentiles destroyed (Isaiah); Zion established; from Gentiles, to your seed; sign, Father's work commenced; he shall be marred; Gentiles destroyed (Isaiah); New Jerusalem built; work commence among all the tribes; Isaiah's words; saints did arise; Malachi's prophecy; faith tried by the book of Mormon; children's tongues loosed; the dead raised; baptism and holy ghost; all things common; Christ appears again; INIoses, church; three Nephites tarry; the twelve caught up; change upon their bodies. ' Book of Nephi, son of Nephi. Disciples raise the dead; Zarahemia re- built; other disciples are ordained in their stead; Nephi dies; Amos keeps the records in his stead; Amos dies, and his son Amos keeps the records; prisons rent by the thi'ce; secret combinations; Ammaron hides the records. 'Book of Mormon. Three disciples taken away; Mormon forbidden to preach; Mormon appointed leader; Samuel's prophecy fulfilled; Mormon makes a record; lands divided; the twelve shall judge; desolation taken; women and cliildren sacrificed; Mormon takes the records hidden in Shim; Mor- mon repents of his oath and takes command; coming forth of records; records hid in Cumorah; 230,000 Nephites slain; shall not get gain by the plates; these things shall come forth out of the earth; the state of the world; miracles cease, unbelief; disciples go into all the world and preach; language of the book. 'Book of Ether. Twenty-four plates found; Jared cries unto the Lord; Jared goes down to the valley of Nimrod; Deseret, honey-bee; barges built; decree of God, choice land; free from bondage; four years in tents at Morian- cumer; Lord talks three hours; barges like a dish; eight vessels, sixteen stones; Lord touches the stones; finger of the Lord seen; Jared's brother sees the Lord; two stones given; stones sealed up; goes aboard of vessels; furious wind blows; 344 days' passage; Oriliah anointed king; King Shule taken cap- tive; Shule's sons slay Noah; Jared carries his father away captive; the daughters of Jared dance; Jared anointed king by the hand of wickedness; Jared murdered and Akish reigns in his stead; names of animals; poisonous serpents; Riplakish's cruel reign; Morianton anointed king; poisonous ser- pents destroyed; many wicked kings; Moroni on faith; miracles by faith; Moroni sees Jesus; New Jeruaalen spoken of; Ether cast out; records liuished 56 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. in the cavity of a rock; secret combinations; war in all the land; King Gilead murdered by his high priest; the high priest murdered by Lib; Lib slain by Coriantumr; dead bodies cover the land and none to bury them; 2,000,000 men slain; hill Ramah; cries rend the air; sleep on their swords; Corian- tumr slays Shiz; Shiz falls to the earth; records hidden by Ether. 'Book of Moroni. Christ's words to the twelve; manner of ordination; order of sacrament; order of baptism; faith, hope and charity; baptism «f lit- tle children; women fed on their husbands' flesh; daughters murdered and eaten; sufferings of women and children; cannot recommend them to God; Moroni to the Lamanites; 420 years since the sign; records sealed up (Moroni); gifts of the spirits; God's word shall hiss forth.' From a manuscript furnished at my request by Franklin D. Richards, en- titled The Book of Mormon, I epitomize as follows: Several families retain- ing similar forms of speech were directed by God to America, where they became numerous and prosperous. They lived righteously at first, but after- ward became sinful, and about 600 b. c. broke up as a nation, leaving records by their most eminent historian Ether. During the reign of Zedekiah, king of Judah, two men, Lehi and Mulek, were warned of God of the approaching destruction of Jerusalem, and were directed how they and their families could make their escape, and were led to this land where they found the records of the former people. Lehi landed at Chili. His people spread to North America, became numerous and wealthy, lived under the law of Moses which they had brought with them, and had their judges, kings, prophets, and temples. Looking coufidently for the coming of Christ in the flesh, in due time he came, and after his crucifixion organized the church in America as he had done in Judea, an account of which, together with their general history, was preserved on metallic plates in the language of the times. An abridgment was made on gold plates about A. D. 400 by a prophet named Mormon, from all the historical plates that had come down to him. Thus were given not only the histories of the Nephites and Lamanites— his own people— but of the Jai-edites, who had occupied the land before them, and his book was called the Book of Mormon. Destruction coming upon the people. Mormon's son, Moroni, was directed of God where to deposit the plates, the ixrim and thummim being deposited with them so that the finder might be able to read them. And as Moroni had left them so were they found by Joseph Smith. The Book of Mormon was translated in 1851 into Italian, under the auspices of Lorenzo Snow, and into Danish under the direction of Erastus Snow; in 1852 John Taylor directed its translation into French and German, and Franklin D. Richards into Welsh. In 1855 George Q. Cannon brought out an edition in the Hawaiian language at San Francisco; in 1878 N. C. Flygare supervised its publication in the Swedish, and Moses Thatcher in 1884 in the Spanish language. In December 1874, Orson Pratt, at that time church historian, prepared an article for insertion in the Universal Cyclopedia, a portion of which is aa follows: 'The first edition of this wonderful book was published early in 1830. It has since been translated and published in the Welsh, Danish, German, French, and Italian languages of the east, and in the language of the Sandwich Islands of the west. It is a volume about one third as large as the bible, consisting of sixteen sacred books . . . One of the founders of the Jaredite nation, a great prophet, saw in vision all thiags from the foundation of the world to the end thereof, which were written, a copy of which was en- graved by Moroni on the plates of Mormon, and then sealed up. It was this portion which the prophet, Joseph Smith, was forbidden to translate or to unloose the seal. In due time this also will be revealed, together with all the sacred records kept by the ancient nations of this continent, preparatory to the time when the knowledge of God shall cover the earth as the waters cover the great deep.' Deseret News, Sept. 27, 1876. Orson Pratt afterward stated that the book of Mormon had been translated into ten difi'erent lan- guages. Deseret News, Oct. 9, 1878. See also Taylder's Mormons, 10. For further criticisms on the book of Mormon, see Millennial Star, xix., index v.; OLIVER COWDERY. 57 the golden plates is hereafter known, and that he also shall bear witness to the truth. Two days after the arrival of Oliver/^ Joseph and he begin the work systematically, the former translating while the latter writes ;" for Oliver has a vision, mean- Times and Seasons, ii. 305-6; Pratt's Pamphlets, i. to vi. 1-96; Hyde's Mor- monism, 210-83; Olshausen Oesch. der Mormen, 15-29; Howe's Morraonism Unveiled, 17-123; Salt Lake City I'ribune, Apr. 11, June 5 and 6, and Nov. 5, 1879; Juvenile Instructor, xiv. 2-3; Reynolds' Myth of the Manuscript Found, passim; Lee's Mormonism, 119-26; Clements' Roughing It, 127-35; Pop. Science Monthly, Ivi. 165-73; Bennett's Mormonism Exposed, 103-40. See letter from Thurlow Weed, also statement by Mrs Matilda Spaulding McKinstry in Scribner's Mag., Aug. 1880, 613-16. ^"Oliver Cowdery 'is a blacksmith by trade, and sustained a fair reputa- tion until his intimacy commenced with the money digger. He was one of the many in the world who always find time to study out ways and means to live without work. He accordingly quit the blacksmithing business, and is now the editor of a small monthly publication issued under the directions of the prophet, and principally filled with accounts of the spread of Mormonism, their persecutions, and the fabled visions and commands of Smith.' He was 'chief scribe to the prophet, while transcribing, after Martin had lost 116 pages of the precious document by interference of the devil. An angel also has shown him the plates from which the book of Mormon proceeded, as he says.' II oive's Mormonism Unveiled, 15, 265; see also Pearl of Great Price, xiii. 54; Smucker's Hist. Mor., 28; Taylder's Mormons, xxxii. '" ' Instead of looking at the characters inscribed upon the jjlates, the prophet was obliged to resort to the old peep-stone which ho formerly used in money digging. This he placed in a hat, or box, into which he also thrust his face. . .Another account they give of the transaction is, that it was per- formed with the big spectacles,' which enabled 'Smith to translate the plates without looking at them.' Howe's Mormonism Unveiled, 17-18. ' These were days never to be forgotten,' Oliver remarks, 'to sit under the sound of a voice dictated by the inspiration of heaven, awakened the utmost gratitude of this bosom! Day after day I continued, uninterrupted, to write from his mouth, as he translated with the urim and thummim, or, as the Nephites would have said, "interpreters," the history or record called the "Book of Mor- mon,"' Pearl of Great Price, 55. See also Mackay's The Mormons, 30-31; Millennial Star, iii. 148; Smucker's Hist. Mormons, 35; Pratt's Pamphlets, iv. 58-9; Ferris' Utah and the Mormons, 61-2. In relation to the peep-stone al- luded to, Williard Chase says in his sworn testimony that he discovered a singular stone while digging a well in the year 1822. Joseph Smith was as- sisting him, and borrowed the stone from him, alleging that he could see into it. After he obtained the stone Smith published abroad the wonders that he could see in the stone, and made much disturbance among the credulous members of the community. See Howe's 3Ior monism Unveiled, 241. 'This stone attracted particular notice on account of its peculiar shape, resembling that of a child's foot. It was of a whitish, glassy appearance, though opaque, resembling quartz . . .He (Joseph Jr) manifested a special fancy for this geo- logical curiosity; and he carried it home with him, though this act of plunder was against the strenuous protestations of Mr Chase's children, who claimed to be its rightful owners. Joseph kept this stone, and ever afterward refused its restoration to the claimants. Very soon the pretension transpired that he could see wonderful things by its aid. The idea was rapidly enlarged upon from day to day, and in a short time his spiritual endowment was so devel- oped that he asserted the gift and power (with the stone at his eyes) of re- vealing both things existing and things to come.' Tucker's Mormonism, 19-20. 58 THE STORY OF MORMONISM, while, telling him not to exercise his gift of translating at present, but simply to write at Joseph's dictation. Continuing thus, on the 15th of May the two men go into the woods to ask God concerning baptism, found mentioned in the plates. Presently a messenger de- scends from heaven in a cloud of light. It is John the Baptist. And he ordains them, saying, "Upon you, my fellow-servants, in the name of messiah, I confer the priesthood of Aaron." Baptism by immersion is directed; the power of laying-on of hands for the gift of the holy ghost is promised, but not now bestowed; then they are commanded to be baptized, each one baptizing the other, which is done, each in turn lay- ing his hands upon the head of the other, and ordain- ing him to the Aaronic priesthood. As they come up out of the water the holy ghost falls upon them, and they prophesy. Persecutions continue ; brethren of Christ threaten to mob them, but Joseph's wife's father promises protection. Samuel Smith comes, and is converted, receiving baptism and obtaining revelations ; and later Joseph's father and mother, Martin Harris, and others. Food is several times charitably brought to the translators by Joseph Knight, senior, of Coles- ville, New York, concerning whom is given a revela- tion. In June comes David Whitmer with a request from his father, Peter Whitmer, of Fayette, New York, that the translators should occupy his house thenceforth until the completion of their work, and brings with him a two-horse wagon to carry them and their effects. Not only is their board to be free, but one of the brothers Whitmer, of whom there are David, John, and Peter junior, will assist in the writ- ing. Thither they go, and find all as promised; David and Peter Whitmer and Hyrum Smith are baptized, and receive revelations through Joseph, who inquires of the Lord for them by means of the urim and thum- mim. The people thereabout being friendly, meetings are held, and the new revelation taught, many believ- THE ELEVEN WITNESSES. r>9 ing, certain priests and others disputing. Three special witnesses are provided by Christ, namely, Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer, and Martin Harris/^ to whom the plates are shown by an angel after much prayer and meditation in the woods. These are the three witnesses. And there are further eight wit- nesses, namely, Christian Whitmer, Jacob Whitmer, Peter Whitmer junior, John Whitmer, Hiram Page, Joseph Smith senior, Hyrum Smith, and Samuel H. Smith, who testify that the plates were shown to them by Joseph Smith junior, that they handled them with their hands, and saw the characters engraven thereon. ^^ '*The objections raised against this testimony are, first, there is no date nor place; second, there are not three separate affidavits, but one testimony- signed by three men; third, compare with Smith's revelation Doctrine and Covenants, p. 173, and it appears that this testimony is drawn up by Smith himself. But who are these witnesses ? Sidney Rigdon, at Independence, Missouri, in 1838, charged Cowdery and Whitmer with 'being connected with a gang of counterfeiters, thieves, liars, blacklegs of the deepest dye, to de- ceive and defraud the saints.' Joseph Smith [Times and Seasons, vol. i. pp. 81, 8.3-4) charges Cowdery and Whitmer with being busy in stirring up strife and turmoil among the brethren in 1838 in Missouri; and he demands, 'Are they not murderers then at the heart ? Are not their consciences seared as with a hot iron?' These men were consequently cut oflf from the church. In 1837 Smith prints this language about his coadjutor and witness: 'There are negroes who have white skins as well as black ones — Granny Parish and others, who acted as lackeys, such as Martin Harris ! But they are so far beneath my contempt that to notice any of them would be too great a sacrifice for a gentleman to make.' Hyde's Mormonism, 252-5. Of David Whitmer, Mr Howe says: 'He is one of five of the same name and family who have been used as witnesses to establish the imposition, and who are now head men and leaders in the Mormonite camp. They were noted in their neighborhood for credulity and a general belief in witches, and perhaps were fit subjects for the juggling arts of Smith. David relates that he was led by Smith into an open held, on his father's farm, where they found the book of plates lying upon the ground. Smith took it up and requested him to examine it, which he did for the space of half an hour or more, when he returned it to Smith, who placed it in its former position, alleging that it was in the custody of an angel. He describes the plates as being about eight inches square, the leaves being metal of a whitish yellow color, and of the thickness of tin plates.' Mormonism Unveiled, 16. See also Kidder's Mor- mons, 49-51; Tucker's Orirjin and Prog. Mor., 69-71; Smucker's Hist. Mor., 29-30; Bertrand's Mimoires d'un Mormon, 29-31. '"It will be seen that the witnesses of this truth were principally of the two families of Whitmer and Smith. The Smiths were the father and broth- ers of Joseph. Who the Whitmers were is not clear, and all clew to their character and proceedings since this date, though probably known to the Mormons themselves, is undiscoverable by the profane vulgar. ' Mackay's The Mormons, 23. The theory commonly accepted at present by those not of the Mormon faith, in regard to the origin of the book of Mormon, is thus given in the in- 60 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. troduction to the New York edition of the Book of Mormon, essentially the same as that advanced previously by E. D. Howe, and subsequently elabo- rated by others: 'About the year 1809, the Rev. Solomon Spaulding, a clergy- man who had graduated from Dartmouth college, and settled in the town of CheiTy Valley, in the State of New York, removed from that place to New Salem (Conneaut), Ashtabula county, Ohio. Mr Spaulding was an enthu- siastic archaeologist. The region to which he removed was rich in American antiquities. The mounds and fortifications which have puzzled the brains of many patient explorers attracted his attention, and he accepted the theory that the American continent was peopled by a colony of the ancient Israelites. The ample material by which he was surrounded, full of mythical interest and legendary suggestiveness, led him to the conception of a curious literary pro- ject. He set himself tlie task of writing a fictitious history of the race which had built the mounds. The work was commenced and progressed slowly for some time. Portions of it were read by Mr Spaulding's friends, as its dif- ferent sections were completed, and after three years' labor, the volume was sent to the jiress, bearing the title of llie 3Ianuficrtpt Found. Mr Spaulding had removed to Pittsburgh, Pa., before his book received the final revision, and it was in the hands of a printer named Patterson, in that city, that the manuscript was placed with a view to publication. This was in the year 1812. The printing, however, was delayed in consequence of a difficulty about the contract, until Mr Spaulding left Pittsburgh, and went to Amity, Washington county, New York, where in 181 G he died. The manuscript seems to have lain unused during this interval. But in the employ of the printer Patterson was a versatile genius, one Sidney Rigdon, to whom no trade came amiss, and who happened at the time to be a journeyman at work with Patterson. Disputations on questions of theology were the peculiar de- light of Rigdon, and the probable solution of the mystery of the book of Mor- mon is found in the fact that, by this man's agency, information of the exist- ence of the fictitious record was first communicated to Joseph Smith. Smith's family settled in Palmyra, New York, about the year 1815, and re- moved subsequently to Ontario county, where Joseph became noted for su- preme cunning and general shiftlessness. Chance threw him in the company of Rigdon soon after Spaulding's manuscript fell under the eye of the erratic journeyman, and it is probable that the plan of founding a new system of re- ligious imposture was concocted by these two shrewd and unscrupulous par- ties. The fact that the style of the book of Mormon so closely imitates that of the received version of the bible — a point which seems to have been con- stantly kept in view by Mr Spaulding, probably in order to invest the fiction with a stronger character of reality — answered admirably for the purposes of Rigdon and Smith.' Mr Howe testifies that 'an opinion has prevailed to a considerable extent that Rigdon has been the lago, the prime mover of the whole conspiracy. Of this, however, we have no positive proof.' Mor- monium Unveiled, 100. To prove the foregoing, witnesses are brought forward. John Spaulding, brother of Solomon, testifies: 'He then told me that he had been writing a book, which he intended to have printed, the avails of which he thought would enable him to pay all his debts. The book was entitled The Manusa-ipt Found, of which he read to me many passages. It was an historical romance of the first settlers of America,' etc. He goes on to speak of Nephi and Lehi as names familiar, as does also Martha Spaulding, John's wife. Henry Lake, formerly Solomon's partner, testifies to the same effect; also John N. Miller, who worked for Lake and Spaulding in building their forge; also Aaron "Wright, Oliver Smith, and Nahum Howard, neighbors; also Artemas Cunning- ham, to whom Spaulding owed money. To these men Solomon Spaulding used to talk about and i-ead from his Manuscript Found, which was an ac- count of the ten lost tribes in America, which he wanted to publish and with the profits pay his debts. After the book of Mormon was printed, and they saw it, or heard it read, they were sure it was the same as Spaulding's Manu- script Found. Id., 278-87. THE SPAULDING THEORY. 61 Who Wrote the Booh of Morrron? is the title of a 4to pamphlet of 16 pages by Robert Patterson of Pittsburgh. Reprinted from the illustrated history of Washington county, Philadelphia, 1882. This Patterson is the son of printer Patterson, to whose office the Spaulding MS. is said to have been sent. Little new information is brought out by this inquisition. First he extracts passages from Howe's Mormonism Unveiled, quoting at second- hand from Kidder's Mormonism aid the Mormons, in the absence of the orig- inal, stating erroneously that Howe's book was first printed in 1835. I give elsewhere an epitome of the contents of Howe's work. Ballantyne in his Reply to a Tract, by T. Richards, What is Mormonism? wherein is advanced the Spaulding theory, asserts in answer that Spaulding's manuscript was not known to Smith or Rigdon until after the publication of the Book of Mor- mon, and that the two were not the same, the latter being about thi-ee times larger than the former. 'Dr Hurlburt,' he says, 'and certain other noted enemies of this cause, having heard that such a manuscript existed, deter- mined to publish it to the world in order to destroy the book of Mormon, but after examining it, found that it did not read as they expected, consequently declined its publication.' The Spaulding theory is advanced and supported by the following, in addition to the eight witnesses whose testimony was given by Howe in his Mormonism Unveiled. Mrs Matilda Spaulding Davidson, once wife of Solomon Spaulding, said to Rev. D. R. Austin, who had the statement printed in the Boston Recorder, May 1839, that Spaulding was in the habit of reading portions of his romance to his friends and neighbors. When John Spaulding heard read for the first time passages from the book of Mormon he 'recognized perfectly the work of his brother. He was amazed and af- flicted that it should have been perverted to so wicked a purpose. His grief found vent in a flood of tears, and he arose on the spot and expressed to the meeting his sorrow and regret that the writings of his deceased brother should be used for a purpose so vile and shocking.' Statements to the same effect are given as coming from Mrs McKinstry, daughter of Spaulding, printed in Scribner's Monthly, August 1880; W. H. Sabine, brother of Mrs Spaulding; Joseph Miller, whose statements were printed in the Pittsburgh Telegraph, Feb. 6, 1879; Redick McKee in the Washington Reporter, April 21, 1869; Rev. Abner Jackson in a communication to the Washington County Histori- cal Society, printed in the Washington Reporter, Jan. 7, 1881, and others. See also Kidder's Mormonism, 37-49; California— Its Past History, 198-9; Ferris' Utah and Mormons, 50-1; Gunnison's Mormons, 93-7; Bertrand's Memoires d'un Mormon, 33-44; Hist, of Mormons, 41-50; Bennett's Mormon- ism, 115-24; Howe's Mormonism, 289-90. Robert Patterson, in his pamphlet entitled Who Wrote the Booh of Mor- mon? thus discusses the case of Sidney Rigdon: 'It was satisfactorily proven that Spaulding was the author of the book of Mormon; but how did Joseph Smith obtain a copy of it ? The theory hitherto most widely published,' says Patterson, 'and perhaps generally accepted, hdlfe been that Rigdon was a printer in Patterson's printing-office when the Spaulding manuscript was brought there in 1812-14, and that he either copied or purloined it. Having it thus in his possession, the use made of it was an after thought suggested by circumstances many years later. More recently another theory has been advanced, that Rigdon obtained possession cf the Spaulding manuscript dur- ing his pastorate of the first baptist church or soon thereafter, 1822-4, with- out any necessary impropriety on his part, but rather through the courtesy of some friend, in whose possession it remained unclaimed, and who regarded it as a literary curiosity. The friends of Rigdon, in response to the first charge, deny that he ever resided in Pittsburgh pre\aous to 1822, or that he ever was a printer, and in general answer to both charges affirm that he never at any time had access to Spaulding's manuscript.' Rigdon denies em- phatically that he ever worked in Patterson's printing-office or knew of such an establishment; and the testimony, produced by Patterson, of Carvil Rig- don, Sidney's brother, Peter Boyer, his brother-in-law, Isaac King, Samuel Cooper, Robert Dubois, and Mrs Lambdin points in the same direction. Oa 62 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. the other hand, INIrs Davidson, Joseph Miller, Redick McKee, Rev. Cephas Dodd, and Mrs Eichbaum are quite positive that either Rigdon worked in the printing-office, or had access to the manuscript. 'These witnesses,' continues Patterson, 'are all whom we can find, after inquirie.s extending through some tliree years, who can testify at all to Rigdon's residence in Pittsburgh before 1816, and to his possible employment in Patterson's printing-office or bindery. Of this employment none of them speak from personal knowledge. In mak- ing inquiries among two or three score of the oldest residents of Pittsburgh and vicinity, those who had any opinion on the subject invariably, so far as now remembered, repeated the story of Rigdon's employment in Patterson's office as if it were a well known and admitted fact; they could tell all about it, but when pressed as to their personal knowledge of it or their authority for the conviction, they had none.' Nevertheless he concludes, 'after an im- partial consideration of the preceding testimony, that Rigdon as early as 1823 certainly had possession of Spaulding's manuscript; how he obtained it is unimportant for the present purpose; that during his career as a minister of the Disciples church in Ohio, he carefully preserved under lock and key this document, and devoted an absorbed attention to it; that he was aware of the forthcoming book of Mormon and of its contents long before its appearance; that the said contents were largely Spaulding's romance, and partly such modifications as Rigdon had introduced; and that, during the preparation of the book of Mormon, Rigdon had repeated and long interviews with Smith, thus easily supplying him with fresh instalments of the pretended revelation.' In a letter to the editors of the Boston Journal, dated May 27, 1839, Rigdon says: ' There was no man by the name of Patterson during my residence at Pittsburgh who had a printing-office; what might have been before I lived there I know not. Mr Robert Patterson, I was told, had owned a printing- office before I lived in that city, but had been unfortunate in business, and failed before my residence there. This Mr Patterson, who was a presbyteriau preacher, I had a very slight acquaintance with during my residence in Pitts- burgh. He was then acting under an agency in the book and stationery business, and was the owner of no property of any kind, printmg-office or anything else, during the time I resided in the city. ' Smucker's Mormons, 45-8, In Philadelphia, in 1840, was published The Origin of the Spauldimj Story, concerning the Mmiuscript Found; loith a short biography of Dr P. Hul- bert, the originator of the same; and some testimony adduced, showing it to be a sheer fabrication so far as its connection with the Book of Mormon is concerned. By B. Winchester, minister of the Gospel. The author goes on to say that Hulbert, a methodist preacher at Jamestown, N. Y., joined the Mormons in 1833, and was expelled for immoral conduct, whereupon he swore vengeance and concocted the Spaulding story. Hearing of a work written by Solomon Spaulding entitled The Manuscript Found, he sought to prove to those about him that the book of Mormon was derived from it, ' not that any of these persons had the most distant idea that this novel had ever been converted into the book of Mormon, or that there was any connection between them. Indeed, Mr Jackson, who had read both the book of Mormon and Spaulding's manuscript, told Mr H. when he came to get his signature to a writing testi- fying to the probability that Mr S.'s manuscript had been converted into the book of Mormon, that there was no agreement between them; for, said he, Mr S.'s manuscript was a very small work, in the form of a novel, saying not one word about the children of Israel, but professed to give an account of a race of people who originated from the Romans, which Mr S. said he had translated from a Latin parchment that he had found. ' Winchester states fur- ther that Hurlburt, or Hulbert, wrote 3Iormonism Unveiled and sold it to Howe for $500. The Myth of the Manuscript Found; or the absurdities of the Spaulding story; By Elder George Reynolds, was published at Salt Lake City in 1883. It is a 12mo vol. of 104 pages, and gives first the history of the Spaulding man- uscript, and names Hurlburt as the originator of the story. Chap. iii. is en- titled ' the bogus affidavit,' referring to the alleged sworn statement of Mrs PRINTING THE BOOK. 63 The translation of the book of Mormon being fin- ished, Smith and Cowdery go to Pahnyra, secure the cop3^right, and agree with Egbert B. Grandin to print five thousand copies for three thousand dollars. Meanwhile, a revelation comes to Martin Harris, at Manchester, in March, commanding him to pay for the printing of the book of Mormon, under penalty of destruction of himself and property.^'' The title- Davison, the widow of Spaulding, published by Storrs, but denied by Mrs Davison. Rigdon's connection, or rather lack of connection with the manu- script is next discussed. Then is answered an article in Scribner^s Magazine by Mrs Dickenson, grand niece of Mr Spaulding, and probably the most shal- low treatment of the subject yet presented on either side. Further discus- sions on the book are followed by an analysis of the life of Joseph, and finally internal evidences and prophecies are considered. 'It is evident,' Mr Rey- nolds concludes, ' that if Mr Spaulding's story was what its friends claim, then it never could have formed the ground-work of the book of Mormon; for the whole historical narrative is different from beginning to end. And further, the story that certain old inhabitants of New Salem, who, it is said, recognized the book of Mormon, either never made such a statement, or they let their imagination run away with their memory into the endorsement of a falsehood and an impossibility.' ^"Speaking of Martin Harris, E. D. Howe says: 'Before his acquaintance with the Smith family he was considered an honest, industrious citizen by his neighbors. His residence was in the town of Palmyra, where he had accumulated a handsome property. He was naturally of a very visionary turn of mind on the subject of religion, holding one sentiment but a short time.' Mortgaged his farm for $3,000, and printed the Book of Mormon, as he said, to make money. The price first was $1.75, then $1.25, afterward whatever they could get. ' Since that time the frequent demands on Mar- tin's purse have reduced it to a very low state. He seems to have been the soul and body of the whole imposition, and now carries the most incon- testable proofs of a religious maniac . . . Martin is an exceedingly fast talker. He frequently gathers a crowd around in bar-rooms and in the streets. Here he appears to be in his element, answering and explaining all manner of dark and abstruse theological questions ... He is the source of much trouble aud perplexity to the honest portion of his brethren, and would un- doubtedly long since have been cast off by Smith were it not for his money, and the fact that he is one of the main pillars of the Mormon fabric. ' Mormoiiism Unveiled, 13-15. 'The wife of Martin Harris instituted a lawsuit against him [Joseph Smith, Jr], and stated in her affidavit that she believed the chief object he had in view was to defraud her husband of all his property. The trial took place at New York, and the facts, as related even by the mother of the prophet, are strongly condemnatory of his conduct . . . Harris denied in solemn terms that Smith had ever, in any manner, attempted to get pos- session of his money, and ended by assuring the gentlemen of the court that, if they did not believe in the existence of the plates, and continued to I'esist the truth, it would one day be the means of damning their souls.' Tayldcr's Mormons, xxxi.-ii. 'In the beginning of the printing the Mormons pro- fessed to hold their manuscripts as sacred, and insisted upon maintaining con- stant vigilance for their safety during the progress of the work, each morn- ing carrying to the printing-office the instalment required for the day, and withdrawing the same at evening. No alteration from copy in any manner was to be noade. These things were "strictly commanded," as they said. Mr 64 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. page is not a modern production, but a literal trans- lation from the last leaf of the plates, on the left-hand side, and running like all Hebrew writing. And now in a chamber of Whitmer's house Smith, Cowdery, and David Whitmer meet, and earnestly ask God to make good his promise, and confer on them the Melchisedec priesthood, which authorizes the lay- ing-on of hands for the gift of the holy ghost. Their prayer is answered; for presently the word of the Lord comes to them, commanding that Joseph Smith should ordain Oliver Cowdery to be an elder in the church of Jesus Christ, and Oliver in like manner should so ordain Joseph, and the two should ordain others as from time to time the will of the Lord should be made known to them.^^ But this ordination must not take place until the baptized brethren assemble and give to this act their sanction, and accept the ordained as spiritual teachers, and then only after the blessing and partaking of bread and wine. It is next revealed that twelve shall be called to be the disciples of Christ, the twelve apostles of these last days, who shall go into all the world preaching and baptizing. John H. Gilbert, as printer, had the chief operative trust of the type-setting and press-work of the job. After the first day's trial he found the manu- scripts in so very imperfect a condition, especially in regard to gramnrar, that he became unwilling further to obey the "command," and so announced to Smith and his party; when finally, upon much fi-ieudly expostulation, he was given a limited discretion in correcting, which was exercised in the par- ticulars of syntax, orthography, punctuation, capitalizing, paragraphing, etc. Many errors under these heads, nevertheless, escaped correction, as appear in the first edition of the printed book. Very soon, too — after some ten days — the constant vigilance by the Mormons over the manuscripts was re- laxed by reason of the confidence they came to repose in the printers. Mr Gilbert has now (1867) in liis possession a complete copy of the book in the original sheets, as laid off by him from the press in working. . .Meanwhile, Harris and his wife had separated by mutual arrangement, on account of her persistent unbelief in Mormonism and refusal to be a party to the mort- gage. The family estate was divided, Harris giving her about eighty acres of the farm, with a comfortable house and other property, as her share of the assets; and she occupied this property until the time of her death.' Tucker's Ori(]in and Prog. Mor., 50-7. ^' Speaking of the manner in which Smith delivered these revelations, Howe says: 'In this operation he abandoned his spectacles, or peep-stone, and merely delivered it with his eyes shut. In this manner he governs his follow- ers, by asking the Lord, as he says, from day to day.* Mormonism Unveiled, 102. CHURCH ORGANIZED. 65 By the spirit of prophecy and revelation it is done. The rise of the church of Jesus Christ in these last days is on the Gth of April, 1830, at which date the church was organized under the provisions of the statutes of the state of New York by Joseph Smith junior, Hyrura Smith, Oliver Cowdery, David Whit- mer, Samuel H. Smith, and Peter Whitmer. Joseph Smith, ordained an apostle of Jesus Christ, is made by the commandment of God the first elder of this church, and Oliver Cowdery, likewise an apostle, is made the second elder. Again the first elder falls into worldly entanglements, but upon repentance and self-humbling he is delivered by an angel. The duties of elders, priests, teachers, deacons, and members are as follow : All who desire it, with hon- esty and humility, may be baptized into the church; old covenants are at an end, all must be baptized anew. An apostle is an elder; he shall baptize, ordain other elders, priests, teachers, and deacons, administer bread and wine, emblems of the flesh and blood of Christ; he shall confirm, teach, expound, exhort, taking the lead at meetings, and conducting them as he is taught by the holy ghost. The priest's duty is to preach, teach, expound, exhort, baptize, administer the sacrament, and visit and pray w^th members; he may also ordain other priests, teachers, and deacons, giving a certifi- cate of ordination, and lead in meetings when no elder is present. The teacher's duty is to watch over and strengthen the members, preventing evil speak- ing and all iniquity, to see that the meetings are regu- larly held, and to take the lead in them in the absence of elder or priest. The deacon's duty is to assist the teacher; teacher and deacon may warn, expound, ex- liort, but neither of them shall baptize, administer the sacrament, or lay on hands. The elders are to meet in council for the transaction of church business every three months, or oftener should meetings be called. Subordinate officers will receive from the elders a license defining their authority; elders will Hist. Utah. 5 66 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. receive their license from other elders by vote of church or conference. There shall be presidents, bishops, high counsellors, and high priests; the pre- siding elder shall be president of the high priesthood, and he, as well as bishops, high counsellors, and high priests, will be ordained by high council or general conference. The duty of members is to walk in holi- ness before the Lord according to the scriptures, to bring their children to the elders, who will lay their hands on them and bless them in the name of Jesus Christ. The bible, that is to say, the scriptures of the old and new testaments, is accepted wholly, save such corruptions as have crept in through the great and abominable church; the book of Mormon is a later revelation, supplementary thereto. Thus is or- ganized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints,^^ in accordance with special revelations and commandments, and after the manner set forth in the new testament. The first public discourse, following the meetings held in Whitmer's house, was preached on Sunday, the 11th of April, 1830, by Oliver Cowdery, who the ''- The church was not at that time so called, nor indeed until after the 4th of May, 1834. See chap, iv., note 50; also Millennial Sta7; iv. 115; Bur- ton's City of the Saints, 671-2. Kidder, Mormonism, 68, affirms that this name was not adopted till some years later. Mather is only a year and a day astray when he says, 'The conference of elders on May 3, 1833, repudiated the name of "Mormons" and adopted that of "Latter-Day Saints."' Lipjmi- cott's Mag. , Aug. 1880. The term ' Mormons, ' as first applied by their enemies to members of the church of Latter-Day Saints, was quite offensive to them, thougli later they became somewhat more reconciled to it. As at present popu- larly employed, it is by no means a term of reproach, though among themselves tliey still adhere to the appellation 'Saints,' just as quakers speak of them- selves as the 'Society of Friends.' The term 'Mormon' seems to me quite fit- ting for general use, fully as much so as presbyterian, reformed Dutch, uni- versalist, and others, few of which were of their own choosing. 'Mormon was the name of a certain man, and also of a particular locality upon the Ameri- can continent; but was never intended to signify a body of people. The name by wliich we desire to be known and to walk worthy of is "Saints."' BeWs lie-ply to Theobald, 2. At the time of the riots in Missouri, in addressing com- munications to the governor, and in many other instances, they designate themselves as 'members of the church of Christ, vulgarly called Mormons. ' See also De Smet's Westet-n Missions, 393; Mackay's The Mormons, 41-2. The term 'gentile' was generally applied to unbelievers of the white race. The Indians, originally, were denominated 'of the house of Israel,' 'of the house of Joseph,' or 'of the house of Jacob,' also the Lamanites. THE FIRST MIRACLE. 67 same day baptized in Seneca Lake several persons, among whom were Hyrum and Katherine Page, some of the Whitmers, and the Jolly family. The first miracle likewise occurred during the same month, Joseph Smith casting out a devil from Newel Knight, son of Joseph Knight, who with his family had been universalists. Newel had been a constant attendant at the meetings, and was much interested; but when he attempted to pray the devil prevented him, writhing his limbs into divers distortions, and hurling him about the room. **I know that you can deliver me from this evil spirit," cried Newel. Whereupon Joseph rebuked the devil in the name of Jesus Christ, and the evil spirit departed from the young man. Seeing this, others came forward and expressed their belief in the new faith, and a church was established at Coles- ville. On the 1st of June the first conference as an or- ganized church was held, there being thirty members. The meeting was opened by singing and prayer, after which they partook of the sacrament, which was fol- lowed by confirmations and further ordinations to the several offices of the priesthood. The exercises were attended by the outpouring of the holy ghost, and many prophesied, to the infinite joy and gratification of the elders. Some time after, on a Saturday previous to an appointed sabbath on which baptism was to be performed, the brethren constructed, across a stream of water, a dam, which was torn away by a mob during the night. The meeting was held, however, though amid the sneers and insults of the rabble, Oliver preach- ing. Present among others was Emily Coburn, Newel Knight's wife's sister, formerly a presbyterian. Her pastor, the Pev. Mr Shearer, arrived, and tried to persuade her to return to her father. Failing in this, he obtained from her father a power of attorney, and bore her off by force; but Emily returned. The dam was repaired, and baptism administered to some thir- teen persons the following morning; whereupon fifty 68 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. men surrounded Mr Knight's house, threatening vio- lence. The same night Joseph was arrested by a constable on a charge of disorderly conduct, and for preaching the book of Mormon. It was the purpose of the populace to capture Joseph from the constable and use him roughly, ]3ut by hard driving he escaped. At the trial which followed, an attempt was made to prove certain charges, namely, that he obtained a horse from Josiali Steal, and a yoke of oxen from Jonathan Thompson, by saying that in a revelation he was told that he was to have them; also as touching his conduct toward two daughters of Mr Steal; but all testified in his favor, and he was acquitted. As he was leaving the court-room, he was again arrested on a warrant from Broome county, and taken midst insults and bufFetings to Colesville for trial. The old charges were renewed, and new ones preferred. Newel Knight was made to testify regarding the miracle wrought in his behalf, and a story that the prisoner had been a money digger was advanced by the prosecu- tion. Again he was acquitted, and again escaped from the crowd outside the court-house, whose purpose it was to tar and feather him, and ride him on a rail. These persecutions were instigated, it was said, chiefly by presbyterians. While Joseph rested at h'm home at IJarmony fur- ther stories were circulated, damaging to his character, this time by the methodists. One went to his father- in-law with falsehoods, and so turned him and his family against Joseph and his friends that he would no longer afford them protection or receive their doc- trine. This was a heavy blow; but proceeding in August to Colesville, Joseph and Hyrum Smith and John and David Whitmer continued the work of prayer and confirmation. Fearing their old enemies, who lay in wait to attack them on their way back, they prayed that their eyes might be blinded; and so it came to pass. Then they held service and returned safely, although five dollars reward had been offered T'IRST MISSION ORDERED. 09 for notification of their arrival. Removing bis fanjily to Fayette, Joseph encountered further persecutions, to which was added a fresh grief. Hiram Page was going astray over a stone which he had found, and by means of which he had obtained revelations at va- riance with Joseph's revelations and the rules of the new testament. It w^as thought best not to agitate the subject unnecessarily, before the meeting of the conference to be held on the 1st of September; but the Whitmer family and Oliver Cowdery seeming to be too greatly impressed over the things set forth by the rival stone, it was resolved to inquire of the Lord concerning the matter; whereupon a revelation came to Oliver Cowdery, forbidding such practice; and he was to say privately to Hiram Page that Satan had deceived him, and that the things which he had written from the stone were not of God. Oliver was further commanded to go and preach the gospel to the Lamanites,^"^ the remnants of the house of Joseph living in the west,^* where he was to estab- 23 'Tlie Lamanites originally were a remnant of Joseph, and in the first 3'ear of the reign of Zedekiah, King of Judah, were led in a miraculous man- ner from Jerusalem to the eastern borders of the Red >Sea, thence for smiie time along its borders in a nearly south-east direction, after which they altered their course nearly eastward, until they came to the great waters, where by the command of God they Jjuilt a vessel in which they were safely brought across the great Pacific Ocean, and landed upon the western coast of South America. The original party included also the Nephites, their leader being a prophet called'i'^ephi; but soon after landing they separated, because the Lamanites, whose leader was a wicked man called Laman, persecuted the others. After the partition the Nephites, who had brought with them the old testament down to the time of Jeremiah, engraved on plates of )>rass, in the Egyptain language, prospered and built large cities. But the bold, bad Lamanites, originally white, became dark and dirty, though still retaining a national existence. They became wild, savage, and ferocious, seeking by every means the destruction of the prosperous Nephites, against whom they many times arrayed their hosts in battle; but were repulsed and driven back to their own territories, generally with great loss to both sides. The slain, frequently amounting to tens of thousands, were piled together in great heaps and overspread with a thin covering of earth, which will satisfactorily account for those ancient mounds filled with human bones, so numerous at the pres- ent day, both in North and South America.' Pratt (Orson), Series of Pamph- lets, vi. 7-8; Pratt (P. P.), Voice of Warn'tnq, 81-117. "'The attention of the little band was directed, from the very commence- ment of their organization, to the policy and expediency of fixing their head- quarters in the far west, in the thinly settled and but partially explored territories belonging to the United States, where they might squat upon or purchase good lands at a cheap rate, and clear the primeval wilderness. 70 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. lish a church and build a city/^ at a point to be desig- nated later. "Behold, I say unto thee, Oliver, that it shall be given unto thee that thou shalt be heard by the church in all things whatsoever thou shalt teach them by the comforter concerning the revelations and com- mandments which I have given. But behold, verily, verily, I say unto thee, no one shall be appointed to receive commandments and revelations in this church, excepting my servant Joseph Smith, Jr, for he re- ceiveth them even as Moses; and thou shalt be obe- dient unto the things which I shall give unto him, even as Aaron, to declare faithfully the command- ments and the revelations with power and authority unto the church. And if thou art led at any time by the comforter to speak or teach, or at all times by the way of commandment unto the church, thou mayest do it. But thou shalt not write by way of command- ment, but by wisdom; and thou shalt not command him who is at thy head and at the head of the church; for I have given him the keys of the mysteries and the revelations which are sealed, until I shall appoint unto them another in his stead." They required elbow-room, and rightly judged that a rural population would be more favorable than an urban one to the reception of their doctrine. ' Mack- ay's The Mor., G3. ^* The most ancient pi'ophecy which the saints are now in possession of relating to the New Jerusalem was one delivered by Enoch, the seventh from Adam. This was revealed anew to Joseph Smith in December 18.30. In it the Lord i.s represented as purposing 'to gather out mine own elect from the four quarters of the earth unto a place which I sliall prepare. . .But this revelation does not tell in what part of the earth the New Jerusalem sliould be located. The book of Mormon, which the Lord has brought out of the earth, informs us that this holy city is to be built upon the continent of America, but it does not inform us upon what part of that vas't country it should be built.' Pratt's Series of Pamphlets, vii. 4; Pratt's Interesting Ac- count, 16-25j First Book of Nephi in Book of Mormon. CHAPTER TV. THE STORY OF MORMONISM. 1830-1835. Parley Pratt's Conversion — Mission to the Lamanites— The Mission- aries AT KiRTLAND — CONVERSION OF SiDNEV RiGDON — MORMON SpO- CESS at KiRTLAND — ThE MISSIONARIES IN MISSOURI — RiGDON ViSITS Smith— Edward Partridge— The Melchisedeg Priesthood Given- Smith AND RiGDON Journey to Missouri — Bible Translation — Smith's Second Visit to Missouri— Unexampled Prosperity- Causes OF Persecutions — Mobocracy— The Saints are Driven from Jackson County — Treachery of Boggs — Military Organization at Kirtland — The Name Latter-day Saints — March to Missouri. One evening as Hyrum Smith was driving cows along the road toward his father's house, he was overtaken by a stranger, who inquired for Joseph Smith, translator of the book of Mormon. "He is now residing in Pennsylvania, a hundred miles away," was the reply. "And the father of Joseph?" "He also is absent on a journey. That is his house yonder, and I am his son." The stranger then said that he was a preacher of the word; that he had just seen for the first time a copy of the wonderful book; that once it was in his hands he could not lay it down until he had devoured it, for the spirit of the Lord was upon him as he read, and he knew that it was true; the spirit of the Lord had directed him thither, and his heart was full of joy. Hyrum gazed at him in amazement; for converts of this quality, and after this fashion, were not com- mon in those days of poverty and sore trial. He was little more than a boy, being but twenty-three^. 72 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. and of that fresh, fair- innocence which sits only on a youthful face beaming with high enthusiasm. But it was more than a boy's soul that was seen through those eyes of deep and solemn earnestness; it was more than a boy's strength of endurance that was in- dicated by the broad chest and comely, compact limbs; and more than a boy's intelligence and powers of reasoning that the massive brow betokened. Hyrum took the stranger to the house, and they passed the night in discourse, sleeping little. The convert's name was Parley P. Pratt. He was a na- tive of Burlington, New York, and born April 12, 1807. His father was a farmer of limited means and education, and though not a member of any religious society, had a respect for all. The boy had a passion for books; the bible especially he read over and over again with deep interest and enthusiasm. He early manifested strong religious feeling; mind and soul seemed all on fire as he read of the patriarchs and kings of the old testament, and of Christ and his apostles of the new. In winter at school, and in summer at work, his life passed until he was sixteen, when he went west with his father William, some two hundred miles on foot, to Oswego, two miles from which town they bargained for a thickly wooded tract of seventy acres, at four dollars an acre, paying some seventy dollars in cash. After a summer's work for wages back near the old home, and a winter's work clearing the forest farm, the place was lost through failure to meet the remaining payments. Another attempt to make a forest home, this time in Ohio, thirty miles west of Cleveland, was more suc- cessful; and after much toil and many hardships, he found himself, in 1827, comfortably established there, with Thankful Halsey as his wife. Meanwhile relio^ion ran riot throuixh his brain. His mmd, however, was of a reasoning, logical caste. "Why this difference," he argued, "between the an- cient and modern Christians, their doctrines and their PARLEY PRATT. 73 practice? Had I lived and believed in the days of the apostles, and had so desired, they would have said, 'Kepent, be baptized, and receive the holy ghost.' The scriptures are the same now as then; why should not results be the same?" In the absence of anything better, he joined the baptists, and was immersed; but he was not satisfied. In 1829 Sidney Rigdon, of whom more hereafter, preached in his neighborhood; he heard him and was refreshed. It was the ancient gospel revived — repentance, baptism, the gift of the holy ghost. And yet there was something lacking — • the authority to minister; the power which should accompany the form of apostleship. At length he and others, who had heard Rigdon, organized a societ}^ on the basis of his teachings, and Parley began to preach. The spirit working in him finally compelled him to abandon his farm and go forth to meet his destiny, he knew not whither. In this frame of mind he wan- dered eastward, and w^hile his family were visiting friends, he came upon the book of Mormon and H}^- rum Smith. Now did his soul find rest. Here was inspiration and revelation as of old; here was a new dispensation with attendant signs and miracles. As he left Smith's house the following morning, having an appointment to preach some thirty miles distant, Hyrum gave him a copy of the sacred book. Travelling on foot, and stopping now and then to rest, he read at intervals, and found to his great joy that soon after his ascension Christ had appeared in his glorified body to the remnant of the tribe of Joseph in America, that he had administered in person to the ten lost tribes, that the gospel had been revealed and written among nations unknown to the apostles, and that thus preserved it had escaped the corruptions of the great and abominable church. Returning to Smith's house. Parley demanded of Hyrum baptism. They went to Whitmer's, where they were warmly welcomed b}^ a little branch of the church there assembled. The new convert was bap- 74 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. tized by Cowdery, and was ordained an elder. He continued to preach in those parts with great power. Congregations were moved to tears, and many heads of families came forward and accepted the faith. Then he went to his old home. His father, mother, and some of the neighbors believed only in part ; but liis brother Orson, nineteen years of age, embraced with eagerness the new religion, and preached it from that time forth. Keturning to Manchester, Parley for the first time met Joseph Smith, who received him warmly, and asked him to preach on Sunday, which he did, Joseph following with a discourse. Revelations continued, now in the way of command, and now in the spirit of prophecy. In Harmony, to the first elder it was spoken: "Magnify thine office; and after thou hast sowed thy fields and secured them, go speedily unto the churches which are in Colesville, Fayette, and Manchester, and they shall support thee; and I will bless them, both spiritually and temporally; but if they receive thee not, I will send on them a cursing instead of a blessing, and thou shalt shake the dust off thy feet against them as a testimony, and wipe thy feet by the wayside." And to Cowdery, thus: "Oliver shall continue in bearing my name before the world, and also to the church; and he shall take neither purse nor scrip, neither staves nor even two coats." To Emma, wife of Jo- seph: "Thy sins are forgiven thee, and thou art an elect lady, whom I have called; and thou shalt com- fort thy husband, my servant Joseph, and shalt go with him, and be unto him as a scribe in the absence of my servant Oliver, and he shall support thee." Emma was also further directed to make a selection of hymns to be used in church.^ ^ The hymn-book of Emma Smith does not appear to have been published, but a little book containing hymns selected by Brigham Young passed through eight editions up to lS4t), the eighth being published in Liverpool in that year. Hmucker's Hist. ofMor., 57-61; Milknitial Star, iv. loO-l. The preface to the first edition was signed by Brigham Young, Parley P. Pratt, and John SIDNEY RIG DON. 75 In the presence of six elders, at Fayette, in Septem- ber 1830, came the voice of Jesus Christ, promising them every blessing, while the wicked should be de- stroyed. The millennium should come; but first dire destruction should fall upon the earth, and the great and abominable church should be cast down. Hiram Page renounced his stone. David Whitmer was or- dered to his father's house, there to await further in- structions. Peter Whitmer junior. Parley P. Pratt, and Ziba Peterson were directed to go with Oliver and assist him in preaching the gospel to the Laman- ites, that is to say, to the Indians in the west, the remnant of the tribe of Joseph. Thomas B. Marsh was promised that he should begin to preach. Miracles were limited to casting out devils and healing the sick. Wine for sacramental purposes must not be bought, but made at home.^ Taking with them a copy of the revelation assign- ing to them this work, these first appointed mission- aries set out, and continued their journey, preaching in the villages through which they passed, and stop- ping at Buflalo to instruct the Indians as to their an- cestry, until they came to Kirtland, Ohio. There they remained some time, as many came forward and embraced their faith, among others Sidney Pigdon, a preaching elder in the reformed baptist church, who presided over a congregation there, a large portion of whom likewise became interested in the latter-day church.^ Taylor. The preface to the ninth edition, published at Liverpool and Lon- don in 18.31, is by Franklin D. Richards, who states that .'34,000 copies of the several editions have been sold in the European missions alone within cloven years. Several editions have since been published in Europe and America. ■■^ Smith says: 'In order to prepare for this (coniirmation) I set out to go to procure some wine for the occasion, but had gone only a short distance when I was met by a heavenly messenger, and received the revelation.' Jilil- lennial Star, iv. 151; 7'hnes and Seasons, iv. 117-18. ^At the town of Kirtland, two miles from Rigdon's residence, was a num- ber of the members of his cliurch who lived together, and had all things in common, from which circumstance, Smith says, the idea arose tliat tliis Avas the case with the Mormon believers. To these people the missionaries re- paired and preached with some success, gathering in seventeen on the first occasion. Rigdon after spending some time iu the study of the book of Mor- 76 TIJE STORY OF MORMONISM. Kigdon was a native of Pennsylvania, and was now thirty-seven years of age. He worked on his father's farm until he was twenty-six, when he went to live with the Rev. Andrew Clark, and the same year, 1819, was licensed to preach. Thence he went to Warren, Ohio, and married; and after preaching for a time he vv'as called to take charge of a church at Pittsburgh, where he met w^ith success, and soon became very popular. But his mind was perplexed over the doc- trines he was required to promulgate, and in 1824 he retired from, his ministry. There were two friends who had likewise withdrawn from their respective churches, and with whom he conferred freely, Alex- ander Campbell, of his own congregation, and one Walter Scott, of the Scandinavian church of that city. Campbell had formerly lived at Bethany, Virginia, where was issued under his auspices a monthly jour- nal called the Christian Baptist. Out of this friend- ship and association arose a new church, called the Campbellites, its doctrines having been published by Campbell in his paper. During the next two years Kigdon was obliged to work in a tannery to support his family; then he removed to Bainbridge, Ohio, where he again began to preach, confining him- self to no creed, but leaning toward that of the Camp- bellites. Crowds flocked to hear him, and a church was established in a neighboring town through his in- strumentality. After a year of this work he accepted a call to Mentor, thirty miles distant. Slanderous reports followed him, and a storm of persecution set in against him; but by his surpassing eloquence and deep reasoning it was not only soon alla3^ed, but greater multitudes than ever waited on his ministra- tions. mon concluded to accept its doctrines, and together with his wife was bap- tized into the church, which now numbered about twenty in tliis section. Millennial Star, iv. 181-4; v. 4-7, 17; Tiine^ and Season-^, iv. 177, 193-4. Rigdon had for nearly three years already taught the literal interpretation oi scripture prophecies, the gathering of the Israelites to receive the second com- ing, the literal reign of the saints on earth, and the use of miraculous gifts in the church. Gannisoii' a Mormons, 101. FORCE OF EXAMPLE. 77 Rigdon was a cogent speaker of imposing mien and impassioned address. As a man, however, his charac- ter seems to have had a tinge of insincerity. He was fickle, now and then petulant, irascible, and sometimes domineering. Later, Joseph Smith took occasion more than once to rebuke him sharply, fearing that he might assume the supremacy. Upon hearing the arguments of Pratt and Cow- dery, and investigating the book of Mormon, Rigdon was convinced that he had not been legally ordained, and that his present ministry was without the divine authority. In regard to the revival of the old dis- pensation, he argued thus: "If we have not familiar- ity enough with our creator to ask of him a sign, we are no Christians; if God will not give his creatures one, he is no better than Juggernaut." The result was, that he and others accepted the book and its teach- ings,* received baptism and the gift of the holy ghost, and were ordained to preach. On one occasion Cowdery preached, followed by Rigdon. After service they went to the Chagrin River to baptize. Rigdon stood in the stream and poured forth his exhortations with eloquent fervor. One after another stepped forward until thirty had been baptized. Present upon the bank was a hard- headed lawyer, Varnem J. Card, who as he listened grew pale with emotion. Suddenly he seized the arm of a friend and whispered, "Quick, take me away, or in a moment more I shall be in that water!" One hundred and twenty-seven converts at once, the num- * Howe intimates that Rigdon knew more of the book and the people than he pretended. Of the proselytes made in his church he says: ' Near the res- idence of Rigdon, in Kirtlaud, thei-e had been for some time previous a few families belonging to his congregation, who had formed themselves into a common stock society, and had become considerably fanatical, and were daily looking for some wonderful event to take place in the world. Their minds had become fully prepared to embrace Mormonism, or any other mysterious ism that should first present itself. Seventeen in number of these persons readily believed the whole story of Cowdery about the finding of tlie golden plates and the spectacles. They were all reimmersed in one night by Cowdery. ' Mormonism Unveiled, 103. 78 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. ber afterward increasing to a thousand, were here gathered into the fold.^ After adding to their number one Frederic G. Will- iams, the missionaries continued on their way, arriving fiist at Sandusky, where they gave instructions to the Indians in regard to their forefathers, as they had done at Buffalo, and thence proceeded to Cincinnati and St Louis. In passing by his old forest home, Pratt was arrested on some trivial charge, but made his escape. The winter was very severe, and it was some time before they could continue their journey. At length they set out again, wading in snow knee- deep, carrying their few eflPects on their backs, and having to eat corn bread and frozen raw pork; and after travelling in all fifteen hundred miles, most of the way on foot, preaching to tens of thousands by the way, and organizing hundreds into churches, they reached Independence, Missouri, in the early part of 1831. There Whitmer and Peterson went to work as tailors, while Pratt and Cowdery passed over the ^ Speaking of the doings at Kirtland after the departure of the Lamanite mission, Mr Howe says: 'Scenes of the most wild, frantic, and horrible fanat- icism ensued. They pretended that the power of miracles was about to be given to all those who embraced the new faith, and commenced communicat- ing the holy spirit by laying their hands upon the heads of the converts, which operation at first produced an instantaneous prostration of body and mind. Many would fall upon the floor, where they would lie for a long time apparently lifeless. They thus continued these enthusiastic exhibitions for several weeks. The fits usually came on during or after their prayer meetings, which were held nearly every evening. The young men and wo- men were more particularly subject to this delirium. They would exhibit all the apish actions imaginable, making the most ridiculous grimaces, creeping ■upon their hands and feet, rolling upon the frozen ground, go through with all the Indian modes of warfare, such as knocking down, scalping, ripping open and tearing out the bowels. At other times they would run through the fields, get upon stumps, preach to imaginary congregations, enter the water and perform all the ceremony of baptizing, etc. Many would have fits of speaking all the different Indian dialects, which none could understand. Again, at the dead hour of night the young men might be seen running over the fields and hills in pursuit, as they said, of the balls of fire, light, etc., which they saw moving through the atmosphere. . .On the arrival of Smith in Kirtland he appeared astonished at the wild enthusiasm and scalping per- formances of his proselytes there. He told them that he had inquired of the Lord concerning the matter, and had been informed that it was all the work of the devil, as heretofore related. The disturbance therefore ceased.' Mor^ monism Unveiled, 104, 116. A PERIOD OF PROSPERITY. 79 border, crossed the Kansas River, and began their work among the Lamanites, or Indians, thereabout. The chief of the Delawares was sachem of ten tribes. He received the missionaries with courtesy, and set food before them. When they asked him to call a council before which they might expound their doctrines, he at first declined, then assented ; where- upon Cowdery gave them an account of their ances- tors, as contained in the wonderful book, a copy of which he left with the chief on taking his depart- ure, which soon occurred; for when it was known upon the border settlements what the missionaries were doing, they were ordered out of the Indian coun- try as disturbers of the peace.^ After preaching a short time in Missouri, the five brethren thought it best that one of their number should return east and report. The choice fell on Pratt. Starting out on foot, he reached St Louis, three hundred miles dis- tant, in nine days. Thence he proceeded by steamer to Cincinnati, and from that point journeyed on foot to Strongville, forty miles from Kirtland. Overcome by fatigue and illness, he was forced to remain at this place some ten days, when he continued his journey on horseback. He was w^elcomed at Kirtland by hundreds of the saints, Joseph Smith himself being present. In December 1830 comes Sidney Rigdon to Jo- seph Smith at Manchester, and with him Edward Partridge, to inquire of the Lord ; and they are told what they shall do; they shall preach thereabout, and also on the Ohio.^ ^ ' One of their leading articles of faith is, that the Indians of North Amer- ica, in a very few years, will be converted to Mormonism, and through rivers of blood will again take possession of their ancient inheritance.' Howe's Mormonism Unveiled, 145. ' ' We before had Moses and Aaron in the persons of Smith and Cowdery, and we now have John the Baptist, in the person of Sidney Rigdon. Their plans of deception appear to have been more fully matured and developed after the meeting of iSmith and Rigdon. The latter being found very inti- mate with the scriptures, a close reasoner, and as fully competent to make 80 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. The 3^ear 1831 opens with flattering prospects. On the 2d of January a conference is held at Fayette, attended by revelations and prophecy. James Col- ville, a baptist minister, accepts the faith, but shortly recants, being tempted of Satan, and in fear of per- secution.^ Smith and his wife go with Rigdon and white appear black and black white as any other man; and at all times pre- pared to establish, to tlie satisfaction of great numbers of people, the negative or affirmative of any and every question from scripture, he was forthwith appointed to promulgate all the absurdities and ridiculous pretensions of Mormonism, and call on the holy prophets to prove all the words of Smith. But the miraculous powers conferred upon him we do not learn have yet been put in requisition. It seems that the spii'it had not, before the arrival of Rigdon, told Smith anything about the promised land, or his removal to Ohio. It is therefore very questionable what manner of spirit it was which dic- tated most of tlie after movements of the prophet. The spirit of Rigdon, it must be presumed, however, generally held sway; for a revelation was soon had that ivirtlaud, the residence of Rigdon and his brethren, was to be the eastern border of the promised land, and from thence to the Pacific Ocean. On this land the New Jerusalem, the city of refuge, was to be built. Upon it all true Mormons were to assemble, to escape the destruction of the world which was so soon to take place.' Iloive'n Mormonism Unveiled, 109-10. Tucker, Origin and Prog. Mor., 7G-8, thus speaks of the first appearance of this first regular jNIormon preacher before a Palmyra congregation: 'Rigdon introduced himself as the messenger of God, declaring that he was commanded from above to proclaim the Mormon revelation. After going through with a ceremonious form of prayer, in which he expressed his grateful sense of the blessings of the glorious gospel dispensation now opening to the world, and the miraculous light from heaven to be displayed through the instrumentality of the chosen revelator, Joseph Smith Jr, . . .he announced his text as fol- lows: First book of Nephi, chapter iv. — "And the angel spake unto mc, .say- ing. These last records which thou hast seen among the gentiles shall estab- lish the truth of the first, which is of the twelve apostles of the lamb, and shall make known the plain and precious things which have been taken away from them; and shall make known to all kindreds, tongues, and j^eoplo that the lamb of God is the son of the eternal father and saviour of the world; and that all men must come unto him or they cannot be saved. " The preacher assumed to establish the theory that the book of Mormon and the old bible were one in inspiration and importance, and that the precious things now re- vealed had for wise purposes been withheld from the book first promulgated to the world, and were necessary to establish its truth. In the course of his argument he applied various quotations from the two books to prove his posi- tion. Holding the book of Mormon in his right hand, and the bible in his left hand, ]ie brought them together in a manner corresponding to tlic em- phatic declaration made by him, that they were both equally the word of God; that neither was perfect without the other; and that they were inseparably necessary to complete the everlasting gospel of the saviour Jesus Clirist. ' It is said that Rigdon, after his return to Kirtland from liis visit to Smith, in one of his eloquent discourses on the new faith, 'gave a challenge to the world to disprove the new bible, and the pretensions of its authors.' Rigdon 's old friend, Thomas Campbell, hearing of it, wrote him from Mentor accept- ing, at the same time enclosing an outline of what his line of argument would be. There tlie matter dropjjed. ^See MilleMnial Star, v. 33-5; Times and Seasons, iv. 352-4. Mather, in LippincoWs Mag., Aug. 1880, states that to escape persecution sixty believ- FIRST MIGRATIOX. 81 Partridge to Kirtland, arriving there early in Feb- ruary, and taking up their residence witii N. K. Whit- ney, who shows them great kindness. Among the hundred behevers there at the time, certain false doc- trines have crept in; these are quickly overcome, and a plan for community of goods which the family of saints had adopted is abolished. Commandment comes by revelation that a house shall be built for Joseph ; that Sidney shall live as seems to him good, for his heart is pure; that Edward Partridge shall be ordained a bishop;^ that all but Joseph and Sidney shall go forth, two by two, into the regions westward and preach the gospel.^" "And now, behold, I speak unto the church: thou shalt not kill ; thou shalt not steal ; thou shalt not lie ; thou shalt love thy wife, cleaving unto her and to none else; thou shalt not commit adultery; thou shalt not speak evil of thy neighbor, nor do him any harm. Thou knowest my laws, given in my scriptures; he that sinneth and repenteth not shall be cast out. And behold, thou wilt remember the poor, and consecrate of thy properties for their support, laying the same before the bishop of my church, the residue not to be taken back, but to be used by the church in buying lands and building houses of worship, for I will conse- crate of the riches of those who embrace my gospel among the gentiles unto the poor of my people who are of the house of Israel. Let him that o^oeth to ers abandoned their homes in the Susquehanna valley and moved westward. 'Some of the followers,' he says, 'were moved by a spirit of adventure, while others placed their property in the common lot and determined to accompany the prophet to his earthly as well as to his heavenly kingdom. Smith Baker was one of the teamsters, and reports that the train consisted of three bag- gage and eleven passenger wagons. The exodus was along the old state road, north of Binghamton, to Ithaca, and thence across Cayuga Lake to Palmyra.' "Smith had appointed as his bishop one Edward Partridge, a very hon- est and industrious hatter of Painesville, Ohio, who had withal a comfortable stock of the good things of the world. He was stationed at Independence, and had the sole control of all the temporal and spiritual afiFairs of the colony, always obedient, however, to the revelations promulgated by Smith.' '" ' Some of the members pretended to receive parchment commissions miraculously, which vanished from their sight as soon as they had been cop- ied.' For a copy of one of these, with seal attached, see Howe's Mormonism Unveiled, 107; Kidder's Mormonism, 73. HiBT. Utah. 6 82 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. the east tell them that shall be converted to flee to the west. And again, thou shalt not be proud; let thy garments be plain, the work of thine own hand, and cleanly. Thou shalt not be idle. And whosoever among you is sick, and has faith, shall be healed; and if he has not faith to be healed, but believe, he shall be nourished with all tenderness. If thou wilt ask, thou shalt receive revelation and knowledge. Whosoever hath faith sufficient shall never taste death. Ye shall live together in love; that whether ye live ye may live in me, or if ye die ye may die in me. So saith the Lord." Edward Partridge was born at Pittsfield, Massachu- setts, August 27, 1793. At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to a hatter. His was an earnest, thoughtful nature, and his mind much troubled about religion. In 1828 he entered Sidney Rigdon's Camp- bellite church, and in that faith remained until met by the missionaries Pratt, Cowdery, and the others, when he accepted the new revelation, and was subse- quently baptized by Joseph in the Seneca Piver. He had a profitable business at the time; but when it was revealed that he should leave his merchandise and de- vote his whole time to the church, he obeyed without a murmur. Joseph and Sidney were much together now in their revelations and rulings. A woman attempted prophe- sying and was rebuked. Sarcasm was employed, and scurrilous stories were printed in the newspapers ; an ac- count of a great Asiatic earthquake was headed "Mor- monism in China." Revelations during March were frequent. In one of them John Whitmer was ap- pointed church historian; and it was revealed that he should keep the church records, write and keep a regu- lar history, and act as secretary to Joseph, as had Oliver Cowdery formerly. ^^ Lands might be bought " ' Since the organization of the church on the sixth clay of April, 1830, there has been a record kept in our church of its general transactions, of its CHURCH RECORDS, 83 for Immediate necessity; but remember the city to be presently built, and be prudent.^^ And now from the shaking quakers came one Lemon Copley and accepted the gospel, though not in its fullness, as he retained persecutions and general history. The one in charge of this duty is called by us "the historian and general church recorder." The first who occupied this position was John Whitmer, until 1838, when he was excommunicated from the church for transgression, and took portions of the church records with him.' likhards' Bihliography of Utah, MS., 2. 'The earliest clerk service rendered the prophet Joseph, of which there is any account, was by Martin Harris; Joseph's wife, Emma, then Oliver Cowdery, who, as is claimed, wrote the greater portion of the original manuscript of the Book of Mormon, as he translated it from the gold plates by the urim and thummira which he obtained with the plates. In March 1831 John Whitmer was appointed to keep the church record and history continually, Oliver having been appointed to other labors. Whitmer was assisted, temporarily, on occasions of absence or illness by Warren Parrish. At a meeting of high council at Kirtland, Sept. 14, 1835, it was decided that "Oliver Cowdery be appointed, and that he act hereafter as recorder for the church," Whitmer having just been called to he editor of the MeAsenger and Advocate. At a general conference held in Far West April 6, 1838, John Corrill and Elias Higbee M'ere appointed historians, and George W. Robinson "general church recorder and clerk for the tirst presidency." On the death of Elder Robert B. Thompson, which occurred at Nauvoo on the twenty-seventh of August, 1841, in his obituary it is stated: " Nearly two years past he had officiated as scribe to President Joseph Smith and clerk for the church, which important stations he filled with tliat dignity and honor befitting a man of God." During the expulsion from Missouri, and the early settlement of Nauvoo, James MiilhoUand, William Clayton, and perhaps others rendered temporary service in this line until the 13th of December, 1841, when Willai'd Richards was appointed recorder, general clerk, and private secretary to the prophet, which offices he occupied until his death, in March 1854, when he was succeeded by George A. Smith, who held it until his death on the first of September, 1875, with Wiltord Wood- ruff as his assistant. Soon after, Orson Pi-att succeeded to the office, retain- ing Woodruff as his assistant, until his demise on the third of October, ISSl. Directly after President Woodruff was appointed to the office, and in January 1884, Apostle Franklin D. Richards was appointed his assistant.' See Timea and Seasons, v. 401; Milknvial Star, v. 82; Richards' Narrative, MS., 94-8. ^^ Of the future of this city there were many revelations and many con- jectures. ' It was said that it would in a few years exceed in splendor every- thing known in ancient times. Its streets were to be paved with gold; all that escapetl the general destruction which was soon to take place would there assemble with all their wealth; the ten lost tribes of Israel had been discovered in their retreat, in the vicinity of the north pole, where they had for ages been secluded by immense barriers of ice, anil became vastly rich; the ice in a few years was to be melted away, when those tribes, with St John and some of the Nephites, which the book of Mormon had innnortalized, would be seen making their appearance in the new city, loaded with immense quantities of gold and silver. Whether the prophet himself ever declared that these things liad been revealed to him, or that he had seen them through his magic stone or silver spectacles, we will not say; but that such stories and hundreds of others equally absui-d were told by those who were in daily intercourse with him, as being events which would probably take place, are susceptible of proof.' Jloive's Morinonism Unveiled, 127-8. 'Kirtland was never intended to be the metropolis of Mormonism; it was selected as a tem- porary abiding place, to make money m reference to a removal farther west.' Ferris' Utah and the Mormons, 72. 84 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. somewhat of his former faith ; whereupon a revelation ordered him to go with Parley P. Pratt and preach to the shakers, not according to his old ideas, but as Parley should direct. "And again, I say unto you that whoso forbiddeth to marry is not ordained of God, for marriage is or- dained of God unto man; wherefore it is lawful that he should have one wife, and they twain shall be one flesh. Beware of false spirits. Given May 1831." The saints from New York began to come in num- bers, and Bishop Partridge was ordered to look after them and attend to their requirements. It was or- dered that if any had more than they required, let them give to the church; if any had less, let the church relieve their necessities. The 6th of June a confer- ence of elders was held at Kirtland, and several re- ceived the authority of the Melchisedec priesthood. The next conference should be held in Missouri, whither Joseph and Sidney should proceed at once, and there it would be told them what to do. And to the same place others should go, two by two, each couple taking different routes and preaching by the way. Among those who went forth were Lyman Wight and John Corrill, John Murdock and Hyrum Smith by the way of Detroit, Thomas B. Marsh and Selah J. Griffin, Isaac Morley and Ezra Booth, David Whitmer and Harvey Whitlock, Parley P. Pratt and Orson Pratt, Solomon Hancock and Simeon Carter, Edson Fuller and Jacob Scott, Levi Hancock and Zebedee Coltrin, Reynolds Gaboon and Samuel H. Smith, Wheeler Baldwin and William Carter, Joseph Wakefield and Solomon Humphrey. With Joseph and Sidney were to go Martin Harris and Edward Partridge, taking with them a letter of recommenda- tion from the church.^^ "And thus, even as I have '' ' From this point in the history of this delusion,' says Howe, 'it began to spread with considerable rapidity. Nearly all of their male converts, however ignorant and worthless, were forthwith transformed into elders, and sent forth to proclaim, with all their wild enthusiasm, the wonders and mys teries of Mormonism. All those having a taste for the marvellous and de- MOVE TO MISSOURI. 85 said, if ye are faithful, ye shall assemble yourselves together to rejoice upon the land of Missouri, which is the land of your inheritance, which is now the land of your enemies. Behold, I the Lord will hasten the city in its time, and will crown the faithful with joy and with rejoicing. Behold I am Jesus Christ the son of God, and I will lift them up at the last day. Amen." While preparing for the journey to Missouri, a let- ter was received from Oliver Cowdery, reporting on his missionary work, and speaking of another tribe of Lamanites, living three hundred miles west of Santa Fe, called the Navarhoes (Navajoes), who had large flocks of sheep and cattle, and who made blankets. W. W. Phelps," with his family joining the society, was commissioned to assist Oliver Cowdery in select- ing, writing, and printing books for schools. Thus the move from Ohio to Missouri was begun, Joseph and his party starting from Kirtland the 19th of June, going by wagon, canal-boat, and stage to Cincinnati, by steamer to St Louis, and thence on foot to Inde- pendence, arriving about the middle of July. lighting in novelties flocked to hear them. Many travelled fifty and a hundred miles to the throne of the prophet in Kirtland, to hear from his own mouth the certainty of his excavating a bible and spectacles. Many, even in the New England states, after hearing the frantic story of some of these elders, would forthwith place their all into a wagon, and wend their way to the promised land, in order, as they supposed, to escape the judgments of heaven, which were soon to be poured out upon the land. The state of New York, they were privately told, would most probably be sunk, unless the people thereof believed in the pretensions of Smith, ' Mormonism Unveiled, 115-16. '* Howe writes thus of Phelps: 'Before the rise of Mormonism he was an avowed iufidel; having a remarkable propensity for fame and eminence, he was supercilious, hauglity, and egotistical. His great ambition was to em- bark in some speculation where he could shine preeminent. He took an active part for several years in the political contests of New York, and made no little display as an editor of a partisan newspaper, and after being foiled in his desires to become a candidate for lieutenant-governor of that state, his attention was suddenly diverted by the prospects which were held out to him in the gold-bible speculation. In this he was sure of becoming a great man, and made the dupes believe he was master of fourteen dif- ferent languages, of which they frequently boasted. But he soon found that the prophet would suiTer no growing rivalships, whose sagacity he had not well calculated, until he was met by a revelation which informed him that he could rise no higher than a printer. ' Mormonism Unveiled, 274. 86 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. '' Harken, O ye elders of ray churca, saith the Lord your God, who have assembled yourselves together, according to my commandments, in this land, which is the land of Missouri, which is the land which 1 have appointed and consecrated for the gathering of the saints; wherefore this is the land of promise, and the place for the city of Zion. And thus saith the Lord your God, if you will receive wisdom here is wisdom. Behold the place which is now called Inde- pendence is the centre place, and the spot for the temple is lying westward upon a lot which is not far from the court-house: wherefore it is wisdom that the land should be purchased by the saints; and also every tract lying westward, even unto the line run- ning directly between jew and gentile; and also every tract bordering by the prairies, inasmuch as my disci- ples are enabled to bay lands." Further, Sidney Gilbert was made church agent, to receive money and buy lands; he was also directed to establish a store. Partridge was to partition the lands purchased among the people; Phelps was made church printer. But the last two becoming a little headstrong on entering upon their new duties, Joseph found it necessary to reprimand and warn them. Harris was held up as an example to emulate, for he had given much to the church. It was or- dered that an agent be appointed to raise money in Ohio to buy lands in Missouri, and Bigdon was com- missioned to write a description of the new land of Zion for the same purpose. Ziba Peterson was dis- possessed of his lands, and made to work for others, in punishment for his misdemeanors. Thus the latter-day saints had come to the border line of civilization, and looking over it into the west they thought here to establish themselves forever. Here was to be the temple of God; here the city of refuge ; here the second advent of the savior. Mean- while their headquarters were to be at the town of Independence. CITY OF ZION. 87 In Kaw township, twelve miles west of Indepen- dence, the Colesville branch of the church built a log house; the visible head of the church, on the 2d of August, laying the first log, brought thither by twelve men, in honor of the twelve tribes of Israel. Next day the ground for the temple, situated a little west of Independence,^^ was dedicated, and the day fol- lowing was held the first conference in the land of Zion.^^ It was now commanded that Smith, Rigdon, Cow- dery, and others should return east, and make more proselytes, money for the purpose to be furnished them out of the general fund." Accordingly on the ^* Of Independence one of them says: 'It is a new town, containing a court- house built of brick, two or three merchants' stores, and 15 or 20 dwelling- houses built mostly of logs hewed on both sides; and is situated on a handsome rise of ground about three miles south of Missouri River, and about 12 miles east of the dividing line between the United States and the Indian reserve, and is the county seat of Jackson county. ' Booth's letter in Iloive's Mormonism Unveiled, 196. On the south side of the Missouri, Parley Pratt says, Auto- biography, 78, 'some families were entirely dressed in skins, withoiit any otlier clothing, including ladies young and old. Buildings were generally without glass windows, and the door open in winter for a light.' ^'' Booth, in Howe's Mormonism Unveiled, 196-9, says: 'The designation of the site where the city of Zion was to begin was attended with considerable parade and an ostentatious display of talents, both by Rigdon and Cowdery. And the next day the ground for the temple was consecrated. Smith claiming the honor of laying the corner-stone himself. The location of the stone was marked by a sapling from which the bark was removed on the north and east sides: on the south side a letter T was cut, which stood for temple, and on the east side Zom., for Zomas; which Smith said is the original woixl for Zion. This stone was placed near the foot of the sapling and covered with bushes cut for the purpose; the spot being on an elevation half a mile from Inde- pendence.' 'The Colesville branch was among the first organized by Joseph Smith, and constituted the first settlers of the members of the church in Missouri. They had arrived late in the summer and cut some hay for their cattle, sowed a little grain, prepared some ground for cultivation, and were engaged during the fall and winter in building log cabins, etc. The winter was cold, and for some time about 10 families lived in one cabin, which was open and unfinished, while the frozen ground served for a floor. Our food consisted of beef, and a little bread made of corn which had been grated into coarse meal by rubbing the ears on a tin grater.' Pratfs Autohiogra- phy, 76. See also Millennial Star, v. 131. It was revealed through Joseph the seer that the property of the Colesville branch should be held in com- mon, and that Partridge (its bishop) have charge and distribute from the com- munity storehouse according to the needs of each. Smith's Doctrine and Covenants (1876), 187-8. Smith in the beginning of the church attempted to establish communism, each giving their all to the bishop, and only drawing out of the otfice sufficient to live upon. This was found to be impracticable, and it was silently permitted to glide into the payment of tithing. Hyde's Mormonism, 37. ^' 'This year, 1831, passed off with a gradual increase, and considerable wealth was drawn in, so that they began to boast of a capital stock of ten or 88 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. 9th Joseph and ten elders started down the river in sixteen canoes, the leaders arriving at Kirtland the 27th, ^^ after having suffered hardship and mortifi- cation through disaffection among the elders. Titus Billings, who had charge of the church property there, was ordered to dispose of the lands, and prepare to remove to Missouri in the following spring, together with part of the people, and such money as could be raised. It was provided that those wishing to buy land in Zion could do so by forwarding the purchase- money. The account of the new country written by Sidney Rigdon did not please Joseph, and he was or- dered to write another; if that should not prove satis- factory, he was to be deprived of office,^^ On the 12th of September Joseph removed to the town of Hiram, thirty miles away, and prepared to begin again the translation of the bible, with Rigdon as scribe. The farm of Isaac Morley was ordered sold, while Frederic G. Williams should retain his, for it was desirable to keep a footing at Kirtland yet for fifteen thousand dollars. Their common-stock principles appear to be some- what similar to those of the shakers.' Howe's Mormonum Unveiled, 128-9. '^ Booth intimates that Smith and Pdgdon preferred living in Ohio to en- during the hardships of Missouri. ' Before they went to Missouri their lan- guage was, "We shall winter in Ohio but one winter more;" and when in Slissouri, "It will be many years before we come here, for the lord has a great work for us to do in Ohio." And the great work is to make a thorough al- teration of the bible, and invent new revelations, and these are to be sent to Missouri in order to be printed.' Letter in Howe's Mormonism Unveiled, 199. *^ 'Some dispute, of which the nature is not clearly known, appears to have arisen between Joseph and his friend Sidney Rigdon before their return. It is probable, from the course of subsequent events, that Sidney, even at this time, aspired to greater power in the church than suited the prophet, . . . who saw fit to rebuke him by a revelation accusing him of "being exalted in his heart, and despising the counsel of the lord. They afterward became reconciled."' Smucker's Mormons, 75-6, confirmed by Millennial Star, v. 149; 7%mes and Seasons, v. 467. From this time till January 1832, Joseph con- tinued preaching in various parts of the United States, making converts with great rapidity. He found it necessary, however, further to check the pre- sumption of some new and indiscreet converts who also had i-evelations from the Lord, which they endeavored to palm off upon the public. Among others, one W. E. McLellan was rebuked for endeavoring to 'write a commandment like unto one of the least of the Lord's. ' Mackaij's Mormons, 07-8. See anecdote of 'The Swamp Angel;' also account of raising the dead by Smith, about this time. Ward's Mormon Wife, 10-11, 15-24. For text of rebuke, where the name of the offender is given William E. M'Lelliu, see Millennial Slar, v. 185- 6; Times and Seasons, v. 496. PROGRESS AND APOSTASY. 89 five years. The store kept by Newel K. Whitney and Sidney Gilbert should likewise be continued. A system of tithes should be established. Ezra Booth apostatized, and wrote letters against the church.^^ Orson Hyde, clerk in Gilbert and Whitney's store, was baptized, and later make an elder. Phelps was told to buy at Cincinnati a printing-press and type, and start a monthly paper at Independence, to be called the Evening and Morning Star, which was done. Oliver Cowdery was instructed in November to return to Missouri, and with him John Whitmer, the latier to visit the several stations, and gather further materials for church history. Newel K. Whitney ''"Booth's letters were first printed at Ravenna, in the Ohio Star, and after- ward by E. D. Howe in his book, Mormonism Unveiled, 175-221. They are nine in number, and are full of general denunciation and sorrow over his past blindness, and an account of the hardships and disappointments attending his journey to and from Missouri. I quote the more pertinent points. 'When I embraced Mormonism I conscientiously believed it to be of God.' ' The relation in which Smith stands to the church is that of a prophet, seer, revealer, and translator; and when he speaks by the spii'it, or says he knows a thing by the communication of the spirit, it is received as coming directly from the mouth of the Lord.' 'This system, to some, carries the force of plausibility, and appears under an imposing form. It claims the bible for its patron, and proifers the restoration of the apostolic church, with all the gifts and graces with which the primitive saints were endowed.' 'Many of them have been ordained to the high priesthood, or the order of Melchisedec, and profess to be endowed with the same power as the ancient apostles were. But they have been hitherto unsuccessful in finding the lame, the halt, and the blind who had the faith sufficient to become the subjects of their miracles, and it is now concluded that this work must be postponed until they get to Missouri; for the Lord will not show those signs to this wicked and adulterous generation. In the commandment given to the churches in the state of New York to remove to the state of Ohio, they were assured that these miracles should be wrought in the state of Ohio; but now they must be deferred until they are settled in Missouri.' 'Everything in the church is done by com- mandment; and yet it is said to be done by the voice of the church. For instance, Smith gets a commandment that he shall be the head of the church, or that he shall rule the conference, or that the church shall build him an elegant house and give him 1,000 dollars. For this the members of the church must vote, or they will be cast off for rebelling against the commandments of the Lord.' 'Smith describes an angel as having the appearance of a tall, slim, well built, handsome man, with a bright pillar upon his head.' The bishop's 'business is to superintend the secular concerns of the church. He holds a deed of the lands; and the members receive a writing from him signifying that they are to possess the land as their own so long as they are obedient to Smith's commandments.' 'The Lord's storehouse is to be furnished with goods suited to the Indian trade, and persons are to obtain license from the government to dispose of them to the Indians in their own territory; at the same time they are to disseminate the principles of Mormonism among them. ' 90 THE STORY OF MORMONISM. was appointed 'bishop, to receive and account for church funds collected by the various elders. Many of the elders who went to Missouri were by this time at work in different parts of the east and the west.^^ On the 16th of February, 1832, while Smith and Rigdon were translating the gospel of St John, they were favored by a glorious vision from the Lord,^^ which gave them great comfort and encouragement. The revelations about this time were frequent and lengthy, their purport being in great part to direct the move- ments of missionaries. Simonds Kider and Eli, Ed- ward, and John Johnson now apostatized. On the night of the 25th of March, Smith and Rigdon were seized by a mob, composed partly of the Campbellites, methodists, and baptists of Hiram, twelve or fifteen being apostate Mormons. The cap- tives were roughly treated, and expected to be killed; but after they had been stripped, beaten, and well covered with tar and feathers, they were released. Smith preached and baptized as usual the next day, Sunday, but Rigdon was delirious for some time after- ward.^^ This broke up for the present the translation ^^ ' Thirty or forty elders were sent off in various directions in pursuit of proselytes, and the year passed off with a gradual increase.' Howe's Mormon- ism Uiivdlcd, 128-9. The men, after baptism, are elders, and are empowered to perform the ceremony upon others. Carvalho's Incidents of Travel, 148. For names of apostates at this time, see Hmucker's Hist. 3Ior., 11. For in- stances of young women induced to unite with the sect about this time, see Ward's Moi-mon Wife, 42-81. Mackay erroneously states that the number of saints in Kirtland at this time, including women and children, was but 150. The Mormons, 71-2. 2^In January it was revealed that the work of translating should be pro- ceeded with by Smith and Rigdon until finished; and that several of the elders, among whom was Orson Hyde, a recent convert, should go forth in various directions in pairs as before, and preach. Smith and some of the elders attended a conference at Amherst, Loraine Co., after returning from which both himself and Rigdon were shown the devil in a vision, and had the revelation of St John explained to them. In March it was revealed that steps should be taken to regulate and establish storehouses for the benefit of the poor, both at Kii'tland and at Zion. More missionaries were sent out, and word was received that the emigrants had safely reached Missouri. Times and Seasons, v. 576-7, 592-6, 608-9. '^'^ Times and Seaso7is, v. 611-12. Mackay, Mormons, 68-71, erroneously dates the outrage Jan. 25th. One account says aqua-foi-tis was poured into Smith's mouth. Deseret News, Aug. 6, 1862. Smith says 'they tried to force a vial into my mouth, and broke it in my teeth.' One reason assigned for this treatment was that they were attempting to establish communism and BOOK OF DOCTRINE AND COVENANTS. 91 of the bible; Rigdou went to Kirtland, and on the 2d of April, in obedience to a revelation, Smith started for Missouri, having for his companions Whitney, Peter Whitmer, and Gause. The spirit of mobocracy was aroused throughout the entire country. Joseph even feared to go to Kirtland, and escaped by way of Warren, where he was joined by Rigdon, whence the two proceeded to Cincinnati and St Louis by way of Wheeling, Virginia, a mob following them a good part of the way. The brethren at Independence and vicin- ity welcomed their leaders warmly, but the unbeliev- ers there as elsewhere hourly threatened violence.^* In May the first edition of the Book of Command- ments'^^ was ordered printed; the following month, pub- dishouorable dealing, forgery, and swindling. Burton's City of the Saints, 672. Smith merely says that Rigdon was mad; but his mother asserts that he counterfeited the madness in order to mislead the saints into the belief that the keys of the kingdom had been taken from the church, and would not be restored, as he said, until they had built him a new house. This, she says, gave rise to great scandal, which Joseph however succeeded in silencing. Rigdon repented and was forgiven. He stated that as a punishment for his fault, the devil had three times thrown him out of his bed in one night. litnvfs Journey to Great Salt Lake, i. 283 (note). ^*The 26th of April Smith called a general council, which acknowledged him as president of the high priesthood, to which he had been ordained at the Amherst conference in January, and Bishop Parti-idge and Rigdon, who had quarrelled, were reconciled, probably by Smith, as Rigdon was supposed to be at Kirtland at the time. This greatly rejoiced Smith; and he immediately received a revelation, in which it was announced that the stakes must be strengthened, and all property was to be held in common. Times and Seasons, V. 624-5; Mackay's The Mormons, 71. ''^ The first edition of Doctrine and Covewam^s presents the following title page: A Book of Commandments for the Government of the Church of Christ organized according to law on the 6th of April, 1S30. Zion: Published by W. W. Phelps