f^» f^» #^» ff^» #^» PLEASE HANDLE WITH CARE University of Connecticut Libraries Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/skeletalremainsfOOoett E SI INDIAN NOTES -^^ AND MONOGRAPHS fie, S*? Edited by F. W. Hodge No. §jmuM,I 39 A SERIES OF PUBLICA- TIONS RELATING TO THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES SKELETAL REMAINS 1 ' FROM SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA I CRANIOLOGY By BRUNO OETTEKING 1 1 1 JEW YORK k MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN HEYE FOUNDATION 1925 ate SKELETAL REMAINS FROM SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA I CRANIOLOGY BY BRUNO OETTEKING ERRATA Page 34, fourth line, for mastoid, read -parietal. " 34, twentieth and twenty-second lines, for mastoidea, read parietalis. " 35, fig. 3, second line of legend, for mastoidea, read parietales. ct 12.9, eighth line, for postcoronoideum, read -postcoronoidea. " 161, sixth line from bottom, omit ^4. " 161, between fifth and sixth lines from bot- tom, insert parietalis, 34, 3$. Norma basilaris 69 Norma frontalis 82 Norma occipitalis 121 Lower jaw 124 Teeth 146 Conclusion 148 Literature 154 Index 159 CONTENTS Page Illustrations 6 Foreword 9 State of preservation and classification 11 The problem and the plan of its investigation 15 Cranial size (capacity; horizontal circumference; module) . 15 Intracranial and cranio-facial correlations 18 Norma verticalis .... 21 Norma lateralis 31 Norma basilaris 69 Norma frontalis 82 Norma occipitalis 121 Lower jaw 124 Teeth 146 Conclusion 148 Literature 154 Index 159 ILLUSTRATIONS Plates I. System of sagittal cranial tracings of skull B (cf ) II. System of sagittal cranial tracings of skull C ( 9 ) III. System of sagittal cranial tracings of skull E (cf ) IV. System of frontal cranial tracings of skull B (cf ) V. System of frontal cranial tracings of skull C ( 9 ) VI. System of frontal cranial tracings of skull E (cf ) VII. System of horizontal cranial tracings of skull B (cf ) VIII. System of horizontal cranial tracings of skull C (9) IX. System of horizontal cranial tracings of skull E (cf ) X. Median-sagittal tracing of Santa Barbara skull B (cf ) in ear-eye orientation with angles marked XL Median-sagittal tracing of Santa Barbara skull C ( 9 ) in ear-eye orientation with angles marked XII. Median-sagittal tracing of Santa Barbara skull E ( cf ) in ear-eye orientation with angles marked XIII. Superposition of median-sagittal outlines XIV. Superposition of median-sagittal outlines XV. Norma frontalis (facialis) of skull B (cf ) XVI. Norma frontalis (facialis) of skull C ( 9 ) XVII. Norma frontalis (facialis) of skull E (cf ) XVIII. Norma lateralis of skull B (cf ) XIX. Norma lateralis of skull C ( 9 ) XX. Norma lateralis of skull E (cf) XXL Norma verticalis of skull B (cf ) XXII. Norma verticalis of skull C ( 9 ) XXIII. Norma verticalis of skull E (cf ) XXIV. Norma basilaris of skull B (cf ) XXV. Norma basilaris of skull C ( 9 ) XXVI. Norma basilaris of skull E (cf ) XXVII. Norma occipitalis of skull B (cf ) XXVIII. Norma occipitalis of skull C ( 9 ) XXIX. Norma occipitalis of skull E (cf) XXX. Norma lateralis of calotte D (cf ) XXXI. Norma verticalis of calotte D (cf ) XXXII. Norma occipitalis of calotte D (cf ) ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 1. Coronal angle of partes bregmaticse of coronal sutures in the Santa Barbara skulls 25 2. Diversity of the coronal suture in skulls from San Miguel Island, California 27 3. Right and left squama temporalis of Santa Barbara B (tf 1 ) _..: _ 35 4. Crista supramastoidea projecting upon parietal bone . 36 5. Tracings of fossa temporalis of skull B (cT) in ear-eye orientation 38 6. Tracings of fossa temporalis of skull C ( 9 ) in ear-eye orientation 38 7. Tracings of fossa temporalis of skull E (c?) in ear-eye orientation 39 8. Anatomical configuration and landmarks of fossa temporalis 40 Median-sagittal frontal outlines in superposition .... 52 Postbregmatic elevation 56 Schematic representation of angles at the cranial base . 64 Canalis hypoglossi in the Santa Barbara skulls, show- ing different forms of bipartition 73 13. Merging of the left foramen spinosum and canalis musculotubarius in skull C ( 9 ) 76 14. Variation in the shape of the spina nasalis posterior of the Santa Barbara skulls 77 15. Anomalous palatine perforations in skull C ( 9 ) 78 16. Superposition of left frontal processus zygomatici in frontal projection 85 17. Pars nasalis of frontal bone in frontal projection and ear-eye orientation with nasion and infranasion points in the Santa Barbara specimens 87 18. Scheme of orbital declinations of skull B (cf ) 94 19. Scheme of orbital declinations of skull C ( 9 ) 95 20. Scheme of orbital declinations of skull E (c? 1 ) 96 21. Midorbital outlines of nasal bones in cranial ear-eye orientation 99 22. Vertical outlines of the nasal bones and angles of the nasal roof 100 23. Two aspects of crista infrazygomatica 109 ILLUSTRATIONS Page 24. Midfacial horizontal outlines (comparative) 116 25. Basal and median-sagittal outlines of chin region in the Santa Barbara mandibles in alveolar orienta- tion 127 26. Lateral outlines in orthogonal projection and alveolar orientation of the Santa Barbara mandibles 133 27. Superposition of mandibular rami in lateral projec- tion and alveolar orientation 141 FOREWORD LIKE many other finds of supposed antiquity in America, the much noted skeletal remains from Santa Barbara, California, have passed through the usual stages of fantastic misrepre- sentation in the daily press to sober evaluation by scien- tific judgment. The bones were found in October, 1923, by Mr. J. P. Harrington of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D. C, in the course of work conducted jointly with the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, in connection with the exploration of the Burton Mound at Santa Barbara, which was made possible by the generosity of Mrs. Thea Heye. The exploration was conducted under the immediate auspices of the Museum, by an agreement whereby the remains came to its Department of Physi- cal Anthropology, where their methodical study was undertaken. Its procedures, so far as the craniology is concerned, are set forth in the following pages, while the results, remarks on the geological conditions and otherwise, and the discussion of the morphological sig- nificance of the find, are treated in the final chapter. A preliminary note by the author on the Santa Barbara skeletal remains appeared in Indian Notes, 1924, v. I, pp. 76-83, Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. He also reported on the find at the Ninety- second Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Toronto in August, 1924. Bruno Oetteking SKELETAL REMAINS FROM SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA I. CRANIOLOGY By Bruno Oetteking state op preservation and classification THE skeletal remains from Santa Barbara as they were received during the month of Feb- ruary, 1924, at the Department of Physical Anthropology of the Museum, consist of three lots, named A, B, and C. The bones were heavy from the adhering soil, and incrusted with earth and ashes. After cleaning they regained their original color, which is dirty brownish for all the B items, and a lighter but uneven brownish for C. The fragments of A had ab- sorbed ashes and remained smoke-blackened even after cleaning. The viscous consistency of the incrustation seemed to be due to a hardened and perhaps a fatty sub- stance; however, no attempt was made to analyze it. During the summer of 1924 two additional specimens from the same site were acquired by Mr. F. W. Hodge, then traveling in California, and sent by him to the Museum. They bore similar traces of adhering earthy material and were listed with the others as D and E, and the results of their examination are incorporated with those of the primary finds. It deserves special mention that none of the skulls 11 12 SANTA BARBARA had been submitted to intentional deformation, in which respect they conform to the general status of crania from southern California. Only skull E is slightly deformed, as a result of unintentional pressure, con- cerning which mention is made later (pages 14, 22, 32). In general the state of preservation is very good, except that of A, which, as already mentioned, consists of a number of fragments, and D which represents a skull cap or calotte only. The external compacta of all the parts belonging to B is so little impaired that it retains its glossy appearance. The same is true of D and partly of E. In the latter and in C the compacta is less smooth and is slightly injured in places by the chemical action of the soil and perhaps by root erosion, without, however, being scaly or calcined. Minor defects in the skulls are mentioned in connection with the parts affected in the detailed list below. Specimens B, D, and E were quite probably males of adult age between 40 and 45 years. All the teeth, except the third lower molars of E, are erupted and worn in the way usual with North American Indians. All the sutures are open. The same applies to specimen C, quite probably a female. The fragments of A are doubtless those of a male. Frequent mention will be made of them in comparison. The five specimens are referred to in the text as either A, B, C, D, and E, or the Santa Barbara specimens, or the males (B, D, E) and the female (C), and in the tables as: A (cf), B (cf); (D tf),E (c?),andC (9). The Santa Barbara cranial remains, then, comprise the following items: CRANIOLOGY 13 A, cranial fragments of an adult male: a. frontal bone, with adhering portions of right parietal and nasal bones, and portion of right ala magna. b. right temporal bone, with incomplete squama. c. right zygomatic and maxillary bones, with adher- ing portions of right palatine bone, and of the palatine and alveolar processes of the left maxillary, and the horizontal process of the left palatine bone. d. right condyle of lower jaw. Teeth : 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 I 1 x 3 x x x x x 1 B, cranium of an adult male: right lacrimal bone missing, left one fragmentary. Teeth: x7654x2x|l234567x S765432x|l23xx67S C, cranium of an adult female: coronal and left spheno-parietal sutures, slightly rifted after cleaning, were rejoined; as also were cracked portions of the occipital bone posteriorly of the foramen magnum; roofs of both orbits and nasal bones slightly defective; 1 A cross (x) indicates loss of teeth, a dash ( — ) teeth not erupted, while numbers in parentheses refer to defectiveness. The latter is indicated in the same way in other bones. 14 SANTA BARBARA anterior walls of alveoli for both upper lateral incisors and both left lower incisors open, in the latter apparently by some pathological process. Teeth: 876543211 x 2345678 8765432l| 12345678 D, skull cap of an adult male: with adhering nasal bones, the upper extreme end of the left ala magna, and the interparietal portion of the occipital bone; the squamosal margin of the right parietal bone is slightly defective. E, cranium of an adult male: brain case slightly depressed on right side, caused perhaps by cradle-board pressure 1 or by carry- ing the infant on its mother's back; posterior border of foramen magnum slightly defective, also right orbital roof and both laminae papyraceae. Teeth: 876x432 1 I 12345678 -765432 x|lx34567- 1 On this particular form of plagiocephaly, Boas (1889, 365) remarks: "It is a noteworthy fact that in the majority of cases the left side of the head is more prominent than the right side. Presumably this is due to the fact that the child mostly lies on his right side when in his cradle." CRANIOLOGY 15 THE PROBLEM AND THE PLAN OF ITS INVESTIGATION Notwithstanding the fact that on first examination the skeletal material from Santa Barbara did not appear to present any extraordinary features from the morpho- logical angle of observation, its methodical investigation seemed to be commensurate with the importance attached to the find. This was done in such a way that in the five cranial aspects or norma? the descriptive and metrical features were subjected to a careful individual and comparative study. It is by such procedure that the significance of a given specimen might be ascertained. Furthermore, it is only by exhaustive investigation that the gradually multiplying American finds will receive the full scientific treatment due them. The investigations were carried on with the aid of a modern instrumentarium, particularly with regard to the drawing of outlines, superimposing these, and the ascertaining of angular relations. In most of the cases the technique is that prescribed by Rud. Martin (1914). cranial size (capacity; horizontal circumference; module) In order to afford a conception of the cranial size in general, the three quantities mentioned in the heading were studied and their metrical expressions are listed in the subjoined table. On the basis of the classification of the cubic capacity of the skull as established by Fr. and P. Sarasin, our three skulls are euencephalic. The only pronounced difference is to be noted between the female and the males. Its capacity of 1158 ccm. places 16 SANTA BARBARA HUMAN VARIETY Santa Barbara B ( & w M M r 1 r 1 r 1 r 1 r 1 r 1 Santa Barbara * B (cf) 38 42 41 38 40 42 30 30 28 28 30 78.9 71.4 68.3 73.7 75.0 69.0 4 14 14 7 16 16 28 33 37 28 34 38 31 37 41 31 C (9 ) 4? E (d 1 ) 44 -~ , • +(cf 29 27 25.5 Eskimol < g Europeans^ * The measurements are in millimeters. t For explanations see text immediately preceding % Cameron 1923, p.c. 39. The difference of dimension between the two sides of the skull is the rule in the listings of this table. The length-width index of the fossa temporalis is more influ- enced by its variable length than by its width, which is more stable. The male width is quite in keeping with Cameron's figure for Eskimo, while his female Eskimo range below the female Santa Barbara skull. The Europeans have a width of only 25.5 mm.; it must be taken in consideration, however, that the zygomatic bridge, which is involved in this measurement, represents a racially differing feature. Coinciding with the low indices of our skull E (cf) are seen the high sutural lengths as compared with those of B (d 71 ) and C ( 9), a fact already referred to. Additional mention should be made regarding the 42 SANTA BARBARA sphenoparietal suture of skull B. Approaching the stenocrotaphic state : with a length of only 4 mm., the left suture takes a strong upward turn. The krotaphion is situated on the summit of a trapezoid projection of the temporal squama, denoting an incipient stage of the processus frontalis. This condition is prompted on the right side of skull B by a sharp rectangular forward turn of the squamosal suture, which latter is evenly continued into the spheno- squamosal suture. Fig. 3, a, b, depict these slightly irregular appearances. The shape of the processus frontosphenoidalis is rather slender and high in our three skulls, with marginal processes hardly indicated. In the fragments of skull A, however, the frontosphenoidal process is somewhat more robust, and the marginal one well developed. The height of the processus frontosphenoidalis in our skulls is influenced by the more horizontally directed zygo- matic processes of the frontal bone, particularly in skull B. The bearing of this condition on the production and 1 A stenocrotaphic state is reached with a length of 3-0 mm. of the sutura sphenoparietal (R. Virchow 1875, 52). Lange (1924, 373) has found that the greatest absolute length of the suture occurs in Europeans; it is less extended in the Negroes, and shortest in the Australians. Stenocrotapby was noted in the undeformed North Pacific crania in 0.8% on the right, 1.6% on the left, and 0.8% on both sides. This insignificant frequency does not conform with Anutschin's (Martin 1914, 780) findings of 3.0 % in Mongols of North Asia, 5.8% in Mongols in general, and even 8.2% in Chinese. It is an interesting fact, however, that the frequency of stenocrotaphy rises in the deformed skulls of the North Pacific Coast. CRANIOLOGY 43 extent of postorbital constriction is referred to on page 30 and will be further discussed on page 83. In a previ- ous publication (Oetteking 1919) racial differences prevail- ing in this region as concerns the shape and lateral reces- sion of the process under discussion have been pointed out. It was shown there that among European, Eskimo, and Negro, the first named held a medium position as regards the recession of the processus frontosphenoidalis. Meas- sured in lateral projection between the medial and lateral borders of the left orbit (maxillof ronta'e-ektokonchion) , the greatest distance amounted to 9 mm. in the Eskimo, 13 mm. in the European, and 16 mm. in the Negro. Our three skulls, with 14 mm. in B, and 12 mm. each in C and E, thus conform with medium conditions as represented by Europeans. The orbital measurements in general are treated on pages 91, 98. Among the main measurements observable in norma lateralis are those of the cranial length and height. The former has been discussed in connection with the norma verticalis. The basion-bregma height of B is 134 mm., of C 125 mm., and of E 133 mm. Compared with the height averages of 129.9 mm. and 122.4 mm. of the two sexes of the San Miguel skull series, the cranial heights of the Santa Barbara skulls exceed them. This is demonstrated also by their relative position within the ranges of variation of 120-139 mm. and 115-130 mm. for the San Miguel males and females. The length-height index becomes accordingly 77.0 for skull B, 74.9 for skull C, and 78.7 for skull E, rendering the two males hypsicranial, the female orthocranial, but at the border line of orthocrany and hypsicrany. The relatively 44 SANTA BARBARA high individual values of the length-height index of the Santa Barbara crania are somewhat disproportionate to the San Miguel averages of 72.5 and 71.4 in the two sexes, although covered by the range of variation of the latter. The difference is due, as will be seen from the table of measurements, to both the greater length and the lesser height of the San Miguel skulls. In dolichocranial Mongoloid varieties like the Eastern Eskimo, the length- height index is naturally decisively influenced by the relatively greater cranial length. Thus, while the basion-bregma height in that human variety {Oetteking 1909) yielded an average as high as 134.6 mm., at a range of from 128-144 mm., the length-height index yielded only an orthocranial average of 73.7, owing to the greater cranial length averaging 182.3 mm. from a range of 171- 200 mm. Chama^crany, on the other hand, is the pre- vailing condition in the paleolithic skulls (La Chapelle- aux-Saints = 62.9, and approximately: Piltdown = 68.4; Galley Hill = 67.4), owing here to their excessive cranial length, which amounts to 208 mm. in the first- named skull. The cranial ear-heights (porion-bregma) nearly coin- cide with 112 mm. in B and 111 mm. in C, while E has only 109 mm. A pronounced sex difference was noticed in the San Miguel skulls, where the males attained an average of 111.2 mm. against 104.2 mm. for the females. The difference between their basion-bregma and porion- bregma heights is the result of different infraporial extension. The basion-porion portions of the cranial height measure 22 mm. in B, 14 mm. in C, and 26 mm. in E, showing the two male skulls considerably in excess CRANIOLOGY 45 of the female skull. This seems to be the general con- dition between the two sexes, although R. Virchow (quoted by R. Martin 1914, 691) found the position of the porion to be higher in Frisian women. In our frequently mentioned San Miguel series there is an average infraporial extension of 20.3 mm. in men and 17.9 mm. in women, varying from 13 mm. to 30 mm. and 12 mm. to 24 mm. respectively. Males and females combined yield an average of 19.9 mm., which ranges among the highest quoted by Martin (p. 691), compris- ing the Maori with 19.4 mm., Papuans with 20.3 mm., and Old Egyptians with 21.6 mm. The infraporial height varies according to the same author from 6 mm. to 26 mm. in the human varieties. The ear-heights brought into proportion with the length measurements of 174 mm., 167 mm., and 169 mm., in the three Santa Barbara skulls, give rise to indices of 64.4 for B, 66.5 for C, and 63.9 for E. Apply- ing for the ear-height index the same nomenclature as used for the cranial height index, all our skulls turn out hypsicranial, the female even more than the two males. The ear-height index reverses somewhat the calculations of our cranial height index in so far as skull C ( 9 ), which was found to be orthocranial by the latter, is hypsicranial by the former, and even exceeds the two male skulls in ear-height hypsicrany. The reason is to be seen, first, in the smaller infraporial extension of the height diame- ter in C, and, secondly, its smaller cranial length. The San Miguel averages of the ear-height index at 61 + are orthocranial, although their range of variation comprises also a number of hypsicranial individuals. 46 SANTA BARBARA From a general point of view it seems that the peoples of Mongol extraction manifest a tendency toward hypsi- crany, while the true Mongols (Buriat, Ostiak, Kal- muck) are rather platycranial. The measurements just discussed are listed in the following table. HUMAN VARIETY Santa Barbara B ( G .- ft .S cS u nj £ b b73 r- a: c3 ra *j P5 j) OXB 001-pioqo O 1-H CM CM 00 !>• t^ CM O 00 On On On On 00 fO NO 00 ^f y-t 00 00 On 00 00 On 00 u-> O 00 00 On pjOip On m CO CO o o o o O O OJ O On ^ ^" o ^f CM O ^ ,_ ' '— ' CM On 00 "^ CM i-i <* cj rt XJ § < CRANIOLOGY 55 I o CO NO O CO o 00 ,-^ro CO CO r- r^ co co T— 1 f^ t~-» CO lo On CO CO CO cocoOncocoOncococo I 1 -~s LO lO i— I CO CN NOOCM>Ol> CO CO CO CO O CO CO ■** y-f »-0 CN ■^-l "* CN C* ^O co o ^D Wl S-h o > a < | >/i bfi W ,"& a, o S-H Pi w 4^ 1-1 N CI Cj Oh s u 'O Pi rf -H (U 4-3 43 £ £ cfi c/j w i.u -U Oh PJ 4-T •-H cu m ° 43 H I 43 U 5 O •- «U 43 -C 0>43 rn « NO NO :^~ * — i ON o o •p ^Z S w 43 .l-H v <5 0.33 fc£Co P J * S'43^ > So ^H— ++ ^ o -^ 2 .a-S -J Santa Barbara B ( ei C J2 • i-* l* ^J Ih c O ni XI mm. mm. 20 102 18 99 18 98 16 95 20 95 19.6 18.2 18.4 16.8 21.1 The parenthesized figures of the first and third columns signify, in conjunction with the infranasion-supraorbi- tale length, the length with the nasion, and the indices in which it is involved. Considering that for the first proportion an index of 50.0 and above denotes that the nasal process reaches down to or below the level of hori- CRANIOLOGY 91 zontal halving of the orbit, all the indices fall short of that mark. On the other hand, it will be noticed that the greater lengths of the nasal processes give rise to the higher indices, as shown by Santa Barbara specimen B and the Eskimo skull. Similar conditions prevail in regard to the indices in parentheses: although the higher index among the Santa Barbara shifts to C, the Eskimo maintains its highest position. It will be easily recog- nized that the increasing differences between the infra- nasion and nasion lengths modify the indices in such a way as to be no longer illustrative of the true morphologi- cal conditions, which can lie only with the infranasion length. A comparison of the indices and of the factors involved in Santa Barbara skull C and the Carijo skull corroborates this statement. With regard to the width index, the table shows its gradual decrease with the diminishing of both factors involved, or, from a general angle, the interorbito-bi- orbital index decreases with the diminishing biorbital width. If, however, a greater interorbital width com- bines itself with a relatively smaller biorbital width, the index assumes a higher figure, as shown by the Carijo, whose index of 21.1 exceeds the others noted in the table. The orbital dimensions constituting the orbital index may be gathered from the table on page 92, in which, in order to facilitate comparison, the lacrimale width likewise is considered. The difference between the two widths, amounting to 4 mm. and 2 mm. in the three Santa Barbara skulls, rarely surpasses the higher figure in any series of skulls. Their maxillofrontale widths of 41-43 mm. fall very 92 SANTA BARBARA ORBITA width index HUMAN VARIETY 3 height l.maxillo- 2.1acri- frontale male 3-100 3-100 mm. mm. mm. 1 2 Santa Barbara B (&) 43 43 41 39 39 39 34 36 36 79.1 83.7 87.8 87.2 C (9) 92.3 E (d*) 92.3 Haida fcf ... 45.3 41.3 35.7 78.9 86.4 (42-50) (38-45) (33-39) (70.0- (76.5- Averages< 9 ... 42.1 38.8 35.4 86.4) 84.1 95.2) 91.1 (39-44) (36-40) (32-38) (76.2- 92.3) (82.3- 100.0) Koskimo frf 1 ... 45.1 40.5 39.2 85.9 96.6 (43-48) (39-44) (39-42) (79.2- (86.2- Averages< 9... 43.2 39.0 38.7 93.3) 89.6 102.5) 99.0) (42-44) (37-41) (37-40) (84.1- 93.0) (92.3- 105.1) La Chapelle-aux- — Right Right Saints 47.5 Left 39.0 Left 46.5 38.0 — 81.9 low in the physiological range of that measurement as listed with the series in our table and which covers the values of 42-50 mm. The lacrimale width naturally yields similar results. The width averages of the Haida and Koskimo, although slightly in excess of our indi- vidual values, are nevertheless fairly uniform among themselves. This cannot be said regarding the orbital CRANIOLOGY 93 height, which is greatest in the Koskimo with their notoriously high orbits, and of which not only the Haida averages but likewise the Santa Barbara orbits fall short. The maxillofrontale index renders skulls B and C meso- konchial at 79.1 and 83.7, and E hypsikonchial at 87.8, while the three lacrimale indices are hypsikonchial at 87.2 for B, and 92.3 for both C and E. There seems to be indeed a tendency toward hypsikonchy in the Mongo- loids, which is clearly shown even by the more conserva- tive figures of the maxillofrontale index which renders both Koskimo averages hypsikonchial, while those of the Haida prove to be mesokonchial. Not so much by our individual Santa Barbara indices as by the averages of our table, it is shown that the female orbit is more hypsi- konchial than the male and that on account of the higher orbit of the female in proportion to the width. This condition is fairly generally met with in all the human groups. The orbital index (lacrimale) of La Chapelle-aux- Saints is mesokonchial, but near the border line toward chamsekonchy (quoted by Martin 1914, 858). The considerable orbital height of 38 mm. is prompted there by a still more considerable orbital width of 46.5 mm., which bespeaks a very extensive orbital orifice, although the orbital index amounts only to 81.9, rendering it mesokonchial but quite close to chamaekonchy. In addition to the general descriptive marks of the orbit and their quantitative interpretation, it is the angular relation toward the three geometrical planes which is of great importance with respect to the con- figurative significance of the orbit in the facial complex. 94 SANTA BARBARA The relations are those of the orbital width (maxillo- frontale-ektokonchion) toward the frontal and horizon- tal planes passing through the maxillofrontale points, and that of the orbital height toward the horizontal v C E- \Ot'£ 85 °\ -E' or Fig. 18. — Scheme of (a) frontal, (b) horizontal, and (c) vertical orbital declination in ear-eye orientation of skull B(c?). / — /', frontal and h — h', horizontal plane line through mf, maxillofrontale; ek, ektokonchion; E — E', ear-eye plane through or, orbitale; ors, orbitale superior; or — v, vertical plane line, (f natural size.) plane. It may not be superfluous to add that these three relations accounting for the frontal, horizontal, and sagit- tal declination of the orbit correspond to its declination in the vertical, frontal, and lateral aspects. The meas- CRANIOLOGY 95 urements were obtained by means of H. Virchow's (1915; 1918) "prosopometer," an ingeniously constructed instrument capable of the minutest application. The absolute measurements taken by this instrument from .94°j onsr 92°\ -U' or Fig. 19. — Scheme of orbital declinations of skull C ( 9 '. as in fig. 18. (f natural size) The markings are the skull oriented in the ear-eye plane can easily be repro- duced upon paper and, for the frontal and horizontal declination, projected upon lines representing the fron- tal and horizontal plane lines passing through the maxil- 96 SANTA BARBARA lofrontale points, while the vertical declination is referred to a line representing the ear-eye plane. Figs. 18-20, constructed in such manner, visualize the respective conditions in the Santa Barbara skulls, which are more E- -OT>g 1 96 9f°\ -E> or Fig. 20. — Scheme of orbital declinations of skull E (cf) . The markings are as in fig. 1 8. (| natural size) precisely explained by the legends. However, it may here also be pointed out that the broken lines in the three sets of figures are in adjustment of differences of position in each pair of orbits which amount to 1 mm. as to the CRANIOLOGY 97 frontal projection in both B and C, and likewise 1 mm. with reference to the horizontal orientation in C. The latter amounts to exactly 3 mm. in E, i.e., the right orbit lies in horizontal orientation 3 mm. below the level of the left. The subjoined table lists the three declinations (a-c of each figure) for each pair of orbits, and the aver- age of each two. It will be seen that the findings for the two orbits are diverse in most cases. Comparing the averages, it is shown that the female skull at 19.0° exceeds in frontal declination the male skulls at 17.3° DECLINATION OF ORBIT SPECIMEN Frontal Horizontal Vertical r. 1. 17° 19° 17° aver. r. 1. 15° 15° 10° aver. r. 88° 94° 96° 1. 85° 92° 94° aver. Santa Barbara B (cf) C (9) E (cf) 17.5° 19° 19° 17.3° 19.0° 18.0° 18° 15.5° 12° 16.5° 15.3° 11.0° 86.5° 93.0° 95.0° and 18.0°. Judging from Martin's (1914, 819) compara- tive table of averages, it appears that stronger deviations such as in the Swiss at 20.1° (16-28°) and in modern Europeans in general at 20.0° (16-24°), stand in opposi- tion to those of the different Mongoloid peoples such as the Japanese at 14.2° (11-18°), the Kalmuck at 15.9° (9-23°), as well as in the Australian at 16.0° (14-20°). Our three skulls do not corroborate this disparity, but it must be remembered that they represent individual values which, as such, fall well within the Mongoloid ranges. 98 SANTA BARBARA The angle of horizontal declination is an expression of the fact that the human orbit slants more or less from medially and above to laterally and below. According to Adachi (cited by Martin 1914, 863), the angle under discussion is smaller in the Japanese and the Mongoloids than in Europeans, owing to the fact that the inferior lateral angle in the latter is drawn downward much more than in the former. Our angles amount to 16.5° in B, 15.3° in C, and 11° in E, thus preserving the propor- tions which as a rule obtain in the male and the female skulls. Martin (p. 863) gives averages for Europeans of 16.2° in males and 13.9° in females, while in the Japanese they are 13.8° and 11.9° respectively. In this particu- lar case, then, our skulls B and C rather conform with the European averages, while E falls even below the male average for the Japanese. As regards the vertical declination of the orbit, special investigations have shown that in general the angle in the male is greater than in the female, and that in Europeans it is greater than in the Mongoloids. Thus, while in the Mongoloids the angles average about 90°, Europeans (Swiss) are listed with 95.9° and 96° in the two sexes, and vary from 89° to 101°. Our skulls bear out this statement only in male B at an angle of 86.5°, while female C at 93° and male E at 95° are rather high, although falling well within the Mongoloid variation which Reicher (cited by Martin 1914, 818) giv.s from 81° to 101° for Telengets. The nasal skeleton has already been mentioned in the discussion of the naso-frontal suture which separates the processus or pars nasalis of the frontal bone from CRANIOLOGY 99 the upper ends of the nasal bones (page 85). Both the latter joining in the sutura internasalis form the gabled roof of the nose, as shown by the midorbital horizontal tracings in ear-eye orientation of fig. 21, a-e. Our three specimens (a-c) show to an appreciable extent the angu- lar projection in advance of the frontal plane ine (f-f) passing through the points of intersection with the naso- maxillary sutures. All three of them are considerably exceeded by a Swabian (American Museum of Natural History, no. 4555), while a Negro (same, no. 6958) falls markedly short of them. These instances serve to illustrate the conditions discussed, in three different a 6 c t/ r /\ ^x zN^ Lla *d=* /' Fig. 21. — Midorbital outlines of nasal bones in cranial ear-eye orientation. a — c, Santa Barbara B (cf), C (9), and E (cf); d, Swabian; e, Negro. / — /', a frontal plane line coinciding with midorbital horizontal. (About § natural size.) races, although the ranges of individual variation may be quite wide at the same time. Another morphological characteristic in the skull of the Mongoloid is the vertical concavity of the nasal bones and which is evenly and deeply curved in the Santa Barbara skulls, as demonstrated in fig. 22, a-c. The Chinook (no. 4470, American Museum of Natural History) tracing (d) shows a slight modification in so far as its lower portion swings outwardly into a mild convexity. The tracing in its entirety represents thus a double curve not too rarely found in the Chinook. Of moderate depth is the concavity of the Negro curve (e), and quite shallow that of the Swabian (J). However, 100 SANTA BARBARA the point of distinction between the latter two tracings is their different projection as measured by the angle of the nasal roof between the nasion- rhinion line and the ear- eye parallel through the nasion. The shallow- ness of the Swabian out- line is correlated with a stronger projection as ex- pressed by a lesser angle o. 57° as against 71° in the Negro and which in the latter illustrates the flatness of his nose. There is a much stronger projection at 43° to be noticed in the Chinook, and in line with the Swabian is that of the Santa Barbara specimens. But the difference lies with their degree of con- cavity, as has been pointed out above. 1 It is 1 The total concavity of the nasal bones vertically is also noticed in the human fossils {Homo m ouster iensis, Rhodesia) . CRANIOLOGY 101 this feature, first of all, which furnishes the racial distinc- tions, but, second in importance, a^o the amount of pro- jection. For the latter, Martin (1914, 814) gives a varia- tion in Caucasoids from 43° to 65°, and in Mongoloids (Kalmucks, Torgotes, Chinese) from 56° to 76°. The projection of the nasal contour (angle of the nasal roof) is in a way influenced by the profile line, and it is clear that a more prognathous face mitigates the impres- sion of nasal projection. The angle between the nasal roof line and that of facial prognathism varies therefore between the Europeans and the more primitive groups. At a physiological range of from 1° to 47°, Martin (1914., 815) lists extreme group means of 34° for the Swiss and 12.1° for Negroes, while the Mongoloids main- tain about medial stations. Such inferences cannot be fully justified by the Santa Barbara skulls at 24°, 19°, and 31°, which as such represent only individual values within generally quite extensive ranges of variation. Coming now to the dimensions of the nasal aperture, it appears that within a general range of variation of 32-64 mm., the heights represent, with 53 mm. for B, 49 mm. for C, and 48 mm. for E, about medium condi- tions, which hold true likewise for the widths of 24 mm. and 26 mm. for B and C, and even 21 mm. for E, within the width variation extending from 17 mm. to 32 mm. The indices result accordingly, namely, leptorrhinic in B and E at 45.3 and 43.8, but chamaerrhinic in C. While there is a general tendency toward broader noses in the peoples of Mongoloid derivation, except the Eskimo who are the classical representatives of leptorrhiny, there are on the other hand Indian groups with a tend- 102 SANTA BARBARA ency toward narrower noses. Our skulls B and E are examples of such. There are no anomalies to be noticed in the nasal bones of our specimens, except that in C the two principal nasal foramina are situated in the lower halves, while as a rule they occur rather in the upper halves. The left one of C furthermore is removed toward the naso- maxillary suture. The nasal bones of C, as already mentioned in connection with the general state of preser- vation, are defective at their interior ends, but the right one is medially intact and afforded the complete vertical outline of the nasal roof. In D only the left nasal fora- men is present; in E the right one is of normal size, while the left exists as a very tiny opening. The nasal bones are of medium width and are con- stricted in their upper halves, the minimum width being 8 mm. in skulls B and C, and 9 mm. in D and E. Widen- ing in their lower halves, they acquire maximum exten- sions of 16 mm. in B, 15 mm. in C, and 12 mm. each in D and E. The minimum and maximum widths give rise to the transverse index of the nasal bones, which is 50.0 in B and 53.3 in C,but 75.0 each in D and E, account- ing here for smaller difference between the sizes of the two factors involved. In the former they are indicative of the"Sanduhr" (hourglass) shape of the nasal bones, which is typically pronounced in the Eskimo at an aver- age of 33.7, while in Europeans the constriction becomes more equalized as expressed by indices, for instance, of the Parisians at 60.0 and Auvergnates at 62.7, rising even to 66.6 in La Chapelle-aux-Saints. The proportions of the nasal bones in the Anthropomorphae are no less C R A N I O L O G Y 103 variable than those in the human skull. Their funda- mental differences were clearly conceived by Martin (1914, 840) when he compared the constriction and the lower width of the nasal bones: "Relatively to the inter- orbital width the nasalia are less constricted in Hominidae than in the Anthropomorphae, while relatively to the width of the apertura piriformis their lower width is smaller, and their height is also considerably smaller." Of interest in this connection also is the upper width of the nasal bones between the meeting points of the naso- frontal, maxillo-frontal, and naso-maxillary sutures. In a study of the naso-frontal suture in skulls from San Miguel island the writer (Oetteking 1920, 57) has referred to this measurement as the direct width of the naso- frontal suture between the "maxillo-naso-frontal" points (mnf). Bringing it in proportion to the anterior interor- bital width, the indices in our skulls rise quite high with 75.0 in B, 66.7 in C and E, but lower at 57.1 in D. In the range of variation of the San Miguel skulls (35.0- 87.5), the index of 57.1 falls beJow the male average of 61.6, while the other two exceed it. This applies like- wise to the female C as compared with the San Miguel female average of 60.3. But they illustrate, furthermore, what was shown there in the comparative table (page 105), that there is a proportional interdependence between the anterior interorbital width and the upper width of the nasal bones. The upper (maxillo-naso-frontal) and the maximum lower width of the nasal bones at a numerical proportion of 15 mm. to 16 mm. in B, 12 mm. to 15 mm. in C, and 12 mm. to 12 mm. in both D and E, give rise to indices 104 SANTA BARBARA of 93.8, 80, and 100. This index below 100 appears to signify the typical proportion between the two dimen- sions under discussion in the human skull, although there may occasionally be a coincidence between the two measurements or even an excess on the side of the upper width, which would raise the index to 100 or more. The nasal measurements of the Santa Barbara skulls are combined in the table on page 105. The nasal aperture is elegantly shaped in both skulls and the sides sharply edged. This holds true also for the lower incisures of the apertura piriformis in C, while those of B and E are less sharply marked. As the mor- phology of the lower notches depends on a number of intermediating factors, a short review of the conditions there may be proffered. The most significant detail here is the spina nasalis anterior, to a greater extent the result of the naso-alveolar flexion in the phylogenetic sense, the subsequent formation of the clivus nasoalveo- laris, and as such best developed in Europeans. From the spina running backward and toward the concha nasalis inferior on each side, there is generally to be noticed a more or less sharply developed ridge, which has been variously named by different authors. We shall call it, with Fr. Saras in (1916-22, 259), margo nasospin- alis. The same author's margo nasoalveolaris corre- sponds to the lateral edges of the apertura piriformis themselves, which, turning medially, are (1) either lost upon the alveolar process of the maxillary bone before reaching the spina (infantile form), or, (2) reaching it, produce a more or less broad groove-like depression CRANIOLOGY 105 NASAL MEASUREMENTS 1. Absolute measurements: a. Anterior interorbital width (maxillofrontale width).. b. Upper width of nasal bones (maxillo-naso-frontal width) c. Minimum width of nasal bones d. Maximum width of nasal bones e. Nasal width f . Nasal height 2. Angles of nasal roof: g. Nasion-rhinion and ear-eye lines h. Nasion-rhinion and nasion- prosthion lines 3. Indices: . b-100 i. a b-100 k '^T c-100 L -7T e-100 m -~T~" SANTA BARBARA B(cf) 20 15 8 16 24 53 C(9) 53° 24° 75.0 93.8 50.0 45.3 18 12 8 15 26 49 61° 19° 66.7 80.0 53.3 53.1 (DcT) 21 (?) 12 9 12 57.1 100.0 75.0 E(c?) 18 12 12 21 48 51° 31° 66.7 100.0 75.0 43. S between the margines nasospinalis and nasoalveolaris (fossa prsenasalis) , or, (3) coinciding with the margo nasospinalis, cause the uniform, i.e., undifferentiated, 106 SANTA BARBARA sharp edge of the lower notches (anthropine form). There is a fourth form in which the rims of the nasal aperture continue rather straight upon the alveolar process, which results in broad sagittal (longitudinal) grooves whose bottoms are more or less continuous with the floor of the nose. This condition is considered truly pithecoid, but occurs also in the human varieties, most frequently in Oceanians and Negroes. Our skulls differ quite markedly regarding the develop- ment of the spina nasalis anterior and the shape of the lower rim of the apertura piriformis. The former is well marked and projects horizontally in C and E, representing the oxyacanthic condition of Macalister (.1898, 223-230), and which he characterizes as European. By the coinciding naso-spinal and naso- alveolar margines Macalister's oxycraspedotic form is produced. It is considered the true anthropine one, which, as a result of the pronounced flexion between the alveolar process and the floor of the nose, is to be considered an advanced morphological stage. In B, on the other hand, the spina projects only slightly and is illustrative of Macalis- ter's lophacanthic condition as characteristic of the Mongoloid varieties. The halves of the spina as afforded by the two maxillary bones cleave in B, but give rise to well-marked margines nasospinales. The margines naso- alveolares are also distinct, but become less so on descending in a curved way and reaching the crista alveolaris media at about its middle. The nearly triangu- lar field thus described on each side by the margines and the crista just mentioned is only slightly depressed, CRANIOLOGY 107 but nevertheless is fully recognizable rather as a clivus nasoalveolaris than as a fossa praenasalis. 1 The pithecoid form of the lower rim of the apertura piriformis is very rare in Indians of the North Pacific Coast, among whom, in the undeformed skulls, it occurs in only 1.7%, while the oxycraspedotic or anthropine form shows a frequency of 21.2%, the amblycraspedotic or infantile one of 18.6%, while the majority of 58.4% is possessed of true fossae prasnasales. As regards the spina nasalis anterior, there is in that group a preponder- ance of the lophacanthic state at 53.3%, while only 6.7% represent the oxyacanthic, but 40.0% the kryptacanthic forms. Although quite variable in general, the two fea- tures under discussion assemble nevertheless the highest frequencies upon those forms which were recognized as particularly Mongoloid in character. The regions lateral of the nasal aperture are dis- tinguished by very shallow fossae caninae in B and E, while those in C are quite deep. The appearance of the anterior surface of the maxillary bones depends greatly upon its dimensions, particularly its height, the height of the alveolar process, the width of the zygomatic processes of the maxillary bone and that of the maxillary process 1 The three conditions of the spina nasalis anterior dis- tinguished by Macalister (1898, 223-230) are: oxyacanthic to characterize the European distinctly developed spina; lophacanthic, the Mongoloid blunt spina; and kryptacanthic, the negroid primitive one. The notches of the nasal aperture are either amblycraspedotic as representing the infantile two- lipped form; bothrocraspedotic, the fossa praenasalis; oxy- craspedotic, the anthropine, sharp-edged; and oxygmocraspe- dotic, the pithecoid sulcus-like forms. 108 SANTA BARBARA of the zygomatic bone, and the curve described by the lower edge of the former, the so-called crista infrazygo- matica (see Rauber-Kopsch 1919, v. n, p. 95). This curve can be very shallow, moderately deep, or deep. The first state is a reminiscence of primitive conditions as found in the anthropoid apes and in the fossil Homi- nidse. It is here connected with an even anterior maxil- lary surface, the depression of it, the so-called fossa canina, being a condition which marks a more advanced morphological state. Involved in the latter are such factors as the progressive stages of naso-alveolar flexion, the narrowing of the face, and, in connection with it, the general refinement of the parts that participate in the facial complex. It is quite probable, and in a number of cases directly provable, that the processes of organic and structural economy are aided also by muscular trac- tion in the production of modifications of morphological appearance. Thus, in the intensification of infrazygoma- tic curving may also be involved the functions of mm. masse ter, zj^gomaticus and quadra tus labii superioris. It is under the influence of these factors that the fossa canina is developed, although, as shown in C, it may exist at an appreciable depth in connection with a less deep curve of the crista infrazygomatica. The latter is more pronounced in B and shows at the same time more protruding (downward) tuberosities at the points of junction of the zygomatic and maxillary bones in the craniometrical points called zygomaxillaria. E also has a rather shallow infrazygomatic crest, which in this case coincides with a very shallow fossa canina. The infrazygomatic outlines of E and a Chukchee (no. CRANIOLOGY 109 3848, American Museum of Natural History) are pre- sented in fig. 23 to show the deep infrazygomatic curve in the latter and the shallow one in the former. Fig. 23. — Two aspects of crista infrazygomatica: deeply curved in a (no. 3848, Chukchee d\ A. M. N. H.), and very shallow in b (Santa Barbara E (d 1 ). (About f natural size.) The foramina infraorbitalia in the upper regions of the fossae caninse exceed medium size. Between the foramen infraorbitale and the lower orbital rim the sutura infra - orbitalis is present on the left side of B and on both 110 SANTA BARBARA sides of C, but there is no indication of it in E. The orbital portion of the suture is also preserved in B. Well known as a typical feature in the Eskimo skull, it is occasionally found in other human varieties. Its frequency in the undeformed Indian skulls of the North Pacific Coast amounts even to 51.9% of bilateral and 2.9% of unilateral (left) occurrence. As regards the position of the foramen infraorbitale in proportion to the height of the corpus maxillare, it must first be stated that both measurements differ as to right and left, and it is the latter which exceeds the former. The vertical height of the corpus (lower rim of orbit to alveolar border at middle of second premolar), as shown in the following table, is on the whole greater in B than in C and E, and in correlation therewith the distance is smaller between the upper rim of the foramen infraorbitale and the lower rim of the orbit. CORPUS MAXILLARE Height of corpus maxillare (mm.) Height of foramen infraorbitale (mm. ) Index of position of foramen infraorbitale Upper facial height (mm. ) . . Upper facial index Maxillo-f acial height index . . SANTA BARBARA B(cf) right 42 7 16.7 left 46 8 17.4 72 54.6 61.1 C(?) right 38 5 13.2 left E(cf) right 42 38 6 14.5 21 69 53.1 59.4 left 41 19.5 67 50.0 58.9 CRANIOLOGY 111 This correlation is perfectly clear in skulls B and C, but is not corroborated by E, whose maxillary height, fairly coinciding with the lower one of C, has a foramen height equaling that of B. The index of position of the foramen infraorbitale, according to the formula height of foramen infraorbitale ■ 100 .. ; , results accordingly height of corpus maxillare in each case. Another correlation is worthy of mention in this con- nection, namely, that between the height of the maxil- lary corpus and the general proportion of the face. According to Martin (1914, 823), in euryprosopic Swiss an average maxillary height of 38 mm. was observed, and in a leptoprosopic one of 44 mm. Similar correla- tions are likewise to be stated in the Santa Barbara crania, whose maxillary heights diminish with their upper facial heights, as may be seen in the preceding table. Here also the indices of the upper face height and that of the corpus maxillare bear out this correla- tion. Furthermore, although all three of our skulls are mesenic, they nevertheless show different stages of meseny in proportion to the quantitative differences. For a general estimation and comparison of facial size and proportions, the averages and ranges of variation of undeformed skulls from the North Pacific Coast are presented in the table on page 112. The upper facial height is seen to be quite variable in our three skulls. The two males B and E at 72 mm. and 67 mm. differ by 5 mm.; and between, at 69 mm., falls the female C. The latter, with 130 mm., stands lowest in bizygomatic breadth; but it is in this measure- 112 SANTA BARBARA FACIAL MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES 1 . Total facial height 2 . Upper facial height 3 . Bizygomatic breadth 4. Cranial breadth 5. Minimum frontal width 6. Bigonial width (lower jaw). . . Indices: 1 • 100 7. Facial: — - — o 8. Upper facial: - 9. Transverse cranio- — - — facial: 4 10. Jugo-frontal: — - — 11. Jugo-mandibular: — - — SANTA BARBARA B(cf) 118 72 132 141 96 97 89.3 54.6 93.6 73.5 C(9) 110 69 130 131 90 96 84.6 53.1 99.2 69.2 73.9 E(c?) 105 67 134 134 85 103 78.4 50.0 100.0 63.4 16.9 NORTH PACIFIC COAST (UNDEFORMED SKULLS) Averages and Variation male female mm. mm. _ 75.0 70.2 (65- (63- 85) 79) 138.5 129.6 (125- (117- 156) 140) 140.8 136.5 (129- (130- 152) 150) 94.1 91.4 (83- (82- 106) 104) 106.0 98.0 (85- (86- 117) 110) 54.1 54.2 (41.4- (49 . 6- 61.8) 61.0) 98.5 95.3 (90.7- (87.0- 108.5) 103.8) 68.1 70.6 (59.7- (64 . 0- 77.2) 84.5) 76.9 (67.8- 85.1' (69 85 9 .9- 8) ment that E, with 134 mm., exceeds B at 132 mm. If the variation in the undeformed skulls of the North Pacific tribes be taken as an illustration of physical oscillation in general on the Pacific Coast, it will be noticed that the Santa Barbara male skulls fall in facial CRANIOLOGY 113 breadth and height below the average expressions, while the female fairly coincides with them. Our table con- tains also a number of other cranial measurements which have been discussed elsewhere in this report, and being brought in proportion to the facial measurements are discussed as indices farther below. The proportion between the bizygomatic breadth and the facial height (nasion-gnathion) gives rise to indices which render B mesoprosopic with 89.3, but at the border line toward leptoprosopy, and C euryprosopic with 84.6, but in close proximity to mesoprosopy. E with 78.4, is hypereuryprosopic, owing rather to its relatively low total facial height than to its more conser- vative facial (bizygomatic) breadth. The upper facial index with the nasion-prosthion height is mesenic, but in different degrees, and it is E which, with an index of 50.0, holds the line between meseny and euryeny — a reminder of its hypereuryprosopic total facial index. Likewise in the upper facial index the variable facial height is of more decisive bearing than the less differing bizygomatic breadth. The upper facial indices of our specimens coincide with those of the North Pacific Coast Indians, whose averages may be considered as representing Mongoloid conditions in general. The upper and lower facial breadths observed in the norma frontalis, i.e., the minimum frontal and the bi- gonial of the lower jaw, brought into proportion with the bizygomatic bieadth, are expressed in the jugo- frontal and jugo-mandibular index. As both breadth dimensions almost coincide in B, their indices coincide likewise with 72.7 and 73.5, thus indicating an equal 114 SANTA BARBARA upper and lower constriction of the facial aspect as against the zygomatic expansion. These conditions turn out differently in C on account of the bigonial breadth exceeding the minimum frontal by 6 mm., with the result of a jugo-frontal index of 69.2 and a jugo- mandibular one of 73.9. Similar proportions, only much more emphasized, obtain in E, on account of the mini- mum frontal width being reduced to 85 mm. and the bigonial breadth enhanced to 103 mm., with a difference of 18 mm. between the two. Its jugo-frontal index at 63.4 ranges therefore below, its jugo-mandibular index at 76.9 above, those of B and C. Diverging proportions obtain likewise between the two dimensions in the North Pacific Coast tribes of our table, and give rise to diverg- ing indices in indication of a greater bigonial as against a smaller frontal breadth. This, however, seems to be the prevailing condition in all the human groups, the cause of which must be sought in phylogenetic processes of brain expansion bearing on the dimensions of the cranial base and lower jaw, as well as in functional adaptations in connection with mastication. Of diagnostic interest also is the proportion between the facial and cranial breadth from which the transverse cranio-facial index is computed, and which reaches 93.6 in B, 99.2 in C, and 100 in E. The difference between the first one and the latter two, although all three are indicative of greater facial breadth, lies with the cranial breadth, which in C is 10 mm., and in E 7 mm., less than in B. In the series from the North Pacific Coast the male exceeds the female average. Although the variation is rather extensive with regard to this index. CRANIOLOGY 115 those under discussion nevertheless illustrate Mongoloid conditions. These can even exceed the mark of equal- ity (100.0) of the two dimensions involved, with indi- vidual indices of 108.5 in the males and 103.8 in the females of the series of comparison of our table, and with an average of 100.8 in Eastern Eskimo {Oetteking 1908, 49) , where an individual index of even 111.5 was observed. Although, then, the cranial breadth is of decisive influence in the outcome of the cranio-facial index, it is neverthe- less the bizygomatic breadth which is of racial signifi- cance and which is absolutely as well as proportionately of conclusive importance. Regarding the horizontal profilation of the face, it is the more frontal position of the maxillary process of the zygomatic bone and of the zygomatic process of the maxillary bone which results in what one is accustomed to term the high cheek of the Mongoloid face. Medially this condition is still further intensified by the behavior of the frontal process of the maxillary bone. The less anteriorly concave the latter is, and the smaller its angular deviation from the frontal plane, the more pro- nounced is the frontal orientation of the middle face. A further characteristic of the Mongoloid face is the sharp backward turn of the zygomatic bone by which two more or less distinct planes are produced, an anterior and a lateral one, while in the Caucasian and Negro skulls the lateral outline is more evenly rounded and considerably flatter. These racial modifications are shown in the trac- ings of fig. 24, which were taken upon skulls oriented in the ear-eye plane, upon the left side of the face slightly below the lower orbital rim in order to cover all the parts 116 SANTA BARBARA Fig. 24. — Midfacial horizontal outline of a, orang-utan; b, Negro; c, Nootka; d — -/, Santa Barbara B ( '••-. \ / / •' / / ; ' i i '■■-. \ I' 1 : 1 \ I / \ r---/ \ \ y \ X \ \ '■/ \ x /' \ \ x \ x •••.. ;*-'■"" < ' \ \ \ \ \ \ \ / -.. f 1 .••-■' "-[ k .+ i— - 1 \ \ \ — -J "o -s D ni * ~^ CO u. o CO o z: O rt < •™ cc ~ \- _i — < g 2 < DC O _l f < f- — ; ! h- ^Z (T -.1 < a CO o '-3 -J M OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY PL. IV SYSTEM OF FRONTAL CRANIAL TRACINGS OF SKULL B (d 1 ) ear -frontal. anterior frontal posterior frontal. (§ natural size) OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY PL. V s ■■' ^ "^ * * ■ ^\ / ■•' ' s / ••'/ ^ '•■ \ / ■ / \ '•• \ / ■■' / \ '• \ / ■■" / \ '■• / ••■' / \ '•• / •'■' ' \ ■-. / / \ \ 1 1 \ 1 V /" ■ '■ \ \ / \ / \ \ / : / ■ \ / * \ v y 1 '• \ / r \ : \ j i_. / ^ /; ( i i^ ■'•■-.. 1 » -•7 V-"- ( J •-.... v..---" SYSTEM OF FRONTAL CRANI AL TRACI NGS OF SKULL The system is the same as in pi. iv. (5 natural size) C(9) OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY PL VI SYSTEM OF FRONTAL CRANIAL TRACINGS OF SKULL E (tfM The system is the same as in pi. iv. (J natural size) OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY SYSTEM OF HORIZONTAL CRANIAL TRACINGS OF SKULL B (d 1 ) ear-eye plane. midorbital glabellar. — • — ■ • — vertex. (\ natural size) OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY PL. VIII j_, . . . ^■• + '" . 'S*. / ^ — ^^ \ ■■'/ ^^^ ■y s^ Xv. V '•'/ s ^x v- ■■'/ ■/ \v •// \v ;/// \\\ ■if \\\ $1 '1 / 1 fr44 — -xfr i V_i ; :\/\ / V •' •A \ / K l\ \ / /A \ - x / / /■' r X ■' ' x / <■ / 1 X \ / / \. — '•/* \ ' i / X;/ V 7 V I \N^ ^ I __._u-' Vy \\ >• XI - \ / ..X/ ^-^-*^_ _ \ / .-..^M^^^ ^^X v J ■■'.*■ — \--..> . '*""/ SYSTEM OF HORIZONTAL CRANIAL TRACINGS OF SKULL C (9) The system is the same as in pi. vn. (§ natural size) OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY PL. IX .-V" i ' v N ■•. .,/ ^.^. trl \,^ N >- • s • """ / \T^ \ '••• ■ ■' / y ^y^ \*\ \ . ■•' *' ^^ ^^\'" *v V \ '■!/ V. HI V f|/ It: i P'- \ V 1 N '•■ A i 'A f4 ■/S; /"X /// / \ ■••■ ^ ^ ^ -^ *■■■■ y ^"""^v S-f^ SYSTEM OF HORIZONTAL CRANIAL TRACINGS OF SKULL E (cf) The system is the same as in pi. vu. (J natural size) ^D m n _i UJ y cr m < < ;> a: 03 < LU m _J X O < z CO < < X t- \ u 'b ^ "r3 ^ OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY PL. XV NORMA FRONTALIS (FACIALIS) OF SKULL B (cT) (| natural size) OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY PL, XVI \ NORMA FRONTALIS (FACIALIS) OF SKULL C (9 ) (| natural size) OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY NORMA FRONTALIS (FACIALIS) OF SKULL E (cf) (| natural size) OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY PL, XVIII NORMA LATERALIS OF SKULL B {&) (| natural size) OETTEKING— SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY NORMA LATERALIS OFSKULLC( ( I natural size) OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY NORMA LATERALIS OF SKULL E (cf) (| natural size) OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY PL. XXI NORMA VERTICALIS OF SKULL B (c?) (5 natural size) OETTEKING— SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY PL, XXII NORMA VERTICALIS OF SKULL C (9 (I natural size) OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY PL, XXMI NORMA VERTICALIS OF SKULL E (c?) (i natural size) OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY *Nff Suss* NORMA BASILARIS OF SKULL B (cf) (a natural size) OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY PL. XXV NORMA BASILARIS OF SKULL C (9) Q natural size) OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY NORMA BASILARIS OF SKULL E (cf) (§ natural size) OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY PL, XXVII NORMA OCCIPITALIS OF SKULL B (cf) (| natural size) OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY PL. XXVIII NORMA OCCIPITALIS OF SKULL C (9) (§ natural size) OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY PL. XXIX / NORMA OCCIPITALIS OF SKULL E (d 1 ) (§ natural size) : ; ;^ ••#••;'. ^WB^i: : -.^0i^ ^ v ""."... : - ... . ■'J- r o • Q i -If- ' ;1 UJ 1- h- O < O CJ Uf O - ' CO £ 5 1 Bl§* DC hc u — ' (- S-S-'^iJ^ < WW>Wv+^^s< _l W"MM : 'Mi'SW:- < □c - o .-*C-: 0E1TEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY NORMA VERTICALIS OF CALOTTE D (d 1 (f natural size) OETTEKING — SANTA BARBARA CRANIOLOGY ■f ' .?' NORMAL OCCIPITALIS OF CALLOTE D (§ natural size) 0027 090 University of Connecticut Libraries ayiD^uz/bbb4/b