^^OSJ^-,. OF- J1795C BOOK 07 1.058.R795C c. 1 ROWELL GEORGE P AND COMPANY # C ENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION 18 3 ilS3 0DDSfl22fl s p=^ -^ m U J'airmount J^ark, Philadelphia. Yl Centennial Jlewspaper Exhibition, 1876. Jl Complete JList of Jlmerican.JIewspapers,. Jl Statement of. the Industries, Characteristics, population and J^ocation of Jowns in which they are published; also, J[ J)escriptive account of some of the Great JVewspapers of the day. i ^ ' Compiled by Ceo. J^, J^ owe 11 ^ Co., i ^ Jiewjork. /I m^_i_^m «J AMERICAN Newspaper Directory, EDITION FOR 1876, CONTAINS : A complete list, of Tixs±\ju uc xuxailULlClBhiJUiX : ONE THOUSAND PAGES. PRICE, FIVE DOLLARS PUBLISH ED BY CM f. jiowjiu ^ co.,jij)Yj:jiTisijic jlcmjs, (Xewspajier ravilion. Centennial Grounds, rhiladelphia.) PRINCIPAL OFFICE: 41 PARK ROW, NEW YORK. Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. (FOUNTAIN AVE., OPPOSITE U. S. GOV'T BUILDING.) CEJ^TENNIAL Newspaper Exhibition, 1876. A Qomplete List of American Newspapers, A Statement of the industries^ Characteristics, Popuiation and Location of Towns in which they are published ; aiso, A Descriptive account of some of the Great Newspapers of the day, NEW YORK: COMPILED BY GEO. P. HOWELL & CO., 18 7 6 {Licensed hy the Catalogue Co.) Eutcreil according- to Act of Congress, in the year ISTfi, by GEO. P. EOWELL & CO., In the Otiice of the Librarian of Congress, at \\'asliing-tori, I). C. Wheat & Cornett, Book, Job and Newspaper Printers, 8 Spruce Street, n. Y. Crum & Ringler, Manhattan Electrotype Foundry, 1.3 Nassau Street, N. Y. .<^< 6 PREFACE. The early proposition for the celeln-ation of the first century of American nationality was simply patriotic, but it took on no definite ibrm. As the people grew familiar with the idea this vagueness drifted into the shape which it has since assumed. Its present form seemed the best, as it utilized the world's selfishness and made it give eclat to the occasion. We invited all peoples to exhibit their handiwork and products here among our millions of customers and consumers, and they accepted our proposition and did come, bringing with them their inventions and tlieir works. All inventions which have benefited mankind in all ages had their origin in man's longing for comforts. As the forests fell before the axe of civilization, the pick and shovel, aided by steam, upheaved the coal from its beds Avhere nature had stored it away cycles of ages before ; as wheat fields replaced the felled forests, the invention of steam-plows and agricultural implements to garner the fruits of the earth appeared ; as man craved inter- course with his fellow the world around. coiTespondence became a necessity, and the light- nings were laid under contribution to unite them; and as civilization advanced, bringing in its train a taste for luxuries unknown in ruder days, the heavens, earth and seas were ran- sacked by the scientific and plodding to gratify it. The first great Exposition of the world's industry simply developed the extent to which man had advanced in economics a quarter of a century ago, and incited other nations to emulate the English in their adventure. The displays in other lands which followed rapidly, testified to the same dco'ro for com- forts and luxuries ; and this, the latest Exposition, telling the same story in t!ic Western Hemisphere, is a fitting memorial of the first century which has passed over tliese United States. In the various buildings dotting the Park at Fainnouut may be seen tlie works of art and usefulness wliich sprang from the necessities of mankind, and taxed inventive genius and mechanical knowledge to contribute to their enjoyment. Necessity, like the great central engine, which the hand of our President sent wheeling on its course, moving the machinery through all tlie extent of that huge hall, has brought together the wise men of the world with their ofl'erings of " gold and frankincense," to lay them before the new dispen- sation of " peace on earth, good will to men." Our mechanic, as he wanders through the corridors of the buildings, may learn to estimate properly his works, by comparing them with those of other lands. While it was most proper and will be profitable that the works of the world's busy artificers and artists should be here displayed, the initiatory steps for a fitting representation of the unity, extent and progress of the ' Press" were not taken until long after the inception of the idea of a suitable commemoration of our Nation's natal day. All agree that the Press is potential and useful, and it was believed to have kept pace with other industries, bnt none thonglit of specially exhibiting it in its entirety. Its scientific magazines supplied the mental pabulum which fed the genius of our inventors ; its records of vi(j^ories in mechanics and useful arts have inspired others to experiment and efibrt ; its illustrated journals presented to every citizen at most moderate prices the models of buildings, tools, machinery, and whatever else was deemed desirable in this direction. It was elevating in this land the standard of taste and work, and building up as its reflex the schools which abomid in our country. As an evidence of what we might have been without this instru- mentality, it may be well to point to nations where the press has no existence. In Egypt there is not one paper printed in the Arabic language ; some few there are in French and German, but not for the Egyptians, and the rudeness of the work of the general people testifies to the lack of popular instruction through the power of newspapers. Track the globe around, and those lands will be found most highly civilized and forward in catering to their people's comfort where the press is most plentiful, free and powerful. On the banks of a beautiful lake glistening between the Machinery Hall and the United States buildings stands a modest house, costing but little in money and small in extent, yet in it are gathered every newspaper and magazine published in this country. There are eight thousand one hundred and twenty-nine newspapers published regularly in the United States. The combined issues of all the other nations of the earth do not equal PREFACE this number. An exhibition of a sample copy of each of all these thousands of periodicals would hardly convey an adequate idea of the importance of journalism in this country, yet it would do something towards that end ; and believing that it would not be practical to attempt more, Messrs. Geo. P. Kowell & Co., in the early spring of 1875, addressed the Centennial Commission, making application for space in the main building, estimating that room would be required for fifty volumes of two thousand pages each. This was before the departments were tlioroughly organized, and no response having been made to their formal application, tlie matter waited in abeyance until September, when it was again brought up by General Joseph R. Hawley, President of the Commission, and au exhibition was finally arranged, as set forth iu the following correspondence : Geo P Rowell & Co., New York City, Philadelphia, Sept. 17, 1875. ' Gentlemen — Some time atro I made a memorandum tiuit I must Avrite you 'concerning an exhibit of the American newspaper, that wonderful feature in American civilization. It seems tome that an exhibit of its progress during the ceuturv and its present condition would be exceedingly interesting. Could every existing American periodical from semi- annual down to daily'be shown ? How and where ? Have you any scheme in mind ? Can Tou submit a plan f Can you come here and talk it over ? Respectfully yours, J. R. Hawley, President U. S. C. C. Geo P Rowell & Co., New York, Philadelphia, Sept. 20, 1875. Gentlemen :—l have just read your note of the 18th. By all means develop the project. There ouo-ht to be a presentation of the periodical press of 1776 and 1876. * * * Do not forget this matter. Hastily yours, Joseph R. Hawley. Geo P Rowell. 41 Park Row, New York, Philadelphia, Nov. 15, 1875. ij(?rt)- .SVr.— Did I answer vour letter? I'm not sure. >. * . * I shall be glad to see vou, for your exhibition ought to be made. The American newspaper is a peculiar institution— a special feature of American political and general education. Hastily yours, J. R. Hawley. Geo. p. Rowell, Esq., . , -t . P,?iL^^?,LP°[4;.^'oy. 20, 1875 j)gar Si) Your application for space m the International Exhibition tor a display of sample copies of everv periodical iu the United States has been placed before me for consid- eration. It has been 'suggested that such au exhibition would be very much more attractive and interesting if an outside pavilion were provided for that purpose. * * * * I most cordiallv commend this suggestion to you, with the hope that the newspaper interest of the country will join in providing such a pavilion, which would be a distinctive feature of the Exhibition ***** Yours very respectfully, A. T. GosHORN, Director-General. Geo. p. Rowell, Esq., Philadelphia, Jan. 12th, 1876. Dear Sir .—We have a number of applications similar. * -^ -^ * It is not mv intention to grant any other privilege of this kind. Yours very respectfully, ' A. T. GosHORN, Director-General. Mr Geo P Rowell. Eairmouxt Park. Philadelphia, 1876. bear Sir — I have made a new design for your building, and will send the drawings to you in a few days. Yours respectfully, W. J. Schwarzmaxn, Architect. Messrs. Geo. P. Rowell & Co., Philadelphia, Jan. 15, 1876 Gentlemen * * * * I called Mr. Schwarzmann s attention to the sub- iecfof vour letter vesterday, and he will transmit to-day or Monday the plans for your proposed building. I hope very soon to be advised definitely of your success in securing the Exhibition. Yours very respectfully, A. T. GosHORN, Director-General. Geo P. Rowell, Esq., Fairmount Pare, Philadelphia, 1676. Dear Sir .—I sent you to-day bj; Adams' Express the drawings for your building. The eeueral arrangement and construction remain the same. ^ ^ Yours respectfully, W. J. Schwarzmann. Geo. p. Rowell. Esq.. 41 Park Row, Philadelphia, Jan. 29, 1876. Dear Sir .—I am right glad you are going ahead with your work. It will be as distinctive and interesting an American exhibit as we sliall have on the grounds. * * * * Yours truly, J. R- Hawley. It was now decided to attempt a much more comprehensive display than had first been thought of. Instead of a sample copy of a paper, every publisher was to be allowed to ex- hibit a file for several weeks or months, and in place of being bound up in heavy volumes it was arranged that every paper should be made instantly accessible, and the exhibition thus serve the additional purpose of a monster reading room and an exchange for newspaper P R E J^' A C E About this time Messrs. Howell & Co. received a coiTimiuiicatiou from a well known printer (Peter C. Baker, Esq., of Xew York), who has devoted much time to the interests of the craft. He writes as follows : " The pamphlet, job and ornamental printers will, I believe, ver^- g-enerallj present the best specimens of their work ; and many of these beautiful productions of tviK)gra])hical skill will show Avhat rapid advances the printer is making toward placing- himself by the side of the artist and engraver. " But what is'the Newspaper and Periodical Press doing to show that in this de])artment especially our country surpasses all otlier nations of the Avtirld ? I have not vet learned that any positive arrangements have been made to dve tangible evidence of the immensitv of the newspaper and periodical interests of our country, and therefore I very respectfully and ear- nestly suggest that immediate steps be taken to take this important matter in charge, and prepare a plan by which a copy of every newspaper and periodical published in the United States be collected and shown at the Centennial. No feature of the exhibition would be more effective than this to show the A\-orld the general intelligence of our people, and make plain the secret of the success of our republican experiment." Other communications of a kindred tenor came from unexpected sources. Being thus encouraged, plans were perfected ami adopted. A prominent position was assigned the Newspaper Pavilion by Director-General Goshorn on Fountain Avenue. The above engraving represents the exterior. The following descriptioii first appeared in the New York Sun of February 14t]i : " The plan of exhibition is an alphabetical arrangement of partial files of eacli newspaper or periodical in such a manner as makes them instantly accessible, the space devoted to each bearing a label with the name of the publication printed thereon, and further designated by a number, by means of which a stranger, upon reference to his catalogue, is able at once to approach the section of the building where tlie particular journal which he desires to examine or refer to may be fouiuT. "The eases containing these files form alcoves similar to those in public lihraries for the arrangement of books, these alcoves forming long tiers, one on each side of tlie building, throughout its entire length, a portion of the space between being reserved for the accom- modation of attendants, leaving a passage-way for the public eighteen feet in Axidth, extend- ing from one end of the structure to the other. " Tlie second stoi7, approached by four flights of stairs, is devoted to reading rooms for tiie accommodation more especially of newspaper men, and supplied with conveniences for cor- respondents." A better impree.^on of the interior arcluteetnre mav beol)tained fnmi tlie followiiiic Axrit- r R E F A C E KX3IBIT10H BOOM. ten after im cxiuniriation of tlic plans by Gau, tlio accomplished (but deeidediv (.•ritieal) cor respoiulent of tlio Xe'^v York Times, in its issue of February 20tli : " The building is of timber and A-ery neat. It has a length of sixty-seven feet, witli a widtli of forty-six feet, and a total heiglit of thirty-three feet. From the exterior it appears to be in two stories, but the centre of the building is oidy one story, and is a very fine chamber, "^ witii ample light and space. The whole is arranged Tvith that precision and mastery over details -which have gained for Mr. Rowell hhs celebrity as a buslLcss man. The alcoves are fairly lighted by -windows -«hicli occupy the [ entire space between them, so that there is no difficulty in obtaining the wished-for file if the directions furnished are followed. The height of the side chambers Avhero these alcoves are jilaeed is eight feet, and over them are 1 the writing galleries, where ^ numerous desks are placed. IN'othing can be simpler ov more efficacious than this system, Avliieh, undoubtedly, IS the very best that coidd have been devised. The gal- leries are lighted by rows of windows corresponding to • those in the alcoves below, and by the large transom indows at each end. In tlio facade this Avindow is set back from the gable roof about five feet, and a very effective ornamentation of radiating, incised planking is introduced, which relieves very pleasantly the simplicity of tlie structure. The interior is perfectly ventilated by a large lantern roof, and therefore the building deserves tlie praise of being thoi'oughly lighted, tlioroughly ventilated, and of being admirably arranged for the desired purpose." The cost of the structure, with its fittings and furniture, has not fallen sliort often thou- sand dollars, Avliile the necessary attendants, books, blanks, together Avith tlie compilation and distribution of a large edition of a three liundred page catalogue, require another allow- ance of a similar amount. In tlie mere item of postage more tlian twelve liundred dollars Avas expended before the opening day of the exhibition. When it is remeniliered that no less than two hundred and fifty dollars' worth of stamps are required to communicate once with all tlie publishers, the rapidity with which these items count up is readily comprehended. But Avith all these matters Messrs. Rowell &. Co. had abundant experience. Furtlier- more, through intimate relations with the press of the country, extending over a period of more than ten years, they had always been seconded in a most generous manner. Tliey were tlierefore fully convinced of two things : First, that their efforts would be appre- ciated by publishers to such an extent tliat the entire expense of tl:e exhibition woidd be returned to them in the form of voluntary subscriptions. Second, that should this fail en- tirely, the exhibition Avould be Avorth its full cost as an advertisement of tlieir own business, as conductors of the most complete newspaper advertising agency in the Avorkl. In their application to publishers to send their papers and contribute towards tlie enter- prise tiiey made the following pledge : ' The Exhibition will be made precisely as set fortli, even if tliere slioull not be a single subscription offered." FLOOB-HEACIKO BOOM. P E E F A C E . Events have shown tliat their faith in tho f,'-()od-will and iiiiellineiit eo-operation of publishers was not misplaced. The proprietors of leading journals responded with such promptness and generosity that they may be said to have themselves assumed the cost of the exliibition. An opportunity to coutribute to the money expense was offered only to Kepresentative Newspapers, and it is believed that among tliose of prominence wliich liave neglected to respond not one has done so from an unfriendly feeling towards the enterprise, but mainly or solely from the pressing call for an economical management of expenditures which the stagniition of business for two years just past has made so loud in many establishments deemed prosperous. Xothing but good-will has been evinced from the beginning. Xo disparaging word has appeared in any respectable journal, while favorable comments have filled the columns of the press from Maine to Oregon, from Florida to Texas. One of the most pleasing features has been the handsome manner in which Messrs. Rowell & Co. have been encouraged by their brother advertising agents, as evinced by the following extracts from letters received : Offices, 37 Park Row, X. Y.; 10 State St., Boston ; 701 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, ) February 22, 1876. ) "We are pleased to learn that you have made arrangements to erect a building on the Centennial Exhibition grounds, in which to keep complete files of the newspapers of our country for the use of the public, and that you will also have good accommodations for editors, reporters, publishers, and others connected with the press. The enterprise could not be in better hands, and we hope and believe it will prove a great success. Yours trulv, S. M. Pettengill & Co. S. R. NiLES' Newspaper Advertising Agency, Boston, Feb. 14, 1876. Permit me to express my gratifieatiou that to you has been delegated the important task of making a complete exhibition of the newspapers and periodicals of the country at the forthcoming Centennial. From your extensive business connections and personal popularity with the press in all jiarts of the country, and your well-known experience and ability, no one, I am sure, could be selected who would manage it more satisfactorily. The whole newspaper fraternity are to be couOTatulated that tliis attractive and interesting exhibition is in such able hands. It will atford me pleasure to co-operate with you or assist you in any way ill my power. ^'ery truly yours, S. R. Niles. S. H. Pauvin, Pioneer Advertising Agency, 1 Cincinnati, Feb. 14, 1876. ) I am more than gratified that such an exhibition is to be made. * * Yours truly, S. H. Parvln. Boston, Feb. 15, 1876. * * * * I can but commend the enterprising spirit manifested in such an undertaking. Notwithstanding the immense number of the exhibitions of skill and enterprise, such a building as you propose and such an array of newspapers as you suggest, will attract a large number of visitors. * * * *' No one, I think,'can do" this thing better. Truly yours, U. L. Pettengill. C. A. Cook & Co's. Newspaper Advertising Agency, Chicago, Feb. 15, 1876. * * * * We know of no agency — hi the East — better calculated to conduct and insure success in such an enterprise. * ' * * * Yours truly, C. A. Cook. T. C. Evans' Advertising Agency, 2.52 Washington St., Boston, Feb. 11 1876. I cannot refrain from expressing my gratification at the prospect of there being at the Centennial such an exhibition as you contemplate. It deserves to be, and I feel sure under your management it cannot help being a success. I should be glad if I could do anything to help you make it so. * * * * Yours very truly, T. C. Evans. Cincinnati. Feb. (\, 1876. lu congratulating you on your appointment to the management of the newsjjaper depart- ment in connection with the Centennial Exposition, we express not only our own conviction, but we believe also that of the entire fraternity, when we say that the Commission have done well in selecting you for this responsible position. Your well known ability as a manager is a sure guarantee of a successful exhibition. Yours truly. E. N. Freshman &. Bitos. Chicago, Feb. 14, 1876. Allow us to ex]n-ess our gratification that you have been selected to carry out tiie plan. Yours truly, Chani)LER,'Lord & Co. PREFACE DoDu's Newspaper Advertising Agency, ) 265 Washington Street, Boston, I'eb. 14, 1876. ) I know of no one more competent to carry out the arrangement than yourself) and it assures me at once|of its success. I will render all aid possible. Yours very truly, Horace Doud. Bates & Locke's I^ewspaper Advertising Agency, ) New York, Feb. 28, 1876. | Your proposed exliibition of American newspapers at the Centennial not only deserves to succeed but will certainly do so, because you are a good man to have it in charge, and be- cause you will surely have the cordial co-operation and good wishes of all persons in any wise connected with the newspaper press. Yours truly, J. H. Bates. That Philadelphia agents were the only ones not joining in these expressions is doubtless of greater apparent than real significance. Americans are a nation of newspaper readers. There are papers for girls and boys, for teachers and taught, for trades, arts and sciences, for the lovers of the wonderful, the religious, the agriculturists, the metallurgists — in a word, the physician, as he rides to the expected birthplace of some young patient, and the undertaker, as he drives to the house of mourning, must each have his paper to while away his time. The opening exercises of the 10th of May were read by millions in every part of this land, and carried to distant countries by the press and the aid of the telegram it called to its use. Good men are not afraid of criticism by the press. It makes statesmen and unmasks hypocrites ; it incites to great deeds ; it brings to every man's door the record of progress made in every department of learning and activity ; it develops science, and whiles away the tedium of heavily hanging hours It fits out exploring expeditions to discover new fields for civilization ; it lays before its readers the doings of the world's busy multitudes, the fall of empires, the uprisings of nationalities, the record of the Storm-king's progress around the world, the decisions of the forum, the acts of governors and legislators ; it tells the farmer what to plant and when ; it develops the latest inventions ; it weighs in the nice balance of purity of motive the deeds of the ruling powers ; before it the unjust tremble, and on its pages, as on the walls of the ancient banqueting hall, the wicked rulers may read, " weighed in the balance and found wanting" ; it stirs the heart of benevolence to greater deeds of charity, it inspires the desponding, deters the plotters, and from the ruler to the humblest citizen, it throws its Minervian aegis around all alike. It is the voltaic pile, where is contained the vitalizing power of a universe. In this little Newspaper Pavilion, which may not be visited by all who go to the Ceuteimial. are deposited the thousands of papers- which mould Ameri- can sentiment. At Virginia City one may go down the shaft of a mine which, in the dark and dismal rocks, is pouring out constantly a stream of molten silver to enrich man. Few will venture ijito those profound depths from curiosity alone, but the men at work keep right along turning out the precious metal for man's delectation and their own profit. In these grounds is exhibited a nugget of silver said to weigh two tons, the product of one of those mines. Thousands of curious men and women are drawn about it. and look won- deringly and wistfully upon its huge form. It represents to man's cupidity just so much of life's happiness. But thieves may break through and steal such treasures. A short distance from this mass of metal stands the modest house where are clustered the fruits of ten thou- sand minds, printed so plainly that a wayfaring man. though a fool, need not err therein. "Who thinks of the toiling thousamls of earnest literary men and women, scattered over our states and territories, who waste midnight oil in preparing that mental food which, enduring when silver and gold have taken to them wings and departed never to return, proves to be a lasting comfort ? Newspapers are the synonym of goodness and virtue, however much some men may affect to despise them. It was a labor of almost infinite trouble to gather these papers from all quarters, but the work is a great success, and there is no worthier place to visit than the NEWSPAPEK PAVILION. TABLE S OF NEWSPAPER STATISTICS, COMPLIED BY GEO. P. EOTTELL & CO. FOPv THE CENTEN:NIAL XEWSPAPEH EXHIBITION; BASED TPOX THE AMEPvICAN NEWSPAPER DIRECTORY FOR THE CURRENT YEAR AND THE UNITED STATES CENSUS FOR 1870. NEWSPAPEE STATISTICS. 1876, A TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF XEWsrAPERS AND PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES. COMPILED BY GEO. P. HOWELL & CO., NEW YORK. ^ Tri- Semi- Bi- Semi- Bi- Q^tar- OTATES. Daily. Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. Weekly. Monthly. Monthly. Monthly, terly. Total. Alabama 8 2 .. 79 . . 1 ] .... 91 Arkansas 6 .. 2 58 .. .. 2 .. .. 68 California , 47 1 6 163 .. 1 21 .. .. 239 Conuecticut 17 .. 5 68 1 2 6 .. 3 102 Delaware 5 .. .. 16 2 1 24 District of Columbia - 8 .. .. 17 .. 2 7 .. 1 35 Florida 1 1 1 26 .. .. 1 .. .. 30 Georgia 11 4 2 118 .. 1 17 .. .. 153 Illinois 50 7 5 553 2 4 77 3 6 707 Indiana 35 3 3 307 1 2 23 . . 1 375 Iowa 24 3 3 352 .. 4 14 . . 1 401 Kansas -. 14 1 .. 139 .. .. 4 .. .. 158 Kentucky 10 3 3 109 .. 5 8 1 . . 139 Louisiana 9 .. 1 84 2 . . 1 1 .. 98 Maine 8 1 .. 64 1 .. 8 . . 1 83 Maryland 10 .. 1 92 .. 2 12 .. .. 117 Massachusetts 27 1 11 236 4 3 55 .. 9 346 Michigan 22 3 5 254 2 1 18 .. 2 307 Minnesota 5 3 2 128 .. 1 2 .. .. 141 Mississippi 3 2.. 101 .. .. 3 .. .. 109 Missouri 27 4 2 305 1 3 32 13 378 Nebraska 8 .. .. 91 .. .. 6 .. .. 105 Nevada 14 .. .. 10 .. .. 24 Xew Hampshire 9 .. .. 49 .. .. 6 .. 1 65 New Jersey 23 .. 3 139 1 1 8' 11 177 New York.' 104 3 16 726 6 26 183 4 20 J, 088 North Carolina 8 1 4 86 . . 3 5 .... 107 Ohio 33 12 8 436 4 12 58 1 4 568 Oregon 5 .. .. 37 .. .. 2 .. .. 44 Pennsylvania 73 2 5 533 1 15 102 1 6 738 Khode Island 6 .. 1 18 . . .. 2 .... 27 South Carolina 4 2 1 01 1 1 5 .. 2 77 Tennessee 10 . . 2 106 1 2 14 . . 1 136 Texas 23 1 5 152 .. .. 5 .. .. 186 Vermont 6 .. 1 52 .. .. 4 .... 63 Virginia 20 3 8 95 .. 9 12 . .. 147 WestVirginia 5 2 1 63 .. 1 2 .. 1 75 Wisconsin 18 2 3 216 1 2 17 .. 2 261 716 67 110 6,139 31 JU4 743 13 (i(i 7,989 Territories 22 3 11 96 2 1 4 .. 1 140 Totals 738 70 121 6,235 33 105 747 13 67 8,129- NEWSPAPER STATISTICS. A TABLK SHOWING THE AVERAGE CIRCULATION OF THE NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES. COMPILED FROM THE AMERICAN NEWSPAPER DICECTORY. Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut Delaware Dist. of Columbia. Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas. Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire . . New Jersey New York North Carolina... Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Ehode Island South Carolina — Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virgmia "Wisconsin Territories Daily. 1,197 875 3,808 2,292 2,211 5.223 Tri- weekly. 300 1,590 2,835 1,691 828 1,336 3,109 3,114 1,511 11,336 9,942 2,423 2,657 734 3,590 782 795 919 2,137 8,402 1,063 3,684 1,739 5,038 4,159 2,097 1,969 855 1 222 1,172 1.324 392 650 611 290 200 812 664 767 500 3()0 750 1,316 100 7.54 ,400 424 350 300 700 564 Semi- Weekly. 2,234 2,280 832 300 325 1.480 652 545 767 8,000 1,000 1,747 770 400 1,0.50 2,976 475 1,112 1 ,839 700 400 516 389 950 482 200 444 1,196 Bi- Semi- Weekly. Mon-ly. 1,200 550 400 425 1,578 1,496 984 3,375 478 1,262 2.5,000 Bi- Quar Mon'ly. lUon'ly. terly. 500 2,191 949 l,26i 600 3,370 1,536 1,044 919 900 1,644 903 2,407 2,280 3,777 ],198 945 811 1,368 730 400 2,051 1,065 4,120 829 1,866 888 2,125 1,791 804 1,321 782 1,470 940 685 992 822 ],500 2,250 525 1,942 1,400 1,492 4,000 1,263 400 4,480 200 1,886 3,607 3,751 1,041 3,500 1,7.34 500 14,474 3,075 8,258 2, .556 1,273 1,200 1,800 1,568 2,336 2.267 500 3,029 562 1,056 4,459 4,512 .. 1,496 42 3,193 4,167 2,234 1,000 7,379 1,884 4,078 350 3,693 900 1,117 1,000 2,009 500 800 7,562 700 1,100 694 600 2,323 417 1,000 594 400 350 ] 1,103 ],945 867 2,967 3,275 Total. 798 636 2,035 1,518 1,2.J7 3,697 470 1,496 1,819 1,197 912 970 1,691 1,229 3,062 3,077 4.582 i,:;27 994 802 1,647 728 69a 1,982 1,256 4,991 831 2,116 936 2,919 2,301 835 1,419 785 2,168 927 703 1,098 914 Total averages.. 3,87 650 1,400 1,768 2,144 2,994 5,144 1,347 2,399 2,196 NEWSPAPER STATISTICS. A TABLE SHOWrXG THE AREA, POPULATION, AKNUAL CTRCLXATTON OF ALL NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES AND TERRITORIES, AND THE NUMBER OF COPIES PRINTED PER YEAR FOR EACH INHABITANT, BASED UPON THE U. S. CENSUS FOR 1870, AND THE AJtpRICAN NEWSPAPER DIRECTORY FOll 1876. Population, Total Area in Census No. of Copies Square of Printed Miles. 1870. Annually. Alabama 50J22 996,992 5,132,980 Arkansas 52,198 484,471 1,787,844 California 188,981 582,031 .52,596,100 Connecticut 4,750 537,454 14,020.376 Delaware 2,120 125,015 3,545,696 District of Columbia. 64 131,700 10,152,000 Florida 59,268 188,248 577,148 Georgia 58,000 1,184,109 11,8.50,.528 Illinois 55,410 2,539,891 65,402,256 Indiana 33,809 1,680,637 28,C66,132 lo^va 5.5,045 1,194,320 18.387,488 Kansas 81,318 373,299 9,670,252 Kentucky.. 37,6S0 1,321,011 14,585.996 Louisiana 41,346 726,915 12,116,124 Maine 35,000 626,915 12,084,526 Maryland 11,124 780,894 38J64,896 Massachusetts 7,800 1,457,3.51 115,853,116 Michigan 56,451 1,187,234 29,5.54,260 Minnesota 83,531 446,056 8,731,924 Mississippi 47,156 827,922 3.794,984 Missoui-i 65,.350 1,721,295 43,441,738 Xebraska 75,995 129,322 4,063,720 Nevada 104,125 58,711 2,881,600 New Hampshire 9,280 318,300 7,485,920 ]S'ew;jersey 8,320 906,096 21,005,944 New" York". 47,000 4,387,464 390,529,912 North Carolina 50,704 1,071,361 5,346,144 Ohio 39,964 2,665,260 74,404,936 Oregon 95,274 101,883 2,634,836 Pennsylvania 46,000 3,-522,050 162,507,048 Khode Island 1,306 217,3.53 9,387,272 South CaroUna 34,000 705,606 4,31.5,844 Tennessee 45,600 1,258,520 11,127,384 Texas 274,356 818,899 10,339,020 Vermont 10,212 330,551 5,557,372 Virginia 38,348 'l,225,163 8,997,000 WestYirgiuia 23,000 442,014 3,826,328 AYiscousin 53,924 1,064,985 16,181,174 Territories 1,041,963 517,839 8,716,772 Totals 3,026,494 38,855,137 1,250,024,590 fo. of Copies Printed h inhJiitant. Area for each Publirction, Sq. Miles. 5 557 4 768 90 791 26 47 28 88 77 2 3 1,976 10 379 26 78 11 90 15 137 26 515 11 271 17 422 19 422 50 95 79 23 24 184 20 593 5 433 25 173 31 724 49 4,339 24 143 23 47 89 43 5 474 28 70 26 2,165 46 62 43 48 6 442 9 335 13 1,475 17 162 7 261 9 307 15 207 17 7.743 32 372 SUBSCRIBERS. THE PROPRIETOES OF THE PEOMmENT NEWSPAPERS ENUMERATED ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES RESPONDED WITH SUCH PROMPTNESS AND GENEROSITY TO THE CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS TOWARDS DEFRAYING THE EXPENSE OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION, THAT MESSRS. GEO. P. ROWELL & CO. HAVE THE SAT- ISFACTION OF SEEING THE ENTERPRISE A SUCCESS WITHOUT ANY ACTUAL COST TO THEMSELVES BEYOND THE CARE AND RESPONSI- BILITY OF ITS SUPERVISION. IT IS TO THE PUBLISHERS OF THESE PAPERS, THEREFORE, THAT JOURNALISTS AND THE PUBLIC ARE MAINLY INDEBTED FOR THE MAGNIFICENT DISPLAY OF THE NEWSPAPER INTEREST OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. SUBSCKIJiEKS THE rnOPKIETORS OF Tllf: FOLLOWING JOURNALS MAY BE SAID TO HAVE ASSUMED THE EXTIKE COST OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION: NEW YORK. The Argus, Albany. The Brooklyn Eagle. Times, Troy. NEW YORK CITY. The Courrier pes Etats Unis. The Sun. The New Yorker Staats Zeitung. American Agriculturist. The New York Times. The Evening Post. The New York Evening Express. The Scientific American. Spirit of the Times. The New York Ledger. The Shoe and Leather Reporter. The New York Evangelist. The New York Weekly. The New York Clipper. The Churchman. The Iron Age. The Christian Union. The World. PENNSYLVANIA. The Philadelphia Democrat. The Public Ledger, Philadelphia The Philadelphia Press. The Presbyterian, Philadelphia. DIST. of COLUMBIA. The Evening Star, Washingt OHIO. ;on. The Cincinnati Gazette. Cleveland Herald. KENTUCKY. The Courier-Journal, Louisville. NEW JERSEY. The Evening Journal, Jersey City. MICHIGAN. The Evening News, Petroit. SUBSCRIBERS. GEORGIA. The Mokn'ing News. Savannah. califor:n^ia. The Evening Bulletin, San Francisco. The Mokning Call, San Francisco. Sacramento Record— Union. NEBRASKA. The Bee:, Omaha. TENNESSEE. The Nashville American. The Avalanche, Memphis. MASSACHUSETTS. The Watchman, Boston. The Youth's Companion. Boston. The Congregationalist, Boston. Boston Advertiser. Springfield Republican. ILLINOIS. The Staats Zeitung, Chicago. The Inter-Ocean, Chicago. MISSOURI. "Westleche Post, wSt. Louis. The Kansas City Times. MINNESOTA. Pioneer Press and Tribune, St. Paul and Minneapolis. IOWA. The State Register, Des Moines. MAINE. Portland Transcript. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Independent Statesman, Concord. Manchester Mirror. VERMONT. The Household, Brattleboro. MARYLAND. The Baltimore American. Extract from XEW YORK TIMES, June ]4, 1875, Ten years ago Messrs. Geo. P. Eowell & Co. established their Advertising- Agency in New York City. Five years ago they absorbed the business conducted by Mr. John Hooper, who was the first to go into this kin(i of enterprise. Is ow they have the satisfaction of control- ling the most extensive and complete advertising connection which has ever been secured, and one which would be hardly possible in any otlier country but this. They have succeed- ed in working down a complex business into so thoroughly a systematic method that no change in the newspaper system of America can escape notice, 'while the widest informa- tion UDon all topics interesting to advertisers is placed readily at the disposal of the public. A COMPLETE List of Newspapers printed in the United States, AND A STATEMENT OF THE LOCATION, POPULATION AND CHAKACTEIIISTICS OF THE Towns in which thky aue puulishkd. ALABAMA. ABBEIVIL.L.E:, c. h., Heury Co., 500t p., 90 m, S. E. of Montgomery, and 15 W. of Fort Gaines, Georgia. Henry Co . liegister W. 1 ASHVIL.L.E, c. h., St. Clair Co., on A & C. R(l. Southern ^gis W. 3 ATHENS, c. h.. Limestone Co., l,500tp., on Nashville Sc Decatur line of Louisville & Nashville & Great Southern Ed., 107 m. S. of Nashville and 195 N. of Montgomery. Limestone News W. 3 Post. BANGOR, Blount Co. Broad-Axe W. 5 BIRMINGHAM, Jefferson Co., 1,200 p., at junction of Alabama & Chattanooga and S. & N. Alabama Rds., 90 m. from Alabama and 54 from Tuscaloosa ; centre of iron and ooal trade. Jefferson Independent D. 6 W. 7 Iron Age W. 8 BUTLER, c. h., Choctaw Co. Ghoctaiv Herald. CAMDEN, c. h., Wilcox Co., 2,000 p., near Alabama r., 30 m. S. by W. of Selma. A place of considerable trade, and an im- portant shipping point. Wilcox Vindicator W. 10 OARROIiliTON, c. h., Pickens Co., 600t p., about 30 m. W. of Tuscaloosa; about the same distance S. E. of Columbus, Miss. SmTOunded by a cotton-growing district. West Alabaviian W. 11 CENTRE, c. h., Cherokee Co., 2,.500 p., on Coosa r., 140 m. N. by E. of Montgomery and 20 N. of Jacksonville, Cherokee Advertiser W. 13 CliANTON, c. h., Chilton Co. Chilton Co. Courier W. 13 CLAYTON, c. h., Barbour Co., 800 p., near centre of county, 20 m. W. of Eufaida and 75 S. E. of Montgomery. Courier <£ AgriculturalJournal.W . 14 COIiUMBIANA, c. h., Shelby Co., 1,040 p., on Selma, Rome & Dalton Rd., 72 m. L from Selma. * Shelby Sentinel W. 15 OADEA^IIiLiE, c. h., Tallapoosa Co., 1,266 p., on the Savannah & Memphis Rd., 30 m. from Opelika and 45 N. E. of Montgomery. Head-Light and News W. 16 DECATUR, Morgan Co., 2,500t p., on Teu- ALABAMA. nesseo r. and the Memphis & Charleston Rd., 43 m. E. of Tuscumbia and 24 W. of Huntsville. Ne^vs W. 17 DEMOPOL.IS, Marengo Co., 1,539 p., on the Tombigbee r. and Alabama Central Rd., 52 m. W. of Selma. Surrounded by a cotton -growing district ; principal shipping point in the county. Marengo Neivs-Jouriial W. 1 8 EUFAUL.A, Barbour Co., 4,800t p., on Chattahoochee r., at junction of Montgomery & Eufaida with Southwestern Rd. A cot- ton-shipping point, 142 m. from Macon, Ga., and 80 from Montgomery. News T. W. 19 • W. 30 Times T. W. 31 " W. 33 EUTA"W, c. h., Greene Co., 1,920 p., on the Alabama & Chattanooga Rd., 35 m. from Tuscaloosa and 60 W. from Selma, in a cotton-growing district. Whig and Observer W. 33 EVERGREEN, c. h., Conecuh Co., 1,700 f>., on Mobile & Montgomery Rd., 82 m. rom Moutgomeiy and 104 from Mobile. Conecuh-Escambia Star W. 34: PAYETTE, c. h., Fayette Co., 500t p., near Sipsey r., 140 m. N. W. of Montgomery, and 40 N. E. of Columbus, Miss. Gazette W. 35 Luxapalilan W. 36 FLORENCE, c. h., Lauderdale Co., 2,003 p., on Tennessee r., at head of navigation; principal shipping point for the county and adjoining towns in Tennessee ; a branch railroad crosses the river, connecting with Memphis & Charleston Rd. at Tuscumbia. Gazette W. 37 GADSDEN, c. h., Etowah Co., 2,203 p., on Coosa r., and E. Alabama and Cincinnati Rd., in the midst of iron and coal fields. Cotton and grain-growing district; con- siderable trade in lumber. Times W. 38 GAINESVILLE, Sumter Co., 3,916 p., on Tombierbee r., eastern terminus of a branch of the "Mobile & Ohio Rd., 15 m. W. of Eutaw, 54 from Tuscaloosa. A trade cen- tre ; one of the principal shipping points ia the countv. Dispatch W. 39 GREENSBORO, c. h.. Halo Co., 1,760 p., the centre of considerable trade, sar- Etplanatory Note— The population is from census of 1870, or estimate of resident postmasters— tlie latter case indicated by a«iaEtjrer— c. li. stands for court house, county seat— m. for miles- p. for population — r. fiir river and Ed. for railroad. 18 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. ALABAMA. ALABAMA. rounded by cotton plantations; 18 m. E. of Eutaw, and 40 N. W. of Selma. Alabarn a Beacoii W. 3 GREENVIIiLiE, c. h., Butler Co., 3,000t p., on Mobile & Montgomeiy Kd., 45 m. from Montgomery. Centre of a cotton trade. Advocate W. 31 South Alabamian "W. 33 GROVE HILL., c. h., Clark Co. Clark Go. Democrat W. 33 GUNTERSVILiLE, c. h., Marshall Co. Marsliall Tribune W. 34 HARTSELL.E, c. h., Morgan Co. Rawkeye W. 35 HAYNEVILIiE, c. h., Lowndes Co. 3,484 p., 23 m. S. W. of Montgomery. Examiner W. 36 HUNTSVIIiL-E, c. h., Madison Co., 6,000t p., 10 m. N. of Tennessee on the Memphis ig r., 130 m. N. of Sau Francisco. Centre of considerable trade. West Coast Star W. 3 1 3 MERCED, c. h., Merced Co., .500 p., on Central Pacific Rd. Agriculture is the chiefindustry. Express W. 314 San Joaquin Valleg Argus. ^V. 315 22 JENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. CALIFORNIA. MODESTO, c. h.. Stanislaus Co., l.SOOt p., on Yisnlia division of Central Pacific Ra., 20 m. from Lathrop and 29 from Stockton. Enc-affcd in agriculture and manufactures. Herald W.'^IG Stanislaus Co. Xews TV. 317 MOKELiUMNE HII^Li, c. b., Calaveras Co., 1,000 p., 50 m. from Stockton. 60 from Sacramento. Industries are mining, agri- culture and stock raising. Calaveras Chronicle W. 318 MOIVTEREY, c. h., Monterey Co., 1,150 p.. ensraged in sheep and stock raising, situated on Monterey Bav. 94 m. S. by E. of San Francisco, toVhich it is connected by steamei-s and sailing vessels. It has a well protected harbor and considerable commerce. Herald W. 319 NAPA CITY, c. h.. Xapa Co., 6,000t p., on Napa r. and Napa Valley Ed.. 37 m. N". E. of San Francisco, to which it is connected by a line of steamers, and 65 from Sacra- mento Citv by rail. Surrounded by an agricultural and wine-producing district: a trade centre. Register D. 330 '' W. 331 Napa Co. 'Reporter W. 333 CULSsic M. 333 NEVADA, c. h., N'evada Co.. 3,986 p.. on Deer Creek, 65 m. N. by E. of Sacramento. Is surrounded by a mining region, and en- gaged in cultiva'ting fruit and vines. Transcript I>. 334 NORTH SAN JUAN, Nevada Co. Times W.335 OAKLAND, Alameda Co., 25,000t p.. on San Francisco Bay, opposite and 7 m. from San Francisco, in an agricultural district : residence of a large number of persons do- ing business in San Francisco. Terminus of Pacific Rd. State University and Deaf, Dumb and Blind Asvlums are located here. Called the Athens of the Pacific. Neivs D. 336 Transcript D. 337 Alameda Co. Gazette W. 338 Tribune D. 339 Berkeleyan M. 330 OROA'ILLE, c. h.. Butte Co.. 1,.500 p., on Feather r. and California Pacific Rd., 26 m. from Marysville and 152 from San Fran- cisco. Mercury "W. 331 PACHECO, Contra Costa Co., 800 p., 5 m. E. of Martinez, at head of navigation on Pacheco Slough. In an agricultural district. Tobacco raised. Contra Costa News W. 333 PETAL.UMA, Sonoma Co., 5,400 p., on Petaluma Creek. 10 ra. from San Pablo Bav, and on San Francisco and North Pacific Rd.. 42 m. from San Francisco. A daily line of steamers also ply between this point and San Francisco. Engaged in manufactm-ing. agriculture and stock rais- ing. The cultivation of fruits, grapes, and the making of wine carried on. Argus. : W. 333 PL.ACERVIIiL.E, c. h.. El Dorado Co.. l.BOOt p.. 12 ra. from Shingle Springs. 60 E. by N. E. of Sacramento, to which it is con- nected by railroad. Centre of a gold min- ing and agricultui-al region. CALIFORNTA. El Dorado Co. Republican. W. 334 Mountain Democrat TV. 335 Q,riNCY, c. h., Plumas Co., 900 p., on Spanish Creek ; engaged in agriculture, mining and lumbering ; situated 250 m. N. E. of San Fi-ancisco and 80 N. W. of Tir- ginia City, Nev. Flumds National TV. 336 REDBIiUFP, c. h.. Tehama Co., 3,000t p., on Oregon division of Central Pacific Rd. and Sacramento r., at head of naviga- tion, 145 m. from Sacramento. Centre of trade ; lumbering, farming, and stock and wool raising largely can-led on; a glove manufactory is also'located here. Peoples' Cause TV. 337 Sentinel TV. 338 REDWOOD CITY,c.h., San Mateo Co., l,500t p., on the Southern Pacific Rd., 28 m. from San Francisco, and on Redwood Creek, which is navigable to this point by vessels of liarht draught. Engaged in ag- riculture an^ lumbering. Times and Gazette TV. 339 RIVERSIDE, San Bernandino Co. News TV. 340 SACRA]>IENTO, c. h., Sacramento Co., 20,000 p.. State capital, on Sacramento r., 120 m. N. E. of San Francisco, on Central Pacific Rd. and at junction of four other railroads. Accessible for steamers and sailing vessels, and the centre of trade and commerce. Largely engaged in various manufactures. Bee D. 341 Evening Herald D. 343 Evening Leader D. 343 Leader TV. 344 Record Union D. 345 " S. TV. 346 Journal S. TV. 347 Enterprise TV. 348 Sacrainento Valley Agri- culturist TV. 349 Calif ornia Teacher M. 350 ST. HEL.ENA, Napa Co. Star TV. 351 SALINAS, c. h., Monterey Co., 1.150. p., engaged in sheep and stock raising, sit- uated on Monterey Bay, 94 m. S. by E. of San Francisco, to'which it is connected by steamers and sailiug vessels. It has a well protected harbor and considerable com- merce. Recorder D. 353, TV. 353 Monterey Democrat TV. 354 SAN ANDREAS, Calaveras Co.. 1.000 p., 42 m. N. E. of Stockton. Engaged in agri- culture, horticulture and gold mining, tho latter being still an impoitant branch of in- dustry. Calaveras Citizen TV. 355 Foothill Democrat TV. 356 SAN BERNARDINO, c. h., San Ber- nardino Co., 2,500 p., 5 m. N. of Santa An- na r., about 60 E. of Los Angeles, and 480 S. bv E. of San Francisco. Agriculture and horticulture are the chief industries. Argus D. 357 •• TV. 358 Times D. 359 TV. 360 Guardian TV. 361 SAN BUENAVENTURA, Santa Bar- CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. 23 CALirORNIA. bara Co., 2,491 p., on the coast, about 30 m. S. E. of Santa Barbara. Trade with the interior centi-e here. Free Press D. 363 Ventura Free Press W. 363 Ventura Signal W. 364 SAIV DIEGO, c. h., San Diego Co.. 4,000t p., on San Diego Bay, about 450 m. from San Francisco. The seaport to\rn of southern California, having a good harbor. The centre of trade for a large country, and rapidly growing in commerce, wealth and business importance. Vnion D. 365 " W. 366 World D. 367 " W. 368 SAN FRANCISCO, c. h., San Erancisco Co., 170,0001 p., the great metropolis of Pa- cific Coast, situated on San Francisco Bay 7 m. from ocean, at entrance through Golden Gate. It has one of the finest har- bors in the world, and is engaged in foreign and domestic commerce. Depot for all im- ports and exports, tlie railroads from differ- ent parts of the State centering here ; larg- est city west of liockv Mountains. Abend Post .' D. 369 " W. 370 Alia California D. 371 W. 373 California Demokrat D. 373 California Staats Zeitung .W. 374: California Cronick Sund. 375 Chronicle D. 376 W. 377 Sunday Chronicle Sund. 378 Commercial News D. 379 Courrier de San Francisco . .D. 380 " " " " ..W. 381 ElTecolote D. 383 Evening Bulletin D. 383 Bulletin W.384t Evening Post D. 385 Examiner D. 386 W.387 Figaro D. 38 8 Morning Gall D. 389 Stock Exchange D. 390 Stock Report and California Street Journal D. 39 1 Stock Report and California Street Journal W. 39 3 Cruide. La Sociedad S.W. 394 La Voz del Nuevo Mitndo. California Christian Advo- cate W. 396 California Farm,er W. 397 California Journal and Sonn- tags Cast W. 398 California Posten W. 399 California Spirit of the Times <& Underwriters' Journal W . 300 Commercial Herald and Market Review W. 301 Elevator W. 303 Evangel W. 3 03 Golden Era W. 304 Hebrew W. 305 Hebreio Observer W. 3 06 Journalist and Hurnorist . .W . Journal of Commerce and Price Current W. 308 La Voce del Popolo and L'Eco delta patria W. 309 Le Petit Journal W. 310 CAXLFOENIA. Mining and Scientific Press.'W. 311 Monitor W. 313 New Age W. 3 13 News Letter and California Advertiser W. 314 Occident W. 315 Pacific W. 316 Pacific Appeal W. 317 Pacific Churcliinan W. 318 Pacific Coast Wine and Li- quor Herald W. 319 Pacific Grocer W. 330 Pacific Laio Reporter W. 331 Pacific Methodist W. 333 Pacific Rural Press W. 333 Rescue W. 334 Sunday Ledger W. 335 Thistleton's Illustrated Jolly Giant. . W. 336 Voice of Israel. Alaska Herald S. M. 338 California China Mail and Flying Dragoon M. 339 California H orticidturist and Floral 2[agazine M. 330 California Mail Bag M. 331 Coast Review M. 333 Golden Dawn M. 333 Herald's College Journal. . . M 334 Irish News M. 335 Paci^c Liberal M. 336 Pacific Medical and Surgi- cal Journal M. 337 Railroad Gazetteer M. 338 Real Estate Circular M. 339 Resources of California. Sherman & Hyde's Musical Review M. 341 Union Christian Worker..^. 343 Watchmaker's Guide M. 343 Western Lancet. Wine Dealer's Gaze tte M. 345 SAN JOSE, c. h., Santa Clara Co., 14,- OOOt p., situated on Guadalupe r., 51 m. fi'om San Francisco Bay, and on South- ern Pacific Kd., 51 m.'S. by E. of San Fi-ancisco. Engaged in fruit and grain growing. State 5s'ormal School located here. Mercury D. 346 " W. 347 Patriot D. 348 Argus W. 349 California Agriculttirist and Live Stock Journal M. 350 SAN LEANDRO, c. h., Alameda Co.. 2,300 p., on San Jose branch of Central Pacific Ed., about 7 m. S. of Oakland, in an agricultural district. Record W. 35 1 SAN LUIS OBISPO, c. h., San Luis Obis- po Co., 2,00Ut p., engaged in stock raising; situated 9 m. from San Luis Obispo Bay and 250 S. E. of San Francisco, and on the stage route from Gilroy to Los Augeles. Tribune W. 353 SAN RAFAEL., c. h., Marin Co.. 1,200 p.. in an ag-ricultnral and stock-raising district on W. side of San Pablo Straits, 15 m. X. of San Francisco. Herald W. 353 Marin Co. Journal W. 354 SANTA BARBARA, c. h., Santa Barbara Co., 2,()72 p., engaged in agriculture and stock-raising, situated near the coast, on the Santa Barbara Channel, and between 24 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. CALIFORNIA. San Liiis Obispo and Los Angeles, 362 m. S. E. of San I'rancisco. Morning Republican D. 355 News D. 356 " AV. 357 Press D. 358 " W. 359 Index W. 360 SAIVTA CliARA, Santa Clara Co., 4,000 p.. on Sonthern Pacific Rd., 3 m. from San Jose and 47 from San Francisco. Snr- rounded by an agricultural district, and engaged in manufacturing and general ti-ade. Several institutions of learning are located here. JEcho W. 36 1 SAIVTA CRUZ, c. h., Santa Craz Co., 3,000 p., on N. side of Bay of Monterey, 59 m. S. by E. of San Francisco. Engaged in agriculture, stock-raising and manu- facturing. A place of summer resort. Local Item W. 36a Hentinel W. 363 ijANTA MONICA, Los Angeles Co. Outlook W. 364 SANTA ROSA, c. h., Sonoma Co.. 5,000t p., on Santa Eosa Creek and North Pacific Rd., 67 m. N. of San Fi'ancisco ; actively engaged in wine-making, agriculture and stock raising. Democrat D. 365 Sonoma Democrat "W. 366 SHASTA, c. h., Shasta Co., 1,200 p., en- gaged in manufacturing ; supply point for a mining district; 180 m. from Sacramento and 45 N. of Red Eluff. Courier W. 367 SIIiVER MOUNTAIN, Alpine Co., 300 p., in a mining district, about 120 m. E. of Sacramento, and 50 from Carson City, Nevada, to which it is connected by a stage route. Alpine Chronicle W. 368 SONORA, c. h., Tuolumne Co., 1,650 p., on Woods Creek, 60 m. E. of Stockton. 38 from both the Stockton, Visalia, and Stock- ton & Copperopolis Rds. Centre of a min- ing and lumber trade. A fruit-growing district. Marble, slate and soapstone quarries located here; 130 m. E. of San Francisco. Union Democrat W. 369 STOCKTON, c. h.. San Joaquin Co., 14,0001 ])., on Central Pacific Rd., 87 m. from San Francisco and 48 from Sacramento, and at the junction of Stockton &. Copperopolis lid., in an agricultural district, situated 3 m. from San Joaquin r., to which it is con- nected by a navigable creek. Engaged in various manufactures. Evening Herald D. 370 " AV. 371 Independent D. 373 W. 373 Courier W. 374 SUISUN, c. h., Solano Co., SOOt p., on Suisun Bay, 54 m. N. E. of San Francisco, a ship- ping point, and a place of considerable Solano W. 375 SUSANVII.L.E, c. h.. Lassen Co.. 638 p., on Susan r., 80 m. from Central Pacific Rd., at Virginia City, Nev., and 150 from Sacra- mento. Farming and grazing the principal branches of industr\ . CALIFORNIA. Lassen Advocate W. 3 76 Lassen Co. Farmer "W. 377 Lassen Co. Journal W. 378 SUTTER CREEK, Amador Co. Foothills Ensign W. 3 79 TEHA3IA, Tehama Co., 881 p., on Sacra- mento r. and Oregon division of Central Pacific Rd., 123 m. from wSacramento ; sur- rounded by an agricultural distinct. Tocsin W. 380 TRUCKEE, Nevada Co., 750 p., on Truckee r. and Central Pacific Rd., 120 m. from Sacramento. Engaged in cutting and manufacturing lumber. SuiTounded by some of the finest scenery in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Republican S. W. 381 UKIAH, c. h., Mendocino Co.. 1,200 p., on Russian r., 121 m. N. by W. of San Fran- cisco. Engaged in fanning, stock raising and lumbering. Democratic Dispatch W. 383 Mendocino Democrat "W. 383 VAIiLiE JO, Solano Co., 5,000 p., on San Pablo Bay, at terminus of California Pacific Rd., 24 m^ N. E. of San Francisco. It has a fine harbor, accessible for the larges^ ships. Engaged in agTiciUture and manu- facturing. IT. S. Navy Yard is located on Mare Island, directly opposite. Chronicle .' D. 3 84 W. 385 Solano Times D. 386 VISALIA, c. h., Tulare Co., 2,800t p., on Kaweath r., in an agricultural and stock- raising district, 18 m. N. E. of Tulare Lake, and about 200 S. by E, of Sacramento. Delta W. 387 Tulare Times W. 388 WASHINGTON, Nevada Co. Alameda Independent W. 389 WATSONVIL,I.E, Santa Cruz Co., 2,000t p., on Pajaro r., 5 ra. from Monterey Bay, 19 S. E. of Santa Cruz and 20 from (rilroy. In an agricultural district, and a place of considerable trade. Pajaronian W. 390 W^EAVERVILI/E, c. h.. Trinity Co., 1,000 p., on Weaver Creek, in a mining dis- trict, 180 m. N. by W. of Sacramento, and about 60 m. E. 'of Eureka. Centre of a large traffic with various mining campa. The mines in this section ai-e rich. Trinity Journal W. 391 WEST OAKLAND, Alameda Co. Oakland Semi-Trojncal Press.W. 393 WHEATLAND, Tuba Co. Free Press W. 393 WOODLAND, c. h., Yolo Co., 3,500t p.. on the Califoniia Pacific Rd., 20 m. from Sacramento and 50 from Vallejo. in an ag- ricultural district. Chief production wheat and grapes. Engaged in manufacturing. Tolo Democrat W. 394 ToloMail W. 395 YREKA, c. h., Siskiyou Co., 1,500 p., on Yreka Creek. Engaged in agriculture and mining ; situated about 300 m. N. of Sacra- mento, and about 25 S. of Oregon State line. A trade centre for the northern part of the State. Journal W. 396 Vnion W. 397 YUBA CITY, c. h.. Sutter Co.. 1,000 p., in CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPEK EXHIBITION. GALIFOKKIA. ail tigTienltaral district on Feather r., near- ly opposite .Mai-ysville, and 57 m. N. of Sacramento. Sutter Banner W. 3 9 8 CONNECTICUT. ANSONIA, New Haven Co., 5,500t p., on Naugatuck Kd. and r., 2 m. N. of Derby and 16 N. of Bridgeport. Engaged in manufactures. Naugatuck Valley Sentinel. W. 399 BIRMINGHAM, New Haven Co.. 2.103 p., in Derby township, at junction of Nau- gatuck and Housatonic rs., 10 m. W. of New Haven. Derby Transcript W. 4:00 BRIDGEPORT, Fairfield Co., 25,000 p., on Long Island Sound and New York & New Haven Kd., 59 m. ft'om New York City and at the junction of Housatonic and Naugatuck Eds. Engaged in sewing ma- chine, carriage, furniture, fire-arms, and otier manufactures and coast trade. Evening Farmer D. 4:0 1 Republican " W. 403 Standard D. 4:03 Republican Standard W. 4:04: Bridgeporter Zeitung S. W. 4:05 Journal S. W. 4:06 Leader S. W. 4:07 BRISTOIi, Hartford Co. Pequabuck Valley Gazette.. W. 408 Press W. 4:09 CHESTER, Middlesex Co. New Era M. 410 DAWBURY, 0. h., Fairfield Co., 10,000t p.. at terminus of Danbury & Norwalk Ed., 68 m. from New York ; a branch railroad also connects with Housatonic at Brookfield. Engaged in manufactm-es, the principal of which is hats. Globe W. 411 News W. 413 IS»ANIEL.SONVIL,L.E, Windham Co., .3,500 p., in Killingly township, on Quinne- bang r. and Norwich & Worcester Ed., 30 m. from Norwich. Engaged in cotton and woolen manufacture. Windham Co. Press W. 413 Windhain Co. Transcript . .W . 4:14:: EAST HARTFORD, Hartford Co. Elm Leaf W. 415 HARTFORD,- c. h., Hartford Co., State capital, 40,0001 p., on Connecticut r. and on New Haven & Hartford Ed. Engaged in commerce and manufactures. Courant D. 416 Connecticut Courant W, 417 Post D. 418 Connecticut Post W. 419 Times D. 430 " W.431 Advertiser W. 433 Christian, Secretary W. 433 Clarion W. 434 Religiotis Herald W. 435 Sunday Journal W. 436 Irinity Tablet. Poultry World M. 438 American Journal of Educa- tion Qr. 439 MTCHFIELD, c. h., Litchfield Co., 3,850 p., on the Shepaug branch of Danbury CONNECTICUT. •fe Norwalk Ed., and about 4 m. W. of the line of the IMaugatuck Ed. Engaged in manufactures, and centre of considerable trade. Enquirer W. 430 MANCHESTER, Hartford Co., Times W. 431 MIDDL.ETOAVN, c. h., Middlesex Co., 11,143 p., on Connecticut r. and New Ha- ven, Middletown & Willimantic Ed., at an equal distance from New York and Boston, and 35 m. from Long Island Sound. En- gaged in various manufactures. Centre of a large trade. Constitution D. 433 W.433 Sentinel D. 434 Sentinel and Witness W. 435 College Argus B. W. 436 MILFORD, New Haven Co. Sentinel W. 437 MOODUS, Middlesex Co., in East Haddam township, on Moodus r. near its entrance into the Connecticut, and about 12 m. S. E. of Middletown. Connecticut Valley Adver- tiser W. 438 3IYSTIC RIVER, New London Co. Mystic Journal W. 439 Mystic Press W. 440 NEW BRITAIN, Hartford Co., ll,0O0f p., 10 m. from Hartford, on Hartford, Pro- vidence & Fishkill Eds. Engaged in manufacturing hardwai-e, jewelry and other articles. Observer W. 441 Record W. 443 NEW HAVEN, New Haven Co., 55,000f p., at head of New Haven Bay, 4 m. from Long Islahd Sound. vSeveral railroads cen- tre here. Seat of Yale College. Engaged in commerce, and in carriage and other manufactures. Jmirnal and Courier D 443 Connecticut Herald and Jour- nal W. 444 Palladium D. 445 W. 446 Register D. 447 Columbian Register W. 448 Union D. 449 " W.450 " Snnd.451 Connecticut Reptiblikaner.S.W. 453 Commonwealth W. 453 Tale Courant W. 454 Yale Record W. 455 American Journal of Science and Arts M. 456 Hubbard's Ne^vspaper Adver- tiser ,_. . ,^M. 45 7 Loomis' Musical and Ma- sonic Journal M. 45 8 Tale Literary Magazine M. 459 New Englandcr Qr. 460 NEW LONDON, c. h.. New London Co., ll,000tp., on Thames r., having a good har- bor. Engaged in commerce and mauufae- turing. Evening Telegram D. 401 Connecticut Gazette W. 463 NEW MIL.FORD, Litchfield Co., 3,700t g, on Housatonic r. and Ed.. 35 m. from ridgeport. Ene:aged in manufactures, Housatonic Ray W. 46 3 t& CENTENNIAL. NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. CONNECTICUT. If ORWALiK, Fairfield Co., 15,000t p., on Norwalk r. and New York & New Haveu Rd., 45 m. from New York, and at junc- tion of Norwalk & Daubury Kd. Eu- ffas:ed in manufactures. Gazette W. 464 Hour and Westport Ad- vertiser "W. 4:6 5 NORAVICH, c. h., New London Co., 16,653 p., at head of navigation on Thames r., 13 m. from New London, and midw^iy between New York and Boston, on Nor- wich & Worcester and New London Northern Kd. A line of steamers make daily ti'ips between here and New York. Engaged in commerce and manufactures. Aram D. 466 '' W.4:67 Morning Bulletin D. 468 Cou)-i&r W. 469 Aurora W. 470 PliAINVIIiliE, Hartford Co. News W . 4 7 1 PUTNAM, Windham Co., 6,000t p., on Quinnebaug r. and Boston, Hartford & Erie Rd., at intersection of Norwich & Worcester Kd., 26 m. from Worcester and 34 from Norwich. Engaged in the manu- facture of cotton and boots and shoes. Patriot W. 473 Putnam Co. Netos W. 473 ROCK.VIL.LE, Tolland Co., 6,000t p., in Vernon township, 17 m. from Hartford, on Kockville branch of Hartford, Providence 6c Fishkill Kd. Principally engaged in manufacture of woolen and silk goods. Tolland Co. Journal W. 474 SALISBURY, Litchfield Co., 3,320 p., on Connecticut Western Kd., 71 m. from Bridgeport. Engaged in manufacturing and iron mining. Connecticut Western News.-W. 475 SEYMOUR, New Haven Co. Pecord W. 476 SOUTH COVENTRY, Tolland Co., 4,00Ot p., on Willimantic r. and New Lon- don Northern Kd., 35 m. from New Lon- don. Engaged in manufactures. Coventn/ Local Register W. 477 SOUTHINGTON, Hartford Co. Reporter W. 478 SOUTH NORWALiK, Fairfield Co. Sentinel W. 479 SOUTH WILTON, Fairfield Co. School Festival Qr. 48 STAFFORD SPRINGS, Tolland Co., 3,5(X) p., in Staiford township, on Willi- mantic r. and New London Northern Rd., 50 m. from New London. Engaged in woolen, cotton and iron manufactures. Mineral springs located here. Tolland Co. Press W. 48 1 STAMFORD, Fairfield Co., 9,714 p., on Long Island Sound and New York & New Haven Kd., 37 m. from New York. En- gaged in manufactures and coast trade, and is a summer resort. Advocate W. 48 3 Herald W 48 3 STONINGTON, New Loudon Co., 6,313 p., and port of entry on the sea-coast at eastern extremity of Long Island Sound, 12 m. E. of New London, with which it is connected by the Stonington & Providence CONNECTICUT. Rd. ; New York & Stonington Steamboat line connects Avith New York city daily. Has a good harbor, and is engaged in coast trade and manufactures. Mirror W. 484 THOMPSONVILLiE, Hartford Co. Gazette W. 485 WATERBURY, New Haven Co., 15,000t p., on Naugatuck Rd., 32 m. fi-om New Haven and "33 from Hartford, at intersec- tion of Hartford, Providence & Fishkill Rd. Engaged in manufacturing brass, Gemian silver, buttons, and various other articles. American D. 486 W.487 Valley Index W. 488 WEST HAVEN, New Haven Co. Journal S. M. 48 9 W^EST MERIDEN, New Haven Co., 10,495 p., on Hartford & New Haven Rd., 18 m. from New Haven and same distance from Hartford. Engaged in manufacture of hardware in aU its branches. Several manufactm-ing establishments are located here. Meriden Recorder D. 490 Meriden Literary Recorder . W. 49 1 Meriden Republican D. 493 W. 493 Morning Call S. W. 494 Meriden Citizen W. 495 AVEST AVINSTED, Litchfield Co. WinsUd Herald W. 496 WIIiLIM ANTIC, Windham Co., 5,000 p., in Windham township, on Willimantic r. and New London ^\)rthern Rd., at inter- section of Hartford, Providence & Fishkill Rd., 30 m. from Hartford and .50 from Pro- vidence. Engaged in silk, cotton and other manufactures. Journal W. 49 7 WINSTED, Litchfield Co., 6,500 p., at terminus of Naugatuck Rd., 26 m. fi-om Hartford and 62 fi-om Bridgeport. Exten- sively engaged in manufacturing. Centre of trade. Neios W. 498 Press W.499 W^OLiCOTTVILIiE, Litchfield Co. Register W. 500 DELAWARE. DOVER, c. h., Kent Co., State capital. 2,332t p., on Jones Creek, 5 m. from Dela- ware Bay, and on Delaware lUl., 48 m. fi-om Wilmington and 77 from Philadelphia. Surrounded by a peach-growing and agri- cultural district. Delatvarean W. 501 State Sentinel W. 503 GEORGETOWN, c. h., Sussex Co.. 850t p., on Junction & Breakwater Kd., 40 m. fi-om Dover and 89 from Wilmington. Sussex Journal W. 503 HARRINGTON, Kent Co. Record W. 504 liEWES, Sussex Co., l,350t p., on Dela- ware Bay, opposite the Breakwater, and at terminus of Junction & Breakwater Rd., 104 m. from Wilmington and 56 from Dover. Breakivater Light. W. 505 MIDDL.ETOAVN, New Castle Co., l,200t CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. 27 DELAWARE. p., on Delaware Ed., 25 m. from Wilming- ton. Engaged in the manufacture of car- riages. Transcript W. 506 MIL.FORD, Kent Co., 3,100 p., on Mispil- liau r. and Junction & Breakwater Kd., 68 m. from Wilmington, 90 from Phila- delphia. Centre of an agricultural and fruit-growing- section. Feninsvla Hews and Adver- tiser W. 507 HEWARK, New Castle Co. Saturday Visitor W. 5 8 SEAPORD, Sussex Co., 1,304 p., on Nan- ticoke r. and Delaware Rd., at junction and terminus of Dorchester & Delaware Ed., 36 m. from Dover and 33 from Cam- bridge, Md. Actively engaged in trade and oyster canning. Citizen. SMYRNA, Kent Co., 2,110 p., on Smyrna brarich of Delaware Ed., 36 m. from Wil- mington and 60 from Philadelphia. Engag- ed in the peach trade, and has several manufactories. Times W. 510 AVIL.MI1VGT01V, New Castle Co., 3,500t p., on Delaware Bay, near junction of Dela- ware and Brandywine rs. The Philadel- phia, Wilmington & Baltimore Ed. con- nects witli all the important cities North and South, and Delaware Ed. extends from here through the State to Salisbmy, Mary- land. The Wilmington & Eeading, also the Wilmington & Western Eds., have thoir terminus here. Engaged in the build- ing of steamboats and cars and manufactur- ing machinery, cotton and woolen goods, and various other articles. Commercial D. 5 1 1 Delaware Tribune W. 513 Delaware Gazette D. 513 -...W.514: Every Evening D. 515 Morning Herald D. 516 Republican D. 517 Delaware Eepublican W. 518 Chronicle W. 5 19 Delaioare Pioneer W. 530 Jiescue W. 5 3 1 Delaware Farmer B. W. 533 Sunday School Worker.. B. AY. 533 Harkness' Magazine Qr. 534r DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. GEORGETOAVX, 15,000 p., on Potomac r. Terminus of Chesapeake and Ohio Ca- nal. Just above Washington, and separat- ed from it by Eock Creek. Engaged in manufacturing and Cumberland coaltrade. Courier W. 5 3.^ College Journal W. 536 WASHINGTOIV, c. h.. Capital of the United States, 109,204 p., on Potomac r. The political centre of the United States, containing the Capitol and department buildings. Chronicle D. 537 W.538 Critic D. 539 Evening St-ar D. 530 Star W. 531 Moi-ning Neins> D. .533 DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. National Republican D. 533 Telegram D. 534: Tribune D. 5 35 Washingtoner Journal D. 536 Capital W. 357 Card Basket W. 538 Commoner W. 539 Der Volks-Tribune W. 54:0 Forney's Sunday Morning Chronicle W. 54:1 Gazette W. 54:3 Index AV. 54:3 Lav) Reporter W. 54:4: National Intelligencer W. 54:.5 New National Era & Citizen. Official Gazette W. 54:7 Sentinel W. 54:8 Sportsman W. 54:9 Sunday Herald W. 550 Real Estate Record S. M. 551 Sileiit World S. M. 553 Copp's Land Owner M. 553 Field and Forest M. 554: Mackey's National Free Ma- son. Post Office Gazette M. 556 Republic M. 557 United States Record and Gazette M. 558 African Repository Qr. 5 .5 9 FLOEIDA. CEOAR KEYS, Levy Co. Florida State Journal W. 560 PERIVAIVDIIVA, c. h., Nassau Co., 2.000 p., on Amelia Island and St. Mary's Bay, having a fine liarbor and considerable trade. Eastex'u terminus of Floi'ida Ed. Observer W. 56 1 GAIIVESVIL,L.E, c. h., Alachua Co., 1,444 p., on Florida Ed., 98 m. from Fer- nandina and 60 from Jacksonville. En- gaged in agricultural pursuits. Alachua Citizen and New Era W. 563 JACKLSONVILiLE, c. h., Duval Co., 6,912 p., on St. John's r., at terminus of Jacksonville, Pensacola &. Mobile Ed. En- gaged in commerce, and centre of trade. Lumbering carried on, exporting annually from 60,000,000 to 100,000,000 feet. Florida Union D. 563 " AY. 564: Florida Sun D. 565 " W. 566 Press S. W. 567 " AY. 568 Floi-ida Agncultunst W. 569 Seyni-Tropical M. 5 70 KEY WEST, c. h., Monroe Co., 11,0001 p., on the Gulf of Mexico. Interested in shipping and the manufacture of salt. The Charleston and Havana steamer touches at this port once a week. Dispatch AY. 5 7 1 Key of tlie Gulf AY. 573 LAKE CITY, c. h., Columbia Co., 964 p., on Jacksonville, Pensacola &- Mobile Ed., 106 m. from Tallahassee and 60 from Jack- sonville. Centre of a large mercantile trade. Reporter W. 573 LIVE OAK, Siiwanee Co., 396 p. on Jacksonville, Pensacola & Mobile Ed., 83 28 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. FLORIDA. m. E. of Tallahassee. A railroad connects Avith Jesup. on Atlantic iliops are located here, giving employment to a largo number of men. Democrat W. 8 3.'5 Sentinel W. 836 CHAMPAIGN, Champaign Co., 6,000t p.. on Illinois Central Rd., at intersection of lndiana])olis. Bloomington & Western Rd., 128 m. from Chicago, and 48 from Bloom- ington. The eastern terminus of Monticello Rd. Countv devoted to agTiculture. State Industrial Oniversity located here. Champaign Co. Gazette W. 837 Tinier W. 838 Union W. 839 mini M. 840 CHARLESTON, c. h.. Coles Co.. 3,500t p., on St. Louis & Indianapolis Rxl., 46 m from Terre Haute. Centre of an agricul- tural countv. Does a thriving trade. Courier.' ! W. 841 Plaindealer AV. 843 CHATS^VORTH, Livingston Co. Plaindealer W. 843 CHEBANSE, Iroquois Co., 974 p., on Cen- tral Rd., 64 m. S. by AY. of Chicago. Herald W. 844 Independent AY. 845 CHENOA, McLean Co., 1,500 p.. on Chi- cago Sl Alton Rd., at intersection of the Toledo, Peoria & AYarsaw Rd., 17 m. from Bloomington. Monitor AY. 8 46 CHESTER, c. h., Randolph Co. 1,615 p., on Mississippi r., just below mouth of Kas- kaskia r., and at terminus of Chester & Ta- maroa Rd., about 83 m. below St. Louis. It has a large river commei'ce, and is a place of active business in coal, iron, lead and agricultural products. Tribune W. 847 Valley Clarion AA^ 848 CHICAGO, c. h., Cook Co., 450,OOOt p.. ou Lake Michigan and Chicago r. Metropolis of the Northwestern States. Railroads centre here from all jioiuts. Central depot for the shipment of the various products of the West to the Eastern markets, by way of the Lakes and through lines of railroad. Largest grain, provision and lumber mar- ket in the world. Lake commerce is ex- tensive. Largest city in tlie State. Freie Presse D. 8 49 '• AY. 850 Daheini Sund. 8 .5 1 lUinois Staat^ Zeitu ng I). 8 5 3 " AY. 853 Der Westen Sund. 854 Inter Ocean D. 855 • S. AY. 856 34 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. ILLINOIS. Inter Ocean W. 857 Journal I). 858 T. W. 859 " W. 860 Mercantile Price Ourreat. . . D. 801 " " " ..W. 86a Morning Courier D. 863 " " W. 864: National Hotel Reporter D. 865 Neivs ...D. 866 Post and Mail D. 867 " W. 868 Sfcandinuven D. 869 w.8ro Svornost D. 871 A merikan "W.873 Titne^ D. 8 73 " T. W. 8 74 " W. 875 Tribune D. 876 T. W. 8 77 AV.878 Union D. 879 " W.880 Bdletristische Zeitung.. . Suncl. 8 81 Advance W. 883 Advent Christian Times W. 8 83 AUiance W. 884 Carl Pretzels Weekhj W. 8 8 5 Christian Cynosure W. 886 Gominercial Advertiser . ...W 887 Cook Co. Sun W. 888 Democrat W. 889 DoUar Sun W. 890 Drovers' Jownal W. 891 Engineei'ing Netvs AV. 8 9 ;3 Enterprise and Times W. 893 Eidenspiegcl W. 894 Field:.... W.895 Gamla och Nya Hemlandet W. 896 GazetaPolska W. 897 Gazeta Polska Katolicka. . . . W. 898 HandeU und Industrie Zei- tung W. 899 nejmdal AY. 9 Hotel World AY 901 Industrial Age AY. 9 0:3 Interior AY. 903 Journal of Commerce AY. 904 Katholisches Wochenhlatt...^. 905 Ledger AA". 906 Legal News AY. 907 Neiv Covenant AY. 908 Norden AY. 909 North- Western Christian Ad- vocate AY. 910 North- Western Lumherman.W . 911 Nya Svenska AmerikanarenAV . 913 Nya Verlden AY. 913 Occident AY. 914 Pilot AY. 915 Pomeroy's Democrat AY. 916 Prairie Farmer AY. 917 Railway Review AY. 918 Real Estate and Building Journal AY. 919 Rdiqio-Philosophical Jour- nal AY. 930 Sandebudet AY. 931 Saturday Evening Herald.. V^. 933 Standard AY. 933 Sun AY. 934 Union Park Advocate AY. 935 Vorbote AY. 936 Western Age A\^ 937 Western Catholic AY. 938 Western Farm Journal AY. 939 Western Rural AY. 1^30 •ILLINOIS. Workingman's Advocate AY. 931 Lakeside Library T. M. 9 3 3 Bridal Veil B. AY. 933 Lutherischer Kirchen- freund S. M. 934 United State.s Medical, In- vestigator S. M. 935 Advocate M. 936 Agefifs Guide M. 937 American Aspirant American Bee Journal M. 939 American Miller .M. 940 American Poultry Journal and Record M. 941 Balance M. 943 Crusader M. 943 Everybody's Paper M. 944 Furniture Trade M. 945 Gem of the West and Soldier's Friend ]^I. 946 Goldbeck's Journal of Music.M. Guardian M. 948 Herald M. 949 Home Visitor M Humane Journal M. 9.51 Illustrated Bible Studies M. 953 Illustrated Press M. 95 3 In Door and Out M. 9.54 Insurance Critic M. 9.55 Investigator M. 956 Lady's Friend M. Land Owner M. 958 Legal Adviser M. 959 Little Bouquet M. 960 Little Folks M. 961 Magazine M. 963 Manford's 2[agazine M. 963 Matrimonial Bazar M. 964 Medical Journal and Ex- aminer M. 965 Medical Times M. 966 Naer och Fjerran M. 967 National Live Stock Journal M. 968 National Sunday School Teacher M. 969 New Church Independent .. M. 970 Old Oaken Bucket M. 971 Pharmacist M. 973 Railway Guide M. 9 73 Reporter M. 974 School World M. 975 Temperance Monthly M. Voice of Masonry and Fam- ily Magazine M. 977 Volante M. 978 Watchman M. 979 Western Home M. Western Journal of Educa- tion M. 981 Western Manufacturer M. 9 8 3 Western Paper Trade M. 9 8 3 Western Postal Record M. 984 Wlhon's Reflector M. C 8 5 Workers' Lamp M. 986 Young Folks' Monthly M. 9 8 7 Rapid Writer B. iL 9 8 8 Tachyqrapher B. M. 9 8 9 Watch B. M. 990 Electrotype Journal Qr. 991 Electrotyper Qr. 99 3 Printing Press Qr. 993 Round's Printers' Cabinet.. Qr. 994 Specimen Qi". 995 CH1L.L.ICOTIIJS, Peoria Co.. 960 p., on Illiuoi.s v.. at tiie bead of Pooria Lake, and on Peoria branch of Chicago &. Kock Island Kd., 13 m. from Peoria. Reporter AY. 996 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. 35 ILLINOIS. CHRISMAN, Edgar Co. Enter-prise W. 997 CL.EMENT, Clinton Co. Jleffister W. 998 CLIFTON, Iroquois Co. Eepoi-ter W. 999 CL.INT01V, c. h., Dewitt Co., 3,500t p., on Illinois Central Rtl., at intersection of Oilman, Clinton & Springfield Ed., 22 m. from Blooming-ton. A fanning district. Has a good general trade. The railroad machine shops ai'c located here. Public W. 1,000 Register W. 1,001 COI4L.IIVSVIL.L.E, Madison Co., l,800t p.. on the St. Lonis, Vandalia. Terrc Hante «fe Indianapolis Kd., 11 m. from St. Louis. Arirus W. 1,0053 Liberal Democrat W. 1,003 COAVDEN, Shelby Co. Herald W. 1,004 CRESTOIV, Ogle Co., 540 p., on Chicago Si, Northwestern Rd., 79 m. from Chicago and 5 from Rochelle. Tinier W. 1,00.5 CRETE, Will Co. Enterprise W. 1,006 DAKOTA, Stephenson Co. Farmers' Advocate. OAL.L.AS CITY, Hancock Co., l,500t p., on Mississippi r., 15 m. beloAV Burlington, Iowa, and 18 N. of Carthage. Adoocate W. 1,008 DANA, La Salle Co. Local Times W. 1,009 DANVILLE ,c. h., VermiUion Co., 8,000t p., on Vermillion r. and Toledo, Wabash & Western Rd., at intersection of Chicago, Danville & Vincennes and Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western Rds., 112 m. ft-om Springfield, 125 from Chicago. Actively engaged in coal mining, manufactm-ing and agriculture. Times D. 1,010 " AY. 1,011 Commercial W. 1,0 13 News W. 1,013 DAVIS, Stephenson Co., 800 p., on West- ern Union Rd., 14 m. from Freeport, in a thickly settled agiicultural district. Budget W. 1,014 DAVIS JUNCTION, Ogle Co. Enterpnse W. 1,015 DECATUR, c. h., Macon Co., 10,000t p., on Sangamon r. and on the Illinois Central Rd., afthe intersection of Toledo, Wabash & Western Rd., 38 m. from Springfield, 108 from St. Louis and 160 from Chicago. Surrounded by an agricultural district. Engaged in manufactm-ing, and o. place of active trade. Republican D. 1,016 W. 1,017 Tim^s D. 1,018 " W. 1,019 Local Ileileir W. 1,030 DE KALB, I)e Kalb Co., 2,164 p., on Chi- cago & Northwestern Rd., 58 m. from DeKalb Co. News W. 1,031 DEL.AVAN, Tazewell Co., 2,500t p.. on main line of Chicago (fc Kansas City ILLINOIS. through route, Jacksonville division of Chicago &. Alton and Toledo, Wabash &, AVestern Rds., 31 m. S. W. of Bloomington and 15 S. of Pckin. The best grain-grow- ing and stock producing district in the county. Advertiser W. 1,0.33 Times W. 1,033 DIXON, c. h., Lee Co., 4,500 p., on Rock r. and Illinois Central Rd., at intersection of Chicago &. Northwestern Rd., B^im. from Galena. The river furnishes power, wliich is employed in a number of mills. Sun W. 1,034 Telegraph W. 1 ,035 Western Farmer M. 1,036 DOLTON-RIVERDALE, Cook Co. Revieiv W. 1,037 DUQ,UOIN,Pen-y Co., 3,000t p., on Illi- nois Central, at junction of St. Louis, Belle- ville &, Southern Rds., 70 m. from St. ^ Louis and 290 from Chicago. Surrounded by rich coal fields, and produces and ships large quantities of tobacco, wool, castor beans, com, oats and wheat, apples, peaches and plums, etc. Tnbune W. 1,038 DURAND, Winnebago Co. Patriot W. 1,039 DWIGHT, Livingston Co., 2,400t p., on Chicago & Alton Rd., at the junction of the Dwight & Washington Rd., 74 m. from Chicago. Fanning and stock raising the principal branch of industry. Star AV. 1,030 * Western Postal Review.. M. 1,031 EARL.VIL.L.E, LaSalleCo., 1,000 p., on Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rd., 35 m. W. S. W. of Aurora. Gazette: W. 1,033 EAST ST. LOUIS, Saint Clair Co.. 7,500^ D., on Mississippi r., directly opposite St. Louis, Mo. Press D . 1 , 3 3 " W. 1.034 Oazette W. 1,035 St. Giair Tribune W. 1 ,036 Stock Yard Reporter W. 1,037 EDWARDSVILLE, c. h.. Madison Co., 2,200t p., on St. Louis branch ol tiie To- ledo, Wabash & AVestern Rd., at the junction of the Madison Co. Rd., 12 m. from Alton, in a rich and populous agri- cultural district, and centre of an active trade. Intelligencer W. 1,038 Madison Co. Anzeigei'. . . W. 1,039 Republican W. 1,040 EFFINGHAM, c. h., Effingham Co., 3,000t p., at intersection of Illinois Central Rd. with St. Louis & TeiTc Haute Rd., 1,6 m. from St. Louis. Engaged in manufac- turing ; the centre of considerable trade. Democrat W, 1,041 Republican AV. 1 , 043 ELGIN, Kane Co., •'5,441 p., on Fox r. ana Fox River and Chicago 6c Nortliwestern Rds., 52 m. from Chicago. Tlie river fur- nishes power, which is employed in various manufactures. The Elgin National Watch Company located here. Centre of a fine agricultural district. ^mujj- City D. i ,043 Advocate AV. 1,044 Citizen W. 1*045 36 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. ILLINOIS. Times W. 1,046 Informer M. 1,047 Lady EUjin M. 1,048 ELiIZABETHTOWN.c. h.. Hardin Co., 850 p., ou Ohio r., midway between Evans- ville and Cairo. Industries, miuinjr iron, coal, leful and copper, and af:;-riculture. Rardln Gazette W. 1 ,049 ELMW^OOD. Peoria Co.. 1,7501 p., at junction of Salisbury &l Peoria and Euda 75 p.. on Springfield 6c Illinois Southeastern Kd., 129 m. from Springfield. Suri'ounded by an excellent fruit-growing district, and a shipping point for valuable lumber. Denwcrat W. 1,059 Wayne Co. Press W. 1,060 Wayne Co. Bepublican . .W . 1,061 FARMER CITT, De Witt Co., l,500t p., on Indianapolis, Bloom ingtou & Western Kd.. at intersection of Oilman, Clinton outhern Illinois Journal W. 1,064 FORRESTON, Ogle Co., 1.200t p.. on northern division of Illinois Central Kd., at intersection of Chicago oint for a lars^e agricnltural and mineral coiuitry. Has several manufac- tures. Herald W. 1,09.5 GRAND TOWER, Jackson Co. rtem W. 1,096 GRAYVIL.I.E, White Co., 1,925 p., on Wabash r., 35 m. from Evansville, Ind. It has an active trade and is rapidly increas- ing in population. Engaged in manufac- turing, and an important shipping point. Independent W. 1,097 GREE1\'FIEI.», Greene Co., l,200t p., on Rockford. Eock Island & St. Louis Ed., 12 m. S. of Whitehall. Agricultural and stock-raising county. iVeit's W. 1,09 8 GREENVIL.LE, c h.. Bond Co., 2.000t p., on St. Louis, Vandaha, Terre Haute &. Indianapolis Ed., .50 m. from St. Louis. In an agricultural district. Corn is the chief product. Advocate... W. 1,099 GRIOIiEY, McLean Co. Journal W. 1,100 Monitor W. 1,101 GRIGGSVILl^E, Pike Co., 2,100 p.. on Hannibal and Naples division of Toledo, Wabash &. Western Ed., .50 m. fi-om (^nincy, 4 W. of Illinois r.. 30 E. of Missis- sippi r. A thriving agricultural district. Extensively engaged in various manufac- tures. Reficctor W. 1,10^ HAMIL.TON, Hancock Co. Dollar Rural Messenger. . W. 1,103 HARDIN, c. h., Calhoun Co., 2001 p., on Illinois r., opposite the mouth of Macoupin Creek, about 28 m. above Alton. Calhoun Co. Democrat.. .W. 1,104 Calhmm Herald W. 1,105 HARRISBURG, c. h., Saline Co., l,.500t p., on Cairo & Vinccnnes Ed., 100 m. ft-om St. Louis, about 63 from Cairo, and 30 from Ohio r. SuiTounding coimtiy prolific in coal, iron and salt. Has a fiue trade. Chronicle W. 1,106 HARVARD, McHenry Co., l,800t p., on Chicago & Northwestern Rd.. at the in- tersection of the Eockford uis. An active business centre. Engagefc Eock Island Ed., at the intersection of Chicago & Alton Ed., 40 m. from Chicago. The" Micliigan Canal passes through here and furnishes extensive water power. Centre of a ricjh and populous agricultural district, and de- pot for the shipment of large ([nantities of grain and.produce. Cousiderabh; manufac- turing done here. Sun 1). 1,136 " W. 1,137 ReinMiean S. W. 1,138 W. 1,139 Herald W. 1,130 Iteco'rd W. 1,131 Signal W. 1,133 Will Co. Courier W. 1,133 JONESBORO, c. h.. Union Co., 2,000t p.. near Illinois Central Ed., 37 m. from Cairo. Advertiser W. 1,1 34 Gazette. W. 1,135 KANE, Greene Co. Express \V. 1 , 1 36 KANKAKEE, c. li.. Kankakee Co., 5,189 p., on Kankakee r. and Chicago branch of Illinois Central Ed., .56 m. from Chicago. A general trading .ind manufeo- 38 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. ILLINOIS. turinp town. One of tho finest water powers in tlio State. Gourrier de L'lUinoi^.. . .W. 1,137 Gazette W. 1,138 Herald W. 1,139 Timcn W. 1,140 KANSAS, Edprar Co., on St. Louis, Alton &. Terro Haute ltd., 14 m. ^Y. of Paris. News W, 1,14:1 KEITHSBURG, Morcei- Co., 1,179 p., on Mississippi r., and Galva, Now Boston & Keithsbnrg' braucli of Chicago, Burling- ton . 1,373 •' .T. W. 1,374 " ....W. 1.375 Illinois State Register. .. D. 1,376 " ...W. 1,377 lUinois Freie Presse W. 1,378 Sangamo Monitor W. 1,379 Labor of Love M. 1,380 STEELEVILLE, Randolph Co. Times W. 1,381 STERLING, Whitesides Co., 4.000 p., on Rock r.. Rockford. Rock Island & St. Louis and Chicago & Northwestern Rds.. 110 m. from Chicago. Has good water- power. Avhicli is being rapidly developed. Surrounded bv a fine agricultural district. Gazetf- -■ W. 1,383 Stawiard W. 1,383 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. 43 ILLINOIS. STOIVEPORT, SaUno Co. JourneLl W. l,384r STREATOR, La Salle Co., 1,486 p., on Vermillion r. and western division of Cliioa- {?o, Alton & St. Louis, and Oswego m. from Cortlandt, on Chicago & Northwcsteru Ed. Engaged in manu- factures. City Weekly W. 1,391 Free Methodist W. 1,393 Peformer and Free Press.W. 1,393 Tnie PepiiUican W. 1,394 Ghi-istian Pilgrim W. 1,395 TAL.L.UL.A, Menard Co. Enterprise W. 1,396 TAMAROA, Terrv Co. Perry Co. Watchman ... .W . 1,397 TAY1.0RVIIiL.E, c. li.. Christian Co., 2.180 p., at crossing of Toledo, Wabash &, Western and Springfield, Illinois & South- eastern Rds., 25 m. from Springfield and 90 from St. Louis. In an agricultural dis- trict. Coal found in the vicinity. En- gaged in manufactures. Christian Co. Farmer's Journal W. 1,398 Democrat W. 1,399 ruinois Republican W. 1,400 THOMSON, Carroll Co., 1,500 p., on Mis- sissippi r., and Western Union Rd., 7 m. above Fulton. Journal Village Echo W. 1,403 TOLiONO, Champaign Co. Herald W. 1,403 TONICA, La Salle Co., 1,000 p., on Illinois Central Rd., 9 m. S. of La Salle. Local W. 1,404 News W. 1,405 TOULiON, c. h., Stark Co., 1,500 p., on Peo- ria &. Rock Island Rd., 37 m. from Peoria, in an enterprising and thi'ifty farming district. Stark Co. News W. 1 ,406 TROY, Madison Co. Bulletin W. 1,407 TURNER .FUNCTION, Du Pago Co., l,000t p., on Chicago & Northwestern Rd., 30 m. from Clucago. Ncnos W. 1,408 TUSC01L.A, Douglas Co.. 2,000 p.. on Illi- ILLINOIS. nois Central Rd., 150 m. from Chicago, iu a farming distri(;t. Donalas Co. Review W. 1,409 Journal W. 1,410 UPPER AL.TON, Madison Co., 1.000 p., , about 2 m. from Alton City. Scat of Shurt- leff CoUeg-e. Qui Vive W. 1,411 URBANA, c. h., Cliampaign Co., .5,000t p., on Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western Rd., 92 m. from Springlield and 1^ from Champaign. A place of active trade. Surrounded by an agricultural and miuei'al district. Keuuhlican W. 1,413 VANDAILIA, c. h.. Fayette Co.. 1,999 n., on Kaskaskia r. and Iliiuois Central Ru., at intersection of St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute & Indianapolis Rd , 106 m. from Bloomington and 77 from St. Louis. A shipping point and trade centre for a large agricultural section. Fayette Democrat W. 1,413 Union V*^. 1,414 VER3IONT, Fulton Co.. 2,300 p., on Chi cago Burlington & Quincv and Rockford, Rock Island from Cincinnati. The centre of a trade. Surrounded by a farm- ing country. Extensively engaged in manufactures. Bevieiv W. 1,488 Tribune W. 1 ,48 9 CANNEL.TON, c. h.. Perry Co.. 2,481 p., on Ohio r., 70 m. above Evansville and 125 below Louisville, Ky. Coal is found here in large quantities. The coal mines of Cannelton are noted as the largest below Pittsburgh. Engaged in cotton and other manufactures. Enquirer W. 1,490 Reporter W. 1,491 CENTREVIL.L.E, Wayne Co. Odd Fellows' Chronicle. .W. 1,493 Wayne Co. Chronicle.... W. 1,493 CHARLiESTOWN, c. h., Clarke Co.. 2,204 p., 24 m. from the Ohio r., aud tlu- Louisville branch of the Ohio 6c Mississippi Rd., and 12 from Louisville, Ky. It is suiTOunded by excellent land and has an active business. Clarke Co. Record W. 1 ,494 Herald W. 1,495 CICERO, Hamilton Co., 8001 p., on the IndiimapoUs, Peru and Chicago Rd., 27 m. from Indianapolis. Gazette W. 1,496 CLINTON, Vei-million Co. Exponent W. 1,497 CL.OVERDAL.E, Putnam Co. Tliursday Morning Bee.-W. 1,498 COLLEGE CORNER, Union Co. Corner Stone W. 1,499 COLUMBIA CITY, c. h., Whitley Co., 3, loot p., on Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne &, Chicago Rd.. at the intersection of Detroit. Eel r. 6c Illinois Rd., 19 m. from Foi-t Wayne. It has a fine trade, and is located in the centre of a rich agricultural district. Post W. 1,500 Whitley Co. Commercial.W. 1,5 01 COLUMBUS, c. h., Bartholomew Co., 6,000t p., on White r., 41 m. from Indian- apolis, on the Jefiersonville, Madison &. Indianapolis Rd., at the junction of the Cambridge City & Madison branch. In an agricultural district. Bartholomew Democrat. ^^ . 1,503 Republican W. 1,503 CONNERSVILLE, c. h., Fayette Co.. 3,707 p., on White Water r. and the White Water Valley Rd., at the intersection of the Cincinnati 6c Indianapolis Junction Rd. with the Fort Wayne, Muncie 6c Cincin- nati Rd., 42 m. from Hamilton, 65 from Cincinnati and 56 from Indianapolis. Engaged in manufactures and the centre of a large trade. Examiner W. 1,504 Tim4is W. 1,505 CORYDON, c. h., Hariison Co., l,000t p.. on Indian Creek, 9 m. from the Ohio r. and 21 from Louisville, Ky. Xoted for its gi-oat quantity ol' valuable building aud 46 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. INDIANA. INDIANA. lithographic stone, marble, timber, .fcc. Alsoas aji ugricultural region, being one of the finest wheat and grain producing counties in the State. It also contains some valuable sulphur springs. Democrat W. 1,500 Jiepublican W. 1,507 COVINGTON, c. h.. Fountain Co., 2,273t p., on Wabash r., Wabash VIE'W, Spencer Co.. 900t p., on Ohio r., 6 m. above Rockport and 145 below Louisville. Monitor W. 1,566 GREEXCASTL.E, c. h., Putnam Co., 4,000 p., on Indianapolis & St. Louis and St. Louis, Vaudalia, Terre Haute & Indian- apolis Rds., at intersection of Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Rd., 39 m. W. of Indianapolis and "200 S. of Chicago. A rich and populous agricultural district and cen- tre of a large trade. Banner W. 1,567 Indiana Press W. 1 ,568 iStar W. 1,569 GREEIVFIEL.D, c. h., Hancock Co., 1,203 p., on the Pittsburgh, Indianapolis it. St. Louis Rd., 20 m. E. of Indianapolis. Engaged in manufacturing furniture and various other articles. The ceuti'e of a good faiTQing district. Hancock Democrat W. 1,570 News W. 1,5 71 GREEIVSBURG, c. h., Decatur Co., 3,000 p., on Indianapolis &, Cincinnati Rd., 4u m. from Indianapolis. Engaged in milling and manufacturing, and surrounded by an extensive agricultural region. Extensive stone quarries are located here. Decatur Press W. 1,573 Standard W. 1,5 73 HARTFORD CITY, c. h.. Elackford Co., 1,500 p., at crossing of Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis and Fort AVayno, Muncie &.. Cincinnati Rds., 75 m. from Indianapolis. 175 from Chicago, 1.30 from (Jincinnati, 47 from Fort Wayiie. A large hub and spoke factoiy is here, also several otlier manufactories. Courier. Xews W. 1,5 75 HARTSVIL.L.E, Bartholomew Co. Literary Ensign W. 1,5 76 HOPE, Bartholomew Co. Independent W. 1,577 HUNTIWGBURG, Dubois Co., 2,663 p., 7 m. S. W. of Jasper. Engaged in agri- culture and coal mining. Signal W. 1,578 HUNTINGTON, c. h., Huntington Co., 2,925 p., on Wabash r., and the Toledo, Wabash & Western Rd. aiul the Wabash 6l Erie Canal, 24 m. from Fort AVayne. Actively engaged in manuf.ictures : has several factories, iron and wood. Makes immense (luantities of lime. Indiana Herald W. 1,5 70 INOIANAPOI^IS, Marion Co., State cap- ital, 114,0001 p., on AVhite r., near centre of State, 115 m. from Cincinnati, 110 m. from Louisville, 240 from St. Louis and 194 from Chicago. The centering point of eleven important railroads, and in a rich and fer- tile district, having an immense trade. Evening News D. 1,580 News W. 1,58 1 Journal D. 1,583 Indiana State Journal..^. 1,583 Sentinel D. 1,584 State Sentinel W. 1,585 Telegraph D. 1,586 Indiana Yolksblatt and Telegraph W. 1,587 Central Catholic W. 1,588 Hoosier Patron and Lady Granger W. 1,589 Indiana Deut'iche Zeitu.ng'W . 1,590 Indiana Deutsche Zei- tung Sund. 1,591 Indiana Farmer W. 1,593 Journal of Commerce and Price Current W. 1 ,5 93 People W. 1,594 Saturdaif Herald W. 1,595 Spootvogel W. 1,596 Sun W. 1,597 Zukunft W. 1,598 Beharn's Musical Revieio.M. 1,599 Christian Monitor M. 1,600 Indiana Official Railway and Business Guide... M. 1,601 Indiana School Jo^irnal. .M.. 1,603 Little Soiver M. 1,6 03 Masonic A dvocate . . . M. 1,604 Mechanical Journal M. 1,605 Medical' Review M. 1, 06 Morning Watch M. 1 ,6 O 7 Odd Fellow's Talisman. . .M. 1,608 Our Monthly M. 1,609 Pi/thian Jouimal M 1,6 10 Laurel Wreath Qr. 1,611 .JASPER, c. h., Dubois Co., 7.50 p., on Pa- toka Creek, 120 m. from Ijidianapolis. Centre of trade. Engaged principally in agricultural pursuits. Flint, iron and coal found in vicinity. Courier W. 1 ,G 1 3 jrEFPERSONVIl.I.E, Clarke Co., 7,254 p., on Ohio r. opposite Louisville, Ky., and at the terminus of Indianapolis &; Jeffer- sonville Rd. Extensively engaged in man- ufactures. Even ing Neios T). 1,613 National Democrat W. 1,614 jrONESBORO, Grant Co., 8001 p., on Mississinewa r. and Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis Rd.. 4G m. E. of Logansport. Herald W. 1,615 KLENDAL.L.VIL.L.E, Noble Co., 2,800tp., on Air Line division of Lake Shore & Michigan Rd., at intersection of Grand Rapids & Indiana Rd., 2H m. from Fort Wayne aiul 91 from Toledo. Standard W. 1,6 16 KENTLAND, c. h., Ne-;vtou Uo., 802 p.^ on third division of Pittsourgj', Cincinntti & St. J^ouis Rd., 57 m. W. of ^ ogansiwrt, 4 E. of Illinois State line. 90 from Chicago and so fnuu Indianapolis. Surrounded bj 48 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION, LNDIA2iA. a rich a^-icultural district and extensively engaged in mauufactiires of various kinds. Gazette W. l,t>17 People'^ Precis W. 1,6 IS KNIGHTSTOl^'N, Henry Co., 1,528 p., on Blue r. and the Pittsi)urgh, Indianapolis & St. Louis Kd., 32 m. Irom Indianapolis. Engaged in iigriculture and manufactures. Does a thriving trade. Banner W. 1,619 City Chronicle W. 1,6;*0 KNOX, SUirke Co., l,500t p.. on Yellow r., about 10 m. fi-om English Lake, about 10 E. of Kankakee r., at crossing of Pittsburgh, Chicago & St. Louis Ed. A new county and rich in mineral wcfdth, in the shape of iron ore. One of the finest districts for the cultivation of corn, tobacco and the raising of stock in the State. atark Co. Ledger W. 1,6^1 KOKOMO, c. h., Howard Co.. 6.000t p., on Wildcat r., at the intersection of the Indianapolis, Penn. , Clinton Co. News W. 3,319 WIL.L.IAMS, HamUton Co. Pre^s W.3,330 WIIiTON, Muscatine Co., 1,317 p., at junc- tion of Southwestern division of Chicago, Kock Island & Pacific Rd. with the main i-oad, 25 m. W. of Davenport and 12 N. of Muscatine. Exponent W. 3,33 1 Herald W. 3,333 AVINTERSET, c. h., Madison Co., 3,000t p. Surrounded by a fine agricultural re- giou ; also one of the principal stone fields of Iowa ; 42 m. S. "W. of Des Moines, con- nected with it by Ed. branch of the C, K., I. & P. Ed., and is the present terminus. Madisonian W. 3,333 Ketcs W. 3,334: WYOMIIVG, Jones Co., 1,733 p., on Da- venport &, St. Paul Ed., 54 m. from Daven- port. Engaged in agriculture and stock raising. ■ Journal W. 3,335 KANSAS. ABIL.E1VE, c. h.. Dickinson Co., l,000tp., on Kansas Pacific Ed.. 163 m. "W. of Leavenworth. A place of active business. Dickinson Co. Chronicle .W . 3,336 AIjMA, c. h., Wabaunsee Co., 450t p., on Mill creek, 14 ni. from Wamego and 40 fi-om Topeka. Engaged iu agriculture and stock raising. Wabaunsee Co. News....W. 3,337 ARKANSAS CITY, Crowley Co., 500 p., on Arkansas r., 80 m. from Florence, on Atchison, Topeka & Santa Ee Ed. Stock raising and grain growing the principal branch of business. Traveler W. 3,338 ATCHISON, c. h., Atchison Co., 13,600tp., on Missouri r. It is the eastern terminus of central branch of Union Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, and Atchi- son & Nebraska Eds. The western ter- minus of Missouri Pacific Ed. Champion D. 3,339 W.3,330 Patriot D. 3,33 1 " W. 3,333 Ber Conner W. 3,333 AUGUSTA, Butler Co., 798t p., 150 ra. S. W. of Topeka. Lies in the celebrated Walnut Yalley, the most fertile iu the State ; the average wheat crop in the val- ley in 1875 being 33 bushels to the acre. Southern Kansas Gazett^.W. 3,334: BAXTER SPRINGS, Cherokee Co., l,500t p., on Spring r. and Missouri E.. Fort Scott &. Gulf Ed., 60 m. from Fort Scott. Engaged in cattle trade, lead min- ing and manufacturing, and a place of active business. Rep^iblican W. 3,33.5 BEL,L.EVILL.E, c. h., Eepublic Co., 3.501 p., iu the central part of the county, and KANSAS. about 75 m. N. W. of Junction City. A mining district. Republic W. 3,336 Telescope W. 3,3 3 7 BEL.OIT, Mitchell Co., fiOOf p., on Solomon r., 130 m. W. by N. of Topeka. Situated in one of the best agricultural counties in the State. A fine water power within the corporate limits of the city, with a flouring and saw mUl. Gazette W. 3,338 BI.UE RAPIDS, MarshaU Co., 700 p., on Blue r., at junction of the Big and the Little Blues. Has improved water power of 1,600 hoi-se power. Has largest flour- ing, woolen, paper, gypsum and oil miUs in the State. Is reached by the Central branch Union Pacific Ed., is 95 m. due W. of Atchison. Surrounded by excellent fanning lands, with abundance of water and buildiug stone. Times W. 3,339 BURLINGTON, c. h., Cofi"ey Co., l,200t p., on Neosho r. and Missoiu'i, Kansas & Texas Ed., 68 m. from Parsons and 89 ft'om Junction City. Centre of trade. Has water power, which is employed in manu- facturing. Principal business stock-rais- ing. Independent W. 3,34:0 Patriot W. 3,34:1 CAWKER CITY, Mitchell Co. Echo W. 3,34:3 CHANUTE, Neosho Co., 1,200 p.. junction of Missoui'i, Kansas & Texas and Leaven- worth, Lawrence & Galveston Eds. It is a railroad centre and a place of consider- able trade. Times W. 3,343 CHEROKEE, Crawford Co. Index... W. 3,34:4: CHETOPA, Labette Co., l,200tp., on Mis- souri, Kansas & Texas Ed., on the southern line of the State and on the west bank of the Neosho r. Herald W. 3, 34:5 Southern Kansas AdvanceW . 3,346 CLAY CENTER, c. h., Clay Co., 6001 p., on Eepublican r., 40 m. from Junction City aud 120 from Leavenwoi'th. In an agricultural section. Clay Co. Dispatch W. 3,347 COFFEYVIL.LE, Montgomerv Co. Journal W. 3\348 COIiUMBUS, c. h., Cherokee Co., 1.000 p., on Missouri E., Fort Scott & Gulf Ed., 11 m. from Baxter Springs aud 150 fi-om Kansas City. Surrounded by an agricul- tural district. Coal found in the vicinitv. Coxirier W. 3,349 Democrat W. 3,35 CONCORDIA, c. h., Cloud Co.. 600t p., ,54 m. from Waterville, 175 fi-om Leaven- worth and ].54 from Atchison A normal school and U. S. land office located here. Produces coal and stone for building pur- poses. Empire W. 3,3.51 Expositor W. 3,353 COTTONWOOD FALLS, c. h.. Chase Co., 4-59 p., on Cottonwood r., and Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fe Ed., 81 m. from Topeka. Has fine water power, aud sur- 62 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. KANSAS. roimded by an agricultural and stock- raising country. Chase Go. Courant W. 2,253 Chase Co. Leader W. 3,354 COUNCIL GROVE, c. h.. Morris Co., l,000t p., on the Neosho division of Mis- somi, Kansas & Texas Rd., 37 from Junc- tion City. SuiTouuded by an agricultural and stock-raising district.' Democrat "W. 3,355 Morris Co. Republican. . .W . 3,356 ELDORADO, c. h., Butler Co., 950t p., on Walnut r. SuiTounded by an agi'icultural and stock-raising district, which is rapidly filling up with immigrants. Walnut Yalley Times W. 3,35 T ELK PALLS, Elk Co., 300t p., on Elk r., 35 m. N. W. of Indepenflence. Surround- ed by an agricultural and stock-raising region. Elk Co. Ledger W. 3,358 ELLSWORTH, c. h., Ellsworth Co., 800 p., on Kansas Pacific Rd., 1.56 m. W. of Topeka. Stock raising and wheat grow- ing. Reporter W. 3,3 5 9 EMPORIA, c. h., Lyon Co., 2,400t p., near Atchison, Topeka &, Santa Fe Rd.. at crossing of Missouri. Kansas & Texas Rd., between Cottonwood and Neosho rs.. 65 m. S. W. of Lawrence. Commercial trade centre. Manufactm-ing interests of im- portance and rapidly improviug. Ledger W. 3,360 Neivs W. 3,331 EUREKA, c. h.. Greenwood Co.. 1,040 p., on Fall r., 40 m. S. of Emporia. Centre of trade for a rapidly growing agricultural district. Censorial W. 3,36 3 Herald W. 3,363 FORT SCOTT, c. h., Bourbon Co., 6.000t p., on Marmaton r. and Mission R., Fort Scott & Gulf Rd., and at intersection of Missouri, Kansas (fc Texas Rd., 100 m. from Kansas City aud about 120 S. of Leavenworth. Engaged in agriculture, manufacturing and coal mining. A place of active trade. Monitor D. 3,364 W. 3,365 Pioneer W. 3,366 FREDONIA, c. h., Wilsnn Co. Wilson Co. Citizen W. 3,36 T GARNETT, c. h., Anderson Co., l,500t p., 51 m. S. of Lawrence, on Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston Rd. Surrounded bv an agricultural district. ^Journal W. 3,368 Plain Dealer W. 3,369 GIRARD, c. h., Crawford Co., 1,000 p., on Missouri R.. Fort Scott & Gulf Rd., 26 m. from Fort Scott and 160 S. E. of Topeka. Located in an agricidtm'al district with heavy deposits of coal. Crawford Co. Neios W. 3,370 Press W. 3,371 GREAT BEND, c. h.. Barton Co. Register : . . . . W. 3,373 HANOVER, Washington Co., 350 p., on Little Blue r. and St. Joseph & Denver City Rd., 127 m. W. of St. Joseph. Western Independent W. 3,373 KANSAS. HAYS CITY, c. h., Ellis Co. Hays Sentinel W. 3,374 HIAWATHA, c. h.. Brown Co., 1,000 p., on St. Joseph & Denver City Rd., 42 ra. W. of St. Joseph. Engaged in agriculture and stock raising. Dispatch W. 3,375 Kansac Herald W. 3,376 HOLTON, c. h., Jackson Co., 426 p., on Kansas Central Rd.. .56 m. from Leaven- worth and 30 N. of Topeka. Recorder and Express W. 3,377 HOW^ARD CITY, c. h.. Elk Co.. 250 p.. situated in a mineral, agricidtural and stock growing region. Courant W. 3,378 HUMBOLDT, AJlen Co., 1,500 p.. on Neosho r., at junction of Leavenworth. Lawrence & Galveston Rd. with Missouri. Kansas & Texas Rd., 44 m. from Fort Scott and 86 from Lawrence. Surrounded by an agricultural district and centre of trade. The river furnishes water power for manufacturing. Union W. 3,379 HUTCHINSON, c. h., Reno Co. Netos W. 3,380 Reno Co. Independent... W. 3,381 INDEPENDENCE, Montgomery Co., 2,.500t p., on Verdigris r., 65 m. from Fort Scott. Terminus of the L., L. &. G. Rd. It is the centre of an agricultural dis- trict and a shipping point. A United States Laud Office is located here. Evening Courier D. 3,383 Cotirier W. 3,383 Kansan W. 3,384 South Kansas Tribune... W. 3,385 lOLA, c. h., Allen Co., 1,759 p., on Leaven- worth, Lawrence & Galveston Rd., 70 m. fi'om Lawrence, 104 from Kansas City. The Neosho r. supplies water power for manufactures, and surrounding coimtry is agricultural. Several machine shops for manufacture of stoves, agricultural imple- ments, etc., are located here. Has a min- eral well. Register W. 3,38 6 IRVING, Marshall Co., 900t p., on Central branch of Union Pacific Rd., 91 m. from Atchison. Blue Yalleij Gazette W. 3,3 8 7 JEWELL CENTER, Jewell Co. Jetvell Co. Monitor W. 3,38 8 JEAl'ELL CITY, Jewell Co., 360 p.. on Buffalo Creek, .30 m. N. W. of Concordia. Situate in the midst of a stock raising and farm growing countiT. Jeivell Co. Diamond W. 3,38 9 JUNCTION CITY, c. h., Davis Co.. 2,000 p., ou Smoky Hill fork of Kansas r., at junction of Missouri, Kansas & Texas Rd. with Kansas Pacific Rd., 71 m. from To- peka. Engaged in manufacturing and centre of a large trade. Railroad repair shops located here. Tribune W. 3,390 Union W. 3,39 1 KINSLEY, Edwards Co. Reporter W. 3,393 KIR1VIN, Philips Co. Chief W. 3,393 LA CYGNE, Linn Co., 694 p., on Osage CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. a3 KANSAS. r. and Missouri E., Fort Scott & Gulf Kd., 37 m. N. of Fort Scott. Journal W. 3,394: L.ARNED, c. h., Pawnee Co. Press W. 3,395 liAWRENCE, c. h.. Doufrlas Co., 8,320 p., on Kansas r., 38 m. from State line of Mo. The Kansas Pacific, Atchison, Topeka >fe Santa Fe and several other Kds. intersect here. Evening Standard D. 3,396 Standard of Reform W. 3,397 Beptiblican Journal D. 3,398 " ...T.W. 3,399 Western Hoirie Journal.. W. 3,300 Tribune D. 3,301 Kansas Tribune W. 3,303 Spirit of Kansas W. 3,3 03 State Sentinel W. 3,304 L.EAVENWORTH, c. h., Leavenworth Co., 22,000 p., on Missouri r. The metropo lis of Kansas. Its railroad connections and river trade make it a point of commercial importance. Engaged in various manufac- tures. Coal mines m the vicinity. Site of Fort Leavenworth. Appeal D. 3,305 Commercial D. 3,306 Kansas Freie Presse D. 3,301 " W. 3,308 Times D 3,309 " W.3,310 Herald W. 3,311 Home Record M. 3,313 Western World M. 3,313 I,INCOL.N CENTER, c. h., Lincoln Co. Saline Valley RegiMer W. 3,3 14: I.OUISVIL.L1E, c. h., Pottawatomie Co., oOOt p., 40 m. W. of Topeka and 3 N. of Kansas Pacific Ed. at Wamego. Eock creek furnishes water power. Kansas Reporter W. 3,315 LYNDON, Osage Co. Osage Co. Chronicle W. 3,3 16 Times W. 3,317 Mcpherson, c. h., McPherson Co. Independent W. 3,318 MANHATTAN, c. h., EileyCo., 1,173 p., at junction of Big Blue with Kansas r., and on Kansas Pacific Ed., 80 m. from Law- rence. Surrounded by an agricultural and stock-raising district. Nationalist W. 3,319 MARION CENTRE, c. h., Marion Co., 500 p., on Cottonwood r., 10 m. from Atchi- son, Texas & Santa Fe Ed., and .50 from Junction City. Surrounded by an agricul- tm-al and stock-raising region. Marion Co. Record W. 3,330 MARYSVIL.I.E, c. h., Marshall Co. Marshall Co.Neivs W. 3,331 3IINNEAPOL.IS, c. h., Ottawa Co., 700t p., on Solomon r. It has water power. An agricultural and sheep-raising country. Independent W. 3,333 Sentinel W. 3,333 MOUND CITY, c. h.. Linn Co., 635 p., 24 m. N. by W. of Fort Scott, 95 S. of Leavenworth and 6^ W. of the Missouri E.. Fort Scott ct Gulf Ed. Linn Co. Clarion W. 3.334- Western Enterprise W. 3,335 NEODESHA, Wilson Co., SOOt p., at junc- tion of Verdigris and Fall rs., (J5 m. from KANSAS. Fort Scott and 120 from Lawrence. A young town, rapidly rising, with large wa- ter power and coid mines. Free Press W. 3,3 36 NEOSHO FAI^LiS, c. h., Woodson Co., 1,.500 p., cu Neosho r. and the Missouri, Kansas &. Texas EiL, 18 m. from Burling- ton and 100 from Kansas City. Woodson Co. Post W. 3,337 NEWTON, c. h., Harvey Co., l,200t p., on Atchison, Topeka &. Santa Fe Eds., at the junction of Wichita branch, and 134 m. from Topeka. Harvey Co. Netvs W. 3,338 Kansan W. 3,339 OLiATHE, c. h., Johnson Co., 2,3001 p. on Missouri E., Fort Scott & Gulf Ed., at junction of Kansas City division of Leav- enworth, Lawrence & Galveston Ed., 21 m. from Kansas City and 32 from Ottawa. Condenser W. 3,330 Mirror and News Letter.. W. 3,331 Western Progress W. 3,333 OSAGE CITY, Osage Co., 1,000 p., on Atchison, Topeka 'porter ■ W. 3,5 13 Ch ildren's Star •. . S. M. 3,5 1 3 Church Advocate S'. M. 3, .5 14 STANFORD, c. h., Lincoln Co., l,500t p., on Knoxville branch of Louisville, Nash- ville & Great Southern Ed., 104 m. from Louisville. Interior Journal W. 3,515 TAYL.ORSVIL,L.E, c. h., Spencer Co.. 5001 p., on E. fork Salt r., about 3-2 m. S. E. of Louisville and on Cumberland & Ohio Ed. The river affords Avater power here. Spencer Journal W. 3,516 UNIONTOWN, Union Co. Union Local W. 3,517 VANCEBURG, c. h., Lewis Co., 1,545 p., on Ohio r., 40 m. above Maysville. Eentuckian W. 3,518 VERSAILLES, Woodford Co., 2,300fp., a few miles E. of Kentucky r., and about midway between Frankfort and Lexington. | KENTUCKY. Engaged in manufacturing, and surrounded by an agricultural and stock-raising region. Woodford Weekly W. 3,5 19 WARSAW, c. h., Gallatin Co., 1,125 p., on Oliio r., .50 m. from Cincinnati and Louis- ville, 25 from Madison and 8 from Cincin- nati & Louisville Ed. Corn, wheat, tobac- co, &c., are shipped from here. The ship- ping point for Owen County. Gallatin News. WILLIAMSTOWN, c. h., Grant Co. Sentinel W. 3,531 WINCHESTER, c. h., Clark Co., 2,.500t p., on the line of Lexington & Big Sandy Ed., about 20 m. E. of Lexington. There are two academies here. Principally en- gaged in stock-raising. Clark Co. Democrat W. 3,533 LOUISIANA. ABBEVILiIiE, c. h., VermilUon Co., 545 p., on Bayou Vermillion, 55 m. W. by S. of Baton Eouge and 160 W. of New Orleans. Meridional. ALEXANDRIA, c. h., EapidesCo., 2,496t p., onEed r., about 130 m. N. ^Y. of Baton Eouge. Engaged in the cultivation of sugar cane, corn and cotton. Louisiana Democrat W. 3,534 Rapides Gazette W. 3,535 AMITE CITY, c. h., Tangipahoa Co., 900 p., on New Orleans, Jackson & Great Northern Ed., 68 m. from New Orleans. Democrat W. 3,536 Independent W. 3,537 BASTROP, c. h., Morehouse Co., .500 p., about 60 m. N. by W. of Vicksburg, Miss. In a cotton-growing section. Morehouse Clarion W. 3,538 Republican W. 3,539 BATON ROUGE, East Baton Eouge Co., 6,498 p., on the Mississippi r., 129 m. above New Orleans. Extensive sugar and cotton plantations in the parish. Advocate D. 3,5 30 W. 3,531 Grand Era W. 3,533 BEL.LEVUE, c. h.. Bossier Parish, 200 p., on Lake Bodeau, 20 m. N. E. of Shreve- port. Cotton is the chief product. Bossier Banner W. 3,5 33 Bossier Sentinel. CLINTON, e h., East Feliciana Co., l,300t p., on Clinton and Port Hudson Ed., 32 m. from Baton Eouge. Centre of eottou trade. Patrio t Democrat W. 3,535 COLUMBIA, c. h., Caldwell Co. Herald W. 3,5 36 CONVENT, c. h., St. James Co., 5201 p., on Mississippi r., 65 m. above New Orleans. Sugar cane, corn and rice are the chief pro- ducts. St. James Sentinel W. 3,537 COUSHATTA, Eed Eiver Parish, 6.50t p., on Eed r., and about 60 m. S. E. of Shreve- port. Citizen W. 3,538 COVINGTON, c. h., St. Tammany Co., 585 p., on Bayou Phalia, in the central part of the pai-ish, and 60 m. E. of Baton Eouge. St. Tammany Farmer...W. 3,5 3 y 68 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION LOUISIANA. LOUISIANA. DELiTA, c. h., Madiaon Co., 400t p., on j Vicksburg, Shi-eveport J FARMERVIL.I.E, c. h., Union Co., 416t p., near Bajou d' Arbonne, 30 m. N. W. of Monroe and 95 W. by N. of Vicksburg, Miss. Unian Record W. 3,543 GRETNA, JeflFerson Parish. Jefferson Sentinel W. 3,544 HAHNVII.L.E, St. Chai-les Parish. St. Charles Herald W. 3,545 HARRISONBURG, c. h., Catahoula Pai'ish, 350t p., on Ouchita r., about 100 m. N. by W. of Baton Rouge und about 30 N. W. of Natchez. Catahmtla Netvs W. 3,546 HOMER, c. h., Claiborne Co.. 1,560 p.. '2(X) m. N. W. of Baton Rouge ami M from Shreveport. Engaged in the cultivation of cotton and corn. Blackburn's Homer lli^id. HOUMA, c. h., Terre Bonne Co., 593 p., 50 m. W. by S. of New Orleans. An agricul- tural district, which produces sug-ar, mo- lasses, rice and com. Terrebonne Republican .. .yf^ . 3,548 JACKSON, East Feliciana Co., 9:34 p., about 30 m. N. of Baton Rouge and 10 W. of Clinton. Feliciana Leader. LAKE CHARI.es, c. h., Calcasieu Co.. 520t p., on Calcasieu r., in the S. W. part of the State. Echo W. 3,550 LAKE PROVIDENCE, c. h., Carroll Parish. True Republican W. 3,5 5 1 MANSFIELD, c. h., De Soto Co , 600t p., about 15 m. from Bayou Pierre and about 40 S. of Shreveport. Cotton and corn large- ly produced. Reporter W. 3,553 MARKSVILLE, c. h., Avoyelles Co., 600 p., about 3 m. from Red r. and about 30 W. of the Mississippi r. Cotton, com, sugar cane and sweet potatoes are the chief productions. AvoyeUes Republican ... W. 3,553 MINDEN, Claiborne Co., 1,200 p., on Bayou Dorcheat, about 30 m. E. by N. of Shreve- port. Democrat W. 3,554 MONROE, c. h., Ouachita Co., 5,000t p., on Ouachita and Eldorado rs., at crossing of North Louisiana & Texas Rd., 75 m W. of Vicksburg, Miss. Steamboats make regular landings in passing up and down the river. An agricultural and ootton-grow- ing country. Lo'uisiana Intelligencer. . W. 3,555 Ouaehita Telegraph W. 3,556 MORGAN CITY, Parish of St. Mary. Attakapas Rsgi^tcr W. 3,557 Brashear News W. 3,558 NATCHITOCHES, c. h., Natchitoches Co., 2,000 p., on Cane r., 80 m. S. E df Shreveport. It has a good steamboat land- ing, and is the centre of trade in com and cotton. People's yindica,tor W. 3,559 RepubUeqn W. 3,560 NEW IBERIA, c. h., Iberia Co., 2,000 p., near Bayou Teche and 150 m. W. of New Orleans. Engaged in sugar planting. ■ Centre of cotton trade for surrouudhag country. Iberia Progress W. 3,56 1 Louisiana Sugar Bowl. ..W. 3,563 NEW ORLEANS, c. h., Orleans Co., 191,000 p., on Mississippi r., 110 m. from its mouth. The centre of several railroads. The great commercial emporium of the South and largest cotton market in the world. The foreign and domestic com- merce is immense. Steam lx)ats make regu- lar trips to all points on the Mississippi and its tributaries. The largest city in the South. Bulletin D. 3,563 Deutsche Zeitung 1). 3,564 " "^ W. 3,565 • Sonntags Blatt Suud. 3,566 L'AbeiUe D. 3,567 W. 3,568 Picayune D. 3,569 W. 3,570 Republican D. 3,571 W. 3,573 TiTnes D. 3,573 " W. 3,574 Price Current, Commer- cial Intelligencer and Shipping List S. W. 3,575 Budget W. 3,576 Christian Advocate W. 3,577 Co-operative News W. 3,5 78 Iron Preacher W. 3,579 Le DimancJie W. 3,580 Loui^dana State Registjfr.W. 3,581 Louisianian W. 3,583 Morning Star and Catho- lic Me^enger W. 3,583 Orleanian W. 3,584 Ou-r Home Journal and Rnrai Southland W. 3,585 Over the Country W. 3,586 Propagateur CathaUque.W. 3,587 Son of the Soil W. 3,588 South- Western Granger. ..W. 3,589 South- Western. Presbyter- ian W. 3,590 FamUienfreund. . . . . .B. W. 3,591 South- Western Advo- cate B. W. 3,593 Kinderfreund M. 3,593 Medieal and Surgical Journal B. M. 3,594 OPELOUSAS, c. h., St. Landry Parish, 2,000 p., 45 m. W. by S. of Baton Rouge and 175 W. by N. oY New O-leans. En- gaged in ag^ricnlture and stock raising ; chief productions cotton, com and sweet potatoes. Courier W. 3,595 Jov,m^ W. 3,590 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. t;9 LOUISIANA. LOUISIANA. PLACiUEMlNE, c. h.. TberTille Co., ],4b'0 p., on the Mississippi v., at the outlet of Piaquemine Bayou, 20 m. below Baton Rouge and 112 above New Orleans. Eu- jcaged in agriculture and lunabei- trade. hhigar and molasses very laxgely produced Iberville Eepvblwan W. '^,59T POIXT COUPEE, c. b., Point Coupee Co. Ucho. POINTE A I.A HACHE, c. h.. Plaque- mine Co., 600 p., on Mississippi r.. about 40 m. below New Orleans. Sugar, rice, oranges and garden products are raised here in abundance. Observer - . W. «,599 PORT VINCENT, Livingston Co., 280 p.. on Lake Ponchartraiu. about 20 m. N. of New Orleans. Triune _ W. 2,600 RAYVILLE, c. h., Richland Co. 350 p.. on Vieksburg, Shreveport A: Texas Rd., 51 TO. W. of Vieksburg, Miss. Richland Beacon W. '^,601 ST. FRANCISVILI^E, West Feliciana Co., 1,100 p.. beautifully situated on an el- evation one-half mile from Mississippi r.. at Bayoa Sara, 165 m. above New Orleans. The "West Feliciana. WoodvUle &, Bayou Sara Rd. runs past this place. A cotton shipping point. Feliciana Ledger W. 3,60'^ ST, JOSEPH, Tensas Parish. 500 p., on Mississippi r., 370 m. from New Orleans and 30 above Natchez, Miss. In a cotton district, and a shipping point for that sta- ple. Ncrrtti Louisiana Journal.W. 2,603 ST. MARTINSVIL.L.E, c. h.. St. Mar- tins Co., 750 p., on Bayou Teche. 125 m. W. of Baton Rouge. Echo , W. 2,604 La SejitinelU des Atta- W. 2.605 ST. SOPHIE, Plaquemines Co. Sentinel W. 2,606 SHREVEPORT, c. h.. Caddo Co.. 7,500t p., on Red r. The initial }X)int of the Southern Pacific Rd., 300 m. N. W. of Ba- ton Rouge and 700 above New Orleans. Situated at the head of steamboat navi- gation, in the centre of cotton growing dis- trict. It has an extensive trade and river (jommerce. Evening Telegram D. 2,607 South Western TeleGE, c. >., Dorchester (?o., 1,983 p., on Cboptauk r., 20 m. from Ch6sa- 72 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION MARYLAND. peake Bay. Terminus of Dorchester ii, Delaware Rd., and engaged in the oyster and lumber trade, also in agriculture and fruit growing. ChronicU W. a,?5a Demo(rrat and News W. '4,753 CElVTREVILliE, c. h.. Queen Anne Co., 975 p.. on Chester r.. at terminus of Queen Anne & Kent Rd. Steamers connect ^th Baltimoi'e. Maryland Citizen W. 3,754 Observer W. 3,755 Jtecord W. 3,756 CHESTERTOWN, e. h., Kent Co., 1.871 p., on Chester r., 30 m. from its entrance into Chesapeake Bay. terraiinis of steam- boat navigation and" about 45 m. X. E. of Annapolis. The Kent County Rd. termi- nates here. Washington College, founded in 1783, is located here. Engaged in ag- ricnltui'e. Has a large canning factory. Conference A dmcate W. 3,757 KentNews W. 3,758 Transcript W. 3,759 CRJSPIEL.D, Somerset Co., 780 p.. ou Chesapeake Bay, at terminus of Eastern Shore Rd. Engaged in oyster fisheiy. Leader "..W. 3,760 CUMBERLAND, c. h., Alleghany Co.. 13,000t p., on Potomac r. and Baltimore & Ohio Rd., at junction of Pittsburgh. Wash- ington & Baltimore and Cumberland & PennsylTania Rds., and ou Chesapeake &. Ohio Canal, 178 m. from Baltimore, 149 from Pittsburgh. Engaged in trade, coal mining. AUeganrdan D. 3,76 1 " W. 3,763 News D. 3,763 Tim^ D. 3,764 Mmmtain City Times. . . -W. 3,765 CHmlUin W. 3,766 DENTON, c. ii., Cai'oline Co.. 675 p.. on Choptank r.. ti5 m. from Ajinapolis and 25 S. W. of Dover, Del. American Union W. 3,76 7 Journal. W. 3,768 EASTON, c. h., Talbot Co., 3,000tp.. on Maryland •*.: Delaware Rd., 109 m. from Philadelphiii and 60 from Baltimore. En- gaged in raising grain and fruit. Has a large mercantile trade. Some manufac- tures earned on. One of the most impor- tant business centres in the State. Gazette W. 3,769 Ledger W. 3,770 Star W.3,771 ELiKTON, c. h.. Cecil Co., •2,0()0tp., on Elk r., and Philadelphia. Wilmington &. Balti- more Rd., 50 m. from Baltimore and 46 from Philadelphia. The Elk r. furnishes fine water power. Avhich i* employed in various manufactures. Cecil Democrat W. 3,7 7 3 Cecil Whig W. 3,773 EliiLilCOTT CITY, c. h., Howard Co.. 2,100t p., a narrow gorge on both sides of Patapsco r., which "furnishes excellent wa- ter power. TheBaltimoi-e &. Ohio Rd. eoDuects it with Baltimore, 13 m. E. American Progress W. 3,774 Times W. 3,775 FEDERALSBURG. Dorchester Co.. foot p.. on yanticoke r., and Dorcheet^jr & MARYLAND. Delaware Rd.. 100 m. from Baltimore or Philadelphia. Maryland Courier W. 3,776 FREDERICK, c. h., Frederick Co., 9,000 p., 44 m. from Washington and 61 from Baltimore. Connected with Baltimore SALISBURY, c. h., Wicomico Co.. 2,500 p., on Wicomico r. and eastern Shore Rd., at jnnction of Wicomico and Pocomoke Kd., 95 m. S. E. of Anuai>olis. Engaged in -wood and lumber trade and the pro- duction of grain. Advertiser. W. *4,8 06 Eastern Shoreman W. ri,8 7 SMITHSBURG. Wasliington Co. People's Guide W. 4,8 08 SNOW HIL.L., c. h., Worcester Co.. 1.105 p., on Pocomoke r., 20 m. from Pembroke Sonnd, at the head of steamboat navigation and terminus of Worcester Kd. Engag-ed in the lumber, oyster, fruit and truckint;,- trade, supplying Philadelphia aud New York markets. Democratic. Messenger... W. 4,8 09 Worcester Co. Shield W. 4,810 TOWNSONTOWN, e. h.. Baltimore Co.. 2,000 p., 7 m. N. of Baltimore and neaj- the line of Northern Central Kd. Baltimore Co. Herald. . . W. 4,8 1 1 Baltimore Co. Union W. 4.8 1 4 Maryland Journal. UNION BRIDGE. Carroll Co, People's Yoi^ie .W. 4,8 14 UPPER MARLBOROUGH, Prince George's Co., 492 p., 17 m. from Washing- ton City, on the Baltimore &. Potomac Kcl. Patncent r. steamers within 2^- miles. En- gaged principally in farming. Tobaeco and grain the principal crops. Marlborough Gazette W. 4,8 15 Prince Georgian W. 4,8 1 6 ■WESTMINSTER, e. h.. Carroll Co.. 3,000 p., on Western Maj-yland Kd., 58 ra. from Annapolis and 29 from Baltimore. Engaged in manufactures. American Sentinel W. 4.8 1 7 Democratic Advocate. "WILiLIAMSPORT. Washington Co.. 1,500 p., on Potomac r., Chesapeake ic Ohio CanaJ, 9 m. from Hagerstown. A place of considerable business imjx)i-tance. Pilot W. 4,819 ^WCKPDBERRY, Baltimore Co. News W. 4,8 40 MASSACHUSETTS. ABINGTON, Plymouth Co. J^Vmouth Oo. Journal . W. 4,841 AMESBURY,. E-ssex Co.. 5..581 p.. on Ameebuiy branch of Eajs, of which boots and shoes are the principiil. BidUtin r>. 3.031 W 3,033 I\tblUher T. W. 3,033 Gazette S. W. 3.03* Essex Banner W. 3,035 HINGHAM, Plymouth Co., 4.r)54t p., on S. E. side of Boston Harbor, and on South Shore Rd., 17 m. from Boston. A summer resort Jounud aricCSouth Sttxire Advertiser'. W. 3,036 HOLLISTON, Middlesex Co. Transcript W. 3,03? HOLYOKE, Hampden Co.. 16.260t p., on Connecticut r., and Connecticut E, Rd.. 8 m. from Springfield. Engaged in manu- facturing, the falls in the river affording anlimited power. Independent Journal W. 3,038 New England Staaten Z^ei- tvm W. 3,039 Transcript W. 3,030 HOPKINTON, Middlesex Co. News W. 3,031 HUDSON, Middlesex Co.. 2,500 p., on Marl- boro branch of Fitchburg Rd., and about 27 m. W. of Boston. Engaged principally in the manufacture of shoes. Pi W. 3,061 MARBLEHEAD, Essex Co., 8,000 p.. on Marblehead branch of Eastern Kd.. about 4 m. S. E. of Salem. Shoe manufacturing and fishing. Centre of a large trade in Messenger W. 3.063 MARL.BORO, Middlesex Co.. 8,-44(;« p.. on Boston. Clinton & Fitchburg Rd.. 3-' ra. from Boston. Engaged in slioe manu- facturing. Mirror- Journal TV- 3,063 MAYNARD. Middlesex Co. Jmtrnnl .....W. 3,064 MEDPORD, Middlesex Co., 6.627t p., on M vstic r. and Boston & Maine and Boston ,fc Lowell Rds.. 5 m. from Boston. Some manufacturing done here. Chronicle. W. 3,065 MEDWAY. Norfolk Co., 4.242t p., on Woons!i: Newport Kd., at junction of Cape Cotl Brunoh Kd., 34 m. from lk)ston. Engaged in manufactures. Gazette W. 3,070 MIIiFORD, Worcester Co., 9,890 p., on Charles r. and Milford branch Boston & Albany Rd., 35 m. from Boston and 14 from South Framingham. Engaged in boot and shoe manufacturing. Several tan- neries here. Journal W. 3,07 1 NANTUCKET, c. h., Xantucket Co., 3,200t p.. on Nantucket Island. Engaged in whale, cod and mackerel fishery and coast trade. A summer resort. Island Review W. 3,07:^ iTiquirer and Mirror AV. 3,073 NATICK, Middlesex Co.. 7,5001 p.. on Bos- ton & Albany Rd., 17 m. from Boston. Engaged in the mauufactiu-e of boots and Bulletin W. 3,074 NEEDHA3I, Norfolk Co. Chronicle and Wellesley Advertiser W. 3,075 NE'W' BEDFORD, Bristol Co., 25,876t p., on Buzzard's Bay and New Bedford Rd., about 55 m. S. of Boston. It is more extensively engaged in whale fishery than all the rest of the world combinea. En- gaged in manufactures and commerce. Evening Standard D. 3,076 Rejmbhean standard W. 3,077 Mercuru D. 3,078 " ' W. 3,079 Whalemen's Shipping List W. 3,O80 NEWBURYPORT, Essex Co., 12,976t p., on Merrimac r. and Eastern Rd., 38 m. from Boston. Engaged in commerce and fishery. The cotton and woolen manufac- turing is also important. Herald D. 3,081 " S. W. 3,08-4 Merrimac Valley RegisterW. 3,08 3 NEWTON, Middlesex Co., 18,0001 p.. com- prising ten villages, on the Boston & Al- bany Kd., 7 m. from Boston. Engaged in paper and other manufactures. It is the residence of a large number of pei-sona do- ing business in Boston. Journal W. 3,08* RepvJ>lican W. 3,08 5 NORTH ADAMS, Berkshire Co., 15,000t p., on Troy & Boston and Pittsfield & North Adams Rds. Engaged in cotton, woolen, shoes and other manufactures. The west entrance of Hoosac tunnel] is 1 m. from the town centre. Adams Transeript W. 3,08 6 Hoosac Valley Nevjs W. 3,08 7 NORTHAMPTON, o. h., Hampshire Co., ll,000t p., on Connecticut r. ajid Connecti- cut K. Rd., at the junction of New Ha\eu l3 Massachusetts Spy W. 3,163 Le Travailleur W. 3 , 164 WRENTHAM, No'rfolk Co., 2,397t p., about ] 2 m. from Woonsocket and about 25 S. W. of Boston. Recorder W. 3,165 YARMOUTH PORT, Barnstable Co., 2,425 p., on Old Colony Rd., 75 m. from Boston. Engaged in coast trade and mackerel fishuig. Port Yarmouth Register. AV. 3,166 MICHIGAN. ADRIAN, c. h., Lenawee Co., 9,000t p., on Raisin r. and Lake 'Shore & Michigan Southern Rd., 37 m. fi-om Monroe, 210 E. of Chicago, 70 from Detroit and 32 from Toledo. Rich and populous agricultural district and centre of active trade. En- gaged in manufactures of various kinds. Press D. 3,167 " . W. 3,168 Times and Expositor D. 3,169 W. 3,170 Jowrnal W. 3,771 College Recorder M. 3,1 73 ALBION, Calhoun Co., 3,50Gt p., on Kala- mazoo r. and Michigan Central Rd., at junction of Lansing division of Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Rd., 20 m. from Jackson, 40 from Lansing. An active business place. Mirror W. 3,173 Recorder W. 3,174 AL.L.EGA1V, c. h., Allegan Co., 3,.500t p., on Kalamazoo r. and junction of Kalama- zoo division of Lake Shore & Michigan Southern and Michigan Lake Shore Rds., 20 m. from Lake Michigan and 23 from Kal- amazoo, 23 from Paw Paw and 40 from Grand Rapids. Engaged in lumber trade and various manufactures. Excellent water power furnished by the Kalamazoo r. Allegan Co. Democrat. . . W. 3,17.5 Journal W. 3,176 AliMONT, Lapeer Co., 2,056 p. Herald W. 3,177 ALPENA, e. h., Alpena Co.. 4,5001 p., on Thunder Bav, at the mouth of Thunder Bay r., 250 m. N. of Detroit 100 from Bay City. Has a fine harbor. Large lumber MICHIGAN. business done here. Nineteen large steam saw and shingle mills. A Ipena Co.'^ Pioneer W. 3,178 Argus W. 3,179 ANN ARBOR, Washtenaw Co., 7,363 p., on Huron r. and Michigan Central Rd., 38 m. from Detroit. In a farming district and contains several manufactories. The State University is located here. Michigan A rgus W. 3,180 Peninsular Courier W. 3,181 Register W. 3, 18^ Chronicle B. W. 3,183 BAIiD^VIN, Lake Co. Lake Co. Star W. 3,1 84 BANGOR, Van Buren Co. Rejiector W. 3,185 BATTLE CREEK, Calhoun Co., .5,838 p., at junction of Battle Creek with Kala- mazoo r., on Michigan Central, at inter- section of Peninsular Rd., 23 m. from Kala- mazoo. River furnishes water power, which is employed in various manufactures. It is suri'ounded by a fruit and farming country, and noted for its flourishing schools. Journal D. 3,1 86 AV. 3,187 Advent Revieio and Sab- bath Herald W. 3,188 Michigan Tribune W. 3, 1 8 9 Adve7it Tidende M. 3,190 Health Reformer M. 3 , 1 9 1 Svensk A dvent Harold M. 3,193 Youth's Instructor M. 3,193 BAY CITY, c. h., Bay Co., 16,000t p., on Saginaw r., 6 m. from its mouth, and Flint & Pere Marquette and Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw Rds., and 15 m. below Sagi- naw. Engaged in the lumber trade and lake fishery, and also in extensive salt works. Tribune. , D. 3,1 94 Chronicle W. 3,195 Lumberman's Gazette W. 3,196 Michigan Odd Fellow ... .W . 3,197 BEL.L.EVUE, EatonCo., 800t p., on Bat- tle Creek and the Peninsular Rd., 32 m. from Lansing. Surrounded by a rich agricul- tural district. Produces a very fine quality of quick-lime. Engaged in shipping pro- duce. Gazette W. 3,198 BENTON HARBOR, Perrien Co., l,500t p., at the mouth of the St. Joseph and Paw Paw rs., and on Chicago *fe Michigan Lake Shore Rd., 60 m. froin Chicago"" by lake, 103 by rail. The river furnishes good water power, which is employed in manufactur- ing. Surrounded by a fine fruit-growing district. A large lumber interest centres here. Shipping" point for a fine wheat- growing country. Palladium W. 3, 199 Times W. 3,300 BENZONIA, c.h., Benzie Co., 235t p., on Betsie r., 7 m. from Lake Michigan, 130 m. N. of Grand Rapids. Benzie Co . Journal W. 3 , 3 1 BERRIEN SPRINGS, o. h., Berrien Co., 1,381 p. Berrien Co. Journal W. 3,303 Era W. 3,303 BIG RAPIDS, c. h., Mecosta Co., 3,500t p., on Muskegon r. and Grand Rapids . 3,850 News D. 3 ,8 5 1 " W. 3,853 Post and Tribune D. 3,853 Wcstliche Yolkszeitung . . .W . 3,8 54 Times D. 3 ,8 5 5 " T. W. 3,856 " .W.3,857 Price Current W. 3,8 58 Coin and Stamp Journal. ~M.. 3,85 9 KENNETT, c. h., Dunklin Co. South-East Advertiser. . . . W. 3,860 KEYTESVIL.L.E, Chariton Co., 529 p., on Chariton r. and St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Rd., 174 m. from St. Louis. Herald W. 3,861 KINGSTON, c. h., Caldwell Co., 700 p., about 8 m. from Hannibal & St. Joseph Rd. and .50 E. of St. Joseph. Surrounded bv an agricultural district. Engaged in milling and manufacturing. CaldiveU Citizen W. 3,863 Caldwell Co. Sentinel W. 3,863 KIRKSVILIiE, c. h., Adair Co., 2,200 p., on Quincy, Missouri & Pacific Rd., at crossing of St. Louis, Kansas Citv &■ Northern Rd., 70 m. W. of Quincy, 111! An agricidtural district. A point of consider- able trade. State Nonnal School located here. Journal W. 3,8 64 North Missouri Pegister.W. 3,865 KNOB-NOSTER, Johnson Co., 1.600 p.. on Missouri Pacific Rd., 207 m. W. of St. Louis and 20 from Sedalia. Taylor's Local W. LACIiEDE, Linn Co., l,000t p., on Han- nibal & St. Joseph and Burlington & Southwestern Rds., 109 m. from Hannibal and 21 from Chillicothe. In the midst of an agricultural country. Centennial W. 3,867 L.A GRANGE, Lewis Co., 1,825 p.. on Mississippi r. and Mississippi Valley & "Western Rd.. 12 m. from Quincy, HI., and 28 below Keokuk. Engaged in trade and river commerce. Baptist Battle Flag and Church Historian W.3,868 Democrat W. 3,869 T^AMAR, c. h., Barton Co.. 1,050 p., 150 m. S. "W. of Jefferson City and 40 from Fort Scott, Kansas. Barton Co. Advocate W. 3,8 70 Independent "W. 3,8 71 LANCASTER, c. h., Schuyler Co., 800 p., on Missouri, Iowa ake Erie, Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain. Engaged in lumber trade. Argus D. 4,475 " S.W. 4,476 W. 4,477 Evening Journal D. 4,478 S.W. 4,479 W.4,480 Evening Post D. 4,48 1 Evening Times D. 4,48 3 " W. 4,483 Freie Blaetter D. 4,484 Herold D. 4,485 Knickerbocker D. 4,486 Morning Express D. 4,48 7 Cultivator and Country Gentleman ' W. 4,48 8 Law Journal W. 4,489 Press and Legislative Journal W. 4,490 Sunday Press W, 4,49 1 AliBION, c. h., Orleans Co., 3,322 p., on Erie Canal and New York Central Rd., 30 m. from Rochester. A trade centre, and contains several mills and manufactories. Orleans American W. 4,49a Orleans Republican W. 4,493 AliPRED CENTER, Alleganv Co., 2,500 p., near line of Erie Rd., 340 m. from New York and 11 W. of Hornellsville. Sabbath Recorder W. 4,494 AliLiEGANY, Cattaraugus Co. Journal W. 4,495 AMEIVIA, Dutchess Co., 1.2.50 p., on New York & Harlem Rd., 88 m. from New York. Tiines W. 4,496 AMSTERDAM, Montgomery Co., 5,426 p., on Mohawk r., 33 m. from Albany and on New York Central Rd. Engaged in the manufacture of knit goods and other arti- cles, which creates an active business in all branches of trade. Democrat W. 4,497 Recorder W. 4,498 ANDES, Delaware Co., 2,840 p., 12 m. from Rondout ANSVIL,L.E, Livingston Co., 3,387 p.,' on Canaseraga Creek, at the terminus of the Dansville & Mt. Morris branch of tlie Erie Rd., 49 m. from Rochester. Engaged in milling and various manufactures, and the centre of an agricultural district. Advertiser W. 4,6 39 Express W. 4,640 Laivs of Life and Journal of Health M. 4,641 National Record M. 4,643 DEIiHI, c. h., Delaware Co., l,530t p., on west branch of Delaware r. Terminus of a branch of Midland Rd., and the centre of a fine grazing and butter producing country. Dela^vare Express W. 4,643 Delaware Gazette W. 4,644 Delaware Republican W. 4,645 DEPOSIT, Broome Co., 2,000 p.. on Erie Rd., 175 m. from New York. Located partly in Delaware Co. Freight houses of company located here. Courier W. 4,646 Times and Democi-at W. 4,647 NEW YORK. DE RUYTER, Madison Co., 625t p., ou a branch of the New York & Oswego Midland Rd. New Era W. 4,648 DOAVNSVIIiLE, Delaware Co. Neios W. 4,649 DRYDEN, Tompkins Co., 1,250 p., on Southern Central Rd., 36 m. from Aubm-n and 34 from Owego. Centre of an agri- cultural district. He)-ald W. 4,650 DUNDEE, Yates Co., 1,500 p., in Starkey township, near Seneca Lake and Northern Central Rd. Centre of an agricultural dis- trict. Record W. 4,651 DUNKIRK, Chautauqua Co., 7,000+ p., a port of entry on Lake Erie, at junction of Erie and Lake Shore ., on Delaware r. and Erie Rd. and Dela- ware & Hudson Canal, 88 m. from New York. Engaged in manufactures. Erie Rd. machine shops located here. Union D. 5,37r3 Tri-States Union W. 5,373 Evening Gazette T. W. 5,374 Gazette AY. 5,375 POTSDAM, St. Lawrence Co., 2,891 p., on Racket r. and Rome, AYatertown Sc Ogdensburgh Rd. A place of active trade. Engaged in lumber and other manufac- tures. One of the State Normal and Train- ing Schools located here. Courier and Freeman W. 5,376 POUGHKEEPSIE, c. h., Dutchess Co., 20,080 p., on E. bank of Hudson r.. ter- minus of Poughkeepsie, Hartford & Boston and on Hudson R. Rds., 75 m. from New York. Engaged in manufacturing and river commerce and centre of trade. Sev- eral institutions of learning are located here. Styled the '• Citv of Schools." Eagle :.... D. 5,377 " W. 5,378 News D. 5,379 " AV^. 5,380 Press D. 5,38 1 Telegraph W. 5,383 Dutchess Farmer AV. 5,383 Stern am Hudson Yf. 5,384 NEAY YORK. Sunday Courier W. 5,38 .5 Real Estate Register and Commercial Advertiser.M.. 5,386 PRATTSBURGH, Steuben Co., 700 p., in the Northern parr of Steuben County, 50 m. from Rochester. Neivs AY. 5,387 PRATTSVIL.L.E, Greene Co. News W. 5,388 PUIiASKI, c.h., Oswego Co., 1,800 p., on Salmon r., 4 m. from Lake Ontario, and on Oswego branch of Rome, Watertown &, Ogdensburgh Rd., 24 m. from Oswego. En- gaged in manufacturing. Democrat W. 5,389 RANDOLPH, Cattaraugus Co., 2,.500t p., on Atlantic & Great Western Rd., 16 m. E. of Jamestown. Engaged in agriculture and manufactm-ing butter and cheese. Has a good lumber trade. Register W. 5 ,390 RED HOOK, Dutchess Co., 1,000 p., about 3 m. from Barrvtown, on Hudson r. and Hudson R. Rd., 20 m. N. of Pough- keepsie. In an agricultural district. Journal AA'. 5,39 1 Aurora Boreali.., on Sus- quehfyma r. and Albany & Susquehanna Rd., 95 m. fi'om Albany. Some manufac- turing done here. Times W. 5,500 UNION, Broome Co., 2,.'S38 p., on Erie Rd.^ 9 m. from Binghamton and 13 from Owego. Engaged in lumber business, farm- ing and dairving. News ....: W. 5,501 UNION SPRINGS, Cayuga Co., 1.500 p., on Lake Cayuga, 9 m. S. W. of Aubm-n. Engaged in manufactm'ing agricultural im- plements, carriage hubs, etc. Centre of trade. Advertiser W. 5,50a UTICA, c. h., Oneida Co., 33,800t p., on Mo- hawk r., Erie Canal and ZZew York Cen- ti'al Rd., 95 m. from Albany, at terminus of Chenango Canal and centering point for several railroads extending north and south. Engaged in various manufactures. Centre of an agricultural district. Morning Herald and Ga- zette D. 5,5 03 Herald and Gazette W. 5 ,5 04 Observer D. 5,505 W. 5,506 DeuUche Zeitung T. W. 5,507 Christian Leader W. 5,508 YDrych W. 5,509 Steam Engine M. 5 , .5 1 r Cyfaill o'r Hen Wlad..M. 5,511 American Journal of In- sanity M. WAIiDEN, Orange Co., 1.448t p.. on Wal- kill r. and Montgomery .>v: Walkill Valley branch of Erie lid.. 4 m. from MontgomeiV and 10 N. W. of Newburgli. Herald and Recorder W. 5, .5 1 3 ■WAIiTON, Delaware Co., 1.380t p., on W. branch of Dela-^vare r. and New York & Oswego Midlaiul, at junction of Delhi Branch Rd., 17 m. S. W. of Delhi and 2.3 from Sidney Plains. Chronicle. W. 5,5 14 AVAPPINGERS FAIiL.S, Dutclu\^s Co., 3.000t p., on Wappingers Creek. IJ ra. from Hudson R. Rd. Manufacturing done h(;re. Wappingers Chronicle... N^. 5,515 WARSAAY, c. h., Wyoming Co., 3,206 p.. on Allen's Creek and Hornellsville Branch Rd., 48 m. from Buffalo. A business place. Arcade Times W. 5,5 16 Western New Yorker W. 5,517 Wyoming Co. Democrat. W. 5,518 WARAVICK, Orange Co.. l,096f p.. on l)raneli of Erie. Rd., 9 m. from Greveourt. Ailrn-fi-^er W. 5, .5 19 Orange Co. ftrusader W. .5,.5'iO WATERFORD, Saratoga Co., 4,700t p., on Rensselaer &. Saratoga Rd. and Hud- son r., near tlie moutli of Mohawk r., 4 m. 122 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. NEW YORK from Troy and 10 above Albany. En- gaged in various manufactures. Advertiser W. 5,531 "WATERL.OO, c. h., Seneca Co., 4,086 p., on New York Central lid. and Cayuga and Seneca Canal, 18 m. from Auburn. Engaged in manufacturing shawls and wooleli goods, agricultural implements, carriages and other articles. Observer W. 5,533 WATERTOAVIV, c. h., JeflFersj?n Co., 9,336 p., on Black r. and on Rome,' Water- town & Ogdensburgh Rd., 71 m. from Rome and on Utica & Black R. Rd., 91 m. from Utica. A railroad extends from here to Cape Vincent, on the St. Lawrence r. The falls here furnish power, which is de- veloped to some extent. The manufac- tures are various and extensive. Despatch D. 5,533 Ke-Union W. 5,534 Times D. 5,535 Reformer W. 5,536 Post W.5,537 \VATERVILL.E, Oneida Co.. l,600t p., in Saugerfield township, on Utica, Che- nango i Pioneer W. 5,563 Western Expositor W. 5,564 BAKERSVILiliE, c. h., MitcheU Co. Independent W. 5,565 CHARLOTTE, c. h., Mecklenburg Co., 6.000 p., on Sugar Creek and Wilmington, Charlotte & Kutherford Rd., at terminus of North Carolina division of Richmond & Danville and Charlotte, Columbia & Au- gusta Rds. Bulletin D. 5,566 T.W. 5,567 Courier W. 5,568 Observer D. 5,569 W. 5,570 Democrat W. 5,571 Sotcthern Home W. 5,5 73 Southern Mechanic M. 5,573 CONCORD, c. h., Cabarrus Co. Register W. 5,574 Sun W. 5 ,5 75 B ANBURY, c. h., Stokes Co., 500 p., lli> m. N. N. "W. of Raleigh and 10 from Vir- ginia State line. Reporter W. 5,576 DURHAM, Orange Co., 3,000f p.. on Nortli Carolina Rd., 25 m. from Raleigh. Tobac- co manufacturing the principal branch of industry. Tobacco Plant W. 5,577 EL.IZABETH CITY, c. h., Pasquotank Co., 2,000 p., on Pasquotank r., 20 m. from Albemarle Sound. Connected by a daily line of steamers with Norfolk, Va. En- gaged in lumber and graiu trade. Economist W. 5,578 North Carolinian W. 5,579 PAYETTEVILLiE, c. h.. Cumberland Co., 5,0001 p., on Cape Fear r., at the head of navigation, and tenninus of "Western Rd. Centre of trade, and a shipping point for lumber, tar, turpentine, J HENDERSON, Granville Co. Tribune W. 5,593 HENDERSONVIL.LE, c. h., Hender son Co. Henderson Co. Advertiser. W. 5,594: HICKORY, Catawba Co., 2,000t p., on A\^estern North Carolina Rd., about 30 m. W. of Statesville and 30 from Blue Ridge. Corn, wheat and tobacco raised. A water- ing place. Piedmont Press W. 5,595 HIL.L,SBOROUGH, c. h.. Orange Co., 1,500 p., on Eno r., an affluent of the Neuse, and on the North Carolina Rd., 39 m. from Raleigh. Recorder W. 5,596 I.A GRANGE, Lenoir Co. Baptist Revietu W. 5,597 L.ENOIR, c. h., Caldwell Co. Caldwell Messenger W. 5,598 LEXINGTON, c. h., Davidson Co. Central W. 5,599 LiINCOIiNTON, c. h., Lincoln Co. Lincoln Progress W. 5,600 L.OUISBURG, c. h., Franklin Co., 1,(X)0 p., on Tar r., 10 m. from the Raleigh & Gaston Rd., and 30 N. by E. of Raleigh. A market for the agricultural productions of the county. Franklin Courier W. 5,601 L.UMBERTON, c. h., Robeson Co., 850 p., on Wilmington, Charlotte Timea and Republic-Cou- rier W.5,G16 OXFORD, c. h.. Granville Co. Torch Light W. .-5,617 PLYMOUTH, c. h., Washington Co., 1,500 p., connected vrith Albemarle Sound by Eoauoke r. Has an extensive trade. 'Roanoke Gressett i^pirit of the Press. POLKTON, Anson Co. An-sonian W. 5,6^0 RALEIGH, c. h., State capital, Wake Co.. 7,790 p., on North Carolina. Raleigh ,665 "WINSTON, Eorsythe Co., 1,600 p., 120 m. AV. by N. of Raleigh, and adjoining Salem. Tobacco raising, manufacturing and fruit culture the principal branches of iudustiy. Union Republican W. 5 ,666 Western Sentinel W. 5,667 OHIO. ADA, Hardin Co., l,700fp,. on Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne -sonian W. 5,735 News W. 5,736 CANAL. DOVER, Tuscarawas Co., 1,593 p., on Ohio Canal and Tuscarawas branch of Cleveland & Pittsburgh Ed. Iron Yalley Reporter W. 5,737 CANAL FUIiTON, Stark Co.. 1,048 p., on Ohio Canal and Cleveland, Mount Ver- non (fe Delaware Ed.. 31 m. from Cleveland. Fulton Signal...: AV. 5,738 CANAL -WINCHESTER, Ei-anklin Co.. r.33 p., on Hocking Canal and Columbus «fc Hocking Valley Eq., 16 m. from Columbus. Times W. 5,739 CANFIEL.D, c. h., Mahoning Co., 800 p., 10 m. from Toungstown, on Niles nan.yf . 5,8 33 Herald W. 5,834: Herald and Union "W. 5,835 CLiEVELAND, c. h., Cuyahoga Co., 160,000t p., on Lake Erie and Cuyahoga r., 125 m. from Columbus and 195 from Buf- falo, N. Y. Engaged in commerce, manu- factures and ship building, and a centre for the exchange of produce of Ohio and the Y'^st for the manufactures of the East. L ilroads connect with all principal cities Ettst and West. Anzeiger D. 5,8 36 " AV. 5,837 Herald D. 5,838 T.W. 5,839 " W. 5,830 Leader D. 5,831 News D. 5,8 33 Leader T. W. 5,833 " W. 5,834: Plain Dealer D. 5,835 " T.W. 5,836 " W. 5,837 Wcechter am Erie D. 5,8 38 " W. 5,839 Columbia T. W. 5,84:0 W. 5,84:1 IHe Biene T. W.- 5,843 Sonntagsblatt W. 5,84:3 Pokrok T. W. 5,84:4 " W. 5,845 CatJwlic Universe W. 5,846 OHIO. Christliche BoUchafter . . .W . 5,847 Delnicke lAsty W. 5,848 Der Sendbote W. 5,849 Evangelical Messenger. . . W. 5,850 Manufacturing and Trade Revieio '. W. 5,85 1 Ohio Farmer W. 5,8 5 3 Reformirte Kirchenzei- tung und Evangelist. . . W. 5,853 South Cleveland AdvocateW. 5,5 84 Standard of the Cross ...W. 5,855 Sunday Morning Voice . . W. 5,856 Sunday Post W. 5,8.57 Sunday Times W. 5,858 Christliche Kinder- freund S. M. 5,859 Sunday School Messen- ger S. M. 5,860 Brainard's Musical WorldM.. 5,861 Christian Harvester M. 5,863 Der Muntere Saemann.. .M. .5,863 Evangelical S tin day School Teacher M. 5 , 8 6 4 Evangelische Magazin M. 5,865 Living Epistle M. 5 ,866 Machinist's and Black- smith's Journal M. .5,867 Miners' National Record. M. 5,868 Morgenstern M. 5 , 86 9 Printing Gazette M.5,870 Ohio Medical and Surgical Reporter B. M. 5,871 Composing Stick Qr. 5,8 73 CliYOE, Sandusky Co., 2,000 p., on Cin- cinnati, Sandusky & Cleveland Rd., at in- tersection of Lake Shore &. Michigan vSouthern Ed., 17 m. from Sandusky, 75 from Cleveland and 38 from Toledo. Cen- tre of trade. Manufactures of varioue kinds carried on. Review W. 5,8 73 Sentinel W. 5,874 COIiUMBIAIVA, Columbiana Co., 1,2001 p., on Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Cliicago Kd., 60 m. from Pittsburgh. Engaged in manufacturing and a trade centre. Independent Register W. 5,8 75 Trtie Press W. 5,876 COLUMBUS, c. h., Franklin Co., State capital, 45,000t p., on Scioto r. and branch of Ohio Canal, near centre of State. Con- nected by railroads and canal with all the principal" towns and cities in all directions : 120 m. from Cincinnati, 135 from Cleveland and 140 fi-om Wheeling. Has an extensive grain, wool and stock trade. Engaged in iron and other manufactures. Dispatch D. 5,877 Dollar Dispatch W. 5,878 Ohio State Journal D. 5,8 79 W. 5,880 Der WesboU S. W. 5,881 " W.5,883 Catholic Columbian W. 5,883 Gazette W. 5 , 8 8 4 Lutheran Standard W. 5,885 Mute's Chronicle W. 5 ,8 86 Ohio Statesman W. 5,887 Sunday Herald W. 5,8 8 8 Simday Morning Neivs. . . W. 5,889 Lutherische Kirchen-Zei- tung S. M. 5,890 Companion and American Odd-Fellow M. 5,891 Der Odd-Fellow M. 5,893 Knight M. 5,8 93 128 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. OHIO. COL.I1MBUS GROVE, Putnam Co. Putnam Co. Yidctte W. .5,8 94 CONNEAUT, Ashtabula Co., l,(300t p., on a creek 2 m. from Lake Erie and on Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Ed., 69 m. from Cleveland and 28 from Erie, Pa. Has a good harbor and trade, being a point of supply for an agricultural district. Manu- facturing caiTied on. Reporter W. 5,89.5 COSHOCTON, c. h., Coshocton Co., 2,7.56t p., on Muskingum r., Ohio Canal and Pitts- burgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis Rd., 69 m. from Columbus. Principal industries are coal mining and manufacturing. Age W. 5,896 Democrat AY. 5,897 COVINGTON, Miami Co., 1.010 p., on Stillwater Creek and Chicago division of Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis Ed., 6 m. fi-om Piqua, 79 from Columbus, 88 N. of Cincinnati and 236 E. of Chicago. In an agricultiual region. Manufactm'ing car- ried on. Gazette W. 5,898 •CRESTL.INE, Crawford Co., 2,279 p., on Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Ed., at crossing of C, C, C. & I. Ed., 12 m. E. ofBucvrus. Eaih'oad shops here. Advocate W. 5 , 8 99 Crawford Co. Democrat.^. 5,900 CUYAHOGA PALLS, Summit Co., 1,861 p., on Cuyahoga r. and Cleveland, Mount Yernon &. Delaware Ed., 6 m. from Ak- ron. Engaged in milling and manufactui'- ing paper and other articles. Reporter W. 5 ,9 1 O ALTON, Wayne Co. Gazette B. W. 5,90a .DAYTON, c. h., Montgoraer;r Co., 38,000t p., on Great Miami r. and Miami Canal, 6U m. from Cincinnati and 67 from Columbus. Engaged in manufacturing and centre of several important railroads. EaUroad re- pair shops are located here. Democrat D. 5,903 W. 5,904: Herald and Empire D. 5,905 Empire W. 5,906 Jmtrnal D. 5,90T ' W. 5,908 Volkszeitung T. W. 5 ,909 W. 5,910 Froehliche JBotschafter. ..W. 5,911 Herald of Gospel LibertyW. 5,913 Rdioious Telescope W. 5 ,9 1 3 Children'' s Friend S. M. 5,914 Jugmd Pilger S. M. 5,915 Missionary Visitor S. M. 5,916 Sundati School Herald. H. M. 5,917 Our Bible Teacher M. 5 ,9 1 8 DEFIANCE, c. h.. Defiance Co., 5,000t p., at confluence of Maumee and Auglaize rs., and on Wabash & Erie Canal and To- ledo, Wabash 00t p., on Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Ed., 45 m. from Cleveland. Engaged in manufac- turing and a trade centre. Times W. 5,963 GEORGETOTI^N, c. h., Brown Co., 1,000 p., on White Oak Creek, 7 m. from Ohio r. and 40 from Cincinnati. A farming dis- trict, having an active trade. Brown Co. News W. .5,964 Sentinel W. 5,965 GERMANTO^VN, Montgomery Co., 1,440 p., on Twin r., 44 ni. Ironi Cincinnati and 12 from Dayton. AV^liisky NORTH L.E WIS BURG, Champaign Co. Gazette W. 6,076 Star W. 6,077 NORWALiK, c. h.. Huron Co., 6,.500t p., on Lake Shore ife Michigan St)uthern Ed., 55 m. from Cleveland and .58 from Toledo. Engaged in mauufacturing. Expenment W. 6,078 Huron Co. Chronicle W. 6,079 Reflector W. 6,080 OAK HARBOR, Ottawa Co. Press TV^. 6,08 1 OBERL.IN, Lorain Co., 3,2.50t p.. on Lake Shore AXVIL.t.E, c. h., Montour Co., 8,336 p., on N. branch of Susquehanna r., 67 m. from Harrisburg, on Lackawanna & Bloomsburg, Catawissa & Danville, Hazel- ton & Wilkes-Barro Rds., 150 m. from Philadelphia and 175 from New York. Iron works and other manufactures located here. Pntelligencer TV. 6,3 8 1 Montour American TV. 6,38 3 Pecord TV. 6,383 DEL.TA, York Co. Times TV. 6,384 »IL,L,SBURG, York Co. Xew Era S. M. 6,3 85 DOWNIlVGtTOlV, Chester Co., 1,077 p., on Pennsylvania Central Rd., at junction of TVaynesburg branch, and at terminus of Chester Valley division of Philadelphia & Eeadiug Rd., 33 m. from Philadelphia. Chester Co. Archive TV. 6,3 86 DOYI^ESTOWN, c. h., Bucks Co., 2,.550 p., on Doylestown branch of North Penn- sylvania Rd., 28 m. from Philadelphia. In an agricultural district and centre of Bucks Co. Intelligencers. TV. 6,387 Bucks Co. Express and Re- form T7. 6,388 Bucks Go. Mirror TV. 6,389 Democrat TV. 6,390 Demokratische Wacht. . . TV. 6,391 Morgenstern TV. 6,393 BUiVCAWNOiV, PeriT Co. Record ' T\". 6,393 EAST BRADY, Clarion Co., 728 p., 18 BQ. S. TV. of Clarion. Independent TV. 6,394 EASTOIV, c. h., Northampton Co., 17,000t p., on Delaware r., .57 m. from Pliiladelphia. Centre of six railroads. Engaged in man- ufactures and a centre of trade. Express D. 6,395 Free Press D. 6,396 ■' TV. 6,397 Argus TV. 6,398 Northampton Correspond- ent TV. 6,399 Sentinel TV. 6 ,40 O American Mechanic's Ad- vocate M. 6,40 1 EBEi\SBURG, o. h., Cambria Co., l,.500t p., at terminus of Ebensburg & Cresson branch of Pennsylvania Central Rd., 11 m. from Cresson. Manufacturing, lumber and coal mining are the principal means of em- ployment. Shipping point for northern part of county. Cambria Freeman TV 6 ,403 Cambria Herald TV. 6,403 ELIZABETH, Allegheny Co. Herald '..^V. 6,404 PENNSYLVANIA. ELIZA BETHTOWN, Lancaster Co.. 1,U00 p., on Pennsylvania Central Rd., 18 m. from Lancaster City and an equal dis- tance from Hari'isburg. Situated in a densely populated agricultural district. Chronicle TV. 6,405 E3IL.ENTOIV, Venango Co., l,200t p., on Allegheny r. and Allegiieny Valley Rd. Ih the oil regions. Engaged in iron manufac- turing, mercantile pursuits and the pro- duction of oil. Times TV. 6,406 EMPORIUM, c. h., Cameron Co., ].600t p., on Philadelphia & Erie Rd., 99 m. TV. from TVilliam sport. Cameron Co. Press TV. 6,407 Independent TV. 6,408 EPHRATA, Lancaster Co. Mountain Echo TV. 6 ,40 9 ERIE, c. h., Erie Co., 26,000t p., on Lake Erie, Erie & Beaver Canal, Erie & Pitts- burgh, Philadelphia & Erie and Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Rds., 99 m. from Buffalo. Engaged in lake commerce, lumber trade and manufactures. Gas wells are located here. Bisimtch D. 6,410 :. TV. 6,411 Gazette TV. 6,413 Sunday Morning Gazette.W. 6,413 Lake Shore Visitor TV. 6,414 Letichtthurm TV. 6,415 Observer TV. 6,416 Zuschauer am Erie TV. 6 ,41 7 Florist's Friend and Gar- dener's Manual M. 6,418 EVERETT, Bedford Co. Bedford Co. Press TV. 6,419 PARMERSVIL.L.E, Lancaster Co. West Earl Banner M. 6,430 FRANKLIN, c. h.. Venango Co., 3,908 p., on French Creek, near Allegheny r., and on Atlantic . 6,653 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. 14S PENNSYLVANIA. 2^^orth American and Uniied States GazetteT. W. 6,65 3 Presi< I>. 6,654 " T. W. 6,655 " W. 6,656 Programme D. 6,65T Public Ledger D. 6,65 8 Public Record ]). 6,659 'lelegraj)h D. 6,660 Times D. 6,661 Voltsblatt I). 6,663 Nord A merika W. 6,663 Bxdletin of the American Iron d- Steel AssociationW. 6,664: B^i^iness Advocate and Price Current W. 6,665 Catholic Standard W. 6,666 Centennial Gazette and Journal of the Exhibi- tion * AV. 6,667 Christian Instructor and Western United Presby- terian - . . . . . . . W. 6,668 Christian Recorder W. 6,669 Christian Standard and Home Journal W. 6,670 Christian Stutesrnan W. 6,671 Chronicle and Advertiser^. 6,673 Com mercial Manufactur- ers' Gazette W. 6 ,6 73 Cominerdal List and Price Current W. 6,6 74 Commomvealth W. 6,675 Episcopal Recorder W. 6,6 76 Episcopal Register "W. 6,677 Fanciers' Journal and Poidtry Exchange W. 6,678 Frankford & HolmesbtirgW. 6,679 Frankford Herald W. 6,680 Friend. Friends' Intelligencer W. 6,683 Friends' Review W. 6,683 Germantoton Telegraph . .W . 6,684 Insurance Reporter "W. 6,685 Iron and Metal Review.. W. 6,686 Jewish Record W. 6,6 8 7 Journal W. 6,688 Keystone W. Keystone Independent .. .'W . 6,690 Legal Gazette W. 6,691 Legal Intclliqencer 'W. 6,6^3 Literary Society W. 6,693 Lutheran and Mission- ary W. 6,694 Lutheran Observer "W. 6,69 5 Mail \V. 6,696 Manayitnk Sentinel W. 6,697 Market Journal AY. 6,698 Medical and Surgical Re- porter W. 6,699 Messenger AY. 6,700 National Baptist W. 6,701 Neue Welt AY. 6,703 Observer AY.6,703 Our Little Ones AY. 6,704 People' s Advocate and Wester n Journal of Commerce AY. 6,705 Practical Farmer and Journal of the Farm...Vr. 6,706 Presbyterian AV. 6,707 Presbyterian Journal A\'. 6,708 Raibvay World AY. 6,709 Roxborough Intelligencer .W . 6,710 Saturday Evening MirrorW. 6,711 Saturdnv Ercning Post. .AY. 6,713 Saturday Night..' AY. 6,713 School, Church and Home.W. 6,714 I'ENNSYLA^ANIA. Steck's Philadelphia Guide and Stra)igers' Paper.. W. 6,715 Sunday Di.^putch AY. 6,716 Sunday Mercury AY. 6,717 Sunday Press and Mirror of the Times AY. 6,71 8 Sunday Republic AY. 6 , 7 1 9 Sunday School Times AY. 6,730 Sunday Times AY. 6,731 Sunday Transcript AY. 6,733 Sunday World AY. 6,733 Trade Journal AV. 6,734 United States Journal — AY. 6,735 Vindicator. Young Folts' News AY. 6,737 Medical Times B. AY. 6,738 Brethren's Messenger . .'S. M. 6,739 Child's Treasury S. M. 6,730 Child's World S. M. 6,73 1 " M. 6,733 Intelligencer S. M. 6,7 33 Peterson's Counterfeit Detector and Nation- al Bank Note List. . . .S. M. 6,734 Peterson's Counterfeit Detector and Nation- al Bank Note List M. 6,735 Real Estate Reporter. .. S. M. 6,736 Sabbath School Visitor H. M. 6,737 ....M. 6,738 Soldiers' and Sailors' Journal S. M. 6,739 United States Review... S. M. 6,740 Young Reaper S. M. 6 , 74 1 M. 6,743 Youth's Evangelist S. M. 6,743 Advocate of Christian Holiness M. 6 ,744 American Exchange and Review M. 6,745 Annerican Journalist M. 6,746 American Journal af Ho- inoeopathic Materia Medica and Record of Medical Science M. 6,747 American Journal of Pharmacy M. 6,748 American Latv Register.. M. 6,749 Arthur's Idustrated Home Magazine M. 6,750 Auqsburq Sunday School Teacher M. 6,75 1 Baptist Teacher M. 6,753 Building Association Journal M. 6,753 Busy Bee M. 6,754 Camp Neivs M. 6,755 Carpet J ournal M. 6,756 Carriage Monthly M. 6,757 Catholic Record M. 6 , 7 5 8 Christian Child M. 6,759 Christian Woman M. 6,760 Confectioners' Journal...^. 6,761 Crotzefs Centennial and Journal of the Exposi- tion AI. 6,763 Dental Cosmos M. 6,763 Evangelical Repository d- Un ited Presbyterian Worker M. 6,764 Expositor. Forest and Quarry and Builders' Price CurrentM. 6,766 Freedmen's Monitor and Workingman's Looking- Glass AI. 6,767 Gardener's Monthly and Horticulturist M. 6 ,76 8 lU CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. PENNSYLVANIA Godey'8 Lady Book M. 6,769 Qreat Western Monthly. Guardian M. 6 ,7 7 1 Gxmrdian Angel M. 6,773 'Hahnemannian Mmithly M. 6,77 3 I. G. B. JJ. Journal '. .M. 6,774 Journal of the Franklin Institute M. 6,775 Lammerhirte M. 6,776 Le Moniteur de la Mode. Lippincott' s Magazine M. 6,778 Lutheran Sunday School Herald M. 6,779 Medical News and LibraryM. 6,780 Monthly Abstract of Med- ical Science M. 6,781 North Philadelphia Gazette. Observer M. 6,783 ^ Penn Monthly M. 6,7 84 People's Joxirnal M. 6,785 Peterson's Journal. Peterson's Ladies' National Magazine M. 6,^8 7 Photographer. Polytechnic Revietv M. 6,789 Potter's American Month- ly M. 6,790 Presbyterian at Work M. 6,791 Presbyterian Monthly Be- cord M. 6,793 Printers' Circular M. 6,793 Sunday School World M. 6,794r Travelers' Official Bailway Guide M. 6,795 Underwriter M. 6,796 Voice of Peace M. 6,797 Woman's Temperance Union M. 6,798 Proof Sheet B. M. 6,799 American Catholic Quar- terly Review Qr. 6 , 8 American Journal of the Medical Sciences Qr. 6,801 Baptist Quarterly Qr. 6 , 8 SJ Druggists' Printer. Mercersburg Bevieiv Qr. 6,8 04 Typographic Advertiser . .Qr. 6,805 PHILiIPSBURG, Center Co.. 1,086 p.. on Clearfield & Tyrone branch of Penn- sylvania Central Rd., 24 m. from Tyrone and 28 W. of Bellefonte. Journal "W. 6,806 PHCE]VIXVII.L,E, Chester Co., 6,0001 p., on Schuylkill r., at mouth of French Creek, and Philadelpliia & Eeadinj? E,d., at junc- tion of Pickering Valley Rd., 27 m. from Philadelphia. Engaged in manufacturing iron, cotton, machinery and other articles. Independent Phoenix W. 6,8 07 Messenger W. 6,808 PITTSBURGH, c. h., Allegheny Co.. 120,000t p., at junction of Allegheny and Monongahela rs., which here" form the Ohio. Surrounded by mines of coal and iron. Manufactures are extensive, employ- ing millions of capital and thousancfs of operatives. Iron founderies are more nu- merous and extensive than in any other city in the United States. Commerce is also extensive, the Ohio r. being navigable to this point for light draught steamboats, ■which run to all points on OJiio and Missis- sippi rs. Connected by railroads with all the principal cities. Pennsvlvauia Central, Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne '&. Chicago. St. Loms & Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Washing- ton m Memphis. Enterprise W. 7, 136 BOLIVAR, c. h., Hardeman Co.. l,200t p., on Mississippi Central Rd.. about 65 m. E. of Memphis. Bulletin W. 7,137 BRISTOL, Sullivan Co., 3,500t p., ou East Tennessee. Virginia and Georgia Rd., at iunction of Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Rd. The Virginia State line passes 150 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. TEXNESSEE. through the village, 1.30 m. from Knox- Tille. Couru'r W. 7,1^8 Souvenir M. 7,139 BROA\'XSVIL.L.E, c. h.. Haywood Co., 3,J90 CENTREVIIiIjE, c. h., Leon Co. Texas Gladiator \V. 7,^9 1 CLARKSVILiliE, c. h., Hod Eiver Co., 617 p., 15 ra. from Red r. and 330 N. E. of Austin. Surroimdc'd by a farming region. Considerable lumber manufacturing car- ried on. Standard. Times -. W. r,393 CLEBURNE, Johnson Co., 686 p., 162 m. N. of Austin. Chronicle W. T,394. COLUMBUS, e. h.. Colorado Co., 2,000 p., on Colorado r., terminus of Galveston, Har- risburg &. San Antonio Kd., 95 m. S. E. of Austin and 60 W. of Houston. Colorado Citizen W. 1,395 COMANCHE, c. h., Comanche Co. Chief W. T,396 COOPER, c. h., Delta Co. Delta Co. Record W. T,39T CORPUS CHRISTI, c. h., Xeuces Co., 600 p., on Corpus Christ! Bay, at mouth of deuces r., 230 m. S. of Galveston. It has a good harbor and considerable commerce. Times D. 7,398 " W. 7,399 Gazette W. 7,300 CORSICANA, c. h., Navarro Co., 1,200 p., on Houston & Texas Central Ed., 20 m. W. of Trinity r. and 180 N. by E. of Austin. Index W. 7,301 Observer W. 7,303 Odd-Felloxo M. 7,303 COTTON GIN, Freestone Co. Freestone Herald W. 7,304: CROCKET, c. h., Houston Co., 2,000t p., on Houston &. Great Northern Rd., 100 m. N. of Houston. A centre of trade. Texas Patron W. 7,305 CUERO, De Witt Co. Star W. 7,306 DALLAS, c. h., Dallas Co., 3,000 p., on Trinity r. and Houston & Texas Central Rd., 261 m. from Houston and 215 N. by E. of Austin. Centre of a Avheat-growing re- gion. Engaged in manufacturing. Commercial D. 7,307 Cofnmereial Sunday Press W. 7,308 Herald D. 7,309 " W. 7,310 Norton's Union Intelli- gencer W. 7,311 Sunday JKspatch W. 7,313 Texas Baptist W. 7,313 DECATUR, Wise Co., 500 p., 75 m. N. W. of Dallas and 40 N. of Weatherford. Advance Guard W. 7,314 DENISON, Grayson Co. Cresset D. 7,315 " W. 7,316 News D. 7,317 " W.7,318 DENTON, c. h., Denton Co., l,600t p.. on Pecan Creek, 40 m. X. W. of Dallas and 241 N. of Austin. Monitor W. 7,319 Pevieiv W. 7,330 ENNIS, ElUs Co. miis Co. News W. 7,331 Saturday Review W. 7,333 FORT WORTH, Tarrant Co., 850 p., on Trinitv r., 210 m. X. of Austin and 25 W. of Dallas. Democrat W. 7,333 Standard ^V. 7,334 FREDERICKSBURG, c. h., Gillespie Co. Sentinel W. 7,335 GAINESVILLE, c. h., Cooke Co., 1,000 p., a few m. from Red r. and 270 X. of Aus- tin. Centre of trade for country surround- ing and a depot for supplies for drovers. Large droves of cattle pass northward everv spring and fall. Gazette W. 7,336 GALVESTON, c. h., Galveston Co.. 13,818 p., on au island at mouth of Galves- ton Bay. Engaged in commerce and trade, and having the finest harbor in the State. Largest city in the State. Civilian D. 7,337 W. 7,338 News D. 7,339 ' W. 7,330 Texas Post D. 7,331 " W. 7,333 Argus Sund. 7,333 Christian Advocate W. 7,334r Spectator Sund. 7,3 35 Texas Catholic Sund. 7,336 Visitor M. 7,337 GATESVILLE, c. h., Coryell Co., 1,455 p., on Leon r., 40 m. from Waco and Bel- ton, and 80 X. of Austin. Engaged in agriculture and stock-raising. Sun W. 7,338 GEORGETOAVN, c. h., Williamson Co.. l,200t p., about 25 m. X. of Austin. In an agricultural district. Coxmty Record S. W. 7 , 3 3 9 GIDDINGS, c. h., Lee Co. Tribune W. 7,340 GOLIAD, c. h., Goliad Co., 700 p., on San Antonio r., 120 m. S. by E. of Austin. Ag- riculture and stock-raising are the prin- cipal branches of industry. Fine water power. Guard. GONZALES, c. h., Gonzales Co.. 1,500 p., on Guadaloupe r., at mouth of San Marcos r., 70 m. S. by E. of Austin. En- gaged in farming and grazing. Diquirer. GRANBERY, c. h.. Hood Co. Vidette W. 7,343 GREENVILLE, c. h.. Hunt Co., 850 p., 50 m, X. E. of Dallas. Independent S. M. 7,344 Herald. GROESBECK, c. h., Limestone Co. Democrat W. 7,346 HALLETTSVILLE, c. h., LavaccaCo., 500 p., on Lavacca r., 35 m. W. of Colum- bus. Engaged in growing cotton and corn, etc. Herald and Planter W. 7,347 HEARNE, Robertson Co. Enterprise W. 7,348 HEMPSTEAD, Hempstead Co.. 3,000 p., on Brazos r. and Houston &, Texas Clentral Rd., at Junction of Austin branch, 50 m. 154 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. TEXAS. fix)m Houston. Engaged in manufactur- ing. Me^^sengcr W. 7,3*9 Waller' Co. Courier W. 7,350 HENDERSOIV, c. h., Rusk Co., 1,250 p.. 160 m. N. by E. of Houston and 75 E. of Shi-eveport, 'La. In a cotton-growing re- gion. Tinies. HEIVRIETTA, c. h.. Clay Co. Texas Star W. 7,35a HILIiSBORO, c. h., Hill Co., 500t p., on Brazos r., 35 m. above Waco and 150 X. of Austin. Hill Go. Expositor W. 7,353 HOIVEY GROVE, Fannin Co. Independent W. 7,354 HOUSTOIV, c. h., Harris Co., 12,.500 p., on Buffalo Bayou, 50 m. from Galveston. Steamboats'run regularly between here and Galveston. Second city in the State in population and commercial importance. Centering point for several railroads. Sur- rounded by an agricultural district, pro- ducing cotton, sugar cane and corn. Age D. 7,355 •' W. 7,356 Telegraph ...D. 7,357 W. 7,358 Texas Baptist Herald. .. .W. 7,359 Texas Deutsche-Zeitung . .W. 7,360 HUNTSA^IL-LE, Walker Co., 1,500 p., on Houston &. Great Northern Rd., 60 m. N. of Houston and 12 from Trinity r. Cotton market and shipping point. State peniten- tiary and two colleges located hei'e. Item W. 7,361 JACKBORO, c. h., Jack Co. Frontier Echo. ..: W. 7,363 JASPER, c. h., Jasper Co., 600 p., near Xechese r., 150 m. jST. E. of Galveston and 35 W. of Louisiana State line. Xeivsborj W. 7,363 JTEFFERSON, c. h., Marion Co., 4,190 p., at the mouth of Big Cypress Bayou. 40 m. :N. W. of Shreveport, La. Steamboats nin to this point, making it a centre of trade, and shipping point for produce and live stock. EaM Texas Leader D. 7,364 Trans- Continental\ Iron Age W. 7,36.1. Jiinplecute I). 7,366 W. 7,367 KAUFMAN, c. h., Kaufman Co., 7001 p., 35 m. S. E. of Dallas and 40 N. of Gorsi- cana. Telegraph W. 7,368 KERRVILLiE, c. h., Kerr Co. Frontiersman W. 7,369 LADOiMA, Eannin Co. Courier. I.A GRANGE, c. h.. Fayette Co., l,.500t p., on Colorado r., 65 m. below Austin and a^ above Columbus. Fayette Co. New Era AV. 7,371 Fayette Co. Record W. 7,373 LAMPASAS, c. h., Lampasas Co., 1,200 p., on Sulphur fork of Lampasas r., 60 m. N. by W. of Austin. Surrounded by an agricultural and stock-raising district. Dispatch .....W. 7,373 1.AWRENCE, Kaufman Co. Tlmc< - W. 7,371: TEXAS L.INDEN, c. h., Cass Co. Cass Co. iSun W. 7,375 liOCKHART, c. h., Caldwell Co. News Echo W. 7,376 L,ONGVIEW, c. h., Gregg Co. Texas New Era. McKINNEY, c. h., Collin Co.. 2,300t p., 135 m. N. by E. of Austin. Situate in a wheat-growing district. Enquirer W. 7,378 Texas Christian Monthly. M. 7,379 MADISONVILLE, c. h., Madison Co. Flaindealer W. 7,380 MARIilN, c. h., Falls Co., l.OOOt p.. on Waco & Northwestern Ed., 18 m. from Bremond, 3 from Brazos r. and 97 N. E. of Austin. Moving Ball W. 7,38 1 MARSHALL., c. h., Harrison Co., 7,000t p., on Texas & Pacific Rd., 2.50 m. N". by E. of Galveston and 40 W. of Shi-eveport, La. In an agricultural district. Herald T. W. 7,383 News. lexas Presbyterian W. 7,384 MERIDIAN, c. h., Bosque Co. Bosque Co. Herald. MEXIA, Limestone Co., 900tp., ouHoustoo & Texas Central Rd., 181 m. from Hons- ton. Ledger W. 7,386 MINEOIiA, Wood Co. Citizen. Reporter W. 7,388 MONTAGUE, c. h., Montague Co. Neivs W. 7,38 9 MOSCO\l% Polk Co. East Texas Democrat W. 7,390 MOUNT PLEASANT, Titus Co., 800 p., 80 m. X. W. of Shreveport, La. Southern Patron W. 7,391 NACOGDOCHES, c. h., Nacogdoches Co. News W. 7,393 NAVASOTA, Grimes Co., 1,500 p., on Brazos r., at mouth of Xavasota r., and on Houston & Texas Central Rd., 70 m. from Houston. Agricultural and cotton-growing district sun-ounding. Tablet W. 7,393 NEW BRAUNFEL.S, c. h., Comal Co. Zeitinig W. 7,394 OAKVILLE, c. h.. Live Oak Co. Tribune W. 7,395 PALESTINE, c. h., Anderson Co., 1,500 p., on International Rd., 10 m. from Ti'initT r., and 201 from Galveston, in an agricul- tm-al region. Considerable manufacturing carried on. Advocate D. 7,396 W. 7,397 Neiv Era W. 7,398 PARIS, c. h., Lamar Co., 4,000t p., 10 m. S. of Red r., 300 N. by E. of Austin, and 100 N". W. of Jefferson. Strictly an agri- cultural county. Cotton raisetl here to some extent. Press D. 7,399 " W. 7,400 NorthTexan W. 7,401 PEORIA, Hill Co. Hill Co. Record ...W. 7,403 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. 155 TEXAS. PITTSBURG, c. h., Camp Co. Ma30 SHERMAN, c. h., Grayson Co., 1,430 p.. 10 m. from Ptcd r. and 270 N. by E. of Austin. Surrounded by a wheat and cot- ton region. Courier W. 7,4;3 1 Patriot W. 7,4'^r^ Register. W. 7,4^3 STEPHENVILiLB, c. h., Erath Co. Eclectic :W. 7,434 Empire W. 7,445 SUL.PHUR SPRINGS, Hopkins Co.. 2,.'>00t p., 80 m. E. by N. of Dallas and 80 N. W. of .Jefferson. In an agricultural dis- trict. Has several flouring and other mills. Gazette W. 7,4'46 Temperance \ Vidette. TERREL.L., Kaufman Co. Kaufman Star W. 7 ,4a 8 TEXARKANA, Bowie Co. Gate City News W. 7,439 TYL.ER, c. h.. Smith Co., 2,.500t p., 250 m. N. of Galveston and 100 W. by S. of Shreve- port. In an agricultural district. Democrat ^Y. 7,430 Grange Reporter W. 7,43 1 National Index W. 7,433 VICTORIA, c. h., Victoria Co., 4.800t i)., on Guadaloupe r., 40 m. from Iiidianola. Sit'iiited on the Gulf West Texas A- P;i- TEXAS. cific Rd. Surrounded by an agricultural region, and engaged in raising cotton, corn, potatoes and sugar cane. Advocate W. 7,433 "WACO, c. h., McLennan Co., 8,000t p., on Brazos r. and Waco & Great Northern Ed., 95 m. N. by E. of Austin and 2.50 from Galveston. Engaged in agricultural pur- suits, stock raising and manufacturing. Has,a wire suspension bridge 500 ft. span. Examiner D. 7,434 Examiner and Patron. . . W.*7,43,'> Reporter D. 7,436 Business dk Stock ReporterW. 7,437 Register W. 7,438 Praine Bird M. 7,439 WAXAHACHIE, e. h., Ellis Co., 2,000t p., 180 m. N. E. of Austin. Surrounded by a cotton, wheat and corn-growing country Enterprise W. 7,440 WEATHERFORD, c. h., Parker Co., :i,.500 p., 11 m. from Brazos r. and 200 N. of Austin. Engaged in farming and stock raising. Centre of trade. Times W. 7 ,44 1 WILiLiIS, Montgomery Co, Observer W. 7,443 WILiLi'S POINT, Van Zandt Co. Observer W. 7,443 VERMONT. BARTON, Orleans Co., 2,000t p., on Pas- sumpsic Rd., 28 m. from St. Johnsbury and 15 from Newport. In an agxicultural dis- trict. Orleans Go. Monitor W. 7,444 BEL.L.OWS FALLS, Windham Ca., 2,000t p., on Connecticut r., and Vermont Central Rd., at terminus of Cheshire Rd., 114 m. from Boston. It has good water pow- er, which is partially developed. The largest and best paper mills in New England are located here. Times W. 7,445 BENNINGTON, c. h., Bennington Co., 5,900t p., on Harlem Extension Rd., 36 m. from Troy aud 200 from New York. En- gaffcd in manufacturing. News D. 7,446 Banner ." W. 7,447 Vermont Gazette W. 7,448 BETHEL, Windsor Co.. 1,817 p., on Ver- mont Central Kd., 38 m. S. of Montpelier. A soapstone (luariy at this point. White River Standard... W. 7,449 BRADFORD, Orange Co., 1,492 p., ou Connecticut r. and Passumpsic R. Rd. ('entre of trade for eastern portion of Or- ange county. Engaged in manufactm'ing. Opinion W. 7,4.50 Vermont Journal W. 7,45 1 BRANDON, Rutland Co. Union W. 7,453 BRATTLEBORO, Windham Co., 5,000 p., on Connecticut r.. and Vermont Vallej and Vermont &, Massachusetts Rd. En- gaged in manufacturing and a trade centre. Verynoyit Journal W. 7,453 Vermont Phopnix W. 7,4.54 Verinonf J\>'rord nvd Farmer W. 7,455 156 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. VERMONT. Household M. 7,4:56 Levnire Hour M. 7,4:.5 7 BlIRLINGTON, c. h., Crittenden Co., 18,000+ p., on Lake Champlain and Ver- mont Central Kd. Engaged in lake com- merce, extensive lumber manufacturing. Seat of the University of Vermont and largest city in the State. Free Press and Times D. 7,4:5 8 " ....W. 7,4:59 Sentiml D. 7,4:60 Clipper. • W. 7,4:61 Democrat and Sentinel .. .W . 7,4:6 a Vermont Witness M. 7,4:63 CHELSEA, c. h., Orange Co. Post W. 7,4:64: DANVIL.L.E, Caledonia Co., 2,500 p., on Portland & Ogdensbm-g Rd., 12 m. from St. Johnsbury. Engaged in agriculture and manufacturing. North Star W. 7,4:65 GRAND ISLE, Grand Isle Co. Recorder W. 7,4-66 GUILDHAIil., c. h., Essex Co. Essex Co. Herald W. 7,4:6 7 HYDE PARK, c. h.. Lamoille Co., 1,624 p., near Lamoille r., 28 m. N. of Montpel- ier, on the Portland & Ogdeusburg Rd. A business centre. Farming and manu- facturing carried on. Lamoille Newsdealer W. 7,468 LiUDLOAV, Windsor Co., 1,827 p., on Black r. and Vermont Central Rd., 26 m. S. E. of Rutland. Cloths and various other ar- ticles manufactured here. Black River Gazette W. 7,4:69 LYNDON, Caledonia Co., 2,3-50 p.. on Pas- sumpsic r. and Rd., 8 m. N. of St. Johns- bury. In an agricultural district. Some manufacturing ttone here. PassumpsicjRd. shops are located here. Vermont Union TV. 7,4:70 MANCHESTER, Benniugton Co., 2,000 p., on Battenkill r. and Harlem Extension Rd., .30 m. from Rutland. One of the first settled towns in the State. Journal W. 7 ,4:7 1 MIDDLEBURY, c.h., Addison Co., 3,086 p., on Otter Creek &l Rutland division uf Vermont Central Rd., half way between Rutland and Burlington. Engaged in manufactures. Seat of Mid^lebmy Col- lege. Has one of the finest water powers in New England. Register W. 7,4:73 MONTPELIER, c. h., Washington Co., State capital, 4.000 p., on Onion r., in cen- tral part of State. Centre of trade. Argus and Patriot W. 7,473 Oreen Mountain FreemanW. 7 ,474 Vermont Christian Mes- senger W. 7,475 Verrnont Chronicle W. 7,476 Vermont Watchman and State Journal W. 7,477 MORRISVIL.L.E, Lamoille Co. Vermont Citizen W. 7,47 8 NEWPORT, Orleans Co., 2,0.50 p., at the head of Lake Mem phrem agog, at tenniinis of Passumpsic Rd. A summer resort. Surrounded by an agricultural region. Cen- tre of trade and considerable manufactur- ing. Express and Standard .. .W . 7,479 VERMONT. NORTH TROY, Orlean.s Co. Palladium. POUL.TNEY, Rutland Co., 2.8.36 p., on Poultney r. and Rutland 0]V, c. h., Washing-ton Co.. 1,200 p., on Atlantic, Mississippi 1t p., on Roanoke r. and Atlantic, Mississippi 6: Ohio Rd.. 60 m. from L^rnchburg. Sur- rounded by a tobacco raising and manu- facturing district. Seat of Roanoke Col- lege and Hollins' Institute. Register W. 7,633 Roanoke Times W. 7,633 SCOTTSVIL.I.E, Albemarle Co., 600 p., on James r. and James R. Canal, about 18 m. S. of Charlottesville. A shipping point and centre of trade. Comder W. 7,634 SINGER'S GliEN, Rockingharti Co. Musical Gasket M. 7 ,6 3 5 Musical Million M. 7,6 36 STAUNTON, c. h., Augusta Co., 7,000t p., on Chesapeake &. Ohio &. Valley Rds., 136 m. from Richmond, 93 from Harper's Ferry. Engaged in manufacturing and centre of an agricultural district. The State Insane and Deaf and Dumb Asylums are located here. Seat of several ins'titutions of learn- ing. Spectator W. 7,6 37 Valley Virginian W. 7,638 Vindicator W. 7,639 SUFFOLK:, c. h., Nansemond Co., 2,000 p., at intei'section of Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio with Seaboard & Roanoke Rd., 17 m. from Norfolk, 58 from Petersburg and 17 from Portsmouth. Surrounded by a truck-growing district. Christian Sim W. 7,640 Herald. W. 7,641 Little Christian S. M. 7,643 ifnity M. 7,643 TAPPAHANNOCK, c. h.. Essex Co., 576 p., on Rappahannock r., !^0 m. N. E. of Richmond. Engaged in coast trade. Fi.sb, grain and fruit are shipped from here. It iias a United States Custom House. Tideivater hidex AV. 7,644 TAZEAVEL.L, C. H., Tazewell Co. Southwest Virginian W. 7,645 WARRENTON, c. h., Fauquier Co., 1.500t p., 9 m. from Orange, Alexandria 6c Man- assas Rd., to which it is connected by a branch. Situated in an agricultural dis- ti'ict and a centre of trade. True Lidex W. 7,646 W^EST POINT, King William Co., 2.193 p., at confluence of Pamunkey and Mata- pony rs., and at terminus of Richmond and York R. Rd., 38 m. from Richmond. Star W. 7,647 WINCHESTER, c. h., Frederick Co., 6,000 p. Netvs W. 7,648 Times W. 7,649 AVOODSTOCK, c. h.. Shenandoah Co.. l,000t p., on fork of Shenandoah r., and on Baltimore & Ohio Rd., 100 m. W. of Wash- ington City and 160 from Richmond. Shenandoah Democrat.. .V^'^. 7,650 Shenandoah Herald W. 7,65 1 W^YTHEVIL-LiE, Wythe Co., l,800t p., on Atlantic. Mississippi & Ohio Rd., 13rj m. from Lynchburg and 260 from Rich- mond. Engaged in manufacturing and a trade centre. " South- West Virginia En- terprise ". S. W. 7,65 3 Dispatch W. 7,653 WEST VIRGINIA. BERKELEY SPRINGS, c. h.. Morgan Co., 7001 p., 3 m. S. of Potomac r. and Baltimore & Oliio Rd., at Sir John's Rim. and 50 N. W. of Harper's Ferry. An agri- cultural county. Morgan Mercury W. 7,654 BUCKHANNON, TJpshur Co., 780 p., on Buckhannou r., about 12 m. E. by S. of Weston. Delta W. 7,655 CAMERON, MarshaU Co. Free Pre^s W. 7,656 CHARLESTON, Kanawha Co., 4,000 p., on Kanawha r. and Chesapeake OI}GEVIL,L.E, c. h., Iowa Co., 2,000 p.. 45 m. from Madison. Lead and copper mines are worked in this vicinity. Large amount of zinc ore raised here. Chronide W. 7,767 DURAND, c. h., Pepin Co., 917 p., on Chip- pewa r., about 20 m. from its entrance into Mississippi r. Largest to\\'n in a radius of 25 m. and a business centre. Surrounded by a wheat-growing- district. ' Times W. 7,76 8 EAU CLAIRE, c. h., Eau Claire Co., 8,.543t p., on West Wisconsin Ed. and Chip- pewa r. at mouth of Eau Claire r., 70 m. X. of La Crosse. Several mills here en- gaged in the lumber business and centre of trade for a radius of 40 m. Free Press D. 7,769 " W. 7,770 Chippewa Anzeiger W. 7,7 71 News W. 7,7 73 EDGERTOIV, Eock Co. IndeiJendent W. 7,773 EL.KHORN, c. h.. Walworth Co., l,.500t p., on Western Union Ed., at junction of WLSCONSIX. Eaciue branch, 40 m. from Eacine. In a fertile agricultural tlistrict. Walworth Co. Indepen- dent W. 7,774: ELLSWORTH, c. h., Pierce Co., l,300t p., 18 m. E. of Prescott, 12 from Eiver Falls. Engaged in miscellaneous manufactures. Pierce Co. Herald W . 7,775 ELRO^% Juneau Co. Head Light W. 7,776 EVAIVSVILLE, Eock Co., 1,000 p., on Madison division of Chicago & Northwest- ern Ed., 25 m. from Beloit. Surrounded bv a farming cuuutrv. ^ Review..': ". W. 7,777 POIVO DU LAC, c. h.. Fond du Lac Co., 16,068t p., at S. end of Lake Winnebago and on Chicago & Xorthwestern and She- boygan & Fond du Lac Eds.. 60 m. from Milwaukee and 177 from Chicago. A heavy grain, lumber and pork market. Considerable manufacturing carried on. Commonwealth D. 7,778 W. 7,779 Journal W. 7,780 Nordwestlicher Courier.. W. 7,781 Saturday Reporter W. 7,783 FORT ATKINSO]^^, Jefferson Co.. 2.311i p., oil Eock r. and Chicago & Xortliwest- ern Ed., 20 m. from Jauesvilie and 111 fi'om Chicago. In an agricultural district, and carrying on manufactures and mills. Cen- tre of a fi-rain and produce trade. Jefferson Co. Union W. 7,783 FORT HOWARD, Brown Co., 3,860t p., on Fox r., opposite Green Bay. North- ern terminus of Wisconsin, division and southern tenninus of PeuinsiUa division of C. & X. W. Ed. and eastern terminus of G. B. & Minn. Ed. Herald W. 7,784 Monitor W. 7, 7 8 5 FOUNTAIN CITT, Buffalo Co., 900 p., on Mississippi r., 8 m. above Wenona and 40 above La Crosse. Has a steamer land- ing, and is a grain and wheat market for an agricidtural district. Buff'alo Co. Re2mblikanerW. 7,786 FOX LAKE, Dodge Co., 1,-570 p., on Mil- waukee & St. Paul Ed., 65 m. from Mil- waukee. In a Avheat-growing section. Representa live W. 7,787 FRIEND.SHIP, c. h., Adams Co., 650 p., on Little Eoche-a-Cris r. Engaged in rais- ing hops, stock and grain. Adams Co. Press W. 7,78 8 GALESVILLB, c. h., Trempealeau Co., 1,068 p., 8 m. X. E. of Trempealeau. Independent W. 7 , 7 8 9 GENEVA, Walworth Co., l,700t p., on Geneva Lake, and Fox E. branch of Chica- go &. Xorthwestern Ed., 8 m. S. E. of Elk- horn. Geneva Lake Herald. . . . W. 7,790 GRAND RAPIDS, c. h.. Wood Co., 3,000 p., on Wisconsin r., 100 m. X". of Portage City. . Engaged in thelumberiuo- business. Tribune W . 7 ,79 1 Wood Co. Reporter W. 7,793 GRANTSBURG, c. h., Burnett Co. Sentinel W. 7,7 93 GREEN BAY, c. h.. Brown Co., 7,000f p., on Green r., at head of Green Bay, and CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. 163 wisco:nsin. on Chicago & K'orthwestcrn Pal. and Lake Poquin & G-reen Bay Rd., 65 m. from Fond du Lac. Has harbor and large lake commerce. Engaged in lumber trade. Fisli business carried on. State Gazette D. 7',r 94 " W. 7,795 Advocate W. 7,790 Concordia W. 7,797 Volks Zeitung W. 7,798 HAMMONU, St. Croix Co. Independent W. 7,799 HUOSON, c. h., St. Croix Co., 2,000 p., on St. Croix r. and AN^est Wisconsin E,d., 20 m. E. of St. Paid, Minn. The river is nav- igable for large steamboats to this point. Engaged in manufacturing and a shipping point for wheat. Star and Times W. 7,800 True Republican W. 7 , 8 1 JA]^ESViL.L.]El, c. h., Ptock Co., ll,000f p., on Sock r. and on Chicago & aSTorth- westeru Pd., 91 m. from Chicago and 70 from Milwaukee. A branch of the Mil- waukee & St. Paul Pd. passes through here, connecting with Milwaukee. Pock r. fm-nishes pc\^'er, which is employed in manufacturing. Surrounded by an agri- culturai district. Gazette D, 7,80^ " S. W. 7,803 • " W. 7,804: City Times , W. 7,805 itock Co. Recorder Vv'. 7,806 JEFFiSKSON, c. h., Jefferson Co., 2,213t p., on Wisconsin division of Chicago & Northwestern Pd., 13 m. S. of Water- town, 117 from Chicago', 45 from ]Milwau- kee and 30 from Madison. Pock r. fur- nishes water power for several mUls and factories here. Banner W. 7,807 JENMY, c. h., Lincoln Co. Lincoln^ Co. Advocate.. .W. 7,808 JUNEAU, c. h.. Dodge Co., 600 p., on Chi- cogo & jSTorthwestern Pd., 58 m. N. W. of Milwaukee and 145 from Chicago. Ship- ping point for produce. I/odge Co. Democrat W. 7,809 KENOSHA, e. h., Kenosha Co., 4,500 p., on Lake Michigan, 35 m. S. of Milwaukee, on Milwaiikee division of Chicago & Northwestern Sd ; also eastern terminus of Kenosha, Rockford & Pock Island Pd. It has a good harbor and considerable lake commerce. Engaged in manufactur- ing wagons and thumble-skeins, and sur- rounded by a butter and cheese district. Telegraph W. 7,810 Union W. 7,8 1 1 KE'WAUNEE, c. h., Kewaunee Co., 1,200 p., on Lake Michigan, at mouth of Kewaunee r., 27 m. E. of Green Bay. Enterprise W. 7 , 8 1 a KILBOURN CITY, Columbia Co., 1,114 p., on La Crosse division of Milwau- kee &. St. Paul Pd., 17 m. N. W. of Por- tage. Wisconsin r. affords water power for several mills here. ^Visconsin Mirror W. 7,813 LACROSSE, e. h., La Crosse Co., 12,- OOOt p., on Mississippi r., and tenninus of La Crosse divisioji of Mil-waukee & St. Paul Pd. Engaged in lumber and other WISCONSIN. manufactm-ing and river commerce. Cen- tre of trade. Liberal Democrat I). 7. 814: W. 7,815 Republican and Leader. . . I). 7,816 " ..W. 7,817 Faedrelandet og Emigran- ten W. 7,818 Nord Stern W. 7.8 19 North-Western Miller .... ^V . 7.8^0 Sun W. 7,8^1 JLA NC ASTER, c, h.. Grant Co., 3,000 p., on Grant r., about 14 ra. from Mississippi r. and about 25 S. E. of Prairie du Chien. Lead mines are found in this vicinity. Centre of a mineral and agricidtural county. Engaged in the manufacture of %oolen goods. Grant Go. Advocate W. 7,822 Grant Co. Herald W. 7,8 23 liOIM, Columbia Co., 1,565 p., 20 m. from Madison, on Chicago & Nortliwestern Pd. Has fine water i)Ower. Surrounded by an agricultural district. Valley News W. 7,824 LiONE ilOCKl, Pichland Co Pilot W. 7,8 25 MAUISON, State capital, Dane Co., 10,145 p., between Lakes Mendota and Monona, 96 ra. from Milwaukee, at junction of foiu* railroads. Increasing in popidation and business. Surrounded by an agrieultm-al region. Democrat .D. 7,828 W. 7,827 Wisconsin State Journal . . D . 7,828 " T. W. 7,829 W. 7,830 Nordve.vten W. 7,831 Wiscovsm Botschafter...W. 7,8 32 Wlscnn> SPARTA, c. h., Monroe Co., 3,-500 p.. on La Crosse r. and Milwaukee & St. Paul Ed., 25 m. from La Crosse. In an agricul- tural district. Artesian wells here furnish water, which is used for medicinal pur- poses. Herald W. 7,956 Monroe Co. Republican.. W. 7,95 7 STEVENS' POINT, Portage Co.. 4,000f p., on Wiseonsiu r. and Wisconsin Central Ed. There are several mills here, and large quantities of lumber are manufac- tured and exported. Journal W. 7,958 Wisconsin Finery W. 7,959 STOUGHTON, Dane Co., 1.2071 p., on Prairie du Chien division of Milwaukee ublican W. 7,985 WEYArWEGA, Waupnea Co.. 2,000 p., ou Waupaca r.. 8 m. S. E. of Waupaca. WISCONSIN. The river affords power for the flour and saw mills here. Times W. 7,986 WHITEHALL., Ti-cmpealeau Co. Tremjyeleau Co. Messen- ger W. 7,98 7 W^HITE^VATER, Walworth Co., 4,39.5t p.. on Milwaukee & St. Paul Ed., 51 m. from Milwaukee. An agricidtural district and centre of trade. Register W.7,988 WILSOX, St. Croix Co. Pioneer W. 7,989 TERRITORIES. AEIZOXA. PRE SCOTT, c. h., Yavapai Co., 2,5(30i- p., among the Pine Mountains, 140 m. E. of Colorado r. and 500 S. of Salt Lake City. In a mining and agi-icultural dis- trict and surrounded by vast forests of pine. A supply point for a large section of coontrv. Arizona Miner W. 7,990 TUCSON, Pima Co., Territorial capital, 3,224 p., on Santa Cruz r., 485 m. from San Diego and 275 from Yuma. An agricul- tural and stock-raising country. On the overland roiite from the Southern States to California, and the centre of considerable trade. Mining is carried on to some ex- tent in this section. Largest town in the territory. Arizona Citizen. YUMA, Yuma Co.. 1,8001 p.. on Colorado v.. at mouth of Gila r., 764 m. from San Francisco. 240 from San Diego and 175 from the Gulf of California." Steamers ascend the river to the mining districts, carrying on an extensive trade. Engaged in commerce and mining. Ai^izona Sentinel W. 7,993 COLOEADO. ALMA, Park Co. Mount Lincoln News W. 7,993 BOULOER, c. h., Boulder Co., 1.950t p., on Boulder Creek and Boulder Yalley Ed., 28 m. N. W. of Denver. Engaged in gold, silver and coal mining, agriculture and stock raising. Boulder Co. News W. 7,994 Colorado Banner W. 7,99 5 CANON CITY, c. h., Fremont Co., 900t p., on Arkansas r., 45 m. from Pueblo and 90 from Denver. Avalanche W. 7,996 Times ,..W. 7,997 CASTLE ROCK, c. h., Douglas Co. Douglas Co. Neivs W. 7,99 8 CENTRAL CITY, c h., Gilpin Co.. 5.000 p.. in the Eocky Mountains, 40 m. W. by N. of Denver. Supply point for the surround- ing mining district. Engaged in gold minine,-, milling and smelting. Register ^D. 7,999 W. 8,000 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. 167 COLORADO. COLORADO SPRIBTGS, c. h., El Paso Co. Colorado Free Press W. 8,001 Colorado Mountaineer .. .W . 8,00/5 Gazette and El Paso Co. News W. 8,003 DEI. WORTE, c. li., Rio Graude Co. San Juan Prospector W. 8,004 DENVER, Arapahoe Co., TeiTitorial cap- ital, 21,000t p., at confluence of Cheeiy Creek and S. Platte r., terminus of Kansas Pacific, Denver Pacific, Coloi'ado Central, and Denver & Rio Grande Rds., 620 m. from Omaha, IsTeb. Leading city in the Territory, and commercial centre for the mining" and agricultural interests of Colo- rado and ISTew Mexico. Colorado Democrat. Rocky Mountain News D. 8,006 " ..W. 8,oor Times... D. 8,008 " W.8,009 Tribune D. 8,010 W. 8,011 Colorado Farmer and Live Stock Journal W. 8,013 Colorado Journal W. 8,013 Mirror W. 8,014: Pocky Mountain Herald. W. 8,01-5 Mining Revieiv B. TV. 8,016 Pocky Mountain Presby- terian M. 8,017 Woman' s Journal M. 8,018 EVANS, Weld Co:, on South Platte r. and Denver Pacific Rd.. 48 m. from Denver. Journal W. 8,0 19 FAIRPIiAY, c. h.. Park Co. Sentinel W. 8,030 FORT COLiIilNS, c. h., Larimer Co. Larimer Co. Express W. 8,031 Standard W. 8,033 GEORGETO^W^N, c. h.. Clear Creek Co., .5,000t p.. in the Rocky Mountains, 50 m. W. of Denver. Mining extensively carried on. Colorado Miner W. 8,033 GOL.DE1V, c. h., Jefferson Co., 2.500t p., 16 m. W. of Denver, on a fork of South Platte r., which affords water power. Is the present terminus of the Colorado Cen- tral Rd., connecting with the Union Pacific and Kansas Pacific Rds. Rich gold mines near here. U. S. Land Office at this point. Manufactures carried on in the neighbor- hood. Altitude, 5,600 feet above the sea. Colorado Transcript W. 8,034 Globe W. 8 ,035 GREEL.EY, Weld Co., 1,200 p., on Den- ver Paeitii! Rd., and on Cachia La Pondro r. at its junction with Platte r., 55 m. from Denver. Engaged in agriculture. Colorado San ':...^¥. 8,036 Tribune W. 8,037 Colorado Horticulturist. I.ONGMONT, Boulder Co.. 550 p., 7 m. from railroad terminus and 30 from Den- ver. Centre of an agricultin-al region. Press W. 8,039 PUEBIiO, c. h.. Pueblo Co., 3,.500t p., on Denver & Rio Grande Xarrow Gauge Rd. and Arkansas r., 118 ra. S. of Denver. The mptropi)lis of southei*n Colorado, and surronndc!! lij an agricultural and stock raising district. COLORADO. Colorado Chieftain D. 8,030 \V. 8,031 PepubUcan S. W. 8,033 ROSITA, Fremont Co. Index W. 8,033 SAGUACHE, c. h., Saguache Co. Chronicle W. 8 ,0 34 SIIiVERTON, c. h., La Plata Co. La Plata Miner W. 8,035 SUIVSHIIVE, Boulder Co. Courier .....W. 8 ,036 TRINIDAD, c. h.. Las Animas Co., 2,000t p., on Las Animas r., 220 m. from Denver City, 130 from Kit Carson, on Kansas Pa- cific Rd. Centre of a grazing country. Surrounded bv fields of coal. Colorado Pioneer AY. 8,037 El Explorador W. 8,038 Enterprise and ChronicleW. 8,039 ^VALSENBURG, c. h., Huerfano Co. Huerfano Lidependent . . .^Y . 8,040 W^EST I4AS ANIMAS, Bent Co. Las Animas Colorado Leader W. 8,041 DAKOTA. BISMARCK, Saguache Co. Tribune T. W. 8,043 W. 8,043 CANTON, c. h.. Lincoln Co., 400 p., on Sioux City & Pembina Rd., 60 m. N. W. of Sioux City. Iowa. Has water power and is a place of active trade. Sioux Valley Neivs W. 8,044 EI.K: POINT, c. h.. Union Co., 500 p., on Dakota Southern Rd., between Missouri and Sioux rs., 22 m. from Sioux City, Iowa, and 39 E. of Yankton. Grazing and farm- ing country in vicinity. Some milling car- ried on. Union Co. Courier W. 8,045 FARGO, c. h., Cass Co. Times W. 8,046 GRAND FORKS, c. h.. Grand Forks Co. Plaindealer W. 8 ,047 SIOUX FALiLiS, c. h., Minnehaha Co., 800t p., on Sioux r., 90 m. :N. of Sioux City. Iowa. Rapidly growing business, having water power, which is only partially de- veloped for manufacturing purposes. Independent W. 8,048 Pantagraph W. 8,049 SPRINGFIEI.D, Bon Homme Co., .300 p., on Missouri r., 90 m. above Sioux City, Iowa, and 30 above Yankton. Base of sup- plies for an agricultural district and Black Hills out-fitting parties, and engaged in trade with the whole upper Missouri counties. Times AY. 8,050 SWAN LAKE, c. h.. Turner Co. Era AY.-8,05 1 VERMILLION, c. h.. Clay Co., 1.200t p., on Missouri r., at mouth of A^ermillion r.. 30 m. from Yankton and 35 from Sioux City, Iowa. Surrounded by a growing ag- ricultural countrv. Pcaister ' S. AY. 8,053 Dakota Republican AV. 8 ,05 3 YANKTON, c. h., Yankton Co., Territor 168 CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. DAKOTA. MOXTAXA. ial capital. 3.200f p., on Missouri r., about 7 m. from nioufh of Dakota r., on the line of Dakota Southci'u Kd. Largest city in the Territory and lias an extensive trade with settlers". Siu-rounded by an agricul- tural district. Press- a lid Dakotian D. 8,054 •' •' " W. 8,055 Dakota Freie Presse W. 8,056 Dakota Herald W. 8 ,05 r IDAHO. BOISE CITY, c. h., Boise Co., Territorial capital, 1,000 p.. on X. bank of Boise r., about 30 m. TT. S. W. of Idaho City. Trade centre, surrounded by an agricul- tural country. Mining regions are located -within a short distance. Statesman T. W. 8 ,05 8 TV. 8,059 IDAHO C'ITT, c. h., Boise Co., 6001 p., at confluence of Elk and Moor's Creeks, about 3.5 m. E. X. E. of Boise City. Gold and silver foiuid near this place. Engaged in mining and farming. Idaho World S. W. 8 ,06 " W. 8,061 SILVER CITY, c. h., Owyhee Co., 1,347 p.. on Jordan Creek, aboiit 1 m. above Buby City. Silver is foimd here in quartz rock's. It has several quartz mills. Con- nected to Winnemucca by stage. Idaho Avalanche D.8,063 W. 8,063 IXDIAX. ATOKA, Choctaw Xation, 380 p., on Mis- souri, Kansas & Texas Rd., 271 m. from Fort Scott, Kansas. Vindicator W. 8,064 CADDO, Choctaw Xation. Oklahoma Star W. 8,065 OSAGE AGE^CY. Indian Herald W. 8 ,066 TAHL.EQ,UAH, c. h., Cherokee Nation, about 200 m. S. of Fort Scott, Kansas, and 40 from the Arkansas State line. Cherokee Advocate W. 8,067 MOXTAXA. BOZEMAN, c. h., Gallatin Co.. .500t p., on E. Gallatin r., 400 m. from Salt Lake. Situate tn an agricultural and stock-raising- region. Mines of coal found in this vi- cinity. Avant Courier W. 8,068 Times W. 8,069 DEER LODGE CITY C. H., Deer Lodge Co., 7f<8 p.. on Deer Lodge r., near W. base of Rocky Mountains, 43 m. from Helena, on the lino of the Northern Pacific Rd. The richest, most numerous and most productive placer and quartz mines in the West are in this count v- Xeiv North West. ...'.... .W. 8,070 DIA3I01VD CITY, c. h.. Meagher Co. Pocky Mountain Hvs- handinan W. 8,071 FORT BENTON, c. h., Choteau Co. Record W. 8,07^ HELENA, c. h., Lewis and Clark Co., 4,000t p., near Prickley Pear Creek, 16 m. from Missouri r. Largest town in Mon- tana and centre of trade. Surrounded by an agricultural district, and mines of gold and silver and iron. Herald D. 8,073 " W. 8,074 Independent D. 8,075 W. 8,076 Montana Netvs D. 8,077 MISSOULA, c. h.. Missoula Co.. 500 p., on Hell Gate r., 145 m. W. of Helena. Missoulian W. 8,078 VIRGINIA CITY, Madison Co.. Terri- torial capital, 2,000 p., on Alder Creek, 125 m. S. of Helena. SuiTounded by mining districts. Stages connect with Deer Lodge and other important points. Montanian TT. 8,079 X^EW MEXICO. ALBIJCtUERQ,UE, c. h., Bernalillo Co., 2.000 p., on Rio Grande r., 75 m. from San- ta Fe! Centre of trade in wool, hides, corn and wine. Silver, gold, copper, coal, lead and iron mines abound in the vicinity. Pepublican Pevieiv W. 8,080 CIMARRON, c. h., Colfax Co. Xeics and Press TV. 8,081 LAS CREUCES, Dona Ana Co. Borderer. El Fronterizo. LAS VEGAS, San Miguel Co., on a branch of Rio Pecos r., about 40 m. E. of Santa Fe. Gazette "W. 8 ,0 8 4t New Mexico Advertiser... V^. 8,085 ME SILL A, c. h., Dona Ana Co. Xcivs TV. 8,086 SANTA FE, c. h., Santa Fe Co.. Tem- torial capital, 5.000 p., about 20 m. E. of Rio Grande v. The emporium of the over- land trade. Xein Mexican. J\i"jiiiieiital Flag. SILVER CITY, Grant Co. Hrrald. FTAH. BEAVER CITY, c. h.. Beaver Co. Enterpnse T. TV. 8,090 OGDEN, c. h., TVeber Co., .5,000 p.. on TVeber r., at junction of Union Pacific, Central Pacific and Utah Central Rds.. 36 m. from Salt Lake City. Centre of an ag- ricultural district and has a thriving trade. Yarions kinds of manufacturing done here. Junction D. 8,091 S. TV. 8,093 OGDEN CITY, c. h., TVeber Co. Ogden Freeman S. TV. 8 ,09 3 ST. GEORGE, c. h., TVashington Co.. 2.000t p.. on Rio Virgin r., 330 m. S. of Salt Lake. Agricultural soil. Cotton, grapes, figs, pomegranates, and all the usual crops of fruits and vegetables in CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. 169 UTAH. warm climates gTow freely. Silver and copper mines scattered all over the conn- try. Utah Promologist a n d Gardener M. 8,094 SALT LAKE CITY, c. h., Salt Lake Co., Territorial capital, 21,0001 p., on Utah Central Kd., IJtim. from Og'den, near the E. bank of Jordan r. and 22 S. E. of Great Salt Lake. An agricultural district. Sur- rounded by silver and base metal mines. The largest and most important city in the Territories and centre of trade. Beseret News D. 8,09.5 " S. ^y. 8,096 " W. 8,097 Salt Lake Herald D. 8 , 9 8 " S. W. 8,099 Salt Lake Tribune D. 8,100 W. 8,101 Utah Evening Mail D. 8 , 1 3 Utah Miner ..W. 8,103 Utah Skandinav W. 8 , 1 04: Javenile Instructor.. .B. W. 8,105 Utah Educational Jour- nal.. M. 8,106 AVASHIXGTOX. KAIiAMA, Cowlitz Co., on Columbia r., about 40 m. N. by AV". of Portland, Oregon. Beacon. OL.YMPIA, c. h., Thurston Co., Territo- rial capital, 2,000 p., at S. extremity of Paget Sound, 1.50 m. from the sea. The town is rapidly growing in population and importance. Engaged in manufaetui'ing and commerce. Morning Echo D. 8,108 " W. 8,109 Paget Sound Courier W. 8,110 Transcript W. 8,111 Washington Standard . . . W. 8,113 PORT T0W]VSE:¥D, c. h., Jetferson Co., 593 p., on Port Townsend Bay, 100 m. !N". of Olympia. Engaged in commerce and the lumber trade. Argus W. 8,113 SEATTLE, c. h.. Kings Co., -3,1001 p., nt mouth of DuAvamish r., on Puget Sound, 60 WASHINGTON. m. X. N. E. of Olympia. Lumbering, agri- culture and coal mining are the principal resources. Bispatch D. 8,114: Puget Sound Dispatch. . . W. 8,1 1.5 Pacific Tribune. Intelligencer W. 8,117 STEILACOOM, c. h., Pierce Co. Paget Sound Express... W. 8,118 VANCOUVER, c. h'., Clark Co., 7.50 p., on Columbia r., 10 m. fi-om Portland, Ore- gon, to which it is connected by a daily line of steamers. Independent TV. 8,119 1VAL.L.A AVAIiLA, c. h.. Walla Walla (Jo., 2,.500f p., on Mill Creek, 30 m. from Columbia r. and about 410 E, by S. of Olympia. Surrounded by a farming and stock-raising district, and the trade centre for this portion of the Territory and north- eastern Oregon. Spirit : S. W. 8,130 Statestnan. Union W. 8,133 WHATCOM, c. h., Whatcom Co. Bellingham Bay MaH...W. 8,133 WYOMING. CHEYENNE, c. h., Laramie Co., 3,000t p., on Union Pacific Ed., at junction of Denver Pacific lid., 500 m. from Omaha, Neb., and 100 N. of Denver, Col. Central supply point, surrounded by agi'icul- tural, stock-raising and mining districts. Shipping point for all the forts and ludiai agencies. , Railroad repair shops located here. Leader D. 8,134: Wyoming Leader W. 8,135 Sun D. 8,136 EVANSTON, c. h., Uintah Co. Age D. 8,137 LARAMIE CITY, c. h., Albanv Co., on Laramie r. and Union Pacific Kci., 57 m. W. of Cheyenne. It derives its supplies Si'om the stock-raising and timber interests in the vicinity. Sentinel D. 8,138 " .« AV. 8,139 ■WSP^l "^ TT-.TprrrvTrr.- HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL DATA. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. NEWSPAPERS IN 1776. The first American newspaper was printed in Boston, Sept. 25, 1690. It was issiied by Richard Pierce and published by Benjamin IlaiTis, and was intended to be pub- lished once a month, but was immediately sui)pressed by tlie authorities. The only copy known to be in existence is in the State Paper Office in London, The Boston News Letter, publishedby John Campbell, appeared April 24, 1704, being issued weekly until 1776. It was followed by the Boston Gazette, T>qq,.1\,\~V^, and by the American Mercurie, issued by William Bradford, at Philadelphia, Dec. 22, 1710. On Aug. 17, 1701, James Franklin, elder brother of Benjamin Franklin, established at Boston the New England Courant. Oct. 16, 1725, William Bradford, the founder of the Mercurie at Philadelphia, began the publication of the New York Gazette, the first paper issued in that city. In 1728 Benjamin Franklin established in Philadelphia the Pennsylvania Gazette. In 1754 four newspapers were published in Boston, two in New York, and two in Philadelphia. The Virginia Gazette was then printed at Williamsburg, having been first issued in 1736 by William Parks, who had previously given to the public for nine years tlie Maryland Gazette, at Annapolis. In 1776 seven journals were published in Massachusetts, one in New Haiiipshire, two in Rhode Island, four in Connecticut, four in New York, nine in Pennsylvania, two each in Maryland, Vir- ginia, and North Carolina, three in South Carolina, and one in Georgia; in all thirty- seven. AH were weeklies, with the exception of the Advertiser, of Philadelphia, which was semi-weekly. NEWSPAPER STATISTICS IN 1876. By the "American Newspaper Directory" for the current year, 1876, there appear to be now published in the United States and Territories, 738 daily, 70 tri-weekly, 121 semi-weekly, 6,235 weekly, 33 bi-weekly, 105 semi-monthly, 747 monthly, 13 bi-monthly, and 67 quarterly publications, making a total of 8,129 of all kinds. Of the journals published in the country, the State of New Y'ork furnishes the largest number. Of all kinds, New York State prints 1,818; Pennsylvania follows with 738; Illinois is third; and then come in regular order Ohio, Iowa, Missouri and Indiana, all of which outstrip old Massachusetts, although she issues nearly 350. Only ten States print as many papers of all kinds as Califs mia, which ranks fourth m the mmiber of its dailies. It seems to be peculiar to thv new States at the West that they sustain daily papers. In many places the first newspaper established will be a daily, Avhile in the old towns at the East such a thing was never heard of. Until within one or two years Florida has never had a daily paper. At the present day it would seem that the United States print more newspapers than all the other nations of the world. Their growth has been rapid even in pro- portion to the increase of population. In 1776 we find we had thirty-seven papers and three millions of people. Now we have eight tiiousand papers and forty millions of people. These figures shov*^ that whilst one hundred years ago we printed one newspaper for every 30,000 souls, we now print one for every 5,000. This can be accounted for only on the hypothesis that the people are now more in the habit of reading than formerly. At the time Independence was declared probably no family took more than one paper, while now many take several. 172 NEWSPAPEE DATA. NEWSPAPERS DEFINED. A newspaper is defined by Webster to be " a sheet of paper printed and dis feributed at short intervals for conveying intelligence of passing events." In com- piling a "Newspaper Directory" it is necessary to exercise a good deal of care to be able to say what should be called a newspaper. The definition given by Web- ster cannot be taken as an accurate description of the present-day newspaper, for numbers do not contain any news, while many sheets which do, are not considered newspapers. All the amateur publications, for example, are excluded, though the number is quite large of those printing considerable news; and many sheets devoted especially to advertising the business of some man or firm are also omitted. On the other hand, books and magazines— everything published at regular periods not ex- ceeding three months— are classed as newspapers. There has been of late a large increase of what are called " class papers." It is being recognized that every interest must be supported by a paper. There are relig- ious papers, agricultural papers, commercial papers ; those of a financial, insur- ance, masonic, and temperance complexion, and so on through the whole list of interests and isms. The class papers in many cases are very successful. They seem to be in receipt of an excellent advertising patronage, and for the obvious reason that they are taken by i)eople to whose, interests or theories they are specially devoted, sothat when one wishes to communicate with this particular class they are far excellence the channels. An advertisement in the Scientific American will reach many thousands of mechanics, while the same advertisement in an ordinary paper would be read by possibly the same number of or more people, but by fewer mechanics. So an advertisement in the American BwiWer might reach more carpenters than one in the New York Times, although the circulation of the latter would surpass that of the former many times. ADVERTISEMENTS THE LIFE-BLOOD OF NEWSPAPERS. Among the newspapers which have been most successful in obtaining wide- spread circulations are certain story papers and Sabbath school journals, which do not contain news, and some of which are without advertisements. That some such journals can rely for profits upon their circulation for remuneration, does not render it less a fact that the advertisement is the life of newspapers. Daily papers are, in many instances, sold to newsboys at a price so low that it hardly pays the cost of the white paper on which they are printed. The editorial expenses, the setting of the types, the expensive presses, the magnificent mcomes of the pro- prietors, are all the result of the advertising. Without the fast presses of to-day the editions of 50,000 copies could not be printed in two or three hours of a night as now, and but for the advertising patronage the papers could not be afforded at the low prices which make possible the immediate sale of such enormous numbers. NEWSPAPER INCREASE. The number of new papei*s started during the past five years has averaged not fewer than six per day, but the actual increase has been only two thousand one hun- dred and seventy-nine. Suspensions and consolidations account for the balance. Since May 1, 1S75, thirteen hundred and sixty-six papers have commenced pub. lication (an average of over four for each laboring day), and one thousand and ninety-seven have suspended. That the circulations are below what they were one year ago is also more than probable. Tlie States in which there has been an increase in number are: Arkansas, nine; California, twenty-eight; District of Columbia, eight; Georgia, five; Illinois, sixty- five; Indiana, eighteen; Iowa, twenty-two; Kansas, six; Kentucky, nine; Maine, one; Maryland, two; Massachusetts, ten ; Michigan, eleven; Minnesota, two; Mis- sissippi, five; Nebraska, seven; Nevada, two; New York, two; North Carolina, one; Ohio, thirty-one; Oregon, one; Pennsjivania, thirty-one; Texas, eighteen; Virginia, live; Wisconsin, eight; Territories, six; Dominion of Canada, twelve. There has been a decrease in the following States: Alabama, six; Connecticut, two; Delaware, one ; Florida, one; Louisiana, one; Missouri, twenty-three; New Hampshire, three; South Carolina, seven; Tennessee, five; Vermont, five; and in Newfoundland, two. NEWSPAPER DATA. Exactly the same number as last year is issued in New Jersey— one hundrec and seventy-seven— r:>iode Island, twenty-seven, and West Virginia, seventy-five Divided g:eograiihically, the gain in number is: New England States, one; Middle States, thirty-four ; Western States, one hundred and forty-seven ; Southern States, forty; Pacific States, thirty-one; Territories, six; Canada and Nev/foundland, ten. INFLUENCES WHICH EFFECT NEWSPAPER CIRCULATIONS. It is interesting to consider what influences chiefly contribute to extend or limit the circulation of papers. One reason wliy those of New York State should have a larger circulation than their contemporaries in the West is that the Occi dental Stales are largely peopled by emigrants from the Eastern, among whom there is a tendency to take a home paper. This swells the sale of Massachusetts and other New England papers. Another reason: New York is the metropolis of the country, the headquarters for all sort? of information ; and the knowledge of this contributes to make people in every part of the country seek after the New York journals. It was notorious in the time of the war that the armies in the battle-field, officers and men, waited for the New York papers in order to get accounts of the battles they fought, as no others gave them so fully and accurately. The leading morning papers of New York nearly all sell for four cents, but in the Western States five cents is the general price. Since, however, the hard times penny papers have come into fashion agam, and it is quite a remarkable fact that most of the leading papers of the country were first brought into favor and notice as such. The number of daily newspapers which stereotype their forms and use dupli- cate machinery is very limited. New York having as many as all the rest of the country combined. The newspaper seems to be an institution specially calculated to advan -e in this country. Everybody reads it. Many men and women of more than ordinary intelligence read nothing else ; and it would be Avrong to assume that such do not educate themselves respectably, for he who studies thoroughly a well-conducted New York daily will not be badly informed on matters of importance. The neces- sities for newspapers seem to be endless. Politicians want them to advance their political interests; rings want them to influence the pniblic mind; the public de- mands them to keep itself informed ; religious denominations reqiure their aid to propagate their distinctive tenets, and so on. MODERN PRINTING PRESSES. In the matter of printing presses there has been a great change in ideas in the past ten years. The Walter press, which has many points m its favor, is the only one used in the office of the New York Times. The St. Louis Republican also employs one of these machines. The Bullock press has superseded the Hoe in the New York Herald^ Sun, and several other offices. Both these presses print from a continuous roll of paper. This feature alone implies a considerable saving in the working expenses of the press room. Another advantage they possess is their great compactness— a quality of much importance in large cities where room is scarce and expensive. The Bullock press is specially remarkable for this, and, other things being equal, bids fair, by virtue of its excellence in this regard, to advance to the very first rank. The Hoe press retains its position in most of the important offices outside the metro- politan cities, and is still used by the New York Tribune. Several manufacturers compete for the patronage in lower-priced machines. In the smaller weekly oflices the old hand-press holds its own, and their sale is greater now than ever before, amounting to several hundred yearly. WHAT KIND OF NEWSPAPERS THE PEOPLE WANT. An impression prevails, particularly in country places, that the public want a large sheet of paper. The country newspaper ][)ublisher will almost alwaj's increase the size of his sheet if he can get advertising enough to pay the actual cost of the enlargement, and yet have no thought whatever of making a better paper. The notion that he is publisher of a large paper seems to gratify his pride. This idea that a big sheet is desirable would seem to be delusive, because we find, ingoing 17;- 174 NEWSPAPER DATA. over the successful papers of the country, that those wl.ich really pay the best are, as a rule, the small ones. NAMES OF NEWSPAPEltS. The publications of all kinds described in the " American Newspaper Direc- tory -' for 187(3 are represented by 7,o2G titles. In many cases several editions are issued from the same establishment, under substantially the same name, and in the figures just stated such several editions are counted as but one. The Journals are the most numerous, there being 487. Next in favor stand the Times. These num ber 310. There arc 302 Heralds. The ]Sews number 298. The total of the Gazettes is 276. The Democrats come next in point of numbers, 268. To offset the Democratic phalanx there are 211 Republicans. The Advertisers number 92, and are naturally most frequent in localities "where the populace is the most enlightened and progressive. There are 122 Advocates. This name appears to be a favorite of the religious pub- lications, and at least three-fifths of the total are borne by' religious papers. There are 60 papers known as the Argus, and with this quantity of professed eye-power, it is amazing that the frauds heretofore existing for years were not sooner discovered. There are 58 Bulletins, which axe undoubtedly perused with care by the 51 Citizens described in the ■'Directory.'' Of CAronicZes there are 89, while 143 Couriers stand in expectancj', ready to depart with 34 Dispatches. There are 89 Enterprises, most of them being located in the West. There are 45 Expresses, 34 Farmers, and 20 Globes. One of the latter is the Flint Globe of Michigan, and another the Golden Globe of Colorado Territory. Just 133 papers keep on the safe side by being Indepen- dents, though 49 Leaders are ready to direct them. There are 34 Ledgers, 47 Observers, and 16 Pilots. One of the latter is the Storm Lake Pilot of Iowa, and another the Lone Rock Pilot of Wisconsin. Each of these is remarkably co-incident in respect to the name of the place and the name of the paper. There are 59 Posts, 122 Registers, and 95 Reviews. The country enjoys the guardianship of 144 Sentinels, one of which is the Lone Tree Sentinel of Iowa. There are 76 Standards, SI Stars, 50 Suns, and 93 Tribunes. Among the unusual or striking titles are the Bistoury (Elmira, N. Y.), Jim- i,lecute (Jefferson, Tex.), Luxapililan (Fayette C. H., Ala.), the Card Baslcet—a. society paper— of Washington, tiie Hope Star of Hope (Ark.), Thistleton's Illustrated Jolly Giant (San Francisco), China Mail and Flying Dragon, the Elm Leaf (East Hartford, Conn.), the Eulenspiegel (Owl's Mirror) of Chicago, Jefferson Republican, the Southern Cross— a. Catholic paper— of Savannah, the Egyptian Press (Marion, 111.), Hoosier Patron and Lady Granger (Indianapolis), Hoosier State, Union Spy — there is only one — Condenser, Meschacebe, Wide Awake— a, literary paper— /ron Home (Ishpeming, Mich.), Morgan's Watch-tower (Mt. Pleasant, Mich.), the Ricochet (Oxford, Miss.), Blaetter und Kladderadatsch, the Schnedderdengg, Freed/nan's ISIonitor and Worlcingman's Looking Glass (Phila.), the /. C. B. U. Journal (also in Phila.), the Four Counties oi Richmond, Texas, the Ventilator and Golden 7?u/e (Mannington, W. Va.), Eurhetorian Argosy (Sackville, Out.), Stylus, Lady Elgin (Elgin, Ill.)» Over the Country, Pajaronian, Aurora Brazileira, Neighbor's Home Mail, Psyche, Madisonensis, and the Alpine Chronicle of Silver Moun- tain, California. To these may be added the Toledo Blade, Burlington Hawk Eye, Cape May Ocean Wave, Broad Axe of Freedom, Sentinel on the Border, Unterrijied Democrat, Spirit Lake Beacon, Homer's Iliad, Horsehead's Journal, Painted Post Times, Roman Citizen, and many others. Names popularly supposed to be frequent are in fact rare. It occasionally happens that the prominence attained by a single paper with a certain name brings the name so much before the people that it grows familiar to the public mind, though there may really be but few papers with the same desig- nation. What the journalistic fancy of the Centennial year will devise in the way of newspaper titles is uncertain. THE CO-OPERATIVT: NEWSPAPERS— what THEY ARE. Within the past seven or eight years there has come up a class of newspapers known as co-operatives, or patent insides and outsides, by which it is understood that the publisher purchases at a central point a sufficient number of sheets for his issue with one side already printed. The persons with whom he contracts, having extensive ol^cos, and wide arrangements with publishers through a great extent of country, are able to supply fifty or one hundred with the same matter, the geographi- cal distribution of those papers being so distinct that the fact of the sides of two NEWSPAPER DATA. 175 papers being alike becomes of no consequence. They do not go to the same readers. The system has been scoffed at; but it has grown nevertheless. It is found that the man who has a " patent inside" can in many cases make a better paper and a cheaper than he who plumes himself upon doing the thing "all at home." There are about 2,000 sheets printed on this plan— more than a fourth of all the weeklies published. ' THE VALUE OF ADVERTISINQ SPACE. The value of advertising space in a newspaper la generally supposed to be fixed by its circulation, but although the principal, this is not the only element to be considered. Advertisements in papers having large circulations are said to be worth half a cent a line in dailies, and one cent a line in Aveeklies, for each thou- sand issued. In papers of smaller circulation publishers have to obtain a higher price for advertisements which go in but a few times. Advertisements are attracted to those journals which contain other announcements of the same class. A man who wants to let a house advertises it in the paper in which he sees most an- nouncements of hovises to let; and in time in every city there will be some one paper monopolizing that class of advertisements, and it is almost impossible for any rival ever to displace it or deprive it of this peculiar patronage. It will hold it even after having lost its circulation. The impression prevails that English papers are much more favored with adver- tisements than the American ones. This is not the case. Our journals have more and get much higher prices for them. No other paper in the world has so many as the New York Herald, whose advertising rates are fifty per cent, higher than those of the London Times, and Harper^s Weekly charges four times as much as the Illustrated Lori' don News for the same space. The truth is, the advertising rates of American paners are higher throughout than those of the English, and the patronage expended to them is more munificent. The one-price system for advertising is the one which pays. Publishers are apt to devote too much attention to advertising. They think that this is all they have need to strive after, and they often depend upon it to pay every expense. Some have even gone so far as" to publish a paper to be given away, trusting to the adver- tising to even cover the cost of the white paper; but as the paper v/ould be a great item of outlay, the temptation to defraud is so great that it is not in human nature to withstand it. Knowing this, advertisers have come to regard papers of free cir- culation as dishonest enterprises, and there are now none of them in existence which are of any account. Advertising space is generally charged for by the " square "—a term which may have had meaning once, but has not any now. A "square" means a space— a large or a small space, according to the arbitrary rules of oflices. Thus, a man who orders two " squares " may find he has negotiated for eight or for sixty-four lines. A "square" is about as definite as "a piece of chalk." Agate is the type used in all the great daily papers for advertisements. Smaller type would not do, and larger is never employed. In some of the higher priced weeklies they are set in nonpareil; in a few of the lower priced still larger type appears, and in some of the Southern papers we find the paid announcements displayed in long primer. Whenever a paper uses a larger type than nonpareil for its advertisements, the experienced advertiser knovv^s that space can be bought at a low price. It is, doubtless, true that the best managers of newspapers treat their advertis- ing space as merchandise. They know what it costs and Vvhat it ought to be worth, and unless they obtain the price they value it at, do not sell. Experience teaches that the man who gets a reduction to-day will not advertise to-morrow unless a similar or greater concession be made; whilst he who is refused to-day comes in to- morrow with inci-eased respect for the man who had the backbone to see him leave the office the day before. Yet, after all, advertising space is not like merchandise. Merchandise, if not sold, remains in store and possesses value, whilst advertising space, if not disposed of, must be filled up Avith reading matter, and the com- positor, too, must be paid for setting it. This fact acts as a lever in the hands of the shrewd advertiser, and is by him used with great ettect. In most of the country weeklies an advertisement for three months will cost no more than twice the sum which would be demanded for one month; and if double the price for 176 NEWSPAPEE DATA. three months be offered for a year's insertion, the chances are it will not be refused. Patent medicine men become very conversant with this condition of affairs. Advertisements possess another value in addition to the money which they bring The "wanted" advertisements, those of school-books, etc., etc., are much sought after, they being supposed to give character to the columns of a paper. Patent medi- cine advertisements, although considered less desirable, are, as a general thing, taken at lower rates than those of banks and insurance companies, because it is under- stood that a man who advertises patent medicines must make the advertising pay, and that he will watch and know the result. The other classes extend their adver- ti.^ing more as favors, and have less faith in its efficacy. NEWSPAPER CIRCULATIONS. Of the circulation of newspapers m this country as compared with that in others we know very little. This is the only country in the world wherein any sta- tistics of newspaper circulation are published regularly. People's ideas about circulation are very crude. Newspapers have by no means such large constituen- cies as they are supposed to have. A town of 50,000 inhabitants rarely will buy as many as 2,000 copies of a daily paper published in its midst; and many a daily paper is published which prints less than 300 copies per diem. Sometimes papers rarely heard of in the town of their publication, and thought but of little conse- quence there, are those printing the largest number of copies. In New York city the News imdoubtedly prints more than 100,000 copies a day, yet many residents of the city do not see a copy from one end of the year to another. The largest regular circulation ever obtained by any daily newspaper in the United States is now possessed by the New York Sun, Its daily issue is about 140,000 copies. The London Daily Telegraph is the only paper in Europe whose circulation exceeds that of the New York 6'un. Thatissaid to issue about 180,000 copies daily, while the Lon- don Times, believed by the public in general to be the leading paper of the world (and justly so), prints barely one-third that number. It is almost superfluous to add that the most influential dailies are not always those of largest circulation. The New York Ledger and the New York Weekly undoubtedly print more than 100,000 copies every issue— possibly twice that number; a child's paper in Boston issues 127,000, and Harper's Weekly can claim nearly 100,000. With these exceptions there is every reason for believing that there are no weekly papers which exceed an issue of 90,000. A premium system of getting subscribers has been very much in fashion for some 3'ears past, which has at times been very successful. Many papers have run up an enormous circulation by this means, people often buying them for the premium, and not caring for the paper. But circulations so obtained do not hold good, and after the expansion has once receded, it is exceedingly difficult to restore it. The religious paper having the largest circulation in the United States is the Chris- tian Advocate, published in New York; next to it, probably, the New York Observer. It is a remarkable fact that some of the most profitable papers have very small circulations. They obtain a good name and valuable advertising patronage; their small issue enables them to get along with low-priced presses. Having plenty of time to run off an edition, they do not employ many men. With them there is no rush or confusion. Everything goes slowly, comfortably, is done cheaply, and mah- aged with economy, and a large portion of the money which comes in remains as profit. AMOUNT OF CAPITAL REQUIRED TO START A NEWSPAPER. The amount of capital required to start a newspaper is an interesting subject. It varies from three hundred dollars up to a million. Many an one has been com- menced on as little money as the smallest sum named, while probably a million would hardly suffice to bring out in New York at the present time a daily which should successfully compete with the great dailies already in existence. The largest profits ever made from newspaper enterprise have come from daily papers. They also sink money the most rapidly Avhenthey fail to pay. Weekly papers stand next in the order of lucrativeness; but semi-weekly and tri-weekly papers are rarely profitable. There is no instance in all the Northern States of a semi or tri-weekly paper having come up to the value of $1.5,000. NEWSPAPER DATA. 177 The sums of money sunk in establishing papers are often very heavy. On Har- per's Weekly $100,000 was expended before it commenced to pay; the New York Times'' outlay reached several hundred thousand dollars before the investors began to see :i return; Hearth and Home entailed on its various proprietors losses not far short of $200,000 before it was finally suspended ; and many a paper of which the pub- lic knows nothiiig has cost its owners sums ranging from $30,000 to $100,000. On the other hand, the profits, when success is met, are proijortionately large- Har- per's Weekly has undoubtedly paid as much as $100,000 a year in profits ; the New York Ledger much more. The Philadelphia Ledger, New York Herald, New York Times, and New York .San have often paid much larger profits than those even. It is re- ported that the Chicago Tribune earned from its advertising columns the money re- quired for its new building as it was needed to pay the contractors. Monthlies rarely make much money. They are generally published for the pleasure of the thing. No temperance newspaper was ever known to pay. The same may be said of masonic publications and of those devoted to the interest of any of the various secret societies. To establish a new daily paper in any of the large cities is considered a posi- tively certain way of sinking all the money that is put in. In ten years there has been no new daily in New York that has made money; and one that is losing is a perfect maelstrom for the wrecking of capital. Such investments we have heard com- pared (and aptly) to "pouring water down a rat hole." There is hardly ever any end to it. The parper, however, that is making money will go on doing so, notwithstand- ing great mismanagement. That which does not quite pay, and loses a little more this year than last, will never pay; but the one which has struggled for twenty years, and for the last five has come a little nearer to a paying basis each twelvemonth, will in a few years make a fortune for its owners. The causes of failure in newspaper enterprises may almost invariably be traced to poor business management. The paper that fails, fails in a way and from causes which would be foreseen by any intelligent observer who from day to day had an opportunity of overseeing such matters. The value of newspaper property in this country is very great. It is very in- tangible, however. Probably the New York Herald, if ofl'ered for sale, would realize about two million dollars. There are two or three establishments worth a million of dollars each; a couple of dozen worth half a million ; a larger number equal to a hundred thousand dollars apiece ; and there exist plenty of offices throughout the country publishing little papers, which a journeyman printer, going in with $250, and giving his note for $250 more, could induce the proprietor to resign in his favor. There are many newspapers conducted in the country the proprietors of which do not realize more than $400 profit per annum as a recompense for their labor. In the country, in small places, the job office is an important auxiliary. Many papers would be unable to exist without it, and in some the paper simply serves as a sort of a tender to the other department. It advertises and brings business to the printer. Next to the job office, the legal advertising is depended upon to furnish the sustenance of the newspaper. It is oftentimes the case that a man having a news- paper established in a frontier county (and consequently a sparsely-settled region) takes advantage of the absence of similar publications to publish a sheet at his own office, printing on it the name of the shiretown in a contiguous county. He then sends over one or two hundred copies and obtains subscribers there, and thus manages to get the legal advertising of the county. In this way the enterprise pays — perhaps not very handsomely, but it does pay. The most successful newspapers are those conducted in two separate depart- ments, having an editor and a publisher. The editor controls the columns of the paper. It is for him to say what course the paper shall take— what it shall say and what it shall not say; it is for the publisher to see that the bills are paid, to fix the prices for advertising, and to decide what shall be paid for of that which is ))ublished. These two positions need two very difi'erent descriptions of talent, and it is very rarely indeed that one man i^ossesses both. It was well known that Mr. Greeley, the founder of the New York Tribune, was never a suitable man to have anything to do with the aflaii's of the counting-roooi. He, perhaps, knew this as well as anybody. 178 NEWSPAPER DATA. NEWSPAPER CHARACTER AND INFLUENCE. Thebusinessof publishin«r a newspaper, in the hands of a good man, is a very respectable one, but in the hands of a man of another sort it becomes quite the reverse. The editor who always tells the truth— v/ho says in his columns only what he be- lieves—exercises a great iniluence, and sometimes he is himself surprised to find to what an extent his statements are received. The newspapers which never take any stand upon political questions— the so-called independent papers, that are Repub- lican to-day and Democratic to-morrow— do not wield much power over the minds of their readers. Senator Wilson, of Massachusetts, our late Vice-President, very accurately described their position when, in conversation one day with a Western editor who prided himself upon the influence of his "independent" paper, he said: "Your independent papers have not any influence. Your readers have been so educated by you that they are ]ust as independent as you are. and when you take any stand dift'erent from that which you have been taking, your readers cut loose from you." To make a good newspaper, to publish it, or to edit it, is said to require a pecu- liar training. Yet many successful newspapermen have never had any, and have gone into the business in middle life. They have, however, all been men who have shown themselves possessed of a peculiar tact which is not common by any means. Editors are slow to learn that what interests them will not always interest their readers. If an editor has a personal grievance, he is greatly temjited to venti- late it in his paper, and in that way he reveals to his readers all about a rival or an enemy of whom they might otherwise never have heard. Thus he makes an antagonist of importance, who, if let alone, would have been of no consequence whatever. NEWSPAPER SALARIES. Where there are no oflacial announcements, to report upon people's salaries is necessarily somewhat hazardous. It is an interesting point, however, and one that cannot be overlooked in a sketch of this kind. The largest salaries paid to editors probably do not exceed $15,000 a year, and this can only be secured on one or twoof the leading New York journals. Incitiesoutsideof New York $100 a week is good pay, and it is only in cities like Chicago that so much is to be obtained. Proba- bly no editor in Boston, Philadelphia, or any Eastern city, except Npw York, receives as much as $5,000 a year. Reporters and city editors, and all the minor positions on a paper are, as a rule, poorly paid— from $12 to $40 a week, according to the importance of the place. The business manager of a paper is frequently the best paid employe, and upon him the profits largely depend. TOO MUCH ORIGINAL MATTER NOT DESIRABLE IN NEWSPAPERS. Papers which are made up entirely of original matter are not, as a rule, very popular. It is a very common remark of shrewd newspaper men that they can steal better articles than they can buy. When an article is bought and paid for, there is a feeliag that the whole of it must be used, even though in some parts it lack interest. On the other hand, there is no feeling of compunction in slicing down, to meet the exigencies of space or the needs of readers, a good article seen in a neighboring paper. The good points are saved and verbiage rejected. It is also a fact that the public seem to have an objection to too much reading matter. Among the most prosperous papers are those Avhich have very little of it in their columns. In proof of this take, for instance, the Philadelphia Ledger and the New York iVfifs. The public also have an antipathy to supplements. Hardly any man finds an extra sheet in his morning paper without a feeling of annoy- ance, or without wishing It were not there. Yet these supplements cost a great deal of money. rt may not be out of place here to correct an erroneous idea which quite ex- tensively prevails. It is thought that the conductors of newspapers, especially of NEWSPAPER DATA. 179 those appearing diiu-nally, are very glad to have sensational reports— great trials, murders, scandals, and so forth. These cause the papers to be largely sold, and the public infer that the proprietors reap heavy profits from the increased circulation, whereas the fact is that the extra expense for telegraphic news, for reportorial labor, type setting, etc., vastly exceeds all the profit accruing from this source. THE CIRCULATION AN!) DISTRIBUTION OF NEWSPAPtdS. In the list of dailies, in point of circulation the average of Maryland (11,336) stands at the head of the list, with Massachusetts (9,942) second, and New York (8,402) third. The large average of Maryland is due to the fact that six out of the eight dailies, whose circulations are given, are published in Baltimore and print from 8,278 to 20,094 copies each. Although the average circulation of the New York city dailies is 24,905, the large number of coimtry dailies whose subscription lists fall below 1,000 each (28 per cent.), reduces the average for the whole State to a third place in the list. In 7Iassachusett8 26 per cent, of the list exceeds 10,000 circulation, while in New York only 11 per cent, reaches that figure. The smallest daily average (734) is found in Mississippi, and the next (782) in Nebraska. Among the weeklies the largest average (4,120) is found in New York, the next (3,777) in Massachusetts, and the next (3,375) in the District of Columbia. A com- parison between the cities of New York and Boston shows an average weekly circulation of 12,124 in the former and of 10,702 in the latter. Nevada furnishes the smallest weekly average (400), and Florida (478) next. Among the total averages of all iHiblications that of New York (4,991) ranks first, that of Massachusetts (4,582) second, and that of the District of Columbia (3,697) third, while Florida (470) is found at the foot of the list. Between the different classes of publications the monthlies take the lead, with an average circulation of 5,144, and the dailies next with 3,877. A further analysis shows that, while the daily average of a State is influenced to a marked degree by the large cities within its borders, that of the weeklies serve as an unfailing index of the prosperity and intelligence of the rural districts. In the Northern States the average is large, while in the Southern States and Terri- tories it is small. In a comparison of aggregates. New York heads the list with a daily circulation of 764,500 copies, or 244,640,000 copies per annum, of which number 599,161 copies are issued daily in New York city alone. The aggregate weekly circulation in the State is 2,459.503 copies, of which 1,782,163 copies are issued from the city offices, and the total aggregate amounts to 4,271,527 copies each issue, or 390,529,912 copies per annum. Of the total for each issue. New York city prints 3,340,300 copies, or over 78 per cent, of the aggregate circulation of the State. The next largest total aggre- gate for each issue is that of Pennsylvania (1,701,250), and the next Massachusetts (1,214,124). The total circulation of all the dailies in the United States amounts to 2,291,041 copies, ot the weeklies 8,938,166 copies, and of all publications 13,940,304 copies each issue, or 1,250,024,590 copies per annum. A comparison between the aggregate circulation of all publications in each State with its population (1870), shows that California issues 90 copies peranaum for every individual on her census rolls, while New York and Massachusetts fall but little short of that number with an annual issue of 89 and 79 copies respectively. When the distance of California from the great newspaper centres of the East is considered, it will be seen that the local support which her publications receive is far better than a comparison with the averages of those States in near proximity to New York, Boston, or Philadelphia would indicate. At the other extreme we find Florida and Arkansas, the former issuing 3 and the latter 4 copies per annum to each person. Of the 42 separate States and Territores, 9 issue less then 10 copies, 23 less than 25 copies, and 34 less than 50 copies per annum to each person, while in the whole of them combined the average number issued is 32. It will be interesting to note that a high average is always found in those States where a high standard of educa- tion and good order exists— a fact of no slight significance in estiiaating the in- fluence of newspapers upon the government and education of the people. The table shows that one periodical of some kind is printed for every three persons. With five persons to each family this will prove one of two things, either that there ]^ NEWSPAPER DATA. w.th barely 3 square miles. In the New Eostn, state "tT. "" ""■'"""■"te reached ^s.,„are miles in Massachusetts to 4« in Ma 1 ^ tl,t "'.^^^^^^^ New York to 88 in Delaware, in the Wester Nht?« ,"',' *"""» "•<""« *" Nevada, tn the Southern States ,rou> »5 in CLdt^;^" .^1;^ '" '° '•''' '" THE CONNECTICUT COURANT. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CEXTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. The CoiTRXNT, of Hartford, is the oldest, most successful, most widely-known journal that is published in Connecticut; nor has any in New England a more thoroughly national reputation. The first regular number of its weekly edition— the Connecticut Codrant— was issued November 19, 1764, by Thomas Green, who set up the first printing press in Hartford, in order to print this paper. Since then it has been continuously published in the same city and under the same title, and no other newspaper in the United States has for so long a time had a similarly uninter- upted existence. It is, therefore, speaking strictly, the oldest newspaper in America ! It appeai-ed in time to give early utterance to the complaints that, first by sug- gestion, then by plain statement, and later by most emphatic expression, gave unheeded warning of the coming revolution of a century ago. All through that trying period, save one brief interval when, delayed by lack of paper — the pro- prietors stopped piiblication long enough to buiUl themselves a paper mill — the CouRANT regularly appeared every week. And on through the settlement of the war, and the discordant times that followed, and on through three more wars through all our periods of national prosperity and adversity, the Courant has imfailingly gone out to its thousands of readers prepared under tlie promise of its projector, to take "great care from Time to Time to collect all domestic Occur- rences that are worthy the Notice of the Publick." The whole history of the United States, written contemporaneously with the events, is spread out on record on its pages, while its advertisyig columns, and its home news are, from year to year, illustrative of the domestic and social life of the people and of its various changes. The first Courant was of four pages, with two columns to each page. The Courant of to-day, still a four -paged journal, has nine columns to (he page, and is more than eight times as large as was the first issue; while now all the issues of the Courant, daily and weekly, give their readers nearly sixty times as much to look over in one week as was given in a week by the Courant a century ago. The Hartford Daily Courant was first printed in 183G, and is now the only morning newspaper in the city. The paper, owing, perhaps, in part to its long service and its being so firmly established in the households of all those older families of the State, with whom it has come to be an indispensable institution, has a wide popularity. From early days it has received frequent contributions from prominent citizens; Hartford people regarding it as the Englishmen are said to regard their London Times — as the place to appear in in print whenever they have anything to say. It would be hard to name any of the public characters of the city for a hundred years back who have not, participating in some discussion, or through some particular independent essay of their own, put their contributions in the "People's Column" of the Courant. It has become a part and fixture of the city of Hartford and of the State of Connecticut. Its circulation is large through Connecticut, and its influence under judicious management has become very great. Outside of the State, the weekly, more especially than the daily, is taken by sub- scribers all over the country and by many New England people abroad. The paper has changed proprietors ten times since 17Gi, either by total sale or by change of partnership, and since January 1, 1867, has been published by Hawley, Goodrich & Co. Gen. Joseph R. Hawley, the President of the Centennial Commis- sion, is at the head of the firm, and when at home is the editor-in-chief. Mr. Charles Dudley Warner is associated with him, both in the partnership and as editor, and " My Summer in a Garden," Mr. Warner's first thoroughly successful literary production, was first printed in a series of contributions to this paper. Mr. Stephen A. Hubbard, formerly of the Winsted (Ct.) Herald, is the third associate partner and 182 THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS. editor, and the manager. The business department is in chai-ge of Mr. W. H, Good- rich, whose name appears in the firm, and who has been connected with the paper for many years. All the regular facilities of the modern newspaper for collecting news " worthy the Notice of the Publick " are employed by the Courant, and it has also its special correspondents in various parts, both of this country and Europe. Every effort is made to have it truly a newspaper. Conscious of its influence and jealously careful of its reputation for honesty and accuracy, the managers of the Coukant maintain for it a high moral tone and avoid that which is sensational and untrustworthy. By this wise conservatism they increase the respect for the pftper and the weight attached to its expressions of opinions, which are positively and fearlessly outspoken in favor of what it believes to be right. Relatively to its size Hartford is to-day the richest city in the United States. It has developed thus through a series of wisely-planned public measures and through the energy and private enterprise of its citizens. The Courant has been found always ready to advocate that public policy which looked to the city's ultimate welfare, and it has always had a word of encouragement for those, citizens who have made themselves active in opening new and promising paths of industry. It has seen the insurance business of Hartford grow from its very beginnings to the accumulation of the hundreds of millions of dollars of assets that the Hartford companies now have; it has watched the banks of Hartford from the founding of the first grow to be the richest in the State; and it has welcomed and assisted one after another the great manufactories that have so contributed to make Hartford famous. In a word, it has, from the first, identified itself with the best interests of the place, and as Hartford has prospered and grown, the Courant has prospered and grown with it, and may to-day be taken as the exponent of New England intelligence, New England enterprise, New England honesty, and New England success, which is the product of these. THE " PUBLIC LEDGER," PHILADELPHIA. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIP>ITION. The Philadelphia Public Ledger is c ^nong the journals which have chiefly coivtributecl to establish the reputation of the American press. In point of entex'prise as well as of originality of business procedure, the mana- ger and proprietor of the Ledger is not surpassed by those liolding simi- lar relations to any of our other great papers, and in no instance has the exei'- cise of those qualities secured for their owners such widespread celebrity as is apparent in the case of Geo. W. Childs. It is not alone in the Western Hemis- phere that this distinguished journalist's fame is a topic discussed far and wide; it is almost equally established and canvassed in European countries— France, Germany, England— wliere his achievements are held up as exemplars of Ameri- can enterprise, power of surmounting colossal obstacles, and justice in reward- ing merit. Biographies of liim have been published in leading organs of those countries, the interest of the narriatives being such that thousands of readers have perused them with avidity, and so widely discussed the matter of them that most Europeans who stiidy our public men are acquainted intimately with tlie history of the popular proprietor of the Public Ledger, of Philadelphia. George W. Childs eommenced life in a humble way, and has risen to wealth and eminence, and the sanae may be said of the Public Ledger itself, which first appeared as a small four-page, one-cent sheet on the 25th of March, 1836. The talent employed on it was, however, of a high order, and quickly secvired it favorable notice and hearty support. The first year of the Ledger's existence proved so propitious that larger accommodation was needed, and the paper was increased in size. Success continued to be proportionate to the enterprise displayed, and (as usual where profits are quickly realized) rivalry was induced. Other penny daily papers were started in opposition, but failed to loosen the firm hold on the people's regard which had been conceded the Ledger as a reward of ability, consistency, and a progressive spirit. During and subsequent to the Abolition Riots of 1838 the Ledger became famous as an uncompromising advocate of "free speech" as to slave labor, and notwith- standing that manj^ of its readers were for a time alienated, and that the dangers of extreme measures at the hands of an excited mob were ominous, the Ledger bravely held on its philanthropic course, and lived to see and now survives the abolition of what was so long our rebuke in the eyes of other nations. The first rotary press ever built M^as used to print the Ledger, April 9, 1847. This was a four-cylinder press, invented by Richard M. Hoe. The proposition to place type on a cylinder and whirl it around was scouted as an absurdity bs'- nearly all printers; but Mr. Swain, one of the then proprietors, had intelligent faith in Colonel Hoe's theory, and the machine proved, as is well known, a satisfactory success. The great increase in the price of white paper and labor during the war rendered the publication of a one-cent journal impossible at a profit, and after having lost considerable monej^ in their endeavors to supply it at the old rates, Messrs. Swain & Abell determined to sell out the entire establishment. This they did December 3, 1864, and the following Monday Mr. George W. Childs began his brilliant career as the publisher of the Public Ledgeij, and received a warm welcome from the leading journals of the country, to which he was already known as the publislier of many valuable books. Not being dis- posed to follow up the course of his predecessors, by publishing the paper at a loss, Mr. Childs, on the 10th of December, 1864, increased the subscription price to twelve cents per week, but this was reduced a month later to ten cents— now twelve cents. Tlie rates of advertising were also advanced. These mutations 184 THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS caused many to predict a disastrous decrease of support; but though there was an imrnediate declension, it. proved only temporary, the excellency of the paper being such that few who had once been in the habit of regularly perusing it could long abstain from accoi'ding it patronage, and the circulation speedily recovered and steadily increased, until in the first three months of 1876 it reached 7,221,500 copies— a daily average of 92,584. "LEDGER '■ BUILDING. The building in which the Ledger is produced is among the grandest struc- tural embellishments of the Quaker City, and as a newspaper office is complete in every particular. It is freely open at all times to citizens and strangers; and it is estimated that not less than one hundred thousand persons have availed themselves of the privilege of scrutinizing the establishment. Nothing that judicious liberality could secm-e has been left undone to provide for the comfort of all engaged in the production and issue of the paper. The great influence exerted by the Public Ledger is largely attributable to the care that has for many j^ears been exercised to prevent the appearance ot extravagant statements in its columns. The imperative rule is to understate rather than to overstate. Throughout its long career the Ledger has advocated every improvement which has tended to increase the prosperity of Philadel- phia and the welfare of its citizens, often in the face of strong hostility ; and the wisdom of its pleadings has been demonstrated by the benefits which have accrued when its advice has been followed. The Ledger maj^ be said, among other things, to have created a class of advertisements which contributes largely to a newspaper's revenue. "Wants," "Boarding," " For Sale," " To Let," &c., had no existence as they now appear when the Ledger started, but have grown with it. Ml-. George W. Childs has enlarged the usefulness and widely extended the influence of the Public Ledger. His sagacity and tact enabled him to pilot his paper through a perilous passage in its course, and to make changes in its management which, in less skillful hands, might have proved disastrous. He has pro ed his capacity and fitness to conti'ol a great journal, which is at once an exponent and moulder of public opinion, and a power in the land. Colleagued with his rare intellectual qualities is a goodness of heart which con- THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS. 185 stantly manifests itself in acts of considerate benevolence, and added to these is a magnetism of manner that draws and attaches to him multitudes of friends. "As a true journalist," said the Hon. John T. Hoffman, ex-Governor of New York, " he appreciates and understands the difference between the liberty of the press and the license of the press. He deals boldly with public matters and with public men in connection with them— but he is always careful to recol- lect that private character is private property, owned by that most sacred of all circles, the family circle, and that the man who needlessly assails it is as much a criminal as if he robbed the household of its dearest treasures, or plucked from it, for his own base uses, its fairest flower. He understands, what I wish all editors in America understood, not only the power of the press, but its proper uses and its great mission ; and by his daily conduct and life declares his opinion that the man who owns a printing press and can use a pen has no more right to indite libels and stamp private reputation than the owner of a uniform and a sword has to cut and kill to please his fancies or to gratify his malice," THE BOSTON JOURNAL. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEAVSPAFER EXHIBITION. The Boston Journal is one of the best known newspapers published in New England, having been established in 1833. It occupies its own building at 264 Washington street, and is printed on an eight-cylinder and a six-cylinder Hoe press. It publishes two papers daily, Boston Morning Journal and Boston Evening Journal. The sworn statement of its publisher, subject to verifica- tion at any time by advertisers, shows an average daily circulation of 31,500 for the months of January, Februaiy, March, April, and May, 187G. The circulation for the last week prior to this writing is as follows : 1876. Mays 31,5U May9 30,889 May 10 31 816 May 11 31 ,225 May 12 30,980 May 13. ... ^ 33,854 Average 31,713 The Journal publishes weekly and semi- weekly editions. The weekly has a larger circulation in New England than any paper of like character ei^.anat- ing from a daily newspaper office in Boston. The official postage returns show that the Boston Journal ranks the sixth paper in the United States in the amount of matter sent through the mails. The Journal is published by the Journal Newspaper Co., Boston, Mass., and its managers are Messrs. S. N. Stock- well and Wm. W. Clapp. It is a political, commercial and literary newspaper. Its enterprise is best indicated by a few items of its expenses for the year end- ing April 1,1876. Telegraphic expenses, $33,302.70; Editorial and News Depart- ment, $39,447.24; correspondence, $13,404.68; postage paid, $4,285. THE SPIRIT OF THE TIMES, NEW YORK. THE LEADING SPORTING JOURNAL OF AMERICA. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. This great weekly newspaper is as well known throughout this country as the New York Herald or Harper^s Magazine. It was founded in 1831, in compliance with a general demand for a journal which should reflect the tastes of the vast number who find pleasure in the sports of the turf, the field, the water, and other pastimes, sprang at once into popular favor, and has never since its foundation failed to hold its position as the recogiiized authority and acknowledged organ in the matters to which its broad columns are specially devoted. Its original editor was William T. Porter, clarum et venerabile nomen, who continued in its sole charge until 1856, in which year George Wilkes became associated with him. Mr. Porter died in 1859, and since then Mr. Wilkes has most ably edited the paper, being also its proprietor, until November 1, 1875, when E. A. Buck became equally interested in its ownership, and assumed editorial control. Great as had been its previous popularity, its rapidly-increasing circulation under the new management shows that it still holds first place in the esteem of the public. Labor and expense are lavisheil upon it as they have never been before, and the reading community is always quick to appreciate generosity in its behalf. The Spirit of the Times has always been noted for its manly and independ- ent manner of dealing with all sporting questions and events. Being thoroughly informed, it knows the right and dares to pursue it. Fraudulent practices find in it not an apologizer, but an armed and relentless foe. The ti-ue sportsman is the last to compromise or palter with rascality; and this paper has well earned the right to be considered the palladium of the interests of the true sportsman. The sphere of the Spirit of the Times is very extensive. It has sym- pathetically expanded with the expanding wants and tastes of those to whom it is the special organ, until it now issues a weekly edition of twenty-eight closely- printed pages, which number it frequently increases to thirty-two, and on occa- sions to thirty-six. Each number contains more printed matter than any maga- zine or other periodical published in tue United States. Its patrons may depend upon it that everything of value relating to outdoor or indoor sports will find its way into the broad columns of the Spirit. Its several departments receive the especial attention of gentlemen fully competent to maintain them at the highest standard. As the organ of the turf, it gives most complete and accurate summaries of all events, besides graphic reports ot the more important meetings. In this department it has no rival. Its dramatic and musical columns, to which matters several pages are devoted weekly, are made up of brilliant and incisive critiques, correspondence from every large town in this country and from many foreign cities, and the latest intelligence ot the movements of stars. In this department it is admittted to be facile princeps,\)oX.\\ at home and abroad. The rising interest in aquatic sports and rifle-practice has caused a full page to be set apart for each of these special- ties, edited by experts in their respective lines, Avho will keep fully abreast of the times. One of the most remarkable features of this journal is its ' Answers to Correspondents." Questions upon every imaginable subject from all parts of the country are showered in upon it for decision, and receive the most careful attention and prompt and correct answers. It is the authority for the decision of wagers throughout the United States. The veterinary department is con- ducted by a fully-educated surgeon, who deals conscientiously with every case submitted. Letters are continually received announcing the beneficial results of these prescriptions, which are afforded gratis to all who take the paper THE GREAT NEWSPAPEES. 187 regularly. Besides these departments, billiards, atheletics, chess, etc., are given due attention. P^ditorially, the Spirit of the Times is the organ of no person, clique or party, but deals fearlessly with all questions of the day. Its contributed articles have a world-wide tame. What has been said in a simple statement of facts, and combined with the circumstances that the circulation of the paper is enoi-mous, that it is read by the wealthj^ and money-spending classes as well as by the vast army of " middle men" who are the strength of the country, that it goes to every club in the land, and that the majority of its subscribers preserve its issues in permanent form for future reference, it will be seen, without argument, how invaluable it is as an advertising medium. The publishers are constantly in receipt of letters say- ing, " Mj"^ advertisement in the Spirit nas brought me inore applications than those in all the other papers." The subscription price is $5 per annum, in advance, for which the paper will be sent, postage paid, to any address. All communcations should be sent to E. A. Buck, No. 3 Park Row, New York City. THE AVALANCHE, MEMPHIS, TENN. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. In the front rank of the most influential and valuable newspapers of the West and South, is the Avalanche, of Memphis, Tenn. This powerful and widely- known journal, since its establishment in 1857, has graduallj- acquired a position of which no competitor can easily deprive it. Under the long-continued judi- cious and enterprising management of its present publishers, Messrs. A. J. Kellar and E.. A. Thompson— the latter of whom associated with Mr. Kellar at a com- paratively recent date— the influence of the Avalanche has signally augmented in those wide sections where the paper was already so favorably known, and its reputation has experienced a merited extension in still broader regions. Its publishers have proved that they understand fully what the public expects of a first-class newspaper, and thej- have also attested their ability to produce and maintain a paper amply commensurate with those expectations of the public. The Avalanche is manifestly the leading independent and conservative news- paper of the Southern States. It is issued daily and weekly, and is thickly cir- culated throughout Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Kentucky, Missouri, Western Texas, etc. The yearly subscription price of the daily is ten dollars, that of the weekly two dollars, and special rates for both or either are allowed to clubs. It is devoted to news, politics, commerce, agriculture, indus- tries, literature, science, and the development of Southern interests, both mate- rial and social. To use its own words, it believes in the Constitution as it is, in the perpetuity of the Union of the States, and that the virtue and intelligence of the American people ax-e equal to all the duties of self-government. It does not propose to ally itself with any political party except in so far as tliat alliance may accomplish good results. It does not look to nor care for the personal or political advancement of individuals, unless they represent vital principles whose enforcement is desirable ; and its relations to all existing parties are such that it can atfonl to be fair in its dealings with them— to commend that in them which is good, and to condemn that which is liurtful. 1842. AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 1876. AND DER 1858. AMESIKANISCHSR AG-PwICULTUEIST. , 1876. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. These important ournals well deserve a ijrominent place in a " clescription of the great newspa- pei's of the day," and of the age, on ac- count of their high character, great in- fluence, and their immense circula- tion. The first named has run as high as one hundred and fifty thou- sand (150,000). regular edition, and has av- eraged fully one Hundred Thousand since 1S62. For many years its circulation has far exceeded the comhined editions of at least half a dozen of the largest of its cotemporaries of similar character and until the recent large multiplication of "agricultural pa- pers,"' the American Agriculturist prob- ably equaled or ex- ceeded the combined circulation of all the other agricultural and horticultural pa- pers in America. Its circulation and influ- ence extend not only all over the United States and British America, but it is very largely taken in Australia, in the va- rious English settle- The American Agriculturist is one of the highest authorities on Plorticul- ture and kindred subjects. The managing editor, Dr. George Thurber, ranks with Prof. Asa Gray and men of like character and pursuits at home and abroad. While well versed in all matters connected with this journal, he is everywhere recognizad as one of the foremost in a knowledge of botany, horticulture, etc. It would be a novelty to find in the American Agricolturist an eri-oneous recom- mendation, or item, in botany, horticulture, or, indeed, on any other subject. It is to be noted, however, that the American Agriculturist, though taking ments on the African coast, and indeed al- most everywhere in the world where the English language is spoken; while the German edition finds many readers all through Central Eu- rope, Russia, etc. The above facts do not favor the gen- eral opinion that far- mers, as a class, " are more given to hard work than to reading about it." It is to be noted that among economical cultiva- tors a wide system of '•lending" and "ex- changing " papers prevails. Statistics gathered by the pub- lishers show, for ex- ample, that in a single neighborhood there were 107 fam- ilies, comprising .506 persons, young and old, who regularly read the twenty- three copies of the American Agricul- turist taken at that post-oflace— an aver- age of TWENTY-TWO READERS TO EACH COPY. From the facts gathei-ed, and the above ratio, it is probable that nearly, or quite, Two Million (2.000,000) persons read this journal. THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS. 189 this name at first and adhering to it, is not exclusively, by any means, an agricultu- ralor horticultural journal. Its motto is : -'For the Farm, Garden and Household." Its FOKTY-FOUR large pages, contain much " plain, practical and reliable " in- formation on all subjects that pertain to the labor and physical well-being of the people, whether they live in City, Village or Countrj^ It is largely taken by professional men, by merchants bj^ mechanics, by operatives in manufactories, who cultivate their little garden plots— indeed, by all classes. (For example, its circulation in Massachusetts alone sometimes runs as high as 17,000 copies.) A special feature of the American Aqriculturisx for a quarter of a century has been its unsparing and persistent exposure of quackerj^ and the swindlers that prey upon the pockets, the health and the lives of honest people, who, with- out dishonest purposes themselves, are least likely to be suspicious of the ■statements and assurances of others. By this course this journal has saved to Its readers and to the country many millions of dollars that would otherwise have gone into the pockets of harpies. In connection with the above may be mentioned : The Advertising rules of the American Agkiculturist, which are perhaps more strict and more closely lived up to " at all times and in all sea- sons,'" than in any other periodical. Those m charge of this Department are under positive directions to rigidly scan every advertisement and every adver- tiser; to admit nothing deceptive in substance or form; to exclude all quack and other medical advertisements, all secret things, all persons suspected of dishonesty— in short, " every person offering an advertisement, who is not known personally or bj'^ good and well-established repute, is required to fur- nish satisfactory references or other evidence that he has both the ability and the INTENTION to do for his patrons just what his advertisements promise." The above rules, adopted at first from conscientious motives, have, unex- pectedly to the publishers, proved a financial success, and furnished an exam- ple well-worthy of imitation by other publishers. The readers of this journal, knowing the strict rules of the publishers, read the advertisements and respond to them with confidence. The good advertisers receive such large custom through this particular journal, that they find it to their interest to give it special attention in sending out their businessnotices— no matter what rules or requiie- ments the paper may be compelled to adopt to keep its advertisements within desirable limits. Thus it has come to pass that, while the subscription rates of the American Agriculturist have been, and are, kept down to or below the cost of making and supplying the paper, its business columns have made this periodical a notable financial success, unequaled and even unapproached by any other similar journal in the world. It begins the New Century in the highest vigor and influence, and 1976 will doubtless find it among the flourishing institutions of that day. To avoid any interruption of its business or its arrangements bj^ the age or the decease of any of the business partners, or other causes, the Management was in 1873 changed to that of a Chartered Company, taking the name of the leading editor and publisher for many years, and it is now, therefore, published by the Orange JUDD Company, at 245 Broadway, New York. History.- The American Agriculturist was originated in April, 1842, by the venerable A. B. Allen, who still lives in retirement at Toms River, N. J. He employed others to assist in publishing and editing, having a diflerent business growing on his hands. In May, 1853, he called to the editorial chair Mr. Orange Judd, who, brought up as a farmer at the West, had at mature age sought the advantage of a collegiate education, and after some years of subsequent investi- gation, had devoted three years (1850—1853) to the careful study of agricultural chemistry, and agricultural science generally, with Profs. Silliinan, Norton, etc., in Yale College. After a short service as editor, Mr. Judd became solo pro- prietor, and continued thus until the magnitude of the business required him to call in business associates, including among others, Samuel Burnham, Esq., ■who has now been a "right hand man" for about ten years; C. C. North, Esq., the present treasurer, who came in in 1873. In 1859 Mr. Judd called to his editorial aid Dr. George Thurber, above alluded to, who has since given untiring attention to this journal, and also is now chieflly entrusted with the editorial 390 THE GKEAT l^EWSPAPEES. management. Among its editorial and contribnting corps may be named Henry Stewart, Col. Geo. E. Waring, Jr., Timothy Bunker, Esq., Col. Mason C. Weld, A. B. Allen, Peter Henderson, Prof. Asa Gray, Prof. W. O. Atwater, L. C. Root, Hon. Frederic Munch, " Aunt Sue," Faith Rochester, and others. The German edition {der Amerikanischer Agriculturist) was started in 1858, and has been the only German agricultural and horticultural paper in this country that has had a continuous existence for a period of eighteen years. THE CHURCHMAN, NEW YORK. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. The Churchman was established about one-third of a century ago, and its exist- ence was continued under different names until the end of the year 1S66, with indifferent pecuniary success, notwithstandiiig its editorial management was at various points of its history in the hands of very able men. In 1S66 it was called the Connecticut Churchman, and its actual circulation was hardly 1,500. In December ot that year it was purchased by the present proprietors, and from that time on it has enjoyed uniform prosperity, its circulation rising rapidly from 1,500 up to 17,500, and this notwithstanding its subscription price is larger than that of any other religious journal in the United States. This growth is due to the determined perseverance of the managers in their endeavor to make The Churchman a religious paper which should exhibit, in all the matters pertaining to its specialty, the enterprise and the literary excellence of the best secular journals. It occupies confessedly the first rank among religious and literary weeklies. At the beginning of the year 1S75 it made a great advance in meeting the need of the time. In effect a weekly journal of high character is a magazine, made u}) of matter which merits to be preserved as much as any of the best monthlies or quarterlies. Therefore its form should be adapted to this. Recognizing the prin- ciple, the managers of The Churchman adopted its present shape and size. It contains thirty-two pages, nine by thirteen inches in size, and is sent to subscribers most conveniently pasted and folded. The folding, the pasting and the cutting are done by one process, on a machine built expressly for The Churchman. The Churchman is the most reliable exponent of the attitude and the prin- ciples of the Protestant Episcopal Church. It represents adequately the entire Church, and is not an organ for the dissemi- nation of merely party principles, or the opinions of one man or one clique. It gives week by week with remarkable promptness all Church news, and treats ahly the civil topics of the day, as viewed from a churchman's standpoint. In brief, The Churchman is a weekly magazine of ecclesiastical intelligence and devotional and general reading, and is the largest and most widely-circulated weekly in the Protestant Episcopal Church. It contains each year one-half more reading matter than " Harper's Magazine," more than twice as much as the " Galaxy" or " Scribner's," and three and a half times as much as the "Atlantic." THE BOSTON DAILY ADVERTISER. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OE THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. The Boston Daily Advertis- er was founded in 1813. In the following year it became the property of the late Nathan Hale, whose connection with it only ceased with his death. Mr. Hale was tho fust publish- er and editor of a i-ewspaper in the United State 3 to print editorials daily and continu- ously, and his articles very soon acquired a national repu- tation. His v^ritings wore dis- tinguished by breadth, intelli- gence and great candor. From the first, he rigidly excluded from the news and advertising- columns of his paper every- thing which had an immoral intent or tendency, and this commendable i*ule is still ad- hered to. Mr. Hale likewise kept the editorial columns ex- clusively under his control and for his own use; and the frequent writings of Edward Everett, Jared Sparks, William Ellery Channing, and of num- berless celebrated men of the day were inserted only as com- munications. The editorials were and are still the free and untrammelled expression of the editorial staff. No paper in the United States is edited with greater care and fidelity or with a more strict regard to the inter- ests of our great nation. The expenses of its editorial and news departments are six times as great as they were only ten years ago. Its editor-in-chief and also its financial editor are proprietors, and constant writers, thus inducing the strongest sense of responsibility that self-interest can create. It has select and able special correspondents in the prominent cities of Europe and this country. It makes of literary, dramatic and fine art criticism a speciality, with the ablest wi'iters to_ be had on its staff. The result is a large and increasing circle of readers, both in the business and the literary world, and among the very best people of the country. Indeed, the paper is the recognized organ of the banks and other luoaied institutions of Massachusetts, and of the different colleges and other literary institutions of New England. The paper is located in a handsome building, of which a cut is herewith given, on Court street, and on the site of the very structure in which Benjamin Franklin made his advent as a journalist. Its composing room is lolty and com- modious. Its editorial rooms are convenient and inviting; they occupy the entire fourth floor. The counting room, mailing room, and press room engross the first floor and basement. To accomplish the labor of printing and folding in season for mails, one of Hoe & Cos fastest ijresses, and four folding machines are run. THE DAILY ADVERTISER BUILDING. THE BALTIMORE AMERICAN. A SKETCH FOll THE 1500K OF THE CEXTENNIAI. NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. The Baltimore American was established August 20, 1773, by Wm. Gocldard, a native of New England, and is now one hundred and three years old, being not only the oldest paper in Baltimore, but also one of the oldest and most influential in the United States. It was first issued as the Manjland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser , a name it bore until 1709, when it was changed to that under which it appears at the present day. The Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser. Mr. Goddard conducted the journal until 1793, and from that time to 1S53 it passed through several ditferent ownerships. In 1S53 the firm became Hobert A. Dobbin and Charles C.Fulton (the pres- ent senior proprietor), and Avas conducted under that firm until 1SG2, when Mr. Dobbin died and Mr. Fulton purchased his inter- est, thus becoming sole proprie- tor, associating his son Albert K. Fulton, in the future conduct of the paper, and at this period commenced its most successful career, which has remained un- broken to the present day. It was in the columns of this journal that our national an- them, " The Star Spangled Banner," first saw the light, having been set up by Mr. Samuel Sands, a gentleman still living, a few hours after it was originally written by Mr. Keys, and it was several times during the war of 1813 that the issue of the paper was omitted on account of the editors and journeymen being engaged in repulsing the British attacking North Point. There are other very interesting circumstances connected with the history of the Ameri- can, but space forbids their mention. In 1875, its old quai ters havingbeen found too contracted for its steadily-increasing business, ahandsomeand commodious edifice was erected for its accommodation on the corner of South and Baltimore streets, and the American is now the possessor of one of the finest and most imposing newspaper offices in the country, and well worth a visit from the many travelers in transit through Baltimore this summer. Its counting-room is uni- versally conceded to be the handsomest in the countr5\ Visitors to the Centen nial will find a painting of the building, and also a fac-simile of the first issue ot the American, on exhibition in tho newspaper building. THE BALTIMORE AMERICAN. THE COURRIER DES ETATS-UNIS, NEW YORK. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. 1828—1876. The "COURRIER" has arrived to-clay at that period ol complete development to •which a half century of hard work, independence and progress lias conducted it. Started on the 1st March, 1828— the date of its first number— it passed through many trials and difflculties before it achieved success, and Avas assured of a, permanent ex- istence. The idea of its- founder Avas an ambitious one, viz.: to publish in the States an organ in the French language— the language of the higliest European society — and to excite attention to Frencli literature, which at that time was entirely ignored in this country. xVt that time there was no question of politics or of commerce, manu- factures, international interests or of any private interests ; but simply to intro- duce and inculcate the taste for-French literature, which, in consequence of the very spirit of the country, has not, even since that time, made the progress here which could naturally have been expected. However, the idea succeeded. With its 8 pages in quarto, of 3 columns each, appearing every Saturday— at the annual subscrip- tion price of $8— the "Coukrier," from its very commencement, Avas astonished atits success. Very soon, to keep pace with the demand for it, from new subscribers, it was obliged to reprint its earlier numbers. In less than two years from its start it became a semi- Aveekly ; to its Saturday edition Avas added one on Wednesday; to be sure it consisted of 4 pages only, but it Avas one step in advance, and Avas justified by the patronage which it detained. However, the paper changed hands several times. In 1829 it passed into the posses- :sion of Mr. Felix Lacoste, avIio died consul-general of France at New York in 1859. In 1836 Mr. Lacoste transferred the " Courrier " to Mr. Ch. de Behr, AVho Avas succeeded by Mr. Frederic Gaillardet. It Avas in November, 1839, that Mr. Gaillardet took the editorship of the "Courrier DES Etats-Unis, " aud from his very first number he inaugurated a programme which was a striking success. Mr. Gaillardet had seen clearly the brilliant opening that there AA^as for a French newspaper in the United States. He said in substance — " There is a great field to be occupied )jy a ncAvspaper Avhich can become both the representative and the defender of the French nation in America, AVhich Avill uphold the traditions of our manners, of our customs and of our language amongst the popula- tion of French origin; Avhich can ofi'er itself as a friend and ally to this population in upholding its native idioms and ideas, and in carrying the French diction to all parts of the new Avoiid — it Avill sustain and rally round it all those AVho speak this language and of these dilferent scattered members it shall make, if it be possible to do it, one body and one spirit." What Mr. Gaillardet said in 1839 Ave think to-day, and Ave repeat that a French ncAvs- paper in America has no higher duty and no position more useful than to act as an intermediary between all the groups of French nationality, not only in the United States, but throughout the Avhole of the new world ; to make them known to each other ; to bring them together as much as possible and to mutually assist them. It is this idea, constantly and energetically carried out, Avhich is the secret of the greatest and most durable successes of the " Courrier des Etats-Unis." It is this idea constantly kept in view by all those connected Avith its administration, since the time of Mr. Gaillardet up to the present date, Avhich, repeated from the St. Lawrence to Cape Horn, has caused to spread in all the cities, tOAvns {ir.cl vilhiges Avhere Frenchmen are to be found, the name of one paper especially devoted to their interests and sufficiently established to defend them. Thus it is tluit, little by little, the 194 THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS "CouRRiER " is now to be found in the most distant points of the American continent^ and that it is welcomed as a friend in all tlie French homes in the Canadas, Louisiana,, the Pacific coast, Mexico, West Indies, and in Central and South America. In saying this we do not fear any contradiction. There may be great diflferences of opinion on political points, or on any other matter which is open to controversy ; for we do not expect everybody to hold the same opinions as ourselves; but, at all events, we fear no denial when we proclaim positively that the "Courrier," whilst continually reminding Frenchmen of the rights which have been conferred on them and the duties which are imposed upon them as mem- bers of the American family, has always been a newspaper thoroughly French ; work- ing ardently to rally— in the name of the mother country— the French people scattered throughout the vast extent of the American continent ; studying their wants, sustain- ing their rights, and, above all, encouraging them with all the energy in its power to lay aside all useless differences and animosities, and to remember only that they are- children of the same country, and that their highest interest, as well as their most imperative duty, is to hold together, to sustain and to help each other. Few words are necessary to recall the progressive steps of The Courrier from its commencement up to the new epoch which opens to-day. As we have previously stated. The Courrier des Etats-Unis dates from the 1st March, 1828. Eighteen months after, a new edition, published on Wednesday, wa.s- added to the original Saturday one. This semi-weekly edition was sufficient at thai, time, when the news from Europe only reached us by sailing vessels, and when, besides, the postal communications with the interior of the country were so uncertain; that, in the year 1833, our subscribers in Philadelphia complained that they only re- ceived their papers three days after publication. Mr. Gaillardet's connection with the paper was coincident with the inauguration of trans- Atlantic steam navigation. Then commenced, also, the publication of this paper three times a week. The exciting period of 1848, in its turn created new demands, calling for frequent extras, making an average of four or five numbers per week. However, it was not until three years later— namely, in May. 1851— that the regular daily edition was commenced. A short time previously— namely, in the preceding month of April— was commenced a weekly edition of sixteen quarto pages specially in- tended for subscribers scattered throughout the interior of the country and for the benefit of our American readers. Towards the end of the same year — in November — The Courrier increased the size of its paper, thus enabling it to give more complete details of the subjects treated about. At last, on the 1st November, 1864, the paper was still further enlarged and appeared in its present form. Thus nothing further was needed (at least for the present) but the Sunday edition to meet the demands of a large and varied circulation. To-day The Courrier des Etats-Unis publishes a daily edition (seven numbers per week)*at the price of $12 per year. A weekly edition especially for Europe, same size as the daily edition, at $6 per year. A weekly edition, containing twenty pages, at $5 per year. This last edition, of which the circulation is very large, goes more especially into^ the Western States, Louisiana, Cuba, the West Indies, Mexico, California, and all the countries on the Pacific Coast as far as Chili. Such is the present position of The Courrier des Etats-Unis, and it is a source of much pleasure to us to acknowledge that its progress has been constantly sustained, en- couraged and accelerated by the sympathy of the large majority of the French resi- dents in America. We thank them most cordially, and assure them that we shall endeavor in the future, as we have done in the past, to merit their good-will by sus- taining their special interests in America, whenever the occasion therefor arises, and also to inspire Americans with respect and love for France, in return for the afTection and respect which she has always shown to their country. CH. LASALLE & CO., Proprietors, No. 92 Walker Street, New York. THE SUN," NEW YORK, A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. The prosperity of The New York Sun is Avithont a parallel in tiie liistory of the daily newspaper press. In proof of this, let the following figures testify. They show the number of copies of The Sun printed every week during the year ending March 11, 1876 : Week ending March April May Copies printed. 20 849,382 27 845,802 3 857,956 June July August i^ 863,556 1" 855,076 24 858,270 1 869,542 8 867,550 15 877,450 22 874,946 29 866,276 5 873,782 12 869,769 19 880,348 26 883,846 3 898,862 10 867,574 877,400 876,282 874,216 865,558 875,982 Weelc ending September 18. 25. October 2. Copies printed. 860,358 858,778 863,935 870,820 878,082 874,625 November „ ^ ^ 870,502 September 4 872,211 11 860',755 30 876,160 6 908,580 13 852,372 20 847,815 27 836,248 December 4 845,378 11 1,042,716 18 956,294 25 933,864 January i 933,987 8 952,201 15 953,019 22 969,910 29 967,850 February 5 993,030 12.. 1,024,647 19 1,027,209 26 1,014,766 i 1,014,993 11 1.028,951 March '^^^^^ 46,799,769 In printing these papers no less than three million, four hundred and twenty-six thousand, six hundred and ten (3,426,610) pounds of paper were consumed This exhibit almost passes belief. Had we not examined the books of the estab- lishment and copied the figures ourselves, we should have feared that a mistake had been made somewhere. But no mistake has been made. The circulation of The Sun ™,f. ^ 7'^""''' ^''''"' ''^'^''^ *^^ enormous aggregate of /or"« "-"' -"' ^^ ous nl- J^w Z ^^''- =^«^^^><>^y '«^«« to read the truth about his con- c vo eled s.^;.,rn?r '" '"'""'■ '' "''^'^ '^ ' ^^^' ^''^"^^^ >^ ^- ' ' ^i^'^^^P- than , vo-edged svvoid, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS 19G THE KEW YOKK SUK Building, Ue finds himself in l\WQ^\^-'^^ THE PUBLICATION OFFICE „r tne est.mis„ment. TMs .s a spacious ->o^ ^^^l^i:::^:;^J^:: rteptu or tl,e buumng. It Is clivklert into a fron ™ "» °»^;- J;\,. one can Imr, oesks at wmcl. artver.isers can wvi.e »' !"°; ^',X mom r^Tn "lo at n.gM wl.l.< enter tMs olUce at any Hoar between 8 o <^'<'«^,''' "'^ ■»°'™ =„„,(„( rusl, of pers. flnamg It alive witU ''-;^';y^::^j:X^ ^J^^^r^^^Z., calling to pure,, ^■;;^tr:;:r=S;er if. rrJug imomrauon », brmglng inrom-at. altogetlier presenting an animate.l si>ectaele. ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^. . J^s ernt-et^rZll ^ r^ r r e™:::^. a^n. wi. Ure ponderous . OF THE UNITED STATES. 197 of the establishment. It also contains tiie inner and private olTlce of the publislier, Isaac W. England, Esq., who, though notokl in years, is a veteran in newspaper attairs. Mr. England is widely known among newspaper and business men. His integrity, though so unbending as to make things uncomfortable for those who have " crooked " interests to serve, is tempered witli such genuine good nature and consideration for tlie rights and feelings of others, that honest, industrious people like to work under his authority'. He is a large stockholder in The Sun, and cherishes an enthusiastic affection for the paper which vitalizes and reinforces all his faculties, and enables him to thrive bodily on his labors, as well as pecuniarily on his profits. Having surveyed the Publication Office, let us now ascend to the EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT, or " Brain Box," as printers call it, of the establishment. This is situated on the .liird floor, and consists of a suite of four spacious rooms, forming an L, fronting on Printing House Square, and running along Frankfort street the whole depth of the building from front to rear. We entei ^'he rear room, which is occupied by llie reporters and editorial attaches of The Sun office — all young men, full of vitality and enthusiasm, who love their work, and are proud of their paper. They shirk nothing, but are always ready to start for Coney Island or California, for Alaska or Australia ; to take part in a rail- road collision or a steamboat explosion ; to go down in a diving bell or up in a balloon. These young men contribute much to the vivacity and variety of The Sun, and are to be estimated among the elements of its success. From the reporters' room, we pass into the apartment of the Managing Editor. The position of the Managing Editor of The Sun is a most important and onerous one. He has to keep a wide-awake eye not only on the entire city, but also on the Union at large, and has the wliole reportorial force of The Sun under his command. With the exception of such persons as the Editor-in-Chief admits to an audience, the Managing Editor has to meet all inquirers, and pacify or discipline all grumblers, and dispose of all comers who, having axes to grind, visit the editorial rooms of The Sun for the purpose of having them brought to an edge. Another important meml»erof the editorial force of The Sun is the Night Editor. The Night Editor comes on duty at 4 o'clock P.M., and stays till the last page is made up, ready for the stereotypers. He finds out what has been done by his associates before he came in ; looks over the proofs, makes needful corrections, and decides what must go in the paper and Avhat can be omitted ; examines and condenses correspond- ence which comes by the night mail, and also the late telegrams ; writes notices of important matters and gives directions as to the nature and length of late reports, and fixes up news matters outside of the local departments. The Night Editor holds a position of great responsibility; inasmuch as, with the exception of such articles as the Editor-in-chief or the Managing Editor has marked "Must" — wiiich means that articles thus marked nust go in— he has absolute control of the contents of the paper; consequently, on his judgment in selecting articles to go in, the character of the paper of the next morning in a great measure depends. In addition to the foregoing, there are the City Editor, the Day Editor, the Financial Editor, the Political Editor, the Market Editor, the Literary Editor, the Musical Editor, the Agricultural Editor, and the Mail and Weekly Editor, whose several functions are in- dicated by their titles. Then there is the Ship News, and the Telegraphic News, furnished by associations, by correspondents, and by agents. Then there are the Special Correspondents stationed in the important cities of America and Europe. Then there is the army of Voluntary Correspondents which the enterprise and liberality ol The Sun have called forth, " and which covers the land for multitude." Nothing of importance can occur anywhere, that some agent or friend of The Sun will not at once telegraph to it, or describe by letter in case there be no telegraph station in reach. Liberal pay inevitably awaits all such voluntary news-senders or news-bringers at The Sun office. And still further: Besides all the aforementioned persons, there are gentlemen of high culture and special gifts on the editorial pay-roll of The Sun, who constitute a powerful force, and are able to furnish, on call, articles of the highest merit on any subject which it may be desired to discuss in the columns of the paper We have still to mention the most important member of the editorial force of The Sun, to wit : Charles A. Dana, Esq., the EDrrou-iN-CniEF, whose function is one oi 198 THE GEEAT NEWSPAPEKS supreme importance. He must hold ttie entire lorce in a firm V>ut elastic grasp, marslial all its diverse elements into harmony without impairing their incliviclualitieri, and give consistency and unity to t^.e ereneral sweep and purpose of the journal. He must scan, day by day, the events of trie «rcr'.'\, nnd single out for publication and comment those which are either of the most general or special importance, and indi- cate to his subordinates what they are severally to write about, what the scope and tone of their articles shall be, and what shall be the policy of The Sun on every subject. Mr. Dana is the largest stockholder of the Company, and the editorial monarch of the establishment. His sway is imperial and despotic. IS^o one does or can call him to account. He has had large experience in newspaper affairs, in subordinate as Avell as controlling positions. He has been reporter, city editor, managing editor. New York correspondent, Washmgton correspondent, Paris correspondent, and foreign corre- spondent generally. Like Napoleon, therefore, he knows his profession through all its grades, and can judge and do justice to all his subordinates, and pity all their woes because he has felt the same. He has a wide knowledge of public affairs, and also of business, commercial and scholastic matters ; has traveled much, both in Europe and America ; speaks the modern languages with fluency ; has an intimate acquaintance with many of the leading scholars and statesmen of both hemispheres ; is familiar with literature, philosophy, and metaphysics ; sympathizes with the progressive and ame- liorating movements of the times ; has always been an audacious and plucky newspaper belligerent, but fights without malice, and is a generous conqueror. Several years ago it was said of Mr. Dana : " He receives the hardest blows with serenity of countenance and of spirit, as though he heard gentle angels whispering : ' Peace, Charles, prithee peace ! Possess thy soul in patience and bide thy time, for that vain man weareth a scalp wherewith, in the Providence of God. thou shalt ere long adorn thy wigwam !' and he doth possess his soul in patience, and lie also bideth his time, and finally, like a true journalist, he conspicuously takes the scalp of the offender at the very time it would be most awk- ward for the victim to appear in society bereft of tliat ornamental hereditament." This declaration seems to have been instigated by the spirit of prophecy. One after another the foes of The Sun have gone down before the prowess of its " Chief," until there is no other wigwam in the country so rich in scalps as Mr. Dana's. Mr. Dana is a hard Avorker. The Sun is his pet. He loves it and is proud of it. He keeps a vigilant eye upon everything ; and, like his subordinates, is ready to do any piece of work whatever that may come to his hand. His literary and editorial executiveness is surpassingly prompt and decisive. This helps him to go through his work with a celerity which relieves it of much of its burdensomeness. He is genial and companionable with his assistants, but no one can more effectively assume the imperial role when distinctions of position should be made apparent, and the lines of order should be sharply drawn. Mr. Dana is in all respects a prosperous gentleman. His copyright as editor of Appleton's New American Cyclopeaia is large, his receipts for salary and di\qdends from The Sun are much greater, and altogether he has a most princely income. The members of the editorial force of The Sun, one hundred and five in number, are loyal to the paper, and to one another, from the Chief to the lowest member of the staff. The reporters stand by The Sun ; the Managing Editor stands by the reporters; and the Editor-in-Chief stands by the entire force. This is an important point, and gives a unity, and enthusiasm, and self-reliance to the men which nothing else could inspire. And now let us see how all the work done by this array of accomplished and indus- trious men is finally brought to a focus in the pages of The Sun. It is 10 o'clock at night as we mount to the editorial rooms. The apartment of the Editor-in-Chief, in the northeast corner of the edifice, looking out upon City Hall Park, is all aglow. Ordinarily he only comes down at night to take a general survey of affairs and look over his proofs, but to-night matters of uncommon importance have come to hand, and he is at his post, with a full staff, at a later hour than usual. Everybody sfeems to work as though under whip and spur. Reporters from the public lueetings, fires, fights, and scenes of accideni- and crime, rush m with their notes and set to work as if for life. Messengers hurry to and fro from telegraph offices. Other messengers likewise hurry to and fro from divers other points. Visitors come hurrying in, all out of breath, wanting to see the Managing Editor or the Chief, on matters ol-pressiug importance, and all are disposed of with promptness, celerity OF THE UNITED STATES. 199 and courtesy. Mangled ami tumbled papers from the city, the country, and the utter- most parts of the civilized world, lie in heaps upon the floors. The pens scratch, the scissors click, the Chiefs bell rings sharply out for the boy, a*nd the "condensers "— three men whose only business is to take the core out of correspondence, reports and extracts, and articles from other papers— are "refining as with a refiner's fire " the matter which is to appear in the morning's paper. The space in The Sun is too valuable to admit anything except the very cream and marrow of the news and information to its columns ; wherefore, telegrapliic dis- patches are reduced to " Sparks," long communications to paragraphs, paragraphs to •"Personals,' and articles to " Jottings." The Sun Condensers are men who can see at a glance what is interesting in an article, and what is useful, and what is needful, and what is of no account ; and they *' kill " without mitigation or remorse. And now midnight approaches ; the turmoil has died away ; the Chief and his immediate staff have disappeared; the reporters have gone, except a few who have but recently come in ; and the Managing and Night Editors, with a few trusty assistants, are all that remain on du^y. And now let us " follow copy " up-stairs to the COMPOSING ROOM, Inhere the type-setters ply their nimble fingers. The composing room of The Sun office is a fine, light, airy apartment, and is fitted ^ip with the utmost elegance and convenience. Tlie exact cost of the outfit— including type, furniture, and materials for stereotyping— was $12,290.72. The regular force of •compositors, or type-setters, is sixty-five ; and a fine-looking, intelligent company of men they are. The compositors have been at work for many hours. They take it easily at first, from 3 P.M. to 5 ; then there is a recess of two hours, and at 7 o'clock they come back for the real work of the day, and stay till 2 o'clock, A.M., or as much longer as may be .necessary. As a usual thing, when 2 o'clock comes, all but four of the compositors are allowed to go, and the four retained are kept till the paper is sent to press. The com- positors work by the piece, and their average earnings are $25 a week ; but some ol them make $45 a Aveek, when they do their best. After the type-setters have been at work for an hour, or less, the proof-taker begins liis work. The type whicli has been set is put in an orderly way and fastened in its place on long brass beds called galleys, which are then run under the proof-press, "Whereby impressions, or proofs, are taken on long slips of paper. These are sent to the proof-readers, who read them over for errors, and mark all mistakes on the mar- gins of the proofs, which are then taken back to the compositors, who correct the errors in the type, after which new proofs, called revises, are taken, to see if every- thing is right. If any errors are found in the revises they are also marked and corrected; and when everything has been at last set right in a galley of type, it is transferred to the make-up table; that is, to the table where the type is finally pat in the forms or pages of the newspaper. About 11 o'clock the foreman of the composition room sends word to the Night Editor that he is ready to "make up;" that is, that he is ready to put the type into the pages, and send them to the stereotypers. On receiving this notice the Night Editor appears with a separate set of proofs, taken expressly lor him, and over which he has been studying and working for several hours. There is already matter enough in type to fill the columns of the paper twice over, find more is coming all the time. The telegraphic lightnings are pouring it in; the reporters are writing it out by the column; and messengers are coming with all manner of communications— " \"ery important, sir, and must appear in the morning's paper, sir." And so the Night Editor works away, studying over his proofs, gradually singling out what must go in, whether or no, and no mistake; also what may be left out; also -what sJiall be left out. When, therefore, he receives notice from the foreman of the composition room, that he is ready to "make up," the Night Editor goes up to the fifth story with a clearly defined purpose. Under his direction the foreman rapidy lifts column after column of the news and editorials into the form Avhich is to con- .atitute the second or editorial page of the next morning's Sun. The last page and the third page, composed largely of advertisements, have already been made up and sent 200 THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS to the stereotypers. The first page, which is the last one made up, is yet to come- Meanwhile, let us step into THE STEREOTYPING ROOM ami see what the Vulcans are about. The stereotyping room is one of the most interesting departments of The Sun establishment. It is occupied, and the stereotyping process performed by eight splendid fellows, whose brain and muscle, as well as their skill and fidelity, are of a high grade. The stereotyping process is peculiar, and differs widely from that in ordinary use. The Bullock presses used in printing The Sun require stereotype plates which can be- affixed to their cyMnders, and hence the plates must be cast in half-circles; and they must be cast, too, with the utmost expedition and in unusual numbers. There are seven presses used by The Sun, each of which prints two complete copies of the paper at an impression. Therefore, no less than fourteen complete sets of plates have to be cast for The Sun, .50 that it can have fovrteen papei's printed consentaneously, in order to get off its immense edition xoithin the brief period between the hour when the paper goes to press and the time of its delivery to buyers, and at the post-office for the early mails. The process of stereotyping is performed in this wise : The flat page of type is first warmed on a hollow iron table heated by steam, then a sheet of thick paper, such as steel engravings are printed on, which is chemi- cally prepared by soaking in a mixture until it becomes nearly of the consistency of paste, is laid upon the face of the type, and beaten down with a heavy and stiff brush, until every letter, rule, and point is perfectly moulded in the soft mass of paper. AIL hollow places are then filled up with a preparation of plaster of Paris; after which another sheet of the prepared paper is laid upon the first, and beaten down in the same manner. By this means a substantial matrix of the entire page is formed. The type and matrix are then swathed in blankets, placed on the hollow, steam-heated table, run under a press on one end of the table, and suV)jected to a heavy pressure, while at the same time it is baked by the heat. It is then taken out and the paper matrix is removed from the type. It is firm, but pliable, and capable of resisting a high degree of heat. It is the flexibleness of the matrix, even more than the celerity wath Avhich it can be produced, which gives it its peculiar value; for it is its flexible- ness which enables a cylindrical plate to be cast from it. After the matrix has been perfected as above described, it is placed in a reversed position in an iron mould of the exact curvature of the press cylinder; the melted type metal is then poured in, and in two minutes a stereotype plate of the page of type in the form of a half-circle is taken out and handed over to the trimmers to be fitted to the press cylinder; the mould is again filled with metal, and another plate is cast; and so the process goes on, until fourteen casts of each page have been taken, trimmed, and sent down to the press-room. \Ye will now step on the elevator along with a set of the stereotype plates and descend with them to THE PRESS-ROOM. The Press-Room is situated in the basement of the edifice, and is a most capacious apartment. When we arrive at the press-room, at half past one o'clock in the morn- ing, matters are in no very lively trim. Everything is quiet. There is not yet even a hiss of steam. Stalwart men are stretched out on huge piles of paper, fast asleep. Some of them lie face downward, with their arms stretched out at full length, and sleeping as though they would never again wake. Others are lying all in a heap, others- flat on their backs, showing grimy but honest faces; and all are sleeping soundly. Other men are bringing in huge rolls of paper from the dampening room and arranging- them conveniently at hand for the pressman. Tlie Bullock press, on which The Sun is printed, prints from a continuous sheet, which is wound up in the form of a huge cylinder. The machine for wetting down or dampening the paper is so constructed that it unwinds it from one roll and at the same time winds it up into another roll; and as the paper thus pa.sses from one roll to another it is subjected to a uniform shower of the finest spray, which dampens it in every fibre to just exactly the degree which is requisite for it to print to the best advantage— the construction of the press, the rapidity of the motion, and the force of the- pressure, all considered. Attached to the dampening machine is an invention of Mr.. England's, which ingeniously measures the roll of paper and tells just how many Suns it will make. This is done for the purpose of checkinu- the tendency of paper manufac- OF THE UNITED STATES. 201 turers to put so much body in their stock that a roll of paper of given weight sometimes^ falls short in length to the extent of many copies of The Sun. And now, as the pressnlen have Ijegun to Avake up, and are beginning to put the- stereotype plates on the cylinders, and the steam begins to give tokens of its coming, let us go up to the composition room again, where over the first parre of The Sun the final struggle of matter against space is to begin. "This," says Jie Night Editor, pointing at it as he speaks, " is the costliest page on this planet." It is now half-past one o'clock A..M. The form must be in the stereotyper's room in fifteen minutes. There is matter enough on the make-up table to fill four pages, and every line of it is important. What's to be done ? especially as a fresh batch of copy has just come up- marked "MUST," from the Managing Editor, who is still hard at work below. No^v is seen the value of understanding every part of one' s business, especially the mechanical part. Tiie Night Editor is a practical printer, copy-cutter, proof-reader, anything and everything tliat may be needed. He looks over the type— does not have to resort to the proofs— and orders out this and cuts down that, and reads the proof of new articles. from the type— and finally "Good Night" comes from the telegraph offices— and the page is completed, and the form is locked up (that is, fastened so the type cannot fall out) and trundled into the stereotyper's room exactly at 1.5 minutes to 2 o'clock A.M. And now look at the stereotypers. They are also on the home-stretch, and how magnificently they work. Every man knows just exactly what to do, and does it to perfection just in the nick of time ; and the total result is that four casts of the first page of The Sun are on their way to the lower regions in just twenty minutes from the time the stereotypers received the form. That is only five minutes to a cast. The other ten casts follow at a more rapid rate. From the stereotype room we now go down to the publication office, to see the- newsmen and newsboys buy their checks. When the delivery of the paper begins, which will be in a few minutes, the rush will be so great that there will be no time to make change ; and so newsmen and newsboys provide themselves with metal checks, about the size of a two-cent piece, on which is stamped the number of papers, for which they have paid. If a newsboy wants 12 papers, he pays 16 cents— The Sun is sold to him at 1)^ cents a copy— and receives a check which entitles him to 12 papers. Tliis check he presents to the man below of whom he gets his papers, who de- livers his 12 Suns to him, and di-ops the check through a hole in the delivery coun- ter, into a box kept for the purpose. The smallest check calls for three papers, and the largest for eight thousand. On entering the publication office, we find a number of men and boys buying their checks, and several tired little fellows lying asleep on the floor ; and on the grating outside, through which the warm steam and hot air come up, are other children also lying asleep. It is a raw and chilly morning, and the "iron bedstead," as the little fellows call the grating, aflfords them a. luxurious couch, through which the warmth comes upon their pinched and withered and ill-clad bodies like airs from Heaven. And now back to the press-room again. At 7 minutes to 2 the first press starts and delivers 200 papers a minute. In a few minutes the counters begin to count off, and get the papers ready for delivery to the newsboys and newsmen. At 2 minutes after 2 the second press begins to throw of its 200 Suns a minute. At 9 minutes after 2 the third press starts ; and so they keep on until all the presses are running and throw- ing oflT fourteen hundred Suns a minute, two of the presses printing .300 papers a min- ute each. Although the Sun now has seven presses in operation, the popular demand is so constantly increasing that it has ordered another of double size, and the capacity of 50,000 per hour, which, after being shown at the Centennial Exhibition, will be set up in the press-room. The counting of the papers is one of the most interesting and astounding perform- ances in the whole business. There is one man who counts 300 a minute, and another who can count 400 a minute. Let the readers ol this article try to count 400 a minute on their fingers, or try to count 400 pins or 400 peas in a minute, and they will get some notion what it is to count that number in that time. The fact is, the counting of newspapers in the Sun office has been refined into an art as delicate as that of piano playing, and it is performed very much in the same way. The counter throws a pile of damp papers on the table, strikes the heap in Ihe stomach with his left hand, twitches up the edges with his right so that they stand slightly apart, and then, Avith the fingers of his left hand runs them oflT in groups of five,. 202 THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS almost exactly as a pianist runs oil" arpeggios on his instrument, and with an equal precision and delicacy of touch. The papers are usually counted off in bundles of fifty, but sometimes in larger quantities. The delivery of the papers to the buyers begins at half-past three. The number taken by the different buyers the morning we were present varied from 3 to 27,000. The three were taken by a little boy about seven years old, the 27,000 by a newsdealer, and we are informed tliat the whole number delivered by a quarter past 5 o'clock was 126,600. The additional sales, and the papers sent to mail subscribers, brought the whole number up to 138,993. Having thus followed the New York Sun through its entire daily and nightly growth, from the first article vrritten to the point where the presses are dropping fourteen hundred complete copies a minute at our feet, we now take our leave, and take a Third Avenue car for up-town. By the time the car arrives opposite The Sun of- fice it is comfortably filled, and a newsboy ruslies in it, crying " Here's your New York Sun," and sells four papers on the spot. We look at the City Hall clock : it is just 48 minutes past 3 o'clock. Tlwis early does the sale of The Sun in the streets commence. The number of persons employed in The Sun office is two hundred and forty-nine. The expenses of the establishment for the week ending March 11, 1876, were fifteen tUousand eight liundred and seventeen dollars and seventeen cents ($15,817.17), and it was not an expensive week either, the items of which are as follows : Editorial expenses, including ) ^^ 09^ 00 salaries, telegrams, etc., ) *-^'''^^- ""^ Publication salaries 429.51 Mail room, 197.00 ■Composition, 1,486.91 Stereotyping, 296.00 Press room salaries, 940 . 47 " expenses and supplies, 100. 00 Ink, $1.38 . 72 Paper, 7,074. 55 Coal and Gas, 176.50 Steam-power, 70. 00 Postage, 330.68 General expenses, 750.00 Total for the week, $15,817.17 Dividing this amount by seven, it gives a daily average of $2,259.59, the outlay incur- red that every buyer of The Sun may get his copy for two cents. If a buyer of The Sun were to set to work to make the copy which he gets for two cents, he couldn't be- gin to do it for $2,259.59, without first incurring an outlay of a fortune to start with, and then spending a quarter of a century or so in learning how to do it. The expenses of The Sun are so enormous that one naturally wonders where the profits come in. They come from the sale of the papers and from subscriptions and advertisements. In addition to their enormous daily issue. The Sun Printing Comp.\ny publish The Sunday Sun (8 pages), at $1.20 a year, and The Weekly Sun (8 pages), at $1.20 a year. The Weekly Sun is intended more particularly for country circulation, and is filled only with the choicest news of most interest and value to those who do not care to take the New York daily papers. Great care is bestowed upon its agricultural and market reports ; the farmer and the country merchant are provided with such items of intelligence as most closely enter into the warp and woof of their prosperity, and the matron and children are not forgotten, but are supplied with such genial and instruct- ive reading matter as one loves to peruse in the family circle and enjoy Avith those who sit around the same hearth.stone. It was supposed to be a dangerous experiment for The Sun Comp.\ny to attempt to publish a two-cent paper at a cost surpassing that of any four-cent paper. But the experiment has succeeded so well that The Sun could now live without an adver- tisement, and Mr. Dana's policy is always to make advertisements give way to the news. The people appreciate such enterprise and liberality, and The New York Sun is having greater success than ever before. It is emphatically t?ie 2yeopIe's paper. It always stands by the workingmen and all movements for the improvement of tlie condition of the masses, when they need support ; and it also stands by them in an effective mann'er. It does them downright, substantial service. It also always takes the lead in exposing corruption in high places, and in bringing the p-^ople's unfaithful servants to the bar of public opinion. For these and many similar reasons. The Sun has a strong, enduring hold on the affections of the masses and the confidence of the nation at large. And then the fact that it gives all the news of the Associated Press at one-half the price which the other papers of the Association charge for it, in addition to what its OF THE UNITED STATES. 203 own exclusive enterprise furnishes, and the fact that it gives the combined results of the labor and brains of two hundred and forty-nine men, winnowed of all chalT, skimmed of all scum, and purged of all sediment— the fact, in short, that it every morning gives •every one of its buyers $2,259.59 for two cents, places the ever growing prosperity of The New York Sun beyond all question. Its compactness is also a strong point in its favor. One can attack its contents with a fair hope of being able to master them within a reasonable period. In the antediluvian days, when human beings lived away up towards the thou- sands, sucli a feature would not have been of so much importance. In those long- drawn times a sprightly girl of sixty, or a robust youth of ninety, or even a middle- aged man or woman two or three liundred years old, could take things moderately ; but it is ordered otherwise in this day, and especially in this metropolis. Here, life is cut short at both ends, and crammed to choking in the middle ; the day's hurly burly's never done, and there's only time to read The Sun. THE EVENING JOURNAL, OF JERSEY CITY, N. J. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. The Evening Journal of Jersey- City was established in May, 1867, its publication and editorial office being combined in one small room, and its total available capital at end of first week was $119.00. Its success has been remarkable, even in this land of rapid growths. It is strictly a "local paper,'' which, while giving all the telegraphic news of the day, yet concentrates Its attention chiefly on the local news of the thriving community in which it is pubUshed, and it is therefore a favorite visitor at every tea-table and tiie leading adver- tising medium in Jersey City. The population of Jersey City, which in 1850 was about 16,000 is now 120,000- and rapidly increasing. The suc- cess of the Journal is attested by the four-story handsome granite and brick building, size 25x90 feet, 37 Montgomery street, Jersey City, erected for it in 1874. It is printed from the most remarkable Web l)rintiiig machine yet invented. Its proprietors, Messrs. Pangborn, Dunning & Dear, wlio are experi- enced newspaper men, and thor- oughly appreciate the^wants and requirements of the community amongst whom they labor, have brouglit the Journal to a liigh pitch of excellence, and have received, as a reward of conscienrious Avork. cordial support and apj)robation. THE NEW YORKER STAATS ZEITUNG. A SKETCH FOU THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. The progress, cievelopment, ami present position of this paper form one of the most remarkable existing proofs of the success with which industry, energy, perse- verance, and faithful and righteous management, wiien applied to the Press, are crowned in the United States. The 'Sew York Staats Zeitung was first published in 1834, as a weekly paper. As such it was well received and supported, but the patronage accorded had so far augmented, and the demands of tlie Teutonic population so in- creased in 1842, that in that year it was issued as a tri-weekly publication. The mutation proved the calculations of the projector to be soundly based. The sale of the journal grew, and its reputation advanced correspondingly, and three years later, when it was converted into a daily paper, it entered on its more useful career with a propi- tious future before it. At this time, notwithstanding its reputation, the circulation of the paper Avas, however, comparatively insignificant, amounting to about only 3,000 copies, and it was not till 1849 that the grand development leading to its present com- manding position can be said to have taken place. Even then, for some years, its pro- gress was not over-rapid, and Mr. Oswald Ottendorfer, the present proprietor and chief editor, avers that if, in 1852, when he became first connected with the Staats Zeitung, any one should have suggested the possibility of the paper reaching its present large circulation, he would have considered the idea visionary and absurd. But what was deemed a quarter of a century ago an impossibility is to-day an accomplished fact. In order to present a trustworthy opinion of its circulation, we have carefully pre- pared from the office books the following statement of the average daily circulation of the N. Y. Staats Zeitung for every week during the first quarter of the current year: Week ending Average daily. January 6 47,200 13 47,300 20 47,300 27 47,400 February 3 48,500 10 49,600 17 49,800 Week ending Average daily. February 24 49,400 March 2 49,600 9 49,700 16 49,800 23 49,900 30 49,700 April 6 49, 600 In addition to this daily circulation, a weekly and a Sunday edition are printed,, the circulation of the former being principally outside the city, in the Middle, AVestern, and Southern States. The Sunday edition is a prominent literary paper of acknowl- edged merits, and is very widely read. The above statistics show that the New York Staats Zeitung has the largest cir- culation of any daily paper printed in the German language. None in the United States will compare with it at all, and we are reliably informed that the principal journals issued in Germany— in Vienna, Berlin, Cologne or Frankfort — are not its peers, It is not necessary, however, to confine the comparison among German joui-nals. The NeAv York Staats Zeitung will well bear to be contrasted with its English contemporarie* of the city. There is that in its circulation which is remarkaljle, and indicates a supe- rior class of readers. It is this : nearly all the copies of every issue are taken by regularly appointed carriers to the houses of subscribers. Compared with its English contemporaries, it is vended but little on the streets. Evidently, then, its subscription list is very heavy, it being very doubtful if even tlie Herald ov Sunc?in claim a heavier. When it first appeared, the Zeitung was published in Nassau street ; next it was removed to Frankfort, and afterwards to William street. In 1857 it was located in an establishment specially erected for its accommodation, at 17 Chatham street, opposite the City Hall, whence it continued to issue for many years. But the constant increase of business, togetlier with the prospect that tlie East River Bridge will, when complete,. THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS. 205 have its landing on the spot wliere that office is situate, constrained Mr. Ottendorfer to seek another place of pubUcation. The choice of site was a matter of no little im- portance. Printing House Square is the most desirable location for tiie business place ol a newspaper in tlie city. Therefore, to retain a holding there must be accomplished if possible. But no suitable building presented itself. Now it was that Mr. Ottendorfer determined to carry out his long cherished desire to erect an edifice for his paper which should be an ornament to the city and a monument of newspaper enterprise. In pursuance of his resolve, he bought several houses on Tryon How, extending from Chatham to Centre streets, facing Broadway, and thereon has placed a structure whose dignity and gracefulness impress all beholders. It was completed in 1872, and first occupied in the early part of 1873, and no one who examines it can fail to admit that its projector, Mr. Ottendorfer, has succeeded remarkably in his efforts to secure a building exteriorly handsome and complete in its internal arrangements. NEW YORKER STAATS ZEITUNG BUILDING. Tlie edifice forms the north side of Pnnting House Square, on which nearly all the principal daily morning papers published in the City— the Sun, the Irihune, the Times, and the Herald — have their palaces. It closes the circle formed by the City Hall, and the new Post Office, and gives an appropriate finish to one of the most interesting parts ol the City. The style of architecture employed is the modern renaissance, the first story being built of the dark l)luish Quincy Granite and those above it of the lighter Con- cord Granite. The effect of this combination is to relieve the building of the heavy appearance usually characterizing granite structures. The ornamentation, which is rich without being redundant, further aids the accomplishment of this end, whilst the portico, extending through tAvo floors, and surmounted by bronze statues of Gutten- berg and Franklin (the one the inventor and the other the American representative oi printing) is a central feature wliich is never beheld without admiration. There is a pleasant harmony in the whole arrangement, and the remark is often made by gentlemen of cultivated taste and great experience that among all the majestic pub- lic buildings erected in the city in recent years, that of the Staats Zkitung bears the palm for combining beauty and utility. A model exterior was not, however, Avliat Mr. Ottendorfer alone aimed at. His in- 2U6 THE GKEAT NEWSPAPERS tention was that this shoukl be an accompaniment only to a complete, thoroughly practical newspaper establishment. He therefore, in preparing the plans, made a careful study of all the improvements in newspaper economy, and introduced all such as commended themselves to his approbation. All other considerations were made subservient to this end, and how fully this was accomplished a visit to the Staats ZEiTUiNG office will convince every observer. Entering the publication office, situate on the ground floor at the south-east corner, one is immediately struck with the loftiness of the apartment, next with the elegance of its fittings, and then with the evidence of business-like arrangement everywhere present. For height and good ventilation the Staats Zeitung publication office has not its equal in the city. The consequence of this grand provision being that the em- ployees are healthy and vigorous, and that the evil effects of a vitiated atmosphere are never experienced even when the congregation of people at the office is greatest. The woodwork in this department is of rich polished walnut, exquisitely carved, and set off with artistic bronze adornments, affording a charming contrast to a splendid speci- men of German marble (expressly imported for Mr. Ottendorfer) which forms the slab at the aperture through which advertisers and others confer with the clerks. Writing desks en suite, and of the most approved pattern, are placed on the elegant tiled floor for the accommodation of visitors ; all minutiae are carefully disposed ; and pervading everything is a conformity with the architectural design. Going up a noble stairway, the walls at the side of which are tastefully frescoed, the editorial rocras, situated on the fourth story, are reached. Whilst ascending, the sustained elegance of the building cannot fail to impress any visitor. The landing- place at each story is tiled just as the publication office is ; the same sort of adorn- ments observable in the hall are presented at the top of the edifice ; everything be- speaks thoroughness. The editors' rooms are arranged methodically and comfortably, being so placed as to expose the busy workers to the least danger of distraction. What hundreds of their literary brethren sigh for in vain— fresh air and plenty of it— they enjoy without let or hindrance. The several offices connect with each other, so that no difficulty stands in the way of ready communication between the editor-in-chief and his subordi- nates ; speaking tubes render the transmission of messages to printers or clerks easy ; and copy-lifts expedite the transmission of copy or correspondence to and from the sanctum. Above the editorial department, on the top floor of the building, are the compos- ing room and stereotyping foundry— the most excellent in the city— devised for the comfort of work-people and the facilitation of the operations conducted in them. Every- thing is clean, orderly, systematic, and the looks of the workmen betoken that the sanitary arrangements have not been carried out in vain. The Staats Zeitung forms are stereotyped every morning, and as the whole opera- tion has to be completed in about 18 minutes, the'most perfect machinery is neces- sarily employed. The pages of type having been trundled into the foundry, an accurate mould of them is taken on wet papier-mach6, which, when dried by heat, is placed in a massive iron casting box of curved shape, into which the seething metal is poured. A good cast having been secured, the plate is transferred to the planing machine, where all irregularities are removed, and in a few minutes (the finishers having re- moved any crudities) it is fit to be a-ffixed to the cylinder of either of the two splendid six-cylinder Hoe presses on which the issue is daily worked in the basement. In the foundry a small engine is used to drive the machinery, the steam being supplied from the basement. The means of heating the building are also furnished from this sub- flcial department, and are very complete. Descending by an elegantly fitted elevator to the press-room we enter a series of underground apartments. The elaborate machinery at once attracts notice, but the next subject to arrest the attention is the excellence of the light, which, though con- veyed artificially, is so good as to render the use of gas unnecessary during the day, save in retired places. The two presses employed to print the Staats Zeitung will turn off together 20,000 an hour, the motive power being given by a 36 horse-power engine constructed by Wright & Co. Two of these splendid machines stand side by side, though but one is used at a time, the object being to obviate delay in printing the paper in case accident should befall either. Near at hand are the folding machines, all of the most approved pattern and capable of folding neatly the papers as OF THE UNITED STATES. 207 fast, as they are printed. The mailing apparatus is likewise close at hand, this also- being of the most approved construction. The immense boilers which furnish the steam for the machinery and the whole building are located in vaults under the side- walk on the Chatham street side of the building. On a level with these, but on the opposite side of the floor, there is another vault for the storage of paper, in which several thousand reams are constantly kept, and an aperture for the purpose admits of fresh supplies being slid down a shute. In close contiguity is the distributing room, where the papers are handed every morning to the numerous carriers, who are in- variably promptly on hand when an issue is coming from press. To this a half story is devoted. The government of this department is singularly excellent. Each carrier is a man of proved reliability. Promptness and precision are points which the indefatiga- ble carriers vie with each other to excel in, and it is next to impossible for any subscriber to the New York Staats Zeitung to be disappointed of his paper at the breakfast table. Each of the corps has a district assigned him, and is protected from the encroachments of rivals by provisions designed by Mr. Ottendorfer to benefit both the distributors and his patrons. There is not one of the other daily papers that has anything approaching to the completeness of this system. Indeed, everything possible appears to have been done to obviate delay in the delivery of the paper. Even the building itself was from the first designed to subserve this end, and for that reason chiefly it was that each and every room in the whole of the colossal edifice was made independently fire-proof. It seems impossible that the building could be destroyed by fire, or that flames could even extend beyond the apartment in which they might have their origin. The success of the New York Staats Zeitung, in a business point of view, is in no small degree due to the active interest which Mrs. Ottendorfer, the wife of the editor and proprietor, takes in it. This lady is every morning in the publication office, and superintends and directs the business affairs with an ability and circumspection only to be acquired by long ex- perience, and that faculty of comprehensive tact which are commonly believed to be the exclusive characteristics of men ; her example demonstrates that", without claim- ing a larger sphere of rights for the so-called weaker sex, ladies can become eminently useful in the daily exertions of life, if they understand how to properly exercise their influence. The New York Staats Zeitung as it at present stands before the public is the re- sult of the activity, industry and intelligence of our citizens of German descent. But it has in no small degree itself contributed to bring that class of our citizens to the re- spected position which they occupy. Its influence in the formation of their views, modeling their opinions, and its usefulness in correctly apprising them of important na- tional and local issues, can hardly be over-estimated. If the secret of its great influence be sought it will alone be found in the sincerity and disinterestedness with which the Staats Zeitung urges its arguments. These are the only qualities which could possibly have gained it the consideration it enjoys among such thoughtful and well-instruct- ed people as compose the Teutonic element of our population. The tendency of the paper is conservative. Being inspired with a conviction of the necessity of the pre- servation of the Union, it supported before the war the democratic party, believing it to be the one giving the best guarantee for the undisturbed preservation of the Union, and after the outbreak of the Rebellion its editor and proprietor, in words and facts, enthusiastically supported the Union cause. Of late years, however, the New York Staats Zeitung has been independent in politics, its principal efforts being directed against corruption and the abuses in our pub- lic life and to endeavor to impress upon its readers the necessity of making honesty, faithfulness and capability the only standard by which candidates for all offices should be judged, regardless of party dictates or promptings. To this course it consistently adheres, and its increasing popularity is the best possible voucher that this stand is one which commends itself to public approbation. m^-^ THE NEV\^ YORK TIMES, A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTEKNIAL NEWSPAPEK EXHIBITION. Tlie projectors of the N. Y. Times promised in tlieir prospectus to make " at once the best and the cheapest daily family newspaper in the United States." Twelve months later, they were able to declare that it had been " immeasurably more success- ful, in all respects, than any new paper of a similar character ever before published in the United States." With justifiable exultation, and with strict adherence to truth, they asserted that "in circulation, in income, in influence, in everything which goes to make up the aggregate of a successful journal, it challenges a comparison Avith any other paper ever published." Such, in brief, is the story of " The Year One," as toid by Mr. Raymond, on the 17th September, 1852. The Times, then, was a success from the beginning. And it was a success because it met an urgent want of the community, because to enterprise in the accjuisition and publication of news it added courage, moderation, dignity, ability and genuine consist- ency in the discussion of public affairs. The field was already largely occupied by journals Avhich looked with no friendly eye upon the new comer. There was coarseness OP THE UNITED STATES. 209 in the controversies of those days, and the contrast maintained was between indiffer- ence to principle on one hand, and a dangerous tendency to extreme principles on the other. The orthodox Whig newspaper vied with the organ of Democratic opinion in obedience to the slave power ; the radical Whig became the champion of Socialism, and the cause of human liberty suffered from an advocacy Avhich identified it with opinions that were repugnant to the American people. A need of journalism different from either was felt, and the Times met it boldly and well. " We shall be conservative in all cases where we think conservatism essential to the public good," was one of _its opening assurances ; ''and we sliall be radical in everything which may seem to us to require radical treatment and radical reform." This discriminating judgment was one of the secrets of the remarkable influence and prosperity which attended the estab- lishment of the Times. Its excellence as a newspaper was a potent factor in the sum of its success. The care with which it was adapted to the tastes and wants of the family, the high standard of purity which it maintained, and tlie literary culture which shone in its columns, were marked and important sources of power. But its weight in political discussion — the authority it exercised alike in the afl'airs of the State and of the nation — was to a large extent traceable to the skill and effect with whicli it imposed restraint upon the conflicting ultraisms of the time. It infused the vitality of progress and the courage of conviction into the dominating conservatism ; it held in check an aggressive radicalism, and subjected it to the discipline of the Constitution and the law. Never leaving its readers in doubt as to its position on any important question — never evading a question because it was beset with prejudice or linked with powerful vested interests, it adhered steadfastly to the course in the first instance marked out. It was vigorous, without being offensive ; courteous, without being cowardly ; and it appealed always to the intelligence and moral principle of its readers. Identified with the Free Soil Whigs as long as the Whig party lasted, the Times largely contributed to the influences and purposes which culminated in the organization of the Republican party. The Pittsburg Convention and the nomination of Fremont were events with which the historian will associate the services of the Times. The previous four years witnessed a struggle bitter and unrelenting, in which the Times took a conspicuous and honorable part. As a newspaper, it had kept pace with the march of the age. Its size had expanded, and with the enlargement of its resources had come increased efficiency in all the general departments of a metro- politan journal. The principies which had governed it remained unchanged ; the policy it did much towards moulding and crystallizing found final expression in the ■election of Lincoln. The position he assumed corresponded very closely with tliat which the Times had uniformly held. And when the madness of Southern faction forced upon the nation a struggle for its life, the Times accorded his administration an ungrudging, unqualified support. It had no doubts as to its duty, and never paused to count the cost of the difllculties it encountered. No better record of the war exists than that which might be compiled from its columns. The views attributed to American statesmen by Victor Hugo and Louis Blanc in their appeal for the Philadelphia Exhibition reflect the policy upheld by the Times throughout the era of reconstruction. It exerted itself to " prevent hatred succeeding ■defeat." It contended that to permanently re-establish peace, and to win from peace the fruits it should yield, friendly feeling must be restored between the victors and the vanquished. The pursuit of these ideas for a brief period estranged from the Times the more extreme leaders of the Republican party. Experience has vindicated the motives 'Of the Times, and moderated the rancor of those who at the moment quarreled with it. Its desire to promote sectional reconciliation continued unabated ; its good will towards the South remained unaffected by the fate that attended the overtures which it encouraged. But it has insisted that magnanimity shall be tempered with justice— that while removing disabilities and fostering paternal feeling, the essential results of the Avar shall be preserved unimpaired. At every stage of the controversy the Times has made partisanship subordinate to patriotism, and has interpreted in their broadest aspects the principles which underlie the Republican organization, and are the key to all that is greatest and best in its career. The demand for party purification and administrative reform harmonizes with the declarations embodied in the first number of the Times: " What is good we desire to preserve and improve ; what is evil, to exterminate or reform." The paper stands ■where it has always stood when our institutions were menaced by corruption and 210 THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS intrigue. It never talked about terms with rascals or " Rings." It never concealed or apologized for wrong-doing in high places. It never hesitated to condemn what is evil because the perpetrators were members of the Republican party. It never recognized partisan obligations when the integrity of the government, local or national, was endangered. It never allowed party affiliations to fetter its judgment or to obstruct the discharge of its duty to the country. These are characteristics of which the Times may fairly boast, and they indicate more emphatically than mere promises the direction of its course in the present condition of atl'airs. The Times was never blind to that rapidly growing demoralization of our municipal politics which culminated in the accession to power of the Tweed Ring. It followed with unsparing denunciation the outrages upon public honor which marked the admin- istration of Mayor Wood, and it attacked persistently and vigorously the earlier evidence of a league between Judges of the Supreme Court and the spoilers of the city. In the great Erie warfare of 1868 the Times bore a prominent part. The shameful series of injunctions and receiverships by which corrupt judges enabled Fisk, Gould and Lane to take foi'cible possession of other people's property were followed by the outspoken condemnation of the Times. Its course at this juncture secured for it the bitter hostility of the confederate Tammany and Erie Rings. The indictment of its conductors was openly recommended to the Grand Jury by one of the Ring Judges, and it risked both property and personal safety in its warfare on the side of honesty and judicial purity. The stupendous naturalization frauds which paved the way for a period of corruption and wholesale plunder in the State and city were exposed and denounced in the Times. The political despotism which obtained possession of all the avenues of justice, of legislation and of administration, and to which even the best class of New York citizens had begun to submit with a feeling of hopeless despair, found its only formidable adversary in the Times. During 1870 and ISTl, the Times waged, almost single-handed, a struggle which is probably without any example in journalism. The odds against it seemed overwhelming, and the vast majority of onlookers undoubtedly believed that the paper would come out of the unequal contest with its property sacri- ficed and Its business ruined. The brilliant success which attended that onslaught upon the most colossal system of swindling known to modern times, tended to breed forgetfulness of the discouraging prospects which attended the early stages of the struggle, and the very substantial risks which had to be faced during the period when success appeared doubtful. The Times was never more true to the principles on which it was founded than when it deliberately staked its very existence upon the certainty that even in the dark days of Ring domination, against all obstacles, the cause of right and justice must ultimately triumph. In the great movement for a higher standard of official fidelity and political purity which gained so decided an impetus from the overthrow of the Tammany Ring, the Times has taken a leading and efl"ective part. It occupies to-day the position of per- haps the most powerful Republican journal in the country, devoted to all that is noblest and most progressive in the policy of its party, while ready to meet with the severest condemnation all abuse of the party name for base ends or ignoble personal ambition. In American journalism there is no more consistent and honorable record than that of the New York Times. THE TIMES BUILDING. The first number of the Times was issued from No. 113 Nassau street. Although, compared with subsequent accommodations, these premises were humble, they were in favorable contrast with other newspaper offices of that day, and were in themselves sufficient to prove that pluck, enterprise and capital were at the back of the new ven- ture. On the 1st of May, 1854, it removed to ample quarters at the corner of Nassau and Beekman streets. But its sojourn here was to be of brief duration, for the business sagacity of the owners speedily saw and took advantage of an opportunity to place the paper in one of the best locations held by any newspaper in the United States. Early in the year 1857, the property of the " Old Brick Church," consisting of the triangular plot of ground bounded by Spruce, Nassau and Beekman streets and Park Row, was put upon the market, and the Times was fortunate enough to secure the northern half of it. The plot it obtained was somewhat irregular in shape, being 65 feet front on Avhat has now come to be known as Printing House Square by 105 feet on Nassau street and 100 feet on Park Row. For this site $185,000 was paid, and on it ground was broken on the 1st of May, 1857, for the building which is still, and OF THE UNITED STATES. 211 will be for indefinite years to come, occupied by the paper. This building, at the time it was constructed, was far superior to any then in existence, and with all the suggestions and improvements of the last twenty years which have been embodied in recent architecture, is not now surpassed by any in the world. It is constructed of Nova Scotia stone, is five stories high and has three fronts, as it extends over the area which has just been named. It is thoroughly fire-proof throughout, which was a feat never achieved or hardly attempted at the time it was constructed. It occupies an area of 13,750 square feet and contains 38 large rooms, many of which are sub-divided by partitions for business purposes and for the uses of the newspaper. This latter occupies in the pubUshing, editorial and composing departments altogether 23 rooms, some of which, however, are sub-divisions, and in addition thei'e is the press room un- derneath the building, which l)y excavation under the sidewalks has been given an area of 206 feet by 104. The entire building is fully supplied with gas, water' speaking tubes and all other appliances for the convenience of tenants, or for that of the business for which it was specially intended. As a great newspaper can only be done justice by giving particulars, it is now intended to go through this building in detail, and give a view not only of each department, but of the manner in which it is conducted. THE PUBLICATION DEPARTMENT. The rooms of this department occupy 65 feet front on Printing House Square by about the same space iu depth on both Nassau street and Park Row, thus giving them, in common with all the remainder of the building used for the newspaper, three fronts. First of all is the counting room, with entrances from three streets. Oblong in shape, it gives ample space for the vast business which must every day be transacted. The counter of black walnut exteuds across the entire length of the room, and is surmounted at short intervals with high plate glass screens, to insure the privacy of the clerks. It is here that the general business with advertisers and subscribers is transacted, and there is no hour in the twenty-four when it does not present a busy scene, but hardly at any time does it present an appearance so animated as during those hours when the army of newspaper readers are in bed and asleep. In the rear of the counting room is another apartment of equal size, and connected with it by three arched passages, which is divided by partitions into five compart- ments. First on the Park Row side is the office of the cashier, and next to him is the private room of the publisher and chief proprietor, Mr. George Jones, and next beyond is the office of Mr. Gilbert Jones. The other small rooms are used for miscellaneous purposes ; one of them being devoted to the mailing bureau, which is in itself no small portion of this department, for it is here that the huge mails of the paper are so arranged and systematized that the largest possible amount of work is done down- stairs in the shortest possible space of time. The labors of this bureau, and indeed of the whole foi-ce of the paper, have been greatly increased since the introduction of the fast mail. This mail leaving the post office in New York at 4 A. M., it is easy to see that a morning newspaper having any pretensions to enterprise has hard work to make time, but the Times has done it with more success than any of its contemporaries. THE EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT. Leaving the Publishing Department and going up three flights of stairs we reach the editorial rooms of the paper. Here are thirteen rooms, all but two of whicli are devoted to the use of the editorial staff proper, and those two to the city department. One of these two latter is used exclusively by the City Editor and his assistants, and the other and larger rooms by the reporters, who number altogether about thirty. It is their business to scour the city far and near for whatever items of interest may appear from day to day, and the fullness and excellence of the Times' local news for many years past bear witness to the intelligence and faithfulness with which these gentlemen have discharged and still are discharging their duties. On the same floor are the rooms of the editorial writers : the Exchange Editor, the Telegraphic News Editors, the Night Editor, the Dramatic Editor, the Commercial and Financial Editor, the Literary Editor, the Index Editor. The habits of business in this depart- ment are methodical, but varied according to the necessities of the numerous depart- ments of the work of a great daily newspaper. It is the business of a newspaper like the Times to fnrnish its readers every morning ■with every item of interest which has transpired anywhere in the world during the 212 THE GEEAT NEWSPAPERS previous clay and night. To accomplish this end it not only needs and has a complete corps of capable editors and intelligent reporters, but a large i-etinue of foreign corre- spondents who have the tact and experience necessary to observe and correctly report all events of public interest in the localities in which they are stationed. Sometimes the news comes by mail, but if need be the telegraph is freely used. In addition to all these the Times' corps of domestic correspondents is among the largest and most efficient in the countrj'. It has regular correspondents in Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, Baltimore, ^Yashington, Albany, Richmond, Wilmington, Hartford, Ptaleigh, Atlanta, New Orleans, Jackson, Memphis, Nashville, Knoxville, Louisville, Trenton, Harrisburg, Pittsburg, Columbus, Cincinnati, Detroit, Cleveland, St. Louis, Omaha, Denver, Salt Lake City and San Francisco, and many cities of lesser note. But this is not all, for no sooner does anything of any great public interest happen, than the Times immediately dispatches a special correspondent from the office in New York; to the scene. Added to all these, the Times has an experienced corps of political correspondents, who, during times of political excitement, traverse the Union and furnish information in regard to passing events. THE COMPOSING ROOM. All the matter prepared by the staff of editors, correspondents and reporters, after undergoing requisite revision, is sent to the composing room, on the floor above, where it is put in type. Here it is only necessary to briefly mention facts in order to show the great resources and business of the establishment. There are 92 employes, which includes the night foreman, 7 assistants, a day assistant foreman, 83 compositors, and in addition there is the general foreman, making 93. To all these must be added 8 proof-readers, making a total of 101 employes on this floor. There are 68 cases at which printers work setting type, and that they are all necessary is shown by the fact that nearly 400,000 ems are set every day, and sometimes — when supplements are issued— a great deal more. The only deduction to be made from this large aggregate is that of the advertisements which stand over from day to day, and the number is comparatively small. The most of this work is done after 6 P. M. So admirably is the composing room organized that there is rarely any delay, never any disturbance, in the performance of the work. The books show that the average time at w^hich the last " form " goes to the stereotype room is 2.37 A. M., and from this statement any one can see that there can be no idleness during these eight hours in the large, airy and well lighted apartment which constitutes the Times composing room. THE STEREOTYPING ROOM. After matter has been "set up," or put in type, the next process is to take impressions of these types on paper, and as a final result produce from stereotype plates the printed sheet with which the public is familiar. The first step is to cast stereotype plates of the several forms, for the Times does not and has not for many years printed from the types themselves. When a form is made up it is sent down in a box moved by steam power from the top floor to the basement, some 25 feet below the surface of the street, to the stereotyping room, where some layers of damp paper are laid upon it, and it is then driven twice through a machine having powerful rollers, which squeeze the paper down on the face of the type. Taken out of that, it is next placed— with its damp paper still on it— below a heavy screw-press, the sole or lower plate of which is a steam heated metal chamber. This hot chamber dries the paper rapidly, and at the same time tlie pressure put upon it prevents any cockling or ine- quality. In a short space of time the frame or page of type is drawn out from below this press and the dried paper peeled off its surface, when it forms a perfect matrix, or counterpart of the type, sufficiently deep to enable a casting to be taken from it which shall yield a page of clear-cut lettering ready for printing from. Before the casting is taken, however, this paper matrix is made absolutely dry by being placed on another hot plate. That only occupies a very brief space of time, and when it is satis- factorily finished the paper is trimmed carefully, and then placed face upward inside a seniicii-cular moll, when its edges are fastened down by bands of iron of the thickness that the cast is meant to be. On these bands a counterpart of the mold is then let down from a small crane, and fastened so that a semicircular chamber is formed the size of the page of the newspaper, and about three-eighths of an inch deep all round. Into this a pot of molten stereotyping metal is poured by two men, the mold having first been turned on end so as to compel the metal to fill the cavity completely, and, after OF THE UNITED STATES. 213 resting for a moment or two till the metal lias set, the inner part of the mold is re- moved by the crane, the paper matrix is peeled off, scarcely browned, and capable of being used again and again, and the solid cast is swung round and deposited, still adhering to the mold, in another cavity exactly the shape of that from which it was taken. Here its edges are trimmed, and the lump of metal which formed the excess at the top of the casting sawed off by a small revolving saw driven by steam. That done, the cast may be said to be complete, having merely to be dressed a little along the edges of the outer columns of letters, and along the top and between the headings of articles, and to be pared on the back to make it lie perfectly true on the cylinder in the machine, all of which is accomplished in a very few moments. The page of letter- ing presents the appearance of a strong, solid half-cylinder of white metal, ribbed on the inside so as to facilitate the paring off of possible inequalities, and covered on its outer face with crisp, clean, shining letters, ready at once for the press. Only four men are employed in this room, and they do their work with marvelous rapidity. Only seventeen minutes are required in any case for making a matrix, and it has been done in twelve minutes. THE PRESS ROOM. But the chief marvel of the mechanical department of the New York Times is in its press room, which is the most perfect in the world, containing as it does not only all the latest improvements in machinery found elsewhere, but many which are peculiar to itself. Among these is the " wetting machine," for wetting the white paper. The Times is printed on rolls of continuous paper without joint or break, each of which is about five miles in length and 36 inches in width, and weighs about 900 pounds net. Five of these rolls can pass through the machine and be "wet down " in an hour, being unrolled from one side and rolled up on the other with the utmost exactness. The paper being ready for the press, the presses themselves are next in order. The Times is printed on three Walter presses, which are capable, without being pushed, of producing 1.3,500 impressions each per hour, or 40,500 per hour altogether. The stere- otype plates having been placed on the presses, a roll of paper containing 6,000 copies of the Times is put in its place at the end of each press in a moment by one man, by means of a movable section of the floor raised by a hydraulic jack. The end of the roll is put in place and the press put in motion. The paper goes upward to where the stereotype plates forming the four pages of one side of a sheet of the paper are fastened on a cylinder just large enough to take a sheet to go round it. Against that cylinder there is another, identical in size, possessing a soft surface, which presses lightly against the edge of the type, and between these the sheet passes, taking up an impres- sion as it goes. It is then carried downward round another large cylinder covered with cloth, the " set off" on which is taken off by another cylinder in contact with it, and that again by a rubber, in a fashion that is both simple and effective. The web of paper, still running on, passes between the second type-covered roller and its counter- part, taking the impression on its other side of the remaining four pages ; and that done, it runs out between two more rollers of the same circumference. The machinery is so adjusted that the knife catches the paper exactly between each sheet, and, the paper being held hard on each side, cuts it in two, all but a couple of tags near each end, which are left for the purpose of pulling the sheet on between two sets of running tapes, until it is caught by a pair of small rollers, which are driven at a greater speed than the rest of the machine. These immediately tear the sheets apart where they have been all but cut, and the tapes hurry on what is now a completely printed news- paper up an inclined plane, at the top of which they carry it down an oscillating frame which moves peudulumwise so exactly that it delivers a paper precisely at each end of its short swing on to the face of another set of running tapes, which carry it downward on their outer face by the mere force of contact as they run. Between these tapes a frame like a huge comb swings backward and forward, catching up one delivered paper at every motion and flinging it down on a board. The current of air raised by the motion of this frame suflices to hold each succeeding sheet against tlie tapes along which it moves. Thus, two boys and the man Avho attends the machine are all the manual labor required, and the manner of delivering the papers alternately on to two Inclined boards ready to receive them. Formerly these presses required several boys each to attend them, but such improvements have been made in them by Mr. Gilbert Jones since they have been in the use of the Times that they have become as nearly automatic as any machines 214 THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS possibly can be. One man can put the roll in place, and the same man can take the printed sheets from the other side. Some boys and men are needed to carry away the printed sheets to the mailing and delivery rooms, but so little is human help required by these presses tliat only nineteen persons in all are employed in the press room, while iVirmerly more than double that ninnber were necessary. The machinery by which all this is done is put In motion .y two engines of 40 horse power each; but only one of them is generally used at a time, as it is the system of the Times to have dupli- cates of everything in the mechanical department, so that if anyone piece should OP THE UNITED STATES. 215 break dovrn the other is on the spot ready for immefliate use. It has auother precau- tion against any interruption, for it has a complete machine shop in its press room, and skilled mechanics constantly in attendance to make any repairs which may be wanted. But with all this machinery in a .space 106 feet by 104 feet, the Times press room does not appear crowded, so compact and well placed is everything. Great as are the powers of the AValter presses, they only occupy a few feet of space each, and the wetting machine could be placed on the top of a dining table of ordinary size. Nor is there the griminess usually found in such places, for the Times has made use of every possi- ble appliance to avoid it. The feeding of presses with ink under the old method caused a vast deal both of foulness and waste, but under the Times' system, by which the ink is pumped from a reservoir into each press as it is needed, not a drop is spilled. All these facts are mentioned only to show that in its mechanical department, as in all others, the paper is second to none. It is universally admitted to be the most hand- some in appearance of any paper printed, and it could not have reached nor liave maintained this distinction without the most perfect mechanism. In addition to the daily issue of the Times, there is the semi-weekly edition, issued on Tuesdays and Fridays, and tlie weekly edition on Wednesday of each week, all of which hiive large circulations. Complete in its mechanical appliances, strong in its resources, solid in its basis, independent and honest in its editorial management, sincere and decisive in its political convictions, but not devoted to the interests of any person or clique, presenting evei'y morning all the news of the Avoiid for the previous day in the most perfect shape, trie Times is the embodiment of the highest standards yet attained by American journalism. The New York Weekly Times.— A paper for the Farmer, a paper for the Mechanic, a paper for the People. Will contain Selected Editorials from the Daily Times, General News, Domestic ana Foreign, the Proceedings of Congress and the State Legislatures, Fidl and Interesting Correspondence, Boole Remeios, the CJioicest Literary Selections, ORIGINAL STORIES BY THE MOST DISTINGUISHED WRITERS OF THE DAY. Its most Prominent Feature will be a Complete Agricultural Department, loith Original Articles from Practical Farmers, Complete Weekly Market Reports, Full Re- po7-ts of the American Institute Farmers^ Club, Financial, Domestic Produce, Live Stock, Dry Goods and General Markets. In clubs of thirty, per annum, $1.00. One copy, one year, $2.00. Club Rates: Five copies, per annum, $7.50; ten copies, per annum, $12.50; twenty copies, per annum, $22.00 ; tliirty copies, per annum, $30.00 ; and one extra copy to each club. For every club of fifty, one copy of the Semi- Weekly Times to the getter up of the club. Postage free to subscribers. The New York Semi- Weekly Times is published every Tuesday and Friday, and contains all the agricultural and literary matter of the AVeekly edition, and a full and careful compilation of editorial and news features of the Daily. Terms of the Semi-Weekly Times: One copy, one year, $3; two copies, one year, $5 ; ten copies, one year (and one extra copy free), $25. Subscriptions to either of our editions received for a less length of time than one year at the yearly rate. The Semi-Weekly and Weekly mailed one year to clergymen at the lowest rates. Postage free to subscribers. These prices are invariable. We have no traveling agents. Remit in drafts on New York or Post Office Money Orders, if possible, and where neither of these can be procured send the money in aregistered letter. Terms, cash in advance. Address THE NEW YORK TIMES, new YORK CITY. "THE EVENING POST," NEW YORK. ITS SEVENTY-FIFTH HIllTHDAY. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. The New York Evening Post is one of the oldest of the rjreat Americau newspapers, and is the best evening Journal published in New York. It was established in 1801, and for more than fifty years has been under the wise editorial management of William Cullen Bryant, the honored poet and author. Under his guidance the Evening Post has gained a reputation and an amount of influence equaled by very few American journals. Believing thoroughly in the principles of Republican government, it addresses and represents peculiarly the cultured class of our citizens, and its tone is very high. Even its advertising columns are jealously guarded against questionable or objection- able advertisements. This fastidiousness has made it a great family newspaper, and it is generally acknowledged to be the door by which access is to be gained to New York homes. An introduction by the Evening Post ensures an hospitable reception to any topic, charity or business. As a contemporary published in a neighboring city says : •' The Evening Post is most decidedly the one daily paper in 'New York that can fully claim, like the Pall Mall Gazette, to be conducted by gentlemen and for gentlemen." Its Semi-Weekly and Weekly editions bear the same general character, both in the- quality of their matter and their audience, although, of course, special attention is given to the Agricultural and other departments which are of peculiar interest to the country readers. The fact that there are a larger number of really great newspapers published in the morning than in the evening gives tlie Evening Post even more prominence than it could otherwise liave attained. Having gained its position, however, the publishers have wisely spared no expense to keep and advance it. The special dispatches, it is safe to assert, are more complete and are made a much greater feature in this than in any other afternoon journal pub- lished in New York, and as the most important events happen, as a rule, in the day time, and as the ditference in time gives an evening journal the daily news of Europe, a reader of the Evening Post, for instance, has spread before him in a concise form the daily events of the whole world. He reads this record of the day at his home when he has both tiie time and the inclination for its careful perusal and consideration. Thus, an evening journal has the best possible opportunity for real influence. The same thing is true, further, in respect to all announcements made in an evening newspaper ; for. being read at home and left at home, it is naturally the medium con- sulted by the family in regard to most of the domestic needs and the family plans. The Evening Post is very decided in its opinions, and as it has said of itself, it " is often called upon by a sense of duty to oppose itself to the general feeling of those from whom a commercial paper always must receive its support ; it never hesitates to do so. It sometimes finds a powerful memlDcr of that community occupied with projects which it deems mischievous ; it puts itself in his way and frustrates his designs if pos- sible. In this way it makes bitter enemies, who would break it down if they could ; it makes also warm friends by whom it is cordially supported. Its proprietors are sat- isfied with its success and its expectations." It may interest foreigners to know that the Evening Post is the American Champion of Free Trade and the rights of For- eign Authors. Its stately building (a picture of which is reproduced on the opposite page) is thor- oughly appointed for the Newspaper business, and is on the corner of the two great com- mercial thoroughfares of New York, Broadway and Fulton street. On Broadway the building has a front of sixty-tAvo feet and ten inches, and extends one hundred and three feet, six inches on Fulton street. Its height above the side- THE GRE.\T NEWSPAPERS. 217 'THE EVENING POST" BUILDING. ■walk is one hunclrefl and twenty-five feet, thougti tlie cupola Is fifteen feet higher. It is divided into nine stories, but the monotony of roAV upon row of windows is broken by a series of pilasters, arches, and ornamental pillars on both Broadway and Fulton street. The entire outside walls are of the best quality Philadelphia pressed front bricks and the trimmings of Dorchester stone. THE NEW YORK EVENING EXPRESS. A. SKKTCH FOR THE BOUK OF THE CENTENNIAL ^EWSPAFER EXHIBITION. The New York Express was established as a daily morning journal in 1836, when the city commenced at the battery and ended at Niblo's Garden, on the ci rner of Prince street and Broadway. The np-town omnibuses then went no further, and Union Square was in the fields, and the head-quarters of the Man- hattan "Works, which supplied the city througli wooden pipes with water, was in Chambers street. Of the morning papers then in existence only two survive, and of the evening only two, except the Ex- press. All other daily journals have since disap- peared, to the number of over one hundred. The Express was started by the late James Brooks, with Robert E. Hudson as Commercial Editor, and Erastus Brooks as part owner and its Washington Editor, a post which he occupied during the sessions of Congress for nearly twenty consecutive years. Mr. James Brooks had occupied the same field years before, as editor of the Portland Advertiser, writing letters from thence, and both earlier and later from the South and Europe. He was among the earliest of the Washington correspondents, though not before Messrs. Coleman, Kingman and Mathew L. Davis, and perhaps some others. Mr. Brooks, senior, entered upon his editorial career in this city in June, 1836, Some years later the old New York Advertiser (Theo. Dwight and Wm. B. Townsend, proprietors), was merged in the New York Express, and the two papers were for over fifty years the corporation journal of the city, with pay at not over $250 a year for the honor of doing the work. The Express was the first daily double sheet printed in the city, and as an experiment it failed to attract public interest, for the reason that the advertise- ments could not be found, and the Morning Express, then nearly as large as the London Times, was pro- nounced too cumbersome. In most parts of the country the old folio form of the present Express is still the favorite with the public. In March, 1876, the New York Express was formed into a joint stock company, Erastus Brooks and James Wilton Brooks, only son of James Brooks, consenting to part Avith one-fiftli of their interest, and to expend the new capital in the improvement of their paper. Since then its editorial and reportorial corps have been greatly increased, with large additions to its ex- penses and a corresponding increase in its business income. Since 1836, the Express has occupied the old Tontine Buildings, at the corner of Wall and Water streets, the offices at the present, 112 and 114 Broadway, the corner of WaU and Nassau streets, opposite the Custom House, the narrow front and wider rear THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS. 219 on Trj^on Row, where the Evening Expkkss was started, 13 and 15 Park Row, where it was burned out in December, 18T2, and for tliree years in its present premises, No. 23 Park Row, bought and built by J. & E. Brooks, and entirely adapted to its present large business, with its press-room far down in terra flrma, and its editorial and com- posing rooms among the best ventilated and lightest rooms in the city. The premises extend from Park Roav, opposite the Post Ortice, to Tlieatre Alley, with ample light and room to assure the health and comfort of all occupants in its seven stories. THE SITE OF THE EXPRESS BUILDING. Perhaps there is no plot of ground in the city that has a more memorable history than that on which the Express Building stands. Its early associations, like the prin- ciples disseminated from the structure, embraced the whole country. One hundred years ago it intersected the old "'Commons" tliat stretched from St. Paul's to a cemetery that skirted the northAvest line of Chambers Street. Beyond this point were the Collect or Great Pond, on which the Tombs was built; the "Tea Water Pump," in Chatham Street; "Gallows Hill," wliose scarfold drank the blood of a member ol "Washington's Body Guard, who had sold his plans to the enemy, and the barracks and jails that stretched from the eastern section of the City Hall Park to Tryon Row and Cen- tre Street. Farm houses, miles apart; wheat fields and orchards, relieved by small villages, such as Richmond Hill, in the neighborhood of Varick and Cliarlton Streets, and Greenwich (now Christopher Street) completed the scene. The "Commons," aa all the ancient records inform us, was the scene of many an encounter between the •' Liberty Boys " and the British loyalists, in 1775. The former fought for the principles of constitutional liberty, and for a government of and by the people; and the Express, on the self-same ground, is fighting the self-same battles over again, though happilj with no effusion of blood. Other associations connected with the site of the new Express Building also make it an object of public interest. Here was the old Park Theatre, with the row of ancient and uneven buildings which formed the block forty years ago, and it must necessarily share in all the histrionic glories of that ancient Thespian temple. Forrest, Placide, Charles Keau, Ellen Tree, Barrett (Gentleman George), Mme. Yestris, Charlotte Cush- man, Vache, Fisher, Macready, Cooke, Blake, Peter Richings, and a host of other star? performed within its walls, "drawing crowded houses nightly." Opera, comedy, tragedy, burlesque, extravaganza, farce— succeeded each other. In those days, as now, play-going gallants espoused the cause of each attractive actress whom unsj-m- pathetic critics would place among less favored sisters in a stock company. On one occasion tliis theatre Avas the scene of a terrible row between the defenders and assail- ants of Mrs. John Wood, who was then playing a brief engagement within its walls. The gallant .lames Watj3on Webb attacked the lady's personations of several characters in his paper, the old Courier ana Enquirer, and when she appeared on the stage the same evening, she was received by a storm of alternate applause and hisses, Avhicli was succeeded by a general melee, in which the house was practically converted into a prize-ring. The police finally separated the combatants. On either side of the Park Theatre stood two memorable saloons. The first was kept by Jas. Sweeny, the father of Peter B. Sweeny, now in Paris, and James M. Sweeny, his brother, who recently died there. Both Peter B. and James M. were born in that house. The second saloon was owned by one Conroy, a brother-in-law of a '• host " well known and respected in those days, named Malachi Fallon, who subse- quently founded a cosy restaurant and social meeting-house in Elm street, whicli wa.s known by the familiar name of "The Ivy Green." We might multiply these by -gone scenes and incidents which gis'e the site of the Express and those immediately connected with it a bright and varied page in our local history. In the cause of American liberty the place where the United States played an active part against the Georges of England, and for George Washington, of the American Colonies, the same good work is ours now, and with as brilliant prospects of success before the country, we trust, as when the old liberty boys met to defend the right at the mouth of the cannon. The weapon now used is the pen. which ought to be mightier than the sword, but wliich now is too often, we fear, used to pull down rather than build up the Republic. THE BROOKLYN " EAGLE." A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. THE "EAGLE" BUILDINGS. THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS. 221 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BROOKLYN EAGLE. The Brooklyn' Eagle Is in an especial sense the journalistic representative of the city in which it is published, and it is published in the third city in the Union, in point of population, and the second in extent of area. The growth of Brooklyn has been marvelous among even American cities. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle was founded in 1842 by Isaac Van Anden, who took an active interest in its "business management up to the period of his death in 1875. Brooklyn, at the time the Eagle was started , had been incorporated as a city but about seven years, and it then contained a population of only 30,000. Its population is now over 500,000. The Eagle has steadily grown Avith the city, until it is now the most widely cir- culated evening journal published in this country. Its early contemporaries and rivals have all passed away, and, while there are three other daily papers published in Brooklyn at the present time, the newspaper business of the city may be said to be concentrated in the office of the Eagle. Designed mainly to meet the wants of a concentrated population of half a million, it is exceptional among newspapers in the compactness and universality of its circulation within the sphere of its direct influence, so that it has long ago come to be ac- cepted as a truism in Brooklyn that, " Everybody who can I'ead at all, reads the Eagle." As a medium of advertising, in order to reach the people of Brooklyn, it has no rival. The extent of its advertising patronage is exceeded by only one morning newspaper in New York, and by no evening paper in the world. Its circulation is believed to be larger than that of all the evening journals, of its class, published in New York, and is exceeded but by two or three of the Me- tropolitan morning newspapers, which, while they may have sharper competi- tion, have a more extensive constituency. The circulation of the Eagle has more than kept pace with the growth of Brooklyn. It is also sold at the princi- pal centres of resort in New York; has a considerable and growing mail circu- lation, and is recognized throughout the country as one of its most influential and prosperous journals. In proportion to its circulation, the Eagle is believed to be the cheapest advertising medium in either city. The income of the paper has grown to be very large, but in presenting not only the news of the world, l3ut the most minute reflex of the dailj'- life of Brooklyn, its expenditure has come to be so vast that rivalry with it has been found to be impossible. HOW THE EAGLE BUILDINGS ARE OCCUPIED. The Eagle is issued from the extensive printing establishment known as 2^08. 34, 36 and 38 Fulton street. These buildings extend to the adjoining street, and have been fitted up with the especial view of accommodating its business, and that of the very extensive Book and Job Printing office embraced in the establishment. These buildings are four stories in height, and are occupied as follows : On the basement floor are the newspaper folding rooms, and the rooms for the clerks engaged in selling tickets, which are in turn passed to the folders, who count off" the Eagle with a rapidity perfectly incomprehensible to those who have not seen the quickness ot the eye tested as an enumerator. At certain hours of the day the front room is given over to bustle and excitement — and to the newsdealers and •' newsboys " who impatiently await their turn to get their papers— each one eager to be first on the street with a newspaper which every- body in Brooklyn reads. On the first floor are the counting rooms, telegraph office, newspaper-file room, and private rooms of the business heads of the concern. In the counting rooms there is a " Gold and Stock Indicator," which records during business hours of the day all the operations of Wall street, ship arrivals and departures, and the principal news items of the day. The counting room is one of the most frequented centres of Brooklyn, and is usually crowded with people hav- ing business with the office. Nearly level with the first floor is a building es- pecially constructed for the accommodation of the two eight-cylinder Hoe Light- ning Presses, which can be seen from the counting rooms, from morning until late into the afternoon, and often into the night, throwing off the various edi- tions of the Eagle, at the rate of thirty-six thousand per hour. The Eagle is now stereotyped, and hence its "forms "can be printed at the same time on THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS. both presses. Thf' Eagle is the only evening newspaper in the country printed on the Hoe Lightning Presses, which is under the necessity of duplicating its forms by stereotyping. The rear building, fronting on Doughty street, is occu- pied by the numerous presses required by the Job Office Department. The second floor is devoted exclusively to the business of the Book and Job offices. Several weekly newspapers are printed hex-e, and every description of work is turned out in large quantities. The third floor— Very nearly one-half of this floor is devoted to the use of the editorial and reportorial staff employed upon the paper. Seven rooms, mn- ninrs. Mr. Smith devotes his attention exclusive'y to the literary management of the paper, and while each partner is in a measure independent in his own sphere, perfect harmony prevails. The Publication Department is between the two offices just mentioned . The 232 THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS cashier and the receiving and mail clerks occupy this portion of the building The sides of the room are faced with boxes containing hade numbers of the NEW York Weekly, for which there is a constant demand. THE MAILING ROOM. The mailing room is on the second floor of No. 29. Numerous clerks nre here kept busy putting the names of new subscribers in the mail books, writing wrappers, and preparing for the post-office the immense edition whicli each week is forwarded to mail subscribers. EDITORIAL ROOMS. The editorial rooms are directly over the publication department. On one side of tlie room is the library— a collection of useful works of reference. The great variety of information supplied by this 1 ibrary may be inferred by glancing over the correspondence column of the New York Weekly. Authors cannot object to our terming the editoi-ial department '• the council chamber of a literary grand jury." Here a juiy of four experienced journalists sit in judg- ment upon the various manuscripts receivetl. Upon their decision rests the hopes and fears of thousands of writers who have sought the New York Weekly as a medium to spread their productions broadcast throughout the land. THE ENGRAVING DEPARTMENT. The engraving department is on the same floor with the editorial rooms. The blocks from which the illustrations are printed are here engraved by a corps of competent artists. The subjects for illustration are usually selected by the editors, but sometimes by the draughtsmen. THE COMPOSITION ROOM. The composition room is on the fourth floor, over the editorial rooms. Here are arranged in proper order the multitudinous types which each week impart to the world instruction, entertainment, and amusement. Here the interesting stories, the suggestive essays, the stirring poems, and mirth-arousing anecdotes are converted from manuscripts, letter by letter, and word by word, into square ♦« forms " of type, ready for the electrotyper. So large is the circulation of the New York Weekly that nine sets of plates are taken by the electrotypei.' These duplicates are absolutely necessarj-, as nine presses, working night and day, are required to print the immense edition of the New York Weeky. THE PRESS-ROOM. The press-room is in the building No. 27 Rose street. In this department the nine presses, moved by an engine of 169 horse-power, may be seen at work, night and day, throwing off the printed sheets, ready for the counter, who counts and arranges the papers in bundles of fifty. One man is constantly employed count- ing the New York Weekly, and performs no other dutj^his entire time being occupied in this work. When the edition is all printed, it is conveyed in wagons to the establishment of the American News Companj'-, the wholesale agents, by whom it is distributed to the various retail agents throughout the country. The Boys of the World, a paper intended for tlie instruction and entertain- ment of the rising generation, is also published by Street & Smith. This paper, although but seven months established, has a circulation of over 60,000 copies, and is greatly admired by the young folks. Tlie Mammoth Monthly Reader is another publication issued by Street & Smith. This, also, has a wide circulation, chiefly among mail subscribers, to whom it is sent at the low price of seventy-flve cents per year. THE NEW YORK " CLIPPER." A SKETCH FOU THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAT. NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. Issued originally on April 30, 1853, this is the oldest sporting paper in America. Its editor at the beginning is its editor to-day, and this enables the paper to be consistent with itself. Its reports are the work of trained minds, who have seen years of associated service ; its summaries are compiled with care, so as to be a reference for all time ; its comparative reliability has passed into a proverb, and its decisions xipon mooted points are solicited from almost everj' known quarter. Recognized for more than twenty years as the favored organ of the sporting community in America, since 1855 it has steadily grown in popular regard as the leading amusement journal of America. It is a reflex of every phase of show life; its correspondents, almost ubiquitous, are numerous; its reports of amusements are fuller than those of any other journal published on this continent, while covering a greater area of country ; audits constant aim is to furnish facts, which are unchangeable and endure, rather than opinions, which fluctuate and perish. Its many and well- stored columns regu- larly devoted to tlie movements of estab- lished performers, to the erection and opening of new thea- tres and halls and the closing of old ones, to the produc- tion of new plays upon the legitimate stage and of new acts in the variety, minstrel or circus line, and to the dehvt of new performer- and the whereabouts of temporarily re- tired ones, have of late years been sup- plemented by an old- bill department, to which many of our leading actors, min- strels and cii'cus peo- ple are occasional contributors. These old playbills, while recalling pleasant memories, serve to brush away the cob- webs of time, and in many instances of error. The New York Clipper is a paper for everybody — a ilaily and a weekly combined. In it are original serials, bright tales, humor- ous sketches and dia- logues, songs, glees and poems, News of the Week, Record of then. X. •OLIPi'Kij" ii(Jli.DlN< the Deaths of Prominent Individuals, Clipper Post-office List, and, finally, the department known as Answers to Correspondents, which, although from time to time treating of almost every known subject, are especially serviceable to persons seeking information concerning amusements or sports, the most trust- worthy and complete record of both of which are the files of the paper. The questions thus answered weekly have the supreme merit of being bona fide; and, apart from the instruction they aflfoi'd, the answers are invaluable as de- termining disputes alike in the social circle and among pi-ofessional people. The New York Clipper is essentially a journal of record and of reference. It is to be expected that a newspaper possessing so many features, and in its fifty-six long columns of compact type covering so vast a field, should be in demand in the business community. The extent of this demand is attested weekly by advertisements filling several pages, making public proclamation of manifold industries, and representing a thousand ditTerent interests. It has 234 THE GllEAT I^EAVSPAPERS created a special class of advertisers, and yet all classes avail themselves of its columns, for its moderate tariff places it within reach of all. Its rates of adver- tising are ; For cards coming under the head of Amusements, fifteen cents per line for each insertion ; forcardsof a Miscellaneous or Sporting c\viiYix,ctiiv, twenty cents per line ; for Notices, such as extracts from other papers and incorporated in News Departments (not to be inserted more than once), thirty cents per line. The terms are cash, with a reduction of twenty per cent, on all advertisements paid for three months in advance. The paper has no advertising agents, and has never solicited an advei'tisement. The subscription prices are $5 per annum, $2.50 for six months, and $1.25 for three months; single copies, 10 cents. To clubs of four or more a reduction of fifty cents is made on each single subscription ; but subscribers in Canada and the British Pi'ovinces are charged $1 per annum extra, to cover postage. No subscriptions in New York City are taken. All business letters or communications must be addressed to Frank Queen, Editor and Proprietor Niow York Clipper, corner of Centre and Leonard streets, New York, where the paper occupies an elegant biillding expressly erected for it in 1869. " TIMES." TROY, N. Y. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAFEK EXHIBITION. The TuoY Times was I'oundecl in 1851 by Francis & Thompson. The lattei- retired in about one year, and John M. Francis continued the paper alone as edi- tor and publisher until 1863, wlien Henry O'R. Tucker became his jjartner and tlie business manager of the concern. The Times is one of tlie most succcessful jour- nals in New York State, and enjoys a larger advertising patronage than any other paper in the State outside of the cities of New York and Biooklyn. Its circula- tion is nearly double that of any daily in the State not metropolitan, and it is the favorite journal, not only in tlie city of Troy, but also in Northern New York and the adjacent portions of Vermont and Massachusetts. Its area of circulation and influence extends from Troy northward along botli shores of Lake Chain- plain to the very borders of Canada. '0>S' -n>:;""'^//f'-^ . ••TI]VIES" BUILDING. The Times has an influence commensurate with its business success, and its opinions and sentiments on all subjects are widely quoted, and command general attention. Its editor Hon. John M. Francis, has achieved almost a national reputation in his profession; while as a diplomatic rep- resentative of our government at the court of Greece from 1872 to 1871, when he resigned the i^osition, and as a traveler his name is well known in distinguished and educated circles in Europe. The Times is published in an elegant iron building costing upwards of $1.50,000, and its office appointments are unusually complete in detail and perfect in arrangement. Tlie building occupies one of the most valuable sites in the city of Ti-oy. It is four stories high, surmounted by a French roof with towers, and presents a very imposing architectural appearance. Its dimensions are 1:30 feet in length by 50 in width. The papei is printed upon a four-cylinder Hoe rotary press, but its proprietors are now contemplating the purchase of a web perfecting machine, with which to lay its large and constantly-increasing edition more quickly and satisfac- torily before its readers. The Times is Republican in its political convictions, and an earnest advocate of the principles of that party. During the war, so heartily had it espoused the cause of the government, that in the draft riot in the city of Troy, July, 1863, its office was mobbed, and all its type and material THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS destroyed. The Times is a folio 29x41 inches in size, and contains eight columns upon each page. On Saturdays the size of the paper is increased by the addi- tion of one cohimn per page, in order to accommodate the pressure upon its advertising department. The system which prevails in the management of its business departments— especially in the arrangement and classification of its advertisements— is perfect in detail and admirably carried out. This, together with the large circulation of the paper, and the relative cheapness of its adver- tising rates compared with those of journals of inferior circulation , makes its col umnsso attractive and valuable to all who desire to reach the public through the press. The Times is admirably printed, and typographicallj- is excelled in appear- ance by no daily journal anywhere. It is a representative newspaper every way— in the clearness and freshness of its editorial discussions, in the unrivalled excellence of its news department and miscellaneous selections and in the full- ness and intelligence of its correspondence from all parts of the world. As a newspaper simply, it ranks with the best in this country ; while as an advertis- ing medium it has no equal (in fact no single journal approaches it) in the ter- ritorial limits to which its circulation is conliued. "THE EVENING BULLETIN," SAN FRANCISCO. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION This journal was foundecl in 1855, at a time when corruption in public affairs at San Francisco had become the rule, and all the avenues of justice were so completely in possession of the vicious classes, that virtue scarcely dared to raise its head There was slight exaggeration in the assertion often made in those days, that a ruffian thirsting for the blood of an enemy, or desiring to remove some human obstacle from his own path, could bai'gain in advance, with sheriflfs and courts, and definitely ari-ange the sum for which he should be put through the forms of a bogus trial, and acquitted of the murder which he contemplated. Gamblers, thieves and ballot-box stuffers were the terror of the cities. The great majority of the people silentlj'^ mourned this condition of affairs, but seemed powerless. The desperadoes were organized, and therefore formidable. The honest masses were without organization, and so their senti- ments were not consolidated and embodied in action. It was in this condition of society that the Evening Bulletin came into existence. Its aim was, first, to interest the people by providing the fullest and most reliable news; and when its audience was thus secured, its second effort was addressed to the task or arousing public indignation against the vicious classes, and to concen- trate a sound sentiment for aggressive warfare upon them. It not only ex- posed the criminal acts which were sapping the foundations of society, but boldly named the men who perpetrated or were responsible for them. From its first hour it was a success, morally and financially. The masses rallied to the support of its utterance of truths which were already in the heads and hearts of all good citizens, and which now found voice and expression through a fearless and independent journal. Its founder lost his life at the hands of one whose iniquities it had exposed. Then the people arose en masse, in the vigil- ance committee of 1856, visited swift and sure justice upon assassins, drove ballot-box stuffers, corrupt officials and criminals of every grade beyond the borders of the State, and initiated the reform movement which has freed San Francisco from debt and kept it free, and which has given it, ever since, the best average municipal government to be found upon the continent. The Bulletin's existence has been somewhat stormy. It is ever the foe of jobbers against public interest, and of corporations and monopolies when they abuse their power to oppress the people. Necessarily it has challenged the ill will of the selfish and corrupt ; but it has constantly won the approval of all who set the true interests of the masses above the gi-eed of the few. Sometimes it has, for a few days, been thought to be in error, when it pointed out some pub- lic wrong and persistently warned the people against its consummation. But in- variably the result has vindicated its wise foresight, and the cavils ol doubters have been turned into paeons of praise. Subsidized journals have been started, time and again, to draw off its business, limit its power and cripple its influence ; but the people, to whom it was ever faithful, have adhered to it with as singular fidelity, and " the gates of hell " have not prevailed against it. A memoiublc instance of its faithfulness against powerful and threatening influences, and of the defeat of those who, whether ignorantly or maliciously, sought its destruc- tion, is fresh in the memory of all. During the autumn of last year it persist ently opposed a job, secretly engineered by the then President of the Bank of California, to saddle the city of San Francisco with a debt of many milions, ostensibly for the purchase of city water works, but really in order that the bank President might reap for himself over $3,000,000 of profit, out of more than double that sum which was to be taken from the city in excess of the true value of the property to be sold. To this end he had corrupted and controlled political 238 THE GREAT JfEWSPAPBRS conventions and demoralized political parties to an alarming degree. Day by day he denied the facts, and vicious journalists were subsidized to lavish false- hood and abuse upon the Bulletin's conductors, in the hope of silencing its batteries or impairing their effectiveness. Just then the Bank of California sus- pended, and, simultaneously, its president met his tragic end. The panic and wild confusion which followed were terrible and severe. For a brief time a part of the public was made to believe that the Bulletin had done injustice to the bank President, and had precipitated or created the evils associated with his failure and death. But soon the truth came out; his leading connection with the water job stood confessed; his responsibility for squandered millions and his betrayal of his old and best friends and most sacred trusts were all revealed. Then the Bulletin was vindicated once moi-e, and its influence, circulation, power and patronage became greater than ever before. The Bulletin is in all respects a first-class journal. Nothing is admitted to its editorial, news or advertising columns that can offend the most fastidious sentiment or taste. Thus it is essentially a family paper. Its financial articles and market reports are carefully prepared, and kept scrupulously free from all speculative influence. For these reasons it is found in every banking institution and all first-class mercantile establishments. It presents a rare instance in which an evening journal is recognized as the financial authority in a great mart of commerce and trade. Independent in all things, but neutral in nothing, its opinions upon public topics are as freely and explicitly declared as they are carefully considered and adopted. Thus its influence upon public affairs is deep and strong; and seldom has an unfaithful public servant been able to stand up under its criticism^ or has any unjust measure survived its earnest assault. There are few journals in the country which can present such a record; but it is one which every well-informed and truthful Californian will accord it without hesitation. As a literary journal it has no superior on tne Pacific, and its very large weekly as well as daily circulation supplies the reading community with a great variety of miscellaneous matter, embracing the whole field of public affairs, current events tliroughout the world, agriculture, manufactures, practical philosophy as applied to popular wants, and whatever else it is the office of good journalism to supply. A glance at its columns will attest the high estimation in which it is held by advertisers who desire t o reach the intelligent and cultivated classes; it attests also the fact that the Bulletin affords its proprietors an adequate reward for the intelligence, energy and enterprise which mark its conduct in every department. The Bulletin Company consists of Messrs. LORiNG Pickering and George K. Fitch, who have been prominent in Cali- fornia journalism fi'om its earliest date, and J. W. Simonton, long known in connection with the New York Daily Times, and during the last ten years as o-eneral agent and executive officer of the Associated Press. THE MORNING CALL," SAN FRANCISCO. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OP THE CENTENNIAL NEM^SPAPER EXHIBITION. This journal was establislied in 1856. It was then little larger than a letter sheet, hut was eagerly sought hy the multitude who could not afford to buy other newspapers at the high prices then general in the Golden State. Gradually its dimensions increased with its growing prosperity, until in 1869, when it came into the hantls of its present proprietors, with a daily circulation of about 11.000 copies. At this time it was aboirt the present size of the New York Sun, The new proprietors put into the concei*n abundant capital, and, what was of more importance, the experience of a lifetime employed in successful jour- 7ialism. Having procured an eight-cylinder Hoe Lightning Press and other machinery for its use, its dimensions were again increased, until it became the largest paper in America published at its price, or in the world, with the pos- sible exception of the London Telegraph. The subscription rate is 12^ cents weekly, per six issues, or 15 cents including the Sunday edition. Now, the pressure upon its advertising columns compels the printing of a full-sized double sheet on Sundays and a half sheet supplement twice per week. The circulation of the Morning Call is most remarkable when we consider that the population of the entire State, excluding 100,000 Chinese, does not exceed 7oO,000, and that 250,000 is a liberal estimate for San Francisco itself. For more than two j'^earsthe Call's circulation has exceeded an average of 30,000 daily. At this time it is above 33.500 per day, and still rising. When one reflects that this is equal to one copy for every seven and a half men, women, and childi-en in the city, it will be seen to be a marvellous evidence of success. A similar per centage to the 1,500,000 population (a low estimate) of New York and its imme- diate suburbs, would give the journal enjoying it a circulation of more than 200,000 copies daily. That there is no exaggeration iw the Call's claim on this score is readily established, because its proprietors freely admit to their press- room any respectable party, at any time, to inspect its work and satisfy himself. Its i-egular shipment from New York City of 2,600 reams of printing paper per month, for use of the Call, will also attest itsiwonderful circulation to parties at the East who, naturally enough, can scarcely understand the possibility of such a patronage. It follows that the Morning C allIs in the hands of all classes. No matter what other newspaper he takes, the intelligent reader adds the Call. The poor, the rich, the merchant, banker, farmei", trader, mechanic, artisan — all, fi'om the highest to the humblest, buy and read it. Advertisers crowd to it, because they have learned that no other journal can give such wide publicity to their wants or wares. The journal is pre-eminently a newspapei'. Entirely independent in politics, while it gives all parties fair and equal representation, it avoids pai'tisan discussion of any question in such manner as to offend honest differ- ences of opinion among honest men. But, like the Evening Bulletin, it has a heavy hand for rogues, and is swift to expose and oppose public abuses or wrongs, no matter how powerful the influences or combinations by which they are attempted. To this steady support of the best interests of poor and rich alike is to be attributed much of the Call's success. "THE BEE," OMAHA, NEB, A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. The Bee, a Republican journal published at Omaha City, Nebraska, is one of a few newspapers in the West that has attained prominence in American Joumalism. It was first launched into existence by its present proprietor, Mr. Edward Rosewater, in June, 1871. Though bitterly opposed at the outset by the then established Omaha journals, both Republican and Democratic, through fear of competition and jealousy, its fearless and honest course, coupled with the varied and spicy character of its news matter, gained for it the approbation of the general public, and made it a popular journal among the masses. Its circulation has from its incipiency had a steady growth, both at home and abroad. Recog- nizing the want of a Western journal in the Western countiy, and the facilities which Omaha as a i-ailway center affords for news gathering, its founder and present publisher has made it his aim to study Western interests and develop the agricultural and mineral resources of the West by bringing them forcibly before the public. In this endeavor every etfort to gather and place before the public in an interesting form items of passing events and facts bearing upon the undeveloped resources of the West has been made. The price of the Daily Bee has been fixed at $8 per annum, and the Weekly at $2, rates which from their reasonable nature have made the Bee of easy access to all. The Bee is the first newspaper in the Trans-Missouri country that has issued regularly a series of illustrated editions setting forth in a verj-- striking form the events and improvements of each year. It is the only journal in the West that maintains a regular corps of travelling and local correspondents. Its CIRCULATION, owing to this wide scope of its news, has become general, extending through nearly every town for eleven hundred miles west of Omaha. The Daily Bee is now a 36-column journal, and is the only daily west of the Mississippi that issues two editions daily, one in the evening and one in the morning. The morning issue is expressly prepared for its Western readers, to supply them with news almost up to the hour of the departure of the mails. Although over one thousand miles away, the Daily Bee has a very extensive circulation in Salt Lake City and other Utah towns. In Wyoming, a territory only developed in the past few years, the Daily Bee circulates over 400 copies. In Omaha City its daily circulation is nearly 2,000. It is delivered to the city subscribers by eleven carrier boys, six of whom are mounted on horseback. THE WEEKLY BEE. In the past two years the demand for the Weekly Bee has become so great that it has been deemed advisable to enlarge it to an eight-page, 56-column journal. This enables the publisher to furnish its readers with a large portion of the varied and interesting correspondence which appears in the daily during the week. Its circulation extends through Western Iowa, Nebraska, Dakota, Wyoming, Utah, and the other Territories, and is rapidly increasing. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT. This is presided over by Mr. Edward Rosewater, who is also the publisher. His literary acquirements and terseness have made him well known through- out the West. Mr. Rosewater speaks four languages with fluency. On the occasion of Rochefort's tour through the United States, after his romantic escape from imprisonment, Mr. Rosewater secured the first successful interview with that individual, and received creditable notices for this efl'ort by the Chicago and New York metropolitan journals. The local news department is THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS 241 managed by the city editor, Mr. Alfred Sorcnsen, a former student of Harvard College, who is a practical printer as well as a stenographic reporter. The Bee also keeps three regular travelling correspondents, who visit every section of Nebraska and the Territories each year. Aside from these, special local correspondents are maintained by the Bee at San Francisco, Salt Lake City, Custer City, Lincoln, Neb., and also a special correspondent at Philadel- pliia during the Centennial. THE BUSINESS DEPARTMENT. This is in charge of Andrew Rosewater, manager, and consists of an accountant, mailing clerk, superintendent of citj'- circulation, and messenger. The number of employes in the entire establishment are forty-two. There has been an average of three tons per month of news paper consumed in the past year. Thirt^'-five newsboys sell the i)aper daily upon the streets. The enterprise of the Bee has been acknowledged by the Western press generally. It lately issued a fincly-illuslrated supplement, showing the city of Cheyenne in detail. It now has in hand a supplement of the scenerj^ of the Black Hills and mining districts, which will be is ;ued in the early part of May. THE NASHVILLE (TENN.) AMERICAN. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. This paper and its predecessors in regular line have existed for more than fifty years in this city. There were the National Banner and the Nashville Re- pnhlican. These were united under the name oi BepubUcan Banner, which itself had an existence of more than half a century. Then there was the Union, established in 1835, under the auspices of Jackson in his contest against nullification. After- wards, in 1849, the Centre State American was established ag a Democratic paper, which, in 1850, was merged into the Union under the name of Union and American. These two papers, the Republican Manner and the Union and American, were the representatives of the party sentiment of Tennessee during all the exciting periods of its political history— the former being Whig and the latter Democrat. The great names of Jackson, White, Bell, Polk, Johnson and others who have impressed their names on the country's history, have fought their glorious battles of principle through these columns. On the l.st of September, 1875, the Union and American and the Reptiblican Banner were consolidated under the name of The American, and its proprietors trust that in this name it will be printed for all time to come The last fusion and change of name was no more a matter of business than a matter of putiiotism. The general unanimity in the sentiments of the people of the State suggested the change on political and patriotic considerations, and the business view conceded it. It now wields the leading influence in the State. THE AMERICAN Has now a positive circulation much greater than that claimed by any news- paper published in the States of the South, except Kentuckj-, Missouri and Louisiana. Its united editions exceed several which claim the greater number. It has a firm hold on the confidence of the people, because it has never deceived them; and we are gratified to say that in spite of the " hard times" its subscrip- tion lists are greater than those of both its immediate predecessors, and greater than any paper ever had in Tennessee. Address The Americ.vn, Nashville. "THE SHOE AND LEATHER REPORTER." A SKETCH FOU THE HOOK OV THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. The Shoe and Leather Reporter is the oldest industrial newspaper pub- lished in this country— the pioneer of its class— leading the van of the great army of " Trade papers" which register the progress of nearly every branch of business conducted in the United States at the present time. The Reporter was founded in August. 18.57, and made its first appearance as a semi-monthly. Its circulation and business increased, and it was issued weekly at the end of the first six months. It has since been enlarged, until it is now almost ten times the size ot the original sheet. To the casual observ^er there might seem, to be little of importance to chronicle in the lines of shoes and leather, unless it might be records of prices or diy statistical figures ; such, however, is not the case. There is no product in which the chemical change is more Intricate and interesting than in that of the manufacture of leather from hides and skins ; no industiy is pursued where the aid of a greater or more varied amount of machinery is I'equired than in the production of boots and shoes, and, vv^ith the single exception of agriculture, no branch of business in this country employs so large a capital or requires a greater exercise of skill. So much for the mechanical part. As a mercantile interest it stretches to every quarter of the globe. The work of collecting and disseminating information in every branch of these great industries, and of defining the relations they bear to each other, is immense, and the publisher employs the best capacitj" obtainable for a thorough and careful compilation of the market report^, as well as the most intelligent criticism of the various inventions and theories introduced to the trades. The circulation extends • throughout all the States of the Union, and it has a considerable list of subscribers in Europe, and in the East and West Indies, South America, and in fact every country where hides and skins are a product, or shoes and leather a necessity. It is under the editorial charge of a gentleman who has pursued from boyhood the business of making and dealing in leather, and has an extensive acquaint- ance with men engaged in all the various branches of the trade at home and abroad. Experience and knowledge combine to qualify him to represent the views and express the sentiments of his co-laborers in the great industry to which the paper is exclusively devoted. He is supported by able assistants in the three cities; by capable coiTesposdents in the West, the South and the chief foreign marts . Mr. Jackson S. Schultz, who is thoroughly well versed in the prac- tice and theoiy of the tanning trade, is a regular contributor to its columns. He is at present engaged upon a serial work, defining and illustrating all the details and mechanical processes ot the art of tanning, the initialichapter of which was published in the first issue of the current year. A supplementary pattern sheet is published quartei'ly, containing the latest styles of boots and shoes, giving exact directions for reproducing the various styles. It is artistic in execution, and is a prominent feature of the paper, being looked for and preserved. The compilation of the statistics of the trade necessitates an amount of care and labor which can only be appreciated by those who have occasion to refer to the semi-annual tables; they are accepted by the trade as a valuable aid in their transactions. The Shoe a:,d Leather Reporter is published simultaneously in New York, Boston and Philadelphia by Isaac H. Bailey. The svibscription price is $3.50 a year. The New York office is at 17 Spruce street, the Boston office at lUHighstreet, and the Philadelphia office at 149 South Fourth street. THE "ILLINOIS STAATS ZEITUNG." A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. Of those German newspapers published in the United States, which have for a number of years exerted a positive and decisive influence upon public opin. ion, there is, in the great Northwest, none that could claim to excel or even to equal the Illinois Staats Zeitung of Chicago. The Illinois Staats Zeitung, established at a time when the great metropolis of the Lake region was a town of barely 20,000 inhabitants, has grown, botli in its value as a newspaper and in the influence wielded by it upon many thousands of readers, in proportion with the wonderful development of its place of publication. It is, and has been for almost half a generation, a recognized political power, perhaps so to a greater extent than any other German daily paper in the country. In this respect not only does the Illinois Staats Zeitung fully rank with its Chicago contempo- raries published in the English language, but it has on several occasions suc- cessfully defied and actually de- feated in some ot the hottest political c o n - tests a combina- tion of the en- tire English press of Chica- go, without any exception. In Germany it is probably better known and more widely quoted than any other German- American daily paper, except its New York name- sake. building. There must be good reasons for such success other than mere good luck or the impoi'tance of the city where the Zeitung is issued. Such reasons may be found in the in- tense positive- ness of mind, the perfect in- dependence ot opinion, and the trenchant keen- ness of judg- ment displayed in the discussion of all questions of public inter- est in the col- umns of the Il- linois Staats Zeitung: and '• illinios staats zeitung also in the completeness, variety, and freshness of its news; in its careful selec- tion of the gist of foreign newspapers; and in the excellence of its corres- pondence. The remark has frequently been made by German- Americans, tem- porarily residing in their native country, that they found a gi'eater amount of intei-esting and important news from Germany in the columns of the Illinois Staats Zeitung than in the great papers easily accessible to them in Germany itself. The comments of the Illinois Staats Zeitung upon the public affairs of Germany have often, on account of their thoroughly American independence of thought and directness of expression, been quoted, and been either highly commended or angrily discussed by leading newspapers of Ger- many. As an evidence of the position generallj' accorded to the Illinois Staats Zeitung abroad, the fact may be mentioned here, that, beside Mr. Smalley of the N. Y. Tribune, the chief editor of the Illinois Staats Zeitung is the onlj' American editor to whom the Chancellor of the German Empire, Prince Bismarck, has accorded an extended interview, the record of which Avas, at the 244: THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS time, translated and copied from the Illinois Staats Zeitung into many hun- dreds of newspapers in this country, in England, Germany, and even in France. In the quality of its reading matter the Illixois Staats Zeitdxg is the sec- ond German-American newspaper, ranking immediately next to its New York namesake. Its circulation is the largest of all German dailies, excepting only the New York Staats Zeitung a.nc}, perhaps, one daily published in the West. Its weekly issue is widely circulated all over the Northwestern States, and iniis efficiency as an advertising medium is superior to almost any other weekly- publication in the Northwest. When, in October, 1871, the city of Chicago seemed to be wiped out from the iace of the earth by the great fire, the Illinois Staats Zeitung was a greater sufferer than any other paper published in Chicago, for this reason: that not only its entire establishment (including files and safes with books) was utterly destroyed, but all its editors, reportors, clerks, compositors, pressmen, with the exception of barely half a dozen were •"burned out'" of their homes and per- sonal property. It took two or three daj's to gather up a mere handful of the employees of the paper and to provide a temporarj' abode. Then there arose the further difficulty that, while English tj^pe could be had in abundance within call, it took weeks to procure the required quantity of German type. In fact, the struggle against the effects of that terrible calamity to many would have appeared utterly hopeless. And yet, after having been printed in Milwaukee for a few weeks, twenty days after the great fire the Illinois Staats Zeitdng was issued again in its old size from its own press, and fiftj' daj'S after the fire it enlarged its size and the amount of reading matter by one-sixth over what it had been before the fire. The hackneyed metaphor ot the Phcenix rising from its ashes would not seem out of place in this connection. In rebuilding Chicago the Illinois Staats Zeitcng would not be found be- hindhand. A site for a permanent home was selected vrithin one square from the heart of the business center of tlie city, the Board of Trade building, the new Court House, the W. U. Telegraph, and Military Headquarters building. Fronting Washington street (10 feet) and extending 110 feet on Fifth avenue, the Illinois Staats Zeitung block covers an area of 4,400 square feet. Its height from the floor of the basement to the roof is 100 feet, making it the tallest building but one within five squares in each direction. The architecture is of that chaste and massive style of modern renaissance to which the new portions of the great cities of Europe owe their proudly dignified, monumental aspect. The orna- mentation is in excellent taste and superior to that of any other public or private building in Chicago. For, while the statues of Franklin and Gutenberg, raised over the porticoes of the two main entrances, happily denote the char- acter and purposes of the building, the top of the house is beautifully and appropriately ornamented by five life-size statues, representing Science, Indus- trj--, Agriculture, Commerce, and Justice. These were cast in Paris, while a very characteristic and expressive center piece, representing the reclining figures of Columbia and Germania, is the conception of a French artist who has made Chicago his home. The Illinois Staats Zeitung enjoys a prosperity which it may justly be proud of, since it maj^ see in it a hearty recognition bj^ the people of its unceasing efforts, not only to satisfy, but to anticipate the wants of its readers. Its circu- lation since the great fire has so increased, that in order to issue its large edi- tion in proper time for early distribution, it has to stereotj-pe its forms and print them from a Bullock press capable of turning off 14,000 copies in an hour. Standing upon the firm foundation of established success, shaken as little by the financial crisis of 1S73 as by the great fire of 1871, the Illinois Staats Zeitung may, without fear of being charged with self-conceit, lay just claim to the des- ignation as one of the representative newspapers of this country. "WESTLICHE POST," ST. LOUIS, MO. ,^ie gviJ^tc un^ vcrbvcitetftc bcutfd)c 3citung im aaScftcn/ A SKETCH FOR THE liOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. It has been pronouncecl that *' The progress of a country is best indicated bt/ the groioth of its newspapers ; " and the present position of the Westliche Post —foremost in rank among the daily journals of the Western States of America— clearly proves this assertion. The career of this paper during the compai-atively few years of its history, marks the success which hardly ever fails when industiy, perseverance and able and faithful management are united in conducting a newspaper in this coun- try. The Westliche Post has fairly kept even step with the development of the West, and in clear and cloudy days foremost stood up for general progress at home and abroad and for the inter- est of the German element, w h i c h for ever has repre- sented this posi- tion in the history of the United States. Established Sep- tember 27, 1857, it was then a small paper of little in- fluence and of small cix'culation, while it now ranks among the leading journals of this country, with an average circulation of more than fifteen thousand copies, and since April, 3874, is fairly es- WESTLICHE post" BUILDIMG. tablished in its own fine building Southwest cor NER op Fifth and Market Streets, St. Louis, Mo., on the most promi- nent thoroughfare of the Queen City of the Mississippi Valley, right op- posite the court- house, and in the most prominent and central loca- tion within the citj-. The Westliche Post is published in folio size, and has a daily, week- ly and Sunday edi- tion, each of four pages, the pages ot the daily and Sun The Sundav edition is ac- day having nine columns, and those ot the weekly ten companied by an eight-page supplement, the Mississippi Blaetter. The West- liche Post circulates in every State and Territory of the great West and South, from Ohio to the Pacific shore, and from the far Northwest to the Gulf. It has a larger circulation than any other German dailj"- paper published west of New York, and as air advertising medium is surpassed by none. It is incorporated according to the laws of the State of IVCissouri. Arthur Olshausen, Esq., is the president, Messrs. E. Preetorius and Carl Schurz are the editors, and Gustavus A. Olshausen, Esq., is the treasurer and secretar.y. It is not strange that with the co-operation in its management of gentlemen possess- ing the exceptional ability of Mr. Carl Schurz, it should have acquired its great moral influence, as well as its commercial value, in respect to the German pop- ulation of the West. Its always-crowded advertising columns show peculiarly that its excellence is acknowledged and realized by the public in general, and not only by a fragmentary class or nationality. Its serried advertisements re- 246 THE GKEAT i^EWSPAPERS mind a person of every branch of commerce, finance, and trade, of things domestic and foreign, and in short, of every department of human life. The names of its local advertisers do not merely consist of those betokening a Ger- manic origin, but savor of nativities quite distant from the Rhine. This would of itself be very favorable evidence. ]\Ien of moderate or ordinary trade or business are not apt to resort to publications in foieign laixguages for the adver- tising of that which they have, unless they are imbued with a decided belief in the standing and merits as an advertising medium, if not as a general newspa- per, of a publication of this character selected by them. No one can deny that tht! Westliche Post possesses this standing and these merits to an unusual de- gree, both as a general newspaper and as an advertising medium. It has no superior in the West, and perhaps not elswhere, in regard to celerity and enter prise in laying before its readers that which is "news" in the strictest sense. Everything not out of place in a daily newspaper appears in its diurnal editions, while its Sunday issues are models of well-chosen literature. The weekly is a judicious and succinct history of the occurences of each week. The circulation which the Westliche Post enjoys represents a far greater influence than an equal circulation of an English paper. In the large and ordinarily prosperous American cities, it is not at all unusual for an individual to daily pass through the labor or diversion— in which ever way he may regard it — of perusing two or three, and sometimes even four or five, of the newspapers that circulate in his locality. He reads them all with equal attention or inattention, as his humor may lead him, and seldom allows either one of them to have the special honor of arousing his most profound reflections. A. great number of the American people, indeed, appear to regard their newspapers as something which it is their duty to criticise and to pick fault with if they can. They are capable of finding considerable amusement in seeking to invent transitory theories which shall be iitterly at variance with those advocated by the newspaper they may happen to read, and are seldom so complacent as when some opinion which they have expressed proves to be more correct than that of the newspaper. Among the Germans, however, the case is difi"erent. They look up to respectable newspa- pers as a species of paternal guides and instructors, and the feeling with which they regard the most worthy of German publications can hardly be appreciated by a critical, fault-finding, captious American mind. Though a German may not be reluctant to express his disapprobation of the course of a particular paper, he never does it with the same invectives and fierceness so frequent in America. The influence of German newspapers, indeed, is comparatively ex- treme; and the influence of the Westliche Post, with its great circulation, may be conceived. That it tvorthily possesses and wields this influence is very plain. It is a paper in which the German populace of the Western States are not and need not be ashamed to trust, and is the best existing fulfilment ot tneir ideal of a newspaper. In every respect, the Westliche Post of St. Louis may be pointed out as a proper representative of the Germans in our country —an element which bravely sustains the claim of industry and practical pro- gress, and has given Americans the lea«jt reason to regret that America is cos- mopolitan. THE MIRROR, MANCHESTER, N. H. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OV THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIIJITION. The Manchester Daily Mirror was founded in 1850, and the Weekly Mirror in 1S51, by Joseph C. Emerson. In October, 1852, both papers were purchased by John B Chirk, who has owned, edited, and published them ever since. As the Mirror grew in strengtli and influence, its owner purchased and liis establisli- nient absorbed tlie Daily American, tlie Weekly American, and tlie Neio Hampsliire Journal of Agriculture, all of whicli are now comprised and published under the Mirror headings. The Mirror and American and the Weekly Mirror and Farmer arc the most successful journals in New Hampshire. From the start money has been spent upon them with a freie hand in every department, which, with liberal dealings with friends and patrons, has put them far in advance of all rivals, and given them a circulation, influence, and advertising patronage which no other ev^en claims. Manchester, New Hampshire, is the fi!ty-flfth city in population in the United States, according to the last census— larger than any two other cities in New Hampshire. It is flfty-two miles from Boston, and is devoted to manu- facturing. Its corporations employ nine thousand persons, and liave a montlily pay-roll of three hundred and eleven thousand dollars. They use every year twenty-six thousand and one hundred tons of coal, eight thousand cords of wood, and about thirty million feet of gas. The mills have about three hundred thousand spindles, and make one hundred and forty -three miles of cloth a day. The Mancl>ester Locomotive Works can turn out fourteen locomotives a month, and the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company fifty steam firt -engines a year. To make a paper Avorthy of such a city, and one -which should find its way into nearly every familj-, and be authorized to speak for and to tlie substantial and intelligant citizens has been the aim of the publisher of the Mirror, and that he has succeeded the subscription books and daily sales of the paper fully prove. The Daily Mirror and American is an evening paper, issuing three editions each afternoon, and has a larger circulation than any other two dailies in tlie State. The Weekly Mirror and Farmer is an eight-nago sheot, of forty-eight columns, and is a general nev/s and agricultural paper. Its first and second pages are devoted to farming interests, and are filled with live and readable matter, which gives it a welcome, and makes it authority in a large proportion of the farm-houses of New Hampshire and Vermont. The other six pages are devoted to news, editorials, selections, and adver- tisements, so written and arranged as to give timely and bold expression to the convictions and opinions of honest people, and to present a complete and i*e- liable record of the world's work, wisdom, ^vorry, and wickedness during each week. The paper owns no man as master, and is the slave of no sect or party. It speaks for its readers openly, freelj', and without fear or favor. Its system of news gathering is nearly complete, and in the department of State news par- ticularly, its numerous correspondents and reporters, and a free use of the telegraph enable it to keep far in advance of its rivals. These features have introduced the Mirror, and make it a household word among all who ax-e interested in New Hampshire news and have a liking for an independent and outspoken organ of public opinion. It reaches, in large clubs, nearly every town in the Stale, and many in Vermont and Maine, and has not only an aggi'Cgate circulation larger than any 248 THE GREAT NEWSPAPEKS. other paper in the State, but larger than any other one of its class published in New England, out of Boston. Its circulation is a natural and healthy one. It employs no agents to crowd it into places where it is not welcome, and is not sent to any man who has not paid for it. Its friends are such of tlieir own volition, because it meets their wats and approves itself to their judgment; and they are friends who, when once they come, are sure to stay. The Mirror is by far the best advertising 7nedium to be found in New Hampshire. Its rates are less than three-fourths ot a cent a line for each thousand circulation. THE CLEVELAND HERALD. A SKETCH FOR THK BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. Started as a weekly, on a small sheet, and continued so until 1837, when it was issued daily. It has been since that time a pros- perous paper, until now its aggregate circulation ex- jlSEMSH^^ ceeds that of any -"^;'j paper in North^-rn The prosperity and growth of a country can be es- timated very fairly by its newspapers. The growth of the West, or what was a few years ago known as the West, has been beyond belief. Cleveland has increased since 1S30 to the present time, from a small village to a city of 175.000 inhabitants. The Herald, the oldest paper here, was established in 1819, and has done :> - j7^.iffj|'^f'V' ^^*'^'.J^^^^^ IP^'f ffiBplj' M^"ts the office, much to forward _% - ' '^^j ;'{ ?^T jv'i -^''fLy l|l^li wBi I p ^^^^ilt and occupied the progress of this i^^..::f£^^^^^ 2^^ ^-; -~--~-~i U^,!!'^' ii i ;^ by the proprietors section of Oli i ' > ^'^^^^^^^^''^^^t^^^^^^^^^ ' -T^"^^li~ some twenty years and has steadily =^,s^^i^^^My/^^-'''r^ keptpaee with that ^^^^^^^^^^iS: _ ^^:tT^^^-J^^^^" ed and convenient- increase. It was '^='!!^«Si^^^^^^^r^"=:^^-^2sb^ ly arranged for the various departments of its large business. The counting room and stock room are on the first floor. The press and engine rooms are in the basement, which •contain besideathe newspaper presses, folding machines, and duplicate boilers and engines, almost precluding the possibility of a delay of our publications from accitlent to our machinery. The editorial rooms and composing rooms are on the second floor. The three stories above are used for jobbing, book binding, electrotyping, &c. There are thirteen pressesused in job printing, besides alarge number of machines for paper cutting, card cutting, perforating, embossing, &c. in fact, it is one of the most complete offices of its size in the country. Ohio, and is printed on one of Hoe's K o t a r y Presses, eight pages, the size of the New York Herald. The engraving repi-e- THE STATE REGISTER, DES MOINES. THE LEADING PAI'ER IN IOWA. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CEXTEN'NIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. Iowa, the young giant of a State which rose almost into instant greatness, springing from an Indian hunting ground in 1840 into a rich State of nearly a million and ahalf of people in 1876, has found always its most potential adjutant in its press. The good story sent out to the world by tlie Iowa press of the fair fortune there awaiting honest industry, drew to the fertile prairies an emigra- tion of reading, cultured, enterprising people, who naturallj^ became, in turn, the stimulating patrons of the press. In keeping pace with the bounding ener- gies and wonderfully rapid development of the State, the press wasfairlj^ forced into early prominence, influence, and wealth. At the head of the vigorous papers of the vigorous young State has stood for ten years the State Register, published at Des Moines, the capital— which stirring young city, an Indian camping ground in 1848, is now a place of 20,000 people, with all the modern appointments of civilization, gas, water works, many and large manufactories, and five railways. Located at the geographical, political, and business centre of the State, the Register enjoys the benefit of commanding position and supe- rior advantages— and, with double the circulation of any of its Iowa contempor- aries, circulates largely in every county in the State, and goes abroad in the Union and to other countries as the representative Iowa paper. It has no com- petitor in Iowa as a newspaper or as an advertising medium. The daily edition is a large thirty-six column, four-page sheet, the largest paper and giving the largest amount of news and reading matter of any paper in the world, pub- lished in a city of 20,000 inhabitants. The weekly edition is a mammoth forty- column sheet of four pages; it sustains, in addition to its other features, an agricultural department, edited hy C. F. Clarkson, a practical farmer, and. an old-time editor— who makes his department an authority with Iowa farmers, and a necessity to them, thus giving' it an immense circulation among that especial class . The Register is known in newspaper circles to be the most valuable press property in the Northwest, outside of Chicago. It occupies a home— and as its own home— a fine brick building 22x100 feet in size, with three stories besides basement, all of which the establishment occupies. There is maintained with the paper the lai-gest book and job printing offices in the State, which for years have done and are now doing the State printing. The Register, its machinerj', and building are estimated at a total value of $1.50,000, and that money would not buy them, cash down. The paper is now printed on a double cylinder Hoe press, mafle expressly for it, but which will soon have to be superseded by one of double its capacity. The first aim of the State Register is to be a paper of news, next of politics, third of business, then of literature— always ot lite and vivacity. It is conducted on the live idea of never being found dull. Its proprietors— both young men, just turned into the thirties— are enthusiasts in their profession, and enamored of their paper. They were both raised in a printing office, and their lives and ambition ai-e in their work. This inspiration is the working motto of their subordinates, and every editor and every repofvev has as much pride in the paper and its success as the proprietors nave. The paper has but two owners, R. P. Clarkson, the business manager, and J. S. Clarkson, the chief editor. The money they liave invested in this now valuable 250 THE GREAT XEWSPAPEKS property is of their own gaining, earned by hard work and sheer business tact. The young proprietors of an old, fairly-established, popular, and profitable paper, they will keep the property permanently and improve it daily. The pride of the paper is in its State and city. To the upbuilding, advance- ment, and progress of both it lends every effort and every energy. In politics the paper is radical republican. But it has been guilty frequently of bolting bad nominations which its party has made. In all things the IIegisteu, as a constant and long-time i-eader of it would judge, proposes to have the independence and vigor of the prairie— to be always worth the money paid for it by anybody— to hold unrivalled excellence in its own State as a paper of news— to be the best possible advertising medium within the territory of its circulation— and, generally, to be the best and best paying paper of its size and field in the couutrv. INDEPENDENT STATESMAN, CONCORD, N.H. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. The INDEPENDENT Statesman is a large eight-page paper, Re- publican in politics, and fearless in the advocacy of its principles. It pleads earnesly for re- form, in its truest sense, and for the restoration of the government to the puritj' of the fathers. In its own State it occu- pies the foremost posi- tion as to all the ele- ments that combine to make a desirable coun- try newspaper, and in the abDity shown in its editorial columns. Its agricultural and miscel- laneous departments are especiallj' attract- ive, and its full State news makes it widely sought for both in and out of the State. In short, its fine qualities have steadilj^ advanced it in the estimation of the people, so that it has reached a circulation (10,000) almost unequalled for a countiy newspaper. It was es ablished in the year 182;5. Rei'ublican Press Association, Publishers Edavard A. Jenks, Manager. The Daily IMonitor, established in 1SG3, is one-half the size of the weekly. It finds a generous circulation in the city of Concord and the county of Merrimack. THE NEW YORK EVANGELIST. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THK CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. The New York Evangelist is in the forty-seventh year ot its publication. Its career has been a prominent one. It sprang at once into conspicuity as the champion of the I'ising cause of the slave and of temperance reform, and especially as the advocate of revivals and of a greater tolerance of new methods of aggression on the part of the Churches. Its early years were marked by great movements of population, as well as by the earnest discussion of social and religious questions. The Erie Canal was then a new and gigantic improvement— the wonder and pride of the whole North. It was the chief channel of our Vf estern trade. It bi'ought wheat and corn and furs to tide-water, and returned their equivalent. It also served as an highway and outlet for the enterprising young families of New England. They crowded its jaunty packets and settled along its borders; while many of the older residents of the region, feeling the general impulse of our westward- moving empire, covered their stout wagons with canvass and took up the long march to Ohio or remoter Michigan. (It was in the growing villages and cities of this now theatre of commercial activity that the late President Finney won his greatest successes and most enduring, fruits as a preacher of the Gospel. If is also worthy of mention liere that Lis celebrated Lectures en Kevivals were reported for and published exclusively in this paper.) Sprung of fathers who had borne the burden and heat of the day in revo- lutionary times, and in the later war with the mother country, these thrifty sons of freedom had, for the most part, the consciousness of a responsibility for the moral and intellectual culture of their growing communities beyond their own well-ordered families; and material and moral progress followed in their track as they came from New England, Eastern New York, New Jersey, and rennsylvania. Churches and schools sprang up where lately only the dense and silent forests stood. UeJigiously of several denominations, the Presbyterian and Congregational elements predominated, and these, under the then "Plan of the Union," made common cause, and the New York Evangelist, under the able conduct ot the late Dr. Joshua Lavitt, became their great mouthpiece. Recognized and sustained by such a people— the first and best of their com- munities—at a time when men's minds were beginning to be deeply stirred in. viev/ of the wrongs of slavery, and by other questions alreadj^ hinted, and standing firmly to these councils of charity and humanity, and of progress as well, in later years, when the " war of words" gave place to the more terrible "arbitrament of the sword;'' and withal never abating one iot of heart and hope in all the long struggle which followed— the New Yor.K Evangelist is enabled to look back from the vantage ground of this Centennial Year with devout thanks to God, and sincere congratulations to its many readers. It has no reason to be ashamed of its record. Since the war and the auspicious reunion of the two Assemblies of the Presbyterian Church— which reunion this paper promoted with all its power— the greatEvangelical Churches, as well as the Nation, seem to be entering upon a new era— one that betokens their enlargement and a corresponding increase of moral influence. And surely the remaining problems to be solved ere the prayer of our risen Lord shall be brouglit to pass, are such as can be best, yea, only successfully dealt with by the more general reception ot the Gospel itself. It is the only real solvent and unifyer of the nations that are now for the tirst time, by reason of swift-flying ships and trains, face to face with each other. The Evangelist, in common with an increasing number in all the Churches, looks to see the great wealth and material resources which have originated 252 THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS quite within the span of its own life, not selfishly hoarded, but more and more freely given to the furtherance of the Gospel and kingdom of Jesus Christ. Identified with a particular corps of our Lord's militant host, the Evangelist is quite content with these relations. It loves th^ order and strength of the Presbyterian Church, and seeks the things that make for her peace and progress. Mindful of its name and origin, it will continue to labor for and welcomethe return of such ingatherings as marked the time of Edwards, Wliite- field, and Finney— such as shall purifiy the social, commercial, and political relations ot the whole nation . It is taken chiefly by ministers and the more intelli- gent and reliable Church members. It has lost many old subscribers by reason ot death, but the children's names have taken the place of the fathers. They have cai-iied it from their early p]astern homes to the Rocky Mountains, and beyond. It seeks to extend its circulation everywhere throughout the Presbyterian Church. Ko longer shut out of the South, it asks for new friends there as well as at the North and West. Any complete catalogue of the names ot those who have from time to time become recognized as contributors to this paper would require several pages ot this publication. They are, or were, our best known ministers and laymen. It is hardly necessary to add that the best and ablest pens will continue to be em- ployed in its columns, and all the features of a first-class religious and family paper will be maintained. It comments upon a wide range of topics, from its proper point of view, and will include, as heretofore, a large variety of miscel- laneous and literary reading, and its special departments for the children, the Sunday school, and readers interested in rural and scientific information. Its subscription price is three dollars a year. An especially attractive feature ot the Evangelist for coming months (as 'for a full year past) will be the letters of its editor-in-chief, Rev. Henry M. Field, on his way around the world. It is seldom that a series of letters have been so generally quoted by the press of the country, and so constantly refer- red to as a source of instruction and delight, both in the editorial and business cori-espondence of the paper. We may add that it is probable, in response to the wishes thus expressed, that their author will issue them in a more perma- nent form on his return home. When last heard from, Dr. Field was just quitting India, And we cannot better close this brief and inadequate .sketch of the journal which he has man- aged now for more than twenty years (with the assistance of his partners, the Rev, Wm. Bradford a short and Dr. J. G. Craighead a longer time), than by quot- ing the closing paragraph of the last letter to hand from that remote quarter. Dr. Field T%'rites : "And here I take leave of the readers of the Evangelist for several weeks, as we are just 'launching off' from this part of Asia into what seems almost like boundless space. On Monday morning, the 13th of March, we leave India for Burmah. Crossing the Bay of Bengal we shall proceed first to Rangoon, and then down the coast to Maulmain, Malacca, Penange, and Sin- gapore, stopping a diiy or two at each point, and thus taking in the whole voy- age seventeen days— twice as long as ic took us to cross the Atlantic. From Singapore we may go up the Gulf of Siam to Bangkok, or proceed direct to Hong Kong. At Singapore we are almost exactly on the ojiposite side of the globe from the longitude of New York, In due time we hope to emerge from this wilderness of islands and oceans, and come around on * the right side' of the planet, which is, of course, the American side. Our letters will hereafter go East across the Pacific, instead of West across India, and Egypt, and Europe, and the Atlantic. THE WATCHMAN,". BOSTON, MASS. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAI. NEWSPAPEK EXHIBITION. The Watchman is, with a single exception, the oldest religious weekly news- paper in the United States. In character and in reputation, in quality as in age it is the first journal of its denomination. It was founded in 1S19, and is, there- fore, now in its fifty-seventh year. The Christian Watchman, the original paper, was the only Baptist journal m New England until IbiO. lu that year the Christian Beflectoi^ was established. The two papers were united in 1848, under the double name of Watchman and Reflector. The new journal grewinpop- ■ ularity, under the editorship of Rev. John W. Ohnstead, D.D.,and the efficient business management of Mr. D. S. Ford, now of the Youth'' s Com- i panion, until in 1867 its circu. lation was more than 20,000 copies. In that year a new Ii| departure was taken. The Ijr paper was doubled in size and ' became the first to assume the eight page form now so common with the religious weeklies. The Christian Era, another Baptist paper, which was moved from Lowell to Boston in 1856, being more radical than its older brother, divided with him the patron- age of New England until - THE WATCHMAN" BUILDING. t^e close of 1875, when both papers were purchased by a corporation of laymen and united under the present new, yet good old name— the Watchman The combined lists of the two papers gives the new journal a circulation larger, with one exception, than that of any other Baptist organ in the world. The Watchman, though its special field is New England, goes largely into every State and Territory of the Union. It has readers in every civilized country on the globe. Our space will not allow us even to mention the men, good and true, who either by their editorial or business services have contributed to the stability and prosperity of the paper. At present its editorial stafi" consists of Rev. John W. Ohnstead, D. D., who has been connected with the paper for thirty years; Rev. Franklin Johnson, D. D., of Cambridge; Rev. George C. Lorimer, D. D., pastor of Fremont Temple, Boston; Prof. Ileman Lincoln, D. D., of New- ton Theological Institution; Rev. W. N. Clarke; Mr. J. B. Houser; and Mr. Thomas L. Rogers. Rev. Granville S.Abbott has char^je of the Sunday School Department, and' the Family Department is under the supervision of the well- known authoress, Mrs. Jane Dunbar Chaplin. Mr. T. L. Rogers is the business manager, and the office of the Wa tchman is at the " Headquarters of New Eng- land Baptists," Tremout Temple, a cutj of which building accompanies this sketch. THE KANSAS CITY TIMES. THE REPRESENTATIVE JOURNAL OF THE " NEW WEST." A SKI:TCH FOK THK IJOOK of the CEXTEN.NIAL newspaper EXHiniTION. TheNeio YorJc '' nerald of the West.'"— The Kansas Ciii/ TiMBS' fast oieiospaper train, carnjing early copies of that jX'per between Kansas City and Topeka during the ses- sion' of the Legislature, January. 1876. It has required decades and the lives of many men to establish the reputation now enjoyed hy the metropolitan papers of this country. Until within a very few years no journal west of the citj- of St. Louis, Mo., has come in for a position in the catalogue of newspapers now occupying prominent places. And so many are the obstacles in the way of accomplishing this that there is but one instance where it has been done. This exception is the Kansas City Times. Other newspapers in its section are older, but beyond their naturally legitimate section they are unknown and have achieved nothing beyond local iniiaence and reputation. That the Kan- sas City Times has leaped beyond the ordinary groove and become something greater may seem marvelous to the average reader ot remote sections, but the fact can be attested bj'^ leading journals of the country, by the official figures given of its circulation by what is recognized authority in journalistic circles, and by the immense advertising patronage from abroad which has sought its columns. THE SPIRIT OF ITS PRESENT MANAGEMENT. In 1871 the Times was purchased by the present management and organized as a corporation into what is now knov\ni as the Kansas City Times Company, with M. Munford as business manager. Prior to that the paper had been nothing be- yond what its contemporaries were. The new management saw the field which was presented. In the whole domain of a country that is fertile and populous —a countiy that has excited the curiosity and admiration of the most distin- guished tourists— which occupies the scope that stretches from the western bank of the Mississippi up into tiie range of the Rocky mountains— there was not a single paper which had a metropolitan feature. By nature Kansas City seemed to be the gateway of the western continent, and from the summit ot one of its hills the statesman Benton hadprophesied that here one daj' the commerce of the East would meet the trade of the wide West and that of India. What was then considered a poetic fancy has been almost literallj* verified. Here the railways of the East and AVest have centered. From here they have brai>ched out in every direction, and all along the innumberable lines are towns, villages and cities that are dailj'^ opening up the fertile lands adjacent, which are being occupied by a class equal in intelligence and refinement to the older sections of the Union. Kansas City being the chief entre-port of the immense trade coming from all of these, the capitalist has established himself here, and immense elevators have become necessary for the accommofuilion of the almost fabulous cerefj,ls of a THE GKEAT NEWSPAPERS. 255 country the most productive and progressive under the sun. Texas and the Indian Territory being the chief grazing grounds of the land, and being in direct communication by rail with Kansas City, here are established the largest beef and pork packing establishments in the United States, from which are yearly exported direct to Liverpool immense quantities of bulk meats. These facts, in addition to the mercantile houses which have to supply to a great extent the wants of the towns and minor cities on the various railroads leading here, made the point one of the most favorable in the West for the establishment ot a first- class daily paper that would be metropolitan in all its appointments. From 1871 to the present time such a strict and rigid adherence to this idea has been kept up tliat the intended results has'already been achieved, until the Times is invariably alluded to by its many contemporaries as the " New York Herald of the West." Upon assuming control of the paper the new management put in steam-power presses to supply on time the increase which commenced at once to its subscription lists. The Times became recognized at this point as the lead- ing morning paper of the city. Its make up, its resume of daily news from neighboring vicinities, its special telegrams, which were first introduced by it in the West, made it the A^ery foremost in the ranks of Western journalism. When this was established the ultimate result was attempted, and the success was not only attained but so suddenly did the paper leap to that station that its political opponents of their own accord pronounced it a marvel of enterprise . carrying with it a dash which caused it to make inrOads upon the circulations of its St. Louis contemporaries. ITS POLITICAL INFLUENCE AND STANDING. At the State capital it became the recognized organ of its— the Democratic —party of the State, and Its opinions and views were quoted by the law-makers of the commonwealth. As wonderful as this appeared to the larger and older papers of Western cities, It was eclipsed by the Times crossing the border and entering the State of Kansas, where it at once surpassed in circulation and in^ fluence every daily paper there, and to-daj- it is delivered in the leading cities of that State, by carriers, almost as earlj^ as the morning papers of those cities. Its general circulation in that State exceeds the combined circulation of all the dailies of Kansas. This Is a step in advance of any newspaper west of the Alleghany mountains. It stands out as especially creditable to the Times, in consideration of the fact that while the paper is fearlessly and ably Democratic the State of Kansas is overwhelmingly Republican in sentiment. To gain a foothold under such circumstances as these is a triumph which the oldest and ablest paper of the seaboard might well wish to achieve and wear with pride. In accomplishing this the Times has won the confidence of the people of Kansas, because Its policy has never been adverse to the interests of that State, because it contains the latest and freshest news, and because it has stood by the reform movement there in all of its endeavors to root out a nest of political corruption- ists that tooic possession of its State affairs only to plunder. Every expose of fraud and corruption that has been made is credited to the vigilance and abilltjr of the Times. THE TIMES' ANNUAL REVIEW. Another feature which was introduced by the Times, and has been steadily kept up, is its mammoth yearly review of the commerce, trade, and growth of its city and the circle of country tributary to it. So popular has this feature become, that on the first of the present year its review was the largest ever issued— surpassing those of St. Louis— covering twenty iiages of closely-printed matter, accompanied by fifty-two distinctive cuts of public buildings, a mam- moth view of the Gi-eat Union Stock Yards, all printed on the finest paper. Tiie circulation of this review Avas over and above that of anything similar e\'er issued from a Western press. So complete Avas it, and so gigantic an undertak- ing that the columns of the papers of the West, South, and even many of the metropolitan papers teemed Avith encomiums, Avhich have been collected and are now issued in a neat A'^olume. 256 OF THE UNITED STATES. THE TIMES' FAST NEWSPAPER TRAIN. When all of these features had been perfected, and the Times had achieved that whicli its management hud foreshadowed upon their accession to it, the public seemed to be content, and as the Times had become a visitor in every hamlet and metropolitan in all of its workings, there appeared to be nothing beyond except a maiiitainance of wliat its energy had v*^rought. It was at this juncture that the managers conceived another feature which, when it was an- nounced would have been discredited had not the public become convinced that every advance made by the paper had been carried to the front. This was none other than the starting of a daily fast newspaper train of its own between Kansas City and Topeka, the capital of Kansas, the same to be continued during the legis- lative session at the latter city. This was a dash in advance ot any paper in the CFnited States. The New York Herald had its fast Sunday newspaper train, and the Chicago Times had one which it run between that city and Milwaukee once a week. But the Kansas City Times, a paper which had come into existence years after the reputation of both the former had been established, conceived the idea of running a fast newspaper train of its own, at its own expense, daily, between its city and the capital of Kansas. The illustration which is embodied in this article will probably convey a more accurate idea of this train than lan- guage can do. The first trip was made January 11, 1876, and it continued to run consecutively for fifty-five successive days. The time card was so arranged that the Times arrived in Topeka and was delivered there— as it was at all inter- mediate points— by early breakfast and many hours in advance of the regular mail. Returning, the train brought back the full legislative proceedings of the day, thus giving the readers of the section where the Times circulated on the following morning a full and carefully prepared account of the proceedings ol the Legislature. This extraordinary movement on the part of the managers of the Times eclipsed every former attempt at enterprise by the papers of the country, and proved conclusively, if the fact had ever been doubted, that the Times was so successfully established that it had moved far beyond the line which bounds the existence of ordinary journalism. If the manmoth review had caused a flutter, the fast newspaper train had created a furore, and for wrecks after the train had commenced its runs the press of the entire West and many of the papers of the East and South were munificent in their awards of praise to the enterprise of the Kansas City Times. This was continued until the encomiums reached a bulk equal to ten columns of leaded minion tjqDC of the paper. During the entire session of the Legislature not a delay or accident occured, and on the day of adjournment a free excursion, consisting of ten coaches, to the Kansas Capitol, was given by the managers of the Times. To this were invited the city officials of Kansas City, prominent citizens, and the press of Missouri and Kansas. The expense of the newspap'er train was borne by the Times alone, and amounted in the aggregate to more than the value of an ordinaiy Western newspaper. RESULTS OF ITS ENTERPRISE. To show how the enterprise was appreciated, and the additional interest taken in a paper of such energy elsewhere, the circulation was argumented to such an enormous extent that the press facilities were unable to supply the demand in time for the various out-going trains. There was no delay in meeting this emergency. The want was seen and felt, and in due time a new two-cylin der Hoe press was purchased and placed in position, being the first and only one used by any newspaper between St. Louis and San Francisco. This enter- prise was again heralded by the press of the countrj", and another laurel was twined about the most enterprising newspaper west of Chicago. THE LEADING JOURNAL OF THE " NEW WEST." Thus in five years, with capital, determination, unexampled spirit and appreciated ability, the Kansas City Times has become a newspaper of national reputation, a mark— with dvie deference to the press of its section— not achieved by any between St. Louis and San Francisco. Having reached this point, there can be no retrograde. In its course there has been no failure. Every adventure THE GREAT ii^EWSPAPERS 257 thus far has been attended with all of the elements of increase. It stands to-day the only recognized first- class daily in its city, with a working force on the same plan as those of the great dailies of the larger citi(!s. The leading Democratic organ of its own State, though not published in the State's metropolis. The great newspaper of the State of Kansas, and of that vast fertile region known as the " New West," and the first in every respect beyond the Mississippi river, its circulation extending into the Territories and penetrating the leading sections ofTexas. This brief review of the Kansas City Times makes its own showing. It has not a parallel in the annals of journalism, and establishes the reputation, and rivets it securely, that it is the only great newspaper conducted on a metropoli- tan plan west of the metropolis of its own State. THE PORTLAND TRANSCRIPT. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. The Portland (Me.) Transcript, a weekly literai-y and family journal, was started in April, 1836, by Charles P. Isley, who had the editorial management of it for about ten years. In 1848 it came into the hands of Erastus E. Gould and Edward H. Elwell, the latter assuming its editorial management. In conse. quence of ill health Mr. Gould retired from the firm in 1856, and the paper has since been published by Mr. Elwell and Messrs. Samuel T. and Charles W. Pickard, under the firm name of Elwell, Pickard & Co. Mr. Elwell has had an unbroken editorial connection with it for nearly twenty eight years, Mr. Samuel T. Pickard has been connected with its management for twenty-three years, and Mr. Charles W. Pickard for sixteen years. From the first the Transcript has maintained a high position as a first-class literary weekl3^ Among its contribu. tors are many who have made a name in the literary world, and are novv^ valued contributors to the first periodicals of the day. It lias reached a well-deserved rank among family papers, as much by its high moral tone as hy the excellence of its original and carefully selected matter. In addition to its original stories, sketches, essays, poems and reviews, it gives a condensed summai y of the news of the State and the countj^ as well as market reports and commercial reviews Faithful to good principles and the best interests of the State, it is received and appreciated by thousands of families, to whom it is a most valuable auxiliarj' in the education of the rising generation; giving tone and vigor to the essential elements which are the bulwarks of the country. In the course of its history of forty years it has absorbed a considerable number of other journals which ran well for a season, and now stands upon a consolidated basis as wide as the limits of our country. Its subscribers are found in every State in the Union, and its subscription list has reached a point surpassing any other in the State by thousands. It has a limited space devoted to advertisements, and its great cir- culation makes it the best possible medium for business men desiring to attract attention. It has the best and most convenient newspaper oflice in the city, where its publishers are always pleased to receive their friends. THE ARGUS, ALBANY, N. Y. A SKETCH FOR THK KOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIHITION. For more than sixty years the Albany Argus has held a prominent place among the most eminent and leading journals of the country. It was founded January 26, 1813, by Jesse Buel, a man of culture and practical business training. Although Albanj'- was then, as now, the capital of New York, its population was less than the last census gives to the smallest of the twenty-four cities of the State. The paper, however, was from the start a recognized power in the coun- try. It gave a vigorous and cordial support to the war then raging between the United States and Great Britain, and did all in its power to strengthen and up- hold the Administration of President Madison. Its patriotic course in this and other respects secured for it a strong hold upon tlie public confidence. Mr. Buel conducted the paper until 1820. when it passed into the hands of Moses I. Cantine (a brother-in-law of Martin Van Buren) and Isaac Q. Leake. Three years afterwards Mr. Cantine died, and its proprietorship experienced another change. It was this circumstance that brought Edwin Croswell to Albany. He had for some years conducted a weekly paper in Catskill. Greene county, and being a former neighbor of Mr. Cantine he came to Albany to at- tend his funeral. Befoi-e returning home he was offered the editorship of the Argus. He accepted, purchased the interest held by the Cantine estate, and the Argus was launched upon a career of increased prosperity. This was in the winter of 1823. Mr. Leake soon afterwards retired, leaving Mr. Croswell the sole owner. Like his predecessors, Messrs. Buel and Cantine, Mr. Croswell was made State printer. The Argus was stai'ted as a semi-weekly, and was so pub- lished until October 18, 1825, when it made its appearance as a daily morning- paper— a stretch of enteriirise at that time, but a step which was warranted by the subsequent success it secured. From this time the Argus assumed a char, acter and position not before accorded to it. Martin Van Buren, Silas Wright, William L. Marcy, and other statesmen, who afterwards wielded great power in the country, were just forcing their way to the front rank of national politics. The Argus was the organ of this new element of political power, and when it spoke there was meaning and significance in every line and sentence. This combination soon became known far and wide as the "Albany Regencj'." In the course of a few years the men composing it reached the highest places in the National and State governments. In those days the three pre-eminently great Democratic newspapers of the country were the Albany Argus, the Washington Globe and the Richmond i?nor^(^rer— Croswell, Blair, and Ritchie. Whatever party programme was agreed upon hy this triumvirate, it were needless to oppose. They were strong with their party and with the country. Years of continued success and prosperity furnislied evidence of their wisdom and ability. During all those years the Argus made a record for itself which can be contemplated with unvarying sat- isfaction. It advocated and supported the leading measures of the Administra- tions of the government to which men now of all parties revert with pride— the Administrations of Madison, Monroe, Jackson, Van Buren, and Polk. On the 19th of April, 1854, Mr. Croswell retired from the paper, having had the editorial management of it for a period of thirty years. He was succeeded by Sherman Croswell. In 1855 this gentleman was succeeded by Calvert Comstock, and in 1856 the Atlas and Argus were united, and Calvert Comstock and William Cassidy became editors and proprietors. In 1865 Mr. Comstock retired on account of impaired health, and the Argus Company Avas organized, William Cassidy being President and editor-in-chief, and Daniel Manning and J. Wesky Smith associates. In Janviary, 1873, Mr. Cassidy died in the midst of his editorial THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS. 259 labors. His career is fresh in the minds of the thonsands who were accustomed to watch for his hrilliant articles. His style was peculiarly his own— eloquent, original, and sparkling. 3Ir. Manning succeeded Mr. Cassidy. The present own- ers of the Argus are Daniel Manning, Mrs. William Cassidy, J. Wesley Smith, and William H. Johnson, At no time in its history has the circulation of the Argus been so large as at present, or its prospects brighter for a long and pi-osperous career. As in its past history, so it is now the recognized exponent of democratic principles and democratic policy. The AKGUS has three editions— Daily, Semi-Weekly, and Weekly. Its patrons are to be found in every section of the country, and are rapidly increasing, thus inviting the patronage of advertisers and business men. Its market reports are made a specialty, and are unsurpassed for completeness and accuracy. THE ARGUS BUILDING. The Argus building is located on the corner of Broadway and Beaver street. The structure has a front of forty-five feet on Broadway, eighty-live feet on Beaver street, and is five stories high. The entire bviilding is occupied by the extensive printing establishment of the Argus Company. The building is supplied with elevators operated by steam, and possesses all the accommoda- tions for conducting a great newspaper. It has recently been greatly enlarged and improved. It occupies a site which is one of the most attractive in the city. Located on Broadway, just below its junction with State street, it commands a complete view of Broadway to the Delavan House on the north, and to tlae steamboat landing on the south. The new post-ofHce in course of erection by the Federal Governinent is located within twenty rods, and in full view of the Argus building. The terms of the Argus are: Daily, $10 per annum; Semi- Weekly, $3 per annum; Weekly, $1 50 per annum. The usual reduction made to clubs. " THE WORLD," NEW YORK. A SKKTCII FOR THE BOOK OF THE CEXTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. "THE WORLD' BUILDING. The World building is on tlie site of the old brielc church, and its prox- imity to the new Post-office and its situation at the angle of Park Row and Boekman street, with entrances to the publication office on both streets, give it the most eligible newspaper location on Printing House square. This great journal was established June 14, 18G0, and announced in its first issue that it would be " independent in politics." In July, 1S61, it united with itself the New York Courier and Enquirer, one of the oldest and most respectable journals in the city. Enormous sums of money were expended, but The Would was not a success till it was purchased, April 12, 1862. by Mr. Manton Marble who had been connected with it since its establishment. He at once made it a Democratic .ioui-nal, devoted to the time-honored principles of " Hard money, free trade, and home rule." He parted with a portion of the stock of the paper to influential Democratic associates, retaining, however, a controlling interest and always having exclusive management, with no interference, of every department. In January, 1864, he bought back the shares he had sold, and so became the sole proprietor and editor of the paper. Manton Marble is a born journalist. Almost immediately after his gradua- tion at Rochester University, in 1855, he went to Boston, where he joined the stair of the Journal, and soon afterward became the responsible edi- tor of the Boston Traveller. In 1S5S he joined the staff of the New York THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS 261 Evening Post, to which he was attractefl by its free-trade principles, and remained in that position till The World was estahlished. He was but twenty- seven years old when he assumed the entire control of The World, which, under his management, at once became a powerful journal, and has lon^- since been generally conceded to be "the leading Democratic journal in the Union." Mr. Marble's high standard of professional duty and professional accom- plishments enabled him from the first to draw around him a start' surpassed by that of no other journal in the country. When he assumed the management of the World large sums had been sunk in the enterprise, and it was rega,rded by many persons as past redemption. Ho inspired his associates with his confi- dence in its future, boldly increased its outlays for news, enlarged and reorgan- ized its working force in all departments, poured into it all the resources ot scholarship and ability at his command, and in a very short time compelled tlie public to recognize its power and authority, bolli as an organ of opinion and a vehicle of information on all subjects of real and vital interest to the commu- nity. The verdict of the press and public of the United States has long ago been recorded, and is but echoed by the latest foreign critic of our metropolitan journalism, who has recently said of the World in the columns of the leading conservative journal of Great Britain that "it has the ablest, wittiest and most scholarly editorial writers in the city of New York. Its money article," adds the same observer, ''is confessedly the ablest in any of the city journals. It wants free trade, hard money and home rule; and is the organ of the Northern Democrats, with principles broad enough for all sections.'' In addition to its daily, semi- weekly, and weekly editions. The World pub- lishes a special Sundaj-- paper. The first number was issued April 5, ISuS, and it at once attained great popularity from its introduction of features which the pressure of news and advertisements on week days did not admit. It is, of course, a regular continuance of the daily issue; but the Sunday issue is greater by some thousands than that of any other day, from the fact that there are thousands who buy and read a paper on no other daj^ and the Sunday World is the most popular of all the Sunday papers. Among its salient special- ties are always delightful dramatic feuilletons and entertaining com- munications from regular contributors. The Sunday editorials, too, are generally non-political and devoted to social topics; and with all, there is a vast amount of most interesting miscellaneous matter. The Weekly World, at the astonishing low price of one dollar a year, witli extra inducements to clubs, is unquestionably the best and cheapest newspaper in the United States. Instead of being, like many weekly issues of the metro- politan dailies, a hastily pitched-together jumble of matter standing on the gal- leys, it is a carefully and specially prepared journal, with its special editor and assistants, under supervision of the Chief, and is, in fact, totally distinct from the daily, in these respects— that the news of the week is largely rewritten and condensed so as to give all that is important from all parts of the world, and special articles, agricultural and industrial, together with elaborate market reports, prepared expressly for this issue, are presented in the Weekly, which do not appear in the daily at all. There is always a "good story" for family reading, either orginal or selected from the best English, or translated from French or German magazines, the publication of which, of course, would be impossible in the daily, with much miscellany, giving the family days of i-eading till the next issue arrives, thus making the always welcome Weekly, as used to be said of She: man's poor man's plaster, "good for a week back." Of course, the very latest news, including all the important telegrams and cable- grams of the day of publication are given, v.-ith the latest markets and quota- tions. The most salient editorials of the week, presenting The World's views on all important political issues, are also presented, thus widely extending its influence in the effort to break down corruption and to unite the Democrats and Conservatives in the coming Presidential strugi^le, which is to decide the future destinies of the Republic. Its admirably edited Grange department makes it an especial favorite with the farmers of the We?t. As long ago as June, IS'JS, and apropos of the arrival of delegates from all parts of the country to the National Democratic convention in New York, the New York correspcn- 262 THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS. dent of the Boston Conrier thus described the mere mechanical processes neces- sary to produce the issue of the Weekly World. * * * (t rpijg (j^^^y casually • done,' that is surfacewise, in a day or two, the curiosity of the newly-arrived delegate centers upon Tammany Hall, now rap- idly completing, Central Park, which never will be finished so long as grass grows and water runs, and the office of the 'great daily' which has furnished the political pabifium and literary and news record for himself and his family far away. Of the dally he knows and sees little. It is the peculiarity of the rural regions to be content with a good weekly paper, and the weekly issues of the great dailies in the city are generally more widely known, and are move a force neces.sarily fi-om their larger circulation, than the daily issues of the same jour* nals. Down to Printing House square comes our inquisitive Delegate to see how the paper that comes to him once a week as a guide, philosopher and friend is manufactured. Not specially to see how the brain work is done in the top stories of those loitj buildings, but how the pai)er is printed, folded, mailed, and forwarded, Let us push by the cords upon cords of bundled paper that al- ways block the sidewalk here and there on the square, the assumed right of the publishers tacitlv admitted, even by policemen, to be superior to the right of way, and push down into the bo wels of The Wokld. It is six o'clock on Tuesday night. At this hour the counting room above is almost desert5,000 copies for the twelve or thirteen hours' work. Delegate is astonished when he is told that the white paper for this single issue weighs about seven tons, would fill a room twenty feet square, and if pieced out sheet by sheet would extend a dis- tance of about ninety-four miles." This was written seven years ago, and is by no means an adequate descrip- tion of the department at present. The largely increased circulation of all issues of The World, especially of the daily, have long ago necessitated the introduction of another gigantic Hoe press, so that both sides of the paper can now be printed simviltaneously. Another and important advantage is that the paper can be put to press at a later hour, with later news, and yet catch the earliest mails, which is ot especial importance to the dailj^ morning issue. What is lost in the employment of a necessarily larger force is gained in time. All the latest machines for folding and mailing have been freely introduced, regardless of cost, and in all its appointments in this department The World office is thoroughly complete. Since 1868 this establishment has annually issued the " The World Alman- ac," which is simply the most complete, concise, correct, and best Politi- cal Manual published in the United States. THE EVENING STAR, WASHINGTON CITY, A SKETCH FORTHK BOOK OF THK CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. In a greater degree perhaps than any newspaper in the country, The Wash- ington Evening Star is the exponent and representative of the interests of the citj- in which it is published. Tins has been its character from the beginning, and to this distinctive feature is largely due its present wide circulation and its high character as an advertising medium. Founded in 18r)2, it is by many years the oldest, as it is also the most popular and influential, of the many news pai3ers published at the National Capital. The policy of giving the closest attention to local interests which was adopted b^^ its founders has not only been adhered to, but still farther developed by its present management, into whose hands the paper came, by purchase, in 1867. Not only this, however. Immediately on assuming control they determined to solve the problem of publishing a daily news and business journal, strongly local in character, so cheap as to be v/ithin the means of the poorest citizen yet so wide in its scope, so high in its aims, and so full and complete in all its departments as to meet the exacting demands of those wishing to keep posted in the daily doings of the whole world. To this end the largest and best attainable force of editors, reporters and correspondents is constantly employed, the telegraph is freely and liberally used, and the fastest and most powerful printing machinery is called into service. The result is a daily newspaper which literally goes into every household in the District of Colvimbia. It has indeed been conclusively established that The Star has more than three times as many subscribers and more than five times as many readers as any other daily paper published in Washington. And not this alone. Its regular permanent subscriiition list is believed to be larger than that of any evening paper in the United States, no matter wdiere published, while its circulation is, in proportion to the population of the city where printed and circulated, the largest and fullest possessed by any newspaper in the world. It follows, therefore, that within the territory covered by Its circulation it has no rival, nor anything approaching an equal, as a means of reaching the public. It has, in fact, passed into a maxim tliat " Every body in the District of Columbia who can read, reads The Star, and every one who advertises at all advertises in its columns." Yet it must not be thought that its circulation and influence are only local. It has a wide distri- bution through the mails, and in addition to this every issue of the paper is carefully read by the throngs of strangers constantly visiting the National Capital on business or for pleasure, and who constitute in a very large degree the wealthj' and purchasing population of the different States and Territories; so that, while its field is in a marked degree local, it is nevertheless in the best sense cosmopolitan and uncircumscribed in its sphere. But peihaps the history of this remarkably successful and popular journal can best be epitomized by stating the suggestive facts that it commenced its career in lS.')i with less than $500 capital, was sold to its present proprietors for $100,000 cash in 18(i7, and is now held to be worth not less than a quarter of a million dollars. These figures tell the story of patience, of sound judgment, of well-directed energy and enterprise, of independent action, of fair dealing, of defence of popular rights, and of strong hold in public esteem, more plainlj- than a whole volume of words. It is tloubtful, indeed, whether the history of jovirnalism anywhere in the world can show, in all respects, a parallel to it. THE HOUSEHOLD, BRATTLEBORO, VT. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. The Household has the honor of being the pioneer in its class of periodicals, It having been the first, and, for several years, the only journal published in the country entirely devoted to domestic affairs. It was founded in the belief that the literature previously furnished by the various "ladies magazines " and kin- dred publications, though occupying its appropriate sphere, and well-adapted to the needs of a large portion of its readers, was not such as to meet the re quirements of those earnest working women who constitute so large a portion of the wives and daughters of our land, but that they needed something more practical in its nature, whose tendency should be to elevate that peculiar labor of caring for and managing the family, known by the general terra of" house- work," from a mere drudgery to a science, and at the same time extend the sympathizing hand to those who have a longing to make their home an index, as it were, ot their characters— a reaching out for an attractiveness of surround- ings which, with much or little expenditure, according to their means, shall at- tract and retain their husbands and friends, educate and refine the boys grow- ing from j'outh to manhood, and cultivate a love for the good, the beautiful and the true in the daughters of the household, and in this Avay to make home, how- ever humble, the dearest place and the family the happiest people. Such is the aim and purpose of the Household, and the generous and appre- ciative patronage it has received may be taken as good evidence that the faith of its projectors was well founded, especially in view of the fact that unlike many, if not all of the successful journals of the present day, it was in no sense a child of fortune, either by birth or adoption. It is a well-known saying that " it takes a fortune to establish a paper," and the history of nearly every promi- nent periodical bears witness to its truth, they having been founded or assisted by capitalists who were enabled to bring to their aid all the resources that wealth can supply, and thus command success from the outset. On the other hand, the Household was of humble origin, reared in penury and schooled in the hardships and privations incident to the life of a country printer, and it has won its way from obscurity to its present position solely by hard labor and indomitable perseverance. Starting in January 1868, with a subscription list of thirteen, with no capital to sustain it, and but little experience in newspaper life to guide and direct its hazardous course, amid doubts and fears, gaining a little firmer foothold every year, it has fully solved the problem of success, has estab- lished itself upon a firm financial basis, and has to-day the largest circulation of any monthly published in New England. During this time it has twice been enlarged, four pages having beea added to its original sixteen in the earlj" part of 1869, the publisher having offered to make such an enlargement when the cir- culation of the journal should reach 12,000, and at the same time promised to make another and equal enlargement when the subscription list should number 20,000. The latter promise he was able to redeem with the commencement of the third volume, just two years from the time the firstnumber of the paper was issued, and since that time it has contained twenty-four large and well-filled pages, making it considerably the largest dollar monthly issued from an Ameri- can press. Instead of being'disposed of through newsdealers, as a large portion of most of the monthly publications are, the large edition of the Household is mailed almost entirely from the publishing office, and fills nearly a hundred of Uncle Sam's large mail sacks per month. These are mailed from the middle to the last of the month preceeding the date of issue, according to their destination, those having the farthest to go taking the earliest trains, which enables the THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS. 265 whole edition to reach its readers on time and with the regularity of clock work. From the mailing table the sacks, weiglied by the post-office clerks and duly labelled, are delivered to the mail agents and by them forwarded to every State and Territory in the Union, besides a large number sent to foreign coun- tries, from which it will be seen that the Household is not a local paper with a circumscribed field and influence, but a cosmopolitan journal, adapted to all sections of the country, and is pretty generally found wherever there is a repre- sentative of the class to whose interests it is devoted. Its subsei-ibers are found in nearly every county in the Northern and Western States, while in the far South and on the Pacific Coast its patrons are already numbered by the thousands. It has a large and efficientcorps of agents, numbering many hundreds, scattered throughout the country, many of whom have canvassed for it from its com- mencement, and it is a remarkable fact, and one, it is believed, unparalleled in the history of journalism, that since the first number was issued not a week-day has passed without bringing some addition to its subscription list. A good idea of the character and scope of the Household may be derived from a brief review of the special departments into which it is arranged. There are ten in number^ corresponding to the apartments of a dwelling, as follows : The Veranda, the Drawing Room, the Conservatory, the Dressing Room, the Nursery, the Dining Room, the Dispensary, the Library, the Kitchen, and the Parlor. In the Veranda are given the architectural notes, hints for out-door work, while a lookout is kept upon the surroundings of the dwelling, and assistance given toward beautifying the premises. The Drawing Room has articles on the art of furnishing the house, care of furniture, etiquette, and interior decora tions. In the Conservatory are gathered the pets of the family in pots, cages and aquarium, and information given upon all matters pertaining to their treatment, The Dressing Room contains a brief review of the fashions, toilet recipes and practical suggestions upon needle-work and kindred topics. The Nursery is devoted to the care and management of infants and children, and furnishes the little folks with an assortment of entertaining reading and puzzle work. The Dining Room is furnished with hints upon table etiquette, the analy sis of food, table talk, and a column of jokes and funnygraphs as a " dessert.'" The sanitary articles of the Dispensary are from some of the best writers in the country, and abound in valuable information concerning the care of the sick and the preservation of health. In the Library literary and educational topics are freely discussed, and there are also notices and reviews of books and current publications, and a page of original music in every issue; as the kitchen is gen- erally the most important room in the house, so here the Kitchen is a large and well filled department, where contributions are receivevl each month from many of tee most successful housekeepers in all sections of the country upon the various subjects that please or perplex their younger and less experienced sisters, with a large number of original and well-tried cooking recipes, a column of "Questions and Answers" upon all subjects pertaining to home life and domestic economy, a fund of practical information under the title of " Chats in the Kitchen," and a page of " Letters" from the Household Board, which is not surpassed in interest by any other feature of the paper; last, but not least, is the Parlor, in which is a choice collection of original and selected stories, miscel- laneous reading, poetry, etc. In short, the Household is designed to give aid and sympathy to the housekeeper in every department of labor to which she may be called, and especially in her efi*orts to make home beautiful and attrac- tive. It shows how this may be done by the simple taste and skill of the house wife in a thousand devices and products of domestic ingenuity for the comfort of the family and the adornment of the dwelling, while it labors to promote the sweetness and grace of true Avomanhood in its presiding genius. As an advertising medium the Household ranks among the first, being especially valuable to all who desire to attract the attention of housekeepers and heads of iamilies. Manufacturers and dealers in articles of domestic use, who have used its columns for years, frequently say that but few papers equal and none excel it as a means of extending their business. As an illustration of the estimation in which it is held by advertisers who have given it a trial, the 266 THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS. following extract from. a business letter from Messrs. I. L. Cragiu & Co., of Phil- adelpliia, the well-known manufacturei-s of Dobbin's Electric Soaps, may be appropriately given here ■ '• We are hearing from the Household from all parts of the United States, and don't think we shall ever cease to patronize its adver- tising columns. We are in 1,500 papers, and it seems as though half of the letters we get speak of the Household." Many others of like import might be given. One reason of ils popularity among'advertisers is to be found in the fact that the limited number of advertisements admitted— not exceeding four pages- enables the publisher to sift out all the doubtful ones, and so virtually endorse such as appear in its columns, and this being well known to the readers, they feel safe in giving their patronage to any firm whose responsibility is thus vouched l07', which makes the space occupied highly profitable to its advertis- ing patrons. The utmost care is taken to exclude evei-ything of a questionable character, and nothing but what is believed to be in every respect entirely -un- exceptionable is permitted to appear in its columns. The line quality of the paper upon which it is printed, its clear type and good press-work, give to the advertisements that peculiar prominence characteristic of a well-printed page, causing tliem to be easily seen and read. Then, too, unlike the majority of 7iews- papers, which are hastily read and soon forgotten, it is generally preserved through the entire month for family reading, and then quite frequently laid away to be bound at the close of the volume and kept for future reference, so that it often occurs that advertisements are replied to several years after their first appearance. The subsci'iption price of the Household is one dollar per year, to which has recently been added ten cents to cover the postage now pre- paid by the publisher. THE IRON AGE, NEW YORK. THE LARGEST NEWSPAPER IN TPIE WORLD. A SKETCH FOR THE HOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEAVSPAPKK KXHIBITION. Paring the past twelve or flfteen years trade journalism has experienced a Biarketl and beneflcial change. Previous to that time the commercial journal was expected to be in itself the representative of all departments of commerce and industry. When business men were content with a few briet words of com- ment on the condition of the markets which interested them, and were satisfied if they found them after searching through column after column of matter which had for them only a remote and general interest, the commercial newspaper of the olden time filled a want. When business became nrore speculative, profits smaller, and competition so close that early and exact information on all sub- jects of interest was of value to merchants and business men, the general com- mercial journals were unable to meet the demand. Their field was so extensive that they could only cover it in a superficial way ; their reporters and editors, having to divide their attention among a numlier of markets, could not closely follow all the changes in, or familiarize themselves with all the conditions affecting each. The necessity for fuller and more exact information led to the establisiiment of trade journals devoted to some special business or industry, and while there are still some general commercial journals, there are few trades or industries which are not represented by class journals, whose columns are lievoted exclusively to the literature, statistics and prices current of the trades and markets which constitiite their special fields. Among the first of the special trade journals was The Iron Age. Established in 1S55, it is the oldest newspaper in the world devoted to Iron, Hardware and the Metal Trades. Its original title w^as the Hardzoareman's Newspaper, but in 1859 it was changed to The Iron Age. The next oldest journal of its class is the Ironmojiger of London, established in 1S5'J. The Iron Age early assumed, and has since maintained, a first position in American trade journalism, and for several years has been the largest newspaper published in this or any countiy. It consists of forty pages, ll/.xlT inches, well printed on good paper. Each number is carefully indexed for reading matter and advertisements; and each copy is folded, stitched and cut. The area of printed surface in each weekly number measures 54 11-36 square feet, being con- siderably larger than any of the popular monthlj^ magazines. Beside the weekly edition, there are semi-monthly and monthly editions. The policy of the editorial management of The Ikon Age has always been to give each issue an interest and value for all classes of its readers. As a trade journal it was the first to give thorough, exhaustive and exact reports of the markets it represented, and in carrying out this plan it has practically revolu- tionized commercial journalism. To obtain the information needed was at first very difficult and always very costly. To make its reports complete and accu- rate it was necessary to employ as reporters men of business experience, who could at any time command large salaries as salesmen; correspondents had to be secured at home and abroad, and branch offices, under the management of accomplished journalists, have been established in Philadelph a and Pittsburgh Among the features of The Iron Age trade report maj'be mentioned, weeklj' telegrams from London, a thorough and exliaustive report on the condition and changes of price in the American Hardware market, careful and accurate re ports of the Iron and Metal market in the principal cities of the United States, and condensed translations from the latest exchanges, trade circulars and private advices from the priuciiial metal markets of all countries of the world 268 THE GREAT XEWSPAPEKS These are features never before combined in a newspaper trade report, and thei'e are few commex-cial journals in the world which could aflFord the large annual expenditure involved in the maintenance of such a system. In its editorial and reading columns The Iron Age possesses a character which is distinctively national. It is valuable as a record of current progress in metallurgy, mechanics, engineering and the useful arts, and is conspicuous for the extent, variety, and interest of its reading matter. In its editorial columns all questions of current interest to the iron, steel, metal and hardware trades are calmlj^ and intelligently discussed, and no space is wasted in acrimonious and unprofitaljle disputation with other journals. Its acknowledged position at the head of American commercial and technical journals has been gained and retained by an unwavering adherence to the policy to making a paper as valu- able and useful as possible, without regard to cost or trouble. The re.-ult has been the growth of a circulation larger than that of any other trade journal in this country, or, we belifve, in the world, and a large and firmly-established prosperity, wliich the commerciaJ and financial troubles of the past three years have not even menaced. in the amount of its advertising Tle Iron Age is a curiosity in journalism. This averages from 130 to 150 columns, and in a number containing 48 pages it has reached very nearly 200 columns. Its advertising pages are an illustrated trade directory of exceptional interest. This great amount of adA^ertising is due to the extensive circulation of the paper and the fact that its rates of advertising have always been exceptionally low, considering its circulation and influence. In consequence of this policy, The Iron Age has gained a con- stituency of advertisers who find it to their interest to keep their advertise- ments in the paper without interruption. The Iron Age is published every Thursday at 10 Warren street. New York, by David Williams, publisher and proprietor. James C. Eayles has been its editor since 1S71, aided by a well-selected staff of assistants and contributors. The Western office, established at No. 14 Fifth avenue, Pittsburgh, is under the management of Joseph ]\[. Weeks, formerly editor of the American Manufacturer of that city, who is also associate editor, with especial charge of Western iron trade news. The Philadelphia office is at No. 220 South Fourth street, under the management of Thomas Hobson. THE COURIER-JOURNAL, LOUISVILLE. A liEPKESENTATIVE, INDEPENDENT NEWSPAPER OF THE SOUTH AND SOUTHWEST. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXIilB'TiON. COUKIEU-JOUKNAL BUILDING. 270 THE GREAT I^EWSPAPERS The COUKIKR-JOURNAL of Louisville, Ky., is an anomaly in American journalism. Issued from a city of the sixth class, it is a journal of the first class. No newspaper in the country has so extended a range of circulation ; no other is so generally and widely quoted. It is both cosmopolitan and provin- cial, showing in its make-up an unusual versatility of editing. Its news is col- lated in the most minute and painstaking way, whilst its humor, paragraphic, and otherwise, is celebrated and popular. It is thoroughly representative of the South and Southwest, and has come to be considered a tolerably sui*e indi- cator of public opinion in those sections. The Courier- Journal is the offspring of three newspapers which flourished in Louisville from 1830 to 186S, to wit : the Journal, established by George D. Prentice on the 24th of November, 1830; the Courier, established by Walter N Haldeman June 3, 1844, and the Democrat, established by John H. Harney about the same time. These three newspapers, competing with each other for nearly twenty-five years, experienced the varying fortunes of the city and the time; but were in the main successful. On the Stli of November, 1868, Henry AVatterson having succeeded George D. Prentice in the managenient of the Journal, made an arrangement with Mr. Haldeman tor a consolidation. The union effected, the two journalists purchased the Democrat, th.royv\\\g the three into one under the title of the Courier-Journal. In this way they secured the exclusive telegraphic franchise for the city of Louisville, embracing a population of a hundred and fifty thousand. This is the only instance of the kind on record, and will partly account for the unex- ampled prosperity of the enterprise so inaugurated; for it enabled Messrs. Haldeman and W^atterson* to compete with the journals of Chicago, St. Louis, and Cincinnati, cities very much larger than Louisville. They improved their opportunity with energy and vigor. The Courier-Journal has now a larger cir- culation in Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Arkan- sas, a,nd Texas than any of the journals of those States. It is sent into every State and Territory of the Union, and may be found upon the files of more libraries, boards of trade, literary societies, mercantile exchanges, chambers of com- merce, Young Men's Christian Associations, hotels and club houses than any of its contemporaries in the Southwest. The COLTtiER-JouRXAL has just erected, and now occupies, a newspaper building in all respects the handsomest and most commodious in the world. This building, wliich stands upon the corner of Fourth avenue and Green street, the most conspicuous corner in the city of Louisville, has a Fourth avenue front of 165 feet by a depth of 95 feet, is five stories high, with a Mansard roof, and is furnished throughout in a style of great magnificence. It is constructed of stone and pressed brick, and is of rare architectural beauty. Its principal facade is ornamented by a marble statue of George D. Prentice, the founder of the Journal. The composing, editorial, and press rooms are capacious and elegant, whilst its business is transacted in a counting-room unsurpassed in size and beauty. In politics the Courier-Journal has aiwavs been Democratic, but has led the liberal and advanced elements of that party, and is at all times thoroughly independent. The Courier- JOURXAL is a folio sheet 30x48 inches in size. Its forms are .stereotyped, and the paper is printed on a double Bullock press, capable of thi-owing off upwards of 20,000 perfect papers per hour. The new building and office is supplied with all modern conveniences and improvements, such as freight and passenger elevators, steam engines, steam pumps, extinguishers, fire protectors and folding machines. Indeed, every- thing has been provided to render the Courier-Journal the finest, most com- plete, and convenient printing establishment not only in the United States, but in the world. TERMS : Daily Courier-Journal $12 00 a year. Sunday Courier-Journal 2 00 a year. Weekly Courier-Journal 2 00 a year. Weekly Courier-Journal, to clubs, §1 70, $1 60, and l 50 a year. Advertising in daily paper, 10 and 12^ cents per line, and in weekly 40 cents per line, each insertion. The Courier-Journal has a special office in New York, No. 37 Tribune Build- ing, under the management of Mr. E. B. Mack, for the convenience and accom- modation of advertisers. THE INTER-OCEAN, CHICAGO. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. Westward the course of journalism as well as empire takes its way. Yester- tlay the great dailies of the country belonged to New York alone. To-day Chicago contests and divides the honor, and crowds its rival over the Eastern slope of the Alleghanies. It is about six years since Chicago began a newspaper rivalry with New York, but it was not until The Inter Ocean was founded, in 1S72, that a serious attempt was made to establish in the West a HIGH-TONED POLITICAL AND LITERARY NEWSPAPER. Before that the journals of Chicago were exclusively ?tez«spapers. Their opinions were little regarded, and their literary character partook much of the frontier order; the rough and sensational, instead of the i*efined and aesthetic, were sought after. It was doubted whether a newspaper of a better cjiaracter could prosper in the West ; but that doubt is removed. From its inception The Lntek-Ocean appealed to the loftier instincts of the people, and from the start met with generous encouragement. It has never been found in the slums, nor is it hawked about in the disreputable quarters of the Western metro i)Olis, but goes to the homes of more reading and thinking people than any other journal in America. IN CITY AND COUNTRY ALIKE it is recognize;! as the organ of respectability par excellence. To read The Intek- Ocean is prima facie proof of intelligence, and no surer sign of cultivation can be given than to be known as a regular subscriber to the great litei-ary monitor of the Northwest. The circulation of The Inter-Ocean has increased with a steady rapiditj^, astonishing- even its most sanguine friends. Its printing facilities, large at first, have been from time to time increased, and in March of the present year its presses, including one immense eight-cylinder Hoe, were still found inadequate, and contracts were closed with the Bullock Printing Press Company for two of their new perfecting presses of the latest pattern, each capable of printing 13,000 perfect sheets per hour. As an indication of the magnitude of the present circulation of the paper, it is only necessary to i-efer to the indubitable evidence furnished by the post- office returns. Postage, by law, must be paid in advance at the office of publi cation, and from this official source the actual facts regarding the circulation ot any newspaper through the mails can be obtained. The evidence thus on file shows that during the year 1875 The Intek-Ocean PAID IN POSTAGE $13,029.84— a sum equal to that paid by all the other political journals in Chicago combined, and absolutely unapproached, with one exception, by any other newspaper in the United States. This enormous circulation grows less wonderful when we take into account the character of the people who look to Chicago for their newspaper literature. Outside of a narrow strip of N-ew England, there is not in the Union, according to population, so large a percentage of reading and thinking people as inhabit the nine States having Chicago for a commercial and financial centre. That among so many millions of thoughtful, industrious, and pi'osperous people The Inter-Ocean should gain an extended foothold is not strange. The paper is but 272 THE GREAT NEWSPAPERS the i-eflex of their own thoughts and sentim ^nts, and has become endeared to the people of the West as a part of themselves. Though Republican in politics, THE IXTER-OCEAN^ IS FRANK AND OUTSPOKEN on questions of public policy, and its bold course in this respect has made its name familiar thi'oughout the country. Oa the Southern reconstruction, the railway problem, and the currency question, it has been a law unto itself. Be- ginning the discussion of each of these subjects alone, it built them up into great living national issues, commanding the attention of the entire people and press of the country. The flow of subscribers that set in alone from the West, ere long had its counterpart from the East and South also, until now the tide has swept the whole continent and The Inter-Ocean embraces a constituency national in extent and first in wealth and culture. A year or so ago a distinguished bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, writing to the New York /?i(:Ze;^e«denif, said: "The Inter-Ocean is the clearest wisest, and strongest of American dailies. It is the true and almost only suc- cessor of the great New York Tribune of ante-bellum fame and power. When it circulates Eastward, as the Greeley journal of yesterday went Westward, we shall feel and follow our waj'- out of the lowness and guiltiness and cowardice and crime that now nationally envelop and /ester u^." The growing strength of The Intek-Ocean in the East shows that the day hoped for by the Bishop may not be far away. A PROMINENT AND EXCELLENT FEATURE of the Inter Ocean is its reZia6i7%. This is so marked as to be frequently ob- servable in an amusing way. The past year has been full of svirprises and scan- dalous exposures. When any ot these have been made public the demand for The Intek-Ocean has been most marked and extensive. The readers of other newspapers have seemed to turn with one accord to its columns for a verifica- tion of such reports. The inquiry on all sides has been, " What does The Ixter- OCEAN say ?" and by its silence, contradiction, or confirmation has the reliability or untrustworthy chai-acter of such rumors been generally judged. CHICAGO IS A NATURAL ENTREPOT OF NEWS. More than 21,000 miles of railroad connect it with the surrounding territory, and "Chicago" appears in the corporate name of fifty railways. Twenty lines radiate from the city, and more than one-half of the entire population of the Union can be reached in twenty-four hours from this great Inter-Oceanic metropolis. Gradually but surely the newspapers of the Atlantic seaboard are being driven back into their natural local boundries, while the great central organs of the West push their way North, and South, and East in simultaneous accord. The star that shines ever so brilliantly on the verge of a cycloid pales when the centre is reached, and fades away entirely at the antipodean boundary; but the centric sun distributes its radiance equally, and sheds light upon the East and the West alike. The West, so-called, is now the center of the Union and, with its vast population, controls the destinies of the Republic. There is but one West, and Chicago is its capital. There is only one Chicago, and The Inter-Ocean is its prophet. THE CONGREGATIONALIST, BOSTON. KEPRESENTING THE OLDEST RELIGIOUS NEWSPAPER IN THE WORLD. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEAVSPAPEH EXHlBiriOX, 111 January of the year ISIG, Nathaniel Willis, after long labor to prepare the way, putlished the first number of liie Boston Recorder. He always claimed mm W\ 1 i./ THE CONGREGxVTlONALIST BUILDING. that it was the first effort ever successfully made to establish a weekly newspa- per upon a distinctively religious basis, and the claim has been allowed by im- irtial histor5^ In May, 1849, Deacon Galen James started the Coxgregation- vLisT in Boston, to meet the views of a school of Congregationalists Avho were :iot satisfied with then existing journals. In 1867— following the spirit of the Boston Council of 1865, and falling in with the tendency to harmonize into one all members of the great family of the spiritual descendants of the Pilgrims— tiie Recorder and Coxgregatioxali; t were united under the editorship of Rev. Henry M. Dexter, D. D.; and from that tiine to the present the resultant jourjial las had a recognized standing at the head of Congregational newspapers, not tierely in point of circulation, but of general ability. Its proprietors, while holding it steadily to the doctrinal standards of the ongregational Churches, and while aiming to give it a special value in all its i-elations to polity and to practical Christianity, liave sought also to make it, what it is conceded to be— A FAVORITE FAMILY PAPJOIi. Bj' a liberal expenditure it has attached to itself, as a staff of regular con- tributors, a large number of the best religious writers, while the learning, force, aptness, and general value of its editorials, the marked candor and abilitj' of its book reviews, and the unsurpassed variety and freshness of its religious news, •itille it to hold and increase the wide popularity which it has gained. W. L. i.reene, C. A. Richardson and H. M. Dexter, proprietors. Terms, $3 a year, in iidvance. Address W. L. Greene & Co., Congregational Braiding, No. 1 Somerset street, Boston, Mass. ''THE YOUTH'S COMPANION," BOSTON. A SKKICII FOU TUB BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIUITIOX. FIRST YOUTH'S PAPER. The Youth's Companion i3 the pioneer paper in the juvenile literature of our own country, and the oldest weeklj-- paper tor young people in tlie world. It i> now fortj'-nine years of age, and in a few months will celebrate its semi-centen- nial anniversary. It was commenced in May, 1827, by Nathaniel Willis, oj Boston, the father of N. P. Willis, the poet, who also founded the Eastern Argus and the Boston Recorder. ORIGIN. The early history of the paper is novel and interesting, and illustrates the growth of an idea. Mr. Willis having been accustomed to relate stories to his own children, as a reward for committing to memorj'^ the lessons he assigned them, was led to see the yalue of such literature in developing the thought and character of the young. It suggested to him the plan of having a Children's Department in the Boston Recorder. He acted upon the suggestion, the new feature of the paper became popular and successful, and it has been since adopted by nearly all religious journals. The stories for young people in the Recorder were so eagerly sought for, that Mr. Willis determined to start what at that time seemed a verj^ novel enterprise —a paper exclusively for the young. A specimen number was issued in May, 1827, a sufficient number of subscribers was obtained to warrant its continuance, and, in the month of June following the first weekly paper for young- people began its successful career. The sheet was a very small one, hardly larger than an old-fashioned pane ot glass, the type was large and coarse, and the single picture it contained would now bring a smile to the face of the most inartistic reader. But, though coarse in appearance, its literary material, like the old JST. E.^ Family Magazine, was usually of a high order, indicating excellent taste and judgment. It attained a circulation of about 5,000 copies. FORD & OLMSTEAD. For many years the Companion published under its name the information, in one long line, that it was issued •' by Nathaniel Willis, weekly, at No. 11 €ornhill, office of the Boston Recorder, at one dollar a year." In 1857 Mr. Willis' health having become impaired by advanced ago, the paper was purchased by Messrs. Ford and Olmstead, proprietors of the Watchman and Reflector, and published under the firm of Olmstead & Co. The editing of it passed into the hands of Mr. D. S. Ford, who is now its editor, and since the year 1867 has been its sole proprietor. Mr. Willis, its founder, died in 1870, in the 91st year of his age. ENLARGEMENT AND GROWTH. The little paper had made for itself a good reputation and character. Its new editor enlarged it in size, and aimed to give it a higher literary value. Its articles took a wider range, very engaging writers were secured, and the circula- tion under this impetus began to rapidly increase. In a few years its subscrip- tion list grew from 5,000 to 40,000 names. RAPID INCREASE. The increase in resources was followed hy a corresponding increase in the literary value of its contents. It became the aim of its editor, after the model of Chambers^ Journal, to furnish the best reading at a comparatively small cost. The paper was again enlarged, new literary departments were formed, emi- THE GREAT :^^E^YSPAPERS iient contributors were secured, and its editorials were prepared by the most capable city editors. In 1870 its subscription list reached 70,000. A FAMILY PAPER. From about this time the character of the paper underwent a change, and it became both a literary journal for the young and for the family. Its storie.'; adapted themselves to the tastes of a larger audience of readers; its articles on current topics were so prepared as to be interesting to the cultivate 1 and critical as well as to the young. The wants of the family from the youngest to the oldest were considered, and the purest and the most entertaining writers were employed to meet these wants. ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY THOUSAND SUBSCRIBERS. Nothing is so successful as success, or more trustworthy than success gained by a well-directed purpose and a generous and liberal aim. is now a tbirty-two column paper, and has a circulation of 140,000 copies weekly. Many of the parents who subscribe for it for their families to-day were readers of it when they themselves were boys and girls. The paper holds from year to year the great body of its old subscribers, and adds to these a yearly list of new names which many publishers would consider a liberal subscrip- tion list. ITS ARTICLES AND WRITERS. The CoiiPANiox publishes three or four serial stories, some two hundred shorter stories, more than two hundred editorials, and more than fifteen hun- dred shorter articles, selections, poems, etc., each year. It employs some fifty contributors. Among these are the well-known names of J. T. Trowbridge, Edward Eggleston, Rev. E. E. Hale, Rev. Wm. M, Baker, Hon. C. C. Hazewell, Geo. M. Towle, Esq., Mrs. Leonowens, Miss L. M. Alcott, Mrs. H. P. Spofford, Mrs. Rebecca Harding Davis, Celia Thaxter, Mrs. Moulton, and Mrs. Diaz. Among oc- casional or promised writers are Wm. Cullen Brj-ant, Dr. Hayes, Hon. Schuyler Colfax, etc. Its editorial department is managed in a very careful and critical manner, the articles on literature, science, and politics being prepared by gentle- men who have special and exceptional fitness for the work. 182 -187; Nearly fifty years of its history have passed, and one generation has already handed the paper to another. To give the faces at the fireside a warmer glow ; to create character and intelligence; to publish nothing of which the infiuence will not be good; to honor God, and to bring stainless and hallowed memories out of all the relations of the family and daily life, will be its aim in 1877, as it was in its origin fifty years ago. THE REPUBLICAN, SPRINGFIELD, MASS. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. The Springfield (Mass.) Republican, established in ISM, has become the lead- ing and representative paper of New England, and the first provincial paper in America. A Whig journal in the days of the old Whig party, it was first and conspicu- ous in the formation of the republican party; but since that party's great work wa.s completed, the paper has grown steadily into a position of entire political independencj', and made itself a leader in the press of the countrj'^ for sectional reconciliation and administrative reform. The Republican now ranks, practically, as the independent journal of New England; the advocate of honesty and reform in government, honor and purity in politics, economy and simplicity in public and private life; the slave of no party, the organ of no politician ; an honest paper for honest people. As a newspaper, the Republican cherishes the qualities which have made it popular and powerful — promptness, clearness, brevity, and comprehensiveness, regarding the development of thought, the difference of opinion and the dis- coveries of science, equally as news with current accidents and crimes, and giving especial attention to the record of e^-ents and the progress of life in New England. As a public journal, it is all-embracing in its field of discussion and selection, and independent and thoughtful in its treatment of all current topics, and aiming to make for itself both a welcome and useful place as an instructor, a critic, and a stimulant in every family that adopts it. Published both daily and weekly, the Weekly Republicax is made up with especial care for a general circulation, and maj' fairly claim to be the best eclec- tic weekly newspaper in the country. It offers itself especially to politicians and scholars, to New Euglanders at home or in distant parts of the countrj^ and to Americans abroad, as giving, in a single sheet, a more comprehensive and impartial summaiy of general New England and American news, and fuller and more independent discussions of all prominent topics of American life, and a more varied picture of our literary, art and social progress than can be found anj-where else. The Republican is printed on a large double sheet of eight pages, fortj^ eight columns. The daily is three cents a copy, seventy-five cents a month, and $9 a year; the weekly is five cents a copy, §2 a year, and $1.50 in clubs of five or more. As an advertising medium, the Republican presents peculiar advantages in the amount, character and field of its circulation and the low rates charged. The Daily Republican has a firm circulation of 11,000 copies, which is as many or more than is printed by any daily paper in Boston save two; two or three times as many as hy any other paper in Massachusetts out of Boston, or in Con- necticut; and larger than by any other provincial paper in the country. In all western Massachusetts and up and down the Connecticut valley, it circulates more largely than all other daily jiapers together; while in more distant parts of New England, in "N'crmont and Connecticut especially'', both the dailj' and Aveekly have exceptionally numerous readers among the most intelligent and infiuential members of society. The terms of advertising— low, uniform and for cash— are fl-\-e cents a line of eight words, each insertion, in the daily, and twelve cents a line in the weekly. Special or displayed notices, ten cents aline of space in the daily and twenty cents in the weeklj-. Address the RiiPUBLiCAN, Springfield, Mass. THE PHILADELPHIA PRESS. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CEXTEXXIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. The Philadelphia Press was founded on the 1st of August, 1857. It was the creation of John W. Forney, who has liguered for more than thirty years in pub- lic life, and who is the last member of the great quartette that once dominated American journalism— Greeley, Bennett, Raymond and Forney, and -who, with a single exception, have surrendered their pens and lives. The history of The Press is nearly that of Mr. Forney. He was its originator, and he has been its guiding spirit. In 1857 Mr. Forney, who had already achieved national distinc- tion as a journalist, and as an earnest worker in the ranks of the Democi*atic party, who had edited its national organs and led its army of voters to victory in the doubtful and Keystone State, became disgusted with its management and distrustful of its purposes. A Democrat by conviction, but of the old and better school, and a disciplinarian by habit, he sought in the establishment of The Press to reform his party within its own lines, to win it back to its original principles, and to save it from its enemies in its own household. The sequel of that determined struggle is well remembered. The fight was a gallant one, but the results were not those for which the editor hoped. He builded better, how- ever, than he knew and it was through his efforts and those of the brave Doug- lass Democrats who co-oporated with him, that the Republican partj^ was con- solidated for victory, .Abraham Lincoln elected, and the nation newly born and baptized in the blood which has purified it from the great sin of slavery. The subsequent history of the newspaper of which he was the founder, and is still tlie active editor and proprietor, is well known. It is as it has been since 1860, an ardent and consistent advocate of Republican principles, but its party fidelity has never been subordinated to its personal sense of duty, and while its loyalty to the party and principles it prefers is not questioned. The Press has never hesitated to speak out boldly against the mistakes and corruptions of its political friends. As a newspaper The Press is without arival in Pennsylvania. In the extent of its correspondence, the multiplicity of its genius and the amplitude of its resources, it has no competitor. Its founder, John W. Forney, is at its head, and its ability is unquestioned. It is dignified in its discussions, but where denunciation is merited and necessary, it is unsparing. Sensationalism is a stranger to its columns, even while it prints all the news of the day, while it does not mince matters as a rule, it always supplies the knife where it deems it necessary. The Press enjoys a large circulation and extensive business patronage from the very best circle of readers— people of intelligence and means— who find it tb.o only medium which supplies their wants and the best guide to their pur- chases. It was never more prosperous than at present, and its circulation is constantly increasing. It is recognized as the Journal of the Centennial Ex- position as clearly as if the Commission had issued a proclamation to that effect, and the influence of this upon its gi'owih is attested by its rapid rise in circulation since that great enterprise became a fixture. For the centennial year The Press has been completely reorganized, and with its founder at its head, has a staff of writers and contributors unequaled by that of any Philadelphia journal. Mr. Forney's vigorous pen is daily seen in its columns, and among his associate editors are Dr. R. Shelton ^lackenzie, who has a literary reputation second to that of no other journalist in the country, Mr. Thomas Meehan, the scholar and scientist, Mr. John W. Forney, Jr., well known as dramatic critic, Mr. Audubon Davis, who has been connected in various capacites with many of the leading Journals of the country, and Messrs. 278 THE CrliEAT XEWSPAPEKS Thomas F. Logan and Thomas A. Egan, well-known wi-iters. It has a large and well-trained corps of reporters, the chief of Avhoni is Robart M. McWade, able and regular correspondents at London, Washington, and Harrisburg, the capita] of Pennsylvania, and occasional correspondents in nearly every town and hamlet in the State, who keep it informed of every important and interesting event that occurs. The Press occupies a largo and convenient building at the Southwest cor- ner of Seventh and Chestnut streets, in Philadelphia, the largest building, with one exception, occupied b^'^ a Philadelphia newspaper, and in the excellence of its appointments is unexcelled by any of its contemporaries. During the con- tinuance of the Centennial Exposition it will have a branch office at the Globe Hotel, adjoining the Exposition and grounds, and in 1S76 it will be conspicuous as the newspaper of Pennsj^lvania. It also prints Weekly and Tri- weekly edi- tiolis, which also have large and well-deserved circulations. The terms of The Press are: Daily, single copies, 3 cents. Mailed to sub- scribers, including pre-paid postage, at $S.75 per annum; $t.40 for six months; $2. -20 for three months. Served to city subscribers at IS cents per week. The Tri-Weekly Press is published every Tuesda5^ Thursday, and Satur- day. Mailed to subscribers, including pre-paid postage, at $4.40 per annum; $2.20 for six months, and $1.10 for three months. The Weekly Press, $2 per annum; five copies, including pre-paid postage $9.5); ten copies, including pre-paid postage, $16; twenty copies, including pre- paid postage, $29; fifty copies, including pre-paid postage, $60. Larger clubs Than fifty will bo charged in the same proportion per copy. To the getter-up ot clubs often or more an extra copy will be given. All business letters for this office should be addressed to JOHN W. FORNEY, Editor and Proprietor of The Press, Southwest corner Seventh and Chestnut streets, Philadelphia. THE CHRISTIAN UNION, NEW YORK. HENRY WARD EEECHER, EDITOR. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. The Christian Union was established in September, 1869, and is therefore one of tlie youngest of the religious weeklies. From its commencement the association of Rev. Heniy Ward Beecher with it as editor gave it a strong impetus, and it sprang rapidly into favor. In a very few years it attained a circulation of thirty thousand subscribers, when by the introduction of chromo premiums, then a novelty (but since discon- finuedbythe paper), the circulation was increased in a few months to the un- precedented number of one hundred and thirty-two thousand, extending to every State and Territory in the Union, to the Canada^, and indeed to every quarter of the globe. As the medium of Mr. Beecher's "Lecture Room Talks," editorials and articles of a general nature, the paper was warmly received by all classes, and still maintains its strong hold upon the Christian public. Its has been neither sectarian nor actively controversial. Its past and present position can best be described in Mr. Beecher's own language. He wrote : "The Christian Un'IOX will seek the Union of all Christians, not by chasing the phantom of an organic unity, but bj' promoting such dispositions of charity and kindly sympathy as shall bting men of whatever mode of worship into a real sympathetic relation witli each other. It will recognize the existence and importance of Christian doctrine, but it Avill not admit any human statement ot doctrine to b3 inspired or autlaoritative, but to be always open to new thought, criticism and reconstruction. It will regard no doctrine as fundamental unless it is indispensable to the formation of Christian character. D.-.ctrines may be fundamental to th ; striTCture of a given system of theology;, which are quite unimportant in the formation of Christian liabits and dispositions. Believing that the Sacred Scriptures represent the Gospel, not simply as an accomplished and external history, but as the i)isclosure of Divine Power, forever active, and unfolding itself in tlie experience of God's people, through ail generations, Ave shall interpret the spirit and text of Scripture not alone by the laws of language, but by the experiences of the Cluirch, and by all the dis- closures of Divine J'rovidence in human societj'. Whatever throws light upon the structure of the body, the nature of human 1'aculties, the divine method of creation and dev.^iopment of human life and society, we shall believe to be included in Cl)r;stianity, as trees are included in the seeds from which tiicy grow. Whatever in tiie whole range of science, and in the results of art, promotes the welfare of mankind ; whatever in political economy augments the productive forces of society- ; whatever in politics tends to purify tlie State, destroy its enemies, exait flie government in wisdom, fldelity, and b 'nigiiity, we shall regard as a part of that great development to which the name of Christ will be forever joined, who is the divine fountain from whence flows the vital influence by which mankind are to be exalted from animalism to Christian manhood. Above all material laws, and behind all sensuous instruments, is a Living Soul. We receive devoutly records and revelations of the truth wrought out in luunan life and experience bj^ that Soul in the past, and with a quick sensibility we shall listen to every disclosure of God's ti'uih which he is m;d additional evidence of the excellent and remunerative character of the circu- lation. The present publisher is Horatio C. King, and the office of the company is at No. 27 Park Place, New York. THE CINCINNATI GAZETTE, CINCINNATI, 0, ESTABLISHED l"i)3. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. The Cincinnati Gazette has been in existence eighty-three years. Cincinnati was at that time merely a frontier village of a few hun.lre.l inhabitants. Now it is one of the important and prosperous cities of the country- the centre of its popu- lation, and the heart of the continent. The Gazette's growth aptly illustrates the general growth of American jour- nalism, for no paper of equal age has attained a similar circulation and celebrity. The most material change thus denoted is that in the cost and revenues of leading papers. As lately as IS.IO the entire yearly receipts of the Gazette for subscriptions would not have equalized the present expenditure for correspondence by telegraph and mail. The labor of half a dozen persons then sufficed for the editorial work, while the expense of correspondents was seldom incurred. Now the editors, re- l)orters, and correspondents of the Gazette are numbered by hundreds, and it has a representative in every leading city of either hemisphere. Its other disburse- ments have augmented in the same degree, being measured by the public demands and expectations, and compensated by its ever increasing patronage. A long and firmly-established paper's expenses are regulated by its circulation, and the latter is effected only by the matter of brains, business enterprise, and density of popu- lation. The city of Cincinnati is notably superior in its intelligence, and exacting in newspaper requirements, while the contiguous country upon all sides is thickly populated. Its newspaper standard is, therefore, above the average, and confers upon the paper that acceptably fills its requirements a superior character and circulation. The changes in the publication department of the Gazette are Avorthy of notice. The first "power press" used West of the Allegheny mountains was bought by it. It cost twelve hundred dollars-a very large outlay for the purpose in that early day. The wheel that moved the machinery was turned by a single man. Its hourly capacity was :f:W,SPArEIi EXHIBITION nilLADELPHIA DP]M0C1^\T r.UILDTXG. The Philadelphia Democrat was established l!:J"S as a daily German news- paper by j\[r. L. A. Wottenweber. Like all its contemporaries of that time, it was of humble origin, and made but slow progress until the events of 1S4S brought about that great tidal-wave of German immigration to our shores, which continued with undiminished force till the beginning of our civil war, and greatly changed the character and the status of the German element in the United States, making it much more inlluential, not only l)y more than trebling it m numbers, but by adding to it by thousands highly-educated Germans, who, having joined the revolutionary movement, had, after its defeat, to seek refuge abroad, which most of them sought and found in the United States. At the beginning of that ])eriod the Democrat came by purchase under the control and management of Messrs. John S. Hoffman and Dr. E. Morwitz, who, under the firm name of Hoffman & Morwitz, at once in- fused new life into it and made it one of the leading and most inlluential newspapers in the United States. When the I'mLADELVHiA Democrat was established it was located in the then centre of the German population of the city, but after the year 1848 the German element was spreading over the whole city, and besides, it became of more importance to be located in the business centre of the city. With this view the proprietors purchased a most eligible site on Chestnut street— the old Jones hotel— and by extensive alterations, amounting almost to rebuilding, made it one of the best-arranged newspaper establishments and printing houses m the country. 284 THE GEE AT NEWSPAPERS. The building is five stories high, and has a front of flfty-five feet on Chestnut street and a depth of 245 feet to Sansom street. From the removal of the Philadelphia Democrat to its new office building, «12 and 614 Chestnut street, may be dated a new era for it, so rapidly were extended its circulation and its business patronage. Mr. Hoffman leaving for Europe in 1S73, the proprietor. Dr. aiorwitz, changed the name of the firm to Morwitz & Co. The Demockat is the leading German organ in Pennsylvania, one of the oldest and largest eastern States, and the one which, from the beginning, was settled and influenced by Germans, from whose settlements most of the Western States have received and are still receiving, year by year, their solid native immigration, whereby the circulation and business of the Democrat have been constantly, nat- urally, and largely increased, until now the circulation and influence of the Phila- delphia Democrat, in its various publications— daily, weekly, Sunday and others- are by the great public regarded and appreciated as the largest and most imi.c.rtant of the German newspapers in the United States. THE PIONEER-PRESS AND TRIBUNE. ST. PAUL AXD MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA. THE ONLY MORNING TAPER IN MINNESOTA— THE GREAT NEWSPAPER OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. A SKETCH I'OK THE BOOK OF THE CKXTEVMAL >E\VSPAPEK EXIIIHITIOX. ""^1^" THE PIOXEER.PEESS AND TRIBUNE BUILDING. Ill no direction has the marvellous progress of the West iu the last fifteen years been more distinctly marked than in its journalism; but not even the marvellous growth of the Chicago newspapers, which equal if they do not surpass those of New York in all the characteristics of the first-class metropolitan newspaper, affords a more strikiug illustration of the journalistic development of the West than the news- pajicr which lias recently assumed the title at the head of this article. As its name indicates, it is the product of the consolidation ot tlie three old morning dailies of St. Paul and Minneapolis. The St. Paul Pioneer, established in 184'.), and whose history dated back to the organization of the Territory of Minnesota, was consolidated in the Spring of 1S75 with the St. Paul Prcs.s, which since 18G1 has been the leading Republi- can journal of the State. In May last the Pioneer-Press was again consolidated with the Minneapolis Tribune, whicli was founded in 1SG5— and these three journals had previously swallowed up or supplanted in the course of their career some dozen rival or antecedent journals, so t.iat the Pioneer-Press and Tribune represents and embodies the mature results of nearly all the labors, the enterprise, the capital, and the brains which have been devoted for the last twenty-seven years to the building up of ]o;ii-uaiisui la these two nourishing cities. The practical result of this 286 Till'] CIKEAT ^^EYiirsPAPBRS consolidation of tlie three rival morning newspapers of Minnesota is to give the PlOXEEii-PRESS A^'I) TRIBUNE a bona fide daily circulation of nearly 10,000 copies. No other daily ne\vsi)aper in the Northwest, outside of Chicago, has half so large a circulation, and it is live or six times as large as that of any other paper in Minne- sota. Nor does any other newspaper in the Northwest, outside of Chicago, enjoy •*o extensive a field of circulation, or so commanding a position and so exclusive an ascendency within that Held. It is the only morning newspaper published in the two adjacent cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis, the commercial and manufacturing centres of Minnesota and the upper Mississippi Valley, with an aggregate popula- tion of 75,000 souls, and it is the only morning newspaper published in the State of Minnesota Avith a population of 650,000 souls. It is the only important morning jour- nal published west of Chicago and Milwaukee, from which St. Paul is separated by a breadth of 500 miles, or nortii of St. Louis, which is 900 miles distant. Its actual field of circulation embraces the whole of Minnesota, Northern Iowa, Northwestern Wisconsin and Dakota, and within this field, with an aggregate population of SSO.OOo souls it has no competitor. As a newspaper the Pioxeer-Press and Tribune is every way worthy of its great constituency. It is an eight-page paper of the size of the great Chicago and New York dailies, and publishes daily more reading matter than any Philadelphia, Cincin- nati or Boston daily. Among the western journals the greatest of the Chicago and the St. Louis newspapers can alone compare in standing, influence or circulation with the Pioneer-Press. But these newspapers, which overshadow and supplant all rivals in Illinois, Central and Southern Iowa, and Eastern and Southern Wisconsin, are published at points too remote from the great northwestern territory of the Pioneer- Press to compete with it in this, its own exclusive field, where it distributes the news of the day from twelve to thirty-six hours ahead of the Chicago dailies, and it is the unrestricted possession of so large a field which has permitted the building up of a first-class newspaper like this in a region so comparatively new. The same condi- tions which have promoted the marvellous growth of the Pioneer-Press in the past afford an ample guarantee that its future growth in circulation and character will be commensurate with the rapid grogress of this great and fertile region, which constitutes the wheat belt of the continent, and is now advancing more rapidly in wealth and population than any other part of the Union. The Daily Pioneer-Press is universally taken by all classes of readers in Minnesota and the adjacent districts of the neighboring States who take any daily newspaper at all. The Weekly Pioneer-Press, a magnificent quarto, circulates as universally among the intelligent rural population of Minnesota. Its weekly edition is 14,000, and is rapidly increasing The Pioneer-Press Company are also the publishers of the Minneapolis Evening Tribune, the best evening paper in the State, and the only one in Minneapolis, with a large local circulation. The Pioneer-Press Company own one of the largest and finest structures devoted to the newspaper and printing business in the West. It was built a few years ago for the St. Paul Press, on the corner of Minnesota and Third streets, St. Paul. It is 50 feet frontby 150 feet deep, being four stories heigh, with a mansard roof, and two- thirds of its whole area is occupied by the newspaper, printing, binding and litho- graphic business of the Pioneer-Press Company. It is undoubtedly in all its de partments the best equipped printing and newspaper office in the Northwest, out- side of Chicago. THE SACRAMENTO DAILY AND SEMI- WEEKLY RECORD-UNION, A LEADING CALIFORNIA NEWSPAPER. A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTEXXIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. Sacramento is the capital of the State of California, centrally located, and the chief city of the interior of the State. The only morning paper pnblished at the capital of the State is the Sacramento Record-Union. Its history is co-equal Avith that of the State, and closely interwoven with the historical, social and political pro gress of California. No paper on the Pacific Coast is more widely known, or enjoys a more general circulation. The Sacramento Daily and Weekly Union was established in the year 1851. Its progress was one unprecedented in newspaper annals, and during a quarter of a century it justly gained the reputation of being the best newspaper on the Western slope. Its influence was commensurate with its great reputation, and it was the acknowledged leader of independent thought, progress and all material movements looking to the advancement of the State, the upholding of purity in politics and social and business life, and as the most thorough and relia- ble of newspapers. It was the tocsin for years of all popular movements, the un- flinching friend of sobriety, permanency and real merits in all those early years when the society of the Pacific Coast was receiving the impress which should fix its future standing. Its proprietors grew gray in the service, and in 1875 they retired from its management, and it became consolidated with the Sacramento Daily and Semi- Weekly Record. The iJecor^Z was established in facto in the year ISfiT. It had for its business rival the Union, it moved in the same circle, and sought the same patronage. From the outset it was a prosperous paper. Its conduct was that of energy, refinement and independence. It grew in popular favor day by day and finally stood side by side with its competitor in rank, standing and extended influence. In the height of its career, enjoying an enviable reputation, and recognized as an honor to the State, it was consolidated with the Union, and in February, 1875, the Record-Union was issued. Since that date the current of these two papers, flowing in the same channel, has been one of force, independence and broad influence more than equal to that of any newspaper on the Pacific slope. Two marked features dis- tinguish the Record-Union, a total absence of sensationalism, in place of which is a perfect news reliability and energetic spirit; and second, an elevated tone not equalled in the histoi-y of journalism. Its departments are seven in number: Edi- torial, News, Literary, Agricultural, Commercial, Statistical and Local. In the Editorial Department the Record-Union has no compeer west of the Mississippi for vigor, scholarly ability, clearness of perceptions, nicity of diction or independence and originality of thought. In its News Department its facilities are those afforded by the Associated Press dipsatches, a thorough private system of coast telegraphic news gathering, an extended and able corps of local correspond- ents and special reporters, and a systematic departmentized arrangement of select- ed news from an unlimited exchange with the papers of the world. Its Agricultural Department leads all efforts of this kind in newspapers in the United States, and is under the management of a pioneer-experienced and thorough agriculturist. Its Literary Department is ably managed and conducted Avith an eye-single to present- ing the choicest and most varied selections from American, English, German ana French literature, and a total exclusion— as, indeed, is done in all the departments— of all matter which can offend the most refined taste, or shock the keenest sensibil- ity. Its Commercial Department is prompt and constantly up to the business stand- ard of the Coast Its Local Department is controlled in the interest of purely local .2y8 THI-: GKEAT ^' 10 WS PAPERS news, and is acknowledged to be most thorough, correct and dignified of the Coast. Tne Statistical Department is a marked feature of the paper, and presents constantly all progressive results of State industries and growth, culminating on New Years' daj' of each j-ear in a mammoth holidaj' statistical sheet combined Avith the usual issue of the paper, which on that occasion is marked by enlargement and annual review in all the departments upon topics congenial to them. In addition, the Recoed-Umon has a large corps of regular Eastern, English German and home correspondents, whose writings partake of the same free, ener-' getic, independent and scholarly character which characterizes the entire paper. The Kecord-Union on the Pacific Coast and throughout the Union is acknowl- edged as the leader in journalistic thought and expression in California. It is thor- oughly independent in tone, bound to no party, the organ of no sect or interest, and the tried champion of Kepublican institutions. Its tendencies are strongly those which arerefiected in the principles of the National Kepublican partj', and its con- stant voice is for the integrity of the government, the i)erpetuation of free institu- tions, purity in all govermental branches, and honesty in all things. It enjoys the largest and most extended circulation, daily, of any interior paper, and its semi- weekly edition surpases in extended circulation that of any journal circulating west of the Mississippi. Its building is one of the most prominent in the capital city, and all its interior arrangements are those usual to a first-class newspaper. The Hecoed-Union as an advertising medium for the Pacific Coast, attests its value by the constantly-crowded condition of the columns set apart for that jnirpose, and which arc availed of with avidity by the business men of the Coast and the great East. In conclusion, the paper has no equal on the Pacific slope, has no comp?or there in influence, intelligence and energy, and no rival in the esteem of the people. It is published by the Sacramento Publishing Company, of which William II. Mills is general and sole manager. It is issued each morning, except Sunday, and the semi-weekly appears on Wednesdays and Saturdays of each week. THE PRESBYTERIAN, PHILADELPHIA, A SKETCH FOR THE BOOK OF THE CENTEN'NIAL XEWSPAFER EXHIRITlOX The PRESBriERiAN was established as a weekly joui-nal in the year 1831, and has long been regarded one of the best religious family papers in the country. Its corps of correspondents embrace able writers in all parts of the world. Its editorial columns are presided over by Rev. M. B. Grier, D. I)., and Rev. J. A. Mutchmore, J). D. It is an excellent advertising medium, reaching a most sub- stantial and intelligent class of people. The oflice of publication is at 1512 Chestnut street, Philadelphia. THE CO-OPERATIVE NEWSPAPERS. A SKETCH FOn TH5 1500K OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. A most remavkable peculiarity of American journalism is the combina- tion or system of so-called "Co-operative Newspapers," a system originated about fourteen years ago, and which has had a wonderful growth, until it now embraces over 2,000 of tho weekly journals of the United States— and the num- ber is still increasing. Comparatively few people are aware of the existence of this important ele- ment of journalism. Unless the reader is connected with the press or is a gen- eral advertiser, he probably is unacquainted with the meaning of the term " Co- operative Newspaper.'' If, during a visit to the Newspaper Pavilion, you should take up for perusal some newspaper published, for instance, in one of the inte- rior towns of New York, and should afterwards take up a newspaper published in some town in Pennsylvania, you might be very much surprised to find that there wf)S apparently a striking coincidence in the articles appearing in the two papers, it would lead you to compare them. You would notice that thei-e were two pieces of poetry in the first column of one of the papers., and on turning to the other paper you would observe the same two poems in the same corner of that paper. Following the poetry in one paper there would bo a story occupying several columns; you look into the other paper and find the same storj' there. You think it a very strange coincidence that two editors, one hundred miles apart, should have made the same selections to that extent the same week, and that the articles should be placed in the same position in both papers. You compare the papers further, and notice a summary of the news of the week. Both papers have the same summary, word for word. Then the advertisements are examined and found to be precisely alike in both papers and placed in the same order. A further examination reveals the fact that the outside pages ot both papers are exactly alike throughout, with the exception of the heading which gives the name of the papers. Your curiosity is aroused, and you deter- mine to solve the mystery. If you inquire of one of the attendants at the Pa- vilion you will obtain tho information souglit for. You will bo informed that the two papers were both printed at an establishment in New York city, which also prints over 300 other newspapers. It prints but one side of the sheet, how- ever, the matter selected for this purpose consisting of general news, literature, poetry, agricultural and other subjects of general interest. The other side ot the sheet is printed subsequently at the office of publication, and is filled with editorials, and local news and advertisements. The papers printed at the New York establishment are not all exactly alike, however, nor of the same size. Nine different sizes of folio and quarto sheets are printed, and when two or more papers are supplied which are published in the same or near-by counties, the matter furnished is entirely different. Similar establishments exist in Chicago, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Memphis, St. Paul, and other cities, and alto- gether they save to the country press over $2,000,000 annually. There is also a further great saving to advertisers. Formerly, if a general advertiser wished to insert an advertisement in these 2,000 papers, the expense of correspondence and the time involved in making contracts was necessarily very great. This time and expense are saved to the advertiser under the co-operative method, and he also secures a lower rate for the advertising than he could obtain from the papers direct, for the reason that an advertisement does not require to be set up 2,000 times, or once for each paper, but only forty times, and it frequently happens that the price charged for an advertisement is less than the actual cost of setting up the type, if it were set up once for each newspaper. The leading advertisers of tlie country patronize these lists very extensivelj^, and it is not 290 THE CO-OPERATIVE NEWSPAPERS. uncommon for the annual bills of an advertiser to amount to from $10,000 to $20,000, and sometimes to even $30,000 to $40,000. The Chicago Daily Times ot March 11, 1876, thus alludes to the American Newspaper Union, which includes 1,200 of the co-operative papers: Within the past twelve years there has been a vast improvement made in the country newspaper— particularly in respect to the care in which all the news of the day is gathered and edited, and the literary ability displayed in its col- umns, which relieves the provincial press from the few objections that l\ave been h'Tctofore urged against it, and has accorded to it higher dignity, extended its influence, and greatly augmented its power for good. The typographical appearance of tlie country journal of to-day is perfect; the display and classifi- cation of its advertisements tasty; the quality of the paper used and the print- ing far superior to that of its city contemporaries. This has been chiefly due to the American Newspaper Union, which practically shai->es the literary tone of some l,2i)0 diff'erent newspapers scattered through the Eastern, Middle, Western, and Southwestern States; collates their foreign and national news, selects their miscellany from the best sources, and infuses a vigor into their columns such as they never knew before. The work of the American Newspaper Union is as curious and interesting as it is valuable. AVe doubt if many of our city readers understand the peculiar field in journalism that it occupies, and we therefore devote a little sjoace to the subject for the purpos;^. of conveying the information. Tne idea oil Avhich the Union is found el originated with Mr. A. J. Aikens some twelve years ago. He was then engaged in the publisliing business at Milwaukee, and being a practical printer and a thorough business man, the tliought occurred to him that a number of country papf^rs might co-opex-ate and have tlie inside, i e., the news and literai-y portion of their sheets, printed atone general city office, where the opportunity for having the work well done is superior to that enjoyed b}- most country newspaper offices. TIjc idea was put into pi-actical operation at the olfic-e of Cramer, Aikens & Cramer, proprietors ot the Eveninj Wisconsin, Mlwaukee, and it worked so admirably as to attract the attention of newspaper men all over the country, and met with universal approval. The cost of advertising in these lists is ridiculously cheap. One cent per line in each paper covers the expense. We are not aware of any kind of newspaper advertising, good, bad, or indifferent, tliat will compare in point of cheapness with tills. But when we take into consideration the character of the papers, the class of intelligent readers whom they reach, their power and influence, their general diflTusion over the whole country, and the manner in wh ch the adver- tisement is printed, it must be admitted that the American Newspaper Union has reached the desideratum long sought for by advertisers, viz. : '• The largest amount of benefit for the least possible sum of money." The'^conomy of advertising in these lists is apparent for another reason, viz. : If the advertiser desires to use a cut in his advertisement, but one cut is neces- sary for the whol--. 1,200 papers. If he were to advertise direct with 1,200 differ- ent papers it would require an equal number of cuts, and the cost for the cuts and for postage would equal or exceed the cost of the advertising, as many ad- vertisers have found to their sorrow heretofore. And they found, too, to their disgust, that their advertisements were not always inserted as directed, bt^ing frequently left out and often disfigured by the dropping out of type. With the Union the advertiser is relieved of all trouble, all expense for extra cuts and postage; the advertisement is neatly set up and stereotyped, and ihe advertiser may relj' on its going in the whole edition of 1,200, for if 'the officers of the Union were disposed to leave it out of a part of their edition, it would cost them more than to print it. The distribution of the papers is as follows : New England 78 Indiana 81 Iowa 85 New York 101 Illinois 117 Nebraska 15 New Jersey 27 Michigan 86 Missouri 17 Pennsylvania 05 Wisconsin 98 Georgia 10 Virg'nia 24 Tennessee 29 Alabama 32 No. and So. Carolina., 24 Kentucky 29 Louisiana 11 Ohio 122 Minnesota 79 Mississippi 29 Other States, 46. Persons wishing to learn more of this subject, or to make arrangements for advertising in the lists, should send for a catalogue to either of the establish, ments, as follows : New York Newspaper Union 150 Worth s'reet, New York. Chicago Newspaper Union 114 Monroe street, Chicago. Aikens Newspaper Union 143 Race street, Cincinnati. Milwaukee Newspaper Union 365 East Water street, Milwaukee. Southern Newspaper Union 227 Second street, M> mphis. St. Paul Newspaper Union 17 Wabashaw street, St. Paul Bound volumes of the various sizes of newspapers of the diflferent lists may be seen in the Newspaper Pavilion, Fairmount Park, during the Centennial Exhibition. An inspection of these volumes will be found an interesting eature of the exhibition. G. P. ROWELL & CO.-ADVERTISING AGENCY. A SKETCH FOR THIi BOOK OF THE CENTENNIAL NEWSPAPER EXHIBITION. WHAT IS AN ADVERTISING AGENCY? A gentleman latelj' stepped into the office of the New York Times for the purpose of inserting a notice of ''Situation Wanted" for a cook, who luid lived in his family and for whom he.was desirous of obtaining a place before closing up housekeeping, as he then contemplated. The girl had, at a fomicr pr-riod. lived in Brooklyn, and, having friends thei-e, it was thought best to insert the advertisement in the Brooklyn Eagle. Intending to give the matter his per- sonal attention, he inquired the location, in Brooklyn, of the office of the Eagle. He was informed that if he was going there for the purpose of causing 1 his advertisement to appear in that paper, he could save himself the trouble by leaving the order in the advertising agency iu the Times building, up stairs. GEO. P. ROWELL & CO'S COUNTING ROOM. The gentleman thereupon came to the agency with the order— six lines, one insertion — for which he paid sixty cents, being informed that that was the amount required according to the rates of the Brooklyn paper. Never having heard of an advertising agency before, the advertiser wished to know how much additional he must pay for being saved the journey, ferry fares and time. In answer to this he was informed that, upon making settlement with the Eagle, the sum of twelve cents would be allowed to the agency as a commission or payment for the service rendered in taking and forwarding the order. This incident conveys nearly all that can be told to explain the uses of a Newspaper Advertising Agency. Had the notice been intended for a San Francisco paper, for one in Montreal, New Orleans, or any of the New York city journals, it would have been received on the same terms. The Advertising Agency is a convenience; it is nothing more. The advertising agent, from the knowledge gained by experience, becomes an expert. He learns from papers the lowest prices which they say they will accept for advertisements. He learns from advertisers the rebates and favors which they have obtained. He knows the strong points and the weak points of the publishers; what papers will take advertisements low and what class of advertisements they will take lowest. To nine persons in every ten the words Newspaper Advertising Agency convey no idea. They never heard of such a thing, or, if they have, wondered 292 WHAT IS AN AUVERTISIxVG AGENCY ? what il was all about. Of the forty millions of people in the United States not more than one in five hundred pays a pennj' in a year for an advertisement in a newspaper. Of those who do, barely one in ten advertises beyond his ov/n immediate neighborhood, and consequently has no occasion to consult or ad- vise with any agent or middle man. The above calculations give 10,000 persons, distributed throughout the Union, but mainlj- in the larger cities, who advertise or desire to advertise in papers issued at a distance from their homes, about the character, appearance, A^alue,. circulation and prices of which they have no reliable information. An Adver- tising Agency is the source from which such information may be obtained. Inasmuch as no more than one person in five thousand has any personal in- terest in them, and that the existence of such institutions dates back hardly forty years, no cause exists for wonder that, to the general public, their uses are not well known. To many persons who have some knoweledge of Advertising Agencies, the scope of their business is still unknown. We write with a hope of making the matter better understood and to answer some of the questions which are so fre- quently propounded b5^ interested inquirers. A Newspaper Advertising Agency doing a general business is an institution where are received and kept on file copies of newspapers issued in various parts of the country, which are mailed to the agency, that thej- may be there accessi- ble to persons who desire to use their advertising columns. Schedules or tables of rates, and special information about the cost of advertising in each separate paper are also a necessary part of the paraphernalia of the agency. Some Agencies make a speciality of a certain class of publications, as for instance : in New York one takes advertising for magazines, another for papers printed in the German language, several confine their operations almost ex- clusively to publications issued in the city, while in various parts of the country are those who make a leading specialty of the religious press ; otlaers, again, represent only country papers, while a few act for everj' class, shade, and denomination of the entire press of the country. As the files of papers which are found at the agency are furnished by pub- lishers gratuitously, they are taken as establishing the authority of the agency to represent such as are regularly received, and for which a schedule of adver- tising rates has been furnished. The cost of the yearly subscription upon his publication is a tax which the publisher pays for the support of the agency. As the payment of this tax is voluntary, the regular receipt of the paper is, with reason, taken to be the suf- ficient authorization of the agency to represent it. By this rule may be tested the comparative hold possessed by the^ various establishments of this kind upon the confidence and esteem of newspaper publishers. WHO ARE THE PATRONS OF ADVERTISING AGENCIES ? Few persons have any conception of the amount of money paid for news- paper advertising. The number of papers printed in the various States exceeds eight thousand ; while the advertising patronage of a single New York daily is said to exceed $750,000 per annum I To insert a single column on the last page of the principal illustrated weekly costs no less than $720 a week— $4 a line! If every paper averages an annual receipt of $1,000 per annum from advertisements, we have $8,000,000 in the aggregate; while, if every paper printed received the magnificent patronage of the daily above referred to, it would amount to sufficient to pay the national debt in four months ! Only advertisers in the largest cities have occasion to apply to an agency concerning advertising in their own vicinity. The principal patrons of the Advertising Agency are those who wish to reach distant points. Of these, first in importance are the patent medicine men; next comes that class whose announcements commences with the words, " Agents Wanted," which includes dealers in subscription books, sewing machines, patent rights, and the thousand and one articles which may be sold by hawiers or pedlers; then come the Bond advertisements, "For I ivestment," Land Companies, "All Wanting Farms," Gift Concerts, Newspaper Prospectuses, Business Cards, &c., &c. Advertise- WHAT IS AN ADVERTISING AGENCY? 293 ments of " Information Wanted," are also among those most frequently brought to the agcncj', but as they go into few papers, and for no more than one or two issues, their cost is inconsiderahle. Several individual advertisers, known to the writer, are in the habit of inves:ing yearly upward of $100,000 per annum, bilt their number will not exceed ten. Perhaps fifty or more spend as much as $20,000; while those who pay sums ranging from $1,000 to $10,000 may be counted by hundreds. The amounts ex- pended by those remaining, to make up the ten thousand who send advertise- ments beyond their immediate neighborhood, range from one dollar upward, according as hope, caprice, their desire to experiment, or their means of paying may dictate. WHAT THE ADVERTISER GAINS BY EMPLOYING THE AGENCY. " What do Igain by going to the Advertising Agency in preference to appeal- ing to the paper direct?" is the question most frequently propounded by the novice in advertising. To this the true answer can only be, Convenience and the benefit of experience. The old advertiser, of undoubted responsibility, who knows what he it about, knows the value of papers, their prices; knows how to set up his adver- tisement to secure the best display in the smallest space, and how to order its insertion that the publisher will not extract a justification for an extra or in- creased charge, has nothing to gain by transacting his business through an agency except the convenience of making one transaction, verifying one account at one place, at one time, and paying one bill instead of many. Yes the old advertiser deals mainly through agencies for this reason, and the saving of time, stationery and postage. It is not fair to suppose that the reputable agent will underbid his principal ; Ms duty does not lie in that direction. It is his province to arrange that his adver- tiser shall not pay for more space than he requires , that he get a good position without an unnecessary extra charge. The advertiser who deals through a re- putable agency knows beforehand that the cost is not to exceed a given sum. If more must be paid the matter is submitted for his reconsideration. How many advertisers have received from i^ublishers bills amounting to dollars w^hen they expected to pay dimes onlj'— to hundreds of dollars when they sup- posed tens would be all that would be required ? How many have ordered the Insertion of cards by word of mouth, believing that advertising was cheap, and learned when too late how erroneous was any such supposition ? It is a notorious fact that as soon as advertisers begin to do business through agencies their bills decrease in individual papers, and the amount saved is devoted to extending the announcement in other journals, procuring thereby a wider circulation. It is in recognition of this fact that some publishers decline allowing any commission to an agency on advertisements from those who have previously dealt with the paper direct. So thoroughly is it understood that no advertiser now deals direct who understands his interests, pays liis advertising bills, and makes them pay him, that it is often considered an evidence of irre- sponsibility or incapacity for an advertiser to apply direct for terms of adver. tising. There are exceptions to this rule among the largest and oldest adver- tisers, who commenced business befoi'c the agency system was perfected ; but it requires good credit and a well-known name to bring specific answers from publishers to applications for rates or even orders for insertion, as many an advertiser has found out to his chagrin, although classed in the mercantile books as of first-rate standing. As the advertising agent is paid for his services, and for assuming to become responsible to the publisher for the payment of all bills for advertising ordered through the agency, it becomes common for the advertisers to demand the same allowance on their own business when they deal direct. To this demand publishers who are in the habit of sustaining their rates rarely respond, but inasmuch as the making of the request supported by such questions as, •• Isn't my money as good as that of the agent's,' etc , etc., expose the advertiser to the imputation of being deficient in sense or moral rectitude, or tliat he believes the publisher to be so, the latter sometimes forgets himself and the duty he owes 294 WHAT IS AN ADVERTISING AGENCY? his agent, and makes a reduction equivalent to the agent's commission, as the- easiest way of satisfying the advertiser and putting an end to fvirthcr talk or correspondence. The advertiser not infrequentlj^ finds, by after experience, that the agent is able to procure for him even a greater reduction, and at the same time retain his own commission intact. A moment's careful consideration will convince an advertiser of good sense that although a publisher would prefer the order direct, when sure of his pay, for the sake of saving the reduction taken by the agency for a commission, yet if the reduction must be made in one shape or another, leaving liim nothing to gain, he will prefer to give it to the agent, to whom it can be allowed without seeming to break down his rates or violating his self-respect. The advantages of the Newspaper Advertising Agency to the advertiser then are these:— Experience without cost; one contract instead of many; guarded against unnecessary extra charges, and knowing in advance the price, beyond which an order will not be carried without his full knowledge and consent. Of those advertisers who believe that they can obtain the same net terais direct as would be accorded to the agency, we ask, is it reasonable that publish- ers should extend as gcod rates to an advertiser who expends $5,000 a year as to an agent who forwards $50,000 a month ? If any one is to be pleased or catered to, is it not, under the circumstances, more likely to be the agent? Would eight thousand publisliers contribute free their periodicals from year to year, the subscriptions upon which, taking dailies, weeklies, and all, amounts to more than $20,000 per annum, and then set about undei-mining the institution for the support of which they have paid so much? Is such a supposition reasonable? The truth is that between the best class of agencies and the publishers there is no competition. On any considerable order, the agent, by taking advantage of every point in the advertiser's favor, is alioays below the aggregate price obtained by application to publishers. Before entrusting his work to an agency an advertiser should first satisfy himself of its ability to secure for him the best advantages, after wdiich his busi- ness should be placed in the hands of the agent selected, and kept there as long as he is faithfully served. When confidence is no longer had in the agent, let the advertiser resort to no half-way measure, but withdraw his patronage altogether. THE BEST ADVERTISING AGENCY. The best advertising agency is one that secures so much business from a good class of advertisers as to enable it to command from the greatest number of publishers the most favorable rates ever accorded. The American Newspaper Advertising Agency of Geo. P. Rowell & Co., No. 41 Park Kow, New Yoi'k, is the principal one in the United States, and by far the most complete establishment of the kind in the world, for in no other country are these institutions conducted with anything like the system whicli obtains here. Messrs. Geo. P. Rowell & Co. establi-shed their agency in 1865, and in 1870 consolidated with and succeeded to the business of the advertising agency con- ducted till that time, since 1840, by Mr. John Hooper, who was the first adver- tising agent who did business in the city of New York. The Advertising Agcncj' of Messrs. Geo. P. Rowell & Co. controls by far the largest amount of advertising patronage ever secured by any institution of the kind. From their oflice is forwarded an amount not short of that emanating from all the other agencies in the United States combined. They receive and have on file all newspapers published in the United States and Canadas, with scarcely an exception of importance. They receive the best terms and largest reductions allowed to any advertising agency. They are the source from which all other advertising agencies, without any exception, derive their information about newspapers. Let an advertiser step into any agency and ask the name of the publisher of a paper at any distant point; l«;t him ask how many papers are issued in such and such a city, he w man 3* are daily, how many weekly, what is the politics, character, or circulation. To anj' or all of these questions he will receive no reply until a reference has been made to Geo. P. Rowell & Co's Annual Newspaper Directory . No account is kept in any other agency of the new papers which are started, now averaging WHAT IS DONE WITH THE NEWSPAPERS? 295 five evei-y clay ; or of the old ones, which die or change hands. For all informa- tion of this kind all the agencies depend upon Geo. P. Ilowcll & Go's Weekly Newspaper Reporter. Besides the advantage of their position at the head of their business, they have special contracts which give Ihena an uuequaleociety. and the general pur- l)ose expressed in it, as far as they under- stand it, is approved by such of our members as have read the circular. * ••* * 1 have the honor to be, with great respect, Your very ob"t serv't. John Wai. Wallace, Pres Concord, N. H., Feb. 23, 1876. Geo. p. Rowell, E.sq. : Dear Sir— * * ='= * The plan proposed by you for the collection of newspapers is certainly a good one. * * * The Xew Hampshire Historical Society would be glad to have a complete set of speci- mens for preservation in the library. Trulv vours, Bamiel C. Eastman. Librarian X. H. Hist. Soc. INDEX. Tack. PREFACE 3 ST A TISTirA L TA BLES 10 yEWSPAFER DIRECTORY FOR 1770 Jl SUIiSCRITiERS 13 CATALOGUE OF XEWSPAPERS 17 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL 171 (Jh'EA T XE WSPA FERS :— SKETCHES 181 AMERICAN Newspaper Reporter AND PRINTERS' GAZETTE. PUBLISHED WEEKLY. Has a considerable subscription list among printers. Goes weekly to more than 6,000 newspaper offices. Eeceives a magnificent advertising pat- ronage from dealers in printing materials. Contains weekly reports of the estabhshment of new newspapers (now aver- aging six daily, or thirty-six every week). Suspensions, consohdations, enlargements, and improvements. Is relied upon by advertising agencies and all others whose business interests require them to keep informed upon newspaper changes. Advertisers who wish to make proposals to pubhshers— ofleriug some book or other article in exchange for advertising— do well to make a trial of its advertising columns. Those wishing to embark in journalism, either by the purchase of an estab- lished paper, or the selection of a location, will come in direct commu- nication, through the Reportek, with retiring publishers or commun- ities eager to have a home paper in their midst. Puljhshers retiring from active business find no medium equal to the Re- porter in assisting them to find a purchaser for their offices and printing material. Every printer looks to it for advertisements of ^' Bargains," and not a copy is sent out that does not contain something choice in that fine. Through its columns manufacturers of new machinery for printers can have a full descriptive article placed in every newspaper office in the country at a reasonable price. Offers an opportunity to the general advertiser who wishes to barter goods for advertising space. He can make his proposal to publishers through its columns. ADVERTISING RATES: TwENTT-nvE Cents a line, each insertion. One-Fourth Pagf. is counted as flfty-tliree lines, and costs $13.25 each insertion. One-Half Page is counted as one hundred lines, and costs $25 each insertion. One Page is counted as two hundred lines, and costs $50 each insertion. Four Consecutive Pages inserted once for $10 . Eight Consecutive Pages inserted once, $150. Sixteen Consecutive Pages inserted once, $250. INSERTS. Inserts of a single leaf, furnished by the advertiser and printed in accordance with requirements made known on application, will be taken for $50 ; two leaves (four pages) $75 ; any number of pages more than four, $100. SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: $2.00 PER YEAR, IN ADVANCE. PUBLISHED BY cjio. /. jio wj:;.]. ^ co., jij) vjijijisijic jicjijijs, ( yeu'siinper I'aviiion, Centennial Grounds, 'Philadelphia.) PRINCIPAL OFFICE: 41 PARK ROW, NEW YORK.